illiiiiWWf
MiiiilMi
THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
IN MEMORY OF
PROFESSOR WILLIAM MERRILL
AND
MRS. IMOGENE MERRILL
lUM- (jLf,. Mi-f-fo
Mr. BENNETT'S LATIN BOOKS.
i67no. Cloth. 75 cents.
EASY LATIN STORIES FOR BEGINNERS,
With Vocabulary and Notes.
idmo. Cloth. $i.oo.
FIRST LATIN WRITER,
Comprising Accidence, the Easier Rules of Syntax illustrated
by copious Examples, and Progressive Exercises in Ele-
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FIRST LATIN EXERCISES,
Containing all the Rules, Exercises, and Vocabularies of the
First Latin Writer, but omitting the Accidence.
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SECOND LATIN WRITER,
Containing Hints on Writing Latin Prose, with Graduated
Continuous Exercises.
JOHN ALLYN, Publisher,
30, FRANKLIN STREET, BOSTON.
FIRST LATIN WRITER
WITH ACCIDENCE, SYNTAX RULES
AND VOCABULARIES
BY
GEORGE L. BENNETT, M.A.
HEAD MASTER OF SUTTON VALENCE SCHOOL
NE(V EDITION
Boston
JOHN ALLYN, PUBLISHER
MDCCCLXXXVIII
EDUCAIIOH LIBS,
GIFT
CONTENTS.
PREFACE, ....
ACCIDENCE, ....
EXERCISES ON THE SYNTAX :—
The Simple Sentence, Ex. 1-150,
The Compound Sentence,
Adjectival Clauses, Ex. 151-175,
Adverbial Clauses, Ex. 176-200,
Substantival Clauses, Ex. 201-270,
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY, .
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY, .
PAGB
vii
53
117
117
126
136
161
174
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PREFACE.
I HAVE prepared this First Latin Writer in the hope
that it may prove helpful to those who agree with me
that it is quite useless to attempt the difficulties of the
Compound Sentence before the Simple Sentence has
been thoroughly mastered. The Accidence and Syntax
rules are on the lines of the Public School Latin
Primer ; I have attempted to make them easier for
beginners, but little explanation has been given, as the
rules are put shortly in plain English. I have not been
able to make the disconnected sentences illustrating the
Syntax Rules interesting, but I hope the large collec-
tion of pieces for translation into Latin will prove so.
Difficulties of rare occurrence have been avoided as
much as possible. I have to acknowledge some valu-
able assistance from my friend Mr. E. D. Mansfield of
Clifton College.
GEORGE L. BENNETT.
High School, Plymouth,
ACCIDENCE.
THE LETTERS.
1. The Latin Alphabet is the same as the English without w.
The letters are divided into
(a) Vowels, sounding by themselves, a, e, i, o, u, y. I (;),
and u (v)y are called semi-consonants.
{h) Consonants, sounding with vowels : —
MUTES.
SEMIVOWELS.
DOUBLE.
HARD.
SOFT.
NASALS.
SPIRANTS.
LIQUIDS.
Guttural, or
Throat Sounds,
c k q
g
n
h
rl
X = C3
z = ds
Dental, or
Teeth Sounds,
t
d
n
s
Labial, or
Lip Sounds, .
P
b
m
fv
A dental mute drops out before s : so, jjes is written instead
oi peds.
B.L.W. A
Parts of Speech.
QUANTITY.
2. The Quantity of syllables is short (^), long (-), or
doubtful (-).
(a) A vowel coming before another voAvel is sJwrt.
(h) A vowel coming before two consonants or a double
letter is long.
(c) All diphthongs are long.
(d) A short vowel is doubtful if followed by a mute with a
liquid after it.
PRONUNCIATION.
3. Pronounce a, i as in French.
e as English a.
^ as in English.
ae like ai in French Mai
au like ow in coio.
oe like ae.
c like Jc.
g as in get.
PARTS OF SPEECH.
4. There are eight Parts of Speech :
1. Substantive.
2. Adjective.
3. Pronoun.
4. Verb.
These change according to
their meaning.
5. Adverb.
6. Preposition.
7. Conjunction.
8. Interjection.
These always remain the
same.
A Substantive names a thing.
An Adjective describes a substantive.
A Pronoun is used to prevent the repetition of a substan-
tive.
A Verb states what a thing is, does, or suffers.
An Adverb qualifies a verb or adjective, showing Where,
When, How.
Declension of Substantives.
A Preposition governs different cases of substantives.
A Conjunction joins words or clauses together.
An Interjection is an exclamation.
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES.
5. There are three Genders, Masculine, Feminine, and
Neuter.
Some substantives may be either masculine or feminine.
These are called Common.
Substantives are declined by Number and Case.
There are two Numbers, Singular and Plural.
There are six Cases :
1 . Nominative, answering the question, Who ? or What ?
2. Vocative, used in addressing a person, or thing.
3. Accusative, answering the question, Whom ? or What ?
4. Genitive, „ „ \Miose?
5. Dative, „ ,, To, or for, whom ? or what ?
6. Ablative, „ „ By, with, or from, whom? or
what?
STEM-CHARACTER.
6. The Stem is that part of a word from which the different
cases are formed.
The stem of a substantive can be found by cutting ofif the
syllable -rum or -um from the genitive plural.
The last letter of the stem is called the Character.
So, from the stem jped (foot), we have
J
PLUR.
/
'-"l^-^'
:ii^
(a) In the Nominative Singular pes is written for peds,
because it sounds better. See 1, (h.)
(b) Case means a falling away from the stem.
The Five Declensions.
THE FIVE DECLENSIONS.
7. There are five Declensions of Substantives, distinguished
by their Character.
First Declension — character, A.
Second „ „ O.
Third „ „ Consonant or I,
Fourth „ „ U,
Fifth „ „ E.
The Vocative is the same as the Nominative, except in words
of the Second Declension ending in -us.
In Neuter Substantives the Nominative, Vocative, and Ac-
cusative are the same, and in the plural end in a.
The Dative and Ablative Plural of all genders are the same.
FIRST DECLENSION (Character, A).
8. The Nominative ends in a (usually feminine), except
a few Greek words, in as, es (masculine), and e (feminine).
Singular,
Nom. Mensa,, a table
Voc. Mensa, table
Ace. Mensam, a table
Gen. Mensae, of a table
Dot. Mensae, to or for a table
Abl. Mensa, by, with, or from a table
Plural
Mensae, tables
Mensae, tables
Mensas, tables
Mensarum, of tables
Mensis, to or for tables
Mensis, by, with, ovfrom tables
(a) Some few words that have a corresponding masculine
form in the Second Declension take -ahils instead of -is in
the Dative and Ablative Plural. So de^, a goddess, deabus ;
filia, a daughter, f iliabiis.
(b) Greek words in as, es, e, are thus declined : —
Nom. Voc. Ace. Gen. Dat. Abl.
AenEas -a -an -ae -ae -a
Anchises, -e or -3, -en -ae -ae -a
Cybele -e -en -es -ae -e
(c) Derived from the Greek we have a few masculine forms
ending in a ; so poeta, 'poet; nauta, saxlm-.
The Five Declensions.
SECOND DECLENSION (Character, O).
9. The Nominative ends in tis, er (masculine), im (neuter).
a. MASCULINE.
Singular.
Nom. D5mlntis, a lord
Voc. D6mln6
Ace. DOmlnura
Gen. Ddmlni
Dot. D6mIiio
Abl. DOmlno
I^om. MSgistgr, a master
Voc, Ma,gist6r
Ace. Magistrum
Oen. Magistri
Dat. Magistro
Abl. Magistro
Nom. Pti6r, a boy
Voc. Pu6r
Ace. Pft6rum
Gen. Paeri
Dat. Pflgro
Abl. YMto
Plural.
Nom. D5inlnl, loi'ds
Voc. DSinlni
Ace. Ddmlnos
Gen. DomlnOrum
Dat. Domluls
Abl. Ddmlnis
Nom. Magistrl, masters
Voc. Magistri
Ace. Magistros
Gen. Magistrorum
Dat. Magistris
Abl. Magistris
Nom. Ptigri, boys
Voc. Ptl6ri
Ace. Ptigros
Gen. Pftgrorum
Dat. Pvigris
Abl. Paeris
b. NEUTER,
Singular.
Nrnn. Voc. Ace. Bellum, war
Gen. Belli
Dat. Abl. BeUo
Plural.
Nom. Voc. Ace. Bella, loars
Gen. Bellorum
Dat. Abl. Bellis
Filiiis, son, gonitis, familiar spirit, and Eoman proper names
ending in ills, make vocative in I.
Deiis, God, makes vocative Deiis.
Words ending in iUs or iuiii have genitive either il or l.
Greek words with nominative ending in as have on some-
times in accusative instead of um.
THIRD DECLENSION
(Character, Consonant or I).
10. Nouns with Consonant Character usually have more
syllables in other cases than the nominative and vocative.
Consonant-Nouns.
Consonant-Nouns.
a. MASCULINE AND FEMININE.
Sing-ular.
Plural.
Nom.
Voc. ludex, judge
Nom. Voc. Indices, judges
Ace.
ludicem
Ace. ludlces
Oen.
ludicls
Gen. ludlcum
Dat.
ludici
Dat. ludicibtis
AM.
ludlcg
AM. ludicibtis
Nom.
Voc. Aetas, age
Nom. Voc. Aetates, ages
Ace.
Aetatem
Ace. Aetates
Gen.
Aetatis
Gen. Aetatum
Dat.
Aetati
Dat. Aetatibtts
AM.
Aetate
AM. Aetatibus
Nom. Voc. L6o, lion
Ace. LSonem
Gen. L6onIs
Dat. Lgonl
AM. L6on6
Nom. Voc. L6on6s, lions
Ace. Lgones
Gen. Lgonum
Dat. LSonibtis
AM. L6ombtts
b. NEUTER.
Singular.
Nom. Voc. Ace. Nom6n, name
Gen. Nominis
Dat. Nomlnl
AM. Noming
Nom. Voc. Ace. Optts, work
Gen. Opgris
Dat. Opgri
AM. Op6r6
Plural.
Nom. Voc. Ace. Nomina,, names
Gen. Nominum
Dat. Nommibtts
AM. Nommibus
Nom. Voc. Ace. Op6ra, works
Gen. Opgruni
Dat. Opgribas
AM. Opgribus
C. IRREGULAR.
Old man
Pig
Ox or cow
Jwpiter
Singular.
M.
c.
c.
M.
Nom. Voc.
S6nex
Sus
Bos
luppitSr
—
Ace.
S6n-
Su-
B6v-
lov-
em
Gen.
S6n-
Su-
B5v-
I5v-
is
Dat.
S6n-
Su-
B6v-
I5v-
i
AM.
SSn-
Su-
B5v-
I6v-
6
Plural.
Nom. Voc. Ace.
S6n-
Su-
B6v-
—
es
Gen.
S6n-
Su-
—
—
um
Dat. AM.
S6n-
Su-
,-_
—
ibtis
I -Nouns.
S'us has also Dative and Ablative Plural siihus.
Bos has Genitive Plural bourn, Dative and Ablative bobits
or buhUs.
The followin2j are declined like Consonant Nouns : —
patSr, father
matCr, mother
frat^r, brother
acclpltgr, hawh
cSnls, dog
ittvCnls, youth
vates, seer
v6lucris, bird
Greek consonant-nouns form Accusative Singular in d or
em ; Accusative Plural usually in ds : as, gigas, giant ; Ac-
cusative Singular, gigant3, or gigantem ; Accusative Plural,
gigantSs.
Some Greek words in eus form Accusative Singular eum or
ea ; Genitive Singular el or ebs: as, Orpheus; Accusative,
Orpheum or Orphea ; Genitive, Orphei or Orpheos.
I-NOUNS.
11. Nouns with character I usually have the same number
of syllables throughout, except in the Gen. Dat. Abl. Plural.
a. MASCULINE AND FEMININE.
Singular.
Nom. Voc. Ovis, sheejp
Ace. Ovem
Gen. OvIs
Dat. Ovi
Abl. Ov6
Nom. Voc. Nub6s, cloud
Ace. Nubem
Gen. Nubis
Dat. Nubi
AU. Nubd
Plural.
Nom. Voc. Oves, sheep
Ace. Oves, or 6vis
Gen. Ovium
Dat. Ovibas
Abl. Ovlbtis
Nom. Voc. Nubes, clouds
Ace. Nubes, or nubis
Gen. Nubfum
Dat. Nublbtls
Abl. Nublbtis
b. NEUTER.
Singular.
Nom. Voc. Ace. Os, bone
Gen. Ossis
Dat. Ossi
Abl. Os86
Nom. Voc. Ace. Mar6, sea
Gen. Mans
Dat. Abl. Man
Plural.
Nom. Voc. Ace. Ossa, bones
Gen. Osslum
Dat. Osslbtls
Abl. Osslbtls
Nom. Voc. Ace. Mana
Gen. Mantim
Dat. Abl. Manbas
I -Nouns.
C. IRREGULAR,
Accusative em or im ; Ablative i or e —
Classis,/ee^; febris, /ez^er ; messis, /ia?t;g5/ ; clsiviSj key ; navis,
ship ; puppis, stern.
Accusative im ; Ablative I —
Tussis, cough ; sitis, thirst ; amussis, carj)ente/s rule.
Accusative em ; Ablative I —
Canalis, canal; aedilis, aedile.
Accusative em ; Ablative I or ^ —
Imber, shower; utSr, wine-skin; venter, helli/ ; linter, boat.
Like I-nouns are declined :—
1. Words with stem ending in two consonants.
2. The following words : —
Glis, dormouse, stem glir-
Lis, strife, „ lit-
Mas, male, „ mar-
Mns, mouse, ,, mur-
JN"ix, snow, stem iiiv-
Strix, owl, „ strig-
Faux, jaio, , , fauc-
Yia, force, „ vir- {in plm'al)
FOURTH DECLENSION (Character, U).
12. Masculine and Feminine have Nominative in us. Neuter
Plural.
in u.
Singular.
Norn. Voc. Gradiis, ste}
Ace. Gradum
Gen. Gradus
Dal. Gradul
AM. Gradu
H.V.A. G6nu, knee
Gen. G6nus
Dat. Ahl. Genu
Nom. Voc. Gradus, steps
Ace. Gradus
Gen. Gradtium
Dat. Gradibtis (iibtis)
Ahl. Gradibus (libtls)
N.V.A. Ggniia, Zrnees
Gen. Gentium
Dat. Ahl. G6mbus (tibtis)
Domiis, a house: Dative Singular, ul or 6, Ablative 6 ; Accu-
sative Plural, us or os ; Genitive Plural, uum or orum.
Adjectives.
FIFTH DECLENSION (Character, E).
13. Only Feminine nouns. Nominative ends in -es.
Singular.
Plural.
Xo7n.
Voc. Dies, day
Norn. Voc. Dies, da
Ace.
Diem
Ace. Dies
Gen.
Dlei
Gen. Dlenim
Dat.
Dlei
Dat. Dlebtls
Abl.
Die
Abl. Diebils
Ees, thing, is the only other that has the increasing cases in
the plural.
ADJECTIVES.
14. Adjectives of three endings in its, a, urn, or er, a, %nn,
follow the Second Declension in Masculine and Neuter ; the
First Declension in Feminine: as, bonus, good; niger, black;
tener, tender.
Singular.
Plural.
MAS.
FEM.
NEUT.
MAS.
EEM.
NEUT.
Norn.
B6ntia
b6na
bOnum
B5ni
b5nae
b5na,
Voc.
B6n6
b6na
b6num
B6m
bonae
b5na,
Ace.
Bdnum
b<5nam
bdnnm
B6nos
bSnas
bond,
Gen.
B5ni
b<3nae
bdni
B6norum
bdnarum
bonorum
Dat.
B6no
bOnae
b5no
Bdnis
b6ni8
b6nis
Abl.
B6no
b(3na
b6no
B6ms
b5nis
bonis
Nom.
Niggr
nigril
nigrum
Nigri
nigi-ae
nigra
Voc.
Nlggr
nigra,
nigrum
Nigri
nigrae
nigra,
Ace.
Nigrum
nigram
nigrum
Nigros
nigras
nigra
Gen.
Nigri
iiigrae
nigri
Nigrorum
nigrarum
nigrorum
Dat.
NigrG
nigrae
nigro
Nigrls
nigris
nigris
Abl.
Nigro
nigra
nigro
Nigrls
nigris
nigrls
Nom.
T6n6r
tCnent
t6n6rum
Tgngri
t6u6rae
tendra
Voc.
T6n6r
tengra
tengrum
T6n6ri
t6n6rae
tCngra
Ace.
T6n6rum t6n6ram tenfirum
T6n6ro3
t6n6ras
tengra
Gen.
T6n6rl
tengrae
t6n6ri
T6n6rorum t6n6rarum tCngrorum
Dat.
T6n6ro
t6n6rae
t6n6ro
T6n6ris
tenfiris
tgnCris
Abl.
T6n6ro
tCngri
t6n?ro
T6n6ri3
tengris
t6n6ris
15. All other Adje
jctives fol
low the Third Declension.
Sing
^ular.
MAS.
FEM. NEUT.
i
MAS. FEM.
NEUT.
Nom
. Voc. M6ll6r melias, better
Nom. Voc
. Tristis
triste, sad
Ace.
Mehorem mentis
Ace.
Tristem
tristg
Gen.
Mellorls
Gen.
Tristis
Dat.
Mellori
Dat.
TristI
Abl.
Mellorg or i
Abl.
Tristi
10 Numeral and Pronominal Adjectives.
Plural.
MAS. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. Voc. Ace. M6lIores mgllorS,
Gen. Meliorum
Dat. AM. Melioribtts
MAS. FEM.
Nom. Voc. Ace. Tristes
Gen. Tristium
Dat. AM. Tristibus
NEUT.
tristia
Singular.
MAS. FEM.
NEUT.
MAS. FEM. NEUT.
No7n. Voc. Felix,
hapjyy.
Nom.
Voc.
Ingens, huge.
Ace ' Felicem
felix
Ace.
Ingentem ingens
Ge7i. Fellcis
Gen.
Ingentis
Dat. Felici
Dat.
Ingenti
AM. Felici
AM.
Ingenti or 6
Plural.
iVom. V. A. Felices
felicia
Nom.
V.A
. Ingentes ingentia
Gen. Felicium
Gen.
Ingentium
Dat. AM. Felicibtis
Dat.
AM.
Ingentibus
Adjectives in er of Third Declension have three endings in
Nominative Singular.
Singular.
Nom. Voc. C6l6r, c6l6ris, c6l6r6, swift
MAS. FEM. NEUT.
Acc. C6l6rem c5l6r6
Gen. C6l6ris
Dat. AM. CelSri
Nom. Voc. Ac6r, acris, acre, hecn
MAS. FEM. NEUT.
Acc. Acrem acr6
Gen. Acris
Dat. AM. Acri
Plural.
N.V.A. C6l6res, c6l6ria
Gen. C6l6rium
Dat. AM. Celgribus
N.V. A. Acres
Gen. Acrium
Dat. AM. Acribtis
acria
16. NUMERAL AND PRONOMINAL
ADJECTIVES.
Singular.
Plural.
MAS. FEM. NEUT.
MAS. FEM.
NEUT.
Nom
Unus ana Onuni, one
Nom. tJni Gnae
una
Acc.
Unum unam iinum
Acc. tJnos Unas
una
Gen.
Unfus (all genders)
Gen. Unorum unarum
unorum
Dat.
Uni (all genders)
Dat. tJnis (all genders)
AM.
tjno Una uno
AU. Unis (all genders)
Numeral and Pronominal Adjectives. 11
Unus is used iu Plural with Substantives that have Plural
only, or have a different meaning in Plural. Like unus,
decline ullus, any ; nullus, none, no ; totus, whole ; solus, aloiie.
Singfular.
MAS. F£M. NEUT.
Nom. Alitts alia allud, other, another
Ace. AlJtlm aliam allud
Gen. Alias (all genders)
Dat. Alii (all genders)
Abl. Alio aha alio
MAS.
Nom. Alter
Singular.
FEM. NEUT.
altera altCrum, other, the
other
Ace. AltSrum alteram altfirum
Gen. Altgrifls (all genders)
Dat. Alt6ri (all genders)
All. Altero altera altSro
Plural.
MAS. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. AltCri altfirae altera
Ace. AltSros altCras altera
Gen. Altfirorum alt6rarum altfirorum
Dai. Abl. Alt6ris (all genders)
Plural.
MAS. FEM. NEUT.
Du6 duae du5, two
DuosorduSduas du5
Duorum duarum duorum
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat. Abl. Duobtis duabtis duobtis
Plural.
MAS. FEM. NEUT.
Alii aiiae alia
Alios alias alia
Aliorum aliarum ahorum
Aliis (all genders)
Aliis (all genders)
MAS. FEM. NEUT.
titer utra utrum,t<;7iic/t
{of two)
Utrum utram utrum
Utriiis (all genders)
Utri (all genders)
Utro utra utro
MAS. FEM. NEUT.
Utri utrae utra
Utros utras utra
Utrorum utrarum utrorum
Utris (all genders)
MAS. FEM. NEUT.
Tres tres tria, three
Tres tres tria
Trium (all genders)
Tribus (all genders)
Ambo, lotk, is declined like duo.
Other cardinal numbers, from 4 to 200, are undeclined.
From 200 to 900, cardinal numbers, are declined Hke the
plural of honm.
Mille, 1000, is an undeclined Adjective.
Millii, millium, millibus, thousands, is a Substantive.
Ordinal numbers are declined like bonus.
Distributive numbers are declined like the plural of hdnUs.
12
Numerals.
17. NUMERALS.
Cardinal,
Ordinal,
DiSTRIBUTIVK,
Adverbs,
answering the
answering the question,
answering the
answering the
question,
which in numeric
question,
question,
1
how many ?
order ?
how many each ?
how often?
untls
primiis
singiili
s6m6l
2
du5
s6cundtis or altSr
bini
bis
3
tres
tertius
terni or trini
t6r
4
quatuSr
quartils
quaterni
quatSr
5
quinquS
quinttls
quini
quinquies
6
sex
sexttis
seni
sexies
7
septem
septimtis
septeni
septies
8
octo
octaviis
octoni
octies
9
nSvem
nontis
n6veni
nSvies
10
decern
dgcimus
deni
dgcies
11
undgcim
undgcimus
undeni
undgcies
12
du6d6cim
du5d6clmtis
du5deni
du6d6cies
13
tr6d6cim
tertitis dgcimtis
terni dgni
trgdScies
14
quatuordgcim
quarttls d6cimtls
quaterni deni
quatuordgcies
15
quindgcim
quinttls d6cimils
quini deni
quindScies
16
sedgcim
sextus dgclmtls
seni deni
sedecies
17
septemdgcim
septlmtis dgcimus
septeni deni
septies d6cies
18
duodevlginti
undeviginti
du6devicesimtls
du6deviceni
duddevicies
19
undevicesimtis
undeviceni
undevicies
20
viginti
viceslmtis
viceni
vicies
21
unfis et viginti
primiis et vicesimus
viceni singiili
s6m6l et vicies
30
triginta
triceslmtis
triceni
tricies
40
quadrSginta
quadragesimils
quadrageni
quadragies
50
quinquaginta
quinquagesimtls
quinquageni
quinquagies
60
sexaginta
sexagesimtis
sexageni
sexagies
70
septuaginta
septuageslmtts
septuageni
septuagies
80
octoginta
octogesimtts
octogeni
octogies
90
nonaginta
nonageslmiis
nonageni
nonagies
100
centum
eenteslmils
centeni
centies
101
centum et uniis
centesimtls primiis
centeni singiili
centies s6m6l
200
dtlcenti
dttcentesimus
dtlceni
dticenties
300
trgcenti
trgcentesimus
trgceni
trgcenties
400
quadringenti
quadringentes!mus
quadringeni
quadringenties
500
quingenti
quingenteslmtis
quingeni
quingenties
600
sexcenti
sexcentesimtis
seceni
sexcenties
700
septingenti
septingentesimtis
septingeni
septingenties
800
octingenti
octingentesimiis
octingeni
octingenties
900
nongenti
nongentesimtls
nongeni
nongenties
1000
mille
milleslmtls
singiila millia
millies
2000
du5 millia
bis raillesimtis
1 bma millia
bis millies
1
Comparison of Adjectives. 13
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
18. The Adjective has three degrees of comparison, the
Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative. So : —
Positive, Comparative. Superlative.
durils duridr durisslmtls
hard harder hardest
General Kule.
Change i or is of the Genitive into idr for comparative, and
into mtmUs for superlative.
ExceptiOTis.
1. Adjectives with Nominative in Sr form superlative by
adding rXmiis.
So crebSr, frequent, crebrior, creberrimiis. V^ttis, ancient,
forms vSterrimtis, from stem vSter.
2. Six adjectives form the superlative by changing fs into
Itmus : —
FScTlIs, easT/ Simllls, like Gracilis, slender
Diflflcllls, difficult Disslmllls, unlike Hilmllls, lowly
Superlative facil-Umus, etc.
3. Adjectives ending in dtcHs, ftcUSj vdlUs, are compared in
enti6r, entisstmus.
So malSdicus, abusive, m^l^dicenti5r, mS-lSdicentissimus.
4. Adjectives ending in us pure (preceded by a vowel),
generally use in comparison mdgts, maxtmS.
So dubitis, doubtful, m^gis dubiiis, maximS dubiiis.
19. Irregular Comparison.
Positive.
Comparative.
Superlative.
b6ntls, good
m6li6r
optimtls
maids, had
peior
pesslmtls
magntls, great
malor
maxlmtis
parvtts, small
mindr
mlnlmtls
multCls, mtirh.
plus
plurlmtts
nequam, worthless.
nequWr
nequisslmtts
(n) Plus is only Neuter in Singular ; but has full Plural.
14
Comparison of Adverbs.
(6) DivSs, rkhf divitior or ditior, divitissimiis or ditissimus.
(c) Senex, old, senior, natu maior, or maior, sujperlaiive
natu maximus or maximus.
luvenis. young, iunior, natu minor, or minor, superlative
natu minimus or minimus. Natu means ' by birth.'
20. Adjectives of position derived from prepositions.
Preposition. Positive. Comparative. Superlative.
e, ex, out of
extgriis, outside
ext6ri6r
extremtis or exti-
miis
stipgr, above
siipgrtis, high
stip6ri5r
supremtts or sum-
mfis
infra, beloio
infgrtis, deep
inf6ri5r
infimus or imiis
post, after
postgrus, next after
• postSriSr
postremus or pos-
ttlmus.
intra, within
int6ri5r
intimtis
prae, before
pri6r
primiis
citra, on near
side of
cit6ri5r
citlmiis
ultra, beyond
ult6ri6r
ultimiis, last
pr6p6, near
pr5piQr
proximtls
de, down from
deteriOr, it^orse deterrimtts, worst
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
21. Adverbs derived from adjectives are compared in the
same way, as is stated in the General Rule on p. 1 3, and
have their endings Us for Comparative and e for Superlative.
So:—
Positive.
digntts {adj.), worthy
digne, ivorthily
audax {adj. ), bold
audacter, boldly
gravis {adj.), heavy
gravitgr, heavily
Comparative.
digniSr
digmiis
audaciCr
audaciUs
gravlGr
gravitis
Superlative.
dignissimtis
dignissime
audacissimtis
audacissime
gravisslmtis
gravissime
So:—
saepg, often
diu, long
saepitis
diutiils
saepisslme
diutissime
Irregular Comparison.
multum, m^ich
magn6p6r6, greatly
plus
magis
plurimura
maxime
Pronouns. 15
PRONOUNS.
22, Personal or Reflexive Pronouns are Substantival ; that
is to say, they take the place of a Substantive : the rest are
generally Adjectival ; that is to say, they take the place of an
Adjective.
Personal.
1. FIRST PERSON.
Singfular.
Plural.
Nom. £g5, /
Ace. Me
Gen. Mei
Dat. Mlhi
Ahl. Me
Nom. Nos, we
Ace. Nos
Gen. Nostri, or nostrum
Dat. Nobis
Ahl. Nobis
2. SECOND PERSON.
Nom. Voc. Tu,
Ace. Te
Gm. Tui
Dai. Tibf
Ahl. Te
thou
Nom. Voc. Vos, you
Ace. Vos
Gen. Vestri, or vestrum
Dat. Vobis
Ahl. Vobis
Reflexive.
SINGULAR AND PLURAL.
Nom. (Wanting)
Ace. Se, or sese, himsel/\ herself , itsel/t themselves
Gen. Sui
Dat. Sib!
Ahl. Se, or sese
Possessive.
23. Like bdiiils.
Metis, mea, meum, my, mine
Tufts, tua, tuum, i/^y, </«'?ie
Sufls, sua, suiun, his, her, its, their own
Like ntgSr.
NostSr, nostra, nostrum, our
Vest6r, vestri\, vestnim, your
LUus has vocative singular, ml, meet, meum ; tuits, suits have
none.
16
Pronouns.
Demonstrative.
24.
Is, that, or
he, she, it.
Singular.
Plural.
Norn.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
AU.
Is ea id
Eum earn id
Ij^^ all genders
Eo ea eo
Nom. li eae ea
Ace. Eos eas ea
Gen. Eorum eavum eorum
Dat. lis or eis „,, „^„ j^„„
AU. lis or eis ^U genders
Hie, this (
near me).
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
AU.
Hic haec hoc
Hunc hanc hoc
™f jail genders
Hoc hac hoc
Nom. Hi hae haec
Ace. Hos has haec
Gen. Horum harum horum
% gSUu genders
lUe, that (yonder).
Singular.
Nom. 1116 iim illfid
Ace. Ilium illam illttd
""Z. ?r}^" genders
AU. Ills ilia ill5
Plural.
Nom. lUi illae
Ace. Illos illas
Gen. Illorum illarum
Dat. Illis) ,, ^„,^^„
AU. iiiis|all genders
ilia
ilia
illorum
25.
Iste, that (near you), is declined like ilU.
Definitive.
Idem, same.
Singular.
Nom. Idem eadem idem
Ace. Eundem eandem idem
Gen. Eiusdem ) ,, ^p„jp^„
Dat. Eldem j aU genders
AU. Eodem eadem 6odem
lidem
Eosdem
Eorundem
lisdem or 6isdem
lisdem or 6isdem
Plural.
eaedem
easdem
earundem
eadem
eadem
eorundem
all genders
Ipse, self, is declined like ilU, but with neuter singular
Nominative, Accusative, ipsum.
Relative.
26. Qui, who, or which.
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
AU.
Singular.
Qui quae qu6d
Quern quam quQd
g«"^ jail genders
Quo qua quo
Plural.
Nom. Qui quae quae
Ace. Quos quas quae
Gen. Quorum quarum quorum
Dat. Quibtis or quis
AU. Quibtts or quis
all genders
Compounded Pronoxms.
17
l^TEKKOtJATlVE.
27. Quis, icho ?
Kom. Quls (quis) quid
Ace. Quern quam quid
Indefinite.
Quis, any one.
Norn. Quis qua quid
Ace. Quern quam quid
111 other forms, as Relative.
Indefinite Nominative Plural Neuter, qiut or quae.
The form qui, qiiaey quod, declined as the Relative, is used
in agreement with a Substantive, either as Interrogative or
Indefinite.
COMPOUNDED PRONOUNS.
28. Some pronouns are strengthened by a syllable added
to them, which remains invariable. So quidam, a certain oney
Genitive, cuiusdam ; ecquis, any one ? Genitive, eccuius 1
29,
TABLE OF PRONOUNS.
Personal.
Ist Peru. eg6
/
nos
we
2d Pers. tu
thou
vos
you
3d Pers. (supplied by Demonstratives)
he, she, it
Reflexive.
UtPers. (me) ipsum ipsam
myself
2d Pers. (te) ipsum ipsam
yourself
3d Pers. se
him, her, its, self, themselvca
Possessive.
l8t Pers. metts
meS. meum
my, mine
nost6i
nostra, nostrum
our
2d Pers. tutis
tua tuum
thy, thine
vestfir
vestri vestrum
your
3d Pers. sutts
sua, 8uum
his, lier, its, tlveir, own
Demonstrative.
All Pers. Is
ea id
that, or he, she, it
hic
haec hue
this {near me)
ills
ilia illiid
that (yonder)
istg
ista istad
tJwi {near you)
Definitive.
All Pers. idem
eadem Idem
the same
ips6
ipsa ipsum
self
Relative.
Relative qui
quae qu6d
who, which
Interi'ogative quls
(quls) quid
w1u>?
Indefinite quls
.L.W.
qua quid
any
B
Conjugations.
THE VERB.
30. In the Latin Verb there are —
1. Three Persons — First, Second, and Third.
2. Two Numbers — Singular and Plural.
3. Seven Tenses — four Primary and three Historic.
Pkimary. — Present ; as, a,mo, / love.
Future Simple ; as, amabo, / sliall love.
Future Perfect ; as, amav6ro, 1 shall have loved.
Perfect ; as, 3,mavi, / have loved.
Historic. — Imperfect ; as, amabam, / was loving.
Aorist ; as, amavi, I loved.
Pluperfect ; as, a,mav6ram, / had loved.
Note. — There is only one form for the Perfect and Aorist;
so amav'i either =/ lime loved, or / loved.
4. Three Moods of the Verb Finite.
Indicative ; as, 3,mo, / love.
Imperative ; as, ama, love thou.
Conjunctive ; as, amem, / may love.
5. Verb-Nouns of the Verb Infinite.
Infinitive, with the Gerunds and Sujjincs which act as
its cases.
Participles, dechned hke Adjectives.
6. Two Voices — Active and Passive ; as
Amo, / love ; am5r, / am loved.
CONJUGATIONS.
31. There are four Conjugations of Eegular Verbs.
First Conjugation — character, A
Second „ „ E.
Third „ „ Consonant or U.
Fourth „ „ I.
To conjugate a verb, the Present, Perfect, and Supine
Stems must be known.
1. The Present Stem in the First, Second, and Fourth
Conjugations is found by taking the syllable re from the
Present Infinitive Active; in the Third Conjugation by
taking away the syllable ere.
2. The Perfect Stem is found by taking the syllable I from
the Perfect Indicative Active.
Formation of Tenses. 19
3. The Supine Stem is found by taking the syllable um
from the Supine.
DEPONENT VERBS.
32. Deponent Verbs (with a few exceptions) are passive
in form, active in meaning ; as, iitor, / ttse.
1. The Present Stem in the First, Second, and Fourth
Conjugations is found by taking the syllable rl from the
Present Infinitive ; in the Third Conjugation by taking away
the syllable i.
2. The Supine Stem is found by taking the syllable um
from the Supine.
Deponent Verbs are conjugated like Passive Verbs, but
have also Gerunds, Supines, Participles, and Future Infinitives
of active form.
Intransitive Deponents have no Supine in u, nor Gerundive.
POWERS.
33. Active and Deponent Verbs are either —
Transitive, acting on an object ; as, amo te, I love thee, or
Intransitive, not acting on an object ; as, sto, / stand.
Intransitive Verbs are not used in the Passive except
impersonally, that is to say, without ti subject — as, pugnatum
est, he, or they fought (lit. there luas fighting).
34. FORMATION OF TENSES.
Present Stem. i Perfect Stem. ■ Supine Stem.
All Presents. i All Perfects Active. j Supines.
All Futures Simple. I All Pluperfects Active, i Fut. Participle Active.
All Imperfects. I Future Perfect Active. | Perf . Participle Passive.
Gerund and G erundi ve. ! I
20
35. ENGLISH MEANINGS OF THE
Name of Tense.
ACTIVE VOICE.
Present Indie.
I love, am loving, do love. Thou lovest, art
loving, dost love, etc.
Present Conj.
I may love. Thou mayst love. He may
K5
love, etc.
8
Present Imper.
Love (thou). Love (ye).
Ex
Present Infinitive
To love.
:^
Present Partic.
Loving {adjective).
Imperf. Indie.
I was loving. Thou wast loving, etc.
02
fen
Imperf. Conj.
I might, should love. Thou mightst,
shouldst love, etc.
CO
Put. Simp. Indie.
I shall love. Thou wilt love. He will
Kl
love, etc.
ft.
Flit. Simp. Imper.
Thou must love. He must love, etc.
Gerwid
Loving {suhsta?itive).
Gerundive
CO
Perfect Indie.
I have loved. Thou hast loved. He has
g
6^
loved.
Aorist
I loved. Thou lovedst. He loved, etc.
E-(
Perfect Conj.
I may have loved. Thou mayst have
loved, etc.
CO
Perfect Infin.
To have loved.
e-i
Imperf. Indie.
I had loved. Thou hadst loved, etc.
Pluperf. Conj.
I should have loved. Thou wouldst have
\ .loved, etc.
Future Perfect I shall have loved. Thou wilt have
loved, etc.
Supine in um
To love {substantive).
Supine in ii
In loving {substantive).
fsE-1
Future Participle
About to love.
Future Infinitive
To be about to love.
CO
Perject Participle
None.
LATIN TENSES. VERB * To Love.' 21
PASSIVE VOICE.
I am being loved. Thou art being loved. He is being loved, etc.
I may be loved. Thou mayest be loved. He may be loved, etc.
Be (thou) loved. Be (ye) loved.
To be loved.
Nojie.
I was being loved.
I might, should be loved. Thou mightst, shouldst be loved, etc.
I shall be loved. Thou wilt be loved. He will be loved.
Thou must be loved. He must be loved, etc.
Meet to be loved {adjective).
I have been loved. Thou hast been loved. He has been loved, etc.
I was loved. Thou wast loved. He was loved, etc.
I may have been loved. Thou mayst have been loved, etc.
To have been loved.
I had been loved. Thou hadst been loved. He had been loved, etc.
I should have been loved. Thou wouldst have been loved, etc.
I shall have been loved. Thou wilt have been loved, etc.
None.
None.
None.
To be about to be loved.
Loved, or Having been loved.
22
36. TENSE-ENDINGS OF THE
Tense.
■St
ACTIVE ENDINGS.
Pres. Indie.
1,2,4
3
-0
-0
-s -t -mus -tis
-is -it -Imus -itis
-nt2
-unt
Pres. Conj. ]
I
2,3,4
-am
-es -et -emus -etis
-as -at -amus -atis
-ent
-ant
CO
Pres. Imper. ]
1,2,4
3
-te
e -ite
Pre^. Infin. j
1,2,4
3
-re
-6re
Pres. Partic. ]
I, 2
3,4
-ns
-ens
CO
Imp/. Indie, j
I, 2
3,4
-bam
-ebam
-bas -bat -bamus -batis
-ebas -ebat -ebamus -ebatis
-bant
-ebant
CO
Imp/. Conj. j
1,2,4
3
-rem
-6rem
-res -ret -remiis -retis
-6res -6ret -6remus -6retis
-rent
-grent
!«5
Future Indie. \
I, 2
3,4
-bo
-am
-bis -bit -bimus -bitis
-es -et -emus -etis
-bunt
-ent
Future Imp. \
1,2,4
3
-to -to -tote
-ito -ito -itote
-nto-
-unto
Gerund
I, 2
3,4
-ndum
-endum
^cd
Perf. hid. Aor.
Perfect Conj.
all
all
-grim
-isti -it -Imus -istis
-6ris -grit -grlmus -gritis
-grunt
or ere
-grint
Perfect Infin.
all
-isse
§g
Pluperf. Indie.
all
-gram
-6ras -grat -gramus -gratis
-grant
s^
Pluperf. Conj.
aU
-issem
-isses -isset -issemus -issetia
-issent
a,
Fut. Perf. Indie.
all
-6ro
-gris -grit -grimus -gritis
-erint
Supine
all
Ace. -
iim ; Ahl. -u.
CO«q
laqco
Future Partic.
all
-urus
-ura -urum
Future Infin.
all
-urus
-ura -urum esse
Perfect Partic.
aU
1 In ^-Verbs the a is lost in these endings, as amo (for ama-o). amem, etc.
* /-Verbs insert u, as audi-unt, audi-nnto.
FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS.
23
PASSIVE ENDINGS.
l-or
-ris^
-gris^
-tur
-itur
-mur
-imur
-mini
-imlni
-ntur^
-untur
l-ar
-eriss
-aris2
-re
-ere
-etur
-atur
-emur
-amur
-emini
-amini
-mini
-Imini
-entur
-antur
-ri
-i
No7ie
None
-bar
-ebar
-baris^
.ebaris =
-batur
-ebatur
-bamur
-ebamur
-bamlni
-ebamini
-bantur
-ebantur
-rer
-6rer
-reris-
-greris-
-retur
-eretur
-remur
-gremur
-remTni
-gremini
-rentur
-firentur
J-bor
i-ar
-beris-
-eris*
-bitur
-etur
-bimur
-emur
-bimini
-Omlni
-buntur
-entur
ntor^
untor
1 In ^ -Verbs the a is lost in these endings, as amor (for uma-or), umer.
2 Tliere is an alternative form, re for ris.
3 J- Verbs insert «, as audi-untur, audi-untor.
24
37. THE VERB SUM, ^I
Am.'
PEESENT STEM Es-
Present.
Imperfect.
Future Simple.
I am.
/ was.
I shall he.
s.
1. Sum
eram
ero
2. es
eras
eris
^
3. es-t
erat
grit
PI
1. siimus
eramus
erimus
Q
>,
2. es-tis
eratis
gritis
h
1— 1
|-(
3. sunt
erant
grunt
M
I may he.
I might, should, would be.
^2;
l-H
S.
1. sim
es -sem or forem
(x<
2. sis
es -ses „ fores
3. sit
es -set „ foret
PL
1. simus
es -semus „ foremus
>
O
2. sitis
3. sint
es -setis „ foretis
es -sent „ forent
c4
Be thou.
Thou must be.
^
S.
2. es
es -to
^
f^
3. —
es -to
1*^
PL
2. es-te
es -tote
•-I
3. —
sunto
ui
To he.
g
es -se
z
1^
2
1— 1
o"
m
1-1
Ot^
Eh
U]
"^
>
Bi
Prosum takes d before e ; so, proj
mm, pro-d-es,
Absum, praesum,
have Present
THE VERB SUM, *I Am.'
25
PERFECT STEM Fu-
Perfect and Aorist.
Pluperfect.
Future Perfect.
/ have been. I was.
S. 1. fu-i
2. fu -isti
3. fu -it
PI. 1. fu-imus
2. fu -istis
3. fu -erunt 07' -ere
/ Jiad been.
fu -gram
fu -eras
fu -grat
fu -gramus
fu -gratis
fu -grant
/ shall Imve been.
fu -gro
fu -gris
fu -grit
fu -grimus
fu -gritis
fu -grint
/ may have been.
S. 1. fu -grim
2. fu -gris
3. fu -grit
P/. 1. fu-grimus
2. fu -gritis
3. fu -erint
/ might, tco^ild,
should have been.
fu -issem
fu -isses
fu -isset
fu -issemus
fu -issetis
fu -issent
2'o Jiave been.
fu -isse
Future Participle — futurus, about to be.
Future Infinitive — fore or futurus esse, to be about to be.
pro-d-est, prosumus, pro-d-estis, prosunt.
Participles — absens, praesens.
26
38. A-VERBS— ACTIVE VOICE.
PEESENT STEM Ama-
Present.
Imperfect.
Future Simple.
/ love, am loimia.
te'
do love.
I was loving.
/ shall love.
•-1
S.
1. Amo
ama -bam
ama -bo
2. ama -s
ama -has
ama -bis
o
3. ama -t
ama -bat
ama -bit
q
FL
1. ama -mus
ama -bamus
ama -bimus
2. ama -tis
ama -batis
ama -bitis
3. ama -nt
ama -bant
ama -bunt
/ may love.
I might, would,
h-4
;2:
^
shoidd love.
I— 1
^*
S.
1. amem
ama -rem
(!<
^
O
2. ames
ama -res
fe5
3. amet
ama -ret
>
52;
PI.
1. am emus
ama -remus
o
2. ametis
ama -retis
o
3. ament
ama -rent
S
Love thou.
Thoii must love.
s.
2. ama
ama -to
^
p^
3. —
ama -to
c^
PL
2. ama -te
ama -tote
3. —
ama -nto
To lore.
~~
(li
•-1
ama -re
Ci
h
1— 1
H-l
Lovi7ig.
"^
ama -ns
a.
HH
Ace. ama -ndum, lovk
\g.
>
1:^
Gen. ama -ndi
ft!
Dat. ama -ndo
CiJ
AM. ama -ndo
A-VERBS -ACTIVE VOICE.
27
PERFECT STEM Amav-
Perfect and Aorist. Pluperfect.
1
Future Perfect.
/ have loved. I loved.
S. l.amav-i
2. amav -isti
3. amav -it
PI. 1. amav -imus
2. amav -istis
3. amav -eruntor-ere
I had loved.
amav -Sram
amav -eras
amav -erat
amav -Sramus
amav -eratis
amav -grant
/ shall have loved.
amav -Sro
amav -eris
amav -erit
amav -erimus
amav -gritis
amav -§rint
/ may have loved.
S. 1. amav -grim
2. amav -gris
3. amav -Srit
PI. 1. amav -grimus
2. amav -Sritis
3. amav -grint
I might, ivoidd, should
have loved.
amav -issem
amav -isses
amav -isset
amav -issemus
amav -issetis
ama,v -issent
.
To have loved.
amav -isse
SUPINE STEM Amat-
q . / Accusative, amat -urn, to love.
^"Pme 1 ^iiaiii;e^ amat -u, in loving.
Future Participle, amat -urns, ahout to lave.
Future Infinitive, amat -urus esse, to be about to love.
28
39. E-VERBS— ACTIVE VOICE.
PEESENT STEM Mone-
\
Present.
Imperfect.
Future Simple.
/ advise, am advis-
M
ing, do advise.
/ was advising.
/ shall advise.
^
S. 1. Mone -o
mone -bam
mone -bo
E-4
2. mone -s
mone -bas
mone -bis
3. mone -t
mone -bat
mone -bit
s
Fl. 1. mone -mus
mone -bamus
mone -bimus
2. mone -tis
mone -batis
mone -bitis
3. mone -nt
mone -bant
mone -bunt
/ maij advise.
/ might, would.
1— 1
Ki
should advise.
1— 1
(14
S. 1. mone -am
mone -rem
CQ
§
2. mone -as
mone -res
Di
3. mone -at
mone -ret
>
Fl. 1. mone -amus
mone -remus
o
2. mone -atis
mone -retis
3. mone -ant
mone -rent
Advise thou.
Thou must advise.
e:;
S. 2. mone
mone -to
3. —
mone -to
«
Fl. 2. mone -te
mone -tote
3. ~
mone -nto
To advise.
di
mone -re
to
b
Advising.
^
ft5
mone -ns
Bh
1— 1
52;
Ace. ]
mone -ndum, advi
sing.
g
b
Gen. ]
naone -ndi
Dat. ]
mone -ndo
tt
Abl. ]
mone -ndo
E-VERBS— ACTIVE VOICE.
29
PERFECT STEM Monu-
Perfect and Aorist.
Pluperfect.
Future Perfect.
/ have advised. I advised.
S. 1. monu -i
2. monu -isti
3. monu -it
PI. 1. monu -inius
2. monu -istis
3. monu -erunt or -ere
/ had advised.
monu -gram
monu -eras
monu -grat
monu -gramus
monu -gratis
monu -grant
/ shall have
advised.
monu -gro
monu -gris
monu -grit
monu -grimus
monu -eritis
monu -grint
/ may have advised.
S. 1. monu -grim
2. monu -eris
3. monu -grit
PL 1. monu -erimus
2. monu -eritis
3. monu -erint
/ migld, would,
should have advised
monu -issem
monu -isses
monu -isset
monu -issemus
monu -issetis
monu -isseut
-
To have advised.
monu -isse
SUPINE STEM Monit-
S n*np / Accusative, monit -um, to advise.
^ ( Ablative, monit -u, in advising.
Future Participle, monit -urus, about to advise.
Future Infinitive, monit -urus esse, to be about to advise.
30 40. CONSONANT-VERBS— ACTIVE VOICE.
PRESENT STEM Reg-
Present.
Imperfect.
Future Simple.
h
I— 1
CQ
/ rtde, am ruling,
do rule.
S. 1. Reg-o
2. reg -is
3. reg -it
Fl. 1. reg-imiis
2. reg -itis
3, reg -unt
/ was ruling.
reg -ebam
reg -ebas
reg -ebat
reg -ebamus
reg -ebatis
reg -ebant
/ shall rule.
reg -a,m
reg-es
reg -et
reg -emus
reg -etis
reg -ent
Eh
O
o
o
/ '}nay rule.
S. 1. reg -am
2. reg -as
3. reg -at
Fl. 1. reg-amus
2. reg-atis
3. reg -ant
/ might, icould,
should rule.
reg -erem
reg -eres
reg -eret
reg -eremus
reg -eretis
reg -erent
Ci5
Oh
Etde thou.
S. 2. reg-e
3. —
Fl. 2. reg-ite
3. —
Thou must rule.
reg -ito
reg -ito
reg -itote
reg -unto
h
m
>
To rule.
reg -ere
c5
E-i
Euling.
reg -ens
c5
5i
Ace. reg -endum, ruli^ig.
Gen. reg-endi
Dat. reg-endo
Abl. reg-endo
CONSONANT-VERBS— ACTIVE VOICE.
31
PEKFECT STEM Rex-
Perfect and Aorist.
Pluperfect.
Future Perfeci.
Ihavemled. I ruled.
S. 1. rex-i
2. rex-isti
3. rex -it
PI. 1. rex-imus
2. rex -istis
3. rex-eruntw-erc
/ had ruled.
rex -eram
rex -eras
rex -grat
rex -eramus
rex -eratis
rex -erant
/ sliall luive ruled.
rex -ero
rex -^ris
rex -erit
rex -erimus
rex -eritis
rex -erint
/ maij Imve ruled.
S. 1. rex-erim
2. rex-eris
3. rex -erit
PL 1. rex -erimus
2. rex -eritis
3. rex -Sriiit
/ might, ivould,
should have ruled.
rex -issem
rex -isses
rex -isset
rex -issenuis
rex -issetis
rex -issent
1
To have ruled:
rex -isse j
1
SUPINE STEM Rect-
Qj . ( Accusative, rect -um, to rule.
bupme 1 jii^^ii^.^^ rect -u, in ruling.
Future Participle, rect -urus, ahmit to rule.
Future Infinitive, rect -urus esse, to he about to i-ule.
32
41. I-VERBS— ACTIVE VOICE.
PRESENT STEM Audi-
Present.
Imperfect.
Future Simple.
h
52:
t— 1
m
(I]
>
/ hear, am hearing,
do Jiear.
S. 1. Audi -0
2. audi -s
3. audi -t
Fl. 1. audi -mus
2. audi -tis
3. audi -unt
/ teas hearing.
audi -ebam
audi -ebas
audi -ebat
audi -ebamus
audi -ebatis
audi -ebant
/ shall hear.
audi -am
audi -es
audi -et
audi -emus
audi -etis
audi -ent
b
/ may hear.
S. 1. audi -am
2. audi -as
3. audi -at
Fl. 1. audi -amus
2. audi -atis
3. audi ant
I might, would,
should hear.
audi -rem
audi -res
audi -ret
audi -remus
audi -retis
audi -rent
>-<
Em
5
Hear thou.
S. 2. audi
3. —
Fl. 2. audi -te
3. —
Thou must liear.
audi -to
audi -to
audi -tote
audi -unto
ui
h
m
>
H To hear.
§ audi -re
•-1
E-(
Hearing.
audi -ens
Ace. audi -endum, hearing.
Gen. audi -endi
Dat. audi -endo
Abl. audi -endo
I-VERBS— ACTIVE VOICE.
33
PERFECT STEM Audiv-
Perfect a>'d Aorist.
/ have heard. I heard.
S. 1 . audiv -i
2. audiv -isti
3. audiv -it
riA. audiv -imus
2. audiv -istis
PLXTPERrECT.
Future Perfect.
3. audiv -erunt o?'-ere audiv -Srant
/ had heard.
audiv -Sram
audiv -gras
audiv -Srat
audiv -Sramus
audiv -Gratis
I shall have heard.
audiv -Sro
audiv -eris
audiv -6rit
audiv -Srimus
audiv -(iritis
audiv -erint
/ may have heard.
S. 1. audiv -grim
2. audiv -^ris
3. audiv -Srit
PI. 1 . audiv -Primus
2. audiv -iritis
3. audiv -erint
Imight,n'ouJd,shoidd
have heard.
audiv -issem
audiv -isses
audiv -isset
audiv -issemus
audiv -issetis
audiv -issent
To have heard.
audiv -isse
SUPINE STEM Audit-
S ine / ^^^^'^^^^'^'^> audit -um, to hear.
^ ^^ \ Ablative, audit -u, in hearing.
Future Participle, audit -iirus, ahout to hear.
Future Infinitive, audit -urus esse, to he ahoiit to hear.
B. L. ir. C
34
42. A-VERBS— PASSIVE VOICE.
PEESENT STEM Ama-
Present.
Imperfect.
Future Simple.
h
m
>
1 am being loved.
S. 1. Amor
2. ama-risor-re
3. ama-tur
Fl. 1. ama-mur
2. ama -mini
3. ama-ntur
I was being loved.
ama -bar
ama -baris or -bare
ama -batur
ama -bamur
ama -bammi
ama -bantur
/ shall be loved.
ama -bor
ama -beris or -bSre
ama -bitur
ama -bimur
ama -bimini
ama -buntur
o
I may be loved.
S. 1. amer
2. ameris o?' -re
3. ametur
Fl. 1. amemiir
2. amemmi
3. amentur
I might, would,
should be loved.
ama -rer
ama -reris or -rere
ama -retur
ama -remur
ama -remmi
ama -rentur
Be thou loved.
S. 2. ama -re
3. —
Fl. 2. ama -mini
3. —
Thou must be loved.
ama -tor
ama -tor
ama -ntor
(li
m
(^
>
To be loved.
ama -ri
a.
ama -ndus, -nda, -ndum, meet to be loved.
A-VERBS— PASSIVE VOICE.
35
SUPINE STEM Amat-
Perfect and Aorist.
Pluperfect.
Future Perfect.
/ have been, I was,
loved.
S. 1. amat -us sum
2. amat -us es
3. amat -us est
PL 1. amat -i sumus
2. amat -i estis
3. amat -i sunt
/ had been loved.
amat -us Sram
amat -us Sras
amat -us erat
amat -1 Sramus
amat -i gratis
amat -i Srant
/ sJiall luive been
loved.
amat -us 6ro
amat -us Sris
amat -us Srit
amat -i Srimus
amat -i Sritis
amat -i erunt
/ may have been loved.
S. 1. amat -us sim
2. amat -us sis
3. amat -us sit
PL 1. amat -i simus
2. amat -i sitis
3. amat -i sint
I might, would, should
have been loved.
amat -us essem
amat -us esses
amat -us esset
amat -i essemus
amat -i essetis
amat -i essent
To have been loved,
amat -us esse
Loved or having been loved.
amat -us
A Future Infinitive can be formed by iri with the
Supine ; amat -um iri, (o be about to be loved.
36
43. E-VERBS— PASSIVE VOICE.
PRESENT STEM Mone-
Present.
Imperfect.
Future Simple.
/ am being advised.
/ tvas being advised.
I shall be advised.
S. l.Mone-or
mone -bar
mone -bor
Eh
2. mone -ris or re
mone -baris or bare
mone -bSris or bere
3. mone -tur
mone -batur
mone -bitur
C)
Fl. 1. mone -mur
mone -bamur
mone -blmnr
2. mone -mini
mone -bammi
mone -bimini
h
1— 1
3. mone -ntur
mone -bantur
mone -buntnr
c4
/ may he advised.
/ 7night, would,
should be advised.
H-l
H
h
S. l.mone-ar
mone -rer
2. mone-arisorare
mone -reris or rere
1:3
3. mone -atur
mone -retur
.
P
fe;
PI. 1. mone-amur
mone -remur
>
2. mone -ammi
mone -remmi
3. mone -antur
mone -rentur
JBe thou advised.
Thou must be
advised.
tn
S. 2. mone -re
mone -tor
(^
3. —
mone -tor
ft.
FL 2. mone -mini
—
1^
3. —
mone -ntor
To be ad
vised.
ui
H
1— 1
52:
1-4
►-1
mone
-r.i.
Eh
CQ
>
t-5
mone -ndus, -
nda, -ndum, meet to
be advised.
E-VERBS -PASSIVE VOICE.
37
SUPINE STEM Monit-
Perfect and Aorist.
I have been, I teas,
advised.
S. 1. monit -us sum
2. monit -us es
3. monit -us est
P/.l. monit -i sumus
2. monit -i estis
3. monit -i sunt
Pluperfect.
/ Iiad been advised.
monit -us ^ram
monit -us eras
monit -us Srat
monit -i eramus
monit -i eratis
monit -i erant
FuTUKE Perfect.
I shall have been
advised.
monit -us ero
monit -us eris
monit -us erit
monit -i erimus
monit -i ^ritus
monit -i erunt
/ 7nay have been
advised.
S. 1. monit -us sim
2. monit -us sis
3. monit -us sit
I might, would, should
have been advised.
monit -us essem
monit -us esses
monit -us esset
PI. 1 . monit -i simus monit -i essemus
2. monit -i sitis j monit -i essetis
3. monit -i sint monit -i essent
To have been advised.
monit -us esse
Advised or having been advised.
monit -us
A Future Infinitive can be formed by iri with the
Supine : monit -um iri to be about to be advised.
38 44. CONSONANT-VERBS— PASSIVE VOICE.
PRESENT STEM Reg-
Present.
Imperfect.
Future Simple.
h
IS
»— 1
>
O
1-.
/ am heing ruled.
S. 1. Eeg -or
2. reg -eris or ere
3. reg -itur
Fl. 1. reg -imur
2. reg -imini
3. reg -untur
/ was heing ruled.
reg -ebar
reg -ebaris or ebare
reg -ebatur
reg -ebamur
reg -ebamini
reg -ebantur
/ shall he ruled.
reg -ar
reg -eris or ere
reg -etur
reg -emur
reg -emini
reg -entur
O
O
o
/ may he ruled.
S. 1. reg -ar
2. reg -aris or are
3. reg -atur
Fl. 1. reg -amur
2. reg -amini
3. reg -antur
/ might, would,
shoidd he ruled.
reg -erer
reg -ereris or erere
reg -eretur
reg -eremur
reg -^remini
reg -erentur
ft.
5
Be thou ruled
S. 2. reg -ere
3. —
Fl. 2. reg -imini
3. —
Thou must he ruled,
reg -itor
reg -itor
reg -untor
(xi
H
z
•— 1
iz;
m
(xl
>
To he ruled.
reg-i
ft.
reg -endus, -enda, -endum, meet to he ruled.
CONSONANT-VERBS— PASSIVE VOICE.
39
SUPINE STEM Rect-
Perfect and Aorist.
Pluperfect.
Future Perfect.
I have been, I was,
ruled.
S. 1. rect -us sum
2. rect -us es
3. rect -us est
PL 1. rect -i sumus
2- rect -i estis
3. rect -i sunt
/ had been ruled.
rect -us Sram
rect -us eras
rect -us grat
rect -i eramus
rect -i Sratis
rect -i erant
/ shall have been
rided.
Ted -us ero
rect -us eris
rect -us erit
rect -i erimus
rect -i eritis
rect -i erunt
I may have been ruled.
S. 1. rect -us sim
2- rect -us sis
3. rect -us sit
PL 1. rect -i simus
2. rect -i sitis
3. rect -i sint
I might, would, should
have been ruled.
rect -us essem
rect -us esses
rect -us esset
rect -i essemus
rect -i essetis
rect -i essent
To have been ruled.
rect -us esse
Puled or having been ruled.
rect -us
A Future Infinitive can be formed by in with the
Supine : rect -um iri, to be about to be ruled.
40
45. I-VERBS— PASSIVE VOICE.
PEESENT STEM Audi- j
1
Present. I Imperfect.
Future Simple.
/ am being heard.
I was being heard.
/ sJmll be heard.
fc^
S. 1. Audi -or
audi -ebar
audi -ar
E-i
2. audi -ris or re
audi -ebaris(webare
audi -eris or ere
o
3. audi -tur
audi -ebatur
audi -etur
Q
Fl. 1. audi -mur
audi -ebamur
audi -emur
<i
2. audi -mini
audi -ebammi
audi -emmi
tii
h
3. audi -untur
audi -ebantur
audi -entur
Kj
/ may he heard.
/ might, would,
should be heard.
fl.
>-(
S. 1. audi -ar
audi -rer
m
O
2. audi -aris or are
audi -reris or erere
1<
3. audi -atur
audi -retur
>
>1
PI. 1. audi -amur
audi -remur
o
2. audi -amini
3. audi -antur
audi -remmi
audi -rentur
^
Be thou heard.
Thou must be heard.
S. 2. audi -re
audi -tor
^
&»
3. —
audi -tor
K)
PI. 2. audi -mini
—
3. —
audi -untor
To be heard.
h
audi -ri
i
l-H
A.
m
tq
s
c^
►^
g
tq
audi -endus, -enda, -endum, meet to be heard.
C5
I-VERBS— PASSIVE VOICE.
41
SUPINE STEM Audit-
Pekfect and Aorist.
Pluperfect.
Future Perfect.
I have been, I icas,
heard.
S. 1. audit -us sum
2. audit -us es
3. audit -us est
PI. 1. audit -i sum us
2. audit -i estis
3. audit -i sunt
/ had been heard,
audit -us eram
audit -us eras
audit -us erat
audit -i eramus
audit -i gratis
audit -i erant
/ slmll have been
heard.
audit -us ero
audit -us eris
audit -us erit
audit -i erimus
audit -i eritis
audit -i erunt
I may have been heard.
S. 1. audit -us sim
2. audit -us sis
3. audit -us sit
PI. 1. audit -i simus
2. audit -i sitis
3. audit -i sint
I might, tcoidd,shotdd
have been heard.
audit -us essem
audit -us esses
audit -us esset
audit -i essemus
audit -i essetis
audit -i essent
1
To have been heard.
audit -us esse
Heard or havlnrj been heard,
audit -us
A Future Infinitive can be formed by in with the
Supine : audit -um iri, to be about to be heard.
42 46. EXAMPLE OF DEPONENT VERB,
PRESENT STEM Ut-
Present.
Imperfect.
Future Simple.
ti
/ am using.
/ ivas using.
/ shall use.
^ S. l.Ut-or
ut -ebar
ut -ar
&-.
2. ut -eris or ere
ut -ebaris 07' ebare
ut -eris or ere
3. ut -itur
ut -ebatur
ut -etur
Fl. 1. ut -imur
ut -ebamur
ut -emur
2. ut -imini
ut -ebammi
ut -emmi
3. ut -untur
ut -ebantur
ut -entur
/ mmj use.
/ might, would or
6^
should use.
>-i
S. l.ut-ar
ut -erer
2. ut -aris 07' are
ut -ereris or erere
3. ut -atur
ut -erStur
g
^
^
PL 1. ut-amur
ut -eremur
2. ut -amini
ut -eremini
3. ut -antur ! ut -erentur
1
I
Use thou.
Thou must use.
S!>S^. 2. ut-ere
ut -itor
3. —
ut -itor
Ki
Fl. 2. ut -mimi
— ■
0-1
3. —
ut -untor
~
H
To use.
ut -i
S
►-1
c
K-l
55
Using.
1— «
(14
^
ut -ens.
52:
a.
Ace. ut -endum, using.
Q
Gen. ut -endi
g
to
Bat. ut -endo
f^
K5
Abl. ut -endo
C:
Gerundive. — ut -endus, -enda, -endum,
meet to he used.
CONSONANT CONJUGATION.
43
SUPINE STEM Us-
Perfect and Aorist.
Pluperfect.
Future Perfect.
/ Jmve used. I u^ed.
S. 1. us -us sum
2. us -us es
3. us -us est
PL 1. us -i sumus
2. us -i estis
3. us -i sunt
/ had used.
us -us gram
us -us eras
us -us erat
us -i gramus
us -i gratis
us -i grant
/ sMl have used.
us -us ero
us -us eris
us -us erit
us -i grimus
us -i eritis
us -i grunt
/ may have used.
S. 1. us -us sim
2. us -us sis
3. us -us sit
PL 1. us -i simus
2. us -i sitis
3. us -i sint
/ might, tcould, should
have used.
us -us essem
us -us esses
us -us esset
us -i essemus
us -i essetis
us -i essent
■
To have used,
us -us esse 1
Having used.
us -us
Future Partici
Future Infiniti
m, to use.
, in using.
pie, us -urus, about to i
ve, us -urus esse, to be
ise.
about to use.
44 Moods.
VERBS IN 10 OF THE THIRD
CONJUGATION.
47. Verbs in io of the Third Conjugation in their tenses
derived from the Present stem throw away i before another /,
er, and e at the end of the word. So : —
Active —
Indic. Pres. capio, capis, cSpit, cJlpimiis, capitis, capiuut.
Fut. capiam, copies, capifit, capiemus, capietis, capient.
Imp. capiebam, capiebas, etc.
Con J. Pres. capiam, capias, capiat, capiamiis, capiatis, capiant.
Imp. capgrem, capgres, etc.
Imper. Pres. cap6, capita.
Fut. capito, capitote, capiunto.
Inf. Pres. cap6r6. Gerund, capiendum, -endl, -endo.
Passive —
Indic. Pre*. capiSr, capgris, capitiir, capimtlr, caplmlni, cupiuntur.
Fut. capiar, capieris, etc.
Imp, capiebar, capiebaris, etc.
CoNJ. Pres. capiar, capiaris, etc.
Imp. cap6r6r, cap6reris, etc.
Imper. Pres. capgrfi, capTmini.
Fut. capitdr, capiunt5r.
Inf. Pres. capi. Gerundive, capiendtis.
MOODS.
48. The Indicative Mood affirms and questions.
The Imperative Mood commands.
The Conjunctive Mood has two general uses : —
1, Pure, or not depending on another verb.
2. Subjunctive, or depending on another verb.
The Pure Conjunctive has the signs would, sJioidd ; can,
could; may, might.
The Subjunctive is generally translated like the Indicative;
but sometimes (after Conjunctions) it takes the signs of the
Conjunctive, as
£de lit vivas, eat that yoti may live.
Gerund, Supines, Participles. 45
In prohibitions {commands with a negative), use
Perfect (Aorist) Conjunctive with Second Person.
Present Conjunctive with First and Third Persons.
The Infinitives ending in rS, l are Present or Imperfect ;
Infinitives in issS^ Us esse, Perfect or Pkiperfect.
GERUND, SUPINES, PARTICIPLES.
49. The Gerund is the Neuter Gerundive Participle de-
clined as a Verb-Noun.
The Supines are cases (Accusative and Ablative) of a Verb-
Noun of the Fourth Declension.
The Gerundive is used to express fitness or necessity, either
Personally ; as, vitS, ttlendS, est, life should he protected ; or
Impersonally ; as, eundum est, one must go.
The other Participles are
Act. Prea. amans, loving
Flit, amaturtis, about to love
Per/, wanting
Pass. Pres. wanting
Fut. wanting
Pel-/, amatils, loved.
DERIVED VERBS.
50. Frequentative Fei'bs (First Conj.) —
Express repeated or more vigorous action; they end in
to, s6, itO, Udr ; as,
Canto, I sing out, from c3,n6, / sing.
ESgito, / ask often, from r6go, / 05^-.
Inceptive Verbs (Third Conj.) —
Express beginning of action. They end in sc6 ; as,
Pallesco, / turn pale, from palleo, / am pale.
Desideraiive Verbs (Fourth Conj.) —
Express desire of action. They end in urio ; as,
Esurio, / am hungry, from Sdo, / eat.
46 Impersonal Verbs.
QUASI-PASSIVE AND SEMI-DEPONENT
VERBS,
51. Quasi-Passive Verhs — •
have an Active form with Passive meaning ; as,
Vapiilo, / am beaten.
Semi-Deponent Verhs—
have 1. Active Present with a Perfect of Passive form; as,
Audeo, / dare, ausus sum, I dared,
2. Active Perfect with Deponent Perfect Participle; as,
Prandeo, / dine, prandi, pransus, having dined.
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
52. Defective Verbs are incomplete, having only some
tenses or parts of tenses.
The Verbs coepi, / have begun, odi, I hate, memini, / remem-
ber, have no Present-Stem tenses.
Aio, / say ' ay,' affirm.
Indic. Pres. ai6 aTs ait — — aiunt
/mp. aiebam complete
CoNJ. Pres. — aias aiat — — aiant
Inquam, / say.
Indic. Pres. inquam inquis inquit inqulmtls — inqniunt
Imp. — — inquieba,t — — inquiebant
S. Put. — inquies inqui6t — — —
Per/. — inquisti inquit — — —
Imper. Pres. — inqtle — — inquite —
In Latin as in Greek there was an older conjugation of
Verbs ending in mi, of whicli sum and inquam are traces.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
53. Impersonal Verbs are conjugated only in the Third
Person Singular of the Finite Verb, and in the Infinitive.
Impersonal Verbs.
47
Active Impersonals have no Passive voice.
They are principally of the Second Conjugation.
With Ace. Oportet it behoves
Piggt it irks
Taedet it disgusts
With Dat. Llbet it pleases
With ad ■
and Ace,
d6c6t becomes dedgc6t misbecomes
ptidCt sliam£s poenltCt repents
mlsfirCt moves pity — —
llc6t is lawful liquet is clear
Attlngt it relates pertln6t belongs — —
The Persons are expressed by the cases following the
Verb, as : —
Oportet -
'me, It behoves m£.
te, ,, thee
eum, ,, him
nos, ,, us
vos, ,, you
Leos,
them.
' / ought
thou oughtest
he \
we
you
Jhey
ought
Licet
m!hi, It is lawful for m£
tIb?,
ei,
nobis,
vobis,
Uis,
thee
him
us
you
them}
' I may
thou mayest
lie \
we
you
.they
may
Intransitive Verbs may be used impersonally in the Passive,
as, luditur, it is played. The persons are expressed by an
Ablative with the Preposition a, ah, following the verb, as : —
Ludltilr
a me. It
is played by me.
or, I play
a te,
thee.
or, thou playest
abeo,
,, him.
or, lie plays
a nobis,
,, us,
or, we play
a vobis.
you.
or, you play
Lftb iis,
, , them,
or, they play
The Neuter of the Gerundive Participle is used impersonally
in the same way mth a Dative, as : —
Ludendum est -
mlhi, It must be
played by Tne, or, / ^
tIb?,
tliee, or, thou
ei,
him, or, he
nobis, „
us, or, we
vobis,
you, or, you
iis.
tJiem., or, they .
must play
48
Verbs in Common Use.
54.
VERBS IN COMMON USE.
Present.
rnjinitive.
Perfect,
Supine^
Do
-ars
d6di
datum
give
Sto
-arS
steti
statum
stand
Maneo
-erS
mansi
mansum
remain
Ittbeo
-er6
iussi
iussum
order
Pendeo
-er6
pgpendi
sedi
pensum
hang
Sedeo
-erS
sessum
sit
Video
-erS
vidi
visum
see
Dico
-6r6
dixi
dictum
say
Duco
-6rS
duxi
ductum
lead
Figo
-6r6
fixi
fixum
fix
Fingo
-6r6
finxi
fictum
fashion
Vivo
-6r6
vixi
victum
live
Mergo
.6r6
mersi
mersum
droivn
Mitto
-6r6
misi
missum
send
Scribo
.6r6
scrips!
scriptum
write
Pr6mo
-6r6
pressi
pressum
press
G6ro
-6r6
gessi
gestum
cany on
Rapio
-6r6
rSpui
raptum
seize
C5lo
-6r6
colui
cultum
till
Sperno
-6r6
sprevi
spretum
despise
Quaero
-6r6
quaeslvi
quaesitum
seek
Pendo
.6r6
p^pendi
pensum
weigh
Disco
.6r6
didici ^
learn
Curro
-6r6
cttcurri
cursum
run
Parco
-6r6
pgperci
parsum
spare
Oildo
-gr6
c6cldi
casum
fall
Caedo
-6r6
c6cidi
caesum
heat, l-ill
Ciluo
-6r6
c6clni
cantum
sing
Facio
-6r6
feci
factum
make, do
Vinco
-Sr6
vici
victum
conquer
Ago
-6r6
§gi
actum
do, drive
Oilpio
.6r6
cepi
captum
s5]utum
catch
Solvo
-6rS
solvi
loose, pay
Apgrio
-irS
apCrui
apertum
open
Vincio
-ire
vinxi
vinctum
hind
V6nio
-IrS
veni
ventum
come
DEPONENTS.
Reor
Perf. Part.
ratus thlnh
L5quor
j> j>
l5cutus speah
S6quor
jj >>
sgcutus folloio
Qu6ror
>> >>
questus complain
M6rior
mortuus die
Nascor
natus be horn
Nanciscor ,, ,,
nactus Jind
Anomalous Verbs.
49
ANOMALOUS VERBS.
55. Anomalous Verbs do not form all their parts according
to rule.
Conjugation- Form.
1 Pers. Pres.
2 Pens-. ,,
Injin. ,,
Perfect
Ger, in dl
„. do
Part. Pres.
Be able.
Possum
pdtes
poss6
p6ttl-i
Wish.
V616
vis
veils
volti-I
v5lend-i
v6lend-6
vdlens
Not-xvish,
N616
nonvis
noils
ii6ltl-i
nolend-i
noleud-o
nolens
Wish-rather.
Maid
mavis
malls
malii-i
malend-i
malend-o
malens
P6teu8, able, povjerful, is used as an Adjective.
1 Pers. Pres.
2 Pers. „
InJin.
Perfect
Ger. in dum
„ di
„ do
Supine in um
„ u
Part. Pres.
„ Flit.
Bear.
FSro
fcrs
ferrS
ttili
fSrend-um
fSrend-i
fSrend-o
lat-um
lat-u
fCr-ens
lat-unls
Be made.
Fio
fis
fISrI
facttis sum
Go.
Eo
is
irS
ivi
Sund-um
Sund-i
Sund-o
it-um
It-u
lens (Sunt-is)
It-unls
Can.
QuSd
quia
quirS
quivi
FSrSr (Passive) lias Pres. Ind. 2d Pers. ferrls ; 3<^ Pers. fertur ;
linperf Conj. fer-r-Cr, ferrerls, etc., and Inf. ferri. Supino-stcm
forms, lattis sum, etc.
FiO in the Present-stem forms is the Passive of fiicIG, which is
regular in the Active, and in the Supine-stem forms of the Passive.
QuSo and its compound nSquSo {cannot) form their tenses like So,
EdO, / eat, often changes some of its foims as follows : —
Pres. 2d Pers. Sing. Sdls or es ; Zd Pers. Sing, edit or esjt ;
Infin. edSrS or esse ; Imperf. Conj. Sderem or essem.
Pres. Conj. Sdim, edis, edit, is used. Other fonns are regular.
B.L.ir. D
50
56. Anomalous Verbs.
TENSE-FORMATION.
S. 1. Possum V6lp
2. P5t6s Vis
3. P6test Vult
PL 1. Posstimus Volumus
2. Potestis Vultis
3. Possunt V6lunt
Indicative Mood.
Present.
Nolo Mal6
Nonvis Mavis
Nonvult Maviilt
Nolumtis Malumiis
Nonvultis Mavultis
Nolunt Malunt
F6ro Fi3
Fers Fis
Pert Fit
Fgrimus —
Fertis —
Ferunt Fiunt
£o
Is
It
Imtis
Itis
Eunt
S.
Imperfect.
1. P5t -gram V6le -bam Nole -bam Male -bam FSre-bam Fie -bam I -bam
2.
3.
PI 1.
-6ras
-grat
-gramiis
-gratis
-grant
-bas
-bat
-bamus
-batis
-bant
-bas
-bat
-bamtts
-batis
-bant
-bas
-bat
-bamus
-batis
-bant
-bas
-bat
-bamus
-batis
-bant
-bas -bas
-bat -bat
-bamus-bamtis
-batis -batis
-bant -bant
Future Simple.
aS'. 1. P5t -6ro Vol -am Nol-am Mal-amFSr-am Fi -am I -bo
2. -6ris -es -es -es -es -es -bis
3. -grit -gt -gt -gt -gt -gt -bit
PI, 1. -grimus -emtls -emus -emfis -emtis -emiis -bimtis
2. -gritls -etis -etis -etis -etis -etis -bitis
3. -grunt -ent -ent -ent -ent -ent -bunt
S.
2.
3.
PL 1.
2.
3.
1. P6tu -i
-istl
-it
V6lil -i
Perfect and Aorist.
Nolti -i Haiti -i
Tiil-i
-imiis
-istis
-erunt
or erg
-isti
-it
-imiis
-istis
•erunt
or ere
-isti
-it
-imus
-istis
-erunt
or erg
-istl
-it
-imus
-istis
-erunt
or erg
-isti
-It
-imus
-istis
-erunt
or ere
Pluperfect.
1 . P6tii -gramVSltt -gramNolti -gramMalii -gramTttl -gram
2.
3.
PL 1.
2.
3.
-gras
.grat
-gramtts
-gratis
-grant
-gras
-grat
-gramfis
-gratis
-grant
-gras
-grat
-gramus
-gratis
-grant
-gras
-grat
-eramtls
-gratis
-grant
-eras
-grat
-eramus
-gratis
-grant
S.
Future Perfect.
1. Pottt -gro V5lti -ero Nolti -ero Malti -gro Ttll -ero
2.
3.
PL 1.
2.
3.
-grls
-erit
-erimtis
-gritis
-grint
-eris
-grit
-erhniis
-grftis
-erint
-eris
-grit
-grhniis
-grftis
-grint
-eriS
-grit
-grimus
-gritis
-erint
-erfs
-grit
-grfmus
-erftis
-grint
^Iv-i
— -isti
— -it
— -imiis
— -istis
— -erunt
or erg
• Iv -gram
-gras
-grat
-eramtis
-gratis
-grant
— Iv -gr5
— -grjs
-grit
— -erfmtis
-gritis
— -grint
Anomalous Verbs.
51
TENSE-FORMATION.
Conjunctive Mood.
Present.
s.
l.Poss
-im VC'l
-im Nol-im Mai -im F«5r
-am Fi
-am
S -am
2,
-18
-is
-Is -is
-as
-iis
-as
3.
-It
-it
-It -It
-at
-at
-at
PL 1.
-Imus
-imiia
-imtis -Imiis
-amus
-amus
-amtis
2.
-Itis
-itIs
-itIs -itls
-atls
■atls
-iitls
8.
-int
-int
-int -int
Imperfect.
-ant
-ant
-ant
S.
l.Poss
-em Veil -cm Noll -em Mall -em Ferr
-em FI61
-em
ir-em
2.
-es
-es
-es -Gs
-es
-es
-es
5!
-Ct
-6t
-et -6t
-6t
-gt
-gt
PI
1.
-emiis
-emtls
-emtis -emus
-emtis
-emtis -emiis I
2_
-etis
-etIs
-etIs -etIs
-etIs
-etIs
-etIs
3'.
-ent
-ent
-ent -ent
-ent
-ent
-ent
Perfect and Aorist.
s.
1. Petti -grim V6lti -6rim Noltl -6rim Malti -erim Ttil
-grim
— Iv -grim 1
2.
-6rfs
-6rjs
-eras -6ri8
-Cris
-gr?s
3.
-6rlt
-grit
^rlt -6rlt
-grit
-grit
PI
. 1.
-grjmtts
-erTratis
-grfmtls -grhntls
-grTratis
-grTmtls
2^
-grjtis
-Crltis
-gritls -grltis
-grftis
-grftls
3'.
-Clint
-Crint
-6rint -6rint
Pluperfect.
-grint
—
-grint
s.
l.Pottl -issemVdltl -issemNoltl -isseraMalii -issemTtll
-issem
— Iv
-issem
2
-isses
•isses
-isses -isses
-isses
—
-isses
3;
-isset
-isset
-isset -iss6t
-issgt
—
-issgt
PI
. 1.
•issemiis
-issemtis -issemtls -issemtis
-issemtis
-issemtis
2,
-issetis
-issetis
-issetis -issetis
-issetis
-issetis
3.
-issent
-issent
-issent -issent
Imperative Mood.
Present.
-issent
-issent
Sing.
2d Pers.
Noli Fer Fi
i
PL
t>
Nolite FerttS FitC
Future.
itg
Sing.
2d Pers
Sd Pers.
Nolito Ferto
Nolito Ferto
ito
ito
PL
2d Pers.
3d Pers.
Nolitote Fertote
Nolunto F6runto
itote
Eunto
(For the Parts of Verb Infinite, see
55.)
52
Prepositions— Conj unctions.
PREPOSITIONS.
57. The following PreiDositions take the Accusative : —
Ad, to, at, near, ojf
Adversiis, / , 7 . .
A ^ ' } toioard, aaauist
Adversuin, ) ' "^
Ante, before
Apiid, at, in, among, ivith
Circum, around
^,lf' - I on the near side of
Contra, against, over against
Erga, toioards
Extra, outside of, without, out of
Infra, heloio
Inter, between, among, amidst
Intra, within
luxta, adjoining to, beside
Ob, over against, by reason of
P6nes, in the poiver of
P6r, through
Pone, behind
Post, after, behind
Praetgr, beside
Propg, near
Propter, nigh, on account of
Secundum, 7iext, along, according
to
Supra, above
Trans, across
Ultra, beyond
Versfis ,
Versum,
towards
The following take the Ablative : —
P5,lam, in sight of
Prae, before, owing to, compared
ivith
Pro, before, for, instead of
SinS, ivithout
T6ntis, as far as
A, a,b, abs, by, from
Absque, without
Clam, loithout the knowledge of
Coram, in the presence of
Cum, with
De, down from, down, concerning
E, ex, out of, from
Cum is attached to the Personal, Eeflexive, and Relative
Pronouns ; as, mecum, tecum, secum, noUscum, vOhiscuin, quoaun,
(jiidciim, quibusmim.
The following take Accusative or Ablative : —
In, into, against (Ace.), in, upon, among (Abl.) Super, over, tipon
Sub, up to, under (Ace), under (Abl.) Subt6r, under
In, sUb, with Accusative imply motion ; with Ablative,
rest.
CONJUNCTIONS.
58. Conjunctions either (a) join words and sentences with-
out influencing mood : as, et, que, ac, atque {and) ; aut, vel,
ve {either, or) ; sed, autem {hut) ; nam, enim (/or) ; or (5)
join sentences, influencing mood : as, ut {that) ; ne {lest) ;
quum (token, since), etc.
SYNTAX
WITH EXERCISES.
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.
a. A Simple Sentence is the expression of a simple thought.
h. That of which something is said is called the Subject.
The Subject must be a Substantive, or something which can
take its place.
The following can take the place of a Substantive : —
1. An Adjective. 3. An Infinitive.
2. A Pronoun. 4. A Clause.
c. A Clause is a sentence which cannot stand by itself.
d. The Finite Verb which declares what is said of the
Subject is called the Predicate.
Instead of the Finite Verb we often find the Copula or
link (some part of the verb sum), and a word (called the
Complement) linked by it to the Subject, both together
forming the Predicate.
Some other verbs link the Complement to the Subject;
such as, fio, / become, nascor, / am horn, videor, / seem, and
verbs of calling, making, thinking, in the Passive Voice.
e. Some Verbs (called Transitive), require an object to com-
plete the sense.
/. Every sentence in English or Latin must contain a Subject
and Predicate, and can be analysed in the following form : —
Subject.
Socrates
Socrates
Predicate.
docet
teaches
Copula. Complement.
Socrates | erat sapiens
SocrcUes was a toise man
54
The Simple Sentence.
[1-2
With an object-
Predicate.
Verb. Object.
docebat iuvenes
iised to teach young men
With Adverbial Expressions (Extension of Predicate)
qualifying the Verb —
Socrates
Socrates
Subject.
Socrates
Socrates
Verb.
docebat
used to teach
Predicate,
Object.
iuvenes
young men
Extension.
Athenis
at Athens
Exercise i.
Agreement of Adjective.
An Adjective or Participle agrees in Gender, Number, and
Case with the Substantive which it describes.
* Very ' is often a sign of the Superlative.
1. Bona regina. 2. Fortes miUtes. 3. Longae hastae. 4. Parvorum
pneroriim. 5. Vir bonus. 6. Bonam uxorem. 7. Cari parentes.
8. Cara patria. 9. Magnis deabus. 10. Docti pueri. 11. Dulcius
carmen. 12. Eex amatus. 13. Levi opere. 14. Maximorum regum.
15. Atrocis proelii.
1. A-short letter. 2. Of-a-wise father. 3. To-a-fortified city.
4. Great gifts. 5. Of-a-good queen. 6. A-brave soldier. 7. Great
cities. 8. Of the-black slave. 9. To-the-beautiful sister. 10. Of-
the-green grass. 11. Of-useful works. 12. By-the-sharp sword.
13. Sweet songs. 14. A-very-wise man. 15. A-sliorter song.
Exercise 2.
Agreement of Verb.
A Verb Finite agrees with the Nominative of its Subject in
Number and Person.
The word which answers to the question 'Who?' or
* What % ' is the Nominative Case to the Verb.
3] On Agreement. 55
If a Pronoun is the subject, it is usually understood.
1. Mater amat. 2. Puer audit. 3. Kex vocabat. 4. Dux regit.
5. Pater inonebat. 6. Matres amantur. 7. Gives reguntur. 8. Vox
audita est. 9. Milites pugnaverant. 10. Hostes vincuntur. 11.
Magister docebat. 12. Puer discit. 13. Laudavimus. 14. Kegiiia
laudabit. 15. Urbs munita erat.
1. Trees grow. 2. They-have-been-called. 3. The-spears wound.
4. The-kings are-praising. 5. The-soldier will-have-fought. 6. Tlie-
city is-being-fortified. 7. The-enemies have-been-conquered. 8. The-
enemy will-be-conquered. 9. The-boys were-calling. 10. The-
soldier is-iighting. 11. The-soldier was-fighting. 12. The -girls had-
danced. 13. The-master walks. 14. The-boys are-being-taught.
15. The-girl is-praised.
Exercise 3. _
Apposition.
a. If two or more Substantives refer to or describe the
same thing they are put in the same case. This is called
Apposition.
h. When two Substantives not referring to the same thing
come together, the latter is put in the Genitive, and generally
has the sign * of ' in English.
The Verb, etc., sometimes agrees with the word in apposition.
1. Urbs Roma, 2. Pyrenaeimontes. 3. Romulus rex. 4. Flumenl
Tamesis. 5. Philosophi morum magistri sunt. 6. Philosophia morum '
magistra est. 7. Romulus Remi frater erat. 8. Roma urbs est i
antiquissima. 9. Libri nostra gaudia sunt. 10. Oppidum Gabii
captum est. 11. Thebae, urbs validissima, Boeotiae caput est. 12.
Aurura res pretiosa est. 13. Vos iudices estis. 14. Dolor est mag-
num malum. 15. Avus eius praetor erat.
1. Of-the-city (of) Rome. 2. For-King Romulus. 3. Of-the-river
Tiber. 4. Hope is the-expectation of-good. 5. Caius is our father.
C. The-Nile is a-very-great river. 7. Britain is an-island. 8. Athens
is the-capital of-Attica. 9. Gold, the-cause of-crime, has been found.
10. Pompeius will-be-made general. 11. The-sun, a-great-light, is
shining. 12. He-was-made praetor and consul. 13. Horses are use-
ful animals. 14. Experience is the-best mistress. 15. The-town of-
Gabii will be taken.
50 The Simple Sentence. [4-5
Exercise 4.
Recapitulatory.
If the subject consists of more than one person, words
applying to them are put in the Plural.
1. Servus timebat. 2. Puellae canebant. 3. Britannia est patria
nostra. 4. Bona lex lata est. 5. Arbores crescent. 6. Epistola
scribebatur. 7. Opus confectum est. 8. Grave onus relictum erat.
9. Boni pueri, discipuli nostri, laudabantur. 10. Urbs Eoma incensa
1 est. 11. Sidera micabant. 12. Velox cervus currebat. 13. Aurum
1 et argentum, optima dona, missa sunt. 14. Fortissimi milites pug-
Vjaabant. 15. Patres matresque amantur.
1. To-learn is useful. 2. Brutus, the-consul, was-sent. 3. The-
Tiber is a-great river. 4. The-city of-Carthage was-destroyed. 5.
Good gifts are very-useful. 6. To-read well is difficult. 7. A-great
battle \vas-being-fought.< 8. Catiline, a-wicked man, was-condemned.
9. Brave men are-always praised. 10. Iron is useful. 11. The-
raaster was-reading. 12. The time was very-short. 13. These
books are easier. 14. Augustus, the-emperor of-Eome, is dead. 15.
Caesar and Brutus are dead.
Exercise 5.
Recapitulatory.
Verbs agree with the First Person rather than with the
Second, and with the Second rather than with the Third.
1. Ego et Cicero valemus. 2. Tu et Tullia valetis. 3. Urbs
Roma bene munita est. 4. Multae epistolae scriptae sunt. 5. Fortes
milites laudabuntur. 6. Nos pueri felicissimi sumus. 7. Numa, rex
Romanorum, vir erat sapientissimus. 8. Maxima dona missa erunt.
9. Carmina pulcherrima cantantur. 10. Tuns canis amissus est. 11.
Magister irascitur. 12. Hostium exercitus fusus est. 13. Athenae
urbs pulcherrima erat. 14. Ignavi milites non laudabuntur. 15.
Socrates, philosophus doctissimus, mortuus est.
1. Happy boys are playing. 2. The walls of this town are very
high. 3. We consuls are wanting. 4. The cowardly soldiers would
have fled. 5. Manlius, a Roman soldier, was wounded. 6. Archi-
medes, a very wise man, was killed. 7. You and your son are happy.
8. A most loving wife was weeping. 9. You and I will come hither, my
friend Brutus. 10. This river is called the Thames. 11. Sparta is
the capital of Laconia. 12. Brutus, the consul, had fled. 13. This
girl, my sister, will come very quickly. 14. A disgraceful crime was
being committed. 15. The cavalry and infantry of the enemy were
defeated.
6-7] Questions.
iX
Exercise 6.
Recapitulatory.
Adjectives agree with the Masculine rather than witli the
Feminine.
1. Numantia urbs quotidie diripitur. 2. Sigiia inferuntur. 3.
Gain manserant. 4. Requiescat ItaHa. 5. Brutus Caiusque, consules
Romani, veniebant. 6. Gramen est viride. 7. Amavissemus. 8.
Tu vicisti, ego vincam. 9. Exercitus noster devictus erat. 10. Tu
vales, ego quoque valeo. 11. luba, rex fortissimus, captus est.
12. Consul fio. 13. Certior facta est. 14. Regeremus. 15. Frater
et soror pulcherrimi sunt.
1, My father and mother are dead. 2. I am the cause of this war.
3. He is the master of these learned boys. 4. Camillus was called
the father of his country. 5. The Belgae are the bravest of the
Gauls. 6. The battle had begun. 7. Many beautiful girls were stand-
ing around. 8. The camp was being attacked. 9. Sparta, the capi-
tal of Laconia, is being besieged. 10. Caesar, the leader of the
Romans, is coming. 11. This beautiful city will be laid waste. 12.
Saguntura, a wealthy city, is being plundered. 13. Lions are very
fierce animals. 14. Very many fishes were being caught. 15. A loud
voice might have been heard.
Exercise 7.
Recapitulatory.
If the things are lifeless, the Adjectives are often neuter.
1. Caius et Balbus eo profecti erant. 2. Aurum et argentum pre-
tiosissima sunt. 3. Ego et tu redibimus. 4. Tarquinius rex vocatus
est Superbus. 5. Diu erat anceps fortuna belli. 6. Gives Romani
vocabuntur Quirites. 7. Urbs Roma Italiae caput est. 8. Murus
et porta fracta sunt. 9. Urbs nostra et nomen deleta sunt. 10.
Hue venistis, amici carissimi. 11. Acre telum volat. 12. Maximum
flumen traiectum erat. 13. Galli, gens fortissima, devicti sunt. 14.
Orationes fticundissimae audiantur. 15. Vos omnes et liberi vestri
condemnantur.
1. Gates and walls will have been broken. 2. You and your wife
are very wicked. 3. His opinion will soon be changed. 4. A great
quantity of gold has been found. 5. Riches, honour, glory, are very
pleasant things. 6. The enemy is running away. 7. These towns
will have been fortified. 8. This city will be plundered and burnt.
9. The island of Cyprus is very rich. 10. A disgraceful crime had
been punished. 11. Both we and our children are poor. 12. Better
gifts will have been sent. 13. The kings will be wise. 14. Romulus
and Ivemus were brothers. 15. All the burdens are very heavy. j/
58 The Simple Sentence. [8-9
Exercise 8.
Questions.
In questions the Verb is usually in the Indicative.
In addition to the note of interrogation, there must be an
interrogative word.
If the answer * yes ' is expected, use nonnS.
If the answer ^ no ' is expected, use num.
If merely information is required, use ne.
iVl^ cannot stand by itself; it is always joined to the end
of the first word of the sentence.
JF/iether — or, to be translated by iitrum — an.
* Whether' is often omitted in English; for example, we
say, * Is he poor or not 1 ' The Latins say, * Whether is he
poor or not ] '
1. Quis es ? 2. Nuni hue venies ? 3. Num hoc utile est ? 4.
Egone sum fortis ? 5. Quota hora est ? 6. Quot sunt milites ? 7.
Utrum Galli sunt an Eoraani ? 8. Quid vis, mi fili ? 9. liter horuni
victor erit? 10. Nonne fortes erant ? 11. Num totum opus confec-
tum est ? 12. Nonne aurum et argentum pretiosa sunt ? 13. Nonne
fortiter pugnabamus ? 14. Utrum dives est annon ? 15. Quale fuit
negotium ?
1. Who are you? 2. Are not fathers and mothers loved? 3.
Who is the leader of this army ? 4. Was the town of Gabii taken ?
5. Was not the money paid ? 6. Is she not beautiful ? 7. Are you
rich or poor ? 8. Is he poor or not ? 9. Did he come to-day ? 10.
What o'clock was it ? 11. Who was Caesar ? 12. How many sailors
were there ? 13. Are crocodiles fishes ? 14. When will the Komans
come ? 15. Were not the Gauls conquered ?
Exercise 9.
Commands,
In Commands use the Imperative Mood.
If there is a Negative, the Perfect Conjunctive of the Second
10] The Accusative. 59
Person must be used ; the Present Conjunctive of other per-
sons.
Translate * not ' in Negative Commands by ne.
1. Amamini. 2. Monemini. 3. Ne recti sitis. 4. Ne fugiaiit
hostes. 5. Ne cucurreris. 6. Hue veni celeriter. 7. Pecunia ne
solvatur. 8. Monentor. 9. Eegitote. 10. Italia et Aegyptus, pro-
vinciae ditissimae, vastentur. 11. Oppidum Gabii diripiatur. 12.
Veni, mi fili. 13. Ne mentiti sitis. 14. Captivi interficiantur. 15.
Ne timueritis.
1. Love thou. 2. Don't love. 3. Rule ye. 4. Do not rule. 5.
Let me go.^6. Let me not go. 7. Let them not be warned. 8.
Hear ye. 9. Let them escape. 10. Let Caesar and Brutus be slain.
11. Be ye not conquered. 12. Let Italy at length rest. 13. Let
these rich cities be plundered. 14. Soldiers, fight bravely. 15. Do
not set out to-day.
Exercise lo.
The Accusative.
Transitive Verbs govern an Accusative of the object.
The object of a Verb can be discovered by asking the ques-
tion ' whom ? ' or ' what 1 '
1. Latrones magnam praedam abstulerunt. 2. Caesar equitcs
praemisit. 3. Hostium exercitum devicimus. 4. Latronis nianus
vinximus. 5. Audi meam vocem, mi fili. 6. Deum veneramur. 7.
Ne hoc feceris. 8. Servi agros colebant. 9. Nonne hostes aciem
instruxerunt ? 10. Quid habes, mi care frater? 11. Omnes libros
amisistis. 12. Sextus, Tarquinii Superbi filius, urbem ceperat. 13.
Audistine vocem meam ? 14. Romam non videmus. 15. Altissima
moenia urbem muniunt. 16. Patrem suum imitabitur.
1. The master teaches the boys. 2. The boys hear the master. 3.
She had written a long letter. 4. Are you writing a letter ? 5. Do
not kill me. 6. She was singing sweet songs. 7. We shall conquer
our enemies. 8. Follow your leader. 9. The mother will nourish
her young ones. 10. Worship God. 11. Do you not love your
mother? 12. Build the walls of our city. 13. God created us. 14.
Romulus built the walls of the city of Rome. 15. They had written
very many letters.
/
60 The Simple Sentence. [11-12
Exercise 1 1 .
The Double Accusative.
Some Verbs take two Accusatives, especially
a. Those of asking and teaching.
(In the Passive Voice these retain one Accusative.)
&. Those of making, calling, thinking.
1. Nihil me rogavit. 2. Hoc te rogo. 3. Filium suum literas
docuit. 4. Pacem te poscimus omnes. 5. Filiam suam Claudiam
vocavit. 6. Cur te literas doceam ? 7. Rogor sententiam. 8. Te
sapientem puto. 9. Primus me auxilium orabit. 10. Nonne nos
multa hodie docuisti ? 11. Te facimus, Fortuna, Deam. 12. Nun-
quam divitias deos rogavi. 13. Eogatus sententiam, nihil respondit.
14. Cur hanc artem doceri vis ? 15. Milites Caium salutaverunt
imperatorem.
1. I shall pray Neptunus for help. 2. Do not teach me letters.
3. Do you call me citizen ? 4. The people elected Caesar consul. 5.
The king asked the citizens for money. 6. I call you a robber. 7.
He called his son Horatius. 8. Being asked for her opinion she said
this. 9. Why should you be taught letters to-day? 10. Socrates
used to teach philosophy to his disciples. 11. He was asked for
advice. 12. Ceres taught the husbandmen useful arts. 13. Will
you teach me this ? 14. They call Antonius a traitor. 15. He taught
me much.
Exercise 12.
Prepositions with Accusative.
These Prepositions govern the Accusative : —
ante cis iuxta propter
apud contra ob per
ad intra penes secundum
adversus erga pone supra
circum extra post versus
circa infra . praeter ultra
citra intra prope trans
Super, suiter, i)), snh^ implying motion.
1. Apud me vivobat. 2. Quidaui coniurationem adversus Caesarem
inierunt. 3. Circa urbem erant agri fertilissimi. 4. Arma ob hanc
rationem sumpserunt. 5. In urbem se receperunt. 6. Cicero contra
13] The Accusative. CI
Catilmam locutus est. 7. Castra extra urbem posuit. 8. Ne hoc
attuleris in nostram domum. 9., Urbs penes hostem fuit. 10. Propter
hane caussam in fugani se conttilit. 11. Caius ad me venerat. • 12.
Classis erat ad Actium. 13. Post equitem sedet atra cura. 14. Nihil
habeo praeter hoc. 15. Trans Rhenuni flunien natabant.
1. I shall return to the city. 2. There was a river beside the city.
3. He made an attack on me. 4. He will be in the power of the
enemy. 5. He pitched his camp near the sea. 6. They fled to the
woods. V 7. The emperor sent a long letter to the senate. 8. The girl
was pouring wine into a golden cup. 9. Before the door sat a large
dog. 10. Among the Lacedaemonians old men used to be greatly
honoured. 11. He spoke against us all. 12. The actoi-s were behind
the curtain. 13. He was killed on account of this. 14. The camp
was pitched outside the city. 15. They fled within the walls.
Exercise i^.
Motion.
The place whither one goes is put in the Accusative, with
the Prepositions in or ad.
The Preposition is omitted if it is either the name of a
to-vvn or a small island, or the words domum {home), rus
{country).
1. Regulus Carthaginem rediit. 2. In Africam discesserat. 3.
Curio in Africam copias suas transvexerat. 4. Ite domum. 5. Le-
gati in castra Hasdrubalis venerunt. 6. Iter in Galliam longum et
difiicile erat. 7. Rus ibo. 8. In forum redibimus. 9. Graecorum
exercitus Troiam ivit. 10. Ad urbem venerant. 11. Ad lovis aedem
se contulit. 12. Gallorum nonnulli in Asiaui pervenerant. 13. Les-
bum abiit. 14. Caesar in Itidiam rediit. 15. Sextus in Hispaniam
solus mox redibit.
1. The chiefs of the senate fled to Africa. 2. They will go quickly
to Greece. 3. I shall return home. 4. Will you not go to the
country? 5. Don't go to Rome. 6. Did Caesar return to Italy ?
7. Who had gone to Asia ? 8. 'i he con(iuered soldiers fled to their
camp. 9. The prisoner was led to the forum. 10. Will you go to
the city of Athens ? 11. Boys go to school daily. 12. He sent gifts
to the priest of Jupiter. 13. The head of Hasdrubal was thrown into
the camp. 14. Will you go home or not ? 15. Why did you return
to the country? IG. They fled to Brutus.
62 The Simple Sentence. [14-15
Exei'cise 14.
- Time and Measure.
The Accusative answers the questions —
1. How long? (of time.)
2. How long % (of space.)
3. How wide %
1. Pericles quadraginta annos rempublicam administravit. 2. Erant
muri Babjdonis ducenos pedes alti. 3. Aream latam decern pedes
facito. 4. Iter unius diei aberat. 5. Triduum ibi manebat. 6. Tria
millia passimm progressus erat. 7. Murus viginti pedes altus erat.
8. Num ibi biennium raansisti ? 9. Templum iter multorum dierum
inde aberat. 10. Navis duodeviginti pedes lata erat. 11. Biduum
ibi manebimus. 12. Ne ibi diutius qiiani sex dies moratus sis. 13.
Niun ibi biduum an triduum manserat? 14. Turres confecerant
quinquaginta pedes altas. 15. Multos annos vixit.
1. Who managed the republic for forty years ? 2. Of what city
were the walls two hundred feet high ? 3. Do not make a threshing-
floor nine feet wide. 4. How many days' journey was he distant ?
5. He was walking about the city for two days. 6. Did you not
remain there two years ? 7. The Russians were in vain trying to
cross the Danube for two months. 8. Did he live many years ? 9.
The towers were fiftj'- feet high. 10. Troy was besieged ten years.
11. The river Nile overflows its banks the whole summer. 12. The
soldiers made a rampart six feet high. 13. Near Rome the snow lay
many feet deep. 14. A wall forty feet high protected our city.
15. He lived all his boyhood near that city.
Exercise 15,
Recapitulatory.
1. Tarquinius Superbus, ultimus rex Romanorum, urbem reliquerat.
2. lam triduum abest. 3. Ver hiemem mox fugaverit. 4. Num
libros amisisti, mi fili ? 5. Ne pugnam commiseritis. 6. Dux ante
castra aciem saepius instruxerat. 7. Frater mens moriens plurimos
Alios filiasque reUquit. 8. Centurio, vir fortissimus, omnes Gallorum
16] The Accusative. 63
impetus sustinuit, 9. Croesi filius aprum ingentein venabatur. 10.
Nonne vos oliui philosophiaui docui? 11. Milites coniurationem
ad versus imperatorem inierunt. 12. Duceni sequamur, comites.
13. Imperator copias suas in Graeciain transduxerat. 14. Ne ocius
cucurreris, mi fili. 15. Aegyptii multos deos colebant.
1. The army of Ariovistus, the king of the Germans, had conquered
the Gauls. 2. Will you not teach me letters ? 3. She will call her
daughter Claudia. 4. Paris had carried oflf Helena, the wife of
Menelaus, to Troy. 5. None, except the brave, deserve honours.
6. The fishes were uimping into the net, 7. You set out for Africa
before the time.vS. The walls of the city were thirty feet high.
9. Will you not go home quickly ? 10. An exile came to Rome to
king Numa. 11. Around the house was a green meadow. 12. How
many ships did Caesar send to his friend ? 13. On account of this
reason he will be killed, 14. The Gauls have spears six feet long.
Exercise i6.
Recapitulatory.
1. Cur castra ad oppidura posuisti? 2. Numquid vis? 3. Nos
pueri patrem Balbum imitabimur. 4. Caesar T. Labienum legatum
praemisit. 5. Perfer labores fortiter, amice mi Pompei. 6. Quis to
sententiam rogavit ? 7. Ne me deceperis. 8. Multos labores passus,
domum rediit. 9. Hoc oppidum tridui iter abest. 10. Vir bonus
ille bonam banc uxorem habet. 11. Pueri huius scholae fient docti.
12. Annulum aureum, praeclari artificis opus, in mare coniecerat.
13. Omnes Eomani in Italiam se contulerant. 14. Tum hostes
fortissime pugnantes ad unura omnes interficiuntur. 15. Nonne alta
erat nix tres vel quatuor pedes ?
1. river, why dost thou run so quickly to the sea? 2. Your
father Crassus was praising you, my friends. 3. Numa, the king of
the Romans, was a very wise man. 4. Both you and I shall be
punished. 5. Caesar conquered Ariovistus the king of the Germans.
6. Are your wife and sister dead ? 7. I shall soon go to America.
8. Near my house are two large woods, 9. His fatlier taught him
the Greek tongue. 10. Is not hope the expectation of good? 11.
Do not leave me alone. 12. Are riches and glory placed before our
eyes? 13. The Romans have swords two feet long. 14. All the
mothers and girls were going home. 15. The man and his wife are
well.
64 The Simple Sentence. [17-I8
Exercise 17.
The Dative.
Many Adjectives, Adverbs, and Verbs, and more rarely
Substantives, take a Dative, when they imply nearness, show-
ing, pleasing, ruling, and their opposites.
1. Est finitimus oratori poeta. 2. Anguis Siillae apparuit im-
molanti. 3. Patriae sit idoneus, utilis agris. 4. Omnibus supplex
est. 5. Caesar captivis pepercerat. 6. Congruenter naturae vivimus.
7. Irae resistamus. 8. Omnibus proeliis eius belli aderat. 9. Sapiens
amicorum eulpis ignoscet. 10. Venus nupsit Vulcano. 11. Magister
pueris ignavis irascetur. 12. Num mihi irasceris ? 13. Hoc nobis
utilissimum fuit. 14. Philosophus doctrinae semper vacat. 15.
Latrones nobis maledicebant.
1. The enemy did not resist our attack. 2. Do we live agreeably
to nature ? 3. Do not believe this man. 4. That disaster injured
our army greatly. 6. Who envies us '? 6. This tree has resisted very
many storms. 7. This girl was very like her mother. 8. Our
country is very dear to us. 9. Is not the name of Eome dear to all
its citizens? 10. This place is suitable for horses and cattle. 11.
Many books were given to this good boy. 12. Do not sea and land
obey the commands of God ? 13. Pompeius would not have spared
the soldiers of Caesar. 14. The sun and moon shine for men. 15.
Do you believe these words or not ?
Exercise i8.
The Nearer and Remoter Object.
Many Verbs govern both a nearer object in the Accusative,
and a remoter object in the Dative.
1. Gigantes belluni dis intulerunt. 2. Anatum ova gallinis sup-
ponimus. 3. Caesar libertatem populo Romano ademit. 4. Annulum
digito detraxit. 5. Quietem aliquot dierum militibus dedit. 6. Num
hoc mihi adimes? 7. Multa parentibus debemus. 8. Sabini
Romanis bellum indixerant. 9. Caius moriens haec uxori imperavit.
10. Caius, frater mens, optima dona filiis suis dedit. 11. Numa
virgines Vestae legit. 12, Auremn pallium deo detraxerat Dionysius,
Siciliae tyrannus. 13. Mors crudelis vitani huic optimo viro ademit.
14. Pretiosa munera filiabus dabit. 15. Literas imperatori monstra-
bimus.
191 The Dative. 05
1. Let us give useful gifts to our sons. 2. Give me that book.
3. Varus, give me back my legions. 4. Tell me your name. 5.
The general gave the spoil of the captured city to his soldiers. 6.
The death of Decius gave victory to the Romans. 7, Agrippina
prepared poison for ClaudiusXs. Do you put the eggs of hens under
ducks ? 9. Do not declare war against tlie Sabines. 10. Will not
death take away everything from us? 11. He surrendered the
legions to the enemy. 1'2. I will show you everything. 13.
Cicero read Catiline's letter to the Senate. 14. He preferred death
to dishonour.
Exercise 19.
Other Uses of the Dative.
Ilmvc, etc., may be translated by ed mihif etc., instead of
habeo.
Compounds of sum govern a Dative (except possum),
A Dative is often used as a complement.
1. Est horaini cum Deo similitude. 2. Erant nobis mitia poma.
3. Dux exercitui non defuit. 4. Exitio est avidum mare nuutis.
5. Huic viro nomen Caio datum est. 6. Viri nostri nobis semper
absunt. 7. Titum Labienum subsidio urbi miserat. 8. Exemplo est
magni formica laboris. 9. Magnus pecudum numerus illis erat.
10. Num militibus nostris virtus deerit? 11. Germanis sunt oculi
caerulei, flavi capilli. 12. Hoc nautis illius classis profuit. 13.
Nonne hoc nobis multum prodest ? 14. Cuinam proelio non affuit 1
15. His pueris nomina Caio et Balbo dabuntur.
1. Shall we have apples or not ? 2. Whose books are pleasant to
us ] 3. He had a quantity of slaves. 4. The name of Julia was
given to the girl. 5. When will my husband be absent from me ?
6, When was Titus Labienus sent as a help to the city ? 7. Are not
ants an example of industry ? 8. He was in command of great forces
of cavalry and infantry. 9. He will be in command of the bridge
across the Uhine. 10. They will have a great quantity of gold and
silver. 11. The Romans generally have black eyes. 12. We were
present at the battle. 13. This will benefit us. 14. Do not benefit
wicked men. 15. He gave his son the name of Caius .
B.L.fr. E
OQ The Simple Sentence. [20-21
Exercise 20.
'^^^ Recapitulatory.
1. Equites per urbem fugiebant. 2. DuxGallomm, virfortissimus,
damnatus est. 3. Moenia urbis vigiiiti pedes alta erant. 4. Ne
vitam dedecori anteponaraus. 5. Nonne hoc mihi proinittes ? 6.
Multi nobiles cives Catilinae favebant. 7. Haec ne tibi quidem
placebant. 8. Num me tuam arteni docebis % 9. Milites irati in
oppidum impetum fecerunt. 10. Nonne et nos et filius noster diu
hie manebinms ? 11. Inter Komam Albamque urbes castra posuit.
12. Fossam effodit qiiinquaginta pedes latam. 13. Ne hoc periculuni
timueritis, milites Eomani. 14. Eomani regressus fiiium ad se
vocavit. 15. In Asiam mox abibunt.
1. Have you lost all your money? 2. These boys will sleep the
whole night. 3. Was he not walking in my garden ? 4. Will he
soon have returned to Asia? 5. The slave fears the voice of his
master. 6. There are many very high mountains between Gaul and
Italy. 7. Sertorius, spare the conquered enemy. 8. The Greeks
have taken away the gold from the temple of Apollo. 9. Horatius,
a brave soldier, fought against the Albans. 10. Will not Venus
marry Vulcan, the god of lire? 11. Summon the cavalry to the
camp. 12. Our ancestors fortified this city. 13. He gave many
presents to his daughters. 14. Do not pardon these wicked men.
15. Return quickly to Rome.
Exercise 21.
^ ' Recapitulatory.
1. Hoc tibi iucundissimum erit. 2. Nonne hue redibis, mi fill ?
3. Multos annos apud regem nostrum vivebant. 4. Toti exercitui
praeerat. 5. Camillus Gallos domum redeuntes devicerat. 6. Totus
exercitus fusus fugatusque erat. 7. Exercitum fudit fugavitque.
8. Flumen Tanais est dacentos pedes latum. 9. Aper regis fiiium
vulneravit. 10. Ne amicitias ocius contraxeris. 11. Patriae sint
idonei, utiles agris. 12. Venenum uxori suae paraverat. 13. Procella
plurimas naves fregerat. 14. Hoc donum nobis proderit. 15. Rex
filio suo auream coronam dabit.
1. The virtue of this man is (meet) to be praised. 2. Overcome with
thirst, he asked the slave for water. 3. This boy has poured poison
into my cup. 4. Did not Romulus call his city Rome ? 5. What
are you holding, my friend ? 6. The French used to prefer victory
to peace. 7. She gave many beautiful dresses to her daughters.
8. Will you obey me, or not ? 9. Let an ant be to you (for) an ex-
22-23] The Ablative. 67
ample of great labour. 10. The fate of her brother also injured
Claudia. 11. A wall, many feet high, surrounds the city. 12.
Whom did these songs please ? 13. They were playing among the
boys and girls. 14. I had been taught philosophy. 15. Do not
walk across the garden.
Exercise 22.
t^ Recapitulatory.
1. Domus ardebat. 2. Uxor tua tibi persuadebit. 3. Capua et
otium ipsum Hannibalem corruperant. 4. Maiores vestri universam
Italiam vicerunt. 5. Suavissimas literas tuas accepimus. 6. Sapiens
semper felix erit. 7. Omne corpus est vel aqua vel aer vel ignis vel terra.
8. Servus totam rem reginae monstravit. 9. Num tibi fratrem tuum
anteponebamus ? 10. Portas urbis Bruto aperuit, exercitumque
tradidit. 11. Nonne maxima multitudo in Capitolium convenerat ?
12. Propter hanc caussam condemnati erinius. 13. Ego et Cicero,
vir mihi carissimus, valemus. 14. Si rogavero te aliquid, nonne
respondebis ? 15. Arbor vigiuti pedes alta erat.
1. The general, a very brave man, gave all the spoils to his soldiers.
2. Whose house was burning ? 3. Let not your wife persuade you
against your will. 4. He desired to return to Italy. 5. The king
and queen died there. 6. They will have given us many useful gifts.
7. Atys was the son of Croesus, king of Lydia. 8. Do not send me to
Greece. 9. The king had given many commands to the soldiers.
10. How many feet high is the tree? 11. Are you and your friend
Cicero well ? 12. On account of this reason I keep you here. 13.
He took away all my money from me. 14. Crocodiles are caught very
easily. 15. He taught me the art of war.
Exercise 23.
The Ablative.
The Ablative denotes the cause, instrument, manner, con-
dition, quality (accomi)anied by an epithet), resi)ect, price,
measure.
1. Odemnt scelus boni virtutis amore. 2. Hi iaculis, illi certant
defendere saxis. 3. Iniuria fit duobus mcdis, aut vi aut fraude.
4. Homo mea sententia prudentissimus est. 5. Senex promissa barba,
horrenti capillo. 6. Angor animo. 7. Spem pretio non emo. 8.
Multo pessimus omnium poeta erat. 9. Hostes veneno interemit.
10. Venator feras sagittis transfixerat. 11. Caesaris naves procellia
68 The Simple Sentence. [24
fractae erant. 12. Et corde et genibus tremit. 13. Hie liber asse
carus est. 14. His conditionibus in Italian! regressus est. ' 15. Hos-
tium fines ferro et igne vastaverant.
1. He made many friends by his kindness. 2. Virtue is not bought
with money. 3. They saved themselves by flight to the woods. 4.
She is a foot taller than her mother. 5. Victory was gained by much
blood and wounds. 6. Ennius was a poet great in genius. 7. They
were slain by the javelins of the enemy. 8. Caesar was brave in war
and wise in counsel. 9. Do not kill the birds with stones. 10. In
our opinion he is a most eloquent man. 11. They hate theft from
fear of punishment. 12. Were you wounded by a javelin ? 13. A
girl with blue eyes and golden hair. 14. Achilles was wounded by
an arrow in the foot. 15. Are you not vexed in mind ? 16. At
what price did he buy the field ?
Exercise 24.
Ablative of Matter.
a. These words govern an Ablative : — (1.) The verbs
fungor {jperfmin), fruor (enjoy), utor {use)^ vescor (eat), potior
(get possession of), dignor (deem worthy). (2.) The Adjectives
dignus (wmiliy), indignus (unvmihy), contentus (content),
fretus (relying on), praeditus (endued). (3.) The Substantives,
opus (need), usus (use, need).
b. Most Adjectives and Verbs of abounding or luanting,
enriching or depriving, take an Ablative.
1. Cibus eoruni lacte, caseo, came constat. 2. Ducis munere
fungar. 3. Auro et argento utebantur. 4. Eex auro vi potitur. 5.
Digna erat laude. 6. Quid opus est verbis ? 7. Usus est filio viginti
minis. 8. Amor et melle et felle est fecundissimus. 9. Vacare culpa
maximum est solatium. 10. Eex servis locuples erat. 11. Nonne
victoria uteris ? 12. Lacte et carne vescuntur. 13. Nihil opus est
ira. 14. Poculum vino erat plenum. 15. Tali supplicio indignus erat.
1. They use copper and iron. 2. There will be need of many
words. 3. Is love fruitful in honey or not ? 4. He performed the
duty of a soldier. 5. He enjoyed a long and happy life. 6. Their
food consists of fish. 7. They need water more than food.Jc'8. Rely-
ing on his cavalry he drew up his forces. 9. Are you rich in gold
and silver? 10. He was endued with great courage. 11. Britain
enjoys liberty. 12. Tarquinius got possession of the kingdom by
25] Time and Place. 69
force. 13. Are you content with these gifts ? 14. Do not be con-
tented with silver. 15. The G-erraans use very long spears. 16. Let
us enjoy food and wine. 17. I deem her worthy of great praise.
Exercise 25.
Time and Place.
The Ablative answers the questions —
a. When 1 Within what time % How long before 1
How long after 1
h. Whence?
c. By what road 1
The question, Where ? (of towns), is answered by the old
Locative Case, which ends as follows : —
Simjular. Plural.
First Declension . . ae is
Second ., . . i is
Third ,, . . e (rarely i) bus
Like these are — humi (on the ground), domi (at home), belli,
niilitiae (at the wars), ruri (in the country).
1. Hi erne omnia bella conquiescunt. 2. Biduo haec sciemus. 3.
Homerus multis annis fuit ante Ronuihim. 4. Ibam forte Via Sacra.
5. Quid Romae faciam? 6. Is habitat Mileti. 7. Caesaris virtus
domi militiaeque cognita est. 8. Demaratus fugit Corintho. 9.
Alter Romae, alter Athenis mortuus est. 10. Alii Romae habitant,
alii Carthagine. 11. Pax diu Capuae fuit. 12. luvenes Romani
philosophiae studebant Athenis. 13. Eo anno Carthago deleta est.
14. Postero die ad versus Pompeium profecti sunt. 15. Catilina mox
Roma fugerit.
1. Do not wars rest in winter 1 2. Next day Caesar took the town
by storm. 3. At daybreak we shall set out. 4. Within three days
we shall fly from Athens. 5. That man always lives in the country.
(). Is Ennius at home ? 7. Catiline set out for the camp at midnight.
8. Who was many years before Romulus ? 9. We shall go to Rome
by the Appian way. 10. Hannibal, being driven from Carthage,
betook himself to King Antiochus. 11. Many philosophers used to
live at Athens. 12. By this way we came to the citadel. 13. Four
years before thoy used to live at Cadiz. 14. Did he remain at Rome
or at Carthage ( 15. Do not sleep on the ground.
70 The Simple Sentence [26
Exercise 26.
Prepositions with Ablative.
The following Prepositions govern the Ablative : —
a coram cum terms
ab de e pro
absque palam ex prae
clam sine
Also su^eVy suhter, sub, in, when they denote rest.
a. Some Prepositions, especially ab, de, ex, when compounded
with verbs, govern the Ablative.
b. The Ablative of the agent (of living things) takes the
Preposition a, ab.
* To he loved' can be translated both by 'amari' and *amandus.'
If in doubt which to use, try if you can supply 'fit,* or 'meet,'
before 'to be loved,' without injuring the sense. If you can, use the
gerundive.
1. Ab urbe profectus ero. 2. Milites nostri in muro stabant. 3.
Romam sine mora profecti erunt. 4. Qumctius dictatura se abdi-
cavit. 5. Detrudunt naves scopulo. 6. Laudatur ab his, culpatur ab
illis. 7. Cicero multa de natura deorum locutus est. 8. Arma pro
communi salute sumpserunt. 9. Dux castra in valle citra montem
posuerat. 10. Multa coram iudice locuta est. 11. Cum dolore
locuti essemus. 12. Hie puer clam patre suo hue venit. 13. Scythae
flumen Istrum in navigiis transibant. 14. Sub terra latet aurum.
15. Remedia doloris a philosophia petenda sunt: -:
1. He wrote a very pleasant letter to us about his journey. 2. The
hunter was killed by a lion. 3. Who resigned the dictatorship?
4. He was stabbed with a sword by the enemy. 5. I have found
nothing to be read in this book. 6. Cato betook himself into Africa
with his friends. 7. The girls were walking in the garden. 8. Why
did the general pitch his c^mj^n the top of the mountain ? 9. Do
not come to me without Mielmowledge of your father. 10. By
whom was Caesar killed ? 11. He left the city with a few com-
panions. 12. I shall ask him for his opinion without any delay.
13. By whom was she blamed ? 14. What did they say in the pre-
sence of the king ? 15. We had gone out of the city of Rome.
27-28] The Ablative Absolute.
Exercise 27.
Other Uses of the Ablative.
Verbs and Participles denoting separation or origin take an
Ablative.
The tiling compared is often put in the Ablative instead of
the Nominative or Accusative with quam {tlmn).
Tlie Ablative cannot be used instead of quam with the other
cases.
1. Cedes domo. 2. Tarquinio natus erat. 3. Nihil est amabilius
virtute. 4. Villus argentum est auro, virtutibus aunim. 5. Puto mor-
tem dedecore leviorem. 6. Neminem Lycurgo utiliorem Sparta
genuit. 7. Cupidior sum belli quam pacis. 8. Viri sunt ferainis
validiores. 9. 0, matre pulchra filia pulchrior ! 10. Quid est
leone fortius? 11. Nemo Romae Crasso fuit ditior. 12. Literae
tuae meis sunt suaviores. 13. Dignior erat laude quam culpa.
14. Quis patriae utilior Lycurgo fuit ? 15. Nihil tua amicitia iucun-
dius puto, 16. Argento aunim pretiosius est.
1. Will you leave your home ? 2. Is he not descended from Tar-
quinius ? 3. What is more loveable than virtue ? 4. He is fonder of
peace than war. 5. Women are weaker than men. 6. His letters are .<■
more pleasant than yours. 7. No animal is more faithful to man than ^^
the dog. n/ 8. There has never been a greater city than Eome. 9.
Porsena was descended from the kings of Etruria. 10. Is gold more
valuable than silver or not? 11. They were more worthy of praise
than of blame. 12. What is sweeter than honey? 13. Honesty
is better than deceit. 14. The rays of the sun are brighter than those
of the moon. 15. Do not give better gifts to your daughter than to
your son.
Exercise 28
The Ablative Absolute.
A Siilistantive or Pronoun combines with a Participle in
the Ablative. This construction is called the Ablative
Absolute. It supplies the want of the Perfect Participle
Active.
Instead of the Participle we often find another Substantive,
Pronoun, or Adjective.
Absolate means released from agreement ; therefore this con-
struction can only l>e used when the Substantive is not wanted
fur the subject or object of its sentence.
72 The Simple Sentence. [29
1. Regibus exactis consules creati sunt. 2. Natus est Augustus
Cicerone et Antonio consulibus. 3. lamque cinis vivis fratribus
Hector erat. 4. Quid dicam hac iuventute ? 5. Caesar devictis Gallis
Romam rediit. 6. Stricto ense impetum in hostes facit. 7. Mutata
militum sententia Brutus liaec facere constituit. 8. Occidit, occidit
spes omnis et fortuna nostri nominis Hasdrubale interempto. 9.
Caesar duobus magnis bellis una aestate confectis exercitum in
hiberna deduxit. 10. Omnibus rebus confectis domum redibimus. 1 1.
Tota classis mersa est te aspectante. 12. Tarquiniis Roma expulsis,
cives pace fruebantur. 13. Milites strictis ensibus ducem petierunt.
14. Vir bonus ille mortuus est circumstantibus omnibiis amicis. 15.
Omni spe salutis amissa in arcem se recepit.
1. So two legions having been routed, the army tried to escape. 2.
Hasdrubal having been conquered, Carthage soon perished. 3. The
enemy returned aftei taking the city. 4. Who returned to Rome after
conquering the Gauls ? 5. Cicero defended Milo in the hearing of
many {saij, many hearing). 6. After crossing the Alps, Hannibal
will come into Italy. 7. After reading my letter Cicero spoke as fol-
lows. 8. Having discovered gold, they remained there. 9. The
Romans defeated the Germans under the leadership of Ariovistus {say^
Ariovistus being leader). 10. Having finished this book, the boy
will enjoy rest. 11. Regulus was slain, his enemies looking on. 12.
Were consuls elected when the kings had been driven out ? 13. Do
not do this again, your crime having been found out. 14. I was made
quaestor in the consulship of Sulla {say^ Sulla being consul). 15. Let
us fly, all hope of safety having been lost.
<^ Exercise 29.
Recapitulatory.
1. .Nonne oranes peribimus ? 2. Nuntius ad ducem decima fere
hora noctis venerat. 3. Romani cum Hannibale multos annos bellum
gesserunt. 4. Nonne audetis, me duce, impetum in hostes facere ?
5. Magna parte urbis igne consumpta hue veniet. 6. Quot dies hinc
abfuisti ? 7. Num nos hanc artem docebis ? 8. Duo et quadraginta
pueri et puellae ab urso interfecti sunt. 9. Duobus horis ante deci-
mam quota hora erit ? 10. Immo octava erit. 11. Socrates a populo
conderanatus veneno absumptus est. 12. Caius cum uxore sua Athenis
habitabat. 13. Caesar a Gallia profectus Rubiconem flumen mox
traiiciet. 14. Quid praecipue memorandum videtur 1 15. Athenis
profecta Romam cum matre sua mox aderit.
30] Recapitulatory.
1. Having divided the spoil, the soldiers returned to the camp.
2. Do you prefer peace or war ? 3. Who married Vulcan, the God of
fire ? 4. I ask you for bread and meat. 5. She was in the power of
a very wicked man. 6. Around the city was a very great wood. 7.
He remained many days at Carthage with Hannibal, the general of
the Carthaginians. 8. The slave will go away, his work having been
^nished. 9. On his journey he was killed by a pirate. 10. In her
opinion he is a very wise man. 11. From Europe you will go to
Africa. 12. A lion, a very fierce beast, was pursuing the terrified
huntsman. 13. A man with long hair and a very ugly face was
standing before our house. 14. Don't teU him my name. 15. Did
he prefer death to dishonour ?
^.y,^ Exercise 30.
Recapitulatory.
1. Nonne poeta oratori finitimus est ? 2. Aurum et argentum ante
oculos posita sunt. 3. Ego et filia mea valemus. 4. Fuso hoste, dux
cum exercitu in urbem regressus est. 5. Scythae Istrum fluvium
ponte iunctum transibant. 6. Non sine timore hue venerant. 7.
Erat in exercitu iuvenis quidam eximio vultu. 8. Dato signo, undi-
que in hostes fit impetus. 9. Agrippina, Neronis mater, Romae
habitabat. 10. Propter timorem in Asiam me recepi. 11. Ab hoste
gladiis interficientur. 12. Ne hanc puellam huic viro tradideris.
13. Nonne philosophiam te docueram? 14. Ille stultus argentum
auro anteposuerat. 15. Me iudice, turpissimus es. 16. Mors dede-
core non est turpior.
1. Who wiU marry this woman ? 2. Tell me your opinion. 3.
Was Sicily once joined to Italy? 4. The foot of Philoctetes was
wounded by the bite of a seri^ent. 5. He preferred your gifts to
mine. 6. Having heard these things he left the house. 7. She was
descended from Numa, king of Rome. 8. The enemy was standing
on the wall. 9. To me she seemed a very eloquent woman. 10.
Having taken the city they got possession of the spoil. 11. These
husbandmen live on cheese, bread, and milk. 12. About the house
w.is a ditch twelve feet wide. 13. Labienus was put over the cavalry.
14. He returned to Rome next day with his daughters. 15. Catiline
fled from the city in the consulship of Cicero.
74 The Simple Sentence. [3i
Exercise 31.
The Genitive. ^
a. The Genitive is the case of the Possessor.
h. A Genitive sometimes so stands that the words nature^
mark, or duty can be supplied.
c. Quality is also denoted by a Genitive with an epithet.
Notice the following Genitives used adverbially, with which
the word pretii (price), is understood : —
parvi, of small value magni, of great value
minoris, of less value pluris, of more value
minimi, of very little value plurimi, of very great value
tanti, of so great price
quanti, of ivhat price ?
maximi, of very great p>rice.
(I Words denoting Quantity, or part of a thing, and Neuter
Adjectives, takes a Genitive.
After partitive words use the forms nostrum {of us), vestrum
{of you).
1. Cuiusvis hominis est errare. 2. Ingenui vultus puer, ingenui-
que pudoris. 3. Voluptatem virtus minimi facit. 4. Elephanto
beluarum est nulla prudentior. 5. Uterque nostrum hoc ciipit. 6.
Satis eloquentiae, sapientiae parum est. 7. Stulti est semper ridere.
8. In hoc monte exstiterat aper mirae magnitudinis. 9. Iter viginti
mille passumn biduo confecimus. 10. Consul vir erat magnae virtutis.
11. Fortis vir mortem parvi facit. 12. Num magni hoc aestimas ?
13. Artis est celare artem. 14. Quanti hunc agrum vendidit ? 15.
Militis est Komani aut vincere aut mori.
1. Does virtue value pleasure at a high price? 2. Rashness is a
mark of youth. 3. We value your gifts very highly. 4. Is not this
boar an animal of wonderful size 1 5. Claudius was a man of very
short slumber. 6. To yield to occasion is held the mark of a wise
man. 7. The duty of a young man is to reverence elders. 8. The
elder of the Neros soon fought a battle. 9. Of mortals nobody is
wise at all hours. 10. Of fishes the females are larger than the males.
11. Is it not the nature of all men to err? 12. It is the mark of a
fool to lie. 13. A boy of high-bred countenance was speaking to
the master, 14. It is the nature of dogs to bark and bite. 15. Each
of you desires ease.
32-33] The Genitive. 75
\/^^ Exercise 32.
Recapitulatory.
1. Homini uni animalium luctus est datus. 2. Titer nostrum hoc
fecerat? 3. Ne mihi aumni neu argentum dederis. 4. Huic pro-
vinciae nomen Achaiae inditimi est. 5. Plebs sibi tribunos creavit.
6. In medio oceano sunt insulae quaedam pulcherrimae. 7. Utnim
huic viro nupsit annon ? 8. Caius inter alios lef^atos Saguntum
venerat. 9. Capta urbe, consulis aedes incensae sunt. 10. In
Italiam die quinto, non sine magno navium damno, venit. 11. Darii
regis corpore in castra lato, Alexander lacrimas fudit. 12. Ne hoc
patri monstraveris. 13. Est mihi multum pecuniae. 14. Romulo
oriundi sumus.
1. You are older than I. 2. Sulla lost a hundred and twenty of
his men. 3. Being asked for my opinion by Caesar, I said nothing.
4. Having killed the Gaul, Manlius returned to his friends. 5. The
Belgae are the bravest of the Gauls. 6. We keep something of our
old strength. 7. Who Avns killed by the bite of a serpent ? 8. Do
the souls of men after death enter into the bodies of animals ? 9.
Why did he prefer this girl to her sister? 10. This great poet w^as
born in the consulship of Caesar. 11. What is better than a good
man? 12. Hannibal was enjoying the fruits of victory at Capua.
13. They will have gone to Asia. 14. He bought this statue for ten
minae. 15. They were defending themselves with stones.
Exercise t,^.
The Genitive.
Some Adjectives, Substantives, and Participles, signifying
skill, care, desire, or their contraries, take a Genitive.
Verbs and Adjectives signifying power, impotence ; guilt,
innocence ; condemnation and acquittal ; memory and forge t-
fulness, take a Genitive.
The Impersonal Verbs piget {it irks), pudet (it shames),
poenitet {it repents), taedet (it disgusts), miseret (it moves pity),
take a Genitive of the thing with an Accusative of the Person.
1. Insitus est menti virtutis amor. 2. Difficilis est cura rerum
alienarum. 3. Corpus iaborum patiens erat. 4. Imperita morum
fuit. 5. Avida est periculi virtus. 6. Labienus belli peritissimus
erat. 7. Romani signorura potiti sunt. 8. Fraterni sanguinis est
76 The Simple Sentence. [34
insons. 9. Servus furti absolutus est. 10. Condemnamus haruspices
stultitiae. 11. Mortis memineram. 12. Miseret te aliorum. 13.
Hos pueros stultitiae poenitet. 14. Nonne te belli et sanguinis
taedet ? 15. Patrum memoriae recordati essemus.
1. Did I not condemn the soothsayer of folly? 2. This very
wicked man will be condemned to death {say, of the head). 3. He
is accused of burnings and murder. 4. Will not others be disgusted
with you ? 5. My mind is conscious of virtue. 6. Do not accuse the
slave of theft. V 7. Death reminds us of religion. 8. All hate a man
unmindful of a kindness. 9. He is ashamed of my friendship. 10.
Excessive care for riches is disgraceful. 11. Did the Eomans gain
the standards or not ? 12. At last she remembered the words of her
dead mother. 13. Catiline was accused of many crimes by Cicero.
14. This boy is very fond of learning. 15. I am not skilled in the
art of deceiving.
^
Exe7'cise 34.
Recapitulatory.
1. Galli ab exercitu Eomano, Caesare duce, victi sunt. 2. Tu et
tua cara soror ad nos venietis. 3. Nonne mors nos relligionis admonet ?
4. Avem saxo occidit. 5. Agrum magni emerat. 6. Taedet eum
sanguinis et laboris. 7. Utrum in Asiam ibis, annon ? 8. Nostra
sententia stultissimus est. 9. Quid deBritannis censetis ? 10. Nonne
Tarquinio, rege Eomano, oriunda erat? 11. Ne mihi hoc iterum
narraveris, mi care fili. 12. Eoraam cum ambabus suis filiabus sine
mora contendit. 13. In aquam ceciderunt et mersi sunt. 14.
Omnibus meis inimicis ignosoam. 15. Haec regio a Eoma distat iter
quadraginta dierum.
1. The prophet was three days and three nights in the whale's belly.
2. Thou dost not pity thyself. 3. This girl is not fond of writing.
4. All love a man mindful of a kindness. 5. Anger is fond of re-
venge. 6. This girl was born in the consulship of Crassus. 7. He
was bound with chains by the enemy. 8. Our armies were conquered
by the forces of the Gauls. 9. The Eoman army was sent under the
yoke. 10. Being asked for his opinion he answered in these words.
11. We shall remain five days at Carthage. 12. This city was taken
and burnt by Sulla. 13, He does not seem wise to me. 14. The
people asked the rich for food. 15. He was an old man with a long
beard and white hair.
35-36] The Gerund and Supine. 77
Exercise 35.
The Infinitive.
a. The Infinitive stands as a Substantive for a Nominative
or Accusative.
h. In narration it is sometimes put instead of a Finite Verb.
(Historic Infinitive.)
c. It also completes the sense of some Verbs, which would
not make sense without it. {Prolate Infinitive, from pi'^-
latuDif supine of f era.)
1. Discere est utile. 2. Invidere non cadit in sapientem. 3. Mori
nemo sapiens uiiserum dixerit. 4. Multi sequi, fugere, occidi, capi.
5. Sapientes diu cogitare solent. 6. Diceris esse pater patriae. 7.
Indices pecunia corrupisse dicitur. 8. Redire non potuerit. 9. Ille
improbus patriae legibus parere nolebat. 10. Multa mentiri voluisti.
11. Multa coram iudicibus loqui non audebam. 12. Socrates iuvenes
corrupisse dicitur. 13. Nonne discere et docere utilissima sunt 1
14. Ne discere inutile dixeris. 15. Capta urbe, passim caedes,
incendia, turpissima omnia fieri.
1. I cannot do this. 2. To die for one's country is sweet and
glorious. 3. They wish to overthrow our city. 4. They are said to be
about to return. 5. All men wish to see the city of Rome. 6. To
lie is disgraceful. 7. Pyrrhus did not cease to admire the courage of
the Roman troops. 8. Writing is an easy thing. 9. The boys
obeyed the orders of their master. 10. Will he be unwilling to obey
the laws of his country ? 11. Did you wish to tell many lies (say, to
lie many things). 12. Socrates is said to have been the wisest of all
men. 13. What do you want to do to-day? 14. The first legion
having been routed, the enemy began to fly. 15. Who is said to
have been the father of his country ?
Exercise 36.
/
The Gerund and Supine.
The Gerunds and Supines supply cases to the Infinitive.
The Supine in imi expresses a purpose after verbs of motion.
AVith tlie Impersonal Infinitive iri (a going), it forms the
Future Infinitive Passive.
The Supine in ii is used as an Ablative of resj^ect.
The Infinitive with Gerunds, Supines, and Participles governs
the same cases as the Finite Verb.
78 The Simple Sentence. [37
1. Ad bene vivendum breve tempus satis est. 2. Ars scribendi
discitur. 3. Cupidus audiendi est. 4. Par est disserendo. 5. Dat
operam legendo. 6. Fugiendo vincimus. 7. De pugnando deliberant.
8. Lusum it Mecenas, dormitum ego. 9. Foedum dictu est. 10.
Nefas visu est. 11. Cupio satisfacere reipublicae. 12. Cupidus sum
satisfaciendi reipublicae. 13. Non Graecis matribus servitum ibo.
14. Praeda potiti in castra regressi sunt. 15. Bellum Eomanis
inferens interiicitur. 16. Haec puella canendi perita est.
1. There is need of practice for running well. 2. He is skilled in
dancing. 3. Are you desirous of satisfying your parents ? 4. The
art of writing was being learnt by these boys. 5. The Germans
excelled our men in running. 6. An iron plough is useful for plough-
ing. 7. Are they deliberating about fighting or not ? 8. I shall go
to Rome to see the games. 9. It is difficult to say. 10. I saw an
old woman putting the eggs of a duck under a hen. 11. These boys
pay no attention to reading well. 12. Having got possession of the
city they will divide the spoil. 13. I shall go to Athens to contend
in a contest of learning. 14. Do we not conquer by flying ? 15.
This is horrible to hear.
Exercise 37.
The Gerundive.
a. In Transitive Gerunds the Object is generally attracted
to the Case of the Gerund ; the Gerund to the Number and
Gender of the object.
h. The Gerundive used impersonally implies necessity.
The agent is expressed by the Dative ; by the Ablative with
a, ah, when the Verb governs the Dative, to avoid confusion.
c. The Gerundive used in agreement with a Substantive
implies necessity.
1. Brutus in liberanda patria est interfectus. 2. Hi Septemviri
fuerunt agris dividendis. 3. Bibendum est. 4. Eundum erit. 5.
Bibendum est nobis. 6. Vobis eundum erit. 7. Civibus est a vobis
consulendum. 8. Suo caique iudicio est utendum. 9. Chaldaeis
minime credendum est. 10. Deus etdiligendus est nobis et timendus.
11. Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada. 12. Omnia parata sunt ad
bellum gerendum 13. Platonis audiendi studiosus erat. 14. Opus
muri aedificandi difficillimum erat, 15, Numhuc venisti spe videndi
Caesaris ?
3^] Recapitulatory. 79
1. Brutus was killed in freeing Kome. 2. One must not drink
often. 3. One had to go to Rome. 4. He must not drink. 5. Will
you not have to go ? 6. The bravery of this soldier is to be admired.
7. The Gauls are to be feared by us. .^8. The pleasure of reading
good books is very great. 9. This sword is not to be touched. 10.
He must consult for us. 11. This wicked man should not be par-
doned. 12. These words must be answered. 13. Are you fond of
seeing the sea ? 14. They must get possession of the gold. 15.
Must we not drink i
Exercise 38.
Recapitulatory.
1. Morte mea reipublicae satisfaciam. 2. Nonne maxima praemia
forti huic militi dabuntur ? 3. Samnites magnum auri pondus ad
Curium ad focum sedentem tulerunt. 4. Rogata sententiam respon-
dere noluit. 5. Persae, Dario duce, flumen Istrum transiere. 6.
Caesaris literas apud senatum cum magno omnium plausu recitavi.
7. Semper studiosus erat huius philosophi audiendi. 8. Aemilius,
consul llomanus, in praelio Cannensi periit. 9. Hunc oratorem dis-
serentem audieram. 10. Nonne hoc consilium omnibus optimum
videbatur? 11. Mortuo duce, in acie peribimus. 12. Sulla Romanis
timendus erat. 13. Filium suum filiabus anteposuit. 14. Non sum
canendi peritus. 15. Lepus a cane mox capietur.
1. The Roman army was captured at the Caudine Forks. 2. Out-
side the^Ci^ of Rome stood the troops of the enemy. 3. Wild beasts
defend themselves with their teeth, horns, and claws. 4. Bound
with chains he was given up to the accuser. 5. He seems to us a
very good citizen. 6. Do not try to deceive us by the appearance of
friendship. 7. Did this counsel seem best to all ? 8. The work of
building the city is finished. 9. Is this girl skilled in dancing ? 10.
I am descended from Porsena, king of the Etruriansv 11. He will be
punished by the good judge. 12. You and I, my dear friend, are
well. 13. He will return to Asia without the knowledge of the
consul. 14. Tell me your opinion about this thing. 15. He will be
punished within three days.
80 The Simple Sentence. [39-40
Exercise 39.
Recapitulatory.
1. Filius meus omnium urtium peritissimus erat. 2. Quando urbs
Roma a Gallis capta est? 3. Indices pecunia doiiisque corrupisse
dicor. 4. Gives cum coniugibus et liberis in muro stabant. 5. Num
quis tibi credet ? 6. Galli a Romanis devicti sunt, Caesare et Labieno
ducibus. 7. In Asiafn redire nolueramus. 8. Non ausa est multa
mentiri.^ 9. Regulus Carthaginem in Africam redibit. 10. Hac de
caussa tibi irascor. 11. Discendo doctiores fiemus. 12. Multi sequi,
capere, occidere inimicos. 13. Pericula non timebit, nam fortissimus
est. 14. Haec dona sorori tuae sunt idonea 15. Parati erimus pro
patria pugnare.
1. My daughter is skilled in no art. 2. The city will be taken
within three days. 3. He will go with us to Egypt. 4. By learning
the girls became more learned. 5. Let us hasten home. 6. Writing
is an easy thing. 7. I shall not fear danger, for I am guarded by
you. 8. This horse is fit for a bold rider. 9. She was ready to die
for her husband. 10. Who prefers dishonour to honour ? 11. Claudius,
the son of Caius, is thought wise. 12. The sheep was torn in pieces
by a wolf. 13. Don't sin. 14. He killed a wolf with sharp teeth
and claws. 15. They are grieved in mind. 16. This shall happen,
under your leadership.
Exercise 40.
Recapitulatory.
1. Orpheus arbo'res et saxa canendo trahebat. 2. Num niultos
libros adhuc scripsisti ? 3. Nonne in Asiam redire parati sumus ?
4. Totumne opus confecisti? 5. Magister pueri culpis ignoscit. 6.
Prima luce Sulla aciem instruxit. 7. Iter facturus haec coniugi man-
daverat. 8. Strictis gladiis in hostem impetum fecimus. 9. Urbs
nostra a duce peritissimo munita erat. 10. Currentes aquas carmine
tenuisse dicitur. 11. Rex ab armigero suo confossus periit. 12.
Utrum amicos an inimicos vis habere ? 13. Amicus regi forma praes-
tabat. 14. Mulier captiva regem veniam oravit. 15. Devicto homi-
num universe genere, cum omnibus aliis rebus bellum vis gerere.
1. He could not return to Athens. 2. A civil war was being
waged by the citizens. 3. The courage of our troops is to be praised.
4. We see the light of the rising sun. 5. Are you not vexed in mind ?
C. He was unwilling to marry the general's daughter. 7. The general's
daughter was unwilling to marry him. 8. Do not cross the river. 9.
He preferred the friendship of the philosopher Socrates to riches. 10.
These beasts were killed with arrows. 11. The love of drinking
41-42] Recapitulatory. 81
wine has become excessive. 12. They will g;o from Europe to Asia.
13. Does he not live at Miletus? 14. These boys will repent of
tlieir folly. 15. He will perish together with Lis sons and daughters.
Exercise 41.
Recapitulatory.
1. Librls optimis legendis fit doctus. 2. Num barbari legiones nostras
vincere poterunt ? 3. Postridie legiones magnam victoriam adeptae
sunt. 4. Triduum in urbe nianserat. 5. Troia capta, Ulysses domuni
ad coniugem suam redire constituit. 6. Nonne in meo horto ambu-
lab.is ? 7. Legiones cum cohortibus redierunt. 8. Nonne haec
Romano exercitui nocebunt? 9. Venturo Caesare, magnum gaudium
in urbe erat. 10. Nihil tibi auferre volumus. 11. Hi septemviri
fuerunt urbi aedificandae. 12. Humi iacebat tristi voltu. 13. Ab
Aegypto in Asiam magnis itineribus contendebat. 14. Haec domus
ab oppido iter unius diei abest. 15. Carthagine in Hispaniam pro-
fecti sumus.
1. The name of Brutus was given to the youth. 2. Lead is heavier
than iron. 3. I could wish to have leisure for books. 4. The
younger of the Scipios fought a battle with the Carthaginians.
5. Was not Romulus many years after Homer? 6. Will this girl
marry the old man ? 7. The walls of this city were fifty feet high.
8. I shall have taught my son letters. 9. Yon and I shall have been
wounded. 10. They burn with a great desire of collecting riches. 11.
When Troy was taken the Greeks went home. 12. Even my enemies
pity me. 13. He was condemned to death. 14. A lion of great size
was killed. 15. Crocodiles are found in the river Nile. 16. Do not
be ruled.
Exercise 42.
Recapitulatory.
1. Phillppns suis civibus semper favebat. 2. Atticae caput, urbs
prat'clara, igne consumitur. 3. Pecuniam pauperibus ne invideamus.
4. Urbs a nostris vallo et fossa munita est. 5. Cupidus erat satisfaci-
endi civibus. 6. Amor doctrinae laudandus est. 7. Pelope natus
est, Peloponnesi rege. 8. Puellae, ne senibus nupseritis. 9. Merca-
tores a latrone interfecti sunt. 10. Gcribus et pedibus angor. 11.
Pompeius a Caesare victns in ^gyptum se contulit. 12. Pacem
82 The Simple Sentence. [43
posceris, dux fortissime. 13. Puella ingenno pudore coram iudice
constituitur. 14. Circa Cereris templuni erat murus decern pedes
alius. 15. Nonne voluptatem virtus parvi facit ?
1. The work is nearly finished. 2. The shepherd was feeding his
sheep in a fertile valley. 3. A great hail and wind have injured the
corn. 4. Will you not dare to fight for your country ? 5. He was
unwilling to go to Greece, for he feared the pirates. 6. She was
accused of theft. 7. These men are willing to give gold for iron. 8.
Caesar was stabbed by his friend Brutus. 9. She was desirous of
hearing my voice. 10. Go quickly to Rome. 11. Sleep is pleasant
to the weary. 12. Spare the conquered. 13. In my opinion she is
very beautiful. 14. The city having been burnt we fled. 15. The
fish were swimming on the top of the water.
/
Exercise 43.
Recapitulatory.
1. Ego et uxor mea canendi sumus studiosissimi. 2. Mea sententia
vita est somnium. 3. Divitias gloriae non anteposuere. 4. Salute
frui sine sapientia non possumus. 5. Naturae legibus parendum est.
6. Hostem fugientem cum toto exercitu sequebatur. 7. Gallinaruni
ova anatibus quis supponet ? 8. Scipioni cognomen African© datur.
9. Hie centurio exemplo erat magnae virtutis. 10. Nonne filius
simillimus est patri ? 11. Hieme mare ventis turbatur. 12. Multa
huiusmodi scelera clam amicis admiserat. 13. Nonne te mei pudet ?
14. Num Gallorum fortissimi sunt Belgae ? 15. Iter niox facturus
haec mihi dedit.
1. In summer the sea is not troubled with many storms. 2. Then
I was informed of Caesar's death. 3. Thebes, the capital of Boeotia,
was destroyed by fire. 4. Are you desirous of hearing Socrates ? 5.
Many ships having been wrecked, he determined to make others. 6.
Having been accused of theft, he escaped punishment by the help of
the orator. 7. He was pouring poison into my cup. 8. That storm
wrecked two hundred ships. 9. Return to Rome within eighteen
days. 10. Venus wished to marry Mars. 11. Is not the girl very
like her mother ? 12. We must not believe liars. 13. I am fond of
bathing. 14. Why did he call his city Rome ? 15. The camp was
pitched at the foot of the mountain.
44-45] Recapitulatory. 83
Exercise 44.
Recapitulatory.
1. Nuntius Tarqiiinium regem in horto ambulantem invenerat.
2. Te iudice, non condemnabor capitis. 3. Nonne Sicilia quondam
Italiae adhaesit ? 4. Num vis mecum in horto ambulare 1 5. Devicto
Hannibalc, Poeni de salute desperabant. 6. Philosophus divitias
minimi faciet. 7. Ob banc victoriam praeclarus fies. 8. Dedecus
morte turpius est, me iudice. 9. Acie ita ordinata fortissime pugnatum
est. 10. Huic stulto homini minime credendum est. 11. Ducis
virtus laudanda videbatur. 12. Diu Athenis praeerat Pericles. 13.
Hos equos maximo pretio emam. 14. Ne captivos securi percusseris.
15. Avis ab accipitre capietur.
1. Do you not pity this poor man ? 2. Don't cross the Aegean sea,
my son. 3. Having held a levy the consuls returned to the camp
4. Let us go to Asia with you. 5. A treaty was made on these con-
ditions. 6. A lion of great size was killed by our weapons. 7. This
robber took away our money from us. 8. For this rejison the name
of Corvus was given to the soldier. 9. Scaevola killed the secretary
of Porsena, king of the Etrurians, with a dagger. 10. The sooth-
sayer was accused of folly. 11. The hail will have injured the crops.
12. Will you not teach your daughters the art of singing ? 1,3. I saw
the light of the rising sun. 14. One must fight for one's country.
15. You will be answered by us.
y
Exercise 45.
Recapitulatory.
1. Eqnites Romani barbaronim copias fudisse dicuntur. 2. Oenturio
vir fortissimus, omnes Gallorum impetus sustinuit. 3. T. Labienum
legatum cum duabus legionibus omnique equitatu praemittit. 4.
Nonne nos pueri felicissimi sumus ? 5. Hae literae tibi proderunt. 6.
Pastores lupum saxis interficiebant. 7. Cupid a erat satisfaciendi
parentibus. 8. Labienus ab equitatu hostium lacessitus nuntios ad
Caesarem mittit. 9. Devicti Galli, obsidibus datis, pacem petierunt.
10. Nulla pars urbis muro munita erat. 11. His verbis Ariovisto
responsum est. 12. Quis fugientem hostem timebit ? 13. Otium
deos rogat nauta. 14. Opus urbis aedificandae militibus profuit. 15.
Boni viri suis culpis non ignosccnt.
84 The Simple Sentence. [46
1. This work will be very easy to a brave soldier. 2. Our soldiers
will kill many enemies with their swords. 3. Juno married Jupiter.
4. The consul praises the centurion, a very brave man. 5. Let us
fly from Corinth to Eome. 6. Ariovistus must be answered in these
words. 7. Having been expelled from the city, the king fled to our
enemies. 8. We are not ashamed of this brave deed. 9. This work
having been finished, we shall go to Gaul. 10. It is not always easy
to catch fish with a hook. 11. The Gauls were overcome by the
valour and counsel of Labienus our general. 12. Numa, the king of
the Romans, is said to have been a very wise man. 13. We heard
the birds singing in the garden. 14. JBe taught his son the art of
singing. 15. I have sent the letter of Cicero the consul to your
father.
Exercise 46.
Recapitulatory.
1. Consules bina castra muniunt. 2. Diu a nostris pugnabitar.
3. Multi utrinque cadere, plures vulnera accipere. 4. Prima luce
summus mons a Labieno tenebatur. 5. Trecenti sex periere, unus
relictus est. 6. Uxor deinde eum ac liberi amplexi sunt. 7. Cerere
nati Liber et Libera appellati sunt. 8. Tres validissimae urbes,
Etruriae capita, j)acem petebant. 9. Urbem ditissimam, caput eius
gentis, expugnat diripitque. 10. Nostrae patriae a nobis consulendum
est. 11. lucundiorem faciet libertatem servitutis memoria. 12.
Castra promovit, et sub monte considit. 13. Progrediuntur et sub
montem succedunt. 14. Ad bene pugnandum breve tempus non est
satis. 15. Caesar milites cohortatuHaciem commisit.
1. Cincinnatus named Atratmus master of the horsemen. 2. lam
a Roman citizen, I am called Brutus. 3. He found his mfe sitting
alone in the house. 4. One of the legions was given to Fabius to be
led against the enemy. 5. I asked this of you very often. 6. Ennius
the poet was walking in the garden with me. 7. Do you wish to
cross the river in this boat or not ? 8. Our horsemen having followed
the flying enemy killed a great number of them. 9. We have seen a
serpent of great size. 10. This town is distant from Rome a journey
of many days. 11. Do not beat your sister. 12. After this vic'.ory
he got possession of the cify of Athens. 13. Having received this
news he determined to pitch the camp. 14 Fish often swim at the
top of the water. 15. I shall remain here two days.
\y
^ w
47-48] Recapitulatory, 85
Exercise 47.
Recapitulatory.
1. Murus et porta fulmine icta sunt. 2. Nobis nee deus nee quis-
quam homo invidet. 3. Mors pro patria praeclara videtur. 4. Iteram
tribimus plebis fieri voluit. 5. Cincinnatum dictatorem creaveriint.
6. Aedui victi Sequanis obsides dare eoacti sunt. 7. Nos caussa belli,
nos vulnerum ac caedium viris ae parentibus sumus. 8. Huic deo
nomem Mercurio est. 9. Flumen transire conati, telorum multitudine
repulsi sunt. 10. Captivi pane nigro in carcere veseebantur. 11.
Mea sententia doctissimus est. 12. Romani non viam tantum, sed
tecta etiam proxima portae occupaverant. 13. Helvetii copias suas
per fines Sequanorum transduxerant. 14. Filiis et filiabus a nobis
consulendum est. 15. Utrum Romae habitat, an Corinthi ? 16. Ego
et tu, viri fortissimi, capitis eondemnabimur.
1. About the fourth hour of the day he saw a lion. 2. He de-
manded of the magistrates the keys of the gates. 3. Some were
standing on shore, others were rushing into the water. 4. We are
all skilled in singing, 5. I heard the young men singing outside the
walls of the town. 6. I was born in the eonsulship of Cicero. 7. I
am thirty-one years old. 8. Crassus will be made consul by the
Roman people. 9. He took away tbe arms from all the cavalry. 10.
The ship having been wrecked, twenty men were drowned. 11. I
saw the slaves going and returning. 12. Are you unwilling to
return to Italy with me ? 13. She wishes to be first of all. 14.
They live on eggs and milk. 15. We have bought a statue of the
goddess for a large price.
Exercise 48.
Recapitulatory.
1. Extra urbem multi vinci, capi, vinciri. 2. lUud semper pro-
derat, hoc semper proderit civitati. 3. Caesar apud Sequanos multos
dies moratus est. 4. Agricola anguem paene frigore confectum
reperit. 5. Multi flumen frustra transire conati, hostium telis repel-
luntur. 6. Medicus artis suae erat peritissimus. 7. Brutus in
liberanda patria interfectus esse dicitur. 8. Aliis terrori, aliis prae-
sidio erat. 9. Fortis viri est in periculis non timere. 10. Erat inter
Labienum atque hostes difficiU transitu flumen. 11. Uterque nos-
trun} idem faciet. 12. Gallia civium Roraanorum eo tempore plena
erat. 13. Pane et lacte contentus erat. 14. Capta urbe, magnus
captivorum numerus in potestatem victorum venerat. 15. Nonne
pax bello erit melior ?
86 The Simple Sentence. [49
1. Caesar said this to Brutus in my hearing. 2. Then Tarquinius
became king, the children of Ancus being still alive. 3. The legion
set out in the middle of the night. 4. Clodius was killed by the
slaves of Milo on the Appian road. 5. Dionysius, having been
"expelled from Syracuse, used to teach boys at Corinth. 6. Do not
go to Pompeius in Greece. 7. The people withdrew to the Sacred
Mountain, three miles from the city. 8. Is it not a sin to betray
one's country ? 9. Why am I called a robber ? 10. She will marry
a man of great courage and wisdom. 11. This country is fit for
rearing sheep. 12. She was not content with these gifts. 13. Ee-
lying on his cavalry, he determined to attack the Gauls next day.
14. Do not use deceit. 15, In my opinion he is not worthy of such
honour.
Exercise 49.
Recapitulatory.
1. Temeritas nostra non solum nobis, sed etiam reipublicae nocuit.
2. Caesar Sequanis ab Ariovisto oppressis auxilium tulit. 3. Equi-
tatum consecuti nostri, magnum numerum sine ullo periculo inter-
fecerunt. 4. Omni aetati mors est communis. 5. Vulpes corvum ob
dulcem vocem laudabat. 6. Huic uxor ad portam occurrit. 7. Num
perita est canendi % 8. Castra et urbem vobis praedae dabo. 9.
Barbarorum est in dies vivere. 10. Consulum alter exercitum per-
didit, alter vendidit. 11. Nonne tibi multum pecuniae a nobis
datum est ? 12. Quaedam bestiae alius generis bestiis vescuntur. 13.
Magnis copiis ad hoc bellum opus erat. 14. Num bellum pace
melius est % 15. Eomulus patre Marte natus est.
1. The Carthaginians, Hannibal being their leader, waged war
with the Roman people for many years. 2. In my garden are most
beautiful flowers at all times. 3. She was eighteen years old at that
time. 4. The Spartans, under the leadership of Leonidas, fought
with the Persians near Thermopylae. 6. In the second watch of the
following night he sets out for Rome. 6. Pompeius set out from
Greece for Alexandria in Egypt. 7. This city is distant a mile from
the sea. 8. Who is desirous of reading this book ? 9. I saw these
soldiers carrying heavy burdens. 10. On the road a serpent of huge
size attacked the Eoman army. 11. Is anything more precious than
gold ? 12. The danger of attacking the city is great. 13. This
satisfies us. 14. Is not this girl meet to be loved ? 15. They built
a wall eighteen feet high.
50] Recapitulatory. 87
Exercise 50.
Recapitulatory.
1. Num vis consul tieri? 2. Dux dolorem tulisse aequo animo
dicitur. 3. Caesaris legati haec coram Ariovisto locuti sunt. 4.
Agricola lupum secutus ad antrum venerat. 5. Brutum adoles-
centem copiis praefecinms. 6. Tertia hora exploratoies ad castra
redierunt. 7. E ducentis navibus vix quadraginta incolumes fuerunt.
8. Centum boves militibus dono dedit. 9. Catella eo nomine mortua
erat. 10. Britanni sunt capillo promisso et corpore raso. 11.
Gallorum ducenti a nostris interfecti sunt. 12. Alii eum capitis
damnare, alii pecunia multare volebant. 13. Hunc agrum maxinii
emerat. 14. Multa Eomae passus in Asiam se contulit. 15. Quis
unquam Themistocle claiior fuit ?
1. He was again created consul during my consulship. 2. It is the
nature of a fool to do this. 3. The war was finished within twenty
days. 4. Meanwhile Caesar was remaining in Gaul. 5. Did he not
come to you in Italy ? 6. Then the Greeks returned to the island of
Samos. 7. A signal being given the fleet sailed about four miles. 8.
We must retire from this province immediately. 9. Do not call me
a robber. 10. Did you prefer silver to gold ? 11. Courage is valued
very highly by all. 12. Tlie name of Britain was given to this
island. 13. He sent two thousand soldiers for a help to the citizens.
14. The city, having been taken by the Germans, was burnt. 15. He
defended himself against the attacks of the enemy with his sword.
^'
6
i^h
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE
CONTINUED.
A Simple Sentence is either —
(a.) A Statement, — Verb in the Indicative : —
Ex, Caesar vicit Gallos, Caesar conquered the Gauls.
Sometimes in the Conjunctive : —
Ex. Caesar hoc fecisset, Caesar would have done this.
(b.) A Command, — Verb in the Imperative or Present Con-
junctive : —
Ex. Fac hoc, or facias hoc, do this.
In commands with a negative use (a) the Present Conjunc-
tive with First and Third Persons ; (b) the Perfect Conjunctive
with the Second Person : —
Ex. (a) Ne hoc faciarn, let me not do this.
Ne hoc faciat, let him not do this,
{b) Ne hoc feceris, don't do this.
(c.) A Question, — Verb in the Indicative, with an In-
terrogative word.
Interrogative words are, —
Quantus, uter, qualis, quis, quot, quotus, uncle, ubi, quando.
Cur, quoties, quare, quam, quomodo, num, ne, ut, an, utrum.
Translate whether — or, by utrum — an.
Ex. Utrum GaUus es an Eomanus? {whether) are you a Gaul or a
Roman ?
Exercise 51.
The Athenians were building the walls of their city. The
Lacedaemonians bore this ill; but Themistocles deceived them in
this way. He went to Sparta (as) an ambassador, and spoke thus :
' My citizens are not building the walls. You seem not to believe
me. Send therefore trusty men ; they will inspect the city ; mean-
while do ye detain me.' The Lacedaemonians did this,
in this way, ablative of manner, me, dative.
52-5.0] Exercises. 89
Exercise 52.
Themistocles at the same time secretly sent a messenger to the
Athenians, saying, * Build the walls of the city quickly. Do not
abandon the enterprise — detain the Lacedaemonian ambassadors.'
The Athenians did this. Therefore Themistocles returned to Athens ;
the Lacedaemonian ambassadors were dismissed, and Athens was
fortified. By the help of Themistocles Athens became the most
splendid city of Greece.
not, 7ie.
Exercise 53.
Many pelicans arrive annually from the Black Sea ; with them
also come swans, cranes, and geese. They ascend the river Don, and
in autumn return by the same way. The pelicans make their nests
with rushes ; within they place soft grass. They lay two eggs like
ih& eggs of the swan. Seeing danger, they hide their eggs in the
water ; afterwards they take them out with their bill. They feed on
fish. Pelicans and cormorants together pursue fish in this way. The
pelican extends its wings and troubles the water ; the cormorant
diving into the water then catches the terrified fish. They then share
the booty equally.
the eggs, dative.
Exercise 54.
Seagulls hy fiying from the sea to the shore, and crows and
swallows by flying to the sea, foretell rain and wind. I shall now tell
you the rejison of this thing. All birds are fond of a moist air. Sea-
gulls especially love an air like to water, and birds from the land also
delight in bathing. On account of this reason geese utter cries, and
crows seem to summon rain, for they are refreshed by the mildness of
the air.
by flying, volando. you, dative ; the remoter object of tell^ reason being
the nearer object, are fond of, love, in bathing, lavando, for, enim.
Exercise 55.
A husbandman found a snake almost dead with cold. Moved
with pity he cherished it in his bosom, and placed it under his gar-
ment. Soon the snake, being refreshed, recovered its strength, and
inflicted a deadly wound on the husbandman (in return) for his
kindness.
on the husbandman, dative ; the remoter object of infUcted.
(in return) for, pro.
90 The Simple Sentence. [56-59
Exercise 56.
Once upon a time a dolphin is said to have contracted a friend-
ship with the son of a poor man. The boy ustd to feed him with
crumbG of bread. Every day the dolphin, being called by the boy,
swam to the top of the water ; and, having been fed by his hand,
carried the boy on his back from the shore to a school in another
place, and brought him back in the same way. At last the boy died,
and the dolphin is said to have died from grief
used to feed, imperfect, the top of the water, the highest water.
from, on account of.
Exercise ^1.
Among the ancient Greeks and Romans quails were taught to
fight with each other. The quail is a bird of great courage, and prefers
to die than to be conquered. Once there was a very celebrated quail,
for it had conquered all its adversaries. A certain mayor wishing to
honour the Emperor Augustus, served it up at table. Augustus,
angry on account of the death of so brave a bird, exclaimed : ' Kill
this mayor ; to have slain so brave a bird is disgraceful.'
with each other, among themselves, at table, dative, so, tarn.
Exercise 58.
Mars, the god of war, was worshipped hy the Romans with great
honours. The wolf and tihe^ horse were sacred to him. He was re-
presented as a warrior, g^erally standing in a car, or sitting on a
horse, armed with a spear and a whip. JJis sister Bellona used to
perform the duty of charioteer in his car. Mars is said to have been
the father of Eomulus, the founder of Rome.
by, translate hy, with living creatures, by a or ah. his, of him.
Exercise 59.
Bacchus was the god of wine. He is represented as a naked
youth, long-haired and beautiful. He is crowned with ivy, and
carries in his hand a thyrsus, that is, a spear surrounded either with
ivy or vine leaves. His car is drawn by tigers or lions. The com-
panions of Bacchus were the nymphs and goat-footed satyrs. Once
Silenus had been his master ; he also follows Bacchus, and is re-
presented as a fat old man, with naked body, crowned with leaves.
A he-goat used to be sacrificed to Bacchus, for this animal is wont to
injure the vines.
used to be sacrificed, imperfect.
60-64 J Exercises. 91
Exercise 60.
Two dogs, mother and son, were hunting in a wood. A servant of
the lord of the wood killed the mother. The son, being frightened,
ran away, but soon returned to the place. Having found her body,
he lay down beside her, and was afterwards found by his master.
He was then brought home, together with tlie body of his mother.
For a long time this aflfectionate animal refused all food, and at length
died, worn out with grief.
having found her body, her body Juivivg been/omul.
for a long time, diu.
Exercise 61.
A boy once met an old woman driving asses. ^ Good morning,
mother of asses,' said he ; ' Good-morning, my son,' she replied,
good-moming, Imil.
Exercise 62.
A quarrel once arose between a philosopher and a soldier. The
soldier beat the philosopher with a stick, but the philosopher bore
the blows quietly, without being angry. One of his friends then said,
' Why do you endure this quietly ? Such things are not to be endured
by a brave man.' The philosopher replied, * These things, my friend,
happen behind my back ; they do not disturb me.'
without being angry, neither was he angry.
to be endured, gerundive.
Exercise 63.
Rome had sent ambassadors to the city of Tarentum in Italy.
The ambassadors were going to the assembly. On the road a wretched
fellow spat on the dress of one of the ambassadors. The citizens
began to laugh. ' You laugh,' said the Roman, * but my dress shall
be washed with your blood.' War was declared, and the city of
Tarentum lost many of its citizens. Thus the dress of the ambassador
was washed with blood.
the city of Tarentum, the city Tarentum. in Italy, into Italy.
on the dress, in with ace. *
Exercise 64.
Before a battle a certain soldier came to the General ana said,
* My father is ill, and will soon die : I wish to see him ; will you give
me permission to goV * Go,' said the General ; * you honoui' your
father and your mother : your days will be long in the land.'
to go, 0/ going, your days will be long, you will live long.
92 The Simple Sentence. [65-68
Exercise 65.
The Greeks had sent an expedition against Troy. Agamemnon,
the leader of the Grecian army, had wounded a doe sacred to Diana.
An adverse wind sent by the goddess detained the expedition.
Therefore Agamemnon consulted the augurs. These answered,
' Sacrifice your daughter to Diana ; thus you will appease the anger
of the goddess.' Ulysses was sent to Clytemnestra,- the mother of
Iphigenia, the daughter of Agamemnon, and said to her, ' Give me
your daughter : Agamemnon has promised her in marriage, to
Achilles.' The girl was therefore given to him. Agamemnon was
(joing to sacrifice her, but Diana, pitying the girl, put a doe in her
place. Then she carried off Iphigenia, and made her the priestess of
her temple.
in marriage, in matrimonium [ace), going to sacrifice, fat. part,
place, ace.
Exercise 66.
The quadrupeds once declared war against the birds. The lion was
chosen general. He began to review his forces. The ass and the
hare passed by. The bull said, ' What will these be able to do ? '
The lion answered, ' I shall use the ass as a trumpeter, and the hare
as an orderly.'
against the birds, dative, of remote object, as, pro.
Exercise 67.
Alexander, king of Macedon, examined Ms portrait at Ephesus.
Apelles, the most celebrated painter of that time, had painted it.
Alexander did not praise it enough. But the horse of Alexander
having been brought in neighed at the horse in the picture. Then
said Apelles, ' king, this horse seems to be more skilled in the art
of painting than you.'
his, of himself, the horse, dative, in the art, genitive*
of painting, gerund.
Exercise 68.
A widow woman once had a hen. This hen used to lay an egg
every day. But the woman wished to receive tioo or three eggs
daily from the hen, therefore she began to feed and fatten it more
abundantly. Then the hen became fat, and immediately ceased to
lay eggs.
two, three, ^tse the distributive numerals.
G9-73] Exercises. 93
Exercise 69.
Zeuxis, the most celebrated of painters, had painted a boy carrying
grapes. A bird tried to eat the grapes. Then Zeuxis said : ' I
painted the grapes better than the boy, otherwise the bird would have
feared the boy.'
would have feared, plujperf. -conjunctive.
Exercise 70.
The crocodile from being very small becomes very large. It lives
a long time, and inhabits water and land alike. It has no tongue, nor
can it move its lower jaw. It eats not only fish and cattle, but also
human beings. The Egyptians hold it sacred. Many crocodiles are
said to be kept in their temples. The priests adorn them with golden
rings and bracelets.
from being, from.
Exercise 71. — ^
Some one once said to a funny fellow^ * The sun is wont to set
towards the west : why does it rise from the east 1 ' The other
replied, ' The sun always returns by the same way after sunset, but
cannot be seen (while) returning ; for the darkness of night hides it.'
fellow, quidam. sunset, the setting o/the sun.
Exercise 72.
A lady once visited Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, and
showed her all her most beautiful ornaments. Cornelia delayed her
with conversation for a long time. At last her boys returned from
school. Then she said, ' These are my ornaments.'
lady, woman, her, dative of remote object.
Exercise 73.
A swallow wishing to build a nest flew to a sheep and began to
pluck wool from its back. The sheep feeling pain from the plucking,
began to jump and complain. 'What!' said the swallow, ' do you
gmdge nu a little tuft of wool ? Men shear (off) all your wool, and you
say nothing.' The sheep answered, * Men indeed shear (off) all my
wool, but they treat me more gently.'
me, to me.
^
94 The Simple Sentence. [74-78
Exercise 74.
A magpie and a dove visited a peacock. (While) returning the ill-
tongued magpie said, * I do not love the peacock. He utters ugly-
sounds. Wny is he not silent ? Why does he not hide his ugly feet ? '
But the innocent dove replied, ' I did not notice his defects, but I
admired the beauty of his body and the splendour of his tail. I
cannot enough praise him.'
praise, infinitive, carrying on the meaning of^ I cannot,*
Exercise 75.
Once (upon a time) a doctor said to Pausanias, the king of the
Spartans, ' You have become an old man.' Pausanias answered, 'I
truly am old ; I never employed you as a doctor.' The doctor went
away ivithout saying anything.
employed, used, without saying, see 62, Note,
anything, quidquam (only to be used with negatives).
Exercise 76.
Many wonderful stories are told about the animals of Egypt.
There are found many winged snakes. There is a kind of bird by
name the ibis. The ibis catches these snakes and lives on their
flesh. In the temples crocodiles are kept ; these wear golden rings
on their arms, and are held sacred by the Egyptians. The priests
give them food daily. Cats and dogs are also held sacred by the
Egyptians. Dead cats are pickled in salt and myrrh and other
perfumes. The priests guard them in the temples,
held, habeo. them, to them.
Exercise 77.
Phocion the Athenian was a poor man. Once when Alexander
sent him a large sum of money, he asked, ' Why does he give me this
money ? ' The messenger replied, ' Alexander thinks you the only good
man among the Athenians.' Then said Phocion, 'Take away the
money, I prefer to be good.'
when — sent, abl. abs. him, to him. a large sum, mtich.
Exercise "jS.
Once (upon a time) some one said to Alexander, king of Macedonia,
'Darius, the king of the Persians, is leading an immense army to
battle.' Alexander replied, ' One butcher is not afraid of many
sheep.'
is not afraid of, does not fear.
70-821 Exercises. 95
Exercise 79.
Once upon a time some one laughed at a Spartan, saying, * You are
lame, how will you be able to fight '? * The Spartan answered, ' I
want to fight, not to run away.'
I want, / desire.
Exercise 80.
Tnere exist in the ocean huge animals. These are called whales.
They are considered fishes by some, but really they are animals, for
their blood is warm. They have arms ; they have not legs. The
whale produces young, two at a time. They are said to fly from
danger, holding their yoimg in their arms. Sailors pursue them and
kill them with spears. They give a great quantity of oil.
two at a time, use the distributive numeral.
Exercise 81.
Caesar saw many wonderful animals in Gaul. Among these was
an ox with the shape of a stag ; from the middle of the forehead a long
horn projects between the ears, longer and straighter than the horns
of our oxen. From the end of this horn branches are spread out in
the likeness of palms. The nature of the female and the male is the
same the shape and size of the horns is also the same.
the middle of the forehead, the middle forehead, in, into.
Exercise 82.
There are also other wonderful animals ; these the inhabitants call
elks. They are like roe-deer in shape and colour, but excel them in
size. They have legs without joints ; hence they never lie down for the
sake of repose, nor can they (while) lying on the ground raise them-
selves. They use trees instead of a couch ; against these they recline
themselves, and so enjoy repose. These trees having been discovered,
the hunters nearly cut them down. Then the elks recline themselves
against the trees, and break them down with their weight, and are
thus easily taken.
for the sake, caussa {all. ). against, in, with ace.
96 The Simple Sentence. [83-86
Exercise 83.
There is also a third kind ; these animals are called bisons. In
size they are a little smaller than elephants ; in shape and colour they
are like bulls. Their strength and swiftness are very great : they
(spare neither man nor wild beast. Not even (when) captured -yen/
small can they be tamed. The size and shape of their horns difFer
much from the horns of our oxen. The Gauls use the horns of these
animals instead of cups.
man, dative, very small, tlie empliatic word is put between
ne and quidem [not — even).
Exercise 84.
The nation of the Suevi is hy far the greatest and most warlike of
all the Germans. The Suevi are said to possess a hundred cantons.'
l\ ^ They are said to lead out every year from their territory one thousand
of armed men for the sake of waging war. The remainder stay at
home and cultivate the fields ; these in turn are in arms the year
after. Thus neither farming nor war is neglected. No one possesses
any private land, nor is it lawful to remain longer than a year in one
place. Their food consists chiefly of milk and flesh ; they also hunt
often. Their daily exercise and this kind of food makes them men of
great stature, and increases their strength. They are clothed only with
skins, and bathe in the coldest rivers.
by far, longe. one, use the distributive numeral The remainder, the
rest, any private land, anything {quidquam) of private land.
Exercise 85.
Their horsemen often in battle leap down from their horses and fight
on foot. The horses meanwhile stand in the same place. Nothing is
held more disgraceful than to use saddles. Therefore a small number
of them dare to attack any number of horsemen provided with saddles.
Their horses are small and ugly, but they train them with great care.
They never use wine, for wine is thought to weaken their bodies,
on foot, pedibus.
Exercise 86.
Leonldas, king of the Spartans, heard a man saying, ' The Persians
are very numerous ; their arrows will darken the sun.' ' So much the
better,' said Leonidas, ' we shall fight in the shade.' A herald from
Xerxes, the king of the Persians, came to him and said, ' Surrender
your arms.' Leonidas answered, ' Come and take them.'
so much, tanto.
87-91]
Exercises. 97
Exaxise 87.
A certain nobleman wa& very foiul of wine. The king once said to
him, ' You are fond of a glass of wine ; your friends tell me so.'
* They are unjust to me, king,' replied the other ; ' I am fond of a
bottle of wine.'
was very fond of, greatly loved, a glass, a cup.
Exercise 88.
A certain fellow had been relating many incredible things. Wish-
ing to repress his impertinence, an old man remarked, ' These things
are indeed wonderful ; but I will tell you something even more
wonderful. One of my friends, a flute-player, once imitated thunder
very well, and immediately all the milk in the house turned soui\'
turned, became.
Exercise 89.
Venus, the goddess of love and beauty, was born from the foam of
the sea. She is represented sitting in a car drawn by swans or doves.
Of trees the myrtle was sacred to her. Her son Cupid accompanies
her, a winged boy, equipped with a bow and arrows. Besides him
she has the Graces, the goddesses of beauty, as companions. These
are generally represented naked, and with hands joined.
of, out of.
Exercise 90.
Vulcan, the ugliest of all the gods, was the husband of Venus, the
most beautiful of all the goddesses. On account of his ugliness he was
thrown from heaven by Jupiter, and fell into the island of Lemnos.
This fall made him lame. He was the god of fire and of smiths. He
had a workshop in Mount Aetna. His servants were the Cyclope.s,
giants having one eye in the middle of the forehead.
in the middle of the forehead, in the middle forehead.
Exercise 9 1 .
The Scythians neither cultivate the fields nor have fixed dwellings,
but, feeding oxen and sheep, are wont to wander through uncultivated
wastes. They bring icith them their wives and children in waggons.
They feed on milk, honey, and flesh ; they despise gold and silver,
nor do they use money. Their bodies are clothed with skins.
with them, secum ; cum is written after me, te, se, nobis,
vobis, quo, qua, quibiis, quis.
RL.ir G
98 The Simple Sentence. [92-95
Exercise 92.
In India there are many elephants. This animal excels all others
in docility. They learn to use weapons, to fight, to dance, to walk
^^ along a tight rope, and to do many other wonderful things. Elephants
\^ always go in herds. The oldest leads the line of march; another old
elephant walks behind the rest. (When) about to cross a river they
send on the smallest. They are caught in pitfalls by the natives, and
are easily tamed.
in herds, gregatim. the line of march, agmen.
Exercise 93.
The Chinese are very skilful workmen. They can imitate anything
you please. Once a sailor gave a garment and a cloth to a Chinese,
and said, *Out of this cloth make for me a garment like to this.'
But the garment was worn out and torn. So the Chinese made the
garment, and then tore it. Then he brought it to the sailor, and said,
* Here is the new garment ; I have made it like the old one,' The
sailor was a,ngry, but could say nothing, for he had said, ' Make a
garment like to the old one.'
anything you please, quilibet.
Exercise 94.
Mercurius, the son of Jupiter and Maia, was the messenger of the
gods. He was the god of eloquence, of merchants, and also of thieves.
He was besides the inventor of the lyre. He used to escort the souls
of the dead to the gods below. He was represented as a handsome
youth, with itnnged feet, carrying a wand in his hand surrounded
with two snakes. Mercurius also performed the office of a herald,
and was the god of peace. He was worshipped by the Eomans with
great honour.
used to escort, imperfect, with winged feet, ahl. of quality.
Exercise 95.
Ostriches equal the height of a horseman sitting on a horse. They
are swifter than all other animals. Their wings assist them (while)
tunning ; they cannot use their wings for frying. They have hoofs
like the feet of deer ; with these they are said to seize stones jn their
flight, and throw them at their pursuers. They are also said to be
able to digest iron and stones. Their feathers are sought for orna-
ments. They are stupid animals, for they hide their heads in a bush,
and then seem to themselves to be well hidden.
for flying, ad, ivith gerund, at, in, with ace.
pursuers, those -pursuing {pres. part.), for, ad.
irv*v
96-99] Exercises. 99
Exercise 96.
Africa breeds snakes twenty feet long. In India also there are
immense snakes ; some are said to be able to swallow stags and oxen
whole. Others are able to kill them at once with their bite, for their
teeth are full of poison. There is no remedy for the bite of these
snakes. The Indians do not use shoes, and the greater part of their
body is naked ; they are therefore often killed by the snakes.
for the bite, of the bite.
Exercise 97.
Ducks ai-e often caught by fowlers in this way. The fowlers place
nets near a lake, and then hide themselves in the bushes. Tame -^^^
ducks are then liberated. These swim on the lake and attract the *
wild ducks. Then they swim towards the nets ; the wild ducks
follow them and are easily caught. Tame ducks taught to do this are
sold for a large price, and are highly valued by the fowlers.
for a large price, abl. highly, magni {pretii, price, being understood).
Exercise 98.
The Indians in America are very swift ; they are said to equal
horses in swiftness. There is also a race of frogs in the marshes of
America. These frogs can leap nine feet in one leap, ^ome feUowa
once said to an Indian, ' Will you contend in a race with a frog ?
We will give you much money.' The Indian agreed. They then
caught a frog in a marsh. Then they attached a lighted stick to its
tail. The animal leaped in a wonderful way, and escaped to the
pond, nor could the Indian equal its swiftness.
some fellows, quidam. money, of money »
Exercise 99.
A certain rich merchant had lost all his money. Soon afterwards
one of his friends met him and said, * Hov) are you ?' * Tolerably
well,' replied the merchant ; ' I can use my legs in walking better k^W^
than formerly.' Then said his friend, ' I do not understand your
words; will you explain them to me]' 'Certainly,' answered the
other ; * I have been obliged to sell my horses, and I am now com-
pelled to walk.'
how are you ? how do yon hold {haheo) yourself?
100 The Simple Sentence. [100-102
Exercise 100.
A certain man once had a celebrated frog. This frog could jump
very well. A stranger once said to him, ' Give me a frog also ; then
let both jump : here are ten pence : do thou also lay down ten pence ;
the owner of the victorious frog shall have all the money.' The other
joyfully agreed, and went out. Soon he returned carrying another
frog. The frogs were placed on the ground, but the celebrated jumper
could not jump at all, and was easily defeated. The stranger took
the money and went away. Then the other examined his frog ; he
found it full of lead. The stranger had filled it with the lead in his
absence.
me, dative, in his absence, he {being) absents
Exercise loi.
We left our ship, and began to walk about. There stood not far
off a vast palace, well built, with a gate of ebony. This gate having
been opened, we saw before us a large hall ; there lay two huge heaps,
the one of human bones, the other of spits. Seeing this spectacle we
began to tremble. Suddenly the door opened with a loud crash, and
there came out an ugly man of immense stature. He had one eye
only, in the middle of his forehead : his teeth were very long and
sharp ; his lips hung down to his breast : his ears were like the ears
of an elephant. From fear we became immediately like dead men.
with a gate of ebony, abl. of quality {with epithet), to, as far as.
Exercise 102.
At last we collected our minds, and saw him sitting in the hall and
looking at us. Then he advanced and took me by my neck, and
examined me. I was very thin, therefore he let me go. He then
took up the rest one by one, examined them, and at last chose the
pilot. Now the pilot was a very fat man. Then he thrust a spit
through his body. This being done, he kindled a great fire. Their-
he cooked and ate him. Then he fell asleep.
one by one, use the distributive numeral, now, autem
{jmt it after the first word in the sentence).
103-105J Exercises. 101
Exercise 103.
We were all- nearly dead from fear. At last I determined to try
to save myself and my companions. Therefore I addressed them with
these words : * My friends, the giant will soon awake ; then he will
kill another man ; thus shall we all perish. Let us try to do some- ,
thing. Do not fear, but perform my commands. Harden a stake t^^^^
with fire ; let us pierce his eye with this ; thus we shall escape death !'
All joyfully agreed. The stake was hardened with fire. Then we
pierced the eye of the sleeping giant with it. He awoke, uttering
terrible' cries, but could not see us. Then we ran away, and escaped
death.
from, on account of, joyfully, adjective.
Exercise 104.
The Chinese are very fond of the flesh of pigs. Formerly they used
to eat the flesh raw, for they were ignorant of the use of fire in cooking.
Once a house in a certain city was burnt, and the pigs perished in the
flames. Their flesh gave (forth) a very pleasant smell. A boy tasted
the flesh, and then said to his friends, ' The fire has made the pigs
sweeter. ' Then all the inhabitants burned their houses, and ate the
flesh of the roasted pigs. At length a certain philosopher said to the
citizens, * My friends, I have an idea in ray mind. Cease to bum your
houses for the sake of roasted flesh. Perhaps pigs can be roasted
without a house. Let us try.' The citizens joyfully roasted a pig
without a house ; its flesh was very sweet : therefore, from that time,
they began to cook the flesh with fire, and ceased to burn their houses
together with the pigs.
are very fond of, hve much, cooking, gerund.
Exercise 105. r <^ "*/
The mountains in Scythia are said to be inhabited by goat-footed
men. There is also in those regions another wonderful race of men.
These sleep for six months every year. Another race is said to cook
and eat the bodies of their dead relations. These men clean the heads s. i«
of the dead, and gild them. Then they use them instead of cups.
There are other wonderful men in these mountains ; these have only
one eye in the middle of the forehead. There are also said to be
treasures, guarded by monsters.
every, singuli
102 The Simple Sentence. [106-108
Exercise 106.
Augustus used often to walk through the city of Home, and
receive all men with great kindness. Once a poor man, wishing to
ask a favour, %)i holding out his hand, and then drawing it back from
fear. Augustus, laughing, said to him : ' Are you giving a penny to
an elephant ? Do not fear ; what do you desire ? ' An old soldier,
being summoned before the judges, said to Augustus, ' Plead my
cause.' Augustus then said to one of his companions, 'Plead the
cause of this soldier.' Then the soldier exclaimed, ' I did not seek a
substitute ; I fought for you myself ; see my scars ; I received these
wounds while fighting in your army.' Augustus blushed, and pleaded
the cause of the soldier himself.
kept holding out, imperfect, while fighting, inter, with gerund.
Exercise 107.
A brave soldier had been sent with a message written on paper to
one of the generals of his army. While making the journey the enemy
attacked him. He was severely wounded with a javelin, and by the
same blow his companion was killed. Leaving the dead man he fled
swiftly. At last, worn out by fatigue and wounds, he fell on the
ground. Fearing the approach of the enemy, and not forgetful of his
duty, he concealed the paper in the wound. He was found next day
by his friends. He showed the paper hidden in the wound, and then
died with a joyful countenance. The general built a monument to this
brave soldier. On the monument were these words, ' Here lies a brave
soldier. He died, faithful to the last, in the discharge of his duty.'
while making the journey, on the road, and not, neither.
to, of. in the discharge of, discharging.
Exercise to 8.
War had broken out between the French and the Germans. A
celebrated general of the French was severely wounded in the leg.
The surgeons being consulted said, * The leg mwsi he cut off.' The
general received the news with a calm countenance. There were many
men around him in the tent ; among these he saw a faithful servant
shedding tears. Then the general said, smiling, ' Why do you shed
tears, my friend ? This accident will lighten your labour. Now you
will clean one boot only.'
must be cut off, gerundive.
109-111] Exercises. 103
Exercise 109.
Once a French pirate attacked the ship of &omt merchants. The
merchants determined to resist the enemy, for there was much (/old
in their ship. Among them was a certain priest. He said, ' 1 shall
not fight : it is not (the duty) of a priest to fight.' The pirates ^^^
attacked the merchants. These for a long time repelled the enemy. "
At length the pirates attempted to board the merchantman. Then
the priest seized the leader of the pirates, and said, * My friend, there
is no need of thee in this vessel.' Having said these words with a
calm countenance, he threw him into the sea. The pirates, terrified
by the loss of their leader, were easily defeated.
some, ctrtain {quidam). much gold, inuch of gold.
Exercise no.
A brave centurion with a few soldiers was trying to storm a fort.
Three hundred Gauls were defending the fort. For a long time they
were not able to get possession of it, for the enemy fought very
bravely. At last one of the Gauls tried to pierce the centurion with
a spear. But he seized the spear with both hands, and held it. The
Gauls then drew him into the fort. But the centurion having drawn
his sword, attacked the enemy bravely. They retreated ; and the rest
of the soldiers, having followed their brave leader, soon got possession
of the fort, and killed all the Gauls.
A, quidam.
Exercise in.
A certain man had taught his dog many things, and among others
to fetch his food from the cook in a basket. Once the dog was return-
ing to his master thus laden. Two other dogs, attracted by the smell
of the food, determined to attack him. The dog put the basket on A^-v-*
the ground, and fought bravely against one of them, but meanwhile
the other ran to the basket and began to eat. At length, seeing no
hope of victory, he threw himself between liis two opponents, and
quickly devoured the food himself. Then he returned to his master
with the empty basket.
his dog many things, hath in the ace. after ' tatujhC
one \alter), one of two.
104 The Simple Sentence. [112-115
Exercise 112.
A philosopher wishing to test the ingenuity of the spider, often
used to place one on a small stick stuck in the ground, and surrounded
the stick with water. The spider, seeing no means of escape, ascends
the stick, and then ejects its web. The wind carries the web to some
stick or stone. Then the wise spider escapes by this, but it always
beforehand tests the strength of the web.
beforehand, ante.
Exercise 113.
The Russian army was once crossing the Alps. The soldiers, over-
whelmed with fatigue and overcome with want, no longer obeyed the
command of their general, or observed their usual discipline. Then
the general with a loud voice exclaimed, ' Dig a ditch, and cover me
with earth ; your general desires to be interred here, for you desert
him.' Overwhelmed with shame, the soldiers are said to have thrown
themselves at his feet, and to have demanded pardon.
at, ante.
Exercise 114.
The laws of Draco, the Athenian, were very severe ; he punished
almost ail crimes with death. Hence the orator Demades used to say,
' The laws of Draco are written with blood.' He used to punish thieves
as severely as parricides. Once being asked by a friend, ' Why do you
punish little crimes with death?' he replied, 'Even the smallest
crimes are worthy of death : there is no greater punishment for greater
ones.'
as — as, tarn — qiuim.
Exercise 115.
Phocion, the Athenian general, never allowed domestic or private
things to interfere with the republic. He often refused to ask for any-
thing even for his own friends and relations. Once his son-in-law was
summoned before the judges. The accuser said, ' He has taken the
money of the republic for himself.' Then Phocion addressed him in
these glorious words, ' I have made you my son-in-law, but only for
just and honourable things.'
before, apud. for, oh.
116-118] Exercises. 105
ExercLc ii6.
Diodes proclaimed to the Syracnsans, ^ Ld no out dare to enter,
armed, into an assembly of the people ; death will be the punishment
of this crime.' Once an alarm was given of an enemy approaching,
and Diodes hastened with his soldiers girt with a sword. On the
way he entered armed into the assembly of the people. Some one
immediately exclaimed, 'Diodes, armed among the people, has
broken his own law.' Diodes then replied with a loud voice, * Thou
speakest the truth, nor skoXl Diodes be the last to sanction his own
laws.' Then, having drawn his sword, he killed himself.
Let no one, ne quis. shall Diodes be the last to sanction,
shall DiocUs last sanction.
Exercise 117.
A general had taken a well-fortified city. Soon afterwards a woman
of low rank approached him, and complained with these words, * One
of thy soldiers has taken my cattle, my sole wealth.' * Didst thou
not hear the robbers V replied the general ; ' thy sleep was very
sound.' * Certainly,' answered she, ' my sleep was sound, for I trusted
thy authority.' The general pitied the poor woman, and much money
was given to her instead of the cattle.
the general pitied the poor woman, it pitied the general of
the poor woman, much money, much of money.
Exercise 118.
Once a certain man had beaten one of his companions. Being
placed before the judge he said, ' I cannot pay the fine, for I have no
mojiey.' Now he had a long beard. His accuser then said, * The
defendant has a long beard, but no money : let his beard be shaved ;
he has nothing else ; thus he will be sufficiently punished.' The judge
replied, ' Certainly ; let his beard be shaved.' The defendant, being
terrified, then exclaimed, ' Do not shave my beard ; I shall pay the
fine.'
of, e. before, coram, no money, nothing of money.
now, autem. sufficiently, enough.
106 The Simple Sentence. [119-121
Exercise 1. 19.
Arion was a celebrated harper. He lived for a long time at the
court of Periander, king of Corinth. He once went to the city of
Tarentum, and there acquired great riches. Afterwards he wished
to return home. Therefore he embarked on hoard the vessel of some
Corinthian sailors. These wished to kill him on account of his wealth.
Then Arion took his harp, and sang a beautiful song. Then he leaped
into the sea. A dolphin, charmed by the song, placed him on its
back, and swam with him to land. Thence he went to Corinth, to
king Periander. Meanwhile the sailors had reached Corinth, and
had said to the king, 'Arion is dead.' But Arion accused them
before the king, and they were condemned to death.
at the court of, apud. on board, in, with ace. some, nonnuUus.
before, coram, to death, of the head.
Exercise 120.
The hero Hercules formerly lived in Greece. He killed his children
through madness, and was therefore compelled to serve Eurystheus,
king of Tiryns, in Argolis. By his command he performed many
wonderful labours. Greece was then devastated by some fierce beasts.
These Hercules destroyed with his club and arrows. He was after-
wards freed from slavery by Eurystheus. He then married Deianira.
Once a centaur, Nessus by name, tried to carry her off, but Hercules
slew him with an arrow. The dying Nessus gave his shirt stained
with his poisonous blood to Deianira, and said, ' This shirt will pre-
serve to you the love of your husband.' Afterwards Deianira gave
the shirt to Hercules. But the garment stuck to his limbs, and he
was killed by the poison. Thus Nessus avenged his death.
through, propter, by, ex. from slavery, abl.
Exercise 121.
Anacharsis, the Scythian, was a very wise man. He is an example
of frugality. There exists a letter of his nearly in these words : —
' Anacharsis sends greeting to Hanno. My clothing is the skin of a
wild beast ; my couch is the ground ; my sauce is hunger ; I live on
milk, cheese, and flesh. Therefore give these gifts either to your own
citizens, or to the immortal gods.' He is said to have refused the
gifts of a rich man with these words.
an example, for an example, sends, says.
122-124] Exercises. 107
Exercise 122.
In the Gallic war, a certain Gaul of great stature canie forward and
said, ' Will any Roman fight with me V Marcus Valerius, a young
military tribune, obtained permission from the consul. He took his
arms and advanced towards the Gaul. Then a wonderful thing is
said to have happened. A raven perched on his helmet. They began
to fight. Then the raven attacked the face and eyes of the Gaul with
its beak and wings. Valerius then easily slew the Gaul with his
sword. The raven then flew away. Afterwards Valerius was called
Corvus on account of this wonderful circumstance.
came torwaxd, advanced, will any, numquis? circumatsince, thing.
Exercise 123.
Hannibal, the general of the Carthaginians, had arrived in Apulia.
The two consuls, Aemilius and Varro, went out against him. They
pitched their camp near the village of Cannae. Varro, against the will
of his colleague, formed line of battle, and gave the signal for battle.
The Roman army was conquered. Never was the republic aflHicted
by a more severe wound. Aemilius fell, overwhelmed with darts.
A soldier, seeing him covered with blood, said, ' Take this horse,
Aemilius, and fly.' Aemilius replied, * Do thou rather fly, and say to
the senators, " Fortify the city ; " I shall perish here with my
soldiers.'
against the will of his colleague, his colleague {being) unwilling.
for, of.
Exercise 124.
Titus Manlius had been sent away by his father to his farm, on
account of the sluggishness of his intellect and tongue. Pomponius, a
tribune of the people, summoned his father hefore the judges. The
youth, hearing this, formed a plan. Armed with a knife, he went in
the morning to the city, and entered the house of Pomponius. There,
standing above the bed of Pomponius, he said, 'Desist from your
accusation, otherwise I shall slay you.' The terrified tribune said, * I
shall desist from the accusation.' The youth was greatly honoured on
account of his love for his father, and in the same year was made
military tribune.
before, apud. formed, entered into {ineo).
108 The Simple Sentence. [125-127
Exercise 125.
The tyrant Dionysius once was supping wiili the Lacedaemonians.
They said to him, ' Have you supped well ?' He answered, ' I am not
at all delighted with that black soup.' Now the black soup was the
jprincijpal dish of the supper. Then said the cook, ' It is not at all
wonderful, for the sauces were wanting.' * What were they, yray ?'
said he. The cook answered, 'Labour in hunting, sweat, running,
hunger, thirst, — with these things the feasts of the Lacedaemonians
are seasoned.'
with, apud. principal dish, caput, pray, tandem, lit. a/ length.
Exercise 126.
The Romans used to be annoyed by the forays of the Veientes.
Then the Fabian family approaches the senate. The consul Fabius
speaks for his family, — ' Do you take care of other wars ; give the
Fabii as enemies to the Veientes ; we wish to wage the war at our
own private cost.' Great thanks were given to him. The consul
going out from the senate-house, returns home accompanied by all the
Fabii. The Fabii are greatly praised by all the citizens. Next day
they take their arms. Never did an army, either smaller in number
or more distinguished in reputation, march through the city,— 306
soldiers set out, all patricians, all of one family.
for, pro. given, agere. accompanied by all the Fabii, all the Fabii
accompanying.
Exercise 127.
They arrive at the river Cremera. The enemy were routed in
several battles, and asked for peace. Soon the Veientes repented of
peace. Therefore war having been recommenced, they formed a plan
for destroying their warlike enemy by an ambush. The Fabii were
laying waste the fields ; cattle were driven by the Fabii towards them.
The Fabii having advanced, fell into an ambush and were all killed.
The day of this slaughter was reckoned among the unlucky days. The
Fabii had marched out of one the gates of the city. This gate was
called Wicked. One boy alone remained of the whole family. He
had been left at home on account of his youthful age. He became
father of an illustrious family of Fabii.
the Veientes repented, it repented the Veientes. of, c.
128-130] Exercises. 109
Exercise 128.
Porsena, the king of the Etrurians, determined to restore the Tar-
quins ; therefore he came with a large army to Ilome. With his first
assault he took the hill Janiculum. Never before did so great fear
seize the Romans ; they leave their fields ; they fly into the city ; they
surround the city itself with forts. One part of the city seemed safe,
on account of its walls, another part on account of the Tiber. A
bridge nearly gave a road to the enemy. There was a man, Horatius
Codes by name. He had received this name on account of an eye lost
in battle. He stood before the bridge, and alone resisted the enemy.
Meanwhile the citizens were cutting down the bridge behind him.
The bridge being cut,- he leapt into the Tiber, and swam across safe to
his friends. The state was grateful towards so great valour. Much
land was given to him, and his statue was placed in the city,
much land, much of land.
Exercise 129.
Porsena was besieging the city of Rome. Mucins Scaevola, a
brave man, went to the senate and said, * I wiU go to the camp of the
enemy and kill their king.' Permission having been given, he went to
the camp of Porsena. There he stood, in a great crowd, near the
king. Pay was then being given to the soldiers, and a clerk in a
splendid dress was sitting there. Mucius being deceived by his dress
slew him instead of the king. Being placed hcjorc the king he thrust
his right hand into the fii*e, saying, ' Perish, right hand ; thou didst not
perform thy duty.' The king being astonished liberated him. Then
Mucius said, ' king, three hundred men like me have conspired
against thee.' Porsena terrified by these words ceased to fight against
the Romans, having received hostages.
before, coram.
Exercise 130.
Porsena received Cloelia, a noble virgin, among the hostages. His
camp was not far from the bank of the Tiber ; therefore Cloelia, having
eluded the guards by night, seized a horse, and swam across the Tiber.
This was told to king Porsena, and so being angry he sent ambassadors
to Rome, saying, ' Restore Cloelia the hostage.' The Romans restored
her. Then the king, wondering at the valour of the girl, praised her,
and said, ' I will give you part of the hostages.' The hostages having
been brought in, Cloelia chose some little girls, and returned with
them to her country.
having eluded the guards, the yuards having been eluded.
no The Simple Sentence. [131-133
Exercise 131.
Orpheus used to be able to draw along rocks and trees hy singing.
His wife Eurydice having been killed by the bite of a snake, he
descended to the infernal regions, wishing to bring her back. He said
to Pluto, ' Restore to me, I pray, my wife Eurydice.' Pluto answered,
' I will do so ; do not look back (while) returning ; you will at length
reach home, and there you can look at your wife.' But Orpheus
(while) returning looked back at his wife ; immediately she was
snatched away.
by singing, gerund.
Exercise 132.
Procas, king of the Albans, had two sons, Numitor and Amulius.
He left the kingdom to Numitor, for he was the elder ; but Amulius
drove away his brother, and reigned. He determined to deprive
Numitor of offspring ; and so he made his daughter, Rhea Sylvia,
priestess of Vesta. She, however, gave birth to Romulus and Remus,
Amulius threw her into chains, and cast the little boys, placed on a
raft, into the Tiber. The stream subsiding left them on dry ground.
They relate this story about the boys. A she-wolf, hearing them cry-
ing, ran up and licked them with her tongue, and discharged the duty
of a mother towards them.
Procas had, to Procas were, of offspring, ablative.
Exercise 133.
The wolf used often to come to the boys as if to her cubs, and so
Faustulus, the king's shepherd, perceiving this, took them to his
cottage, and gave them to Acca Laurentia, his wife, to be brought up.
The boys, growing up among the shepherds, increased their strength by
games, and then began to roam over the valleys and mountains, hunt-
ing wild beasts, and afterwards to drive away robbers from the herds.
Therefore the robbers lay in wait for them. Remus was taken ; but
Romulus defended himself. Then Faustulus said to Romulus,
* Numitor is your grandfather, Rhea Silvia your mother.' Romulus at
once armed the shepherds and hastened to Alba.
to be brought up, gemndive.
134-136] Exercises. Ill
Exercise 134.
Meanwhile the robbers brought Remus to king Amulius, and
accused him with these words, 'This youth, king, plunders the
herds of Numitor.' Therefore Remus was surrendered to Nuniitor
for punishment ; but Numitor seeing the youth's face, nearly recog-
nised him. For Remus was very like his mother, and his age agreed
with the time of their exposure. Meanwhile Romulus arrived
suddenly, liberated his brother, and restored Numitor to the throne
aittr killing Amulius.
for, ad. after killing Amulius, Amulius having been hilled.
Exercise 135.
Then Romulus and Remus founded a city in the place of their
exposure. But soon a quarrel arose between them. For they said,
' Whether of the two shall give a name to the new city, and be king ? '
so they used augury. Romulus first saw six vultures, afterwards Remus
saw twelve. So Romulus called the city Rome. He wished to rule it
by laws, so he said, * Let no one cross the rampart.' Remus, laughing,
leaped over it. Romulus being enraged slew him, saying these words,
* Evei-y one attempting this shall thus perish : my walls are not to be
crossed.' So Romulus alone got possession of the throne.
let no one, he quis. every one, all. to be crossed, gerundive*
Exercise 136.
Romulus had made rather the outline of a city than a city, — in-
habitants were wanting. There was a wood near ; this he made a
refuge. Thither immediately a number of robbers and shepherds
betook themselves. He and his people had no wives. So he sent
ambassadors to the neighbouring peoples, saying, 'Give us wives.'
The ambassadors were nowhere well received ; jests also were added —
' Why don't you also open a refuge for women ? Such women would
be a fit alliance for you.' Romulus dissembling his anger prepared
games. Many of the neighbouring people came from the desire
of seeing the new city, and especially the Sabines with their children
and wives. Suddenly, a signal having been given, the girls were
carried off. This at once was the cause of war.
from, propter, of seeing, gerundive.
112 The Simple Sentence. [i3M39
Exercise 137.
The Sabines took up arms against the Romans on account of the
carried-ofF girls. They found a girl, Tarpeia by name. She had left
the city jor the sake of drawing water. Her father ivas in cmnmand of
the Roman citadel. Titus Tatius, the leader of the Sabines, offered
the girl her choice of reward, saying, ' Lead my army into the citadel.'
She asked the Sabines for the ornaments of their left hands, that is
(to say), their rings and bracelets. These having been promised,
Tarpeia led the Sabines into the citadel ; then Tatius said to his
soldiers, ' Throw your shields on her,' for they had their shields also
in their left hands. Thus her wicked treachery was visited by a
prompt punishment.
for the sake, caussa. was in command of, commanded.
Exercise 138.
Romulus marched against Tatius, and fought with his army. At
the first charge, a distinguished man among the Romans, Hostilius by
name, fell fighting most bravely. The Romans, terrified by his death,
began to fly. Already the Sabines began to shout, ' We have con-
quered our treacherous hosts, our unwarlike enemies. It is one thing
to carry off girls, another to fight with men.' Then Romulus raising
his arms to heaven vowed a temple to Jupiter ; and his army, either
by chance or by the help of the god, halted. And so the battle was
renewed, but the carried-off women, with dishevelled hair, dared to
come between the flying darts, and, imploring at one tifne their fathers,
at another their husbands, brought about peace,
one thing — another, aliud — aliud. at one time — at another, 7i2tnc — 7iiinc.
Exercise 139.
Romulus made peace with the Sabines, and received them into the
city. He chose out of the older men one hundred counsellors. These
on account of their old age were called the Senate. He appointed
three centuries of horsemen ; he distributed the people into thirty
curiae. These things having been thus appointed, he was 07ie day
reviewing his army, near the Goat's pool. Suddenly there arose a
storm with loud thunder, and Romulus was carried off out of sight.
A nobleman, Proculus by name, said, and affirmed with an oath, ' I
have seen Romulus and talked with him.' He said, * Let the Romans
refrain from dissension and ivorship virtue.' So Romulus was
worshipped as a god, and called Quirinus.
one day, oUm. refrain, worship, /M^wre imperat.
140-142] Exercises. 113
Exercise 140.
In the reign of Tullus Hostilius war broke out between the Romans
and the Albans. It seemed good to Hostilius, the king of the Romans,
and Fufletius, the general of the Albans, to intrust the destinies of
either people to the hands of a few chosen men. There were three
brothers among the Romans, by name Horatii, and also three brothers
among the Albans, Curiatii by name. The kings said to them, ' Are
you willing to fight for your country 1 ' ' We are willing,' answered
they. Then said the kings, * The conquerors in this combat shall give
victory and rule to their own country.' So the brothers take their
arms, and advance into the middle between the two axmies. The two
armies sat down on either side.
In the reign of Tullus Hostilius, TuUm Hostilius reigning,
either, iiterque.
Exercise 141.
The signal is given. The youths rush together with drawn swords.
Soon two Romans fell dying, one over the other — the three Albans
were wounded. The Alban armies shouted with joy at the misfortune
of the Horatii. Hope was already abandoning the Romans. The
three Curiatii had surrounded the remaining Horatius. He, though
untouched, pretended flight. At length, looking back he saw one of
the Curiatii near. He returns against him with a fierce rush and slays
him. Then he slays the second. Now one on each side remained,
but the body of one was untouched by the sword, and his courage
increased by his success. The other was weaiy from running and
from his wounds. The Roman kills him, holding his arms with
difficulty, and spoils him as he lies.
at, ad. from running, gerund, as he lies, lying.
Exercise 142.
The Romans triumphing escort Horatius home. First marched
Horatius bearing before him the spoils of the three brothers. His
sister met him. She had been betrothed to one of the Curiatii, and
seeing his cloak on her brother's shoulders, she began to weep and
tear her hair. The fierce youth was enraged on account of the tears
of his sister, and so, drawing his sword he. ran her through, upbraiding
her with these words, ' Be off from hence to your lover, forgetful of
your brothers, forgetful of your country ! Roman women mourning
a foe shall perish thus.'
he ran her through, pierced her. be ofi", go away.
B.LIV. JJ
114 The Simple Sentence. [143-145
Exercise 143.
This seemed a horrible deed to the senators and the people ; and so
Horatius was condemned to death before the judges. Then Horatius
aj)pealed to the people. Meanwhile the father of Horatius Izc/pi
exclainmirj, ' My daughter was rightly slain : look at the spoils of the
Curiatii, do not deprive me of the last of my children.' The people
could not endure the father's tears, and liberated the youth, more from
admiration of his valour than from the right of his cause. However,
the father resolved to expiate the crime ; and so he sent his son under
a yoke, after completing some sacrifices. Noiv to go under the yoke
was a sign of disgrace.
kept exclaiming, imperfect, after completing some sacrifices, some
sacrifices having been completed. Now, autera [second
word in the sentence).
Exercise 144.
Peace did not last long, for Fuffetius roused the Veientes against
the Romans. TuUus Hostilius drew up his forces. They fought for
a long time. Fuffetius being summoned by TuUus to his assistance
drew off his forces to a neighbouring hill. Tnllus seeing this exclaimed
with a loud voice, * Fuffetius is doing this by my order ; he will sur-
round the enemy.' The Veientes hearing this were terrified and
easily conquered. Next day Fuffetius came to the Koman camp.
TuUus exclaimed with a loud voice, * Seize the traitor ; bind him to
two four-horsed chariots, and tear him asunder.' This was at once
done. Then Tullus destroyed Alba on account of the treachery of its
general, and took the Albans with him to Eome.
last, remain, to his assistance, for an assistance {dat.).
Exercise 145.
Tarquinius the Proud had been made king at Rome. For a long
time he fought with the neighbouring nations. He took the city of
G-abii by the treachery of his son Sextus. Sextus went to Gabii com-
plaining of his father's cruelty towards him. He was kindly received
by the citizens, and soon was chosen their leader. Then he sent a
messenger to his father, asking, What must I do ? His father did
not answer the messenger, but went into the garden, and (while)
walking there, followed by the messenger, kept cutting down the heads
of the tallest poppies with his stick. At last the messenger being
weary returned to Gabii. Sextus understood the matter at once. He
slew the chief men of the state, and surrendered the city to his father
without nnj fighting.
wliat must I do ? loltat does it behove me to do ? followed by the
messenger, the messenger following, fighting, battle.
146-140] Exercises. 115
Exercise 146.
A certain funny fellow was once travelling through France. On
the road he was seized with a severe illness, nor could he obtain the
assistance of a skilful doctor. One of his friends said to him, 'A
skilled doctor lives not far off ; shall I send for him 1' The sick
man replied, ' He is too great a man for me ; send for the doctor of
the village ; perhaps he will not dare to kill me.'
too, nlmis.
Exercise 147.
A certain celebrated senator was walking through a village. On
the road he saw a fellow beating an ass. * At wliat price will ^ou sell
your ass?' asked he 0/ the man. *J am willing to sell it for a
hundred pence,' replied the other. * I give you the money,' said the
senator. Then the money having been paid, he said to the peasant,
* Why do you dare to beat my ass, you rascal?' With these ivords
he began to beat the peasant with his stick, and drove him from the
place, uttering loud lamentations. The peasant used afterwards to
say, * Seeing an ass I always remember that senator.'
what, quantus. of, ex. I am willing, / loish.
with these words, having spoken these {words).
Exercise 148.
Three robbers attacked a Scotch traveller on the road. ETe de-
fended himself bravely for a long time, but was at last conquered and
bound. The robbei-s then said, ' This man has defended himself very
bravely ; there is much money in his purse.' But Jiaving examined
the purse they only found one penny. The Scotchman had defended
this penny at the risk of his life. The astonished i-obbers said, ' He
has only one penny ; having tenpence he would have hilled us all.'
having examined, having been examined, at, cum,
he would have killed, jduperf. -conjunctive.
Exercise 149.
Two soldiers, o)u an Irishman, the other a Scotchman, were walking
along the street in a oei-tain town. They saw a pretty girl working
with her needle in a shop. The Irishman wishing to behold the face
of the girl again, said to his companion, ' Let us go into the shop and
buy something.' The Scotchman replied, * Do not waste your money ;
let us rather go into the shop and ask for the change of a penny.'
one, tlie one.
116 The Simple Sentence. [iso
Exercise 150.
A nobleman once met a schoolmaster on the road. He asked him,
* Who are you, and how do you support yourself 'V The schoolmaster
replied, 'I am the master of this town.' The nobleman being as-
tonished again asked him, ' How are you the master of this town V
The other replied, * I am the master of the boys ; the boys are masters
of their mothers ; the mothers rule the fathers ; therefore I am master
of the whole town.' The nobleman being greatly pleased with this
wise answer said to the schoolmaster, * I have never met a wiser man
than you.'
Distinguish carefully between magister, a (school) master, and
dominus, a master.
X'-A
i/rp^
^,jU^
THE COMPOUND SENTENCE.
(a.) The Compound Sentence consists of a Principal Sentence
with Dependent Clauses.
{h.) Dependent Clauses are called Substantival, Adjectival, or
Adverbial, according as they take the place of a Sub-
stantive, Adjective, or Adverb.
ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES.
Verb in the Indicative with Eelative words :
Ex. Caesar, qui Gallos vicit, dux fortissimus erat.
Caesar, who conquered the Gauls, was a very brave general.
The Adjectival clause, qui Gallos vicit^ takes the place of an
adjective, describing Caesar.
Rule for the agreenient of the Relative. — The Eelative agrees
with the Substantive it describes in Number, Gender, and
Person ; in Case it agrees with its own clause.
If since, although, in order that, such tluit, is understood in
the Eelative, the Verb will be in the Subjunctive.
Ex. Legates mi sit, qui pacem peterent.
He sent ambassadors who ( = in order that they) should ask for peace.
Exercise 151.
Once (when) travelling through Germany I saw a very wonderful
thing in an inn. After supper the landlord placed on the floor a
large dish of soup. Then with a loud voice he summoned a dog, a cat, J
an old raven, and a very large rat, who had a bell hung from its neck
These four animals approached the dish and devoured the soup ivhich
icas in the dish, nor did they disturb each other. Then the dog, the
cat, and the rat, lay before the fire, but the raven walked about the
room.
who had a bell hung from its neck, adjectival clause qualifying tlie
word 'rat.' which was in the dish, adjectival clause
qualifying * soup.' about, per,
117
118 Adjectival Clauses. [152-155
Exercise 152.
A bone had stuck in the throat of a wolf. Therefore he hired a
crane with a reward, wlio^ having inserted his heak into the throat,
pulled out the hone, which he was easily able to do hj the length of liis
neck. Then he asked for his reward. The wolf, for whom he had done
so great a service, replied, ' You have extracted your head safe from
my jaws : is not that enough reward for you V
who pulled out the bone, adjectival clause qualify mg * crane.*
ha^dng inserted his beak, his heak having heen inserted.
by, on accoiint of. enough reward, enouyh of reward.
Exercise 153.
King Porus, in a battle against Alexander, king of Macedon, being
severely wounded, fell from the back of his elephant. The enemies,
who had seen his fall, advanced, for they desired to deprive him of his
rich clothing and arms ; but the faithful elephant standing over the
body of his master bravely repelled all who dared to approach, and
taking up Porus with his trunk, placed him again on his back. At
length the soldiers of Ponis came up and the king was saved : but the
elephant died of the wounds which he had received.
of the wounds, ahl. of cause.
Exercise 154.
A certain peasant, who was lying in his bed, sent his daughter into
the garden, saying, ' Look at the sun-dial.' The girl soon returned.
Her father said, ^ What d clock is it?' She said, * I don't know.'
The peasant sent her again. The girl, who was ignorant of numbers,
took the sun-dial, and brought it to her father, saying, ' Behold ! see
(for) yourself.'
what o'clock is it ? ivhat [quotus) hour is it ?
Exercise 155.
In India they hunt tigers in this way : A large number of men are
sent armed with sticks. These beat the bushes, in which the tiger is
thought to be hid, uttering loud cries. Meanwhile the hunters lie in
ambush ; the tiger hearing the noise runs away, and is received by the
hunters, who kill it with their weapons. Sometimes the hunters ride
on elephants, which advance through the bushes. Sometimes the
hunters lie in ambush near the ctircass of an ox which has been killed
by the tiger.
hearing the noise, tlte noi.^e /laving h<en heard.
156-158] Exercises. 119
Exercise 156.
In Ireland are found the snij^ and the woodcock. These by night
feed on small wonns in the marshes, but by day lie hid in the grass
and among bushes. The fowler pursues them Avith dogs, who per-
ceive them by their smell. The dogs, being well taught, stand still.
The fowler then approaches. (On) perceiving his approach the birds tly
away, but are often struck doAvn l)y the weapons of the fowler, who at
once sends on a dog to bring them to him in his mouth. In tliis way
great number of these birds is often t.aken.
to bring them, who may bring them (s/z/y. ).
Exercise 157.
The Gauls were once besieging Rome. They determined to attack
the citadel. They first sent a soldier, who should seek a path. Then
by night, dragging each other (up), they arrived at the toj) of the hill on
which the citadel stood. Not even the dogs heard their approach.
Geese, birds sacred to Juno, from which the Romans had abstained in y
their great want of provisions, were kept in the citadel. The Gauls
did not escape the notice of the geese. Manlius, a brave soldier,
roused by the cries of the geese, and the flapping of their wings, sum-
moning the rest of the soldiers, hurled down the ascending Gauls.
each other, alius — allum. the top of the hill, the highest hill, the dogs,
put ' dogs,' which is the emphatic ivord, between ne and quidem,
Exercise 158.
Lysimachus was one of Alexander's generals ; a man of noble birth,
but by far more distinguished by virtue than by race. Once upon a
time Alexander mutilated Callisthenes, a pliilosopher, in all his limbs,
and besides shut him up \vith a dog in a cage, Lysimachus, who liad
])een wont to listen to the philosopher, and receive from his mouth the
precepts of virtue and wisdom, gave him poison as a remedy /or his
misfortunes. Alexander took this very ill, and said to his soldiers,
' Expose Lysimachus to a lion.' The lion rushed at Lysimachus, who
thrust his hand, wrapped in a cloth, into its mouth, and slew the beast
by tearing out its tongue. This having been told to the king,
astonishment succeeded anger, and he held Lysimachus dearer than
before on account of his courage.
to listen to, to hear, for, of. took this very ill, bore this very ill.
by tearing out its tongue, its tongue having been torn out.
120 Adjectival Clauses. [159-162
Exercise 159.
There is in Egypt an animal wifh a small body and long head,
which is called the ichneumon. It kills and eats snakes. (When)
wounded by the bite of a snake, it runs away into the woods. Soon it
returns unhurt. It is said to find a plant whose juice keeps off the
poison of the snake. There is a great quantity of snakes in Egypt.
They enter into any house where there is not an ichneumon, and live
there. Men and animals are often killed by their bite.
with a small body, ahl, of quality, any, quilihet.
Exercise 160.
The town of Platea in Boeotia was besieged by Archidamus, the
Spartan king, with a large army. The inhabitants, who fought very
bravely, were able to repel their enemies for two years. Archidamus
at length compelled them to surrender themselves, all the food which
they had prepared being consumed. The inhabitants were then placed
before the judges, who questioned them as follows — 'Have you
assisted the Lacedaemonians in this war?' They were compelled to
reply, ''Not at alV Then they were all killed by the order of the
cruel king. The town of Platea was given to the Thebans, by whom
it was destroyed.
as follow, thus, not at all, minime.
Exercise 161.
The frogs are said formerly to have asked a king for themselves
from Jupiter. Overcome by their prayers, the god threw down a huge
log into the water. The frogs, who were greatly terrified, long re-
mained quiet ; but at last, seeing the nature of the new Idng, they
begged for another ; but soon, a water-snake having been sent, who
killed very many, fkty repented of their folly. All said, ' The first king
whom we had was better than this one.'
they repented, it rejjented them.
Exercise 162.
Once Alexander, king of Macedon, invaded Egypt, which had long
been subject to the Persians. He remained there a long time, and
founded the city of Alexandria, which to this day bears his name. He
said, ' This city which I have founded shall be the capital of my empire.'
Elated Avith success, he now laid claim to divine honours. Among
the very priests were found base persons who flattered him, and said,
' Thou art the son of Jupiter Ammon.' He marched to the temple of
this god, which was distant a journey of seven days from Alexandria,
but many of his soldiers were killed by fatigue and thirst on the
road.
laid claim to, claimed, very, ipfte.
163-165] Exercises. 121
Exercise 163.
The birds were waging war with the quadrupeds, and the fortune of
war for a long time was doubtful, at one time the former, at another time
the latter carrying off the victory. The bat, who preferred safety to /
honour, used to betake himself to those who had conquered. Among
the birds he used to say, *I am a bird ;' among the quadrupeds he
used to say, ' T am a mouse.' When the birds and quadrupeds had
made peace the deceit was evident to both. Therefore, being con-
demned by both, he escaped, and from that time used only to fly by
night.
at one time — at another, nunc — nunc, was evident, appeared.
Exercise 164.
Octavianus brought assistance to Brutus, who was being besieged by
Antonius at Mutina. He was not able to approach the city, for
Antonius held all the approaches. Therefore, wishing to inform
Brutus of everything, he at fii'st sent letters written on leaden plates,
which were carried by a diver under the water of the river ; he after-
wards used pigeons for this (purpose), which he used to keep for a long
time without food ; then he used to tie letters to their necks, and let
them go from a place near the walls. The pigeons, eager for food,
used to make for the highest buildings, and were then taken by
Brutus.
of, dp. for, ad. to make for, to neeh.
Exei'cise 165.
Once there was a man at Athens, by name Timon, who had con-
ceived a hatred towards the whole race of men. He one day came
into the assembly, which he was not wont to do. Therefore there was
great expectation of all men. Then said he from the platform, on to
which he had ascended, ' Athenians, I have a fig-tree, from which
many men have already hanged themselves. I am goiwj to build a
house on the place where it grows. Does any one wish to hang
himself i Let him make haMe, the tree will soon be cut down.'
going to build, about to build, make liaste, hasten.
122 Adjectival Clauses. [I66-168
Exercise 166.
Socrates once met Xenophon. Seeing the honest and modest coun-
tenance of the youth, he stretched out his stick and said, * Do not pass
on.' The youth stopped. Socrates asked him, ' Where are the things
sold which are necessary for the various requirements of men ? '
Xenophon at once answered. Then Socrates asked him, ' Where do
men become honest and good V The youth replied, * I do not know.'
Then said Socrates, 'Follow me, and learn.' From that time
Xenophon began to be a hearer of Socrates, and became good and
honest,
requirements, uses.
Exercise 167.
A certain man was cutting logs beside a river. By chance his axe
slipped from his hands and fell into the river. Then he, sitting on the
bank, began to lament his misfortune, and weep piteously. But
Mercurius, who had heard his complaints, having pitied the man,
brought to him an axe — not indeed that which he had lost, but one
made of gold, and said, ' Is this the axe which you have lost ? ' The
man said, ' That is not my axe.' Then Mercurius brought another
made of silver ; the woodman, however, again m^xde the same answer.
Then at last he brought one made of iron, which the woodman joy-
fully received. The god, being delighted with such honesty, gave all
the axes to the man.
one made of gold, golden {adj.).
made the same answer, answered the same [thing).
Exercise 168.
A woman had a bird which she used to allow to come out of its
cage daily. Once the bird was eating crumbs of bread. Her cat, who
always before had shown great kindness towards the bird, suddenly
seized it, and jumped, holding it in its mouth, on to a table. The
woman was greatly frightened on account of this, but soon saw tlie
cause of the deed. Another cat had just come into the room tlii'ough
the door, which was open. She drove the stranger away, and her
own cat then came down from the table, and replaced the bird in
safety.
came down, descended, in safety, safe.
169-171] Exercises. 123
Exercise 169.
A few years ajjro an elephant in India killed its master with a blow
of its trunk. The man's wife, who had seen this dreadful thing, took
her two children, and tlu-ew them before the feet of the enraged j
animal, saying, *Thou hast slain my husband ; kill me also, and my , /
children.' The elephant at once stopped, and as if moved with ^
reraoi-se, took up the eldest boy with its trunk, and placed him on its
neck. The animal, which had killed its master, adopted the boy in
his place, and never afterwards allowed any other person to mount it.
ago, anlv. any, quisquam (only used with a negative).
Exercise 170.
A young man, who wished to kill his dog, took it with him to a
river. He then hired a boat, and began to cross the river. After a
short time he threw the animal into the water. The miserable dog
attempted to climh up the side of the boat, but his master, who wished
to kill him, often imshecl him hack with the oar. Doing this he fell
himself into the water, and nearly was drowned ; but the dog seeing
his master struggling in the river, allowed the boat to go away, and
held him (uj)) above water. At length some men came in a boat, and
his life was saved.
with him, seciim ; cum is written after mc, te, so, nobis, vobis, quo,
qua, quibus. climb up, ascend, pushed back, repelled.
4-
Exercise 171.
A dog, who owed more to the kindness of a neighbour than to his
master, was once left by accident in the well-stored pantry of his
benefactor, where there was a great quantity of milk, cheese, bread,
(and) meat. At length the maid returned to the pantry, who seeing
the dog, feared punishment for her negligence. But the honest
animal, who loved his benefactor, had tasted nothing ; but it was
liungiy, for it devoiued a bone which they then gave him. All were
greatly astonished at the honesty of the dog, who preferred to be
hungry than to eat the food of his friend.
well -stored, rich, for, on account of. astonished at, wondered at.
124 Adjectival Clauses. [i 72-174
Exercise 172.
Hannibal, who had been appointed general by the Carthaginians,
came into Italy, afUr crossing the Pyrenees and the Alps. Three
Roman generals who were sent against him were conquered with
great slaughter. At length Q. Fabius, who had been appointed
/ dictator, checked the attack of Hannibal by delay. He used to lead
^^ his troops over the hills, and never trusted any (thing) to fortune. The
troops were kept in camp. He used to follow Hannibal (when) march-
ing, and cut off the stragglers. Thus he conquered him in skirmishes,
and the Romans began to fear the enemy less,
after crossing the Pyrenees and the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Alps
Jmviny been crossed, any, quisquam (only used with negatives).
Exercise 173.
Hannibal was once besieging a Roman city. The inhabitants had
no food ; therefore a Roman general who was not far distant filled
many jars with corn, and threw them into the river, which flowed
beside the city. He also sent a messenger to say, ' Take up the jars
which the river is bringing down.' The following night the jars were
brought down by the river. The corn was equally divided among all
the inhabitants ; the same thing was done next day. Hannibal,
having detected the affair, threw chains across the river, and inter-
cepted the jars. Then the Romans threw nuts into the river, which
were carried down to the city, and taken up by the inhabitants with
baskets. By this provision their want was lessened.
to say, who shoidd say. the affair, the thing.
Exercise 174.
M. Regulus, who had been made consul, was the first Roman
o-eneral to cross over into Africa. He took the city of Clypea and
many forts ; and he fought not only with men but also with beasts. A
snake which lived near a river attacked the Roman army ; it seized
many soldiers with its huge mouth ; it crushed others with blows of
its tail, and slew some with its pestilential breath. Nor could it be
pierced by the darts which the Romans used. At length it was
destroyed by stones, which the Romans hurled with huge catapults.
It infected the river and the neighbouring country with its blood.
Reg-ulus was obliged to move his camp. He sent its skin, which was
120 feet in length, to Rome.
was the first to cross over, first crof^sed over, in length, long.
175] Exercises. 125
Exercise 175.
A certain doctor who was lying on his bed on hoard a ship once saw
a wonderful thing of this kind. A rat appeared, which examined every-
thing with the greatest care, and then went away. Soon it returned,
leading a second rat, whose ear it was holding, and which it left near
a hole. Then a third rat also came. They then collected crumbs of
bread, which they gave to the second rat, which seemed to be blind, and
which remained in the place where they had left it. It then devoured
the food which its friends had brought.
everything, omnia, on board, in.
#
^i^-^
"k
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.
Adverbial Clauses take the place of Adverbs ; that is to say,
they show wlien^ why, or how a thing is done.
They are introduced by Conjunctions.
{a.) Some of these require the Subjunctive ; as, ut {thai),
quin, ne, quo (=ut when there is a comparative in the
sentence), quominus {hy which the less), quum (since),
dum (provided that), licet, quamvis, ut (although),
tanquam, velut, ceu, quasi (as if).
(b.) All others usually require the IndicatiA^e.
The following require the Subjunctive, if the action is not
completed : —
Bum, donee, quoad (until) ; antequam, priusquam, si, nisi, etsi, etiamsi.
Ex. Hoc faciam priusquam hue veniani.
/ shall do this hefoi'e I come hither.
Quum ('when) takes the Subjunctive of the Imperfect and
Pluperfect tenses ; the Indicative of the other tenses.
(c.) The following Conjunctions do not introduce Adverbial
Clauses ; they merely join words or sentences with-
out influencing Mood :
et, que, ac, atque, aut, vel, ve, sed, autem, nam, enim.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES.
In Dependent Clauses, the Tense of the Subjunctive is
regulated by the Tense of the Verb on which it depends.
176-177)
Exercises.
127
Rule. — Primary Tenses are followed by Primary,
Historic Tenses are followed by Historic.
So—
Primary
Present
Perfect
Future
i Imperfect
Aorist
Pluperfect
Ex.
are followed by
are followed by
Present (of same time).
Perfect (of time before).
Imperfect (of same time).
Pluperfect (of time before).
Venio ut te videam, / come to see you.
Veni ut te viderem, / came to see you.
As there is no Future Subjunctive in Latin, the want of it
is supplied by the Future Participle of the Verb conjugated
with
Sim after Primary Tenses.
Essem after Historic Tenses.
Exercise 176.
There were once two very celebrated painters, one of whom was
called Zeuxis, the other Parrhasius. Zeuxis had painted grapes, and
had so imitated nature that birds fieiv to the incture^ as if the grapes
were real. Then Parrhasius brought a picture on which he had
painted a cloth. Since Parrhasius seemed to delay, Zeuxis being
deceived said, 'Take away the cloth, that I may see the picture.'
Then when he understood his mistake, he confeiTcd the prize on Par-
rhasius, saying, ' I have deceived birds : thou hast deceived me.'
that birds flew to the picture, adverbial clause introduced by * ut,^
sliovnmj how the grapes ivere imitatal. Ut=that, always takes the subj.
as if the grapes were real, adverbial clause introduced by ' tanquavi,*
showimj how the birds Jleiv to the picture.
since, quum = aince^ takes the svbj. on, in (c. ace. ).
Exercise 177.
A certain poor slave is said to have dared a glorious deed in order
to S'trchis master, whom he loved greatly. When his master, whose
name was Urbinius, had been proscribed, and was being sought by
the soldiers, who had arrived at the house where Urbinius was hid-
ing, the slave took his master's dress and ring, and sent him away
secretly. He then betook himself to his master's bedchamber, and
allowed himself to be slain instead of his master.
in order to save, in order that he might save.
was hiding, icas lying hid.
128 Adverbial Clauses. [178-180
Exercise 178.
Curius, afUr triumphing over the Samnites, the Sabines, and
/ Pyrrhus, spent the last days of his life in rastic labours. When the
Samnites had brought a great weight of gold to him sitting near the
hearth, they were dismissed by him, for, he said, ' I do not think it
glorious to have gold, but to command those who have gold.'
after triumphing over, when he had triumphed over {de).
Exercise 179.
In Africa there is a race of men who pursue elephants with won-
derful skill. They hunt in the following way. One of them mounts
a swift horse, and when he has found an elephant provokes it to
combat hy riding near it and shaking his spear. Then the elephant
pursues him, uttering terrible screams. Then another hunter lying hid
in the long grass wounds the leg of the elephant with a sharp sword
The elephant can no longer pursue the enemy, and is easily despatched
by darts. When they have killed the elephant they extract its teeth,
which consist of ivory. These they sell to the merchants, and feed
on the flesh themselves.
following way, this way. by riding, genuid. of, ex.
Exercise 180.
Scipio, while still a youth, saved his father by his great courage. For
when he had been severely wounded in a battle (fought) against Han-
nibal, and was almost in the hands of the enemy, his son opposed
himself to the advancing Carthaginians, and saved his father from
danger. This dutiful deed won the favour of the people for Scipio
when a carulidate for the aedileship. When the tribunes of the people
said, ' The youth has not yet reached the lawful age,' Scipio replied,
* If the Romans wish to make me aedile, I am old enough.'' He was
received with so great applause that the tribune desisted from their
attempt.
when a candidate for, seeking [peto).
I am old enough, / have enough of years.
181-183] Exercises. 129
Exercise i8i.
Appiiis Claudius, a foolish and rash man, set out as consul against
the Carthaginians. He used openly to blame the plans of the former
generals, and say, * I shaU finish the war as soon as I have seen the
enemy/ Before fighting a naval engagement he took the auspices ; y
and when the keeper of the fowls had announced evil omens, saying,
* The fowls do not come out of their coops nor feed,' Claudius, laugh-
ing, said, ' Throw them into the sea, that they may at any rate drink,
since they do not wish to eat.' Soon afterwards the Jlomans were
defeated with great slaughter — 8000 men were slain, and 20,000 cap-
tured. Wherefore Claudius was condemned by the people.
a foolish and rash man, a man of foolish rashness,
as soon as I have seen, as soon as I shall Jiave seen.
before fighting, before Jiefougld (subj,).
Exercise 182.
Kashness also ruined Claudia, the sister of the consul Appius
Claudius. For when she was pressed by the crowd (while) leturning
from the public games, she said, ' Would that my brother were alive,
and again in command of a fleet ! ' This seemed to the Romans to be
the same as if she had said, * Would that the excessive number of the
citizens were diminished !' On account of this wicked speech Claudia
was also condemned to death,
were, conj, expressing a loish, not a fact, in command of, commanded
(praesum), as, ac. to death, oj the head.
Exercise 183.
M. Tullius Cicero was bom of knightly rank at Arpinum, which is
a city of the Volsci. One of his ancestors had a wart on the end of
his nose like to a pea ; hence the surname of Cicero was given to the
family. When some one laughed at M. TuUius on account of this,
he replied, ' I shall take care that this surname shall surpass the
splendour of the most noble names.' He excelled aU other youths of
that time in learning, and became the most eloquent man of the
Roman senate. (When) consul he saved his country, for he crushed
the conspiracy which Sergius Catilina had made.
on the end of his nose, summo nafto.
shall surpass, may surpass.
B.L.ir. 1
130 Adverbial Clauses. [184-186
Exercise 184.
When Cicero had seen his son-in-law Lentulus, a man of small
stature, girt with a long sword, he said, * Who has tied my son-in-laAV
to the sword ? A certain lady used often to say, * I am OTdy thirty
years of age,'' Cicero remarked, * It is true, for I have been hearing
it thirty years.' When Caesar's colleague died on the last day of the
year Caninius was made consul for the rest of the day. When many
went to salute him according to custom, Cicero remarked, * Let us
make haste before his (term of) office expires.' Cicero wrote of the
same man, * Caninius was a man of wonderful vigilance, since he did
not sleep once during his consulate.'
I am only thirty years of age, / am bom only thirty years.
I have Ijeen hearing, present tense.
for the rest of the day, for {in) the remaining day [ace.)*
office, magistratus. of, concerning.
Exercise 185.
M. Brutus, descended from the man who had expelled the Tarquins
from Home, learned oratory at Rhodes. He was distinguished on
account of his virtue. His father had been put to death by the
order of Pompeius ; yet in the civil war he followed Pompeius
because his cause seemed the juster, and preferred the advantage
of the republic to his own grief. When Pompeius was defeated,
Caesar pardoned Brutus, and even made him praetor. Afterward?,
when Caesar seemed to despise the authority of the city, and to wish
to be king, the people desired a champion of liberty. Some one wrote
under the statue of the first Brutus, ' Would that you were alive ! '
Also under the statue of Caesar was written, ' Brutus was made the
first consul because he expelled the kings ; this man was made king
because he expelled the consuls.' There was also written on the
tribunal of M. Brutus, ' Thou sleepest, Brutus.'
were, con^.
Exercise i86.
When Caesar had been slain, Antonius, showing his blood-stained
gannent, -excited the people against the conspirators. Therefore
Brutus retired to Macedonia, and there fought near the town of
Philippi against Antonius and Octavianus. Being defeated, he said
to one of his companions, * Slay me with your sword, lest I fall into
the hands of the enemy.' Antonius seeing the body of Brutus, threw
over it his purple cloak. Octavianus, on the contrary, said to his
soldiers, ' Cut off the head of Brutus and bring it to Eome, that it may
be placed under the statue of Caesar.'
retired, betook himself.
187-182] Exercises. 131
Exercise 187.
Demosthenes wonderfully assisted a woman, who had received a sum
of money from two men, on condition that she should give it up to
both at the same time. After some time, one of the two came dressed
in mourning, and deceived her, saying, * My friend is dead.' So she
gave him all the money. Then the other came and began to ask for
the money. The unhappy woman hesitated from want of money or
excuse, and was already thinking of hanging. But Demosthenes came
to them and said, ' The woman is ready to pay the money, but cannot
do so unless you bring your partner, since the money must be paid to
both at the same time.
on condition, on that {is) coiuUtion. mourning, darh (pullus) dress.
of, de. must be paid, is to he paid {yerundive).
Exercise 188.
A quarrel had arisen among the sons of a certain peasant. For a
long time their father exhorted them in vain, saying, ' Be agreed.' At
length he said to his sons, ' Bring me fifty sticks and sit down.' Then
he bound together all the sticks into one bundle and gave them to
his sons, in order that they should break them. But they, though
they used all their strength, laboured in vain, nor were they able to
break them. Then the father cut the knot, and gave them the sticks
one by one, which they broke easily. When this had been done, he
addressed his sons as follows : ' Let this be an example to you. 'You
will be safe from your enemies, as long as you remain agreed. But as
soon as quarrels shall have arisen among you, your enemies will
attack you safely.'
for a long time, long, one by one, me the distributive numeral.
an example, for an example {dat. ).
Exercise 189.
A king one day on the road met a dog, which was guarding the
body of a slain man. Some soldiers said, * This dog lias been sitting
near the body for three days, without food, and will not leave the
body.' The king said, ' Bury the body, and take care of the dog.'
A few days after the king reviews his army. The soldiers pass by
one at a time. The dog is present. He, though he had been quiet
before, a,s soon as he saw the murderers of his master, rushed forward,
and attacked them with such fury 05 to excite the suspicion of the
king and of all who were present. Therefore they were seized and
questioned, and some having turned informers, were condemned to
death.
!0 day, olim. has l)ccn sitting, sits, one at a time, use the distributive
numeral, as to excite, that he excited, turned, become.
132 Adverbial Clauses. [190-192
Exercise 190.
A certain fellow having returned to his country, from which he had
been absent some years, used to boast in all the assemblies, and brag
of his glorious exploits. Among other things he used to say, ' In the
island of Rhodes, I conquered in leaping all the best leapers.' He
used also to show the length of the leap, saying, ' I have all the
Rhodians (as) witnesses of this leap/ Then one of those who were
standing by exclaimed, 'If you tell i/ie tridh, there is no need of
these witnesses ; let Rhodes be here ; leap here.'
from which, whence, the truth, true things.
Exercise 191.
Two friends were travelling. When they arrived at a certain town,
one went to an inn, the other stayed with a friend. By night the
former appeared to the latter in a dream, and seemed to say,
' Assist me ; the innkeeper wishes to kill me.' His friend arose
terrified, but on collecting himself, lay down again. Again his friend
appeared to him, saying, ' Since you have not helped me (while) alive,
do not leave me unavenged (when) dead. I have been slain by the
innkeeper, my body is in a cart, covered with manure. Stop the cart
before it leaves the city.' The spectre then disappeared. In the
morning they seized the cart, and found the body. The innkeeper
was taken and condemned to death.
with, apud. the former — the latter, ille — hie.
on collecting, when he had collected, leaves, suhj.
Exercise 192.
Another wonderful dream is thus related. Simonides having seen a
dead body exposed, buried it. Not long after, when he intended
to embark on hoard a ship, he was warned in a dream by the man
whom he had buried, who said, ' If you go you will perish by ship-
wreck.' Therefore Simonides is said to have gone home. The others
who went in the ship perished l)y shipwreck.
intended, wished, on board, Into.
193-195] Exercises. 133
Exercise 193.
War had been declared against the Tarentines, who had offered an
insult to the Roman ambassador. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, came to
their assistance. The consul Laevinus was sent against Pyrrhus.
When he had taken some of the king's scouts, he led them round the
Roman camp, and then dismissed them in safety, (in order) that they
might tell Pyrrhus everything which they had seen. The battle soon
began. When his troops were already retreating, Pyrrhus led his
elephants against the Romans ; then the fortune of the battle was
changed. The bulk of their huge bodies terrified the Romans ; the
horses also, terrified at the sight and smell of the beasts, betook
themselves to flight. Night made an end of the battle.
to their assistance, for an assistance to them, in safety, safe.
Exercise 194.
Pyrrhus held the Roman prisoners in the highest honour ; and see-
ing the slain lying with their wounds in front and with faces fierce
even in death, he is said to have used these words — * With such men I
should have conquered the whole world in a short time.' Then he
hastens towards the city of Rome by forced marches ; he lays waste all
things with fire and sword ; he pitches his camp near the twentieth
milestone from the city. Laevinus came to meet Pyrrhus with a new
army. Seeing this, the king said, ' I have the same luck against the
Romans which Hercules had against the Hydra, to whom as many heads
arose as had been cut off.' Then he retired into Campania. He dis-
missed the Roman prisoners without a ransom, in order that the
Romans, already knowing his courage, might also recognise his
generosity.
forced, great, as, quoU
Exercise 195.
C. Fabricius was one of the ambassadors who had come to Pyrrhus
to speak about the captives. When Pyrrhus heard his name praised
among the Romans as of a good and brave but poor man, he honoured
him greatly, and sent him gifts and gold. Fabricius refused every-
thing. Next day Pyrrhus, wishing to frighten him by a sudden
sight of an elephant, said to his servants, ' Let the beast be placed
close to Fabricius behind a curtain.' When this was done, at a given
signal, the curtain being removed, the beast suddenly uttered a fear-
fid scream, and hung its trunk over Fabricius' head. But he smiled
gently, and said to Pyrrhus, ' Your beast does not move me to-day
more than your gold did yesterday.'
to speak, in order that he might speah. everything, all things.
134 Adverbial Clauses. [196-198
Exercise 196.
Pjo-rhus, admiring the courage of Fabricius, addressed him in these
words— 'Desert your country and live with me ; if you are, willing to
do this, I will give you a fourth part of my kingdom.' Fabricius
replied, * If you consider me a good man, why do you wish to corrupt
me ? but if a bad one, why do you v/ant to have me ?' Next year, all
hope of peace having been taken away, Fabricius was made consul, and
sent against Pyrrhus. Since the camps were near each other, the
king's physician came by night to Fabricius, and said, ' If you are
willing to give me a reward, I am prepared to kill Pyrrhus by poison.'
Fabricius immediately sent him bound to the king, with a letter to tell
of his baseness. Then the king is said to have remarked, ' It is easier
to move the sun from his course than Fabricius from honour.'
are willing, wish, to tell of, which might tell,
-''^ Exercise 197.
Th&y fought for a long time. At last Manius Curius, who had been
made consul, defeated the army of Pyrrhus, and triumphed o-yer that king.
Four elephants, with their howdahs, then seen at Kome for the first
time, rendered his triumph remarkable. The conquered king returned
to Epirus, leaving a garrison at Tarentum. Therefore, since he was
thought sure to renew the war, Curius was again made consul ; but the
unexpected death of the king freed the Eomans from fear. For
Pyrrhus, while besieging the city of Argos, was slain by a woman, who
hurled a tile from the roof of the house on which she was standing on
to his head.
they fought, it was fought, over, de. sure to renew, /wi. 'participle.
Exercise 198.
War was declared against the French by Edward iii., king of
England. Therefore, when he had landed a large army in France,
he marched against the king of the French. The two armies pitched
their camps near a village. Next day the French drew up their line
of battle, nor did the English refuse the contest. The son of Edward,
who was called the Black Prince, commanded part of the army.
Suddenly a storm arose, which injured the French greatly, for the rain
softened their bows. The English had covered their bows, and re-
ceived no injury. The French archers could not use their bows well,
and were routed by the English, who, having discharged their arrows
from a distance, then attacked them at close quarters. Edward, who
was unwilling to assist his son, lest he should lose the glory of the
victory, said, ' Let my son finish what he has so well begun.' The
French were defeated with great slaughter, and their king was taken.
a^quidam. no, nothing of.
199-200] Exercises. 135
Exercise 199.
Hannibal got possession of the city of Tarentum by treachery.
Thirteen young nobles among the Tarentines conspired against their
country. They having gone out of the city by night, under ^^re^e^icc of
hunting, came to Hannibal, whose camp was not far distant. Hanni-
bal praised them, and said, ' (When) returning to the city, drive the
cattle of the Carthaginians towards the gates, and give part of the
s^wil to the guards.' This was often done ; and soon the gates used to
be opened whenever the youths gave the signal. Then Hannibal with
ten thousand men followed them by night. When they approached the
gate the youths aroused the guards. The gates were opened ; the
youths entered, bringing with them a wild boar of huge size. The un-
suspecting sentinel, (while) admiring the huge beast, was slain. Then
the Carthaginians rushed in, and after slaying the remaining guards,
got possession of the city.
having gone out, wJien they Jiad gone out. pretence, ace.
was not far distant, was not absent far.
gave, sulj., because indefinite; no particular time being mentioned.
after slaying, wJien they liad slain.
Exercise 200.
Lucius Aemilius Paullus (when) consul, obtained by lot the pro-
vince of Macedonia, in which Perseus the son of Philippus had
renewed war against the Romans. When he was on the 'point of setting
out against Perseus, and was returning home towards nigbt, he saw his
daughter Tertia, who was then quite little, crying. Kissing her, he said,
' What is it, Tertia? why are you sad V ' Father,' replied she, * Perse
is dead.' Now Perse was a puppy which the girl had loved greatly.
Then he, embracing the girl more closely, said, ' I accept the omen, my
dear daughter.' So from a chance saying he conceived a certain hope
of victory. He then set out for Macedonia, and marched at once
against the enemy.
on the point of setting out, a^bout to set out. towards, euh.
tiuite, admodum. now, autem. for, into.
"/tA*^ '^
SUBSTANTIVAL CLAUSES.
Substantival Clauses (Oratio Obliqua, Indirect Speech) take
the place of a Substantive, either as subject of an Impersonal
Verb, or object of a Transitive Verb.
They are divided into —
(1.) Indirect Statement, — Accusative with Infinitive, after
Verbs of saying, perceiving, thinking, hoping, pro-
mising : —
Ex. Dixit se civem Romanum esse.
H& said that he was a Ronmn citizen.
This is the usual construction ; there are some exceptions.
(2.) Indirect Command,— Ut, ne, with Subjunctive, after
Verbs of commanding, forbidding, entreating, per-
suading : —
Ex. Imperavit ei ut abiret.
He ordered him to depart.
lubeo {order), veto (forbid), prefer the Infinitive Con-
struction.
(3.) Indirect Question,— Interrogative Words, with Sub-
junctive, after Verbs of asking, doubting, and telling : —
Ex. Quaerit ex nobis quid agamus
He asJcs us what we are doing.
Observe that the Simple Sentences become Substantival
Clauses when made to depend on another Verb.
Adjectival and Adverbial Clauses, qualifying words in
Substantival Clauses, take the Subjunctive, unless they are
introduced as explanatory notes by the author.
136
201-204] Exercises. 137
Exercise 201.
A very wise man was reading in his room, when his servant came
to him greatly alarmed, and said thai the house wa& on fire. ' Go,'
said his master, ' and tell my wife. This does not concern me, for I
never take any notice of domestic affairs.'
that, not translated, being the. sign of the ace. with infinitive.
was on fire, was burning (ardeo) ; 'that the house was on fire ' is a
substantival clause, acting as object to ^ said.'
take any notice, ullam rationem habeo.
Exercise 202.
A Lacedaemonian woman had five sons, who had gone to fight in a
battle near the city of Sparta. Seeing a soldier returning from the
battle, she asked how affairs went on. ' Your five sons have been
slain,' replied he. ' This only concerns my sons,' said the woman ;
' tell me the things which concern my country.' ' We have conquered
our enemies,' said the soldier. ' Then,' said she, ' I am happy, — my
country has conquered her enemies.' It is well kno\vn that the Lace-
daemonians preferred death to dishonour.
to fight, u^e the supine, went on, Jiad themselves {iiulirect question) ;
'how affairs went on' is a substantival clause, acting as object to asked.
that — dishonour is the subject to ' it is well known. '
Exercise 203.
A soldier had painted a fly on his shield as a crest. His friends began
to laugh, and asked him why he used so small a crest. He replied
' that it was big enough, for he would go very close to the enemy.' A
battle was soon fought, and this soldier surpassed all his companions in
bravery. It is well known that true courage is always modest,
as, pro. enough, satis.
Exercise 204.
A certain soldier had been ordered to perform the duty of a sentinel
in a certain place. The duty was not altogether without danger,
so soon the soldier begged the general to remove him. ' On account of
what reason?' asked the general. The soldier answered ' that it did
not seem to him that he was brave enough for the duty.'
to remove him, indirect command, for, ad.
138 Substantival Clauses. [205-208
Exercise 205.
A quarrel arose between a hedgehog and a hare. It was agreed
that they should contend in a race, and that a prize should be given to
the conqueror. Tlie hare ran very swiftly, but when he had arrived
at the goal, lie found the hedgehog sitting there. Being greatly
astonished, he said to the hedgehog next day, * Tell me how you
defeated me, and I will give you another prize.' The hedgehog replied,
* My wife is very like me, so I placed her at the goal ; I myself re-
mained at the starting-post. You thought that she was your opponent.
Neither of us ran at all.'
that they should contend in a race, substantival clause acting as sub-
ject to * it was agreed.''
that, ut. Here * ut ' ivith subj. talces the place of the usual ace. with inj.
Exercise 206,
One of his friends once said to a philosopher who was going to make
a journey across the sea, * Do you not fear lest, your ship having been
wrecked, you should become food for the fishes ? ' ' Not at all,' replied
the philosopher ; ' it is well known that I have eaten many fishes ;
therefore I do not wish to seem ungrateful hy not being willing to be
eaten in turn by the fishes.'
going to make, future participle, by not being willing, nolendo.
Exercise 207.
When some one was one day praising the wisdom of a very foolish
man, a lady who was present said, ' I do not wonder that he has a
great quantity of wisdom, for he never uses any wisdom at all.'
one day, oliiii. at all, omnlno.
Exercise 208.
A citizen, walking one day in his garden, found one of his servents
sleeping in the shade. He rebuked his laziness severely, and said that
he was so lazy that he was not worthy of the light of the sun. * It
was for this reason,^ replied the servant, * that I was sleeping in the
shade.'
that, etc., adverbial clause introduced by ut.
It was for this reason that, ideo.
209-212] Exercises. 139
Exercise 209.
Once upon a time the mice assembled a council, in order that they
might discover how they might escape from the cat. An old mouse
addressed the rest thus : ' Let us hang a bell from the neck of the
cat ; being warned by the sound, we shall be able to escape.' All
praised the plan, but no one was willing to hang the bell from the
cat's neck.
how they might escape from the cat, indirect question.
Exercise 210.
A widow woman, who used to support life hy weaving, was
accustomed to summon her maids to work when she heard the first
crow of the cock. At last the maids, worn out by labour, killed the
cock. This being done, their condition became worse than before ; for
their mistress, who did not know what o'clock it was, used often to
rouse them even in the middle of the night.
by weaving, use the gerund, what o'clock it was, quota hora ; indirect
question, in the middle of the night, iw the middle night.
Exercise 211.
Croesus, king of Lydia, had a son, by name Atys, whom he loved
greatly. He saw in a dream this son pierced by an iron weapon,
therefore he determined always to keep him at home, and not to
expose him to danger in war. At this time a wild boar of huge size
appeared and began to ravage the fields. The husbandmen begged
the king to send his son with men and dogs to kill the monster. At
length Croesus allowed him to go, thinking that weapons, not the
teeth of a boar, were to be feared. While they were pursuing the boar,
a spear thrown by one of the husbandmen killed Atys. Thus the
dream of Croesus was fulfilled.
and not, neque. to send, indirect command, to kill, adverbial
clause, ut, etc. to be feared, gerundive.
Ex erase 212.
It is well known that Salinator, who, after losing the city, had fled
into the citadel, boasted and said, ' By my help, Quintus Fabius, you
have recovered Tarentum.' ' Certainly,' replied Fabius, laughing, ' for
unless you had lost it, I should never have retiikeu it.'
after losing the city, abl. abs.
140 Substantival Clauses. [213-216
Exercise 213.
The father of a boy came one day to Aristippiis the philosopher, and
begged him to teach his son. The philosopher demanding much money,
the father, who was very avaricious, was frightened by the price, and
said to the philosopher, that he could buy a slave for less. ' Do so,*
said Aristippus, ' thus you will have two slaves.'
to teach, indirect command, for less, minoris.
Exercise 214.
Xenophon was sacrificing to the gods, when he heard that his
eldest son had been slain in battle. He only laid down his crown and
asked how he had died. Being informed that his son had died
fighting bravely for his country, he placed the crown again on his
head. Then he called the gods to witness that he received more
pleasure from the courage of his son than jpain from his death,
more pleasure — pain, more of pleasure, of pain.
Exercise 215.
A certain king, who had been expelled by his citizens, betook him-
self to the country, where he contracted a friendship with a certain
man, by name Conon, at whose house he used often to eat turnips.
Afterwards, when the king had recovered his kingdom, Conon sent to
him a turnip of great size. The king received the gift kindly, and
ordered a large sum of money to be given to him. A certain man
seeing this, gave a horse to the king. The king, however, knowing
that his liberality towards Conon was the cause of this gift, presented
him with the turnip, which he said had cost him more than a horse.
at whose hoiise, apud quem. a large sum of money, much of money.
had cost him more, had stood to him oj more value.
Exercise 216.
Augustus used not to sleep more than seven hours, and often awoke
three or four times during the night. If he ivas unable to sleep, he
used to call one of his servants to read to him till sleep should return.
Having heard that a certain senator, although involved in debt, was
wont to sleep long and soundly, he bought his pillow at a large price.
He then remarked to his wondering friends, ' the pillow on which a
man, who owed so much, could sleep, is a most invaluable thing.'
used to sleep, imperfect, he was unable, suhj. because of the
uncertainty, to read, who should read.
217-210] Exercises. Ul
Exercise 217.
Piso the orator, lest he should be interrupted, had ordered his
servants to answer questions only, and not to say anything else.
Once he told them to invite a certain Clodius to supper. Already all
the other guests were present. Clodius alone was absent. Piso
sent the servant, who used to invite the guests, several times to see if
he was coining. At last when his arrival was despaired of Piso said
to the servant, ' Did you invite Clodius ?' * I did invite him,' replied
the servant. ' Why then does he not come V ' Because he said that
he would not come.' * Why did you not say so at once V * Because
you did not ask me.'
several times, saepius. to see, supine, if, num.
Exercise 218.
The Romans used to think Jupiter the first and greatest of all the
gods. He was born and brought up in the island of Crete. But
when he had grown up, he expelled his father Saturnus from his
kingdom, which he divided between himself and his brothers. He
obtained the empire of the sky and earth, Neptunus (that) of the sea,
and Pluto (that) of the infernal regions. But Neptunus and Pluto
used to obey him. He was represented sitting on a throne, holding a
thunderbolt in his right hand. Beside him stood an eagle. The
Romans used to think that the fig-tree was sacred to him.
used to obey, imperfect.
Exercise 219.
Thetis knowing that her son Achilles loould quickly perish, if he
followed the Grecian army to Troy, sent him to the island of Scyros.
There the king kept him among his daughters dressed in female
apparel. But Ulysses, when he had heard that AchiUes was hidden
there, placed ornaments and beautiful apparel in the hall of the royal
palace, and also a shield and spear. Then he ordered the girls to be
summoned. While they were examining the gifts, suddenly a trumpet
sounded, which sound being heard, Achilles seized the arms, whence
it was understood that he was a man. He was afterwards killed near
Troy.
would; after a past tense would /.■>• tlie si'j/i of tJie future
souuded, cano.
142 Substantival Clauses. [220-223
Exercise 220.
Troy was taken by the Greeks undzr the commoMd of Agamemnon.
Then the Greeks wished to return home, but were prevented by a wind
from setting out. A spectre is said to have appeared on the tomb of
Achilles. At last a voice from the tomb was heard, which warned the
Greeks not to leave their bravest soldier without honour. So the
Greeks sacrificed Polyxena, the daughter of Priam, Idng of Troy, near
the tomb. Then they were able to depart.
under the command of Agamemnon, Agamemnon being leader.
from setting out, lest they should set out.
not to leave, indirect command.
Exercise 221.
It is well known that cattle can foretell the arrival of rain. A
traveller relates that he once saw a herd of oxen, who had been without
water for a long time. The owner of the oxen sent his servants to
look for water. Meanwhile the cattle began to stretch out their necks
and look towards the west. After a short time clouds began to
appear, and soon so great a quantity of rain fell to the earth, that the
cattle were able to drink as much as they wished. They also say that
pigs can foretell rain or wind.
had been without, had lacTced. to look for, supine,
they wished, subjunctive.
Exercise 222.
An old writer relates that a raven, perceiving fourteen chickens
with a hen in a garden, seized one in his claws ; but that, on a girl
opening a window and making a noise, the robber flew away. After
a short time the raven is said to have returned with thirteen other
ravens ; then each (one) seized a chicken and flew away,
on a girl opening, abl. abs.
Exercise 223.
At Smyrna there are many cranes, who build their nests on the tops
of the houses. The inhabitants sometimes, to amuse themselves, put
the eggs of a hen into the nest of a crane. When the eggs are hatched,
the male crane, seeing that the young are unlike other cranes, utters
loud cries. Then a gi-eat number of cranes come to the place and
kill the female crane, for they think that she has disgraced her race.
Meanwhile the male crane laments his misfortune with loud cries,
the toijs of the houses, the top houses, to amuse, tlutt they may amuse.
221-227 J Exercises. 143
Exercise 224.
Once upon a time there was a very strong man in Greece, Glaucus
by name. (When) a youth he used to cultivate the ground, but while,
ploughing one day the ploughshare fell from the plough. The youth
put back the ploughshare into its place, (a thing) which no one else
could do without a mallet. He went to the Olympic games as a
boxer, but being unskilled in the art of fighting, he was so severely
wounded that every one thought that he would soon be conquered.
Then his father exclaimed, ' My son, do you not remember the plough-
share?' They say that the youth, roused by these words, slew his
adversary with one blow.
while ploughing, inter arandum. every one, all.
Exercise 225.
They say that the goddess Latona, after long wanderings and flight,
arrived at the island of Delos, and there gave birth to Apollo and
Diana. From this belief this island is thought sacred to these deities ;
and so great is and has always been the sanctity of the island, that
not even the Persians (after declaring war against the whole of Greece,
and men and gods, and after touching at Delos with a fleet of a thou-
sand vessels), dared to injure anything.
from this belief, hence, after declaring, when they had declared,
anything, quidquam.
Exercise 226.
To a certain man, who had learned to stand for a long time on one
foot, on saying to a certain Lacedaemonian that he did not think that
any one of the Lacedaemonians could do the same so long, the latter
answered, * Well, geese can stiind on one foot longer than you.'
on saying, when he Iiad said, well, at.
Exercise 227.
The poets relate that Perseus was sent by Minerva to kill Medusa,
who alone of the Gorgons was mortal. Noiv the Gorgons were malig-
nant monsters in female form. This Medusa had snakes for hair.
If any one looked at her he was immediately turned into a stone. To
destroy this monster, Perseus received anns from the gods. Thus
equipped ho went to the relations of Medusa, some old women, who
had only one eye among them. They foolishly intrusted this eye to
him, and he said he would not restore it until they had said where
Medusa lived. Then Perseus went to the place, and having found
Medusa sleeping, cut off" her head at one blow.
to kill, wlio slioukl kill {siihj.). now, autem.
in, of, gen. of quality, any one, quis. was turned into, became,
some, nonnullus. said ho would not, denied that he wovld.
144 Substantival Clauses. [228-230
Exercise 228.
A certain man once lost a large sum of money. Thinking that one
of his slaves had taken it he ordered them to assemble, and then
addressed them thus, ' My friends, a great snake appeared to me in a
dream and said that the man who had iak^n the money would have a
feather on ihe. end of his nose.^ The thief at once touched his nose
with his hand to see if the feather was there. ' Thou art the thief,'
exclaimed his master. The foolish slave confessed his crime, and the
master recovered his money.
taken, siibj., adjectival clause dependent on a substantival clause.
the end of his nose, end (extremus) nose, to see, that he might see.
if, num.
Exercise 229.
The poets who have written about Philoctetes have said that he was
the armour-bearer of Hercules, and received from him the arrows which
had been dipped in the poisonous blood of the Hydra. Now the Hydra
was a great snake which Hercules had killed. The foot of Philoctetes
was wounded by the fall of one of these arrows. The wound caused
so unpleasant an odour that the Greeks, with whom he was going to
Troy, removed him from them, and left him on the island of Lemnos.
At last it was found that Troy could not be taken without his arrows,
so Ulysses was sent to bring him to the Grecian camp. With the
greatest difficulty he was persuaded to go, for he had not forgotten
that they had deserted him. Troy, which had been besieged for ten
years in vain, was taken by the help of his arrows.
had been dipped, subj., adjectival clause dependent on the substantival
clause.
now, autem. to bring, who should bring ; who = in order that he.
he was persuaded, it was persuaded to him. to go, indirect command.
Exercise 230.
The god Mercurius, wishing to know at what price he was valued by
men, went to the house of a sculptor. Seeing the statue of Jupiter,
he asked what was the price. The sculptor informed him. Then he
asked about a statue of Juno. The sculptor told him that her statue
was more valuable than the statue of Jupiter. Mercurius, thinking
that his own statue would be the most valuable of all, asked the price.
* If you will buy the other two,' replied the sculptor, ' I will give you
this one also.'
at what price, quanti. he was valued, indirect question.
what M'as the price, at what price it was.
231-233] Exercises. 145
Exercise 231.
C. Duilius ?ms ihc first to conquer the Carthaginians in a sea figlit.
He, seeing that the lionian vessels were excelled by the Carthaginians
in swiftness, prepared iron grapnels. These machines were 0/ great
use to the Romans, for they grappled with the hostile vessels, and
then fought with the sword as if in a land fight. The Romans, who
excelled the Carthaginians in strength, easily conquered them. Thirty
of the enemy's ships were taken and thirteen sunk. Duilius returned
to Rome, and was the first to lead a naval triumph. No victory was
more acceptable to the Romans, for they were able to say that they
had conquered all their enemies by sm and land.
was the first to conquer, first {adj. ) conquered, sea, naval, of great use,
for great use. by sea and land, by land and sea.
Exercise 232.
Herodotus relates that crocodiles are taken by the Egyptians in this
way ; that the fisherman lowers into the water of the river a young
pig attached to a hook for a bait ; that he then beats a young pig
while standing on the shore ; that the crocodile hearing the sounds,
which the young pig utters, hastens to the spot and swallows the bait ;
that the fishennan, when he with his companions has drawn the croco-
dile out of the water, plasters its eyes with mud, so that he may the
more easily kill it. I have heard that crocodiles are taken in this way
in other countries also.
hearing the sounds, the sounds being heard.
80 that, quo = ut eo, used instead of ut after comparatives.
Exercise 233.
When the Romans were going to fight against the Macedonians,
Gallus, a militiiry tribune, freed the Roman army from a great fear.
For he, since he knew that an eclipse of the moon would take place the
following night, summoned the troops and addressed them thus :
' There will be an eclipse of the moon next night. Do not fear this.
It happens at fixed times, and can be known and foretold beforehand.
Therefore, just as no one wonders when the moon shines at one time
with full orb, at another with a small crescent, so it is not wonderful
that it is obscured, when it is concealed by the shadow of the earth.'
Accordingly the Romans were not terrified by the eclipse, but the
Macedonians, thinking it a gloomy portent, were greatly terrified,
going to fight, /«<.-7?arf. would take place, would be. 'would' is the
sign of the future after a past tense, just as, sicut.
B.L.W. K
146 Substantival Clauses. [234-236
Exercise 234.
Marcus Aemilius Scaurus was born of a noble but poor family. He
was a most eloquent man, and by his eloquence gained glory and
wealth. (When) appointed consul he shewed himself severe in tnain-
taining military discipline : of which discipline he himself used to tell
an instance worthy of admiration, in the books which he had written
concerning his own life. Though there was a tree laden with ripe
fruit on the spot where he had pitched his camp, when the army
went away in the morning the tree was left with the fruit untouched.
He also punished the praetor Publius Decius for sitting while he was
passing by, and not obeying (when) ordered to rise.
of a noble, ahl. of origin, shewed, praebeo. maintaining, gerund.
for sitting, because he had sat. and not, neque.
Exercise 235.
Eutilius Eufus was distinguished on account of his virtues and the
innocence of his life. Since there was no one more honest than him
in the state, he was held worthy of every honour, and made consul.
When one of his friends kept asking him to do some unjust act, and
Rutilius steadily refused, his friend having become angry said : ' What
use is your friendship to me, if yoii do not do what I ask V * Nay,'
replied Rutilius, ' What use is your friendship to me, if on account of
you it behoves me to do an unjust act V For Rutilius well knew that
religion and honesty should be 'preferred to friendship.
to do, indirect command, what use, for what use.
should be preferred, gerundive.
Exercise 236.
Formerly women were not allowed to act in a theatre, but young
men dressed in female costume used to act female parts. One day
the king came earlier than usual to the theatre, and found that the
actors were not ready. So he sent one of his servants to aslc what was
the cause of the delay. The manager, knowing that it would be wisest
to tell the truth, went to the king and told him, that the queen was
not yet shaved. The king laughed, and waited till the queen was
shaved and the curtain dravm.
women were not allowed, it was not lawful for loomen.
than usual, than he was loont. to ask, supine, drawn, removed.
237-239] Exercises. W
Exercise 237.
Sertoriiis had a white doe of extraordinary beauty, which was of
great use to him, in making the troops more obedient. Sertorius had
taught her to follow him and obey his words. He persuaded the army
that she was a gift of Diana, and that she told him what ought to be
done. If he wished to order anything difficult, he used to say that he
had been warned by the doe, and all used at once to obey. Once the
doe was lost, and believed to have perished, which vexed Sertorius
greatly. Many days after she was found by a certain man. Sertorius
hid her near the place where he was wont to dispense justice, and
then told the troops that the doe had appeared to him in a dream.
When they approached the tribunal the doe leaped forth, and ran to
Sertorius. The whole army was greatly astonished
of great use, for great use. making, gerund.
the army, dat. of remoter obkct. anything, quid, difl&cult, comparative.
Exercise 238.
A certain judge used to relate a story about a fellow who had
claimed his friendship in a strange way. The judge one day while
walking could not find the house where he was going to sleep, so he
asked a man whom he met to show him the way. The other answered,
* I will do this willingly, my lord ; I had the honour of being accused
before you of stealing sheep.' The judge replied, * I remember you
perfectly ; how is your wife ? she too had the honour also of appearing
before me. She had received the sheep which you had stolen.'
' She is well, your lordship y we were acquitted of the theft : I still
am a butcher.' 'Then,' replied the judge, 'perhaps I shall meet you
again.'
I had the honour of being accused, it happened to me that I was accused
(ut vnth suhj.). of stealing, becatise I had stolen {suhj.).
how is your wife ? Hoio does your wife hold herself?
your lordship, my lord.
Exercise 239.
Jupiter had spoken in a dream to a certain man, Titus by name,
;iiid said, ' Go and order the consuls to repeat the games, for soine one
danced lately in the games whom I liked not, therefore great danger
awaits this city.' But Titus feared lest every one would laugh at him,
if he should go to the consuls with such a message, and so he did not
obey the god. A few days after his son died, and again a voice said
to him, ' Dost thou still despise my orders ? Thy son is already dead,
and if thou wilt not obey, worse disaster awaits thee.*
every one, all. wilt not, nolo.
148 Substantival Clauses. [240-242
Exercise 240.
But Titus still lingered, so he was himself seized with a sudden
weakness ; neither could he walk, but his friends carried him in a
litter. Then he delayed no longer, but ordered his relations to carry
him to the consuls. Then he told the consuls the orders of the god,
and all the things thai had happened to him. When they had heard
this, the consuls remembered that on the first day of the games a
citizen had beaten his slave with a whip in the midst of the circus y
and the citizens noticed it not, but Jupiter saw it and was angry ;
for it was a holy day, and a day suited for mirth, but not for tears and
pain.
no, haud, used often with adverbs instead o/'non. that, relative.
in the midst of the circus, in the middle circus, and it, ivhich.
Exercise 241.
The Helvetii, w^hom Orgetorix had persuaded to seek more fertile
regions, on hearing that Caesar had suddenly arrived at Geneva, asked
him to allow them to pass through the Koman province, promising to
do no injury. Caesar, who as yet had only a small army, said that he
would soon be able to reply ; let the ambassadors of the Helvetii
return to him after a few days. Meanwhile Caesar, having collected
a great army, said that he would not allow them to pass ; (and) that, if
they attempted to go, he would prevent them by force.
on hearing, when they had heard, to allow, indirect command.
to do, that they ivould do. Verbs ofhojnng and j^romising take
thefuL inf. let — return, indirect command.
Exercise 242.
Hannibal being conquered by Scipio, fled to Antiochus, king of
Syria. Ambassadors were sent from Rome to Antiochus, among whom
was Scipio, who asked Hannibal whom he thought to be the greatest
general. Hannibal replied, that Alexander king of Macedon seemed
to him to have been the greatest, because with small forces he had
routed innumerable armies. Then Scii)io asked whom he placed
second. ' Pyrrhus,' said he, ' because he first taught (how) to measure
(out) a camp, and no one could better choose growid, or place guards.'
Again, when Scipio asked whom he placed third, he replied, ' Myself.'
Then Scipio, smiling, said, ' What then would you say if you had
conquered me ? ' ^ I should have placed myself before Alexander and
Pyrrhus and all others.'
he thought, indirect question, he had routed, subjunctive, because of the
oratio obllqua. and no one, neque quisquam — more elegant
than ' et nemo. ' ground, a place.
243-2451 Exercises. " 149
Exercise 243.
Two men were once brought htfore. a judge ; the one seemed to be a
tailor, with his shears in his hand, the other a peasant. Then the
tailor spoke as follows : ' This man came to me yesterday and showed
me a cloth, asking ivhether there was enough to niake him a cap.
" There is enough," said I. Then he asked was there enough for two.
Seeing his meanness I said, " Certainly." So at last he ordered five
caps to be made, which I finished according to his order. To-day, he
will not pay me the money.' 'Thou speakest the truth,' said the
peasant, ' but show the caps to the judge.' Then the tailor drew forth
his hand from his bosom, and showed his four fingers and thumb,
from each of which hung a very little cap. ' Here are the five caps,'
said he, * which the man ordered ; nothing remains over of the cloth.'
All began to laugh, but the judge said, ' Let the tailor lose his trouble,
the peasant his cloth, and let the caps be given to the poor.'
before, apiul. whether, num. to make him a cap, /or (ad)
a cap to be made {(jerundive).
Exercise 244.
After the battle of Cannae, when his troops were congratulating Han-
nibal, and advising him to take some rest himself, and give some to his
weary troops, one of his officers, by name Maharbal, urged him
to start for Rome at once, since he was s^ire to feast in the Capitol
as victor within five days. When Hannibal rejected this advice,
Maharbal said, ' You know (how) to conquer, Hannibal, but you do
not know how to use victory.' The delay of this day is believed to
have saved the city.
some rest, something of rest, to start, indirect command,
sure to feast, future participle.
Exercise 245.
Next day, at dawn, the Carthaginians began to collect the spoil.
So many thousands of the Romans lay on the field, that three bushels
of the rings which had been taken fropi the fingers of the knights and
senators were sent to Carthage. Then Hannibal led his troops into
Cam^mnia, where he himself and his troops, given up to ease,
became less fit for war. It is well known that he ought to have gone
to Rome at once, for meanwhile the Romans enrolled fresh forces, and
fortified the city.
at dawn, at first light, ought, it behoved him, perf. inf.
150 Substantival Clauses. [246-247
Exercise 246.
Eegulus was conquered by the Carthaginians undtr the leadership of
Xanthijpjpus. Only two thousand men remained out of the whole Roman
army. Regulus himself was captured and thrown into prison . After-
wards he was sent to Rome to consult about an exchange of prisoners,
after giving an oath that he would return to Carthage if he did not
effect his object. When he had arrived at Rome, he explained his
orders before the senate, but said that he was no longer a senator,
since he had fallen into the power of the enemy. Being ordered how-
ever to give his opinion, he said that the Carthaginian prisoners ought
not to be restored, since they were youths, but he himself was worn
out with old age. The captives were therefore, 07i his recommenda-
tion, retained. Then Regulus returned to Carthage, although he knew
that he was going to a most cruel enemy and dreadful punishment,
for he thought his oath should be kept. It is well known that he was
put to death at Carthage with every kind of torment.
under the leadership of Xanthippus, Xanthippus being leader.
to, in order to. an exchange, exchan<jing, gerundive.
his object, ivhat he loished {subj. ).
on his recommendation, he being the proposer (auctor).
Exercise 247,
Marcus Brutus, knowing the wish of the Roman people, conspired
against Caesar. Porcia, his wife, being aware of his plan, wounded
herself with a knife, as if by accident. Brutus was summoned to
his wife's chamber by the shrieks of the maids. Porcia said to him
secretly, ' I did not wound myself by accident, but on purpose, my
dear Brutus ; for I wished to try whether I had enough courage to
meet death, if your plan did not succeed.' Hearing these words, Brutus
is said to have raised his hands and eyes to heaven, and to have ex-
claimed, ' Would that I could seem worthy of such a wife !'
to meet, that I might meet.
hearing these words, these words having been Iteard.
248-250] Exercises. 151
Exercise 248.
Octavianus fought in a naval battle with Antonius off Actium,
which is a place in Epirus ; he conquered Antonius and pursued him
to Egy|)t, and having besieged Alexandria, whither Antonius and
Cleopatra had betaken themselves, he got possession of it in a short
time. Then Antonius, having taken his seat on the royal throne
crowned with the diadem, killed himself with his sword. But
Cleopatra, whom Octavianus greatly desired to be taken alive, and
kept for his triumph, ordered a snake to be brought to her in a basket
among some figs, and with her own hand applied it to her ann. When
Octavianus heard this, he ordered the physicians to apply remedies to
the wound. The physicians used all their arts in vain ; Cleopatra
soon died. She was then buried together with Antonius.
which, to agree with ^ aipUxce^^ instead of with Actium, its antecedent;
this is called attraction, having taken his seat, when he had sat.
Exercise 249.
When Augustus was entering Eome, after the war with Antonius, a
certain artisan met him, among those who were congratulating him,
carrying a raven, which he had tiiught to say these words : ' Hail,
victorious Caesar, Emperor.' Augustus wondering at the bird bought
it for a large price. The companion of the artisan, who had received
nothing, told Augustus, that the latter had also another raven, wliich
he begged might be produced. The raven being brought, uttered the
words which it had learnt, *Hail, victorious Antonius, Emperor.'
Augustus only laughed, and ordered the teacher of the ravens to
divide his reward with his companion. He is also said to have bought
a parrot, which had in like manner saluted him.
the latter, hie. might be produced, indirect command*
Exercise 250.
Incited by this example, a certain cobbler trained a raven to a like
salutation, but since it learned slowly, he used often to say to the bird,
' My trouble and expense is lost.' At length the raven began to pro-
duce the desired salutation, hearing which, while passing by, Augustus
replied, ' I have enough of such saluters at home.' Then the raven
added those words, with which it was wont to hear its master com-
plaining, ' My trouble and expense is lost.' At this Augustus laughed,
and ordered the bird to be bought at a very gi-eat price,
passing, he passes by.
152 Substantival Clauses. [251-253
Exercise 251.
The brother of a very celebrated actor used to ask daily, * Did my
dear brother want me ? ' At last the actor died. Soon afterwards his
brother died also. Some asked why he had died so soon after the
death of his brother. It was answered, 'that his brother wanted
him.'
did my brother want ? was there need (opus) to my brother ?
Exercise 252.
They say that bears use wonderful stratagems in order to catch
deer, for they are not able to catch them by running, since they are
much swifter. The deer love to feed at the bottom of mountains.
The bear pursues them by scent until he sees them. They say that he
then ascends the rocks cautiously, and when he has arrived at the
summit, that he pushes down rocks at them. Sometimes one of the
deer is wounded by the rock, and then the bear descends and
seizes it.
to catch, that they may catch, at the bottom of mountains,
at the bottom mountains, at, in.
Exercise 253.
Greece was saved by one man — Themistocles. The generals of the
other Grecian states admitted this, when they assembled to assign the
prizes of wisdom and valour. Upon the altar of Poseidon at Corinth each
general placed a ticket, on which was written the names of those
whom he considered worthy of the first and second prizes. But vanity and
love of self were defeated in this. Each commander had written that
he was worthy of the first prize ; but the greater part had said that
Themistocles was worthy of the second. Themistocles also received
from the Spartans splendid prizes. He was presented with a crown,
and the most splendid chariot which the city could afford.
to, ad, followed by gerundive, of self, m.i. most splendid, to go in
the adjectival clause in agreement ivith the relative.
254-256] Exercises. 153
Exercise 254.
Quintus Fabius, in his old age, was an oflficer in the army of his son,
who had been made consul. When he was coming into camp his son
went out to meet him ; twelve lictors, according to custom, preceded him.
The old man was riding on horseback, nor did he dismount from his horse
at the approach of the consul. Already eleven lictors had passed by
i7i silence. When the consul had perceived this, he ordered the last
lictor to call to his father Fabius, to dismount from his horse. Fabius,
then dismounting, said, ' I did not despise your authority, my son, but
I wished to see i/ you knew (how) to act the consul'
in his old age, an old man. at the approach of the consul, the consul
approaching, in silence, silently, to dismount, indirect command,
if, imm.
Exercise 255.
Menenius Agrippa restored concord between the patricians and the
people. For when the people revolted from the patricians, Agrippa,
an eloquent man, was sent to the people. Being brought into their
camp, he is said to have spoken thus : ' Once upon a time the limbs,
since they saw the belly idle, revolted from it, and conspired that the
hands should not bring food to the mouth, and that the teeth should
not chew the food. But, while they tried to overcome the belly, they
themselves became weak, and the whole body became ill. Hence it
appeared that the belly was of use, and that it sent the food through
all the limbs ; therefore the revolt ceased.' The senate and the
people then made peace, and returned to the city.
that — not, ne. and that not, neu. of use, for a use.
Exercise 256.
Hannibal, the admiral of the Carthaginian fleet, leaped into a boat
and escaped from the hands of the Romans. Fearing, however, lest he
should suffer ])unishment for the loss of the fleet, he sent one of his
friends to Carthage before the news of the disaster had reached home.
He, entering the senate-house, said, * Hannibal asks you, should he
fight with the Romans?' The whole senate exclaimed, * There is
no doubt hut that he should fight!' Then said he, 'He did so, and
was conquered.' So they were not able to condemn him, because they
liad ordered him to fight. Thus Hannibal escaped the penalty of the
gallows, for with this kind of punishment a defeated general was
visited among the Carthaginians.
admiral, leader, sufier, give, should he fight, indirect qtiestion intrO'
duced by *iuim.^ but that, quin, with sid)j. so, this.
154 Substantival Clauses. [257-259
Exercise 257.
Antisthenes u&&d to exhort his disciples to pay attention to wisdom.
Few obeyed him ; therefore he dismissed them all. Among these was
Diogenes ; and when he, stirred with great desire for learning, used to
keep coming to Antisthenes, and would not go away, Antisthenes at
length threatened that he would beat his head with the stick which he
used to carry in his hand. Diogenes did not go away, but said,
' Strike if you wish ; I will offer you my head. You will not find a
stick so hard as to drive me away from your school.' It is well known
that Antisthenes at length admitted a pupil so desirous of learning, and
loved him greatly,
used to exhort, imperfect, to pay, to give, for learning, of learning^
gerund, and — not, neque. as to drive, which may drive ; which = that it.
Exercise 258.
Phocion, when condemned to death, bore himself bravely. When
some wretched man spat on him while going to prison, * Will no one,'
said he, 'check this fellow's indecency?' To one who asked him
whether he had any message to leave to his son Phocus, he answered,
* Let him not be angry with the Athenians.' And when the hemlock
which had been prepared seemed to be insufficient for all the con-
demned, and the jailer said that he would not give more unless
money was paid to him ; ' Give the man his money,' said Phocion to
one of his friends, * since at Athens one cannot even die without
money.'
to death, of the head, going, he was going, whether, num.
said that he would not give, denied that he would give.
one cannot even die, it is not lawful even to die ; — the emphatic
word to go between ' ne ' and ' quidem. '
Exe7'cise 259.
The king prepared a large fleet, for he had determined to prevent
the enemy from assisting the city which he intended to besiege. Then
he ordered a fort to be built, by which he hoped to guard the ap-
proaches of the harbour. After losing much money and time, the fort
seemed to be so badly built that he was obliged to abandon it ; and
though he had collected a large army, he was not able to effect any-
thing great. He indeed made an incursion into the region which
used to give supplies to the garrison of the city, and laid it waste
with fire and sword. One of his knights was wounded in a wonderful
way. A lance struck his head between his eye and nose ; and
although the lance was broken and the head of it remained in the
wound, he was not thrown from his horse by so violent a wound, and
the head of the lance being extracted by a skilful surgeon, he after-
wards was cured.
from assisting, lest they should assist, after losing, when he had lost.
260-262] ' Exercises. 155
Exercise 260.
A^ Polycarp stood in the theatre at Smyrna, the multitude around
him crying out that he despised the gods, the Roman proconsul, pity-
ing his old age, begged him to pronounce the words which should
show that he trusted the old gods and abhorred the Christian faith.
' Swear by the fortune of Caesar ; cry. Death to those who do not
believe that there are gods.' Those who tell the story of his death
say that Polycarp, on hearing this, looked with a severe countenance
at the crowd who were filling the theatre with their voices, and cast-
ing up his eyes to heaven, said, 'Death to those wlu) do not believe
there is a God.' Thus he said the one thing but omitted the other.
The Romans took it ill, and he was burnt.
as, when, casting up, raising, took, bore.
Exercise 261.
A peasant on the point of death, since he was not able to leave
riches to his sons, desired to rouse their minds to the desire of diligent
cultivation of the fields and to earnest labour. He therefore sum-
moned them to him and addressed them thus, ' My sons, you see how
my property stands ; but you must seek in my vineyard the money
which I have saved during my life.' After saying this the old man
died. The sons, thinking that their father had hidden a treasure in
the vineyard, take their spades, and dig up the whole soil of the
vineyard. They indeed find no treasure, but by digging the soil they
made it so fertile that the vines bore fruit most abundantly.
on the point of death, about to die.
stands, lias itself; indirect question, you must seek, fat. imp.
during, per. after saying this, these things having been said.
by digging, gerund.
Exercise 262.
Tyler, having ordered his companions to retire until he should give
them a signal, dared to come into the midst of the king's attendants.
He then behaved in such a way that the mayor of the city was not
able to bear his impertinence. He drew his sword and struck him so
heavily that he fell on the ground, where he was immediately de-
spatched by the soldiers. The conspirators, seeing the death ot their
leader, determined to revenge themselves ; and the soldiers with the
king would have been killed immediately, unless the king had seen
what ought to be done. He ordered his companions to stop ; he
advanced alone towards the angry crowd, and addressing them witli a
kind and fearless countenance, asked them why they had made such a
tumult. *Are you angry, my friends,' said he, 'because you have
lost your leader ? I am your king : I will be your leader.'
behaved, bore himself, in such a way, ita.
would have been, it would have been that (futurumjuisset tit).
what ought, indirect question.
156 Substantival Clauses. [263-265
Exercise 263.
When the Gauls had pitched their camp near the river, the Koman
army set out from the city and halted on the near side of the river.
A Gaul of huge stature advanced to the middle of the bridge, and
exclaimed with a loud voice, Will any Roman fight with me, that the
result may show which nation is best in war ? For a long time there
was silence among the Eoman chiefs. Then Titus ManHus approached
the general and said, ' If you allow me, I wish to show this beast that
I am descended from the family which hurled the Gauls from the
Tarpeian rock.' To whom the general replied, ' I give you permission ;
advance and fight bravely for yoitr country.'
the middle of the bridge, the middle bridge, is best, indirect question.
this beast, dative of remoter object.
Exercise 264.
Then his companions arm the youth. He takes his shield and
sword. The Gaul awaited him joyfully, sticking out his tongue in
mockery. When they stood between the two lines of battle the
Gaul struck the shield of Manlius with his sword with a loud noise.
But Manlius thrust himself between the arms and body of the Gaul,
and pierced him with his sword. From him as he lay he took his
collar, which he put round his own neck. The Romans joyfully
received their soldier, and brought him to the general. It is well
known that Manlius received the name of Torquatus on account of
this exploit.
in, per. his own neck, dative of remoter object.
Exercise 265.
The same Manlius, being afterwards made consul, in the Latin war,
in order to restore military discipline, ordered that no one should leave
his station to fight. By chance his son had approached the camp of
the enemy ; he who commanded the Latin cavalry, when he recognised
the consul's son, said, ' Will you fight with me, that the result may
show how much a Latin horseman excels a Roman ? ' Forgetful of the
general's order, the youth rushes to the conflict, and slays the Latin.
Having collected the spoils, he returns to his father. The consul at
once summons the troops with the trumpet ; then he addresses his
son as follows : ^ Since thou, my son, hast not obeyed the order of the
consul, it behoves you to restore discipline by punishment. Go, lictor,
bind him to the stake.' His head was then cut off by the lictor with
an axe. It is well known that only the old men went out to meet
Manlius when he was returning home ; he was always afterwards
hated by the youth.
at no one, ne quis, lit. lest any one. to, ut. how much, quanturi.
excels, indirect question.
^cc-267] Exercises. 157
Exercise 266.
There was at Corinth a great quantity of st^^tues and valuable
pictures, with which Mummius, the Roman general, ajUr the capture
of Corinth, filled Rome and the whole of Italy, but took nothing to
his own house. Mummius, however, was so ignorant of these things,
that when he sent the pictures to Rome he warned the sailors that,
if they lost them, they would have to restore new ones. One of the
pictures, the work of a celebrated painter, was used by some soldiers
who were playing hazard, for a board. This picture, when the plunder
was being sold, was bought by king Attains for a large price.
Mummius wondering at the price, ordered it to be sent to Rome.
after the capture of Corinth, after Corinth taken* whole of, totus.
that they would have, that it behoved them.
was used by some soldiers, some soldiers used.
hazard, accusative, used adverbially ; to play, being intransitive, does
not govern any case, for, pi'o.
Exercise 267.
When the two armies stood ready, and were just going to begin
the battle, a hind came running down from the mountains between the
lines of battle, with a she-ivolf in chase of her. She ran in among the
ranks of the Gauls, who transfixed her with their javelins. But the
she-wolf ran towards the Romans, who immediately made way for her,
thinking that this was the beast which had fed with its milk the founder
of their city, and whose image they had set up the year before under the
very fig-tree where, as it had been related, the miracle had been. *See,'
cried one of the soldiers, * the barbarians have slain Diana's sacred
hind, and she will punish them ; but the Roman she-wolf, unhurt by
spear or sword, gives us a good omen of victory, and orders us to
remember Mars and our founder Romulus.' So the Roman soldiers,
encouraged as if by a sign from the gods, attacked the enemy
joyfully.
going to begin, fid. part, with a she-wolf in chase of her, whom
aaJie-wolf was pursuing, very, ipse.
158 Substantival Clauses. [268-269
Exercise 268.
In Italy there was a physician who used to receive lunatics into his
house, and in order to cure them used to order them to stand in a
pond, some uj) to the knees, others up to the chin, in proportion to
their madness. One of these lunatics, who was pretty ivell recovered,
was standing one day at the door of the house, and seeing a huntsman
ride by with his hawks and hounds, he asked him what he was going
to do. The huntsman answered, 'I am going to hunt' 'At what price
do you value the animals which you catch in a year?' asked the
lunatic. * About two hundred pence,' replied the huntsman. ' And
what is the cost of your horse, dogs, and hawks?' 'About two
thousand pence,' answered the other. On hearing this, the lunatic
besought the huntsman to go away as quickly as possible if he valued
his liberty highly, and said that the physician would compel him to
stand in the pond up to his chin if he found him there.
up to, as far as. in proportion to, for {pro.), pretty well, admodum.
to hunt, supine in um. at what price, quanti. what is the cost
of, at what price . . . stand to you. as quickly as possible,
quam celerrime.
Exercise 269.
Among the friends of Augustus was Mecenas, a Roman knight,
whom he loved greatly, and who always so used the favour he had
with the Emperor as to benefit all whom he could, and injure no one.
His skill was very great in softening the temper of Augustus when
he saw him incited by anger. Augustus was once pronouncing
justice, and seemed likely to condemn many men to death. Mecenas,
who was present, tried to approach the Emperor through the crowd ;
being unable to do this, he wrote on a tablet these words, ' Rise, I
pray, butcher,' and threw the tablet to Augustus. When he had
read it, Augustus at once stood up, and no one was condemned to
death.
as, ut. he could, subj. , because no one in particular is meant ; the
ind. is the mood of fact, the subjunctive the mood of possibility.
softening, gerund, likely to condemn, fat. part.
to death, of the head, being unable, since he was not able.
I praj'', tandem, and no one, neque quisquam.
270] Exercises. 150
Exercise 270.
Lucilins was held by all so wise, that if any one had anything to
ash he always consulted him, and often gave large sums of money that
he might be admitted. Once there came a stranger, who said he was
cleverer than any one else, and promised that if a large reward were
fjiven to the conqueror, he would engage with Lucilius in a contest of
wisdom. Lucilius won easily in the following way. He told the
stranger that a worm once climbed up a stalk ten feet high. It moved
so slowly that each day it only ascended three feet, and slipped down
two feet at night. The stranger said, * Each day it is higher by one
foot than the day before.' ' Certainly,' said Lucilius, ' but in how
many days will it anive at the top of the stalk V 'In ten days,' said
the stranger. Then Lucilius said, * In seven days it has climbed
seven feet, and since it ascends three feet daily, can you deny that it
reaches the top of the stalk on the eighth day?' The stranger paid
the money and departed.
to ask, which he wished to ash. else, aUu8.
were given, should be given.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
ABBREVIATIONS USED.
abl., ablative.
ace, accusative.
adj., adjective.
adv., adverb.
c. abl. , c. ace. , etc. , 7vith abla-
tive, ivith accusative, etc.
c, commoti gender.
conj., conjunction.
dat., dative.
def., defective.
dep. , deponent.
distrib. , distributive.
{. /ewinine.
gen., genitive.
iinpers. , impersonal.
indcl., indeclinable.
intrans., ititransitive.
m., masculine.
n., neuter.
num. , numeral.
part. , participle.
pas.s. , passible.
pi., plur. , plural.
prep., preposition.
pron., pronoun,
•pxo'nom., pronominal.
sing., singular.
subst., substantive.
trans. , transitive.
The Conjugation of a Verb is denoted by a figure placed after it.
A, ab, aba, prep. /rom, hy (c. a6Z.) I
abdico, 1, to resign, abdicate. j
abeo, ii, itum, 4, to go away.
absolvo, vi, utum, 3, to acquit, \
finish.
absum, fui, ease, to he absent, at a
distance.
absilmo, aumpsi, aumptum, 3, to
take away, spend, destroy.
accipio, cepi, ceptum, 3, to accept,
receive, get (capio).
acclplter, tris, m. a hawTc.
acer, acris, acre, adj. sharp, keen,
active.
Achaia, ae, f. a jvovince in the
Peloponnesus.
Sciea, ei, f. an edge, line of battle,
battle.
Actium, i, n. Actium, a promon-
tory in North Greece.
ad, prep, to, at, by, off, toioards,
against {c. ace.)
adhaereo, haesi, haesum, 2, to be
attached to, adjoin.
adhuc, adv. hitherto, as yet.
adimo, emi, emptum, 3, to take
aivay (emo).
adlpiscor, adeptus, 3, dep. to obtain.
admTnistro, 1, to manage.
B.L.W.
admitto, misi, miaaurn, 3, to commit.
admOneo, ui, itum, 2, to remind,
warn.
•cidOlescens, ntia, m. a youth.
adsiim, fui, esse, to be present.
advgnio, veni, ventum, 4, to ap-
proach, arrive at.
adversus, prep, against, opposite to.
aedes, is, f. a temple; in plur. a
house.
aedlfico, 1, to build (aedes-facio).
Aedui, orum, m. the Aedui {a people
of Italy).
AegyptiuSj a, um, adj. Egyptian.
Aegyptus, i, f. Egypt.
Aemllius, i, m. Aeniilius.
Aequi, orum, m. the Aequi {a people
of Italy).
aequus, a, um, adj. calm, fair, equal.
aer, 6ris, m. the air.
aestas, atis, f. summer.
aestlmo, 1, to value.
aetas, atis, f, age.
affero, atttlli, alliitum, aflerre, tc
bring to, cau.^e, announce.
Africa, ae, f. Africa.
Afrlcanus, a, um, African {the title
of honour bestowed on the Scipios),
ager, gri, m. a fields territory.
L
16!
Latin-English Vocabulary.
agrfcOla, ae, m. a peasant.
Agrippina, ae, f. Agrippina.
Alba, ae, f. Alba {a town in
Lat'ium).
Alexander, dri, m. Alexander.
alienus, a, um, adj. belongbifj to
another ; aes alienum, debt.
aliquis, qua, quid, j ^^^^
aiiqui, quae, quod, ) ^
one, any one (alius — quis).
aliquot, indcl. some, several (alius-
quot).
alius, a, ud, pronom. adj. other,
another; alius — alius, one,another.
alter, 6ra, 6riim, pronom. adj. the
other ; alter — alter, the one, the
other.
altus, a, um, adj. high, deep.
amabllis, e, adj. lovable (amo).
ambo, ae, o, adj. both.
ambtilo, 1, to walk.
amicltia, ac, f . friendship (amo).
amicus, i, m. a friend.
amitto, misi, missum, 3, to send
away, lose,
amo, 1, to love.
amor, oris, m. love.
amplector, plexus, 3, dep, to
embrace.
an, conj. or.
anas, atis, f. a duch.
anceps, cipltis, adj. donhf/td.
ango, xi, ctum, 3, to grieve, torture.
anguis, ia, c. a snaJce.
animal, alis, n. an animal.
animus, i, m. spirit, disposition,
courage.
anntllus, i, m. a ring.
annon, conj. or not.
annus, i, m. a year.
ante, adv. and prep, be/ore (c. ace. )
antepono, p5sui, pSsitum, 3, to
place before, prefer.
antlquus, a, um, adj. ancient.
Antonius, i, m. Antonius.
antrum, i, n. a cave, den.
aper, pri, m. a ivild boar.
apgrio, riii, rtum, 4, to open.
appareo, ui, 2, to appear, come in
sight, be manifest.
apud, prep, at, tvith, among, at the
house of, before (c. ace.)
aqua, ae, f. water.
arbor. 5ris, f. a tree.
ardeo, si, sum, 2, to bnm, be on fire.
area, ae, f. a threshing -fioor.
argentum, i, n. silver.
arma, orum, n. arms, armour.
armlger, 6ri, m. an armx)ur-bearer.
ars, tis, f. art, skill.
artlfex, ficis, c. an artist, roorhman
(ars-facio).
arx, cis, f. a citadel.
as, sis, m. a pound, an as {a Roman
coin).
Asia, ae, f. Asia.
aspecto, 1, to look on, at.
ater, tra, trum, adj. jet black,
deadly.
Athenae, arum, f. Athens.
Attica, ae, f. Attica,
atrox, ocis, Sid]. fierce, warlike.
audeo, sus sum, 2, dep. to da7-e.
audio, ivi or ii, itum, 4, to hear.
aufgro, abstiili, ablatum, auferre,
to carry off.
aureus, a, um, adj. golden,
aurum, i, n. gold.
aut, conj. or; aut — ant, either — or.
auxilium, i, n. help.
avidus, a, um, adj. eager, greedy.
avis, is, f. a bird.
avus, i, m. a grandfather, ancestor.
Babylon, onis, f. Babylon.
Balbus, i, m. Bcdhus.
barba, ae, f. a beard.
barburus, a, um, . adj. barbarous,
foreign.
Belga, ae, m. a Belgian.
bellum, i, n. war.
belua, ae, f. a beast, monster.
bestia, ae, f. a beast.
bSnS, adv. loell.
bibo, bibl, bibltum, 3, to drink.
biduum, i, n. a space [of tioo days
(bis-dies).
biennium, i, n. a space of tivo years
(bis-annus).
Latin-English Vocabulary.
1C3
bini, ae, a, distrib. mim. two each,
two at a time,
Boeotia, ae, f. Boebfia.
b6nus, a, uin, adj. good.
boa, bftvis, c. an ox or C020.
brfvis, e, adj. fihort.
Britanni, onim, m. the Britons.
Britannia, ae, f. Britain.
Cado, c6ddi, casiim, 3, tofidl.
caedes, is, f. slaughter.
caeraleus, a, urn, adj. dark line or
green.
Caesar, ftris, m. Caemr.
Caius, i, m. Cains.
Cftmillus, i, m. CamiUiis.
Cilnis, is, c. a dog.
Cannensis, e, adj. of Cannae {a
toion in Sovth Italy).
Cilno, cCcIni, cantum, 3, to sing.
canto, 1, to sing.
capillus, i, m. a hair.
Citpio, cGpi, captum, 3, to catch, seize-.
Capltolium, i, n. the Capitol {one of
the seven hills of Rome).
captlvus, a, um, adj. captive,
Cftpua, ae, f. Capua.
c;\put, Itis, u, a head, capital; capitis
damnare or condemnare, to con-
demn to death.
career, 6ris, m. a prison.
carmen, inis, n. a song.
cftro, camis, f. flesh, meat.
Carthago, Inis, f. Carthage [a town
in North Africa).
ciinis, a, ura, adj. dear.
caseus, i, m. cheese.
castra, Grum, n. a camj).
ciltella, ae, f. a pupinj.
Catllina, ae, m. CatiUna.
caiissa, ae, f. a cause, suit.
cedo, cessi, cessum, 3, to go aicay,
yield, grant.
cfileriter, adv. quickly.
celo, 1, to conceal.
censeo, \\\, 2, to think.
centum, indecl. num. a hundred.
centrtrio, onis, m. a centurion, cap-
tain (centum).
Ceres, r-ris, f. Ceres.
certo, 1. to strive, contend.
certus, a, um, B.A}.sure,flj:ed, certain.
cervus, i, m. a stag.
Chaldaei, orum, m. the Chaldaeans,
clbus, i, m. food.
Cicero, onis, m. Cicero.
Cincinnatus, i, m. Cincinnatus.
cinis, gris, m. ashes, cinders.
circa, circum, adv. and prep.
around, about (c. ace.)
circumsto, st6ti, statum, 1, to stand
round.
citra, prep, on thi^ side of (c. ace.)
civis, is, c. a citizen.
civitas, atis, f. a state.
clam, adv. secretly ; prep, without
the knoivledge of (c. ohl.)
clilrus, a, um, adj. bright, char.
renowned.
classis, is, f. a fleet.
Claudia, ae, f. Claudia.
coepi, def., to begin.
coglto, 1, to think, reflect.
cognomen, Inis, n, a surname.
cognosco, novi, nitum, 3, toj^erceive,
knotc, recogni.fe.
cogo, coegi, coactum, 3, to comj)el,
assemble (cum-ago).
c5hors, tis, f. a coJiort.
cohortor, 1, dep. to encourage.
c6lo, ui, cultum, 3, to cidtivate,
worship.
cOmCs, Itis, c. a companion.
committo, misi, missum, 3, to com-
mit, bring together; aciem or pug-
nam committere, toflght.
commilnis, e, adj. common.
condemno, 1, to condemn.
conditio, onis, f. a condition.
confCro, ttlli, collatum, ferre, 3, to
collect, compare, betake.
conftcio, feci, fectum, to finish,
dedroy (facio).
confodio, fodi, fossum, 3, to pierce,
stab.
congruenter, adv. agreeably to.
conilcio, ieci, iectum, 3, to throio
I (iacio).
'. coniuratio, Onis, f, a conspiracy.
164
Latin-English Vocabulary.
coniux, ittgis, c. a husband or
loi/e.
Conor, 1, dep. to try.
conquiesco, evi, 3, to rest.
consgqiior, cutus, 3, dep. to follow
after, reach, obtain.
consldo, sedi, sessum, 3, to sit down,
encamj).
constituo, ui, iitum, 3, to determine,
appoint.
consto, stiti, statum, 1, to halt,
consist of; impers. constat, it is
tvell hnown.
consul, tilis, m. a consid.
consulo, ui, sultum, 3, to consult.
consumo, sumpsi, sumptum, 3, to
consume, destroy.
contendo, di, turn, 3, to hasten,
strive.
contentus, a, um, adj. content
(c. abl.)
contra, adv. and prep, against
(c. ace.)
contraho, xi, ctum, 3, to contract,
assemble.
conv6nio, veni, ventum, 4, to come
together, agree.
copia, ae, f. plenty; in plur.
forces.
cor, dis, n. the heart.
coram, adv. publicly; prep, before
(c. abl.)
CSrinthus, i, f. Corinth.
cSrona, ae, f. a crown.
corpus, 6ris, n. a body.
corrumpo, rupi, ruptum, 3, to
destroy, bribe.
corvus, i, m. a raven.
Crassus, i, m. Crassns.
credo, didi, ditum, 3, to trust,
believe.
creo, 1, to create.
cresco, crevi, cretum, 3, to grow,
increase.
Croesus, i, m. Croesus.
crudelis, e, adj. cruel.
culpa, ae, f. a fault.
culpo, 1, to blame
cfipldus, a, um, adj. desirous of,
greedy.
ciipio, Ivi or ii, Itum, 3, to desire,
cur, adv. ivhy ?
cura, ae, f. care.
Ctirio, onis, m. Curio.
Ctirius, i, m. Curius.
curro, cttcurri, cursum, 3, to run.
Damno, 1, to condemn.
damnum, i, n. hui't, loss.
Darius, i, m. Darius.
dea, ae, f. a goddess.
debeo, ui, itum, 2, to oive.
decern, indcl. num. ten.
dficimus, a, um, adj. tenth.
decipio, cepi, ceptum, 3, to deceive
(capio).
dedecus, oris, n. disgrace, dishonour.
deduco, xi, ctum, 3, to lead down,
escort.
defendo, di, sum, 3, to defend,
ward off.
deinde, adv. then, next.
delectus, us, m. a levy (lego),
deleo, evi, etum, 2, to blot out,
destroy.
delibgro, 1, to take counsel.
Demaratus, i, m. Demaratus.
dens, tis, m. a tooth.
despero, 1, to despair (spes).
desum, fui, esse, to be ivanting,
fail.
detraho, xi, ctum, 3, to talce off.
detrudo, si, sum, 3, to push off.
deus, i, m. a god.
devinco, vici, victum, 3, to conquer
utterly.
dico, xi, ctum, 3, to say.
dictator, oris, m. a dictator.
dictatura, ae, f. the dictatorship.
dies, ei, c. in sing., m. in plur., a
day ; in dies, from day to day.
difficilis, e, adj. difficidt (facilis).
digitus, i, m. a finger.
dignus, a, um, adj. ivorthy [c. abl.)
diligo, lexi, lectum, 3, to love.
Dionysius, i, m. Dionymis.
diripio, ui, reptum, 3, to pilunder
(rapio).
discedo, cessi, cessum, 3, to depart.
Latin-English Vocabulary.
165
disclptllus, i, m. a pupil (disco).
disco, didici, 3, to learn.
dissfiro, serui, sertum, 3, to argue.
disto, 1, to be distant.
diu, adv. long, for a long time.
div6s, itis, adj. Hch.
divldo, si, sum, 3, to divide.
divitiae, arum, f. riches.
do, dedi, datum, 1, to give.
ddceo, ui, ctum, 2, to teach.
doctrina, ae, f. learning.
doctus, a, um, adj. learned.
d6lor, oris, m. pain.
ddmus, us, f. a house, home.
donum, i, n. a gift.
dormio, ivi or ii, itum, 4, to sleep.
dOceiii, ae, a, distrib. num. tivo
hundred each, or, at a time.
dtlcenti, ae, a, num. two hundred.
duco, xi, ctum, 3, to lead, mary^y.
dulcis, e, adj. sweet.
duo, ae, o, num. two.
duode\nginti, indcl. num. eighteen.
dux, ducis, m. a leader.
E or ex, prep, out of, from.
6do, edi, esum, 3, to eat.
edo, edidi, editum, 3, to utter,
produce.
eflodio, fodi, fossum, 3, to dig out.
^go, pron. /.
6l6phantus, i, m. an elephant.
elOquentia, ae, f. eloquence.
6mo, emi, emptum, 3, to buy.
ensis, is, m. a sword.
eo, adv. thither.
eo, ivi or ii, itum, 4, to go.
epistOla, ae, f. a letter.
gques, Itis, m. a Jiorseman, knight.
fiquitatus, us, m. cavalry.
fiqufls, i, m. liorse.
erro, 1, to wander, err, stray.
etfConj.and, both; et— et, both — aiid.
Etruria, ae, f. Etruria (a country in
North Italy).
exemplum, i, n. an example.
exercitus, us, m. an army.
exigo, egi, actum, 3, to drive out,
require.
eximius, a, um, adj. remarkable.
exitium, i, n. destruction.
expello, piili, pulsum, 3, to expel,
drive out.
explorator, oris, m. a scout.
expugno, 1, to take by storm.
exsisto, stiti, stitum, 3, to appear,
exist.
exsul, tilis, m. an exile.
extra, prep, without, beyond (c. ace. )
Facio, feci, factum, 3, to mxike, do.
facundus, a, um, adj. eloquent.
faveo, favi, fautum, 2, to favour
(c. dat.)
fecundus, a, um, a.A}. fertile, fruit-
ful.
fel, lis, n. gall.
felix, icis, adj. happy.
f6ra, ae, f. a wild beast.
fgre, adv. nearly, almost, generally.
f6ro, tali, latum, ferre, to hear,
carry, say, pass (of a law).
fertllis, e, adj. fertile.
ferrum, i, n. iron.
filia, ae, f. a daughter.
filius, i, m. a son.
finis, is, m. an end; in plur.
tenntory, boundaries.
finitlmus, a, um, adj. neighbouring ^
bordering, akin to.
fio, factus, fieri, 3, dep. to become,
be made.
fluvus, a, um, adj. yellow.
flumCu, inis, n. a river.
fluvius, i, m. a river.
focus, i, m. a hearth.
foedus, Gris, n. a treaty.
foedus, a, um, adj. base.
formica, ae, f . an ant.
forte, adv. by cJmnce.
fortis, e, adj. brave, strong.
fortlter, adv. boldly, strongly.
fortuna, ae, f . fortune, luck.
forum, i, n. the forum [the popular
place of assevibly at Rome).
fossa, ae, f. a ditch, trench.
frango, fregi, fractum, 3, to breaks
wreck.
166
Latin-English Vocabulary.
f rater, tris, m. a brother'.
fraterniis, a, um, adj. of a brother ,
brotherly.
fraus, dis, f. deceit, fraud.
frigus, oris, n. cold.
friior, fructus and fruitus, 3, dep.
to enjoy (c. abl.)
f iiga, ae, f . flight.
fCigio, fugi, itum, 3, to fly, escape.
fiigo, 1, to rout.
fulmen, mis, n. a thunderbolt.
fundo, fudi, fusum, 3, to 'pour,
disperse.
fungor, functus, 3, dep. to perform
{c. abl.)
furtum, i, n. a theft.
Gabii, onim, m. Gab'd [a town in
Latium).
Gallia, ae, f. Gaul.
gallina, ae, f. a hen.
Gallus, i, m. a Gaul.
gaudium, i, n. joy.
gens, tis, f. a race, family.
ggnu, us, n. the knee.
Germanus, a, um, adj. German.
gero, gessi, gestum, 3, to do, ^caye,
carry on.
gigas, ntis, m. a giant.
gigno, gfinui, genitum, 3, tox)roduce.
gladius, i, m. a sioord.
gloria, ae, f. honour, glory.
Graecia, ae, f. Greece.
Graecus, a, um, adj. Greek, Grecian.
gramCn, inis, n. grass.
gravis, e, adj. heavy, important,
unvleasant.
Habeo, ui, itum, 2, to hold, have.
habito, 1, to inhabit.
Hannibal, alis, m. Hannibal.
haruspex, icis, m. a soothsayer,
augur.
Hasdrubal, alis, m. Hasdrubal.
hasta, ae, f. a spear.
Hector, oris, m. Hector.
Helvgtii, orum, m. the Helvetii
{the Siviss).
hiberna, orum, n. wlnter-(2uart€rs
(castra, uyiderstood).
hie, adv. here.
1 hie, liaec, hoc, pron. this.
, hiems, 6mis, f. winter.
hinc, adv. hence.
Hispania, ae, f. Spain.
hSdie, adv. to-day (hoc — die).
Homerus, i, m. Homer.
h6mo, inis, c. a human being.
hora, ae, f. an hour.
horreo, ui, 2, to be rough.
hortus, i, m. a garden.
hostis, is, c. an enemy.
hue, adv. hither.
huiusmodi, of this hind.
humus, i, f. earth, ground ; humi,
on the ground.
laceo, cui, citum, 2, to lie.
iacio, ieci, iactum, 3, to throw.
iactilum, i, n. a javelin (iacio).
iam, adv., already, now.
ibi, adv., titer e [is).
ico, ici, ictum, 3, to strike.
idem, gadem, idem, pronom. adj.
the same.
idoneus, a, um, adj. useful, stat-
able.
ignavus, a, um, adj. slothful,
cowardly.
ignis, is, m. fire.
ignosco, novi, notum, 3, to forgive
[c. dat.)
ille, a, ud, pron. he, she, it, tlmt.
imitor, 1, dej). to imitate.
immo, adv. certainly, yes.
immolo, 1, to sacrifice.
impSrator, oris, a general, emperor.
impgritus, a, um, adv. unskilful,
unskilled in (c. gen.)
impero, 1, to command (c. dat. of
person).
impetus, us, m. a charge, attack.
improbus, a, um, adj. importunate,
wicked.
in, prep, in, into, on, to, against
(c. ace. or abl.)
incendium, i, n., a. fire.
Latin-English Vocabulary.
1G7
incendo, di, sum, 3, to burn, set on
Jive.
inculilmis, e, adj. safe, unhurt.
iudC*, adv. thence.
indico, xi, ctum, 3, to declare.
indignus, a, um, adj. tinworthy
(c. ahl.)
indo, didi, dltum, 3, to give to.
ineo, ivi or ii, Itum, 4, to enter,
commence.
infgro, tilli, illatum, ferre, to ad-
vance, icufje.
ingens, tis, adj. huge.
ingenuus, a, um, adj. high bred.
liilmlcus, a, um, adj. hostile; as
subst. a private enemy.
iniuria, ae, f. injury, wrong.
insoro, sevi, situm, 3, to implant.
insons, tis, adj. innocent.
instruo, xi, ctum, 3, to draw up.
insula, ae, f. an island.
inter, prep, among, between (c. ace. )
interflcio, feci, fectum, 3, to kill
(facio).
intCrlmo, emi, emptum, 3, to de-
stroy (emo).
Tnutllis, c, adj. useless.
invfinio, veni, veutum, 4, to find.
invldeo, vidi, visum, 2, to envy,
grudge (c. dat.)
ipse, a, um, prou. himself, herself,
itm:lf.
Ira, ae, f. anger.
irascor, 1, dep. to be angry, angry
with (c. dat.)
is, ea, id, pron. he, she, it, that.
iste, a, ud, pron. that {near you).
Ister, tri, m. the Danube.
Italia, ae, f. Italy.
Iter, Itlntris, n. a road, journey.
ItCrum, adv. again.
Itlba, ae, m. Juba.
iucundus, a, um, adj. pleasant.
iudex, icis, c. a judge.
iudichim, i, n. a judgment.
iuugo, xi, uctum, 3, to join.
lupplter, luvis, m. Jupiter.
itivenis, is. adj. young j as subst.
a young num.
iuveutus, litis, f. youth.
L before proper name stands for
Lucius,
LS,bienus, i, m, Labienus.
labor, oris, m. labour.
lac, tis, n. milk. '
Idcesso, ivi, itum, 3, to provoke^
annoy.
lacrlma, ae, f. a tear.
lateo, ui, 2, to lie hid.
latro, onis, m. a robber, pirate.
latus, a, um, adj. broad.
laudo, 1, to praise.
legatus, i, m. an ambassador, lieu-
tenant.
l6gio, onis, f. legion.
l6go, legi, lectum, 3, to pluck,
choose, read.
leo, onis, m. a lion.
lepus, 6ris, m. a hare.
Lesbos, i, f. Lesbos {an island in
the Aegean sea),
levis, e, adj. light.
lex, legis, f. a law.
liber, bri, m. a book.
Liber, 6ri, m. Liber.
Libera, ae, f. Libera.
libfiri, orum, m. children.
libero, 1, to free, liberate.
libertas, atis, f. liberty.
litCra, ae, f. a letter {of the alpha-
bet) ; in plur. a letter.
lOctiples, etis, adj. wealthy.
l6cus, i, m. a place.
longus, a, um, adj. long.
l6quor, cutus, 3, dep. to speak.
luctus, i"is, m. grief.
ludo, si, sum, 3, to play.
Ium6n, Inis, n. light.
Itipa, ae, f. a she-tcolf.
lilpus, i, m, a wolf.
lux, lucis, f. light.
L^curgus, i, m. Lycurgus.
Magister, tri, m. a master.
miigistra, ae, f . a mistress.
magnitudo, Inis, f. size.
maguus, a, um, adj. great, large,
maiores, um, m. ancestors.
male, adv. badly.
168
Latin-English Vocabulary.
mS,l6dico, xi, ctum, 3, to abuse
(c. dat.)
malum, i, n. an evil.
malus, a, um, adj. had.
mando, 1, to command,
mftneo, si, sum, 2, to remain.
manus, us, f. a hand, hand {of
men).
ma,r6, is, n. the sea.
Mars, tis, m. Mars.
mater, tris, f. a mother.
Mecenas, atis, m. Mecenas.
mgdicus, i, m. a doctor.
mgdius, a, um, adj. middle.
mel, lis, n. honey.
memini, def. to remember.
memor, oris, adj. rtiindful (c. gen.)
m6m5ria, ae, f . memory.
m6m6ro, 1, to call to memory,
mention.
mens, tis, f . the mind.
mentior, itus, 4, dep. to lie.
mercator, oris, m. a merchant.
Merctirius, i, m. Mercurius.
mergo, si, sum, 3, to sink, droion.
mico, cui, 1, to glitter, shine.
miles, itis, m. a soldier.
Miletus, i, f. Miletus {a city in Asia
Minor).
militia, ae, f. loarfare.
mille, indcl, num. a thousand.
millia, ium, n. titousands.
mina, ae, f. a mina [about £4).
minime, adv. not at all.
miror, 1, dep. to ivonder at, admire.
mirus, a, um, adj. strange, wonder-
ful
miser, 6ra, 6rum, adj. \or etched.
misgret, uit, 2, impers. it moves
pity.
mitis, e, adj. gentle, mellow.
mitto, misi, missum, 3, to send.
mddus, i, m, a way, plan.
moenia, ium, n. town walls.
m5neo, ui, itum, 2, to warn.
mens, tis, m, a mountain.
monstro, 1, to show.
m5ra, ae, f. delay.
m5rior, mortuus, 3, dep. to die.
mOror, 1, dep. to delay.
mors, tis, f. death.
mos, moris, m. a custom; in plur.
via7iners.
mox, adv. soon.
multitudo, inis, i.acroivd, multitude.
multo, 1, to fine.
multus, a, um, adj. much.
miinio, ivi or ii, itum, 4, to fortify.
miinus, 6ris, n. duty.
murus, i, m. a wall.
muto, 1, to change.
Nam, conj. for.
narro, 1, to relate.
nascor, natus, 3, dep. to he born.
nato, 1, to swim.
natura, ae, f. nature.
nauta, ae, m. a sailor.
navigium, i, n. « ship.
navis, is, f. a ship.
n?, interrogative particle ; cannot
he translated.
ne, conj. lest, that not, not.
nefas, indcl. lorong.
nggdtium, i, n. a business, thing.
nemo, nullius, no one (ne-homo).
ne quldem, not even ; the word on
which one wants to lay stress is
put between ne and quidem.
Nero, onis, m. Nero.
. coni. and not, neither, nor.
neve, ) ^ '
niger, gra, grum, adj. black.
-1 ' [ indcl. nothing.
nix, nivis, f. snow.
nobilis, e, adj. distinguished, noble.
noceo, ui, itum, 2, to injure, hurt
(c. dat.)
nolo, nolui, nolle, to be unicilUng
(non-volo).
nomen, inis, n. a name.
nonng, adv. not; expecting answer,
'Yes?'
nonnullus, a, um, adj. some.
noster, tra, trum, arij. our.
nox, noctis, f. night.
nubo, psi, ptum, 3, to take the veil
for, mnrry (c. dat.)
Latin-English Vocabulary.
169
nuUus, a, um, adj. none.
num, conj. whether? expectiwj
answer, ^No.* ,
Ntlma, ae, m. Niima.
Ntunantia, ae, f. Numantia (a town
in Spain).
namgrus, i, m. a number, qnantili/.
numquis, numquid, pron. any?
nunquam, adv. never.
nuutius, i, m. a me-'isenger, neivs.
nusquam, adv. nowhere.
Ob, prep, on account of, for {c.
ace. )
obs6s, Idis, c. a hostar/e.
occido, cidi, casum, 3, to fall, die
(ob-cado).
occido, cidi, cisum, 3, to kill (ob-
caedo).
occupo, 1, to seize, hold,
occurro, curri, cursum, 3, o meet
(ob-curro).
Oceauus, i. m. tlie Ocean.
ocliis, adv. more quickbj.
octavus, a, um, adj. eijhth.
ociilus, i, m. an eye.
odi, def. to hate.
Olim, adv. once uj^on a time,
formerly.
omuis, e, adj. all.
5nus, 6ris, n. a burden.
(op,) 6pem, Opis, djie, f. /lelp ; in
plur. riches.
5p6ra, ae, f. wo7'k, care, ansistance;
in plur. workpeople.
oppldum, i, n. a toion.
opprlmo, pressi, pressum, 3, to
overwhelm.
5pus, 6ris, n. work, need.
ftratio, onis, f. a sjieech.
6rator, oris, m. an orator.
ordlno, 1, to set in order, draw up,
dispose.
5riundus, a, um, 2>art. descended
from (orior).
oro, 1, to pray, beseech.
Orpheus, ei or 60s, m. Orplieus^
otium, i, n. rest.
ovum, i, n. an egg.
Paene, adv. nearly, almost.
pallium, i, n. a cloak.
panis, is, m. bread.
par, paris, adj. equal.
parco, pCperci, parsum, 3, to spare
(c. dat.)
pS-rens, tis, c. a parent.
pareo, ui, 2, to obey.
paro, 1, to preptare.
parum, adv. little.
parvus, a, um, adj. little, small.
passim, adv. everywhere.
passus, us, m. a step, pace; mille
passus, millia passuum, a mile.
pastor, oris, m. a shepherd.
pater, tris, m. a father.
patiens, tis, adj. p>cdient.
patior, passus, 3, dep. to suffer,
endure.
patria, ae, f. one's country, father-
land.
pauper, 6ris, adj. jioor.
pax, pacis, f. peace.
p6cunia, ae, f. money.
p6cus, 6ris, n. a herd.
p6cus, tidis, f. a beast.
Peloponnesus, i, f. the Peloponnesus
{now the Morea).
Pelops, pis, m. Pelops.
p6nes, prep, in the power of {c. ace.)
percfitio, cussi, cussum, 3, to strike
(per-quatio).
perdo, didi, ditum, 3, to lose, de-
stroy.
p6reo, n, itum, 4, to perish.
perf6ro, tttli, latum, ferre, to
endure.
Pericles, is, m. Pericles.
pericillum, i, n. danger.
pgritus, a, um, adj. skilful, skilled
in (c. gen.)
Persa, ae, m. a Persian.
persuadeo, si, sum, 2, to persuade
(c. da{.)
perv6nio, veni, ventum, 4, to reach.
pes, pedis, m. the foot.
peto, ivi or ii, itum, 3, to seek, make
for.
Philippus, i, m. PhiUppus.
pliil6s6phia, ae, f. philosophy.
170
Latin-English Vocabulary.
pliil5s8plius, i, m. a 'philosopher.
plitceo, ui, 2, to please (c. dat.)
PkUo, onis, m. Plato.
plausiis, us, m. applause.
plebs, bis, f . the common peoj^le.
plenus, a, um, adj. full.
pocuhim, i, n. a cup.
poenitet, uit, 2, impers. it repents.
Poenus, a, um, adj. Carthajinian.
poeta, ae, m. a p)oet.
Pompeius, i, m. Pompeius.
pomum, i, n. a7i apple, fruit.
X^ondus, eris, n. a iceight.
puno, posui, p5situm, 3, to place,
jDitch,
pons, tis, m. a briihje.
p5pulus, i, m. a people.
porta, ae, f. a door, gate.
posco, p5posci, 3, to ask for, demand.
possum, potui, posse, to he able.
post, adv. and prej)., after, behind
(c. ace.)
postgrus, a, um, adj. 7iext after.
potestas, fitis, f. power.
p5tior, titus, 4, dep, to get possession
of{c. ahl. or gen.)
praecipue, adv. especially.
praeclarus, a, um, adj. Illustrious.
I)raeda, ae, f. booty.
praeficio, feci, fectum, 3, to set
over (c. dat.)
praemitto, misi, missum, 3, to send
on (c. dat.)
praemium, i, n. a reioard.
praesidium, i, n. a garrison, defence.
praesto, stiti, stitum, 1, to stand
out, p)ay, shoio, excel.
praesum, fui, esse, to be in command
of
l^raeter, prep, besides, except (c. ace.)
praet6reo, ivi or ii, itum, 4, to pass
by.
praetor, oris, m. a praetor {a Roman
magistrate).
pretiosus, a, um, adj. j^^^^^^^us,
valuable.
prgtium, i, n. a price.
primus, a, um, adj.^rs^.
procella, ae, f. a storm.
proelium^ i, u. a battle.
proficiscor, fectus, 3, dep. to set
out.
progrgdior, gressus, 3, dep. to ad-
vance.
promissus, a, um, adj. long.
jjromitto, misi, missum, 3, to
promise.
promoveo, movi, motum, 2, to move
forward.
propter, i^rep. on account of, near
(c. ace.)
prosum, fui, esse, to benefit (c. dat.)
provincia, ae, f. a province.
proximus, a, um, adj. nearest.
prudens, tis, adj. prudent (pro —
video),
piidet, uit, 2, it shames.
pudor, oris, m. modesty.
puella, ae, f. a girl.
puer, eri, m. a hoy.
pugna, ae, f. afiglit, battle.
pugno, 1, to fight.
pulclier, chra, chrum, adj. beauti-
fid.
ptito, 1, to think.
Pyrenaei, drum, m. the Pyrenees.
Quadraginta, indcl. num. /o;fy.
qualis, e, adj. of what kind, of such
a kind.
quando, conj. ivhen.
quantus, a, um, adj. how great, as
gi-eat.
quatuor, indcl. num. four.
qu6, conj. and, both.
quidam, quaedam, quiddam, or
quoddam, pron. a certain one.
quidem, adv. indeed.
quies, etis, f. rest.
Quinctius, i, m. Quinctius.
quinquaginta, indcl. imm. fifty.
quinqug, indcl. num. five.
quintus, a, um, adj._^/i!/t.
Quirites, ium, m. the Quirites {a
name of the Roman people).
quis, qua, quid, or qui, quae, quod,
jjron. any.
quis, quid, or qui, quae, quod,
pron. icJto ^
Latin-English Vocabulary.
171
quisnam, quaenam, quidnam, or
quodnam, proii. who j^ ray ?
(juisquam, quaequam, quidquam,
orquodquam, in'ou. any, anyone,
anything.
<iuisque, quaeque, quidque, or
quodque, pron. each.
qui vis, quae vis, quid vis or quod vis,
pron. any you will.
quondam, adv. once upon a time,
formerly.
qu6que, conj. aho.
qu6t, indcl. hoio many, as.
qu6tidiG, adv. daily.
qu6tus, a, um, adj. which {in
order) ?
Rado, si, sum, 3, to shave, scrape.
ratio, onis, f, a reason, plan.
ratis, is, f. a ship.
reclpio, cepi, ceptum, 3, to retake,
take back, betake (capio).
rSclto, 1, to read aloud.
rficordor, 1, dep. to remember.
reddo, dldi, ditum, 3, to (jive hack,
restore.
rt'deo, ivi or ii, itum, 4, to return.
regina, ae, f. a queen.
regio, onis, f. a region.
rego, xi, ctum, 3, to -rule.
regrCdior, gressus, 3, dep. to
return.
Regalus, i, m. Ee<iulus.
relinquo, liqui, lictum, 3, to leave,
abandon.
relUgio, onis, f. relifjion, super-
stition.
rgmC'dium, i, n. a remedy, cure.
Remus, i, m. Remus.
rCpello, ptlli, jjulsum, 3, to repel.
rgpfirio, rgpC'ri, rfipertum, 4, to find,
discover.
rgqulesco, evi, 3, to rest.
res, rei, f . a thing.
rCsisto, restiti, restltum, 3, to resist
(c. dat.)
respondeo, spondi, sponsum, 2, to
answer (c. dat.)
respubllca, reipublicac, f. a republic,
state.
rex, regis, m. a king.
Rhenus, i, m. the J'hine.
rideo, si, sum, 2, to laugh.
rogo, 1, to ask.
Roma, ae, f. Home.
Romanus, a, um, adj. Roman.
Romalus, i, m. Bomulus.
Rilbico, onis, ni. the Rubicon (a
river in North Italy).
rus, ruris, n. the country.
Sabini, orum, m. the Sabines {a
people of Central Italy).
sa.cer, era, cruni, adj. s,acred.
saepg, adv. often.
sagitta, ae, f. an aiTOiv.
Saguntum, i, n. Saguntum {a town
in Spain).
saliis, litis, f. safety, health.
sftluto, 1, to salute.
Samnites, ium, m. the Samnitcs
{a people of Central Italy).
sanguis, Inis, m. blood.
sapiens, tis, adj. wise.
sSpientia, ae, f. wisdom.
satis, adv. enough.
satiskcio, feci, factum, 3, to satisfy
(c. dat.)
saxum, i, n. a stone.
scelus, 6ris, n. a crime, vnckedness.
sch6la, ae, f. a school.
scio, scivi or scii, scitum, 4, to
know.
Scipio, onis, m. Scipio.
scoptilus, i, m. a rock.
scriba, ae, m. a clerk, secretary.
Scftha, ae, m. a Scythian [inhabi-
tant of parts of North Europe
and Asia).
se, ace. no nom., pron. self.
s6curis, is, f. an axe.
86deo, sedi, sessum, 2, to sit.
sedes, is, f. a seat, home.
semper, adv. always.
s6nafus, us, m, the senate.
86nex, s6nis, adj. old; as subat.
an old man.
172
Latin-English Vocabulary.
sententia, ae, f. an opinion,
septemvir, i, m. one of a commission
of seven.
Sequani, orum, m. the Sequani {a
people of Gaul).
sSquor, cuius, 3, dep. to follow.
servio, ii, itum, 4, to serve (c. dat.)
servitus, utis, f. slavery.
servus, i, m. a slave.
sex, indcl. num. six.
Sextus, i, m. Sextus.
Sicllia, ae, f. Sicily.
sidus, 6ris, n. a constellation, star.
signum, i, n. a sign, signal, standard.
simllis, e, adj. like.
similitudo, inis, f. a likeness.
sing, prep, without (c. abl.)
Socrates, is, m. Socrates.
sol, solis, m. the sun.
solatium, i, n. a solace, relief.
soleo, itus, 2, dep. to he wont.
solus, a, um, adj. alone, lonely.
solvo, vi, utum, 3, to loose, pay.
somnium, i, n. a dream.
sor5r, oris, f . a sister.
Sparta, ae, f. Sparta {capital of
Laconia in South Greece).
spes, ei, f. hope.
sto, steti, statum, 1, to stand.
stringo, nxi, ctum, 3, to draw.
Bttideo, ui, 2, to pay attention to, be
fond of.
sttidiosus, a, um, a,d.]. fond of.
stultitia, ae, f . folly.
stultus, a, um, adj. foolisli.
suavis, e, adj. sweet.
sub, prep, under (c. ace. and ahl.)
subsidium, i, n. help,
succedo, cessi, cessum, 3, to ad-
vance.
Sulla, ae, m. Sulla.
sum, fui, esse, to be.
summus, a, um, adj. top, highest
(superlative of super us).
sumo, sumpsi, sumj)tum, 3, to take,
take up.
siiperbus, a, um, adj. proud.
sttpgrus, a, um, adj. high.
supplex, icis, adj. submissive, sup-
pliant.
supplicium, i, n. punishment, torture.
suppoiio, posui, pSsitum, 3, to
place under.
sustineo, ui, tentum, 2, to support,
endure.
suus, a, um, adj. his, her, its, their,
own.
T before prox)er names stands for
Titus.
taedet, uit, 2, impers. it wearies,
it irks.
talis, c, adj. such, such as, as.
tam, adv. so,
Tamgsis, is, m. the Thames.
Tanais, is, m. the Don {a river in
South Russia).
tango, tctigi, tactum, 3, to touch.
Tarquinius, i, m. Tarquinius.
tectum, i, n, a roof, house.
telum, i, n. a dart.
t6m6ritas, atis, f. rashness.
templum, i, n. a temple.
teneo, ui, tentum, 2, to hold.
terra, ae, f. the earth, land.
terror, oris, m. fear.
tertius, a, um, adj. third.
Thebae, arum, f. Thebes.
ThSmistocles, is, m. .Themistocles.
timeo, ui, 2, to fear.
timor, oris, m. fear.
tot, indcl. adv. so many.
totus, a, um, adj. ivhole,
trado, didi, ditum, 3, to hand over,
deliver up (trans — do),
tralio, xi, ctum, 3, to draw, drag.
traiicio, ieci, iectum, 3, to throw
across, cross (iacio).
trans, prep, across {c. ace.)
transduco, xi, ctum, 3, to lead
across.
transeo, ivi or ii, itum, 4, to c7'oss.
transfigo, xi, xum, 3, to jyierce,
transilio, ui, sultum, 4, to leap
across.
transitus, us, m. a crossing.
transv6ho, xi, ctum, 3, to bring
across.
trecenti, ae, a, num. three hundred.
Latin-English Vocabulary.
173
tri^mo, ui, itum, 3, to tremble.
velox, ocis, adj. swift.
tres, tria, num. three.
venatOr, oris, m. a hunter.
trlbunus, i, m. a tribune (a Roman
vendo, dldi, ditum, 3, to sell.
magistrate or officer).
venenum, i, n. poison.
trlduum, i, n. a space of three days
v6n6ror, 1, to reverence.
(tres — dies).
v^nia, ae, f. pardon.
tristis, e, adj. sad.
v6nio, veni, ventum, 4, to come.
Troia, ae, f. Troy {a city on the
ventus, i, m. a wind.
North-west coast of Asia Minor.)
VCnus, 6ris, f. Venus {the goddess
tu, tui, pron. thou.
of Love).
turn, adv. then.
ver, veris, n. spring.
turbo, 1 , to disturb, trouble.
verbum, i, n. a word.
turpis, e, adj. disgraceful, ugly.
vescoE, 3, dep. to eat, live on (c. abl. ).
turris, is, f. a tower.
Vesta, ae, f. Vesta.
tilus, a, um, adj. thy, thine.
vester, tra, trum, adj. your.
tj'rannus, i, m. a despot.
vestis, is, f. a dress.
via, ae, f. a v;ay.
vict6r, oris, m. a conqueror.
Ullus, a, um, adj. any.
victoria, ae, f. victory.
ultimus, a, um, adj. last.
vicus, i, m. a street, hamlet.
Ulysses, is, m. Ulysses.
video, vidi, visum, 2, to see.
undlque, adv. from all sides.
videor, visus, 2, dep. to seem.
ilnlversus, a, um, adj. whole, all,
viginti, indcl. num. twenty.
vilis, e, adj. cheap.
entire.
unquam, adv. ever.
vincio, vinxi, vinctum, 4, to bind.
rmus, a, um, num. one.
vinco, vici, -victum, 3, to conquer.
urbs, bis, f. a city.
vinum, i, n. ivine.
ui-sus, i, m. a bear.
vir, vlri, m. a man.
usus, us, m. use, need.
virgo, Inis, f. a virgin.
titer, tra, trum, pron. which of the
vMdi.s, e, adj. green.
two ?
virtus, utis, f. virtue, courage.
uterque, utraque, utrumque, pron.
vis, vim, vi, f. force, violence; in
both, either.
plur. vires, ium, strength.
iitllis, e, adj. useful.
vita, ae, f. life.
iltOr, usus, 3, dep. to use [c. abl. )
vivo, xi, ctum. 3, to live.
utrinque, adv. on both sides.
vix, adv. hardly^ scarcely.
utrum, conj. whether.
v6co, 1, to call, summon.
ux5r, oris, f. a wife.
v6lo, \, to fly.
v6lo, v6lui, velle, to wish, be
loilUng.
Vaco, l,to be at le'isurt-for (c. dat.)
voltus, see vultus.
vidum, i, n. a shallow.
v6lupta8, atis, f. pleasure.
valeo, ui, 2, to be well, strong.
vox, vocis, f. a voice.
valldus, a, um, adj. well, strong.
Vulcanus, i, m. Vulcanus {the god
vallis, is, f. a vall^.
offire).
vallum, i, n. a palisade.
vulnSro, 1, to wound.
vasto, 1, to lay waste, ravage.
vulnus, 6ris, n. a loound.
v6, conj. or.
ATilpes, is, f. a fox.
vel, conj. or.
vultus, us, m. the face.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Abhor, abhorreo, ui, 2.
abandon, r6liiiquo, liqiii, lictiim,
3 ; des6ro, rui, rtum, 3.
able, to be, possum, potui, posse.
abode, sedes, is, f.
abound, ilbundo, 1.
aboid,, circum (c. ace, and adv.)',.
nearhi, f6re ; concernin(f, de (r.
abl.y
above, siiper (r. ace. and abl.) ;
from above, desiiper, adv.
abroad, fSris.
absent, to be, absum, fui, esse.
abstain from., abstineo, \\\, tentiini,
2 [c. abl.)
abundantly, abundanter.
Acca, Acca, ae, f.
accejJt, accipio, cepi, ceptum, 3.
acceptable, gratus, a, um.
access, adltus, us, m.
accident, cfisus, us, m. ; by accident,
easu ; forte {adv.)
accompany, c5mitor, 1, dep.
accomplish, perficio, feci, fectum,
3.
according to, ex (c. abl.)
accordingly, itt\que, igitur {adv.)
accusation, crimen, inis, n.
accuse, accilso, 1.
accused, the, reus, i, m.
accuser, accusiltor, oris, m.
accustomed, to be, soleo, s5litus, 2,
dep.
Achilles, Achilles, is, m.
achioioledge, agnosco, novi, nitum,
3.
acquainted uuth, to be. See to
knov.\
acquire, to, acquiro, sivi, situm, 3 ;
adipiscor, adeptus, 3, dep,
acquit, absolve, vi, utum, 3.
across, trans (c. ace.)
act, an, factum, i, n.
act, to, ago, egi, actum, 3.
Actium, Actium, i, n.
active, celer, is, e.
actor, an, mimus, i, m.
adapted, aptus, a, um.
add, addo, didi, ditum, 3.
address, all5quor, cutus, 3, dep.
admire, admiror, 1, dep,
admiration, admlratio, onis, f.
admit, admitto, misi, missum, 3 ;
{confess) confiteor, fessus, 2, dep.
admonish, admSneo, ui, itum, 2.
admonition, admonitio, onis, f.
adopt, adopto, 1.
adorn, orno, 1.
adi^ance, to, progrSdior, gressus, 3,
dep. ; procedo, cessi, cessum, 3.
advantage, commodum, i, n.
adversary, adversarius, i, m.
adverse, iniquus, a, um.
advice, consilium, i, n.
advise, moneo, ui, itum, 2.
aedile, aedilis, is, m.
aedileshijy, aedilitas, atis, f.
Aegean, the, Aegeum mare.
Aemilius, Aemilius, i, m.
Aetna, Aetna, ae, f.
affability, fftcllitas, atis, f.
affair, res, rei, f.
affection, caritas, atis, f. ; filial
affection, pietas, atis, f.
affectionate, carus, a, um ; pius, a,
um.
English-Latin Vocabulary.
175
affirm, assfivero, 1 ; affirmo,
1
Amnion, Amnion, Onis, m.
afflict, ango, xi, ctum, 3; vexo, 1.
among, inter (r. ace.)
afford, praebeo, ui, Itum, 2.
Amulitis, Am alius, i, m.
Africa, Africa, ae, f.
amuse, delecto, 1.
ajler, post (c. ace.) ; ex (c. ahl.)
Anacharsis, Anacharsis, is, m.
afterwards, postea.
ancestors, maiores, um, m.
again, mrsus, Iterum.
ancestral, avitus, a, um ; patrius.
against, ad versus, contra, in
[all c.
a, um.
ace. )
ancient, antlquus, a, um ; priscus,
against one's, will, invitus, a,
um.
a, um ; v6tus, 6ris.
Agamemnon, Agamemnon, Onis, m.
Ancus, Ancus, i, m.
age, aetas, atis, f. ; old age,
s6nec-
and, et ; atqu^ ; qu6.
tus, litis, f.
angry, to be, irascor, iratus, 3,
age, an, saecttlum, i. n.
dep.
agree, consentio, sensi, sensnm, 4.
angi-y, Iratus, a, um.
agreeably to, congmenter.
animal, animal, alis, n. ; wild
agreed, concors, cordis, adj.
animal, f6ra, ae, f.
agreement, consensus, us, ni.
announce, nuntio, 1.
Agrippa, Agrippa, ae, m.
annoy, to, vexo, 1 .
Agrippina, Agi-ippina, ae, f.
annually, quotannis.
aid, auxllium, i, n.
another, alius, a, ud ; the other,
aid, to, auxilior.
alter, 6ra, grum.
air, aer, aeris, m.
answer, to, respondeo, di, nsum.
alarm, an, tOniultus, us, m.
2.
alarm, to, exclto, 1.
answer, an, responsum, i, n.
Allan, Albanus, a, urn.
ant, formica, ae, f.
Alexander, Alexander, dri, i
n.
Antiochus, Anti5chus, i, m.
Alexandria, Alexandria, ae.
f.
antiquity, antlqultas, atis, f.
alliance, sociutas, atis, f.
Antisthenes, Antisthfines, is, m.
alien, alienus, a, um.
Antonius, Antonius, i, m.
alike, pilrlter.
any, uUus, a, um ; quisquam, quae-
alive, vivus, a, um.
quam, quicquam or quodquani
all, omnis, e ; from all sides
undl-
[only after negatives) ; quis, qua,
quid ; any you please, quilibet.
que ; in all, omnino ; on a
l sides,
passim.
quaellbet, quidllbet or quodllbet.
alloic, sino, sivi, situm, .3
; it is
anywhere, usquam.
alloiced, licet, uit, 2, impers.
Apollo, Apollo, inis, m.
ally, s6cius, i, m.
apparel, vestitus, us, m. ; cultus.
almost, paene, fCre.
us, m.
alone, solus, a, um.
appeal, provuco, 1.
along, per {c. ace. )
appear, vkleor, visus, 2, dep. ;
Alps, Alpes, ium, f.
appareo, ui, 2.
already, iam.
appearance, species, ei, f.
also, 6t, 6tiam.
appease, placo, 1.
Appian 7cay, the, Appia via.
altar, ara, ae, f.
cdlogether, omnino.
Appiu-s, Appius, i, m.
ahcays, semper.
applause, plausus, us, m.
ambassador, legatus, i, m.
apple, pomum, i, n.
ambush, insldiae, arum, f.
apply, appGno, pcisui, pSsItum, 3;
America, America, ae, f.
adKlbeo, ui, Itum, 2.
176
English-Latin Vocabulary.
appoint, constltuo, ui, utiim, 3.
approach, to, adeo, ii, itum ; acl-
v6nio, veni, ventum, 4.
apptroach, an, ftditiis, us, in.
approve, pr6bo, 1.
apt, aptus, a, um.
Apulia, Apulia, ae, f.
archer, sS-gittarius, i, m.
Archidamus, Archidamus, i, m.
Archimedes, Archimedes, is, m.
ardour, ardor, oris, m.
Argolis, ArgSlis, idis, f.
Argos, Argi, drum, m.
Arion, Arion, 6nis, m.
Arlovistus, Ariovistus, i, m.
arise, orior, ortus, 4, dep. ; surgo,
surrexi, surrectum, 3.
Arlstippus, Aristijjpus, i, m.
arin, an, brachium, i, n.
arm, to, anno, 1.
armed, armatus, a, um.
armour-hearer, armiger, 6ri, m.
arms, arma, orum, n.
army, exercitus, us, m.
around, circum {2irep. c. ace. and
adv. )
Arpinum, Arpinum, i, n.
arrival, adventus, us, m.
arrive, advenio, veni, ventum, 4.
arroiv, silgitta, ae, f.
art, ars, tis, f.
artisan, artifex, icis, c.
as, ut ; as if, tanquam, quasi ; as
long as, don6c ; as far as, tSnus
(c. abl.)
ascend, aseendo, ndi, nsum, 3.
ashamed, to be, poenitet, uit, 2
(impers.)
Asia, Asia, ae, f.
asJc, rSgo, 1 ; asJc for, p6to, ivi or
ii, itum, 3, oro, 1.
aspect, vultus, us, m ; aspectus, us,
m.
ass, S-smus, i, m.
assaidt, to, oppugno, 1.
assault, an, impetus, us, m.
assemble, conv6nio, veni, ventum,
4 [intrans.) ; conv5co, 1 {trans.)
assembly, concilium, i, n.
assign, defgro, tuli, latum, ferre.
assist, auxllior, 1, dep. ; subv6nio,
veni, ventum, 4 (c. dat. )
assistance, auxllium, i, n.
astonished, attSnItus, a, um.
astonishment, admiratio, onis, f.
at, apud (c. ace.) ; ad (r. ace.)
at all, omnlno.
at any rate, saltem.
at length, tandem, aliquando.
at once, una ; simul, statim.
Athens, Athenae, arum, f.
Athenian, Atheniensis, e.
Atratinus, Atratlnus, i, m.
attach, alligo, 1.
attach, to, aggrgdior, gressus, 3,
dep. ; oppugno, 1 [to attach a
toivn).
attach, an, impetus, us, m.
Attains, Attalus, i, m.
attempt, to, conor, 1, dep.
attempt, an, conatus, us, m.
attendant,^ ^^telVis,, itis, c.
attention, to pay, op6ram da.re.
attentively, intente.
Attica, Attica, ae, f.
attract, traho, xi, ctum, 3.
Atys, Atys, Atyos, m.
audacity, audacia, ae, f.
augur, augur, firis, m.
augury, augurium, i, n. ; oin^n,
mis, n.
Augustus, Augustus, i, m.
auspice, ausplcium, i, n.
auspices, to tahe, auspicor, ],
dep.
author, auctor, oris, m.
authority, auctoritas, atis, f.
autumn, auctumnus, i, m.
auxiliary, auxiliarius, a, um.
auxiliaries, auxilia, orum, n.
avail, valeo, ui, 2.
avarice, ftvaritia, ae, f.
avaricious, a varus, a, um.
avenge, ulciscor, ultus, 3, dep.
avoid, vlto, 1 ; fugio, fiigi, itum>
3.
aivait, expecto, 1 ; in^neo, nsi,
nsum, 2.
awahe, expergiscor, perrectus, 3,
dep.
English-Latin Vocabulary.
177
aware of, gnarus, a, um (c. gen.
awful, dirus, a, um.
axe, securis, is, f.
Bacchus, Bacchus, i, ra.
had', tergum, i, n.
had, millus, a, um ; badly, mdl6.
ba(ff/a(j<', impgdimenta, orum, n.
bait, esca, ae, f.
banish, pello, pepuli, pulsum, 3 ;
expello, pftli, pulsum, 3.
barbarian, barbarus, a, um.
barbarous, fCrus, a, um.
barber, tonsor, oris, m.
bare, nudus, a, um.
barJc, to, latro, 1.
barren, stCrilis, e.
base, turpis, e.
baseness, turpitude, Inis, f.
basket, corbis, is, f.
bat, vespertilio, onis, m.
bathe, lilvo, lavi, lotum, 1.
battle, proeliiim, i, n. ; pugna,
ae, f.
hay, launis, i or us, f.
beak, rostrum, i, u.
hear, to, f6ro, tali, latum, ferre.
hear, a, ursus, i, m.
beard, barba, ae, f.
beast, bestia, ae, f. ; of burden,
iumentum, i, n.
hmf, caedo, cCcidi, caesum, 3.
beaten, to be, vapftlo, 1.
beautiful, pulcher, chra, chrum.
beauty, fonna, ae, f, ; pulchritudo,
Inis, f.
because, quia ; quod.
become, fio, factus, fifiri ; befit,
d6ceo, ui, 2.
bed, lectus, i, m.
hed-diamber, cilblcCdum, i, n.
befall, contingo, tigi, tactum, 3
(c. dat.)
heft, see to become,
hi fore {conj.), priusquam, ant3-
quam ; {prep. ) ante [c. ace. )
beforehand, ante.
bcfj, oro, 1.
begijar, mendicus, i, m.
Ji.L.W.
begin, inclpio, cepi, ceptum, 3 ;
coepi, def. ;— a battle, committo,
misi, missum, 3.
beginning, Inltium, i, n.
behind, post (c. ace. )
behold, asplcio, exi, ectum, 3 ;
video, vidi, ^'isum, 3.
behoves, it, Cportet, uit, 2 ; d6cet,
uit, 2.
believe, credo, didi, ditum, 3 (c.
dat. of person).
Belgae, Belgae, arum, m.
bell, tintiniiabttlum, i, n.
Bellona, Bellona, ae, f.
belly, venter, tris, m.
below, infra (c. ace.)
benefactor, b6n6factor, oris, m.
benefit, to, bengfacio, feci, factum,
3 ; prosum, fui, esse (c. dat. )
benefit, a, bCngfactum, i, n.
benevolence, bgnfivolentia, ae, f.
beseech, oro, 1.
beside, iuxta (c. ace.)
besides {prep. ) praeter (c. ace. ) ;
{adv.) praet6rea.
besiege, obsldeo, sedi, sessum, 2.
best, optimus, a, um.
betake, confgro, tiili, latum, ferre ;
rgcipio, cepi, ceptum, 3.
betray, prudo, dIdi, ditum, 3.
betroth, spondeo, spopondi, spon-
sum, 3.
better, mClior, us,
between, inter {c. ace.)
bewail, ploro, 1.
beware, caveo, cavi, cautum, 2.
beyond, ultra (c. ace. ) ; praeter
{c. ace.)
big, see large,
hill, rostrum, i, n.
hind, vincio, vinxi, vinctum, 4;
dellgo, 1.
bird, avis, is, f.
birth, partus, ils, m ; noble birth,
nobilltas, atis, f.
biso7i, virus, i, m.
bite, a, morsus, iis, m.
bite, to, mordeo, mOmordi, morsum,
2.
bitter, acerbus, a, um.
M
178
English-Latin Vocabulary.
black, niger, gra, grum ; ater, tra,
break out, erumpo, rupi, ruptum, 3.
trum.
break down, diruo, ui, litum, 3.
Blach Sea, Pontus Euxinus.
breast, pectus, oris, n.
Name, culpa, ae, f.
breastplate, lorica, ae, f.
blame, to, culpo.
breath, anima,ae, f. ; halltus, us, m.
blind, caecus, a, um.
breed, alo, ui, altum, 3.
blindness, caecitas, atis, f.
bridge, pons, ntis, m.
blood, bloodshed, sanguis, inis, m. ;
bright, clarus, a, um ; sjjlendldus.
cruor, oris, m.
a, um.
bloodstained, cruentatus, a, um.
bring, aff6ro, atttdi, allatum, afFerre.
blot out, deleo, evi, eturn, 2.
bring about, efficio, feci, fectum, 3.
blow, ictus, us, m.
bring back, r6duco, duxi, ductum,
blue, caei'uleus, a, una.
3-
blush, erubesco, ui, 3.
bring down, deduco, duxi, ductum.
boar, aper, pri, m.
3.
board, to, conscendo, di, sum, 3.
bring in, infgro, ttili, illatum, f erre ;
board, a, ta,btila, ae, f.
introduco, xi, ctum, 3.
boast, glorior, 1, dep. ; iacto, 1.
bring up, edtico, 1.
boat, cymba, ae, f.
bring out, educo, duxi, ductum, 3.
body, corpus, 6ris, n. ; dead body,
Britain, Britannia, ae, f.
cadaver, 6ris, n.
brother, frater, tris, m.
Boeotia, Boeotia, ae, f.
broio, frons, ntis, f.
bold, audax, acis ; fortis, e.
Brutus, Brutus, i, m.
bone, 03, ossis, n.
build, aedifico, 1.
book, liber, bri, m.
building, aedificium, i, n.
boot, calceus, i, m.
bulk, magnitudo, mis, f. : moles.
booty, praeda, ae, f.
is, f.
border, finis, is, m.
bull, taurus, i, m.
born, to be, nascor, natus, 3 dep.
bundle, fascis, is, m.
bosom, sinus, us, m.
burden, 6nus, 6ris, n.
both {adj. ), ambo, ae, o ; {conj. )
burn, uro, ussi, ustum, 3 {trans.);
et.
ardeo, arsi, arsum, 2 {intrayis.)
bottle, titer, tris, m.
burning, a, incendium, i, n.
bottom, imus, a, um, adj.
bury, s6p6lio, ivi, sepultum, 4.
bound, boundary, finis, is, m. ;
bush, dumiis, i, m.
terminus, i, m.
bushel, modius, i, m.
boio, arcus, us, m.
business, res, rei, f. ; nggotium, i, n.
boy, puer, 6ri, m.
but, sed ; at ; autem.
boyhood, puSritia, ae, f.
butcher, camifex, icis, m.
boxer, ptigil, ilis, m.
but that, quin {only with negatives).
bracelet, armilla, ae, f.
buy, 6mo, emi, emptum, 3.
brag, iacto, 1.
buyer, emptor, oris, m.
branch, ramus, i, m.
brandish, quatio, quassi, quassum.
3.
Cadiz, Gades, ium, f.
brave, fortis, e ; bravely, fortlter.
Caesar, Caesar, aris, m.
bravery, virtus, litis, f.
cage, cavea, ae, f.
bread, panis, is, m.
Caius, Caius, i, m.
break, frango, fregi, fractum, 3;
calamity, calamitas, atis, f. ; dam-
rumpo, rupi, ruptum, 3.
num, i, n.
English-Latin Vocabulary.
179
call, v5co, 1.
cause, to, efflcio, feci, fectum, 3.
call to witness, tester, 1, dep.
cautiously, caute.
Callisthenes, Callisthfines, is, ni.
cavalry, gquites, um, m ; gqultatus,
calm, s6renus, a, um ; pkcldus, a,
us, m.
um.
cease, desino, sivi or sii, situm, 3.
Camillus, Camillus, i, m.
celebrate, c6lebro, 1.
camjy, castra, oruni, n.
celebrated, cgleber, bris, bre ; in-
Campania, Campania, ae, f.
signis, e ; praeclarus, a, um.
can, see able.
centaur, centaurus, i, m.
Caninitis, Caninius, i, m.
centurion, centilrio, onis, m.
Cannae, Cannae, arum, f.
century, centilria, ae, f.
canton, pagus, i, ra.
Ceres, C6res, dris, f.
cap, pileus, i, m.
ceremony, ritus, us, m.
capital, caput, Itis, n.
certain, certus, a, umj a certain
Capitol, Capitolium, i, n.
person, quidam.
captive, captivus, a, um.
certainly, immo.
capture, to, cilpio, cepi, captum, 3.
cliain, catena, ae, f. ; vincidum, i, n.
Capua, Capua, ae, f.
challenge, to, prov6co, 1.
car, curnis, us, m.
chamber, culjictllum, i, n.
carcass, cadaver, 6ris, n.
cJiampion, vindex, icis, c.
care, cura, ae, f.
chance, sors, tis, f. ; casus, lis, m.
care, to, euro, 1.
chance [adj.), fortuitus, a, um.
care, to take, 6p6ram dare.
change, mutatio, onis, f. ; vices,
carefully, diltgenter.
ium, f.
careless, negllgens, ntis.
change {mx)ney), nummus, i, m.
carelessness, incuria, ae, f. ; negll-
change, to, muto, 1.
gentia, ae, f.
clmracter, mores, um, m ; inddles,
carry, porto, 1 ; v6ho, vexi, vec-
is,f.
tum, 3.
charge, a, impetus, us, m.
carry down, deffiro, tali, latum,
charge, to, imj)etum facere.
ferre.
charm, delecto, 1.
car7-y off, aufero, abstfili, ablatum,
chariot, currus, us, m. ; cssSdum,
auferre ; rapio, ui, ptum, 3.
i, n.
carry off {a victory), reporto, 1.
charioteer, auriga, ae, m.
cart, plaustrum, i, n.
cheap, vilis, e.
Carthage, Cartliago, Inis, f.
check, reprlmo, pressi, pressum, 3 ;
Carthaginian, Poenus, a, um.
impgdio, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
Casilinum, Casilinum, i, n.
cheese, caseus, i, m.
cast, iacio, ieci, iactum, 3 ; mitto,
clierish, f6veo, fOvi, fotum, 2.
misi, missum, 3.
chew, mando, di, sum, 3.
cad down, demitto, mIsi, missum,
chicken, puUus, i, m.
3.
chief, dux, cis, m.
cat, feles, is, f.
chief men, primores, um, m.
catapult, catapulta, ae, f.
chiefly, maxime ; imprimis.
catch, capio, cepi, captum, 3.
child, infans, ntis, c.
Catiline, Catilina, ae, m.
children, libdri, orum, m.
cattle, p6cus, 5ris, n.
chin, mentum, i, n.
Comline Forks, Furcillae Caudinae,
Chinese, Seres, ae, m.
f.
choice, electio, onis, f.
cause, caussa, ae, f.
choose, ellgo, legi, lectum, 3.
180 English
Latin Vocabulary.
Christian, Christianiis, a, um.
collect, coUigo, legi, lectum, 3 ;
Cicero, Cicero, onis, in.
cogo, coegi, coactum, 3.
Cincinnatus, Cinciimatus, i,
m.
colony, c5lonia, ac, f.
circuit, ambitus, us, m.
colour, c6lor, oris, m.
circus, circus, i, m.
column, cdlumna, ae, f. ; of men,
circumstance, res, rei, f.
agmen, Inis, n.
citadel, arx, cis, f.
combat, pugna, ae, f.
citizen, civis, is, c.
come, A^gnio, veni, ventum, 4.
city, urbs, bis, f.
command, mandatum, i, n. ; iussum.
civil, civilis, e.
i, n. ; poiver, impgrium, i, n.
claim, posco, p6r)0sci, 3 ; \
indico.
command, to, impero, 1 ; praesum.
1.
fui, esse {both c. dat. of person) ;
clamour for, postiilo, 1.
iubeo, iussi, iussum, 2.
claw, unguis, is, m.
command of, to he in, see to com-
Claudia, Claudia, ae, f.
mand.
Claudius, Claudius, i, ni.
commander, imperator, oris, m. ;
clean, purgo, 1.
dux, dticis, m.
clear, claru's, a, um.
commence, incipio, cepi, ceptum, 3.
clear, it is, constat, 1, impei
s.
commit, committo, misi, missum, 3.
clemency, dementia, ae, f.
commx)n, communis, e.
Cleopatra, Cleox^atra, ae, f.
common-people, plebs, plebis, f. ;
clerJc, scriba, ae, m.
vulgus, i, n.
clever, pgritus, a, um ; h&bilis, e.
commonwealth, respublica, reipub-
climb, scando, di, sum, 3.
licae, f.
cling -to, amplector, plexus, 3,
commotion, motus, us, m ; tumul-
dep.
tus, us, m.
cloah, paludamentum, i, n.
companion, comes, itis, c.
Clodius, Clodius, i, m.
compare, compare, 1 ; coufero, tidi,
Gloelia, Cloelia, ae, f.
collatum, ferre.
close, claudo, si, sum, 3.
compassion, misgricordia, ae, f.
closely, arete.
compel, cogo, coegi, coactum, 3.
close to, prope (c. ace.)
complain, queror, questus, 3, dep.
close quarters, at, cominus.
complaint, querela, ae, f.
cloth, i^annus, i, m.
complete, to, conftcio, feci, fectum,
clothe, vestio, ivi or \i, ituin
4.
3.
clothing, vestitus, us, m.
conceal, celo, 1.
cloud, nubes, is, f.
concede, concedo, cessi, cessum, 3.
club, clava, ae, f.
conceive, concipio, cepi, cei5tum, 3.
Clypea, Clypea, ae, f.
concern, attinet, 2 impers. (c. ad
Clytemnestra, Clytemnestra,
ac, f.
with ace. )
coast, litus, 6ris, n. ; ora, ae
, f.
concerning, de [c. abl.)
coat, vestis, is, f.
conciliate, concilio, 1.
cobbler, sutor, oris, m.
concord, concordia, ae, f.
coch, gallus, i, m.
concourse, concursus, us, m.
Codes, Codes, Itis, m.
condemn, damno, 1 ; condemno, 1.
coin, nummus, i, m.
condition, conditio, onis, f.
cold, frigus, oris, n.
confer, confero, tuli, collatum,
cold, frigidus, a, um.
ferre.
collar, torquis, is, c.
conference, colloquium, i, n.
colleague, coUega, ae, m.
confess, confiteor, fessus, 2, dep.
English-Latin Vocabulary.
181
confession^ confessio, ouis. f.
confidence^ fides, ei, f.
confine, contlneo, ui, tentum, 2.
confirm, confirmo, 1.
confiscate, pu])lIco, 1.
Conon, Conon, onis, m.
congratulate, gratalor, 1, dep. (c.
dat.)
conquer, vinco, vici, victum, 3 ;
supCro, 1.
conqueror, victor, oris, m.
conquest, victoria, ae, f.
conscious, conscius, a, urn {c. gen.)
consciousness, conscieiitia, ae, f.
consecrate, consecro, 1.
consecutive, contlnuus, a, um.
consent, to, consentio, sensi, sen-
sum, 4.
consent, consensus, us, m.
consider, ptito, 1.
consist, consto, stiti, statum, 1 .
consolation, solatium, i, n.
console, solor, 1, dep.
conspiracy, coniuratio, onis, f.
conspire, coniuro, 1.
conspirator, coniurator, oris, m.
constancy, constantia, ae, f.
constrain, cogo, coegi, coactum, 3.
consul, consul, tilis, m.
consulate, constllatus, us, m.
consult, consfllo, ni, sultum, 3.
consult, to deliberate, delibCro, 1.
consume, consumo, sumjjsi, sump-
tum, 3.
contempt, contemptus, us, m.
contend, contendo, di, turn, 3.
content, contentus, a, um (c. «/>/.)
contest, certamen, Inis, n.
continual, contlnuus, a, um.
continue, maneo, mansi, mansum, 2 ;
to go on, pergo, perrexi, rectum, 3.
contract, contraho, traxi, tractum, 3.
contradict, contradico, dixi, dic-
tum, 3 (c. dat.)
contrary, contrarius, a, um.
contrary, on the, contra.
contrary-to, contra [c. arc.)
convenient, commOdus, a, um.
conversation, sermo, onis, m, ; col-
loquium, i, n.
convey, v61io, vexi, vectum, 3.
cook, c6quus, i, m.
cook, to, coquo, coxi, coctuui, 3.
coop, civea, ae, f.
copper, aes, aeris, n.
Corinth, Cdrinthus, i, m.
Corinthian, C5rinthius, a, um.
cormorant, phalacr6c6rax, acis, m.
corn, frumentum, i, n.
Cornelia, Cornelia, ae, f.
corpse, cadaver, eris, n.
correct, corrlgo, rexi, rectum, 3 ;
emendo, 1.
corrupt, corrumpo, rupi, niptum, 3.
Corvus, Corvus, i, m.
cost, prgtium, i, n. ; expense, sump-
tus, us, m.
cost, to, sto, steti, statum, 1 (c. dat.
of person),
costume, vestitus, us, m.
cottage, cAsa, ae, f.
cover, tego, texi, tectum, 3.
covet, ctlpio, Ivi, itum, 3.
covetous, ciipldus, a, um
couch, lectus, i, m., cubile, is, n.
council, concilium, i, u.
counsel, consilium, i, n.
counsellor, suasor, oris, m.; con-
Blliarius, i, m.
count, nilmfiro, 1.
countenance, vultus, us, m.
country, terra, ae, f. ; the country,
nis, rtiris, n. ; o«e'« oion country,
patria, ae, f.
courage, virtus, litis, f.
course, cursus, us, m.
cover, tCgo, xi, ctum, 3 ; conspergo,
si, sum, 3.
coioard, coivardly, ignavns, a, um.
cowardice, ignavia, ae, f.
crafi, calllditas, atis, f.
crafty, callldus, a, um.
crane, gi'us, gruis, c.
crash, fragor, oris, m.
Crassus, Crassus, i, m.
create, creo, 1.
creature, animal, alis, n.
credible, credlbilis, e.
credit, frde3, ei, f.
Crimera, Ci-emera, ae, m.
182 English-Latin Vocabulary.
crescent, lunula, ae, f.
dance, salto, 1.
crest, signum, i, n.
danger, pgriciilum, i, n.
Crete, Greta, ae, f.
dangerous, pgriculosus, a, um.
crime, sc6lus, 6ris, n.
Danube, Ister, tri, m.
crocodile, crGcodllus, i, m.
dare, audeo, ausus sum, 2, dep.
Croesus, Croesus, i, m.
Darius, Darius, i, m.
crop, s6ges, 6tis, f.
dai'k, obscurus, a, um ; pullus, a,
cross, crux, crticis, f.
um.
cross, to, traiicio, ieci, iectum, 3 ;
darken, obscuro, 1.
transeo, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
darkness, callgo, Tnis, f. ; tgnebrae,
crow, corvus, i, m.
arum, f.
croio of a cock, cantus, ils, m
dart, telum, i, n. ; iaculum, i, n.
crowd, turba, ae, f.
daughter, filia, ae, f.
croivn, c6r5na, ae, f.
dawn, prima lux ; mane, indcl.
crown, to, corono, 1 ; cingo.
cinxi.
dawn, to, illucesco, illuxi, 3.
cinctum, 3.
day, dies, ei, c. in sing. m. in
cruel, crudelis, e.
plural; daybreak, prima lux.
cruelty, crudelitas, atis, f.
dead, mortuus, a, um.
crumb, frustum, i, n.
dead body, cadaver, 6ris, n.
crush, opprimo, pressi, pressum, 3.
deadly, fatalis, e.
cry, voco, 1 ; clamo, 1 ; like a
deaf, surdus, a, um.
child, vagio, Ivi or ii, Itum
4.
dear, carus, a, um.
cry out, exclamo, 1 .
death, mors, mortis, f.
cry, a, clamor, oris, m.
debt, aes a,lienum.
cub, catiilus, i, m.
deceive, decipio, cepi, ceptum, 3.
cultivate, c51o, colui, cultum,
3.
deceit, dolus, i, m.
cultivation, cultura, ae, f.
decide, constituo, ui, utum, 3 ;
cunning, callidus, a, urn.
decerno, crevi, cretum, 3.
cup, poctllum, i, n.
Decius, Decius, i, m.
curCi r6m6dium, i, n.
declare, declaro, 1 ; to declare war.
cure, to, sano, 1.
bellum indic6re.
curiae, curiae, arum, f.
decree, to, decerno, crevi, cretum,
Curiatii, the, Curiatii, orum.
m.
3.
Curius, Cttrius, i, m.
decree, a, decretum, i, n. ; edictum.
curtain, velum, i, n.
i, n.
custom,, mos, mdris, m.
deed, factum, i, n. ; facinus, oris,
cut, caedo, cScidi, caesum, 3 ; scindo,
n.
scidi, scissum, 3.
d.eem loorthy, dignor, 1, dep.
cut down, concldo, di, sum, 3
deep, altus, a, um.
cut off, abscindo, scidi, scissum, 3.
deer, dama, ae, c.
cut to pieces, concldo, di, sum
, 3.
defeat, a, eludes, is, f.
Cyprus, Cyprus, i, f.
defeat, to, vinco, vici, victum, 3.
defect, vltium, i, n.
defence, praesidium, i, n.
Dagger, ptlgio, onis, m.
defend, defendo, di, sum, 3.
daily, quStidianus, a, um;
adv.
defendant, reus, i, m.
quotldie.
defile, polluo, ui, utum, 3.
damage, damnum, i, n. ;
detrl-
Deianira, Deianira, ae, f.
mentum, i, n.
deity, numen, inis, n.
damage, to, n5ceo, ui, itum, 2 (c
.dat.)
delay, m.6Ya,,'^ae, f,
English-Latin Vocabulary.
183
delay, to, moror, 1, ilep. ; cunctor,
1, dep.
deliberate, delib<5ro, 1.
delight, gaudium, i, n.
delifjht, to, delecto, 1 ; iilvo, 1.
deliver, libero, 1.
Delos, Delos, i, f.
Demades, Demades, is, m.
demand, posco, p6posci, 3 ; postttlo,
1.
Demosthenes, Demosthenes, is, m.
deny, n6go, 1.
depaH, excedo, cessi, cessum, 3 ;
discedo, cessi, cessum, 3.
departure, discessus, us, m.
deplore, ploro, 1.
deprive, spClio, 1 ; privo, 1.
descend, descendo, di, sum, 3.
descended from, 5riundus, a, um.
describe, describo, scripsi, scrip-
tum, 3.
desert, des6ro, inii, rtum, 3 ; linquo,
liqui, lictum, 3.
deserter, transfttga, ae, m.
deserve, mCreor, mfiritus, 2, dep.
design, consilium, i, n.
desire, cftpido, Inis, f.
desire, to, cflpio, ivi, itum, 3 ; opto, 1 .
desirous, cttpldus, a, um.
desist from, desisto, destiti, desti-
tum, 3.
desolate, solus, a, um ; desertus, a,
um.
despair, to, despiiro, 1.
despair, despCratio, onis, f.
despatch, conftcio, feci, fectum, 3.
despise, contemno, tempsi, temp-
tum, 3.
destiny, futum, i, n. ; sors, sortis, f.
destroy, perdo, didi, dltum, 3.
destructive, exitiosus, a, um.
detain, detlneo, ui, tentum, 2.
detect, animadverto, verti, versum,
3.
determine, stfttuo, ui, utum, 3.
detract, detrilho, traxi, tractum, 3.
devastate, vasto, 1.
devote, devoveo, vOvi, votum, 2.
devour, comedo, edi, esum, 3 ;
devftro, 1.
diadem, diftdema, atis, n.
Diana, Diana, ae, f.
dictator, dictator, oris, m.
dictatorship, dictatura, ae, f.
die, mSrior, mortuus, 3, dep.
dij'er, differo, distftli, dilatum,
difterre.
difference, discrlmen, Inis, n.
difficult, drfl^cllis, e.
dffficidty, difttcultas, atis, f. ; with
difficulty, vix.
dig, f6dio, fodi, fossum, 3.
dig up, effbdio, fodi, fossum, 3.
digest, concoquo, coxi, coctum, 3.
dignity, dignltas, atis, f.
diligent, strenuus, a, um ; stttdiosus,
a, um.
diminish, minuo, ui, utum, 3.
dine, prandeo, di, sum, 2 ; coeno, 1 .
Diodes, Diocles, is, m.
Diogenes, Diogfines, is, m.
Dionysius, DiOnysius, i, m.
dip, tinguo, tinxi, tinctum, 3.
dire, dirus, a, um.
disappear, evanesco, ui, 3.
disaster, damnum, i, n, ; clades, is, f.
discern, cemo, crevi, crutum, 3.
discharge, fungor, functus, 3, dep ;
{darts), conilcio, ieci, iectum, 3.
disciple, disclpttlus, i, m.
discipline, discipllna, ae, f.
discord, discordia, ae, f.
discover, invfnio, veni, ventum, 4 ;
rCperio, reperi, repertum, 4.
disease, morbus, i, m.
disembark, egrCdior, egi-essus, 3,
dep.
disgrace, dedScus, Sris, n.
disgrace, to, foedo, 1.
disgraceful, turpis, e.
disguise, disslmftlo, 1.
disgust, taedium, i, n.
disgusts, it, taedet, uit, 2, impers.
dish, patella, ae, f.
dishevelled, passus, a, um.
dishonour, see disgrace,
dismiss, dimitto, m!si, missum, 3.
dismount, descendo, di, sum, 3.
dispense, distrlbuo, ui, utum, 3 ;
( — justice), dico, xi, ctura 3.
184
English-Latin Vocabulary.
display, ostendo, di, sum, 3 ;
ostento, 1.
displease, displiceo, iii, Itum, 2.
dispose, dispone, posui, positum, 3.
disposition, indoles, is, f. ; in-
ggnium, i, n.
dispute, a, rixa, ae, f. ; contentio,
onis, f.
dispute, to, dispiito, 1.
dissemble, dissimillo, 1,
dissembler, dissimtllator, oris, m.
dissemion, dissensio, onis, f.
distance, distantia, ae, f. ; sjKice
between, intervallnm, i, n.
distant, to be, absum, fui, esse.
distinguish, decerno, crevi, ere turn,
3.
distinguished, insignis, e ; claras, a,
um.
distribute, distribuo, ui, iituin, 3.
disturb, turbo, 1.
disturbance, motus, us, m.
ditch, fossa, ae, f.
dive, mergor {pass, ofmergo).
diver, iirinator, oris, ni.
divide, divide, si, sum, 3.
divine, divinus, a, um.
division, a, pars, rtis, f.
do, faeio, feci, factum, 3.
docility, dScilltas, atis, f. ; man-
suetudo, inis, f.
doctor, mgdicus, i, m.
doe, cerva, ae, f.
dog, cS,nis, is, c.
dolphin, delphin, inis, m.
domestic, d5mesticus, a, um.
door, ianua, ae, f. ; fores, um.
Don, Tanais, is or idis, m.
doubt, to, dubito, 1.
doubtful, incertus, a, um ; dtibius,
a, um ; withoid doubt, sine dubio.
dove, cSlumba, ae, f.
downcast, demissus, a, um.
down from, de (c. abl.)
drachma, drachma, ae, f.
Draco, Draco, onis, m.
drag, tr&ho, traxi, tractum, 3.
draw [a sword), stringo, nxi, ictum,
3.
draw along, duco, xi, ctum, 3.
draio bach, reduce, xi, ctum, 3.
draio off, abduco, xi, ctum, 3.
draw up [an army), instruo, struxi,
structum, 3.
draw by lot, sortior, titixs, 4, dejo.
draw water, a,quor, 1, dej).
dreadful, dims, a, um.
dream, a, somnium, i, n.
dream, to, somnio, 1.
dress, vestltus, us, m ; vestis, is, f.
dress, to, vestio, ivi or ii, Itum, 4.
drinli, bibe, bibi, bibitum, 3 ; poto,
1.
drive, age, egi, actum, 3 ; pelle,
peptili, pulsum, 3.
drive aioay, out, expello, ptili,
pulsum, 3.
di^op, a, gutta, ae, f.
droion, mergo, mersi, mersum, 3.
drunTc, ebrius, a, um.
dry, siccus, a, um ; aridus, a, um,
diick, a,nas, atis, f.
Duilius, Duilius, i, m.
didy, rite.
dutiful conduct, pi6tas, atis, f.
duty, ofFicium, i, n.
dwelling, d5mus, us, f.
dye, tingue, tinxi, tinctum, 3 ;
imbue, ui, utum, 3.
Each, qxiisque, quaeque, quidque,
or quodque.
eager, ctipidus, a, um.
eagle, ^qulla, ae, f.
ear, auris, is, f.
early, mature.
earnest, strenuus, a, um ; sttidiosus,
a, um.
earth, terra, ae, f. ; tellus, uris, f.
ease, otium, i, n.
easily, facile.
east, the, Qriens, entis, m.
easy, facilis, e.
eat, 6de, edi, esum, 3 ; vescor, 3,
dep. (c. abl.)
ebony, 6b6nus, i, f,
eclipse, defectus, us, m.
educate, ediico, 1.
Edivard, Edvardus, i, m.
English-Latin Vocabulary.
185
effect, to, efftcio, feci, fectum, 3.
effeminate, mollis, e.
effort, conatus, us, in. ; impetus,
us, m.
e<j<j, ovum, i, n.
Egypt, Aegyptus, i, f.
Egyptian, Aegyptius, a, um.
eight, octo, intlcl.
eighth, octavus, a, um.
eighty, octoginta, indcl.
either, titer, tra, trum ; {ronj.) ant ;
vel ; sive ; sen.
eject, eilcio, eieci, Oiectum, .3.
elated, elfitus, a, um.
elder, sGnior.
elect, ellgo, lOgi, lectum, 3.
elegance, gratia, ae, f.
elephant, ^\vi)]mntus, i, m. ; ^leph.is,
antis, m.
elk, alces, is, f.
eloquence, facundia, ae, f.
eloquent, facundus, a, um.
else, Jllius, a, ud.
elsewhere, alibi.
elude, c'ludo, lusi, lusum, 3.
embark, to, ascendo, di, sum, 3.
embassy, legatio, onis, f.
embrace, to, amplector, plexus, 3,
dep.
embrace, amplexus, us, m.
eminent, cliirus, a, um.
emperor, impgriitor, oris, m.
empire, impfirium, i, n.
empty, vacuus, a, um.
encourage, hortor, 1, dep. ; c6-
hortor, 1, dep; stlmido, 1.
end, finis, is, m.
endeavour, conor, 1, dep.
endued with, praedltus, a, um {c.
abl.)
endurance, patientia, ae, f.
endure, patior, passus, 3, dep.
enemy, hostis, is, m. ; a private
enemy, inlmleus, a, um.
energetic, strenuus, a, um.
enej'vate, mollio, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
engagement, certfimen, inis, n. ;
pugna, ae, f,
England, Anglia, ae, f.
enjoy, fnior, fruitus, 3, dep. {c. abl. )
enjoyment, voluptas, atis, f.
Ennius, Ennius, i, m.
enormous, ingens, ntis.
enough, satis.
enraged, iratus, a, um.
enrol, conscribo, scripsi, scriptum,
3.
enter, intro, 1 ; ineo, Ivi or ii,
Itum, 4.
enterjv'ise, conatus, \xa, m.
entirely, omnlno.
entrails, vise6ra, um, n.
entrenchment, vallum, i, n. ; agger,
6ris, n.
entrust, credo, didi, ditum, 3.
entnj, introltus, us, m. ; adTtus,
us, m.
envious, invldus, a, um.
envoy, legatus, i, m.
envy, invldia, ae, f.
envy, to, invldeo, vldi, ^'^sum, 2
(c. dat.)
Epaminondas, Epaminondas, ae, m.
Ephesus, EphCsus, i, f.
Epinis, EiJirus, i, f.
equal, aequus, a, um ; aequfilis, e ,
par, is.
equal, to, adaequo, 1.
equally, parlter.
equipped, instructus, a, um, pai-t.
{instruo).
erect, erigo, rexi, rectum, 3.
err, erro, 1.
escape, ftiga, ae, f.
escape, to, effugio, fugi, fugltum, 3.
escape the notice of, fallo, fefelli,
falsum, 3.
escort, deduce, duxi, ductum, 3.
especially, praesertim ; praeclpue ;
imprimis.
establish, constltuo, ui, ntum, 3.
estimate, aestlmo, 1.
Etruria, Etruria, ae, f.
Etrurian, Tuscus, a, um.
Europe, Europa, ae, f.
Eurydice, P^urydlce, es, f.
Eurystheus, Eurystheus, ei, m.
even, ftiam ; vel ; not even, ne —
quidem.
event, eventus, us, m.
186
English-Latin Vocabulary.
ever, unquam ; ahoays, semper.
everlasting, aeternus, a, urn.
every, omnis, e ; quisque, quaeqiie,
qiiodque.
every day, qu5tldie.
everywhere, passim.
evil, malus, a, umj subst. milium,
i, n.
examine, investlgo, 1.
exartiple, exemplum, i, n.
excel, antficello, ui, 3 (c. dat.) ;
stipgro, 1.
excellent, egrfigius, a, um ; prae-
clarus, a, um.
except, praeter (c. ace.)
excessive, nimius, a, um.
exchange, milto, 1.
exnte, excito, 1 ; moveo, movi,
motum, 2.
excitement, motus, us, m.
exclaim, exclamo, 1.
excuse, excuse, 1.
exercise, exercitatio, onis, f.
exercise, to, exerceo, ui, itum, 2.
exliort, cohortor, atus, 1, dep.
exile, exilium, i, n.
exile, an, exsul, filis, m.
exist, exsisto, stiti, stitum, 3.
expect, expecto, 1.
expectation, expectatio, onis, f. ;
spes, spei, f.
expediency, utilitas, atis, f.
expedient, iitilis, e.
expedition, expgditio, onis, f.
expel, expello, puli, pulsum, 3.
expense, sumptus, us, m.
experience, expgrientia, ae, f. ;
usus, us, m.
experience, to, expgrior, pertus, 4,
dep.
expiate, expio, 1.
ex]nre, exeo, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
explain, explico, 1.
exploit, factum, i, n. ; fiicmus,
5ris, n.
export, exporto, 1.
expiose, expuno, p5sui, positum, 3.
exposure, expositio, onis, f.
extend, piUeo, ui, 2 {intrans.) ;
pando, di, sum, 3 {trans.)
extent, sp^tium, i, n. ; distantia.
ae, f.
extinguish, exstinguo, nxi, nctura,
3.
extol, laudo, 1.
extract, extrS,ho, traxi, tractum, 3.
extraordinary, mirus, a, um.
extreme, extremus, a, um.
extremely, valde.
extremity, extremum, i, n,
eye, 5ciilus, i, m.
Fabian, Fabius, a, um.
Fabius, Fabius, i, m.
fable, fabula, ae, f.
Fab7'icius, Fabricius, i, m.
fabidous, fabtilosus, a, um.
face, fitcies, ei, f. ; os, oris, n. ;
vultus, us, m.
factions, partes, ium, f.
fade, marcesco, 3.
fail, deftcio, feci, fectum, 3.
fair, pulcher, chra, ehrum ; just,
aequus, a, um.
faith, fides, ei, f.
faithful, fidelis, e ; fidus, a, um.
fall, a, cjisus, us, m.
fall, to, cftdo, cecidi, casum, 3 ;
labor, lapsus, 3, dep.
fall asleep, to, obdormio, ii or ivi,
itum, 4.
false, falsus, a, um.
fame, fama, ae, f.
family, familia, ae, f. ; domus, us,
f.
famine, fames, is, f.
far, pr5cul ; longe.
farm, praedium, i, n.
farming, agncultura, ae, f.
fat, pinguis, e.
fate, fatum, i, n.
father, pater, tris, m.
fatherland, patria, ae, f.
fatigue, lassitude, inis, f.
fatten, sflgino, 1.
fault, culjja, ae, f.
favour, gratia, ae, f.
favour, to, faveo, favi, fautum, 2
(c. dat.)
lUnglish-Latin Vocabulary.
187
Faust ulus, Faustttlus, i, m.
fixed, certus, a, um.
fear, tlmor, oris, m. ; metus, us, m.
finme, flamma, ae, f.
fear, to, timeo, ui, 2 ; mStuo, ui, 3.
flapping, plausus, us, m.
fearful, terrlbilis, e.
flatter, adiilor, 1, dep.
fearless, impilvldus, a, um.
fl^e, ftigio, fugi, fugltum, 3.
feast, gpttlae, arum, f.
fleet, classis, is, f.
feast, to, ^pillor, atus, 1, dep.
fli'sh, cftro, camis, f.
feather, penna, ae, f. ; pluma, ac, f.
flight, f flga, ae, f . ; of a bird, v6la-
features, ora, orum, n. ; see counten-
tus, us, m.
ance.
floor, tabttlfitum, i, n.
feeble, infirmus, a, um.
flourish, floreo, ui, 2.
feed, pasco, pavi, pastum, 3 {trans. ) ;
floio, fluo, xi, ctum, 3.
pascor, passive {intrans.)
flower, flos, oris, m.
feed on, vescor, 3, dep. {c. all.).
fltite-player, fidlceu, Inis, m.
feel, sentio, sensi, sensum, 4.
fly, a, musca, ae, f.
feign, aimiAo, 1 ; fingo,finxi, fictum,
fly, to, sec flee ; of a bird, v<'Slo, 1.
3.
fly away, aufttgio, ffigi, 3.
fellow, h5mo, Inis, c.
foavi, spuma, ae, f.
female, femtna, ae, f.; {adj.)
foe, hostis, is, m.
femlneus, a, um.
folloio, sgquor, sGcutus, 3, dep.
ferocity, saevitia, ae, f.
follower, comgs, Itis, c.
fertile, fertllis, e.
folly, stultltia, ae, f.
fetch, see hrin<j.
food, clbus, i, m.
fetter, compes, edis, f.
fond of, st;:diosus, a, um.
few, paucus, a, um.
fool, foolish, stultus, a, um.
field, ager, gri, m.
fierce, ferox, ocis.
foolishly, stulte.
foot, pes, pedis, m.
fifty, quinquaginta, indcl.
for {corn.), nam, Cnim; {prep.) pro
fig, fig-tree, ficus, i and us, f.
(c. abl.).
fight, pugua, ae, f.
foray, incursio, onis, f.
fight, to, pugno, 1.
forbid, veto, ui, itum, 1 ; prohlbeo,
fijjure, flgura, ae, f.
ui, Itum, 2.
filial affection, i)ietas, atis, f.
force, vis, ace. vim, cd>l. vi, f.
fill, repleo, plevi, pletum, 2,
force, to, see compel.
finally, denique.
forced nuirches, magna itinera.
find, invCnio, veni, ventum, 4.
forces, coplae, arum, f.
fine, multa, ae, f.
forehead, frons, ntis, m.
fine, to, multo, 1.
foreign, externus, a, um ; pfre-
finger, digitus, i, m.
grinus, a, um.
finish, conflcio, feci, fectum, 3 ;
foresee, provldeo, vldi, visum, 2.
forest, siiva, ae, f.
pfirago, egi, actum, 3.
fire, ignis, is, m.
foretell, praedico, dixi, dictum, 3.
firm, firmus, a, um.
forget, obliviscor, oblitus, 3, deji
first, primus, a, um.
(c. gen.).
fish, piscis, is, m.
forgetful, immgmor, Oris (c. gen.).
fishei-man, piscator, oris, m.
form, forma, ae, f.
fit, aptus, a, um ; Idoneus, a.
former, prior, prius.
um.
formerly, olim, quondam.
five, quinque, indcl.
formidable, formidolosus, a, um.
fix, figo, xi, xum, 3.
fort, castrum, i, n, ; castellum, i, n.
188
English-Latin Vocabulary.
fortify, munio, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
Gabii, Gabii, orum, m.
fortunate, felix, icis.
gain, quaestus, us, m. ; lucrum, i,
fortune, fortima, ae, f.
n.
forty, quadraginta, indcl.
gain, to, acquiro, quisivi, quisitum.
forum, f5rum, i, n.
3 ; paro, 1.
found, condo, didi, ditum, 3.
gain possession of, p5tior, Ttus, 4,
founder, condltor, oris, m.
dep. (c. abl.)
four, quatuor, indcl.
Gallic, Gallicus, a, iim.
fourteen, quatuordecim, indcl.
gallows, crux, cnlcis, f.
four horse chariot, qnadrigae,
game, ludus, i, m.
arum, f.
garden, hortus, i, m.
fourth, qnartus, a, nm.
gaoler. See jailer.
four times, quater.
garland, sertum, i, n.
fowl, vClucris, is, f. ; domestic fowl,
garment, vestis, is, f.
gallina, ae, f.
gat'rison, praesldium, i, n.
fowler, auceps, ciipis, m.
gate, ianua, ae, f. ; porta, ae, f.
France, Gallia, ae, f.
gather, l6go, legi, lectum, 3;
free, liber, era, erum.
coUggo, legi, lectum, 3.
Ga7fl, Gallia, ae, f.
free, to, libSro, 1.
freedman, llbertus, i, m.
Gaul, a, Gallus, i, m.
freedom, llbertas, atis, f.
gem., gemma, ae, f.
French, Gallicus, a, um.
general, dux, dilcis, m. ; impgrator,
frequent, creber, bra, brum.
oris, m.
frequently, saepe.
generally, f6re.
fresh, rgcens, ntis ; nOvus, a.
generosity, libgralltas, utis, f.
um.
Geneva, Geneva, ae, f.
friend, friendly, amicus, a, um.
friendship, amlcitia, ae, f.
genius, inggnium, i, n.
gentleness, comltas, atis, f.
frighten, terreo, ui, 2.
gently, leniter.
fro(j, rana, ae, f.
German, Germanus, a, um.
from, a, e, or ex, de {all c. all. )
Germany, Germania, ae, f.
from a distance, eminus.
get possession of, pStior, Itus, 4, dep.
front, in, adversus, a, um.
(c. ahl).
frost, g6lu, indcl.
giant, gigas, antis, m.
frugal, parcus, a, um.
gift, donum, i, n.
frugality, parsimonia, ae, f.
gild, Inauro, 1.
fruit, fructus, us, m.
gird, cingo, nxi, nctum, 3.
fruitful, fertilis, e.
girl, puella, ae, f.
Fuffetius, Fuffetius, i, m.
give, do, dfidi, datum, 1.
fugitive, ftigitl\n.is, a, um.
give hade, reddo, didi, ditum, 3.
fulfil, perficio, feci, fectum, 3 ;
give birth to, pario, pepgri, partum,
expleo, plevi, pletum, 2.
3.
full, plenus, a, um.
give up, trado, didi, ditum, 3.
funeral, funus, 6ris, n. ; funeral
glad, laetus, a, um.
rites, inferiae, arum, f.
glass, vitrum, i, n.
funny, iScosus, a, um.
Glaucus, Glaucus, i, m.
furrow, sulcus, i, m.
glitter, mico, ui, 1.
fary, furor, oris, m. , impetus, us,
gloomy, tristis, e.
m.
glorious, praeclarus, a, um.
future, futilrus, a, um.
glory, gloria, ae, f.
English Latin Vocabulary.
189
gloWy to, ardeo, rsi, rsum, 2.
grieve, dOleo, ui, 2 (intrans. ); ango,
go, eo, ivi or ii, Itum, 4.
xi, ctum, 3 {trans.)
go axcay, abeo, ii, Itum, 4.
groan, ggmltus, us, m.
go hi/, praetCreo, ivi or ii, Ituni, 4.
groan, to, gCmo, ui, Itum, 3.
go forth, or out, exeo, ivi or ii.
grrou/JcZ, htlmus, i, f. ; on the ground,
Itum, 4.
httmi.
go on, procedo, cessi, cessum, 3.
grove, lucus, i, m.
go under, stibeo, ii, Itum, 4.
groio, crcsco, cre\n, cretum, 3.
goal, mC'ta, ae, f.
guard, custos, odis, c.
goat, caper, pri, m. ; she-goat,
guard, to, custodio, ivi or ii, itum,
capella, ae, f.
4.
goat-footed, caprlpes, pgdis.
guest, hospes, Itis, c.
god, deus, i, m.
guide, dux, dtlcis, m.
goddess, dea, ae, f.
guide, to, duco, duxi, ductum, 3.
gods below, the, InfCri, orum, m.
guilt, culpa, ae, f ; scClus, eris, n.
gold, aurum, i, n.
golden, aureus, a, um.
good, bdnus, a, um.
Habit, mos, moris, m.
good-nature, fAcUltas, atis, f.
hail, grando, Inis, f.
goodwill, bCnevolentia, ae, f.
hail, salve, def.
goose, anser, Cris, m.
hair, crinis, is, m ; of an animal.
Gorgon, Gorgon, 6nis, f.
pllus, i, m.
half, dimldium, i, n.
govern, rCgo, rexi, rectum, 3.
government, imp6rium, i, n.
hall, aula, ae, f.
grace, gratia, ae, f.
Iialt, cousisto, stlti, stltum, 3.
Graces, the, Gratiae, arum, f.
hand, manus, us, f ; right fuind,
graciousness, facllitas, atis, f. ;
dextra ; left Jiand, sinistra.
comltas, atis, f.
haiul down, trado, didi, dltum, 3.
grandfather, avus, i, m.
Tiandsome, pulcher, chra, chrum.
grandson, n6pos, otis, m.
hajig, pendeo, pdpendi, pensum, 2
{i7itrans.); pendo, pt^pendi, i)en-
grant, see give.
grape, iiva, ae, f.
sum, 3 {trans.)
grapnel, uncus, i, m.
hanging, suspendium, i, n.
grapple with, prCheudo, di, sum,
Hannibal, Hannibal, alis, m.
3.
Hanno, Hanno, onis, m.
grass, herba, ae, f.
luippen, accldo, cidi, 3; contingo,
gratefid, gratus, a, um.
^ tigi, 3.
gratitude, gi*atia, ae, f.
happy, felix, icis.
gray, cauus, a, um.
harass, vexo, 1.
great, magnus, a, um.
harbour, poi-tus, us, m.
greatly, magn5pere, valdc.
hard, durus, a, um.
greatness, mamitudo, luis, f.
Grecian, Greek, Graecus, a, um.
harden, duro, 1.
hardy, robustus, a, um.
Greece, Graecia, ae, f.
hare, l6pus, oris, m.
harm, detrimentum, i, n.
greedy, avidus, a, um.
green, virldis, e.
Iiarmfid, noxius, a, um.
green, to grow, viresco, 3.
liai-mless, innoxius, a, um.
greeting, salus, \"itis, f.
Iiarp, cithara, ae, f.
grief, d6lor, oris, m. ; luctus, (is,
harper, citharista, ae, m.
m.
Iiarvest, messis, is, i.
190
English-Latin Vocabulary.
Hasdruhal, Hsadrubal, ^lis, m.
hide, c6rium, i, n.
hasten, festino, 1 ; propero, 1 ;
hide, to, condo, didi, ditum, 3;
maturo, 1.
abdo, didi, ditum, 3.
hastily, t6m6re.
hiding place, latebra, ae, f.
hatch, excludo, si, sum, 3.
high, altus, a, um.
hate, odium, i, n.
highbred, ingCnuus, a, um.
hate, to, odi, def.
highest, summus, a, um.
hated, invisus, a, um.
highly, magni.
hatred, see hate.
hill, collis, is, m.
have, habeo, ui, itum, 2.
himself^ se {ace.)
haughty, fCrox, ocis.
hind, cerva, ae, f.
haunt, frgquento, 1.
hinder, impfidio, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
hawlc, acclpiter, tris, m.
hire, conduco, duxi, ductum, 3.
hazard, al6a, ae, f.
historian, auctor, oris, m.
he, ille, a, ud ; is, ea, id.
hither, hue.
head, caput, itis, n.
hitherto, adhiic.
headlong, praeceps, cipitis.
hold, teneo, ui, 2; habeo, ui,
health, sAlus, litis, f.
itum, 2.
healthy, saiius, a, um ; health/id,
hold out, porrigo, rexi, rectum, 3.
saiuber, bris, bre.
hole, cavum, i, ii.
heap, acervus, i, m.
holiday, feriae, arum, f.
hear, audio, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
hollow, cavus, a, um.
hearer, auditor, oris, m.
holy, sacer, era, crum.
heart, cor, dis, n.
home, d5mus, us, f.; at home,
hearth, fdcus, i, m.
domi.
heat, calor, oris, m.
honest, pr6bus, a, um.
heaven, caelum, i, n.
Iionesty, pr5bitas, atis, f.
heavy, gravis, e.
honey, mel, lis, n.
hedgehog, echinus, i, m.
honour, li5nor, oris, m.
heel, calx, cis, f.
honour, to, hSnoro, 1.
he-goat, caper, pri, m.
honourable, honestus, a, um.
heir, heres, edis, c.
hoof, ungala, ae, f.
HeUna, Helena, ae, f.
hook, hamus, i, m.
helmet, galea, ae, f.
hope, spes, spei, f.
help, auxilium, i, n.
Horatius, Horatius, i, m.
help, to, iiivo, iuvi, iutum, 1 ; sub-
Horatii, the, Horatii, orum, m.
v6nio, veni, ventum, 4 (c. dat.)
horn, cornu, us, n.
Kelvetii, the, Helvetii, orum, m.
horrible, dirus, a, um.
hemlock, cicuta, ae, f.
horrid, horridus, a, um.
hen, gallina, ae, f.
horse, 6quus, i, m.
hence, hinc.
horsemM7i, eques, itis, m.
herald, praeco, onis, m.
hospitality, hosiiitium, i, n.
herb, herbage, herba, ae, f . ; grameu,
host, hosp6s, Itis, m.
inis, n.
hostage, obses, idis, c.
Hercules, Herctiles, is, m.
hostile, infestus, a, um.
herd, p6cus, oris, n.
Hostiliv^, Hostilius, i, m.
here, hie.
hound, canis, is, c.
hero, heros, ois, m.
hour, hora, ae, f.
hesitate, diibito, 1,
house, dSmus, us, f.
hesitation, cunctatio, onis, f.
household, familia, ae, f.
English-Latin Vocabulary.
191
how, quam, quom5do ; how greaty
quantiis, a, um ; hoio many, quot ;
how often, qiiftties ; how lon<j,
quamdiu.
howdah, turris, is, f.
however, ttlmcii.
huge, ingens, tis.
human, humanus, a, uni.
human being, h6mo, in is, c.
humanity, see clemency.
humble, hiimllis, e.
hundred, centum, indcl.
hunger, fames, is, f.
hung}-y, to be, estirio, itum, 4.
hunt, venor, atus, 1 dep.
hunter, huntsman, veniitor, oris, m,
hunting, venatio, onis, f.
hurdle, crates, is, f.
hui'l, iacio, ieci, iactum, 3.
hu7-l down, deilcio, ieci, iectum, 3.
hurry, see hasten.
hurtful, noxius, a, um.
husband, milritus, i, m.
husbandman, agrlcola, ae, m.
Hydra, Hydra, ae, f.
/, f'go, mei.
]J>is, ibis, Idis, f.
ichneumon, ichneumon, onis, m.
idea, notio, onis, f.
idle, ignavus, a, um.
idleness, ignavia, ae, f.
if si.
ignorant, ignarus, a, um.
ignorant, to be, ignOro, 1 ; nescio,
ii, 4.
ill, malus, a, um ; sick, aeger, gra,
grum ; {subst. ) malum, i, n.
ill [adv. ), aegre.
illness, morbus, i, m.
ill-tim£d, inopportunus, a, um.
ill-tongued, mal6dlcus, a, um.
illust7'iou8, clarus, a, um ; illus-
tris, e.
image. Imago, Inis, f.
imagine, piito, 1.
imitate, Imitor, 1, dep.
immediately, statim.
immense, ingens, ntis.
immortal, immortalis, e.
immx)rtality, immortalltas, atis, f.
impatient, impatiens, tis.
impede, imi:)tjdio, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
impel, imi^ello, pflli, pulsum, 3.
imperial, impf'ratorius, a, um.
imjyertinence, ins6lentia, ae, f.
impious, impius, a, um.
implore, oro, 1.
imjMrtant, magnus, a, um.
importune, fatigo, 1.
impose, impono, p5sui, p<5sltum, 3.
impudent, impttdens, tis.
impudently, imptldenter.
impulse, motus, us, m.
impunity, ivitli, impune.
impute, attrlbuo, ui, litum, 3.
in, in (c. abl.)
in the jyower of, p^nes (c. ace. )
in the presence of coram (c. abl. )
incite, stlmftlo, 1 ; m6veo, movi,
motum, 2.
increase, augeo, auxi, auctum, 2
{trans.); cresco, crevi, crCtum
(intrans. )
incredible, incrudlbllis, e.
incur, contraho, traxi, tractum, 3,
incursion, incursio, onis, f.
hidecency, impttdentia, ae, f.
indeed, quidem.
India, India, ae, f.
Indian, Indlcus, a, um.
indolence, ignavia, ae, f.
industry, industria, ae, f.
infantry, p6ditatus, us, m.
infect, inflcio, feci, fectum, 3.
infirm, infirmus, a, um.
infii-m.ity, infirmitas, atis, f.
infernal regions, see gods below,
inflame, incendo, di, sum, 3.
inflict, infgro, tuli, illatum, ferre.
influence, mftveo, movi, motura, 2.
inform, certiorem fac6re.
informer, delator, oris, m.; index,
Icis, c.
in front, ad versus, a, um.
ingenuity, sollertia, ae, f.
inglorious, inglorius, a, um.
inhabit, incOlo, colui, cultum, 3 ;
hablto, 1.
192
English-Latin Vocabulary.
inhabitant, iiicola, ae, c.
injure, laedo, si, sum, 8 ; ii6ceo, ui,
itum, 2 (c. dat.)
injur If, iniuria, ae, f.
inn, diversorium, i, n.
innkeeper, caiipo, onis, ni.
innocence, iunocentia, ae, f.
innocent, innocens, tis.
innumerable, inntlmgrabilis, e.
inquire, quaero, quaesivi, quac-
sltum, 3 ; rogo, 1.
inquiry, quaestio, onis, f.
insatiable, inexplebilis, e.
inscribe, inscribo, scripsi, scrip-
turn, 3.
insert, ins6ro, ui, turn, 3.
insolence, insolentia, ae, f.
insolent, ins5lens, tis.
inspect, inspicio, spexi, spectum, 3.
inspire, stimtilo, 1.
instance, exemplum, i, n.
instead of, pro (c. abl.)
instinct, instinctus, us, ni.
instruct, ddceo, ui, ctum, 2.
instrument, instrumentum, i, ii.
insufficient, iinpar, is.
insult, contumelia, ae, f.
insult, to, illudo, si, sum, 3 [c. dat.)
integritfj, probitas, iltis, f.
intellect, inggnium, i, n.
intend, statuo, ui, utum, 3.
intent, iutentus, a, um.
intention, consilium, i, n.
inter, sSpglio, ivi or ii, pultum, 4.
intercept, intercludo, si, sum, 3,
intercourse, consuetudo, inis, f.
interfere with, interccdo, cessi,
cessum, 3 (c. dat.)
interpret, interpr6tor, 1.
intei'rupt, interrumxjo, rupi, rup-
tum, 3.
into, in (c. ace)
introduce, induco, duxi, ductuiu, 3.
invade, invado, si, sum, 3.
in turn, invicem.
in vain, frustra.
invaluable, prfitiosissimus, a, um.
inventor, inventor, oris, m.
invincible, invictus, a, um.
invite, invito, 1.
invoke, invSco, 1.
involved, obstrictus, a, um.
Iphirjenia, Iphigenia, ae, f.
Ireland, Hibernia, ae, f.
Irishman, Hibernus, a, um.
iron [subst.), ferrum; [adj.), fcr-
reus, a, um.
irritate, irrito, ].
island, insula, ae, f.
it, see he.
Italy, Italia, ae, f.
ivory [subst.), ebur, 5ris, n; [adj.)
fiburnus, a, um.
ivy, hedera, ae, f.
Jailer, ianitor, oris, m.
Janicidum, laniculum, i, n.
jar, vas, vasis, n.
javelin, iaculum, i, n.
jaw, mala, ae, f.
jest, iocus, i, ra ; pi. i and a.
join, iungo, nxi, netum, 3.
joint, articulus, i, m.
journey, Iter, itinSris, n.
joy, gaudium, i, n.
joyful, laetus, a, um.
joyfully, laete.
judge, itidex, icis, m.
judge, to, iudico, 1.
judgment, indicium, i, n.
juice, ius, iuris, n.
Jidia, Iidia, ae, f.
jump, saltus, us, U).
jump, to, salto, 1.
jumjyer, saltator, oris, m.
Juno, luno, onis, f.
Jupiter, luppiter, I5vis, m.
just, iustus, a, um.
just [adv.), tantum non.
justice, iustitia, ae, f . ; ius, iuris. m.
Keep, tSneo, ui, 2 ; servo, 1.
keep off, arceo, ui, 2.
keeper, custos, odis, c.
key, clavis, is, f.
kill, interficio, feci, fectum, 3.
kind, geims, 6ris, n.
kindle, incendo, di, sum, 3.
kindly, benigne.
English-Latin Vocabulary.
193
kindliness, kindness, b^nltas, atis,
f. ; a kindness, bCneflciuni, i, n.
kindred, propinqui, orum, m.
king, rex, regis, m.
kingdom, regnum, i, n.
kiss, osctllor, 1 dep.
knave, n6bftlo, onis, m.
knee, genu, us, n.
knife, culter, tri, m.
knight, 6ques, Itis, m.
knightly, fiquester, tris, tre.
knot, nodus, i, m.
know, scio, ivi or ii, Itum, 4.
knowledge, scientia, ae, f
knoion, notus, a, um.
Labienus. Labienus, i, m.
laborious, arduus, a, um.
labour, labor, oris, m.
labour, to, laboro, 1.
Lacedaemonian, Lac6daem6nius, a,
um : Lacedaemonian woman,
Lacaena, ae, f.
lack, 6geo, ui, 2 ; careo, ui, 2.
Laconia, Laconia, ae, f.
laden, dnustus, a, um.
Laevinus, Laevinus, i, m.
lady, mttlier, 6ris, f.
lake, lacus, us, m.
lamb, agnus, i, m.
lame, claudus, a, um.
lament, lu^eo, xi, etum, 2 {trans.) ;
d6leo, ui, itum, 2 {intrans.)
lamentation, maeror, oris, m., see
grief,
lance, hasta, ae, f.
land, terra, ae, f. ; ager, gri, m,
land (adj.), terrestris, e.
landlord, caupo, onis, m.
large, magnus, a, um.
last, ultlmus, a, um.
last, at, tandem.
lasting, p^-rennis, c.
late, tardus, a, um erus, a, um.
lately, nfiper.
Latin, Latlnus, a, um.
latter, the former . . . the latter,
ille . . . hie.
Latona, Latona, ae, f.
BL.w.
laugh, rideo, si, sum, 2.
laugh at, irrideo, si, sum, 2 (c. dai.)
laughing-stock, ludibrium, i, n.
Laurentia, Laurentia, ae, f.
lavish, prodl^s, a, um.
law, lex, legis, f.
laiojfnl, legltlmus, a, um.
lawful, it is, licet, uit, 2, impers.
lay, lay aside, see place.
lay down, depono, p6sui, posi-
tum, 3.
^y {''OOs), pario, p^peri, partum, .3.
lay tuaste, vasto, 1.
laziness, Inertia, ae, f.
lazy, segnis, e ; Iners, tis.
lead, plumbum, i, n.
lead, duco, xi, ctum, 3.
lead out, edueo, xi, ctum, 3.
leaden, plumbeus, a, um.
leader, dux, dttcis, m.
leaf, frons, dis, f.
leap, saltus, us, m.
leap, to, salio, ii or tti, saltum, 4.
leap across, transllio, ui, sultum, 4.
leap down, desilio, sllui, sultum, 4.
I leap forth, exsllio, sllui, sultum, 4.
leaper, saltator, oris, m.
learn, disco, didici, 3.
learned, doctus, a, um.
learning, doctrina, ae, f.
least, minimus, a, um.
leave, to, linquo, llqui, lictum, 3;
r6linquo, llqui, lictum, 3.
leave, pdtestas, atis, f.
left, rellquus, a, um.
left {hand), sinister, tra, trum.
leg, cms, cruris, n.
legate, legatus, i, m.
legion, l6gio, onis, f.
legionary, l§gionarius, a, um.
leisure, otium, i, n.
leisure, to have, vaco, 1.
Lemnos, Lemnos, i, f.
lend, credo, didi, ditum, S.
length, longitude, Inis, f.
length, at, tandem.
Lentulus, Lentalus, i, m.
Leonidas, Leonldas, ae, m.
less, minor, us.
less, for, minoris.
N
194
English-Latin Vocabulary.
lessen, deminuo, ui, utum, 3.
lest, ne.
let go, dimitto, misi, missimi, 3.
Utter, litgrae, arum, f. ; letter of the
alphabet, lit6ra, ae, f.
level, aeqiius, a, um.
level, to, aequo, 1.
levy, a, delectus, us, m.
ievy, to, conscribo, psi, ijtum, 3.
liar, mendax, acis.
liberality, munificentia, ae, f.
liberate, lib6ro, 1.
liberty, llbertas, atis, f.
liclc, lingo, nxi, netum, 3.
Victor, lictor, oris, m.
lie {to tell lies), mentior, Itus, 4 dep.
lie, lie down, iaceo, ui, itum, 2,
lie hid, lateo, ui, 2.
lie in ambush, in wait for, insidior,
1 dep. (c. dat.)
life, vita, ae, f.
light, lux, lucis, f.; lumen, inis, n.
light, l6vis, e.
lighted, accensus, a, um.
lighten, l6vo, 1.
lightning, fulgCir, tlris, n.
like, similis, e.
like, to, see to love.
likeness, simllitudo, inis, f.
Vmib, membrum, i, n.
limit, finis, is, m ; limes, itis, m.
line — of battle, acies, ei, f.
line — of march, agmen, inis, n.
linger, cunctor, 1 dep.
lion, leo, onis, m.
lip, labrum, i, n.
listen to, audio, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
literature, litfirae, arum, f.
litter, lectica, ae, f.
little, parvus, a, um.
live, to, vivo, vixi, victum, 3.
live on, vescor, 3 dep. (c. abl. )
load, 5nus, 6ris, n.
load, to, on6ro, 1.
lofty, altus, a, um.
log, lignum, i, n.
long, longus, a, vim.
long-haired, c6matus, a, um.
look, look at, aspicio, spexi, spec-
turn, 3.
look back, resj)icio, spexi, spec-
tum, 3.
look for, quaero, quaesivi, quae-
situra, 3.
look on, aspecto, 1.
look, a, vultus, us, m.
lord, dSminus, i, m.
lose, perdo, didi, ditum, 3 ; amitto,
misi, missum, 3.
loss, damnum, i, n.
lot, sors, tis, f.
loud, altus, a, um ; magnus, a, um.
lovable, amabllis, e.
love, amor, oris, m.
love, to, amo, 1 ; diligo, lexi, lec-
tum, 3.
lover, amator, oris, m.
loving, amans, tis.
low, lowly, htlmilis, e.
lower, inferior, us.
hv)er, to, demitto, misi, missum, 3.
Lucilius, Lucilius, i, m.
Lucius, Lticius, i, m.
luck, fortuna, ae, f.
lucky, felix, icis ; favistus, a, um.
Lucullus, Liicullus, i, m.
lunatic, insanus, a, um ; aniens, tis.
luxury, luxiiria, ae, f.
Lydia, Lydia, ae, f.
lyre, lyra, ae, f.
Lysimachus, Lysimadius, i,an.
Macedon, Macedonia, Mac6d6nia,
ae, f.
Macedonian, Mac6donicus, a, um.
Macedonians, the, Mac6d6nes,
onum, m.
machine, machina, ae, f.
Tnad, insanus, a, um ; amens, tis.
mad, to be, insanio, ivi or ii, 4.
madness, insania, ae, f.; amentia,
ae, f.
magistrate, magistratus, us, m.
'magnanimity, magnanimitas, atis,
f.
magpie, pica, ae, f.
Maharbal, Maharbal, alis, m.
Maia, Maia, ae, f.
maid, anciila, ae, f.
English-Latin Vocabulary.
195
tentxim, 2.
make, facio, feci, factum, 3.
Tiuike haste, festino, 1 ; pr6p6ro, 1 ;
mfituro, 1.
make tcay, cedo, cessi, cessum, 3.
male, mas, maris.
malignant, millc^flciis, a, um.
mallet, malleus, i, m.
'man, vir, i, m ; homo, iiiis, c.
manage, admlnistro, 1.
manager {of a theatre), liidlmagis-
ter, tri, m.
vwnijest, manlfestus, a, um.
Manias, Manius, i, m.
ManUu/i, Manlius, i, m.
mxinhj, virilis, e ; brave, fortis, e.
manner, mos, moris, m ; mtidus, i,
m.
manure, stercus, 5ris, n.
mantj, multus, a, um.
marble, marmor, oris, ii ; {adj.)
marm5reus, a, um.
march, to, prdflciscor, fectus, 3 dep. ;
contendo, di, tum, 3.
march, iter, itinCris, n.
Marcus, Marcus, i, m.
mark, signum, i, n ; nota, ae, f.
marry, as a man, duco duxi, duc-
tum, 3 ; as a loomxin, nubo,
nupsi, nuptum, 3 (c. dat.)
Mars, Mars, tis, m.
marsh, pAlfis, udis, f.
martial, martius, a, um.
mass, moles, is, f.
master, d6mlnus, i, m ; of a school,
magister, tri, m.
//latter, res, rei, f.
matters, it, refert, impers.
nnayor, praefectus, i, m,
meadow, pratum, i, n.
meanness, avaritia, ae, f.
means, opes, um, f. ; copia, ae, f.
p Tneanwhile, int6rea, interim.
t measure, mSdus, i, m.
measure, to, metier, mensus, 4, dep.
meat, caro, carnis, f.
Mecenas, Mecenas, atis, m.
meditate, coglto, 1.
Medusttf Medusa, ae, f.
meet, aptus, a, um.
m£et, to, occurro, curri, cursum, 3
(c. dat.) ; (adv.), obviam (c. dat.)
memorable, insignis, e.
Menelaus, MenClaus, i, m.
Menenius, Meuenius, i, m.
mention, mentio, onis, f.
merchant, mercator, oris, m.
merchantman, Onfiraria navis.
mercy, dementia, ae, f.
merited, mgrltus, a, um,
message, nuntius, i, m.
messenger, nuntius, i, m.
metal, mfetallum, i, n.
Metellus, MStellus, i, m.
middle, m6dius, a, um ; in tJie midst,
in medio ; midnight, media nox.
might, vis, ace. vim, abl. vi, f.
mighty, p5tens, tis ; ingens, tis.
mildness, lenltas, atis, f.
mile, say a thousand paces,
milestone, terminus, i, m.
Miletus, Miletus, i, f.
militai'y, milltaris, e.
milk, lac, tis, n.
Milo, Mile, onis, m.
mina, mina, ae, f.
mind, mens, tis, f. ; animus, i. m.
mindful, mumor, 5ris (c. gen.)
mine, mens, a, um.
mingle, misceo, ui, xtum, 2.
miracle, miraciilum, i, n.
miraculous, mirus, a, um.
mirth, laetltia, le, f.
miserable, mls< rabllis, e ; miser,
era, erum.
miserably, mls6re.
misery, dolor, oris, m.
misfortune, malum, i, u ; calamltas,
atis, f.
mistake, error, oris, m.
mistress, h6ra, ae, f . ; d5mlna, ac, f .
mix, see mingle.
mx)b, turba, ae, f.
mock, ludo, si, sum, 3.
mockery, ludibrium, i, n.
moderation, muddratio, onis, f.
modest, mOdestus, a, um.
modesty, modestia, ae, f.
moist, humldus, a, um.
196
English-Latin Vocabulary.
moisture, hfimor, oris, m.
national, patrius, a, um.
mole, talpa, ae, c.
native, a, incola, ae, c.
money, sum of money, p6cunia, ae, f.
nature, natura, ae, f.
monster, monstrum, i, n.
naval, navalis, e.
month, mensis, is, m.
navigation, navigatio, onis, f.
monument, monumentum, i, n.
near, pr6pinquus, a, um ; {prep.).
moon, luna, ae, f.
prope, ad (c. ace.)
more, plus, pluris ; [adv. ), magis.
nearly, fgre, paene.
moreover, praet6rea.
near side of, on the, cis, citra
morning, mane, indcl.
(c. ace.)
mortal, mortalis, e.
necessamj, ngcessarius, a, um.
mother, mater, tris, f.
necessity, ngeessltas, atis, f.
motion, motus, ils, m.
jiecTc, collum, i, n.
mound, tumulus, i, m.
need, opus, n. (c. abl.)
mount, ascendo, di, sum, 3 j con-
needle, acus, us, f.
scendo, di, sum, 3.
neglect, negllgo, lexi, lectum, 3.
mountain, mons, tis, m.
negligence, incuria, ae, f.
mourn, lugeo, xi, ctum, 2.
neigh, hinnitus, us, m.
mournfid, maestus, a, um.
neigh, to, hinnio, ivi or ii, 4.
mourning, luctus, us, m.
neigh at, adhinnio, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
mouse, mus, muris, c.
neighbour, neighbouring, vicinus, a,
moidh, OS, oris, n.
um ; finltimus, a, um.
move, moveo, vi, tum, 2.
neither, neuter, tra, trum ; {conj.),
much, multus, a, um ; {adv.),
nee, ngque.
multum.
7iepheiv, ngpos, otis, m.
Mucius, Mucius, i, m.
Neptune, Neptunus, i, m.
mud, llmus, i, m.
Nesstcs, Nessus, i, m.
multitude, multitudo, Inis, f.
iVgro, Nero, onis, m.
Mummius, Mummius, i, m.
nest, nidus, i, m.
munificence, munlficentia, ae, f.
net, rete, is, n.
murder, caedes, is, f.
7iever, nunquam.
murder, to, interficio, feci, fectum,
nevertheless, tamen.
3; trucldo, 1.
neiu, novus, a, um.
murderer, interfector, oris, m.
news, nuntius, i, m.
murmur, murmur, iiris, n.
next, proximus, a, um.
■murmur, to, murmttro, 1.
night, nox, noctis, f.; hy night.
midilate, rnutilo, 1.
noctu.
Mutina, Miitina, ae, f.
nightinqale, philomela, ae, f.
my, meus, a, um.
Nile, Nllus, i, m.
myrrh, myrrha, ae, f.
nine, novem, indcl.
myrtle, myrtus, i, f.
nobility, nobilltas, atis, f.
noble, nobilis, e.
noble, nobleman, princeps, cipis, m.
Naked, nudus, a, um.
noise, sonus, i, m ; clamor, oris, m.
name, nomen, Inis, n.
nominate, nomino, 1.
name, to, nomino, 1 ; v5co, 1.
none, nullus, a, um ; no one, nobody,
narrate, narro, 1 ; refgro, tuli,
nemo, ace. neminem.
latum, ferre.
nose, nasus, i, m.
narroiu, angustus, a, um.
not, non ; not even, ne . . . quidem.
nation, gens, tis, f.; populus, i, m.
noted, notus, a, um.
English- Latin Vocabulary.
19^
notlung, nihil or nil, indcl,
notice, anlmadverto, ti, sum, 3.
noticlthstamling , tilnien.
ywitrishy alo, alui, altum or alltum,
3.
novelty, nOvttas, atis, f.
noiv, nunc ; iam.
iwtL'here, nusquam.
Nmna, Niima, ae, m.
number, nttmSrus, i, m.
mimerotts, multus, a, um.
Numitor, Numltor, oris, m.
nurse, nutrix, icis, f.
nurse, to, fuveo, fovi, fotum, 2.
nut, nux, nflcis, f.
nymph, nympha, ae,
Oak, quercuB, us, f.
oar, remus, i, m.
oath, iusiurandum, iurisiurandi ;
military oath, sacramentum, i, n.
obedience, obsfquium, i, n.
obedient, 6bediens, tis (c. dat.)
obey, pareo, ui, Itum, 2 (c. dat.)
object, obilcio, ieci, iectum, 3.
oblige, cogo, coegi, coactum, 3.
obtfcure, to, obscuro, 1.
observe, observe, 1.
obstinacy, pertlnacia, ae, f.
obstinate, pertlnax, acis.
obstruct, impfidio, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
obtain, potior, itus, 4 (c. abl.)
obtain by entreaty, impetro, 1.
obtain by lot, soi-tior, itus, 4 dep.
occasion, tempus, 6ris, n.
occupy, possldeo, sedi, sessum, 2.
ocean, ocsanus, i, m.
Octavianus, Octavianus, i, m.
odour, 6dor, oris, m.
oj", ad (o. ace.)
offend, offendo, di, sum, 3.
^er, oflfero, obtilli, obljltiun,
offerre.
offering, domim, i, ii.
office, oflFlcium, i, n. ; munus, Cris, n.
officer, legatus, i, m.
offspring, proles, is, f.
often, saepe.
oil, oleum, i, n.
old, antiquus, a, um ; v6tus, Cria.
old age, sCnectiis, utis, f.
old man, sCnex, is.
old tcoman, ftnus, us, f.
Olympic, Olymplcus, a, um.
omen, omen, Inis, n.
omit, flmitto, misi, missum, 3.
on, in (c. abl.)
on account of, ob, propter (<*. ace.)
once, sCmel ; once vpon a time, olim,
quondam.
one, xinus, a, um ; one by one, sin-
gidi, ae, a.
one — another, alius — alius ; the one
— the other, alter — alter.
only, mddo ; {adj. ) solus, a, um.
onset, impetus, us, m.
open, apertus, a, um.
open, to, flpgrio, ui, i-tum, 4.
opinion, sententia, ae, f.
opponeM, adversjirius, i, m.
opportunity, occasio, onis, f.
oppose, oppono, p6sui, pOsitum ;
obsisto, stiti, stitum, 3.
oiypress, opprlmo, jjressi, pi'es-
sum, 3.
or, ant, vel ; v6 {enclitic) ; sive,
seu.
orator, orator, oris, m.
oratory, facundia, ae, f.
orb, orbis, is, m.
order, ordo, Inis, m ; command,
mandiitum, i, n.
order, to, iilbeo, iussi, iussum, 2 ;
impCro, 1 {c. dat.)
orderly, an, tabellfirius, i, m.
Orgetorix, Orget6rix, Igis, m.
ornament, oniatus, us, m.
Orpheus, Orpheus, fos, m.
ostentation, ostentatio, onis, f.
ostrich, struthiocamelus, i, m.
other, alius, a, ud.
othenvise, alioquin, alias.
ought, debeo, ui, Itum, 2.
our, noster, tra, trum.
Old of, e, Qx {c. abl.)
outline, descriptio, onis, f.
outrage, iniuria, ae, f.
outside, extra (c. ace.)
outstrip, praevgnio, veni, ventum, 4.
198
English-Latin Vocabulary.
outivorh, propngnaculum, i, n.
pea, cicer, 6ris, n.
over, super (c. ace, and ahl.), across.
peace, pax, pacis, f.
trans (c. ace.)
peacocTc, pavo, onis, m.
overcome, vinco, vTci, victum, 3.
peasant, rusticus, i, m.
overflow, innndo, 1.
pelican, pglicanus, i, m.
overlook, prosplcio, spexi, spec-
penalty, poena, ae, f.
turn, 3.
penetrate, penetro, 1.
overtkroiv, see overcome.
penitence, poenitentia, ae, f.
overturn, subverto, verti, versum, 3,
penny, djnarius, i, m ; as, sis, m.
overwhelm, oijprimo, pressi, pres-
jjeople, p5pulus, i, m. •
sum, 3.
perceive, animadverto, ti, sum, 3.
oice, debeo, ui, itum, 2.
perch, to, insldo, sedi, sessum, 3.
owner, dominus, i, m.
perfectly, plane.
ox, bos, b5Ais, e.
perform, fungor, functus, 3 (c. abl.)
perfume, odor, oris, m.
perhaps, forsitan, fortasse.
Pace, passus, us, m
Periander, Periander, dri, m.
'pac'ify, paco, 1.
peril, pgriculum, i, n.
•pain, dolor, oris, m.
perish, p6reo, ivi or ii, 4.
jiaint, pingo, nxi, ctum, 3.
permission, potestas, atis, f.
'painter, pictor, oris, m.
permit, patior, passus, 3, dep.
paintiwj, pictura, ae, f.
Perse, Perse, es, f.
palace, palatium, i, n.
pierseverance, persgverantia, ae, f.
palm, palma, ae, f.
Perseus, Perseus, eos, m.
panic, pavor, oris, m.
persevere, pers6vero, 1.
pant, anhelo, 1.
Persian, Persa, ae, m.
pantry, eella, ae, f.
persistently, assidue.
paper, charta, ae, f.
person, h6mo, inis, c.
parched, aridus, a, um ; tostus, a,
persuade, persuadeo, si, sum (c. dat.
um.
of person).
pardon, vSnia, ae, f.
pestilential, pestilens, tis.
pardon, to, ignosco, novi, notum, 3.
Philip, Phllippus, i, m.
parent, parens, tis, c.
Philoctetes, Pliiloctetes, is, m.
Parrhasivs, Parrhasius, i, m.
philosopher, phil6s6plius, i, m.
parricide, parricida, ae, m.
]jhiloso2)hy, phil5sophia, ae, f.
parrot, psittacus, i, m.
Phocion, Phocion, onis, m.
part, pars, tis, f . ; {of an actor),
Phocus, Phocus, i, m.
partes, pi.
physician, mfidicus, i, m.
partner, socius, i, m.
pickle, condio, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
party, pars, tis, f. {generally in pi.)
picture, tabiila, ae, f.
pass, pass by, j^ass on, praetereo, ivi
pierce, transfigo, xi, xum, 3.
or ii, itum, 4.
ptig, porcus, i, m ; porcellus, i, m.
passon{trans. ), trado, didi, ditum, 3.
pigeon, cdlumba, ae, f.
path, callis, is, m.
pillow, culcita, ae, f.
patrician, patricius, a, um.
pilot, gubernator, oris, m.
patron, patronus, i, m.
pious, pius, a, um.
Paidlus, Paullus, i, ni.
pirate, praedo, onis, m.
pay, stipendium, i, n.
Piso, Piso, onis, ni.
pay, to, solvo, vi, utum, 3.
ivtch [a cam})), pono, p6sui, p5sl-
pay attention, operam dare.
tum, 3
English-Latin Vocabulary.
lOQ
piteoiisly, mlsfre.
pitfall, f6vea. ae, f.
pitiful, mtserlcors, cordis.
pity, miserlcordia, ae, f,
pity, to, misereor, serltus or sertus,
2 dep. (o. gen.)
placable, placfibllis, e.
place, I6cus, i, m ; ]>lural, loca.
place, to, pono, pc^sui, p5sItuiTi, .S.
place before, antfipono, p(3sui, posl-
tum, 3.
plain, campus, i, m.
plan, consilium, i, u.
plant, planta, ae, f.
jAant, to, see jylace.
plaster, oblino, levi, lltum, 3.
Plataea, Plataea, ae, f.
plate, vas, vasis, n.
platfoi-m, tribunal, iilis, n.
Plato, Plato, oni?, m.
play, ludus, i, m.
play, to, ludo, si, sum, 3.
plead (a cause), dico, xi, ctum, 3.
pleasant, gratus, a, um : iucundus,
a, um.
please, pLlceo, ui, Itnm (c. dat.)
delecto,
jileasure, voluptas, atis, f.
plot, consilium, i, n.
jilongh, aratrum, i, n.
plough, to, ftro, 1.
plovg/ishare, vomer, fris, m.
plucJ:, carpo, psi, ptum, 3.
plucking, vellicatio, onis, f.
phinder, praeda, ae, f.
plunder, to, dirlpio, ripui, reptum, 3.
plunderer, praedator, oris, m.
Pluto, Pluto, onis, m.
poet, poeta, ae, m.
poiyU out, ostendo, di, sum, 3.
poison, vC'uenum, i, n.
poisonous, vgneniltus, a, um.
Polycarp, Poly carpus, i, m.
Polyxena, Polyxf-na, ae, f.
pomp, pompa, ae, f.
Pompeius, Pompeius, i, m.
Pomponius, Pomponius, i, m.
pond, pool, stagnum, i, n.
jyoor, pauper, fris.
iwppy, p;"lpaver, 6ris, n.
p>opulace, vulgus, i, n. or m.
populous, frequens, tis,
porch, portions, iis, f.
Porcia, Porcia, ae, f,
Porsena, PorsC-na, ae, m.
jmrt, portus, us, m.
portent, prodlgium, i, n.
portion, pars, tis, f.
portrait, effigies, ei, f.
Poms, Porus, i, m.
Poseidon, Poseidon, onis, m.
p)Osition, see place.
possess, habeo, ui, Itum, 2.
possession, possessio, Onis, f.
possession of, to take, occupo, 1.
posterity, postCri, orum, m.
pour, fundo, fudi, fiisum, 3.
poverty, paupertas, atis, f.
jwicer, putestas, atis, f. ; in the
power of, penes (c. ace.)
powerful, p6tens, tis.
practice, usus, us, m.
j)ractise, exerceo, ui, Itura, 2.
praetor, praetor, Oris, m.
pi-aise, laus, dis, f.
praise, to, laudo, 1.
jvay, Oro, 1 ; prficor, 1 dep.
2)rayers, pr6ces, um, f.
2)recept, praeceptum, i, n.
precious, pr6tIosus, a, um.
prefer, malo, ui, malle ; antGpono,
posui, posltum, 3.
prepare, paro, 1.
presence of, in, coram (c. abl.)
2>rese7it, a, dOnum, i, n ; munus,
6ris, n.
present, to, dono, 1.
jyresent, to be, adsum, fui, esse.
preserve, 8er%'o, 1.
jtress, pr^mo, pressi, pressum, 3.
pretence, species, ei, f. ; slmillatio,
Onis, f.
pretend, slmttlo, 1.
p7-etender, slmftlator, oris, m.
pretty, pulcher, chra, chrum.
prevail, valeo, ui, 2.
prevent, prOhlbeo, ui, itum, 2 ;
impfdio, !vi or ii, itum, 4.
previously, ante, antea.
prey, praeda, ae, f.
200
English-Latin Vocabulary.
Priam, Priamus, i, m.
price, prgtium, i, n,
pride, superbia, ae, f.
priest, priestess, siicerdos, otis, c.
prince, princeps, cipis, m.
prison, career, 6ris, m.
pj'isoner, eaptivus, i, m.
private, privatus, a, um.
prize, praemium, i, n.
proceed, progredior, gressus, 3 dep.
'proclaim, pronuntio, 1 ; edico, dixi,
dictum, 3.
proconsul, proconsul, tilis, m.
proconsular, proconsularis, e.
Proculus, Proculus, i, m.
procure, pSro, 1.
Procus, Procus, i, m.
prodigal, prodigus, a, um.
produce, pario, p6p6ri, partum, 3 ;
produco, duxi, ductum, 3.
profane, prSfanus, a, um.
proficiency, pSrItia, ae, f.
profit, quaestus, us, m.
profuse, see prodigal,
project, emmeo, ui, 2.
prolong, produco, duxi, ductum,
3.
promise, poUiceor, citus, 2 dep.;
promitto, misi, missum, 3.
prompt, promptus, a, um.
promptitude, c6l6ritas, atis, f.
prone, pronus, a, um.
pronounce, pronuntio, 1.
property, res, rei, f . ; b5na, orum, n.
prophet, vates, is, c.
propitious, propitius, a, um.
propose, propono, p6sui, p5sltum,
3 ; to propose a laiu, r6go, 1.
proscribe, proscribo, psi, ptum, 3.
prosperity, res secundae.
prosperous, s6cundus, a, um.
protect, tueor, tuitus, 2 dep. ; tutor,
1 dep.
protection, praesSdium, i, n.
protract, traho, xi, ctum, 3, see
prolong,
proud, stlperbus, a, um.
prove, demonstro, 1.
provide, provideo, vidi, visum, 2.
provided, instructus, a, um.
provided that, dum, modo {hoth c.
suhj.)
province, provincia, ae, f,
provisions, commeatus, us, m.
provoke, lacesso, ivi, itum, 3.
prudence, consilium, i, n.
prudent, prudens, tis.
puhlic, publicus, a, um.
Publius, Publius, i, m.
jndl, traho, xi, ctum, 3.
pull out, extraho, xi, ctum, 3.
punish, punio, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
punishment, poena, ae, f.
puppy, catelluSjfi, m.; catella, ae, f.
pure, purus, a, um.
purple, purpureus, a, um.
purpose, on, de industria.
purse, loculi, orum, m.
pursue, sgquor, ciitus, 3 dep.
push down, detrtido, si, sum, 3.
pid, pono, p5sui, pSsitum, 3.
put over, praeflcio, feci, factum, 3
(c. dat.)
put bach, rfipono, p6sui, p6s!tum, 3.
put under, suppono, p6sui, p6si-
tum, 3.
pyre, rogus, i, m.
Pyrenees, Pyrenaei montes.
Pyrrhus, Pyrrhus, i, m.
Quadruped, quadriipes, pgdis.
quaestor, quaestor, oris, m.
quail, cStumix, icis, f.
quantity, copia, ae, f . ; vis, vim, vi, f.
quarrel, rixa, ae, f.
quarrel, to, contendo, di, turn ;
rixor, 1 dep.
quarters, lointer, hiberna, orum, n.
queen, regina, ae, f.
question, percontatio, onis, f.
question, to, interrogo, 1 ; r6go, 1 ;
percontor, 1 de^s.
quickly, c6l6riter.
quickness, c6leritas, atis, f.
quiet, tranquillus, a, um; quietus,
a, um.
I quietly, quiete.
j Quintus, Quintus, i, m.
I Quirinus, Quirlnus, i, m.
English-Latin Vocabulary.
201
Race^ gSnus, 6ris, u.
race, a, cursus, us, m.
raft, rfttis, is, f.
rage, ira, ae, f. ; fftror, oris, m.
rcuje, to, saevio, ii, itum, 4.
raid, incursio, onis, f.
rain, imber, bris, m ; pltivia, ae, f.
raise, toUo, sustdli, suolatuni, 3.
rally, colllgo, legi, lectum, 3.
rampart, vallum, i, n.
rank, ordo, inis, m.
ran-^om, r6demptio, onis, f.
rapacious, n^pax, acis.
rapid, rSpIdus, a, um ; c6ler, is, e.
rapidity, cCl6rltas, atis, f.
rapine, rftplna, ae, f.
rare, rarus, a, uin.
rascal, sc6lestus, a, \\m.
rack, praeceps, ci^Jltis.
rashly, t6m6re.
•rashness, t6m6ritas, atis, f.
rat, mus, muris, c.
rather, potlus.
ravage, vasto, 1.
ravager, vastator, oris, m.
rave, fttro, ui, 3.
raven, corvus, i, m.
raw, crudus, a, uni.
ray, radius, i, m.
reach, attingo, tlgi, tactum, 3 ;
perv6nio, veni, veutum, 4,
rehnke, incrfpo, ui, Itiun, J.
read, l6go, legi, lectum, 3.
readily, Iftbenter.
ready, promptus, a, um ; piiratus,
a, um.
real, verus, a, um.
reality, Veritas, atis, f.
really, vere.
reap, mCto, messui, messum, 3.
rear, alo, alui, altum or alltum, 3.
reason, reasoning, ratio, onis, f.;
cause, caussa, ae, f.; by reason of,
ob, propter {both c. ace.)
rebuke, iHcrfipo, ui, Itum, 1.
recall, revdco, 1.
receive, acclpio, cepi, ceptum, 3.
recent, rC'cens, tis ; novus, a, um.
recently, nuper.
receptacle^ receptacftlum, i, n.
recite, naiTO, 1 ; r6elto, 1.
reckon, n(im6ro, 1.
recline, discumbo, ctlbui, cttbitum,
3; recllno, 1.
recognise, agnosco, novi, nltum, 3.
recognition, cognltio, onis, f.
recollection, raCmoria, ae, f,
recommence, rfidintCgro, 1 ; r6n6vo,
recover, rgcttpCro, 1 ; reclpio, cepi,
ceptum, 3.
recount, narro, 1.
refrain from, abstlneo, ui, ten-
tum, 2.
refresh, rCcreo, 1.
refuge, asylum, i, n.
refuse, r6cuso, 1.
refute, arguo, ui, utum, 3.
regard, asplcio, spexi, spectum, 3 ;
estimate, aestlmo, 1.
region, rfigio, 6nis, f.
regret, desIdGrium, 1, n.
regret, to, desldfiro, 1.
Begultis, Regtllus, i, m.
reign, regnum, i, n.
reign, to, regno, 1 ; reign over.
impgro (c. dat.)
rein, habena, ae, f.
reinforcement, subsldium, i, n.
reject, reilcio, reieci, reiectum, 3.
rejoice, gaudeo, gavlsus, 2 dep.
relate, narro, 1.
relation, prOpinquus, i, m.
reliance, fiducia, ae, f.
relieve, l6vo, 1.
religion, relllgio, onis, f.
rehjing, fretus, a, um (c. abl.)
remain, maneo, mansi, nsum, 2.
remain over, sftpersum, fui, esse,
remcdning, rellquus, a, um.
remark, inquam, def.
revruirkable, insignis, e.
remedy, r6m6dium, i, n.
remember, mfimlni, def.; recorder,
atus, 1 dep.
remembrance, mCmoria, ae, f.
remind, adm6neo, ui, Itum, 2.
remove, am6veo, mOvi, motum, 2.
remorse, dolor, Oris, m.; poenlten-
tia, ae, f.
202
English- Latin Vocabulary.
Remus, E,6mus, i, m.
render, reddo, didi, ditum, 3.
renew, rgnovo, 1.
renoivn, fama, ae, f.
renowned, clarus, a, um.
repair, reficio, feci, fectum, 3.
repeat, it6ro, 1.
repel, repello, ptili, pulsum, 3.
repent, poenitet, uit, 2 impers.
repentance, poenitentia, ae, f.
replace, rgpono, posui, posituin, 3.
reply, responsum, i, n.
reply, in, contra.
reply, to, respondeo, di, sum, 2.
report, fama, ae, f . ; rumor, 5ris, m.
report, to, nuntio, 1.
repose, quies, etis, f.
represent, efiingo, finxi, fictum, 3.
rep)'ess, rgprimo, pressi, pressum, 3.
republic, respublica, reipublicae, f.
repulse, pello, pgpuli, pulsum, 3.
reputation, fama, ae, f.
resign, abdico, 1.
resist, rfesisto, stiti, stitum, 3 (c.
dat. )
resolve, constituo, ui, utum, 3.
resound, rgsono, 1.
resources, 6pes, um, f.
respect, observantia, ae, f.
response, responsum, i, n.
rest, quies, etis, f.
rest, the, rgliquus, a, um.
rest, to, quiesco, evi, etum, 3.
restore, reddo, didi, dltuni, 3 ; re-
stituo, ui, utum, 3.
restrain, cohibeo, ui, itum, 2.
result, eventus, us, m.
retain, rgtmeo, ui, tentum, 2.
retake, rficipio, cepi, ceptuni, 3.
retinue, comitatus, us, m,
retire, see retreat,
retirement, otium, i, n.
retreat, rgceptus, us, m.
retreat, to, cedo, cessi, cessum, 3.
return, rgditus, us, m.
return, to, rSdeo, Ivi or ii, itum, 4 ;
rggrgdior, gressus, 3 dep.
reveal, pfttftfacio, feci, factum, 3.
revel, commissatio, onis, f.
revenge, ultio, onis, f.
revenge, to, ulciscor, ultus, 3 dep.
revenue, vectigal, alis, n.
reverence, r6v6rentia, ae, f.
revere, reverence, v6ngror, atus, 1
dep. ; vgreor, itus, 2 dep.
review, lustro, 1.
revolt, seditio, onis, f,
revolt, to, deficio, feci, fectum, 3.
reward, praemium, i, n ; merces,
edis, f.
reward, to, rgmuneror, 1 dep.
Rhea, Rhea, ae, f.
Rhodes, Ehodus, i, f.
rich, dives, itis.
riches, opes, um, f. ; divitiae, arum.
f.
ride, equito, 1 ; vfihor, rectus, 3.
rider, 6ques, Itis, m.
ridiculous, ridiculus, a, um.
right, probus, a, um.
right, ius, iuris, n. ; fas, indcl.
7nght-hand, dexter, tra, tram ;
{subst.), dextra or dext6ra, ae, f.
rightly, rite ; iure.
ring, anniilus, i, m,
ripe, maturus, a, um.
ripen, maturesco, rui, 3.
rise, surgo, surrexi, rectum, 3 ;
5rior, ortus, 4 dep.
risk, pgriculum, i, n.
rite, ritus, us, m.
rivalry, aemulatio, onis, f.
river, fltimen, Inis, n.; amnis, is,
m. ; fltivius, i, m.
road, via, ae, f. ; iter, itmeris, n.
roam, vSgor, atus, 1 dep.
roast, torreo, torrui, tostum, 2.
rob, r^pio, ui, ptum, 3 ; spolio, 1 .
robber, latro, onis, m.
rock, scopulus, i, m ; rupes, is, f.
roedeer, caprea, ae, f.
roll, volvo, vi, volutum, 3 [traw..);
volvor {intrans.)
Rome, Roma, ae, f.
i Roman, Romanus, a, um.
I Romulus, Romtilus, i, m.
roof, tectum, i, n.
room, conclave, is, n.
root, radix, icis, f.
rope, funis, is, m.
English-Latin Vocabulary.
203
rose, rdsa, ae, f.
roiujh, asper, ei*a, grum.
round, rutundus, a, iim ; t^res, 6tis.
round {prep.), circiim (c. ace.)
rouse, excito, 1.
roid, fttgo, 1 ; fundo, fudi, fusum, 3.
royal, regalis, e ; regius, a, um.
rude, rttclis, e ; incultus, a, um.
liufus, Rufiis, i, m.
ruin, ruina, ae, f ; exltium, i, n.
ruin, to, dlnio, ui, tttum, 3 ; con-
ftcio, feci, fectiim, 3.
rule, to, r6go, xi, ctum ; impgro, 1
(c. dat.)
rule, impgrium, i, u.
rumour^ fama, ae, f ; rumor, oris,
m.
run, curro, ctlcurri, cursum, 3.
run up, accurro, curri, cursum, 3.
run aivay, aufvigio, f iigi, fugltum, 3.
nnmimj, cursus, us, m.
rusk, impetus, us, m.
ru'ih {hidrush), iuncus, i, m.
rush, to, ruo, ui, rtttum, 3.
rush forth, erumpo, rupi, ruptum, 3.
rush forward, procurro, curri, cur-
sum, 3.
Hussian, Scj^thlcus, a, um.
rustic, rustlcus, a, um.
JRidillus, Rtitilius, i, m.
Sabine, Sablnus, a, um.
sacred, sScer, era, crum.
sacrifice, sScrlflcium, i, n.
sacrifice, to, sacrifice, J.
sad, tristis, e.
saddle, fiphippium, i, n.
safe, tutus, a, um ; inc5liimis, e.
safely, tute.
safety, sAlus, utis, f.
Saguntum, Siguntum, i, n.
sail, a, velum, i, n.
sail, to, nfivlgo, 1.
sailor, nauta, ae, m.
sake, for the, caussa.
Salinator, vSalinfitor, oris, m.
salt, sal, is, m.
salutation, saliltiitio, onis, f.
salute, sillfito, 1.
saluter, salutator, oris, m.
same. Idem, fiitdem, Idem.
Samos, Sftmos, i, f.
Samnites, Samnites, ium, m.
sanction, sancio, sanxi, sauctum, 4.
sanctity, sanctltas, atis, f.
sand, arena, ae, f.
sate, satiate, satio, 1 ; expleo, plevi,
pletum, 2.
satisfy, satisfacio, feci, factum, 3
(c. dat.)
Saturn, Satumus, i, m.
satyr, sat^rus, i, m.
sauce, condlmentum, i, n.
savage, sae\nis, a, um.
save, servo, 1.
say, dico, xi, ctum, 3.
saying, dictum, i, n.
Scaevola, Scaevola, ae, m.
scanty, exiguus, a, um.
scar, cicatrix, icis, f.
scarcely, vix.
scarcity, InCpia, ae, f.
scatter, spargo, rsi, rsum, 3 ; fundo,
fudi, fusum, 3.
Scaurus, Scaurus, i, m.
scent, odor, oris, m,
school, sch6la, ae, f.
science, scientia, ae, f.
Scipio, Scipio, onis, m.
scorch, aduro, ussi, ustum 3 ; torreo,
ui, tostum, 2.
scorn, contemno, tempsi, temp-
tum, 3.
Scotchman, Septus, i, m.
scout, explorator, oris, m.
scream, clamor, oris, m.
sculptor, sculptor, oris, m.
sculpture, sculptura, ae, f.
Scyros, Sc^ros, i, f.
Scythian, Sc^tha, ae, m.
sea, mare, is, n.; {adj.) marlnus, a,
um ; navaiis, e.
seagull, mergus, i, m.
search, exploro, 1 ; quaero, 8l\'i,
situm, 3.
season, tempus, 5ris, n. ; tempestas,
atis, f.
season, to, condio, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
seasonable, opportunus, a, um.
204
English-Latin Vocabulary.
seat, sedes, is, f.
second, sficundus, a, um ; alter, era,
6rum.
secret, secretus, a, iim.
secretary, scriba, ae, m.
secretly, clam.
secure, securus, a, um ; see safe,
security, see safety,
sedition, seditio. onis, f.
see, video, vidi, visun? 2.
seed, semen, mis, n.
seek, quaero, sivi, situm, 3 ; peto,
ivi or ii, itum, 3.
seem, videor, visus, 2 dep.
seize, occupo, 1 ; r^pio, ui, ptum, 3 ;
corripio, ui, reptum, 3.
seldom, raro.
select, l6go, legi, lectum, 3,
self, ipse, a, um.
sell, vendo, didi, ditum, 3.
seller, venditor, oris, m.
senate, s6natus, us, m.
senate-house, curia, ae, f.
senator, sfinator, oris, m.
senatorial, s6nat6rius, a, um.
send, mitto, misi, missum, 3.
send away, dimitto, misi, missum
3.
send for, arcesso, ivi, itum, 3.
send on, praemitto, misi, missum, 3.
sentinel, vigil, ilis, m.
separate, sep^ro, 1.
serious, gravis, e.
serpent, serpens, tis, c.
Sertorius, Sertorius, i, m.
servant, servus, i, m. ; famtilus, i,
m. ; maid-servant, ancilla, ae, f.
serve, servio, ivi or ii, itum, 4 (c.
dat.)
serve up, appono, p6sui, posltum, 3.
service, servitium, i, n. ; [benefit),
b6n6ficium, i, n.
servile, servilis, e.
servitude, see service,
set, occldo, cidi, casum, 3.
set out, proficiscor, fectus, 3 dep.
set up, constituo, ui, utum, 3.
setting, occasus, us, m.
seven, septem, indcl.
seventy, septuaginta, indcl.
several, plures, a.
severe, gravis, e.
severely, grSviter.
severity, sfiveritas, atis, f,
Sextius, Sextius, i, m.
shade, shadoiv, umbra, ae, f.
shady, umbrosus, a, um.
shake, qu^tio, quassi, quassum, 3 ;
concutio, cussi, cussum, 3.
shame, pMor, oris, m.
shameful, turpis, e.
shameless, impudens, tis.
shamelessness, impiidentia, ae, f .
shape, forma, ae, f.
share, pars, tis, f.
share, to, divido, si, sum, 3.
sharp, acutus, a, um ; acer, acris,
acre.
sharpen, a,cuo, ui, utum, 3.
sliatter, see break,
shave, rado, si, sum, 3.
she, see he.
shear, bondeo, tStondi, tonsum, 2.
shears, forfex, icis, f.
shed, fundo, fudi, fusum, 3.
sheep, 5vis, is, c.
shepherd, pastor, oris, m.
shield, scutum, i, n. ; clip6us, i, m.
shine, liiceo, xi, 2 ; niteo, ui, 2.
ship, navis, is, f.
shipwreck, naufr^gium, i, n.
shirt, tunica, ae, f.
shock, impStus, us, m.
shoe, calceus, i, m.
shop, taberna, ae, f.
shore, litus, oris, n.j ora, ae, f.
short, brgvis, e.
shoulder, hiimgrus, i, m.
shout, clamor, oris, m.
shout, to, clamo, 1.
shoio, to, ostendo, di, sum, 3 ;
ostento, 1 ; monstro, 1 ; praebeo,
ui, itum, 2.
shower, imber, bris, m.
shriek, tiliilatus, us, m.
shnek, to, tlltilo, 1.
shrine, adytum, i, n. ; delubrum,
i, n.
shrub, arbustum, i, n.
shun, filgio, filgi, fugltum, 3 ; vito, 1.
English-Latin Vocabulary.
205
shut, claudo, si, sum, 3.
slender, tCnuis, e.
8ick, mchly, aeger, gra, grum ; iufir-
slip, labor, lapsus, 3 dep.
mus, a, urn.
slip down, delabor, lapsus, 3 dep.
side, on this, citra, cis (c. ace.)
sloth, iguavia, ae, f.
side, latus, 6ris, n.
sloio, tardus, a, um.
sides, on all, passim.
slowly, tarde.
sides, from all, undlque.
sluggishness, see sloth.
sifjht, viaus, us, m ; conspectus,
lis,
slumber, somnus, i, m.
m.
small, parvus, a, um.
sign, signal, signum, i, n.
sm£ar, oblino, levi, lltum, 3.
silence, sllentium, i, n.
smell, 6dor, oris, m.
silent, sllens, tis ; tAcitus, a, um.
smile, rideo, si, sum, 2.
silently, taclte.
smith, faber, bri, m.
silent, to he, tSceo, ui, Itum,
2;
Smyrna, Smyrna, ae, f.
sileo, ui, 2.
snake, anguis, is, c.
SilemiJi, Sllenus, i, m.
snare, insldiae, arum, f.
silver, argentum, i, n. ; {adj. ) argen-
snatch, rapio, ui, ptum, 3.
teus, a, um.
snatch aivay, abrlpio, ui, reptum, 3.
snoiv, nix, nivis, f.
Simonides, Simonides, is, m.
simple, simplex, Icis.
S7iipe, sc6l6pax, acis, f.
sin, peccatum, i, n. ; sc6lus, 6ris
, n.
so, ita, sic, tam.
sin, to, pecco, 1.
so great, tantus, a, um.
since, quum, quuniam.
so many, t5t, indcl.
sincere, sincerus, a, um.
Socrates, Socrates, is, m.
sing, cano, ceciui, cantum,
3;
soft, mollis, e.
canto, 1.
so/ten, mollio, ivi or ii, itum, 4.
single, fmus, a, um.
soil, s6lum, i, n.; httmus, i, f.
singular, singularis, e.
soldier, miles, Itis, m.
sink, mergo, rsi, rsum, 3 [trans. ) ;
sole, unus, a, um ; unicus, a, um.
mergor [intram. )
solemn, soUennis, e.
sister, s6ror, oris, f.
some, quidam, quaedam, quoddam
sit, sCdeo, di, ssuin, 2.
nonnullus, a, um ; aliquot.
sit doton, consido, sedi, sessum,
3.
sometimes, interdum, allquando.
situated, situs, a, um.
son, filius, i, m.
six, sex, indcl.
son-in-law, gfiner, 6ri, m.
size, magnltudo, Inis, f.
song, carmen, Inis, n.; cantus, us,
shilftd, skilled, p^rltus, a, um.
m.
skill, pgrltia, ae, f.
soon, mox.
skin, ctltis, is, f . ; pellis, is, f.
sootJisayer, haruspex, Icis, ni.
skirmish, l«5ve praeliura.
sorrow, d6lor, oris, m.
sky, caelum, i, n.
sort, gfinus, 6ris, n.
slander, maledico, xi, ctum, 3
(c.
soul, anima, ae, f.
dat.)
sound, a, sonus, i, m ; sOnltus, us,
slaughter, caedes, is, f.
m.
slave, servus, i, m.
souml, to, 86no, ui, Itum, I.
slavery, servltus, utis, f.
sound, altus, a, um.
slay, interflcio, feci, fectum.
3;
soundly, alte, b6ne.
occldo, cidi, cisum, 3.
soup, ius, iiiris, n.
sleep, somnus, i, m.
sour, acerbus, a, uni.
sleep, to, dormio, ivi or ii, Itum,
4.
sow, sfiro, sevi, satum, 3.
206
English-Latin Vocabulary.
space, spatium, i, n.
statue, statua, ae, f.
spacious, magnus, a, um.
stature, statura, ae, f.
spade, ligo, onis, m.
stay, maneo, nsi, nsum, 2 ; moror,
Spain, Hispaiiia, ae, f.
atus, 1 dep.
spare, parco, pgperci, parsum, 3
steadily, constanter.
(c. claL)
steal, furor, atus, 1 dep.
Sparta, Sparta, ae, f.
Spa7'tan, Spartanus, a, um.
stern, s6verus, a, um.
sternness, s6veritas, atis, f.
speah, loquor, cutus, 3 dep ; dico,
dick, baculus, i, m.
xi, ctum, 3.
stick, to, adhaereo, si, sum, 2.
spear, hasta, ae, f .
stick out, exs6ro, s6rui, sertura, 3.
spectacle, spectaculum, i, n.
still, tranquillus, a, um.
spectre, spectrum, i, n.
still (i.e. yet), adhuc.
speech, oratio, onis, f.
stir, m5veo, movi, motum, 2.
spend, consume, sumpsi, sumptum,
stone, lapis, idis, m ; saxum, i, n.
3.
stop, consisto, stiti, stitum, 3.
spider, aranea, ae, f.
stop {trans.), moror, 1 dep.
spirit, spiritus, us, m.; animus, i,
store, thesaurus, i, m.
m.
'itorm, prScella, ae, f.; tempestas,
spit, v6ru, us, n.
spit, to, conspuo, ui, utum, 3.
storm, to, expugno, 1.
splendid, splendidus, a, um.
story, fabtila, ae, f.
splendour, splendor, oris, m.
straggler, palans, tis.
spoil, spolio, 1.
straight, rectus, a, um.
spoils, spolia, orum, n.
strange, mirus, a, um.
sp)ort, ludus, i, m.
stranger, hosp6s, itis, m. ; adv6na,
spot, IScus, i, m. ; plur. 16ca.
ae, c.
spread out, extendo, di, sum and
stratagem, d5lus, i, m.
tum, 3.
strategy, consilium, i, n.
spring, ver, veris, n.
stream, flumen, inis, n.
spring forward, prosilio, ui, sul-
street, vicus, i, m.
tum, 4.
strength, vires, ium, f. ; stabilitas,
spy, explorator, oris, m.
atis, f.
squander, dissipo, 1.
strengthen, firmo, 1.
stab, confodio, fodi, fossum, 3.
stretch out, extendo, di, sum, 3.
stag, cervus, i, m.
strew, sterno, stravi, stratum, 3.
stain, inficio, feci, fectum, 3.
strike, strike down, caedo, c6cidi.
staTce, palus, i, m.
caesum, 3.
stalk, culmus, i, m.
strive, nitor, nisus or nixus, 3 dep ;
stand, sto, st6ti, statum, 1.
certo, 1.
stayid by, asto, stiti, 1.
strong, validus, a, um ; fortis, e.
stand up, consurgo, surrexi, 3.
struggle, certamen, mis, n.
standard, signum, i, n.
struggle, to, luctor, 1 dej).
star, Stella, ae, f. ; sidus, 6ris, n.
study, stadium, i, n.
start, contend©, di, tum, 3.
study, to, stiideo, ui, 2.
starting -p)ost, carc6res, um, m.
stupid, stultus, a, um.
state, civitas, atis, f., respublica,
subdue, subjugate, siibigo, egi,
reipublicae, f.
actum, 3.
station, a, static, onis, f.
subject, to be, paceo, ui, 2 (c. dat.)
station, to, loco, I.
subside, decresco, crevi, cretum, 3.
English-Latin Vocabulary.
207
substitute, vicarius, i, m.
subtle, callldus, a, iim ; subdfthis,
a, urn.
succeed, succedo, ssi, ssum, 3 {c.
dat.)
success, victoria, ae, f. ; successus,
us, m.
succ€s.'>ful, to be, succedo, cessi,
cessum, 3.
succour, auxllium, i, n. ; subsldi-
um, i, n.
succour, to, subvgnio, veni, ven-
tum, 4 (c. dat.)
suck, talis, e.
sudden, stlbltus, a, um.
suddenly, rgpente, stlblto, statim.
Suevi, Suevi, orum, m.
suffer, patior, passus, 3 dep.
sufficient, satis, indcl.; idoneus, a,
um.
sufficiently, satis.
suited for, suitable, aptus, a, um ;
Idoneus, a, um.
Sulla, Sulla, ae, m.
sum of money, p6cunia, ae, f.
sumyner, aestas, atis, f.
summit, culmen, inis, n.
summx)n, v6co, 1 ; conv6co, 1.
sun, sol, solis, m.
sundial, solarium, i, n.
sunrise, lux, lucis, f. ; solis ortus.
sunset, solis occasus.
sup, coeno, 1.
superstition, superstitio, ouis, f.
supper, coena, ae, f.
suppliant, supplex, Icis.
supplies, commeatus, us, m.
supjyort, sustlneo, ui, tentum, 2 ;
sustento, 1.
suppose, pftto, 1.
supreme, supremus, a, um ; sum-
mus, a, um,
sure, certus, a, um.
surgeon, medlcus, i, m.
surname, cognomen, Inis, n.
surpass, stlp6ro, 1.
surrender, dedltio, onis, f.
surrender, dedo, didi, ditum, 3.
surround, circumdo, dfidi, datum,
1 ; cingo, nxi, nctum, 3.
survive, stlpersum, fui, esse.
suspicion, susplcio, onis, f.
sivallotv, hirundo, Inis, f.
sivalloiv, to, dev6ro, 1.
swamj), palus, udis, f.
sican, cycnus, i, m.
swear, iuro, 1.
sweat, sudor, oris, m.
siveet, dulcis, e ; sua vis, e.
swift, c6ler, is, e.
swiftly, celgrlter.
swiftness, celfirltas, atis, f.
swim, no, 1 ; nato, 1.
swim across, trano, 1.
sword, gladius, i, m.
Sylvia, Sylvia, ae, f.
Syracuse, Syracusae, arum, f.
Syracusan, Syracusanus, a, um.
Syria, Syria, ae, f.
system, ratio, onis, f.
Table, mensa, ae, f.
tablet, tess6ra, ae, f.
tail, Cauda, ae, f.
tailor, sartor, oris, m.
taint, inflcio, feci, fectum, 3.
take, capio, cepi, captum, 3.
take auxiy, adimo, emi, emptum, 3 ;
auf6ro, abstilli, ablatum, auferre.
take by storm, expugno, 1.
take care of, euro, 1.
take in hand, susclpio, cepi, cep-
tum, 3.
take out, eximo, emi, emptum, 3.
take up, sumo, sumpsi, sumptum, 3.
take place, see happen,
talent, ingfinium, i, n.
talk, l6quor, locutus, 3 dep.
tfilkative, l6quax, acis.
tall, procerus, a, um.
tam£, mansuetus, a, um.
tam£, to, d6mo, ui, Itnm, 1.
tardy, serus, a, um ; tardus, a, um.
Tarentum, Tarentum, i, n.
Tarentine, Tarentlnus, a, um.
Tarpeia, Tarpeia, ae, f.
Tarquin, Tarqulnius, i, m.
tarry, m5ror, cunctor, 1 dep.
taste i gusto, 1.
208
English-Latin Vocabulary.
Tatius, Tatius, i, m.
thin, macer, era, crum ; tenuis, e.
tax, tributum, i, n. ; vectigal, alis, n.
thing, res, rei, f.
teach, doceo, ui, ctum, 2.
think, ptito, 1 ; censeo, ui, 2 ; exis-
teacher, magister, tri, m.
timo, 1 ; cogito, i.
tear, lacrima, ae, f.
third, tertius, a, um.
tea7', to, scindo, scidi, scissum, 3 ;
thirst, sitis, is, f.
(match), rapio, ui, ptum, 3.
thirteen, tredecim, indcL
tear asunder, in pieces, dilanio, 1 .
tJiirty, triginta, indcl.
tear out, evello, velli, vulsum, 3.
this, hie, haec, hoc.
tell, dico, xi, ctum, 3 ; nuntio, 1 .
thither, eo, illuc.
temerity, t6m6ritas, atis, f.
thou, tu, tui.
temper, animus, i, m.
though, quamvis (c. suhj.); quan-
temperate, modicus, a, um.
quam (c. ind.)
tempest, tempestas, atis, f.; pro-
thousand, mille, indcl. adj.; millia.
cella, ae, f.
ium, subst.
temple, templum, i, n. ; aedes,
threaten, minor, 1 dep. (c. dat. of
is,f.
person. )
ten, decern, indcl.
three, tres, tria.
tent, tentorium, i, n.
three hundred, trgcenti, ae, a.
terrible, dirus, a, um.
three times, thrice, ter.
terrify, terreo, ui, Itum, 2 : territo,
threshing-floor, area, ae, f.
1.
thrift, parsimonia, ae, f.
territory, fines, ium, m.
thrifty, parous, a, um.
terror, terror, oris, m.
throat, fauces, ium, f . ; guttur, uris,
test, tento, pertento, 1 ; expgrior,
n.
pertus, 4 dep.
throne, s6lium, i, n.
Thames, Tamgsis, is, m.
through, per (c. ace.)
than, quam.
throw, coniicio, ieci, iectum, 3.
thanks, gratiae, arum, f.
thrush, turdus, i, m.
that, ille, a, ud ; is, ea, id ; iste, a.
thrust, iniicio, ieci, iectum, 3.
ud.
thumb, poUex, icis, m.
that (conj.), ut, quo.
thunder, thunderbolt, tonitrus, us,
theatre, theatrum, i, n.
m.
Theban, Thebanus, i, m.
thunder, to, tono, ui, itum, 1.
Thebes, Thebae, arum, f.
thunderbolt, fulmen, Inis, n.
theft, furtum, i, n.
thus, sic, ita.
their, eorum, earum, eorum ; {own).
thy, tuus, a, um.
suus, a, um.
thyrsus, thyrsus, i, m.
Themistocles, Themistocles, is, m.
Tiber, Tib6ris, is, m.
then, tum ; tunc ; deinde.
ticket, tessgra, ae, f.
thence, inde.
tide, aestus, us, m.
there, Ibi, illic.
tie, alligo, 1.
therefore, igitur, itaque.
tiger, tigris, is, c.
Thermopi/lae, Thermopylae, arum,
tight, contentus, a, um.
f.
tile, tegiila, ae, f.
Thetis, Thetis, idis, f.
till, donee, dum, quoad.
thick, crassus, a, um ; densus, a,
till, to, colo, ui, cultum, 3.
um.
time, tempus, oris, n.
thicket, dumetum, i, n.
timely, opportunus, a, um.
thief, fur. is, c.
timid, timidus, a, um.
English-Latin Vocabulary.
201)
7'imon, Timon, onis, m,
Tlryns, Tiryns, jmthis, f.
TituSy Titus, i, m.
to, in, ad. (c. ace. )
to-day, h6die.
together, slmul, una.
toil, labor, oris, m.
token, indicium, i, n. ; pledge,
pignus, 6ris, n.
tolerably, sfttis, admddum.
tolerate, patior, passua, 3 dep. ;
t6l6ro, 1.
tomh, sgpulcrum, i, n. ; tttmtdus, i, m.
to-morrow, eras.
tongue, lingua, ae, f.
too, too much, nimis, nlmium ; {adj. )
nimius, a, um.
tooth, dens, tis, m.
top, summus, a, um.
torch, taeda, ae, f.; fax, facis, f,
torment, ertlciatus, us, m.
torn, lacer, 6ra, 6nim.
Torquatus, Torquatus, i, m.
touch, tango, tetlgi, tactum, 3.
touch at, appello, ptlli, pulsum, 3.
towards, versus, erga, ad {allc. ace.)
tower, turns, is, f.
toim, oppldum, i, n.
townsman, oppldanus, i, m.
trace, vestigium, i, n.
tract, tractus, ua, m.
train, exerceo, ui, Itum, 2.
traitor, prodltor, oris, m.
tranquil, tranquillus, a, um.
tranquillity, tranquillltas, atis, f.
transact, ago, egi, actum, 3.
transcribe, transcribe, scripsi, scrip-
turn, 3.
transfer, transport, transfgro, ttlli,
latum, ferre.
travel. Iter fac6re.
traveller, viator, oris, m.
treacherous, perfldus, a, um.
treachery, perfidia, ae, f.
tread on, conculco, 1.
treason, prodltio, onis, f.
treasure, thesaurus, i, m.
treasury, aerarium, i, n.
treat, tracto, 1.
treaty, foedus, 6ris, n.
B.I. IF.
tree, arbor, 5ris, f.
tremble, trfimo, ui, 3.
tribe, trlbus, us, f.
tribunal, trlbiinal, alis, n.
tribune, trlbunus, i, m.
tribuneship, trtbunatus, us, m.
tribute, trlbfltum, i, n.
triumph, triumphus, i, m.
triumph, to, triumpho, 1.
Trojan, Troianus, i, m.
troop, turma, ae, f.
troops, cOpiae, arum, f.
trophy, trOpaeum, i, n.
trouble, 6p6ra, ae, f.
trouble, to, turbo, 1.
troublesome, mOlestus, a, um.
Troy, Troia, ae, f.
tru^e, indutiae, arum, f.
true, verus, a, um ; truly, vere.
trumpet, ttiba, ae, f. ; lltuus, i, m.
trumpeter, ttlblcen, Inis, m.
trunk, truncus, i, m. ; {of an ele
phant), proboscis, Idis, f.
trust, to, credo, didi, ditum, 3;
confido, fisus sum, 3.
trust, fides, ei, f.
trusty, ftdelis, e ; fid us, a, um,
truth, Veritas, atis, f. ; vGrum, i, n.
try, Conor, 1, dep.
tiift, floccus, i, m.
Tullius, Tullius, i, m.
Tullus, Tullus, i, m.
tumult, tttmultus, Gs, m.
turn, verto, ti, sum, .3.
turn, out, ev6nio, veni, ventum, 4.
turn, in, invlcem.
turnip, rapum, i, n.
twelve, duodficim, indcl.
tioentieth, viceslmus, a, um.
tujenty, viginti, indcl.
tunce, bis.
tung, virga, ae, f.
ttcist, torqueo, si, tum, 2.
two, duo, ae, o.
ttco hundred, dticenti, ae, a.
Tykr, Tylerius, i, m.
tyrant, tyrannus, i, n.
Ugliness, dgformltas, atis, L
ugly, turpis, e.
O
210
English-Latin Vocabulary.
Ulysses, Ulysses, is, m.
unaccustomed, insdlitus, a, um.
unarmed, inermis, e.
unavenged, inultus, a, um.
uncertain, incertus, a, um.
uncle, patruus, i, m.
uncidtivated, incultus, a, um.
undaunted, impavldus, a, um.
under, sub (c. ahl. or ace),
undergo, stibeo, ivi or ii, 4.
undermine, subruo, ui, fitum, 3.
understand, intelligo, lexi, lectum, 3.
undertalce, suscipio, eepi, ceptum, 3.
undertaking, inceptum, i, n.
undisciplined, radis, e.
undutiful, impius, a, um.
unequal, impar, paris.
unexpected, insperatus, a, um j
ii6c6plnatus, a, um,
2uifair, Iniquus, a, um.
unfortunate, infelix, icis.
unfriendly, inlmicus, a, um.
ungrateful, mgratus, a, um.
unJiappy, infelix, icis.
unJiarmed, unhurt, integer, gra,
grum.
unity, Concordia, ae, f.
universal, unlversus, a, um.
imjust, iniustus, a, um.
unhioivn, ign5tus, a, um.
unless, nisi.
unlike, dissimllis, e.
unlucky, infelix, icis ; infaustus, a,
um.
unmindful, immemor, 6ris (c. gen.)
unpleasant, ingratus, a, um.
unpunished, inultus, a, um.
unseasonable, inopportimus, a, um.
unsuspecting, imprudens, tis.
until, dum ; donee ; quoad.
untouched, intactus, a, um.
unwarlike, imbellis, e.
unwilling, invitus, a, um.
unwilling, to he, nolo, nolui, nolle.
unworthy, indignus, a, um (c. ahl.)
U2ohraid, exprobro, 1.
uphold, sustineo, ui, tentum, 2.
upon, sftper (c. ahl. ) ; in (c. ahl. )
uprightness, prSbltas, atis, f.
up to, tcnus (c. ahl.)
Urhinius, Urbinius, i, m.
urge, urgeo, ursi, 2.
use, usus, us, m.
use, to, utor, usus, 3, dep. (c. ahl.)
useful, utilis, e.
useless, inutilis, e.
iisiuil, s5litus, a, um.
usually, fgre.
utte?', edo, didi, ditum, 3.
Vain, vanus, a, um ; inanis, e.
vainly, in vain, irnstr a.; nequiquam.
Valerius, Valerius, i, m
valley, vallis, is, f.
valour, virtus, utis, f.
value, prgtium, i, n.
value, to, aestimo, 1.
valuable, pr6tiosus, a, um.
vanish, evanesco, evanui, 3.
vanity, vanitas, atis, f.
vanquish, vinco, vici, victum, 3.
variety, varietas, atis, f.
various, varying, vSrius, a, um.
Varro, Varro, onis, m.
Varus, Varus, i, m.
vast, ingens, tis.
Veientes, Veientes, um, m.
venture, audeo, ausus, 2, dep.
Venus, Vgnus, 6ris, f.
very, ipse, a, um.
very small, parvttlus, a, um.
vessel, navis, is, f. ; navigium, i, n.
Vesta, Vesta, ae, f.
veteran, v6t6ranus, i, m.
vex, vexo, 1 ; ango, xi, ctum and
xum, 3.
vice, vitium, i, n.
vicious, pravus, a, um.
victor, victor, oris, m.
victoi'ious, victor, oris, m ; victrix,
icis, f.
victory, victoria, ae, f.
vigilance, vigilantia, ae, f.
vigour, vigor, oris, m ; vires, ium, f.
village, vicus, i, m.
villain, sc6lestus, a, um.
vine, vitis, is, f.
vine leaf, pampinus, i, f.
vineyard, vinea, ae, f,
violate, violo, 1.
English-Latin Vocabulary.
211
violent, viOlentus, a, um.
vxitersnake, hydra, ae, f.
violence, vis, ace. vim, nhL vi, f.
wave, fluctus, iis, m.
virgin, virgo, Inis, f.
icavering, dtlbius, a, um.
virtue, virtus, utis, f.
loay, via, ae, f.; Iter, itingris, n. j
virtuous, pr6bus, a, um.
manner, m6dus, i, m.
vision, visus, us, m; dream, som-
we, nos, nostri or nostrum.
nium, i, n.
weak, infirmus, a, um.
visit, viso, si, sum, 3.
weaken, minuo, ui, utum, 3.
visit {loith punishment), afftcio, feci,
weakness, debllltas, atis, f.
fectum, 3.
wealth, 5pes, um, f. j divltiae,
voice, vox, cis, f.
arum, f.
void, expers, tis.
wealthy, dives, Itis ; lficux)les, etis.
Volsci, Volsci, orum, m.
weapon, telum, i, n.
vote, votum, i, n.
wear away, det6ro, trivi, tritum, 3.
voio, to, voveo, vovi, votum, 2.
loeary, fessus, a, um.
Vulcan, Vulcanus, i, m.
weave, texo, ui, xtum, 3.
vidture, vultur, tlris, m.
web, tela, ae, f.
weep, fleo, flevi, fletum, 2.
Wage, g6ro, gessi, gestum, 3.
weight, pondus, 6ris, n.
waggon, plaustrum, i, n.
weighty, grftvis, e.
wailing, ploratus, us, m.
well, a, pilteus, i, m.
wait, mSneo, nsi, nsum, 2.
well, bene.
loaitfor, expecto, 1.
well, to be, valeo, ui, 2.
wake, exdto, 1 (trans.) j he awake,
well knoivn, it is, constat, 1, impers.
vigilo, 1.
west, occldens, tis, m.
walk, ambtilo, 1.
wet, mftdldus, a, um.
walk about, deambttlo, 1.
wet, to get, mftdesco, ui, 3,
wall, murus, i, m. ; toimi walls,
whale, balaena, ae, f.
moenia, ium, n.
tchat (in order of number), quotus,
wand, virga, ae, f.
a, um ; lohat o'clock, qu6ta hora.
wander, erro, 1 ; vigor, palor, 1, dep.
when, quum ; ttbi ; (interrogative),
quando; whenever, quandocunque.
loandering, error, oris, ra.
loant, InSpia, ae, f.
whence, unde.
ivant, to. See to be willing.
where, qua, dbi ; (interrogative), tibi.
ivanting, to he, desum, fui, esse.
wher^ore, itSque, Igltur.
ivar, bellum, i, n.
whether, utrum ; num ; sivg.
tcarlike, belllcosus, a, um.
whether of the two, titer, tra, trum.
warm, cftlldus, a, um.
which, qui, quae, quod.
warm, to grow, cftlesco, 3.
while, dum.
ivarmth, calor, oris, m.
whip, flagellum, i, n.
vmrn, m6neo, ui, itum, 2.
white, candldus, a, um.
tcarrior, bellator, oris, m.
whither, quo.
wart, verrfica, ae, f.
who, qui, quae, quod ; (interroga-
tive), quis, quid.
wary, cautus, a, um.
ivash, 1ft vo, lavi, lotum, 1.
whole, totus, a, um.
waste, disslpo, 1 ; lay waste, vasto, 1.
why, cur.
toastes, deserta, onim, n.
wicked, mftlus, a, um.
watch, vigllia, ae, f.
wide, latus, a, um.
tvatch, to, vtgllo, 1.
widow, v!dua, ae, f.
water, Squa, ae, f.
tr(/*e, uxor, oris, f.
212
English-Latin Vocabulary.
vnld, fSrus, a, um.
work, 5pus, 6ris, n.
wild beast, f6ra, ae, f .
work, to, laboro, 1.
wild boar, aper, pri, m.
workman, artifex, Icis, c.
loill, voluntas, atis, f .
ivorkshop, offlcina, ae, f.
willing, to be, v6lo, v5lui, veUe.
loorU, mundus, i, m.
ivillingly, Itibenter.
worm, vermis, is, m.
window, fenestra, ae, f.
worn out, confectus, a, um.
win over, concllio, 1.
worship, c5lo, ui, cultum, 3.
wind, ventus, i, m.
worth, to be, valeo, ui, 2.
wine, vinum, i, n.
worthy, dignus, a, um (c. abl.)
wing, ala, ae, f.; of an army, cornu,
worthy, to deem, dignor, 1, dep.
us, n.
(c. abl.)
winged, al6s, itis ; alatus, a, um.
ivould that, tltlnam (c. subj.)
winter, hiems, gmis, f .
wound, vulnus, 6ris, n.
vnnter quarters, hibema, orum, n.
wound, to, vulngro, 1.
wisdom, sa,pientia, ae, f.
wrap, involvo, vi, iitum, 3.
wise, sapiens, tis.
wrath, ira, ae, f.
wish, voluntas, atis, f.; sttidium.
wreck, naufragium, i, n.
i, n.
ivreck, to, frango, fregi, fractum, 3.
vnsh, to. See to be willing.
wreath, sertum, i, n.
ivit, inggnium, i, n.
wretched, miser, 6ra, grum.
with, cum (c. abl.)
write, scribo, scripsi, scriptum, 3.
withdraw, concede, cessi, cessum, 3.
writer, scriptor, oris, m.
wither, marceo, ui, 2.
wrong, a, iniuria, ae, f.
within, intra (c. ace.) ; {adv.), intus.
without, sine (c. abl.); {outside),
Xanthippus, Xanthippus, i, m.
extra (c. ace.) {adv.) extra.
Xenophon, X6nophon, phontis, m.
without the knowledge of, clam
Xerxes, Xerxes, is, m.
(c. abl)
withstand, rgsisto, stiti, stitum, 3
Year, annus, i, m.
(c. dat.)
yearly, every year, quStannis.
witness, testis, is, c.
yellow, flavus, a, um.
witness, call to, tester, 1 dep.
yesterday, h6ri.
woe, vae (interjection).
yet, as yet, adhuc ; nevertheless,
looe. See grief.
tamen.
wolf, Itipus, i, m.
yield, cedo, ssi, ssum, 3.
woman, mtilier, 6ris, f . ; f emina, ae, f .
yoke, iiigum, i, n.
womanly, mtiliebris, e.
you, vos, vestri or vestrum.
wonder, wonder at, miror, 1 dep.
young, iiiv6nis, e.
wonderful, mirus, a, um.
young {ones), puUi, orum, m.
wonderfully, mire.
your, vester, tra, trum.
wont, to be, s6leo, s5lltus, 2.
youth, a, ittv6nis, is ; adSlescens,
wood, a,'silva, ae, f.
tis, c.
wood, matgries, ei, f.
youth, itiventiis, utis, f.
woodcock, attagen, enis, m.
youthful. See young.
wooden, Ijgneus, a, um.
looodman, lignator, oris, m.
Zeal, sttidium, i, n.
wool, lana, ae, f.
Zeno, Zeno, onis, m.
word, verbum, i, n.
Zeuxis, Zeuxis, Zeuxidis, m.
EDINBURGH : T. AND A. CONSTABLEj PRINTERS TO HER MAJEBTY.
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