illiiiiWWf MiiiilMi THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IN MEMORY OF PROFESSOR WILLIAM MERRILL AND MRS. IMOGENE MERRILL lUM- (jLf,. Mi-f-fo Mr. BENNETT'S LATIN BOOKS. i67no. Cloth. 75 cents. EASY LATIN STORIES FOR BEGINNERS, With Vocabulary and Notes. idmo. Cloth. $i.oo. FIRST LATIN WRITER, Comprising Accidence, the Easier Rules of Syntax illustrated by copious Examples, and Progressive Exercises in Ele- mentary Latin Prose, with Vocabularies. xdvio. Cloth. J $ cents. FIRST LATIN EXERCISES, Containing all the Rules, Exercises, and Vocabularies of the First Latin Writer, but omitting the Accidence. i6ino. Sr-oo. SECOND LATIN WRITER, Containing Hints on Writing Latin Prose, with Graduated Continuous Exercises. JOHN ALLYN, Publisher, 30, FRANKLIN STREET, BOSTON. FIRST LATIN WRITER WITH ACCIDENCE, SYNTAX RULES AND VOCABULARIES BY GEORGE L. BENNETT, M.A. HEAD MASTER OF SUTTON VALENCE SCHOOL NE(V EDITION Boston JOHN ALLYN, PUBLISHER MDCCCLXXXVIII EDUCAIIOH LIBS, GIFT CONTENTS. PREFACE, .... ACCIDENCE, .... EXERCISES ON THE SYNTAX :— The Simple Sentence, Ex. 1-150, The Compound Sentence, Adjectival Clauses, Ex. 151-175, Adverbial Clauses, Ex. 176-200, Substantival Clauses, Ex. 201-270, LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY, . ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY, . PAGB vii 53 117 117 126 136 161 174 ivi689476 Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2008 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/firstlatinwriterOObennricli PREFACE. I HAVE prepared this First Latin Writer in the hope that it may prove helpful to those who agree with me that it is quite useless to attempt the difficulties of the Compound Sentence before the Simple Sentence has been thoroughly mastered. The Accidence and Syntax rules are on the lines of the Public School Latin Primer ; I have attempted to make them easier for beginners, but little explanation has been given, as the rules are put shortly in plain English. I have not been able to make the disconnected sentences illustrating the Syntax Rules interesting, but I hope the large collec- tion of pieces for translation into Latin will prove so. Difficulties of rare occurrence have been avoided as much as possible. I have to acknowledge some valu- able assistance from my friend Mr. E. D. Mansfield of Clifton College. GEORGE L. BENNETT. High School, Plymouth, ACCIDENCE. THE LETTERS. 1. The Latin Alphabet is the same as the English without w. The letters are divided into (a) Vowels, sounding by themselves, a, e, i, o, u, y. I (;), and u (v)y are called semi-consonants. {h) Consonants, sounding with vowels : — MUTES. SEMIVOWELS. DOUBLE. HARD. SOFT. NASALS. SPIRANTS. LIQUIDS. Guttural, or Throat Sounds, c k q g n h rl X = C3 z = ds Dental, or Teeth Sounds, t d n s Labial, or Lip Sounds, . P b m fv A dental mute drops out before s : so, jjes is written instead oi peds. B.L.W. A Parts of Speech. QUANTITY. 2. The Quantity of syllables is short (^), long (-), or doubtful (-). (a) A vowel coming before another voAvel is sJwrt. (h) A vowel coming before two consonants or a double letter is long. (c) All diphthongs are long. (d) A short vowel is doubtful if followed by a mute with a liquid after it. PRONUNCIATION. 3. Pronounce a, i as in French. e as English a. ^ as in English. ae like ai in French Mai au like ow in coio. oe like ae. c like Jc. g as in get. PARTS OF SPEECH. 4. There are eight Parts of Speech : 1. Substantive. 2. Adjective. 3. Pronoun. 4. Verb. These change according to their meaning. 5. Adverb. 6. Preposition. 7. Conjunction. 8. Interjection. These always remain the same. A Substantive names a thing. An Adjective describes a substantive. A Pronoun is used to prevent the repetition of a substan- tive. A Verb states what a thing is, does, or suffers. An Adverb qualifies a verb or adjective, showing Where, When, How. Declension of Substantives. A Preposition governs different cases of substantives. A Conjunction joins words or clauses together. An Interjection is an exclamation. DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES. 5. There are three Genders, Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. Some substantives may be either masculine or feminine. These are called Common. Substantives are declined by Number and Case. There are two Numbers, Singular and Plural. There are six Cases : 1 . Nominative, answering the question, Who ? or What ? 2. Vocative, used in addressing a person, or thing. 3. Accusative, answering the question, Whom ? or What ? 4. Genitive, „ „ \Miose? 5. Dative, „ ,, To, or for, whom ? or what ? 6. Ablative, „ „ By, with, or from, whom? or what? STEM-CHARACTER. 6. The Stem is that part of a word from which the different cases are formed. The stem of a substantive can be found by cutting ofif the syllable -rum or -um from the genitive plural. The last letter of the stem is called the Character. So, from the stem jped (foot), we have J PLUR. / '-"l^-^' :ii^ (a) In the Nominative Singular pes is written for peds, because it sounds better. See 1, (h.) (b) Case means a falling away from the stem. The Five Declensions. THE FIVE DECLENSIONS. 7. There are five Declensions of Substantives, distinguished by their Character. First Declension — character, A. Second „ „ O. Third „ „ Consonant or I, Fourth „ „ U, Fifth „ „ E. The Vocative is the same as the Nominative, except in words of the Second Declension ending in -us. In Neuter Substantives the Nominative, Vocative, and Ac- cusative are the same, and in the plural end in a. The Dative and Ablative Plural of all genders are the same. FIRST DECLENSION (Character, A). 8. The Nominative ends in a (usually feminine), except a few Greek words, in as, es (masculine), and e (feminine). Singular, Nom. Mensa,, a table Voc. Mensa, table Ace. Mensam, a table Gen. Mensae, of a table Dot. Mensae, to or for a table Abl. Mensa, by, with, or from a table Plural Mensae, tables Mensae, tables Mensas, tables Mensarum, of tables Mensis, to or for tables Mensis, by, with, ovfrom tables (a) Some few words that have a corresponding masculine form in the Second Declension take -ahils instead of -is in the Dative and Ablative Plural. So de^, a goddess, deabus ; filia, a daughter, f iliabiis. (b) Greek words in as, es, e, are thus declined : — Nom. Voc. Ace. Gen. Dat. Abl. AenEas -a -an -ae -ae -a Anchises, -e or -3, -en -ae -ae -a Cybele -e -en -es -ae -e (c) Derived from the Greek we have a few masculine forms ending in a ; so poeta, 'poet; nauta, saxlm-. The Five Declensions. SECOND DECLENSION (Character, O). 9. The Nominative ends in tis, er (masculine), im (neuter). a. MASCULINE. Singular. Nom. D5mlntis, a lord Voc. D6mln6 Ace. DOmlnura Gen. Ddmlni Dot. D6mIiio Abl. DOmlno I^om. MSgistgr, a master Voc, Ma,gist6r Ace. Magistrum Oen. Magistri Dat. Magistro Abl. Magistro Nom. Pti6r, a boy Voc. Pu6r Ace. Pft6rum Gen. Paeri Dat. Pflgro Abl. YMto Plural. Nom. D5inlnl, loi'ds Voc. DSinlni Ace. Ddmlnos Gen. DomlnOrum Dat. Domluls Abl. Ddmlnis Nom. Magistrl, masters Voc. Magistri Ace. Magistros Gen. Magistrorum Dat. Magistris Abl. Magistris Nom. Ptigri, boys Voc. Ptl6ri Ace. Ptigros Gen. Pftgrorum Dat. Pvigris Abl. Paeris b. NEUTER, Singular. Nrnn. Voc. Ace. Bellum, war Gen. Belli Dat. Abl. BeUo Plural. Nom. Voc. Ace. Bella, loars Gen. Bellorum Dat. Abl. Bellis Filiiis, son, gonitis, familiar spirit, and Eoman proper names ending in ills, make vocative in I. Deiis, God, makes vocative Deiis. Words ending in iUs or iuiii have genitive either il or l. Greek words with nominative ending in as have on some- times in accusative instead of um. THIRD DECLENSION (Character, Consonant or I). 10. Nouns with Consonant Character usually have more syllables in other cases than the nominative and vocative. Consonant-Nouns. Consonant-Nouns. a. MASCULINE AND FEMININE. Sing-ular. Plural. Nom. Voc. ludex, judge Nom. Voc. Indices, judges Ace. ludicem Ace. ludlces Oen. ludicls Gen. ludlcum Dat. ludici Dat. ludicibtis AM. ludlcg AM. ludicibtis Nom. Voc. Aetas, age Nom. Voc. Aetates, ages Ace. Aetatem Ace. Aetates Gen. Aetatis Gen. Aetatum Dat. Aetati Dat. Aetatibtts AM. Aetate AM. Aetatibus Nom. Voc. L6o, lion Ace. LSonem Gen. L6onIs Dat. Lgonl AM. L6on6 Nom. Voc. L6on6s, lions Ace. Lgones Gen. Lgonum Dat. LSonibtis AM. L6ombtts b. NEUTER. Singular. Nom. Voc. Ace. Nom6n, name Gen. Nominis Dat. Nomlnl AM. Noming Nom. Voc. Ace. Optts, work Gen. Opgris Dat. Opgri AM. Op6r6 Plural. Nom. Voc. Ace. Nomina,, names Gen. Nominum Dat. Nommibtts AM. Nommibus Nom. Voc. Ace. Op6ra, works Gen. Opgruni Dat. Opgribas AM. Opgribus C. IRREGULAR. Old man Pig Ox or cow Jwpiter Singular. M. c. c. M. Nom. Voc. S6nex Sus Bos luppitSr — Ace. S6n- Su- B6v- lov- em Gen. S6n- Su- B5v- I5v- is Dat. S6n- Su- B6v- I5v- i AM. SSn- Su- B5v- I6v- 6 Plural. Nom. Voc. Ace. S6n- Su- B6v- — es Gen. S6n- Su- — — um Dat. AM. S6n- Su- ,-_ — ibtis I -Nouns. S'us has also Dative and Ablative Plural siihus. Bos has Genitive Plural bourn, Dative and Ablative bobits or buhUs. The followin2j are declined like Consonant Nouns : — patSr, father matCr, mother frat^r, brother acclpltgr, hawh cSnls, dog ittvCnls, youth vates, seer v6lucris, bird Greek consonant-nouns form Accusative Singular in d or em ; Accusative Plural usually in ds : as, gigas, giant ; Ac- cusative Singular, gigant3, or gigantem ; Accusative Plural, gigantSs. Some Greek words in eus form Accusative Singular eum or ea ; Genitive Singular el or ebs: as, Orpheus; Accusative, Orpheum or Orphea ; Genitive, Orphei or Orpheos. I-NOUNS. 11. Nouns with character I usually have the same number of syllables throughout, except in the Gen. Dat. Abl. Plural. a. MASCULINE AND FEMININE. Singular. Nom. Voc. Ovis, sheejp Ace. Ovem Gen. OvIs Dat. Ovi Abl. Ov6 Nom. Voc. Nub6s, cloud Ace. Nubem Gen. Nubis Dat. Nubi AU. Nubd Plural. Nom. Voc. Oves, sheep Ace. Oves, or 6vis Gen. Ovium Dat. Ovibas Abl. Ovlbtis Nom. Voc. Nubes, clouds Ace. Nubes, or nubis Gen. Nubfum Dat. Nublbtls Abl. Nublbtis b. NEUTER. Singular. Nom. Voc. Ace. Os, bone Gen. Ossis Dat. Ossi Abl. Os86 Nom. Voc. Ace. Mar6, sea Gen. Mans Dat. Abl. Man Plural. Nom. Voc. Ace. Ossa, bones Gen. Osslum Dat. Osslbtls Abl. Osslbtls Nom. Voc. Ace. Mana Gen. Mantim Dat. Abl. Manbas I -Nouns. C. IRREGULAR, Accusative em or im ; Ablative i or e — Classis,/ee^; febris, /ez^er ; messis, /ia?t;g5/ ; clsiviSj key ; navis, ship ; puppis, stern. Accusative im ; Ablative I — Tussis, cough ; sitis, thirst ; amussis, carj)ente/s rule. Accusative em ; Ablative I — Canalis, canal; aedilis, aedile. Accusative em ; Ablative I or ^ — Imber, shower; utSr, wine-skin; venter, helli/ ; linter, boat. Like I-nouns are declined :— 1. Words with stem ending in two consonants. 2. The following words : — Glis, dormouse, stem glir- Lis, strife, „ lit- Mas, male, „ mar- Mns, mouse, ,, mur- JN"ix, snow, stem iiiv- Strix, owl, „ strig- Faux, jaio, , , fauc- Yia, force, „ vir- {in plm'al) FOURTH DECLENSION (Character, U). 12. Masculine and Feminine have Nominative in us. Neuter Plural. in u. Singular. Norn. Voc. Gradiis, ste} Ace. Gradum Gen. Gradus Dal. Gradul AM. Gradu H.V.A. G6nu, knee Gen. G6nus Dat. Ahl. Genu Nom. Voc. Gradus, steps Ace. Gradus Gen. Gradtium Dat. Gradibtis (iibtis) Ahl. Gradibus (libtls) N.V.A. Ggniia, Zrnees Gen. Gentium Dat. Ahl. G6mbus (tibtis) Domiis, a house: Dative Singular, ul or 6, Ablative 6 ; Accu- sative Plural, us or os ; Genitive Plural, uum or orum. Adjectives. FIFTH DECLENSION (Character, E). 13. Only Feminine nouns. Nominative ends in -es. Singular. Plural. Xo7n. Voc. Dies, day Norn. Voc. Dies, da Ace. Diem Ace. Dies Gen. Dlei Gen. Dlenim Dat. Dlei Dat. Dlebtls Abl. Die Abl. Diebils Ees, thing, is the only other that has the increasing cases in the plural. ADJECTIVES. 14. Adjectives of three endings in its, a, urn, or er, a, %nn, follow the Second Declension in Masculine and Neuter ; the First Declension in Feminine: as, bonus, good; niger, black; tener, tender. Singular. Plural. MAS. FEM. NEUT. MAS. EEM. NEUT. Norn. B6ntia b6na bOnum B5ni b5nae b5na, Voc. B6n6 b6na b6num B6m bonae b5na, Ace. Bdnum b<5nam bdnnm B6nos bSnas bond, Gen. B5ni b<3nae bdni B6norum bdnarum bonorum Dat. B6no bOnae b5no Bdnis b6ni8 b6nis Abl. B6no b(3na b6no B6ms b5nis bonis Nom. Niggr nigril nigrum Nigri nigi-ae nigra Voc. Nlggr nigra, nigrum Nigri nigrae nigra, Ace. Nigrum nigram nigrum Nigros nigras nigra Gen. Nigri iiigrae nigri Nigrorum nigrarum nigrorum Dat. NigrG nigrae nigro Nigrls nigris nigris Abl. Nigro nigra nigro Nigrls nigris nigrls Nom. T6n6r tCnent t6n6rum Tgngri t6u6rae tendra Voc. T6n6r tengra tengrum T6n6ri t6n6rae tCngra Ace. T6n6rum t6n6ram tenfirum T6n6ro3 t6n6ras tengra Gen. T6n6rl tengrae t6n6ri T6n6rorum t6n6rarum tCngrorum Dat. T6n6ro t6n6rae t6n6ro T6n6ris tenfiris tgnCris Abl. T6n6ro tCngri t6n?ro T6n6ri3 tengris t6n6ris 15. All other Adje jctives fol low the Third Declension. Sing ^ular. MAS. FEM. NEUT. i MAS. FEM. NEUT. Nom . Voc. M6ll6r melias, better Nom. Voc . Tristis triste, sad Ace. Mehorem mentis Ace. Tristem tristg Gen. Mellorls Gen. Tristis Dat. Mellori Dat. TristI Abl. Mellorg or i Abl. Tristi 10 Numeral and Pronominal Adjectives. Plural. MAS. FEM. NEUT. Nom. Voc. Ace. M6lIores mgllorS, Gen. Meliorum Dat. AM. Melioribtts MAS. FEM. Nom. Voc. Ace. Tristes Gen. Tristium Dat. AM. Tristibus NEUT. tristia Singular. MAS. FEM. NEUT. MAS. FEM. NEUT. No7n. Voc. Felix, hapjyy. Nom. Voc. Ingens, huge. Ace ' Felicem felix Ace. Ingentem ingens Ge7i. Fellcis Gen. Ingentis Dat. Felici Dat. Ingenti AM. Felici AM. Ingenti or 6 Plural. iVom. V. A. Felices felicia Nom. V.A . Ingentes ingentia Gen. Felicium Gen. Ingentium Dat. AM. Felicibtis Dat. AM. Ingentibus Adjectives in er of Third Declension have three endings in Nominative Singular. Singular. Nom. Voc. C6l6r, c6l6ris, c6l6r6, swift MAS. FEM. NEUT. Acc. C6l6rem c5l6r6 Gen. C6l6ris Dat. AM. CelSri Nom. Voc. Ac6r, acris, acre, hecn MAS. FEM. NEUT. Acc. Acrem acr6 Gen. Acris Dat. AM. Acri Plural. N.V.A. C6l6res, c6l6ria Gen. C6l6rium Dat. AM. Celgribus N.V. A. Acres Gen. Acrium Dat. AM. Acribtis acria 16. NUMERAL AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. Singular. Plural. MAS. FEM. NEUT. MAS. FEM. NEUT. Nom Unus ana Onuni, one Nom. tJni Gnae una Acc. Unum unam iinum Acc. tJnos Unas una Gen. Unfus (all genders) Gen. Unorum unarum unorum Dat. Uni (all genders) Dat. tJnis (all genders) AM. tjno Una uno AU. Unis (all genders) Numeral and Pronominal Adjectives. 11 Unus is used iu Plural with Substantives that have Plural only, or have a different meaning in Plural. Like unus, decline ullus, any ; nullus, none, no ; totus, whole ; solus, aloiie. Singfular. MAS. F£M. NEUT. Nom. Alitts alia allud, other, another Ace. AlJtlm aliam allud Gen. Alias (all genders) Dat. Alii (all genders) Abl. Alio aha alio MAS. Nom. Alter Singular. FEM. NEUT. altera altCrum, other, the other Ace. AltSrum alteram altfirum Gen. Altgrifls (all genders) Dat. Alt6ri (all genders) All. Altero altera altSro Plural. MAS. FEM. NEUT. Nom. AltCri altfirae altera Ace. AltSros altCras altera Gen. Altfirorum alt6rarum altfirorum Dai. Abl. Alt6ris (all genders) Plural. MAS. FEM. NEUT. Du6 duae du5, two DuosorduSduas du5 Duorum duarum duorum Nom. Ace. Gen. Dat. Abl. Duobtis duabtis duobtis Plural. MAS. FEM. NEUT. Alii aiiae alia Alios alias alia Aliorum aliarum ahorum Aliis (all genders) Aliis (all genders) MAS. FEM. NEUT. titer utra utrum,t<;7iic/t {of two) Utrum utram utrum Utriiis (all genders) Utri (all genders) Utro utra utro MAS. FEM. NEUT. Utri utrae utra Utros utras utra Utrorum utrarum utrorum Utris (all genders) MAS. FEM. NEUT. Tres tres tria, three Tres tres tria Trium (all genders) Tribus (all genders) Ambo, lotk, is declined like duo. Other cardinal numbers, from 4 to 200, are undeclined. From 200 to 900, cardinal numbers, are declined Hke the plural of honm. Mille, 1000, is an undeclined Adjective. Millii, millium, millibus, thousands, is a Substantive. Ordinal numbers are declined like bonus. Distributive numbers are declined like the plural of hdnUs. 12 Numerals. 17. NUMERALS. Cardinal, Ordinal, DiSTRIBUTIVK, Adverbs, answering the answering the question, answering the answering the question, which in numeric question, question, 1 how many ? order ? how many each ? how often? untls primiis singiili s6m6l 2 du5 s6cundtis or altSr bini bis 3 tres tertius terni or trini t6r 4 quatuSr quartils quaterni quatSr 5 quinquS quinttls quini quinquies 6 sex sexttis seni sexies 7 septem septimtis septeni septies 8 octo octaviis octoni octies 9 nSvem nontis n6veni nSvies 10 decern dgcimus deni dgcies 11 undgcim undgcimus undeni undgcies 12 du6d6cim du5d6clmtis du5deni du6d6cies 13 tr6d6cim tertitis dgcimtis terni dgni trgdScies 14 quatuordgcim quarttls d6cimtls quaterni deni quatuordgcies 15 quindgcim quinttls d6cimils quini deni quindScies 16 sedgcim sextus dgclmtls seni deni sedecies 17 septemdgcim septlmtis dgcimus septeni deni septies d6cies 18 duodevlginti undeviginti du6devicesimtls du6deviceni duddevicies 19 undevicesimtis undeviceni undevicies 20 viginti viceslmtis viceni vicies 21 unfis et viginti primiis et vicesimus viceni singiili s6m6l et vicies 30 triginta triceslmtis triceni tricies 40 quadrSginta quadragesimils quadrageni quadragies 50 quinquaginta quinquagesimtls quinquageni quinquagies 60 sexaginta sexagesimtis sexageni sexagies 70 septuaginta septuageslmtts septuageni septuagies 80 octoginta octogesimtts octogeni octogies 90 nonaginta nonageslmiis nonageni nonagies 100 centum eenteslmils centeni centies 101 centum et uniis centesimtls primiis centeni singiili centies s6m6l 200 dtlcenti dttcentesimus dtlceni dticenties 300 trgcenti trgcentesimus trgceni trgcenties 400 quadringenti quadringentes!mus quadringeni quadringenties 500 quingenti quingenteslmtis quingeni quingenties 600 sexcenti sexcentesimtis seceni sexcenties 700 septingenti septingentesimtis septingeni septingenties 800 octingenti octingentesimiis octingeni octingenties 900 nongenti nongentesimtls nongeni nongenties 1000 mille milleslmtls singiila millia millies 2000 du5 millia bis raillesimtis 1 bma millia bis millies 1 Comparison of Adjectives. 13 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 18. The Adjective has three degrees of comparison, the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative. So : — Positive, Comparative. Superlative. durils duridr durisslmtls hard harder hardest General Kule. Change i or is of the Genitive into idr for comparative, and into mtmUs for superlative. ExceptiOTis. 1. Adjectives with Nominative in Sr form superlative by adding rXmiis. So crebSr, frequent, crebrior, creberrimiis. V^ttis, ancient, forms vSterrimtis, from stem vSter. 2. Six adjectives form the superlative by changing fs into Itmus : — FScTlIs, easT/ Simllls, like Gracilis, slender Diflflcllls, difficult Disslmllls, unlike Hilmllls, lowly Superlative facil-Umus, etc. 3. Adjectives ending in dtcHs, ftcUSj vdlUs, are compared in enti6r, entisstmus. So malSdicus, abusive, m^l^dicenti5r, mS-lSdicentissimus. 4. Adjectives ending in us pure (preceded by a vowel), generally use in comparison mdgts, maxtmS. So dubitis, doubtful, m^gis dubiiis, maximS dubiiis. 19. Irregular Comparison. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. b6ntls, good m6li6r optimtls maids, had peior pesslmtls magntls, great malor maxlmtis parvtts, small mindr mlnlmtls multCls, mtirh. plus plurlmtts nequam, worthless. nequWr nequisslmtts (n) Plus is only Neuter in Singular ; but has full Plural. 14 Comparison of Adverbs. (6) DivSs, rkhf divitior or ditior, divitissimiis or ditissimus. (c) Senex, old, senior, natu maior, or maior, sujperlaiive natu maximus or maximus. luvenis. young, iunior, natu minor, or minor, superlative natu minimus or minimus. Natu means ' by birth.' 20. Adjectives of position derived from prepositions. Preposition. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. e, ex, out of extgriis, outside ext6ri6r extremtis or exti- miis stipgr, above siipgrtis, high stip6ri5r supremtts or sum- mfis infra, beloio infgrtis, deep inf6ri5r infimus or imiis post, after postgrus, next after • postSriSr postremus or pos- ttlmus. intra, within int6ri5r intimtis prae, before pri6r primiis citra, on near side of cit6ri5r citlmiis ultra, beyond ult6ri6r ultimiis, last pr6p6, near pr5piQr proximtls de, down from deteriOr, it^orse deterrimtts, worst COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 21. Adverbs derived from adjectives are compared in the same way, as is stated in the General Rule on p. 1 3, and have their endings Us for Comparative and e for Superlative. So:— Positive. digntts {adj.), worthy digne, ivorthily audax {adj. ), bold audacter, boldly gravis {adj.), heavy gravitgr, heavily Comparative. digniSr digmiis audaciCr audaciUs gravlGr gravitis Superlative. dignissimtis dignissime audacissimtis audacissime gravisslmtis gravissime So:— saepg, often diu, long saepitis diutiils saepisslme diutissime Irregular Comparison. multum, m^ich magn6p6r6, greatly plus magis plurimura maxime Pronouns. 15 PRONOUNS. 22, Personal or Reflexive Pronouns are Substantival ; that is to say, they take the place of a Substantive : the rest are generally Adjectival ; that is to say, they take the place of an Adjective. Personal. 1. FIRST PERSON. Singfular. Plural. Nom. £g5, / Ace. Me Gen. Mei Dat. Mlhi Ahl. Me Nom. Nos, we Ace. Nos Gen. Nostri, or nostrum Dat. Nobis Ahl. Nobis 2. SECOND PERSON. Nom. Voc. Tu, Ace. Te Gm. Tui Dai. Tibf Ahl. Te thou Nom. Voc. Vos, you Ace. Vos Gen. Vestri, or vestrum Dat. Vobis Ahl. Vobis Reflexive. SINGULAR AND PLURAL. Nom. (Wanting) Ace. Se, or sese, himsel/\ herself , itsel/t themselves Gen. Sui Dat. Sib! Ahl. Se, or sese Possessive. 23. Like bdiiils. Metis, mea, meum, my, mine Tufts, tua, tuum, i/^y, ? Indefinite quls .L.W. qua quid any B Conjugations. THE VERB. 30. In the Latin Verb there are — 1. Three Persons — First, Second, and Third. 2. Two Numbers — Singular and Plural. 3. Seven Tenses — four Primary and three Historic. Pkimary. — Present ; as, a,mo, / love. Future Simple ; as, amabo, / sliall love. Future Perfect ; as, amav6ro, 1 shall have loved. Perfect ; as, 3,mavi, / have loved. Historic. — Imperfect ; as, amabam, / was loving. Aorist ; as, amavi, I loved. Pluperfect ; as, a,mav6ram, / had loved. Note. — There is only one form for the Perfect and Aorist; so amav'i either =/ lime loved, or / loved. 4. Three Moods of the Verb Finite. Indicative ; as, 3,mo, / love. Imperative ; as, ama, love thou. Conjunctive ; as, amem, / may love. 5. Verb-Nouns of the Verb Infinite. Infinitive, with the Gerunds and Sujjincs which act as its cases. Participles, dechned hke Adjectives. 6. Two Voices — Active and Passive ; as Amo, / love ; am5r, / am loved. CONJUGATIONS. 31. There are four Conjugations of Eegular Verbs. First Conjugation — character, A Second „ „ E. Third „ „ Consonant or U. Fourth „ „ I. To conjugate a verb, the Present, Perfect, and Supine Stems must be known. 1. The Present Stem in the First, Second, and Fourth Conjugations is found by taking the syllable re from the Present Infinitive Active; in the Third Conjugation by taking away the syllable ere. 2. The Perfect Stem is found by taking the syllable I from the Perfect Indicative Active. Formation of Tenses. 19 3. The Supine Stem is found by taking the syllable um from the Supine. DEPONENT VERBS. 32. Deponent Verbs (with a few exceptions) are passive in form, active in meaning ; as, iitor, / ttse. 1. The Present Stem in the First, Second, and Fourth Conjugations is found by taking the syllable rl from the Present Infinitive ; in the Third Conjugation by taking away the syllable i. 2. The Supine Stem is found by taking the syllable um from the Supine. Deponent Verbs are conjugated like Passive Verbs, but have also Gerunds, Supines, Participles, and Future Infinitives of active form. Intransitive Deponents have no Supine in u, nor Gerundive. POWERS. 33. Active and Deponent Verbs are either — Transitive, acting on an object ; as, amo te, I love thee, or Intransitive, not acting on an object ; as, sto, / stand. Intransitive Verbs are not used in the Passive except impersonally, that is to say, without ti subject — as, pugnatum est, he, or they fought (lit. there luas fighting). 34. FORMATION OF TENSES. Present Stem. i Perfect Stem. ■ Supine Stem. All Presents. i All Perfects Active. j Supines. All Futures Simple. I All Pluperfects Active, i Fut. Participle Active. All Imperfects. I Future Perfect Active. | Perf . Participle Passive. Gerund and G erundi ve. ! I 20 35. ENGLISH MEANINGS OF THE Name of Tense. ACTIVE VOICE. Present Indie. I love, am loving, do love. Thou lovest, art loving, dost love, etc. Present Conj. I may love. Thou mayst love. He may K5 love, etc. 8 Present Imper. Love (thou). Love (ye). Ex Present Infinitive To love. :^ Present Partic. Loving {adjective). Imperf. Indie. I was loving. Thou wast loving, etc. 02 fen Imperf. Conj. I might, should love. Thou mightst, shouldst love, etc. CO Put. Simp. Indie. I shall love. Thou wilt love. He will Kl love, etc. ft. Flit. Simp. Imper. Thou must love. He must love, etc. Gerwid Loving {suhsta?itive). Gerundive CO Perfect Indie. I have loved. Thou hast loved. He has g 6^ loved. Aorist I loved. Thou lovedst. He loved, etc. E-( Perfect Conj. I may have loved. Thou mayst have loved, etc. CO Perfect Infin. To have loved. e-i Imperf. Indie. I had loved. Thou hadst loved, etc. Pluperf. Conj. I should have loved. Thou wouldst have \ .loved, etc. Future Perfect I shall have loved. Thou wilt have loved, etc. Supine in um To love {substantive). Supine in ii In loving {substantive). fsE-1 Future Participle About to love. Future Infinitive To be about to love. CO Perject Participle None. LATIN TENSES. VERB * To Love.' 21 PASSIVE VOICE. I am being loved. Thou art being loved. He is being loved, etc. I may be loved. Thou mayest be loved. He may be loved, etc. Be (thou) loved. Be (ye) loved. To be loved. Nojie. I was being loved. I might, should be loved. Thou mightst, shouldst be loved, etc. I shall be loved. Thou wilt be loved. He will be loved. Thou must be loved. He must be loved, etc. Meet to be loved {adjective). I have been loved. Thou hast been loved. He has been loved, etc. I was loved. Thou wast loved. He was loved, etc. I may have been loved. Thou mayst have been loved, etc. To have been loved. I had been loved. Thou hadst been loved. He had been loved, etc. I should have been loved. Thou wouldst have been loved, etc. I shall have been loved. Thou wilt have been loved, etc. None. None. None. To be about to be loved. Loved, or Having been loved. 22 36. TENSE-ENDINGS OF THE Tense. ■St ACTIVE ENDINGS. Pres. Indie. 1,2,4 3 -0 -0 -s -t -mus -tis -is -it -Imus -itis -nt2 -unt Pres. Conj. ] I 2,3,4 -am -es -et -emus -etis -as -at -amus -atis -ent -ant CO Pres. Imper. ] 1,2,4 3 -te e -ite Pre^. Infin. j 1,2,4 3 -re -6re Pres. Partic. ] I, 2 3,4 -ns -ens CO Imp/. Indie, j I, 2 3,4 -bam -ebam -bas -bat -bamus -batis -ebas -ebat -ebamus -ebatis -bant -ebant CO Imp/. Conj. j 1,2,4 3 -rem -6rem -res -ret -remiis -retis -6res -6ret -6remus -6retis -rent -grent !«5 Future Indie. \ I, 2 3,4 -bo -am -bis -bit -bimus -bitis -es -et -emus -etis -bunt -ent Future Imp. \ 1,2,4 3 -to -to -tote -ito -ito -itote -nto- -unto Gerund I, 2 3,4 -ndum -endum ^cd Perf. hid. Aor. Perfect Conj. all all -grim -isti -it -Imus -istis -6ris -grit -grlmus -gritis -grunt or ere -grint Perfect Infin. all -isse §g Pluperf. Indie. all -gram -6ras -grat -gramus -gratis -grant s^ Pluperf. Conj. aU -issem -isses -isset -issemus -issetia -issent a, Fut. Perf. Indie. all -6ro -gris -grit -grimus -gritis -erint Supine all Ace. - iim ; Ahl. -u. CO«q laqco Future Partic. all -urus -ura -urum Future Infin. all -urus -ura -urum esse Perfect Partic. aU 1 In ^-Verbs the a is lost in these endings, as amo (for ama-o). amem, etc. * /-Verbs insert u, as audi-unt, audi-nnto. FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 23 PASSIVE ENDINGS. l-or -ris^ -gris^ -tur -itur -mur -imur -mini -imlni -ntur^ -untur l-ar -eriss -aris2 -re -ere -etur -atur -emur -amur -emini -amini -mini -Imini -entur -antur -ri -i No7ie None -bar -ebar -baris^ .ebaris = -batur -ebatur -bamur -ebamur -bamlni -ebamini -bantur -ebantur -rer -6rer -reris- -greris- -retur -eretur -remur -gremur -remTni -gremini -rentur -firentur J-bor i-ar -beris- -eris* -bitur -etur -bimur -emur -bimini -Omlni -buntur -entur ntor^ untor 1 In ^ -Verbs the a is lost in these endings, as amor (for uma-or), umer. 2 Tliere is an alternative form, re for ris. 3 J- Verbs insert «, as audi-untur, audi-untor. 24 37. THE VERB SUM, ^I Am.' PEESENT STEM Es- Present. Imperfect. Future Simple. I am. / was. I shall he. s. 1. Sum eram ero 2. es eras eris ^ 3. es-t erat grit PI 1. siimus eramus erimus Q >, 2. es-tis eratis gritis h 1— 1 |-( 3. sunt erant grunt M I may he. I might, should, would be. ^2; l-H S. 1. sim es -sem or forem (x< 2. sis es -ses „ fores 3. sit es -set „ foret PL 1. simus es -semus „ foremus > O 2. sitis 3. sint es -setis „ foretis es -sent „ forent c4 Be thou. Thou must be. ^ S. 2. es es -to ^ f^ 3. — es -to 1*^ PL 2. es-te es -tote •-I 3. — sunto ui To he. g es -se z 1^ 2 1— 1 o" m 1-1 Ot^ Eh U] "^ > Bi Prosum takes d before e ; so, proj mm, pro-d-es, Absum, praesum, have Present THE VERB SUM, *I Am.' 25 PERFECT STEM Fu- Perfect and Aorist. Pluperfect. Future Perfect. / have been. I was. S. 1. fu-i 2. fu -isti 3. fu -it PI. 1. fu-imus 2. fu -istis 3. fu -erunt 07' -ere / Jiad been. fu -gram fu -eras fu -grat fu -gramus fu -gratis fu -grant / shall Imve been. fu -gro fu -gris fu -grit fu -grimus fu -gritis fu -grint / may have been. S. 1. fu -grim 2. fu -gris 3. fu -grit P/. 1. fu-grimus 2. fu -gritis 3. fu -erint / might, tco^ild, should have been. fu -issem fu -isses fu -isset fu -issemus fu -issetis fu -issent 2'o Jiave been. fu -isse Future Participle — futurus, about to be. Future Infinitive — fore or futurus esse, to be about to be. pro-d-est, prosumus, pro-d-estis, prosunt. Participles — absens, praesens. 26 38. A-VERBS— ACTIVE VOICE. PEESENT STEM Ama- Present. Imperfect. Future Simple. / love, am loimia. te' do love. I was loving. / shall love. •-1 S. 1. Amo ama -bam ama -bo 2. ama -s ama -has ama -bis o 3. ama -t ama -bat ama -bit q FL 1. ama -mus ama -bamus ama -bimus 2. ama -tis ama -batis ama -bitis 3. ama -nt ama -bant ama -bunt / may love. I might, would, h-4 ;2: ^ shoidd love. I— 1 ^* S. 1. amem ama -rem (!< ^ O 2. ames ama -res fe5 3. amet ama -ret > 52; PI. 1. am emus ama -remus o 2. ametis ama -retis o 3. ament ama -rent S Love thou. Thoii must love. s. 2. ama ama -to ^ p^ 3. — ama -to c^ PL 2. ama -te ama -tote 3. — ama -nto To lore. ~~ (li •-1 ama -re Ci h 1— 1 H-l Lovi7ig. "^ ama -ns a. HH Ace. ama -ndum, lovk \g. > 1:^ Gen. ama -ndi ft! Dat. ama -ndo CiJ AM. ama -ndo A-VERBS -ACTIVE VOICE. 27 PERFECT STEM Amav- Perfect and Aorist. Pluperfect. 1 Future Perfect. / have loved. I loved. S. l.amav-i 2. amav -isti 3. amav -it PI. 1. amav -imus 2. amav -istis 3. amav -eruntor-ere I had loved. amav -Sram amav -eras amav -erat amav -Sramus amav -eratis amav -grant / shall have loved. amav -Sro amav -eris amav -erit amav -erimus amav -gritis amav -§rint / may have loved. S. 1. amav -grim 2. amav -gris 3. amav -Srit PI. 1. amav -grimus 2. amav -Sritis 3. amav -grint I might, ivoidd, should have loved. amav -issem amav -isses amav -isset amav -issemus amav -issetis ama,v -issent . To have loved. amav -isse SUPINE STEM Amat- q . / Accusative, amat -urn, to love. ^"Pme 1 ^iiaiii;e^ amat -u, in loving. Future Participle, amat -urns, ahout to lave. Future Infinitive, amat -urus esse, to be about to love. 28 39. E-VERBS— ACTIVE VOICE. PEESENT STEM Mone- \ Present. Imperfect. Future Simple. / advise, am advis- M ing, do advise. / was advising. / shall advise. ^ S. 1. Mone -o mone -bam mone -bo E-4 2. mone -s mone -bas mone -bis 3. mone -t mone -bat mone -bit s Fl. 1. mone -mus mone -bamus mone -bimus 2. mone -tis mone -batis mone -bitis 3. mone -nt mone -bant mone -bunt / maij advise. / might, would. 1— 1 Ki should advise. 1— 1 (14 S. 1. mone -am mone -rem CQ § 2. mone -as mone -res Di 3. mone -at mone -ret > Fl. 1. mone -amus mone -remus o 2. mone -atis mone -retis 3. mone -ant mone -rent Advise thou. Thou must advise. e:; S. 2. mone mone -to 3. — mone -to « Fl. 2. mone -te mone -tote 3. ~ mone -nto To advise. di mone -re to b Advising. ^ ft5 mone -ns Bh 1— 1 52; Ace. ] mone -ndum, advi sing. g b Gen. ] naone -ndi Dat. ] mone -ndo tt Abl. ] mone -ndo E-VERBS— ACTIVE VOICE. 29 PERFECT STEM Monu- Perfect and Aorist. Pluperfect. Future Perfect. / have advised. I advised. S. 1. monu -i 2. monu -isti 3. monu -it PI. 1. monu -inius 2. monu -istis 3. monu -erunt or -ere / had advised. monu -gram monu -eras monu -grat monu -gramus monu -gratis monu -grant / shall have advised. monu -gro monu -gris monu -grit monu -grimus monu -eritis monu -grint / may have advised. S. 1. monu -grim 2. monu -eris 3. monu -grit PL 1. monu -erimus 2. monu -eritis 3. monu -erint / migld, would, should have advised monu -issem monu -isses monu -isset monu -issemus monu -issetis monu -isseut - To have advised. monu -isse SUPINE STEM Monit- S n*np / Accusative, monit -um, to advise. ^ ( Ablative, monit -u, in advising. Future Participle, monit -urus, about to advise. Future Infinitive, monit -urus esse, to be about to advise. 30 40. CONSONANT-VERBS— ACTIVE VOICE. PRESENT STEM Reg- Present. Imperfect. Future Simple. h I— 1 CQ / rtde, am ruling, do rule. S. 1. Reg-o 2. reg -is 3. reg -it Fl. 1. reg-imiis 2. reg -itis 3, reg -unt / was ruling. reg -ebam reg -ebas reg -ebat reg -ebamus reg -ebatis reg -ebant / shall rule. reg -a,m reg-es reg -et reg -emus reg -etis reg -ent Eh O o o / '}nay rule. S. 1. reg -am 2. reg -as 3. reg -at Fl. 1. reg-amus 2. reg-atis 3. reg -ant / might, icould, should rule. reg -erem reg -eres reg -eret reg -eremus reg -eretis reg -erent Ci5 Oh Etde thou. S. 2. reg-e 3. — Fl. 2. reg-ite 3. — Thou must rule. reg -ito reg -ito reg -itote reg -unto h m > To rule. reg -ere c5 E-i Euling. reg -ens c5 5i Ace. reg -endum, ruli^ig. Gen. reg-endi Dat. reg-endo Abl. reg-endo CONSONANT-VERBS— ACTIVE VOICE. 31 PEKFECT STEM Rex- Perfect and Aorist. Pluperfect. Future Perfeci. Ihavemled. I ruled. S. 1. rex-i 2. rex-isti 3. rex -it PI. 1. rex-imus 2. rex -istis 3. rex-eruntw-erc / had ruled. rex -eram rex -eras rex -grat rex -eramus rex -eratis rex -erant / sliall luive ruled. rex -ero rex -^ris rex -erit rex -erimus rex -eritis rex -erint / maij Imve ruled. S. 1. rex-erim 2. rex-eris 3. rex -erit PL 1. rex -erimus 2. rex -eritis 3. rex -Sriiit / might, ivould, should have ruled. rex -issem rex -isses rex -isset rex -issenuis rex -issetis rex -issent 1 To have ruled: rex -isse j 1 SUPINE STEM Rect- Qj . ( Accusative, rect -um, to rule. bupme 1 jii^^ii^.^^ rect -u, in ruling. Future Participle, rect -urus, ahmit to rule. Future Infinitive, rect -urus esse, to he about to i-ule. 32 41. I-VERBS— ACTIVE VOICE. PRESENT STEM Audi- Present. Imperfect. Future Simple. h 52: t— 1 m (I] > / hear, am hearing, do Jiear. S. 1. Audi -0 2. audi -s 3. audi -t Fl. 1. audi -mus 2. audi -tis 3. audi -unt / teas hearing. audi -ebam audi -ebas audi -ebat audi -ebamus audi -ebatis audi -ebant / shall hear. audi -am audi -es audi -et audi -emus audi -etis audi -ent b / may hear. S. 1. audi -am 2. audi -as 3. audi -at Fl. 1. audi -amus 2. audi -atis 3. audi ant I might, would, should hear. audi -rem audi -res audi -ret audi -remus audi -retis audi -rent >-< Em 5 Hear thou. S. 2. audi 3. — Fl. 2. audi -te 3. — Thou must liear. audi -to audi -to audi -tote audi -unto ui h m > H To hear. § audi -re •-1 E-( Hearing. audi -ens Ace. audi -endum, hearing. Gen. audi -endi Dat. audi -endo Abl. audi -endo I-VERBS— ACTIVE VOICE. 33 PERFECT STEM Audiv- Perfect a>'d Aorist. / have heard. I heard. S. 1 . audiv -i 2. audiv -isti 3. audiv -it riA. audiv -imus 2. audiv -istis PLXTPERrECT. Future Perfect. 3. audiv -erunt o?'-ere audiv -Srant / had heard. audiv -Sram audiv -gras audiv -Srat audiv -Sramus audiv -Gratis I shall have heard. audiv -Sro audiv -eris audiv -6rit audiv -Srimus audiv -(iritis audiv -erint / may have heard. S. 1. audiv -grim 2. audiv -^ris 3. audiv -Srit PI. 1 . audiv -Primus 2. audiv -iritis 3. audiv -erint Imight,n'ouJd,shoidd have heard. audiv -issem audiv -isses audiv -isset audiv -issemus audiv -issetis audiv -issent To have heard. audiv -isse SUPINE STEM Audit- S ine / ^^^^'^^^^'^'^> audit -um, to hear. ^ ^^ \ Ablative, audit -u, in hearing. Future Participle, audit -iirus, ahout to hear. Future Infinitive, audit -urus esse, to he ahoiit to hear. B. L. ir. C 34 42. A-VERBS— PASSIVE VOICE. PEESENT STEM Ama- Present. Imperfect. Future Simple. h m > 1 am being loved. S. 1. Amor 2. ama-risor-re 3. ama-tur Fl. 1. ama-mur 2. ama -mini 3. ama-ntur I was being loved. ama -bar ama -baris or -bare ama -batur ama -bamur ama -bammi ama -bantur / shall be loved. ama -bor ama -beris or -bSre ama -bitur ama -bimur ama -bimini ama -buntur o I may be loved. S. 1. amer 2. ameris o?' -re 3. ametur Fl. 1. amemiir 2. amemmi 3. amentur I might, would, should be loved. ama -rer ama -reris or -rere ama -retur ama -remur ama -remmi ama -rentur Be thou loved. S. 2. ama -re 3. — Fl. 2. ama -mini 3. — Thou must be loved. ama -tor ama -tor ama -ntor (li m (^ > To be loved. ama -ri a. ama -ndus, -nda, -ndum, meet to be loved. A-VERBS— PASSIVE VOICE. 35 SUPINE STEM Amat- Perfect and Aorist. Pluperfect. Future Perfect. / have been, I was, loved. S. 1. amat -us sum 2. amat -us es 3. amat -us est PL 1. amat -i sumus 2. amat -i estis 3. amat -i sunt / had been loved. amat -us Sram amat -us Sras amat -us erat amat -1 Sramus amat -i gratis amat -i Srant / sJiall luive been loved. amat -us 6ro amat -us Sris amat -us Srit amat -i Srimus amat -i Sritis amat -i erunt / may have been loved. S. 1. amat -us sim 2. amat -us sis 3. amat -us sit PL 1. amat -i simus 2. amat -i sitis 3. amat -i sint I might, would, should have been loved. amat -us essem amat -us esses amat -us esset amat -i essemus amat -i essetis amat -i essent To have been loved, amat -us esse Loved or having been loved. amat -us A Future Infinitive can be formed by iri with the Supine ; amat -um iri, (o be about to be loved. 36 43. E-VERBS— PASSIVE VOICE. PRESENT STEM Mone- Present. Imperfect. Future Simple. / am being advised. / tvas being advised. I shall be advised. S. l.Mone-or mone -bar mone -bor Eh 2. mone -ris or re mone -baris or bare mone -bSris or bere 3. mone -tur mone -batur mone -bitur C) Fl. 1. mone -mur mone -bamur mone -blmnr 2. mone -mini mone -bammi mone -bimini h 1— 1 3. mone -ntur mone -bantur mone -buntnr c4 / may he advised. / 7night, would, should be advised. H-l H h S. l.mone-ar mone -rer 2. mone-arisorare mone -reris or rere 1:3 3. mone -atur mone -retur . P fe; PI. 1. mone-amur mone -remur > 2. mone -ammi mone -remmi 3. mone -antur mone -rentur JBe thou advised. Thou must be advised. tn S. 2. mone -re mone -tor (^ 3. — mone -tor ft. FL 2. mone -mini — 1^ 3. — mone -ntor To be ad vised. ui H 1— 1 52: 1-4 ►-1 mone -r.i. Eh CQ > t-5 mone -ndus, - nda, -ndum, meet to be advised. E-VERBS -PASSIVE VOICE. 37 SUPINE STEM Monit- Perfect and Aorist. I have been, I teas, advised. S. 1. monit -us sum 2. monit -us es 3. monit -us est P/.l. monit -i sumus 2. monit -i estis 3. monit -i sunt Pluperfect. / Iiad been advised. monit -us ^ram monit -us eras monit -us Srat monit -i eramus monit -i eratis monit -i erant FuTUKE Perfect. I shall have been advised. monit -us ero monit -us eris monit -us erit monit -i erimus monit -i ^ritus monit -i erunt / 7nay have been advised. S. 1. monit -us sim 2. monit -us sis 3. monit -us sit I might, would, should have been advised. monit -us essem monit -us esses monit -us esset PI. 1 . monit -i simus monit -i essemus 2. monit -i sitis j monit -i essetis 3. monit -i sint monit -i essent To have been advised. monit -us esse Advised or having been advised. monit -us A Future Infinitive can be formed by iri with the Supine : monit -um iri to be about to be advised. 38 44. CONSONANT-VERBS— PASSIVE VOICE. PRESENT STEM Reg- Present. Imperfect. Future Simple. h IS »— 1 > O 1-. / am heing ruled. S. 1. Eeg -or 2. reg -eris or ere 3. reg -itur Fl. 1. reg -imur 2. reg -imini 3. reg -untur / was heing ruled. reg -ebar reg -ebaris or ebare reg -ebatur reg -ebamur reg -ebamini reg -ebantur / shall he ruled. reg -ar reg -eris or ere reg -etur reg -emur reg -emini reg -entur O O o / may he ruled. S. 1. reg -ar 2. reg -aris or are 3. reg -atur Fl. 1. reg -amur 2. reg -amini 3. reg -antur / might, would, shoidd he ruled. reg -erer reg -ereris or erere reg -eretur reg -eremur reg -^remini reg -erentur ft. 5 Be thou ruled S. 2. reg -ere 3. — Fl. 2. reg -imini 3. — Thou must he ruled, reg -itor reg -itor reg -untor (xi H z •— 1 iz; m (xl > To he ruled. reg-i ft. reg -endus, -enda, -endum, meet to he ruled. CONSONANT-VERBS— PASSIVE VOICE. 39 SUPINE STEM Rect- Perfect and Aorist. Pluperfect. Future Perfect. I have been, I was, ruled. S. 1. rect -us sum 2. rect -us es 3. rect -us est PL 1. rect -i sumus 2- rect -i estis 3. rect -i sunt / had been ruled. rect -us Sram rect -us eras rect -us grat rect -i eramus rect -i Sratis rect -i erant / shall have been rided. Ted -us ero rect -us eris rect -us erit rect -i erimus rect -i eritis rect -i erunt I may have been ruled. S. 1. rect -us sim 2- rect -us sis 3. rect -us sit PL 1. rect -i simus 2. rect -i sitis 3. rect -i sint I might, would, should have been ruled. rect -us essem rect -us esses rect -us esset rect -i essemus rect -i essetis rect -i essent To have been ruled. rect -us esse Puled or having been ruled. rect -us A Future Infinitive can be formed by in with the Supine : rect -um iri, to be about to be ruled. 40 45. I-VERBS— PASSIVE VOICE. PEESENT STEM Audi- j 1 Present. I Imperfect. Future Simple. / am being heard. I was being heard. / sJmll be heard. fc^ S. 1. Audi -or audi -ebar audi -ar E-i 2. audi -ris or re audi -ebaris(webare audi -eris or ere o 3. audi -tur audi -ebatur audi -etur Q Fl. 1. audi -mur audi -ebamur audi -emur -( S. 1. audi -ar audi -rer m O 2. audi -aris or are audi -reris or erere 1< 3. audi -atur audi -retur > >1 PI. 1. audi -amur audi -remur o 2. audi -amini 3. audi -antur audi -remmi audi -rentur ^ Be thou heard. Thou must be heard. S. 2. audi -re audi -tor ^ &» 3. — audi -tor K) PI. 2. audi -mini — 3. — audi -untor To be heard. h audi -ri i l-H A. m tq s c^ ►^ g tq audi -endus, -enda, -endum, meet to be heard. C5 I-VERBS— PASSIVE VOICE. 41 SUPINE STEM Audit- Pekfect and Aorist. Pluperfect. Future Perfect. I have been, I icas, heard. S. 1. audit -us sum 2. audit -us es 3. audit -us est PI. 1. audit -i sum us 2. audit -i estis 3. audit -i sunt / had been heard, audit -us eram audit -us eras audit -us erat audit -i eramus audit -i gratis audit -i erant / slmll have been heard. audit -us ero audit -us eris audit -us erit audit -i erimus audit -i eritis audit -i erunt I may have been heard. S. 1. audit -us sim 2. audit -us sis 3. audit -us sit PI. 1. audit -i simus 2. audit -i sitis 3. audit -i sint I might, tcoidd,shotdd have been heard. audit -us essem audit -us esses audit -us esset audit -i essemus audit -i essetis audit -i essent 1 To have been heard. audit -us esse Heard or havlnrj been heard, audit -us A Future Infinitive can be formed by in with the Supine : audit -um iri, to be about to be heard. 42 46. EXAMPLE OF DEPONENT VERB, PRESENT STEM Ut- Present. Imperfect. Future Simple. ti / am using. / ivas using. / shall use. ^ S. l.Ut-or ut -ebar ut -ar &-. 2. ut -eris or ere ut -ebaris 07' ebare ut -eris or ere 3. ut -itur ut -ebatur ut -etur Fl. 1. ut -imur ut -ebamur ut -emur 2. ut -imini ut -ebammi ut -emmi 3. ut -untur ut -ebantur ut -entur / mmj use. / might, would or 6^ should use. >-i S. l.ut-ar ut -erer 2. ut -aris 07' are ut -ereris or erere 3. ut -atur ut -erStur g ^ ^ PL 1. ut-amur ut -eremur 2. ut -amini ut -eremini 3. ut -antur ! ut -erentur 1 I Use thou. Thou must use. S!>S^. 2. ut-ere ut -itor 3. — ut -itor Ki Fl. 2. ut -mimi — ■ 0-1 3. — ut -untor ~ H To use. ut -i S ►-1 c K-l 55 Using. 1— « (14 ^ ut -ens. 52: a. Ace. ut -endum, using. Q Gen. ut -endi g to Bat. ut -endo f^ K5 Abl. ut -endo C: Gerundive. — ut -endus, -enda, -endum, meet to he used. CONSONANT CONJUGATION. 43 SUPINE STEM Us- Perfect and Aorist. Pluperfect. Future Perfect. / Jmve used. I u^ed. S. 1. us -us sum 2. us -us es 3. us -us est PL 1. us -i sumus 2. us -i estis 3. us -i sunt / had used. us -us gram us -us eras us -us erat us -i gramus us -i gratis us -i grant / sMl have used. us -us ero us -us eris us -us erit us -i grimus us -i eritis us -i grunt / may have used. S. 1. us -us sim 2. us -us sis 3. us -us sit PL 1. us -i simus 2. us -i sitis 3. us -i sint / might, tcould, should have used. us -us essem us -us esses us -us esset us -i essemus us -i essetis us -i essent ■ To have used, us -us esse 1 Having used. us -us Future Partici Future Infiniti m, to use. , in using. pie, us -urus, about to i ve, us -urus esse, to be ise. about to use. 44 Moods. VERBS IN 10 OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 47. Verbs in io of the Third Conjugation in their tenses derived from the Present stem throw away i before another /, er, and e at the end of the word. So : — Active — Indic. Pres. capio, capis, cSpit, cJlpimiis, capitis, capiuut. Fut. capiam, copies, capifit, capiemus, capietis, capient. Imp. capiebam, capiebas, etc. Con J. Pres. capiam, capias, capiat, capiamiis, capiatis, capiant. Imp. capgrem, capgres, etc. Imper. Pres. cap6, capita. Fut. capito, capitote, capiunto. Inf. Pres. cap6r6. Gerund, capiendum, -endl, -endo. Passive — Indic. Pre*. capiSr, capgris, capitiir, capimtlr, caplmlni, cupiuntur. Fut. capiar, capieris, etc. Imp, capiebar, capiebaris, etc. CoNJ. Pres. capiar, capiaris, etc. Imp. cap6r6r, cap6reris, etc. Imper. Pres. capgrfi, capTmini. Fut. capitdr, capiunt5r. Inf. Pres. capi. Gerundive, capiendtis. MOODS. 48. The Indicative Mood affirms and questions. The Imperative Mood commands. The Conjunctive Mood has two general uses : — 1, Pure, or not depending on another verb. 2. Subjunctive, or depending on another verb. The Pure Conjunctive has the signs would, sJioidd ; can, could; may, might. The Subjunctive is generally translated like the Indicative; but sometimes (after Conjunctions) it takes the signs of the Conjunctive, as £de lit vivas, eat that yoti may live. Gerund, Supines, Participles. 45 In prohibitions {commands with a negative), use Perfect (Aorist) Conjunctive with Second Person. Present Conjunctive with First and Third Persons. The Infinitives ending in rS, l are Present or Imperfect ; Infinitives in issS^ Us esse, Perfect or Pkiperfect. GERUND, SUPINES, PARTICIPLES. 49. The Gerund is the Neuter Gerundive Participle de- clined as a Verb-Noun. The Supines are cases (Accusative and Ablative) of a Verb- Noun of the Fourth Declension. The Gerundive is used to express fitness or necessity, either Personally ; as, vitS, ttlendS, est, life should he protected ; or Impersonally ; as, eundum est, one must go. The other Participles are Act. Prea. amans, loving Flit, amaturtis, about to love Per/, wanting Pass. Pres. wanting Fut. wanting Pel-/, amatils, loved. DERIVED VERBS. 50. Frequentative Fei'bs (First Conj.) — Express repeated or more vigorous action; they end in to, s6, itO, Udr ; as, Canto, I sing out, from c3,n6, / sing. ESgito, / ask often, from r6go, / 05^-. Inceptive Verbs (Third Conj.) — Express beginning of action. They end in sc6 ; as, Pallesco, / turn pale, from palleo, / am pale. Desideraiive Verbs (Fourth Conj.) — Express desire of action. They end in urio ; as, Esurio, / am hungry, from Sdo, / eat. 46 Impersonal Verbs. QUASI-PASSIVE AND SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS, 51. Quasi-Passive Verhs — • have an Active form with Passive meaning ; as, Vapiilo, / am beaten. Semi-Deponent Verhs— have 1. Active Present with a Perfect of Passive form; as, Audeo, / dare, ausus sum, I dared, 2. Active Perfect with Deponent Perfect Participle; as, Prandeo, / dine, prandi, pransus, having dined. DEFECTIVE VERBS. 52. Defective Verbs are incomplete, having only some tenses or parts of tenses. The Verbs coepi, / have begun, odi, I hate, memini, / remem- ber, have no Present-Stem tenses. Aio, / say ' ay,' affirm. Indic. Pres. ai6 aTs ait — — aiunt /mp. aiebam complete CoNJ. Pres. — aias aiat — — aiant Inquam, / say. Indic. Pres. inquam inquis inquit inqulmtls — inqniunt Imp. — — inquieba,t — — inquiebant S. Put. — inquies inqui6t — — — Per/. — inquisti inquit — — — Imper. Pres. — inqtle — — inquite — In Latin as in Greek there was an older conjugation of Verbs ending in mi, of whicli sum and inquam are traces. IMPERSONAL VERBS. 53. Impersonal Verbs are conjugated only in the Third Person Singular of the Finite Verb, and in the Infinitive. Impersonal Verbs. 47 Active Impersonals have no Passive voice. They are principally of the Second Conjugation. With Ace. Oportet it behoves Piggt it irks Taedet it disgusts With Dat. Llbet it pleases With ad ■ and Ace, d6c6t becomes dedgc6t misbecomes ptidCt sliam£s poenltCt repents mlsfirCt moves pity — — llc6t is lawful liquet is clear Attlngt it relates pertln6t belongs — — The Persons are expressed by the cases following the Verb, as : — Oportet - 'me, It behoves m£. te, ,, thee eum, ,, him nos, ,, us vos, ,, you Leos, them. ' / ought thou oughtest he \ we you Jhey ought Licet m!hi, It is lawful for m£ tIb?, ei, nobis, vobis, Uis, thee him us you them} ' I may thou mayest lie \ we you .they may Intransitive Verbs may be used impersonally in the Passive, as, luditur, it is played. The persons are expressed by an Ablative with the Preposition a, ah, following the verb, as : — Ludltilr a me. It is played by me. or, I play a te, thee. or, thou playest abeo, ,, him. or, lie plays a nobis, ,, us, or, we play a vobis. you. or, you play Lftb iis, , , them, or, they play The Neuter of the Gerundive Participle is used impersonally in the same way mth a Dative, as : — Ludendum est - mlhi, It must be played by Tne, or, / ^ tIb?, tliee, or, thou ei, him, or, he nobis, „ us, or, we vobis, you, or, you iis. tJiem., or, they . must play 48 Verbs in Common Use. 54. VERBS IN COMMON USE. Present. rnjinitive. Perfect, Supine^ Do -ars d6di datum give Sto -arS steti statum stand Maneo -erS mansi mansum remain Ittbeo -er6 iussi iussum order Pendeo -er6 pgpendi sedi pensum hang Sedeo -erS sessum sit Video -erS vidi visum see Dico -6r6 dixi dictum say Duco -6rS duxi ductum lead Figo -6r6 fixi fixum fix Fingo -6r6 finxi fictum fashion Vivo -6r6 vixi victum live Mergo .6r6 mersi mersum droivn Mitto -6r6 misi missum send Scribo .6r6 scrips! scriptum write Pr6mo -6r6 pressi pressum press G6ro -6r6 gessi gestum cany on Rapio -6r6 rSpui raptum seize C5lo -6r6 colui cultum till Sperno -6r6 sprevi spretum despise Quaero -6r6 quaeslvi quaesitum seek Pendo .6r6 p^pendi pensum weigh Disco .6r6 didici ^ learn Curro -6r6 cttcurri cursum run Parco -6r6 pgperci parsum spare Oildo -gr6 c6cldi casum fall Caedo -6r6 c6cidi caesum heat, l-ill Ciluo -6r6 c6clni cantum sing Facio -6r6 feci factum make, do Vinco -Sr6 vici victum conquer Ago -6r6 §gi actum do, drive Oilpio .6r6 cepi captum s5]utum catch Solvo -6rS solvi loose, pay Apgrio -irS apCrui apertum open Vincio -ire vinxi vinctum hind V6nio -IrS veni ventum come DEPONENTS. Reor Perf. Part. ratus thlnh L5quor j> j> l5cutus speah S6quor jj >> sgcutus folloio Qu6ror >> >> questus complain M6rior mortuus die Nascor natus be horn Nanciscor ,, ,, nactus Jind Anomalous Verbs. 49 ANOMALOUS VERBS. 55. Anomalous Verbs do not form all their parts according to rule. Conjugation- Form. 1 Pers. Pres. 2 Pens-. ,, Injin. ,, Perfect Ger, in dl „. do Part. Pres. Be able. Possum pdtes poss6 p6ttl-i Wish. V616 vis veils volti-I v5lend-i v6lend-6 vdlens Not-xvish, N616 nonvis noils ii6ltl-i nolend-i noleud-o nolens Wish-rather. Maid mavis malls malii-i malend-i malend-o malens P6teu8, able, povjerful, is used as an Adjective. 1 Pers. Pres. 2 Pers. „ InJin. Perfect Ger. in dum „ di „ do Supine in um „ u Part. Pres. „ Flit. Bear. FSro fcrs ferrS ttili fSrend-um fSrend-i fSrend-o lat-um lat-u fCr-ens lat-unls Be made. Fio fis fISrI facttis sum Go. Eo is irS ivi Sund-um Sund-i Sund-o it-um It-u lens (Sunt-is) It-unls Can. QuSd quia quirS quivi FSrSr (Passive) lias Pres. Ind. 2d Pers. ferrls ; 3<^ Pers. fertur ; linperf Conj. fer-r-Cr, ferrerls, etc., and Inf. ferri. Supino-stcm forms, lattis sum, etc. FiO in the Present-stem forms is the Passive of fiicIG, which is regular in the Active, and in the Supine-stem forms of the Passive. QuSo and its compound nSquSo {cannot) form their tenses like So, EdO, / eat, often changes some of its foims as follows : — Pres. 2d Pers. Sing. Sdls or es ; Zd Pers. Sing, edit or esjt ; Infin. edSrS or esse ; Imperf. Conj. Sderem or essem. Pres. Conj. Sdim, edis, edit, is used. Other fonns are regular. B.L.ir. D 50 56. Anomalous Verbs. TENSE-FORMATION. S. 1. Possum V6lp 2. P5t6s Vis 3. P6test Vult PL 1. Posstimus Volumus 2. Potestis Vultis 3. Possunt V6lunt Indicative Mood. Present. Nolo Mal6 Nonvis Mavis Nonvult Maviilt Nolumtis Malumiis Nonvultis Mavultis Nolunt Malunt F6ro Fi3 Fers Fis Pert Fit Fgrimus — Fertis — Ferunt Fiunt £o Is It Imtis Itis Eunt S. Imperfect. 1. P5t -gram V6le -bam Nole -bam Male -bam FSre-bam Fie -bam I -bam 2. 3. PI 1. -6ras -grat -gramiis -gratis -grant -bas -bat -bamus -batis -bant -bas -bat -bamtts -batis -bant -bas -bat -bamus -batis -bant -bas -bat -bamus -batis -bant -bas -bas -bat -bat -bamus-bamtis -batis -batis -bant -bant Future Simple. aS'. 1. P5t -6ro Vol -am Nol-am Mal-amFSr-am Fi -am I -bo 2. -6ris -es -es -es -es -es -bis 3. -grit -gt -gt -gt -gt -gt -bit PI, 1. -grimus -emtls -emus -emfis -emtis -emiis -bimtis 2. -gritls -etis -etis -etis -etis -etis -bitis 3. -grunt -ent -ent -ent -ent -ent -bunt S. 2. 3. PL 1. 2. 3. 1. P6tu -i -istl -it V6lil -i Perfect and Aorist. Nolti -i Haiti -i Tiil-i -imiis -istis -erunt or erg -isti -it -imiis -istis •erunt or ere -isti -it -imus -istis -erunt or erg -istl -it -imus -istis -erunt or erg -isti -It -imus -istis -erunt or ere Pluperfect. 1 . P6tii -gramVSltt -gramNolti -gramMalii -gramTttl -gram 2. 3. PL 1. 2. 3. -gras .grat -gramtts -gratis -grant -gras -grat -gramfis -gratis -grant -gras -grat -gramus -gratis -grant -gras -grat -eramtls -gratis -grant -eras -grat -eramus -gratis -grant S. Future Perfect. 1. Pottt -gro V5lti -ero Nolti -ero Malti -gro Ttll -ero 2. 3. PL 1. 2. 3. -grls -erit -erimtis -gritis -grint -eris -grit -erhniis -grftis -erint -eris -grit -grhniis -grftis -grint -eriS -grit -grimus -gritis -erint -erfs -grit -grfmus -erftis -grint ^Iv-i — -isti — -it — -imiis — -istis — -erunt or erg • Iv -gram -gras -grat -eramtis -gratis -grant — Iv -gr5 — -grjs -grit — -erfmtis -gritis — -grint Anomalous Verbs. 51 TENSE-FORMATION. Conjunctive Mood. Present. s. l.Poss -im VC'l -im Nol-im Mai -im F«5r -am Fi -am S -am 2, -18 -is -Is -is -as -iis -as 3. -It -it -It -It -at -at -at PL 1. -Imus -imiia -imtis -Imiis -amus -amus -amtis 2. -Itis -itIs -itIs -itls -atls ■atls -iitls 8. -int -int -int -int Imperfect. -ant -ant -ant S. l.Poss -em Veil -cm Noll -em Mall -em Ferr -em FI61 -em ir-em 2. -es -es -es -Gs -es -es -es 5! -Ct -6t -et -6t -6t -gt -gt PI 1. -emiis -emtls -emtis -emus -emtis -emtis -emiis I 2_ -etis -etIs -etIs -etIs -etIs -etIs -etIs 3'. -ent -ent -ent -ent -ent -ent -ent Perfect and Aorist. s. 1. Petti -grim V6lti -6rim Noltl -6rim Malti -erim Ttil -grim — Iv -grim 1 2. -6rfs -6rjs -eras -6ri8 -Cris -gr?s 3. -6rlt -grit ^rlt -6rlt -grit -grit PI . 1. -grjmtts -erTratis -grfmtls -grhntls -grTratis -grTmtls 2^ -grjtis -Crltis -gritls -grltis -grftis -grftls 3'. -Clint -Crint -6rint -6rint Pluperfect. -grint — -grint s. l.Pottl -issemVdltl -issemNoltl -isseraMalii -issemTtll -issem — Iv -issem 2 -isses •isses -isses -isses -isses — -isses 3; -isset -isset -isset -iss6t -issgt — -issgt PI . 1. •issemiis -issemtis -issemtls -issemtis -issemtis -issemtis 2, -issetis -issetis -issetis -issetis -issetis -issetis 3. -issent -issent -issent -issent Imperative Mood. Present. -issent -issent Sing. 2d Pers. Noli Fer Fi i PL t> Nolite FerttS FitC Future. itg Sing. 2d Pers Sd Pers. Nolito Ferto Nolito Ferto ito ito PL 2d Pers. 3d Pers. Nolitote Fertote Nolunto F6runto itote Eunto (For the Parts of Verb Infinite, see 55.) 52 Prepositions— Conj unctions. PREPOSITIONS. 57. The following PreiDositions take the Accusative : — Ad, to, at, near, ojf Adversiis, / , 7 . . A ^ ' } toioard, aaauist Adversuin, ) ' "^ Ante, before Apiid, at, in, among, ivith Circum, around ^,lf' - I on the near side of Contra, against, over against Erga, toioards Extra, outside of, without, out of Infra, heloio Inter, between, among, amidst Intra, within luxta, adjoining to, beside Ob, over against, by reason of P6nes, in the poiver of P6r, through Pone, behind Post, after, behind Praetgr, beside Propg, near Propter, nigh, on account of Secundum, 7iext, along, according to Supra, above Trans, across Ultra, beyond Versfis , Versum, towards The following take the Ablative : — P5,lam, in sight of Prae, before, owing to, compared ivith Pro, before, for, instead of SinS, ivithout T6ntis, as far as A, a,b, abs, by, from Absque, without Clam, loithout the knowledge of Coram, in the presence of Cum, with De, down from, down, concerning E, ex, out of, from Cum is attached to the Personal, Eeflexive, and Relative Pronouns ; as, mecum, tecum, secum, noUscum, vOhiscuin, quoaun, (jiidciim, quibusmim. The following take Accusative or Ablative : — In, into, against (Ace.), in, upon, among (Abl.) Super, over, tipon Sub, up to, under (Ace), under (Abl.) Subt6r, under In, sUb, with Accusative imply motion ; with Ablative, rest. CONJUNCTIONS. 58. Conjunctions either (a) join words and sentences with- out influencing mood : as, et, que, ac, atque {and) ; aut, vel, ve {either, or) ; sed, autem {hut) ; nam, enim (/or) ; or (5) join sentences, influencing mood : as, ut {that) ; ne {lest) ; quum (token, since), etc. SYNTAX WITH EXERCISES. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. a. A Simple Sentence is the expression of a simple thought. h. That of which something is said is called the Subject. The Subject must be a Substantive, or something which can take its place. The following can take the place of a Substantive : — 1. An Adjective. 3. An Infinitive. 2. A Pronoun. 4. A Clause. c. A Clause is a sentence which cannot stand by itself. d. The Finite Verb which declares what is said of the Subject is called the Predicate. Instead of the Finite Verb we often find the Copula or link (some part of the verb sum), and a word (called the Complement) linked by it to the Subject, both together forming the Predicate. Some other verbs link the Complement to the Subject; such as, fio, / become, nascor, / am horn, videor, / seem, and verbs of calling, making, thinking, in the Passive Voice. e. Some Verbs (called Transitive), require an object to com- plete the sense. /. Every sentence in English or Latin must contain a Subject and Predicate, and can be analysed in the following form : — Subject. Socrates Socrates Predicate. docet teaches Copula. Complement. Socrates | erat sapiens SocrcUes was a toise man 54 The Simple Sentence. [1-2 With an object- Predicate. Verb. Object. docebat iuvenes iised to teach young men With Adverbial Expressions (Extension of Predicate) qualifying the Verb — Socrates Socrates Subject. Socrates Socrates Verb. docebat used to teach Predicate, Object. iuvenes young men Extension. Athenis at Athens Exercise i. Agreement of Adjective. An Adjective or Participle agrees in Gender, Number, and Case with the Substantive which it describes. * Very ' is often a sign of the Superlative. 1. Bona regina. 2. Fortes miUtes. 3. Longae hastae. 4. Parvorum pneroriim. 5. Vir bonus. 6. Bonam uxorem. 7. Cari parentes. 8. Cara patria. 9. Magnis deabus. 10. Docti pueri. 11. Dulcius carmen. 12. Eex amatus. 13. Levi opere. 14. Maximorum regum. 15. Atrocis proelii. 1. A-short letter. 2. Of-a-wise father. 3. To-a-fortified city. 4. Great gifts. 5. Of-a-good queen. 6. A-brave soldier. 7. Great cities. 8. Of the-black slave. 9. To-the-beautiful sister. 10. Of- the-green grass. 11. Of-useful works. 12. By-the-sharp sword. 13. Sweet songs. 14. A-very-wise man. 15. A-sliorter song. Exercise 2. Agreement of Verb. A Verb Finite agrees with the Nominative of its Subject in Number and Person. The word which answers to the question 'Who?' or * What % ' is the Nominative Case to the Verb. 3] On Agreement. 55 If a Pronoun is the subject, it is usually understood. 1. Mater amat. 2. Puer audit. 3. Kex vocabat. 4. Dux regit. 5. Pater inonebat. 6. Matres amantur. 7. Gives reguntur. 8. Vox audita est. 9. Milites pugnaverant. 10. Hostes vincuntur. 11. Magister docebat. 12. Puer discit. 13. Laudavimus. 14. Kegiiia laudabit. 15. Urbs munita erat. 1. Trees grow. 2. They-have-been-called. 3. The-spears wound. 4. The-kings are-praising. 5. The-soldier will-have-fought. 6. Tlie- city is-being-fortified. 7. The-enemies have-been-conquered. 8. The- enemy will-be-conquered. 9. The-boys were-calling. 10. The- soldier is-iighting. 11. The-soldier was-fighting. 12. The -girls had- danced. 13. The-master walks. 14. The-boys are-being-taught. 15. The-girl is-praised. Exercise 3. _ Apposition. a. If two or more Substantives refer to or describe the same thing they are put in the same case. This is called Apposition. h. When two Substantives not referring to the same thing come together, the latter is put in the Genitive, and generally has the sign * of ' in English. The Verb, etc., sometimes agrees with the word in apposition. 1. Urbs Roma, 2. Pyrenaeimontes. 3. Romulus rex. 4. Flumenl Tamesis. 5. Philosophi morum magistri sunt. 6. Philosophia morum ' magistra est. 7. Romulus Remi frater erat. 8. Roma urbs est i antiquissima. 9. Libri nostra gaudia sunt. 10. Oppidum Gabii captum est. 11. Thebae, urbs validissima, Boeotiae caput est. 12. Aurura res pretiosa est. 13. Vos iudices estis. 14. Dolor est mag- num malum. 15. Avus eius praetor erat. 1. Of-the-city (of) Rome. 2. For-King Romulus. 3. Of-the-river Tiber. 4. Hope is the-expectation of-good. 5. Caius is our father. C. The-Nile is a-very-great river. 7. Britain is an-island. 8. Athens is the-capital of-Attica. 9. Gold, the-cause of-crime, has been found. 10. Pompeius will-be-made general. 11. The-sun, a-great-light, is shining. 12. He-was-made praetor and consul. 13. Horses are use- ful animals. 14. Experience is the-best mistress. 15. The-town of- Gabii will be taken. 50 The Simple Sentence. [4-5 Exercise 4. Recapitulatory. If the subject consists of more than one person, words applying to them are put in the Plural. 1. Servus timebat. 2. Puellae canebant. 3. Britannia est patria nostra. 4. Bona lex lata est. 5. Arbores crescent. 6. Epistola scribebatur. 7. Opus confectum est. 8. Grave onus relictum erat. 9. Boni pueri, discipuli nostri, laudabantur. 10. Urbs Eoma incensa 1 est. 11. Sidera micabant. 12. Velox cervus currebat. 13. Aurum 1 et argentum, optima dona, missa sunt. 14. Fortissimi milites pug- Vjaabant. 15. Patres matresque amantur. 1. To-learn is useful. 2. Brutus, the-consul, was-sent. 3. The- Tiber is a-great river. 4. The-city of-Carthage was-destroyed. 5. Good gifts are very-useful. 6. To-read well is difficult. 7. A-great battle \vas-being-fought.< 8. Catiline, a-wicked man, was-condemned. 9. Brave men are-always praised. 10. Iron is useful. 11. The- raaster was-reading. 12. The time was very-short. 13. These books are easier. 14. Augustus, the-emperor of-Eome, is dead. 15. Caesar and Brutus are dead. Exercise 5. Recapitulatory. Verbs agree with the First Person rather than with the Second, and with the Second rather than with the Third. 1. Ego et Cicero valemus. 2. Tu et Tullia valetis. 3. Urbs Roma bene munita est. 4. Multae epistolae scriptae sunt. 5. Fortes milites laudabuntur. 6. Nos pueri felicissimi sumus. 7. Numa, rex Romanorum, vir erat sapientissimus. 8. Maxima dona missa erunt. 9. Carmina pulcherrima cantantur. 10. Tuns canis amissus est. 11. Magister irascitur. 12. Hostium exercitus fusus est. 13. Athenae urbs pulcherrima erat. 14. Ignavi milites non laudabuntur. 15. Socrates, philosophus doctissimus, mortuus est. 1. Happy boys are playing. 2. The walls of this town are very high. 3. We consuls are wanting. 4. The cowardly soldiers would have fled. 5. Manlius, a Roman soldier, was wounded. 6. Archi- medes, a very wise man, was killed. 7. You and your son are happy. 8. A most loving wife was weeping. 9. You and I will come hither, my friend Brutus. 10. This river is called the Thames. 11. Sparta is the capital of Laconia. 12. Brutus, the consul, had fled. 13. This girl, my sister, will come very quickly. 14. A disgraceful crime was being committed. 15. The cavalry and infantry of the enemy were defeated. 6-7] Questions. iX Exercise 6. Recapitulatory. Adjectives agree with the Masculine rather than witli the Feminine. 1. Numantia urbs quotidie diripitur. 2. Sigiia inferuntur. 3. Gain manserant. 4. Requiescat ItaHa. 5. Brutus Caiusque, consules Romani, veniebant. 6. Gramen est viride. 7. Amavissemus. 8. Tu vicisti, ego vincam. 9. Exercitus noster devictus erat. 10. Tu vales, ego quoque valeo. 11. luba, rex fortissimus, captus est. 12. Consul fio. 13. Certior facta est. 14. Regeremus. 15. Frater et soror pulcherrimi sunt. 1, My father and mother are dead. 2. I am the cause of this war. 3. He is the master of these learned boys. 4. Camillus was called the father of his country. 5. The Belgae are the bravest of the Gauls. 6. The battle had begun. 7. Many beautiful girls were stand- ing around. 8. The camp was being attacked. 9. Sparta, the capi- tal of Laconia, is being besieged. 10. Caesar, the leader of the Romans, is coming. 11. This beautiful city will be laid waste. 12. Saguntura, a wealthy city, is being plundered. 13. Lions are very fierce animals. 14. Very many fishes were being caught. 15. A loud voice might have been heard. Exercise 7. Recapitulatory. If the things are lifeless, the Adjectives are often neuter. 1. Caius et Balbus eo profecti erant. 2. Aurum et argentum pre- tiosissima sunt. 3. Ego et tu redibimus. 4. Tarquinius rex vocatus est Superbus. 5. Diu erat anceps fortuna belli. 6. Gives Romani vocabuntur Quirites. 7. Urbs Roma Italiae caput est. 8. Murus et porta fracta sunt. 9. Urbs nostra et nomen deleta sunt. 10. Hue venistis, amici carissimi. 11. Acre telum volat. 12. Maximum flumen traiectum erat. 13. Galli, gens fortissima, devicti sunt. 14. Orationes fticundissimae audiantur. 15. Vos omnes et liberi vestri condemnantur. 1. Gates and walls will have been broken. 2. You and your wife are very wicked. 3. His opinion will soon be changed. 4. A great quantity of gold has been found. 5. Riches, honour, glory, are very pleasant things. 6. The enemy is running away. 7. These towns will have been fortified. 8. This city will be plundered and burnt. 9. The island of Cyprus is very rich. 10. A disgraceful crime had been punished. 11. Both we and our children are poor. 12. Better gifts will have been sent. 13. The kings will be wise. 14. Romulus and Ivemus were brothers. 15. All the burdens are very heavy. j/ 58 The Simple Sentence. [8-9 Exercise 8. Questions. In questions the Verb is usually in the Indicative. In addition to the note of interrogation, there must be an interrogative word. If the answer * yes ' is expected, use nonnS. If the answer ^ no ' is expected, use num. If merely information is required, use ne. iVl^ cannot stand by itself; it is always joined to the end of the first word of the sentence. JF/iether — or, to be translated by iitrum — an. * Whether' is often omitted in English; for example, we say, * Is he poor or not 1 ' The Latins say, * Whether is he poor or not ] ' 1. Quis es ? 2. Nuni hue venies ? 3. Num hoc utile est ? 4. Egone sum fortis ? 5. Quota hora est ? 6. Quot sunt milites ? 7. Utrum Galli sunt an Eoraani ? 8. Quid vis, mi fili ? 9. liter horuni victor erit? 10. Nonne fortes erant ? 11. Num totum opus confec- tum est ? 12. Nonne aurum et argentum pretiosa sunt ? 13. Nonne fortiter pugnabamus ? 14. Utrum dives est annon ? 15. Quale fuit negotium ? 1. Who are you? 2. Are not fathers and mothers loved? 3. Who is the leader of this army ? 4. Was the town of Gabii taken ? 5. Was not the money paid ? 6. Is she not beautiful ? 7. Are you rich or poor ? 8. Is he poor or not ? 9. Did he come to-day ? 10. What o'clock was it ? 11. Who was Caesar ? 12. How many sailors were there ? 13. Are crocodiles fishes ? 14. When will the Komans come ? 15. Were not the Gauls conquered ? Exercise 9. Commands, In Commands use the Imperative Mood. If there is a Negative, the Perfect Conjunctive of the Second 10] The Accusative. 59 Person must be used ; the Present Conjunctive of other per- sons. Translate * not ' in Negative Commands by ne. 1. Amamini. 2. Monemini. 3. Ne recti sitis. 4. Ne fugiaiit hostes. 5. Ne cucurreris. 6. Hue veni celeriter. 7. Pecunia ne solvatur. 8. Monentor. 9. Eegitote. 10. Italia et Aegyptus, pro- vinciae ditissimae, vastentur. 11. Oppidum Gabii diripiatur. 12. Veni, mi fili. 13. Ne mentiti sitis. 14. Captivi interficiantur. 15. Ne timueritis. 1. Love thou. 2. Don't love. 3. Rule ye. 4. Do not rule. 5. Let me go.^6. Let me not go. 7. Let them not be warned. 8. Hear ye. 9. Let them escape. 10. Let Caesar and Brutus be slain. 11. Be ye not conquered. 12. Let Italy at length rest. 13. Let these rich cities be plundered. 14. Soldiers, fight bravely. 15. Do not set out to-day. Exercise lo. The Accusative. Transitive Verbs govern an Accusative of the object. The object of a Verb can be discovered by asking the ques- tion ' whom ? ' or ' what 1 ' 1. Latrones magnam praedam abstulerunt. 2. Caesar equitcs praemisit. 3. Hostium exercitum devicimus. 4. Latronis nianus vinximus. 5. Audi meam vocem, mi fili. 6. Deum veneramur. 7. Ne hoc feceris. 8. Servi agros colebant. 9. Nonne hostes aciem instruxerunt ? 10. Quid habes, mi care frater? 11. Omnes libros amisistis. 12. Sextus, Tarquinii Superbi filius, urbem ceperat. 13. Audistine vocem meam ? 14. Romam non videmus. 15. Altissima moenia urbem muniunt. 16. Patrem suum imitabitur. 1. The master teaches the boys. 2. The boys hear the master. 3. She had written a long letter. 4. Are you writing a letter ? 5. Do not kill me. 6. She was singing sweet songs. 7. We shall conquer our enemies. 8. Follow your leader. 9. The mother will nourish her young ones. 10. Worship God. 11. Do you not love your mother? 12. Build the walls of our city. 13. God created us. 14. Romulus built the walls of the city of Rome. 15. They had written very many letters. / 60 The Simple Sentence. [11-12 Exercise 1 1 . The Double Accusative. Some Verbs take two Accusatives, especially a. Those of asking and teaching. (In the Passive Voice these retain one Accusative.) &. Those of making, calling, thinking. 1. Nihil me rogavit. 2. Hoc te rogo. 3. Filium suum literas docuit. 4. Pacem te poscimus omnes. 5. Filiam suam Claudiam vocavit. 6. Cur te literas doceam ? 7. Rogor sententiam. 8. Te sapientem puto. 9. Primus me auxilium orabit. 10. Nonne nos multa hodie docuisti ? 11. Te facimus, Fortuna, Deam. 12. Nun- quam divitias deos rogavi. 13. Eogatus sententiam, nihil respondit. 14. Cur hanc artem doceri vis ? 15. Milites Caium salutaverunt imperatorem. 1. I shall pray Neptunus for help. 2. Do not teach me letters. 3. Do you call me citizen ? 4. The people elected Caesar consul. 5. The king asked the citizens for money. 6. I call you a robber. 7. He called his son Horatius. 8. Being asked for her opinion she said this. 9. Why should you be taught letters to-day? 10. Socrates used to teach philosophy to his disciples. 11. He was asked for advice. 12. Ceres taught the husbandmen useful arts. 13. Will you teach me this ? 14. They call Antonius a traitor. 15. He taught me much. Exercise 12. Prepositions with Accusative. These Prepositions govern the Accusative : — ante cis iuxta propter apud contra ob per ad intra penes secundum adversus erga pone supra circum extra post versus circa infra . praeter ultra citra intra prope trans Super, suiter, i)), snh^ implying motion. 1. Apud me vivobat. 2. Quidaui coniurationem adversus Caesarem inierunt. 3. Circa urbem erant agri fertilissimi. 4. Arma ob hanc rationem sumpserunt. 5. In urbem se receperunt. 6. Cicero contra 13] The Accusative. CI Catilmam locutus est. 7. Castra extra urbem posuit. 8. Ne hoc attuleris in nostram domum. 9., Urbs penes hostem fuit. 10. Propter hane caussam in fugani se conttilit. 11. Caius ad me venerat. • 12. Classis erat ad Actium. 13. Post equitem sedet atra cura. 14. Nihil habeo praeter hoc. 15. Trans Rhenuni flunien natabant. 1. I shall return to the city. 2. There was a river beside the city. 3. He made an attack on me. 4. He will be in the power of the enemy. 5. He pitched his camp near the sea. 6. They fled to the woods. V 7. The emperor sent a long letter to the senate. 8. The girl was pouring wine into a golden cup. 9. Before the door sat a large dog. 10. Among the Lacedaemonians old men used to be greatly honoured. 11. He spoke against us all. 12. The actoi-s were behind the curtain. 13. He was killed on account of this. 14. The camp was pitched outside the city. 15. They fled within the walls. Exercise i^. Motion. The place whither one goes is put in the Accusative, with the Prepositions in or ad. The Preposition is omitted if it is either the name of a to-vvn or a small island, or the words domum {home), rus {country). 1. Regulus Carthaginem rediit. 2. In Africam discesserat. 3. Curio in Africam copias suas transvexerat. 4. Ite domum. 5. Le- gati in castra Hasdrubalis venerunt. 6. Iter in Galliam longum et difiicile erat. 7. Rus ibo. 8. In forum redibimus. 9. Graecorum exercitus Troiam ivit. 10. Ad urbem venerant. 11. Ad lovis aedem se contulit. 12. Gallorum nonnulli in Asiaui pervenerant. 13. Les- bum abiit. 14. Caesar in Itidiam rediit. 15. Sextus in Hispaniam solus mox redibit. 1. The chiefs of the senate fled to Africa. 2. They will go quickly to Greece. 3. I shall return home. 4. Will you not go to the country? 5. Don't go to Rome. 6. Did Caesar return to Italy ? 7. Who had gone to Asia ? 8. 'i he con(iuered soldiers fled to their camp. 9. The prisoner was led to the forum. 10. Will you go to the city of Athens ? 11. Boys go to school daily. 12. He sent gifts to the priest of Jupiter. 13. The head of Hasdrubal was thrown into the camp. 14. Will you go home or not ? 15. Why did you return to the country? IG. They fled to Brutus. 62 The Simple Sentence. [14-15 Exei'cise 14. - Time and Measure. The Accusative answers the questions — 1. How long? (of time.) 2. How long % (of space.) 3. How wide % 1. Pericles quadraginta annos rempublicam administravit. 2. Erant muri Babjdonis ducenos pedes alti. 3. Aream latam decern pedes facito. 4. Iter unius diei aberat. 5. Triduum ibi manebat. 6. Tria millia passimm progressus erat. 7. Murus viginti pedes altus erat. 8. Num ibi biennium raansisti ? 9. Templum iter multorum dierum inde aberat. 10. Navis duodeviginti pedes lata erat. 11. Biduum ibi manebimus. 12. Ne ibi diutius qiiani sex dies moratus sis. 13. Niun ibi biduum an triduum manserat? 14. Turres confecerant quinquaginta pedes altas. 15. Multos annos vixit. 1. Who managed the republic for forty years ? 2. Of what city were the walls two hundred feet high ? 3. Do not make a threshing- floor nine feet wide. 4. How many days' journey was he distant ? 5. He was walking about the city for two days. 6. Did you not remain there two years ? 7. The Russians were in vain trying to cross the Danube for two months. 8. Did he live many years ? 9. The towers were fiftj'- feet high. 10. Troy was besieged ten years. 11. The river Nile overflows its banks the whole summer. 12. The soldiers made a rampart six feet high. 13. Near Rome the snow lay many feet deep. 14. A wall forty feet high protected our city. 15. He lived all his boyhood near that city. Exercise 15, Recapitulatory. 1. Tarquinius Superbus, ultimus rex Romanorum, urbem reliquerat. 2. lam triduum abest. 3. Ver hiemem mox fugaverit. 4. Num libros amisisti, mi fili ? 5. Ne pugnam commiseritis. 6. Dux ante castra aciem saepius instruxerat. 7. Frater mens moriens plurimos Alios filiasque reUquit. 8. Centurio, vir fortissimus, omnes Gallorum 16] The Accusative. 63 impetus sustinuit, 9. Croesi filius aprum ingentein venabatur. 10. Nonne vos oliui philosophiaui docui? 11. Milites coniurationem ad versus imperatorem inierunt. 12. Duceni sequamur, comites. 13. Imperator copias suas in Graeciain transduxerat. 14. Ne ocius cucurreris, mi fili. 15. Aegyptii multos deos colebant. 1. The army of Ariovistus, the king of the Germans, had conquered the Gauls. 2. Will you not teach me letters ? 3. She will call her daughter Claudia. 4. Paris had carried oflf Helena, the wife of Menelaus, to Troy. 5. None, except the brave, deserve honours. 6. The fishes were uimping into the net, 7. You set out for Africa before the time.vS. The walls of the city were thirty feet high. 9. Will you not go home quickly ? 10. An exile came to Rome to king Numa. 11. Around the house was a green meadow. 12. How many ships did Caesar send to his friend ? 13. On account of this reason he will be killed, 14. The Gauls have spears six feet long. Exercise i6. Recapitulatory. 1. Cur castra ad oppidura posuisti? 2. Numquid vis? 3. Nos pueri patrem Balbum imitabimur. 4. Caesar T. Labienum legatum praemisit. 5. Perfer labores fortiter, amice mi Pompei. 6. Quis to sententiam rogavit ? 7. Ne me deceperis. 8. Multos labores passus, domum rediit. 9. Hoc oppidum tridui iter abest. 10. Vir bonus ille bonam banc uxorem habet. 11. Pueri huius scholae fient docti. 12. Annulum aureum, praeclari artificis opus, in mare coniecerat. 13. Omnes Eomani in Italiam se contulerant. 14. Tum hostes fortissime pugnantes ad unura omnes interficiuntur. 15. Nonne alta erat nix tres vel quatuor pedes ? 1. river, why dost thou run so quickly to the sea? 2. Your father Crassus was praising you, my friends. 3. Numa, the king of the Romans, was a very wise man. 4. Both you and I shall be punished. 5. Caesar conquered Ariovistus the king of the Germans. 6. Are your wife and sister dead ? 7. I shall soon go to America. 8. Near my house are two large woods, 9. His fatlier taught him the Greek tongue. 10. Is not hope the expectation of good? 11. Do not leave me alone. 12. Are riches and glory placed before our eyes? 13. The Romans have swords two feet long. 14. All the mothers and girls were going home. 15. The man and his wife are well. 64 The Simple Sentence. [17-I8 Exercise 17. The Dative. Many Adjectives, Adverbs, and Verbs, and more rarely Substantives, take a Dative, when they imply nearness, show- ing, pleasing, ruling, and their opposites. 1. Est finitimus oratori poeta. 2. Anguis Siillae apparuit im- molanti. 3. Patriae sit idoneus, utilis agris. 4. Omnibus supplex est. 5. Caesar captivis pepercerat. 6. Congruenter naturae vivimus. 7. Irae resistamus. 8. Omnibus proeliis eius belli aderat. 9. Sapiens amicorum eulpis ignoscet. 10. Venus nupsit Vulcano. 11. Magister pueris ignavis irascetur. 12. Num mihi irasceris ? 13. Hoc nobis utilissimum fuit. 14. Philosophus doctrinae semper vacat. 15. Latrones nobis maledicebant. 1. The enemy did not resist our attack. 2. Do we live agreeably to nature ? 3. Do not believe this man. 4. That disaster injured our army greatly. 6. Who envies us '? 6. This tree has resisted very many storms. 7. This girl was very like her mother. 8. Our country is very dear to us. 9. Is not the name of Eome dear to all its citizens? 10. This place is suitable for horses and cattle. 11. Many books were given to this good boy. 12. Do not sea and land obey the commands of God ? 13. Pompeius would not have spared the soldiers of Caesar. 14. The sun and moon shine for men. 15. Do you believe these words or not ? Exercise i8. The Nearer and Remoter Object. Many Verbs govern both a nearer object in the Accusative, and a remoter object in the Dative. 1. Gigantes belluni dis intulerunt. 2. Anatum ova gallinis sup- ponimus. 3. Caesar libertatem populo Romano ademit. 4. Annulum digito detraxit. 5. Quietem aliquot dierum militibus dedit. 6. Num hoc mihi adimes? 7. Multa parentibus debemus. 8. Sabini Romanis bellum indixerant. 9. Caius moriens haec uxori imperavit. 10. Caius, frater mens, optima dona filiis suis dedit. 11. Numa virgines Vestae legit. 12, Auremn pallium deo detraxerat Dionysius, Siciliae tyrannus. 13. Mors crudelis vitani huic optimo viro ademit. 14. Pretiosa munera filiabus dabit. 15. Literas imperatori monstra- bimus. 191 The Dative. 05 1. Let us give useful gifts to our sons. 2. Give me that book. 3. Varus, give me back my legions. 4. Tell me your name. 5. The general gave the spoil of the captured city to his soldiers. 6. The death of Decius gave victory to the Romans. 7, Agrippina prepared poison for ClaudiusXs. Do you put the eggs of hens under ducks ? 9. Do not declare war against tlie Sabines. 10. Will not death take away everything from us? 11. He surrendered the legions to the enemy. 1'2. I will show you everything. 13. Cicero read Catiline's letter to the Senate. 14. He preferred death to dishonour. Exercise 19. Other Uses of the Dative. Ilmvc, etc., may be translated by ed mihif etc., instead of habeo. Compounds of sum govern a Dative (except possum), A Dative is often used as a complement. 1. Est horaini cum Deo similitude. 2. Erant nobis mitia poma. 3. Dux exercitui non defuit. 4. Exitio est avidum mare nuutis. 5. Huic viro nomen Caio datum est. 6. Viri nostri nobis semper absunt. 7. Titum Labienum subsidio urbi miserat. 8. Exemplo est magni formica laboris. 9. Magnus pecudum numerus illis erat. 10. Num militibus nostris virtus deerit? 11. Germanis sunt oculi caerulei, flavi capilli. 12. Hoc nautis illius classis profuit. 13. Nonne hoc nobis multum prodest ? 14. Cuinam proelio non affuit 1 15. His pueris nomina Caio et Balbo dabuntur. 1. Shall we have apples or not ? 2. Whose books are pleasant to us ] 3. He had a quantity of slaves. 4. The name of Julia was given to the girl. 5. When will my husband be absent from me ? 6, When was Titus Labienus sent as a help to the city ? 7. Are not ants an example of industry ? 8. He was in command of great forces of cavalry and infantry. 9. He will be in command of the bridge across the Uhine. 10. They will have a great quantity of gold and silver. 11. The Romans generally have black eyes. 12. We were present at the battle. 13. This will benefit us. 14. Do not benefit wicked men. 15. He gave his son the name of Caius . B.L.fr. E OQ The Simple Sentence. [20-21 Exercise 20. '^^^ Recapitulatory. 1. Equites per urbem fugiebant. 2. DuxGallomm, virfortissimus, damnatus est. 3. Moenia urbis vigiiiti pedes alta erant. 4. Ne vitam dedecori anteponaraus. 5. Nonne hoc mihi proinittes ? 6. Multi nobiles cives Catilinae favebant. 7. Haec ne tibi quidem placebant. 8. Num me tuam arteni docebis % 9. Milites irati in oppidum impetum fecerunt. 10. Nonne et nos et filius noster diu hie manebinms ? 11. Inter Komam Albamque urbes castra posuit. 12. Fossam effodit qiiinquaginta pedes latam. 13. Ne hoc periculuni timueritis, milites Eomani. 14. Eomani regressus fiiium ad se vocavit. 15. In Asiam mox abibunt. 1. Have you lost all your money? 2. These boys will sleep the whole night. 3. Was he not walking in my garden ? 4. Will he soon have returned to Asia? 5. The slave fears the voice of his master. 6. There are many very high mountains between Gaul and Italy. 7. Sertorius, spare the conquered enemy. 8. The Greeks have taken away the gold from the temple of Apollo. 9. Horatius, a brave soldier, fought against the Albans. 10. Will not Venus marry Vulcan, the god of lire? 11. Summon the cavalry to the camp. 12. Our ancestors fortified this city. 13. He gave many presents to his daughters. 14. Do not pardon these wicked men. 15. Return quickly to Rome. Exercise 21. ^ ' Recapitulatory. 1. Hoc tibi iucundissimum erit. 2. Nonne hue redibis, mi fill ? 3. Multos annos apud regem nostrum vivebant. 4. Toti exercitui praeerat. 5. Camillus Gallos domum redeuntes devicerat. 6. Totus exercitus fusus fugatusque erat. 7. Exercitum fudit fugavitque. 8. Flumen Tanais est dacentos pedes latum. 9. Aper regis fiiium vulneravit. 10. Ne amicitias ocius contraxeris. 11. Patriae sint idonei, utiles agris. 12. Venenum uxori suae paraverat. 13. Procella plurimas naves fregerat. 14. Hoc donum nobis proderit. 15. Rex filio suo auream coronam dabit. 1. The virtue of this man is (meet) to be praised. 2. Overcome with thirst, he asked the slave for water. 3. This boy has poured poison into my cup. 4. Did not Romulus call his city Rome ? 5. What are you holding, my friend ? 6. The French used to prefer victory to peace. 7. She gave many beautiful dresses to her daughters. 8. Will you obey me, or not ? 9. Let an ant be to you (for) an ex- 22-23] The Ablative. 67 ample of great labour. 10. The fate of her brother also injured Claudia. 11. A wall, many feet high, surrounds the city. 12. Whom did these songs please ? 13. They were playing among the boys and girls. 14. I had been taught philosophy. 15. Do not walk across the garden. Exercise 22. t^ Recapitulatory. 1. Domus ardebat. 2. Uxor tua tibi persuadebit. 3. Capua et otium ipsum Hannibalem corruperant. 4. Maiores vestri universam Italiam vicerunt. 5. Suavissimas literas tuas accepimus. 6. Sapiens semper felix erit. 7. Omne corpus est vel aqua vel aer vel ignis vel terra. 8. Servus totam rem reginae monstravit. 9. Num tibi fratrem tuum anteponebamus ? 10. Portas urbis Bruto aperuit, exercitumque tradidit. 11. Nonne maxima multitudo in Capitolium convenerat ? 12. Propter hanc caussam condemnati erinius. 13. Ego et Cicero, vir mihi carissimus, valemus. 14. Si rogavero te aliquid, nonne respondebis ? 15. Arbor vigiuti pedes alta erat. 1. The general, a very brave man, gave all the spoils to his soldiers. 2. Whose house was burning ? 3. Let not your wife persuade you against your will. 4. He desired to return to Italy. 5. The king and queen died there. 6. They will have given us many useful gifts. 7. Atys was the son of Croesus, king of Lydia. 8. Do not send me to Greece. 9. The king had given many commands to the soldiers. 10. How many feet high is the tree? 11. Are you and your friend Cicero well ? 12. On account of this reason I keep you here. 13. He took away all my money from me. 14. Crocodiles are caught very easily. 15. He taught me the art of war. Exercise 23. The Ablative. The Ablative denotes the cause, instrument, manner, con- dition, quality (accomi)anied by an epithet), resi)ect, price, measure. 1. Odemnt scelus boni virtutis amore. 2. Hi iaculis, illi certant defendere saxis. 3. Iniuria fit duobus mcdis, aut vi aut fraude. 4. Homo mea sententia prudentissimus est. 5. Senex promissa barba, horrenti capillo. 6. Angor animo. 7. Spem pretio non emo. 8. Multo pessimus omnium poeta erat. 9. Hostes veneno interemit. 10. Venator feras sagittis transfixerat. 11. Caesaris naves procellia 68 The Simple Sentence. [24 fractae erant. 12. Et corde et genibus tremit. 13. Hie liber asse carus est. 14. His conditionibus in Italian! regressus est. ' 15. Hos- tium fines ferro et igne vastaverant. 1. He made many friends by his kindness. 2. Virtue is not bought with money. 3. They saved themselves by flight to the woods. 4. She is a foot taller than her mother. 5. Victory was gained by much blood and wounds. 6. Ennius was a poet great in genius. 7. They were slain by the javelins of the enemy. 8. Caesar was brave in war and wise in counsel. 9. Do not kill the birds with stones. 10. In our opinion he is a most eloquent man. 11. They hate theft from fear of punishment. 12. Were you wounded by a javelin ? 13. A girl with blue eyes and golden hair. 14. Achilles was wounded by an arrow in the foot. 15. Are you not vexed in mind ? 16. At what price did he buy the field ? Exercise 24. Ablative of Matter. a. These words govern an Ablative : — (1.) The verbs fungor {jperfmin), fruor (enjoy), utor {use)^ vescor (eat), potior (get possession of), dignor (deem worthy). (2.) The Adjectives dignus (wmiliy), indignus (unvmihy), contentus (content), fretus (relying on), praeditus (endued). (3.) The Substantives, opus (need), usus (use, need). b. Most Adjectives and Verbs of abounding or luanting, enriching or depriving, take an Ablative. 1. Cibus eoruni lacte, caseo, came constat. 2. Ducis munere fungar. 3. Auro et argento utebantur. 4. Eex auro vi potitur. 5. Digna erat laude. 6. Quid opus est verbis ? 7. Usus est filio viginti minis. 8. Amor et melle et felle est fecundissimus. 9. Vacare culpa maximum est solatium. 10. Eex servis locuples erat. 11. Nonne victoria uteris ? 12. Lacte et carne vescuntur. 13. Nihil opus est ira. 14. Poculum vino erat plenum. 15. Tali supplicio indignus erat. 1. They use copper and iron. 2. There will be need of many words. 3. Is love fruitful in honey or not ? 4. He performed the duty of a soldier. 5. He enjoyed a long and happy life. 6. Their food consists of fish. 7. They need water more than food.Jc'8. Rely- ing on his cavalry he drew up his forces. 9. Are you rich in gold and silver? 10. He was endued with great courage. 11. Britain enjoys liberty. 12. Tarquinius got possession of the kingdom by 25] Time and Place. 69 force. 13. Are you content with these gifts ? 14. Do not be con- tented with silver. 15. The G-erraans use very long spears. 16. Let us enjoy food and wine. 17. I deem her worthy of great praise. Exercise 25. Time and Place. The Ablative answers the questions — a. When 1 Within what time % How long before 1 How long after 1 h. Whence? c. By what road 1 The question, Where ? (of towns), is answered by the old Locative Case, which ends as follows : — Simjular. Plural. First Declension . . ae is Second ., . . i is Third ,, . . e (rarely i) bus Like these are — humi (on the ground), domi (at home), belli, niilitiae (at the wars), ruri (in the country). 1. Hi erne omnia bella conquiescunt. 2. Biduo haec sciemus. 3. Homerus multis annis fuit ante Ronuihim. 4. Ibam forte Via Sacra. 5. Quid Romae faciam? 6. Is habitat Mileti. 7. Caesaris virtus domi militiaeque cognita est. 8. Demaratus fugit Corintho. 9. Alter Romae, alter Athenis mortuus est. 10. Alii Romae habitant, alii Carthagine. 11. Pax diu Capuae fuit. 12. luvenes Romani philosophiae studebant Athenis. 13. Eo anno Carthago deleta est. 14. Postero die ad versus Pompeium profecti sunt. 15. Catilina mox Roma fugerit. 1. Do not wars rest in winter 1 2. Next day Caesar took the town by storm. 3. At daybreak we shall set out. 4. Within three days we shall fly from Athens. 5. That man always lives in the country. (). Is Ennius at home ? 7. Catiline set out for the camp at midnight. 8. Who was many years before Romulus ? 9. We shall go to Rome by the Appian way. 10. Hannibal, being driven from Carthage, betook himself to King Antiochus. 11. Many philosophers used to live at Athens. 12. By this way we came to the citadel. 13. Four years before thoy used to live at Cadiz. 14. Did he remain at Rome or at Carthage ( 15. Do not sleep on the ground. 70 The Simple Sentence [26 Exercise 26. Prepositions with Ablative. The following Prepositions govern the Ablative : — a coram cum terms ab de e pro absque palam ex prae clam sine Also su^eVy suhter, sub, in, when they denote rest. a. Some Prepositions, especially ab, de, ex, when compounded with verbs, govern the Ablative. b. The Ablative of the agent (of living things) takes the Preposition a, ab. * To he loved' can be translated both by 'amari' and *amandus.' If in doubt which to use, try if you can supply 'fit,* or 'meet,' before 'to be loved,' without injuring the sense. If you can, use the gerundive. 1. Ab urbe profectus ero. 2. Milites nostri in muro stabant. 3. Romam sine mora profecti erunt. 4. Qumctius dictatura se abdi- cavit. 5. Detrudunt naves scopulo. 6. Laudatur ab his, culpatur ab illis. 7. Cicero multa de natura deorum locutus est. 8. Arma pro communi salute sumpserunt. 9. Dux castra in valle citra montem posuerat. 10. Multa coram iudice locuta est. 11. Cum dolore locuti essemus. 12. Hie puer clam patre suo hue venit. 13. Scythae flumen Istrum in navigiis transibant. 14. Sub terra latet aurum. 15. Remedia doloris a philosophia petenda sunt: -: 1. He wrote a very pleasant letter to us about his journey. 2. The hunter was killed by a lion. 3. Who resigned the dictatorship? 4. He was stabbed with a sword by the enemy. 5. I have found nothing to be read in this book. 6. Cato betook himself into Africa with his friends. 7. The girls were walking in the garden. 8. Why did the general pitch his c^mj^n the top of the mountain ? 9. Do not come to me without Mielmowledge of your father. 10. By whom was Caesar killed ? 11. He left the city with a few com- panions. 12. I shall ask him for his opinion without any delay. 13. By whom was she blamed ? 14. What did they say in the pre- sence of the king ? 15. We had gone out of the city of Rome. 27-28] The Ablative Absolute. Exercise 27. Other Uses of the Ablative. Verbs and Participles denoting separation or origin take an Ablative. The tiling compared is often put in the Ablative instead of the Nominative or Accusative with quam {tlmn). Tlie Ablative cannot be used instead of quam with the other cases. 1. Cedes domo. 2. Tarquinio natus erat. 3. Nihil est amabilius virtute. 4. Villus argentum est auro, virtutibus aunim. 5. Puto mor- tem dedecore leviorem. 6. Neminem Lycurgo utiliorem Sparta genuit. 7. Cupidior sum belli quam pacis. 8. Viri sunt ferainis validiores. 9. 0, matre pulchra filia pulchrior ! 10. Quid est leone fortius? 11. Nemo Romae Crasso fuit ditior. 12. Literae tuae meis sunt suaviores. 13. Dignior erat laude quam culpa. 14. Quis patriae utilior Lycurgo fuit ? 15. Nihil tua amicitia iucun- dius puto, 16. Argento aunim pretiosius est. 1. Will you leave your home ? 2. Is he not descended from Tar- quinius ? 3. What is more loveable than virtue ? 4. He is fonder of peace than war. 5. Women are weaker than men. 6. His letters are .<■ more pleasant than yours. 7. No animal is more faithful to man than ^^ the dog. n/ 8. There has never been a greater city than Eome. 9. Porsena was descended from the kings of Etruria. 10. Is gold more valuable than silver or not? 11. They were more worthy of praise than of blame. 12. What is sweeter than honey? 13. Honesty is better than deceit. 14. The rays of the sun are brighter than those of the moon. 15. Do not give better gifts to your daughter than to your son. Exercise 28 The Ablative Absolute. A Siilistantive or Pronoun combines with a Participle in the Ablative. This construction is called the Ablative Absolute. It supplies the want of the Perfect Participle Active. Instead of the Participle we often find another Substantive, Pronoun, or Adjective. Absolate means released from agreement ; therefore this con- struction can only l>e used when the Substantive is not wanted fur the subject or object of its sentence. 72 The Simple Sentence. [29 1. Regibus exactis consules creati sunt. 2. Natus est Augustus Cicerone et Antonio consulibus. 3. lamque cinis vivis fratribus Hector erat. 4. Quid dicam hac iuventute ? 5. Caesar devictis Gallis Romam rediit. 6. Stricto ense impetum in hostes facit. 7. Mutata militum sententia Brutus liaec facere constituit. 8. Occidit, occidit spes omnis et fortuna nostri nominis Hasdrubale interempto. 9. Caesar duobus magnis bellis una aestate confectis exercitum in hiberna deduxit. 10. Omnibus rebus confectis domum redibimus. 1 1. Tota classis mersa est te aspectante. 12. Tarquiniis Roma expulsis, cives pace fruebantur. 13. Milites strictis ensibus ducem petierunt. 14. Vir bonus ille mortuus est circumstantibus omnibiis amicis. 15. Omni spe salutis amissa in arcem se recepit. 1. So two legions having been routed, the army tried to escape. 2. Hasdrubal having been conquered, Carthage soon perished. 3. The enemy returned aftei taking the city. 4. Who returned to Rome after conquering the Gauls ? 5. Cicero defended Milo in the hearing of many {saij, many hearing). 6. After crossing the Alps, Hannibal will come into Italy. 7. After reading my letter Cicero spoke as fol- lows. 8. Having discovered gold, they remained there. 9. The Romans defeated the Germans under the leadership of Ariovistus {say^ Ariovistus being leader). 10. Having finished this book, the boy will enjoy rest. 11. Regulus was slain, his enemies looking on. 12. Were consuls elected when the kings had been driven out ? 13. Do not do this again, your crime having been found out. 14. I was made quaestor in the consulship of Sulla {say^ Sulla being consul). 15. Let us fly, all hope of safety having been lost. <^ Exercise 29. Recapitulatory. 1. .Nonne oranes peribimus ? 2. Nuntius ad ducem decima fere hora noctis venerat. 3. Romani cum Hannibale multos annos bellum gesserunt. 4. Nonne audetis, me duce, impetum in hostes facere ? 5. Magna parte urbis igne consumpta hue veniet. 6. Quot dies hinc abfuisti ? 7. Num nos hanc artem docebis ? 8. Duo et quadraginta pueri et puellae ab urso interfecti sunt. 9. Duobus horis ante deci- mam quota hora erit ? 10. Immo octava erit. 11. Socrates a populo conderanatus veneno absumptus est. 12. Caius cum uxore sua Athenis habitabat. 13. Caesar a Gallia profectus Rubiconem flumen mox traiiciet. 14. Quid praecipue memorandum videtur 1 15. Athenis profecta Romam cum matre sua mox aderit. 30] Recapitulatory. 1. Having divided the spoil, the soldiers returned to the camp. 2. Do you prefer peace or war ? 3. Who married Vulcan, the God of fire ? 4. I ask you for bread and meat. 5. She was in the power of a very wicked man. 6. Around the city was a very great wood. 7. He remained many days at Carthage with Hannibal, the general of the Carthaginians. 8. The slave will go away, his work having been ^nished. 9. On his journey he was killed by a pirate. 10. In her opinion he is a very wise man. 11. From Europe you will go to Africa. 12. A lion, a very fierce beast, was pursuing the terrified huntsman. 13. A man with long hair and a very ugly face was standing before our house. 14. Don't teU him my name. 15. Did he prefer death to dishonour ? ^.y,^ Exercise 30. Recapitulatory. 1. Nonne poeta oratori finitimus est ? 2. Aurum et argentum ante oculos posita sunt. 3. Ego et filia mea valemus. 4. Fuso hoste, dux cum exercitu in urbem regressus est. 5. Scythae Istrum fluvium ponte iunctum transibant. 6. Non sine timore hue venerant. 7. Erat in exercitu iuvenis quidam eximio vultu. 8. Dato signo, undi- que in hostes fit impetus. 9. Agrippina, Neronis mater, Romae habitabat. 10. Propter timorem in Asiam me recepi. 11. Ab hoste gladiis interficientur. 12. Ne hanc puellam huic viro tradideris. 13. Nonne philosophiam te docueram? 14. Ille stultus argentum auro anteposuerat. 15. Me iudice, turpissimus es. 16. Mors dede- core non est turpior. 1. Who wiU marry this woman ? 2. Tell me your opinion. 3. Was Sicily once joined to Italy? 4. The foot of Philoctetes was wounded by the bite of a seri^ent. 5. He preferred your gifts to mine. 6. Having heard these things he left the house. 7. She was descended from Numa, king of Rome. 8. The enemy was standing on the wall. 9. To me she seemed a very eloquent woman. 10. Having taken the city they got possession of the spoil. 11. These husbandmen live on cheese, bread, and milk. 12. About the house w.is a ditch twelve feet wide. 13. Labienus was put over the cavalry. 14. He returned to Rome next day with his daughters. 15. Catiline fled from the city in the consulship of Cicero. 74 The Simple Sentence. [3i Exercise 31. The Genitive. ^ a. The Genitive is the case of the Possessor. h. A Genitive sometimes so stands that the words nature^ mark, or duty can be supplied. c. Quality is also denoted by a Genitive with an epithet. Notice the following Genitives used adverbially, with which the word pretii (price), is understood : — parvi, of small value magni, of great value minoris, of less value pluris, of more value minimi, of very little value plurimi, of very great value tanti, of so great price quanti, of ivhat price ? maximi, of very great p>rice. (I Words denoting Quantity, or part of a thing, and Neuter Adjectives, takes a Genitive. After partitive words use the forms nostrum {of us), vestrum {of you). 1. Cuiusvis hominis est errare. 2. Ingenui vultus puer, ingenui- que pudoris. 3. Voluptatem virtus minimi facit. 4. Elephanto beluarum est nulla prudentior. 5. Uterque nostrum hoc ciipit. 6. Satis eloquentiae, sapientiae parum est. 7. Stulti est semper ridere. 8. In hoc monte exstiterat aper mirae magnitudinis. 9. Iter viginti mille passumn biduo confecimus. 10. Consul vir erat magnae virtutis. 11. Fortis vir mortem parvi facit. 12. Num magni hoc aestimas ? 13. Artis est celare artem. 14. Quanti hunc agrum vendidit ? 15. Militis est Komani aut vincere aut mori. 1. Does virtue value pleasure at a high price? 2. Rashness is a mark of youth. 3. We value your gifts very highly. 4. Is not this boar an animal of wonderful size 1 5. Claudius was a man of very short slumber. 6. To yield to occasion is held the mark of a wise man. 7. The duty of a young man is to reverence elders. 8. The elder of the Neros soon fought a battle. 9. Of mortals nobody is wise at all hours. 10. Of fishes the females are larger than the males. 11. Is it not the nature of all men to err? 12. It is the mark of a fool to lie. 13. A boy of high-bred countenance was speaking to the master, 14. It is the nature of dogs to bark and bite. 15. Each of you desires ease. 32-33] The Genitive. 75 \/^^ Exercise 32. Recapitulatory. 1. Homini uni animalium luctus est datus. 2. Titer nostrum hoc fecerat? 3. Ne mihi aumni neu argentum dederis. 4. Huic pro- vinciae nomen Achaiae inditimi est. 5. Plebs sibi tribunos creavit. 6. In medio oceano sunt insulae quaedam pulcherrimae. 7. Utnim huic viro nupsit annon ? 8. Caius inter alios lef^atos Saguntum venerat. 9. Capta urbe, consulis aedes incensae sunt. 10. In Italiam die quinto, non sine magno navium damno, venit. 11. Darii regis corpore in castra lato, Alexander lacrimas fudit. 12. Ne hoc patri monstraveris. 13. Est mihi multum pecuniae. 14. Romulo oriundi sumus. 1. You are older than I. 2. Sulla lost a hundred and twenty of his men. 3. Being asked for my opinion by Caesar, I said nothing. 4. Having killed the Gaul, Manlius returned to his friends. 5. The Belgae are the bravest of the Gauls. 6. We keep something of our old strength. 7. Who Avns killed by the bite of a serpent ? 8. Do the souls of men after death enter into the bodies of animals ? 9. Why did he prefer this girl to her sister? 10. This great poet w^as born in the consulship of Caesar. 11. What is better than a good man? 12. Hannibal was enjoying the fruits of victory at Capua. 13. They will have gone to Asia. 14. He bought this statue for ten minae. 15. They were defending themselves with stones. Exercise t,^. The Genitive. Some Adjectives, Substantives, and Participles, signifying skill, care, desire, or their contraries, take a Genitive. Verbs and Adjectives signifying power, impotence ; guilt, innocence ; condemnation and acquittal ; memory and forge t- fulness, take a Genitive. The Impersonal Verbs piget {it irks), pudet (it shames), poenitet {it repents), taedet (it disgusts), miseret (it moves pity), take a Genitive of the thing with an Accusative of the Person. 1. Insitus est menti virtutis amor. 2. Difficilis est cura rerum alienarum. 3. Corpus iaborum patiens erat. 4. Imperita morum fuit. 5. Avida est periculi virtus. 6. Labienus belli peritissimus erat. 7. Romani signorura potiti sunt. 8. Fraterni sanguinis est 76 The Simple Sentence. [34 insons. 9. Servus furti absolutus est. 10. Condemnamus haruspices stultitiae. 11. Mortis memineram. 12. Miseret te aliorum. 13. Hos pueros stultitiae poenitet. 14. Nonne te belli et sanguinis taedet ? 15. Patrum memoriae recordati essemus. 1. Did I not condemn the soothsayer of folly? 2. This very wicked man will be condemned to death {say, of the head). 3. He is accused of burnings and murder. 4. Will not others be disgusted with you ? 5. My mind is conscious of virtue. 6. Do not accuse the slave of theft. V 7. Death reminds us of religion. 8. All hate a man unmindful of a kindness. 9. He is ashamed of my friendship. 10. Excessive care for riches is disgraceful. 11. Did the Eomans gain the standards or not ? 12. At last she remembered the words of her dead mother. 13. Catiline was accused of many crimes by Cicero. 14. This boy is very fond of learning. 15. I am not skilled in the art of deceiving. ^ Exe7'cise 34. Recapitulatory. 1. Galli ab exercitu Eomano, Caesare duce, victi sunt. 2. Tu et tua cara soror ad nos venietis. 3. Nonne mors nos relligionis admonet ? 4. Avem saxo occidit. 5. Agrum magni emerat. 6. Taedet eum sanguinis et laboris. 7. Utrum in Asiam ibis, annon ? 8. Nostra sententia stultissimus est. 9. Quid deBritannis censetis ? 10. Nonne Tarquinio, rege Eomano, oriunda erat? 11. Ne mihi hoc iterum narraveris, mi care fili. 12. Eoraam cum ambabus suis filiabus sine mora contendit. 13. In aquam ceciderunt et mersi sunt. 14. Omnibus meis inimicis ignosoam. 15. Haec regio a Eoma distat iter quadraginta dierum. 1. The prophet was three days and three nights in the whale's belly. 2. Thou dost not pity thyself. 3. This girl is not fond of writing. 4. All love a man mindful of a kindness. 5. Anger is fond of re- venge. 6. This girl was born in the consulship of Crassus. 7. He was bound with chains by the enemy. 8. Our armies were conquered by the forces of the Gauls. 9. The Eoman army was sent under the yoke. 10. Being asked for his opinion he answered in these words. 11. We shall remain five days at Carthage. 12. This city was taken and burnt by Sulla. 13, He does not seem wise to me. 14. The people asked the rich for food. 15. He was an old man with a long beard and white hair. 35-36] The Gerund and Supine. 77 Exercise 35. The Infinitive. a. The Infinitive stands as a Substantive for a Nominative or Accusative. h. In narration it is sometimes put instead of a Finite Verb. (Historic Infinitive.) c. It also completes the sense of some Verbs, which would not make sense without it. {Prolate Infinitive, from pi'^- latuDif supine of f era.) 1. Discere est utile. 2. Invidere non cadit in sapientem. 3. Mori nemo sapiens uiiserum dixerit. 4. Multi sequi, fugere, occidi, capi. 5. Sapientes diu cogitare solent. 6. Diceris esse pater patriae. 7. Indices pecunia corrupisse dicitur. 8. Redire non potuerit. 9. Ille improbus patriae legibus parere nolebat. 10. Multa mentiri voluisti. 11. Multa coram iudicibus loqui non audebam. 12. Socrates iuvenes corrupisse dicitur. 13. Nonne discere et docere utilissima sunt 1 14. Ne discere inutile dixeris. 15. Capta urbe, passim caedes, incendia, turpissima omnia fieri. 1. I cannot do this. 2. To die for one's country is sweet and glorious. 3. They wish to overthrow our city. 4. They are said to be about to return. 5. All men wish to see the city of Rome. 6. To lie is disgraceful. 7. Pyrrhus did not cease to admire the courage of the Roman troops. 8. Writing is an easy thing. 9. The boys obeyed the orders of their master. 10. Will he be unwilling to obey the laws of his country ? 11. Did you wish to tell many lies (say, to lie many things). 12. Socrates is said to have been the wisest of all men. 13. What do you want to do to-day? 14. The first legion having been routed, the enemy began to fly. 15. Who is said to have been the father of his country ? Exercise 36. / The Gerund and Supine. The Gerunds and Supines supply cases to the Infinitive. The Supine in imi expresses a purpose after verbs of motion. AVith tlie Impersonal Infinitive iri (a going), it forms the Future Infinitive Passive. The Supine in ii is used as an Ablative of resj^ect. The Infinitive with Gerunds, Supines, and Participles governs the same cases as the Finite Verb. 78 The Simple Sentence. [37 1. Ad bene vivendum breve tempus satis est. 2. Ars scribendi discitur. 3. Cupidus audiendi est. 4. Par est disserendo. 5. Dat operam legendo. 6. Fugiendo vincimus. 7. De pugnando deliberant. 8. Lusum it Mecenas, dormitum ego. 9. Foedum dictu est. 10. Nefas visu est. 11. Cupio satisfacere reipublicae. 12. Cupidus sum satisfaciendi reipublicae. 13. Non Graecis matribus servitum ibo. 14. Praeda potiti in castra regressi sunt. 15. Bellum Eomanis inferens interiicitur. 16. Haec puella canendi perita est. 1. There is need of practice for running well. 2. He is skilled in dancing. 3. Are you desirous of satisfying your parents ? 4. The art of writing was being learnt by these boys. 5. The Germans excelled our men in running. 6. An iron plough is useful for plough- ing. 7. Are they deliberating about fighting or not ? 8. I shall go to Rome to see the games. 9. It is difficult to say. 10. I saw an old woman putting the eggs of a duck under a hen. 11. These boys pay no attention to reading well. 12. Having got possession of the city they will divide the spoil. 13. I shall go to Athens to contend in a contest of learning. 14. Do we not conquer by flying ? 15. This is horrible to hear. Exercise 37. The Gerundive. a. In Transitive Gerunds the Object is generally attracted to the Case of the Gerund ; the Gerund to the Number and Gender of the object. h. The Gerundive used impersonally implies necessity. The agent is expressed by the Dative ; by the Ablative with a, ah, when the Verb governs the Dative, to avoid confusion. c. The Gerundive used in agreement with a Substantive implies necessity. 1. Brutus in liberanda patria est interfectus. 2. Hi Septemviri fuerunt agris dividendis. 3. Bibendum est. 4. Eundum erit. 5. Bibendum est nobis. 6. Vobis eundum erit. 7. Civibus est a vobis consulendum. 8. Suo caique iudicio est utendum. 9. Chaldaeis minime credendum est. 10. Deus etdiligendus est nobis et timendus. 11. Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada. 12. Omnia parata sunt ad bellum gerendum 13. Platonis audiendi studiosus erat. 14. Opus muri aedificandi difficillimum erat, 15, Numhuc venisti spe videndi Caesaris ? 3^] Recapitulatory. 79 1. Brutus was killed in freeing Kome. 2. One must not drink often. 3. One had to go to Rome. 4. He must not drink. 5. Will you not have to go ? 6. The bravery of this soldier is to be admired. 7. The Gauls are to be feared by us. .^8. The pleasure of reading good books is very great. 9. This sword is not to be touched. 10. He must consult for us. 11. This wicked man should not be par- doned. 12. These words must be answered. 13. Are you fond of seeing the sea ? 14. They must get possession of the gold. 15. Must we not drink i Exercise 38. Recapitulatory. 1. Morte mea reipublicae satisfaciam. 2. Nonne maxima praemia forti huic militi dabuntur ? 3. Samnites magnum auri pondus ad Curium ad focum sedentem tulerunt. 4. Rogata sententiam respon- dere noluit. 5. Persae, Dario duce, flumen Istrum transiere. 6. Caesaris literas apud senatum cum magno omnium plausu recitavi. 7. Semper studiosus erat huius philosophi audiendi. 8. Aemilius, consul llomanus, in praelio Cannensi periit. 9. Hunc oratorem dis- serentem audieram. 10. Nonne hoc consilium omnibus optimum videbatur? 11. Mortuo duce, in acie peribimus. 12. Sulla Romanis timendus erat. 13. Filium suum filiabus anteposuit. 14. Non sum canendi peritus. 15. Lepus a cane mox capietur. 1. The Roman army was captured at the Caudine Forks. 2. Out- side the^Ci^ of Rome stood the troops of the enemy. 3. Wild beasts defend themselves with their teeth, horns, and claws. 4. Bound with chains he was given up to the accuser. 5. He seems to us a very good citizen. 6. Do not try to deceive us by the appearance of friendship. 7. Did this counsel seem best to all ? 8. The work of building the city is finished. 9. Is this girl skilled in dancing ? 10. I am descended from Porsena, king of the Etruriansv 11. He will be punished by the good judge. 12. You and I, my dear friend, are well. 13. He will return to Asia without the knowledge of the consul. 14. Tell me your opinion about this thing. 15. He will be punished within three days. 80 The Simple Sentence. [39-40 Exercise 39. Recapitulatory. 1. Filius meus omnium urtium peritissimus erat. 2. Quando urbs Roma a Gallis capta est? 3. Indices pecunia doiiisque corrupisse dicor. 4. Gives cum coniugibus et liberis in muro stabant. 5. Num quis tibi credet ? 6. Galli a Romanis devicti sunt, Caesare et Labieno ducibus. 7. In Asiafn redire nolueramus. 8. Non ausa est multa mentiri.^ 9. Regulus Carthaginem in Africam redibit. 10. Hac de caussa tibi irascor. 11. Discendo doctiores fiemus. 12. Multi sequi, capere, occidere inimicos. 13. Pericula non timebit, nam fortissimus est. 14. Haec dona sorori tuae sunt idonea 15. Parati erimus pro patria pugnare. 1. My daughter is skilled in no art. 2. The city will be taken within three days. 3. He will go with us to Egypt. 4. By learning the girls became more learned. 5. Let us hasten home. 6. Writing is an easy thing. 7. I shall not fear danger, for I am guarded by you. 8. This horse is fit for a bold rider. 9. She was ready to die for her husband. 10. Who prefers dishonour to honour ? 11. Claudius, the son of Caius, is thought wise. 12. The sheep was torn in pieces by a wolf. 13. Don't sin. 14. He killed a wolf with sharp teeth and claws. 15. They are grieved in mind. 16. This shall happen, under your leadership. Exercise 40. Recapitulatory. 1. Orpheus arbo'res et saxa canendo trahebat. 2. Num niultos libros adhuc scripsisti ? 3. Nonne in Asiam redire parati sumus ? 4. Totumne opus confecisti? 5. Magister pueri culpis ignoscit. 6. Prima luce Sulla aciem instruxit. 7. Iter facturus haec coniugi man- daverat. 8. Strictis gladiis in hostem impetum fecimus. 9. Urbs nostra a duce peritissimo munita erat. 10. Currentes aquas carmine tenuisse dicitur. 11. Rex ab armigero suo confossus periit. 12. Utrum amicos an inimicos vis habere ? 13. Amicus regi forma praes- tabat. 14. Mulier captiva regem veniam oravit. 15. Devicto homi- num universe genere, cum omnibus aliis rebus bellum vis gerere. 1. He could not return to Athens. 2. A civil war was being waged by the citizens. 3. The courage of our troops is to be praised. 4. We see the light of the rising sun. 5. Are you not vexed in mind ? C. He was unwilling to marry the general's daughter. 7. The general's daughter was unwilling to marry him. 8. Do not cross the river. 9. He preferred the friendship of the philosopher Socrates to riches. 10. These beasts were killed with arrows. 11. The love of drinking 41-42] Recapitulatory. 81 wine has become excessive. 12. They will g;o from Europe to Asia. 13. Does he not live at Miletus? 14. These boys will repent of tlieir folly. 15. He will perish together with Lis sons and daughters. Exercise 41. Recapitulatory. 1. Librls optimis legendis fit doctus. 2. Num barbari legiones nostras vincere poterunt ? 3. Postridie legiones magnam victoriam adeptae sunt. 4. Triduum in urbe nianserat. 5. Troia capta, Ulysses domuni ad coniugem suam redire constituit. 6. Nonne in meo horto ambu- lab.is ? 7. Legiones cum cohortibus redierunt. 8. Nonne haec Romano exercitui nocebunt? 9. Venturo Caesare, magnum gaudium in urbe erat. 10. Nihil tibi auferre volumus. 11. Hi septemviri fuerunt urbi aedificandae. 12. Humi iacebat tristi voltu. 13. Ab Aegypto in Asiam magnis itineribus contendebat. 14. Haec domus ab oppido iter unius diei abest. 15. Carthagine in Hispaniam pro- fecti sumus. 1. The name of Brutus was given to the youth. 2. Lead is heavier than iron. 3. I could wish to have leisure for books. 4. The younger of the Scipios fought a battle with the Carthaginians. 5. Was not Romulus many years after Homer? 6. Will this girl marry the old man ? 7. The walls of this city were fifty feet high. 8. I shall have taught my son letters. 9. Yon and I shall have been wounded. 10. They burn with a great desire of collecting riches. 11. When Troy was taken the Greeks went home. 12. Even my enemies pity me. 13. He was condemned to death. 14. A lion of great size was killed. 15. Crocodiles are found in the river Nile. 16. Do not be ruled. Exercise 42. Recapitulatory. 1. Phillppns suis civibus semper favebat. 2. Atticae caput, urbs prat'clara, igne consumitur. 3. Pecuniam pauperibus ne invideamus. 4. Urbs a nostris vallo et fossa munita est. 5. Cupidus erat satisfaci- endi civibus. 6. Amor doctrinae laudandus est. 7. Pelope natus est, Peloponnesi rege. 8. Puellae, ne senibus nupseritis. 9. Merca- tores a latrone interfecti sunt. 10. Gcribus et pedibus angor. 11. Pompeius a Caesare victns in ^gyptum se contulit. 12. Pacem 82 The Simple Sentence. [43 posceris, dux fortissime. 13. Puella ingenno pudore coram iudice constituitur. 14. Circa Cereris templuni erat murus decern pedes alius. 15. Nonne voluptatem virtus parvi facit ? 1. The work is nearly finished. 2. The shepherd was feeding his sheep in a fertile valley. 3. A great hail and wind have injured the corn. 4. Will you not dare to fight for your country ? 5. He was unwilling to go to Greece, for he feared the pirates. 6. She was accused of theft. 7. These men are willing to give gold for iron. 8. Caesar was stabbed by his friend Brutus. 9. She was desirous of hearing my voice. 10. Go quickly to Rome. 11. Sleep is pleasant to the weary. 12. Spare the conquered. 13. In my opinion she is very beautiful. 14. The city having been burnt we fled. 15. The fish were swimming on the top of the water. / Exercise 43. Recapitulatory. 1. Ego et uxor mea canendi sumus studiosissimi. 2. Mea sententia vita est somnium. 3. Divitias gloriae non anteposuere. 4. Salute frui sine sapientia non possumus. 5. Naturae legibus parendum est. 6. Hostem fugientem cum toto exercitu sequebatur. 7. Gallinaruni ova anatibus quis supponet ? 8. Scipioni cognomen African© datur. 9. Hie centurio exemplo erat magnae virtutis. 10. Nonne filius simillimus est patri ? 11. Hieme mare ventis turbatur. 12. Multa huiusmodi scelera clam amicis admiserat. 13. Nonne te mei pudet ? 14. Num Gallorum fortissimi sunt Belgae ? 15. Iter niox facturus haec mihi dedit. 1. In summer the sea is not troubled with many storms. 2. Then I was informed of Caesar's death. 3. Thebes, the capital of Boeotia, was destroyed by fire. 4. Are you desirous of hearing Socrates ? 5. Many ships having been wrecked, he determined to make others. 6. Having been accused of theft, he escaped punishment by the help of the orator. 7. He was pouring poison into my cup. 8. That storm wrecked two hundred ships. 9. Return to Rome within eighteen days. 10. Venus wished to marry Mars. 11. Is not the girl very like her mother ? 12. We must not believe liars. 13. I am fond of bathing. 14. Why did he call his city Rome ? 15. The camp was pitched at the foot of the mountain. 44-45] Recapitulatory. 83 Exercise 44. Recapitulatory. 1. Nuntius Tarqiiinium regem in horto ambulantem invenerat. 2. Te iudice, non condemnabor capitis. 3. Nonne Sicilia quondam Italiae adhaesit ? 4. Num vis mecum in horto ambulare 1 5. Devicto Hannibalc, Poeni de salute desperabant. 6. Philosophus divitias minimi faciet. 7. Ob banc victoriam praeclarus fies. 8. Dedecus morte turpius est, me iudice. 9. Acie ita ordinata fortissime pugnatum est. 10. Huic stulto homini minime credendum est. 11. Ducis virtus laudanda videbatur. 12. Diu Athenis praeerat Pericles. 13. Hos equos maximo pretio emam. 14. Ne captivos securi percusseris. 15. Avis ab accipitre capietur. 1. Do you not pity this poor man ? 2. Don't cross the Aegean sea, my son. 3. Having held a levy the consuls returned to the camp 4. Let us go to Asia with you. 5. A treaty was made on these con- ditions. 6. A lion of great size was killed by our weapons. 7. This robber took away our money from us. 8. For this rejison the name of Corvus was given to the soldier. 9. Scaevola killed the secretary of Porsena, king of the Etrurians, with a dagger. 10. The sooth- sayer was accused of folly. 11. The hail will have injured the crops. 12. Will you not teach your daughters the art of singing ? 1,3. I saw the light of the rising sun. 14. One must fight for one's country. 15. You will be answered by us. y Exercise 45. Recapitulatory. 1. Eqnites Romani barbaronim copias fudisse dicuntur. 2. Oenturio vir fortissimus, omnes Gallorum impetus sustinuit. 3. T. Labienum legatum cum duabus legionibus omnique equitatu praemittit. 4. Nonne nos pueri felicissimi sumus ? 5. Hae literae tibi proderunt. 6. Pastores lupum saxis interficiebant. 7. Cupid a erat satisfaciendi parentibus. 8. Labienus ab equitatu hostium lacessitus nuntios ad Caesarem mittit. 9. Devicti Galli, obsidibus datis, pacem petierunt. 10. Nulla pars urbis muro munita erat. 11. His verbis Ariovisto responsum est. 12. Quis fugientem hostem timebit ? 13. Otium deos rogat nauta. 14. Opus urbis aedificandae militibus profuit. 15. Boni viri suis culpis non ignosccnt. 84 The Simple Sentence. [46 1. This work will be very easy to a brave soldier. 2. Our soldiers will kill many enemies with their swords. 3. Juno married Jupiter. 4. The consul praises the centurion, a very brave man. 5. Let us fly from Corinth to Eome. 6. Ariovistus must be answered in these words. 7. Having been expelled from the city, the king fled to our enemies. 8. We are not ashamed of this brave deed. 9. This work having been finished, we shall go to Gaul. 10. It is not always easy to catch fish with a hook. 11. The Gauls were overcome by the valour and counsel of Labienus our general. 12. Numa, the king of the Romans, is said to have been a very wise man. 13. We heard the birds singing in the garden. 14. JBe taught his son the art of singing. 15. I have sent the letter of Cicero the consul to your father. Exercise 46. Recapitulatory. 1. Consules bina castra muniunt. 2. Diu a nostris pugnabitar. 3. Multi utrinque cadere, plures vulnera accipere. 4. Prima luce summus mons a Labieno tenebatur. 5. Trecenti sex periere, unus relictus est. 6. Uxor deinde eum ac liberi amplexi sunt. 7. Cerere nati Liber et Libera appellati sunt. 8. Tres validissimae urbes, Etruriae capita, j)acem petebant. 9. Urbem ditissimam, caput eius gentis, expugnat diripitque. 10. Nostrae patriae a nobis consulendum est. 11. lucundiorem faciet libertatem servitutis memoria. 12. Castra promovit, et sub monte considit. 13. Progrediuntur et sub montem succedunt. 14. Ad bene pugnandum breve tempus non est satis. 15. Caesar milites cohortatuHaciem commisit. 1. Cincinnatus named Atratmus master of the horsemen. 2. lam a Roman citizen, I am called Brutus. 3. He found his mfe sitting alone in the house. 4. One of the legions was given to Fabius to be led against the enemy. 5. I asked this of you very often. 6. Ennius the poet was walking in the garden with me. 7. Do you wish to cross the river in this boat or not ? 8. Our horsemen having followed the flying enemy killed a great number of them. 9. We have seen a serpent of great size. 10. This town is distant from Rome a journey of many days. 11. Do not beat your sister. 12. After this vic'.ory he got possession of the cify of Athens. 13. Having received this news he determined to pitch the camp. 14 Fish often swim at the top of the water. 15. I shall remain here two days. \y ^ w 47-48] Recapitulatory, 85 Exercise 47. Recapitulatory. 1. Murus et porta fulmine icta sunt. 2. Nobis nee deus nee quis- quam homo invidet. 3. Mors pro patria praeclara videtur. 4. Iteram tribimus plebis fieri voluit. 5. Cincinnatum dictatorem creaveriint. 6. Aedui victi Sequanis obsides dare eoacti sunt. 7. Nos caussa belli, nos vulnerum ac caedium viris ae parentibus sumus. 8. Huic deo nomem Mercurio est. 9. Flumen transire conati, telorum multitudine repulsi sunt. 10. Captivi pane nigro in carcere veseebantur. 11. Mea sententia doctissimus est. 12. Romani non viam tantum, sed tecta etiam proxima portae occupaverant. 13. Helvetii copias suas per fines Sequanorum transduxerant. 14. Filiis et filiabus a nobis consulendum est. 15. Utrum Romae habitat, an Corinthi ? 16. Ego et tu, viri fortissimi, capitis eondemnabimur. 1. About the fourth hour of the day he saw a lion. 2. He de- manded of the magistrates the keys of the gates. 3. Some were standing on shore, others were rushing into the water. 4. We are all skilled in singing, 5. I heard the young men singing outside the walls of the town. 6. I was born in the eonsulship of Cicero. 7. I am thirty-one years old. 8. Crassus will be made consul by the Roman people. 9. He took away tbe arms from all the cavalry. 10. The ship having been wrecked, twenty men were drowned. 11. I saw the slaves going and returning. 12. Are you unwilling to return to Italy with me ? 13. She wishes to be first of all. 14. They live on eggs and milk. 15. We have bought a statue of the goddess for a large price. Exercise 48. Recapitulatory. 1. Extra urbem multi vinci, capi, vinciri. 2. lUud semper pro- derat, hoc semper proderit civitati. 3. Caesar apud Sequanos multos dies moratus est. 4. Agricola anguem paene frigore confectum reperit. 5. Multi flumen frustra transire conati, hostium telis repel- luntur. 6. Medicus artis suae erat peritissimus. 7. Brutus in liberanda patria interfectus esse dicitur. 8. Aliis terrori, aliis prae- sidio erat. 9. Fortis viri est in periculis non timere. 10. Erat inter Labienum atque hostes difficiU transitu flumen. 11. Uterque nos- trun} idem faciet. 12. Gallia civium Roraanorum eo tempore plena erat. 13. Pane et lacte contentus erat. 14. Capta urbe, magnus captivorum numerus in potestatem victorum venerat. 15. Nonne pax bello erit melior ? 86 The Simple Sentence. [49 1. Caesar said this to Brutus in my hearing. 2. Then Tarquinius became king, the children of Ancus being still alive. 3. The legion set out in the middle of the night. 4. Clodius was killed by the slaves of Milo on the Appian road. 5. Dionysius, having been "expelled from Syracuse, used to teach boys at Corinth. 6. Do not go to Pompeius in Greece. 7. The people withdrew to the Sacred Mountain, three miles from the city. 8. Is it not a sin to betray one's country ? 9. Why am I called a robber ? 10. She will marry a man of great courage and wisdom. 11. This country is fit for rearing sheep. 12. She was not content with these gifts. 13. Ee- lying on his cavalry, he determined to attack the Gauls next day. 14. Do not use deceit. 15, In my opinion he is not worthy of such honour. Exercise 49. Recapitulatory. 1. Temeritas nostra non solum nobis, sed etiam reipublicae nocuit. 2. Caesar Sequanis ab Ariovisto oppressis auxilium tulit. 3. Equi- tatum consecuti nostri, magnum numerum sine ullo periculo inter- fecerunt. 4. Omni aetati mors est communis. 5. Vulpes corvum ob dulcem vocem laudabat. 6. Huic uxor ad portam occurrit. 7. Num perita est canendi % 8. Castra et urbem vobis praedae dabo. 9. Barbarorum est in dies vivere. 10. Consulum alter exercitum per- didit, alter vendidit. 11. Nonne tibi multum pecuniae a nobis datum est ? 12. Quaedam bestiae alius generis bestiis vescuntur. 13. Magnis copiis ad hoc bellum opus erat. 14. Num bellum pace melius est % 15. Eomulus patre Marte natus est. 1. The Carthaginians, Hannibal being their leader, waged war with the Roman people for many years. 2. In my garden are most beautiful flowers at all times. 3. She was eighteen years old at that time. 4. The Spartans, under the leadership of Leonidas, fought with the Persians near Thermopylae. 6. In the second watch of the following night he sets out for Rome. 6. Pompeius set out from Greece for Alexandria in Egypt. 7. This city is distant a mile from the sea. 8. Who is desirous of reading this book ? 9. I saw these soldiers carrying heavy burdens. 10. On the road a serpent of huge size attacked the Eoman army. 11. Is anything more precious than gold ? 12. The danger of attacking the city is great. 13. This satisfies us. 14. Is not this girl meet to be loved ? 15. They built a wall eighteen feet high. 50] Recapitulatory. 87 Exercise 50. Recapitulatory. 1. Num vis consul tieri? 2. Dux dolorem tulisse aequo animo dicitur. 3. Caesaris legati haec coram Ariovisto locuti sunt. 4. Agricola lupum secutus ad antrum venerat. 5. Brutum adoles- centem copiis praefecinms. 6. Tertia hora exploratoies ad castra redierunt. 7. E ducentis navibus vix quadraginta incolumes fuerunt. 8. Centum boves militibus dono dedit. 9. Catella eo nomine mortua erat. 10. Britanni sunt capillo promisso et corpore raso. 11. Gallorum ducenti a nostris interfecti sunt. 12. Alii eum capitis damnare, alii pecunia multare volebant. 13. Hunc agrum maxinii emerat. 14. Multa Eomae passus in Asiam se contulit. 15. Quis unquam Themistocle claiior fuit ? 1. He was again created consul during my consulship. 2. It is the nature of a fool to do this. 3. The war was finished within twenty days. 4. Meanwhile Caesar was remaining in Gaul. 5. Did he not come to you in Italy ? 6. Then the Greeks returned to the island of Samos. 7. A signal being given the fleet sailed about four miles. 8. We must retire from this province immediately. 9. Do not call me a robber. 10. Did you prefer silver to gold ? 11. Courage is valued very highly by all. 12. Tlie name of Britain was given to this island. 13. He sent two thousand soldiers for a help to the citizens. 14. The city, having been taken by the Germans, was burnt. 15. He defended himself against the attacks of the enemy with his sword. ^' 6 i^h THE SIMPLE SENTENCE CONTINUED. A Simple Sentence is either — (a.) A Statement, — Verb in the Indicative : — Ex, Caesar vicit Gallos, Caesar conquered the Gauls. Sometimes in the Conjunctive : — Ex. Caesar hoc fecisset, Caesar would have done this. (b.) A Command, — Verb in the Imperative or Present Con- junctive : — Ex. Fac hoc, or facias hoc, do this. In commands with a negative use (a) the Present Conjunc- tive with First and Third Persons ; (b) the Perfect Conjunctive with the Second Person : — Ex. (a) Ne hoc faciarn, let me not do this. Ne hoc faciat, let him not do this, {b) Ne hoc feceris, don't do this. (c.) A Question, — Verb in the Indicative, with an In- terrogative word. Interrogative words are, — Quantus, uter, qualis, quis, quot, quotus, uncle, ubi, quando. Cur, quoties, quare, quam, quomodo, num, ne, ut, an, utrum. Translate whether — or, by utrum — an. Ex. Utrum GaUus es an Eomanus? {whether) are you a Gaul or a Roman ? Exercise 51. The Athenians were building the walls of their city. The Lacedaemonians bore this ill; but Themistocles deceived them in this way. He went to Sparta (as) an ambassador, and spoke thus : ' My citizens are not building the walls. You seem not to believe me. Send therefore trusty men ; they will inspect the city ; mean- while do ye detain me.' The Lacedaemonians did this, in this way, ablative of manner, me, dative. 52-5.0] Exercises. 89 Exercise 52. Themistocles at the same time secretly sent a messenger to the Athenians, saying, * Build the walls of the city quickly. Do not abandon the enterprise — detain the Lacedaemonian ambassadors.' The Athenians did this. Therefore Themistocles returned to Athens ; the Lacedaemonian ambassadors were dismissed, and Athens was fortified. By the help of Themistocles Athens became the most splendid city of Greece. not, 7ie. Exercise 53. Many pelicans arrive annually from the Black Sea ; with them also come swans, cranes, and geese. They ascend the river Don, and in autumn return by the same way. The pelicans make their nests with rushes ; within they place soft grass. They lay two eggs like ih& eggs of the swan. Seeing danger, they hide their eggs in the water ; afterwards they take them out with their bill. They feed on fish. Pelicans and cormorants together pursue fish in this way. The pelican extends its wings and troubles the water ; the cormorant diving into the water then catches the terrified fish. They then share the booty equally. the eggs, dative. Exercise 54. Seagulls hy fiying from the sea to the shore, and crows and swallows by flying to the sea, foretell rain and wind. I shall now tell you the rejison of this thing. All birds are fond of a moist air. Sea- gulls especially love an air like to water, and birds from the land also delight in bathing. On account of this reason geese utter cries, and crows seem to summon rain, for they are refreshed by the mildness of the air. by flying, volando. you, dative ; the remoter object of tell^ reason being the nearer object, are fond of, love, in bathing, lavando, for, enim. Exercise 55. A husbandman found a snake almost dead with cold. Moved with pity he cherished it in his bosom, and placed it under his gar- ment. Soon the snake, being refreshed, recovered its strength, and inflicted a deadly wound on the husbandman (in return) for his kindness. on the husbandman, dative ; the remoter object of infUcted. (in return) for, pro. 90 The Simple Sentence. [56-59 Exercise 56. Once upon a time a dolphin is said to have contracted a friend- ship with the son of a poor man. The boy ustd to feed him with crumbG of bread. Every day the dolphin, being called by the boy, swam to the top of the water ; and, having been fed by his hand, carried the boy on his back from the shore to a school in another place, and brought him back in the same way. At last the boy died, and the dolphin is said to have died from grief used to feed, imperfect, the top of the water, the highest water. from, on account of. Exercise ^1. Among the ancient Greeks and Romans quails were taught to fight with each other. The quail is a bird of great courage, and prefers to die than to be conquered. Once there was a very celebrated quail, for it had conquered all its adversaries. A certain mayor wishing to honour the Emperor Augustus, served it up at table. Augustus, angry on account of the death of so brave a bird, exclaimed : ' Kill this mayor ; to have slain so brave a bird is disgraceful.' with each other, among themselves, at table, dative, so, tarn. Exercise 58. Mars, the god of war, was worshipped hy the Romans with great honours. The wolf and tihe^ horse were sacred to him. He was re- presented as a warrior, g^erally standing in a car, or sitting on a horse, armed with a spear and a whip. JJis sister Bellona used to perform the duty of charioteer in his car. Mars is said to have been the father of Eomulus, the founder of Rome. by, translate hy, with living creatures, by a or ah. his, of him. Exercise 59. Bacchus was the god of wine. He is represented as a naked youth, long-haired and beautiful. He is crowned with ivy, and carries in his hand a thyrsus, that is, a spear surrounded either with ivy or vine leaves. His car is drawn by tigers or lions. The com- panions of Bacchus were the nymphs and goat-footed satyrs. Once Silenus had been his master ; he also follows Bacchus, and is re- presented as a fat old man, with naked body, crowned with leaves. A he-goat used to be sacrificed to Bacchus, for this animal is wont to injure the vines. used to be sacrificed, imperfect. 60-64 J Exercises. 91 Exercise 60. Two dogs, mother and son, were hunting in a wood. A servant of the lord of the wood killed the mother. The son, being frightened, ran away, but soon returned to the place. Having found her body, he lay down beside her, and was afterwards found by his master. He was then brought home, together with tlie body of his mother. For a long time this aflfectionate animal refused all food, and at length died, worn out with grief. having found her body, her body Juivivg been/omul. for a long time, diu. Exercise 61. A boy once met an old woman driving asses. ^ Good morning, mother of asses,' said he ; ' Good-morning, my son,' she replied, good-moming, Imil. Exercise 62. A quarrel once arose between a philosopher and a soldier. The soldier beat the philosopher with a stick, but the philosopher bore the blows quietly, without being angry. One of his friends then said, ' Why do you endure this quietly ? Such things are not to be endured by a brave man.' The philosopher replied, * These things, my friend, happen behind my back ; they do not disturb me.' without being angry, neither was he angry. to be endured, gerundive. Exercise 63. Rome had sent ambassadors to the city of Tarentum in Italy. The ambassadors were going to the assembly. On the road a wretched fellow spat on the dress of one of the ambassadors. The citizens began to laugh. ' You laugh,' said the Roman, * but my dress shall be washed with your blood.' War was declared, and the city of Tarentum lost many of its citizens. Thus the dress of the ambassador was washed with blood. the city of Tarentum, the city Tarentum. in Italy, into Italy. on the dress, in with ace. * Exercise 64. Before a battle a certain soldier came to the General ana said, * My father is ill, and will soon die : I wish to see him ; will you give me permission to goV * Go,' said the General ; * you honoui' your father and your mother : your days will be long in the land.' to go, 0/ going, your days will be long, you will live long. 92 The Simple Sentence. [65-68 Exercise 65. The Greeks had sent an expedition against Troy. Agamemnon, the leader of the Grecian army, had wounded a doe sacred to Diana. An adverse wind sent by the goddess detained the expedition. Therefore Agamemnon consulted the augurs. These answered, ' Sacrifice your daughter to Diana ; thus you will appease the anger of the goddess.' Ulysses was sent to Clytemnestra,- the mother of Iphigenia, the daughter of Agamemnon, and said to her, ' Give me your daughter : Agamemnon has promised her in marriage, to Achilles.' The girl was therefore given to him. Agamemnon was (joing to sacrifice her, but Diana, pitying the girl, put a doe in her place. Then she carried off Iphigenia, and made her the priestess of her temple. in marriage, in matrimonium [ace), going to sacrifice, fat. part, place, ace. Exercise 66. The quadrupeds once declared war against the birds. The lion was chosen general. He began to review his forces. The ass and the hare passed by. The bull said, ' What will these be able to do ? ' The lion answered, ' I shall use the ass as a trumpeter, and the hare as an orderly.' against the birds, dative, of remote object, as, pro. Exercise 67. Alexander, king of Macedon, examined Ms portrait at Ephesus. Apelles, the most celebrated painter of that time, had painted it. Alexander did not praise it enough. But the horse of Alexander having been brought in neighed at the horse in the picture. Then said Apelles, ' king, this horse seems to be more skilled in the art of painting than you.' his, of himself, the horse, dative, in the art, genitive* of painting, gerund. Exercise 68. A widow woman once had a hen. This hen used to lay an egg every day. But the woman wished to receive tioo or three eggs daily from the hen, therefore she began to feed and fatten it more abundantly. Then the hen became fat, and immediately ceased to lay eggs. two, three, ^tse the distributive numerals. G9-73] Exercises. 93 Exercise 69. Zeuxis, the most celebrated of painters, had painted a boy carrying grapes. A bird tried to eat the grapes. Then Zeuxis said : ' I painted the grapes better than the boy, otherwise the bird would have feared the boy.' would have feared, plujperf. -conjunctive. Exercise 70. The crocodile from being very small becomes very large. It lives a long time, and inhabits water and land alike. It has no tongue, nor can it move its lower jaw. It eats not only fish and cattle, but also human beings. The Egyptians hold it sacred. Many crocodiles are said to be kept in their temples. The priests adorn them with golden rings and bracelets. from being, from. Exercise 71. — ^ Some one once said to a funny fellow^ * The sun is wont to set towards the west : why does it rise from the east 1 ' The other replied, ' The sun always returns by the same way after sunset, but cannot be seen (while) returning ; for the darkness of night hides it.' fellow, quidam. sunset, the setting o/the sun. Exercise 72. A lady once visited Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, and showed her all her most beautiful ornaments. Cornelia delayed her with conversation for a long time. At last her boys returned from school. Then she said, ' These are my ornaments.' lady, woman, her, dative of remote object. Exercise 73. A swallow wishing to build a nest flew to a sheep and began to pluck wool from its back. The sheep feeling pain from the plucking, began to jump and complain. 'What!' said the swallow, ' do you gmdge nu a little tuft of wool ? Men shear (off) all your wool, and you say nothing.' The sheep answered, * Men indeed shear (off) all my wool, but they treat me more gently.' me, to me. ^ 94 The Simple Sentence. [74-78 Exercise 74. A magpie and a dove visited a peacock. (While) returning the ill- tongued magpie said, * I do not love the peacock. He utters ugly- sounds. Wny is he not silent ? Why does he not hide his ugly feet ? ' But the innocent dove replied, ' I did not notice his defects, but I admired the beauty of his body and the splendour of his tail. I cannot enough praise him.' praise, infinitive, carrying on the meaning of^ I cannot,* Exercise 75. Once (upon a time) a doctor said to Pausanias, the king of the Spartans, ' You have become an old man.' Pausanias answered, 'I truly am old ; I never employed you as a doctor.' The doctor went away ivithout saying anything. employed, used, without saying, see 62, Note, anything, quidquam (only to be used with negatives). Exercise 76. Many wonderful stories are told about the animals of Egypt. There are found many winged snakes. There is a kind of bird by name the ibis. The ibis catches these snakes and lives on their flesh. In the temples crocodiles are kept ; these wear golden rings on their arms, and are held sacred by the Egyptians. The priests give them food daily. Cats and dogs are also held sacred by the Egyptians. Dead cats are pickled in salt and myrrh and other perfumes. The priests guard them in the temples, held, habeo. them, to them. Exercise 77. Phocion the Athenian was a poor man. Once when Alexander sent him a large sum of money, he asked, ' Why does he give me this money ? ' The messenger replied, ' Alexander thinks you the only good man among the Athenians.' Then said Phocion, 'Take away the money, I prefer to be good.' when — sent, abl. abs. him, to him. a large sum, mtich. Exercise "jS. Once (upon a time) some one said to Alexander, king of Macedonia, 'Darius, the king of the Persians, is leading an immense army to battle.' Alexander replied, ' One butcher is not afraid of many sheep.' is not afraid of, does not fear. 70-821 Exercises. 95 Exercise 79. Once upon a time some one laughed at a Spartan, saying, * You are lame, how will you be able to fight '? * The Spartan answered, ' I want to fight, not to run away.' I want, / desire. Exercise 80. Tnere exist in the ocean huge animals. These are called whales. They are considered fishes by some, but really they are animals, for their blood is warm. They have arms ; they have not legs. The whale produces young, two at a time. They are said to fly from danger, holding their yoimg in their arms. Sailors pursue them and kill them with spears. They give a great quantity of oil. two at a time, use the distributive numeral. Exercise 81. Caesar saw many wonderful animals in Gaul. Among these was an ox with the shape of a stag ; from the middle of the forehead a long horn projects between the ears, longer and straighter than the horns of our oxen. From the end of this horn branches are spread out in the likeness of palms. The nature of the female and the male is the same the shape and size of the horns is also the same. the middle of the forehead, the middle forehead, in, into. Exercise 82. There are also other wonderful animals ; these the inhabitants call elks. They are like roe-deer in shape and colour, but excel them in size. They have legs without joints ; hence they never lie down for the sake of repose, nor can they (while) lying on the ground raise them- selves. They use trees instead of a couch ; against these they recline themselves, and so enjoy repose. These trees having been discovered, the hunters nearly cut them down. Then the elks recline themselves against the trees, and break them down with their weight, and are thus easily taken. for the sake, caussa {all. ). against, in, with ace. 96 The Simple Sentence. [83-86 Exercise 83. There is also a third kind ; these animals are called bisons. In size they are a little smaller than elephants ; in shape and colour they are like bulls. Their strength and swiftness are very great : they (spare neither man nor wild beast. Not even (when) captured -yen/ small can they be tamed. The size and shape of their horns difFer much from the horns of our oxen. The Gauls use the horns of these animals instead of cups. man, dative, very small, tlie empliatic word is put between ne and quidem [not — even). Exercise 84. The nation of the Suevi is hy far the greatest and most warlike of all the Germans. The Suevi are said to possess a hundred cantons.' l\ ^ They are said to lead out every year from their territory one thousand of armed men for the sake of waging war. The remainder stay at home and cultivate the fields ; these in turn are in arms the year after. Thus neither farming nor war is neglected. No one possesses any private land, nor is it lawful to remain longer than a year in one place. Their food consists chiefly of milk and flesh ; they also hunt often. Their daily exercise and this kind of food makes them men of great stature, and increases their strength. They are clothed only with skins, and bathe in the coldest rivers. by far, longe. one, use the distributive numeral The remainder, the rest, any private land, anything {quidquam) of private land. Exercise 85. Their horsemen often in battle leap down from their horses and fight on foot. The horses meanwhile stand in the same place. Nothing is held more disgraceful than to use saddles. Therefore a small number of them dare to attack any number of horsemen provided with saddles. Their horses are small and ugly, but they train them with great care. They never use wine, for wine is thought to weaken their bodies, on foot, pedibus. Exercise 86. Leonldas, king of the Spartans, heard a man saying, ' The Persians are very numerous ; their arrows will darken the sun.' ' So much the better,' said Leonidas, ' we shall fight in the shade.' A herald from Xerxes, the king of the Persians, came to him and said, ' Surrender your arms.' Leonidas answered, ' Come and take them.' so much, tanto. 87-91] Exercises. 97 Exaxise 87. A certain nobleman wa& very foiul of wine. The king once said to him, ' You are fond of a glass of wine ; your friends tell me so.' * They are unjust to me, king,' replied the other ; ' I am fond of a bottle of wine.' was very fond of, greatly loved, a glass, a cup. Exercise 88. A certain fellow had been relating many incredible things. Wish- ing to repress his impertinence, an old man remarked, ' These things are indeed wonderful ; but I will tell you something even more wonderful. One of my friends, a flute-player, once imitated thunder very well, and immediately all the milk in the house turned soui\' turned, became. Exercise 89. Venus, the goddess of love and beauty, was born from the foam of the sea. She is represented sitting in a car drawn by swans or doves. Of trees the myrtle was sacred to her. Her son Cupid accompanies her, a winged boy, equipped with a bow and arrows. Besides him she has the Graces, the goddesses of beauty, as companions. These are generally represented naked, and with hands joined. of, out of. Exercise 90. Vulcan, the ugliest of all the gods, was the husband of Venus, the most beautiful of all the goddesses. On account of his ugliness he was thrown from heaven by Jupiter, and fell into the island of Lemnos. This fall made him lame. He was the god of fire and of smiths. He had a workshop in Mount Aetna. His servants were the Cyclope.s, giants having one eye in the middle of the forehead. in the middle of the forehead, in the middle forehead. Exercise 9 1 . The Scythians neither cultivate the fields nor have fixed dwellings, but, feeding oxen and sheep, are wont to wander through uncultivated wastes. They bring icith them their wives and children in waggons. They feed on milk, honey, and flesh ; they despise gold and silver, nor do they use money. Their bodies are clothed with skins. with them, secum ; cum is written after me, te, se, nobis, vobis, quo, qua, quibiis, quis. RL.ir G 98 The Simple Sentence. [92-95 Exercise 92. In India there are many elephants. This animal excels all others in docility. They learn to use weapons, to fight, to dance, to walk ^^ along a tight rope, and to do many other wonderful things. Elephants \^ always go in herds. The oldest leads the line of march; another old elephant walks behind the rest. (When) about to cross a river they send on the smallest. They are caught in pitfalls by the natives, and are easily tamed. in herds, gregatim. the line of march, agmen. Exercise 93. The Chinese are very skilful workmen. They can imitate anything you please. Once a sailor gave a garment and a cloth to a Chinese, and said, *Out of this cloth make for me a garment like to this.' But the garment was worn out and torn. So the Chinese made the garment, and then tore it. Then he brought it to the sailor, and said, * Here is the new garment ; I have made it like the old one,' The sailor was a,ngry, but could say nothing, for he had said, ' Make a garment like to the old one.' anything you please, quilibet. Exercise 94. Mercurius, the son of Jupiter and Maia, was the messenger of the gods. He was the god of eloquence, of merchants, and also of thieves. He was besides the inventor of the lyre. He used to escort the souls of the dead to the gods below. He was represented as a handsome youth, with itnnged feet, carrying a wand in his hand surrounded with two snakes. Mercurius also performed the office of a herald, and was the god of peace. He was worshipped by the Eomans with great honour. used to escort, imperfect, with winged feet, ahl. of quality. Exercise 95. Ostriches equal the height of a horseman sitting on a horse. They are swifter than all other animals. Their wings assist them (while) tunning ; they cannot use their wings for frying. They have hoofs like the feet of deer ; with these they are said to seize stones jn their flight, and throw them at their pursuers. They are also said to be able to digest iron and stones. Their feathers are sought for orna- ments. They are stupid animals, for they hide their heads in a bush, and then seem to themselves to be well hidden. for flying, ad, ivith gerund, at, in, with ace. pursuers, those -pursuing {pres. part.), for, ad. irv*v 96-99] Exercises. 99 Exercise 96. Africa breeds snakes twenty feet long. In India also there are immense snakes ; some are said to be able to swallow stags and oxen whole. Others are able to kill them at once with their bite, for their teeth are full of poison. There is no remedy for the bite of these snakes. The Indians do not use shoes, and the greater part of their body is naked ; they are therefore often killed by the snakes. for the bite, of the bite. Exercise 97. Ducks ai-e often caught by fowlers in this way. The fowlers place nets near a lake, and then hide themselves in the bushes. Tame -^^^ ducks are then liberated. These swim on the lake and attract the * wild ducks. Then they swim towards the nets ; the wild ducks follow them and are easily caught. Tame ducks taught to do this are sold for a large price, and are highly valued by the fowlers. for a large price, abl. highly, magni {pretii, price, being understood). Exercise 98. The Indians in America are very swift ; they are said to equal horses in swiftness. There is also a race of frogs in the marshes of America. These frogs can leap nine feet in one leap, ^ome feUowa once said to an Indian, ' Will you contend in a race with a frog ? We will give you much money.' The Indian agreed. They then caught a frog in a marsh. Then they attached a lighted stick to its tail. The animal leaped in a wonderful way, and escaped to the pond, nor could the Indian equal its swiftness. some fellows, quidam. money, of money » Exercise 99. A certain rich merchant had lost all his money. Soon afterwards one of his friends met him and said, * Hov) are you ?' * Tolerably well,' replied the merchant ; ' I can use my legs in walking better k^W^ than formerly.' Then said his friend, ' I do not understand your words; will you explain them to me]' 'Certainly,' answered the other ; * I have been obliged to sell my horses, and I am now com- pelled to walk.' how are you ? how do yon hold {haheo) yourself? 100 The Simple Sentence. [100-102 Exercise 100. A certain man once had a celebrated frog. This frog could jump very well. A stranger once said to him, ' Give me a frog also ; then let both jump : here are ten pence : do thou also lay down ten pence ; the owner of the victorious frog shall have all the money.' The other joyfully agreed, and went out. Soon he returned carrying another frog. The frogs were placed on the ground, but the celebrated jumper could not jump at all, and was easily defeated. The stranger took the money and went away. Then the other examined his frog ; he found it full of lead. The stranger had filled it with the lead in his absence. me, dative, in his absence, he {being) absents Exercise loi. We left our ship, and began to walk about. There stood not far off a vast palace, well built, with a gate of ebony. This gate having been opened, we saw before us a large hall ; there lay two huge heaps, the one of human bones, the other of spits. Seeing this spectacle we began to tremble. Suddenly the door opened with a loud crash, and there came out an ugly man of immense stature. He had one eye only, in the middle of his forehead : his teeth were very long and sharp ; his lips hung down to his breast : his ears were like the ears of an elephant. From fear we became immediately like dead men. with a gate of ebony, abl. of quality {with epithet), to, as far as. Exercise 102. At last we collected our minds, and saw him sitting in the hall and looking at us. Then he advanced and took me by my neck, and examined me. I was very thin, therefore he let me go. He then took up the rest one by one, examined them, and at last chose the pilot. Now the pilot was a very fat man. Then he thrust a spit through his body. This being done, he kindled a great fire. Their- he cooked and ate him. Then he fell asleep. one by one, use the distributive numeral, now, autem {jmt it after the first word in the sentence). 103-105J Exercises. 101 Exercise 103. We were all- nearly dead from fear. At last I determined to try to save myself and my companions. Therefore I addressed them with these words : * My friends, the giant will soon awake ; then he will kill another man ; thus shall we all perish. Let us try to do some- , thing. Do not fear, but perform my commands. Harden a stake t^^^^ with fire ; let us pierce his eye with this ; thus we shall escape death !' All joyfully agreed. The stake was hardened with fire. Then we pierced the eye of the sleeping giant with it. He awoke, uttering terrible' cries, but could not see us. Then we ran away, and escaped death. from, on account of, joyfully, adjective. Exercise 104. The Chinese are very fond of the flesh of pigs. Formerly they used to eat the flesh raw, for they were ignorant of the use of fire in cooking. Once a house in a certain city was burnt, and the pigs perished in the flames. Their flesh gave (forth) a very pleasant smell. A boy tasted the flesh, and then said to his friends, ' The fire has made the pigs sweeter. ' Then all the inhabitants burned their houses, and ate the flesh of the roasted pigs. At length a certain philosopher said to the citizens, * My friends, I have an idea in ray mind. Cease to bum your houses for the sake of roasted flesh. Perhaps pigs can be roasted without a house. Let us try.' The citizens joyfully roasted a pig without a house ; its flesh was very sweet : therefore, from that time, they began to cook the flesh with fire, and ceased to burn their houses together with the pigs. are very fond of, hve much, cooking, gerund. Exercise 105. r <^ "*/ The mountains in Scythia are said to be inhabited by goat-footed men. There is also in those regions another wonderful race of men. These sleep for six months every year. Another race is said to cook and eat the bodies of their dead relations. These men clean the heads s. i« of the dead, and gild them. Then they use them instead of cups. There are other wonderful men in these mountains ; these have only one eye in the middle of the forehead. There are also said to be treasures, guarded by monsters. every, singuli 102 The Simple Sentence. [106-108 Exercise 106. Augustus used often to walk through the city of Home, and receive all men with great kindness. Once a poor man, wishing to ask a favour, %)i holding out his hand, and then drawing it back from fear. Augustus, laughing, said to him : ' Are you giving a penny to an elephant ? Do not fear ; what do you desire ? ' An old soldier, being summoned before the judges, said to Augustus, ' Plead my cause.' Augustus then said to one of his companions, 'Plead the cause of this soldier.' Then the soldier exclaimed, ' I did not seek a substitute ; I fought for you myself ; see my scars ; I received these wounds while fighting in your army.' Augustus blushed, and pleaded the cause of the soldier himself. kept holding out, imperfect, while fighting, inter, with gerund. Exercise 107. A brave soldier had been sent with a message written on paper to one of the generals of his army. While making the journey the enemy attacked him. He was severely wounded with a javelin, and by the same blow his companion was killed. Leaving the dead man he fled swiftly. At last, worn out by fatigue and wounds, he fell on the ground. Fearing the approach of the enemy, and not forgetful of his duty, he concealed the paper in the wound. He was found next day by his friends. He showed the paper hidden in the wound, and then died with a joyful countenance. The general built a monument to this brave soldier. On the monument were these words, ' Here lies a brave soldier. He died, faithful to the last, in the discharge of his duty.' while making the journey, on the road, and not, neither. to, of. in the discharge of, discharging. Exercise to 8. War had broken out between the French and the Germans. A celebrated general of the French was severely wounded in the leg. The surgeons being consulted said, * The leg mwsi he cut off.' The general received the news with a calm countenance. There were many men around him in the tent ; among these he saw a faithful servant shedding tears. Then the general said, smiling, ' Why do you shed tears, my friend ? This accident will lighten your labour. Now you will clean one boot only.' must be cut off, gerundive. 109-111] Exercises. 103 Exercise 109. Once a French pirate attacked the ship of &omt merchants. The merchants determined to resist the enemy, for there was much (/old in their ship. Among them was a certain priest. He said, ' 1 shall not fight : it is not (the duty) of a priest to fight.' The pirates ^^^ attacked the merchants. These for a long time repelled the enemy. " At length the pirates attempted to board the merchantman. Then the priest seized the leader of the pirates, and said, * My friend, there is no need of thee in this vessel.' Having said these words with a calm countenance, he threw him into the sea. The pirates, terrified by the loss of their leader, were easily defeated. some, ctrtain {quidam). much gold, inuch of gold. Exercise no. A brave centurion with a few soldiers was trying to storm a fort. Three hundred Gauls were defending the fort. For a long time they were not able to get possession of it, for the enemy fought very bravely. At last one of the Gauls tried to pierce the centurion with a spear. But he seized the spear with both hands, and held it. The Gauls then drew him into the fort. But the centurion having drawn his sword, attacked the enemy bravely. They retreated ; and the rest of the soldiers, having followed their brave leader, soon got possession of the fort, and killed all the Gauls. A, quidam. Exercise in. A certain man had taught his dog many things, and among others to fetch his food from the cook in a basket. Once the dog was return- ing to his master thus laden. Two other dogs, attracted by the smell of the food, determined to attack him. The dog put the basket on A^-v-* the ground, and fought bravely against one of them, but meanwhile the other ran to the basket and began to eat. At length, seeing no hope of victory, he threw himself between liis two opponents, and quickly devoured the food himself. Then he returned to his master with the empty basket. his dog many things, hath in the ace. after ' tatujhC one \alter), one of two. 104 The Simple Sentence. [112-115 Exercise 112. A philosopher wishing to test the ingenuity of the spider, often used to place one on a small stick stuck in the ground, and surrounded the stick with water. The spider, seeing no means of escape, ascends the stick, and then ejects its web. The wind carries the web to some stick or stone. Then the wise spider escapes by this, but it always beforehand tests the strength of the web. beforehand, ante. Exercise 113. The Russian army was once crossing the Alps. The soldiers, over- whelmed with fatigue and overcome with want, no longer obeyed the command of their general, or observed their usual discipline. Then the general with a loud voice exclaimed, ' Dig a ditch, and cover me with earth ; your general desires to be interred here, for you desert him.' Overwhelmed with shame, the soldiers are said to have thrown themselves at his feet, and to have demanded pardon. at, ante. Exercise 114. The laws of Draco, the Athenian, were very severe ; he punished almost ail crimes with death. Hence the orator Demades used to say, ' The laws of Draco are written with blood.' He used to punish thieves as severely as parricides. Once being asked by a friend, ' Why do you punish little crimes with death?' he replied, 'Even the smallest crimes are worthy of death : there is no greater punishment for greater ones.' as — as, tarn — qiuim. Exercise 115. Phocion, the Athenian general, never allowed domestic or private things to interfere with the republic. He often refused to ask for any- thing even for his own friends and relations. Once his son-in-law was summoned before the judges. The accuser said, ' He has taken the money of the republic for himself.' Then Phocion addressed him in these glorious words, ' I have made you my son-in-law, but only for just and honourable things.' before, apud. for, oh. 116-118] Exercises. 105 ExercLc ii6. Diodes proclaimed to the Syracnsans, ^ Ld no out dare to enter, armed, into an assembly of the people ; death will be the punishment of this crime.' Once an alarm was given of an enemy approaching, and Diodes hastened with his soldiers girt with a sword. On the way he entered armed into the assembly of the people. Some one immediately exclaimed, 'Diodes, armed among the people, has broken his own law.' Diodes then replied with a loud voice, * Thou speakest the truth, nor skoXl Diodes be the last to sanction his own laws.' Then, having drawn his sword, he killed himself. Let no one, ne quis. shall Diodes be the last to sanction, shall DiocUs last sanction. Exercise 117. A general had taken a well-fortified city. Soon afterwards a woman of low rank approached him, and complained with these words, * One of thy soldiers has taken my cattle, my sole wealth.' * Didst thou not hear the robbers V replied the general ; ' thy sleep was very sound.' * Certainly,' answered she, ' my sleep was sound, for I trusted thy authority.' The general pitied the poor woman, and much money was given to her instead of the cattle. the general pitied the poor woman, it pitied the general of the poor woman, much money, much of money. Exercise 118. Once a certain man had beaten one of his companions. Being placed before the judge he said, ' I cannot pay the fine, for I have no mojiey.' Now he had a long beard. His accuser then said, * The defendant has a long beard, but no money : let his beard be shaved ; he has nothing else ; thus he will be sufficiently punished.' The judge replied, ' Certainly ; let his beard be shaved.' The defendant, being terrified, then exclaimed, ' Do not shave my beard ; I shall pay the fine.' of, e. before, coram, no money, nothing of money. now, autem. sufficiently, enough. 106 The Simple Sentence. [119-121 Exercise 1. 19. Arion was a celebrated harper. He lived for a long time at the court of Periander, king of Corinth. He once went to the city of Tarentum, and there acquired great riches. Afterwards he wished to return home. Therefore he embarked on hoard the vessel of some Corinthian sailors. These wished to kill him on account of his wealth. Then Arion took his harp, and sang a beautiful song. Then he leaped into the sea. A dolphin, charmed by the song, placed him on its back, and swam with him to land. Thence he went to Corinth, to king Periander. Meanwhile the sailors had reached Corinth, and had said to the king, 'Arion is dead.' But Arion accused them before the king, and they were condemned to death. at the court of, apud. on board, in, with ace. some, nonnuUus. before, coram, to death, of the head. Exercise 120. The hero Hercules formerly lived in Greece. He killed his children through madness, and was therefore compelled to serve Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, in Argolis. By his command he performed many wonderful labours. Greece was then devastated by some fierce beasts. These Hercules destroyed with his club and arrows. He was after- wards freed from slavery by Eurystheus. He then married Deianira. Once a centaur, Nessus by name, tried to carry her off, but Hercules slew him with an arrow. The dying Nessus gave his shirt stained with his poisonous blood to Deianira, and said, ' This shirt will pre- serve to you the love of your husband.' Afterwards Deianira gave the shirt to Hercules. But the garment stuck to his limbs, and he was killed by the poison. Thus Nessus avenged his death. through, propter, by, ex. from slavery, abl. Exercise 121. Anacharsis, the Scythian, was a very wise man. He is an example of frugality. There exists a letter of his nearly in these words : — ' Anacharsis sends greeting to Hanno. My clothing is the skin of a wild beast ; my couch is the ground ; my sauce is hunger ; I live on milk, cheese, and flesh. Therefore give these gifts either to your own citizens, or to the immortal gods.' He is said to have refused the gifts of a rich man with these words. an example, for an example, sends, says. 122-124] Exercises. 107 Exercise 122. In the Gallic war, a certain Gaul of great stature canie forward and said, ' Will any Roman fight with me V Marcus Valerius, a young military tribune, obtained permission from the consul. He took his arms and advanced towards the Gaul. Then a wonderful thing is said to have happened. A raven perched on his helmet. They began to fight. Then the raven attacked the face and eyes of the Gaul with its beak and wings. Valerius then easily slew the Gaul with his sword. The raven then flew away. Afterwards Valerius was called Corvus on account of this wonderful circumstance. came torwaxd, advanced, will any, numquis? circumatsince, thing. Exercise 123. Hannibal, the general of the Carthaginians, had arrived in Apulia. The two consuls, Aemilius and Varro, went out against him. They pitched their camp near the village of Cannae. Varro, against the will of his colleague, formed line of battle, and gave the signal for battle. The Roman army was conquered. Never was the republic aflHicted by a more severe wound. Aemilius fell, overwhelmed with darts. A soldier, seeing him covered with blood, said, ' Take this horse, Aemilius, and fly.' Aemilius replied, * Do thou rather fly, and say to the senators, " Fortify the city ; " I shall perish here with my soldiers.' against the will of his colleague, his colleague {being) unwilling. for, of. Exercise 124. Titus Manlius had been sent away by his father to his farm, on account of the sluggishness of his intellect and tongue. Pomponius, a tribune of the people, summoned his father hefore the judges. The youth, hearing this, formed a plan. Armed with a knife, he went in the morning to the city, and entered the house of Pomponius. There, standing above the bed of Pomponius, he said, 'Desist from your accusation, otherwise I shall slay you.' The terrified tribune said, * I shall desist from the accusation.' The youth was greatly honoured on account of his love for his father, and in the same year was made military tribune. before, apud. formed, entered into {ineo). 108 The Simple Sentence. [125-127 Exercise 125. The tyrant Dionysius once was supping wiili the Lacedaemonians. They said to him, ' Have you supped well ?' He answered, ' I am not at all delighted with that black soup.' Now the black soup was the jprincijpal dish of the supper. Then said the cook, ' It is not at all wonderful, for the sauces were wanting.' * What were they, yray ?' said he. The cook answered, 'Labour in hunting, sweat, running, hunger, thirst, — with these things the feasts of the Lacedaemonians are seasoned.' with, apud. principal dish, caput, pray, tandem, lit. a/ length. Exercise 126. The Romans used to be annoyed by the forays of the Veientes. Then the Fabian family approaches the senate. The consul Fabius speaks for his family, — ' Do you take care of other wars ; give the Fabii as enemies to the Veientes ; we wish to wage the war at our own private cost.' Great thanks were given to him. The consul going out from the senate-house, returns home accompanied by all the Fabii. The Fabii are greatly praised by all the citizens. Next day they take their arms. Never did an army, either smaller in number or more distinguished in reputation, march through the city,— 306 soldiers set out, all patricians, all of one family. for, pro. given, agere. accompanied by all the Fabii, all the Fabii accompanying. Exercise 127. They arrive at the river Cremera. The enemy were routed in several battles, and asked for peace. Soon the Veientes repented of peace. Therefore war having been recommenced, they formed a plan for destroying their warlike enemy by an ambush. The Fabii were laying waste the fields ; cattle were driven by the Fabii towards them. The Fabii having advanced, fell into an ambush and were all killed. The day of this slaughter was reckoned among the unlucky days. The Fabii had marched out of one the gates of the city. This gate was called Wicked. One boy alone remained of the whole family. He had been left at home on account of his youthful age. He became father of an illustrious family of Fabii. the Veientes repented, it repented the Veientes. of, c. 128-130] Exercises. 109 Exercise 128. Porsena, the king of the Etrurians, determined to restore the Tar- quins ; therefore he came with a large army to Ilome. With his first assault he took the hill Janiculum. Never before did so great fear seize the Romans ; they leave their fields ; they fly into the city ; they surround the city itself with forts. One part of the city seemed safe, on account of its walls, another part on account of the Tiber. A bridge nearly gave a road to the enemy. There was a man, Horatius Codes by name. He had received this name on account of an eye lost in battle. He stood before the bridge, and alone resisted the enemy. Meanwhile the citizens were cutting down the bridge behind him. The bridge being cut,- he leapt into the Tiber, and swam across safe to his friends. The state was grateful towards so great valour. Much land was given to him, and his statue was placed in the city, much land, much of land. Exercise 129. Porsena was besieging the city of Rome. Mucins Scaevola, a brave man, went to the senate and said, * I wiU go to the camp of the enemy and kill their king.' Permission having been given, he went to the camp of Porsena. There he stood, in a great crowd, near the king. Pay was then being given to the soldiers, and a clerk in a splendid dress was sitting there. Mucius being deceived by his dress slew him instead of the king. Being placed hcjorc the king he thrust his right hand into the fii*e, saying, ' Perish, right hand ; thou didst not perform thy duty.' The king being astonished liberated him. Then Mucius said, ' king, three hundred men like me have conspired against thee.' Porsena terrified by these words ceased to fight against the Romans, having received hostages. before, coram. Exercise 130. Porsena received Cloelia, a noble virgin, among the hostages. His camp was not far from the bank of the Tiber ; therefore Cloelia, having eluded the guards by night, seized a horse, and swam across the Tiber. This was told to king Porsena, and so being angry he sent ambassadors to Rome, saying, ' Restore Cloelia the hostage.' The Romans restored her. Then the king, wondering at the valour of the girl, praised her, and said, ' I will give you part of the hostages.' The hostages having been brought in, Cloelia chose some little girls, and returned with them to her country. having eluded the guards, the yuards having been eluded. no The Simple Sentence. [131-133 Exercise 131. Orpheus used to be able to draw along rocks and trees hy singing. His wife Eurydice having been killed by the bite of a snake, he descended to the infernal regions, wishing to bring her back. He said to Pluto, ' Restore to me, I pray, my wife Eurydice.' Pluto answered, ' I will do so ; do not look back (while) returning ; you will at length reach home, and there you can look at your wife.' But Orpheus (while) returning looked back at his wife ; immediately she was snatched away. by singing, gerund. Exercise 132. Procas, king of the Albans, had two sons, Numitor and Amulius. He left the kingdom to Numitor, for he was the elder ; but Amulius drove away his brother, and reigned. He determined to deprive Numitor of offspring ; and so he made his daughter, Rhea Sylvia, priestess of Vesta. She, however, gave birth to Romulus and Remus, Amulius threw her into chains, and cast the little boys, placed on a raft, into the Tiber. The stream subsiding left them on dry ground. They relate this story about the boys. A she-wolf, hearing them cry- ing, ran up and licked them with her tongue, and discharged the duty of a mother towards them. Procas had, to Procas were, of offspring, ablative. Exercise 133. The wolf used often to come to the boys as if to her cubs, and so Faustulus, the king's shepherd, perceiving this, took them to his cottage, and gave them to Acca Laurentia, his wife, to be brought up. The boys, growing up among the shepherds, increased their strength by games, and then began to roam over the valleys and mountains, hunt- ing wild beasts, and afterwards to drive away robbers from the herds. Therefore the robbers lay in wait for them. Remus was taken ; but Romulus defended himself. Then Faustulus said to Romulus, * Numitor is your grandfather, Rhea Silvia your mother.' Romulus at once armed the shepherds and hastened to Alba. to be brought up, gemndive. 134-136] Exercises. Ill Exercise 134. Meanwhile the robbers brought Remus to king Amulius, and accused him with these words, 'This youth, king, plunders the herds of Numitor.' Therefore Remus was surrendered to Nuniitor for punishment ; but Numitor seeing the youth's face, nearly recog- nised him. For Remus was very like his mother, and his age agreed with the time of their exposure. Meanwhile Romulus arrived suddenly, liberated his brother, and restored Numitor to the throne aittr killing Amulius. for, ad. after killing Amulius, Amulius having been hilled. Exercise 135. Then Romulus and Remus founded a city in the place of their exposure. But soon a quarrel arose between them. For they said, ' Whether of the two shall give a name to the new city, and be king ? ' so they used augury. Romulus first saw six vultures, afterwards Remus saw twelve. So Romulus called the city Rome. He wished to rule it by laws, so he said, * Let no one cross the rampart.' Remus, laughing, leaped over it. Romulus being enraged slew him, saying these words, * Evei-y one attempting this shall thus perish : my walls are not to be crossed.' So Romulus alone got possession of the throne. let no one, he quis. every one, all. to be crossed, gerundive* Exercise 136. Romulus had made rather the outline of a city than a city, — in- habitants were wanting. There was a wood near ; this he made a refuge. Thither immediately a number of robbers and shepherds betook themselves. He and his people had no wives. So he sent ambassadors to the neighbouring peoples, saying, 'Give us wives.' The ambassadors were nowhere well received ; jests also were added — ' Why don't you also open a refuge for women ? Such women would be a fit alliance for you.' Romulus dissembling his anger prepared games. Many of the neighbouring people came from the desire of seeing the new city, and especially the Sabines with their children and wives. Suddenly, a signal having been given, the girls were carried off. This at once was the cause of war. from, propter, of seeing, gerundive. 112 The Simple Sentence. [i3M39 Exercise 137. The Sabines took up arms against the Romans on account of the carried-ofF girls. They found a girl, Tarpeia by name. She had left the city jor the sake of drawing water. Her father ivas in cmnmand of the Roman citadel. Titus Tatius, the leader of the Sabines, offered the girl her choice of reward, saying, ' Lead my army into the citadel.' She asked the Sabines for the ornaments of their left hands, that is (to say), their rings and bracelets. These having been promised, Tarpeia led the Sabines into the citadel ; then Tatius said to his soldiers, ' Throw your shields on her,' for they had their shields also in their left hands. Thus her wicked treachery was visited by a prompt punishment. for the sake, caussa. was in command of, commanded. Exercise 138. Romulus marched against Tatius, and fought with his army. At the first charge, a distinguished man among the Romans, Hostilius by name, fell fighting most bravely. The Romans, terrified by his death, began to fly. Already the Sabines began to shout, ' We have con- quered our treacherous hosts, our unwarlike enemies. It is one thing to carry off girls, another to fight with men.' Then Romulus raising his arms to heaven vowed a temple to Jupiter ; and his army, either by chance or by the help of the god, halted. And so the battle was renewed, but the carried-off women, with dishevelled hair, dared to come between the flying darts, and, imploring at one tifne their fathers, at another their husbands, brought about peace, one thing — another, aliud — aliud. at one time — at another, 7i2tnc — 7iiinc. Exercise 139. Romulus made peace with the Sabines, and received them into the city. He chose out of the older men one hundred counsellors. These on account of their old age were called the Senate. He appointed three centuries of horsemen ; he distributed the people into thirty curiae. These things having been thus appointed, he was 07ie day reviewing his army, near the Goat's pool. Suddenly there arose a storm with loud thunder, and Romulus was carried off out of sight. A nobleman, Proculus by name, said, and affirmed with an oath, ' I have seen Romulus and talked with him.' He said, * Let the Romans refrain from dissension and ivorship virtue.' So Romulus was worshipped as a god, and called Quirinus. one day, oUm. refrain, worship, /M^wre imperat. 140-142] Exercises. 113 Exercise 140. In the reign of Tullus Hostilius war broke out between the Romans and the Albans. It seemed good to Hostilius, the king of the Romans, and Fufletius, the general of the Albans, to intrust the destinies of either people to the hands of a few chosen men. There were three brothers among the Romans, by name Horatii, and also three brothers among the Albans, Curiatii by name. The kings said to them, ' Are you willing to fight for your country 1 ' ' We are willing,' answered they. Then said the kings, * The conquerors in this combat shall give victory and rule to their own country.' So the brothers take their arms, and advance into the middle between the two axmies. The two armies sat down on either side. In the reign of Tullus Hostilius, TuUm Hostilius reigning, either, iiterque. Exercise 141. The signal is given. The youths rush together with drawn swords. Soon two Romans fell dying, one over the other — the three Albans were wounded. The Alban armies shouted with joy at the misfortune of the Horatii. Hope was already abandoning the Romans. The three Curiatii had surrounded the remaining Horatius. He, though untouched, pretended flight. At length, looking back he saw one of the Curiatii near. He returns against him with a fierce rush and slays him. Then he slays the second. Now one on each side remained, but the body of one was untouched by the sword, and his courage increased by his success. The other was weaiy from running and from his wounds. The Roman kills him, holding his arms with difficulty, and spoils him as he lies. at, ad. from running, gerund, as he lies, lying. Exercise 142. The Romans triumphing escort Horatius home. First marched Horatius bearing before him the spoils of the three brothers. His sister met him. She had been betrothed to one of the Curiatii, and seeing his cloak on her brother's shoulders, she began to weep and tear her hair. The fierce youth was enraged on account of the tears of his sister, and so, drawing his sword he. ran her through, upbraiding her with these words, ' Be off from hence to your lover, forgetful of your brothers, forgetful of your country ! Roman women mourning a foe shall perish thus.' he ran her through, pierced her. be ofi", go away. B.LIV. JJ 114 The Simple Sentence. [143-145 Exercise 143. This seemed a horrible deed to the senators and the people ; and so Horatius was condemned to death before the judges. Then Horatius aj)pealed to the people. Meanwhile the father of Horatius Izc/pi exclainmirj, ' My daughter was rightly slain : look at the spoils of the Curiatii, do not deprive me of the last of my children.' The people could not endure the father's tears, and liberated the youth, more from admiration of his valour than from the right of his cause. However, the father resolved to expiate the crime ; and so he sent his son under a yoke, after completing some sacrifices. Noiv to go under the yoke was a sign of disgrace. kept exclaiming, imperfect, after completing some sacrifices, some sacrifices having been completed. Now, autera [second word in the sentence). Exercise 144. Peace did not last long, for Fuffetius roused the Veientes against the Romans. TuUus Hostilius drew up his forces. They fought for a long time. Fuffetius being summoned by TuUus to his assistance drew off his forces to a neighbouring hill. Tnllus seeing this exclaimed with a loud voice, * Fuffetius is doing this by my order ; he will sur- round the enemy.' The Veientes hearing this were terrified and easily conquered. Next day Fuffetius came to the Koman camp. TuUus exclaimed with a loud voice, * Seize the traitor ; bind him to two four-horsed chariots, and tear him asunder.' This was at once done. Then Tullus destroyed Alba on account of the treachery of its general, and took the Albans with him to Eome. last, remain, to his assistance, for an assistance {dat.). Exercise 145. Tarquinius the Proud had been made king at Rome. For a long time he fought with the neighbouring nations. He took the city of G-abii by the treachery of his son Sextus. Sextus went to Gabii com- plaining of his father's cruelty towards him. He was kindly received by the citizens, and soon was chosen their leader. Then he sent a messenger to his father, asking, What must I do ? His father did not answer the messenger, but went into the garden, and (while) walking there, followed by the messenger, kept cutting down the heads of the tallest poppies with his stick. At last the messenger being weary returned to Gabii. Sextus understood the matter at once. He slew the chief men of the state, and surrendered the city to his father without nnj fighting. wliat must I do ? loltat does it behove me to do ? followed by the messenger, the messenger following, fighting, battle. 146-140] Exercises. 115 Exercise 146. A certain funny fellow was once travelling through France. On the road he was seized with a severe illness, nor could he obtain the assistance of a skilful doctor. One of his friends said to him, 'A skilled doctor lives not far off ; shall I send for him 1' The sick man replied, ' He is too great a man for me ; send for the doctor of the village ; perhaps he will not dare to kill me.' too, nlmis. Exercise 147. A certain celebrated senator was walking through a village. On the road he saw a fellow beating an ass. * At wliat price will ^ou sell your ass?' asked he 0/ the man. *J am willing to sell it for a hundred pence,' replied the other. * I give you the money,' said the senator. Then the money having been paid, he said to the peasant, * Why do you dare to beat my ass, you rascal?' With these ivords he began to beat the peasant with his stick, and drove him from the place, uttering loud lamentations. The peasant used afterwards to say, * Seeing an ass I always remember that senator.' what, quantus. of, ex. I am willing, / loish. with these words, having spoken these {words). Exercise 148. Three robbers attacked a Scotch traveller on the road. ETe de- fended himself bravely for a long time, but was at last conquered and bound. The robbei-s then said, ' This man has defended himself very bravely ; there is much money in his purse.' But Jiaving examined the purse they only found one penny. The Scotchman had defended this penny at the risk of his life. The astonished i-obbers said, ' He has only one penny ; having tenpence he would have hilled us all.' having examined, having been examined, at, cum, he would have killed, jduperf. -conjunctive. Exercise 149. Two soldiers, o)u an Irishman, the other a Scotchman, were walking along the street in a oei-tain town. They saw a pretty girl working with her needle in a shop. The Irishman wishing to behold the face of the girl again, said to his companion, ' Let us go into the shop and buy something.' The Scotchman replied, * Do not waste your money ; let us rather go into the shop and ask for the change of a penny.' one, tlie one. 116 The Simple Sentence. [iso Exercise 150. A nobleman once met a schoolmaster on the road. He asked him, * Who are you, and how do you support yourself 'V The schoolmaster replied, 'I am the master of this town.' The nobleman being as- tonished again asked him, ' How are you the master of this town V The other replied, * I am the master of the boys ; the boys are masters of their mothers ; the mothers rule the fathers ; therefore I am master of the whole town.' The nobleman being greatly pleased with this wise answer said to the schoolmaster, * I have never met a wiser man than you.' Distinguish carefully between magister, a (school) master, and dominus, a master. X'-A i/rp^ ^,jU^ THE COMPOUND SENTENCE. (a.) The Compound Sentence consists of a Principal Sentence with Dependent Clauses. {h.) Dependent Clauses are called Substantival, Adjectival, or Adverbial, according as they take the place of a Sub- stantive, Adjective, or Adverb. ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES. Verb in the Indicative with Eelative words : Ex. Caesar, qui Gallos vicit, dux fortissimus erat. Caesar, who conquered the Gauls, was a very brave general. The Adjectival clause, qui Gallos vicit^ takes the place of an adjective, describing Caesar. Rule for the agreenient of the Relative. — The Eelative agrees with the Substantive it describes in Number, Gender, and Person ; in Case it agrees with its own clause. If since, although, in order that, such tluit, is understood in the Eelative, the Verb will be in the Subjunctive. Ex. Legates mi sit, qui pacem peterent. He sent ambassadors who ( = in order that they) should ask for peace. Exercise 151. Once (when) travelling through Germany I saw a very wonderful thing in an inn. After supper the landlord placed on the floor a large dish of soup. Then with a loud voice he summoned a dog, a cat, J an old raven, and a very large rat, who had a bell hung from its neck These four animals approached the dish and devoured the soup ivhich icas in the dish, nor did they disturb each other. Then the dog, the cat, and the rat, lay before the fire, but the raven walked about the room. who had a bell hung from its neck, adjectival clause qualifying tlie word 'rat.' which was in the dish, adjectival clause qualifying * soup.' about, per, 117 118 Adjectival Clauses. [152-155 Exercise 152. A bone had stuck in the throat of a wolf. Therefore he hired a crane with a reward, wlio^ having inserted his heak into the throat, pulled out the hone, which he was easily able to do hj the length of liis neck. Then he asked for his reward. The wolf, for whom he had done so great a service, replied, ' You have extracted your head safe from my jaws : is not that enough reward for you V who pulled out the bone, adjectival clause qualify mg * crane.* ha^dng inserted his beak, his heak having heen inserted. by, on accoiint of. enough reward, enouyh of reward. Exercise 153. King Porus, in a battle against Alexander, king of Macedon, being severely wounded, fell from the back of his elephant. The enemies, who had seen his fall, advanced, for they desired to deprive him of his rich clothing and arms ; but the faithful elephant standing over the body of his master bravely repelled all who dared to approach, and taking up Porus with his trunk, placed him again on his back. At length the soldiers of Ponis came up and the king was saved : but the elephant died of the wounds which he had received. of the wounds, ahl. of cause. Exercise 154. A certain peasant, who was lying in his bed, sent his daughter into the garden, saying, ' Look at the sun-dial.' The girl soon returned. Her father said, ^ What d clock is it?' She said, * I don't know.' The peasant sent her again. The girl, who was ignorant of numbers, took the sun-dial, and brought it to her father, saying, ' Behold ! see (for) yourself.' what o'clock is it ? ivhat [quotus) hour is it ? Exercise 155. In India they hunt tigers in this way : A large number of men are sent armed with sticks. These beat the bushes, in which the tiger is thought to be hid, uttering loud cries. Meanwhile the hunters lie in ambush ; the tiger hearing the noise runs away, and is received by the hunters, who kill it with their weapons. Sometimes the hunters ride on elephants, which advance through the bushes. Sometimes the hunters lie in ambush near the ctircass of an ox which has been killed by the tiger. hearing the noise, tlte noi.^e /laving h