ill iiliill ■11 mff IBfc MURRAY'S FOREIGN HANDBOOKS. opE RAL EUROPE, lEEN EUROBE. Till TU-.,i K :,,,.■, M , \, .,,, v Islands. Maps aua jflai.' Turin, Milan, The I-( Bavenna, Pai!m.«, M'm.' ■ RENCE, Li "A. ii litioti. Almost eutircly re-un 1 ape and Plans. CiowsSto, Uiiy, i9'J : SOUTHERN EUROPE r Afvi >n'^f>i> * '^' I . l^LiJj. Wit.': HE HANDE THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES From the Estate of Urie McClearv (;ri£ mc ami DUG It STOOro A HANDBOOK ROME AND THE CAMPAGNA. '/ -^-^^.^. \ A HANDBOOK KOME AND THE CAMPAGNA. SIXTEENTH EDITION. WITH NINETY-FOUR MAPS AND PLANS- LONDON: JOHN MUKRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. PARIS: GALIGNANI; BOYVEAU. ROME: SPITHOVER; PJALE; LOESCHER- 1899. WITH DIRECTORY FOR 1 904. THE EM0LI8B EDITIONS OF MDKRAT'S HANDBOOKS MAT BB OBTAINED OF THE FOLLOWING AGENTS. Belgium, Holland, and Germany. AIX-LA- 5 HATES. HAMBDKO . . MAUKB sShNB. CHAPELLK HEIDELBERG . MOHR. AMSTERDAM . ROBBERS. LEIPZIG . BROCKHAUS.— TWIETMETKR. ANTWERP . . MERTENS. MANNHEIM . . BENDER. — LOFFLER. BADEN-BADEN . MARX. MUNICH . ACKERMANN. — KAISBB. BERLIN . ASHER. NiJRNBEEQ . . SCHRAG. — ZEISER. BRUSSELS . . KIESSLING. PESTH. . HARTLEBBN. — RATH. CARL6RUHE. . A. BIELEFELD. ROTTERDAM . KRAMERS. COLOGNE . DUMONT-SCHACBERG. STRASSBURO . TRfBNER. DRESDEN . PIERSON. STUTTGART . . TRUBNER. FRANKFORT . Ji'GEL. TRIESTE . SCHIMPFF. GRATZ . LEUSCHNER AND LCBENSKT. ^^ENNA . GEKOLD.— BBAnMijLLKR. THE HAGDK. . NIJHOFF. WIESBADEN. . KREIDBL. Svntzerland. Bale . . GEOBG. — AMBERGEE. NEUCHATBL. . GER8TER. BERNE . SCHMIDT, FRANCKB AND CO. 8CHAFFHAUSEN . HURTKR. — JENT AND REINERT. 80LBURB . JENT. COIRE . GKUBENMANN. ST. G ALLEN. . HUBBR. CONSTANCE . . MECK. ZURICH • ALBERT MULLER. — CiSER GENEVA . SANDOZ. — H. GEORO. SCHMIDT. — MEYER AND LAUSANNE . . ROUSST. ZULLEB. LUCERNB . . GEBHABDT. Ita ly. BOLOGNA . ZANICHELLI. PARMA . FERRARI AND PELLEGKIKI, FLORENCE . L0E8CHER AND SEBBBR. — PISA . . HOEPLI. FLOU AND FINDBL. PERUGIA . LUINI.— RAPETTI. GENOA . A. DONATH.— BEUF. ROME . . SPIThOvER.-PIALB.— MODES LEGHORN . MAiZAJOLI. AND MENDEL.— LOESCHER. LUCCA . BARON. SAN RBMO . . SQUIRE. MANTUA . MONDOVi. SIENA . ONORATO PORRI. MILAN . HOEPLI. TURIN. . CARLO CLAUSEN. HODENA . SABASINO. VENICE . ONGANIA. NAPLES . E. PKASS. VERONA . TEDE8CHI AND DRUCKBR. PALERMO . PEDONB. Fra Tice. BORDEAUX . MiJLLER. — FERBT.— ROBIN. ORLEANS . . PELLEGRIN. BOULOGNE . MERRIDEW. PARIS . GALIGNANL — BOYVEAU. — CAEN . . MASSIF. — BRULFERB BRENTANO. CANNES . ROBAUDT. PAU . . LAFON. CHERBOURG . HENRY. — MARGUEBIE. REIMS. . MICHAUD. GEOFFBOr. DIEPPE . LE BLANC— EENAUX. KOUBN . LESTRINOANT. DINAN . DUVAL. ST. ETIBNNB . CHEVALIER. GRENOBLE . DRBVET.-M3EATIBR. ST. MALO . . CONI. LILLB . . QUARRB. TOOLON . MONGB. LYONS. . AYNK.— SCHEURING.— MERA. TOULOUSE . . GIMET. MARSEILLES . CAMOIN FREBES. — MEUNIEB. TOUB8. . 6BORGET. NICE . . GALIGNANI. Spain am i Portugal. GIBRALTAR . STATIONEET DEPOT. MALAGA . GARCIA TABOADBLA. LISBON . LEWTAS. SEVILLE . SAM. B. CALDWELL. MADRID . ROMO Y FUSSKL. Russia, Sweden, De nmarh, and Norway. ST. PETBBSB UKG . WATKINS. CHRISTIANIA . BENNETT. MOSCOW . GAUTIER.-DEUBNBE.— LANG. COPENHAGEN . G. 0. URSIN.— hOsT. ODESSA . CAMOIN. STOCKHOLM . SAMSON & WALLIN. — FRITZ. Ml ilta. Ionian j 'slands. Constantinople. CBITIBN. — WATSON. CORFU . J . W. TAYLOR. WICK AND WEISS. Greece. Cairo. A THKNS. — KARL WILBERG. G. G. ZACIIARIA. — CK. LIVADAS. — India. CALCUTTA — THACKBR, SPINK, AND CO. HORNSTEIN. BOMBAY — THACKEB AND CO., LIMITKD. i'iiKiiik'nrf:E. PREFACE This Handbook is in three parts : Directory, Introduction, and Eoutes. The Directory contains thirty-eight pages of practical infor- mation concerning hotels, lodgings, cabs, money, shops, &c., with a vocabulary for diners at restaurants, an article on the climate of Rome, a suggested itinerary of the most important sights for hurried travellers, and a list of the hours at which galleries and museums are ojien. To this edition has been added full particulars concerning the journey to Rome— the various routes across the Channel and the Continent, the expense of a ticket, the best trains, the time occupied, sleeping cars, and through carriages, the points at which dining-cars are attached to the train, where luggage is examined, &c. The sea voyage to Genoa or Naples is also described, with fares, duration, &c. The very large amount of practical information contained in the Directory is frequently revised and re-issued, thus keeping this important part of the Handbook always up to date. The Introduction contains eighty-five pages of topographi- cal, archaeological, ecclesiastical, historical, and artistic infor- mation, designed to assist the reader in appreciating what he sees. The additional matter added to the present edition consists of a short History of Rome, which includes a slight sketch of the fortunes of the Papal Power, and a description of the procedure followed during a Papal Election ; and articles on Architecture by R. Phene Spiers, F.S.A., on Sculpture by vi " * Preface. A. S. Murray, LL.D., F.S.A., and on Painting by Mrs. Ady (Julia Cartwright). The Chronological Tables and Glossary have also been re-arranged and greatly enlarged. The Archaeological portions of the book were very thoroughly revised by Professor Lanciani for the previous edition, pub- lished early in 1894 ; these remain almost intact. The Editor is responsible only for the description of such new discoveries as have been made since that date. The traveller is directed through the main thoroughfares, and to all the objects of interest in Koine, by a series of forty- two Eoutes, each of which is prefaced by a Plan with the direction marked upon it in red ink. In the construction of these Routes care has been taken to give the traveller as far as possible the benefit of the several lines of Omnibus or Tramway which thread the city. A special Omnibus and Tramway map will be found on p. [22] of the Directory. The eighteen Routes devoted to the Campagna are treated on the same principle, their course being made subservient to the railway system. All the Routes in the City are marked by red ink lines on the Index map on p. [124] ; and in the Campagna on the Index map on p. 368. This edition also contains new maps of the Churches of St. Peter and St. Maria Maggiore, and of the Roman Forum. The latter is based upon the map published in Professor Lanciani's ' Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome ' (1897), an invaluable book, to which all students of archaeology are recommended to refer. The Index has been considerably enlarged. NORWOOD YOUNG. January, 1899. CONTENTS. PAGR List of Maps and Plans ........ ix Abbreviations s DIRECTOKY. Journey to Rome. — By Rail (Routes: Tarift': Time: Luggage: Cus- toms : Passport) ......... [I] Bj- Steamer .......... [5] Hotels ............ [6] Cabs : Church Services : Clubs : Embassies : Lessons : Literature : Lodgings : Medical Men : Money : Omnibus : Post : Restaurants : Telegraph : Tramway : Wine : Shops of all kinds : and other Useful Information ... ..... [8] Language. — Vocabulary for Restaurant ...... [30] Climate [31] Itinerary. — Chief Objects of Interest [33] INTRODUCTION. Topography . [39] The Tiber [40] The Ruins: — Chronology of the Principal Ancient Buildings .... [41] Causes of Destruction ........ [42] Walls [44] Aqueducts .......... [47] Medley AL and Modern Rome : — Basilicas ........... [50] Churclies. .......... [,t1] Church Festivals ......... [.53] CaniiJanili .......... [50] Catacombs .......... [57] Galleries and Museums ........ [59] Palaces [59] Academies and Learned Societies ...... [(JO] Geology [02] Fortifications .......... [04] Rides in tlie Campagna ........ [05] History of Rome . . , . , [G9] Contents. A Papal Election ....... PAOK . [84] Architecture . L85] Sculpture ......... . . [90] Painting . . [97] Chronological Tables:— Important Events ....... List of Emperors ....... List of Famous Men in Ancient Timfs . [101] . . [103] . [103] List of Bishops and Popes. . . . . . . . [104] . [107] List of Architects, Sculptors, and Painters . . . [112] . . [115] Coats of Arms of Famous Popes and Nobles . [120] List of Eoutes ........ . . [124] SECTION I. The City and the Immediate Suburbs. Routes 1 to 42 . . . . . . . . . . 1 SECTION 11. The Campagna. List op Eoutes 367 Directory ........... 369 Routes 43 to 60 371 Index 471 ( ix ; LIST OF MAPS, PLANS, ETC. Sectional Plans of the City of Kome to illustrate Koutes. Plan Route To face page Plan Route To f axe page 1 1 1 13 22 195 2 2 11 14 23 203 3 3, 4, 19 19 15 24,25 207 4 5, 6, 7 34 16 26 217 5 8, 10 83 17 27 221 t; 11, 12, 13 109 18 28 230 7 14 131 19 .. 29,30,31,32 . 233 8 15 143 20 33,34 295 9 16 151 21 35 305 10 17, 18 161 22 40 335 11 20 179 23 41 . 345 12 21 187 Albauo, Frascati, aud Velletri to face 426 Appian Way . . „ 414 Arch of Septiinius Severus . 60 Titus . . . .71 Auditorium of Maecenas . .145 Baths of Caracalla . . . 347 Borghese Casino, Sculpture Gal- lery, Ground Floor . . 322 Borghese Casino, Picture Gallery, First Floor . . .324 Capitol Museum, Ground Floor . 46 „ „ Upper Floor . 47 Catacombs of St. Callixtus to face 355 „ „ „ Papal Crypt in . .• . . 356 Coats of Arms . . . [120] Colonna Palace, Picture Gallery 172 Colosseum, Elevation, Section, and Quarter Plans . . .85 Colosseum Excavations . . 87 PAGE Conservators, Palace of . .37 Constantino, Basilica of . .69 Corsini Palace, Picture Gallery . 297 Doiia Palace . . . . 25 Fora of Augustus and Nerva . 78 Forum Romanum . to face 56 Forum of Trajan, Restored . 80 „ „ Remains of . 81 Frascati, see Albano. Germanicus, House of . . 100 Hadrian's Villa . to face 374 Lateran, Basilica and Museum . 117 „ Cloisters . . . 120 „ Palace and Museum, Ground Floor . . 125 Lateran Palace and Museum, First Floor . . . .128 Nero, Part of Palace of, under the Baths of Titus. . .132 Neini, Excavations of Temple of Diana ... .420 h ( ) PAGE Omnibus Routes . to face [22] Ostia, the Ruins . „ 450 „ Theatre, Forum, and Tem- ple of Ceres . .... 448 Ostia, Buildings between Theatre and Temple of Vulcan . . 447 Ostia, Mitliraic Temple . . 449 Ostrianus, Cubicula in the Ceme- tery 315 Palatine, Ruins on the to face 92 Pantheon .... 153 „ Half Elevation and Half Section. . .155 Porticus of the Argonauts . .10 of Octavia . . .208 Porto, Ruins of . to face 440 Quirinal Palace . . . 177 Rome, General Map . . in Pocket „ Index Map . to face [124] „ and Campagna (Index Map) . . . to face 368 Rome and Environs . „ 364 „ Walls of . . „ [39] S. Agnese . ... 312 S. Clemente, Upper Church . 110 PAGE S. Clemente, Lower Church . 112 S. Lorenzo .... 307 S. Maria Maggiore . . .138 „ „ (Original Plan) 139 St. Peter's . . to face 242 Crypt . . .242 „ Sacristy . . ,243 S. Petronilla .... 363 S. Pudenziana .... 136 Subiaco and Olevauo to face 388 Tivoli ... „ 380 „ Environs . „ 382 „ and its immediate sur- roundings .... 373 Tivoli, Elevation and Plan of Temple of Vesta . . 377 Tramways . . to face [22] Vatican Palace . „ 252 „ Pinacoteca . . . 264 Veii, Etruscan . . to face 460 Velletri, see Albano. Venus and Roma, Temple of . 72 Via Latina, Tombs on the . .416 Walls, see Rome. ABBREVIATIONS. L. Lanciani, M. (in notices of Paintings) Morelli. M. (in accounts of buildings) Middleton. m. mile. min. minute. P. Perkins. pop. population. r. or It. right. S. San or Santa. S. M. Santa Maria. St. Saint. S. r. Q. R. Senatus Populus Que Eomanus. V. M. Virgin Martyr. * a mark of commendation. Abp. Archbishop. Adm. Admission. Arch. Archaeological. A. S. M. A. S. Murray, LL.D., F.S.A. A.U.C. Ab Urbe Condita. B. Burn. Bapt. Baptist. C. and C. Crowe and Cavalcaselle. Cic. Cicerone. Cap. Cappella. Card. Cardinal. Evan, or Ev. Evangelist. hr. hour. K. Kugler. 1. left. Names of places in brackets (Hadrian's Villa), following the description of any work of art, indicate the place at which it was found. Dates within brackets after a person's name signify the year of his death ; numerals after the name of a place mean Population. Ancient sites, and buildings of which little or no remains exist, are printed usually in black ifalirs. DIRECTORY, 1904. THE JOURNEY TO EOME. There are three routes across the Continent : tlie Mout Cenis, the St. Gotthard, and the Eiviera. The Channel may be crosses 1 in 75 min. t'/a Dover-Calais, in 90 min. via Folke- stone-Boulogne, in 3 hrs. rid Dover- Ostend, in 4 hrs. via Newhaven- Dieppe, and in 6J hrs. via Southamp- ton-Havre. The fares, and time occupied, are as follows : — First. Second. Actual Hours. Dover, Calais, Paris, Mt. Cenis, Genoa Same Route. Paris-Rome Express Folkestone, Boulogne, Paris, as above Newhaven, Dieppe, Paris, as alxjve Southampta dep. Home arr. The train leaving Charing Cross at 2.20 P.M. (by Folke- stine-Boulogne), ar- rivins? Paris (Lyons) at 10.1 P.M. and con- necting with the 10.20 P.M. train for Rome, may also run during the winter. A.M. 2.40 9.57* 10.53 11.25 11 45 P. M. 1 :'.5i^ Pakis- -ROMK Exp .'l-SS. 5 38 6 44 9 11 A. M. 12 29* 1 25 5.25 8.45 8.55 P.M. 12.35 12.48 7.15 J. 34* t.30 ). ).15 Customs examination of registered luggage. Sleejiing car. () Dining car. Direclorij. — St. Gotthard Routes, [3] Time Tables of trains are so frequently altered on the Continent that the fijjures here sjiven, though correctefi to the day of publication, cannot be absolutely relied on for any su))sequent date ; but they will remain approxi- mately accurate. In the summer there are special services to Basie. St. Gotthard Routes. The Time Tables of Trains which have through carriages are enclosed witbln parallel lines. London : — Victoria! Clianiig Cross Laiidon BiiJge Dover . . * dep. Folkestone dep. Calais dep. Boulogne dep. Ostend de]) Brussels arr. Brussels dep. L;ion arr. Laon dep. Basle arr. I'.asle dep. Lucerne dep. Chiasso arr Chiasso dep. Milan arr. Milan dep. Genoa arr. (renoa dep. Pisa iiir. Pisa dep. RosiK arr. A.M. 10. 2. '20 4.57+ 6.36 6.50 6.. 51 7.3.1+ x.yi. A. jr. 5.45 6.27 2.5u; P.M. 9. 11. A.M. 5.42 5.46 r.M. 5.35 ■J. ui 11.15 A.M. 5.40* 6.10 7.20 8.30 11.40 P.M. 12.35 5. u^^ 5.15 11.43 * Customs examination of registered luggage. Sleeping car. ^ Dining car. [4] Directory. — Luggage. Biviera Boutes, The Time Tables of Trains which have through carriages are enclosed within parallel lines. Calais . Boulogne . Paris (Nord) . Paris (Nord) , Paris (Lyons) Paris (Lyons) . Dijon . . , Dijnii . Marseilles . Marseilles . Men tone VentimiRlia . Ventimiglia (Mid-) En rope) . 1 Ventimiglia(Mid-) Europe) . j Genoa .... Genoa .... Pisa Pisa * Customs examination of registered luggage. For time table as far as Paris, see the table given for the Mont Cenis Route. The best train in the winter is the " Calais - Mediterranf'e," on Sundays, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, consisting of sleeping and dining cars only, which go through from Calais to Ventimiglia. Another special train is the •' Paris-Mediter- ranee," on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. It does not connect with London, leaving Paris-Lyons at 6.0 P.M. In other respects it is similar to the Calais-lMe'diterrane'e. Arrival by all Rly. lines at the Stazione Centrale {Termini). X Sleeping car. $ Dining car. Porter (facchino), 25 c. each heavy trunk ; hand luggage, 15 c. or 20 c. Omn. to all the principal hotels, usually 1 fr. 25 c. Cab, 1 fr. ; at night, 1 fr. 20 c. Two horses, 2 fr. ; at night, 2J fr. Each heavy trunk, 50 c. ; small articles, 20 c. ; hand luggage free. Rly. cabs with red numbers (about 30 in all) cost a few centimes more. Luggacfe. — In England, luggage, unless in very excessive quantity, is carried free. In France 56 lbs. are free, and any excess over that weight is charged 4 J c. per 220 lbs. per kilometre. In Italy all luggage has Directory. — Customs — Passports. [^•] to he paid for, except such small hand articles as can be taken into the carriage witliout interfering with tlie convenience of the other pnssengers. In consequence of the frequent lug- gage robberies in Italy, the Italian companies refuse to carry luggage which is not securely locked, unless it is fastened with cord, and senled by one of their oiliciai;*, at a fee of sij c. per package. This operation may cause the passenger to lose his train. On the Continent, all luggage which is not takeu into the carriage has to be registered, and a ticket obtHincd. To do this with comfort pHB.seugers are advised to be at the station, at least half-an-hour before the time advertised for starting. Lug- gage may be left in the cloak-room ((Tonsigne, Fr. ; depusito, Ital.) for a small cliarge. Luggage cannot be registered from Loudon beyond the Italian frontier — Chiasso, Modane, Viutimiglia — where it has to be re-registered, and is examined by the Customs officials. At these stations tlie traveller must have his thiough ticket marked with the name of the station at wliich he intends to stop. Whenever a traveller starts afresh after breaking his jour- ney, his ticket must be stamped at the booking office. Customs. — Tobacco, ten, lace, and silk are the most usual dutiable articles carried by tourists. In France, 20 cigars, or A lb. of tobacco ; in Italy, 6 cigars, or 1 ^ oz. of tobacco, are allowed free, provided they are declared — not otherwise. The customs officials are entitled to search the clothing of passengers, for which purpose male and feinaln searcliers are in attendance. The tines for not declaring dutiable goods aie heavy. I'assjjorts. — The traveller is advised to carry a passport, with a tolerably recent i'«Vp', both in France and Italy, lis evidence of identity and respecta- bility. Without one there may be difficulty in obtaining registered, or even ordinary, letters, post-office orders, or parcels. Pussports may be obtained through E. SUtuford, VI, 13, and 14 Long Acre, Loudon, W.C. ; W. J. Adam>>, 59 Fleet Street ; or Lee nnd Carter. 440 Strand. They cost 88. 6d. Travellers should avoid sketch iT\per rooms of the remainder. Allemagne (Lift). S8 Via Condotti Tite. 2). Anglo-American, 128 Via Frattina (Rte. 2). *BeaTisite, Via Aurora, sunny, fre- quented by English and Americans. Bellevue. opposite the Pal. Aldo- bi-andini, 163 Via Xazianale (Rte. 21). *Eden, in an open situation on the slope of a hill, with fine view from the upper windows; comforiable; civil proprietor. 49 Via Ludovisi (Rte. 20). Germania (Lermann), Via Boncom- putjiii. Hassler, frequented by Germans. Fine view. Piazza Trinita dei Monti (Rte. 2). Lanrati (Lift), opposite the Torre dille IVIilizie. Situation cheerful but lather noisy. 154 Via Naziotude. Trauiway passes the door. *]ffarini (Lift), frequented by Eng- lisii and Americans, as well as by Italian Senators. Gjod food. 17 Via del L'riluHt (Rte. 2). *Minerva (Lift), large and well- manag. Cooper Hunt. St. Paul's (American Episcopal), Via Nazionale, corner of Via Napoli, a handaome edifice in the Lombard- Gothic style, designed by G. E. Street, Directory. — Cluhs. [11] R.A. Sun., Chribtmas-dav, and Good Friday, at 8.30. 10.45 a.m"., and 4 p.m. On holy-days, 9 a.m., and daily in Lent, at 10 a.m. GdwI peal of bells and Organ. The INIosaics of the apse and arches over choir, from designs by Sir Edmund Burne Jones, were exe- cuted by the Yenezia-IMurauo Gla.-s Co. at Venice. No endowment. Ri c- tor, Bev. Dr. Nerin, 58 Via Napoli. EOMAN CATHOLIC, K SiJvestw in Cnpite : S. Giorgio, A'ia S. iSebas- tiano. PRESBYTERIAN, 7 Via Venti Sct- tembre. Sun. 11 a.m. and B p.m. Bev. Dr. Gray. Circulating library for the use of the congregation. GERMAN PROTESTANT service at tlie Enibabsy, Pal. Caftarelli. Bee. M. Lang. Evangelical Chapels, with Schcxils Annexed. Waldensian, 107 Via Xazionale. li'-r. M. J'rcrhet. Free Church, 4S Via Panico. ni ar the Ponte S. Angeh'. Ber. L. Conti. Methodist, 64 Via della SL-rofa. Btr. U. Tiijijuff. American Methodist, 2 Piazza Poii. Bti: W. End. Episcopal Methodist, Ala Venti Settendire. Baptist, a5 Piazza in Lucina. Bev. J. Wall Baptist, 154 Via Urbana. Jitr. J. C. Wall. Italian Evangelical, 1 \ ia Palestro. Btv. Jultn TIioiiiiis. meetings ; illustrated English papers. Sul)8. GO fr. a year or 30 fr. the season. German Artids, llH Via del Semi- n.ario. Foreigners ailmitti d, if they Bixak German. Subs. 60 fr. a-year, or 10 a month. Attaciied is a library ts of all na- tions assemble at the Porta Maggiore, en route for Cerrara (Rte. 44). After singing, speechifying, and distribution of mock orders, theie is a cold diinier followed by donkey-racing, spear- throwing, and other amusements, and the fantastic procession of cars, artil- lery, &c., returns to Rome in the evening with torches and Bengal lights Firewood can be procured in large quantities at the wood-yards outside the Porta del Popolo, near tlie Tiber, or from Botti, 33 Via Monte Brianzo, or Fascia, Via Salaria. Here it costs 20 fr. a ' passo,' delivered at the door. Badaracco, 93 Via della Vite, 17 fr. the patso. Fish Markets. — Via di S. Teodoro and Piazza delle Coppelle, where all the produce of the sea-tisheries, and of the salt lagoons bonlering on the Pon- tine Marslies, .ire brought every morn- ing. This forms a very interesting exhibition for tlie naturalist, as the species are extremely varied. The best iish are the turbot {rombo), sea [14] Directory. — Fox Hunting. basse (sphioht), tlie sea wolf (L»t2^'' ^* Mare,, grey mullet {Mugil cephalus), the red mullet {triglia). soles (sofiUule), wUiting (jinerhizzo). The rac/Mta or crayfisli represents our lobster. In summer the tunny, sturgeon, and omhrina are excellent eating. The best freshwater fish are the eels, pike, and ''arp from the lakes of Fogliaiio, in the Po.itine Marshes, and Brac- ciaiio. Trout occasionally reach Rome from the Anio above the falls of Ti- Vdli, and in winter from the Lago MaL'giore. A peculiar species of laud-crab is considered a delicacy in tne summer months. Rome is largely supplied with fish from Cattolica, on the Adriatic. Flowers. — Cardella, 144 Via del Btibuino. Vinceiizo Valle, 4(> Via Capo le Case. Artificial, 142 Via Frattina. Gregorini, HI Via Sistina. Also at the Scuola PrnfessionaJe, under the patronage of the Queen of Itidy, Via delUi Misaione. Forwarding Agents. — Lemon and Co., 49 Piazza di Spagna ; Adolph Roedtr Franz. 19 Via Condotti; C. Stein, 42 Via di Mercede ; Gondrand, 872 Corso ; Gaze and Son, 10 Piazza di Spagna. Fox hunting.— Found, d in ]840. Under ti.e management of a comujittee of Roman noblemen and gentlemen. Ahout 100 members, subs. 250 fr. The establishment comprises an experi- enced English himtsman and whip, a stable of English hunters, and a pack of hounds. Season, Nov. 15th to IMarch 31. Strangers are allowed to become annual members, but as such cannot take any part in the delibera- tions of the society. English visitors may follow the hounds occasionally, or drive to the meets without being expected to contribute to the Hunt fund, unless they are regular atten- dants. The meets generally take place on Mon. and Thurs. at ll a.m., and are announced in the daily papers, or at Barfoot's, 151 Via del Babnino, and the English libraries. The best hunting-grounds are those crossed by the Via Appia and Nomentana. The hunting seastm concludes with races, which take place at the Capannelle (Rte. 48), and are patronised by the King and Royal family. Master : Marchese di lioccagiovine, 1 Foro Trajano. Secretary : Cao. Cartocci. 117 ViaScrofa. Kennels at the VHIa Tor Fiorenza, outside Porta Salaria (No. 48). Framing (Pictures and jjlioto- graphs). — Gambacciani, 143 Via del Babnino : Leonardi, 469 Corso ; Paoloni, 17 Vicolo Alberto. Fruit Market. — The principal are in the Via dei Cercki and the Campo di'i Fiori. Oranges are brought from Naples and Sicily ; apples and pears from the Sabine provinces chiefly, as also chestnuts and walnuts. In the spring and summer there is an abun- dant supply of strawberries, cherries, plums, and later of apricots, peaches, grapes, and figs. Melons, and coco- nieri, a kind of large water-melon, are eaten in great quantities. Funerals. — The interment of Pro- tt SI ants is plact-il under the superin- tendence of the committees of the English and German Churches. Fixed taiifi', including hearse, coflBn, mourn- ing-carriages, payments to the Roman municipality for the ground and fees to the Offici-rs. The funerals are divided iirto three chisses : 1st. 650 fr., including a vault for supporting a large mo.iumLnt; 2nd, 300 fr., wiihout a vault; 3rd, for persons unable to incur more expeirse, as certified by the British or U.S.A. Consuls, 65 fr. only for cemetery fees. These charges do not include a leaden coflin, which costs 55 c. per lb., or carriages. The clergyman generally receives a gra- tuity of 60 fr. Achille Trucchi (17 Via Quattro Fontane), keeper of the Pro- testant Cemetery, is the uud'^rtaker appointed by the British Church Burial Committee. He is also chief inspector of tlie Roman Catholic Ceme- tery. Sig. Tincclii will attend to the erection of monumeirts and railings, and will keep them in order. Directory. — Historical Houses. [15] Funerals of British and American Roman Cftholics are under tlie direc- tion uf the Prie.st in wliose parish the (U'iitli takes place. Tiie chiircli chartres, as well as those at tlie extra- mural cemetery of S. T.orenzo. are ree;ulate(i l>y a fixed tariff. All intia- mural burials in churches are for- bidden. Furniture. — Oig'aii, 249 Corso : Bar'iirito. 120 Via Sistina: Jnntffi, 17 Via Condotti; Lerera, 39.5 Cor-so ; Haas, 4U Via Condotti. Carved work (Intarsia), Zuccarellt, 33 Via del Uabuino. Furs.— Gfos-s/, 132 Curse ; Gilardhii, 185 Corso. Game and Poultry. — Faccliiui, Piazza S. Lorenzo in Lucina. Uther shops in the ttreets adjoining the I'anthfon. The supply of game is very vaiitd indeed, comprising, in their season, wild pigeons, partridges, Woodcocks, three species of snipe, waterfowl, thrushes, quails (espe- cially in May), and an immense variety of small birds (Uccdlttti), most of them birds of passage. Of large game, wild boar, roebuck, hares, and porcupines, there is a plentiful supply throughout the winter from the great marsh forests bordering the sea. Gloves. — Merola, 142 Corso; Gra- natu, Wii ilel Umilta ; Maggioni, 34 Via Condotti; 39 Piazza in Lucina; 10 Via della Vite. Goldsmiths (see Jewellers). Gratuities. — Xo general rule can be laid down for the guidance of travellers under this head, but the following remarks may be of use in dctermiuing the sums which it is fair wnd reasonable to give to officials and hotel servants. In museums and galleries, where a fee has been paid for admission, the attendants are not permitted to accept gratuities. Every other service, how- ever small, should be rewarded by a small tip of 10 c. or 20 c. — not more, unless it was altogether of an ex- ceptional n.iture. In hotels the tips should depend upon the number of the party, the lengtli o*" stay, and the service required. Si^me persons only give gratuities to servants when they leave an hotel, others find it an ad- vantage to >;ive them a small sum on arriving, on the understanding that they shall get more on the departure of the donor, if he is, in the mean- while, made comfortable. As a rule, waiters receive l-irger gratuities than other servants, always supposing that the traveller takes his meals in tlie hotel. A bncheloi' who stops one or two nights in an hotel should give the hall porter, the porter who brings his luggage, and the chambermaid, 1 lira eacM, and 2 lire to the waiter. For a stay of three to seven days these tips should be increased, and 3 to 4 lire given to the head waiter. For a man and wife the fee to the chambermaid should be doubled, and the other fees aldo increased. Grocers (also " British Stores," Via Due Macelli). — Ijagnino, Via del 'I'ritone 55 ; Casoiii, 32 Piazza di Spay;na; Parenti, 46 Piazzadi Spagna; JS'olegi'n, 90 Via Due Macelli. Guides (see Tourist Offices). — Siynnra Natale, 40 Via Nazionale (for ladies). Haberdashers. — Borgia, 19 Via Pre- fetti ; Salri, 336 Corso; Masini, 309 Corso ; Briigia, 344 Corso. Hairdressers. — Pasquali, 11 Via Condotti. 123 Corso, goes out to dress ladies' liair; Cervoni, Via Frattina (sjjeaks Knitlish). Hatters.— 3//?/er, 16 Via Condotti ; Bfisn, 1 37 Via Nazionale ; Vigano, lit Via Cav(jur, and Via Marco Miughetti. Historical Houses. — Inscriptions were placed by the municipality in 1872 on the fronts of the following houses distinguished by the birth or residence of celebrated men in Rome : Miehel Angela, 211 Via dei Fornari (Rt.. 4). [16] Directory. — Jewellers — Lessons. Bernini, 1 2 Via della Mereeile Antonio Canova, Vicolo di S. Gia- como (Rte. 1). Wolfgang Goethe, 18 Via del Corso (Rte. i). Domenico Zampieri (Domenichino), 20 Via S. Martino dl Monti (Rte. 15). Gioachino Rossini, 35 Vicolo Leu- tari. Cola di Rienzo. Via S. Bartolommeo dei Vaccinari (Rte. 24). Angelo Brunetti, called Ciceruac- chio, born in tlie Via Ripetta (1800) ; slain, tog:ether with liia sons Luigi and Lorenzo, on the 10th of August, 1849. Pietro Trapassi (Metastasio), born on the 3rd Jan., 1698, 75 Via del Pellegrino. Gaetano Donizetti, of Bergamo, 78 Via delle Muratte (Rte. 3). Through the exertions of Sir V. Eyre, a memorial stone was placed in 1879 upon No. 26 Piazza di Spagna, the residence of John Keats (1821). Hotels (see p. [6]). Horses (and Livery Stables). — Jarrett, 3 Piazza del Popolo ; Picrretti, Pal. Ruspigliosi Piazza Quirinale ; Fenini, outside Porta del Popolo, close to entrance of Villa Borghese. 250 to 350 fr. a month — a little more when used for hunting — with a moTithly gratuity, fixed by agreement, to the groom; for a ride, 10 fr. Day's hunting, 40 fr. The keep of a saddle- horse is 5 or 6 fr, a day. House- Agents. — Poggiali, 74 Via Sistina ; Tvti, 54 Piazza di Spagna. Ice (artificially made with Trevi water). — Factories, 4 Via del Macao and 9 Via del Mosaico. Office, 15 Vicolo della Guaidiola (Monte Gitorio), 47 Via Margutta. Ironmongery and Hardware. — Finzi and BiancheUi, 377 (Jorso ; Finocchi, Gorso Vitt. Emanuele. Jewellers. — The Studio d' Orificeria of Siguor Augusto Castellani, 86 Piazza di Trevi, first floor, is well worth a visit. Mar-he^'ni, 138 Conso; Negri, 60 Piazza di Spagna; Boni, Piazza S. Carlo in the Corso ; Fresnhi, 57 Via Condotti ; Tomhini, 74 Piazza di Spagna; Calvi, 15 Via Sistina; Fasoli, 93 Piazza di Spagna. For the ordinary Ronun gold ornaments worn by the lower classes and the peasautiy of the environ.^, the best shops are in the Via del Pellegrino, in the Piazza Pasquino, and in the Via dei Pat;tiui, near the Pantheon. Working jeweller, Santini, 21 Vicolo del Leopardo, Tra^tevere. Religious objects, 3 Via Condotti ; 77 Piazza Minerva. Demetrio Cremo (silver- woiker), 71 Via Sistina. Lace (Merletti). — Milano, 1 Corso Vittoiio Emanuele, and 56 Via Niizioiiale ; Bolla, 67 Via Condotti. Lamps. — Ditmar, 1 3 Corso Vitt. Emanuele ; Fancillon-Comsola, 23 Via di Propagandi. Languages (see Lessons). Lectures on Antiquities. — Fre- quently given at the rooms of the British and American Archaeological Society. Exeursions to various objects of interest in Rome and the Gam- pagna. Admission cards for the lec- tures and excursions are sold at the Society's library, 16 Ripresa dei Bar- beri. Lectures at the University on Roman topography, Greek and Roman art, and kindred subjects, free and very interesting. Mrs. Burton-Brown (late Girton Coll., 1st Class Cambridge Honours) gives weekly lectures (Nov. to May) in the Forum and the Sculpture Gal- leries. Prospectus from Mifs Wilson's Library, 22 Piazza di Spagna, or from the lecturer, 32Via A''enti Settembre. LESSONS. — Dancing. — Enrichetia Rosa, 70 Via di Ripetta, a good mis- tress for girls. Pascarella, 22 Via Tordinona. Drawing and Painting (for ladies only). — Carlandi, 33 \'ia Margutta. water-coloin-s ; Nardi, 33 Via Mar- gutta ; Bucciarelli, 46 Via San Basilio ; Cipriani, 48 Via Margutta ; De Tom- masi, 53b Via Margutta; Ferrari, 55a Via Margutta. Da Pozzo, 13 Vicolo S. N. da Tolentino. Directory. — Libraries. [17] E.VGLiSH.— Dr. BiiUock, 117 Via Pozzctto ; Signora Lippi, 307 Corso S. Marcello, an Eu^ish lady, gives lessons in her own language to Italians, or in Italian to Englisli visitors. Fencing. — Cav. Caluri, 57 Via Pontefici ; Cav. Parise, 3d C. Via Palestro. FBE^fCH. — (?a(7»('t'r'»,7 ViaVolturno; de SiiintSiffHij, 8i> Via S. Giovanni ; Madame-Ldcour, 130 Via BorgoNuovo. German. — Schnhmann, 18 Via Mo- dena ; Mauerhof, 98 Maiio del Fiori; Frauliin Gmeiiier, 13 Via (xregoriana. It.\lian and French. — Madame /?().sr,34:ViaGregoriana(Italian, widow of French officer, quite tir^t rate as a teacher of Italian and French) : Adolfo and Signoriiia NaUi, 03 Via della Purificaztone ; Prof. Errole Massi, Curator of the Vatican Museums ; Signorina Francisi. 3 Via Oragio, Prati di Castello ; Sigiiora Bernurdi, 105 Via Principe Amedeo ; Mile. Kowalsky, 19 Via Cai rozze ; Prof. Mancardi, 8 Via Curfatone ; Mad. Rodriguez, 40 Via Lombaidia. Les- sons for an hour, 3 to 4 lire. Mandoline. — Maldura, 30 Via dell' Umilta ; Cvstantino Bertucci, i Via S. ApoUinare. Music. — Prof. Sgnmhati, 2 Via della Croce, tirst rate pianist ; Sig>wrina Mettler, 01 Via Principe Umberto; Prof. Ridolfi, 1 Via del Leoncino ; Prof. Lippi, 307 p. S. Marcello, Corso; Gabrielli, 357 Via Cavour. (Piano) Signora Sarzana (harp), 03 Via Canipo Marzio; Prof. Pinelli, 33 Via Mercede ; Monache'). De Montault, Muse'ts et Galtries de Rome (1880). Matz and Von Dulni, Antike Bild- icerhe in Rum. Leipsic (1881). Bernoulli, Romische Iconographie, Stuttgart (1881). + Ka.rolta (lelle Miglioii Chiese di Koma Submbane, da (jiaiomo Fontaua. 5 vols. lul. Koma, 1853-56. 1S79. *Helbiy;'8 Guide to the Public Collec- tions of Rome. Leipsig, 2 vols. 1896. Perkins' Tuscan and Italian Sculp- tures. Tosi's Sepulchral Monuments of the 15th and liith cent. Mosaics: Ciampini. Monnmentu Vetera, 3 vols. fol. 1757. Spitliuver. Musdici delle Chiese di Roma, with handsomely executed ciiromo-litho- graphic plates and descriptive notes by Comm. de Rossi. A very impor- tant work, in 26 parts, giving copies of tbe Christian mosaics and S[)eci- meiis of the pavements of the churches ill Rome anterior to the 15th cent. The text is in Italian and French. Painting : Sir A. H. Layanl, Kugler^s Handbook of Painting. 2 vols. 1887. Crowe and Cavalcaselle, History of Painting in Italy, from the 2nd lo tlie 18th cent. 5 vols. Burcklaardt's, Cicerone. Morelli, Italian Schools of Paini- ing. Lord Lindsay, History of Christian Art. 2 vols. 1886. General: Pullen, The Marbles of Rome. 1894. Mendini, Hygienic Guide to Rorn<- (trans, by J. J. Eyre). 1898. Lodgings. — The best situations are the Piazza di Spagna, Via del Balm- iiio, Corso, Via Gregoriana, Via Sis- tina, Quattro Fontime, Due Mncelli. della Mercede, del Tritoue, Coudotti, della Croue, antl less central, but generally sunny, Via Boucompagni. Via Aurora, Via Veneto, Via Fmanze, Via Venti Settembie, Via Nazioiiale. Piazza dell' Independeuza, &c. All ard well supplied with water from the Marcia Aqueduct, the natural level of which reaches the tops of the highest houses on tlie bills. The equally good Acqua di Trevi is of lower level and supplies the lower parts of the tuwn. Strangers should avoid situations where the bef Alte Rom, Enticiclielutig seiner Grundri.ifei', etc., Berlin (1896). 12 separate trans- jiarent maps of different epochs, with a map of modern Rome of exactly tlie same dimensions ; by placing the transparencies over the modern topo- griiphy a comparison of ancit-nt and modern Ron;e is made quite easy. Tliere is no good modern luap of the City; the best are those of Carlo Marre, Antonio Vallardi, and Bulla's Bird's-eye View, all to l:>e found at Spithover's and other principal book- sellers. Maps of the Military Geographical Institute (in Florence) are the best of the environs. The ^noiRss suivey, in one sheet, includes the whole Cam- pagua, with the surrounding moun- tains and sea coast. Vallardi, Roma Presente e Avvenire, 1 Ir. ; mounted. 2 fr. A good but now very rare work on the Physical Geography and Geology of Rome and its immediate environs, is Brocchi's Suolo di Roma, 1 vol. in 8vo. Dr. Tommasi-Crudeli's Climadi Roma, with topographical and geolo- gical maps of the environs of Rome (Loescher, Rome, 1886), is a very instructive work (translation by Capt. Dick). Tito Berti's ' Villa di Oiazio' illustrates the poet's ISabine resi- dence. The geologist will find, in the Museum of the Sapienza. and in that of tlie Freres de la Dot-trine Chretienne, Via Sun Ba&tianello, interesting collections of rocks and fossil organic remains. The late Professor James Forbes and Sir R. 1. Murchiton published interesting papers on the geology of the Latian hill sand of the surroundingCampagna; and some excellent indications on the same subject will be found in Leopold von Buch's Letters mi Italy (in Ger- man), and ill a paper of the Marchese Lorenzo Pareto on tlie district N. of Rome. The most useful work on the Botany of the environs of Rome, although antiquated, is the Pro- dromiis Florae Romanae, by Professor Sauguinetti, in 4to. Zoology, Prince Directory. — Medical Men — Money. [21] Charles Bonaparte's Fauna Italica, 3 vols, folio. Dr. Dt-akiii's Flora, of the Colosseum gives au illustrated Ciitalogue of 420 plants wliich till recently grew wild on the ruined amphitheatre. Marbles and Alabasters. — Summers, 5'J Via del IJabiiino ; Andreoni, 17 Pinzza del Pojiwlo; Morelli, i>0 Via del Babuino. Marble-cutters (Scarpellini). — Fahbi, loO: Orlaadi, 75; Fiermattei, iU2 — all in the Via Sistiua. Masters (see Lessotis). Medical Men (see Dentists, Oculists, Aurist).f Dr. Edmonrhton Charles, Honorary Pliysiciau to the Queen, 27 Via Venti Settembre. Dr. Eyre, M.E.C.P., 31 Piazza di 8pagna ; in summer at Viareggio. Dr. TJiomson Bonar, 114 Via del Babuino. Dr. Brock, M.D. (Edin.), Via Veneto, lettera B. ])r. Burton-Brown, 3 Via Venti Settf-mbre. Dr. Femcirh, 42 Via Sistina. Dr. W. Bull, Physician to the Em- bassy of the United States, Via Veneto Villmo de la Penne. Italian. — Gomm. Guiilo Baccelli, 2 Piazza (Jaini itelli; Coiain. Francesco Ihirante ; Car. Ettore JMacchiafava, I'ii Piazza Navoua ; Dr. Giuseppe Muntechiari, 1a Via della Pilotta. Ho3iOEi)PATHic. — Dr. Vincenzo Li- heruli, 101 Corso Vitt. Enianuele. Milk and Butter (see Dairies). Milliners. — Cima and Sragliotti, 31 Via Frattina; Mazza and Milani, 59 Corso. Mineral Waters. — Birindetti, 7 Via Prini-ipe Amedeo (Fiuggi) ; Belletti, 58 Via S. Claudio (Nocera); Mazzvni <[■ Co., 1)0 Via di Pietra. + Tiavellers are recommended to insist on seeing one of the Doctors reconivnemled here, and not to trust to a Hotel-porter's recom- mendation. Miscellaneous Articles (for travel- ling, toilet, &c.). — Barfoot, 151, Via del Babuino ; De Stefanis, 204 Via del Tritone ; De Angelis, 94 Via di Capo le Case; SavoneUi, 300 Corso ; Jauetti, 17 Via Coudotti ; Cagiati, 249 Conso; Vuione Mditare, Via in Lucina. Modelling (see Scul^dors). Money. — The decimal system of money is in use throughout Italy, the unit being the Lira, nearly equal in value to the French frduc. Gold coins are nominally the same as in France, but are never met with iu conmierce. Silver coins are rare. The notes iu circulation are those of 500, 100, 50, 25, 10, 5, 2, and 1 lire. There are nickel pieces, of the value of 20 centesimi (centimes). Copper c.Dins (hroiizi or rami) are of 10, 5, 2, and 1 centesimo. The traveller who is tendered a silver coin in Italy should satisfy himself that it is Italian, and not dated before 1863. Though not quite so much, ten centesimi may for convenience be reckoned as one penny, and a lira as ten pence. Prices of small articles are often quoted in soldi. The soldo is ihc French sous, and the English half- penny, and is equal to 5 centesimi. No paper money should be taken out of Italy. Italian silver coins (with the exception of the rare 5 lira piece) are not current out of Italy. Circular notes are familiar to the hotel keepers of Rome and Italy, and form a safe and convenient means of carrying money. The letttr uf indication should be kept separate, from the notes. English gold and five pound Bank of England notes are readily taken all over the Conti- nent. In most places English cheques can be used. Numerals. One Uno Two Due Three 'Ire Four Quattro Five Cinque Six Sei Seven Sette [22] Diredor!/. — Newspnpers — Omnibuses. Eight otto Tor Argentina; R^iftni. 103 Corso Tf'r ; ; .* ; .* m.'^ VUt. Emamiele.- ^a^so, 135 via Fiat- Eleven" ." .' .' ,' Undici tina (Mandulines). Twelve .... Bodici Thirteen .... Tredici Newspapers.— There are 20 rlaily Poiuteeu .... QiiattordKi „ ■ \t c \ ■ \ ii e \i Filtoen .... Quiiidicl pa|iers ill liome, oi which tlie loUow- Si.xtefn .... Sediii ing are the most importiint. — Tlie Seventeen . . . Ifteiasette Trihuna (Progressive); Popoln Ro- vi?,«*'»Ii • • • • Si''i.';"l_^ mano (Liberal, laigc^st ciroulation) ; Twenty .... Venti Jtaiie ( t* vi-nch) ; Opintmie (Conserva- Tw'Mitv-one . . . Veiit'uno tive) ; Oifserratore (ckoiral) ; Me$sa- Twenty-two . . . V.nti due qgyo (popular); Voce ddla Verifh I xvemv-tnree . . Venitre V-ir i- \ t /i •, i ,-n j Twen.'y-four . . Venti qnattro (Vatican orgHn); i,,, 6apr/rr7e (K.idj- Twenty-five . . . Venti ciuque cal) ; II Diriilo (Democratic); Dott. T»venty-si\ . . . Venti sei C7i/sc«o^~ \r- t»,i„;„, Ar„i..„„ ir- / Twelve hundred . Milleducento 6o Via BahuiDO, Matron i^».s/rr*«(; ; Tiiirteen hundred . Mille 'recento 41 Via Piilestro, Matron, Mixs H atson ; Two thousand . . Due mila 265 Via Nomeiitana. Trained nurses A million . . . . Uii milione ^^ bo,h tjjggg Homes. Little Compauy of Mary, 45 Via Cas- Money-chang-ers (Camhio). — Tlie telfidardo (Nursing Sisters who speak principal are in the Via Condotti English). Anfflo-ArnTicun Nitrsiiuj and Piazza di Spagna. The English Home (opened in October, 1900). traveller will generally get better ex- change, for sniiiU sums as well as for Ocalist.— Dr. Por»so/iii, 97 Arenula; Circular Notes, fn tm Messrs. Cook and Dr. Martini, 117 Via del Pozzetto. Son, 1b Piazza di Spagna, or Mr. CecarelU Morgan (British Consul), 96 Old Books. — Bocca, 110 Via del Piazza 8. Claudio. Giardino; Rossi, 25 Bocca di Leone. Mosaics. — Roccheggiani, 14 Via Condotti, mosaic pictures, tables, cabi- nets, paper weights, gold ornaments, cameos, at fixed prices. Junetti, 18 Via Condotti. Dies, 84 Via Condotti. C?. Noci, 29 Via della Fontanella Borghese. Music. — Bretschneider, 85 Via Con- dotti, pianos for hire, harmoniums, and a lending library of music ; Ricordi, 392 Corso; Bartolo, 269 Corso; Ceccherini, 56 Via Fontanella Borghese; Bos- sola, 140 Corso; Venturini,3i^7 Corso. Stringed instruments: Btrti, 19 Via Omnibus along the principal streets in every direction, starting from some Piazza or Gateway every five or ten minutes. Their destination is dis- tinctly marked outside and their tariff (10 to 15 c.) inside. The vehicles are fairly comfurtable, and perfectly clean, but on popular lines are often crowded. I. Piazza Venezia, along the Corso to Piazza del Popolo (10 c). After 3 P.M. by the Fountain of Trevi, Piazza di Spa 2:11a, and Via del Babuino. II. Piazza Navona to Piaiza Vitt. Emanuele (15 c), by S. Pautaleo, ♦j}"?;. ::aj uPor^fTA Tinar i, *-*T7" if/'amu'i/v Hmites sknun thus - OmnihuA Boutrtt J. BsrtliaLaiiieTr: EdjiP' Directory. — Painters. [23] Gesh, Forum of Trajan, Via Alcss- anrlrina. Via Urltana, S. M. Maggioi-e, and Via Merulana. IlE. (b". Fantaleo to Porta Salaria (15 c), by tlie (resu. Apostoli, Via rso ; Zam- pini, 50 Via Frattina ; liicci, 12 Via del Tritime ; Carnevale, 20 Piazza Mar- gana ; Gastaldi, 5 Via C.impo Marzio. Stoves.— Cr«re/;/, 20 Via delle Mu- ratte ; Lehmann,yia, Mari-o Minghetti ; FauciUon Comolu, 23 Via di Propa- ganda. Synagogues. — Italian rite. Scuola Niwva, ScHola del Ttinpio, and Scuola SiciliaiM ; Spanish, Scuola Cataluna and Scuola Casth/lkma. All in the Piazza delle Scuo'le (Rte. 23). Office [28] Directory. — Telegraph — Tramways. for the administration of Jewish cha- Tobacco. — Wills' Tliree Castles and rities, &c., 125 Piazza S. Ignazio. Navy Cut are now sold at the Govern- ment shops everywhere. Havauna Tailors. — Schrader, 5 Piazza di cigars in the Corsn, corner of Piaz/a Spagna; Eeanda, Gl Piazza SS. Sciarra. Pipes, next door to the Gaffe Aiwstoli; F'oa, 10.5 Corso; Mattina, Nazionale, and Tisiotti, 2 Via delle 107 Corso ; Segre, i:^6 Corso ; Convertite. Old EngltQuJ,, Via Nazionale ; Old ^Scotland. 1 13 Via del Plebiscito (also Tourist Ofl&ces. — Thos. Cook and for Ladies) : Lanutti, 80 Via Purifi- Son, 1b Piazza di Spagtia ; Gaze and cazione. For ready-made clothes, gom, 10 Piazza di 8pagna. Bocco)u\3l6 to 319 Corso; Savonelli, Excursion liectures, L. Beynaud, yOO Corso. For ladies, Eva Lawler, Wilson's Library, 22 Piazza di 59 Piazza di Spagna; Conti and Spagua ; ii'MsseJi Forbes, 7G Via del la SteveiitiviL, US Corso. Croce. Telegrapli.-Ceutral Office, Piazza Tramways.- Office at the foot of the fe Silvestro open day and night and yj.^ Nazioi.ale, close to the starting the principal branch post offices Mes- -^^ .^'ee Plan, p. [22]. sages within Italy, 15 words, 1 lira : '^ j p;^,.,^^ Venena to Piazza delle every additional word, 5 c. Foreign j,^^^^^^^ ^ t,,^ yj.^ Nazionale (15 c). messages are subject to an mitial ^^j^- ^^ notire-board. charge ot 1 tr., in addition to the jj p,-,,,^^^ Veaezm to S. Agnese *^"**- (.SO c), by the Via Nazionale, Piazza Great Britain (eacli word) . '"'Tg ^eUe Te,me, Via Venti Settembre, France 14 ^^'^ Porta Pia. To the gate in eacli Germany '.'.'.'.'.'.'. U li. Artichokes come into reason aljout Easter, and are a great resource for the Romans, fried or stewed in oil alia Giudia. Lentils are generally to be hail at the Restauranis, and Zuc- chefti — a small vaiieiy of vigetable marrow. Vocabulary (see p. [30]). Watchmakers. — Kobell, 15 Via delle Converiite; JIiiu>istnan, 406 Corso; Kolbaner, 108 Via Due Macelli ; Kohlmunn, 69 Via Condotti ; ilancini, S6 Via della Croce. For repairs, Conti, 53 P. di Spagna. "Water-supply. — The Acqua Vergine brings into Rome eacii day of 24 hrs. 56,000 cubic metres ; the Acqua Felice, 21,000 ; the Acqua Paola, 80,400 ; and the Acqua Marcia, 30,000. Weights and Measures. — The French decimal-metric system was adopted in Italy in 1861, and has now superseded the old Roman weights. A Roman pound is one- third of a kilo. The unit of length is tiie metro, equal to the ten-millionth part of the distance from the pole to the equator, and to 3 "28 English feet. The unit of weight is the gramma = 15 "4 English grains, the chilogramma being about 21 lbs. ; the unit of c ipacity is the litra = 1'76 imperial pints; and the unit of laud measure is the ara. from which is derived the ettara of 100 aras = 2'47 acres. The Italian mile (raiglio) is the geographical mile, about 2000 yards. To turn metri into yards, add one- tenth. A barile (barrel) of wine or oil (GO litri) = 12| Eng. galls. A hoccale (2 litres) = 1| Eng. quarts. Wine. — The slopes of the Tusculan and Albau hills produce some of the best wines in Italy, and it is much to be regretted that the landlords of first class hotels, and the proprietors of the best restaurauts, should give their guests so little opportunity of tasting tuem. It answers the purpose of a Roman innkeeper to encourage the consumption of French wine at a high price, or Italian wine foreign to the province (such as Chianti) ; and as it IS thus practically impossible to obtain a glass of good natural Roman wine except at some more or less hxmiMe Trattoria, hundreds of Euglislimen [30] Directory. — Language. spend the season in Rome without ever once enjoying a draught of tlie exctl- lent, refreshing, and wholesome wiut; of the country. The white wine of Frascati i.-> light, sparkling, and rather sweet, and more in request than tlie red, which comes to greater pt^rfection at Grotta Ferrata, and is better still at Marino. The wine of Albano is not 'so much esteemed as tliat of Genzano and Velletri; but Civita Lavinia, situated between the two latter towns, produces finer qualities, both of red and wliite wine, than any other locality on that whole range of vine-covered hills. Unfortunatt-l}', the wines of the province of Rome rarely keej), or bear exportation. Even bottling spoils them, and tliey should always be served in a large flask, anJ The Vatican Gardens may some- times be visited by arranging with the gardener; and the Pontifical stables may be seen on application to the head coacliman. The Crypt is no longer open to visitors. The Zecca (mint), adjoining the Vatican Palace, and the Armoury, are now in the hands of the Italiau Government. List of Places for which a Peu- messo is required, which cannot be obtained on the spot. Auditorium of Maecenas ; Forum of Augustus ; Quarries beneath the Capitol. — Municipal Archaeological Commission, Ara Coeli. Basilica of Constantine (roof); Casino on the Palatine ; Colosseum by Moonlight (upper part) : Colost-euni, Small 3Iuseum of fragments ; Column of Tro/cm.— Uffizio dei Mouumenti, 1 Via in Miranda. Mo7ite 3ft. rio.— Staff Office, 47 Via dei Burro. Qiiirinal Stables. — Uffizio delle Scuderie. Via Dataria. Villa Barberini, Albano.— Fa\. I3ar- berini, Rome. Villa Grazioli, Frascati. — Pal. Grazioli, Rome Villa Pamphili (Casino) and Villa Doria, Albano.— Ta\. Doiia, Rome. Pyramid of Cestius ; Temple of Con- cord and other closed spots in the Forum. — Uffizio dei Monumenti, 1 Via in Miranda. Castel Fmsowo. — Ministero della Casa Reale, Via del Quirinale. Palace of Sallust. — Spithover's Library. Castle of St. Angelo.—2i Via della Pilotta. Model of St. Peters in the Dome.— 40 Via del Sudario. Mosaic Manufactory ; Ascent of the Bome.-S Via della Sagrestia. Senate House.— I o Via del Salva- ture (10-4). o L [ 39 ] INTRODUCTION. TOPOGRAPHY. Rome is situated nearly in the centre of the Campagna, that undulating tract of territory which lies between the Sabine Apennines, the Latin and Ciminian ranges of volcanic hills, and the Tyrrhenian Sea. Its geographical position, at the Observatory of the Collegio Eomano, is lat. 41° 53' 52" N., long. 12° 28' 40" E. of Greenwich ; and its height above the sea on the mean level of the Tiber under the Ponte S. Angelo, 20 ft. It is 13 geog. m. distant in a straight line from the nearest point of the sea-coast. On the left bank of the Tiber are the Seven Hills, at a height varying from 120 to 180 ft. above the river. They are the Palatine, the Aventine, the Capitoline, the Esquiline, the Caelian (monies), and the Quirinal and Viminal ( colics). The Palatine was inhabited before the supposed era of Romulus (B.C. 753) ; and the Capitoline was occupied by the Sabines. The marshy ground Ijetween these two hills, afterwards famous as the Forum, was originally the meeting place of the two rivals, the Romans and the Sabines. The Palatine from its square shape was called lioma Quadrata. It had two summits called Germalus and Falatium. The Capitoline also had, and still has, two summits, the Arx and Capitolium. When settlement had extended over the seven hills they were enclosed, in the reign of Servius Tullius, by forti- fied wallf, remains of wliich still exist. A larger area was enclosed in A.D. 272 by the Emperor Aurelian as a defence against barbarian invasion. With the exception of the Mausoleum of Hadrian, and the Circus of Nero, and of a portion of the Janiculum, the IBome.] Rome of the Republic and early Empire was confiued to the left bank of the Tiber. On the right bank grew the Chris- tian settlement, which after the de- predations of the Saracens in a.d. 84G was enclosed by fortifications by Pojje Leo IV., in 853, thus forming the Leonine City, or Borgo. Urban VIII. in 1642 extended the Leonine area, and carried his wall southwards along the ridge of the Janiculum. Modern Rome lies within the walls of Aurelian on the left bank, and of Urban VIII. on the right. The most thickly populated part is between the Pincian and Quirinal hills on tiie N. and E., the Capitoline on the S., and the Tiber on the W. This area is bisected from N. to S. by the chief street of Rome, the Corso, which in its centre passes through the Piazza Colonna. In the portion of Rome to the E. of this central point are the principal hotels and lodgings patro- nised by strangers ; to the W. are the poorer and narrower streets; and to the S. the chief remains of classic Rome. The best general views of Rome may be obtained from the Pincian or the Janiculan hills, the dome of St. Peter's, the campanile of S. Maria Mag- giore, or the tower of the CaiDitol. The beauty of Rome is greatly spoiled by the new quarters which have been built outside the walls. The style of building adopted is the very worst conceivable, and the worli has been carried on with such reck- less haste that many huge blocks have been abandoned, for want of tenants, before completion. During the construction of new streets, within and without the walls, the following Villas have been mutilated or de- 9 [40] Introduction. — The Tiber. stroyed : — Campana, Giustiniaiii, Lii- cernari, Ludovisi, Massimo, Miraliori, Patrizi, San Faustino, Sciana, Torlonia, and Wolkonski. THE TIBER, t The Tiber (Italian, Tevere) derives its name from a tradition that Tiberinus, King of the Albans, or, according to other versions, of the Etruscans, was drowned in its waters. The ancient Eoman sculptors repre- sented the Tiber as a majestic bearded old man, crowned with laurel, holding a cornucopia, and reclining, supported by tlie traditional wolf and twins. It received the epithet oiflavus from its muddy yellow colour. Vidimus flavuni Tiberim retortls Littove Etrusco violenter undis Ire dejectum momiraenta regis Templaque Vestac. Horace. U. 13. Huuc inter fluvio Tiberinus amoeno Verticibus rapidis et multa jZai'its arena In mare prorumpit. Ytrgil. Aen. VII. 30. The Tiber rises on the higher slopes of Monte Corouaro (4000 ft.) nearly due E. of Florence, 12 m. N. of Pieve S. Stefuno, on the opposite side of the ridge which gives birth to the Arno, at the height of 3850 ft. above the sea. It reaches Rome after a course of 210 m., 80 of which are navigable, and flows into the sea 22 m. lower down. It is fed by forty- two streams, of which the largest are the Anio and the Nera. The course of the Tiber through Pome com- prises three remarkable curves, and is about 3 m. in length, during which its fall is 3J ft. The new quay walls enclose the river during its course through the city in a bed of the uniform breadth of 109 yds., except- ing at the approaches to the Islands, where it is nearly double as broad. The Tiber is crossed by ,ten bridges, f Those who wish to study the geological vicissitudes of the valley through which the Tiber flows will find ample information in the article '/Z Tevere ed il suo DtUa,' hy the Senator Ponzi, published in the ' Bivistcv Marittima,' of July 1876; and in the ' Tiber and its Tributaries in Ancient and Modern Times,' by Strotber A. Smith, M.A. not including the Pontc Molle (out- side the walls), iive of which are entirely modern. The depth of the Tiber in Rome is from 20 to 26 ft., re^jresenting the average heights of its surface above the level of the Mediterranean, mea- sured by the hydrometer at the Port of Ripetta. This is increased by floods after a long course of heavy rain to 40 ft., at which elevation the water formerly overflowed tlie river- banks, but is now restrained by massive embankments of travertine. From the first traditional flood, when Romulus and Remus were washed under the rocks of the Palatine, there have been 132 inun- dations, the last of which was in 1870. The flood of 1598 was the worst on record, the river rising to a height of 62 ft. A boat went ashore in the Piazza di iSpagna, under the Piucian Hill. From the time of Augustus successive Emperors made eflbrts to stop these calamities by the construction of embankments and by shortening the bed of the river be- tween the city and the sea. Ponzi calculates that from the foundation of Ostia by Ancus Martius to the construction of Trajan's port (743 years) the coast-line at the mouth of the Tiber advanced 1045 yds. The yearly average increase of fluvial deposit at the natural mouth of the Delta at Ostia is now 9-9275 yds. ; that at the artificial mouth at Fiumiciuo 3 '412 yds. In comparing the jiresent with the ancient aspect of the Tiber in Rome, and between the city and the sea, the solitude and desolation of its banks now contrast strongly with the appear- ance it must have presented when the commerce of the world covered it with ships, and the splendours of Imperial courts adorned it with float- ing pageantries. Even during the middle ages, and the reigns of many Popes, the Tiber continued to be used by sovereigns as a safe and com- modious way of reaching or leaving the Eternal City. Such was the case Introduction. — Chronology of Principal Ancient Buildings. [41] with Peter II. of Arragon in 1204 ,• with Gregory XI. coming from Avignon in 1377; with the Emp. Fre.lerick III. in 14.")2 ; Sixtus IV. in l-iS:?; Alexander YI., coming from Spain in 1492 to assume the Poutifi- eate : and Pius II., who in 1404 navi- gated the upper branch of the Tiber on his way to Ancona to command his iieet, after declaring a crusade against the Turks. Julius II. returning from Bologna in 1507 descended the Tiber from near Civita Castellana to Rome, and Julius III. and Leo. X. frequently cmb.irked on its yellow waters. It was the custom during many years for the Roman Pontifi's to proceed on the river in sjilendid galleys to the Basilica of S. Paolo ; and occasion- ally the Tiber has aided their flight from the rebellious Romans, or received their mutilated remains. Even as late as 1848 the port of Ripetta witnessed the embarkation of the Paj^al Grenadiers in river steamers to Ponte Felice, for the campaign against tlie Austrians ; and, ten years afterwards, the arrival, by the same boats, of the Irish brigade enrolled for the defence of the Holy See. Railways have now taken the place of water carriage, even between Fiumicino and Rome. From above Rome only a few barges now drop down, Avitii cargoes of wood and wine from the Sabine provinces. The Tiber rowing clubs enliven the river with occasional regattas. For tiie first 400 years after the foundation of Rome, her citizens were content to drink no other waters than those of the Tiber. Subsequently many now ruined aqueducts brought purer streams to tlie luxurious capital of the Roman world. When these resoiuces were cut oif by barbaric invasions and intestine wars, the Romans returned to the example of their ancestors, and for many years drank the waters of the Tiber. Tliey were held in such repute, that when Pope Clement VII. went to Marseilles in 15.53 to marry his niece, Catharine de' Medici, to the Duke of Orleans, afterwards Henry II., lie took with him, by the advice of his physician, 641 616 Dr. Corti, a sufficient .supply of Tiber water to last him until his return ; and Gregory XIIL, who lived till he was 80, never drank anytldng else, preferring it to the Acqua Vergiue. Fifty ditferent kinds of fish, it is said, may be caught in the Tiber. About a quarter of these come up periodically from the sea, among which the sturgeon deservedly holds the first rank in point of size, some- times attaining extraordinary dimen- sions. CHRONOLOGY OF THE PRINCIPAL ANCIENT BUILDINGS.! Eegal Period. 753 Early Walls of the Palutine. Temple of Jupiter Stator. 715 Eegia. Temple of Vesta. Capitolium Vetus. Temple of Quirinus. Foundation of Ostia. Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. Cloaca Maxima. Circus Maximus begim by Tarquinius Priscus. Walls of Servius. Temple of Diana on the Aventine. Temples of Fortune and Mater Matuta. Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and Cloaca Maxima finished by Tarquinius Su- pcrbus. Pekiod of the Eepchlic. Consecration of the Capitoline Temple. Temple of Saturn. Temple of Ceres, Liber, and Libera. Temple of Castor. Temple of Apollo in the Campus Martius. Temple of Juno Ptegina on the Aveutiiie. Temple of Concord vowed. Temple of Juno IMoneta on the Ar.\. Rostra. Via Appia. Aqua Appia. Temple of Conc(jrd consecrated. Capitoline Wolf cast. Temple of Quirinus. Via Appia paved as far as Bovillae. Temple of Aesculapius on the Island. Aqueduct of the Anio Vetus. First Sun-dial erected in the Forum. Circ\is Flaniiniu~ and Via Flauiinia. Temple of Honour atid Virtue. Triumphal Arches of Stertiuius. Emporium. Temple of Magna M.ater (Cybele). Basilica Porcia. Cloacae enlarged and repaired. Theatre of Aemilius Lepidus. Macellum Magnum. Streets first paved. Porticus Octavla. 507 497 493 484 429 391 367 344 338 312 305 298 294 291 272 263 220 205 195 193 191 184 179 167 t Pi«printed with a few alterations, by kind permission of the author and publisher, from ' Home and the I'anipasna,' bj- the lien. R. Hum, M.A. (G. Bill ami Sons). [42] Introduction. — Causes of Destruction. i;.c. 148 Temples of Jupiter an.l Juuo. 144 Aqua Marcia. 142 Pons Palatinus. 125 Aqua Tepula. 120 Arch of Fabius. 109 Pons Milvius. 81 Capitoline Temple rebuilt. 7S Tabularium. «9 Capitoline Temple re-consecrated. 62 Puns Fabrlcius. 58 Tli'atre of Scauru^. 55 Theatre of Pomp-'y. 50 basilica Paulli (Aemilia). The CAESAr.s. 46 Forum of Julius Caesar. Basilica Julia. Naumacbia in the Caiupus Martius. 42 Temple of JuUus Caesar aecreed. Rostra Julia. Curia Julia. 36 Temple of Apollo ou the Palatine. 33 Aqua Julia. 30 Amphitheatre of Statiliu-. 29 Mausoleum of Augustus begun. 28 Eiglity-twu Temples restored. 26 Septa Julia. Temple of Jupiter Tonans. 20 Temiile of Mars Ultor. 19 Aqua Virgo. 14 Ti-mple of Saturn rebuilt. 13 Theatre of Halbus. H Theatre of Marcellus. A.D. 6 Temple of Castor rebuilt. 10 Arch of Dolabclla. 12 Porticus of the Basilica Julia. 16 Arch of Tiberius. 23 Castra Praetoria. 27 Temple of Augxistus. • 39 Palace of Caligula. 52 Aqua Claudia and Anio Novus. Harbour of Claudius at Ostia. 55 Circus of Nero. 62 Baths ot Nero. 64 Great Fire. 65 Golden House of Nero. Flavian Era. 70 & 82 Capitoline Temple rebuilt. 71 Forum Pacis. 81 Colosseum and Baths of Titus opened. 94 Temple of Isis and Serapis. 96 Meta Sudans. Ill Aqueduct of Trajan. 113 Fornm and Column of Trajan. 116 Baths and Triumphal Arches of Trajan. 130 Temple of Venus and Roma. Pons Aelius. Mausoleum of Hadrian begun. Pantheon. 137 Hadrian's Villa. 138 Temple of Hadrian. Antoxine Era. 141 Column of Antoninus Pius. Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. 183 Column of Marcus Aurelius. Later Emperors. 202 Pantheon and Porticus Octaviae restored. 203 Arch of Septimius Severus. Arch of the •loldsmiths. 216 Baths ot Caracalla, 227 Baths of Alexander ."^everas. 242 Villa Gordiana at the Tor de' Schiavi, 263 Arch of Gallienus. 271-276 Walls of Aurelian. 273. Temple of the Sun. 303 Baths of Diocletian. Cosstantinian Era. 309 Circus of Romulus built by Maxentius. ai2 Destruction of the Praetorian Camp. Basilica of Constantine. 313 Baths of Constantine. 326 Arch of Constantine. Barbarian Invasions. 402 Aurelian walls repaired by Honorius. 410 Rome taken by Alaric, by Genseric (455), and by Ricimes (472). 500 Monuments, walls, and aqueducts re- paired by Theodoric. 537 Rome besieged by Vitiges, and ra\ag d by Totila (546). 593 Invasion by the Lombards. 6US Column of'Phocas. 663 Bronzes and other decorations carried away by Constans II. 756 Siege of Rome by Astulf. 833 Ostia restored by Gregory IV. 846 Invasion and plunder by the Saracens. 848 Leo IV. builds the Leonine suburb. 916 The Saracens defeated at Garigliano. 1084 Rome plundered by Robert Guiscard. 1241 The Mausoleum of Augustus destroyed in the war between the Pope and the Emperor. 1349 Disastrous earthquake, which destroyed many ancient buildings in Rome. CAUSES OF DESTRUCTION. At the beginning of the 5th cent, some of the ancient temples were changed into places for Christian worship, but a still greater num- ber were destroyed. Independently of the injuries sustained from the above- mentioned invading armies, the in- habitants appear to have regarded the ancient buildings as so many public quarries. Belisarius employed the remains of ancient edifices in repairing the walls during his cele- brated defence of the city. The aqueducts had been previously de- stroyed by Vitiges, who burnt every- thing outside the walls ; the baths were thus rendered useless, and the Campagna was reduced to a state of desolation from which it has never recovered. Totila is supposed to have commenced the destruction of the Palace of the Caesars. In the 7th and 8th cent. Rome suffered a con- stant succession of calamities ; earth- Introduction. — Causes of Destruction. [43] quakes, inundations of tlie Tiber, and the famine and pestilence which na- turally followed, desolated the city more tlian the attacks of the barbarians or the subsequent sieges of the Lom- bards. From the end of the 7th to the close of the 8th cent, five inundations are recorded, in one of which the whole city was under water for several days. The disputed succession to the papacy, the contests of the Popes with the Ger- man Emperors, and tlie frequent ab- sence of tlie Court, had also consider- able influence in leadina; to the neglect and ruin of the city. The Normans of KobertGruiscardsurpassed all previous invaders iu the extent of their ravages. They burnt the city from the Antonino column to the Flaminian gate, and from the Lateran to the Capitol; they ruined the Capitol and the Colosseum, and laid waste the whole of the Esqui- line. The great monuments were soon afterwards occupied as fortresses by the ruling Roman families. The Colosseum, the Septizonium of Seve- rus, the Arch of Titus, and the Janus, were seized upon by the Frangipaui; the tomb of Hadrian and the Theatre of Pomiiey by the Orsini ; tlie Mauso- leum of Augustus and the Batiis of Constantino by the Colonna ; the Tomb of Caecilia Metella was con- verted into a fortress by the Savelli and tlie Caetani ; the ruins of the Capitol were held by the Corsi ; the Quirinal by the Conti ; and the Pan- theon so frequently received the garrisons of the Pope that in the time of Gregory VII. it bore the name of S. M. in furribiis. Even the Basilicas were not secure ; that of St. Paul was fortified by the Corsi, and that of 8t. Peter by the people. But these were not the only calamities of Eome during the middle ages. In 1349 the city was desolated by a fearful earth- quake. In 1527 it was cruelly pillaged by the Constable de Bour- bon. It was frequently inundated, tlie worst flood bciing iu loOS. From a very early period the erection of new churclies and the repairs of the city walls had continually operated to the destruction of the ancient monuments ; the lime-kilns of the middle ages were supplied front the ruins, and the tem- ples and other buildings were de- spoiled of. their columns for the decorations of religious edifices. The Popes are responsible for a large share of this system of wholesale destruction. As early as the 8th cent, we find Gregory III. taking nine columns from some temple for the basilica of St. Peter. Adrian I. de- stroyed tlie Temple of (Jeres to build S. M. in Cosmedin. P>y the middle of the loth cent, so many monu- ments had been ruined for building purposes or burnt into lime, that, when Aeneas Sylvius was elect.d Pope under the name of Pius II., he issued a bull to prevent the further continu- ance of the practice : ' De Autiquig Aedificiis non diruendis ' (14(j2). Notwithstanding this measure, Paul II. built the Palace of St. Mark (di Venezia) with materials takea from the Colosseum; and Sixtus IV. in 147-t destroyed what remained of the stone piers of the Pons SuhUcms to make cannon-balls, and swept away numerous ruins in the general reform of the city. Alexander VI. destroyed a pyramid near the Vatican to con- struct a covered way leading from the Palace to the Caatle of S. Angelo. Paul III. plundered the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, the Arch of Titus, the Foriun of Trajan, and the Theatre of Marcellus, and built the Pal. Farnese with blocks of traver- tine brought from the Colosseum, al- though he had issued a bull making it a capital oftence to ' grind down statues. Sixtus V. demolished the Septizonium of Severus to ornament St. Peter's. Urban VIII. removed in part the basement of the Tomb of Caecilia Metella to construct the Foun- tain of Trevi, built the Pal. Barberini with materials taken from the Colos- seum, and stripped the Pantheon of the sheets of bronze, which had escaped the plunder of Coustaus II. in tlie 7th cent., to construct the baldacchino over the great altar at St. Peter's — an act immortalised by Pasquino in a saying which has now become almost a proverb : Quod non fecorunt B.irb,iri, fecere Barberini. [44] Introduction. — The Walls of Borne. Paul V. removed the entablature and pronaos of the Temple of Minerva in the Forum Traiisitorium to build Ms fountain on tlie Janiculum, and the last of the marble columns of the Basilica of Constautine to support the statue of the Virgin before the Chru-ch of S. M. Maggiore. Alexander VII. destroyed an ancient arch of Marcus Aurelius to widen the Corso. Most of the statues of saints and prophets in the churches were worked out of ancient columns, and the marbles which so profusely decorate the altars may in many instances be recog- nised as fragments of classical build- ings. THE WALLS. The first walls were erected by Servius Tullius ; their remains are still visible in forty or fifty places, fresh ones being constantly dis- covered. We shall enumerate the principal of them, starting from the 1. bank of the Tiber, a little to the N. of the Ponte Eotto, and proceed to the rt. until we come to the river-bank again. Close to the river, near the back of the House of Cres- centius, was the Porta Fltniwutana, or river gate ; and close by, under the S.W. extremity of the Capitoline hill, the Porta Cai'ux-Htalis, so named from an altar of the nymph Carmentis, mother of Evander. Between these two was the Porta Triatnifhalis, ' wliich was probably kept shut, ex- cept on the occasion of a triumphal entry.' — B. The following are the best preserved fragments of this cele- brated rampart, raised more than five centuries before Christ, for the pur- pose of protecting the city against its rivals, the Sabines, the Etruscans, and the Latins. 1 At the N.W. corner of the court- yard in front of the Pal. Caftarelli, on the edge of the so-called Tarpeian Rock. 2 Under the stables in front of the same palace. 3 On the 1. side of the ascent to the Capitol from the Piazza Aracoeli, where an inscription records the dis- covery of the walls in Dec. 1872. 4 Between 81 c. and 81 e. Via di Marforio, but now entirely concealed l)y modern houses (see ' Bull, dell' 1st.,' 1870, p. 113). Across this street, the ancient Cltvus Argentarius, stood pro- bably the Porta liataiuenaf'so called from the name of a charioteer in the races at Veil, who was unable to stop his run-away horses until they reached Rome, and threw him out at this gate. ' — B. In Nov. 1875, another portion of the wall was discovered under the Pal. Antonelli, during excavations for the Via Nazionale, opposite the Church of S. Catarina. This frag- ment is most important, as it contains one of the Servian gates, probably the Porta Pontinalie, constructed of mas- sive blocks of tufa. It is in a nearly perfect state of preservation, having been enclosed by and partly buried under buildings apparently belong- ing to the end of the 1st cent., since which epoch this ancient gate was evidently disused. The Porta Fon- tinalis was named from the adjoining sacred fountains. A j^ortiou of the adjoining wall is preserved in a circular enclosure opposite the Pal. Antonelli. After this point tliere is a gap, because the wall ran along a rocky spur of the Capitoline hill, which was completely cut away by Trajan to make his Forum. — M. 5 In the Colonna Gardens, under the remains of the Baths of Con- stautine (see 'Ann. dell' 1st.,' 1852, p. 324). 6 Opposite Bernini's stables in the Piazza del Quirinale, pulled down, in 1866, during the construction of the new ascent to the Quirinal palace. This was the site of the Porta Sa»- qaalis, named after an adjacent Temple of Sancus. 7 In the gardens of the Quirinal, above the Piazza del Lavatore, and parallel to the Via de' Giardini ; dis- covered in 1874, in laying the foimda- tions of the royal stables. 8 About half-way up the Via delle Quattro Fontane. The site of the discovery is marked by a modem iu- Introduction. — The Walls of Mome. [45] scriptioii between No. 1.5 and lU, ami the walls are visible in a pit under the side-walk. Here probably was the I'oi-ta Snditavis, on tlio site of a slirine dedicated to Salus. 9 lu the gardens of the Convent of IS. Susanna, as described by Bartoli (ap. Feu. 3Iisc., I. 250). 10 In the Vigna Barberiua, or Spithciver, where the walls have been recently destroyed. At this most N. point was the i'ortu CoUhia, the principal gate ou the Quirinal, from which issued the Via Nomentana. Here, turning S.S.E., began the cele- brated Agger, a huge embankment about -lO yds. wide and 25 ft. high, faced on its outer side by a massive wall, about lOJ ft. thick, and streng- thened by buttresses. The lower courses of the substruction are of gigantic blocks of peperino, held together by strong clamps ^of iron. The upper courses consist of smaller blocks of tufa. The Agger itself is composed of a mass of volcanic tufa and pozzolana, dug out on the spot in making the fosse, the width of which was 100 ft. at the foot of the wall. In time of pestilence, it was used for the wholesale burial of corpses, both of man and beast (see Rte. 15). 11 Remains of the rampart were discovered in the grounds of the Cer- tosa (S. M. degli Angeli), in laying the foundations of the new Treasury, and in 1879, near the angle of Via Volturno and Via Gaeta. 12 In lowering the Via del Mac- cao, near its junction with the Via Porta S. Lorenzo. 18 To the E. of the Ely. Stat., under the Monte della Giustizia, where were uncovered in 1877 the remains of the rorta Viminulis, which stood in the middle of the Agger. 11-18 In the Viale Prineipessa Margherita, Via Pr. Umberto, Via Pr. Amedto, and Via Napoleone Terzo. 19 In lowering the Via S. Eusebio, near the Arch of Gallienus, which marks the site of the rorta Ksqui- liua, at the S. end of the Agger. The remains of the walls, connecting the Agger with the 1. bank of the rivei, a^jpear 20 In the Via Carlo Alberto, ou a line with the Arch of Gallienus ; 21 In the triangular piazza on the Via Merulana, where the Odeum of the gardens of Maecenas has been brought to light (see 'Bull, della Comm. Arch. Mun.,' II., p. 3) ; 22 Under the Osteria del Giardino, near SS. Pietro e Marcellino. In the valley between the Esquiline and the Caelian were the J'ortn Otwrnuctn- laun audi'. fV»<'/(»(o/«^ff/*. Trif/lace for members the cemeteries, and its long rows of columns surmounted by a line of win- dows exhibiting a modified form of the Roman basilica.' The ideal of the Christian Basilica may be broadly sketched as follows : I. Atrium or Court of Entrance, sur- of a guild. Any private individual might j-Qunded with au open arcade, and have one, who could pay for it. The object of j^^ving a fountain in the centre at the guild was to place such a monument ""^v^"^ within the means of the comparatively poor. which the faithful washed their hands Introduction. — Churches. [51] before entering tlie Church. The Court was mtended as a covered waiting-hall for persons who had business with the clergy, jnst as the forecourt of the Roman basilica served for a crowd of stockbrokers and suitors. II. Portico or Narthex, reserved for the catecljumens or penitents. III. Nave, usually left free, and Aisles — that on the rt. for men, 1. for women ; above the aisles were sometimes Tit- foria or galleries for the women. Towards the end of the nave stood the Ambones or reading desks, one for the Gospel, the other for the Ei)istle. IV. CancelU, or railings, separating the nave from the Clioir, which was restricted to the use of the clergy. Hence the modern word Clianeel. V. The Transept was a subsequent addition. When it occurred, it was divided in the centre by a TriumplKil Arch, leading to the Sanctuary, Hud usually covered with mosaics. Vf. Presbytery or Sanctuary, elevated by steps, where stood the altar. VII. Tribune or Apse, usually triple — i.e. divided into three hemicycles. ' The central one contained the tribunal or eijiscopal chaii', the one on the rt. tlie sacred implements, the one on the left the sacred books.' — L. VIII. Crypt, immediately beneath the Sanctuary ; an open grating (Fenestrella) ad- mitted a sight of the Confession or shrine of the Saint or Martyr, in whose honour tlie Church was dedicated. CHURCHES. There are up words of :>00 in Rome, besides the Basilicas. They may ho classed as (1) CoUegiate, {2) ParocJdal, (3) Monastic, (4 ; Churclies attached to some Brotherliood or guild, (.">) Cliaprh belonging to a Theological College or private mansion. All Churches, except the principal basilicas, nn; closed from 12 to ;5. Many of tho.so attached to convents are onlj'' open at an early houi', and some only on the festival of the patron saint. Patkiarch.\l Basilicas (so named in honour of the five patriarchs of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Autioch, and Jerusalem) : — raiilus, Virgo, Petrus, Laurentius, atquc Joannes ; Hi patriarchatus nomen in Urbe tencnt. S. Giovanni in Laterano.f S. Pietro in Vaticano.f S. M. Maggiore.f S. Paolo fuori le Mura.f S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura. Minor Basilicas (without Chap- ters) : — S. Croce in Gerusalemme. S. Sebastiano. S. Agnese fuori le Mura. SS. Apostoli. S. Cecilia. S. Clemente. S. M. in Trastevere.f S. Lorenzo in Damaso.f S. M. in Cosmedin.f S. M. di Monte Santo.t Collegiate. S. M. dei Martiri (Pantheor). S. Marco. S. Niccolo in Carcere. S. M. in Via Lata. S. Eustachio. S. Angelo in Pescheria. SS. Celso e Giuliano. S. Anastasia. S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni. Parochial. All the above, except S. Croce, 8. M. di Monte Santoy the Fantheon, S. Anastasia, and S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni. A Parish Church may always be recognised by its Font. The remaining thirty-six are arranged in alphabetical order : — S. Adriauo. S. Andrea delle Fratte. S. Angelo alle Fornaci. S. Agostino. S. Bartolommeo. S. Bernardo. S. Carlo ai Catiuari. S. Catarina della Ruota. S. Crisogono. S. Dorotea. f With ti Cliapler. •2 [52] Introduction. — Churches. S. Francesco a IMonle Mario. S. Giacomo al ( 'orso. S. Giovanni dei Fiorentiui. S. Lorenzo in Lncina. S. Lucia del Goufalone. S. Marcello. S M. in Aquiro. S. M. in Campitelli. S. M. del Carmine (Porta Portese). S. M. sopra Minerva. S. M. del Monti. S. M. in Monticelli. S. M. del Popolo. S. M. del Eosario (Monte Mario). S. M. Traspontina. S. M. in Via. S. M. IMaddalena. S. Martino. SS. Pietro e IMarcellino (fuori). SS. Quirico e Giulitta. S. Eocco. S. Salvatore della Corte. S. Salvatore in Lauro. S. Spirito in Sassia. S. Tommaso in Parione. SS. Vincenzo ed Anastasio a Trevi. The remaining Churches belonc;- chiefly to Eeligious Orders, or to Con- fraternities, or Guilds. t The following suburban sees and Eoman Churches give titles to Car- dinals : — Bishops. Ostia and Velletri. Porto and S. Eutina. Albano. Frascati. Palestrina. Sabina. Pkiests. S. Agnese fuori le Mura. S. Agostino. S. Alessio. 8. Anastasia. SS. Apostoli. S. Balbina. S. Bartolommeo. S. Bernardo. f Armellini enumerates 945 Cburclies within and without the walls, 27 of which have be'-'ii destroyed since 1870, while 420 yet exist. 'I'his number includes Chapels,Ora topics, and Shrines within the Catacombs, as well as 27 Churches recently erected for the accommodation of the new quarters. S. Calisto. S. Cecilia. S. Clemente. S. Crisogono. S. Croce. SS. Giovanni e Paolo. S. Giovanni a Porta Latina. S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni. S. Gregorio. 8S. Lorenzo e Damaso. S. Lorenzo in Luciua. S. Lorenzo in Panispema. S. Marcello. S. Marco. S. Martino. S. M. degli Angeli. S. M. in Ara Coeli. S. M. sopra Minerva. S. M. della Pace. S. M. del Popolo. S. M. Traspontina. S. M. in Trastevere. S. M. in Via. S. M. della Vittoria. SS. Nereo ed Achiileo. S. Onofrio. S. Pancrazio. S. Pietro in IMontorio. S. Pietro in Vincoli. SS. Pietro e Marcellino. S. Prassede. S. Prisca. S. Pudenziana. SS. Quattro Coronati. SS. Quirico e Giulitta. S. Sabina. S. Silvestro in Capite. S. Sisto. S. Stefano Rotondo. S. Susanna. S. Tommaso in Parione. S. Trinita al Monti. Deacons. S. Adriano. S. Agata dei Goti. S. Angelo in Peschcria. S. Cesareo. SS. Cosma e Damiano. S. Eustachio. S. Giorgio in Velabro. S. M. in Aquiro. S. M. in Cosmedin. S. M. in Domnica. S. M. dei Martiri (P^intheon). Introduction. — Church Festivals. [53] S. j\I. in Portico (Campitelli). S. U. della Scala. 8. M. iu Via Lata. 8. Niccolo in Carcere. S. Vito. CHURCH FESTIVALS. All the grand church ceremonies in Rome, in which the Pope and Cardi- nals used to take part previous to 1S71, have been suspended since the change of Government, and few remain of sufficient interest to attract travellers. The Supreme Poutiii" and Papal court may still be seen, however, attending high mass in the Sixtine Ciiapel on stated occasions. Adm. by ticket, most easily obtained from the Hotel porter. Tlie Diario liomano, annually pub- lished at the Propaganda Press (60 c), gives a list of the festivals for every day in the year in the difterent churches of Kome, but retains a number of ceremonies now disused. The Annee Liturgique (Spithover) is still more complete and useful. Iu the following list, Churches which are usually open are only mentioned when the ceremony is of special interest. An asterisk means tliat the Church in question is diffi- cult of access at other times. January. 1 S. Andrea della Valle. S. Niccolo in Arcione. 5 Blessing of the water at *S. Afitnaitio according to the Greek rite, ill the evening. Fropaganda ; mass in various Eastern rites. Greek rite at *S. Atanaeio. Sermons and musical ser- vices for eight days at S. Andrea della Valle. 1) (S/S. Celso e Critdiano. 15 S. Giuv. Calibita ; S. Stefano sopra Cacco. 1(5 S'. M. in Doinnica ; S. Gregorio. Mon. S.Clemente; *Lower Cliurcli lighted up. Tues. *S. Balbina. Wed. S. Cecilia. Fri. S. Vitale. Sat. SS. Pietro e Marcellino. ord Sun. S. Lorenzo fuori. Tues. S. Piidenziana. Wed. *S. Sisto; *SS. Ncreo ed Achilleo. Thurs. SS. CoKrna e Damiano. Tlie most ancient and celebrated Madonnas are uncovered from this day until the 2nd Tues. after Easter. Sat. S. Susanna; S. M. degli Angeli. 4th Sun. S. Croce (relics). Mon. *SS. Quattro Coronati. Wed. S. Paolo fuori. Thurs. S. Martino. Fri. S. Eusebio ; *S. JBibiana ; S. Antonio dei Portoghesi. Sat. S. Niccolo in Carcere ; S. Niccolb dei Lorinesi. 5th Sun. *.oma .Sotteranea Cristiana,' the first two volume s of w-hich embrace thf general historj' of the Catacombs, and the dcscriptinu of tliat of S. Callixtus. In the ' IJuUetino dell' Archeologia Cristiana ' new discoveries in the Catacombs are annoimced. by subscribers to the Archaeological Society (see p. 61). GALLERIES AND MUSEtTMS. Persons wishing to make copies, sketches, casts, or drawings, in the public galleries at Rome must apply, for the Vatican libraries, to the Car- dinal-Prefect ; for the Vatican Mu- seum and Gallery, to the Pope's majordomo; for the Capitoline Col- lections, to the Syndic of Rome ; for the Palatine, Forum, Colosseum, Baths of Caracalla, Villa Adriana, Ostia, and other ruins, to the Super- intendent of Antiquities, 1 Via in Miranda ; for private collections, to their respective owners. PALACES. The Falazzi {Mansions) of Rome constitute one of its characteristic features. There are here a larger number of prux^ely residences in pro- portion to the population than in any other city in the world. The Roman Mansions are in many respects pe- culiar in their architecture, and pre- sent a valuable field for the study of the artist. No class of buildings has been more severely criticised, and yet architects have been compelled to admit tliat no buildings of the same kind in Europe are so free from what is mean and paltry in style. The plan is generally a quadrangle, with a large staircase oijcning on the court. The windows of the ground-fioor are usually baired, and the apartments olten let out to tradesmen, or used for stables, coach-houses, or offices. The stairs leading to the upper rooms are frequently of marble, but sometimes so badly kept that the efiect of the material is completely lost. The upper floors form suites of apartments running round the whole quadrangle, and communicating with each other. Each floor afturds sufficient accommo- dation for a family ; hence it often hajDpens that the owner reserves one floor for his own use, and lets out the remainder. Columns of marble and gilded ceilings are not wanting, but Introduction. — Learned Societies. [60] the fiu'iiituie is someLimca cluiiiBy and autiqiiated. In the Mansions of the Eoinan princes tlie ante-chainbcr contains a lofty canopy or Baldaccldno, on wliich the armorial bearings of the family are emblazoned, with a throne — the emblem of their once feudal riglits. It is generally worth while to ghmco ujiwaids when passing a Eoman Palazzo, as most of tliese buildings, though iierhaps not otherwise remark- able, have a rich and elegant cornice overhanging the street. ACADEMIES AND LEARNED SOCIETIES. The Accademia Filarmonica, an institution fgr the cidtivatiun of Classical Music, holds its assemblies in the Pal. Pamfili (Ute, 17), where concerts are given during Advent and Lent. Foreign visitors may procure admission on application to the presi- dent, or to the members of the Academy. Accademia di S. Cecilia, Hon. Pre- sideut, H.M. the King. — This institu- tion (1854) bears the same relation to music as the Academy of St. Luke does to the fine arts. It has 5819 members, of which number 330 are resident in Rome, and confers honorary diplomas. In connection with the Academy, a musical Lyceum was established in 1876 at No. 8 Via dei Greci. The most distinguished pro- fessors attend to give lessons. The E. Accademia de' Lincsi, so called from its device of a lynx (lince), emblematical of watchfulness — the earliest scientific society in Italy, founded in 1603 by Prince Federigo Cesi, who established it in his palace. Among other celebrated men who tirst joined the academy were Fabio Colonna, author of the botanical work ' Fitobasano ' ; the Latin scholar and natur.ilist, Stelluti, of 1^'abriano ; the great Galileo ; the poet Tassoni ; and Oassiano del Pozzo. After the death of their founder in 1651, the members were gradually dispersed, and the Academy virtually ceased to exist. In 1875 the Academy was reformed, and adopted the title of lioyal instead of Fontifical. It has since made great progress and has much increased the number of its members and corre- spondents. The meetings of the Academy are held on the first Sunday of every month at the Pal. Curslni, assigned to it by Government in 1 881, and its transactions are published regularly in a very voluminous form. It pos- sesses a library of 16,000 volumes, many autographs, and a great collec- tion of periodicals. On the 3rd July, 1847, Pius IX. founded the Pontijical Academy of tlie Nuovi Lincei, which in some degree recovered the importance of the former Academy, but did not keep up with the scientific progress of Europe during tlie last 20 years of that Pontitf's reign. Accademia degli Arcadi (1690), 437 ' Corso (Kte. 1). > i Accademia di Conferenze Storico- Giuridiche (1878), Pal. Alternps. His- ' torical and Archaeological Lectures. Eeaiiing room, 9 to 2. , Accademia Tiberina, Pal. Altemps. i Science and Letters (1813). ; Associaziono Artistica, 151 Via dei I Burrij. Arciiitceture (1890). | K. Istituto di Belle Arti, 218 Via i di Kipetta. I British Academy of Fine Arts, founded in 1823 for the maintenance 1 of a free and permanent school, chieliy for study from living models, for the j benefit of all Britisli artists visiting or residing in Rome. The funds were | raised by voluntary donations. His I Majesty George IV. heading the li&t ] of subscribers with 200?. The capital I of the Academy is vested in Trustees, and its management is conducted by i a committee cliosen yearly by ballot ' from among the resident members. \ Secretary, i¥r. Alexander Coleman. > Introduction. — Learned Societies. [61] T!ic! Academy has rooms at i)ol). Via ;M;iiuuUa, open during the winter montlis for evening study from tlio nude model. There is occasionally a costume class for study from living models, open to subscribers. The library includes some valuable works on the line arts, and there is a Col- lection of Casts from the antique for the use of students. Unlike the Art Institutions of other countries, whicli are encouraged and assisted abroad by their respective Governments, tiio British Academy in Kome receives no sucb help, so tiiat tlie patrons and lovt rs of art will do well to contribute to its funds. Mr. P. A. Fiaser in 1877 made a generous donation of 1000?. to the institution, an example that has been liberally followed. British and American Archaeological Society, founded in 18tj5, to promote the study of archaeology, especiiilly among English-speaking people. It po^sesses a library consisting of works on history, art, and archaeology, most of wliich may be borrowed by the sub- scribers. During the season lectures are delivered weekly in the rooms of the Society; and arrangements aic made for visiting sites of special in- terest, or places where recent dis- covei'ies have been made, under tlie guidance of archaeologists. A Journal of the Proceedings of the Society is published annually. Subscribers arc either members or associates. Mem- bers are elected by the Council and are limited to those who have paid some attention to archaeological studies. Associates for the season (ladies or gentlemen) are admitted by the Secre- tary, subject to the approval of the Council. Tiie annual subscription is 25 fr. for members, and the same for associates, wlio pay 10 fr. for eacli additional member of the same family. Among the Yiee-Presidents are the British and American (U.S.A.) Am- bassadors. All information can be obtained at the Society's rooms, 20 Via S. Basilio, every Tues.. Thnrs , and Sat., from Dec. to May between 10 and 11 A.M. Hon. Secretary, Prof. li. Bnrrie. This Society merits the increased support of British and American visitors to Itome. It receives no assistance wiiatever from our own Government. German Archaeological Institute, founded in 1829 by an international society of Germans and others re- siding in Eome, its chief promoter being Bunsen. In 1857 it became Prussian, and in 1872 was passed on to the German Empire. Many eminent German scholars have de- livered lectures at the Institute, and have contributed largely to its publi- cations. The impulse given to this institution during the last half century by the learned Dr. Henzen will be long remembered by his colleagues ami friends. He died in Home on the 27th Jan., 1887. Xot less valuable have been the services of Prof. Helbig, author of several classical works on archaeology. ]\[eetings are held weekly during the winter season, generally on Fri. at 3 P.M., to which strangers are freely admitted, in. the apartments of the Institute adjoining the Gerujan Em- bassy iu the Via di Monte Caprino, when i^apers are read on archaeological subjects. A monthly bulletin in Italian is published in Eome (at Loescher's), while the Annali and Monumenti appear from timo to time in German at Berlin. The library is the best existing for the study of archaeology, and can be visited by means of an introduction from the traveller's consul. French Academy, Villa Medici (1666). Belgian Academy, 2 Piazza Dante (1870). Spanish Academy (1881), S. Pietro iu Montorio. International Association of Artists (1870), 54 Via Margutta (p. [11]). CoUegio dei Cultori dei Martiri, C!ampo Santo (Rte. 29). Founded in Feb., 1879, for the purpose of holding [62] Introduction. — GeoJoyij, religious services aud arcliaeological conferences in the Catacombs. Presi- dent, Mons. de Waal; Secretary, Sif Nerva, p. 78). Trajan was in command of the legions on the Rhine when his adoption by Nerva ensured his .accession. He conquered Dacia ; built roads, bridges, canals; was an able and popular ruler. It was customary to greet succeeding Emperors with the wish that they might be ' happier than Augustus, t)etter than Trajan ' (Forum and Column, ]). 79 ; Aqueduct, p. [49]). Hadrian was the son ot Trajan's cousin. He travelled over the greater part of the Empire, living for three years at Athens, and afterwards at his villa at Tibur. His reign is one of the happiest periods of Roman Imperial history. His policy towards the IntioiluctidU. — Historji of Home. [79] barbariaus was firm, yet conciiiatoiy. The address to his soul, vu his deatli-bcd, has been translated by Byron, Pope, and others : — * Animula vagula bland ula, Hospes comesquc corjioris, Quae nunc abibis in loca Pallidula, rigida, nudula — Nee ut soles dabis jocos? ' Hadrian founded Adrianople (Hadrian's Villa, p. 373 ; Castello St. Angelo, p. 231 ; Pantheon, p, 152 ; Temple of Venus and Pome, p. 72 ; Pons Aelius, p. 171). On the death of his favourite, Antinous, Hadrian adopted Antoninus, surnamed the Pious. He and his successor Marcus Aurelius were the onlj^ Emperors who devoted themselves to the task of government with a single view to the happiness of the people. His wife, Faustina, was notorious for her amours (Temple ot Antoninus and Faustina, p. 66). It was the fate of Marcus Anrdius, student and philosopher, to be much engaged in wars against the barbarians. He was one of the last of the Stoics. In his ' Meditations ' he closely analyses his own character. He gave his sanction to the most general persecution the Christians bad yet suffered (Column, p. 8). Septimius Severus was nomi- nated Emperor by the soldiers on tlie Danube, on the death of Commodus. He was by descent an African. He was much occupied with frontier wars. His wife was a Syrian named Julia Domna (Arch, p. 60 ; Gate, p. 215 ; Palace on the Palatine, p. 96). Caracalla was so called from the Gaulish tunic which he wore. He killed his brother Geta while in the arms of his mother Julia Domna. He was the most frantically cruel of all the Emperors, and was assassinated (Baths, p. 346). Alexander Severus, correctly Severus Alexander, was cousin of his predecessor Elagabalus. His reign was prosperous ; but he was killed by his soldiers, with Maximin, a giant Thracian peasant, and future Emperor, at their head (Aqua Alexaudrina, p. [49]). Aurelian, the son of a peasant, defeated the Goths, and celebrated his victories by a mag- nificent triumph, amongst the captives being Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra (Walls, p. [46]). Diocletian was the author of the first division of the Empire. He severely persecuted the Christians (Baths, p. 187). Constantine, the Great, was the son of the Emperor Coustantius Chlorus. On his father's death he defeated his rivals Masentius and Licinius, and became sole Emperor. He adopted Christianity, and founded Constan- tinople, whither he removed his Court (Arch, p. 102 ; Basilica, p. 69). IV. The Papacy. — The Koman religion consisted in the belief that the gods intervened in human aflairs with rewards and punishments for good and bad actions. They were propitiated- by sacrifices and offerings ; and their favour was always sought for any projected enterprise. The chief religious officials were the Pontifex Maximus, and the minor pontifices ; the flamens ; the augurs, who interpreted the mood of the gods as evidenced in various omens ; and the vestal virgins, who kept alive the sacred fire of A'esta brought from Alba Longa. The Romans were a religious and a god- fearing people. Polybius, the Greek historian, who lived in the second century B.C., says : — ' If you lend a single talent to a Greek, binding him by all possible securities, yet he will break faith. But Roman magistrates. [80] Introduction. — History of Borne. accustomed to have immense sums of money -pass through their hands, are restrained from fraud simply by respect for the sanctity of an oath.' After the time of Polybius fear of the gods began to wane, and the simple but strict morality of the Eomans gave way to licence. In the early days of the Empire, Augustus attempted in vain to restore the old religious spirit. But the oracles were no longer consulted. The Egyptian gods Isis and Serapis found their way into Roman liou&eholds. Horace and his friends consulted Babylonian star-readers. Tiberius was surrounded by a host of Chaldaean astrologers. The time was ripe for the introduction of a new religion. The Romans were extremely tolerant of various religious beliefs ; but as their gods were part of the scheme of social law and order they demanded that all sects should respect tlie national religion. This the Christians would not do. During the first century of the Christian era the Roman Emperors were themselves deified. The Christians would not accept such gods. Their belief in the sole deity of Jehovah, their abhorrence of idolatry, their levelling assertions of human equality, and their threats of future punishment to evil-doers, made them detested by the Emperors, by the idolatrous common people, and by the philosophic unbelievers in the heathen gods — by all classes. The great fire in Rome, in a.d. 64, was regarded by the people as the work of the Emperor Nero, but he easily found a scapegoat in the most despised sect of the hated Jews. Tacitus says : ' In order to put down the rumour, he (Nero) set up as objects of accusation and punishment those whom, already hated for their wickedness, the people called Christians. . . . They were convicted, not really on the charge of causing the fire, but rather for their hatred to the human race. Mockeries were added to their death ; they were wrapped in the skins of wild beasts and torn to pieces by dogs, or crucified, or set on fire and burnt, when the daylight failed, as torches to light up the night. Nero had lent his own gardens for the spectacle, and he gave a chariot race, in which he was seen mounted on his car or mingling with the people in the dress of a charioteer. As the result of all, a feeling of compassion arose for the sufferers, though guilty and deserving of condign punishment, yet as being destroyed, not for the common good, but to satiate the cruelty of one man.' During this, the first great Persecution, SS. Peter and Paul were executed at Rome; and the complete destruction of Jerusalem, by Titus acting for the Emperor Vespasian, followed in the year 70. In the reign of Trajan, the younger Pliny, who was Proconsul of Bithynia and Pontus, wrote to the Emperor asking how he was to treat the new sect. He said that they met in secret ' to sing responsivel}' a hymn to Christ as to a god ; and they bound themselves by a sacramental oath, not to some crime, but that they would commit no thefts, nor robberies, nor adulteries, nor break their word, nor deny a deposit when called upon ' ; and he asked whether he ought to punish ' the name itself, if free from crimes, or the crimes cohering with the name ' of Christian. Trajan, though declaring the profession of Christianity to be a crime, and the meeting together an illegal association, advised connivance at the existence of the new religion as far as was compatible with the mainten- ance of the law. This modified persecution continued to be the policy of most of the Emperors up to the time of Constantine, with notable Introduction.— History of Home. [8l] exceptions in the severe measures of Marcus Aurelius and Decius, and in the great general ])ersecutiou commenced by Diocletian and Maximian, and continued by Galerius and Maximin. During the persecutions the Christians were treated with great ci uelty : burnt alive, thrown to the wild beasts in the amphitheatre, and di»ne to death with tortures. Among tlie more prominent martyts, besides the Apostles, were Justin, the writer iif 'Apologies/ and the Bishops Ignatius of Antioch, Melito of Sardis, I'olycarp of Smyrna, Pothinus of Lyons, and Cyprian of Carthage. The secret societies which the Christians formed in various parts of the Empire were in the nature of independent, self-governed rejiublics. The ])olitical life wliicli the despotism of the EmjMre had crushed, began to revive in the organisation of Christian communities. Compared with other Uoman citizens, the Christian had freedom of mind and of action, and a position of intlueuce in a society. 1'he le.iders were at first merely the elected presidents over the meetings. Each congregation elected its president, whose tenure of that positioo gradually came to be permanent, 'i'lie dangers of their early years drew these congregations together for mutual supjiort, and led to the election of a bishop with authority, during his life, over an entire district. The acceptance by tlie Emperor Constan- tine of Christianity as the State religion, and his abandonment of Eome lor his new capital, Constantinople, gave the Bishop of Rome a recognised position as an official of the State, while removing the Imperial tyrant, (.'onstantine called himself the Bishop of Bishops. It was in that, character that he convened and presided over the first Oecumenical or General Council of tlie whole Christian Church, at Nicaea, in Bithynia, A.D. 325. The object of the meeting was to settle the Arian controversy ; and its conclusions were embodied in the Nicene Creed which denounced Arianismas a lieresy. While the Eastern Church was torn by dissension, and oppressed by the presence of the Emperor, the prestige of the city of Rome, the orthodoxy and practical sagacity of its bishops, won for the Western Church a general recognition of precedence. The Council of Sardica, a.d. 343, recognised the appellate jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome; and the Council of Chalcedon, 451, announced the Primacy ol the Roman Bishoji. Triumphant over all rivals in the Church, the Bishop of Rome, who came now to be spoken of as the ' Pope' (papa), rose to temporal power on the ashes of the Empire. When in 408 Alaric, the barbarian, appeared before the walls of Rome, the Emperor Honorius had taken refuge in Ravenna. Pope Innocent 1. acted as the ^representative of Rome in the negotiations which ended in Alaric's acceptance of tribute. It was during the Pope's absence at Ravenna, trying to rouse the Emperor, that Alaric m 410 returned and sacked Rome. In 451 the remonstrance of Pope Leo I. saved Rome from Attila, the Hun ; and his inter- cession in 455 softenel the blows of Genseric, the Vandal. The Romans now regarded the Pope as their leader and defender, a position which was further strengthened by the fall of the Western Empire in 47G. The barbarians who conquered Rome were Christians, though of the Arian heresy, before they came into Italy ; and thej^ supported the Church and the Pope for the sake of their recognised official authority in the State. Gregory I., the Great (500-604), converted them to the orthodox faith, and, with the aid of Augustine, achieved the conversion of Britain, [Eome.'] I [82] Introduction. — JStisiory of Home, Innocent I., Leo I., and Gregory I., are regarded as the founders of tlifi Papal power. Gregory II. (715-31) Kiiccessfiilly repudiated the authority of the Eastern Emperor Leo, the Isaurian, who had published an edict against the use of imaqes. The Romans expelled the Imjierial Governor from the city; and Gr'.-gory III. in 731 excommunicated the Iconoclasts. In the turmoil which followed, the Lombards invaded Italy. Stephen III. appealed to Pepin, the Frank, who defeated the Lombards, and, in 754, gave the Pope a portion of Lombardy. Thus began the tem})oval power of the Pope over the States of the Church. In I'eturn for this service, Pepin's son, Charlemagne, was on Chrismas Day, 800, crowned by Pope Leo III. in St. Peter's Church, as Augustus and Emperor. The immortal Emperor and his immortal city were revered by the establishment of a monarchy which lasted till 1806 — the ' Holy Pioman Empire.' Most of the successors of Charlemagne crossed the Alps once in their lives to be ci'owned at Pome bv the Peipe. The last such coronation took place in 1452. On the death of Charlemagne a turbulent iiericd ensued, which clouded the fortunes of the Papacy. In 1073 Ilildebiand became Pope as Gregory VII. He declared that no layman, not even the Emperor, should have power to confer an ecclesiastical ap])oiutment. He com- pelled the Emperor Henry IV., who transgresseel this rule, to plead for absolution, barefoot and clad in a hair shirt, for three frosty days in January, before the castle of Canossa. He was afterwards imprisoned by Henry IV. and died in exile, but the war of investitures ultimately ended in favour of the Papacy by the resolutions of the Concordat of Worms in 1122. In 10G5 Jerusalem was taken by the Turks. The Crusades which fol- lowed and lasted for 200 years, brought the whole of Christendom under the sway of the Pope. With Innocent III. (1198-1216) the Papacy reached its greatest height, and was the predominant power in Europe. But witb the close of the Crusades the Pope lost his ' exaction of tribute from the vassal world, and began to sink into an Itali:m prince, or into the servant of one of tlie great monarchies of Europe. The last convulsive eftbrfc of the Popedom for the dominion of the world, uneler Boniface VIII., ended in the disastrous death of that Pope ; the captivity of the Papacy at Avignon.' (Milman). After the imprisonment of Boniface VIII. by the Emperor Philip IV., the authority of the Pope became gradually so much reduced that Pope Clement V. fled from Rome to Avignon, where he enjoyeel the protection of France. This papal absence, the ' Babylonish Captivity,' continued until 1377, when Gregory XL, fearing to lose all authority in Italy, returned to Rome. The Reformation in the 16tli century further reduced the power of the Papacy. Gn the accession of Sixtus V. (1585-90) the papal authority was scarcely recognised any- where, except in Spain and Italy. He followed the example of Nicholas V. (1447-55), Julius II. (1503-13), and Leo. X. (1513-22) in embellishing the city of Rome. In 1626 St. Peter's was dedicated. The fortunes of the Pai^acy continued to fall. Clement XIV., in 1773, supjiressed the Jesuits. Then came the overthrow both of Pope and Princes by the Frencli Revolution. Italy, at that time, was divided into a number of small States. Genoa and Venice were republics. The King of Sardinia held Intvodaciion. — History of BcnU!. [83] Snvoy, Nice, nUiI Picdmoiit ; Loinlianly was iirnlcr the last Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Francis Jl.; Tuscany, Modena, and Paima were under dukes ; the Pope ruled the States of the Church ; and a liourhon was King of Naples and Sicily. In 1790 Napoleon Buonaparte was appointed hy the French Directory chief of the army in Italy. He defeated the Austro-Sardiuian troops at Montenotte, Lodi, and Areola, and he declared the Papacy abolished. By 1801 his plans had changed. He restored Rome to Pins VIL, and in 1804 he was crowned Emperor by the Pope at Paris. In 1805 he was crowned King of Italy at Milan. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire came to an end with the resignation of Francis II., the Austrian. In 1809 Napoleon annexed Rome ; he was excommunicated by Pope Pius VIL, who was thereupon seized by French troops in the Quirinal Palace, and taken to France as a prisoner. On the birth of a son, in 1811, Napoleon styled him ' King of Rome.' In 1815, alter the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna divided Italy among the conquerors. The North of Italy went to Austrian Princes, except Genoa, which fell to Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia ; Ferdinand, a Bourbon, obtained Naples and Sicily ; and to the Pope was restored, with Rome, the Papal States. The restored Princes attempted to crush the rising spirit of independence. Democratic Carbonari societies aroused insurrections, Mazzini, at the head of the young Italy party, aimed at a Republican United Italy. At length, in 1847, political constitutions were conceded by some of the Princes ; but in 1848 a general revolutionary movement spread through Europe. An insurrection broke out in Rome. The Pope's secretary, and his minister of justice, were both killed ; and he (Pius IX.) fled in disguise from Rome to Gaeta. In 1S49 a constituent assembly met in Rome. It divested the Pope of all temporal power, and established a Republic. French troops, under Marshal Oudinot, captured Rome and restored the Pope. In 1859, after the defeat of the Austrians by Franco-Sardinian troops at the battles of Magenta and Solferino, the treaty of Villafi'anca gave Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and Romagna to Sardinia. In 1860 the papal troops were defeated at Ancona, and the States of the Church (with the exception of Rome) annexed to Sardinia; while in the South, the victories of Garibaldi led to the deposition of Francis II. (King Bomba), and the annexation to the Sardinian kingdom of Umbria and the two Sicilies. In 18(11 Victor Emmanuel was proclaimed King of Italy. In 1870, owing to the war with Prussia, the French troops were with- drawn from Rome and replaced by those of Victor Emmanuel. In 1871 tlie Italian Government was removed to Rome, which thus became once more the capital of Italy. The Pope was allowed to retain the palaces of the Vatican and the Latcran with their precincts, the Church of Santa Maria Map:giore, and the villa of Castel Gandolpho at Albano ; and he was voted an annuity of 150,000?. a year, which has never been accepted. From that date the Pope has not emerged from the A'atican. In 1878 King Victor Emmanuel died, and was succeeded by his son Humbert, the present king ; and a few days later Pius IX. died, and was succeeded by Leo. XIIL I 2 [84] Introdudion.-^A Papal Election. A PAPAL ELECTION. The Papal Cross was boruc aloft before the sixty-one Princes of the Church, who, from the Pauline Chapel, the Mass of the Holy Ghost ended, went in solemn procession through the magnificerit Sala Piegia to the Sistine Chapel, there to ]ierforin the first ceremonies of the Conclave. When all are seated in the chapel, the cardinal sub-dean reads aloud the pontifical laws regulating Conclaves, and every one of the electors takes the oath, binding him to observe the same. With the Ave Maria closes the Poman day. When it has ceased tolling, the master of ceremonies is heard giving in a loud voice the signal for all strangers to depart — Exeant omnes ! Then the hereditary marshal and guardian of the Conclave, in full uniform, attended by his four captains, an escort of the Noble and the Swiss Guards, and a body of servants in state liveries bearing torches, advances to the great door giving entrance to the Conclave, where they are met by Cardinal Pecci (the Camerlengo) with the three cardinals, hends of the three orders in the Sacred Collage — the cardinal-bishops, cardinal- priests, and cardinal-deacons. The great door is closed. The Cardinal Camerlengo locks it on the inside, the marshal locks it on the outside, and keeps the key in his own custody. Then the governor of the Conclave walks round the enclosure, assuring himself that there is no possibility of communication with the outside world, for an imperfect enclosure would entail the nullity of any choice made by the electors. A kitchen is installed within the enclosure that there maybe no occasion for transgressing the sacred rules of secrecy rendered necessary by the long experience of ages. On both sides of the chapel sixty-four lofty screens have been erected, in front of which are seats for the cardinals with canopies over them. Four of the screens, seats, and canopies are in green cloth, the remaining sixty are in purple. The green distiu'iuishes the cardinals created by Gregory XVI., the only four surviving of those who in June, 1846, had sat among the electors of Pius IX. When the cardinals are seated three of them are chosen as scrutineers, and then each cardinal fills up liis voting-paper and places it in a large chalice standing on the altiu-. The three scrutineers ascend to the altar. One of them takes the chalice, covers it with the paten, and shakes it well. A second then counts the papers, one by one, into another chalice. The scrutineers now take the second chalice to a table draped in purple, and so placed that they are plainly in view of the electors. The senior scrutineer draws from the chalice the first folded paper his hand touches, reads out the name written on it, and hands it to the next scrutineer, who also calls out the name, and hands it to the third, who repeats it once more. Each of the electors (for the sci'utineers also vote) seated at his table marks on a printed list the name read out. Pecci obtains 23 votes on the first ballot, and the papers are then burned, a two-thirds majority being necessary for election. In the afternoon another session is held which raises Pecci's number to 38, and the session on the following morning, the 24th of February, is the last, as Pecci then gets 44 votes, and is elected. J The sub-dean kneels before t From tbe ' Life of Leo XIIL,' by Dr. Bernard O'Reilly. j In connting a candidate's total for the two thTds majority, one vote is dedu.'ted, as being iiussibly his own. Intrudiicllon. — Architecture. [85] liim ; tlic master of ceremonies claps his hands, and ai: this signal all (he cardinals rise and remain standing in homage to the new Sovereign. Instantly all the canopies above the seats are lowered save that above the seat of the Pope-elect. The sub-dean then asks : ' By what name do you wish to be called?' 'By the name of Leo Xllf.,' is the prompt reply. Then the great door is unlocked and proclamation made that the Conclavri is ended. The Pope-elect is conducted behind the altar between the two senior cardinal deacons. There he is divested of his cardinalitial robes and clad in white — cassock, cincture, rochet, hood, berretta (scull-cap), and stole; the scarlet stockings are replaced by white. The embroidered shoes alone are scarlet, with a golden cross. Then occurs the first homage, or adoration, by the cardinals, and then by the officers of the Conclave; and the senior cardinal-deacon announces the election, to the populace, from the interior galh rv of the Vatican looking down into the nave of St. Peter's. ARCHITECTUKE.f Owing to the rapid development of Rome in the last century before Christ, there are but few remaios of the architecture of the Piepublic, so that the earliest buildings now rejuesented belong to what may be called the Piomau Imperial style. The purest period of the stylo was that of the reign of xiugustus, when Greek artists were mainly employed. A revival took jjlace during the reign of Hadrian, who employed the Greek architect, ApoUodorus of Damascus. Towards the end of the second century a decadence in style set in, from which there was no recovery. Roman Imperial architecture was developed from two previously existing styles, the Etruscan, from which it derived the use of the arch and vault, and the Greek, from which it borrowed the Orders (see Glossary). In their modified form the orders were often employed in a purely decorative manner to emjihasise and adorn those structures in which the arch and vault formed the leading constructional factors. In their temples and basilicas the Romans adhered more or less to the trabeatcd system of architecture (from trahcs, a beam), viz., the post and lintel or column and architrave. In their amphitheatres and thermae (]iublic baths), they employed the arcuated system of construction, iti which the arch, vault, and dome covered over sjmce ; and, to decorate the walls carrying these, both externally and internallj'^, they spread over them a facework of the Greek orders, piling them one above the other in a manner entirely contrary to the priuciples which had led to their evo- lution in Greece. The decorative facework of the Theatre of Marcellus and of the Colosseum still remains ; but that of the thermae is gone except in the transept of the Church of S. Maria degli Angeli, originally the tepidarium of the baths of Diocletian. The great span of the vault of this transept (78 ft.), wider than the vault of any Gothic cathedral, suggests the great importance of the one factor to which Rome owes the size and the preservation of her maguiflcent buildings, viz., the splendid quality of the concrete with which her walls and vaults were built. The admixture of pozzolana, a volcanic deposit, of which there were large f For the CfimpaniU, see p. [ni]. [86] [ Introdndiun,-' Architecture. quantities iintler and round Eome, gave to the concrete the quality of a Lard cenicut, ' This pozzolana more than any otlier material contributed to make Eome the proverbial " eternal city." Without it a great domed building like the Pantheon would have been impossible, as would also the immense vaulted thermae, and a wide spanned basilica such as that of Constantiue.' — (Middleton). The Romans themselves do not seem in the early years of the Empire to have recognised its great value. The stylo- bates, or raised platforms on which many of the temples were built, were filled in solid with this concrete, so that they became as firm as the natural rock. It is to this circumstance that we owe the preservation of the columns of many of the temples in the Forum, and the magnificent walls. The Roman architects were not only the greatest engineers of the world, but they possessed the most lasting and the strongest material to build with. Broadly speaking, there were two methods of building walls in Eome ; I. Opus quadratum, rectangular slabs of stone set with or without mortar. If. Concrete masses either faced or unfaced. In the former the Romans recognised the value of large blocks of stone, which averaged 4 ft. by 2 ft., and 2 ft. thick, the shafts of their columns, whether in stone or marble, were almost invariably monoliths, i.e. in one block. A description of the various methods of facing is detailed in tho Glossary. Temples. — Uidike the Greek temple, the Roman temple in Rome was rarely Orientated. It occupied the most prominent position in a lorum or on an eminence, and was always raised on a stylobate, with a flight of steps in front. It was always ^rosi??/7e, viz., with a portico of columns in front ; sometimes peripteral, viz., columns all round ; but more often pesudo-periptcraJ, that is to say, the cella occupied the whole width, and the columns were semi-detaclied, and formed part of the cella walls. There are three cases in Rome in which the temple was built in the centre of a great enclosure surrounded with a porticus — the Temples of Venus and Rome, the Temples of Juno and of Jupiter within the Porticus of Octavia, and the Temple of Neptune within the Porticus of the Argonauts. •Basilica. — Of the two great Pagan Basilicas, the Ulpian and the Julian, only the bases of some of the columns and piers remain; but some idea of their size and magnificence may be realised in the Churches of S. Paolo fuori le Mura and S. Maria Maggiore. The latter, though smaller in its dimensions, and having only single aisles, bears perhaps the closest resemblance to the Pagan basilica ; the pilasters decorating the clerestory walls, and the richly coffered ceiling, though restored and partly rebuilt at a later date, give a fair idea of its original interior aspect. The Church of S. Paolo fuori le Mura was rebuilt after the fire of 1823 on the same plan, but with various modifications in the decoration of the clerestory walls, and the original oj^en timber roof was replaced by a flat ceiling with deeply sunk coffers. The chancel arch with its superb mosaics of the fifth century was fortunately preserved ; and in course of time, when age has toned down the excessive polish of the marbles and the intense brightness of the gilding, the interior of this church will fixirly represent the magnificence of the early basilicas. Theatres and Amphitheatres.— Hf the many theatres built in Rome, that Intioduciion,' Architecture. [87] of Marcellus, begun by Julius Caesar and completed by Augustus, is the only one of which nny considerable portion exists. The semicircular part is decorated with the Doric and Ionic orders superim]30sed, with arches between. The orders employed are of tlie purest Roman style. The sj'stem of superim]X)sition of the orders of an a])plied decoration is of Roman invention, and can also be studied in tlie Colosseum, where there are four orders superimposed. The three lower, of engaged columns, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, belong to the reigns of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, and have arcades between. The upper storj', added in the first half of the third century, consists of a blank wall decorated with Corinthian pilasters. The amphitheatre was a Roman invention. Thermae. — The transept of the Church of S. Maria degli Angeli, and the circular chandler, now the vestibvde to it, originally formed the tepi- darium and the laconicum of the Baths of Diocletian; the original floor was 7 feet lower. These halls, the remains of the Basilica of Constantine, and the lower portion of the interior of the Pantheon, may, when com- pared with the ruins of the Baths of Caracalla, enable the visitor to realise the extent and magniticence of the thermae of Imperial Rome. The marble facing of the walls and the columns of the exedra of the Pan- theon are probably identical with the decoration of the lower part of the tepidarium of Carac.illa's Baths ; the great recesses forming the aisles of the Basilica of Constantine, and jiortious of the vault with the deep coffers, give some clue to the decoration of the vaults of these baths. These coffers in the baths were filled with mosaic. The Domestic Architecture of the Romans as a whole can best be studied in Pompeii. There was, however, nothing there on so large a scale as the llduse of the Vestal Virgins, of which the foundations were discovered in 1883. The Atrium of this important building, together with the sur- rounding peristyle, measures 221 ft. by 71 ft., and outside these limits are traces of rooms, the tabliuum, bath-room, &c. The next phase in the architecture of Rome, the Early Christian, is moi-e amply represented there than in any other city. Owintr, however, to the facility with which Pagan buildings could be despoiled and the material utilised in new structures, scarcely any progress was made in the devehjp- ment of an architcctin-al style; and, were it not for the great size of the basilicas, for the magnificence of the marble columns transferred from ancient temples, the splendid mosaics which enrich the chancel aisles and apses, and tlierichlj^ gilded and deeply coffered ceiluigs (many of which ar^^ due to later restorations), they would scarcely merit the interest attached to them. Many of the temples in Rome and elsewhere owe their jireserva- tion to the fact that they were transformed into chuiclies, but there is no instance recorded of a Pagan basilica in Rome being thus turned to account. The two earliest examples of Christian basilicas, that of St. John Lateran and St. Croce, were expressly built by Constantine for the new faith ; their plans, however, was based on that of the Pagan basilica, as givmg greater space for the immense congregations which assembled. The old Basilica of St. Peter, erected by Constantine, and reniovcd to make way fur the present church, measure 1 3^0 ft, by 212 ft., [88] Introduction. — Architecture. tlius covering an area of 80,000 square ft. — larger than any cathedral excejit those of Milan and Seville ; the nave alone ^vas SO ft. wide, which is twice the average width of a Gothic nave. The Basilica of S. Paolo fuori le Mura gives the best idea of the magnificence of a Pagan building, for althongh it was rebuilt after the fire of 1823, it retains the simple elements of its original design better than the Lateran five- aisled basilica, which has been so much changed by subsequent additions and restorations. There is, however, one change to be observed. Whilst the columns of the latter, as well as of many others of the lesser basilicas, carry an entablature supporting the wall above, in S. Paolo they carry arches, which would seem to have been found necessary to support the wall above, and also to allow of a wider span being given to the inter- colnmniation. The same feature is found in the Church of St. Agnes outside the walls, and aasilica of St. Peter. Traces of Giotto's presence may still be seen in the panels of the Martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul, with the portrait of his patron, Canlinal Stefaneschi, which have been preserved in the Sacristy of St. Peter, and in a damaged fresco of Pope Boniface proclaiming the Jubilee, on a pillar of St. John Lateran. During the next hundred years, the perpetual warfiire of contending factions and the exile of the Popes to Avignon, arrested all i:)rogress and made the i'urther development of art impossible. But with the close of the schism and the return of the Popes, a brighter day dawned for the Imperial City. In 1426, the Umbrian master. Gentile da Fabriano, was invited to Rome by Pojic Martin V., who had seen his work at Brescia and Florence, and now employed him to paint those frescoes in the Lateran which excited the admiration of Michelangelo, but which have long since perished. A still greater master, the young Florentine Masiiccio, died in Rome in the same year as Gentile — 1428 — but lelt no trace of his visit, while the frescoes which Piero del Franceschi painted, some twenty years later, for Pope Nicholas V., in the Vatica-^, were destr.iyed to make room for those of Raphael. [98] Introduction. — Italian Painting in tioma. Fortunately a better fate attended the beautiful series of subjects from the lives of St. Laurence and St. Stephen, with which Fra Augelico decorated the same Pope's chapel. Another chapel in the Vatican, which the friar of S. Marco adorned with frescoes, was palled down in the next century to make room for a new staircase, while his paintings in the Dominican Church of S. Maria sopra Minerva have also perished. The same Church, however, contains a series of frescoes on the life of St. Thomas Aquinas, executed by Filippino Lippi for Cardinal Caraffa, in 1489, and good altar- pieces by his father Fra Lippi, and Fra Angelico's scholar, Benozzo Gozzoli, are preserved in the Lateran Gallery. The reign of Sixtus IV. (1471-1485) forms a memorable epoch in the history of Roman art. It was this Pope who founded the Academy of St. Luke, and employed one of its first members, Melozzo da Forli, as his court-painter. A stately group, representing Pope Sixtus surrounded by Cardinals and members of his family, with Platina, the keeper of the newly- founded Vatican Library, kueeliog before him, from Meiozzo's hand, may still be seen in the Vatican Gallery ; while several noble fragments of his great Ascension, in the cupola cf the SS. Apostoli, are preserved in the Saciisty of St. Peter. But the work by which Sixtus IV. will always be remembered was the chapel which he erected for the Pope's private use, and which still bears his name. In 1482 he summoned the best Florentine and Umbrian painters to Piome, to take part in the decoration of the Sistine Chapel. On one wall, the History of Moses, on the other, the Life of Christ, were set forth by Botticelli, Ghirlandajo, Cosimo Rosselli, Perugino, Pinturicchio, and Sigiiorelli.t Botticelli also painted single figures of twenty-eight Popes, now partly effaced, on the pillars between the windows, while Perugmo's Assumption, and two other frescoes by his hand, on the altar- wall, were destroyed to make room for Michelangelo's Last Judgment. The next Pope, Innocent VIIL, continued the work of decoration, and invited the great Lombard master, Andrea Mantegna, to Eome; but the chapel which he adorned with those admirable frescoes described by Vasari (1488-90) was ruthlessly destroyed by Pius VI. when he enlarged the Vatican Museum. Both tliis Pope and his successor, the infamous Alex- ander VL, employed the Umbrian master, Pinturicchio, to paint the graceful decorative frescoes in the Appartamenti Borgia (1492-94), and the ruined landscapes of the Belvedere Gallery (1487), wdiile two otiier series of frescoes in S. Maria del Pojtolo and Ara Coeli bear witness to the same artist's industry and fertility of invention. With the accession of Julius II., iu the early years of the 16th century, we enter on a new era. Then Rome became once more the centre of the universe, the meeting-place of scholars and poets, and the seat of an art life, the most intense and varied that the world has ever known. Then Bramante and Perugino, Signorelli and Peruzzi, Sodoma and Bramantino, were all summoned to Rome by the great Pope, and were all working at the same moment within the Vatican walls. Then, at the bidding of the same imperious pontiff, Michelangelo painted the vaulted roof of the Sistine Chapel with those great frescoes of the Christian epic which are at t Morelli considered the fresco of the Last Daj's of Moses to be only partly executed by Signorelli ; and ]Mr. Berenson, the latest authority on Renaissance art, pronounces it to be the worU of an unkn 3\\ 71 artist who was strongly influenced both liy Signorelli and Pinturicchio. CS'e the 'Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance,' by B, Berenson,' p. 170.) Introduction. — Italian Painting in Home. [99] once the grandest vision of humanity and the most sublime rendering of the divine revelation, in modern art. And then, too, young Raphael of Urbino first came to Rome-, and devoted his incomparable genius to the decoration of the Vatican halls. In these frescoes of the Stauze, sadly injured and repainted as they are, we have tlie supreme expression of tlie unblest thought of the Eenaissance, as well as the most perfect reflection of contemporary life. All this is set forth with a dramatic power, a beauty of form and wealth of colour, such as has never been surpassed at any time in the history of man. The great works which Julius II. had begun were carried on by Leo X., a man of far less force of character, but who inherited the traditions of the Medici family, and was a generous patron of art and letters. If, as he said, Michelangelo was too terrible a man for him, he thoroughly appreciated Raphael, who, under his reign, not only continued the frescoes uf the Stanze, but designed the tapestries of the Sistiua and planned the decoration of the Loggie on an entirely new principle. Nor is it only in the Vatican that the marvellous versatility of the great Urbinate's genius is displayed. Nowhere can Raphael's work, in all its varied phases, be so well studied as in Rome. His early Umbrian peiiod, when he worked as Perugino's assistant, is represented by the Coronation of the Virgin (Vatican Gallery), and the fine portrait of his master (Villa Borghese). The famous Entombment of the Borghese Gallery, with its lovely predella of the Christian Graces (Vatican Gallery), reveals all that he had acquired in technical skill and knowledge during his residence in Florence. In the Madonna di Foligno (Vatican Gallery), with its grand figure of the kneeling donor, Sigismondo de' Conti, in the portraits of his Venetian friends Navagero and Beazzano (Doria Gallery), in the beautiful Galatea of the Farnesina, we see Raphael as he was in his best Romnn days, when his powers were at their height, and his genius was fully developed. In the Sibyls of S. Maria della Pace, he has already entered on a later phase, while in the decorations of the Farnesina and of the Vatican Logiie we see the exquisite dreams of his fancy executed by inferior hands. Finally, in the upper part of the Transfigura- tion, the great picture that was left unfinished on that sad Good Friday, we have the last vision that dawned Ujion the painter's eyes before a premature death put a sudden end to his life. A whole army of artists and decorators were working in Rome under Raphael's direction during these latter years. Chief among them were Giulio Romano — the only artist of any note who was born in Rome — Francesco Penni, and Perinodel Vaua, all of whom had a large share in the execution of the works that bear Raphael's name. Other masters again, such as Sodoma, Peruzzi, and Sebastian del Piombo, who all three worked in Chigi's Farnesina villa at one time, felt his inlluence in varying degrees. But soon after his death, the horrors of the sack of Rome and of foreign invasion scattered his followers, and the few artists who remained in Rome fell under the baneful spell of Michelangelo. Alone among the giants of the past, the great Florentine survived these disasters and lived to finish the Last Judgment in the Sistina in loil, and to paint his frescoes of the Conversion of St. Paul and the Martyrdom of St. Peter in the Cappella Paolina. But by this time he was seventy-five, and • fresco-painting,' as he said himself, * is not fit work for old men.' m 2 [100] Introduction. — Italian Painting in Borne. Both Leonardo and Titian visited Eome, the one in 1514, the other in 1515, but the damaged fresco in S. Onofrio, which long bore the great Florentine's name, is now recognised to be the work of Boitraflio, and the only portrait which Titian painted in Rome— that of Pope Paul 111. and his nephews — is in the gaJery at Naples. Fortunately h'ome contains three first-rate works by the Venetian master, the Baptism of the Capitol, the Madonna of S. Niccolo (1523), iu the Vatican Gallery, and the picture long known as Sacred and Profane Love, now iiiOre correctly described as Medea and ^'e(lus. This beautiful work, in Titiaix's Giorgioncsque manner, belongs to the renowned collection of paintings originally formed by Cardinal Borghese early in the seventeenth century. This gallery, as well as the Doria collection, which was founded about thirty years later, under Innocent X., contains many of the spoils of Ferrara and other cities that were annexed to the papal see ; and is especially rich in W'Orks of the Venetian and Ferrarese schools. Lotto, Tintoretto, Palraa, and Bonifazio, Francia and Dosso Dossi, are all well representeil, while one rare portrait by Giorgione, and Correggio's famous Danlie are among the treasures of the Borghese.f In Pome, as in the rest of Italy, a period of stagnation followed upon the golden days of the sixteenth century. Painting fell into the hands of the feeble mannerists, Ar[iino and Zuccaro, who were succeeded, towards the end of the century, by the new school of naturalists under their able but repulsive leader Caravaggio (15G9-1G09). The religious revival that followed found expression in the work of the Carracci and their followers, who soon became popular with Cardinals and Jesuits. The frescoes of Annibale Carracci in the Farnese, the Aurora of Guido Eeni in the Palazzo liospigliosi, Domenichino"s Communion of St. Jerome in the Vatican Gallery, and the decorative paintings of the Four Seasons by Albani in the Doria Gallery, are among the best works of the school in Komc. After these men came a host of inferior imitators, such as Cailo Dolce, Sassoferrato, and Pietro da Cortona, who prolonged the life of a feeble and debased art until the close of the century, when painting practically ceased to exist. During the eighteenth century Rome still continued to exert a remarkable degree of influence upon foreign artists. Here the French landscape painters of the classical school, Claude and the Poussins, sought inspiration among these scents and sites famous in ancient story. Here Raphael Mengs came to study the great art of olden times, and in the present century David and Carstens, Overbeck and Cornelius alike found the impulse needful for the development of their difterent styles. That day is over now and Rome has long ceased to influence the destinies of modern art. Painting itself has sunk to a low ebb in the Eternal City ; but there is one Roman master hap])ily still living. Professor Giovanni Costa, whose poetic imagination finds rich material in the beauties of his native land, and whose landscapes of the mountains of Carrara, of the Pontine Marshes, and of the Roman Campagna, claim a ])lace in any record of Roman art. But his work has never bten appreciated by his own country- men, and his paintings, one of which has already been hnng in the National Gallery, are better known in London than they are in Rome. t Tlie pictures in thefe important coUections are fully described in the late Signer Morelli's valuable work on ' Italian raintere,' vol. i., ^9 which we must jefev our readers for furthejr information. Introduction. — Clironological Tables. [101] ClIIIOXOLOGICAL TADLKS. n.e. IMPORTANT EVENTS. 256 It c. 255 75:5 Foundation of Rome by Romulus. 211 711) Xunia I'ompilius ; establishes the priest- hood. 2:^8 6T3 TuUus Hostilius. War with Allia Longa. 236 Tlie Horatii defeat the Cmiatii. 642 AiKUS JIartius. 219 616 Taiquinius Priscus ; the Cloaca JIaxinia. 218 578 Servius Tullius; reforms the constitution ; builds the walls. 535 Tarciuiuius buperbus. The Sibylline il7 lx)oks. Rape of Lucretia. Expulsion of the Tarquins. 216 5J9 Republic established. Brutus and Colla- tinus, Consuls. 213 508 Defeat of Lars Porsena. Horatius Codes 212 at the Sublician Bridge. •198 The hist Dictator, Titus Lartius. •:96 Defeat of the Latins and Tarquins at the 211 Lake Regillus. 209 401 Secession of Plebeians to the Mons Sacer. ■.;07 Faille of tho Belly and Members. Institution of Tribunes. 206 ■^ 88 Legend of Coriohinus. 203 486 Agrarian law of Spurius Cassius. 202 483 War with Veil. 197 477 Legend of the Fabian gens. 196 458 l>eg nd of Ciucinnatns. 190 451 J he Decemvirs appointed ; the code of the 184 ten tables. 183 4:9 Virginius kills his daughter Virginia to 200- save her from Appius Claudius. Second !-ecession to I\Ions Sacer. 168 415 Third secession, io the Janiculum. The 146 Canuleiau law peiniits inaniage liotween the two orders. .-.96 A'eii taken by Camillus. 133 390 Rome sacked by the Gauls, under Brennus. 367 The Licinian Rogations; triumph of the 123 I'leljeians. 121 .",66 Fii'st Plebeian Consul. lo7 3J2 JIa cus Curtius leaps into the gulf in the 1 US- Forum. 91 S56 First Plebeian Dictator. 90 35 1 First Plebeian Censor. SS 313-292 Samnite and Latin wars. 337 First Plebeian IVaetor. 321 The Siimnites defeat the Romans at th; 87 Caudine forks. 300 First Plelieian Priests. 86 -95 Defeat of the Samnites at the battle of Scntinum. 8i 2-7 Last secession of Plebeians to the Jani- culum. The Ilortiiisian laws. ZHO Pyrrhus defeats the Romans near Her.iclea. 279 SeconddefeatoftheRomansnear .-Vsculum. 79 275 Pyrrhus is defeated at Bencventum. 78 272 Subjugation of 'J'arentum. Supremacy 72 of Rome in Italy 66 230 Defeat of the Ciirthaginians iu a iiavnl 64 battle off :Myl»e, 03 Roman naval victory at Ecnomus. Defeat and capture of Regulus. Roman naval victory off Sicily. Treaty of Peace. Sicily annexed. The Romans seize Sardinia and Corsica. Hamilcar Barca iu Sj ain. Oath of Hannil)al. Hannibal captures Paguntum. Hannibal crosses the Alps; defeats the Romans at the battles of Ticinus aud Trei)ia. Hannibal destroys a Roman armj* at Lake Trasimenu-. Hannibal annihilates a Roman army at Cannae. He winters at Capua. Hannibal captures Tarenlum. jMarcellus captuies SjTacuse. The two Scipios defeated and slain by llasdrubal in Spain. The Romans recover, and destroy, Capua. 'J'he Romans recover Tarentum. Hasdrubal defeated and slain at the Metaurus. Scipio subdues ."^pain. Hainiilial recalled to Carthage. Scipio defeats Hannibal at i^auia. I'elrat of Philip V., of IMarcedon. Prcclamation uf Greek iudeptiidence. Defeat of Antiochus of Syi la. Censor.-hip of Cato. Deaths of Hannibal aud Scipio. -175 Conquest and annexation of Cisalpine Giiul, Liguria, and Spain. D- feat of Perseus, King otllacedon. Destructon of Carthage, and Corinth. .•Vnnexaticn of the Carthaginian Pro- vinces, ^Macedonia, and Achaea. Attalus bequeaths Ptrgamos to Rome. Tiberius Gracchus, tribune, obtains an agrarian law ; he is slain. Caius Gracchus, tribune. His reforms. ^Murder of Caius Gracchus. Marius defeats Jugurtha in Africa. Jlarius Consul for six years. Proposed relorms of Drusus ; his murder. ■J he Social or ilarsic war. Contest bctwten JIarius and Sulla. Flight if Marius. Sulla embarks for the war with Mithiidates, ol J'ontus. Marius aud Cinua enter Rome. Reign of terror. ])eath of Marius. Sulla captures Athens and the Piraeus. Sulla defeats the Samnites and Marians at the Colline Gale. Is made Jiictator. Sanguinary proscriptions. Narrow escape of Julius Caesar. Sulla reforms the constitution ; abdicates. Death of .-^ul la. Pompey fii'.ishes the war iu Spain. Pompey defeats Mithridates. I'orapey annex' s Syria. Pompey subdues Phoenicia and Palestine [102] Introduction. — Chronological Tables. captures Jenisalpm. Cicero puts to A7-2 death the Catiliiiar;an ronsphatnis. 470 60 First Triumvirate, Caesar, Porappj", Crassus. 58-1 Cae^ar conquers Gaul ; visits Britain. 493 51 Rupture between Caesar and I'omi)ey. 49 Caesar crosses the j;ubico;i. I'onipcy flies 526 to Greece. Caesar enters Koine ; is fi'i? appointed Dictator. 537 43 Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsaliis. 47 Caesar defeats Pharnaces at Zela; writes 547 " Veni, vidi, vici." 553 46 Caesar defeats the Ponipeians at 'J'hapsus ; suicide of Cato. Caesar Dictitor fur 10 500 years. 5'.>; 45 Cae-^ar defeats Pompey's sons aiMunda. 72t 44 March 15. Assassination oT Cae-ar, in tlio Senate-liouse, at the age of 56. Antony 725 rouses the people. 43 Octaviau defeats Antony at Mutina. 752 Second Triumvirate, OctaviaTi, Antony, and Lepidus. Proscriptions ; Cicein 754 among the victims. 42 Battles of Philippi. Defeat of Bnilusand Cassius by Oitavian and Antony. 31 Kaval battle of Actiuni. Oetavian defeats BOO Antony and Cleopatra. 27 Octavian receives tlie title of Augus us. A.D. P4ri 14 Death of Augustus. ihes Christianity as 1309 the State religion. 1341 325 Constantine convokes the first General 1247 Council of Christians at Nicaea in 1354 Bithynia. 1377 330 Couftantinople dedicated. 337 Baptism and death of Constantine. 1378 390 Death of Tbeodo.-ius the Great. F nal 1117 division of the Empire Honorius Emp. of W. ; Arcadius of E. 1452 402 The W . court removed to Ravenna. 404 Repulse of Alaric by Stilicho. 1153 408 Alaric, on the mediation of Pope 1521 Innocent I., retires from Rome with a 1527 tril)ute. 410 Alaric sacks Rome. The Roman army 1533 leaves Britain. 1534 451 Attila, the Hun, retires from Rome on the intercession of Pope Leo I. 1545 455 Genseric, the Vandal, sacks Rome. 1626 Ricinior, the .Suerian, sacks Rome. Romulus Augustulus, Emp. of the W., abdicates. End of the Roman Empire. Odoacer, the Vandal, king. Tlieodoric, the Ostrogoth, takes Ravcnna- Deatii of Odoacer. Death of Theodoric. Justinian, Emp. of E. Rome lecovered for Justinian by B£ll. sarins. Rome retaken by the Goths. Rome recovered by Xarses. End of tho Ostrogotldc kingdom in Italy. Gregory the Gnat, Pope, (iregory sends Augustine to Britain. Edict against images issxied by Leo, Emp. of E. The Iconoclast disputes. Pope Gregory II. repudiates the Imperial authority. The Lombard, Astolphus, captures Ravenna. Pope .Stephen III. names Pepin, the Frank, Patrician of Rome. Pepin takes Ravenna from the Lombards, and gives it to the Pope. Christmas Day. Charlemagne crowned Emperor at Rome by Pope Leo III. The Holy Roman EmiJire. The Saracens sack Rome. L' o IV. fortifies the Leonine city. Otlio of Germany crowned Emperor liy Pope JoiinXli. Jernsalem taken by the Turks, llildebrand becomes Pope, as Gregory \'U. Tl e war of the Investitures. '1 he Emp. Henry IV. does penance at (,'anossa. Henry IV. takes Rome, and imprisons the Pope. Robert Guiscard, the Norman, sacks Rome. Peter the Hermit preaches a Crusade. Jeru-alem taken by the Crusaders. The Com ordat of VVorras. The Emp. Frederic Barbarossa captures the Leonine City. Peace of Constance. -1216 Innocent III., Fofe. John, of Eigliind, do; s homage to the I'ope. Pope Boniface VIII. imprisoned by Philip IV. Removal of Papal Court to Avignon. Poetic coronal on of ivtrarch at Rome. Rienzo establishes a Republic at Kerne. Rienzo murdered at Rome. Pope Gregory XL returns with his court to Home. Two Popes elected. The great schism. Election of Ma'tin V. by the Council of Constance. End of th.e great schism. Last coronation of a German Emp. (Frederic III.) at Rome. Ci.nstantiuopie taken by the Turks. Luther appears before the Diet of 'Worms. The Constable de Buurbon, for Charles V., sacks Rome. Ai)peals to Rome from England.abolished. Ignatius of Loyola founds the Jesuit order. -64 Decrees of the Coimcil of Trent. Dedication of St. Peters at Rome. Introduction. — ChronoJor/ical Tables. [103] 1773 Supprcjsi. n of tlio Jesuits by Tope t'leuient XIV. 179C Napoleon enters Italy ; victories of IjOdi anil Areola. 179S The Trench take the Tope prisoner, and proclaim a Koman republic. 1>01 Rumo restored to Pope Pius VII. by Napoleon. 1804 Napoleon crowned at Paris by Pius ^'II. 1805 Napoleon crowned King (if Italy. 1S09 Kome annexed by Napoleon ; the Pope taken prisoner. 1814 Rome restored to Pius VII. 1815 The Congress of Vienna. 1829 Catholic emancipation in England. 1831 Mazzini forms the Young Italy i)arty. 1846 Election of Pope Pius IX. 1848 Insurrection at Rome ; the Pope escapes to Gaeta. 1849 Pius IX. restored to Rome by the French. 1853 favour, Sardinian Prime Minister. 1859 The Austrians defeated at Magenta and Solferino. Treaty of Mllafranca gives pan of N. Italy to Victor Emmanuel. 1860 Ancona taken from the Pope by the Sardinians. Garibaldi defeats the Neapolitan troops at Melazzo. 1861 Victor Emmanuel proclaimed King of Italy. 1866 The Italians join Prussia against Austria. Venice anne.xed to Italy. 1870 The Italian troops occupy Rome. 1871 Rome the capital of Italy. 1878 Death of Victor Emmanuel and Pius IX.; accession of King Humbert and Leo XIII. 1887 The Jubilee of Leo XIII.'s priestliood. 1893 Leo XIII. celebrates mass in St. Peter's on the occasion of his episcopal Jubilee. EMPERORS. l: c. 49 Julius Caesar : murdered. 27 Augustus. A.D. 14 Tiberius : murdered. 37 Caligula (Caius Caesar) : murdered. 41 Claudius: murdered. 54 Nero : suicide. 68 Galba (Servilius Snlpiclus) : murdered. 69 Otlio: suicide. 69 Vitellius : min-dered. 7U Vespasian (I'lavius). 79 Titus (Flavins Vespasianus). 81 Domitian: murdered. 96 Nerva. 98 Trajan (Marcus Ulpius). 118 Hadrian (Trajanus). 138 Antoninus (Titus AlcIIus). 161 Marcus Aurelius (x\utoninus). ]HU Commodus : murdered. 193 I'crtinax : murdered. 193 I)idin> Julianns: nnirdcred. 193 I'escennius Niger : murdered. 193 Septiniius Severus.. 211 Caracalla: murdered. 217 Macrinus : murdered. 218 Klagabalus: murdered. 222 Alexander Severus : mnrdf red. ■.;35 Maximinus: niurderei. 238 GordianuR T. Gordianus II. : mtirdered. Pnpieuus (Maximus) : murdered. Balbinus: murdered. 233 Gordianus III. : murdered. 244 Philip : killed in battle. 249 Decius : killed in battle. 251 Gallns: murdered. 252 Volusianus Aemilianus : murdered. 253 Valerian : died a captive. 261 Gallienus : murdered. 268 Claudius Goihicus. 270 Aurelian : murdered. 275 Tacitus. 276 Probus: murdered. 282 Carus: murdered. Carinus : murdered. 284 Piocletian : abdicated. Maximianus : abdicated. 305 Constantius (Chlorus). Galerius. 306 Constantine the Great. Maximinus II. : died, 314. Maxentius: killed in battle, 312. Lucinius : murdered, 324. 337 Constantine II. : killed iu battle, 340. Constantius II. Constans : murdered, 350. 360 .Julian the Apostate : killed in battle. 363 Jovianus. 361 Valentlniau I. and Valens. DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE. Western. A.D. 36 1 Valentinian and Gratiau. 375 Gratian and Valcntiniau II. 3s3 Valentinian II. 395 Honorius Flavins. 425 Valentinian III. 455 Petronius Maximus. 455 Avitus. 457 Majorianus. 461 Severus. 467 Anthemius. 472 Olybius. 473 Glycerins. 474 Nepos. ■175 Romulus Augustidus. Fall of the Western Empire. LIST OF FAMOUS MEN IN ANCIENT TIMES. — Historians (h) ; Poets (p) ; Generals (g) ; Orators (o) ; Statesmen (s). Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius (o, s) b.c. 63-12 Ammianus Marcellinns (h) fl. aliout .\.». 3Si) .Augustus (g, s) . . . . n.c. 63 to A.n. 14 Helisarius (g) a.d. 605-565 Brutus, Lucius Junius >, g") . . fl. ii.c. 509 Urutus, Marcus Junius (s, g) . &. r..<-. 44 Camillns (ci) n.c. 367 ('assio^e), Rome. Lepidus. M. Aeuiiliiis, ■|'riiimvir (s) fl. b.c. 42 ^52 St. Lucius, Lucca. Livy(ii) B.c 59 to A.D. 17 ■^^^^M^^'P''™/-,^?"'''- Macer (h) b.c. 110-66 ^^^ ^*- '!;''''"'* ^'•' Athens. Marcellus, M. Claudius (g) . . fl. b.c. 212 ^^^ ^}- I^ionysius, Turio (S. Italy). Maec«ias(s) ...... died B c 8 269 St. Felix L, Rome. Marcellus (g) . . . . died b c 208 ^^^ ^'- •''"tiet''anus, Lnni in Tuscany. Mark-Autony (g) . . b c 83-30 ^^^ '-'• ^'""*'' i^a'ona (Dalmatia). Marius. Caiu's(G) b.c 157-86 296 St. Marcellinus. Rome. Martial (p) A d 43-104 308 St. Marcellus, Rome. Mithridates the fireat (G^ . . bc 131-62 310 St. Lusebius, Cassano (Calabri.i).t Narses(G) .../.. . a.d. 478-567 311 St. Melchiades Africa. Ovid (I.) B.c.43toA.D. 18 ^J« '!'• &'7\*^ V™^- Persiu. (P) A.D. 31-62 ^36 S . Mark I Rome. Plautns(r) fl. about a.d. 18 1 ?^I ^J" J"''"? I" R^m^- PIi>tardiriO fl. about a.d. 85 ?^? ^^S^^^''^ '"!'?'""'"■, ^ I'lii.v 111.. H.ler (h, g) . . ad ''3 79 ^^^ ''^"^ ^^- {Antipnpe), Rome. i'liiiv th:. V..ung. r(s) ' fl A I. 88 366 St. Damasus I., Portugal. Pollin, AM„ius(H). . . B.C. 76 to I.D. 4 ^^* i*^- '^"''""'^'.■f'T''-T, Pompev ihe Great (g, s) . . . b c 106-48 397 St. Anas.asius I., Rome. Polvbius(n) . . . BC 204-132 401 St. Innocent L, Albano. ProcopiiLs (h) ... . a'd*. 195-565 417 St. Z. simus, Mesurara (S. Italy) Proppitiiis(r) EC 62-10 418 St. Boniface I., Rome. Pyrrhus (o) ... BC 3 8-''72 i'i^ Eiilalius {Antipope), IXoma. Qitintiliau (h) .' .* .".'"' "ad 40-90 422 St. Celestin I., Campano. Regiilus, Atilius (G) . . fl. about b'.c. 2.55 t^l f' f'""^,^ }}h ^'""'X- ^ Sallu^t (H) ..... . u c 86-34 *""' ^^- ^®° ^- (*'^® ''real), Tuscany. vScipio Africanus (g) . . bc2io/je), Kepi. 769 Philip (Aiitipope), Roue. 768 Stephen IV., Reggio. 772 Adrian I. (Colonua), Rome. 795 St. Leo I'l., Rome. 816 Stephen v., Rome. 81 7 St. Paschal I., Rome. 824 Eugenius II., Rome. 826 Zinziniiis {Antipope), Rome. 827 Valentine, Rome. 827 Gregory IV.. Rome. 844 Sergius II., Rome. 847 St. Leo IV., Rome. 857 St. Benedict III., Rome. 858 Anaslasias {Antipope), Rome. 858 St. Nirholas I., Rome. 867 Adrian II., Home. 872 John VIJI., Rome. 882 Martin II., Gallese. 884 Adrian III., Rome. 885 Stephen VI., Rone. 891 Formosus, Ostia. 891 Srgiits III. {Antipope). 896 Boniface VI., Tusiany (15 day? only). 896 Stephen VII. , Home. 897 i;omanus I., Galk?e. 897 Theodore II., Rome. 898 John IX., Tivoli. 900 Benedict IV., Ron-.e. 903 Leo v., Ardea. 903 Christoph?r, Rome. 904 Sergius III., Rome. 911 Ana^ta^us III., Rome. 913 Landonius, Sabina. t Dice) three tjays after his election ; never consecrated. "if,'"- Country. A.D. 913 John X., Ravenna. 928 Leo VI., Rome. 929 Stephen VII., Rome. 931 John XL, Rome. 936 Leo VII., Tusculum. 939 St' phen VIIL, Germai.y. 943 Martin lU., Rome. 94 6 Agapetns IL, Rome. 956 John XII., Tusiiilum. 9B4 Leo {Antipope), Rome. 9G4 Benedict V., Rome. 9155 John XIIL, Niuni. 972 BenedL't VI., Rome. 974 Domnus U., Rome. 975 Benedict VII., Rome. 9S0 Boniface VII. {Francone), Antipope. 983 John XIV., Pavia. 9-5 Jolm XV., Rnme. 996 Gregory V. (Bimio), ."Saxony. 998 John XVII. {Antipijpe). 999 Sylvester n. (Gerotrt), Auvcrgne. 1003 John XVI., Rome. 1003 John XVIL, R"nie. 10119 Sergius IV., Rome. 1021 Beiredict VIIL, Tusculum. 1024 John XVIIL, Tusculum. 1933 Benedict IX., Tusculum. 1044 Sylvoiter III. {Antipope). 1046 Gregory VL. Rome. 1047 Clement II. (Suidger), Saxony. 1048 Damasus IL, Boppa, Bavaria. 1049 St. Leo IX.. Bruno, Alsace. 1055 Victor II.,Gebhard, Bavarian Highlaids. li)5r Stephen X., Lorraine. 1053 Benedict .V. {Antipope), Rome. JOaS Nicholas II. (Ghi rardirs), Burgmidy. 1061 Alexander II. (Badagio), JMilan. U61 Monorius II. {Cadalous of Parma), Anti- popc. 1073 Gregory VII. (Hildebrand, or Aldobiand- eschi), Soana in Tusiany. 1C80 Clement II. {Guibert of liavenna). Anti- pope. 1086 Victor III. (Epifani), Benevento. 1088 Urban XL, Reims. 1 C99 Paschal U., Bieda. 1100 Albert {.Antipope), Atella. 1 i (12 Theodoric {Antipope), Rome. 1UI2 Sylvester III. {Antipope), Rome. Ills Gelasius U. (Giov. Caetani), Gaeta. 1118 Gregory 17//. (,4jitij»jjc),Spain. 1119 Cali.\tus IL, Burgundy. 1124 Honorius IL, Bologna. 1124 Theobald (" Boccadi Pecore"), Antipope. 1130 Innocent II. (Papareschi), Rome. 1130 Anacletus II. {Antipojje). 1138 Victor IV. {.-Inlipope). 1143 Celestjn II., Citta di Castello. 1144 Lucius II. , Bologna. 1145 Eugenius III. (Paganelli), Pi- a. 1150 Anastasius IV., Rome. 1154 Adrian IV. (Nicholas Breakspeare), Lang. ley, England. 1159 Ale.\ander UI. (Bandinelli), Siena. 1159 Victor IV. {Cardinal Octavian), Anti^ pope, Rome. 1164 Paschal III. {Antipope), Cremona. 1169 Calixtus III. (^Antipope), Hungary. X178 Innocent III. {Antipope), Rome. [106] Introduction, — Chronolotjical Tables. Country. A.D. 1181 Lucius III., Lucca. 1185 Urban III. (Crivelli), Milan. 1187 Gregory VIII. (cii Morra), Benevcnto. 1187 Clement III. (Scolari), Rome. 1191 Celestin III. (Buboni), Rome. 1198 Innocent III. (Conti), Anagni. 1216 Honorius III. (Savelli), Rome. 1227 Gregory IX. (Conti), Anagni. 1241 Celestin IV. (Castiglioni), Milan. 1243 Innocent IV. (Fieschi), Genoa. 1254 Alexander IV. (Conti), Anagni. 1261 Urban IV. (Rantaleo), Troyes. 1264 Clement IV. (Foucauld), Narbonne (Gros), St. Gilles. 1271 B. Gregory X. (Visconti), Piaccn-ia. 1276 Innocent V., Moutiers, Savoy. 1276 Adrian V. (Fieschi), Genoa. 1276.Joliu XIX. or XX. or XXI. (Giuliano\ Lisbon. 1277 Nicholas III. (Orsini), Rome. 1281 Martin IV., Champagne. 1285 Honorius IV. (Savelli), Rome. 1287 Nicholas IV. (Masci), Ascnli. 1292 St. Celestin V. (Pietro da Morrone), Iser- nia ; resigned within six months. 1294 Boniface Vlil. (Benedetto Caetani) Anagni. 1303 B. Benedict XI. (Boccasini), Treviso. 1305 Clement V. (de Couth), Bordeaux. 1316 John XXII. (Jacques d'Euse), Cahors. 1334 Ifichnkis V. {Aniipope at Romii), Rleti. 1334 Benedict XII. (Jacques FournierX Foix. 1342 Clement VI. (Pierre Roger de Beaufort), Limoges. 1352 Innocent VI. (Etienne Aubert), Limoges. 1362 Urban V. (Guillaume de Grimoard), Mcnde. 1370 Gregory XI. (Roger de Beaufort), Li- moges. 1378 Urban VI. (I'artolommeo Prignaui), Naples. 1387 Clement VII. (^Robert of Geneva), Anti- pope at Avignon. 1389 Boniface IX. (Pietro Tomacelli), Naples. 1394 Benedict XIII. (Pedro de Luna, a Span- iard), Antipopr at Avignon. 1404 Innocent VII. (Migliorati), Sulniona. 1406 Gregory XII. (Angelo Correr), Venice. 1409 Alexander V. (Petrus Phylargyius), Candia. 1410 John XXIII. (Baldassare Cossa), Naples. 1417 Martin V. (Oddone Colonna), Rome. 1424 Clement VIII. (a Spaniard), Antipope at Avignon. 1431 Eugenius IV. (Gabriele Condulmer), Venice. 1439 Felix V. {Antipope). [Endof the Western Schism.] 1447 Nicholas V. (Tommaso Pai'entucelli), Sarzana. 1455 Calixtus III. (Alfonso Borgia), Valencia. 1458 Pius II. (Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini), Pienza. 1464 Paul II. (Pietro Barbo), Venice. 1471 Sixtus IV. (Francesco della Roverc), Sa- vona. 1484 Innocent VIII.(Gio-BattistaCibo), Genoa. 1492 Alexander VI. (Roderigo Lenzoli Borgia), Spain. Began to reign. A.D. 1503 Country. Pius III. (Antonio Todescblni Piccolo- mini), Siena. 1503 Julius II. ((liuliano della Rovere), Savona. 1513 Leo X. (Giovanni de' Medici), Florence. 1522 Adrian VI. (Adrian Florent), Utrecht. 1523 Clement VII. (Giulio de' Medici), Flo- rence. 15?4 Paul III. (Alessandro Farnese), Rome. 1550 Julius III. (Gio. Maria Clocchidai Monte), Monte San Savino in Tuscany. 1555 Blarcellus II. (Marcello Cerviui), Montc- pulciano. 1555 Paul IV. (Gio Pietro Caraffa), Naples. 1559 I'ius IV. (Giovan-Angelo de' Medici), Milan. 1566 St. Pius V. (Michele Ghislieri), Bosco, near Alessandria. 1572 Gregory XIII. (Ugo Buoncompagni), Bo- logna. 15S5 Sixtus V. (Felice Pereiti), of Montalto, born at Grottamai'e, iu the March of Ancona. 1590 Urban VII. (Gio-Battista Castagna), Rome, 1590 Gregory XIV. (Niccol6 Sfrondati), Cre- mona. 1591 Innocent IX. (Giov. Antonio Facchinetti), Bologna. 1592 demerit VIII. (Ippolito Aldobrandini). of a Florentine family, but born at Fano. 1605 Leo XI. (Alessandro Ottaviano do' Medici), Florence. 1G05 Paul V. (Camillo Borghese), Rome. 1621 Gregory XV. (Alessandro Ludovisi), Bo- logna. 1623 Urban VIII. (Matteo Barberini), Flo- rence. 1644 Innocent X. (Gio-Battista Pamflli), Rome. 1655 Alexander VII. (Fabio Chigi), Siena. 1667 Clement IX. (Giulio Rospigliosi), Pistoja. 1670 Clement X. (Gio-Battista Altieri), Rome. 1676 Innocent XI. (Benedetto Odescalchi), Como. ] 689 Alexander VIII. (Pietro Ottoboni), Venice . 1691 Innocent XII. (Antonio Pignatelli), Naples. 1700 Clement XI. (Gio. Francesco Albani), Urbino. 1721 I;inocent XIII. (Michelangelo Conti), Rome. 1724 Benedict XIII. (Pietro Francesco Orsini), Rome. 1730 Clement Xir. (Lorenzo Corsini), Florence. 1740 Benedict XIV. (Prospero Lambertini), Bologna. 1758 Clement XIII. (Carlo Rezzonico), Venice. 1769 Clement XIV. (Lorenzu Francesco Gan- ganelli), S. Angelo in Vado. 1775 Pins VI. (Angelo Braschi), Cesena. Isoo Pius VII. (Gregorio Barnabe Chiara- monti), Cesena. 1S23 Leo XII. (Annibale della Genga), Spoleto. 1^2^ I'ius VUI. (Francesco Xaviero Castig lioni), Cmgoli. 1831 Gregory XVI. (Mauro Cappellari), Bel- luno. 1846 Pius IX. (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Fer- relti), bora at Sinigaglia, May 13, Introduction. — Chronological Tables. [107] Befjan to Country. 1 (92 ; created Cardinal, Dec. 23, 1839 elected Pupe, June 16, 1846. 1878 Leo XIII. (Gioacchino I'ecei), born at Cir- pineto, March 2, 1810: elected Pope, Feb. 20, 1878. KINGS OF UNITED ITALY. 1870 ViTTORio Emanuele II. proclaimed King of all Italy. Tbe lirst Parliament of united Italy was opened iu Home in Dec. 1871. 1878 Umberto I., born March 14, 1844; as- cended the throne on the 9th Jan. Queen Margherita Maria Teresa Gio- vanni, born Nov. 20, 1851. Prince Royal, Vittorio Eraanuele Fili- berto Maria Gennaro, Prince of Naples, born 11th Nov. 1869; m. Princess Helena of ilonteuegro. LIST OF SAINTS AND RELIGIOUS ORDERS. 'Si. ■= Martyr. V. I\I. = 'N'irgin ^Martyr. Figures in brackets indicate the date. Days of tl)e mouth refer to the Saint's day. Such words as crown, wheel, anchor, &c., refer to the Saint's symbol. S. Adriano, M. (294). Sept. 8. In armour; anvil; lion. S. Agata of Catania, V. M. i(231.) Feb. 5. Tongs. S. Agnese, V. M. (303), agpd 13. Jan. 21. Lamb; palm ; olive branch. S. Alessio 1,409). July 17. Heegar with dish. S. Alfonso del Liguori, Bp. of S. Agata dei Goti, founder of the Redeniptorists (1696- 1787). Algerian Fathers. — A Mission fonmied by the late Card. Lavigerie. Habit white; bearded. — .S'. Xiccolo di:i Lorinensi. St. Ambrose, Abp. of Milan, and one of the four Latin iloctors (.i97). Dec. 7. Two human bones ; beehive. S. .Vnastasia, M. — Roman matron (303). Dec. 25. St. Anastasius. — A. Basilian monk, martyrpd by Chosroes king of Persia iu 626, at Barsaloij in .\ssyria. Jan. 22. S. Andrea Corsini. — 'Jannelite Bp. of Fieaole (1373) Feb. 4. Annunziata. — A brotherhood founded by the Spanish I'omiuican Card. Juan Torreque- mada in 1460 for granting dowries to young girls (S ^f. Minerva). S. Antonio Abate (357). — Patron of animals, and protector again-^t accidents in riding or driving. Almost all the mules and horses in ihc Campagna bear a medal with ths head of St. Anthony on their front. .Jan. 17. S. Antonio di Padova (1231). — Franciscan friar, born at Lisbon. June 13. Flame in baud or on breast. S. Apollinare, M. (81). — Bp. of Ravenna. July 23. Black cross on white robe. St. Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria (373), and one of the four Greek doctors (Chrysos- tom, Basil, Gregoi-y Nazianzen). The Greek bishops wear no mitre. St. Augustine.— Latin Doctor (430). Aug. 28. Heart, flaming, or trausfixed with arrow ; books. Augustinians. — A religious order founded by St. Augustine, Bp. of Hippo (430), but re- organised! by Alexander IV. in 1256. i'hey consist of (1) Regular Canons ; (2) Hermits, aggregated with Friars by Pius V. in 1567. Habit black, with a leathern girdle. Within their own convents, and in any town where there are no Dominicans, they are allowed to dress in white. Orders living under the same rule : Premonstratensians, Trini- tarians, Order of Mercy, and Briyittines. S. Affostino ; S. M. del Popnlo (priory) ; S. Patrizio (Irish). Nunneries: S. Giacomo alia Lungara ; S. Catarina dei Funari ; S. M. delle Vergini ; SS. Quattro Coronati ; Gesii e Maria. S. Balbina, V. (132). Mar. 31. S. Barbara, V. M. (303), 4 Dec. Tower: feather : chalice. Earnabites. — Regular Clerks of St. Paul, founded by B. Antonio Zaccaria (1539), and named after a Church of St. Barnabas, which belonged to them at Milan. — S. Carlo di C'atinari. Basilian 3\Ionks. — An Order founded by St. Basil, Bp. of Caesarea in Cappadocia (379). All Greek monks belong to it, and it was established in Southern Italy before the time of St. Benedict, who adopted the habit and many of the rules for his own Order. — S. Basilio; Grolta-f errata. St. Benedict.— Mar. 21. Rod. Bent dictines. — Monks of the Western Cliurch, founded by St. Benedict (543). Habit black. The Order has six branches — Camaldolesi, Carthusians, Cisterciaus, Olivetani, Sylves- trians, and Vallombrosians. Members of other religions orders are not monks, but Friars, Hermits, Canons, &c. — S. Paolo, S. Calisto, S. Ambrogio. University, and residence of the Abbot-Primate, S. Anselmo. Nunneries : S. Cecilia, S. M. in Campo Marzio. Beneficiati. — Abbreviation of Clerici Benefi- ciati, ranking after the Canonici in the great Basilicas. They wear a tippet of grey fur over their cotta, and have a separate Sacristy. St. Bernard of Citeaux, founder of the Cis- tercian Monastery at Clairvaux (1153). Tik-horn, pen, papers: beehive. S. Bernardino (144^), foundi-r of the Osser- vanti, or Reformed Franciscans. Three mounds, with cross or flag. S. Biagio.— Armenian Bp., M. (316). Feb. 3. S. Bibiana, V. M. (362). Dec. 2. S. Bonaventura (1274), Card. Bp. of Albano, and Franciscan friar. Usnally known as the 'Seraphic doctor.' Angel with chalice ; Cardinal's bat. S. Cajetano da J'hiene (1547).— One of the four founders of the Order of the Theatines. and the second Superior — Bp. Caraflfa, afterwards Paul IV., being the first. Camaldolesi. — An austere branch of the Bene- [108] Introduction. — Chronological Tables. (iictine Older, founded by S. Romualdo at ijampo Maldoli in 1012. Habit white, willi white hood and girdle. S. Ciiniillo Lellis, founder of the Kegular Clerlis for ministering to the sick. Canonici. — Canons, iittaclied to a Church wh'ch has a chapter. They wear a mchet. and those in Rome wear also in winter an ample cape of white ermine (Mozzelta'). Capuchins. — A branch of ihe Franciscan tirder, founded by Matteo di Basso of Urbino in 1526, but subject to tlie control of the Observants U'ltil 1617. Habit brown, with long pointed cjwl. — Cappuccini, i>. Lorenzo fnori le Mara. S. Carlo Borromeo. Card. Abp. of Milan (1518-84). Nov. 4. Rope round neck. Carmelite Nuns. — Founded by John Soreth in the 15th cent., but reformed by S. leresa of Avila (1582). — S. Egidio, SS. Pietro e Mar- cellino, S. Giuseppe a CajJo le Case. Carmellites. — Founded in 1156 by Berthold, a Calabrian monk, on Mount Carmel, in obe- dience to a revelation from Elijah. Albert, I'.itriarch of Jerusalem, gave the Order its first rules in 1209. It is said, however, that Berthold found hermits already estab- lisiied on ihe moimtain, who claimed descent from Klijah himself. — Calzati (shod), S. M. Traspontiua, S. Martina, S. Niccolb ai Cesar ini. — Scalzi (iiarefouted): S. M. delta Scdla, K M. delta Vittnria, S. Pancrazio. S. Cataiina, V. M. of Alexandria (307). Nov. 25. Wheel. S.^ Catarina da Siena.— April 30, 13S0. Do- minican Nun. Crown of thorns ; lily. S. Cecilia, V. M. (280). Augel with musical instrntuents. SS. Celsus and Jnlian of Antioch, M.M. (cir. 300). Jan. 9. S. Cesareo of Terracina, deacon M. (300). Nov. 1. Chierici Minori. — A congregation of Regular ,,, Clerks founded by S. Francesco Caraccioli (1608). — S. Lorenzo in Lucina. Ci.'te' cians. — A branch of the Benedictine Order, founded by St. Robert in 1075, and named after his first monastery (^Citeaux). Halrit white, with narrow blaek scapular, black sasb, and black hood. — ^'. Bernardo; S. Croce. .St. Claude, Bp. of Besan<;on (696). June 6. S. Clenieute, Pope, M. (99). Nov. 23. Anchor. COLLEGES, THEOLO(iICAL. Armenian (18S3), 20 students. S. yicc. da To'.entinn. lii Igian (1854), 10 Students. Black sash bordered with red. 6'. Anna, Via del Quiri- nale. Bohemian (1834), 12 students. Chocolate sash edged with gold. S. Giov. Nepomueeno, V'ii bisiina. Canadian (188S). 12 students. Via delle Quattro Foniane. Capranica (1458), 53 students. Glos>y black. Piazza S. M. in Aquiro. English (1575), 26 students. Tightly fitting blaclv cloth, with long narrow lappets, S. Tommaso, Via Monseriato. French, 56 students. Black, fa.stencil round the neck with a long black ribbon. 42 Via S. Chiara. German (and Hungarian), under the manage- ment of Jesuits ( 1552), 90 students. Scarlet. 17a S. Niccola da Tolentino. Greek tl572), 13 students. Blue with red sash. .S'. Atanasio, Via del Babuino. Irish, 56 students. lilack, with nd lappets and i cord binding (see Propaganda). -S". Agata dei Goti. North [American (1859), 10 students. Black, with light blue lining and red sash. is'. J/. dell' i'milth. Pamphili (1650), 12 students. Piazza Na- vona. Polish (1866), 10 students. Green sash. 22 Via dei Maroniti. Propaganda (1622), 150 students. Black, with red sash, red binding, and red buttons to cuff. Piazza di Spagna. Scots (1600), 24 students. Violet with red sash and buttons. S. Andrea, Via delle Qu^ittro Fontane. South American (1858), 38 pupils. Black, with light blue lining and blue sash. Via Gioacchino Belli. Spanish (1892), 70 students. Black cape, with blue cords radiating from the C'jllar. Pal. Altemps. Conventuals (see Minor). SS. Cosnia e 'Damiano, MM., brothers and physicians of Arabia (290). Sept. 27. Jii red ropes and caps, with surgical instru- ments. S. Crisogono, Roman noble, M. (303). N. Damasus. Pope (384). iJoctors of the Church. — Greek : Athanasius, Basil, Chrysostom, and Gregory Nazianzen ; sometimes Cyril of Alexandria and Cyril of Jerusalem are added. Latin : Ambrose, Augustine, Jerome, and Gregory the Great. They are commonly, but less correctly, tailed the Four Greek and Latin Fathers. To the latter have been added by St. Pius V. and subsequent Popes : Thomas Aquinas, Buouaventura, Anselm, Isidore of Seville, lldefonso, Peter Chrysologus, Leo the Great, Peter Jtemian, Bernard, Hilary, Alfonso dei Liguori, and Francis of Sales — the last three by Pius IX. Dominicans, the second in date and importance of the meni'cant Orders, f unded by St. Dominic, of Calaruega, in Old Castille (1170- 12:!1). It was pre-eminently a Preaching Order (Ordo Praedicatorum), and its fathers are still knovi n in Italy as Padri Predicatori. A committee of liominicans, as the most learned of the religious Orders in poleuiic.il '. Adriano. Minims. — An austere Order of mendicant friars founded by S. Francesco di Paola (1416-1507). Habit similar to the Minor Conventuals, but with a short scapular rounded off at the ends, and a small round hood. — iS'. M. delta Luce; S. Andrea delle Fraite; S. Francesco di Paola; S. M. degli Angeli. Ministri degl' Infermi (Red Cross). Founded by S. Camillo de Lellis (1604).— & Giov. Lat. (Hospital); S. Giov. Malva ; SS. Vine, ed Anastasio ; S. M. Maddalena. Minor Conventuals. — That branch of the Franciscan Order which after the death of their founder relaxed the rule so far as to live in convents and hold property. Habit black, with white cord. — ^& Apostoli; S. Dorotea. Minor Observants. — The stricter branch of the Franciscan Order, who lived in small communities, and held no property. Ke- formed by S. Bernardino of Siena (1444). Habit brown. In Italy they are generally called Osservanti or Riformati, in France RecoUets, and in Spain Alcantarinos. — S. Antonio, Via Merulana; Aracoeli; S. Bar- tolommeo ; S. Sebastiano ; S. Bonaventura. Misericorde (Freres de Notre Dame de la). — Founded at Maliues by Canon Scheppere. — Scuola Pia, in the Borgo. Monsignore. — This title, though incorrectly used as a substantive, is merely a prefix lo the name of an Ecclesiastical dignitary, who may be an Archbishop (Most Rev.), Bishop or Domestic prelate (Right Rev.), Chamberlain or Chaplain to tlie Pope (Very Rev.). The distinguishing badge of the dignily is a purple streak below the white stock or collar. Nazzareni. — Dark chocolate habit with blue cord (see Third Order of Penitence). — S. M. delle Grazie; S. M. in Macello Martyrum. S. Niccolo da Bari, Bp. of Myra (342). Dec. 6. S. Niccolo da Tolentino, Augustinlan friar (1309). Sept. 10. Star ; crucifix wreathed with lily. St. Norbert, Abp. of Magdeburg, and founder of the Praemonstratensians (1134). June 6. Monstrance. Nuncio. — Ambassador of the Pope to a foreign Court. Of the first rank are Paris, Vienna, Madrid, and Lisbon ; of the second, Brussels, Munich, Lucerne, the Hague, and several S. American Republics. Oblatea of S. Francesca Romaua. — A com- munity of religious women, foundedin 1433. 3, Via Tor de' Specchi. Olivetans. — P'ounded by S. Bernardo doi Tolomei, under the rule of St. Benedict (1319). Habit white. — S. Francesca Rnmana. S. Omobono of Cremona, patron of tailors (1197). Nov. 13. Bottles. S. Onofrio (380), a monk of Thebes, said to have been originally a Persian prince. June 12. Branch twisted round his body; long hair. Oratorians.— In 1558 St. Philip Neri founded an Oratory for purposes of devotion at .V. Girolamo delta Carita. which was trans- ferred to the Chiesa J\'uova in 1577. — SS. JS'ereo ed Achilteo ; ^^ Girolamo delta Caritii. Osservanti. — Reformed Order of Franciscans, founded by S. Bernardino of Siena (1444). Padri della Dottriiia Cristiana. — A French Society, instituted at Avignon by Cesar do Bus and established in Rome by Benedict XU. in 1727.— .S'. M. in Moniicelti (150 boys) ; S. Agata in Trastevere (220 boys). I'adri Pallottini. — Mission priests founded by Ven. Fr. Pallotti in 1835. — .S'. Silvestro iii C'apite''; S. Salvatore in Onda. Padri Riformati del terz' Ordiue. — S. Paolo alia Regola. Padri Scolopi (Scuole Pie). — Founded at the end of the 16th cent, by S. Giuseppe Cala- sanzio for the free education of children. — .S'. Pantaleo (200 boys) ; S. Lorenzo in Borgo (150 boys); Coll. Nazareno. S. Pancrazio, M. (60), aged 14. May 12. S. Pantaleone, physician. M. (301). July 27. Olive branch ; hands over head, naikd to tree. S. PaolodeMa Croce (1694-1775), born at Ovada in Piedmont ; founder of the Passionists ; canonized by Pius IX. in 1867. Paolotte. — Minim Nuns. — SS. Gioacchino ed Anna. S. Pasquale Baylon. — Spanish Franciscan (1592). May 17. Passionists. — Founded by S. Paolo della Croce. Habit black, with monogram of I H S, heart and cross, on the left side. — S. Giov. e Paolo ; Scala Santa. Patriarch. — The highest dignity of the Cliristian hierarchy, borne bj' the Metropoli- tatis of Alexandria, Rome, Antioch, Con- stantinople, and Jerusalem. As regards Rome, the title is merged in that of Pope, and tbe remaining sees are regarded as schismatical. Bishops are still, however, nominated by the I'ope to these four patri- archates ; but they all reside in Rome, except the Patriarch of Jerusalem, and have no jurisdiction. The Western Church admits also a Maronite, Melchite, and Syrian Patri- arch of Antioch, an Armenian and Chal- daean Patriarch, a Patriarch of tlie Spanish Indies, a Patriarch of Lisbon, and a Patriarch of Venice. Penitence (Third Order of). — Founded about 1795. Habit dark brown, with blue cord. — S. M. delle Grazie ; S. M. in Macello Martyruin. Penitentiaries. — Priests attached to the three great Basilicas for hearing confesj^ions. At (SY. Jfeter's they are Minor Conventuals ; at Inti'oductlon. — Chronolotjical Tables. Ill SI. John J.ateran, Obaervants ; at b'. M. Maf/gioye, Dominicans. Pii dperai di Napoli. — A modern congrega- tion. — .V. Giusejrpe in Lunr/ara. PiKir Clares. — The Second Order of St. l-'rancis, founded bj' S. Cliiara of Assisi in I'Jl'i. They settled in Loudon at the 'Minories' in 1293. Tliey pass several hours of the night in prayer, fast during a greater part of the year, and never leave their Convent. — .S'^". (^osma e Damiano in Trast. ; S. Lorenzoin Panisperna ; S. Urbano (V'ia Alessandrina). S. Prassede V. (150) July 21. S. Prisca, V. M. (275). Jan. 18. Lion ; ea?le ; palm. S. Pudenziana, V. (148). .May 19. Sponge with blood ; cup. SS. Quaranta ilartiri, frozen to death at Sebaste (320). Mar. 10. S3. Quirico e iGiulitta (305) — martyred boy and mother. Eedeniptorists. — A congregation founded by S. Alfonso del Liguori of Naples in 1732, and dedicated to the service of the JMost Holy Redeemer. — S. Alfonso; S. Jtf. in Monti- rone. Regular Canons of the Lateran. — College of Priests at .s'. I'ietro in Vincoli, quite dis- tinct from the Secuiar C;inons of the Basilica. — & Agnesefuori le Miira. B. Kita of Cascia,.an Augustinian nun (loth cent.). Aug, 16. S. Eoch, French pilgrim (1327). May 22. Wound in leg. SS. Rufina e Seconda, VV.. MM. Sisters (226). S. Saba. Basili;in abbot, 5 Dec. (531). S. Sabina, Roman lady, U. (303). Aug. 29. Sacconi. — A Brotherhood whose mi mbers were accustomed to beg alms in the streets of Rome every Friday for the poor. They wore a sack of coarse linen, a hood drawn over the face and pierced with two holes for the eyes, a cord round the waist, and a wallet over the shoulder. Among thfir number were nobles, prelates, and even car- dinals. Founded by St. Hyacinte, a Fran- ciscan nun (1643). — >'. Teodoro. Schools (chiefly in preparation for the priesthood) :^ Benedictine, with the habit of the Order. — S. Paolo fuori le Miira. Collrgio Nazare^io (1622), 57 students, under the charge of the Padri Scolopi. — Via Xaza- reno. Collegio dei Xobili, 50 students, conducted by Jesuits, but no longer restricted to buys of noble birth. Evening dress, with white tie and bluish cloak. — Pal. Borronieo. Scudla di S. Giuseppe. Black blnuse, with silver letters on the cap. — Via J\'omenta,na, near S. Agnese. Scnola Gregoriana (1836), founded by Gre- gory XVL in the hope of supplying boy- trebles In place of falsetto singers for the Churches iii Rome. Yellow sash. — S. M. dell' Aniina. Scuola di S. Gregorio. Black cloth cloaks. Seminario di S. Pietro (1637), for boys who desire to become Benejlciati at St. Peter's, 50 students. Violet, with long narrow red lappets on the left side, embroidered at tlie end with JUw'de-lis. — Piazza S. Marta, behind the Basilica. Seininario Pio (1'552), founded by PiU3 IX. for the education of one boy from each diocese within the States of the Church, and two from his birthplace (Sinigaglia). Black, with purple sash. — S. ApoUinare. Seminario Pontilicio Romano (156s), 80 students for the diocese of Rome. Purple, with red buttons to the cassock. — .S". ApoUi- nare. Spanish School. Black, with long overcoat. St. Sebastian. — Officer in the Roman army uink-r Diocletian, M. (284). Jan. 20. Pierced by arrows ; bound to a tree or column. Sepolte Vive.— A name given to the Nuns of a Carmelite Convent founded by Sister Francesca Farnese in 1641, below the Church of S. Francesco di Paola. The rule under which they lived was so austere, and their seclusion so absolute, as to earn for them the title of Buried Alive. The Convent was destroyed during the construction of the Via Cavour, but a remnant of the Nunnery still exists at a house in the ViadeiSerpenti. Servites. — An Order founded by seven Florentine merchants in 1233, and re- modelled by S. Filippo Beni/.zi in 1267. They adopted in part the rule of St. Augus- tine, but are not, as often stated, a branch of that Order. — .S'. Marcello ; S. M. in Via. Sihestrini (Blue Benedictines). — A branch of the Vallombrusiatis, f lunded by B. Silvestro Gozoliui da Osimo about 1290. — S. Stefano del Cacco. S. SiU-estro, Pope, M. (336). Dec. 31 . 0.\ ; dragon. St. Sixtus II., Pope, M. (259). Somaschi. — X congregation of Regular Clerks, founded by S. Girolamo Emiliani, a noble Venetian (1481-1537), at the village of Somasca in N. Italy. — S. Alessio ; S. M. in Aquiro. Collar turned down over a stock. St. Stanislaus, Bp. of Cracow, M. (Iu79). May 7. St. Stanislaus Kostka (1550-68). Nov. 13. S. Susanna (295), V. M. (see Rte. 21). Aug. 11. S. Sylvia (604), Mother of St. Gregory the Great. S. Teodoro, Soldier, M. (303). Nov. 9. Theatinns. — A congregatii.n of Regular Clerks, named from Theate (Chieti), of which plac; John Peter Caraffa, the first superior, was bishop. He afterwards became Pope, as Paul IV. The second superior was S. Cajetano of Vicenza (1547). The congrega- tion was founded in 1524. — S. Andrea delta Valle. Third Order. — The Franciscans, Dominicans, and other religious communities, admit three Orders: (1) Friars, (2) Nuns, (3) Devout Persons of either se.\ who have neither the vocation nor tlie opportunity for a cloistered life, but live in the world, performing the ordinary duties of their station, and j'et privately observing tlie main principles of the Older with w)>ich they are associated. [112; Introduction. — Chronological Tables. Members of the Tliinl Order are much more numerous than is generally supposed. In central Kuropo they are chiefly Franciscan, and wear the cord, or some (Jther t jken of the Founder. In Spain and Portugal they are more commonly Dominican. Some of them live in religious community. — SS. Cosma c Damiaiin ; S. Paolo alia Hef/ola ; S. Bernardino (Women). St. Thomas a Becket, Abp., M. (UTul Dec. 29. Blood flowing Irom head. Titular Bishop. — In the Roman Church, it is not necessary that a Bishop should liold a See. '1 he title is often conferred as a mere dignity, although of course the act of conse- cration confei's full episcopal powers. A titular Bishop presides • ver an imaginary dioces;\ formerly supposed to be situated in partibus infidelium, and not unfrequently holds a canonry in Rome. Bishops wear a green cord round the hat — Archbishops, green and yellow. Trappists. — The strictest branch of tlie Cis- tercian Order, founded in 1660 by Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Ranee at La Trappe, near Secz, of which abbey he had been made commendatory .ibbot when scarcely eleven years old. He held also two other abbeys, two priories, and a canonry at Notre Dame. A few years after being ordained priest he gave all the vast accumulations of this pre- lerment to charity, resisned everything ex- cept La Trappe, and set vigorously to work upon the relbrm of tlie Order. The Trap- pists eat no m?at, observe the strictest silence among themselves, and work hard at manual labour. Habit, white ; but the lay brothers wear brown, and differ little in appearance from Franciscans. — SS. Vincenzo ed Anasta- sio (Tre Funtane) ; Catacombs of St. Caliix- tus. Trinitarians. — An Order founded by SS. Jean de Matha of I'rovence, and Fcli.\ of Valuis, a Fr.Mich hermit, for the redemption of Christian captives out of the hands of the Turks (1198). Habit, black over white, with red and blue cross. — S. Crisogono ; s. Carlo Qu. Font. ; S. M. Fornaci ; S. Stefano dei Mori ; Trinita (in Via Condotti). Umillati. — A religious Order suppressed by Pius V. in 1570 for their attempts upon the life of S. Carlo Borromeo, who had en- deavoured' to reform them. Nuns of the Order were formerly at S. Cecilia, and their habit is still woin hy tlie White Benedictme nuns who now I'eside there. S. Urbano, Pope, M. (230) ; 25 Maw S. Ursula, V. M. (453). Oct. 21. Arrow; banner with red cross. Ursuline Nuns. — Founded in 1537 by S. Angela Merici of Desanzano (1540), and established] in Rome in 1688. — S. Giuseppe (Corso). Vallombrosian Order. — A branch of the Bene- dictines, founded by S. Giov. Oualberto (1073). Habit originally light grey, now generally black.— .S'. Prassede. S. Venanzio, M. (25 1), aged 15. Dec. 14. St. Vincent. — Deacon, of Valencia in Spain, martyr 'd in 303. Jan. 22. Raven ; palm. S. Vincenzo dei Paoli. — Founder of the Lazzariats or Priests of the Mission (1625), now established at the Tiinitii (P>,te. 10). July 19. Child iu arms, or at feet. Visitation Nuns. — Instituted by St. Jeanne FrancjoisG Fremiot de Ohantal, under the palronage of St. Fr. de Sales, in 1610. — Villa Mills. 8. Vitale, M. (160). Apr. S. St. Vitus, M. (3ij3), age.l 13. .June 15. Cock ; boy with palm ; cauldron of oil. LIST OF ARCHITECrS. SCULPTORS, AND P.M.NTERS. A = Architect. S = Sculptor. P s= Painter. Agesander (a.d. 791, Greek S. of Rhodes. Agnolo and Agostino de .Siena (cirly 14th cent.), S. Albani, Fr. (1578-1600), P. School of Bologna. Alherti, Leon Battista (1404-72), A. Flo- rence. Alfani, Paris, P. (1483-1536). Umbria. Algardi, Aless., 1'. (1592-1654). Bdogni. Allori, Aless., P. (1535-1607). Florence. Allori, Cristofano, P. (1577-1621). Florence. Ammanati, Bart. (1j11-92), A. S. Klorence. Andrea del Sarto, H. (1486-i531). Florence, Antonello da Messina, P. (1493). Arnolfo di Cambio, Flor. A. S. (1240-1311). Arpino, Cav. d', P. (1560-1640). Rome. Aspertini, Amico, P. (1474-1552). Bologna. Atheiiodorus, of Khodes; joint sculptor of the Laocoon ; perind of Titus. Baccio BandinoUi, S. (1493-1560). Florence. Baccio I'ontel i, A. (cir. 1475). Florence. Baciccio, Rom. P. (1639-1709). Bagnacavallo (Bart. Ramenghi), P. (1434- 1542). Bologna. Bakhuysen, P. (1631-1708). Dutch. Harile, Giov., S. (cir. 150i)). Siena. Barnada Siena, P. (cir. 1340-13811). Haroccio, Federigo, P. (1528-1612). Umbr's. Bartoloinmeo, Fra (Baccio della Porta), P (147.5-1.t17). Florence. Basaiti, Mar. o, P. (1520). Venice. Bdssano, Fr. (1549-92), P. Venice. IJattoni, Pompeo (1708-87), P. Rome. ]?azzi (see Sudoma). B°ccafiimi, Dom. (14S6-l.i51), P. Siena. Bellini, Giov. (1426-1516), 1^ \'enice. Beltraffio, Giov. Ant. (1467-1516), I'. Milan. Beneflale, Marco (1685-1764), 1'. Rome. Benozzo Gozzoli (1421-98), P. Florence. B3rchem, Nicolas (1624-83), P. Holland. Bernini, Lor. (1598-lijSO), A. S. Naples. Bonifazio Veneziano (1579), P. Venice. Bonifazio Veronese (1540), P. Venetian School. Bonifazio Veron., the Younger (1515), P. Bordone, Paris (1500-71), P. Venice. Bonomini, Fr. (1599-1667), A. Rome. Bosch, Hieron\mus (1470-1516), P. Flemish. Both, Jan (1610-60), P. Dutch. Botticelli, Sannro (1447-1510), P. Florence. Bramante Lazzari (1437-1514), A. Florence, Bregno (.\ndrea), S. of Como (1421-1506). Bril, Paul (1556-1626), P. Flemish. Bronzino, Angelo (1502— 72), P. Florence. Brouwer. Adrian (Uiu8-41), Dutch P. Brueghel, Jan (1568-1625), Flemish P. Introduction. — Chronological ^Tables. [113] Ciigiiacci, Guitl.>(ie01-^1), P. Bologna. Calisto .la l.oili (Tiazza). 1'. (1514-1556). ('allot, .Jacques (1592 1635), French P. Canibi iso, l.uca (1527- .1.5), P. Genoa. Canipi!,'lia, G. O. (1692-1756), Lucca. P. Oanalitto, Antonio (16i)7-176s), P. Venice. Oanova, Antonio (1757-1822), S. Carac i, Annibalc, P. (1560-16U9). Caracci, Lodovico, P. (1555-1619). Bologna. C'aravasgio. iM- A. da (1560-1609), Lombard and Roman. P. Cati, Pasqnale, P. (dr. 1590). Roman, t'avallini, Pietro (1295-1314), P. Rome. ♦ 'ellini, Benvonuto (15«0-71). Florence. S. Cigoli (Lodovico Cardi), P. Floience (1559-1613). Cinoa da Concgliano (1508), P. Venice. Clau'le l.orrain (1600-82), P. France. Codde, Pieter (1610-58), Datch P. Cola deir Amatricc (1543), Naples. P. (.'onra, Seb:istiano (1676-1764), Kaple.s. P. Corrrggio (Ant. AUegri), Parma, i'. (1491- 1534). Costa, Lor. (1461-1535), P. Padua. Cranach, Lucis (1472-1553). Franconian P. Crivelli. Carlo (1496). Venice. P. Croc, B. (15.i3-1638), P. Rome. DanielP da Volteira (1509-66). Flor. P. JJolci, Carlo (1616-80). Florence. P. Dumenichino (Dom. Zampieri), [V. Bologna. (1581-1641). Donatello (Donate di Betto Bardi). Florence. S. (1386-1466). Dosio, (J. A. (b. 1533). .S. Dossi, Battista (1548). Ferrara. P. Dosso l>os8i (1474-1542). Ferrara. P. DUrer, Albert (1471-1523). Franconian P. Eckhout, G. van den (1621-74). Dutcli P. Ercole Roberii d i Grandi (14>0-1533). F'errara. P. Eutychiiies, S. (cir. b.c. 290) ; pupil of Lysippus. Faitoie, 11 (see Penni). Fiammingo (Ikn3-s Calvaert). Flemish P. (1540-1619). Filarete (Antonio Averulino). Florence. A. S., 15th cent. Fiorrnzo di Lorenzo. Umbrian P. (1472- 1520). Fontana, Carlo (1634-1714), A. Fontana, Hum. (1543-1607), A. Fra Angelico (Giov. da Fiesols), Flor. P. (1387-1455). Francesco da tMlta di Castello (15th cent.). A. Francia (Fr. Raibolini). Bologna. P. (1450- 1518). Francken, Francis (1581-1642). Frizzi, Federigo, S. Florence (cir. 1521). Fuga, Ford. (1699-1780). Rome. A.. Gaddo Ga1di (1259-1333). Flor. P. Gactani, Scipione (1550-Ms). Rom?. P. Galilei. Aless. (1691-1737.) Flor. A. Garolalo (Bonvenuto Tisi). School of Ferrara, ^ P. (1481-1559). I Gentile da Fabiiann, Umbrian P. (1370-1450). Gerard van der :\Ieire (1450-1512). Flemish P. Gherardo della Notte. Dutch P. (1592-1602). Ghirlan.lijo, Doni. (1449-1494). Flor. P. (ihirlandajo, Ridolfo, Flor. P. (1483-1561). Giacomo da Pietra Santa, A. (cir. 1470). Gimignani, Giacinto (1611-81). Bologna. P. GiDcondo da Verona, P'ra (1435-1515), A. Giordano, Luca (1(32-1705). Naples. P. Giorgione (BarbarelU). Venice (1477-1511). P. Giotto (Angelo di Bondone), P. A. (1266- 1337). Florence. S. Giovanni, Giov. Manozzi da (1590-1636). P. Giov. da Udine (1487-1564, P. Venice, (iiov. del Duca (cir. 1550). A. Girolamo da Treviso (1497-1544). Venice. P. Giuliano da Majano (1439-90), A. S. Tuscany. Giulio Clovio (1498-1578). Ron.. P. Giulio Romano (Pippi), P. (1492-1546). Greuze (1724-1805). French P. Guprcino (Giov. Fr. Barbieri), P. (1591- 1666). Bologna. Guido Reni (see Ketii). Holbein, H. (1497-1543). Swabiau P. Honthorst (1590-1658). Dutch P. Houdon, J. A. (1741-182^). French S. Ibi, Siiiibaldo, Umbrian P. (early I6th cent.). L'Ingegno (cir. 1505). Umbrian P. Jnnocenzo da Imola (1494-1550). Bologna. P. Isaia da Pisa (cir. 1464). Tuscan and Roman. S. Jacopo degli Avanzi (cir. 1376). Bologna 1*. Jacopo da Torrita (cir. 1290), P. and mosaicist, Rome. Landini, Taddeo (1594). Florence. S. Lanfranco (1582-1648). Rome. P. Laureti, Tomm.iso;(1520-1600). Rome. P. Leochares (cir. 379). Athens. S. Jjponardo da Vinci (1452-151ii). Florence. P. Lippi, Annlbale, A. (cir. 1590). Lippi, Filippino (1461-1504"). Florence. P. Lippi, Filippo (1406-69). Florence. P. Lungbi, Luca (1507-SO). Ravenna. P. Lorcnzetto (Alartino), S. (1490-1541). lAirenzo di t'redi (1459-15:j7). Florence. P. Lotto, Lorenzo (1480-1554). Venetian. P. Luini, Bernardino (cir. 1530). Lombard. P. Lnnghi, Martino, A. (1561-1619). ].,uti, Benedetto (1666-1724). Roman P. Lysippus (B.C. 356-23). Sicyon S. :\!aderno, Car'o, A. (1556-1639). Magister Paulus, Roman. S. (cir. 1410). Maini, Michele (cir. 1500). Fiesole. S. :\Iantegua, Andrea (1431-1506). Padua. P. 31uratta, Carlo (1625-1713). Rome. P. >Iarco da 0/gionno (1470-1540). Lomb. P. :Mario del Fiuri (1603-73). Roman P. Masaccio (1402-23). Florence. P. :\lasolino da Panicale (1383-1447). Flor. P. ^Ijzzola, Fr. (see ParmUiianhio). ]\lazzolino, Lodovico (1481-1530). Padua. P. IMazzoni, Giulio (cir. 1550), decoiative S. Melozzo da Forli (1438-1494). Padua. P. :\Iemling, Hans (1430-95). Flem. P. ;\Iengs, Anton Raphael (1728-79). Roman P. .Meo del C.iprino (1430-15U1). Roman A. r\lichelangelo Buonarroti, A. P. S. (1475- 1564). Florentine School. ^Michelangelo Sanese, S. (cir. 1524). Siena. Jlino (di Giovaind) da Fiesole, S. (1431-84). IVIncchi, Fr. (1580-1646). Tuscan S. Mola, Pierfrancesco (1612-68). Bologna. P. Moretto (Ale,-s. Bonvicino). Brescia. P. (1498-1554). :\Ioroni, G. B. (1510-78). Bergamo. P. :\Iosca (Simcne Cioli), S. (1498-1554). ^lostaert, Jan (1555). Flemish P. ]\Iozzetta (see Canonica). Murillo, Bart. Esteban (1618-82). Spanish P. Muziano, Girolamo (1530-92). Brescia. P. n [114] Introduction. — Chronological Tables. Myron. Athenian S. (dr. B.C. 470). Mytens, D. (1090-165(i). Dutch P. Nanui di Baccio Biglo, S. (cir. 1550). Kankydes, S. (cir. is.c. 350). Argos. Netschei-. Uaspar (1639-S4). Dutch T. Niccolo da Foligno (1430-1502). Umbrian P. Nicrolo della Gu;irdia, S. Rome (cir. 1464). Novelli, Pirtro (1603-60). Sicily. P. Olivieri, I'ietru, A. (cir. 1570). Orizonti (G. F. von Bloemen), P. (lfiB2- 1748). Ortolauo, Benvenuto (cir. 1540). Terrara. P. Padovanino (1400), P. Padua. Palestriua (Giov. Pierluigi da), the greatest Church musician of the revival, was succes- sively Choir-master at the Sixtine Chapel, S. Giov. in Laterno, S. M. Magglore, and S. Pietro (1524-94). Palladio, Andrea, A. (1518-80). Vicenza. Palma (iiovaue (1554-1628). Venice. P. Pahna Vecchio (1480-1528). Venice. P. Palmezzano, Marco (1490-1537). Padua. P. Paolo da Siena (14th cent.), P. Paolo ^^er(Jnese (Caliari), P. (1528-88). Parmigianino (Fr. Mazzola). P. (1504-40). Pasiteles (u.c. 72-48). Southern Italy. S. I'assignano (Dom. Cresti da). Floreuce. P. (1560-163S). Paul Potter (1625-54). Dutch P. Pellegrino Pellegrini (1527-91). Bol. P. Penna, AgdStino (18th cent.), l\ P.ome. Penni, Francesco (II Fattore). Roman P. (1488-1528). Perugino (Pietro Vanuucci). Umbrian P. (1446-1524). Peruzzi.Baldassnre (1481-1537). A. P. Siena. Pesellino (1422-53). Florence. P. Pheidias (cir. B.C. 490-464). Athenian S. Piazza, Cosimn, P. (1557-1621). Pierino del Vaga (1499-1547). Roman P. Pierodi Cosimo (1462-1521). Florence. P. Pietro da Cortona (Berrettini), P. A. (1596- 1669). Pintoricchio (Bernardino Betti Biagi), P. Umbrian School (1455-1513). Pisanello (Vittore Pisano). Florence. V. (1380-1456). Polidoro da Caravaggio (1492-1543). Rom. P. Pollajuolo, Antonio (.1429-98). Flor. P. S. Pollajuolo, Pietro (1441-96). Flor. P. S. Polycletus (b.c. 460). Argos and Sikyon. S. Polydorus (cir. b.c. 100), S. Rhodes. Pomarancio (1552-1626). Roman P. Pontormo, Jac. da (1494-1557). Florentine P. Ponzio, Flaminio, A. (cir. 1650). Pordenone, G. A. da (1483-1539). Vene- tian P. Porta, Giacomo della (1541-1604). Lombard. A. S. Poussin (Gaspar Dughet). French P. (1613- 75). Poussin, Nicolas (1594-1605), P. Praxiteles (b.c. 3S4-329). Athenian S. Procaccini, G. C. (1557-1635). Bologna. P. Provenzale, Marcello, Mosaicist (1639). Puligo, Dom. (1475-1527). Floreuce. P. Queniin Massys (or Quinten Matsys). Flemish P. (1466-1530). Eaffaele Santi (da Urbino), P. A. (1483- 1520). Raffaellino del Colle (1490-1540). Florence. P. Raffaellino del Garbo (1466-1524). Florence. P. Raffaello da Montelupo, S. (1505-70). Flo- rence. Rainaldi, Girolamo, A. (1570-1055). Ravestein, Jan van (1572-1677). Dutch P. Rembrandt (1608-69). Dutch P. Reni, Guido (1575-1642), P. Bologna. Ribera, Giuseppe (Spagnoletto), Spanish P. (1588-1656). Roman'llo (1610-62). Roman P. Romanino, Gir. (1485-1566). Brescia. P. Rondinelli, Niccolo (1450-1505). Ferrara. P. Rosa, Salvator (1615-73). Naples. P. Rosselli, Cosimo (1439-1505). Florence. P. Rossellini, Bernardino. A. (1409-1464). Rubens (1577-1640). Flemish P. Sabbatini, Lor. (1530-77). Bolognese P. .^acchi. And. (1599-1661). Roman P. Salviati, Fr. (1510-63). Jtomau P. Sangallo, Ant. da (1455-1534), A. Sangallo, Ant. da (the younger), Flor. A. (14«5-1546). Sangallo, Giuliano da (1445-1516), A. Sansoviiio, And. Contucci (da Morite Sansavino, S. (1460-1529). Sansovino, Jacopo (1477-1570), S. Santi, Giov. (1494). Umbrian P. Sunti di Tito (1538-1603). Florence. P. Saraceni, Carlo (1585-1625). Venice. P. Sassoferrato (G. B. Salvi). Roman P. (1605- 85). Savoldo, Girolamo (1548). Venetian P. Scarselliuo, Ippolito (1551-1620). Ferrara. P. Schiavone, And. (1522-82). Venetian P. Scopas (cir. b.c. 379). Paros. A. S. Sebastiano del Piombo (1485-1547), P. Rom. Sicciolante da Sermoneta(cir. 1572). Roman P. Signorelli, Lnca (1441-1523). Cortona. P. Sinione ( 'ioli (11 Mosca), S. (1560). Simone Ghini. A. S. (b. 1407); pupil of Brunelleschi. Simone Martini (1283-1344). Sienese P. Snyders, Fr. (1579-1657). Sodoma (Giov. Ant. Bazzi), P. (1477-1549). Lombard. Sofonisba ,4uguissola (1539-1625). Cremona. Solario, And. (1448-1530). Milanese P. Soria, G. B. (early 17th cent.), A. Spada, Lionello (1556-1622). Bolognese P. Spagna, Giov. (1530). Umbrian P. Spagnoletto (see Ribera). Spinazzi, Innocenzo (17th cent.), S. Stefano da Zevio (cir. 1435). Veronese P. Subleyras, Pierre (1699-1749), French P. Sustermans Just. (1597-1681). Flemish P. Tempesta, Ant. (1637-1701). Roman P. Tenier.=, David (1610-90). Dutch P. Thorvaldsen, Bertel (1770-1844), Danish S. Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti). Venetian P. (1518-94). Tintoretto (Domenico Robusti), son of the above (1562-1637). Tiscrates, son of Lysippus, S. Titian (1477-1576). Venetian P. Tribolo (Niccolb di Raffaele Braccini). Flo- rentine S. (1485-1550). Valadier, Joseph, Fr. A. 19th cent. Valentin (1600-34). French P. Vandyck, Anton (1599-1641). Flemish P, Introduction. — Glossary of Technical Terms. [115] Vanni, Fr. (15G5-1609). Siena. l'.> Vanvitelli (ITOO-la), P- A. Rome. Vesari, Gioiprio (1511-74). Florence. P. A. Vela-sque/, (1599-lCBO). Spanish P. Vemisti, Marcello (1575). Florence. P. Vernet, Jos. (ITli-SQ). French P. Verrocchio, And. del (1435-8S). Florence. P. S. Vicrnola, (Jiac. Parozzi dii (150T-73), A. Vite, Timoteodella (1167-152:0. Umbrian P. Vivariiii, Antonio (1470) Venice. P. Wouwcnnan, rhilii)-? (1619-68). Dutch P. Zucchero, F. (1560-1609). Urbino. P. Zucchero, Taddeo (1529-68). Urbino. P. GLOSSARY OF TKCHNICAL TERMS. Aedicula. — A diminutive temple, correspond- ing to the shrine of mediaeval times. Ambulacrum. — A circular or oval corridor, surrounding any portion of a building. Ambulatory. — A covered promenade, such as a cloister. Ampbipro^tyle. — Having columns at each end ; said of a Temple. Anadyomena. — Aphtodito, emerging (ara- iSud^iera) from tlio sea. Anta 'pi. antae). — A pier built against a wall, generally treated as a piaster. Antis, In. — Said of the columns of a portico, ranged between antae. Apodytcrium. — Room for undressing, in a Roman bath. Apse. — (a) The tribune or court of law in a Pagan Basilica, (b) The sanctuary in a Christian chnrch, always semicircular or polygonal in plan. Arcade. — A range of arches can ied on columns or piers. Arcldtrave. — A block of stone or be^m of tim- ber carried from the top of one column to another. The lowest membfr of the entab- lature (q. v.), applied also to the side-posts and lintel of a door frani''. Archivolt. — A moulded aichitravo carried roxuul an arch. Atlantes. — Male figures supporting an entab- lature iustea, roofed over on all four sides but open to the sky in the centre ; in large mansions the roof was carried b\' columns tC) an ojicn court surround'.'d bv an arcade. Ave Maria. — The first words of the Angelic salutation. Commonly applied to the bell which rings at sunrise, noon, and sunset (i;{ strokes — 3, 4, 5. l) in commemoration of the above. In England it is more usually called the Angelas. Baldacchino. — A canopy over an altar sup- ported 1)3' columns, originally called cim- borium. Basilica. — (a) In Pagan aichitooture, an ex- change and court of law ; an obbmg rectan- gular building with colonnade all round and an apse at one end used as the Tribune, (b) In Christian architecture, a church with nave, and single or double a'sles separated by colonnades or arcades, and an apsi open to the nave and contsining the altar. Benediction. — A comparatively modern rile, during which the priest holds up the mon- strance containing the Host, for tlie pur- pose of blessing the people. It usually takes place in the evening, and is for that reason confounded by Protestant travellers with Vespers. In Germany, however, the Benediction is frequently given in the morn- ing, as in the German Church of .V. M. dell' Anima, where ihe hj-mn 'Tantum Erw' is beautifully sung at the ceremony (about 10.30 A.M. on Sunday). Biga. — A chariot drawn by two horses abreast. Cadncens. — I'he staff of Mercury, winged at the top, and entwined with two snakes. Caidarium. — The hot-chamber of a Roman bath. Cavceres. — A row of stalls or horse-boxes, usually twelve in number, enclosed by double doors, within which the chariots waited at one end of the circus until the signal was given for starting, and the doors were simultaneously thrown open. Cardinal. — The sacred College consists of si.x Card. Bishops, 50 Card. Priests, and 14 Card. Deacons, but is rarely complete. The Bishops govern the suburban sees ; the Priests (who may be Bishops by consecration) are the successors of the ancient parish priests of Rome ; and the Deacons (who may be priests by ordination) represent the region- ary deacons of the Roman Church (see 1'itulus). Caryatides. — Female figures serving as sup- ports to a building instead of pillars or pilasters (see Atlantes). Castellum. — A hu-ge tank or reservoir, placed at intervals along the line of an aqueduct. Casula.— -A cloak of coarse material, with a hood. It is the origin of the ChasiMe. Cavea. — The pit of a theatre, so called be- cause originally hewn ont of the rock against tlie side of a hill. Cslla.^The Sanctuary of a Temple, con- taining a statue of the deity. Chasuble.— The outer vestment of a priest wuile celebrating. It hangs down to the knees before and behind, but has no sleeves. It is more or less richly adorned with a large cross, usually at the back, but in Italy often in front. Chiaroscuro. — The art of distributing light and shade in a picture. Sometimes the term is employed to denote paintings in imitation of reliefs, where only one colour is used (sec Grisaille). Chlamys. — A Greek riding cloak fastened with a buckle over the right shoulder to leave the right arm bare. Cilwrium. — Title given now to the tabernacle in which the Host is deposited. Cippns. — A sepulchral monument in the form of an altar, round or square. Cista. — A chest or box, usually of bronze, and richly engraved, for holding articles of the toilet. Clerest )ry.— The upper portion of the nave of a church pierced with windows above the triforium. Ex. : St. Agnese. Colonnade. — A row of columns carrying an entablature. Concrete. — An artificial stone made with small n 2 [116: Inlroduction. — Glossary of Technical Terms. pieces nf ptono or briken bricks mi.\eil with limr, and in Home with iinzzolanu, whi h gave it the qu.ility oi a hard hydraulic cement . Console. — A veitical corbel. Cope. — A vistment used by the priest in pro- cessions and at Benediction, but never at the Mass. It is longer than the chasublp, and is open in front, fastened at the neck by a buckle. Corbel. — A projecting member of stone, brick, or wood, supporting a cornice or sill. Corince. — The upper member of the entabla- ture, sometimes richly moulded, and pro- jecting in front of the structure below : its upper portion ronstitutes tlie gutter. Cosmati. — An adjective applied collectively to the Cosma family, celebrated for their very beautiful work in inlaid mosaic and marble. The name Cosvia is Greek (Kotrjias), and should never be written Cosimo or Cosmo. Signed works are extant of si.x members of the family — Laurentius (cir. 1150), Cosma, JJeoaptus, Jacopus, Johannes, aud i'aschalis (1299). Cotta.— A short surplice. Crypto-porticus. — A corridor enclosed between walls and lighted by windows. Cunei. — Wedge-shaped blocks of stone used in theatres and the arches of doors and bridges. Also the blocks of seats in a theatre, widening from the stage outwards. The number of the cuneus is written on ancient tickets. Cuniculus. — A mining passage, constructed for military purposes, and so called from its resemblance to the burrowing of a rabbit. Cymatium. —The upper moulding cf a cor- nice. Cynocephalus. — A dog-headed deity of the ancient Egyptians, generally seated, and resembling a baboon. Ducat. — Obsohte gold coin, value a'.oiit 2J. Entablature. — The superstructure carried by columns divided into three parts, viz. : tie architrave (the supporting member carried from column to column), tlie frieze (^he decorative men}ber), and the cornice (the crowning and protecting member) : see architrave, frieze, cornice. l^xedra.-^A semicircul-ir marble seat, or a rectangular or semicircular recess in a wall, J'auces. — Passages which led from the atrium to the interior of a house. Tavissae. — Vaults bene,\th a shrine or temple, where ex-votos, or oflerings to the gods in return forsome supposed favour, were burif d. Fenestrella. — A small n.arble screen, per- forated not for ornament, but in order that something might be seen through it — such as the tomb of a saint beneath an aliar. ■See SS. Quattro Coronati (Rte. 11). The perforation in the screen at S. Clemente was designed to enable th:" singers in tlie Choir to watch the movements of the priest at the altar, as a cue for the commencement of a chant or hymn. Fibula. — A buckle, clasp, or double pin of a scarf. Frieze. — The middle member of the entabla- ture: applied also to any horizontal band enriched with sculpture. Frigil Orsini Patnphili (Benedetto XIII.) (Innoceuzo X.) 1394. lCi4. Parentucelli Odescalcbi (Niccolo V.) (Innocenzo XI.' 1334. 1676. Peretti (Sisto V.) 1585. Introihiciion. — Coats of Arms. [123] (^ ^(^^ ^ IMccoloraini Pitjnatelli Eezzouico (Pio II. aiul Ur.) (Iiinoceuzo XII.) (Clemente XIFI.) 145S. 16yi. 1753. Kiuucciui. Rospiglinsi (Clemente IX.) 1667. Ruspoli. Salviati. Saiitacioce. Sciarra. Sforza. Sfoiza. Cesariui Sforza. Sparta. Tumacclli Torlonia. (Bonifacio IX.) 13!:'9. Valentini.f Venuti. Viiloiii. f Tliere is another family of the same name with different arms in Bologna. [ 124 ] LIST OF EOUTES. SECTION I. THE CITY AND THE IMMEDIATE SUBURBS. Kamos of imiioitant pl;\ccs arc printed in tMck letters only in the I'.outcs under wliicli they are describeil. ROUTE Pi? 1. From the Porta del Popolo to the Piazza di Pietra, by S. Carlo al Cori^•o, S. Lo- renzo in Lucina, iS. Silves- tro in Ciipitc, the Palazzo Cliigi, tlic Piazza Colonna, and Monte Citorio . 2. From tlie Pincio to the Foun- tain of Trevi, hy the Villa Medici, La Trinith. . Silvcstro al QuirinaL', and the Casino Eospigliosi . .171 20. Fioni the Quiriuul to the VUla Ludovisi, by the Scots College, the Palazzo Barberini, the Capi)uecini, and S. Isidoro . .179 21 From the Railway Station to ne Column of Trajan, by tlie Baths of Diocletian, S. M. degli Angeli, the Fontana dei Termini, S. Bernardo, the Via Xaziou- ale, and the Irish College . 18 J 22. From tiie Pontc S. Angelo to the Ponte Sisto, by the Via Giulia ; returning b}' the Trinita dei Pellegrini, the Palazzo Spada, the Palazzo Farnese, and the English College . 195 23. From the Ponte S. Angelo to the Ara Coeli, by the Chiesa Nuova, the Cancelleria, tlie Theatre ot'Ponipey, S. Carlo ai Catinari, and S. Catarina dei Funari . . . 202 21. From the Ponte Sisto to S. M. in Cosmedin, by the Porticus of Octavia, the Theatre of Marcellus, S. Nicola in UOUTE PAGE Carcere, and the House of Crescentius . . . 207 25. From S. ^I. iu Cosmedin to the Palatine, by the Janus, the Cloaca Maxima, S. Giorgio in Velabro, and S. Teodoro . . . .21-1 2(j. The Churches on the Aven- tine . . . .217 27. From the Ponte Quattro Capi to the Ponte Garilj ddi, by the Island of the Tiber, S. Cecilia, S. M. dell' Orto, S. Francesco a Piipa, S. M. in Trastevere, and S. Cri- sogono .... 221 28. From S. ^1. iu Trastevere to S. Passera, by the Convent of SS. Cosma e Damiano and the Via Portuensis . 230 29. From the Ponte S. Angelo to the Vatican, by the Mauso- leum of Hadrian, an 1 the Palazzo Toi Ionia al Borgo 231 oO. The Basilica of S. Pietro in Vaticano . . . 238 31. The Paintings and Frescoes of the Vatican . . 252 32. The Sculptures and Antiqui- ties of the Vatican . . 260 33. From the Vatican to S. Pietro in Montorio. by the Pa- Lizzo della Farnesina, the Palazzo Corsini, and the Museo Torlonia . .291 34. From the Vatic.m to the Church of S. Pancrazio, by S. Onofrio, the Janiculum, an 1 the Villa Doria- Pamphili . .. . 303 35. From the Railway Station to the Church of S. Lorenzo fuori Ic Muva . . . 305 36. From the pDutana dei Ter- mini to S. Agnese and the Catacombs, bj' the I'orta Pia and the A'illa Torh.nia . . .310 37. From the Porta Salaria to the Catacombs of S. Priscilla, by the Villa Albani . .316 38. From the P.ntu del I'opolo to the Pont3 Molle, by the Villa Borghese amf the Villa di Papa Giulio . 321 [126] List of Boutes. ROUTE PAGE 39. From the Piazza del Popolo to the Villa Madama and Monte Mario, by the Via Cola di Rienza . . 333 40. From S. M. in Cosmedin to the Tre Fontane, by Monte Testaccio, the Protestant Cemetery, the Pyramid of Caius Cestius, and the Basilica of S. Paolo fuori le Mura .... 335 41. From S. M. in Cosmedin to the Porta S, Sebastiano, by S. Anastasia, the Baths of KOIITE I'AiiE Caracalla, the Churehos of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo, S. Sisto, S. Cesareo, and S. Giovanni a Porta Latina, the Columbaria, and the Arch of Drusus . .344 42. From the Porta S. Sebastiano to the Tomb of Caeoilia Metella, by the Chapel of ' Domine Quo Vadis,' the Catacombs of Callixtus, the Cluircli of S. Sebas- tiano, and the Circus of Maxentius . . . 353 SECTION I. CITY OF EOME MUSEUMS. ART GALLERIES. EXCAVATIONS AND MONUMENTS IN ITALY. EEGULATIONS FOR THE FREE ADMISSION OF FOREIGNERS. By a Koyal Decree, dated April 13, 19(12. Foreigners in Italy wlio belong u. the following categories may obtain Free Admission to all national Museums. Art Galleries. Archaeological Excavations and Monuments, viz.: A.— Artists; Professors of Arcbaeology, History, Literature and Art. B.— Students of the History and Criticism of Art who have published Erratum. Page 19, column 1, lines 21-26. Palazzo Sciarra Colonna. — The Publisher regrets that this sentence conveys an inaccur.ite account of the facts, and has pleasure in inserting the following correction. The facts are that Prince Sciarra disposed of a few of his pictures only, and was fined in 1893 by the Tribunal of First Instance at Rome, a sum of 1,266,000 lire (an arbitrary sum based upon the supposed value of his pictures), for omitting to advise the Italian Government of their intended sale. This tribunal purported to base its judgment upon a law passed in 1802, called the Law Doria, which, however, the Court of Cassation in Rome — to which Prince Sciarra ultimately appealed — found to be no longer in force. Prince Sciarra was in the end subjected to a merely nominal penalty of £72 for the omission mentioned, and even this penalty was remitted in 1894. The Government eventually acknowledged that the collection was not subject to the special law of family Jidei commiss"m, and that no breach ot that law had been committed, while it declared the entire collection free from fiduciary restrictions. Prince Sciarra being at liberty to sell or dispose of it in Italy. Finally, in 1896, Prince Sciarra made a free gift of 9 pictures and 5 statues to the National Gallery of Rome, and thereupon the Government freed the collection from the application of the general law, and gave him permission to sell and export any of his pictures. [ROMB, 8-'03.] "Principals of the Institution in question. If the permit is required for a LloDger period than one month, a photograph of the applicant (as described in gtlie preceding paragraph) must also be enclosed. P ' Professors and members of foreign Archaeological and Art Institutions which have an office or branch in Italy, may obtain the necessary permit by submitting a certificate as to their membership signed by the Principal of MU'h Institution. * N.B.— As the Diplomatic Representatives of foreign countries in Rome are not always in « position to MUtlienticate, wiiliout preliminary inquiiy, documents issutd by lIl^tilUtions iu ihc couniries whidi ihey represeni, persons reiiuirini; permits are r>.ctmmended to have such documents counUrPi^iicd by the Italian consular olUcers in their own couniry belore leaving for Italv. [Murray's Handbooks. — Italy, 190'2.| MUSEUMS, AKT GALLEEIES. EXCAVATIONS AND MONUMENTS IN ITALY, REGULATIONS FOR THE FREE ADMISSION OF FOREIGNERS. By a Koyal Decree, ilsited April lo, 19(12, P'oreigners in Italy who belong 10 the following categories may obtain Free Admission to all national Miisenmf, Art Galleries. Archaeological Excavations and Monuments, viz.: A. — Artists; Professors of Archceology, History, Literature and Art. B. — Students of the History and Criticism of Art who have published noteworthy works. < ■. — Students of Arclifflological, Historical and Art Institutions; Students of the Faculties of Letters and Philosophy, and of Schools of Applied Engineering. Formalities of Application: Persons belonging to Class A, must enclose with their application an Academic document, vii-ta Flam in in, pierced in the Walls of Aurelian for the exit of the Via Flaminia from the (iity. The works coinnienced in 1877 to enlarge this gate by the addition of two late- mi arches revealed the existence of two round towers (since destroyed), similar to those flanking the olher gates restored by Honorius on tiio Aurelian circuit. These towers lind been enc^losrd in two square ones, built by Sixtus lY. in 1475, with the mavVile lilncks of an ancient Koinan mausoleum, wliich thtm stood in the Piazza del I'opolo. The N. face of the central arcli of the gate (outside! tiie city) was erected in li)ious shower, upon which Marcus published a decree bestowing upon the Christian legion the name of Fid- minata. The same title is, however, known from inscriptions to liave been given to the Twelftli legion as early as the reign of Augustus. — B. The ill-proportioned pede.'stal was added by Fontana. The height of the entire column is 122 ft. 8 in., including the base. The shaft, including its base and capital (excluding the pedes- tal), is exactly of the same height as that of Trajan, 100 Roman feet (97J English) : hence the name of Columna Centenaria, given to it in the inscrip- tion of Adrastus.J The diameter of the shaft; is llj ft. The pillar is com- posed of 28 blocks. On tlie summit is a statue of St. Paul, It) ft. high, placed there by Sixtus V. in 1589. The in- terior is ascended by 190 steps, and is lighted by 42 ojjcnings ; it has frequently suffered from lightning, attracted by the bronze statue on its summit, and from having been used to support fireworks on public festi- •j- Almost entirely defjced ; about l,") feet from the Ijase. on the ^V. The Geriiian Archaeological Institute (p. [61]) has issued a handsome volume of phou graphs from casts, of the whole lolumn, with a learned ci'TO* mentary. i See, note to Column of Trajiin (Rte. 7), The City. Route 1. — OhelisJc of Monte Citorio. 9 vitics. It is supposed that it stood in the I'ot'inn of' Antoninus, tlie site of which is now occupied by a part of th(! modern Piazza Colonua and the Pal. Ohigi. In the Piazza is a large fountain biisin of porta suitta nuirblc, in many varieties; and on the S. side the Pal. Ferrajuoli, witli soiue marbles from Veii, and a good libiary of modern works, collected byMarchese Gaetano Ferrajuoli. The siuall but popular Cliuich of S. M. della Pieta, or S, Bnrt. del J>crg(tmai>c]ii (15G1), on the same side, contains a much vener- ated painting attributed to Guklo Jieni. On Ihe W. side of the Piazza Co- lonna is a building raised by Gregory XVI. to fccrve as a General Post- office, and remarkable for its fine Ionic portico ; the twelve *fluted columns of marmo Ta&lo were brougiit from the ruins of the Koman Muuici- piuin at Veii. Adjacent on the "\V. is the Piazza di Monte Citorio, so called because lure the public criers were wont to suiumou (citare) the electors to choose new mag'strates on the days of the cumitia. Its N. side is formed by the Curia Innocenziana, formerly tlie I'apid Ijaw Courts, an imposing edi- ti'ce, begun in lGi2 by Innocent X. hMui the designs of Bernini, and com- ])leted by Innocent XII. from those of Carlo Fontaiia. It was adapted in 1871 for the sessions of the Italian Parliament, by tiie addition of an ample semicircular hall in the court- yanl, lighted from abuve, and ^now serves as the Camera del Deputati, or Hou.-^e of Commons. (Entrance at No. 10, Via della Missioue, behind the building, sittings at 2 f.si. At other times, the entrance to view the interior is at No. BtJ.) From the balcony over the triple doorway the Lotto (lottery) used formerly to bo extracted nine times a year. Ii) tho Via della Missipne is the Church of the Trinita della Missione (1642), entered by a louff gallery liung with portraits of members of the Society. Here was found the Column of Antoninus Pius (p. 280), and on the 1. in the Court was dis- covereil an angle of the Udrinum on which the Emperor's body was burnt. In the adjacent Clei gy Houst-, or at S. Giov. e Paolo, all secular priests are obliged to pertorra a retreat of ten days previous to Ordination. in the centre of the piazza stands the red granite ♦Obelisk of Monte Citorio, erected in 1792 by Aiitinori, covered with beautiful hieroglyphs, and broken into live pieces ; it is one of the most celebrated of these monuments. According to Lepsius' interpretation of the hieroglyphs, this obelisk was erected in honour of Psam- meticus I., of the 26th dynasty, 65 cent. B.C. It was brought to Rome by Augustus, from Heliopolis, and placed in the Campus Martins, where it was u^ed in the construction of a celebrated gnomon or sun-dial. It was discovered underground in the Piazza dell' Impresa, in the time of Julius II., but Avas not removed until that of Pius VI. The frag- ments of the Antonine column were employed to repair it, and to form the pedestal. The height of the shaft without the base and orna- ments is 72 ft. ; that of the whole, to the top of the bronze globe, 84 ft. A few yds. S. is seen the E. end of the Cliurch of S. M. in Aquiro. 2 min. to the rt. of it liis the Fantluon (Rte. 16). Following the narrow Via della Guglia to the !S., and turning 1., we reach the Piazza di Pietra, in which stands the Exchange, furmerly a Custom House, and still known as the *Dogana di Terra. The eleven embedded Corinthian columns formed the N. side of a Trinplf of \tiinef erpcfed by 10 Boute 1. — Pflrtkns of tJie Argonauts. Sect. I. Agrippa, in the centre of the Porticiis of the Argonauts. They have sufterecl severely from the action of lire ; they are of white Carrara marble, 4i It. in diameter, and 42^ ft. high. On tlie 4th column from the 1., behind the lamps, may be seen a tiny figure of the Crucifixion. — L. The bases and capitals have almost disappeared, and very little of the ancient entablature has been preserved. Innocent XII. built a wall between the columns to form the front of his Custom-house, and completed the present entablature with plaster. In the interior are some remains of the vaulting, composed of enormous masses of stone, togetiier with frag- ments of the cella. The blocks of marble, forming the inner parts of the architrave and entablature, as seen from the court, are stupendous in size. Some ruins in the adjoining Falazzo Cini, consisting of a massive wall PORTICUS OF THE ARGONAUTS. of huge blocks of peperino, belong to the JPorticits of fho Afffouaut.t that surrounded the temple. This build- ing, one of tlie most celebrated in the Campus Martins, was raised by Agrippa B.C. 26, after his naval victories. It took its name from a painting representing the Argonauts, with which it was adorned. The Porticus and Temple having been much injured by fire (a.d. 80), were restored by Hadrian. In the middle ages their accumulated ruins en- cumbered the area to such an extent that the name of Piazza cli Pietra was given to the site. In the 16tli, and ]7th cent, many ancient marbles were removed from this place, among which were several pedestals, each with a figure representing a Pro- vince of the Eoman Empii'e scidptured in high relief. The jiedestals stood below the columns, and in the spaces corresponding to the intercolumnia- tions were other reliefs representing trophies of arms and Hags peculiar to each Province. A Corinthian capital in marble, excavated here in 1847, is piaji\a,itt.a The City, Boiite 2, — Monte Pincio. 11 now in the Lateran Museum. Pietro Sante Bartoli mentions liaving seen some of tliese pedestals in their ori- ginal position. Lanciani proves by measurements, and by the evidence of Palhidio and other architects, that there were 36 columns to the sides and back of the Temple. Admitting that the building was reduced to its pre- sent form by Hadrian, the number of 36 pedestals would correspond to that of the provinces of the Empire, to- wards the middle of the first cent. The porticus, or cloister around the sacred area of the temple, consisted of a wall of opus quadratum. 3 ft. thick, in peperino, of Avhich a part may be seen in the cellars of the Pnl. Cini; another crosses the Via dci Bergamaschi, and runs under the Fal. Grazioli, where it attains a height of 8 yds. The peristyle was magnifi- cent ; columns of giallo antico, of which fragments have been found, flanked the four entrances, the other columns being of white marble. In 1878, during the construction of a drain from the Piazza Colonna to the Pantheon, were found three more pedestals, about two yds. square, each bearing the allegorical figure of a Province and of three trophies. The masses laj"^ buried in the founda- tions of the ancient little Church of sion (jf St. Gregory the Great, by an unknown liand, witli view of the Mausoleum of Hatlrian in the time of Leo X., wlio is represented as St. Gregory. C)u the vault above, Prophets and Sibyls. Left transept, Assumption of the Virgin, by F. Ziicchero- paintings on the vault, by Fierino del Vaga and Sahiati. The transepts alone have preserved their original pointed archi- tecture. Handsome candelabra. tJth left, Christ of the Sacred Heart, Wise aud Foolish Virgins, and Prodi- gal Sou, by Seitz, a modern German artist. 5th, Noli me tangere, attri- buted to Giulio Ilomano or II Fattore. 3rd, Iinmaculate Conception, by Veil, with frescoes of tlie Annunciation and Salutation on the walls, and a monument to the Prince of Rohan, Card. Abp. of Besan9on (1838). 2ud, fresco of the * Descent from the Cross, the masterpiece of Daniele da Volterra, executed with the as- sistance of Michel Angelo, ' a grand irai)assi ined work of powerful action.' — K. In 1821 it was detached from the wall of the 3rd chapel on the 1., transferred to canvas, and removed into an excellent light. It has how- ever been much injured and over- restored. The grave of Claude Lor- rain was in front of this chapel before his remains were transferred to the Church of S. Luigi. In front of the Church is an Obelisk of red granite, with hieroglyphics, erected by Pius VI. in 1808. It is a bad Roman copy of that in the Piazza del Popolo, and formerly stood in the gardens of Sallust. The height of the shaft, without tlie base and orna- ments, is about 48 ft. Tills neighbourhood has always been a favourite residence of painters, several of whom, including Nicolaa Poussin, Claude Lorrain, and Salvatur Rosa, lived ch)se by ; but their houses have been rebuilt, and cannot now be identified with certainty. Close by, at No. (Jl in the Via Sistina, is the Casa Zuccheri. in which Maria Casimira, (^ueen of Poland, resided for some years. It was built by Taddeoand Federigo Zucchero for their private residence. A room on the ground-floor, adjoining the porter's lodge, was adorned by Federigo witli frescoes of War, jMusic, Medicine, Science, and Painting (25 c). The Scala della Trinit a celebrated 14 Monte 2.— Piazza di Spagna. Sect. I. flight of steps iu handsome traver- tine, descending from the Trinita de' Monti to the Piazza di Spagna, was begun in 1721, at the expense of the French Ambassador, Etienne Goulher (1G60), and finished iu 1725, from funds bequeathed by liim for that purpose. The steps are haunted by beggars and artists' models. On the L, at the foot of the steps, is the house of John Keats (1821), marked by an inscrij^tion. In front is tile Fontana della Barcaccia, iu the form of a boat, from whicij it derives its name. It was designed by Bernini, in commemoration of tlie great flood of 1598, during which a boat was left here by the retiring waters. It is curious rather than beautiful. The long and irregular Piazza di Spagna, which extends from the en- trance of the Via del Bahuino to the College of the Propaganda, is the centre of tlie English quarter in Rome, and contains two large hotels and many good shops. At the end of tlu; short Yicolo del Bottino is a lift, ascending to the Trinita dei Monti (10 c. up, 5 c. down). [From the N.W. end runs the Via del Bahuino,] leading to the Piazza del Popolo. In this street, 200 yds. on the 1., is the Church of S. Atanasio, foimded by Gregory XIII. in 1577 for the Greek College. At No. 8 iu the Via dei Greci is the Accademia di S. Cecilia (p. [60]). A few yds. further is the Gothic Church of All Saints, built for the English by G. E. Street, R.A., and opened on Easter Day, 1887. It stands on ground formerly occupied by the Augustinian Nunnery of GesiL e Maria, and was erected by public subscription, at a cost of 32,000/. The building is of red brick, and the interior is handsomely deco- rated with marble.] Near the S.E. end is the Column of + So called from a faun which stood over a fountain opposite the English Cliureh, uicls- named Babwu by the people. the Immaculate Conception, dis- covered in 1777 in digging foundations for the enlargement of a Convent atS. M. in Campo Marzio, and erected here in 1857. It is 42 ft. high, by 4f ft. in diameter — one of the largest known masses of Carystian marble. It is sur- mounted by a colossal bronze statue of the Virgin, in commemoration of the publication by Pius IX., in 1854, of the Bull establishing the dogma of the Immaculate Couception. Round the base are statues of Moses, David, Isaiah, and Ezekiel, with indifterent reliefs ; that looking towards the Pro- paganda, and representing the cere- mony in St. Peter's on the occasion, contains several portraits of Cardinals. The bronze ornamentation, extending a third of the way up the column, was placed to strengthen the shaft, which had sustained some injury iu ancient times, and probably for that reason had been abandoned. AV. of the Column stands the Pal. di Spagna, or residence of the Spanish ambassador, from which the Piazza takes its name. Opposite, under the hill, is the small I'iuzza Mignanelli, with the Lecture rooms of the Propa- ganda. From the corner of it, a flight of btei^s ascends to the Trinita dei Monti. Close by is the official residence of the Congregation De Propaganda Fide, with the College of the same name. The Congregation, composed of Car- dinals, was instituted by Gregory XV. in 1(322 for the government of Catholic missions thruughout the world. It is presided over by a Cardinal as General Prefect, while another Cardinal manages the financial department under the title of Prefect of tlie Ad- ministration. Two prelates act as secretaries, one for the missions of the Latin Rite, another for those of the Oriental. These are assisted by five minutanti, or departmental secretaries, and a largo number of clerks and other ofiicials, besides a body of Cou- sultors composed of Prelates, Canon- ists, and Tlieologians. The ixflairs of The CiTV. Houte 2. — S. Andrea delle Fratie. 15 the Boman Catholic Church in Great Britain and Ireland are entirely manai^ed liy the Propigauda. Tlie College {Collcciio Urhano) was erected in l(j27 by Urban VIII. for the purpose of educating as mission- aries, entirely free of charge, young foreigneis from intidel or heretical countries, who might afterwards re- turn and spread the Ivoman Catliolic faith among their countrymen. Tliere are about 20 professors and upwards of 150 students. The Chapel is ap- propriately dedicated tu the Three Kings. The building contains a Library of upwards of oO,000 volumes, chiefly works on divinity and canon law. The celebrated Pkinting-offick of the Propaganda is rich in Oriental types, and has produced many works of great typographical beauty. It lias been recently furnished with the most improved printing apparatus. There is a shop in the Via di Pro- paganda where all the works published by the institution can be seen and purchased. The MusEO Borgia, bequeathed to the institution by the Cardinal of that name, who was prefect of the Pro- paganda in the last century, has been re-arranged with additions, ou the secDnd tloor, over the entrance from the Piazza di Spagna. It is chiefly interesting for its collection of Uri- ental MSS. It contains also the cele- brated Codex Mexicanus, published in Lord Kingsborough's magniiicent work : an illuminated Church Service on vellum, of the time of Alexander VI., with a portrait of the Pope ; a Church Service, prepared on the occasion of the coronation of Charles V. at Bologna by Clement VII., with a ^minting of tlie ceremony, and jjortraits of several of the personages present at it; and a precious relic of Rapliael — a letter to his uncle Simone di Ciarla, written from Florence on the 21st April, 1507, and signed ' Vostro llaphaello, Depintore di Fiorenzu.' It has been published in Bottari's edit, of Vasari (17y2). There are several curiosities sent by missionaries from different parts of the world. The Museum is open to the public on Mon., Thurs., and Sat. before 12 o'clock. Tlie Accademia Ai-cheologica, a Pontifical institution of learned men devoted to anticjuarian researches and publications, liolds its sittings occa- sionally in the College of the Propa- ganda. Tiie Via di Propaganda, passing the College on the left, soon leads to the Church of S. Andrea delle Fratte, which be- longed to the Scottish Catholics before the Reformation, and is now served by Minims. It was restored at the end of the IGth cent. The cupola and heavy tower are by Borrominl. The front is by Valudier (1825), and was erected at the expense of Card. Consalvi, wlio bequeathed for this and other works, including the erection in St. Peter's of a monument to his benefactor, Pius VII., the pro- ceeds of his valuable collection of snuti'-boxes, one of which, presented to him at the Concordat of 1801, was worth yo,000 fr. 2nd rt., tomb of Miss Falconnet (1850), a young English lady, with a beautiful recumbent figure, by the American artist, Miss Hossmer. With- in the side doorway leading into the cloister is the tomb of Lorenzo, prince of Morocco (1739), who having been condemned to death for an at- tempt to seize the kingdom, fled to Spain and thence to Rome, and was baptized in 1733. On the last pillar is the tomb of the Prussian sculptor Rudolph Schadow (1822), by his countryman WolJ'. In the side door- way on the 1. is the tomb of Angelica Kaufl'mann (1807). In the 2ud cliapel are picturi s representing the niira- onlous appearance of the Virgin, in 1812, to a French Jew named Alphonse Ratisbonne, who was wan- dering about the church. From the front of the Church the Via di Merceda leads direct to the Post Office and the Corso. At No. 11 on the rt. Sir Walter Scott resided for some time in 1832. 16 Moiite 2. — Mii8eo AHistico Induct rude: 8cct; AsccntKug E. we now reach the Church of S. Giuseppe a Capo le Case, so called because at the time of its erection it overtopped all the houses in the vicinity. It was built in 1590 by a Spanish Oratorian for the bare-footed Carmelite Nuns, and restored by Card. Lante in 1028. Adjoining it is the Museo Artistico Indilstriale (Adm., see p. [30]), attached to an industrial art drawing school, for modelling in wax, and working in enamel and lac- quer, from antique patterns. Instruc- tion is also given in decorative paint- ing, and there is a separate section for females. Entrance Hall. — Interesting he- raldic shields, mosaic scraps, and architectural fragments. Court (on the 1.). — Arms of Pius IV., from the Porta Pia. Relief of a Professor and four pupils, from S. M. Maggiore. Ascending the stairs, on the rt. is a Collection of Cads. On the 1., beyond a class-room for students, is the Lecture Room, where are four re- liefs of St. Jerome, in wliite marble, from the Chapel of the Pal. Strozzi, each on two pilasters from the Ara Coeli. Six large discs of coloured majolica, representing the arms of the Medici. Returning to the head of the stair- case, a few steps ascend to the Library, containing 1500 vols., in- cluding many important monographs, chiefly on art. Another staircase now leads up to the Gallery of Stuffs, containing Coptic vestments, an embroidered mantle of Arabo-Sicilian work, and velvets from Florence, Genoa, and Venice. At riglit angles runs the Gallery of Majolica.— Case I. Tanagra statuette of a gii'l at a foun- tain ; above it, a curious vase, black and wliite, with Greek name. Two- handled vase, black and red. Case III. Bine plate, by Giorgio da Urhino, given by the King. Crockery from Forli, Castel Durante, Faenza, and Capodi- monte. Terra-cotta model of tlie Thorn Boy, given by Augusto Onstol- lani. Over the door, garland ot Robbia ware. Descending, and passing the Lib- rary door, we cross a terrace to a suite of small rooms. I. Two precious ivory marriage caskets. Glass from Murano. Enamel given by Prince Odescalchi. Up the steps, on the rt., II. Carved Spanish wooden writing desk ; opposite, Marriage chest. In a case, two candlesticks — all gilded. III. Models of church plate and book-covers, given by Aless. Castel- lani. IV. Interesting series of locks and keys, collected by Count Pace. V. Pikes and spears. In a central case, bronze morter, worked by Alfonso Alberghetti {1527). Above it, Bronze Chameleon— Lombard work of the 9th cent., given by Mario di Candia. Bronze inkstands, collected by Au- gusto Castellani. In the next case, Gothic incense-bowl, in gilded metal. In a case by the door, a curious dagger. Upper Floor (to the I.) : — I. Mddern majolica, from Siam and other countries. Indian platters and vases, collected by William Lambe. Enamels. Illuminated miniature, on parchment, given by the city of Milan to Rome, in commemoration of the events of 1870. II. Candlestick carved out of a trunk of lime-wood, with birds and foliage. Models of profile heads, in wax, by Carl Fred. Voigt. III. Murano glass. Descending the Via di S. Giuseppe, and crossing the end of the Via dei Due Macelli, we now enter the busy Via del Tritone. [Immediately on the 1.. the Via Gallinaccio leads to 8. Niccolo degli Arcioni,! given by Benedict XIII. to the Servites, but now belonging to a Confraternity. Festa, Jan. 1st. Op- posite is the house of Aless. Verri (1816). Hence the Via Rasella -f- So named from the arches of the Aqua Virgo, which ran close by. The Ciiy. Boute 2.—Fonfnna di Trevi. 17 ascends to the Fal. Harherini. 20.)] (Rte. The Via del Tritoiic forms part of ' the main thorough tare betwetn tiie heart of the city and the Rly. Stat. A few yards on the 1., above its junction with tlie Via S. Giuseppe, is the little Cliurch of S. M. di Costantinopoli (or S. M. deir Itria), belonging to the Sicilians (1594), with a modern paint- ing of S. Rosalia, of Palermo, on the rt. It contains an imngf of the Virgin, said to have been miraculously trans- ported from Constantinople. Descending the street, on the 1. is tlie little Church of SS. Angeli Cus- todi, which belongs to a Confratoraity. Festu, 2nd Oct. Behind the Chureli, at No. 22, Via del Marouiti, is the Folish College. A narrow street nearly opposite leads to theColiegio Nazareno, founded in 16(J2 by Card, 'i'onti as a Boys' School under the direction of the Padri Scolopi. It was so called be- cause its founder was titular Abp. of Nazareth. On the other side of the street is a part of the ancient Aque- duct of the Acqua Vergine. It con- sists of the ancient specus, witii a well-preserved entablature of traver- tine: on both sides of it an inscription in fine letters commemorates the restoration of this part of the aque- duct by Claudius, in a.u. .'i2, after it had been damaged by Caligula, perhaps in the construction of his wooden amphitheatre. Tlie peperino piers and arches are half buried, but it is probable that an ancient street passed through the opening below the inscription. Eeturuing to the Via del Tritone, ^ we follow the Via della Stumjieria S.W., passing on the rt. the office of the Minister of Agriculture and Com- merce, and further on tlie Engraving Institute {C(dcograJia Cumerale), established iu a Palazzo once btlong- ing to the Doria family. There are for sale at moderate prices (Govern- ment tarift*) the best-known engrav- ings of the Italian School, by Piranesi, Calamafta, and Troiani. At the end of the street is the [liome.'] *Fontana di Trevi, the largest and most celebrated of the modern foun- tains in Rome, erected by Clement XII. in 1735, from the designs of Niccolo Sidvi, with blocks of marble taken from the tomb of Caecilia Me- tella. The water is made to fall over artificial rocks ; above which, iu a large niche in the centre of the facade, is a colossal figure of Neptune. It was scarcely to be expected that the very c^uestionable taste of this design wouhl escape the criticism of For- syth. Ht! calls it ' another pompous contusion of faLde and fact, gods and eililcs, aqueducts and sea-monstera ; but the rock-work is grand, propor- tioned to the stream of water, and a fit basement for such ari-hiteeture as a Castel d' Acqua required, not for the frittered Corinthian which we find there.' The figures are by Pietro Bracci. Beside the niche are two reliefs — one representing Marcus Agrippa, who brought the Aqua Virgo into Rome ; the other, the young virgin who pointed out the springs to the soldiers of Agripjia. The fountain forms a front to the offices of the Procuratore Genende on the 1., and to the :Scda Dante on the rt. Tlie Aqua Virgo was constructed by Agrippa, B.C. 19, chiefly to supply his Thermae. It derives its name from the tradition that its source was pointed out by a young girl to some soldiers. The sources may be seen at Salone on the Via Collatiua(Rte. 44). Its course is subterranean, with the exception of about 1240 yds., of which 700 are on arches. It was restored by Nicholas V., under the name of Acqua Vergine, and furnishes 4,700,000 cub. ft. of water every 24 lirs. by means of 50 public fountain.s, 13 large and 37 small. In 1881, in digging for the foundations of the Palace of the Fine Arts in the Via Nazionale, a monumental marble slab was found, recording a general resto- ration of this Aqueduct, from its sources, by Constantino the Great. Other remains bave lately been found (and preserved) under the courtyard of the Palazzo Sciarra. 18 Route 3. — North American College. Sect. I. Opposite the Fountain is the Church of SS. Vincenzo ed Anastasio, granted by Clement IX. to the Regular Minors, and rebuilt in 1600, from the poor de- signs of the younger Lunghi. It was afterwards embellished by Card. Ma- zarin,t who placed tlie head of Maria Mancini, liis niece, on the front above the door. Near the high altir are in- scriptions relating to the remains of Popes from Sixtus V. to Gregory XYI., whose praecordia are preserved in a subterranean Chapel, the building having formerly served as the Parish Church of the Quiriual. Festa, 22nd Jan. From the opposite corner of the Piazzetta we reach the Church of S. Maria in Trivio ( Trevi) or dei Crociferi, founded ])y Belisarius, as we are told by an inscription on the side wall to- wards the Via de' Poll, in expiation of his sin in having deposed Pope Silve- rius in a.d. 537 to please the Empress Theodora. It derives its popular name from the Order of the Crociferi, to whom it was presented by Gregory XIII. in 1573. The Church now belongs to a Confraternity. It was rebuilt by Alexander VII., from the designs of Giacomo del Duca. f Born in Italy ; succeeded Richelieu as minister in 1642, and retained office until bis ueath (1602-623. EOUTE 3. FROJI THE FOITNTAIN OF TREVI TO THE PALAZZO DORIA, BY THE AMERICAN COLLEGE, THE PALAZZO SCIARRA, S. IGNAZtO, AND THE COLLEGIO ROMANO. Passing on the 1. the Church of SS. Vincenzo ed Anastasio, and crossing the street which leads up to the steps at the foot of the Quirinal, we soon reach on the left the Church of S. Croce dei lucchesi, or SS. Croce e Bonai-entura. At the high altar is a copy in fresco of the famous Volto SaSto preserved at Lucca. The 1st Chapel rt. is dedicated to S. Zita, the popular Saint of Lucca, patroness of Servant-maids. Festa, 3 May and 14: Sept. This church, formerly called S. NiccoJb in Foroilibus, is said to mark the site of the pig-market, or Forum Suarium, of ancient Rome. Returning a few yards, and turning W. into the Via dell' Umilta, we pass at No. 30, on the 1., the North American College, founded by Pius IX. in 1859, for the education of American clerics for the Roman Catholic Cliurch in the United States. The number of students is about 70. The building was originally the palace of Donna Francesca Baglioni Orsini, who, after the death of her husband, converted her home into a Dominican Convent, and passed the remainder of her days there as a nun. It afterwards belonged to the Nuns of the Visitation, now removed to the Villa Mills on the Palatine. In adapt- ing it to the new use, remains of the Barracks of the first Cohors of the Vigiles were discovered. In the inner chapel of the College Pius IX. beatified Margaret Mary Alacoque, Visitation Nun of the Convent of Paray-le-Monial, on Aug. 23, 1846. The College enjoys the rank of Pon- i ifliuxSl, // X ■ ' J" S.WeJier The City. Route 3. — Palazzo Sciarra Colonna. 19 tifical, auil, for all practical purposes, occupies the place of an embassy to the Vatican for Americans visiting Rome. Adjoining tlie College, and belong- ing to it, is the little Church of S. M. dell' TTmilta, with a facade by Carh Fontuna. The marble group of St. Francis, with an angel, at the 2nd altar on the left, is by Francesco Ma- ratta. Service, witii Gregoriau chant- ing, on Sun. and holy days, at 10 a.m. Nearly opposite are the Fal. Macai- rani, and tlie Church of S. M. delle Vergini (1(304), formerly attached to an Augustiuian Nunnery. Descending the same street by tlie Oratorio del Crociflsso, and turning to the rt. in the Corso, we reach the Palazzo Sciarra Colonna, built in 1603, witli a doorway attributed to Vignola. Its femous gallery of pic- tures, and its collection of bronzes, marbles, and rare books, have been sold and dispersed by the present Prince, for which breach of the law he was fiucd 1,250,000 fr. The arcades of the Aqua Virgo cross the courtyard of the palace diagonally, and five of them, in tufa with keys of travertine, can be seen in the cellars. The same acqueduct crossed the Via Flamiuia (Corso), opposite the gate of this pa- lace, over a beautiful t >- Case II. — Small terra-cotta ex- voto figures. III. — Silver itinerary cups found at Vicarello, near the lake of Brac- ciano, among the ruins of the an- cient thermae, known by the Eomaus as tile Aquae ApoUinares ; these vases liave engraved upon them itineraries from Cadiz to Rome. They date from the times of Augustus, Vespasian, and Nerva ; as those of the two last reigns contain stations established in the interval, and not enumerated in the list of those of Augustus. Below are some leaden pa^jes of a Book inscribed with mystic symbols of the 2ud cent. Antique Roman coins, including the aes rude, consisting of rough pieces of bronze with tin alloy, and aes signatum, found at Vicarello in 1852, and deposited here by the Jesuit Father Marchi — ' the finest numis- matic group in existence with refer- ence to the origin of Roman and Italian coins.' — L. IV. — Dice and other objects in ivory, bone, ancient glass and terra- cotta. Bronze implements in great variety. V. VI. — Earthenware lamps. VII. VIII. — Portions of leaden water-pipes with inscriptions on them to regulate the distribution of water, from the aqueduct reservoirs, to jmblic establishments or private houses, ac- cording to contract. Leaden mi,ssiles, some with inscriptionsreferring to the social war in Piceuum (90 B.C.), or the siege of Perugia by 0;;tavianu3 (40 B c). Some are counterfeit. VIII. — Iron ring for a fugitive slavo or animal with a bronze label sus- pended from it, bearing the inscrip- tion : • I have run away ; catch me, .nnd restore me to my master, who will reward you with a solidus.' On the wall, part of a modern copy in terra-cotta from a group of deities in the east frieze of the Parthenon. 22 Boute 3. — EthnograpMcal Museum. Sect. I. IX. — Earthenware lamps. X. — Etruscan and other painted vases, affording goud examples of dif- ferent forms and styles of ancient decoration. At the end of the corridor are some reliefs and statuettes. On the 1. is a Small Eoom containing Greek and Latin inscriptions, chiefly slabs from Boman cemeteries, belonging to the first ages of Christianity. They bear tlie usual Christian symbols, and in some instances the Pagan formula, D.M. (Diis Manibus). In the centre (125), rudely scratched on a portion of wall-ceiuent found in the Damns Gelotiana (Kte. 9), is the outline of a man adoring a crucified figure hav- ing the head of an ass. The name AAEHAMEN02 (Alexamenos) is in- scribed beside tlie adorante. The words 2EBETE 0EON are generally read as following on after Alexame- nos, in whicli case 2EBETE is a late form of 2EBETAI. It appears that among the Gnostics (about 300 a.d.) was a sect which worshipped the Egyptian god 8eth, recognis ible by his ass's head. Figures of this god are to be seen on certain inscribed tablets which have survived from this sect ; these figures resemble the Alexamenos. It has been recently argued that the graffito was not in- tended for ridicule, but is merely a proof that Alexamenos belonged to this sect.f 126 Broken vase of bigio marble of fine form and work in relief — Madonna and Child, with the faithful adoring. 77 Fronts of sarcophagi in relief from a Jewish cemetery, probably of the 3rd cent. 78, 79 These belonged to one sar- cophagus, representing our Lord's miracles. Remains of colour and gilding may be traced. In a case on the rt., small hunb, of bronze, with a cross on the head — a symbol used in f Wiinsch, Sethianische Verfluchuiigs Taf'eln, p. 112. See also Kraus, Das Spott- cruoitix vom Falatin. Freiburg in Breisgau, 1872, Becker, Das Sputtcrucifix d. riiin. Kuise-palaste. Breslau, lsB6. Uarrucci, Civiltil Cattolica, 1«57. C. L. Visconti, Giornale Avcatl., vol. l.xii. the earliest times, before Christ was represented on the cross. Bronze cru • cifix, once gilt; the feet rest without nails on a pediment. * Bronze lamp, with handle formed by a giitfin's head. Above, figure of Christ on blue enamelled metal, in pure Byzantine style, found near S. Calisto. Adjacent, figures and arcades of enamelled metal in Lombard style. Curious reliefs and carvings in ivory. The terra-cotta lamps in the next case are distinguished from the an- cient Roman ones by ruder form and the Christian monogram, fish, dove, and palm-leaf. On the walls, figures of the Good Shepherd and other emblems. We now enter the Ethnographical Museum, arranged in the three remaining corridors which surround the Court of the Col- legio Romano. It consi.-^ts mainly of the native costumes of various coun- tries, their domestic articles and war implements, and specimens of their industries. In tlie first Corridor are objects from the Arctic Regions. There are some curious drawings of animals in the 2nd case on the 1. marked Ciutkci. In the window cases are some other grotesque specimens of art. Further on to the rt., an Esqimaux Caiak (canoe). At the end on the rt. are three parallel corridors. The first com- prises five small rooms devoted to objects from the South Sea Islands. The central one contains boats and fishing nets from Paraguay, Borneo, &c. ; and (at the end) an embroidered mantle from Mexico, belonging to a General of the time of Fernando Cortez (1519). In the third or out- side Corridor is an interesting and attractive collection from South Africa, the African lakes, and Abys- sinia. Beyond this corridor, in the 2nd division on the 1., some rich pre- sents from African chiefs to the King and Queen of Italj'. Then a long line of compartments devoted to ob- jects from Japan, Burma, China, and India. The City. JRoute 3. — Prehistoric Museum. 23 Half way clown begins the Pke- HiSTOUic Museum, forming a jn-olou- gation of the same Corridor. Three coiiipaitmeiits, illustrative of tlie Stone Age, Imi)lements, pottery, &c., found in lake (hvelliiig.s (Palalitte) from Emilia, tiie district of Parma, Garda, Bienne, Neuehatel, and Robenhausen. In the second central case, tomb con- taining a human skeleton lying partly covered by the soil in which it was originally found at Kemedello di Sotto, Brescia. Foi- the purpose of indicating the period of its interment, a bronze spearhead and Hint arrow- head are left m situ, showing it to date from the transition epoch be- tween tlie Stone and Bronze ages. Further on is another tomb of very primeval character found at Fouta- nella. Then follow some rooms devoted to the tirst age of Iron, with a good selection of specimens from various parts of Italy (Como, Padua, Siena, and Eome), and anotlier tomb, found near Pesaro, resembling tliose re- cently discovered in the pre-historic necropolis on the Esquiline The last compartment contains the *Treasure of Praeneste, a collec- tion of objects in gold, silver-gilt, si Ivor, ivory, glass, amber, bronze and iron found, in 1876, by peasants in a plot of ground which tliey had purchased near tlie Ciiurcli of S. Ivocco in Palestrina. The tomb in which they had been de- posited was 5J yds. long and 3J wide. The walls, built of irregidar stones, without any cement or plastering, do not show a trace of decoration. The ceiling appears to have given way, very likely when the Roman town was built ; the falling stones and rubbish broke the funeral suppdlex into pieces, so that its reconstruction required much patience and skill. To a large extent these objects are the work of Phoenician or Cartiiaginian industry about the 7th cent, e.g., at which time there existed a commercial treaty be- tween the Carthaginians and the Latins. Of distinctly Phoenician workmanship is the silver ptitera ("^6), with design of figures in Nile boats, and in the centre an Egyptian king slaying his enemies. Tiiis vase is in- scribed with hieroglyphics and Phoe- nician characters. 25 Silver patera, with Phoenician designs incised and slightly beaten up. 24 Gold vase of Phoenician design, as is also tlie round cauldron-shaped vase (lebes) with serpents' heads round the rim, which is of silver gilt. 20 Gold vase with two sphinxes above each handle. Tliis may be of native Latin or Etruscan work, as the Etruscans seem to have very early excelled in working in gold with minute globules (granaglie), which they soldered down into pat- terns. Of this nature also are 1, 5, 4 5, and 6. 1 — Clasp or ornament of some kind, made of a rectangular \noce of solid gold 8 in. long and 4 wide. The borders and the central line are orna- mented with bauds, worked in wavy lines, ending with lions' heads. On the flat surface stand, or crouch, one hundred and thirty-one animals, such as lions, sphinxes, and sirens. 2 — Fibula of gold, nearly 5 in. long, not different from the Etrusco-Roman shape. 3 — Part of a gold fringe (^fimbria), ornamented with birds and lions. 4-6 — Three cylinders of bronze, lined with woocl, and covered with plates of gold, probably to contain hair- pins. 27 — Iron dagger, with amber handle, twined with gold threads. 28 — Iron sword with ivory handle. 45-49 — Series of ivories with de- signs in relief — Phoenician workman- ship. 56-59 — Fragments of amber orna- ments. 72 (On the upper shelf)— Tripod of bronze and iron, with three human figures and three animals. 81 — Large case of a bronze pedestal, conical in form. 75 (lower shelf) — Broken pieces of a large caldron in hammered bronze, with handles of griffin's heads. The remaining rooms contain Hint im]ilement6 and other antiquities from South American Republics, France, Germany, Hungary, and Britain, with 24 Route 3. — S. Marcello. Sect. I. a fiue collection of Peruvian vases, stufts, baskets, and bronzes. Just before regaining tlie entrance-wicket are models of a Sardinian Nuraga and of menhirs and dolmens from South Italy. The Observatory was for many years directed by the learned Father Secchi, one of the first astronomers of his day. The entrance is at 7, Via del Oaravita. It is furnished with all the latest astronomical instruments, some of which were presented by a Jesuit. Pius IX. contributed most liberally to the requirements of the Observatory. Tlie apparatus for registering tlie atmospheric pressure, and all other meterological phenomena, invented by the late director, was exhibited in Paris in 1867, and gained the grand gold prize medal, with a premium of 6000 fr. Attached to the establishment is a good Astronomical Library and a Magnetic Observatory, well supplied with English instruments. The great Equatorial of Merz stands on a pede- stal or buttress built of stimes from the walls of Servius TuUius on the Aventine. Standing back from the Corso, a few yds. E. of the entrance to the Museum, is the popular Church of S. Marcello, mentioned as far back as 499, and .stud to have been founfled in 305 by S. Lucina, a Roman matron, on the site of her own house. In this connection it is curious that there should be preserved on the left of the entrance a miraculous Madomia del Parto (surmounting a tomb). Gre- gory XI. gave it to the Servites in 1373, wlio rebuilt it in 1519 from the designs of Giac. Sansovino. The poor fa9ade was added by Carlo Fon- tanel in the last cent. The interior was restored in 1867, from the designs of Vespignani. In the 3rd cliapel rt. is the tomb uf Card. Weld (1837), who was titular of S. Marcello. The 4th has fine paintings on the roof by Pie- rino del Vaga ; in the centre the Creation of Eve, and on the 1. St. Mark and St. John. SS. Matthew and Luke are by l)anieU da Volterra; the Cross borne by angels, over the altar, was painted by Luigi Garzi from P. del Vaga's designs. In this chapel is the tomb of Card. Ercole Consalvi, minister of Pius VII., one of the most enlightened statesmen of Italy (1824), and of his brother Andrea (1807). Opposite, unfinished recum- bent effigy of Bp. Matteo Griffi (1 568). 4th 1., Conversion of St. Paul, by Fede- rigo Zurchero ; frescoes on the walls by his brother Taddeo. The six busts and mural inscriptions belong to mem- bers of the family of Frungipani. To the' 1. of the door. Tomb of Card. Michieli (IHth cent.). Adjoining this Church was the Cfifabiilinn, a large central convey- ance office for parcels and travellers. Maxentius forced St. Marcellus, while Pope, to groom hoi'ses in its capacious stables; during which servitude he died, and was buried by Lucina in the cemetery of S. Priscilla. Remains of the building have been found under and near the Oratorio del Crocijisso. Lower down the Corso on the rt. is the Church of S. M. in Via Lata, built on the re- mains of the Septa Julia (see below), where once, according to tradition, stood St. Paul's ' own hired house.' The Churcli was founded by Sergius I. in the 8th cent, rebuilt in 1485, and restored in 1662. when the tHSteful and eftective *front was added by Pietro da Cortona, who considered it his masterpiece in architecture. The interior is the woik of Cosimo da Bergamo, who barbarously cased the Ionic cipoUino columns of the nave with Sicilian jasper. At the end of the rt. aisle are the tombs of J. G. Drouais, the French painter (1788), and of the learned E. Do.hvell (1832). In the 1. aisle the poet Ant. Tebaldeo (1537), Princess Zenaide Bonaparte (1854), daughter of Joseph King of Spain, and wife of Prince Charles L. Bonaparte, Prince of Canino. The bust is i)y Tenerani. Opposite is a monument to Prince Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, her eldest son (1865). At TiiK Cn V. lioute 3. — Palazzo Doria. 25 Centuriata. It was divided into seven alleys l)y rows of pillars, sumptuously decorated with marbles and statues, and named in honour of the deified Julius Caesar. More extensive re- mains exist beneath the Pal. Doria. the end of each aisle is a good piece of Cosmatesque pavement. At the high altar is a much venerated Madonna. In the Crypt, supposed to liave formed part of the St. Paul's house, arc some very interesting reliefs, together with a spring of water, which according to the legend sprang up miraculousl)', to enable the apostle to baptize his disciples. It is entered by a double staircase from the Portico, or through the Sacristy. At tlie end of the Crypt are some remains of tlie iS<'/>fff ./«/»■«, a corridor 320 yds. long, ir a.i^a.iji^\j ^.u^vx^. — x ma iLuuiouoc built by Agrippa for tlie Comitia edifice, the most miigniticent perhaps The ArcHs Novus, a triumphal Arch, which formerly spanned the Via Flaminia at this point, was demo- lislied by Inn. VIII. during his resto- ration of tlie Church in 1485. PALAZZO DORIA. —This immense rlifinp f.ho Tiinst^, insio-nifir'P'n I I„" I M^ch' PLAN OF THE PALAZZO DORIA. of all the Roman palaces, owes its origin to Card. Niccoio Acciapacci, Abp. of Capua (148.5), and became later the property of the Dukes of Urbino, and of Card. Fazio Santorio. Under the Pontificate of Sixtus V. it was inhabited by Count Olivares, the ' terrible ' Ambassador of Spain. Having become the property of the Doria-Pamphili it was reconstructed by tiieiii fnim the foundations Tiie side facing the Corso, frittered away into contusing details, is bv Vdlvnsori (1G90); that towar.ls the CoUigio Romano by Vidro da Curfona, the vestibule being added by Borromini. The whole mass of buildings, covering iKMrly 1G,U00 sq. yds., rests on the remains of the I'orticus Sejyforum of the time of Agrippa. On the 1st floor is the *Gallery (Adm., p. [36]). Entrance from the back, in the corner of the I'iazza del CoUegio Romano. From the Ante-room we enter a quadrangular corridor, and turn to the rt. On the rt. wall — 439 Rahens : Lady, holding gloves in her left hand. Opposite, 4.')f) Bamiti: St. Sebastian. 43tJ Brucghd : Garden of Eden. 434 Correggio: Virtue crowned hj Fame (glazed). ' Unpleusing boy in the foreground to the riglit ; girl in the foreground to the left. French, latter lialfof 17th cent.'— .l/". 26 Boute 3. — Palazzo Doria. Sect. I. 4B3 Giorgione: Old Copy of the Concert (Pitti). 427, 428 Sienese School: Nativity and Marriage of the Virgin. 429 Brueghel : Creation of Eve. 430 Garofalo : Nativity, with SS. Francis and Mary Magdalen. 424 Brueghel : Creation of Fishes. 418 Bonifazio Veronese : Holy Fa- mily, with two Female Martyrs. ' Most attractive, but ruined by some ignorant picture-cleaner.' — M. 414 Titian: *Daughterofnerodins. 'Very beautiful, but over-cleaned; an early work.' — K. 410 Young refined woman, in red velvet. ' Feeble Flemish imitation of Leonardo da Vinci.'' — M. Supposed to represent Juiina of Aragon, of whom there is a porU'uit by Raphael in the Louvre. 408 Buhens : His own Confessor (a friar) ; ' genuine and early, unusually warm in the flesh tints, with a pecu- liar cross and disdainful expression.' —Cic. 403 Brueghel: Earth. 404 Paris Bordone: 'Male portrait, witli a sprig of laurel, though his appearance is the very reverse of poetical.' — M. 402 Lievens : Sacrifice of Isaac. 396 Brueghel: Air. 395 Caravaggio : ' A pretty girl, sitting sorrowfully by some scattered jewels.' — K. 387 Quinten Matsys : Two Money Changers. 389 Memling : ""Entombment with portraits of donors. 388 Lor. Lotto : *St. Jerome, in prayer. .390 G. B. Moroni : Man holding a large book. 385 G. A. Pordenone : Young man holding a roll of papers. 383 Dosso Dossi : Expulsion of the Money-changers. From the end of the first corridor a few steps descend to a large hall, con- taining good S'lulptures and some in- diiferuut landscapes. On the rt., part of the table of a Triclinium with handsome arabesques. Tliree Sarco- phagi, with procession of Bacchus, tlie hunt of Meleager, and the history of Marsyas. Archaic statue of a bearded Dionysus on a round altar with reliefs. Fragment of a Chimaera, found in the ruins of Lorium. Sarco- phagus, with reliefs of Diana and En- dymion. In the middle of the room, Centaur in rosso and nero antico, dis- covered in the ruins of Pompey's Villa at Albano (now the Villa Doria). Re- turning to the corridor, on the rt. — 375, 376 EondiiielU: Virgin and Child. 304 Giulio Bomano : Copy of Raphael's ' Madonna del Passeggio.' 294 Paris Bordone : *Mars, Venus, and Cnpid ; ' a fine decorative pic- ture, splendidly coloured.' — M. Oppo- site, 311 Mantegna: Christ bearing the Cross; 'by a Flemisii artist working upon an Italian original.' — M. 295 G. Poussin : Copy of the Nozze Aldobrandini (p. 291). 293 Andrea del Sarto : Virgin and Children, signed with monogram. 'Probably by a German painter, who copied St. John with his fur-trimmed mantle from Diirer.' — M. 286 Brueghel: Creation of Animals. 292 Saracen i: Repose on the Flight. 278 Garofalo: Visitation; 'early and beautiful.' — Cic. 273 Claude Lorrain : ""Landscape, introducing the Flight into Egypt. 268 Mercury driving away the cattle of Apollo. 265 Male portrait. Opposite, 326 Giov. Bellini: Circumcision. ' A copy.' — M. 254 Garofalo : Holy Family in the clouds, with SS. Francis and Ber- nardino below. 253 Annibale Caracci: St. Mary Magdalen, in a landscape. We now enter a series of small rooms. Immediately on the 1. — 122, 123 Garofalo : Holy Family (small). In the last room on the rt.— 228 Salvator Eosa : Belisarius. The City, Boute 4.— Palazzo Doria. 27 The next corridor contains a few statues. In the middle, on the rt. — 121 Maz-Mlino : Massacre of the Innocents. At the end is a small Cabinet, ■with some of the best portraits in Rome. 119 VanJycl: : *Portraitofa Widow. IIG Bonifazio Veronese: Young Man in a black cap (profile). Of gi-eat charm for its grace and sim- plicity, but almost entirely destroyed by cleaning. 115 Baroccio: Head of S. Filippo Neri, as a child. 114 Titian: ' Old Man with a white beard, his right hand resting on a table, whereon are a white rose and some jewels ; interesting and tlmught- fuUy conceived ; not genuine.' — M. 113 Velasquez: *Innocent X., founder of the Panfili family. ' With the exception of a few of Eeml^randt'a finest likenesses, this painting sur- l)asses all other portraits of the 17th cent.'— 11. 112 Bapliael: *Andrea Navagero (1528) and Agostino Beazzano (1539), to Venetian Scholars — half length semi-colossal figures in black ; gene- rally known as the two lawyers, Baldo and Bartolo. In the last corridor, 88 Dosso Dossi : Portrait of Catha- rine, mother of Caesar and Lucrezia Borgia, holding a helmet. 85 Claude Lorrain: Small land- scape with Diana hunting. Opposite, 9-1 Garo/alo: Marriage of St. Catha- rine. 81 Tenters : *Village Feast. 79 Claude Lorraiu : *Landscape with a Temple of Apollo. 78 Modaerl : Girl reading. 55-58 Ann. Caracci: Lunettes of the Nativity, Flight into Egypt, En- tombment, and Assumption. 68 Claude Lorrain : *Landscape with a Mill. 65, 6G Holbein: Male and Female Portraits, ' unattractive and not genu- ine.' — M. The man holds a carnation and purse ; both are dated 1545. 453 Mfinteqna : Temptation of St. Anthony. ' Clever and characteristic work of the Veronese School.' — ..1/. Some of the most valuable sculp- tures, and a f(?w interesting pictures, have been withdrawn from the public gallery, and are now invisible. Among the 2)aintiugs are — PeselUno: Pope Sylvester before Coustantine. — The Saint binding a dragon to render it harmless. ' Two small panels of his later period.' — M. Pisanello : Nativity of the Virgin. — Marriage of the Vii'gin, ' probably by Bartolo di Maestro Fredi.' — M. Bomanino : Madonna; 'large, wants cleaning.' — M. Sehastiano del Pionibo : ^Portrait of Andrea Duria, with naval emblems. ' No higher specimen can be seen of the union of grand conception, draw- ing, and powers of hand.' — K. Spani.'^h School : *Portrait of a Boy. Guercino : Martyrdom of St. Agnes. Lorenzo Lotto : ' Portrait of a man pressing his hand to his heart. Near him, on a column, is a relief of Cupid, standing upon scales.' — M. Bronzino : * Gianuettiuo Doria. ' One of his best portraits.' — M. KOUTE 4. FKOM THE PALAZZO DORIA TO THE ABA COELI, BY THE CHUKCH OF THE APOSTOLI, THE PIAZZA DI VENEZIA, THE TOMB OP BIBULUS, S. MARCO, AND THE GESIJ. [For plan of this Route, see p. 19.] In the Corso, opposite the Pal. Doria, rises the Palazzo Odescalchi (front entrance on the other side, in tlie Piazza dei SS. Apo.'-toli). It was built by Card. Fabio Chigi, nephew of Alexander VII., and i)urchased by Prince Odes- calclii, Duke of Bracciano, in 1745. 28 Boute 4:.—SS. ApostoU. Sect. I. Adjoining it is the Pal. Salviati, for- merly tlie seat ot the French Academy. The narrow Vicolo del Piombo leads from its S. side into the Piazza degli Apostoli, on the E. side of which is the Church of the SS. APOSTOLI, said to he one of the Constantinian basilicas, restored by Pelagius I. in the 6th cent., rebuilt about 1420, and again in 1702. It is dedicated to the Apostles Philip and James. The portico, which is the oldest part of tlie existing structure, was added by Julius 11. when Card, delta Eovere, from the designs of Baccio Fontelli. At the S. end is an antique relief of an *EagIe standing within a wreath of oak-leaves, from the Forum of Trajan. Beneath it, a white marble Lion carved by Bassallcttus. At the opposite end is a simple monument erected by Canova to his early friend and countryman Yolpato, the cele- brated engraver (1807) ; it represents in relief a seated figure of Friend- ship weeping before the bust of the deceased. Interior. — The highly - decorated 2nd Chapel rt. was erected, at an ex- pense of 4000L, by the banker Agostino Chiaveri (1857). On a pier in front is the tomb of M. CJementine Sobiesky (1745), widow of tiie first Pretender (see p. 247). 3rd Chapel, St. Anthony, by Benedetto Lnti. In the large chapel at the end of the rt. aisle are eight handsome spirally fluted columns of marmo Lesbio from the Church of Pelagius. In tiie Choir on the 1. is a good sepulcliral *Monument raised by Sixtus IV. to bis nephew, Cakd. PiETRO KiARio (1474) ; and opposite to it those of GiHAUD Ansedl'n (l.'i05), and of Card. Kaphael Riario (1520). Over the higli altar is the Martyrdom of the Apostles Piiilip and James, whose re- mains lie beneath it, by Domenico Muratori: it is one of the lart^est altarpieces in Rome, and is painted on the wall. Over the door in the 1. aisle wliicli leads into the sacristy is a *Monument to Clement XIV. by Canova, executed in his 25th year, and one of the first successful efforts of tlie new school of sculpture. It consists of a silting statue of the Pope, with figures of Temperance and Meek- ness, and was raised by Carlo Giorgi, who had received many favours from Clement XIV., and who commissioned his friend Volpato in 1783 to employ Canova. The beautiful frescoes by Melozw da Forli, in the Sacristy of St. Peter's, and those on the staircase of the Qnirinal, were painted for the old Church of SS. Apostoli. In the Cloisters are several monu- ments, removed for the mo.st part from the older church, including a re- cumbent tffigy of Michel Angelo, who died in this parish on the 17th Feb. 1564, and who was buried here before his remains were removed clan- destinely to S. Croce in Florence. There are two to the memory of Card. Bessarion (1396-1473), the eminent Patriarch of Constantinople, who con- tributed so much to the introduction of Greek literature into Western Europe : born at Trebizond, he attached himself to the Roman Church, and became bishop of Tusculum in 146G. He raised one of these memorials during his lifetime, with a Greek and Latin inscription from his own pen ; the other was placed in the church, after his death at Ravenna, when his remains were brought here. Fur- ther on is tiie grave of Clement XIV., whose remains were removed here from St. Peter's in 1802. In the centre of the clnister there was a large ancient marble vase, known in mediaeval Documents as the Calix marmoreus. This curious landmark, which stood in the atrium of the primitive basilica, has been most un- wisely removed to the Museo delle Terme (Rte. 21). The adjoining Convent now serves as Military Quarters. Untd 1873 it was the headquaiters oC the Minor Conventuals, of which Order Sixtus VI. and Clement XIV. were members. Inthe Piazza Pilotta, to the N., is the Palazzo Muti-Papazurri (now Bales- tra), for many years the residence of the Pretender Charles Edward, who The City. Boufe -i. — Tomb of Bibulus. 29 died here iu 1788. It stands on the site of the headquarters of the Roman Vigiles. S. of the Church stands the Pol. Colonna (Rte. 19). Passinir it on the left, and crossing th(' Via Nazioiialc, on tlio 1. is the Pal Valentini, below which are some substructions belong- ing to the Ti-inph' of Trajan, oreofcd by Hadrian to his great predecessor. Tile Palace was built by dukes of the Bonelli family in 1385, and is now the seat of the Prefect, or Governor of the province of Eome. No. 13 iu the Via dei Fornari, which runs S. immediately opposite tlic Pinzza degli Apostoli. is the l^ousE OF Michel Angei,o, entirely rebuilt, and marked by an inscription. A few yds. further is the Forum of Trajan (Rte. 7). Returning to the Via Na- zionale, and turning 1., we regain the Corso at its S. extremity in the Piazza Venezia. At the corner on the rt. is the Palazzo Bonaparte, formerly Rinuc- cini. built iu IGGO from the designs of Giov. Ant. de' Bossi. It was once tlie property of Madame Laetitia, mother of Napoleon, who died liere in 1S3(J, and at present belongs to her great-grandson. Prince Napoleon Charles Bonaparte. It contains some portraits of members of the Imperial family, and interesting Chinese tapes- tries. Opposite is the *Palazzo di Venezia, the ancient palace of the republic of Venice, which gives its name to the Piazzi, built in 1455 by Paul II., a Venetian, from the designs of Meo del Caprino and Giacomo da Fietramnta. The materials were taken from ancient edifices, called at that time Petraie or stoue quarries. It was given by Clement VII I. to Venice, and remained in tlic possession of the Republic imtil its fall, wlien it passed to the Emp. of Austria. Its battlemented walls give it the air of a feudal fortress. It is now the residence of the Anstriap ambassador to the Pope. Picturesque Court, with good view of S. Marco. On or near the site of this building must have stood the Villa Publica, a large hall where the census was taken, troops levied, and foreign ambas- sadors entertained (b.c. 431). Here Sulla, after defeating the Samnites and democrats before the Porta Collina (B.C. 82), collected between 3000 and 4000 prisoners, including several generals, and cut them down to the last man. — B. On the E. side of the Piazza stands the Palazzo Torlonia, built by the Bolognetti family, about 1G50, from the designs of Carlo Fontana, and ]iurchased by Giov. Torlonia, the great Roman banker (1829). Its collection of pictures was bequeathed by Prince Torlonia to the city of Rome, and moved to the Corsini Palace in 1895. The Piazza di Venezia is the centre of the omnibiis and tramway system. Walking S. from the Piazza we soon reach on the left the *TOMIi OF BlliUrus, one of the few remaining monuments of Repub- lican Rome. It forms part of the wall of a house in tlie Via di Marforio, on entering from the Via della Ripresa de' Barberi, so called because the riderless Barbary horses were stopped here after their race down the Corso. The tomb stood close outside the Porta Ratumena of the Servian wall, on the rt. of the street leading from the Forum to the Campus Martins. It is a quadrangular monument of travertine, having four Doric pilasters with Attic bases, surmounted by an Ionic entablature. In the centre is a niche, with a moulded architrave. On the pedestal is au inscription re- cording that the ground on which it stands was given by a decree of the Senate and by order of the people (SENATVS CONSVLTO POPVLIQVE JVSSV) to erect on it the sepulchre of C. Publicius Bibulus, the plebeian aedile, and his posterity, honoris yiktutis- Qi'E cArssA. This tomb dates from the first cent. b.c. A portion of a similar inscription exists on another 30 Boute 4. — S. Marco. Sect. I. face of the monument, partly built into the wall of the adjoining: liouse. Nearly opposite, in tli(i same !^treet, are the subterranean vaults of another sepulchre, attributed to the Claudian Family, who were al^o jtrisonted liy the S. P. Q. R. witli a Ijurial-place at the foot of the Cai)itol. Tlie Fla- miniau Way (a portion of which has been laid bare in levtlling the street) passed between these two tombs. It was spanned by a triumphal arch raised in memory of the alleged vic- tories of Domitian. The adjoining forta Mntittitriia of the Servian walls is described iu mediaeval docu- ments as the Arcus litmus Carneae. Above this street rises the great Monument to Victor Emmanuel, the design of which was thrown open to international competition, and won by Count Sacconi. It consists of an immense platform 78 ft. above the level of the Piazza di Venezia, sur- mounted by a colossal tquestriau Statue, and approached by imposing flights of stairs, ornamented with statuary, columns, and fountains. In the background is a curved colonnade, which conceals the Church of the Ara Coeli. The entire structure is built of Pietra di Botticino, from quarries near Brescia. [The Via Giulio Eomano leads hence to the Ara Coeli (see below), passing on the 1. the little Church of the Beata Eita, mentioned in 1004 under tlie title of S. Biagio. Alex- ander VII. gave it to Mons. Giuseppe Cruciaui of Cascia, who rededicated the Church to the beatified Rita of that town. Festa, 22 May.] We now turn W. into a small Piazza planted as a garden, on the N. side of which, enclosed Avithin the Pal. di Venezia, is the ancient and interesting Basilica of S. Marco, said to have been founded by Pope St. IMark in 337, and dedi- cated by him to the Evangelist. It was rebuilt in 833 by Gregory IV., who decorated the interior with mosaics. In 14G8 Paul II., after the construc- tion of the Palace, rebuilt the Church entirely, except the tribune and the Tower. The handsome facade and portico in the style of the Renaissance were then added, from the designs of GiuUano da Majano. Over the great door is a relief of St. Mark the Evangelist ; and there are some Roman and Christian inscriptions, architectural fragments, and a well- mouth from the Catacombs, in the vestibule. The interior has a nave and aisles separated by 20 jjilasters, having in front as many columns cased in jasper. The wooden coffered ceiling of rosettes on square light- blue panels is tlie best in Rome, and the remains of old pavement are very beautiful. Ist altar rt.. Resurrection, by Pahna Giovane. Tomb of Card. Fr. Pisano (1570). 3rd, Adoration of the Magi, by C. Maratta. Further on to the rt. is a monument to Leimardo Pesaro of Venice, aged 16, by Canova (1796). There are many otlur tombs of Vene- tians who died at Rome. At the end of the rt. aisle, over the altar, *Pope St. Mark, early Venetian School. The Mosaics (827-844) of the tri- bune ' with all their splendour exhibit the utmost poverty of expression,' — K. They represent our Saviour with three Saints on either side, one of whom, Gregory IV., holds the church in his hand; below, the Lamb and 12 sheep, with the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem; on the face of the arch the emblems of the Evangelists and figures of SS. Peter and Paul. The execution is especially rude and of true Byzantine rigidity. In the Choir on the rt. is a handsome Candle- bearer of hreceia corallina. By the steps at the end of the 1. aisle, Tomb of two bishops of the Capranica family (1476). Saciusty. — Marble altar - piece, partly by Mino da Fiesole, with relief of Jacob bringing food to Isaac, and Abraham before Melchisedek. 3rd left, Miracle of St. Dominic. 2nd left, good relief of a Bishop giving alms, by Antonio d'Este. The City. Route 4. — Gesu. 31 To the rt. of the portico is the Oratory of S. M. in S. Marco, with a handsomely inlaid altar of 1G99. To the 1. in the Piazzetta is a mutilated colossal bust of the so-called Madoitna Lucrczia (an ancient Isis), who carried on imaginary conversations with the Abbate Luigi in his niche near the Pal. Vidoni, now destroyed. Passing it, and turning to the rt., we soon reach the Cor»o Vitt. Emnniiele, and turn 1. into the Piazza del Gesu. Here, immediately on the rt., stands the vast Palazzo Altieri, built by Card. Altieri in 1G70, during the pontificate of his kinsman Clement X., from the designs of Giov. Antonio dei Itossi. It was formerly celebrated for its fine library, rich in MSS. and other col- lections. There are some good reliefs in stucco in the state apartments. The statues and busts which decorate the staircase were partly discovered in digging for the foundations of the Palace, partly inherited by the family from the Paluzzi-Albertoiii. Among them is a trojihy from the Temple of Neptune, and a colossal finger, sup- posed to belong to the fragments in the Court of the Pal. dei Couservatori. Immediately opposite stands the Gesii, begun in 1575 by Card. Alcssandro Farnese, from the designs of Vignola. The facade and cupola were added by Giacomo delict Porta. The interior is rich in marbles and gilding. The frescoes of the cupola, tribune, and roof of the nave, are by Bariccio, and are good si)ecimens of their extravagant style. The Death of St. Francis Xavier, in the rt. tran- sept, is by Carlo Maratta. The Chapel OF S. Ignazio, in the 1. transept, was designed by Padre Pozzi, and is bril- liantly decoratid with lapis lazzuli and gilded bronze. The globe of lapis lazzuli high above the altar is said to be solid, but is probably made up of pieces. Behind tlie picture is a silver-plated statue of the saint. His body lies beneath the altar in an urn of gilt bronze. The allegorical marble groups at the sides, representing Christianity embraced by the bar- barous nations, and the Triumph of Eeligiou over Heresy, are fantastic works of the French sculj^tors Iheodon and Legros. On the 1. of the high altar is a monument to Card. Bellar- mino, the celebrated controversialist, with reliefs of Eeligion and Wisdom. On the 31st of Dec, a solemn Te Deuni is sung in this Church for the blessings received during the year about to close. During Advent and Lent sermons are preached at 11 a.m. The adjoining College, hitherto the headquarters of the Jesuits, and the residence of their general, is occupied by Government offices. Its celebrated Library has gone to the Biblioteca Vitt. Emanuele (Rte. 3). The broad Corso Vitt. Emanuele leads W. from the Gesii to St. Peter's by the Ponte S. Angelo (Rte. 17). Turning S.E. we follow the Via di Ara Cocli towrfrds the Capitol. From No. 1 are entered the Rooms of St. Ignatius Loyola, in which various relics of the Saint are shown. Nearly opposite is the Pal. Bolocjnetti. We next pass a fountain on the 1. Standing back from it is the Church of SS. Venanzio ed Ansovino, known in the 13th cent, as -S". Gioc. Battista in Mercalello, from its vicinity to the principal Market, afterwards trans- ferred to the Piazza Navona. In 1511 it was given to a College of Catechists, I'rom whom it passed to the Basilian IMonks of Grotta Ferrata, and was finally ceded in 1674 to a Brotherhood from Camerino, who de- dicated it to their patron Saints. The arms of that city (three Chambers) are over the side door. Against the 2nd pier on the 1. is a small Cosma- tesque tabernacle. Festa, 13 March and 18 May. [The Via Margana (2nd on the rt.) leads to the Porticus of Octavia and the Tiber (Rte. 21). At a tavern, a few yds. on the rt., is a doorway made up of some beautiful fragments of a classical building, in the manner of the House of Cresceutius (lite. 24).] 32 Houte 4. — Ara Coeli. Sect. I. We next pass on tlie 1. the Church of the Beata Rita (see above), and on the rt. the Pal. Massimo, in which is a marble statue, by Tenerani, of the unfortunate Count Rossi, assassinated in June, 1848. In front rises the Capitoline Hill (Rte. 5); on the 1. an imposing flight of 124 Marble Steps, renewed in 1888, leads to the Church of the Ara Coeli. The original staircase was erected from the ruins of the Temple of the Sun on the Quirinal. Half way up on the 1. is a curious p.ir.el with reliefs of animals taken from ihe Kcreen wljich enclosed some 8th or 9th cent. Chancel. An inscription on tiie 1. of the cntiance states that the steps were constructed in 1348, the year of the plague, by Maestro Lorenzo Andreozzi, of the Eione Colonna, the expenses being defrayed by charitable contributions. The absence of the Pope at Avignon explains tlie neces- sity of private enterprise. Before the central door lies buiied Flayio BiONDO, of Forli, one of the earliest writers on Roman antiquities in the 15th cent. Tlie Church of *S. M. IN ARA COELI (150 ft.) is probably as old as tiie 6th cent., when it was dedicated by St. Gregory tlie Great as Sancta Maria in Capitolio. The favade of brickwork is more recent, and was formerly decorated with mosaics ; the fragments of Gothic which it retains in its pointed win- dows and cornice are of the 14tli cent. Its present name dates only from the 14th C' nt., and is derived from an altar erected by Augustus to com- memorate the prophecy of theCumaean Sibyl respect ng the coming of our Saviour. The altar bears the inscrip- tion Ara %irimorjeniti Dei, and is pre- served witliiii the altar of the isolated chapel in the 1. transept. The Church and Convent belonged to the Benedictines until 1250, when Inno- cent IV. transferred them to the Re- formed Franciscans {Minori Osser- vanti). The Convent, formerly a palace of the popes, erected by Paul II., was partly destroyed in 1885-86, to make room for the monument of V. Emmanuel II. The interior has a nave and aisles separated by 22 columns of different sizes and materials, taken from various ancient buildings. Eighteen are of Egyptian granite, two of fluted white marble, and two of cipollino. Their bases and capitals are also dis- similar ; and some are so much shorter than the others that it has been necessary to raise them on plinths of unequal height. On the third column 1. is engraved, in letters of the Imperial period — a cvbicvlo avgvs- TORiM, indicating that it was brought to Uome under the care of a servant of the Emperor. The pavement is of Cosmatesqiie mosaic and white marble, containing some rare varieties of green or ophite porphyry. It has many slab-tombs, having barely legible inscriptions, but interesting from their mediaeval costumes. The Ara Coeli, like other Franciscan Churches, was a favourite place of interment for the local or Capitoline nobility. The rich coflered and gilded ceil- ing (1575) was executed in com- memoration of the victory of Lepanto (1571). To the 1. of the central door is the Tomb of the astronomer, Looovico Grato (1581), with a Statue of Christ by Sansovino ; to the rt., *Tomb of Card. Locis d'Ai.bret (1465). Set up on end against a pier is the slab- tomb of Giov. Crivelli, Archdeacon of Aquileia, by iJonatello (1432). Right Aisle. — 1st Chapel, *frescoes by Fiiifuricchio, illustrating the life of his patron S. Bernardino of Siena, full of expression and individual life, restored by Camurdni. On the rt., the Saint assuming the habit ; his Preach- ing ; his Yision of Christ crucified. Left, in the lunette, his Penitence in the desert; below, his Death. Over the altar, the Saint in glory, with SS. Louis and Anthony. On the roof the Evangelists, by Francesco da Citta di CasteUo. ' The backgrounds are of great beauty and variety.' — K. ' Here Pinturicchio shows himself a land- TiiK City. Boute 4. — Ara Coeli. 33 soapo paiuter of the first rank.' — M. liorder nt' Roman battle scenes, and heads of Einjierors, in relief. Beauti- ful i)aveuu'nt. Fnrtiicr on, a sitting statue of Gkegoht XIII. 5th Chapel : St. ]Matthew, by Muziano. 7th : two very rare columns of porjido verde. Beyond, Tomb of the M.\rchese di y.^Lrzzo (1529), a General of Francis I. "Within the side doorway, monument to PlETRO DI YlCENZA (1501). Out- side, over the doorway, is a mosaic of the 14th cent. (Virgin and Child with two iiugtls). Right Transept. — The floor of Cos- mate.s(iue Blosaic is very beautiful. Against the 1. wall of the principal Chapel is the ""Gothic monument of LucA Savelli (12tJ6), father of Pope Honorius IV., and his son Pandolfo (130G), by Agustiito and Agnolo da Siena, from the designs of Giotto ; tlio base is formed by a pagan sarcophagu.s covered with Bacchanalian reliefs, flowers, fruit, and animals. Opposite is anotiier tomb of the Savelli family, upon which lies the effigy of the Pontift' himself (1287), removed here by Paul III. from his monument which stood in the old basilica of St. Peter. Further on, in the corner Chapel, concealed behind a picture, is an old mosaic of the IMadonua with SS. Francis and Nicholas, the former presenting a senator. The two Gothic *anil)ones, by Laurentius and Jacobus Cosrnax, are covered with mosaic work of extra- ordinary beauty. On the pier above the Gospel Ambo (on tlie left) is the etligy of Catharine Queen of Bosnia, who died at Rome in li78, having previously made over her kingdom, overrun by the Turks, to Si.xtus V. This is the only Church in Rome which still uses its Amboues. In the clioir, 1. of the high altar, is tlie *Tonib of Card. Giambattista Savelli (1408), of the scliool of San- sovino. The celebrated jNIadunua da Foligno, which stood over the high altar in this Church, was removed to tlie Convent of the Conti'ssc at Foligno in 15(55. Its place is now occupied by a miraculous Virgin, attributed to St. Luke. The insulated Octagonal Chapel, dedicated to S. Helena, is supposed to stand on the site of tliat raised by Augustus, and encloses the original Ara primogeniti Dei. The urn of red porphyry, beneath the altar, once contained her body. The present chapel was erected after 1798 and is adorned with eight handsome columns of hroccateUone. Left Transept. — Cosmatesque ^Monument of Card. Matted di AcQUASPARTA, general of the Fran- ciscans (1302), praised by Dante for the moderation with which he admi- nistered the rules of his order. Colossal sitting statue of Leo X. Sacristy. — Here is preserved a cele- brated miracle-working figure of the infant Saviour, called tlie Santissimo Bambino, whose powers in curing the sick have given it extraordinary popu- larity. It was said at one time to receive more fees than any physician in Rome. The legend tells us tliat it was carved by a pilgrim out of a tree wliich grew on the Mount of Olives, and painted by St. Luke while the pilgrim was sleeping over his work. In the early part of 1849 the Republican triumvirate made the monks a present of the pope's state coach for the use of the Bambino; but after the return of his Holiness the gorgeous vehicle was taken from them, and the Bambino again resumed the old brown coach in which for many years it had been accustomed to pay its visits to the sick. The Festival of the Bambino, which continues from Christmas-day to the Epiphany, is attended by crowds of peasantry. The 2ad Chapel in the 1. aisle is converted on this occasion into a kind of theatrical stage, on which the Nativity in the sacred Manger (^Presepe) is represented by figures as large as life. A Stage is also erected in the nave opposite the ChaiJel, on which children recite verses, in dramatic commemoration of the Advent of our Saviour. Outside this Chapel is a sitting statue of D 34 Route 5. — The CaiAtol. Beet. I. Paul III. In the 5th Chapel left is the tomb of Filippo bella Valle (1506), with those of other members of the same illustrious family. This Church has a peculiar interest from its connection with Gibbon. It was here, ' on tlie 15th of Oct., 1764,' as he ' sat musing amidst tlic ruins of the Capitol, wliile tlie friars were singing ves])ers, that the idea of writing the Decline and Full of the city first started to his mind.' The height, now occupied by the church of the Ara Coeli, was sur- mounted by the Trmj^le of Juno MonoUt (the Adviser), which after- wards became the mint of Rome {OffLcina monetae). Hence our word money. ROUTE 5. THE CAPITOL, AND ITS MUSEUMS. — PANORAMIC VIEW OF ROME FROM THE TOWER. [Omn., p. [22], i. ; Tramway, p. [28], i.] The Capitoline Hill. With the exception of the Talni- larium, a relic of antiquity which belongs equally to the Capitol and the Forum, the ancient remains of the Capitoline Hill arc few and incon- siderable. The hill is divided natu- rally into two heights, of unequal size, and an intermediate depressed space (98 ft.), now occupied by the Piazza del CamindogUo. The N. height or Arx (164 ft.) is crowned •with the Church of the Ara Coeli ; the lesser height or Capitolium, (156 ft.), on which stands the Pal. Cafla- relli, extends S.W. in the direction of the Tiber. The entire hill was anciently called Mons Saturnius, and was believed to have been the site of a city of Saturnia, by Virgil, and the antiquaries and historians of the Augustan age. It was also called in poetical language Mons Tar- peius, in allusion to the story of Tarpeia. When attacked by the Sabines, Romulus 'fortified tlie top of the Capitoline, which he entrusted to the care of Tarpeius. But his daughter Tarpeia, dazzled by the golden bracelets of the Sabines, pro- mised to betray the hill to them " if they would give her what they wore on their left arms." Her ofter was accepted. In the night-time slie opened a gate and let in the enemy, but when she claimed lier reward they threw upon her their shields, and thus crushed her to death. Thus was exiilained the later custom of hurling traitors from the Tarpeian rock.' — (Smith's 'Smaller History of Rome,') The hill formed a natural fortress, which was strengthened by art, and became the citadel, or arx, of Rome, into which tlie garrison retired when the city was taken by the Gauls. The principal entrance into this citadel was by the Clivus Capitolinus, which ascended from the Arch of Tiberius in the Forum, and was closed Ijy a gate. The name Capitolimn was ajDplied especially to the S. eminence as the site of the great Capitoline Temple, while the northern height was called the Arx, probably as being a more strongly fortified position. The most sacred spot ui^on the Arx was the Auguraculum, where the Augurs observed the heavens for signs of the divine will; and here probably was the termination of the Sacra Via. Augustus appears to have transferred the Auguraculum to the Palatine, after which time, the Arx having lost one of its most important features, the term Capitolium was applied loosely to the entire hill. — B. The depression, now Piazza del Campidoglio, lying between the Capi- tolium and the Arx, has beeu called Intermontium ; but this is not a classical name. It is described by ancient writers as lyiug between two groves, and containing the traditional Asylum of Romulus, to which fugitives were invited to people his new city. ' The whole Capitoline Hill, including the Capitolium, the Arx, and the Asylum, was already, before the forma- The City. Boute 5. — The Oapitoline Hill. tion of the Servian circuit, surrounded with a complete wall of its own, and ■was incorporated as a link in tlie chain of forts wliicli were united by the wall of Servius.' — M. Portions of this siUTOundin.uf wall may be seen from the foot of the cliff at the end of the Vicolodella linpe Tarpea (]). 206\ beside tlie carriage-road ascending to the Capitol, and above the Mamertine Prison (p. 73). The Palaces which now cover on three sides the central part of the Capitoline Hill or Piazza del Campidoglio, were re- constructed in the Idthand 17tii cent. from the designs of Michel Angclo. The effect as we approach from the Piazza d'Ara Coeli is imiwsing. The carriage ascent on the rt., ornamented with flower-beds and sliruhs, was finished in 1S73. To make room for it, a line old house, begun by Michel Augclo, was pulled down and its frescoes removed to the Pinacottca Capitolina. The columns and archi- trave which formed the entrance to its court have been built up into .the first floor of a house at the corner of the drive. Some fragments of walls were then brought to light (visible on the 1.), along with a few architectural remains supposed to belong to the Aides Jovis Icjoi-is. The road winds past the gates of the Pal. Caffarelli, bnilt by Giorgio Canoiica (1580), and now the resi- dence of the German ambassador. The easy foot ascent {Cordonafa) was opened in 153IJ, on the occasion of the entrance of the Emp. Charles V. At the foot of the stairs are copies in grey marble of two Egyptian lions, brought here by Pius IV. from the Temple of Isis, the originals of which are in the Museum (see below). Half- way up on Ihi; 1. is a Bronze Statue of Cola di Ri(^nzo, on a peiiestal of architectural scraps, by Maaini. Near the top two wolves are kept in a caged den, to commemorate the legendary origin of Rome. At the summit are colossal Statues, in marble, of Castor and Pollux standing beside their horses: they were found in the Ghetto, close to the Theatre of Balbus, in 1556. Beside them are the celebrated marble sculptures mis- named Trophies of Marius, which once stood in the Nympliaeum of Alex- ander Sevcrus. They bear a quarry mark, showing that tlie block of Greek marlile of wJiich they were formed was sent to Rome in the reign of Domitian.— 71/. Next are the Statues of Constantine and his son Constans, found in his biths on the Quirinal. On the rt. is the Milliarium, or milestone, which is supposed to have marked the first mile on the Via Appia. It was found in 15S4 in the Vigna Naro, a short distance beyond the Porta S. Sebastiano, and "bears the names of Vespasian and Neiva. On the left is the 7th milestone on the same road, brought here from the Pal. Giustiniani. In the centre of the piazza is a *bronze equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius. In the middle ages it was supposed to be a statue of Constantine, a fortunate error for the interests of art, since it was this belief which preserved it from destruction. There is great uncer- tainty as to the spot where it originally stood. In the Middle Ages it formed part of a Collection of Bronzes in the Campus by the Lateran, together witii the Wolf, the Hand, the Globe, and other famous objects now in the Pal. del Conservatori. It was removed to its present position by Paul III. in 1,538. The upper plinth of the pedestal is formed (if part of the archi- trave of the Temple of Castor, in the Forum, 'This is one of the few ancient equestrian statues in bronze M'hich have been preserved, and thongh of a lute date, when artistic genius was not to be expected in Rome, it is yet a bold and in some aspects an effective piece of sculptm-e.' — A. K M. It was originally gilt, as may be seen from the traces of gold on the horse's head. The admiration of Michel Angelo for the statue is well known ; it is related that ho said to the horse ' Cammina ' (Go on), and declared that its action was full of life. "While the statue stood in front I) 2 Boute 5. — Palace of the Conscrvaiors. 36 of the Lateran, in 1347, it played an important part in the festivities on the elevation of Cola di Eienzo to the rank of tribune. On the W. ^t.) of the Piazza is the Palace of the Conservators (see below); on the E. (1.) the Capitoline Museum (p. 44) ; and the central building, on the 8., is the Palace of the Senator (p. 54). Palace of the Conservators. (Adm., p. [3G]. The Court and Staircase are always free.) Court. — Under the arcade, on the rt. is a colossal Statue of Julius Caesar; on the 1. Augustus, with the rostrum of a galley on the pedestal, an allusion probably to the battle of Actium. In the court on the 1. are seven marble pedestals, sculptured with personifications of Roman pro- vinces, and three slabs with trophies of arms, belonging originally to the Temple of Neptune (Rte. 1). The three which have connecting slabs were found in 1878. On one of the others is a colossal marble head commonly called that of Domitian. On the opposite side of the Coiu't is a massive marble pedestal on which had stood the cinerary urn of Agrippina, wife of Germanicus, discovered near the Mausoleum of Augustus, and inscribed — Ossa — Ageippinae M. Agrippae F — Divi Aug. Neptis Vxoris — Germanici Caesaeis — Mateis C. Caesaris Aug — Germanici Peincipis. The inscription is of the time of Caligula, who removed the ashes of his mother to the Imperial mausoleum, from the Island of Panda- taria, where she was starved to death and buried. A cavity cut in it served as the standard measure for grain — Bufjifella de Grano, as it is styled in Gothic letturs — in the Middle Ages. Below is a punning allusion to "the bread which Agrippina denied herself in her life, and for the measurement of which her tomb had been used. — L. Close by are the feet and hands of a colossal statue. On the W. side of the Court, within Sect. I. a railing, a Statue of Eoma ; on the pedestal is attached the keystone of an Arcii of Trajan, with a relief of a captured province, probably Dacia. Two captive barbarian kings, in biijio morato. *Lion attacking a horse, bold in conception ; the restorations by Michel Angelo. Colossal bronze head, supposed to be that of Nero aa a youth. Staircase. — Opposite the steps, be- fore ascending, is Michel Angelo's re- storation of the Duilian Column, with a *Fragmeut of the ancient inscrip- tion on the pedestal, relative to the first naval victory over the Cartha- ginians, by Cains Duilius, a.u.c. 492. It was discovered in 1565 near the arch of Sept. Severus. At the window is a sitting Statue of Charles of Anjou, as Senator of Eome, in the 13th cent. The walls of the stairs are covered with ancient inscriptions, mostly found on the Esquiline and Viminal. In tlie centre of the first landing- place is a draped torso in porphyry surmounting a pedestal, inscribed in the front with a dedication to Hadrian by the Magistri Vicorum Urbis of the 14 regiones of Eome ; on two sides are the names of tlie 1st, 10th, 1 2th, 13tli, and 14th regiones, with their respective streets. The four large *reliefs on the walls represent events in the life of the Emp. Marcus Aurelius, and are in- teresting as showing several monu- ments of Rome as they existed during his reign. Three of them were brought from the Church of S. Martina ; the fourth was discovered about 1 594, in the Piazza Sciarra, with other remains of the arch of Claudius. 41 Claudius presented with the globe of power by an allegorical figure of Rome. The head of the Emperor has been wrongly lestored as Marcus Aurelius. 42 Granting peace to bar- barians. 43 His triumphal entry into Rome. 44 Marcus Aurelius sacrificing before a Temple of Jupiter. On the 2nd flight (to the 1.) is an interesting relief of Mettius Curtius leaping into the gulf, found near the spot where the event is supposed to TitK CiTV. Route o. — Palace of the Conservators. 37 TERPA COTT,- BRONZLS XIX ITALO-CREEKJ XK VASES PICTUf^E [-n C.Ai I CRY ENTRANCE FORCE- I LAIN. PALACE OF THE CONSERVATORS ROOMS AND GALLERIES CNTHE FIRST FLOOR 1 CHAPEL D FORCE- I LAIN. 11 I I HALL H FRE SCOf] AULA GRANDE rv PIAZZA OEL CAM P I DOG Lid 30 YDS. 38 Monte 6. — Palace of the Conservators. Sect. I. have occurred, opposite S. M. Libcra- trice (Rte. 25). At the head of the stairs arc *two large reliefs representing a harangue (adlocutio) by Marcus Aure- lius, and tlie Aijotheosis of Faustina the elder. They were taken from tlie arch, supposed to have been dedicated to tliat Emperor, which once stood in the Corso. In the corners are four standard measures for oil and wine. They bear the arms of the Caetani family, and date from the 14th cent. Here is the turnstile (Adm., p. [3G]). I. In a straigl)t direction from the entrance is a small Ante-room. It contains a very interesting collection of porcelain presented by Conte Cini — chiefly small figures in groups. II. Cappella.— On tlie wall a fresco of the Virgin and Child, witli adoring angels, probably by l' Ingegno. Evan- gelists, by M. A. Camvaggio. SS. Cecilia, Alexis, Eustace, and B. Ludovica Albertoni, by Bomamlli. III. Frescoes of subjects from the history of the Punic wars, by Bonfigli. Cabinets inlaid witli ivory, tortoise- shell, lapis lazzuli, and agate, the gift of Cav. Cini. Turning to the rt., we pass tlirough Koom V. into the IV. Aula Grande, painted in fresco by Cav. d'Arpino. Entrance wall, Finding of Romulus and Remus; then, to the 1., Foundation of Rome ; Numa Pompilius sacrificing with the Vestals; Rape ofthe Sabines; Horatii and Cnriatii; Battle between TuUus Hostili us and the army of Veil. ]\Iarl:)le statue of Urban VIII. by Bernini, and of Innocent X., in bronze, by Algardi. V. Paintings by Laureti : Mucius Scaevola burning his right hand before Porsenna ; Battle of Lake Regillus ; Brutus condemning his two sons to death ; Horatius Codes on the Sub- lician bridge. Statues of celebrated Roman generals in modern times: Marcantonio Colouna, who fought the Turks at Lepauto ; Tommaso Rospiglinsi ; Francesco Aldobrandini ; Carlo Barberini, brother of Urban A'^III. ; and Ale&sandro Farnese, duke of Parma, distinguished as a com- mander in Flanders. VI. Frescoes by Laureti, with sub- jects taken from the wars with the Cimbri. Front of a sarcophagus, representing the gate of Hades ajar \yith two genii on each side (4th cent.). S. Francesca Romana, by Bomanelli ; Dead Christ, by Cosimo Piazza. VII. Sala dei Fasti, containing the celebrated *Fasti Triamphales et Con- snlares, found in 1547, and much mutilated. Mr. Nichols thinks that they formed part of the walls of the Regia (p. 66). They give the names of the consuls and other public magis- trates from li.c. 508 to a.d. 354. They have been edited by Mommsen, in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latiu- arum, I., p. 415, fol. The Fasti from Caesar to Diocletian have been edited by J. Klein, 1891. Also by Barto- lomeo Borghesi and Wilhelm Henzen, whose portrait busts ornament this hall. Tliese interesting taldets were arranged by Panvinio, Michel Angelo liavrag designed the architectural decorations in which they are framed ; some additional fragments were added between 1816 and 1828. *Mo.-ilt by unskilful cleaning.' — M. 84 Rubens: *Komulus and Remus. Passage.— 102-110 VanvitelU: Views of Rome 150 years ago — very interesting. Room II.— 117 C. Caliari: Virgin aud S. Anna with angels. 120 Garofalo: Annunciation. 126 Guido Reni : His own Portrait, much restored. 128 Vandijch: * Thomas Killegrew and Henry (iarew (two poets). 131 Moroni: Double portrait — the younger man holds a wind instrument. 135 Marcello Venusti : Portrait of Michel Angelo. 44 Moute 5. — Palace of the Conservatvi's. Sect. I. 137 Vandych : Double portrait. 139 Velasquez: His own portrait. ' If genuine, it must be a work of liis first period.' — 31. Room III. — 142 Amico Agpertitii. (probably) : Portrait of a Girl.— 7¥. 141 Griov. Bellini: Portrait of him- self, not genuine. 143, 144 Garofalo: SS. Nicholas and Sebastian. 145 Titian: * Baptism of Christ — ' an early work, ruined by restoration.' —M. 14G Gentile Bellini: Portrait of Petrarch, not genuine. 152 DomenicJtino : S. Barbara. Room IV.— 176 Lor. Lotto : 'Young man holding a crossbow — once bril- liant, now a mere wreck.' — M. ISl liuhens : St. Francis receiving the Stigmata. 195-197 Faolo Veronese: Hope, Peace, and tlie Rape of Europa (replica at Venice). 204 Garofalo: Virgin and Child in glory, with SS. Francis and Anthony, and view of a sea coast bi4ow. 203 Pabna Vecchio : Woman taken in adultery — ' a very interesting pic- ture in his first manner, recalling Giov. Bellini : much damaged.' — M. 210 Flemish School : Orpheus. 221 Guerciiio: S. Petronilla. The lower part of this large composition represents the grave of the martyr, where her body is shown to the Roman Senator Flaccus, to whom she had been betrothed. The Saint's ascent to heaven forms the upper part. The picture suficred much on being re- moved to France, but has been restored. 227 Caravagrjio: Fortune- telling gipsy. 240 School of Caravaggio: St. Sebastian. _ 241 Guercino : Cleopatra and Octa- viau, 245 Guido Beni : St. Sebastian. 248-250 Dom. Tintoretto: Our Sa- viour Baptized ; Crowned with Thorns; Scourged. Returning to the Gallery Proto- moteca (XIII.), we enter the first room on the rt. In the centre of the room, and on the rt., are two pre- historic tombs, containing skeletons. The dead were laid without sarco- phagi, in a simple arrangement of rough stones, as we see them here. At the upper end of the room are two terra-cotta sarcophagi in the shape of hollow trees, with their skeletons. In the second sarcophagus are a few bronze ornaments (Gardens of Sallust). Three large glass cases rouml the room marked VII., VIII., IX., contain objects found in pre-historic tombs. No. VIII. Pottery of rude make, stone axe-heads, and a few bronze ornaments. All found near the Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria. No. IX. contains a variety of objects from Albauo. In the centre is a hut- tomb, for the ashes of the dead, with an attempt at ornamentation on the door, and with a bar across to close it. In Case No. VII. each grave is sepa- rately arranged, and enumerated as arco. In area XXXVIII., witii skull and bones are terra-cotto vases, and an enormous fibula of bronze. In arco LV., a jar onamented in a geometric pattern. In the next room : Case I. Speci- mens of black pottery of good shapes, and a handsome red jar with a fluted pattern, also an elegant vase with three bowls on one stem. Case II. Large amphora, plate of bronze, worked in relief, elegant drinking vases, and bronze ornaments. Case III. Vases of pottery, some coloured and ornamented with red figures on a black ground ; paterae, with scroll designs round their edges ; a beautiful blue smalt tear bottle. Little bronze tripods of fine workman- ship, bowls, and drinking-cups. Case I V. Graves of men and women, with their weapons, ornaments, and household goods. Museum of the Capitol. On the E. side of the Piazza is the *MUSEO CAPITOLINO, or Gallery of Sculpture, begun by Clement XII., and augmented by Benedict XIV., Tjie City. JRoute 5. — Miiseo CapitoUno. 45 Clemput XIIL, Pius YL, Pius VII., and Lt'O Xll. Ground Floor. — In the Court is a colossal recumbent Statue of the Ocean, known by the popular name of Marforio, because it stood in the Salita di Marforio {Fiirum Martis), opposite S. Giuseppe Upon it were pasted tlie replies to the satirical witticisms of Pasquino (Rte. 17). Two Statues of Pan, discovered about 1562 in the Piazzetta dei Satiri, near the Theatre of Pompey. On Ihe rt., Fllted Sarcophagus of Aurelia Extricata, found in the cata- combs of St. Sebastian in 17-14. On the walls arc consular fasces in relief, and many inscriptions, mostly relat- in.ii; to the Praetorian cohorts, dis- covered in 1751, outside the Porta Sahirin, in the Vigna del Cinque. In this Court and its corridor are arranged the very interesting *Sculp- tures from the Iseum, near the apse of S. M. sopra Minerva. They comprise two Egyptian Lions, in black granite, once at the foot of the cordonata ; two columns of the temple, in grey granite, with reliefs of an Isiac pro- cession ; two kynokephaloi ; a sphinx, with the portiaitdiead and the car- touche of King Amasis, a master- piece of Sai'tic art ; a crocodile, in red granite ; the i^edestal of a can- delabrum; fragments of capitals in the siiapo of lotus flowers ; and other ornamental marbles. Within the portico, on the 1. of the entrance, colossal Statue of Minerva ; beside it a fine torso, probably of Bacchus. Sarcophagus, with Bac- chanalian reliefs, much mutilated, from the monastery of Campo Marzio. At its further end, a raven, goat, wolf, and panther. Opposite is the lower jaart of a relief with the Laurcntian sow and pigs. By the window, 21 Lower part of a good Phrygian Statue in pavonazzetto, from the Arch of Con- stantino. Room I. In the centre. Altar with relief of a sacrifice, found in 1888 near the Ponte Garibaldi. 28 Mosaic of a Roman Galley, with a port and light- house, found on tiie Quirinal in 1878. 14 Above the door, *Mosaic of mi- nute tesserae, representing a lion surrounded by Cupids, with Hercules dressed as Omphale, in the back- ground, discovered in the woods of Porto d'Anzio in 1749. 10 Mosaic of Pluto carrying off" Proserpine as she was gathering flowers in Sicily ; at the head of tlie horses is Mercury, inscribed with Greek names of Pluto's horses (Chthonios, Erebeus, &c.). 27 Mosaic, Rising of the Nile. To the 1. of the door, curious incisions of feet, on a marble slab, proliably votive oflerings. 12 To the rt., curious mosaic of a Bath-house drawn to scale and figured (Praetorian Camp). Louder the windovv, two large slabs of tigers attacking bulls, inlaid with variegated marbles (Basilica of Junius Bassus). Room II. On the walls, inscriptions and frag- ments, bequeathed to the Museum by Sarti. In the centre, *Marble Sarco- phagi, each containing a skeleton, and found in 1889 on the site of the new Palace of Justice. The one on the 1. is inscribed Avith the name Crepereius Euhodus. The other contains the re- mains of a girl, Crepereia Tryphaena, as appeared from inscriptions found on the site dating from the 1st half of the 3rd cent. a.d. She was buried wearing a gold wreath, earrings, neck- lace with pendants, set with an in- taglio of a gryphon attacking a horse, and finger rings, one of tliem' inscribed FILETVS ; a number of articles of toilet were also found in her sarcophagus, including a wooden doll, which re- poses by her side. Room IIL On the walls, inscriptions from the Sarti and Melchiori collections. To the rt., in the corner, Gravestone of Claudia P]gloge, Nero's nurse (Rte. (50). In the centre the base of a Monument to Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, and bearing the name of 40 Route 5. — Museo Capitolino. Sect. I. the sculptor, Tisicrates. Sarcophagus, with gilded reliefs of Cupids in a vine- yard. Eeturning along the Corridor, just beyond theentrance,is (33) a large Vase (crater) of blnck granite, with reliefs in the Egyptian stylo. Further 1., 35 Polyphemus, with a rompanion of Ulysses, wrongly j-estoied as Pan. On the rt., 21 Colossal Pyurhus, or Mars (so-called), badly restored and disfigured in the last cent. It was found in the Forum of Dnmitian. and probably represents a Roman Em- peror. 38 Hercules killing the Hydra, discovered at S. Agnese, and restored by Algardi, before the dis- covery of the original left leg (11») with the Hydra, now placed beside the statue for comparison. On tlu' 1., lower part of a draped Female Statue in porphyry — one of the best and most ancient known. Room TV. Tn the centre a Square Altar of Greek marble found at Albauo, with reliefs of the Ijabours of Hercules. Upon it a headless statuette, in the attitude of Latona escaping with her infants, Apollo and Diana, in her arms. The style of the drapery and tlie move- r.n 15TDS. MUSEUM OF THE CAPITOL — GROUND FLOOR. mcnt of the figure indicate Greek workmanship of a good time — possibly the early part of the 5th cent. B.C. To the 1., 25 Head of Bacchus, of the type introduced by Scopas and Praxiteles. Below it, 30 Sarco- phagus, with the history of Mele- ager. 19 Portrait Head of a Numi- dian Prince. EooM V. 5 Sarcophagus, discovered, in 1820, in the Vigna Ammendola, at the 2nd milestone on the Appian Way ; the reliefs represent a combat of Gauls and Romans, the former witli torques round their necks like the Dying Gla- diator. The Gaulish chief in the centre of the front puts a sword to his breast rather tlian fall by an enemy. The narrow band of the front of the lid has been skilfully utilised for the bent-up figures of Gaulish captives. The types of the Gauls are well cha- racterised, with their short beards, moustaches, and long rough hair. The action of the chief slaying him- self, and of the figure in back view near him, as also that of the Gaul on the extreme left in a nearly sitting posture, is conceived in an artistic spirit. But the rest of the composition is wanting m artistic style. 9 Good Bust op Hadrian, found at Tivoli. 11 Sepulchral Cippus of T. Statilius Aper, measurer of the pub- lic buildings, with a boar at his feet. On the sides, reliefs of compasses, plummet, a measure of length, 16 The City. Itoufe d. — Museo CapitoUno. 47 digits = 4 palms = one Roman foot. lu a corner, the 7th Milestone on the Appian Way, originally a memo- rial column to Annia Eegilla, put up by her Imsband, Herodes Atticus (itte. 42), but turned into a milestone by Maxentius, when he repaired the road. It vras afterwards removed to S. Eusebio, and bought back by Card. AlcfS. Albani. In the opposite corner, 2 Cii'prs OF Bathyllis, a celebrated actor ot tlie Augustan age, discovered in the Columbaria of the liberti of Livia on the Appian Way. The head has been carelessly restored as that of a youth. The walls are covered with inscriptions, extending from the time of Nero to Houorius and Valentinian. Room VI. Large Sarcophagus, found in the tumulu.s of the ilonte del Grano. The Portland Vase, now in the British Museum, was found inside it. On the lid are two recumbent portrait tigures. The subject of the reliefs is the story of Achilles when he was recognised by 11 lyases and Diomedes among the daughters of King Lyco- ilUSEUM of the CAPITOL — rPPEU FLOCK. modes in the island of Scyros, where his mother Thetis had placed him in disguise as a girl. Near the centre of the front he is seizing a sword and shield, ready to join the Greeks ; the drapery falling over his 1. leg and the girl's shoe on his 1. foot are remains of his disguise. One of the daughters of Lycomedes seeks to restrain him with her hands on his .shoulders. On the back is sculptured, in an unfi- nished manner, Priam bringing gifts to Achilles, and imploring him to give him back the body of Ilector. 3 * Bust in relief of a priestess or priest of Cybelc, with the implements peculiar to the office ; on the breast is a pendant with a figure of Atys. 16 The so-called Shield of Achilles formed a part of one of the Amboncs in the Church of tlie Ai-a Coeli, and this explains why there is a beautiful Cosmatesque mosaic in the centre. 10 Eelief, with inscription to local deities of Palmyra. Staircase. — On the walls are frag- raciits of the celebrated Pianta Ciipi- tolina, tlie ground-plan of ancient Eome engraved on marble, found by Antonio Dosi da S. Geminiano in the time of Paul III., in the garden behind SS. Cosma e Daraiano, on the area of the Forum of Peace. The plan was engraved under Septimius Severus and Caracalla, whose names are preserved on Slab IV. Corridor. — At the top of the stair- case arc finely-preserved Busts (63 and 48 Boute 5. — Museo Capitolino. Sect. I. 62) of Marcus Anrelins nnd Septi- mius Severus, discovered, tlie lirsc at Civita Lavinia, in 1701, the second at Porto d'Anzin. 61 Silenus, both arms restored. 60 Satyr playing on a flute, found in 1749 in the vineyard of SS. Cosma e Daraiano on the Aventiue. 58 Stntue of Tkajanus Decius. 56 Seated statue of a Koman Lady, with a boy at her knee, wearing a hulUi round liis neck. On the walls, inscriptions found in the Columbaria of the freedmen of Livia (Rtc. 42) ; many of them bear the names of persons attaclied to the Imperial household of the Augustan age, and tlie designation of their occupations. 54 Portrait statue of .Julia, daughter of Titus (near the Porta S. Sebas- tiano). Below is a Sarcophagus, with relief of the Kape of Proser- pine. 51 Female head, of a good Greek type; nose restoreil. 50 Youth, wrongly restored by Monot as a wounded warrior; the body of the figure is alone antique, and it is clearly that of a disc-thrower of the type of the discobolus of Myron, of which several ancient coi)ies exist. 49 Colossal bust of Juno, retaining a good deal of the spirit of a Greek original. The hollow eyes had been filled in, probably with eyes of ivory and ebony. 48 Totsso of one of tlie sons of Niobe : head, 1. arm, and rt. leg restored. The slim bodily forms correspond well with those of the Niobides in Florence, and appear to have been copied from a Greek original of the time of Praxiteles or Scopus. 46 Diana Lucifera (Appian Way, with No. 10). Beneath it, Sarco- phagus, with reliefs of the Birth and Education of Bacchus (S. Biagio, at Nemi). 42 Sitting Female ; the drapery, though coarsely executed, has considerable grandeur of style (near S. Gregorio). 39 Good head of Venus. 36 Bust of Hadrian, the mask in alabaster. The fine Marble Vase at the window was found near the tomb of Caecilia Metella, in 1680. It stands on a circular altar, with reliefs of 12 divinities, f(jund at Nettuno ; a good specimen of the archaistic sculpture in Eome in the 1st cent, n.c, with its affectation of true archaic minuteness and refinement. In the centre we havo Jupiter (followed by Juno, Minerva, Hercule?, Apollo, Diana, Mars, Venus) facing Vulcan, who is followed by Neptune, Mercurj% Vesta. 31 Head of Geta. 30 Bust of Trajan. 29 Minerva (Velletri). 28 Marcus Aurelius, as a boy. 26 Head of Augustus. 25 On the plinth, relief of the vestal Claudia Quincta, miracu- lously floating a ship which had stuck fast in the Tiber, to prove her ; chastity (Marmorata). [Entrance to the Cabinet of Venus.] — 20 (see lielow). 16 One of the Daighters of Niobe, wounded, and in tlie act of falling : head and both arms restored ; a com- panion figure to 20, which, however, is represented as a Psyche with butter- fly's wings (Hadrian's Villa). In both statues the treatment of drapery and tlie attitudes are much the same. It can hardly be doulited that both have been modelled pretty closely on an original Greek composition, repre- senting Apollo and Diana slaying the sons and daughters of Niobe. 14 Bacchic Vase, with Satyrs and Bac- chantes in low relief. 10 Octagonal Cinerary Urn, with seven Cupids, in relief. Head of a laughing Bacchus. 8 Drunken Bacchante. [Entrance to the Room of the Doves.] — 5 CupiD drawing his bow (Hadrian's Villa) ; wings, both arms, bow, and lower part of 1. leg restored. This type of Cupid has often been traced to an original sculpture by Praxiteles, but there is little of the style of that artist in this or any other similar Cupids. Hall of the Dying Gladiator. — Nearly all the sculptures in this hall were carried to Paris in 1796, and brought back in 1816. I. *Dying Gladiator. 'There is little doubt that this wonderful figure is a Gaul, as the torque round his neck would indicate. The date of the sculpture i is 2nd or 1st cent. B.C., wlien designs, ii representing victories over the Gauls, ' became frequent in Greek and Graeco- Eoman art. On the Acropolis of Athens was a group of the kind pre- Tjie C'l'rY. Houtis 6. — Museo CajjitoUno. 49 sentecl to the Athenians by Attalus, the king of Pergamos. Some have thought that the Dying Gladiator may havo belonged to that group, but the figures of Gauls, with their strong expressions of the emotions, lent themselves so readily to the ar- tistic taste of the times that there is no necessity for connecting this par- ticular statue Nvitli the group of Atta- ins.' — A. S. M. Tliu rt. arm and the toes of both feet have been restored. The arm is attributed to Michel Angelo. 1 see before me the gladiator lie : lie leans upon his hand — his maul}' brow Consents to death, but conquers agony, And his droop'd head sinlcs gradually low — And through his side the last drops, ebbing slow From the red gash, fall heavy, one by one, Like the first of a thunder-shower ; and now The arena swims around him — he is gone. Ere ceased the inhuman shout which hail'd the wretch who won. He heard It, but he heeded not— his eyes ^\'ere with his heart, and that was far away. He reck'd not of the life he lost nor prize, Hut where his rude hut by the Danube lay. There were his young barbarians all at play. There was their Dacian mother — he, their sire, Butcher'd to make a Roman holidaj-. All this rush'd with his blood — .-.hall be expire, And luiavenged f Arise, ye Goths, and glut your ire! Childe Haruld. John Bull thus describes the anatomy of tiie Dying Gladiator. ' The forms are lull, round, and manly ; the visage mournful ; the lip yielding to the effect of pain; the eye deepened by despau'; tiie skin of the forehead a little wriidvled ; the hair clotted in thick sliarp-{)ointed locks, as if from the sweat of fight and e.Khausted strength ; the body large ; the shoul- der,^ square ; the balance well pre- served by the hand on which he rests ; the limbs finely rounded ; the joints alone are slender and fine.' It was found among the ruins in tlie gardens of Sallust, and is supposed to belong to a large com|)osition, other parts of which ;ire at tlie Mas^co Boncompagni (lite. 'iO), where this was formerly placed. It was jnirchased from thence by Clement XII. lliomc.'] 5 * Dionysus, misnamed Ariadne, a fine bust. 4 Amazon, rt. arm re- stored : otherwise one of the best of the existing ancient copies from tlie original of Polycletus, or his rival in this case, Cresilas (Hadrian's Villa). 3 Head of Alexander the Great. It) Bust of Marcus Brutus. 12 Anti- Nors (Hadrian's Villa); a very good example of (iraeco-Eoman sculpture in the 1st cent. B.C., when there was a prevalent taste for youthful figures with their bodily forms softened down and attitudes more or less sentimen- talised. 11. Column of Oriental ala- baster (Marmoratii, Rte. 40). 10 Faun : probably the best of the ancient copies of the Faun of Praxiteles to be seen in Rome, arms and feet restored ; found in 1701, near Civita Lavinia, on the site of a Roman villa. 9 Graceful Figure of a Gikl protecting a dove ; the serpent at her side is a modern restoration. 8 Statue op Zeno (Civita Lavinia, in the ruins of the villa of Antoninus Pius). Hall of the Faun. — On the rt. wall is the celebrated Table of Brosze, inscribed with part of the Lex Regia, or the Decree of the Senate con- ferring the imperial power on Vespa- sian. From this table Cola di Rienzo expounded to his followers the power and rights of the Roman people. It was in the Bronze Collection at the I;ateran. Roman inscriptions, with an interestnig series of the Si(]na Tegidaria, or private marks of brick- makers. 1 Faun in rosso antieo t Hadrian's Villa in 173G), more re- markable for its material than for its sculpture. It stands on an altar dedi- cated to Jupiter. 3 Sakcophagis, with reliefs rei)resenting the story of Diana and Endyinion (S. Eustachio). 8 Boy with Comic Mask, in broad, simple style ; lower part of legs restored. IG Boy and Goose, found in 1741 between the Lateran and S. Croce ; in a fine, large style of sculpture, the figures of the boy and the goose being kept closely muted to avoid masses of shadow, and the realistic elTect which is to be seen in the other copies of this subject in Rome {e.g. Vatican), E 50 Route 5.- — Museo Capitolino. Sect. ■where the figure of the goose is kept well apart from the boy. Probably this group approaches more nearly than any of the others to the original of the sculptor, Boetlius, from which they ajiptar to be derived. 1 8 SAhCO- PHAGUS, with reliefs of the battle of Greeks and Amazons : on tlie lid, groups of mourning Amazons. Found near Torre Salona, on the Via CoUa- tina. Over tlie entrance door, Relief of cars drawn by elephants, leopards, deer, and sheep, led by Cupids, with the attributes of Apollo, Bacchus, and Mercury. Opposite, front of a Christian Sakcophagus, representing Cupids employed in the vintage. 23, 26, 27 Altaus, with a rostrum on their front, dedicated to Ni-ptiine, Tranquillitas, and the Winds, found in clearing the harbour of Porto d'Anzio, and suppose to have been votive offerings from sailors. Saloon; a fine room, with a heavy painted and gilt roof, in sunk panels, of the time of Innocent X. On the rt., 28 Harpocbates, with his finger on his mouth (Hadrian's Villa in 1744). 20 Apollo, lower part of legs, both forearms and nose restored : a good copy from a Greek original of the early part of the 5tii cent. B.C., pro- bably by the sculj^tor Kalamis ; another copy is in the Museum at Athens; and a third in the British Museiun. As each of these three ancient copies agree among themselves with extra- ordinary exactness, it is to be supposed that the original has been reproduced with considerable faithfulness in them all, and that it was a woik much prized in antiquity. In all the copies the bodily forms arc softened down in detail, but the proportions of a long massive body with comparatively short legs, as also the type of face and treat- ment of the hair, are always studiously preserved. 19 Amazon, arms modern, head ancient, but not belonging to this figure. Two fluted columns of porta santa marble found near the tomb of Caecilia Metella. The Victories which support the arms of Clement XII. above are said to have belonged to the Arch of Marcus Aurelius in the Corso. 14 A Roman in his toga, called Maeius, from which Chantrey copied his statue of Canning in Palace Yard. Down the centre of the hall are statues of — 1 Jupiter, in black marble, on a circular altar of white marble (Porto d'Anzio), sculptured with archaistic reliefs of Mercury approach- ing an altar, followed by Apollo and Diana. 2, 4 Two elaborately worked Centaurs, in higio morato (Hadrian's Villa in 173G). On the base are the names of the sculptors, Arifteas and Papias of Aplirodisium. No. 4 has his hands tied behind his back ; the original idea must have been to place a (jupid on the back of the Centaur as in otiier instances. Between tliem, in contrast with their excess of elabor- ation, is a figure of the Infant Her- cules, in green basalt (Aventine), sculptured with great simplicity, for which, however, some of the credit may be due to the extraordinary hardness of this material. This statue is placed on a square pedestal of white marble, with reliefs representing, on the front, the infant Jupiter suckled by the she- goat Amalthea, in Crete, while the two Curetes dance and make a noise to prevent his cries reaching the ear of his father Saturn ; on the rt. Rhea presenting to Saturn a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes like a child ; on the back, Rhea lying on the ground ; on the 1. Jupiter on his throne. Frag- mentary, and restored. 5 Aescu- lapius in black marble, on a circular altar, with reliefs representing a sacrifice (Porto d'Anzio). At a window, 83 Amazon, of the same type as 19, derived from an original of Kresilas; inscribed on the stem of the tree Sosicles, perhaps intended for the sculptor. 34 Maks AND Venus (Isola Sacra in 1770) ; a coarsely executed group, but the similarity in attitude of this Venus and the Venus of Milo in the Louvre suggests that the latter also had been originally grouped with a figure of Mars. Hall of Illustrious Men.— On the walls, * Frieze, in sis pieces, probably Vm: City. Boute 5. — Museo Capitolino. 51 from a tomplo of Neptune, repre- senting sacrificial instruments, with trident pmws of galleys and other naval emblems. Over the entrance door, ] 19 Death of Meleager, the front of a sarcophagus. 116 Calliope instructing Orpheus. 115 An inter- ment. 114 Conveying a dead body to the funeral pile. Ill Sacrifice TO Hygiei.\, in ros.so antico. 110 Fragment of an archaistie relief cf Hercules followed by tliree goddesses. The relief when complete had probably represented the marriage of Hercules and Hebe. In the centre (98) is a fine sitting Statue, supposed to be Marcns Claudius Marcellus, formerly in the Giustiniani collection ; 1. arm, 1. leg, and rt. hand badly restored. Kound the room are busts of philoso- phers, poets, and historians : — 1 Alex- ander the Great. 4, 5, 6 Socrates. 8 Carneades. 10 Hellenistic Poet. 18 Aelius Arisfides. 17 Head of the young Bacchus, with wreath and ribbons on his ueck, of the type of Scopas or Prascites ; inscribed with nameof Hiero(lEPnN). 21 Diogenes. 22 Plato, inscribed with the name of Archicles. 24 Asclepiades. 25 Theon of Smyrna, with a Greek inscription, discovered at Smyrna iu the last century. 27 Pythagoras. 28 Bust, called Alexander the Great. ■ '0 Aristophanes (?). 31 Demcisthenes. ■ II!, 34 Sopliocles. 35 Idealized por- trait. 37 Hippocrates. 38 Chrvsippus. 44, 45, 46, 47 Homer. 48 Corbulo. 49 Fine head of Scipio Africanus, with the woiuid on the left side of his head carefully worked out. 54 Ideal head wearing helmet, possibly Minerva. 55 Sappho. 03 Double term of Epicurus and Metrodorus, found in 1743, in digging the foun- dations of the portico of S. M. Maggiore. 64 Epicurus. 65 Pytho- dorus, found at Epiiesus, nose restored ; inscribed Pythndoris. 66 Phocion, modern. 68, 69 Masinissa. 72, 73 Julian the Apostate (?). 75 Cicero. 76 I'oet, with a tragic mask on the shoulder (Via Latina in 1827). 82 Aeschylus. Hall of the Emperors.— On the wall opposite the windows are two large reliefs in fairly good style : — 89 Per- seus delivering Andromeda from the sea monster, now lying slain at her feet; 92 Endymion with his dog (Aventine). Both these belong to the series in the Pal. Spada (Rte. 22). 84 Seated portrait statue of a Roman lady, mis-naraed Agrippina (see below), remarkable for the ease of the attitude and the careful rendering of the drapery. Around the room are arranged 84 busts of Eoman emperors and empresses in chi'onologi- cal order,illustrating the extraordinary power of portraiture which the Roman arti.^ts possessed. 1 Julius Caesar. 2 Fine laineate liead of Augustus. 2a Augustus. 3 The young Mar- cellus (?). 4. 5 Tiberius (Privernum in 1839). 6 Drusus, his brother. 7 Drusus, his son (Tuscnlum in 1818). 8 Antonia, wife of the tirst Drusus, mother of Germanicus and Claudius. 9 Germanicus. 10 His wife, Agrip- pina, bearing no resemblance to her so-called likeness in the centre of the room. 11 Caligula, in green basalt. 12 Claudius. 13 Messalina, the fifth, and (14) Agrippina, the sixth wife of Claudius. 15. 16 Nero. 17 Pop- paea, his wife, the bust in Pavon- azzetto marble (near S. Lorenzo). 18 Galba (modern). 19 Otho. 20 Vitel- lius, 21 Vespasian. 22 Titus. 23 Julia, his daughter, found with No. 25 in the Villa Casali. 24 Domitian. 25 Domitia Longina, his wife. 26 Nerva (modern). 27 Trajan. 28 I'lotina, his wife. 29 His sister Marciana. 30 His niece Matidia. 31, 32 Hadrian (Porto d'Anzio). 33 Julia Sabina, his wife, with badly re- stored nose. 34 Aelius (laesar, his adopted son. 35 Antoninus Pius (Ijanuvium in 1701). 36 Faustina the elder, his wife. 37, 38 ]\Iarcus Aure- lius, at different ages. 39 Faustina, his wife (Hadrian's Villa). 41 Lucius Verus. 43 Commodus (Lanuviinn in 1701). 45 Pertinax. 47 Cornelia Paula, wife of Elagabalus. 48 Macri- iius. 49 Carefully wrought bust of an unknown person of Hadrian's time. 51 Septimius Severus. 52 His wife, Julia Domna, with a wig. 53 Cara- £ 2 52 Route o.—Maseo CapitoUrto. Meet. I. calla. 57 Elagabalus. 59 Julia Maesa, his grandmother. 60 Alex- ander Severus. (J2 Maximiiius. 63 Maximns, his son. 64 Gordiau the elder. 65 Gordian tlie younger. (jG Pupienus. 69 Philip the younger (CivifaLavinia). 70 Trajanus Decius. 72 Hostilianus. 76 Gallienus. 79 Carinus, bearing no resemblance how- ever to his coin-})ortraits, and ap- peariug to be of an earlier time. 80 Unknown head of tlie 1st cent. 81 Constantius Chlorus. 82 Julian the Apostate. 83 Valentinianus III., a specimen of the depraved condition of Koman sculpture in the 5th cent. Cabinet of the Venus, containing the Venus of the Capitol. It is in Pentelic marble, and was found in a walled-up chamber in the Subura. One ot the hands was subsequently injured when the statue was carried oft' to Paris. Tliis statue is of the same type as the Venus dei Medici, neither being of a high order of art. Cupid and Psyche, a finely composed group, found on the Aventine in 1794. Psyche has no wings, and the group may perhaps only represent a Boy and Girl embracing. Hall of the Doves, so called from the *MosAic of four doves on a basin of water ; very minute workmanship, and justly admired for its technical skill. It answers to a work of the most celebrated of the ancient mosai- cists, Sosus of Pergamos, which Pliny describes as a dove drinking, and darkening the water with the shadow of her head ; on the lip of the vessel flthers are pluming themselves. " Mira- oilis ibi columba bibens et aquam umbra capitis infuscans. Apricantur aliae scabentes sese in cauthari labro." It was found in the Villa Adriana in 1737 by Card. Furietti, from whom it was purchased by Clement XIII. "Underneath is (13) a small marble *SARCOPHAGrs with reliefs. In the centre Prometheus making man in the shape of a small figure, on whose head Minerva places a butter- fly. Psyche, emblematic of the soul. Another small figure stands on a pedestal like a lifeld.ss statuette. Behind Prometheus are two of the Fates, Lachesis and Clotho. Lower down recliues a large figui'e of Earth (Gaea), holding a corimcopia with two children ; at her feet a small group of Cupid and Psyche. Immediately above the head of Earth is a Triton blowing a shell to indicate tlie sea out of which is rising the cliariot of the sun, bchimi which reclines Oceanus with rudder. At the angle is Vulcan at work on an anvil, and round ou the left side are two of his assis- tant Cyclopes ; farther away, figures which may be Adam and Eve. Re- turning to tlie front we see behind Minerva a veiled fem:de figure, proba- bly Night ; behind her, Luna in a chariot (biga); below is a figure of Death, Thanatos, leaning on inverted torch over the body of a youth stretched dead on his back on the ground, at whose head sits Fate unrolling a scroll. Above Fate, Psyche with butterfiy's wings flying through the air, and conducted to Hades by Mercury, the Guide of Souls (Psychopompos). At his feet a boy and a cornucopia which is held by a reclining figure of Earth (Gaea), on whose head Prometheus, now punished by the gods by being chained to a rock on the Caucasus Mountains, plants his rt. foot (rt. corner). Round the end is Hercules come to free Prometheus by shooting the vulture, and above is a figure of Pan, to indicate the mountainous scene. Further on. Mosaic with masks ; below it, Sarcophagus, Endymion put to sleep by Selene. At the sides of the opposite window are three very important fragments of the Tabulae Jliacae— tablets with illustrations in relief of the Trojan war, and the events connected with it. The most complete (83) contains illustrations of jjarts of the Iliad, the Iliu]iersis of Stesichorus, the Little Iliad by Lesches, and the Aethiopis by Arctinus of Miletus (Bovillae). Ou the floor and in cases, ancient Roman weights. The Capitoline Museum is some- times illuminated by electricity in The City. Boute 5. — Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. 53 honour of royal personages or some congress of illustrious men, with strik- ing eftect of flesh or ivory-coloured light upon the statues. Entering the grounds of tlie Pal. Caffarelli, to which an open gate leads halfway up the Via delle Tre Pili> (p. Sf)), and turning always to the 1., the traveller may pass com- pletely round the Fal. del Conservatori, and inspect the site of the famous Tciiijilf »/' rjiipiter C'apitolimts. This Temple, commenced by the Tarquins, and dedicated in the early days of the Eepublic (b.c. 509), contained three distinct celiac, side hy side, ihe central one consecrated to Jupiter, the wings to Juno and Minerva. Its form was therefore unusually wide, nearly approaching a .square, and its sides measured G'J yds. by 64. The style was Tuscan, and the material peperino or traver- tine ; and, as the triple front was enclosed within one pediment, its appearance must have been squat snd heavy. It was three times re- built, but always on the old founda- tions ; tirst in the time of Sulla, siconilly by Ye.spasian. the former t.-mple having been burnt in the assault on the Capitol by the soldiers of Vitellius ; and thirdly, after another fire, by Domitian. The gildiug added bv this Emperor is said to have cost 2,500,000/. At the beginning of the 5th cent., Stilicho, the brave lieutenant of the Emp. Honorius, stripped the golden plates from its doors to provide means for the defence of the city against the Goths. It was plundered of half its gilded; bronze tiles by Geuseric's Vandals (a.d. 45i), while Pope Honorius removed the rest in GoO to cover the roof of St. Peter's. Some years since, an excavation in the garden of the Pal. Caffarelli dis- closed some extensive foundations, but the shape, of the building to which they had belonged was not apparent. These have now been again buried; but in 1876-7 further discoveries were made, I)}' means of which the site; of the temple hi]s been Jaid out with tolerable certainty. It appears to have faced somewhat east of soutd ; its S.E. corner being in the Via Monte Caprino, close to the W. door of the coach- house of tlie Embassy, its S.W. angle in the garden of the Pal. Cafiarelli, and its N.W corner on the terrace in front of the same palace. It may there- fore be said roughly to have occupied the fcite of the Pal. Cafiarelli and its dependencies. Unfortunately most of the substructions have been covered again. Some square tufa stones at the edge of the terrace, 50 yds. within the gateway on the rt., best seen from the Via Tor de' Specchi (Etc. 23), and some fragments in and behind the coach-house in tlie Via IMonte Caprino, are the only remains now accessible. An account of the ruins may be found in a paper by Professor Jordan {Ann. deW Istit, Arch. 1876, p. 145), which is ac- companied with a plan (' Plenum. Ined.' vol. x. tav. 30 a.). Another fragment of the temple was discovered at the N. E. angle of the Piazza del Campidoglio in the summer of 1886. The Capitoline Temple was sur- rounded by many other temples, some of considerable size ; but no trace of any other ancient monument is now to be seen on tliis side of the hill. One of the most interesting was that of 'Jiipity Nicholas V. (1447-1455). The second door on the 1., in the Via del Campidoglio, gives access to the *Tal)iilarium, one of the most impor- tant monuments of Republican Rome. (Adm., 10 to 3, except Sun, ; 50 c.) It is supposed to have been built by Q. Lutatius Catulus, Consul b.c. 78. The exterior is best seen from the Forum, but important parts of its ex- ternal wall are also preserved on the two sides, especially on the S.W., fac- ing the Via del Campidoglio. The outer wall is an admirably regular construction of opus quadratum in lapis Gahinus (Sperone) and lajns Albanus (peperino), with blocks 2 ft. by 4; in the interior red tufa is used. At the height of about 30 ft. above the Forum an open corridor was carried along the front of the building, faced with an arcade having Tuscan half columns on the piers. The arches were closed in the middle ages, but the architrave and remains of nine capitals may be seen on the fa9ade, and one arch with its two half columns has been reopened. It is conjecturerl that there was also an upper gallery of the Ionic order. Tlie architectural decorations are constructed in traver- tine, so that in this building tha four kinds of stone successively brought into use at Rome were employed together. The corridor, having been used in the loth and IGth cent, for a salt magazine, still bears marks of the damage thereby done to the stone. It is now arranged as a Museum, in which are preserved carved and inscribed stones and archi- tectural fragments. At the further end, on the 1., are porti(jns of the enta- blatures of the Temples of Concord and Vespasian, put togethc'r and re- stored by Caniua. Below the corridor is a series of cells used in the middle ages as a prison, but probably de- signed as strong rooms for the pre- servation of public documents, which were inscribed on brass tablets {tabu- lae), or for treasure. They now contain an enormous number of am- phorae, found on the Esquiline(p. 311). Looking down from this level may be seen the commencement of a curious and interesting flight of sixty-seven steps, roofed over by horizontal arches between walls of massive masonry. They led up from a doorway, still visible from the outside, which formerly opened into the Forum, The City. Boute 5. — Palace of the Senator. 55 and was closed by the building of the Temple of Vespasian. The stairs passed up tlirough the Tabularium to the Capitol, but had no communica- tion with the building. From the middle of the upper cor- ridor a flight of steps (marked ' Torre Capitolina ') ascends through several chambers to the Tower. The walls of the staircase are lined with inscrip- tions, reliefs, and coats-of-arms, relat- ing to the mediaeval history of Kome. The Tower was built by Martino Luiujhl in 1572, replacing an older structure. It commands a most ex- tensive and interesting ^Yiew of Rome and the Campagna. Within it hangs the great bell of tlie Capitol, the celebrated Pafarina, caj^tured at Viterbo in tlie middle ages, and only rung on very solemn occasions. The following description indicates the chief points as seen from each face of the parapet, beginning at the landing- place, and walking round to the left. I. Below lies the Forum (p. 57). On the Falatine, the most conspi- cuous object is the Villa Mills, backed by the Baths of Caracalla, the Porta S. Sebastiano in its line of brown walls, and the white Tomb of Caecilia Metella. Then to the 1. the low red roofs of the Military Hospital, the Passionist Convent with its extensive grounds, the yellow Villa Mattel, S. Stefano Kotondo, the long row of arches of the Aqua Claudia, and the pinnacled mass of the Lateran. Be- yond in the distance rises Monte Garo (3150 ft.), with Rocca di Papa (2045 ft.) on its higher slopes, Marino and Grotta Ferrata lower down, and to the 1. Frascati witli its villas, irom which a line slants upwards to the Arx of Tusculum (21'J5 ft.). On a hill to the 1. rises Bocca I'riura (2520 ft.), and on a lower summit Colonna (11-iO ft.). Then Ibllows a depres- sion between the Alban and Sabine range, the first important town on the slopes of the latter being Faleslrina (1550 ft.). Nearer home is seen the brick campanile of S. Croce, the largo greenisli-grey Pal. Field, tho tw^o mediaeval towers near S. Martino, and the domes and campanile of S. M. Maggiore, to the 1. of which rises Ticoli (760 ft.). II. lielow is the boundary-wall of the Foriun of Augustus, with the three fluted columns of the Temple of Mars Ultor. Further 1. lies the Forum of Trajan. Between these two points rises the slightly leaning Torre dtlle Milizie, backed by the gardens of the Villa Aldobrandini. Above the tower are seen the roofs and turrets of the huge Fal. delle Finanze. In the distance to the rt. stands Monte Gennaro (4170 ft.), with tlie hill towns oi Monte Celio (1275 ft.) and A?. Angelo Eomano (1310 ft.), at the foot of its lofty range. Imme- diately to the 1. of the Torre delle Milizie stretches the extensive Palace of the Quirinal, while further 1. is seen the Church of the Trinita dei Monti with its obelisk, the Villa Medici with its gardens, the Pincio and the woods of the Villa Borghese, Above tliese, Mentana (480 ft.) and Mo7ite Botondo (540 ft.). III. At our feet is the Church of the Ara Cueli, and beyond it a pic- turesque inner loggia of the Pal. Venezia, with the little campanile oi S. Marco. Further rt., the narrow Corso is visible almost in its entire length, from the foot of the hill on which stands the unfinished monu- ment to Victor Emmanuel, as far as the Porta del Popolo at its N. end. Half-way down on the 1. stands the Column of Marcus Aurolius, to the 1. of which is the brown clock-faced Chamber of Deputies, and the new ugly blocks of buildings on the rt bank of the Tilier. Beyond these rises the beautiful groujj of Monte Mario (455 ft.), and to the rt. of it the isolated limestone mass of Monte Soracte (2265 ft.). More in the fore- ground is seen the flattened dome of the Pantheon, the fantastic twisted spire of S. Ivo (the University Church), and the dome of S. Andrea della Valle, backed by the mass of St. Peter's and the Vatican. IV. AVe now face the long ridge of the Janiculum, witli the Tiber and its new embankment in the foreground, 56 Route G. — Forum Bomanum, Sect. 1, the river sweeping with a great bend round the jDopulous quarter of Ihe Trastevere, whose most conspicuous churches are S. Maria and S. Criso- gono. On the 1. bank, as the stream turns W., are the chffs of the Aventiiie, crowned with tlie churclies of S. Sa- bina, S. Alessio, and tlie Priorato. Beyond these may be faintly dis- cerned the woo(hn cross on Monte Testaccio. To the I. is the Pyramid of Cestius and tlie English Cemuterj', backed by the Church and Campanile of S. Paolo fuori le Mura. In the foreground our circuit is comj)loted by the tower of S. M. in Cosmedin, the Janus, and the round Ciiurch of S. Teodoro, at the foot of the Palatine. No mention has been made of the Seven Hills as a feature in the pano- rama, because since the extensive building operations of late years, and the levelling process of the Piano liegolatore, their foriiiatiou is no longer di^cernible. It is only while traversing the streets which descend to cross the depressions between these classical eminences that the traveller becomes conscious of any perceptible rise and fall. The Capitoline Hill is undermined with extensive artificial caverns — apparently ancient quarries — one of which is accessible (lite. 25). Some of these caverns may be identified with the sacved favissae mentioneil by Gel- lius, by which Catulus was impeded in his design of lowering the area sur- rounding the Capitoline temple, but they are mostly the work of mediaeval quarry-men. The largest crypts are to be seen in the substructions of the unfinished national monument to Victor Emmanuel. During the senatorship of Branca- leone (125.i), who destroyed 140 private castles in Rome, the Cajjitol was be- sieged and taken by the partisans of the Pope and the nobility. In 1341 Petrarch was crowned with laurel in the Capitol ; which was also the scene of the triumph and of the death of Cola di Rieuzo, Tribune in 1347, killed in 1354. ROUTE 6. THE FOKCM BOMANUM, WITH THE CHURCHES BUILT UPON ITS RUINS. [Omn. p. [22], i. ; Tramway, p. [28], i.. iii.] *** Open daily, without payment, from 9 to sun,set. Entiance near the Church of jS'. M. Liheratrice. The FORXTM ROMANTTM was a paral- lelogram or oblong sjiace, extending N.W. and S.E., with its longest measurement (about 230 yds.) from the Rostra at the foot of the Capitoline hill, to the Regia at the foot of the Sacra Via opposite the temple of Antoninus and Faustina. The breadth of the open area is about 80 yds. ; but the wliole spuce was so limited by the monuments placed around and within it, that the impression produced upon the visitor is that of surprise at the smnllness of the area in which so important and so varied affairs were trnnsaeted. The plot of ground which it occupies was originally a marsh, drained and made available ibr build- ing purposes by means of the Cloaca Maxima. Besides being much encumbered with publi(! buildings, the Forum was surrounded with shops (tahernae), having projecting galleries over them ; in such open space as remained was held one of the first gladiatorial fights in B.C. 216.— ili. The Statues which crowded the thoroughfares were also at one time so numerous that Rome was said to have two equal populations — one in flesh and blood, tlie other in bronze and marble. In the middle ages the Forum ae(]uired the name of Campo Vaccina, from the Vaccine (calves j and other animals sold in the market. Foot passengers usually approach the Forum from the Capitoline Hill, descending the paved Via del Campi- doglio, on the W. of the Palace of the Senator, or else the steps on its E. side Frou) either side there is a fine m e. PLAN OF THE ROMAN FORUM, s. ..1, The CiTv. Boute G. — Temple of Vespasian. ■57 *view of tin; Forum. Proceeding on tho W. sidu until tliis view is obtained, on the 1. we see the three liuted t'uluiuus of the Temple of Vespasian, the Arch of Septiiuius Severus, and tho eight untluted colunms of the Temple of Saturn. Beyond is the Column of Phocas, and below, in front, the Basilica Jnlin, backed by the three beautiful colunnis of the Temple of Castor. To the rt. are the bare brick walls of the Temple of Augustus, above which rises the Palatine. Below the Palatine are the scattered ruins of the Temples of Yesta and Julius Caesar; further to the 1. on the further side of the excavated area are the Temple of Faustina (S. Lorenzo in JMir.mda), and the round Temple of Romulus (SS. Cosma e Damiauo). Be.v,ond these are seen two arches of the Basilica of Constantine, the Church of S. Francesca Komana, the Arch of Titus, at the summit of tlie Sacra Via, and in the distaufc the Colosieum. Immediately below the near wall on the 1., at the S. side of the Tabularium, is a series of celiac, with a Corinthian portico, which has been repaired since its excavation, with an inscription recording the restoration by Vettius I'raetextatus (pro-consul of Aciiaia luider the Emp. Julian), of the images of the l)il Consentes, A.D. 3G7. These gods were twelve, and it is thought that the intercolumuiations, some of which are still concealed under the modern road, were originally of the same number. Descending the steps, and turning 1. along the line ot tramway, we observe within the railings on the 1. some cliambers, supposed to have been offices of notaries, and some- times called Sc/u>ls taken by Augustus, in imitation of the ancient Rostra. The central part of the ter- race, in a semicii-cular form, appears to have been built after the rest, where an opening had probably been left to avoid destroying tlie pre-existing column or altar to Julius Caesar. The holes for fixing the beaks may still be seen. Abutting on the temple, between it and the Temple ofCastor and Pollux, was the Anh of A iif/ii.sftis, whose foun- dations, discovered in 1888, may yet be traced. They consist of great blocks of travertine, and show that the Arch was triple, the central opening being 14 ft. wide. It was raised in com- memoration of the victory at Actium (B.C. 30). Close by was the Pool or Lake of Jntttrna, fed by a spring which issued from the rocks of the Palatine, where the twin-gods Castor and Pollux appeared in the Forum after the battle of Lake Regillus. ■\Vhen Ihey drew nigh to Vesta, They vaulted down amahi, And washed then- hordes at the w ell That springs by Vesta's fane. And straight again they mounted, And rode to Vesta's door ; Then, like a blast, away they passed, And no man saw them more. (Macaulav, Lays of Ancient Home.'} The remains of a low round construc- tion, which are seen here in the pave- ment, may be part of the stone basin of a fountain wliich appears to have existed in the same place in Imperial times. To the rt., near the foot of the Temple of Castor, are some very beau- tiful '^architectural fragments, witli details exquisitely wrought, and worthy of close examination. They are of early Imperial date, and appear to have been found in the 16th cent, on the other side of tlie Forum — in which case they may possibly belong to the Regia (see p. C6). Further on are the remains of the round Tf tuple ofVrsta, frequently de- stroyed and restored in the same Ibrm. The entrance faced Ihe S.E., opposite to the House of the Vestals. Horace speaks of an inundation of the Tiber having threatened these buildings. Vidimus fiavura Tiberim, retortis Ijittore Etrusco violenter undis, Ire dpjectum monumenta reels Templaque Vestae.— (Od. I. ii. 13.) Tlie flood of 1870 also reached to tliis part of the Forum. The Temple, according to tradition, was built by Numa Pompilius. a.u.c. 39, and dedi- cated to Vesta, the goddess of fire. It wa.s symbolic of the family heartii of the city. Julia Domna, wife of Sep- timius Heverus, rebuilt the Temple of Vesta with a podium about 50 ft. in diameter, supporting a peristyle with columns, cella, and dome, as seen on contemporary bronze medallions, and on a piece of sculpture in the Ufiizi at Florence. A few stejjs beyond this is a Shrine (10 X 7 ft.), whose white marble en- tablature is placed near and bears the following inscription :— SENATUS . POPULUSQUE . EOMANUS . PECUNIA . rUBLIOA . FAOIENDAM . CUBAVIT. From its position it should probably be assigned to Vesta. The discovery of the *House of the Vestal Virgins in 1883-4 is chiefly due to Signer Baccelli, then Minister of Public Instruction. This building extends for some distance S.E. of the Temple of Vesta, whose vicissitudes, as regards burning and restoration, it seems to have closely shared. The Vestals, at first four in number, were afterwards increased to six, and selected from girls of patrician families be- TnK CiTV. Route 6. — House of the Vestal Virgins. 66 twecii G and 10 years of age, who were required to be free from every defei't. Tlie duration of the vestallJiood was 30 years, after wliioh the Vestals were allowed to marry, but there is no instance on record of any of them having done so. Tlieir essential duty was to watch by night and by day tlie sacred tire in the Temple, and to guard the Palladium saved by Aeneas from the burning of Troy and otlier relics. If the lire were permitted to go out it was considered a bad omen for the city, and the Vestal allowing it was Hagellated ; if one broke her vows she was buried alive. The fire was, however, solemnly extinguished on Xew Year's Day (March 1st), and rekindled by the Poutifex Maximus. When Augustus gave the Vestals (B.C. 1(2) the residence of the Poutifex Maximus which adjoined their house, preferring himself to live on the Pala- tine, they rebuilt the premises on an enlarged scale. Tile Atrium was a large open court, 71 by 221 ft., .surrounded by marble columns of great beauty, such as brec- cia coraUina, of which two are in situ, and by rooms in two stories. In the central pavement are the outlines of a circle within an octagon of brick, the intervening space having eight divisions. It has been suggested that these are the foundations of the Penetralia, or Sancta Sanctoiiim of the Vestals, where the more precious relics were kept; but it is more probable that it was simply a flower-bed. In the Atrium are also a well and a foun- tain. Here are placed portrait statues of the Vestals, and pedestals with in- scriptions, but it is not known to which statues they respectively belong. The statues are mostly of Parian marble and of the I^rd or 4th cent, but not remarkable as specimens of art. The most perfect among them has been removed to the Museo dcUe Ternie (Rte. 21). The pedestals are fifteen in number, all bearing inscriptions stating to whom and by whom they were dedicated ; one to the chief Vestal TerenliaB^lavolaby her brother Quin- tus Lollianns, his wife and daughter ; another to the chief Vest.d Praetex- tata by Julius Creticus, a religious attendant of Vesta ; and a tliird to Numisia Maximilla (Ete. 21). The one dedicated to Coelia Claudiana is in honour of her having attained the twentieth year of her rank, and ex- presses a wish that she may happily complete thirty years. Six pedestals are inscribed with the name of Flavia Publicia, and bear eulogies of her piety and careful guardianship of the eternal fire. On the latest (a.d. 3G1) — the central one of three at the N.W. end. — the Vestal's name is erased, owing most likely to her having become a Christian, as Prii- dentius asserts some did shortly before tiie worship of Vesta was finally abolished by Gratian, a.d. 3G7. At the S.E. end of the Atrium is the Tablinum, ai)proached by four steps between columns. Portions of the beautiful marbles forming the steps, lining, and floor are still visible. Six rooms, three on each side, open into the Tablinum. The number suggests that these were the rooms of the six Vestals. The middle room on the right, being in a damp situation, lias its floor raised on amphorae cut in half, and on the side wails are the depressions where the hot-air flues were situated. Other means to counteract the eflect of damp exist in tlie double wall built on the side of the house towards the Palatine, the interval being filled in with char- coal. At the back of the last-named rooms is a bath-room with niches for statues over the bath and a vaulted si^ace, apparently occupied by the central heating apparatus, witli flues. Leading back N. from this room is a passage, out of which open kitchens and other offices. In the second are the remains of a mill with tlie surrounding space for the slave who worked it. At the end of the passage is a stair- case leading to the still existing upper story, wliieh consists of chambers, each with its adjoining bath-room. At the N. angle of the House of the Vestals were found the remains of a building of the 8th or 9th cent., in which was an earthen vessel, con- taining a large number of English silver Qoins — 3 of Alfred the Ureat; F 66 Bovte Q.-^House of the Vestal Virgins. Sect, T. 217 ofEadward I.; 893 of Athelstan; 195 of Eafimimd I., and others ranging from 871 to 947 a.d. In the same vase was a bronzo fibula with au inlaid inscription : — + DOMINO . MARINO . PAPA + This refers to Mariniis II., who was Pope from 942 to 94(! a.d. Among these was a gold coin of Theophilus (829-842). Tliey are now in the Mim'o delle Ternie (Kte. 21). It was in this building, and serving as pilasters to its S.E. wall, that the tirst four pedestals bearing inscriptions to the Vestals were found in 1883, before the rest of the Atrium Vestae was uncovered. They had been evidently removed from the sacred precincts when the site and materials of the Vestal's house became public property on the final suppression of their order in 394. * The origin of the worship of Vesta is very simple. In pre-historic times, when fire could be obtained only from the friction of two sticks of dry wood, or from sparks of flint, every village kept a public fire burning day and night, in a central hut, at the disposi- tion of each family. The care of watching the precious element was entrusted to young girls, because girls as a rule did not follow their parents and brothers to the far-away pasture- grouudf, and did not share with them the fatigues of hunting or fishing expeditions. In course of time, how- ever, this simple practice became a kind of sacred institution, especially at Alba Longa, the mother-country of Kome ; and when a large party of Alban shepherds fled from the volcanic eruptions of the Alban craters into the plain below, and settled on the marshy banks of the Tiber, they fol- lowed naturally the in.'ititution of the mother-country, and the worship of Vesta — represented by the public fire and the girl attending to it — was duly organised at the foot of the Palatine hill, on th^ borders of the market- place.' — L. Between the Temple of Vesta and that of Antoninus and Faustina are some ruins of marlile walls ; an accu- rate examination of them made by Mr. Nichols in 188G showed them to be the remains of tho Regia, probably as rebuilt by Domi- tius Calvinus in 35 B.C. ' The original Regia is said to have been built by Numa as his dwelling-bouse, and tlienceforth became tlie official resi- dence of the Pontifex Maximus.' — M, The "Temple of Antoninus and Faustina was probably erected 1iy the ' Enip. Antoninus Pius himself, in ; honour of his deified wife, a.d. 141, ^ and inscribed with his own name after his death, a.d. UU. The dedi- ' cation in two lines, the upper line being an addition of the latter date — DIVO . ANTONINO . ET DIVAE . FAUSTINAS . EX . S. C. may still be read on the frieze and architrave of the portions. In the cella of tlie temple, extt^nding also into the front, is the Church of 8. Lorenzo in Miranda (see below). The por- tions has six columns in front and two at each side with Corinthian capitals and Attic bases. Each shaft, about 50 ft. high, is a single block of oipollino, the bases, capitals, and entablature being of white marble. The lower portion of the columns is covered with r/raffiti, scratched by idle hands in Imperial times The cornice has no dentils. The frieze at the side is adorned with griffins, vases, and candelabra. The sides of the cella and the substructions of tlie porticus are constructed of peperino,in large blocks, once cased with marble. The ascent to tho porticus was by 21 steps. The platform for the altar in front of the temple is distinctly seen. On the rt. side is a large B;ith (4th or 5th cent.) lined with marble. An accoimt of some excavations made round thi.s temple in the 16th cent, fo]- the purpose of obtaining materials for St. Peter's, when the marble steps were carried to the Vatican, has been found by Comm. E. Lanciani in a manuscript in the Bodleian Library, and published in the 'Bull, dell' 1st. The City. Itoute 6. — *S^, Lorenzo in Miranda. 67 Archeol.,' 1872. The same excava- tions are mentionod by Palladio. The Church of S. Lorenzo in Miranda is first men- tioned in 1377. Pnjje Martin V. granted the site in 1430 to the cor- poration of Iioman Apothecaries, who built chapels between the columns, and established a hospital for tiie poor of their guild. These impedi- ments were cleared away by order of tlie Koman Senate, to show the ancient temple, when the Emp. Charles V. visited Rome, and the Church was re- built in 1602. On the Chancel walls are tapestries of the Brazen Serpent, and the Fall of Manna. Tlie Martyr- dom of S. Lorenzo, over the altar, is attributed to Pietro da Cortona. At No. 1, Via in Miranda is the Govern- ment Oftice, where permission must be sought for entering the Casino on the Palatiiie, the roof of the Basilica of Constiintine, and other places (p. [37]). Nearly in front of this Church, the Forum was entered from the Sacred Way through the Arch of l-'abiiis, originally erected by Q. Fabins Maximus Aliobrogicus, consul B.C. 121. Cicero has preserved a saying of Crassus against Memmius, that he thought himself so great a man that he could not come down into the Forum without .stooping his head at the Arch of Fabius. Some fragments of it, discovered in 1880, lie scattered about still ; but the most important of its remains appear to have been used up in the decoration of St. Peter's, between 1511 and 1545. The Sack A Via, or Sacred Way, was a road carried up a steep slope between the Palatine and Velian hills, from the Poman Forum to the ridge upon which stand the Cliurch of S. Francesca Eomana and the Ai'ch of Titus, by which ridge the higher part of the Palatine was most easily ap- proached. It was paved with sile:r, a hard black basaltic lava, laid in polygonal blocks, accurately litted together. Though the name Sacred ■was also applicable to the extensions of this road, in one direction througii the Forum to the Capitol, and in the other beyond the ridge to the now unknown site of the Shrine of Strenia,t on the E,squiline, the only road popu- larly so called was the slope above described : and all the allusions to the Sacred Way in the classical poets, orators, and historians, will be found to api^ly to this short street. The Sacred Way or Sacred Hill (Sacer Clivus), as it is called by both Horace and Martial : Inde sacro veneranda petes Palatia clivo, (Maet., £p. i. 71, 5.) was the road by which Horace saun- tered into the Forum from the house of Maecenas on the Esquiline : Ibam forte via .Sacra, sicut meus est mos, Ke.«cio quid meditans nugarum et totus in iUis. (HOR., Sat. i. 6.) It was ennobled by its associations with the triumphs which passed over its pavement towards the Capitol. Hence Horace imagines the uncon- quered Briton descending it in chains : Intactus aut Britannus ut descensis of Titus. The piers under the arch are ornamented with ndiefs on a large scale, of tlie triumphs of Titus. On the 1. the Emperor is drawn in his triumphal ear, conducted by Koma and crowned by Victory. On the rt. the triumphal procession is about to pass under an archway, possibly that of Fabius, at the bottom of the Sacred Way. The soldiers carry the spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem, among which may be recognised the golden table, the silver trumpets, and the seven-branched candlestick of gold. The sacred objects brought from Jeru- salem were deposited by Vesjiasian in his magnificent Temple of Peace ; and the representations of these symbols of a strange worship were doubtless copied more or less closely from the originals. This arch was incorpo- rated in the mediaeval stronghold of the Frangipani (see below). It aftbrds the earliest instance in Rome of the use of the Composite capital — a super- position of Ionic volutes upon two rings of Corinthian acanthus leaves, and not considered a very happy artistic design. Other examples are the Arch of Senras (see above), the Arch of the Golilxnu'thf^ (Rte. 25), and the Baths of Diocletian (Rte. 21). At the corner of the road, which ascends from the Arch of Titus to S. Bonaventura (Rte. 9), are foundations of the Torre Cartularia, a mediaeval stronghold, built by the Frangipani to protect the entrance to their fortress, whicli|included also the Colosseum and the Septizonium. Its name seems to have been derived from the archives of the Popes, which were transferred to it for safety in the 10th cent. During the troubles of 11(57, Pope Alexander III. took refuge in this tower, to escape the assault of the faction of Barbarossa. It was partially destroyed by the Senator Brancaleone in 1257, and the remaining part was pulled down in 1829 during the re- storation of the Arch of Titus, which liad served as a buttress to the Tower. The ruins now visible consist of a gigantic platform of lava concrete in five steps, with massive blocks in mixed travertine and peperino. Further on, to the rt. of the paved road, are the remains of some baths, probably those built in tlie 3rd cent, by Elagabalus. Their brick-worlc is good, th(! flue-tiles often well pre- served, and the marble lining of the baths handsome. The centre of tlie 72 Itoute Q. — Temple of Venus and Roma. Sect. I. group is occupied by a curious buildinc:, in the form of a basilica, ornamented "With columns of CipoUino. Beneatli it is a very singular kind of crypt. In the apse is a fountain or cistern, just on tlie .spot where tlie altar ^YOuld have stood if the buildinc: had been a Church. — M. Overlooking these Baths are the lower parts of vaulted chambers which formed part of the Palace of Nero. Upon an artiiicial platform extend- ing from the Bumma Sacra Via to the area of the Colosseum, in the midst of an enclosure surrounded by a vast colonnade, was the double Ttmplc of Venus and Jioinn (a.D. 125). The platform, with fragments of its 72 columns, and the ruin of part of the celiac of the temples (semicircular apses placed back to back) are all tHat remains of this magniticent monu- ment. The stucco ornaments of the vault in these apses are among the rrrj ■F^TIIHTT XJt iatlis of_j:iat:abalus(?) TEMPLE OF VEXUS AND KOMA. finest examples of the kind in Rome. — M. Part of the ruin is included in the garden of the adjoining convent, which is now used as lodging-houses. This Temple was designed by the Emp. Hadrian himself, and was placed on one of the most commanding sites in Rome. The ground had been previously occupied by part of the Golden House of Nero, which ex- tended from the Esquiline to the Pala- tine. Thii palace was destroyed by Vespasian ; but the Colossus of Nero, which liad been commenced by order of that Emperor in his own likeness, and finished aftfr his death as an image of the Sun, still stood on this site when Hadrian began his work. It was then removed to another posi- tion, probably to the great pedestal still existing close to the Colosseum. Dion Cassius relates that Hadrian submitted his design of the double temple to Apollodorus, the archi- tect of the Forum of Trajan, upon which the latter observed that the statues, which were sitting figures, were too large for the celiac, for if they rose they would strike their heads against the roof; that tlie temple should have been raised on a higher level, 80 as more completely to com- The CiTy. Moute 7. — Mamertinc Prlsun. 73 mand the Sucrcd Way; and that the required substructure, if made hollow, would have been a useful jjlace for storing the machinery of tlie theatre (Colosseum). The historian adds, pro- bably without truth, that Hadrian caused the architect to be immediately }iut to death for his bold criticism. It is probable that the temple, lofty as it was, appeareil from the Sacra Via somewhat sunk behind the colonnade of about ISO granite and porphyry columns which surrounded it. The two Temples faced towards the Forum and the amphitheatre, with a portions of 10 columns in each direction. That of Ixoma appears to have looked to- wards the Forum. The platform was approached from the Summa Sacra Via by marble steps, still partly pre- served between the Church of S. Fran- cesca and the Arch of Titus ; and from the side of the Colosseum by two stair- cases, the remains of which may be traced. The building was begun a.d. 121, and was probably linishtd in the reign of Antoninus Pius (a.d. 138), upon whose medals, as well as Hadrian's, it is represented. "Within it was an altar, at which every newly married couple in Kome oftered sacri- tlce. It was burnt in the time of Maxentius, and the existing remains of tlie double cella are to be ascribed to its restoration by that Emperor about A.D. 311. In 625, Pope Hono- rius I. obtained permission from the Emj). Heraelius to remove its gilded bronze tilus to cover the Basilica of St. Peter, whence fhey were stolen by the Saracens in S4;G. The mate- rials of the temple were probably used in the construction of the Church of S. M. Nuova (now S. Franeesca Komana), built on part of its area by Pope Eeo III. ; and Paul II. is said to have quarried here for the Palazzo di Veuezia. EOUTE i. FROM THE CAPITOL TO THE COLUMN OP TRAJAN, BY THE MAMERTINE PRISON, THE ACADEMY OP ST. LUKE, AND THE IMPERIAL FORA. [For plan of this Route, see p. 34.] i[Omu. p. [22], i. ; Tramway, p. [2S], i., iii.] From the Palate of the Senator' (lite. 5), on the side next the Ara Coeli, a paved road leads down to tlie Forum. It nearly coincides with the Scalae G<'inoHiaf (see below), by which the ascent was continued to the Temple of Juno Moneta, probably where the steps now mount to the south side of the Ara Coeli. Between these steps and the Forum is a piece of ground on the S.E. extremity of the Arx, in which are remains of walls, some of them of an early character, like the primitive walls of the Palatine. On the left, at the foot of the descent, ia the little Church of S. Giuseppe de' Falegnami (1539), belonging to the Confraternity of Car- penters. At the 1st altar 1. is a Nativity, by Carlo Maratta. Beneath is the subterranean Chapel of iS. Fietro in Carcere, with a curious ancient crucifix behind glass above the altar. From within tlie porch of the lower Church a flight of steps descends to the traditional Prison of St, Peter, the ancient Tullianum, or Career Mamertinus, which, as Livy tells us, overhung the Forum — im- minens foro (Sacristan, 50 c). Above the steps is a part of the ancient facade, and of an inscription re- cording its restoration iu the reign of Tiberius. The prison consists of two chambers, the upper being an irregular quadrangle of squared tufa roofed with an ordinary round arch in the same material, dating ]ierhaj).s from an early period of the Ivcpublic. The lower is a half circle, ID ft. by 10 in the widest part, the 74 Route 7. — S. Martina. Sect. I. ■walls on the straight side being i^artly formed of the solid tufa rock. The stones forming tlie curved side, which is placed towards the hill and probably built against the rock, are laid hori- zontally, ovelapping e;ich other in such a manner as to slope forward towards the top, where they origi- nally formed a conical roof. The wall now terminates at the height of about 5i ft., and is covered by a flat vault of a totally difterent con- struction and material. This vault has a hole in the middle, supposed to have once been the only way of descending into the lower chamber. In the rock floor is a spring, which, according to the legend, burst forth miraculously, to enable St. Peter to baptize his gaolers. In Early Latin tullius signified a spi'ing ; and the well still existing in the rock is believed to have given the name of TuUianum to the building, originally constructed as a well-house. The name was thought by the Roman antiquaries to commemorate its erec- tion by Servius Tullius; while the building over it was attributed to an earlier king, Ancus Marcius. Livy says, And regis ojms est. ' The TuUi- anum is the earliest specimen of build- ing, other than simple wall-construc- tions, in Eome.' — B. The name of Mamertinus is not classical, but mediaeval, and refers to a statue of Mars (^Mamers) which stood close by. The Tullianum np- pears to have been a state prison and place of execution for political offenders and for captives of importance. It was here that Lentulus, Cetliegus. and the other accomplices of Catiline, were strangled by order of Cicero, who an- nounced thtir death to the assembled people by the single word vixerunt. Here Sejanus, the minister of Tiberius, perished ; here Jugurtha was starved to death ; and here, after the triumphs of the Eoman generals, the captive chiefs who had graced the procession were frequently ordered to be slain. The Sc(ila<: yds. The upper part is built of peperino, the lower of sptrone, and its height ex- ceeds 100 ft. The hard grey blocks of sperone are as fresh as ever, while the softer greenish pcperino has weathered badly. On the top is a massive and efi'ective travertine cornice 4 ft. deep, with large simple consoles. — M. Its chief purpose was not so much to pro- tect the Forum from the street fires which were so frequent in Eome, as to screen the view of the ugly houses which overhung the Forum from the slope of the Quirinal liill. Within this wall on the rt. are the fine ruins of the *Southern Hemi- CYCLE, excavated in 1889. Many pedestals of statues bearing the names of C. Marius, Q. Fabius Maximus, Sulla, and other victorious generals, were thus brought to light, and the inlaid pavement of coloured marbles exposed to view. At the same time was cleared out about 150 yds. of the Cloaca IMaxima, whicli runs beneath the Imperial Fora.f Here stood the old Church of S. Basilio, mentioned as one of the principal Al)boys of Rome in 9S.i5. Its gable can be easily made out against the wall. The street is closed by the Arco del Pantani, which formed one of the entrances of the Forum. To the X. of the Arch stands the Church of the Annunziata, built in 1576 by some Dominican Nuns, to wliom Pius V. had as.-^igned the Convent of S. Basilio. It was built out of the mato- I'ials of the Temple about a.b. 505. To the rt. of its entrance are four well jointed doorways in tlie ancient wall, buried nearly to the spring of the arch. To the N. rises the Torre f It can l)e cxaniineil liy applying to Cav. Narducci of the City Hydraulic .Service. del Grillo, with a handsome marble cornice. Turniug to the rt., outside the Arch, we soon reach on the 1. the very ancient Church of SS. Qnirico e Gitditta, which gives a title to a Cardinal Priest. In the 6th cent, it occupied a much lower level, and faced iu the other direction, with its apse towards the Forum Wall. It was rebuilt by Paul V., in 1606, and given to the Dominicans in 1622. Crossing the street a few yds. fur- ther, we reach on thert.,at the corner of the wide Via Cavour, the Tor de' Conti, a huge brick tower, erected by Nicholas I. in 858, and re- built in 1216 by Innocent III., both Popes of the Conti family, from whom the tower derives its name. It is founded on the remains of a square Temple, supposed to be that of Tel- liis. Its walls are cased with brick and strengthened with buttresses. The tower consisted of three stories of great altitude, and is referred to \)\ Petrarch, in one of his letters, as ' Turris ilia toto orbe miica quae comitum dicebatur.' It formed, like other towers of the same kind, a fortress during the troubled middle ages. The battlemented summit was injured by the earthquake of 1348; the tower itself was partly pulled down by Urban VIII., and reduced to its present form by Alexander VII. in 1655. It in'obably occupied the centre of the Area Tellwis, in the region of the Carinae, and stood near the house of Spurius Cassius, the Consul, who in B.C. 485 was hurled from the Tarpeian rock. Following the tramway for a few yds. to the bottom of the Via Cavour, and turniug to the rt., we reach at the corner of the Via della Croce Bianca the two half-buried coUnnns known as the *Colonnacce. This ruin, sometimes erroneously called the Temple of Mi- nerva, formed part of the ornamental 78 Boute 7. — Forum of Nerva. Sect. I. enclosure of the Foruui of Nerva. A comparatively narrow space, between the Forum of Vespasian and that of Augustus, was chiefly occupied by the Arfjildum, a great thoroughfare leading from the Roman Forum to the 8ubura, one of the most crowded parts of Rome. Here Domitian built another Forum, in which he placed a Temple of Miwrva, and a Shrine of tTauus OiififlHfrons; the erec- tion of the latter is celebrated by Martial (x. 28). The temple was completed by the Emp. Nerva, whose name was commonly given to the Forum ; which was also called the Forum Transitorium, from the thoroughfare passing tlirough it. A considerable part of the hexastyle portico of the Temple of Minerva was still standing at the beginning of the 17th cent., and views of it are given in the rare works of Du Pcrac and Gamucci. It was pulled down by FORA OF AUGUSTUS AND NERVA. Paul V. in 1606, its Corinthian columns cut up to decorate his fountain on the Janiculum, and its architrave turned into the high altar of St. Peter's. Some of its material was also used in the construction of the Cappella Borghesc at S. M. Maggiore. The remaining columns support an entablature with sculptured frieze and cornice, and an attic in which is a figure of Minerva in high relief. The frieze represents the attributes of Minerva as patroness of house- hold industry; young women are weaving or spinning, weighing out money, and drawing water. All this ornamentation is attached to a wall built of large blocks of i^eperiiio, once cased with marble. The ' entablature projects and returns round the columns, which are placed in front — a peculiarity of Roman tabte, never seen in Greek work. The attic also projects, and formed a pedestal for colossal statues.' — M. [At the opposite corner of the two streets is the ancient Church of S. M. in Macello Martyrum, so called be- cause it encloses a well into which numerous Christians are supposed to have been thrown, after tlieir condem- The City. lioufe 7. — Forum of Trajan. nation at the office of the Praefect nnnexed to the neighbouring- Aedeg iSaci-de Urhis (see below). The water of this well, wliich in reality is simply a shaft communicating with the Cloaca Maxima, was constantly drunk by de- votees during the middle ages for the sake of its healing qualities. Previous to the l"ith cent, the Church bore the title of /S". Marco, but in tlie IGth it was given to the weavers, and changed its name to S. Agata del Tessitori. It now belongs to the Third Order of Poiiitence. Festa, 5th Feb.] Forum of Peace. — After the com- pletion of the Forum of Augustus, no I further work of the kind was projected I until the time of Vespasian, who sur- rounded his magnificent Temple of Peace, dedicated a.d. 77, with an en- closure nf a similar chai'acter. It stood S.E. of the Forum of Au;j;ustus, near the point where the Via Ales- I sandrina joins the wide Via Cavour. f No certain relics of these monuments remain, except portions of the pave- ment at the foot of the back wall of SS. Cosma e Damiano, wliere the fragments of the marble plan of Eorae were discovered by Antonio Dosio. The Aedes Sacrae Urhis, represented by the Church of SS. Cosma e Da- miano, was entered from this Forum, and formed, as it were, part of its enclosure. The existing ruins date partly from the time of Ve.spasian, partly frnm tliat of Sevevus. Ont.sido the apse of the Basilica of Constantine is a fine fragment of wall in mixed L blocks of peperino and tufa, with a I square-headed travertine doorway, I having a round relieving arch I over it. I The Temple of Peace included a ■ Public Library and a perfect treasury I of antiquities and M'orks of art. It I contained tlie golden table of .«hew- ■ bread, and the golden candlestick ■ from the Temple at Jerusalem. The B building lay in ruins, having been ^L struck by lightning, between a.d. 522 ^H and 5o4 ; thougli there still existed a ^^L large number of its Greek sculptures ^^Kin the adjoining Forum, among which ^^Byras a Bidl standing over a fountain, and the celebrated Cow and Calf by Myron, which once adorned the great square at Athens. The Via Alessandrina leads straight from the Ijack of the Basilica of Con- stantine to the *Fortim of Trajan. [Just before reaching it the Via di Campo Carleo (Carlo Leone) diverges to the rt. (see below).] The excavated area may be visited by descending a staircase at the S.E. corner, where there is a cmtode in attendance. It was begun by Trajan after his return from the Daeian war, and completed a.d. 114. A triumplial arch gave entrance to the Forum. This was a large square with colon- nades on three sides, and the Basilica Ulpia, so calleil from Trajan's family name, on the N. side. Beyond the Basilica, to the N., rose the memorial column, in the centre of a square area, having on two sides the celebrated Greek and Latin libraries. Beyond these buildings tlie Temple erected to Trajan by Hadrian occupied the area ■ on which now stands the Pal. Valenfini (Prefettura). On the E. and W. of the Forum two semicircular wings, with a double tier of shops and public offices, supported the slopes of the Quirinal and Capitoline hills, liartially cut away to make room for this magnificent suite of buildings. The architect employed by Trajan for this work was a Greek, ApoIIodorus of Dama.scus. Some exquisite sculptures, repre- senting scenes in the life of Trajan, and described in the account of the Arch of Constantine, are generally supposed to Jiave been taken from the arch which gave entrance to this en- closure. It is however more probable that they were removed fi'om the Jrc«.s Divi Trajani near the Porta Capeiia. About one-third of the extent of the Forum was disclosed in 1812, when the French prefect of Rome, Comte de Tournou, caused two convents and several houses to be pulled down to lay open the present area. Tiie marble 80 Moute 7. — Forum of Trajan. Sect. I. pavement has almost entirely dis- ai^peared, but many fragments of marble capitals, entablatures, reliefs, and votive or lionorary inscriptions, are inserted in the modern enclosure wall. Among these inscriptions, one iVagment placed in the semicircular wall at Ihe N. end of the enclosure contains the record of the liberality of Trajan when he caused the registers of taxes due to the State to be burnt in his Forum (see p. 63). The sum of the debts was not less than sestektivm NOVIES WILLIES CENTENA MILLIA, Or about 8 millions sterling. There are also some pedestals with long inscrip- tions in praise of FlaviusMerobaudes, Nicomacbus Flaviauus, and other eminent statesmen of the 4th and the 5th cent., but no remains of the base- BESTOKED PLAN OF TEAJAN's FOKUM. ment which supported the great bronze equestrian statue of tiie Emperor, re- nowned throughout the Koman world. £0f the two semicircular wings, which svipported the slopes of the Capitol and the Quirinal, the one to the W. is entirely concealed by modern houses in the Piazza delle Chiavi d'Oro; but that at the foot of the Quirinal is well preserved, and may be entered from No. G, Via di Campo Carleo (50 c). A considerable portion of it forms the boundary of an ad- jacent garden. (For admission to both, apply to the Custode of Trajan's Forum.) It formerly bore the name of the Baths of Aemilius Paullus,t and consists of corridors, in two, originally perhaps three, stories, partly intended to support the lofty bank of earth behind them. The square re- cesses, with travertine doorways, were used as shops or public offices. The •)- The adjacent Via Maf/7ianapoli (Rte. 19) is a curnnition of Balnea Paulli. The City. Boufe 7. — Forum of Trajan. 81 20 60 — *— iJ;'oro ili AugUbto 80 no I -I — 120 Yds. REMAINS OF TRAJAN S FOKUM. With surrouudiufir moderu buildings IRomc.'] a2 Boute 7. — Column of Trajan. Sect. I. pavement in polygonal blocks of lava was laid open in 1812 by the French, and is one of the best in Rome. The brickwork is also extremely beautiful. An old staircase, connecting the corri- dors with the Forum, descends from the garden.] Of the two double rows of granite columns, on which stood the bronze roof of the Basilica Ulpia, nothing re- mains but the lower portions with their restored bases. ' The pavement of the Basilica, with its fine slabs of white marble, is raised about 3 ft. above the level of the Forum. Some of the pedestals of the statues which flanked the steps leading down to the Forum are still visible.' — M. The pillars which decorated the main entrance, facing the Forum, as well as the steps leading to it, were of costly giallo antico marble ; and some fragments of them, as well as of the frieze and cornice, are now placed under an arch of the modern enclosure wall. The *Colunin of Trajan, the base of which was excavated by Paul III. in the 16th cent., is the finest exist- ing monument of this class. (For the ascent, apply at No. 1 Via in Miranda.) The Column was dedicated in honour of the Emperor by the Senate and Eoman people while Trajan held the Tribunitian power for the 17th time, and in his Gth Consulate. It is composed of 3-i blocks of white marble, nine of which form the base- ment, and 23 the shaft ; the remain- ing two, the torus and capital. The pedestal is covered with reliefs of wavlike instruments, shields, and helmets ; and bears the following inscription supported by two winged figures : senatvs . popvlvsqub . ro- MANVS — IMP . CAESARI. DIYI NEBVAE F . NERVAE— TRAJANO . AVG . GERM . DACICO PONTIF — MAXIMO . TRIE. POT. XVII. IMP. VI . COS . VI . P . P. — AD . DECLARANUVM QVANTAE . ALTITVDI- NIS — MONS ET LOCVS . TANTz's . OpeRIBUS . SIT . EGESTVs. This fixes the date about the commencement of the Par- thian war (a,d. Hi), from which the Emperor did not live to return, so that he never saw this remarkable monument of his reign. A series of reliefs ascend in a spiral band round the shaft, representing a continuous history of the military achievements of the Emperor. These sculptures are well preserved and in a good realistic style of art. They con- stitute a perfect study of military antiquities, aod, as a record of cos- tumes, perhaps no ancient monument which has been preserved is so valu- able. They were originally covered with brilliant colours and gold. The reliefs are 2 ft. high in the lower part, increasing to nearly four as they ap- proach the summit. They begin with a representation of the passage of the Danube on a bridge of boats, and are carried on through the successive events of the Dacian wars, represent- ing the construction of fortresses, attacks on the enemy, the Emperor addressing his troops, the reception of ambassadors of Decebalus who sue for peace, and other incidents of the campaign. All these details may be better studied from the casts in the French Academy (Villa Medici), or from those in the Laterau Museum. f The sculptures contain no less than 2500 human figures, besides a great number of horses, ships, fortresses and other objects. In the interior is a spiral staircase of 184 marble steps, lighted by 42 openings, leading to the summit, on which stood a colossal gilt bronze statue of Trajan holding a gilded globe which was erroneously supposed to have contained his ashes. The statue was probably carried off by the Byzantine Emperor in 663; the globe is now in the Museum of the Capitol. A Statue of St. Peter in gilt bronze, 11 ft. high, was placed upon the column by Sixtus V. in 1588, when the feet of Trajan's statue are said to have been still fixed on the block of marble that supported it. The height of the shaft is 100 Roman feet (97 J English), and that of the entire column from its base, ex- clusive of the statue and its pedestal, t The S. Kensiugton Museum bas also a set of casts, not well arranged. PlaLii5, r.S.WkUer. The Citv. Boute 7. — Column of Trajan. 83 127§ feet. The diameter is 12 ft. at the base and 10 fh. beneath tlie capital. The hitter • is of no definite Order, hut resembles the Doric, the echinus of which has been cut into egg and dart enrichments.' — 31. The base consists of a hirge torus, carved with hxiirel leaves in relief, forming a col- lossal wreath. The Column of Marcus Aurelius, omitting the pedestal in both cases, is of jireeisely the same height, but looks lower, because it has 20 spiral bands instead of 23, and larger figures in higher relief. The last part of the inscription lias been understood to mean that the column shows tlie height of the hill tliat was cut away to make room for the Forum. This interpretation, however, would make the ridge thus levelled higher than the Capitol, aud very nearly as high as the Quirinal. It is far more probable ' that the words allude to tlie cutting away of the Quirinal Hill, which was steep and inaccessible before, but was sloped away to a point on the side of the hill as high as the top of the column.' — B. The ashes of Trajan, originally placed in a golden urn, are said to have been deposited by his successor Hadrian in a vault under the cohimn. The chamber was opened, however, in 1585 by Sixtus v., who found it empty, and walled it up again. It should be borne in mind that the Column was originally surrounded by buildings almost to its summit, and stood practically in a narrow Court mcasuriug only Hi or 14 yds. each way, from the various Hoors of which it was intended that the reliefs should be examined. The Greeks never raised Columns, as such, for the mere purpose of supporting a statue; and the object in this case was simply to exhibit a series of sculptured panels within tiie least possible space and in the most convenient form. The history of his successive triumphs naturally culminates in a Statue of the Emperor himself; but this, aud the upper portion of the shaft, were all that could be seen above the roof of the Basilica. The Column as a whole could not be viewed, and waa never meant to be viewed, from any external point whatever. — B. A leaden pipe upwards of a mile long conveyed water to the Forum of Trajan from a reservoir near the site of the Rly . Stat. It must have weighed altogether nearly 281:5 tons, and 'of these conduits there were many thousands in Rome and its vicinity.' — L. Two Churches stand on the N. side of the Piazza. On the left S. M. di Loreto, a handsome octa- gonal building, erected by Antonio da SangaUo in 1507, with a double dome, in eight compartments. The fanciful lantern was added by Gion. del Duca in 1580. In the 1st chapel rt. are very poor mosaics of SS. Barbara, John Evan., and Francis, by Rosetti (1594); at the high altar. Virgin and Child, with SS. Sebastian and Roch (School of Perugiiio). This Church belongs to the corporation of bakers, whose hospice is behind it. Festa, 10 Dec. On the rt. is the Church of the Nome di Maria, originally dedicated to St. Bernard — a Greek cross, with a cupola rebuilt in 1736. Innocent XI. changed the dedication in honour of the deliverance of Vienna by Sobieski in 1683. G 2 M Boide 8.- The Colosseum. Sect. I. ROUTE 8. THE COLOSSEUM. [Omn. p. [2'2], i., iv. ; Tramway, [28], p. i.] History. — This Amphitheatre was l)egim by Vespasian, a.d. 72, on tlie site of the Stagmmi Neronia, li hike in the grounds of Nero's Golden House. This extravagant erection had swallowed up a whole district of Rome, and extended from the slopes of the Palatine to a point beyond the Sette Sale (Rte. 14). • The destruction of this gioantic palace, and the restor- ation to the Romans of its site in the form of public buildings, such as the Thermae of Titus and the great ^4mp7t/- tlicatre, were among the most politic acts of the first Flavian Emperors.' — M. The *Colosseuiii was commenced by Vesp.isinn, dedicated in a.d. SO by Titus, and completed by Domitian. It received successive additions from the later Emperors, and was altered and repaired at various times until the beQ;inning of the 6th cent. Tlie upper story, with its rows of wooden seats, was set on fire by lightning in the reign of the Emp. Macrinus, a.d. 217. It was. replaced by the e.xisting stone structure, opened by Gordiauus III. in A.D. 2-41:. The Arena and Podium were destroyed by an earthquake in 442 and 580 (see Inscription on a square pedestal to the rt. near the entrance from the Forum). The build- ing was originally called the Amphi- THEATKUM Flavium, iu honour of the family name of the Emperors engaged in its construction ; and the first men- tion of the name Colosseum, derived from its stupendously colotsal dimen- sions, occurs in fragments attributed on very doubtful grounds to our Vener- able Bede, recording the famous pro- phecy of the Anglo-Saxon pilgrims : — • While stands the Colosseum, Kome shall stand ; When falls the Colosseum, Rome shall fall; And when Eome falls, the world. From our own land Thus speak the pilgrims o'er the nilKhty wall In Saxon times, wliich we are wont to call Ancient. — Cltilde Harold. At the dedication of the building by Titus, 5000 wild beasts were slaugh- tered in the arena, and the games in honour of the event lasted for nearly 100 days.f During the persecution of the Christians the amphitheatre was the scene of fearful barbarities. In the reign of Trajan, St. Ignatius was brought from Antioch purposely to be devoured by wild beasts in the Colos- seum; and the traditions of the Church ^ are filled with the names of martyrs | who perished in its arena. Gladiato- '< rial combats were abolished by Hono- rius in 405, chiefiy in consequence of ' the heroic devotion of tiie Greek monk Telemachus, ' who rushed into i the midst of one of the scenes of butchery, and fell a victim to the rage of the people at having their favourite amusement interrupted.' — M. His spirited protest had, however, the effect of preventing any further slaughter of human victims. A show of wild beast.s, which took place iu the reign of Theodoric, and a bull-figlit at the expense of the Roman nobles in 1332, are the last exhibitions of which his- tory has loft us any record. The 1000th anniversary of the foundation of the city was celebrated with like magnificence by the Emp. Philip in 248. Two-thirds of the original building have disappeared. It was converted into a fortress in the middle ages, and served as a Hospital in 1450; it sup- plied the Roman popes and princes for nearly 200 years with building materials: the Pal. di Venezia, Can- relleria,Farnese, and Barberini having been in great part built from its ruins. Sixtus V. endeavoured to transform the building into a woollen manufac- tory, and employed Fontana to design a plan for converting the arcades into shops ; but the scheme fortunately failed, and was abandoned after it had cost 15,000 scudi (3000Z.). In the 17tli cent, the Amphitheatre was used for the exhibition of Passion Plays. Clement XI., in 1700, enclosed f In early times, gladiatorial fights were held in the Forum Romanum ; but the earliest of all took place in the Forum Boarium (Rte. 261. 'J"uE City. Boute 8. — The Colosseum. ELEVATION AND SECTION OP THE COLOSSEUM. C^' i tfci --- 1 ^^^ QXJA«TBB-FLAN OF TPE SEATS, ANP QfARTER-PLAN OF THE BASEBIENT, 86 Boate 8. — The Colosseum. Sect. I. the lower arcades, and established a manufactory of saltpetre for the supply of his neiglibouring powder mills. To prevent further indignities, Benedict XIV., in 1750, consecrated the build- ing to the memory of the Christian martyrs who had perished in it, and at the request of St. Leonard of Porto Maurizio (1G76-1751) established the Via Crucis, or 11 Stations of the Cross, at the foot of the ascending rows of seats. The French cleared the porticoes and removed from tlie arena the rubbish which had accumu- lated for centuries. Pius VII. built the wall which now supports the S.W. angle, a fine specimen of modern masonry ; his successors have liberally contributed towards the preservation of the fabric ; and very extensive repairs were carried on during the reign of Pius IX., directed by Canina. The Cross which stood in the middle of the arena, and the 14 Stations of the Passion ranged in a circle around it, were removed in 1874, in order to re-excavate more completely tlie sub- terranean corridors and vaults which were partially uncovered by the French between 1811 and 1814. Material. — Travertine of tlie finest quality is emjiloyed for the external face of the building, the ambulacra, or two outer corridors, and the arches of the inner corridors and the stairs. The intermediate parts are of tufa and brick, and the vaults of concrete. The form of the amphitheatre is, as usual, elliptical, the major axis of the build- ing, including the thickness of the walls, is 195 yds., the minor axis, 156 vds. The length of the arena is 93 yds., the width 50 yds. The superficial area is nearly 6 acres, and the walking distance round the build- ing just one-third of a mile. Exterior. — This is best seen from the slope of the Esquiline, above the N. face of the building. The outer elevation consists of four stories : the three lower are composed of arches supported by piers faced witli half- columns; the fourth is a solid wall faced with pilasters, and pierced in the alternate compartments with 40 square openings. In each of the lower tiers there were 80 arches. The lowest, of the Tuscan order, is nearly 30 ft. high ; the second, Ionic, about 38 ft. ; the third, Corinthian, of the same height ; the fourth, Composite, 44 ft. Above the last is an entablature. The height of the outer wall is 157 ft. It should be noticed that the details of the architecture in the several orders are excessively meagre, the spiral lines on the Ionic volutes being omitted en- tirely, as well as the characteristic ornaments of the entablature (see Theatre of Marcellus, Rte. 24). The acanthus foliage of the Corinthian capitals is also very roughly worked. It is, however, possible that these por- tions of the building were once covered with stucco, and the usual enrich- ments modelled in that material. At the base of the columns in the two ujjper tiers runs a low thin jjarapet wall, as a protection for persons walk- ing along the corridors. ' The Colos- seum would have been much more dignified and noble had its designers omitted the unmeaning half-columns and capitals which are stuck on its sides, and left the noble rows of arches in their unadorned grandeur to tell their own tale. The Amphitheatre of Verona has no columns, and exhibits a purer taste.' — B. The holes which disfigure the walls of the building were made during the middle ages in search for the metal clamps which bound the travertine blocks together, when the value of this material was considerable, or labour cheap. 47 of the 80 bays of arches have been de- stroyed by Popes and Koman nobles for the sake of their building mate- rials. They were numbered progres- sively, as may be still seen on the N. side, and every fourth arch was fur- nished with a staircase. Between those numbered xxxviii and xxxix is one with a tablet over it placed by Pius IX., which has neither number nor cornice ; it is about one-sixth wider than the others, and formed an Imperial entrance. A fragment of a fiuted pavonazzetto column here indicates the start of a colonnade, whif^h led to the Baths of Titus. On The City. Route 8. — The Colosseum. 87 FLAN OF THE EXCAVATIONS IN THE COLOSSEUM. A. Podium. B. Stairs from the lower level of the Arena to the Caelian Cryptoporticus. C. Imperial boxes. I). Imperial entrance from the Caelian. E. Do. from tlie Esquiline. F. Marble platforms for the seats of dignitaries. G. Cryptoporticus. H. Ambulacra and cells for wild beasts. I. Cryptoporticus leading to the Esquiline and Caelian. K. Cryptoporticus leading towards the Lateran. L Corridors containing each six stone blocks with bronze sockets. M. Winding stairs. N. Inclined passage. 0. Drain. P. Well. Q. Central ambulacrum, with work. wooden fraitc- R. Brick arches. S. Well. T. Drains. Boute 8. — The Colosseum. Sect. I. the opposite side there was a corre- sponding entrance with a subterra- nean passage, still visible. The entrances for processions of gladia- tors were at tlie extremities of the major axis. Interior. — Having surveyed the building from this point, the traveller is recommended to return to the rt. along the low wall, and descend to the foot of tlie unnumbered archway which formed the Imperial entrance. Walking thence towards the centre of the Colosseum, he will observe on the barrel vaults and beneath the arches some panels delicately moulded with foliage and figures in stucco, once painted and gilded — the only remains of this beautiful form of decoration, with which every vault and arch was originally covered. He should also notice the awkward treatment of the imposts which cap the square piers within the outside corridor. The shal- low pilasters which run down from the roof do not project enough to stojithe imposts, and the latter are therefore cut away to make way for them. — M. The fragments of columns and capi- tals which lie scattered on the ground nearer the Arena have rolled down the tiers of seats from the highest story. They are of various dates, several having been taken from older buildings ; but they were not set up in the Amphitheatre until the restora- tions of 222-244. We now reach the Arena, so called because it was covered with sand to prevent the gladiators from slipping, and to absorb the blood. It originally measured about 28 yds. by 17, but is now much larger, on account of the removal of the wall in front of the Podium. Around this were arranged, upon vaultings gradually sloping down towards the centre, the seats for the spectators. The four tiers of seats correspond witli the four outer stories. At the base surrounding the arena was the Podium, a kind of raised plat- form, faced with marble, and about 12 ft. high, on which the Emperor, tlie Senators, a^id thp Yestal Virgin9 had their places. These dignitaries sat, not on step-like seats, but on separate marble thrones, many of which were probably stolen from the theatre of some Hellenic city, where they had served a similar purpose. Some of these thrones were atterwards con- verted by the Cliristians into epis- copal chairs for their Basilicas (see p. 107). — M. The Emperor's throne was raised above the others, and placed under a canopy supported on columns. Above this, and separated from it, were three groups of seats forming the cavea, and an attic or roofed gallery, as may be seen on several coins on which the building is repre- sented. The ascending tiers of seats were distributed in groups among the citizens according to their rank and wealth, the lowest rows being the most honourable. Above them rises a lofty brick-faced wall, once lined witli marble, pierced with doors, windows, and niches for statues. ' At this point Domitian's work ends, and the galleries above are of the 3rd cent.' — M. They were occupied by women and by the lower classes, the seats being often free. The Amphi- theatre could contain 50,000 seated si^ectators. The upper portion of the external wall is built with blocks of travertine taken from older buildings, cornices and half-columns being still visible on the inner side of the wall where the brick facing has fallen away. This is not due to a slovenly style of construction, but to the necessity of providing an uneven surface for the concrete wall upon which the bricks were laid. At the summit is an en- tablature, and many of the consoles which projected in order to support the poles of the velarium, or awning, stillremain. The awning was stretched in a slanting direction over the seats by sailors of the Eoman fleet, stationed for that purijose upon the summit of the highest wall. The line of a stair- case by which they ascended may be seen at the end of the stretch of wall, looking towards the Lateran. The Arena itself, however, remained alwfiys The Citv. Boute 8. — The Colosseum. 89 open to the sky. In rough and windy weather the awnings could not be set, and umbrellas or broad-brimmed liats were used. ' The air was cooled witli immense jets of water, and scented with fragrant essences.'— B. In the face of the Podium are twenty square recesses, about 6 ft. liigh by 3 deep, which probably served as boxes for sentinels or soldiers on guard. Within them may l)e seen the trian- gular start of the tiled channel which carried off the surface drainage of the Arena into the main sewer outside the oval (see below). There were also eight projecting balconies, paved with marble, in the circuit of the Podium, which may have been 'intended for officers on guard in case of accident or conspiracy.' — M. One of them, towards the Lateran, is well preserved, with its gutter for rain water, and marks of its marble parapet. It rests upon a large block of travertine. In front of the Podium ran a wall of travertine, sufficiently high to pre- vent the beasts from reacliing the spectators. A small portion of it yet remains close to the above mentioned balcony. The floor of the arena (probably of wood) rested on walls, forming several parallel rows of corri- dors or galleries, from which wild beasts could be raised in cages and driven up inclined planes on to the arena, and scenery or stage properlies be hoisted. The framework of several lifts constructed for this purpose, pro- bably in the 5th or Gtli cent., may be seen between the walls of the sub- structions. Under the Podium, in the thickness of the wall, are arched cells, extending all around the oval, and intended as cages for wild beasts. A passage not cleared out runs biihind them, communicating with a kind of trap still visible, by which the keeper cnuld let down food to the animals; and in front was a channel of running water for them to drink. It probably Comes from the same springs which .supplied the Lake of Nero, and the Wiiter is flowing still. Between each di n project mas.sive travertine corbels, in pairs, with a channel in the brick- work between each pair of corbels, ajiparently to sustain strong masts or square pioks for the awning over the Cavea. In front of the above-men- tioned balcony runs a fine fragment of curved tufa wall, in blocks fully 7 ft. long, very neatly fitted together, which is of the original foundation. The re- maining parts of the substructions are of various dates, some being as late as the 6th cent., and their object is unknown. Fragments of an inscribed frieze lie scattered along the margin of the Arena, and here aud there we find remains of the marble seats, but none ■in situ. On each side of the entrance from the Forum a narrow passage slopes down to the Arena, terminating in steps and a slanting marble slab. There are two corresponding passages at the other end of the oval, but their use is unknown. Following for a couple of yards the one which runs in a straight line with the Arch of Constantine, and turning immediately to the left, we pass the start of a flight of marble steps which led up to the Podium. There is a better example further on, in which may be .seen ' holes for pivots and bolts of bronze gates which shut iti each staircase at its foot.' — M. A little further on the rt. opens one of the two Imperial entrances, and beyond it is seen the commencement of the underground pa.ssage, which turns to the 1. outside the wall (seo Plan). At the extremity of the amphi- theatre is another crypto-porticus GJ ft. wide, going in the direction of tho Lateran. About 80 yds. of this passage have been cleared out, as well as two narrow staircases leading down to it from the arena level. Its sides and vaults are comj)osed of enormous blocks of travertine, but the floor (in oput^ xijiratiim) is now covered with mud, and it is practically inac- cessible. Beneath it runs the main drain of tlie S.E. part of the Colos- seum at a depth of 25 ft., vaulted with travertine and lined with brick and cement, Its ancient iron grating wa? 90 Boute 8. — TJie Colosseum. Sect. I. discovered at the mouth of the th'ain. It is 6 ft. high, and 1 ft. 8 in. wide. The swampy nature of tlie ground upon which the Amphitheatre was built rendered its drainage a matter of extreme importance and difliculty, and the whole system seems to have been admirably contrived. In 1879 was discovered, at the S.E. angle of the arch of Constautine, another ancient drain of excellent brick- work 8 ft. 2 in. high and 3 ft. wide. The drainage of the Colosseum now passes through this portion of the ancient cloaca. In cleansing it there came to light a well preserved marble head of Gordian Junior, another, perhaps of Ariadne, a large discus of vitreous paste, three copper jugs, thirty pagan lamps, some of which adorned with gladiatorial devices, several bone spoons, styli, pins, and needles, and an enormous accumula- tion of bones and skulls of animals killed in the Arena. Near the entrance from the Forum are .some cylindrical altars with tri- pods in relief, and several cippi and inscriptions. A staircase under the arcade, facing the Temple of Venus and Eoma, gives access to the Upper stories. (Adra. 50 c. ; Sun. free.) On the way is passed a small collection of architectural fragments (key at No. 1, Via in Miranda). The *viEW embraces the Caelian, Palatine, and Aventine hills, and extends as far S. as the campanile of S. Paolo Fuori. The Colosseum is probably more effective as a ruin than it can ever have been when entire. Its chief characteristics are strength, solidity, and practical convenience ; but it ex- hibits almost a coutemjit for elegance of proportion. The upper tiers, though ingeniously lightened by a graduated diminution of thickness, appear to the eye almost as heavy and compact as the lower ; and the enormous unre- lieved flat surface of the highest wall must have seemed ready to topple over, or crush the arcade below. ' But now that earthquakes and barbarous hands have made such ghastly rents in its sides, the outline has become more varied, and the base more pro- portioned to the superstructure. Much that offended the eye has been re- moved ; and the historic memories ■which cluster round its walls, of mighty Emperors and bloodthirsty mobs, of screams of death or triumph, of gorgeous pageants and heroic martyrdom, combine to render the Colosseum, in its decay, the most im- posing ruin in the whole world.' — B The Flora of the Colosseum was once famous. Professor Sebastiani, in his ' Flora Colisea,' enumerated 260 species of plants found among the ruins of the amphitheatre. Dr. Deakin, an English physician, who resided for several years at Kome, in his ' Flora of the Colosseum,' increased the number of species growing on its walls to 420. This vegetation was destroyed by Sig. Rosa in 1871, and the walls are now periodically scraped clean, lest the growth of plants should accelerate the gradual decomposition of the ancient structure. The *Illumination of the Colosseum with white, green, and red lights, takes place several times during the spring, and is duly advertised for the benefit of strangers. A visit to the Colosseum by moonlight, which may be made without difficulty on any suitable even- ing, is more highly recommended. Professor Gori's Memorie Storiche del CoJosseo, published in 1875, and accompanied by a good plan, is full of interesting details. Between the Colosseum and the Arch of Constantino is the ruin of the Meta Sudans, so called from its resemblance to the Meta of a Circus, and from its trickling water. It appears to have been a simple jet issuing from a cone placed in the centre of a brick basin, 25 yds. in diameter, and about 30 ft. high. It stood probably in Nero's pleasure grounds, and was subsequently de- stroyed; but it was rebuilt by Domi- tian in 95, and is represented on several medals of the amphitheatre. The fountain was of concrete and The City. Route 9. — The Palatine. 91 brick, once faced witli marble, in the best style; the central cavity and the channels for carrjdng off the water are still visible. It was repaired a few years since, bnt tlicse modern restora- tions may easily be distinguished from the ancient work. Opposite the Meta Sudans, at the S.E. corner of the substructions of the Temple of Venus and Eoma, are the remains of a huge quadrangular pedestal upon which stood the Co- lossus OF Nero, after its removal from the adjoining height on the N.W. by Hadrian, to make room for his Temple of Venus and Komn. Commodus turned it into an image of himself as Hercules, with a club, and couching lions. It is represented on medals of the Colosseum in the time of Gordiiiuus III. and Severus Alexander, when it had been changed into a statue of the Sun, and its liead adorned with rays 22 ft. long. It was probably destroyed by the Goths under Totila in 546. It was of bronze, with gold and silver orna- mentation, 120 ft. high, and stood originally in tlie vestil)ulo of Nero's Palace. On the otlier side of the Bleta Sudans, spanning the Via Triumphalis, is the Arch of Constantine (lite. ] 0). ROUTE 9. THE PALATINE. [Omn. p. [22], i. ; Tramway, r- [28"], i., iii.] (Open from 9 a.m. to sunset. En- trance 1 fr. Free on Sun.) The PALATINE HILL has the form- of an irregular square, and rises to a height of 167 ft. above the sea, and 117 it. above the surrounding quarters of the city. Its circumference is 1!)1S yds, A narrow deep valley, running from the Arch of Titus to the middle of the Circus Maximus, formerly divided the hill in two summits ; facing the Capitol was the Crermalus, while that towards the Caelian was called Pal- atium, and was connected with the sloi^es of the Esquiline by the ridge of the Velia, on which still stands the Arch of Titus. The name is derived from Pales, the goddess of flocks and sliepherds, whose Festival, the 21st of April, is still observed as the Birtli- day of Kome. History. — The discovery in 1870 of the walls of the primitive town, under the Villa Mills, show that they included both the Germalus and the Palatium ; and agrees perfectly with the statement of Tacitus, wlio de- scribes the four corners of Primitive Rome as corresponding respectively with the Forum Romanura, the Forum Boarium, the Altar of Consus, and the Curiae Veteres. Of the three gates which gave access to the town, the Porta Mugonia and the Porta Rnmanula have been already dis- covered. The world-wide renown of this hill, as the residence of the Roman Emperors, began under Augustus, who was born in a street called ad Capita BubuJa (near the Meta Sudans). The victory of Actium having made him master of the world, he bought a large plot of ground on the Palatium (Villa Mills), on the site of the liouscs of Hortensius and Catiline, and built the DoMVS Avgvstana, together with a Temple and Porticus of Apollo, a Shrine of Vesta, and extensive libra- ries. After liis death, Tiberius en- larged the Imperial residence on the S. section of the Germalus, including in it the house of the family of Ger- municus. This new palace, separated from the Domus Augustana by the valley already mentioned, and con- nected at the same time with it by an underground passage, is the DoMve Tiberiana of the catalogues. Cali- gula extended the building over the remaining part of the Germalus, as far as the Temple of Castor ami Pol- 92 Houte 9. — The Palatine. Sect. I. lux, and converted this temple into a vestibule for tlie new portion he had added. Nero, after the fire which destroyed more than half the city, bef,'au his Golden House, at the angle of tlie Palatium, overlooking the valley of the Colosseum, and extended it as far as the Gardens of Maecenas on the Esquiline. Vespasian reduced this overgrown edifice within more reasonable limits, giving back to the people that part of Nero's grounds which was not included in the Pala- tine. The same Emperor filled up •with lofty cross-walls tlie valley which divided the Palatium from the Ger- malus, and Q«lo4iBa».} 10. Gmffito of Al pm n e noft. It. PaUtiae Stadiiim. IX Sxhedn of the StatHtoK. la Bkiha •djoming tbs Stadiwn. 14. Terrace* of B. SeTeroa. 16. Imperial batconr orerlooUog the CircM Maxtmu*- 17. Aiwlemio luS^?) le, TWcJiwtiai. 19. Nyraphceum «, Minor httlU. I in jj^ p^i^m gf DomltiM. '. Temple of Jnpit«r 8' ' - • - iiofthe . UoceTtkin bnildiiiffi. . Temple of Jnpiter Vtetcr. (f) ofCybelo. (F) iBofbkUiB 41. Belvedere. ta Stun of Caligtilk'i Palaoe. 48. Bnb«rnctioQ* of the PaUoe of 44. KxDWstMna alfng ■iheVla Sam A. Bni 0.' Cell* of (^ wortwi, nader the gMden of 8. Boa»- D. Shope of Oput wtuattafton •long the Via IhwitpAfl/u. ! P«lM The CitY. Boute 9.— The Palatine. 93 S. Teodoro rt. and the ruins of the Temple ot Aiiyiistus 1. [This remarkable buildinE . SBXATI . SENTEXtIA . KESTITVIT . It is supposed by Momrasen (' Corp. Inscr. Lat.,' p. 632) to refer to the mysterious genius loci or aius loquens, mentioned by Cicero and Varro, aa having announced the attack of the Gauls; although, being nameless, its sex could not be designated. Tiie praetor C. Sextius Calvinus, who, ac- cording to a decree of the Senate, replaced the altar, is supposed to be the son of C. Sextius Calvinus, consul A.u.c. 645. Further 1. is a store-room, formerly the Casino Nussine7; on the front of which is a white marble bust of the celebrated archaeologist Francesco Bianchini, whose excavations in 1721-5 have already been mentioned. Just beyond the house a rough foot- path ascends to the 1., and soon widens into an ancient paved road, bordered by massive walls. Here were the Sralne Caci, leading to the Ara Maxima of Hercules in the plain below, by which the aged king, Evauder, led Aeneas to his dwelling on the Palan- teum : — Ibat rex obsitus aevo Kt comitem Aeneam juxta natumque tenebat Ingiediens, varioque viam sermone levabat. Atn. viii. 306. Near the summit of the Sealae Caci on the 1. is a curiuus little Cistern, of early Republican date, well built in blocks of hard tufa, with a square hole for tiie water jet, and a groove for the pipe which supplied it. Opposite is a row of arches in hard tui'a below a concrete wall faced with opus reticula- tum. The wall is early, but the Houses on the other side of it, with their very- interesting remains of heating appa- ratus, arc of the 2nd or 3rd cent. a.d. The rooms stand on various levels, 94 Route 0. — Tlie Palatine. Sect. I. and arc well woitli exploring. At the end of the suite, overlooking the cliff", are some remains of early pavement. Near the angle of the rock below was the Lupcfcdl, the Arcadian Grotto, consecrated as a shrine to Lupercus, protector against wolves, by the emi- grant shepherds from Alba Longa. This spot must be the traditional den of the she-wolf, foster-mother of Ro- mulus and Remus, and the Cradle of Ancient Rome. Here, on the 15th Feb., was held the Feast of the Luper- calia, when dogs and goats were sacri- ficed to the god, and the Luperci, or shepherd-priests, ran half-naked about the Palatine. Returning to the cistern, and con- tinuing up the hill, we reach a small rectanguhir CcUa, about 8 ft. wide, built of soft tufa in large blocks without mortar. Tins is probably an example of a Roman temple in its most primi- tive form. Other buildings of very early date lie close at hand, but their identification is impossible. They were, Ijowever, respected and preserved even under the later Empire, and ap- pear to have been regarded as sacred relics of the infancy of Rome. Among them may have been the Hut of the shepherd Faustulus, wliere Romulus was reared. N. of this point, on rising ground in a thicket of ilex, is a huge mass of concrete wall (39 on Plan), supposed to belong to the Cella of the Atdes Matris JM'utii, or Temple of Cybele, the ruins of which, in fluted drums of pcperino columns, lie scattered to the it. It stood near the Hut of Faustulus, and was consecrated. B.C. 192. Outside the mound is a colossal Statue in Greek marble, of the 1st cent. A.D., fairly well-preserved, and supposed to represent Cybele. The arms and head are missing. The fragments of the Temj^le are of great architectural interest, and include capitals, part of the pediment, and a cornice of very primitive Romanised Corinthian design. The whole was originally covered with opus sig- ninum. The row of arches in front belong to the Falace of Tiberius (see p. 99), On the rt. is the zinc roof of the Souse of Germanicutt. A well-shait on the high ground in front of it communicates with some rock-hewn chambers, which were in later times supplied by a conduit, whose speous may be seen near the cliff" a few yards W. of the Temple of Jupiter Victor (see below). Turning S., away from the ilex grove, we reach, at a slightly liigher level, a building with tufa foundations and bases of travertine piers of early Republican date, whose name and vi.se are unknown. At its N.E. corner is another well. Below it, a few steps descend to the upper rooms of the House of Germanicus (p. 99). S.E. of it, on a lofty platform, stood the Temple of Jiipitef Viftor (37), of which only the concrete nucleus remains. In front of it were a flight of steps and two broad terraces. On the upper terrace has been placed a round altar, discovered in the Area PaJatina, and bearing this interesting inscription : domitivs . M . F . CALVINVS . PONTIFEX . COS . ITER . I3IPEU . DE . MANiBiEis. This Cnacus Domitus Calvinus is the famous gene- ral who commanded the centre of Caesar's army at the battle of Pharsalus, and was twice consul, in B.C. 53 and 40. The phrase de manuhiis refers to the treasures acquired by him during the Spanish war, which he employed in embellishing tlie Regia, or residence of the Pontifex Maximus, as related by Dion Cassius (xlviii. 42). The fluted cavity in the centre of the altar con- tained probably a bronze vessel. Out- side the N.E. angle of the Temple are some scattered fragments of a hand- some Corinthian building in white marble, with a curious mason's mark on one of the fluted drums. S.W. of the Temple, at the foot of the lowest flight of steps, on the brow of the hill, are the remains of a large Hypocnust, covered with stumps of the square pilae on which the upper floor rested. Beside the patli, 20 yds. N. of this spot, by a clump of ilex, is a portion of the specus of the conduit The City. Boute 9, — The Palatine. 95 which drained the subterranean cis- terns of the hill. It lies in a straight direction with the Casino (see below). Passing again in front of the lowest Temple steps, and turning to the 1., we may reach the upper rooms of the House of Livia by an underground passage which led to the latomiac, or stone-quarries of the Palatine, subse- quently used as reservoirs for rain- water. Further S. are two fine halls, 1o which the names of Academia (17) and BiBLioTiiECA have been given at random. To the 1. are tlie remains of a sniiill atrium, witli five columns of cipollino and one of higio antico. In front is a piece of beautiful pave- ment, in pavonazzetto and giallo antico. Through an opening by the colunms we can sec the enormous sub- structions of opus quadrafum, built across the valley to aflbrd a level platform for the Flavian Palace. And here it must be observed that, while on the S. summit of the hill the Im- perial buildings cover every available square font of ground, without any regard to tlie preservation of more ancient monuments, on the N. ele- vation the greatest care was taken by the Emperors to preserve the buildings which time and religious traditions had made venerable. The Area Palatina, and the open ground in front of the Academia (175 yds. long, lOG yds. wide) would have aftbrded a con- venient space for the Palace designed by Vespasian ; but its sacred or liis- torical rect)llection3 obliged him to respect that site, and to create an artificial platform instead, by tilling up the valley, which contained no monuments of great interest. We now descend to the Domus Gelotiana (9), a private house, which was included by Caligula in the Imperial Palace (Suet. 'Calig.,' 8). After his death it 'became a residence and a training-school for court pages, who had received their first education in the Imperial Ele- mentary School, Paedagogicm ad Caput Afbicae, so called from the name of a street which led from the Colosseum to the aristocratic quarter of the Caelian.' — L. The graffiti scratched on the plaster by the scholars are highly interesting, but are yearly becoming less distinct. One of them runs, ' Corinthus exit de paeda- gogio.' Other names ayG—Hilarus, Marinus Afer, Saturus Afer, and Doryphorus, some of which may have been scratched by soldiers. There is also a strange mixture of Greek and Latin letters. A far more interesting graffito, dis- covered in 1857, is now in theKirche- rian Museum (Rte. 3). Several of the rooms have remains of early pavement and fresco, and the restored colonnade in front of them supports a handsome cornice. There are some more graffiti on tlie wall to the 1. of the exit arch- way, and a well-preserved piece of ancient wall outside it to the rt. Our path returns up the hill, and brings us to the Stadium (11) built by Domitian, enlarged and restored by Hadrian and Septimius Severus. It occupies the space between the Palaces of Augus- tus and Severus, and consists of two parallel walls, 208 yds. long, with a hemicycle at the W. end, where the Meta is visible. Near the entrance on the 1. a gate leads to some rooms and corridors belonging to the Palaca of Augustus (see p. 96). Opposite is seen through an opening a fine piece of barrel vaulting, with deeply sunken cofl'ers. The Imperial Tribune (12), which opens in the middle of the S. wall, was added by Hadrian, and has two floors. The lower one contains three rooms, decorated witli frescoes of the 3rd cent., of no value as works of art, but interesting for the repre- sentation of a spliaera, or terrestrial globe on the 1., in the large lunette. The tribune itself stood on the upper floor, and was ornamented with beau- tiful pillars of pavonazzetto marble and oriental granite, fragments of which lie scattered in the arena below. The uiclies of the hemicycle contained most 96 Boide 9.— The Palatine. Sect. I. likely the female statues discovered iia this place at tlie end of the IGth cent., together with the Hercules of Lysip- pus, bought by Cosimo III. for the Palazzo Pitti. The colonnade is com- posed of half-columns of brickwork faced with coloured marble. The bases are of white marble, and one of them has an inscription of a.d. 195. The Mi'ta, excavated in 1868, was decorated with a fountain, restored by Theodoric with materials removed from earlier buildings, among which was a pedestal of the statue of a Vestal Virgin. The whole arena, in fact, is cut up by Theodoric's constructions, the purpose of wldch cannot be satis- factorily ascertained. Tlie foundations of these late walls are composed of fragments of precious marbles. At the further end, excavated in 1893, is another Meta, and a row of vaulted chambers with coffered ceiling. At the end of each colonnade is an apse. A broad flight of steps once faced with marble leads up from the S.E. corner of the Stadium to the extensive and once splendid rooms of Hadrian's Palace. Hence a path over a small bridge brings us to the remains of the Palace of Severus (14), on the S.W. cornerof the hill, morcpicturcsquethan any now existing on the Palatine (a.d. 200). Numerous arches, corridors, and vaults, still retaining their ancient stucco mouldings, are interspersed with fallen masses of buildings, among ■which are found fragments of mosaic pavements, frescoes, and marble orna- ments. Here the student of Roman architecture will observe the difference between the delicately ornamented rooms of Hadrian's palace on the S.W. slope of the hill, and the enormous substructures, piercing through and effacing them, which Severus formed as a foundation for his State palace. Visitors should not fail to walk to the extremity of the terrace above the arcade in order to enjoy the magnifi- cent *viEW over the ruins, the Caeliau, Campagna, and distant mountains. Below to the rt., near the junction of the Via de' Cerchi and the Via di S. Gregorio, stood the celebrated SpjiH- zoniiini, built by Severus (a.d. 198) in order, it is said, to attract the eyes of his African countrymen, on their arrival in liie capital through the Porta Capena. It derived its name from its seven tiers of arcades rising above each other to a height of 210 ft., and was one of the most magnificent orna- ments of Imperial Rome. During the middle ages it was converted into a fortress by the Frangipani family. A portion of it was still standing in the 16th cent., when it was destroyed by Sixtus V. to furnish materials for the building of St. Peter's. The arclies in the direction of the Colosseum formed the lowest tier of a lofty aqueduct by which Sept. Severus brought the Aqua Claudia to his Palace. Re-crossing tlie narrow bridge, we return to the W. end of the Stadium, and find in its W. wall an entrance into the Palace op AuGVSTtJS.f — The front of the Palace overlooked the Circus and the Aventine, and had 10 windows, besides the central door. The pro- thyrum led to a square atrium, sur- rounded by a portico of eight cohunns and four pilasters, on which opened the state apartments. The inner peri- stylium, 35 yds. long, 32 yds. wide, was ornamented witii 56 Ionic pillars. Of this superb building nothing now remains, except a few rooms, opening on the E. side of the peristylium, which appear to have been richly decorated. Two of them are octagonal, with domes admitting light from above. The casino, designed by RaffueUino del Colle, a pupil of Raphael, lias a portico exquisitely painted by Giidio Romano from the cartoons of his master. The frescoes represent Cupid showing his darts to Venus, Venus at her toilette, Jupiter and Antiope, Hermaphrodite and Salmacis. The paintings, well known by the illustra- tions of Marcautonio and Agostino Veneziano, were restored by Camuccini t Special permission from a member of the Government is necessary in order to cee the I'alace of Augustus. 'J^HK ClTV. Boiite ^.—Thc Palatine. 97 in 1821 at tlie expense of Mr. Charles Mills. N.W. of the Palace of Augus- tus is The Triclinium (18), which ends in an apse, witli a beautiful pavement of Optis Alexandrinum. On the 1. opens the Nymphaeum (19), with remains of a large and richly decorated oval foun- tain, where the statue of the winged Eros, now in the Louvre, was discovered in 1862. Close by vises a Casino, built by the Farnese family, with a Loggia in two stories painted in fresco by BaffaeUino del Colle. (Keys at No. 1, Via in Mirandi.) The Peristylium (20) covers a surface of 3()0(> sq. yds., and was ornamented with tinted columuH of portasanta marble, fragments of wliich are still lying round the walls. Ac- cording to Suetonius (Dom. 14), these porticoes were the favourite promenade of Domitian, who, fearing to be nuir- dered at every moment, caused the walls to be coated with phengltc marble (white, veined with yellow), which took so high a polish as to reflect objects like a mirror. From the centre of tlie Peristylium steps descend to a Buried House, with lemains of pauited ornaments on the vaults. In tlie last room, beneath tlie opening which serves as a window, may be observed very dis- tinctly tlu^ imprint of the upright stakes, which formed part of the framework used by the Romans for casting their cnncrete walls. A semi- fluid mixture of lime, pozzolana, and small stones or fragments of brick was poured into a temporary wooden box, and the boards removed when the concrete had become dry. — 3T. Tliroe halls open on the front of the Palace. The one in the centre; (23), called Tablinum by Rosa and Aula Regia by lUanchiiii, 50 yds. by 40, was used for state recep- tions. When first discovered by Duke Farnese of Pnrma it had IG Corinthian columns of pavoiiazzctto and gi(dIo marble, 24 ft. high ; two of [i/o7»e.] them, which stood on each side of the entrance, were sold for 2000 zecchiniOSl. 10s.). Tlie threshold, of (xreek marble, was removed to the Pantheon, for tlie restoration of the high altar. The niches contained colossal statues. On the 1. opens the ♦Basilica, or Hall of Justice (22), remarkable for the great width of its nave : the walls, apse, stairs leading to the tribune, and part of the pavement are well preserved. The apse was enclosed by a white marble railing (cancello), portions of which still remain. At its N.W. corner, on the pavement, are somo earthenware tiles stamped with the potter's name, and the words valeat QUI FECIT (may he prosper who made it). Two statues of green basalt, representing Hercules and Bacchus, were discovered here in 1724. They are now in the Museum at Parma. On tl:e opposite side of the Aula Rrgin is a large hall, supposed to be the Lararium(24), or chapel, in which the Emperor presided as Pontifex Maximus, containing an altar, with figures of the household gods. The latter are not in situ, but were brought from the Villa Carapana and placed here by Sigr. Rosa. In the corner behind is the start of a staircase which led to an upper story. In front of these three halls I'an a row of CipoUino pillars with Corinthian capitals. Skirting tlie Convent wall on the rt. we now descend from the Lara- rium (24) liy the Clivus Palatinus (27), jiaved with enormous blocks of lava. Near this stood the I'oi-tn Mmjionis (28),t or Porta Vctus Falatii, of tho wall of Romulus. On the 1. are some scanty remains of the Temple of Jiipittr stafof (29), built by the same king, and restored by iNI. Atiliiis Re- gulus, A.u.c. 45S. On the foundation blocks, in a hole below the area, may still be traced some names of slaves f Supposed to be derived from Mugire (lowint; of cattle)- suggestinR the purely pas- toral origin of the settlement on the Palatine. 98 Route 9. — The Palatine. Sect. I. or workmen, such as Pilocrates, DiOCLES. Continuing towards tlie arches of the Basilica of Coustantine, and turning 1., we pass on the 1. a double flight of steps, leading to the modern Casino (see below), anii reach the pavement of the Clivus Victoriae, whicli led from the Porta Romanula to the Temjile of Victory, on the summit of tlie hill. The street is bordered on the 1. by the substructions of the Palace of Caligula, on the rt. by remains of private houses. It must have been somewhere near this place tliat the rich Eomans of the 1st cent. B.C. had their favourite residences, and where the house of Clodius stood with that of Cicero below it. Descending the Clivus Victoriae, we cross the N.E. corner of Caligula's Palace, which respected the public street, passing above it on lofty arches. On the 1. we observe a long and rather steep flight of stairs lading to the upper level of the Palace, and further on a good specimen of marble balus- trade. Below it is a fine piece of stucco ornamentation. The street was bordered with shops, closed by shiitters, the grooves of which are still visible. The small, dark rooms standing back were probably occupied by soldiers, who kept guard at the adjacent Porta Romanula. The site of the gate is marked by an arch in brickwork, of tlie time of Caligula, repaired by Sig. Eosa. To the right of the Porta Komonula a broad stair- case descends to the Nova Via, the bottom of which is not yet excavated, but probably continues under the Church of S. M. Liberatrice towards the Temple of Castor. It may be con- nected with the opening which Cali- gula caused to be made in the back wall of the Temple, in order that he might suddenly appear between the statues of the twin gods to receive the worship of their devotees. In this neighbourhood must have been the start of Caligula's celebrated bridge, connecting the Palatine with the Capitol. The 'bridge' was more strictly speaking an open gangway, terraced upon the roofs of the Temple of Augustus, the Basilica Julia, and the Tt-mple of Saturn, and crossing the narrow intervening streets by light bridges of wood. At this point the street turns to the 1.. and leads back to the entrance by S. Teodoro. Ascending a narrow flight of steps to the 1. inside the gateway, and continually turning rt. through some small rooms, we soon reach the balustrade, and pass through dark passages into some larger rooms, which emerge on the Clivus Victoriae close to the foot of the stairs ascending to the Casino. Passing these, we turs into a passage on the rt., which presently widens into a very long Cryptoporticus, or vaulted gallery (31), from which steps ascend at intervals to the Farnese Gardens. It had a simple mosaic floor, but the walls were lined with costly marbles, fixed by iron clamps, some of which remain. Vertical clay pipes may also be seen running down the wails, for carrying ofl' tlie rain-water from the roof of the corridor. At the further end ' the vault is decorated with very beautiful and spirited reliefs modelled in wet stucco, representing cupids, birds, animals, and graceful foliage.' — M. [A branch corridor runs hence at rt. angles to the Palace of Domitian.] Turning the corner, a few steps on the rt. ascend to a well-pre- served oval Piscina, or water-tank, lined with opus signinum. On the 24th of Jan., a.d. 41, one of the most tragical events in the history of Rome, the murder of Caligula, took place in this subterranean gallery. The young Emperor, after having witnessed the representation of the Ludi Palatini in the atrium of the palace, instead of going back to his apartments by the state entrance, where his guards were in attendance, entered the Crypto- porticus, called crypta by Suetonius, where some noble youths, from Asia, The City. Boute 9. — The Palatine. 99 were practising hymns and dancing. The Emperor stopped to witness their exercises, when Cassius Chaerea and Cornelius Sabiiius rushed ou liim, dis- patched him with tiieir swords, and tlien, as tlie liistorian says, concealed themselves in the adjacent ♦House of Germanicus, father of Caligida. This is the only Roman private house now existing. It was discovered in 1869. It is con- structed of tufa concrete, neatly faced with opus reticulatum, and is divided into two portions, the state apartments and the private dwelling-rooms. The state apartments consist of a vestibule or Prothyrum, which opened on the public street, and subsequently on the cryptoporticus of the Domus Tiberiana. Next comes the Atrium with two pedestals for statues, having on the rt. tlie Triclinium or dining-room, painted with ret times of It^ilian Art.'— 7v. Festa, 5 Nov. Adjoining the Cliapel of S. Silvia is a fine remnant of the Servian wall, on the line of which the foundations of the neighbouring Porta Capena were discovered iu 1868 (Rte. 41). Tiie Chapel of Thk Citt. Boute 10. — SS. Giovanni e Paolo. 105 S. Andrea contains tlie celebrated rival fresooes by Guido Eeni and Jkimonichiiw. By the former, on tlie left wall, St. Andrew, adoring the cross as he is led to execution ; by tlie latter, his Flasrellation. The third chapel, called the Tkiclinium r.\ui'ERi'M, and dedicated to S. Barbara, has a statue of St. Gre- goi'v by Nicculo Cordieri, begun, it is said, by his master, Michel Augelo. In the centre i'S a marble table, on wluch St. Gregory fed every luoining 12 paupers, among whom it is said that our Saviour, under the form of an angel, once aj^peared as the thir- teenth. For this reason the Pope upon Maundy Thursday used to wait upon 13 pilgrims instead of 12. Handsome feet support the table. On the left wall is a fresco representing this repast. Another fresco (to the 1.) commemorates the well-known tradi- tion of the tair-haired British children i'l the Forum — uon Angli sed Angeli — who first suggested to St. Gregory the thought of sending St. A.ugnstine as a missionary to England. Ascending the Clivu» Scauri,^ we now reach the Church of SS. GIOVANNI E PAOLO, attached to a I'assionist Convent, and conspicuous by its beautifully arcaded external apse, which, as well as the portico and pave- ment, date from 1159. It was erected by St. Pammachius, a monk and a friend of St. Jerome, in the ith cent., on the site of the house occupied by the Saints to whom it is dedicated, who suffered martyrdom in the reign of Julian the Apostate. In front is a mediaeval portico supported by granite and marble columns. The Nave has 16 ancient columns. The i)avem(iit is jjartly Cosmatesque. The vault of the tribune; is painted by roinaraucio. Within a railing in the nave is a stone on which the patron fcaints are supposed to have suftered t The reticulated wall high np on the left belongs to some jiublic biiildiug of Trajan's time, wliidj was subsequently used for the support of a private house, and afterwards for that of the I, aisle of the Church, martyrdom. Opening out of the rt. aisle is a handsome Chapel built by Prince Torlonia and lined with elioice marbles. The urn under the altar contains the relics of S. Paolo delta Croce, founder of the Passionist Order.f On each side are beautiful columns of Egyptian alabaster. Pilas- ters of the same material, and panels of coloured marble, cover the walls . At the end of the rt. aisle is a painting of S. Saturninus, by Marco Boiffial. A flight of steps descends to the very interesting 5th cent. *House of SS. John and Paul, which formed the Crypt of the original Church, but lay buried and forgotten until discovered by one of the Passionist fathers in 188D. It rests on founda- tions of the 3rd and 1st cent., and contains 15 brick-faced chambers, some of which have coarse mosaic floors. In a vaulted room are eight fairly well-preserved fi-escoes of youths with festoons hanging from shoulder to shoulder, and peacocks, pheasants, and storks between them ; above, on the roof, boys, birds, and foliage (3rd cent.). Another room is painted in panel, with animalsonthe roof There are also some stift' Passion scenes of the 9th and 10th cent., and some highly decorative frescoes of the 13th. The room which served as the Tomb of the martyred Saints was turned into the Confession of the Church in the 12th cent. Festa, 28 Apr. A portion of a more ancient edifice (see below), in massive blocks of tra- vertine, forms the base of the elegant 13th cent. Bell Tower, one of the best- jn-eservcd in Pome. Card. Howard was titular of this Church. The adjoining Passionist Convent and its garden enclose the site of the Triiii>le of ClainVms. Of the edifice raised by Agrippina, pulled down by Nero, and reljriilt by Vespasian, nothing now remains but part of the corridor which surrounded the sub- structions of the platform. The best l)reserved portion under the Cam- panile consists of eight large Tuscan arches of travertine. f The room in which the Saint died is worth a visit. 106 Boute 10. — S. Tommaso in Form-is. Sect. I. The true history of these very re- markable and interesting ruins is probably the following. They first served as a reservoir to feed, by means of ornamental cascades, the artificial lake in the pleasure grounds of Nero's Golden House. Upon the destruction of the latter by Vespasian, and the erection of the Colosseum, the reservoirs, now dry, served as temporary dens for the beasts intended for the gladiatorial shows. They were driven over night from the Vivarium near the Prae- torian camp, and entered the Colos- seum by tlie underground passage on the 8. side. This theory accoimts for the size of the substructions, upon a small portion of which the Temple of Claudius stood ; and accounts also for the extension of the Claudian aqueduct to this point by Nero (Kte. 11). A copious supply of water would be necessary for the reservoir which fed the lake, but could not be required for a temple. The style of these substructions is not the same all around. On the N. side of the platform they are built of bricks with a row of shops or store rooms ; on the E. side, facing the Church of BS. Quattro, they are ornamented with semicircular and square niches. The *ViEW from the shady avenue of ilexes, overlooking the valley of tlie Colosseum and the slopes of the Palatine, is exceedingly beautiful (ladies not admitted). A road between walls leads now to the Arch of Dolabella and Silanus, a structure of travertine, with a single line as cornice, and an inscription, from which we gather that it was erected by the above-named consuls (a.d. 10). It aflbrds an example ' of the impressive eftect of a plain Arch without Greek ornament.' — B. (See p. 103.) Nero included it in the line of his aqueduct to the Palatine. Just within the Arch, on the rt., is the entrance to the little Church of S. Tommaso in Formis (Claudiis), so called because it w'as built partly upon the arches of the Aqueduct. It be- longed originally to the Trinitarians of S. Crisogono, and was the burial- place of S. Giovanni de Matha, their founder, who established here a Hos- pice, and died in 1213. His remains were carried to Spain, and during the absence of the Papal Court at Avignon the Convent was abandoned. It now belongs to the Canons of the Vatican. At the high altar are four very beautiful fluted columns of pavonaz- zetto, and a painting of the Virgin and Child, with SS. Boniface, Francis, and Pope Boniface VIII., by Ponie- rancio. On the 21st Dec. and 8th Feb., the Church is open all day, and the cell in which the founder died, which stands over the Arch of Dolabella, may be visited. To the rt., just beyond the Arch, is a pointed arch of peperino, and further on a fine marble doorway, the chief entrance to the former Hospice. Above the latter, under a canopy, is a *MosAic of tlie Saviour having on either side a captive, in allusion to the foundation of the Trinitarian Order, whose principal object was to redeem Christians carried oft' by the Barbary pirates, or detained as prisoners in Palestine at the time of the Crusades. The doorway bears the name of Jacopo Comna and his son (13th cent.). Opposite is an extensive and ad- mirably arranged Military Hospital with 1000 beds, built partly on the site of the Villa Casali, once cele- brated for its ivorks of art. A few yards further on is the Church of *S. jXC. in Domnica, or S. M. della Navicella, so called fVom a small marble Boat, which Leo X.', placed in front of it — a copy of an aiacieut one which stood here. This Church occupies the site of tlie house oij S. Ciriaca, which stood where the fo/reign soldiers were quartered on the Mens Caelius — the Castra Peregrinc>nim. The house is more interesting as the traditional spot where St. ^Lawrence, by order of Pope Sixtus II'., distributed the trea- sures of tlie Chiurch among the poor. It was entire'iy restored by Leo X., The City. Boute 10. — S. Stefano Botondo. 107 when titular Cardinal, from the de- signs of Raphael. The interior has 16 fine columns of grej- granite, and two of red. The frieze of lions and genii over the windows was painted in chiaroscuro by Giulio Bomano and Pierino del Yaga. The Mosaics in the tribune are of the year 817. On the vault the Virgin and Child, with a host of white-robed angels ; at her feet Paschal I., whose monogram is xipon the centre of the arch. Upon the front wall, the Saviour with two angels, 12 Apostles, and two large figures of Prophets below. The rich floral decoration is remarkable. Open all day on the 2nd Sun. in Lent ; every Sun. for an early morning Mass by a Greek Priest. Domnica is the Latin form of the Greek Ciriaca. A gateway just beyond the Church leaSt. Vitus. The square green nimbus, round tlie Tope's head, shows that he was alive when the painting was executed (Sia-.")?). Possibly of an earlier date are tlie Crucifixion, with the Virgin and St. John ; the Supper at Cana (be- low); Christ releasing Adam and Eve from Hades (on the rt.) ; and the Maries at the tomb (above). Lsft Aisle. — Xear the end, S. Metho- dius ba[itizing a yoiith ; on the outer wall close by, St. Cyril before the I Emp. INIichael. We turn through an opening into the Nave. — On tlie 1. wall are three *Frescoes, one above another.f The highest represents the induction of St. Clement into the Papal chair by SS. Peter, Linus, and Cletus, with their names annexed (half destroyed). In the centre, Clement celebrating mass, during which Sisinius, a Pagan, was struck blind. Below, Sisinius, who had been restored to sight by the prayers of his wife Theodora, but is yet unconverted, orders his servants to drag St. Clement to prison. They however bring a column instead. According to the inscription, these paintings were dedicated by Beno de Rapiza, a name mentioned in some local chronicles as that of an inliabi- tant of this quarter of the city in 1080. Round the corner is Daniel in the lions' den. Nearer the entrance, are three scenes from tlic life of St. Alexis, wlio. abandoning hi.-5 paternal home to follow a life of penitence and chastity, + Photographs of all these paintings may be procured in the Sacristy at S. Clemente, as well as a notice on the ' History of the Excavations,' and a larger work in English (' St. Clement and his Hasilica in Rome,' 1 vol., 8vo,) boih by Fatlicr Mull. July. Another very Interesting de.'iciipticin ni S. Clemente was publishel (1871) by Comni. de Hossi, in which all the more recent discoveries have been described. (1) returns home to die, in the pre- sence of his father, (2) is blessed by Boniface I., (3) is recognised when dead by his bride. Further on, St. Antoninus, who suffered in the reign of Diocletian ; and St. Blasius, who is extracting a thorn from the mouth of a child. The paintings on both these pilasters resemble the Byzantine style; the inscriptions beneath are in well- formed Eoman letters ; the arabesque ornaments around are graceful. Right Aisle. — In the first niche on tlie rt., 7th cent, fresco of the Virgin and Child, with Christ above, and damaged Saints at the sides ; at the end, Christ, with rich ornamentation, the head unfortunately destroyed. On the rt., at the end of the inner aisle, Christ liberating Adam from Hades. A range of columns, half buried in masonry, separates the outer aisle from the nave; on them was erected the outer wall of the church above. The more modern inner wall supports the columns of the rt. aisle of the upper church. A few steps lead to the raised Tribune, wliere some relics of SS. Ignatius and Clement, lately dis- covered, are placed under an altar, with a canopy supported by hand- some columns of breccia di Serra- vezza. Behind this altar may be seen a portion of the apse of the primitive church, once covered with marble slabs. At the end of the left aisle are some ancient Roman stairs leading to several chambers of the Imperial Age (now flooded and in- accessible), below the apse, which rest on an extensive area cased with huge blocks of volcanic tufa, having a cornii-e in travertine, resembling that of the Forum of Augustus. The largest of these chambers is su])posed to have been the Mcmoria or Oratory of St. Clement (Plan, f g), used before the erection of the first Basilica. Beyond this, an ante-chamber leads to a sacellmn or chapel dedicated to the worshij) of tlie divinity Mithhas, and fully excavated by Father jMul- loolv. 114 Boute 11, — Casino Mammi. Sect. I. From S. Clemente the Via S. Giovanni ascends in 5 min. to the Lateran, passing at the end of the street a large group of buildings in connection with the Hospital. On the 1., the Cemetiry, with its Chapel ; opposite, a handsome marble gateway of 1348, just within which on the 1. is the Chapel of SS. Andrea e Bartolommeo, with a beautiful Cosmatesquo pavement of 1462. Near this spot stood the Porta Caelhnontana. [Hence to S. Stefano and SS. Quattro CRte. 11).] Further on, at the corner on the rt., the Ospedale del S. Salvatore, for sick and aged females, founded in .1219 by Card, Giov. Colonna, with nearly 600 beds. On the stairs (1st floor) is a very remarkable *relief in marble of St. Michael and tlio Dragon with traces of colour, and a 14th cent, inscription. We now enter the spa- cious Piazza di S. Giovanni, in the centre of which rises an Obelisk, erected by Fontana in the pontificate of Sixtus V. (1588). It is of red granite and covered with hiero- glyphs. It was brought from Helio- polis to Alexandria by Constantino the Great, and removed to Rome by his son Constantius, who placed it on the spina of the Circus Maximus. It was conveyed from Alexandria to the mouth of the Tiber in a vessel of 300 oars, and was landed 3 m. below Rome, A.D. 357. According to Champolliou's interpretation of the hieroglyphs, it commemorates Tliothmes IV. of the 18 th dynasty, the Moeris of the Greeks. It is remarkable that this inscription was altered at an early date — it is supposed about the time of Moses. The name of the god Amnn was then substituted for tliat of another deity whose worship had gone out of fashion, and in certain lights this alteration may still be easily seen. When discovered by Matteo da Castello it "was lying in the Circus Maximus, broken into three pieces. In order to adapt these fragments, it was necessary to cut off a portion of the lower part ; notwithstanding this, it is still the loftiest obelisk in Rome. The height of the shaft, without the ornaments and base, is 105 ft. 7 in. ; the whole height from the ground to the cross is 141 ft. The sides are of unequal breadth at the base: two measure 9 ft. 8^ in., the other two only 9 ft. ; one of them is slightly convex. Tlie weight of the shaft has been estimated at 455 tons. The Via Memlana leads hence N. to S. M. Maggiore (Rte. 14), passing on the left in 3 min. the Church of SS. Pietro e Marcellino, founded in the 8th cent., and several times re- built or restored. It was given by Clement XI. in 1707 to the Maronites, and on their removal to S. Antonio (Rte. 14) was assigned to the bare- footed Carmelite Nuns bv Benedict XIV. Festa, 19 March. Nearly opposite is the large red- brick Church and Convent of S. An- tonio di Padova, erected by the Fran- ciscans upon the partial destruction of the buildings attached to the Ara Coeli (Rte. 4). It is the great College of the Order, and can admit 200 students. Behind it, in the Via Ariosto, is the Casino Massimi, belonging to a Villa now destroyed for building purposes, and very difficult of access. On the outer walls are some reliefs — partly ancient and partly in stucco. It contains frescoes, by modern German artists, of scenes from the works of the Italian poets. In the Central Room, subjects from the Orlando Furioso of Ariosto, by Julius Schnorr (1827). Room on the rt., the Divine Comedy of Dante, by Koch and Veit. Room on the 1., Jerusalem delivered (Tasso), chiefly by Overbeck. All these were painted for Prince Camillo Massimo between 1831-7. A short lane leads E. to the Via Tasso. In this street were discovered in 1886 extensive remains of the barracks of the Equites SinguJavcn, The Cuy. Route 12. — Basilica of S. Giovanni in Laterano. 115 or horse-guards in attendance on the Emperor. They contained in a hall, 30 yds. Ions:, 43 inscribed bases of statues to deities, mostly thankotfer- ings from veterans who had been dis- charged after faithful service. — 31. Continuing E., the next parallel street is the Via Emanuele Filiberto, Avhicli leads in a straight line X. to the Piazza Vitf. Emanuele, S. to tiie Porta S. Giovanni (see below). Turning to the rt., we soon reach a large open space, bounded on the W. side by the front of the Basilica, and on the E. by blocks of houses. Among these, in a corner to the 1., is seen the entrance to the Villa WoikonsM, now belonging to the Marchese Campanari. It was formerly one of the loveliest spots within the walls of Rome, but has been deprived of nearly all its beauty by the erection of a hideous suburb on a portion of its grounds. The picturesque arches of the Neronian AquL-duct, which carried the Claudiau waters from the Porta Maggiore to the Caelian, traverse the gardens, and a number of interesting epitaphs and reliefs have been affixed to their lower piers. Close to the old house is a curious Columbakhtji, consisting of three brick chaml)er.s superposed ; on the front wiiich faced the ancient Via Labicana is an inscription in fine Roman characters, stating that it belonged to T. Claudius Vitalis, an arcliitect, and was erected by Eutychus, one of the same profession. It is sup- posed to date from the time of Nero. The terra-cotta sarcophagus in the lowest chamber, with bones, is of a much later period. Tlie Porta San Giovanni, built for Grregory XIII. in 1574 by Glac. deUa Porta. An additional arcl\ has been mad(' to accommodate large traffic. It is the starting-point of the roads to Frascati, Marino, and Albano (Rte. 50). Close by to the W. runs the Mar- rana, tlie ancient Aqua Julia, with sufficient rapidity to turn a marble saw- mill, and euters the city 5 m. further on under a close 1 postern gate. Behind the mill rises the Porta Asinaria, the best preserved of all the gates of the Aurelian wall, flanked by round brick towers; it is memorable as tlie gate througli which Belisarius first entered Rome. Here also Totila gained ad- mission into the city, by the treachery of the Isaurians. The gateway is now w\alled up, and is a very picturesque ruin from the outside. Between tbe Porta Asinaria and the Porta Latina several portions of the lower part of the Aurelian wall are formed of massive square blocks of volcanic tufa, derived probably from the Servian defences, which are situ- ated at a short distance within it. ROUTE 12. THE BASILICA OP S. GIOVAXXI IN LA- TERANO, WITH ITS BAPTISTERY AND TIIE SCALA SANTA, [Omn., p. [22], i., iv., and Tramway, p. [2S], iv.] SAN GIOVANNI IN LATERANO.— This celebrated *Basilica occupies part of the Imperial palace which belonged originally to the family of Plautius Ijateranus, mentioned by Tacitus as having been implicated in the con- spiracy of Piso, for which he was put to death by Xero. Juvenal refers to the residence as Etjrixiiae Lutera- noriim atih-s. The site afterwards passed to the family of IMarcus Au- relius, who was born near the palace, which became subsequently an Im- perial residence. Early in the 4th cent, the I^ateran house was con- I 2 116 Haute 12. — San Giovanni in Lnierano. Sect. I. feried by Constantine on St. Sylvester, bishop of Eonie, as his episcopal re- sidtnce, and the Emperor founded •within it this Basilica, assisting with his own liands in digging tlie founda- tions. It was at lir^t dedicated to the Saviour, and the inscription on each side of the entrance styles it the Motlier and Head of all Churches of the city and world {umnium urhls it orhis Ecdmiarum Mater et Caput). The Chapter of the Lateran still takes precedence of that of St Peter's ; and tlie ceremony of taking possession of this Basilica is one of the first ob- served on the election of a new Pope, whose coronation previous to 1870 took place in it. It is one of the four Basi- licas which have a ' Porta Santa.' ' The Church became Benedictine in 580, when some monks of Monte Cassino, their convent having been plundered by Toto, Duke of Beneven- tum, established themselves in a monastery here.' — L. The old Basilica ■was ruined by an earthqu;ike in 896, but rebuilt immediately by Sergius III., and dedicated to SS. John Bapt. and Evan. It was nearly destroyed by fire in the pontificate of Clement V. (1308), but it was rebuilt by that Pope, and subsequently extended and remodelled by his .successors. Clement VIII. enlarged the transepts and aisles from the designs of Giacomo delta Porta. In the time of Innocent X. (1644) Borromini loaded the nave with ornaments, and surrounded the granite columns, no longer capable of supporting the roof, with the pre- sent cumbrous piers. Clement XII. completed the work of renovation in 1734, by erecting the principal fa9ade from the designs of the Florentine arcliitect Alessandro Galilei. Pius IX. and Leo XIII. have destroyed the old apse of Constantine, and erected in its place the present gaudy chancel from the designs of Vespignani, whereby the Basilica has entirely lost whatever was left of its original character. The great Front is imposing, though not iii the purest style. It is built entirely of travertine, with columns and pilasters of the composite order, sustaining a massive entablature and balustrade, on which are placed colos- Scil statues, 20 ft. high, of our Saviour and ten saints. Between the columns and pilasters arc five balconies ; from that ill the C( ntre the Pope used to give his bencdietifin on Ascension Day. The View from the i-teps, look- ing towards the Alban hills and away from the modern houses, is very beautiful. In the vestibule is an ancient marble statue of Constantine from his Baths on the Quirinal. Tliere are five entrances ; the middle one has *bronze doors brought by Alexander VII. from the ancient Senate-house (S. Adriano). ' They have been slightly lengthened at each extremity by strips of bronze, easily distinguished by their stars, but in all other respects are imtouclied and genuine.' — M. The Porta Santa on the rt. is walled up, and only open in the year of Jubilee (every 25 years). INTERIOR.— The Nave (142 yds. long) has double aisles, separated by rows of piers. Against those of the nave, in which Borromini encased the columns of the old basilica, are niches containing statues of the Apos- tles, characteristic specimens of the extravagant school of Bernini, erected by private families at a cost of 1000/, apiece. The best are Matthew (2nd rt.) and James the Greater (5th rt.). Above are stucco reliefs of (1.) Old Testament subjects ; (rt.) New. The latter are easily recognised; the former represent (1) Jonah; (2) Red Sea; (3) Joseph sold into Egypt ; (4) Sacri- fice of Isaac ; (5) Deluge ; (6) Expul- sion of Adam and Eve. Higher still, medallions of prophets; best, Joel (3rd 1.), and Jeremiah (last rt.). JSach statue is flanked with two handsome columns of verde antico The Ceiling, sculptured with arms of Popes, and curious emblems of the Passion and of SS. Peter and Paul, is the work of Giac. delta Porta. The pavement of coloured marble dates from 1420. Eight Aisle. — In the corner to the Tut: Cin\ Route 12. — San Qioocinnl in Lnterano. 117 1 statue of ConstaiUine. 2 Porta Santa. 3 IJrouze Doors. 4 Monument of Martin V. (1431). 5 Tabernacle (1367). 6 Altar of the Sacrament. 1 Winter Choir. 8 Tribune. 8a Site of Ancient Tribune. 9 Sixtine Portico. 10 Leinine Corridor. 11 Sacristy. 12 Chapel of the Crucilix. l:i IJoniface Vllf., painteJ by (iloito (1300). 14 Torlonia Chapel. 15 Massimi Chapel. 10 Monument of Card, de Clavis (12^7). 17 Chapel of S. Andrea Corsini. 18 Entrance to the Cloisters. 19 Statue of Henry IV. of France. 20 Entraici to the Museum. 21 Vestibule. 22 Stairs leading to the Baptistsry. 2i Biptistery. 118 Route 12. — San Giovanni in Later ano. Sect. I. rt., tomb of P. P. Mellini (1527). There is a remarkable whispering gallery between this point and the nearest diagonal pier. On the inner pier is the jjortrait of Boniface VIII. between two cardinals, announcing the jubilee of 1800, by Giotto, the only fragment remaining of his fres- coes which covered the loggia of the old Lateran palace. Opposite, tomb of GiULio AcQUAViVA (157i), made a cardinal by Pius V. at the age of 20. Cappella Torlonia, decorated in 1850, at an expense of 65,000i. sterling. Over the altar is a Descent from the Crois, by Tenerani, and at the sides sepulchral monuments to the first duke and his wife, the latter in the character of a Koman matron, with statues of Charity and Hope. The Chapel was formerly dedicated to St. John Nepomucen,' canonized here in 1729. Against the 2nd inner pier on the 1., inscription from the tomb of Syl- vester II., who was buried in the 1. aisle. It begiils : — fete locus mvmdi Silvestri membra sepulti Venture Domino conferet ad sonitum— meaning that the Pope would be ready to appear before the Lord at His coming. The words were, how- ever, interpreted to mean that, at the near succession of every new Pope, Sylvester's bones would rattle. The Cappella Massimi, designed by Giac. delta Porta, has a Crucifixion by Sicciolante, and some tapestry (Marriage in Cana). Over the open window screen outside is a beautiful relief of St. James. Srd pilaster, tomb of Alexander III., the friend of Becktt and St. Bernard, who canonized Edward the Confessor. It is in the worst possible taste, and was raised by Alexander VII. in 1660. Further on, at a closed door leading into the Museum, four pilasters of cipollino rosso, a very rare marble in Kome. 4th pilaster, tomb of Sergics IV. Facing it, *Cosmatcsque tomb of Card, de Clavis (1287). Further on, tomb of Card. Antonio of Portugal (1447). Rt. Transept. — Opening on to the Piazza del Laterano is the hand- some Portico erected by Sixtus V. from the designs of D. Fontana, in 1587. The twin towers, which are singularly good for their period, date from 1560. At the E. end of the portico is a bronze statue of Henry IV. of France, by Niccolb Cordieri, erected by the canons out of gratitude to the French monarch, who bestowed on their church the rich monastery of Clerac in Gascony. One of the two large fluted ^columns of giallo antico was brought from the Basilica Ulpia, in the Forum of Trajan; the other from the Arch of Constantine. In the Chapel of the Crucifix, on the rt. of the door, is a curious kneeling statue of Nicholas IV., which origi- nally stood in the old Basilica of St. Peter's. This figure is interesting for the form of the tiara, so different from the present triple crown.f The base and slab are of Cosmatesque mosaic. On the 1. is the Tomb of Canon Lorenzo Valla, the philolo- gist (1465). The large white marble monument to Innocent III. Avas erected in 1892 by Aureli, on whicli occasion the remains of that great Pope were brought from Perugia, where tliey bad for six centuries shared la tomb with two other pontifls. Above the corresponding doorway to the left will be placed the remains of Leo XIII. The semicircular corridor, called the Leonine Porticus, supposed to have been erected by Leo I., which surrounded the apse before its en- largement, has been replaced by a three-sided corridor, forming aisles or t The Papal tiara or Negnvin had a single circlet until the latter years of the 13th cent, under Boniface VIII., when the second waa added ; the third dates from the pontifi'ate of Clement V. The City. Route 12.— San Giovanni in Later ano. 119 ambulatory to the 'choir. At the end of t!ie rt. aisle, on the 1., is the tomb of the architect Aless. Galihi (1737). On tile rt. a door opens upon a tiigiit of 24 steps, wliieli descend to tlie Baptistery (see below). Behind the altar, archaic Statues of 8S. Peter and Paul (10th cent.), saved from the fire of 1308. Ojiposite tlie former, two water-pipes inscribed with the names of Sextius and Torquatus Laterani. Opposite the latter, frag- ment of a relief believed to represent the Porta Asinaria. At the end of the 1. aisle, tombs of tlie painters Andrea Sacchi (1661) and Cav. Arjnno (1640). From the 1. aisle a door leads into the Sacristy. Beside the entrance are two large slabs inscribed with a cata- logue of the relics iireserved in the church, in beautiful letters of enamel (1291). In the Sagrkstia dki Bene- FiciATi are two very fine columns of (jranito bianco e nero, a relief of St. Anthony and St. Lawrence, and an Annunciation by Marcello Venusii, from a design of Michel Angelo. In the Sagrestia dei Canonioi is an altar with reliefs of SS. Francis, John Bapt., John Ev., and Augustine. On the wall of the Sala del Capitolo hangs a drawing, attributed to Baphael, of the Madonna di Casa d'Alba, now at St. Petersburg. The adjacent ora- tory has a small Holy Family with St. Jerome, and a well-wrought ivory Crucifix. In the (iuARDAROBA is a wooden Statue of St. John Bajitist, by BonatcUo. The bronze doors lead- ing into the Cloisters were made by artists of Piacenza, in the time of Pope Celestiii III. (1196). The Choir, flanked by two colossal columns of pink granite from Baveno, is a modern addition to the church. Its entrance marks the spot where the ancient Tribune stood. So long ago as 1673 it was found to be in an unsafe condition, and Pope Alex- ander YII. constructed a massive arch for its support; but in 1865, instead of adding the buttresses which would have saved this priceless relic of ancient art, the whole apse was pulled down — an utterly irreparable loss. The new apse, began by Pope Pius IX., was completed by his successor in 1886. The choir is lined with canons' stalls and is gorgeously decorated with marbles,gilding,and frescoes by Roman artists. Five steps lead up to the Tribune, Avhere stands the Pontifical Throne of marble enriched with The old Mosaics on the vault of the apse have been refixed on the new vault, but are so much restored and modernised as to have lost much of their value. They were executed for Nicholas IV. (1287-1292) by Fra Jacopo da Torrita, author of the mosaic in the Baptistery at Florence. His portrait may be seen in the figure of a little friar kneeling by a window on the rt., with a square and compasses in his hand. On the left is the in- scription : ' Jacopus Toriti pictor hoc opus fecit.' He was assisted by Fra Jacopo da Camerlno, and on his death the work was finished by Gaddo Gaddi in 1292. The subject is the union of heaven and earth by baptism. The head of Christ, preserved from an older tribune, in a glory of angels, looks down from heaven, the Holy Ghost descends like a dove shedding a stream of water upon the Cross which stands upon the hill of Para- dise. Lower down, the spiritual waters form rivers of life, from which stags and sheep, symbolical of the faitiiful, are drinking. On the 1. are colossal figures of the Virgin (at whose feet kneel the small figures of Nicholas IV.) with SS. Peter and Paul ; on the 1., SS. John Bapt., John Ev., Andrew, and a smaller figure of St. Anthony. In the foreground flows the river Jordan, with fishes, ducks, and boats. The Apostles between the windows are by Camerino. The restored high altar stands beneath a magnificent Gothic *canopy in white marble, supported by three columns of grey granite and one of marble. It was erected in 1367, partly at the expense of Charles V. of 120 Route 12.— San Giovanni in Later ano. Sect. I. France, to receive the heads of SS. Peter and Paul, which had been found, according to current belief, in the Sancta Sanctorum (see below), and are represented in the upper part of the canopy. Within the marble altar is enclosed a table of wood brought from the Catacombs, and said to be an altar at which St. Peter celebrated ; only the Pope, or a cardinal authorised by a special brief from him, can celebrate mass here, as in all the Patriarchal Basilicas. The paintings on the tabernacle, much restored, and practically invisible, were originally by Barna da Siena (1390). In the enclosed space in front of the Confession of St. John, is the bronze *Tomb of Martin V. (Colouna), by Simone Ghini (1433). To the rt. open^ the Winter Choir of the canons. Over the altar, the Saviour, with the two Saints John, by the Cav. Arpino; on the rt. wall, a portrait of Martin V., by Scijnone Gaetano. The black marble monu- ment on the 1., to a lady of the Colonna family, is flanked with two rare columns of itero antico. The carved oak stalls are the finest speci- mens of the kind in Rome. On each side are 18 statuettes of Apostles and Saints divided by cohunns. The splendid Altar of the Holy Sacrament, from the designs of P. Olivieri, is flanked by *tour bronze Corintliian columns, thickly plated with gold. ' Two date from the time of Constaiitine, who raised them on either side of the ai>se to serve as Pharo - canthari (lighting - towers), while two were cast under Clement VIII. with bronze discovered among the tombs at Corneto.' — L. ' They are well worthy of examination as being among the most important exami^les of ancient metal-work on a large scale which still exist. Their fine workmanship shows that they were cast during a good artistic period.' — M. Above is a fresco of the Ascension by Car. d'Arjnno, and on the tympanum the head of the Almighty, by Eoncalli. Behind a gilded silver relief above the altar is preserved the cedar table on which the Lust Supper is supposed to have been laid. [The *Cloisters, entered from the end of the 1. aisle, retain their beautiful Romanesque architecture of the 13th cent. Engrafted upon an older and simpler structure of the 8th or iith, they are considered to he the master- piece of Vassallectus, whose name may be seen engraved below the frieze, on the side opposite the entrance door. This noble monument had been allowed to fall into decay, and had been propped up in various places with heavy stone buttresses. In 1887 it was admirably restored at the expense of Leo XIII. by Vesjngnani, who has transformed the corridors into a museum of Pagan and Christian works of art, connected with the history of the Basilica. The cloisters are ornamented with a multitude of shafts varied in design, and encrusted with mosaic bands. The middle arch on the S. side rests on Sphinxes, one of which is bearded. In the centre is the mouth of a 9th cent, well, having several Christian emblems and Kunic knots in relief. In a corner to the 1. is a relief re- presenting a procession of Levitcs with The CiTV. lloute 12. — San Giovanni in Laterano. 121 varioua religious emblems. Further ou are fragments of the episcopal throue, candelabra, chancel-screens, and tabernacles, in fine Gothic design ; a Slab supported by four columns, which are supposed to be the height of our Saviour (G ft.) ; many slab-tombs from the ancient church, and a few Roman inscriptions ; Ijronze doors leading to the Sacristy (p. ll'J); live reliefs of Saints from the Ciborium of iS. Matteo in Meru- lana, a delicate work of tlie early Renaissance;] Left Aisle. — Tn the last Chapel is tile recumbent effigy of Card. Pietro I'li'i'iNi. 3rd Chapel, Tomb of Card. GiROLAMo Casanate, founder of the Library (p. 159). Outside the 2nd, recumbent effigy of Card. Bern. Caracciolo (1280); tomb of Card. Gerardo da Parma (1302), and of Card. Riccardo Axnibaldi (1240). *Cappella Corsini, built in the form of a Greek cross by Clement XII., in honour of his ancestor, S. Audiea Corsini, from the designs of Alessandro Galilei (1729). This costly structure is decorated with the richest marbles, the most elaborate ornaments and gilding, reliefs, and even gems. Tlio altarpiece, representing the Carmelite S. Andrea Corsini at prayer, is a copy ill mosaic of a painting by Guido Ileni (Pal. Barberini). The porpliyry sar- ci)i)liagus which forms tlie sepulchral urn (if Clement XII. (1740) furnierly stood under the portico of tlie Pan- theon ; the cover is modern. Opposite is the tomb of Card. Neri Corsini (1678). In the family vault beneatli is aPieta by A.Montauti. During its construction remains of the barracks of the Imperial horse-guards {castra cqidtum tyiugularium) were discovered, with many marbles now in the Pal. Corsini. Festa, 4 Feb. Near this was the Tomb of Sylvester II., de- stroyed in digging foundations for the 1. aisle of the Church in 1648. Its marble lid was supposed to become moist on the approaching death of a Pope. The Basilica is served by a Chapter of Canons, henejiciati, chaplains, and beneficed clerks, over which is a Card, arch-priest, represented by a prelate vicar — ^au office held at present by Abp. Stonor. Attached to the Lateran is also a College of Penitentiaries (see Glossary). The principal Church ceremonies in St. Jolin Lateran are: — Ordination on the Sat. morning before Easter, after the baptism of Jews and others in the Baptistery, by the Card, grand vicar of Rome. The heads of SS. Peter and Paul are exposed on Easter Sun. and Mon., 29th June, Otli July, 9th Nov., and 27th Dec, when there is fine music. It was in one of the halls of the Lateran that Gregory the Great, to whom we owe the Canto fermo, or Gregorian chant, established his first Singing School. The General Councils which have given celebrity to this basilica, and are known as the Lateran Councils, were the following — (1) March 19, 1123, in the pontificate of CalixtnsIL, at which the questions connected with the Investiture were settled. (2) April 18, 1139, under Innocent II., at which the doctrines of Peter de Bruys and Arnold of Brescia were condemned, and measures taken to terminate the schism of the Antipope Anacletus II. (3) March 5, 1179, under Alexan- der III., at which the schism caused by Frederic Barbarossa was termi- nated, and the doctrines of the Waldenses and Albigenses were con- demned. (4) Nov. 11, 1215, under Innocent III., at which the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, the Pa- triarch of Jerusalem, 4U0 bishops, and the ambassadors of England, France, Hungary, Arragon, Sicily, and Cyprus were jjresent ; when the doctrine of Transubstantiation was first imposed on the Western Church. At this council the doctrines of the Albigenses were again condemned, and the errors of Almaric and the Abbot Joachim, the pretended j)rophet uf Calabria, respecting the Trinity, were denounced as heresies. (5) May 122 Boute 12. — San Giovanni in Fonte. Sect. I. 3, 1512, summoned by Julius II., and continued for a lono; time under Leo X. This council is remarkable for tlie abolition of the Pragmatic Sanc- tion, and for the conclusion of the Concordat between the Pope and Francis 1., by which the liberties of the (Jallican Church were sacrificed. The only general councils held since that time were those of Trent, a.d. 1525, and of the Vatican in 1SG9-70. In the Casa dei Penitenziarii (apply to the Sacristan), overlooking tlic city walls, is a chapel containing some interesting frescoes, copied by order of Benedict XIV. from those which iidornod the demoli.shcd Chapel of S. Nicola. They represent St. Nicho- las of Bari, with four popes on either side; above, the Virgin and Child with two Angels, Sylvester and Anastasius I. at the sides, and Calixtus and Anastasius IV. on their knees. Over the altar is a small Virgin and Child with nine Cherubs. The *BAPTISTERY. or Church of S. Giovanni in Fonte, erected by Con- stantino, and decorated with the re- mains of more ancient edifices, is an octagonal building in brickwork. At the E. entrance are two magnificent red porphyry columns, half-buried in the wall," with composite capitals, beautiful bases, and a rich entablature. It opened into the portico or atrium of the Baptistery, enclosed in the 13th cent, by Anastasius IV. (see below). Within, eight columns of porphyry sustain a handsome cornice which runs round the building, supporting eight smaller columns of white marble, above which rise the octagonal drum of the cupola and lantern. The ex- terior, and the general arrangement of the interior, have very probably been preserved since the time of Con- stantino, but the whole building has been frequently repaired and was re- stored by Urban VIII. and Innocent X. (1630-50). The paintings on the sides of the Cupola, illustrating the Life of the Baptist, arc by Andrea Sacchi ; the frescoes, by Carlo Maratta and others, represent events in the life of Constantino (Vision of the Cross, Victory over Maxentius, Triumphal entry into Home, Overthrow of Idols, Council of Nicaea). The Baptismal Font, in the centre of the sunk octagon, is of green basalt. In this urn Constantino, according to Gib- bon, was cured of his leprosy by St. Syl- vester in 324.t Here also, according to ' an equally groundless tradition. Cola di Eienzo bathed, on Aug. 1, 1347, the night beforu he appeared with his in- signia of knighthood, and summoned Clement VI. and the electors of Ger- ' many to appear before him. He was then crowned in the basilica of the ' Lateran with the seven crowns of the Holy Spirit, which he declared to be typical of the gifts he had received from heaven. IJefore the close of the year this pompous display terminated in his captivity at Avignon ; and it was superstitiously believed by many of his own followers that his downfall was a divine judgment for the profanation of this font. Converted Jews ore baptized here on the Sat. before Easter. Opening out of the Baptistery are two Oratories, formed, it is said, out of apartments in the house of Con- stantino, and converted into chapels by Pope St. Hilary (461-467)— that on the rt. dedicated to St. John the Baptist, with a bronze statue by Valadier (1772), between two very rare columns of porfido serpentino verde, copied from the one in wood by Donatello in the sacristy. The bronze doors are said to have been brought from tlic Baths of Caracalla. That on the 1., to St. John the Evangelist, with two beautiful columns in oriental alabaster and a statue of the patron saint by Landini (1594). Its roof is covered with uiosaics— on each section of the vault four birds (ducks, parrots, partridges, and doves), standing face to face at a flower vase. On the wall to the 1. is a 15th cent, relief of St. John. The + He was baptized at Nicomedia by Euse- bius, a few days before his death, on May 20th' 3\37. The City. Boute 12. — Scala Santa. 123 bronze giites are of the time of Ce- lestin III. (1196). Opposite the main entrance is a large Chapel, which formed the atrium of the Baptistery. Over the door which opens into it is a relief of tiiB Crucitisiou ( 1 1 94). On the rt. is tlie altar of SS. Cyphianus A\D JusTiNA, adorned with beautiful ♦Mosaics of the 5th cent. ' The semi- circle of the Apsis is filled with the most beautiful green-gold tendrils upon a dark blue ground, above which the Agnus Dei appears with four Doves.' They are among the moat ancient Christian mosaics in Eome, ' and give us a high idea of the fine feeling for decoration in this otherwise degenerate age.' — K. The opposite Chapel of SS. Kufina and Secund.v had a similar mosaic vaulting, de- stroyed in 1757. Another door opens from the Bap- tistery into the Oratory of St. Venan- tius, erected by Pope John IV. (G40- 642) and completed by Theodorus I. (a.d. 642-648) to receive the remains of certain martyrs brought from Dal- matia. On the vault of the apse is a remarkable *Mosaic of the 7th cent. In the centre, the Virgin ; on the 1., John IV. liolding his Oratory, Ve- nanzius, John Evan., I'aul ; on the rt., Theodorus with a book, Domnius, John Bapt., Peter. Above are half- length figures of Christ and two angels. On the face of tlie arch are the two Holy Cities, the emblems of the Evangelists, and eight Slav saints, remarkable as showing the costumes of the period — 1. SS. Paulinianus, Tellius, Asterius, and Auastasius ; rt, Maurus, Septimius, Antiochianus, and Gaianus. These mosaics are rude in execution, and were restored in 1674. Scala Santa. — Under a portico N.E. of the Basilica, erected from the designs of Fontana in 1589. Sixtus v., in rebuilding the Lateran palace, religiously preserved that })orti()n which had escaped the fire, and con- structed this portico over the Scala Santa, which also remiiined entire. The stairs consist of 28 bluish v/hite marble steps (Marmo Tirio), I'rora quarries on the sloites of Mount Lebanon. They are said to have belonged to Pilate's house, and to be the identical ones which our Saviour descended when he left the judgment- seat. They may be ascended only by pcaiitents on their knees ; and the multitude of the faithful who visited them in the time of Clement XII. was so great that he found it neces- sary to protect them by planks of walnut wood, which have been re- newed three times. The Ecce Homo and Betrayal at the foot of the stejjs are by Giacometti. Two lateral fliu;hts on each side, by which pil- grims descend, lead to the very beau- tiful and interesting Gothic chapel of the *Sancta Sanctorum, built by one of the Cosma family in 1:^78. It was formerly the private Chape! of the Popes, and is the only part which re- mains of their ancient Palace except the Stairs. It is .square in plan, with a gilded column at each corner, from which springs a vault bearing fres- coes of the Evangelistic symbols. On tlie walls, damaged scenes from the life of St. Laurence and other Saints, in fresco. Below the vault runs a lovely arcade of trefoil headed arches, seven on each side, divided by twisted or spiral shafts. The pavement is very beautiful. Behind the altar is preserved a painting of the Saviour on cedar-wood, 1 ft. 8 in. in height, apparently of Greek workmanship, but said to have been drawn in out- line by St. Luke, and finished by an angel. It is enclosed in a silver tabernacle, with finely wrought doors, given by Innocent III. On tiie inner panels, Annunciation and six Saints, in silver-gilt relief. On the barrel vault above. Mosaics of our Lord with four angels, St. Laurence and St. Agnes. This chapel, which no woman is allowed to enter, is open only for a few minutes, while the Image is being covered or uncovered, six times a year. To the rt. is the Chapel of S. Lorenzo, usually 124 Boute IS.— The 3Iuseims of tU Lateran. Sect. I. See from Avignon (1377), when Gre- gory XI. transferred the papal resi- dence to the Vatican. The ancient Palace, much more extensive than the l)resent one, was damaged by fire in 130S, and destroyed by 8ixtus V. in 1587. The jiresent building is from the designs of Dom. Fontana. It was converted into an orphanage by Inno- cent XII. in 161»o. Pope Gregory XVI., in 1843, appropriated it as a Musemn of Christian antiquities and other works of art, for which room could not be found in the Vati- can, whence it is called Museo Gre- GORiANo Lateranense. By a law of the 13th of May, 1871, known as the Legge deile Guarentigie, this Palace was assigned absolutely to the Pope, together with Castel Gandolfo, the Vatican, S. M. Maggiore, the Cancel- leria, and the Dataria, and an annual income of 150,000Z.t thronged with devotees who have ascended the Scala. The Scala Santa was entrusted by Pius IX. to the care of the Passionists in 1854. S. of the Scala Santa is the little Oratorio di S, Giovanni, with two very beautiful columns of Giallo di Siena at the high altar. On the 1. is a handsome Renaissance altar-piece, with Cosmatesque columns ; and an alms box of similar mosaic work on the rt. of the door. Behind the Chapel, facing S., is a Tribune erected by Benedict XIV., in 1743, to receive the Mosaics which covered a triclinium in the Lateran Palace, of the time of Leo III. They are, however, only copies, the originals having been destroyed in tiie time of Clement XII. They represent the Saviour in the midst of the Apostles, and on the face of the vault (1.) Christ delivering the keys to St. Peter and a banner to Constantinc,(rt.)St. Peter, seated, giving a banner to Charle- magne, and the Pallium (in the form of a Stole) to Pope Leo III. S.E. of this point, across the Piazza, stands the Porta S. G-iovanni, facing which a road leads N. in two minutes to the entrance of the Villa Wolkonsln (Rte. 11). 10 min. E. lies S. Croce (Rte. 15). ROUTE 13. THE MUSEUMS OF THE LATERAN, (Enirance from the Piazza di Porta San Giovanni by the E. door. Adm., p. [36].) [Omn. p. [22], i., iv. ; Tramway, p. [28], iv.] a The Museo Profano on the ground floor contains ancient Roman and Greek sculptures. On entering cross tlie arcaded Court to the 1., and begin at the S.W. angle. Room I.-— S Relief, Paris and Helen. 10 Soldier's farewell. 13 Two boxers, Entellus and Dares, discovered near the Arch of Gallienus : fragment of a relief in vigorous style. 15 Bust of JVIarcus Aurelius. 20 Relief of lictors from the Forum of Trojan. Head on the rt. restored by Thorvaldsen as Trajan. 19 Nemesis. 26 Relief, nymph feeding the infant Bacchus. 35 Relief of a circus-race, a draped figure giving the signal for the start. In the centie of the room is a mosaic pavement from tlie Baths of Caracalla, representing three athletes ; the boxer on the rt. has the caestus on his arms, II. — Architectural •fragments. On the walls, portions of a frieze from the Basilica Ulpia, representing arab- esques, with children, chimaeras, and griffins. The LATERAN was the Palace of the Popes from tlie time of Constantine to the period of the return of the Holy f The money payment has, however, never been accepted. Every five years the accumu- lation lapses to the Government, and cannot afterwards be claimed. TlIK CiTV. Route 13, — The Lateran. 125 III. — 255 Statue of Aesculapius, very life-like, found near Tivoli. 25(J Colossal *Aiitini)Us.lK'ad i-ebtnreil,from Ostia. 258 Cliild's sarcophagus, sculp- tured with athletic contests. By the window, three feet of a Table (Greek). IV.— 27S *Greek relief of ^Medea and the daughters of Pelias, whom she persuaded to cut their father iu pieces and boil him in a cauldron, promising that this would renew his youth, which did not happen. This relief be- longs to the best period of Athenian art, and is probably the grandest example of Greek sculpture to be seen in Eome. The majestic figure standing on the rt. with sword iu hand and in Cervetri. 7. „ Sophocles. ^• Neptune. 9. Architectural Fragments. 10. Reliefs. 11. Reliefs and unfinished Statue. 12. Sarcophagi. 13. Relief. 14. Unfinished statues. 15, 16. „ Mosaic of Silenus ; miscellaneou G. Hall of the family of the Caesars, from LATERAN PALACE AND MUSEUM. Ground Moor. 1. Hall of the Mosaic. 2. ,, Architectural fragments. 3. „ Statue of Aesculapius. 4. ,, Antique Sculptiwes from Ostia and Via Appia. I „ Stag. %* A Catalogue in Gorman of the Roman marbles and inscriptions on the ground-floor \v;is ])ublished at Leipzig in 1867 (Die antilveu llildwerke des Lateranischen Museums, v. i;. Schune and 0. Benudorf) ; and a Description of the Sculptures by the Jesuit Father Garmcci, in 2 vols. Rome, 1h61. a grave mood recalls the Pompeian painting of IMedea with her children in the Naples Museum, though some think that the figure is rather one of tlie daughters of Pelias, and that the opposite figure holding a small vase and wearing an Asiatic head-dress with a veil is Medea producing the drug which was to work the charm on Pelias when his limbs were cut up and j)ut in the cauldron on the tripod. But this figure may be an attendant of IMedea. The very graceful girl who bends to lift the cauldron from the tripod is a daughter of Pelias. 291 Statue of Gernianicus, found at 126 Route 13. — Lateran Museum. Sect. I. Veii. 817 ChiliVs Sarcophagus, with Bacchanalian Scenes. 319 *Mars. 348 Good copy of the Faxm of Praxi- teles. 352 On a cippns, *bust of the young Tiberius. Several sepulchral cippi and reliefs, discovered during the excavations on the Via Appia and Ostia. In the centre is a fine basin of lumachella marble. V. — 391 Coarsely sculptured group of Mithras, found near the Scala Santa. 399 Colossal stag in grey basalt, found beyond Porta Portese. 406 Cow in Carrara marble. 407 Altar with re- liefs : on one side is a cock-fight, the backers being Cupids, one of whom is carrying off the dead bird, in a weep- ing mood, while the victor is led to an altar, on which are laurel crowns. On another side is a bird in a nest feeding its young. VI. — Statues of members of the family of Augustus, and other sculp- tures, all discovered at Cervetri, the ancient Caere, in 1839, with (at the further door) 440 dedicatory inscrip- tion by tlie Senatus Populusquo Caeres. 433 Uncertain portrait. 43.5 Tiberius. 436 Agrippiua, wife of Germanicus. 437 Claudius, crowned with wreaths of oak-leaves. 438 Drusus (?). 439 Drusus (?). 442 Re- lief, with figures, having inscriptions beneatli, of the inhabitants of the Etruscan cities of Vetulouia, A^'ulci, and Tarquinii, the first six letters of Vulcentnm being alone wanting. 445 Livia (?). 428. Colossal head of Augustus. 427 Circular altar with Pan and dancers upon it. VII. — 476 *Sophocles, found at Terracina in 1838, one of the finest ancient portrait statues that exist ; at his side is a scrmium full of MS. rolls. 462 *Marsyas, found in the Via di S. Lucia in Selci, the arms restored as if dancing ; but the atti- tude may rather be that of drawing back in astonishment at something on the ground, in which case this figure may be a copy from a group by the Greek sculptor Myron, in which Marsyas was surprised at tlie flutes cast away on the ground by Minerva — a subject occurring on a painted Greek vase and on a marble relief. The face preserves a good deal of the simplicity and breadtli of style of the great age in which Myron lived (early 5th cent. B.C.), but otlierwise this sculpture is an example of the softening down and over-refining of the bodily forms characteristic of much of the Graeco-Iioman sculpture. On a jamb of the door leading into the next room is a curious sepulchi-al inscription of Musicus Scurranus, from Lyons, who died in Rome ; after the titles of their master follow the names of 16 persons of his suite, with the designation of their offices, such as physician, master of the wardrobe, cook — qui cum eo Bomae cum decesfiit fuerunt. Tliis singular record was found over a cinerary urn in the Columbariiun of the Vigna Codini on the Via Appia. VIII.— In the centre, 534 *Statue of Neptune from Porto, the legs and arms restored. On the 1. 487 Relief, with a dramatic poet, and a Muse. 494 Caly- donian Hunt. IX. — Architectural fragments from the Forum and the Via Appia. 657 Triangular base of a handsome can- delabrum from the Forum, surmount- ed with an engrailed column. Two columns, covered with ornaments of foliage. X. — Sculptures from a sepulchral monument of the Aterii, discovered in 1S48 at Centocelle (Rte. 45) : 676 Tomb in the form of a temple, with a crane for raising stones moved by a tread-wheel. 675, 677 Busts of a man and wife. *Two columns of Astra- cane, 11 ft. high ; between them, coloured garland of Robbia ware, with the arms of Gregory XVI. 721 Relief with several monuments of Rome : an arcli, inscribed Arcus ad Isis, a cir- cular building consisting of three rows of arcades, a triumphal arch seen end- ways, the arch of Titus, inscribed Arciis in Sacra Via Summa, and a hexastyle Corinthian temple, with o, The City. Boute 13. — Lateran Museum. 127 figure of Jupiter luider the portico, ami decorated with instrumeuts of sacrifice and thunderbolts, from which it lias beeu supposed to represent that of Jupiter Stator, ou the Palatine. Above, Ceres, Pluto, and Proserpine ; the broken relief on the 1. is IMercury. In tlie centre, TiO Cupid on a dolphin. XI. — Sculptures mostly found by Signer Fortunati on the Via Latina in 1857. To the 1., 743 Sleeping Nymph (headless); to the rt., 751 Sarcopha- gus, with Bacchanalian subjects. 765 Kelief of Pugilists. 708 Diana of Ephesus. 76!J Sarcophagus with Adonis. 777 Hippolytus. Above it, 778 Three labours of Hercules. 783 Eelief, not of the best period, but still fairly good and purely Greek, of youths approaching a bearded figure. In the centre, 792 Large sarcophagus with the triumph of Bacchus. XII.— 793 Cupid as the Young Hercules. Three large sarcophagi discovered at the Vigna Lozzano near the Praetorian Camp in 1839 : 813 Slaughter of Niobe and her children. 799 Orestes and the Furies. 80G Fes- toons and Gorgon masks. 815 Graceful female figure seated on a chair. 831 Hound altar, found at Veil, with fes- toons of fruit, suspended between four lyres. Below the festoons are instru- ments used in coining. XIII.— 841, 843, 850 Marl)le eaves ornaments, with figures of the Palla- dium. 840 Ulpia Epigcme, with a strange coiffure of tlie time of Titus. 840 *Statue of C. Caelius Saturninus, in Parian marble, found below the Pal. Filippani, in the Piazza della Pilotta. Opposite, 804 Senatorial Statue. 808 Pylades supporting ( )restes. 8()6 Sarcophagus busts in Jiigh relief of five members of the Finia family, discovered on the Via Appia. In the centre, 882 Sepulchral urn, with recumbent figure surrounded by women and servants bearing the viauils for a banquet. XIV.— 909 Unfinished statue in porphyry, found in the garden of the Ospedale (Rte. 11). In the corners, portions of a terra-cotta syphon, 10 ft. in diameter. 902 Colossal statue of a captive birbarian, found in 1840, in digging foundations in tlie Via de' Coronari, still preserving the sculp- tor's points to guide the workman's chisel. 895 Sarcophagus of Ootavius Valerianns, with representation of bread-making, from Casal Eotondo, on the Appian Way, inscribed : Emsi, effiipi. Spes et Fortuna valete ; jYil mihi vobiscum est, ludificate alios. On the rt., 892 *Mosaic of an Un- swept Floor, formed of very minute tesserae and representing actors' masks and objects of still life, in- scribed with the name of the artist, HRAKAITOC • HRTACATO ('HpdK- Altos ripyda-aTo) ; found on the Aven- tine. XV. — This and the next room are chiefiy filled with objects found at Ostia, the smallest of which are in glass cases. Niche in mosaic, repre- senting Silvauus with his dog. 910 Sarcophagus with sea-deities. 975 Small *Head of a Nymph. XVI. — 1061 Recumbent statue of Atys, dedicated by C. Cartilius Euplus as he was admonished to do by the goddess Cybele. On the walls are fresco paintings : 1063 Scene in a tragic play. 1064 Orpheus bringing back Eurydice, inscribed with their names: on the 1. is the entrance to Hades, near which is Cerberus and a young figure called here the janitor ; Orpheus is in the act of looking back to Eury- dice, forgetting that this would be fatal. Behind them sits Oknos twist- ing a rope of straw, which an ass eats as fast as he produces it. 1065 Pluto seizing Proserpine. On the floor, fragments of leaden water - pipes. 1043 Bronze '^Statuette of Venus. The First-floor is reached by the S.E. corner of the quadrangle, or by the staircase opposite lioom I. of tlio preceding series, on the walls of which are inscribed early Christian inscrip- tions. 128 lioute 13. — Later an Museum. Sect. I. The *Christian Museum, founded by Pius IX. iu 1S54, was arrang'ed by the late Padre March! and by Comm. G. B. de Rossi. Vestibule. — 55 Sarcophagus, with Statuette groups of the Raising of Lazarus. Denial of Peter, Moses receiving the tables of the law, Sacri- fice of Isaac, Pilate at the Condemna- tion, IMoses striking tlie rock, Daniel in the Lions' den, Clirist in the Syna- gogue, Healing the blind, Loaves and Fishes. 56 Bust of Christ, iu Mosaic. 58 The Virgin bathing the Infant .Tesus, from tlie Chapel of Pope John VII. iu the old Basilica of St. Peter's (707). 57 Clirist enthroned between SS. Paul and Peter; copied from tlio tomb of Otho II. at old St. Peter's. It is remarkable that St. Peter holds three keys. The Great PIall was formerly the --I- GREAT HALL J*' , ' } „ i^f nnnnnn nn p , li"''' n-.'-'irjy 1 E 1 E ill] '], F m BLi. a a \ B' CMR ST1»N B' ,N?C n.Pr.ams il\r 1 V Vi i VII 1 Vlil Q. J L B' B' B'. Coniilors. a, a. Entrance from the Court, on the ground floor. g, g. Stairs. E E. Copies of Paintings in the Cata- combs. F. Modern Terra-cotta Busts and Statues. G. Hall of the Great Mosaic. J Frescoes. II. Ancient Mosaic Floor. lir.-V. Paintings. VI.-VIII. Modern Paintings. Q. Plaster Casts. R Archives of the Inquisition. state passage leading from the Palace to the vestibule of the Basilica; the roof is covered with arabesques and frescoes by the Zuccheri and their school. At the bottom of the stairs : 103 Statuette of the Good Shepherd, legs restored ; interesting for the extent to which the classical type of face and hair as well as the classical method of treating the drapery have been re- tained; in contrast with the com- panion statuette (105) where the art is singularly rude ; there also the lower parts of the legs are restored. 104 Very large sarcophagus with reliefs in two bands, discovered under the pave- ment of the Basilica of St. Paul, and supposed to date from late in the 4th cent. In the centre of the upper band are two unfinished portrait busts. On the 1., Creation of Adam and Eve, both represented as children ; Christ between Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, beside the forbidden tree, round wliich the serpent is twined ti^ HE City. Boufc 13. — Lateran Museum. 129 in classical representations of the (iarden of tho Hesperides. Christ cliangins^ the water into wine, Miracle of tlie loaves and fishes, Raising of Lazarns. Below, Virgin and Child, witli the three kings, in Phrygian bonnets ; Restoring siglit to tho blind; Daniil between two lions, and Ilaliak- kuk bringing a basket of bread; ( )nr Saviour, and St. Peter taken prisoner by the Jews, who wear round caps ; IMoses striking the rock. Ill Destruction of Pharaoh's army in tho Red Sea, over which the Israelites have passed ; they are ac- companied, on the rt., by a very literal l^iilar of fire and of cloud. On the stairs,]., 119 Story of Jonah ; in the centre a double figure of the whale placed with classical symmetry ; the one towards the 1. receives with oj)en mouth Jonah, who is being cast from the shijj; the one turned to the rL vomits him on land; above this, Jonah — a classical type of figure — lies at ease luidcr tlie gourd ; other scenes in (lie life of Jonah. The figure of the whiile vY /' S— I ~ ^=S"^ — . rr c ' The City. Boute 14. — The Golden House of Nero. 131 Virgin and Child with SS. John Bap- tist and Jerome (1510). 73, 75 SS. Peter and Paul (tapestries), from pictures by Fra Bartolommeo. 72 Palmezzano : Virgin and Child with SS. Jolm Kaptibt, ILaurence, Francis, Dominic, Anthony- the Abbot, and Peter (1587). IV.— 81 Portrait of Sixtus V. by Sassoferrato. 84 Sixtus V. as Cardinal, by Domeniclmio. SO Pagan Sacrifice, by Cararaggio. 87 After Vandyck : Male Portrait. 82 Cav. d'Arpino: Annunciation. 86 George IV. of EngUmd, by Sir T. Lawrence, pre- sented by the King to Pius VII. Tlie remaining rooms contain mod- ern pictures. At the end is the Gretit Hall of the Council, surrounded by portraits of popes from St. Peter to St. Sylvester; lower down, the principal embellishments of Rome by Sixtus V. Casts of celebrated sculp- tures. The fine inner court of the palace has frescoes by T. Zucchero. The Third-floor contains a series of casts from Trajan's column, exe- cuted at the expense of Napoleon III. The custodo will show them, if re- q nested. The Terrace commands a fine *view of the Subine hills and Campagua. ROUTE 14. FROM THE COLOSSEUM TO S. M. MAG- OIORE, KY THE BATHS OF TITUS, S. I'lETIiO IN VINCOLI, S. LORENZO IN PANISPERNA, AND S. PDDENZIANA. [Omn. p. [22], i., ii., iv. ; Tramway, p. [28], iv.j Two streets, nearly parallel, run E. from the Colosseum — the Via di S. Giovanni, leading to S. Clemente and the Lateran, and the Via Lahicana, leading to the Porta Maggiore. In the latter, about 150 yds. on the 1., is tiie short ascent to the *Baths of Titus (Adm., p. [36]). 'The fiohlou House of Xero, with it.s park and lakes and plantations, occupied the whole space between the Palatine and the gardens of Maecenas near the modern Illy. Stat. Vespasian and his son Titus restored to public use the ground usurped by Nero, save the spaces now occupied by the amphi- theatre and by the Baths of Titus. :ln the construction of this last edifice advantage was taken of Nero's work ; the Golden House was not destroyed, it was simply vaulted over and used as store rooms and cellars for the Baths above. Hence its admirable preservation.' — L. ' The Thermae of Titus were called relocia miinera by Martial, because constructed with such haste that Trajan was obliged to rebuild them almost from the foundation. The Baths of Titus and Trajan f comj^re- hend, as usual, a central edifice with caldarium, tepidarium, frigidarium and other bathing accommoda- tions, surrounded with an exten- sive park or garden. The whole was enclosed within four walls, orna- mented at the angles with hemi- cycles and halls of various designs.' — L. One of the hemicycles was con- verted by the French into a powder magazine (Polveriera), which gives its name to the adjoining street. On the side nearest the Colosseum facing the modern entrance a semicircuiar theatre, where curved outlines are well preserved, together with the eleven parallel walls, diagonally set, which formed its substructions. To the 1. of the entrance is a small Chapel fl), dedicated to ^S". Felicitas, discovered in 1813. It is supposed to have been used for Christian worship as earlj' as the 6th cent. : on the wall was found a Christian calendar, which has t Trajan appears to have added a separate wing for women. K 2 132 Boide 14:.— The Baths of Tiim. Sect. I. been engraved by De Romauis. Faint traces of frescoes representing S. Felicitas and hor martyred boys may yet be discerned beliind the rude altar, and on tlie stucco attached to the rt. wall are some graffiti. Descending a few steps, we now pass on the 1. a row of slaves' rooms (7), and at the end of the corridor observe on the 1., sunk below the level of Nero's palace, part of the pavement (2) of a more ancient private house, upon which he laid his foundations. To the rt. runs a long corridor or crypto-porticus (3), excavated in 1813. Its beautifully painted ceiling will be shown by the Custodc, with the aid of tapers at the dnd of a long pole. The vault is pierced with square open- ings, tlu-ougii which Kaphael and Giovanni da Udine are said to have gained access, and admitted the light necpssaiy for copying the pnintings VIA LABICANA rAF.T OF THE PALACE OF NEKO UNDER THE UATHS OF TITUS. 1. Chapel of S. Felicitas. 2. Mosaic pavement of an earlier house. 3. Painting on vault. 4. Walls added by Titus. 5. Decorations of Nero. 6. Walls of Titus to support Theatre. 7. Room for slaves. S. Corridor (Nero). 9. Unexcavated portion. ' The lioman Thermae were a combination on a hue;e scale of the common Balneae with the Greek Gymnasia. Their visual form was that of a large quadrangular space, the sides of which were formed by various porticoes, oxedrae, and even theatres for fiymnastic and literary exercises, and in the centre of which stood a block of buildings containing the bath- rooms and spacious halls for undergoing the complicated process of the Roman warm Ijath. All were built of brick, and the interior was decorated with stucco, mosaics, or slabs of marble, and other ornamental stones. The exterior of the Thermae was probably very plain, and even unsightly, and illustrates the Roman tendency to develop the interior of their buildings at the expense of the exterior. Greek Gymnasia, on the contrary, opened out- wards, and were ornamented on the exterior with colonnades and gateways.' — B. Before the time of the Emperors the 0UI3' bathing establishments were the Balneae, which were ou a much smaller scale, and had none of the luxurious accessories of the Thermae (see Ete. 41). The seven principal Tliermae were those of Af/rippa, B.C. 21 (Ete. 16), Nero, a.d. 60 (Ete. 17), Titus, A.D. 80, Trajan, a.d. 115, Cara- calla, a.d. 217 (Rte. 41), Diocletian, a.d. 300 (Rte. 21), and Cnnstantine, a.d. 320 (Rte. 19). In tlie time < f the last-named Emperor there \\cre upwards of 850 Balneae. as studies for the Loggie at the Vati- can. These interesting work^, now almost effaced, were among the most perfect specimens of ancient paintings which have been preserved in Rome ; they represented arabesques of floweri?, birds, and animals, exhibitiug the most graceful outline and remarkable acility of design. We now enter a Corridor (8), from which open a series of seven parallel The City, Boute 14, — S. Pietro in VincoU. 133 rooms, with side walls added by Titus. These walls cut up into strips tbo large oblong peristyle of Nero's palace, whose central fountain may be seen in the fourth room. It was sur- rounded on all sides by colunnis, whoso bases are occasionally visible. Further on are some yet more beauti- ful paintings, which the Custode will light up, if desired. A dark room at the extreme end is said to have been. a prison, and has some well-preserved graffiti on its walls. The chambers and their paintings are described by several writers of the 16th cent., but the}' were almost lost sight of and forgotten in the 17th. In 1770 they were again jiarti ally opened by Mirri, for the purpose of publishing the paintings ; and in 1813 the whole site was cleared, when Komanis' ' Camcre Esquiline ' was published. There is no doubt that many inter- esting fragments still remain buried under the accumulations of soil. lleturning to the Colosseum, and ascending a road which winds u])- wards to the rt., we pass on the 1. a large School. On the rt. rises a Con- vent, with a handsome loggia (see below). After 2 min. we turn rt. into the Via di iS. rielrv in Vtncoli. This street is supposed to corresi:)ond witli the Vicns Sceleraius, tlie scene of the impiety of Tullia, who there drove her car over the dead body of her father after he had been assassinated by her husband Tarquin. On the I. is the Minimite Convent of San Francesco di Paola (Festa, '2 Ajir.), lounded in l