THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 o
 
 0f 
 
 "STRIKE, BUT HEAR." 
 
 1884. 
 
 Conbon : 
 
 PRINTED BY BLADES, KAST ii BLADES. 
 28. ABCHURCH LANE. LONDON, K.C.
 
 DA 
 
 63-3 
 
 C^ 
 ^CONTENTS.*- 
 
 PAGES. 
 
 PREFACE ....... v viii 
 
 ANTIQUITY AND EARLY IMPORTANCE OF THE CITY OF 
 
 LONDON ....... ix xviii 
 
 THE CITY CHARTERS ..... xix 
 
 INTERNAL Civic POLITY, ETC. .... xx 
 
 THE GUILDHALL ..... xxi xxiii 
 
 Opinions of Eminent Persons respecting the 
 City of London : 
 
 Speech of H.R.H. The Duke of Cambridge . . 36, 41 
 
 Lord Chancellor Cranworth . . . 10 
 
 Lord Chancellor Campbell ... 25 
 
 Lord Chancellor "Wesfcbury . . 38, 47, 54, 58 
 
 Lord Chancellor Chelmsford . . . (54, 68, 70 
 
 Lord Chancellor Cairns . 83, 119, 125, 131, 132, 135 
 
 Lord Chancellor Hatherley . . 89, 97, 101 
 
 Lord Chancellor Selborne . . 107, 111, 141 
 
 Lord Chief -Justice Coleridge . . . 147 
 
 Lord Chief Baron Pollock 
 
 6, 11, 14, 19, 28, 34, 40, 52, 57, 63 
 Lord Chief Baron Kelly 
 
 66, 74, 85, 95, 99, 105, 114, 121, 128 
 Baron Pollock .... 137, 144 
 
 Justice Grove . . . . . 152 
 
 Duke of Somerset . . . . 22 
 
 Marquis of Salisbury . . . . 134 
 
 Earl of Derby . . . . 16,119 
 
 Lord Brougham . . . . 17, 33, 44 
 
 Bishop of London .... 42, 150 
 Lord Colville . . . . . 37 
 
 Yiscount Pahnerston . . . . 8, 37, 42 
 
 Earl of Beaconsfield (Rt. Hon. B. Disraeli) . 18, 140 
 W. E. Gladstone . . 23, 31, 60, 98, 149, 153 
 
 Sidney Herbert .... 22 
 
 Sir Stafford Northcote . . . 135 
 
 The American Minister . . . 88, 105 
 
 The French Ambassador . . . 30, 145 
 
 The Austrian Ambassador . . .124, 132 
 
 M. Berryer ..... 60 
 
 APPENDIX . . . . . .155, 171 
 
 86860^
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 FROM the speeches and threats of its enemies it would 
 appear that this year 1884 is destined to see their 
 attack delivered against the existence of the oldest 
 institution remaining in this country next to the 
 Throne itself, the Corporation of London. This 
 attack comes under the very specious disguise of 
 " extending the roof of the Guildhall over all 
 London," which means the entire abolition of 
 existing institutions in the city, the destruction of 
 its traditions, and sweeping the entire body away 
 with all its history and prestige. In its place is to 
 be substituted one body, representing four millions 
 of people, whose members will have no aptitude 
 for, because no experience in, municipal life ; and 
 who, if they sit for eight hours every day, including 
 Sundays, and allow themselves no holidays, will be 
 unable to grapple with and keep up to the work of 
 ruling over and providing for the wants of such a 
 vast area, as is proposed to be included in their 
 jurisdiction. The Corporation of London has long
 
 VI 
 
 ago been of opinion, that the government of the 
 metropolis might be improved by the grant of 
 municipal institutions to the various Parliamentary 
 boroughs into which the metropolis is divided ; and 
 that some, if not all of them, might be united with 
 the City of London in the exercise of authority and 
 power in matters of common interest, such as the 
 gas and water supply and the main sewerage. This 
 is said with the reservation of " some, if not all," 
 because it is obvious that, although an Act of 
 Parliament might, for example, call " Woolwich " 
 the City of London, no one could ever regard it as 
 such. It will be said that the Corporation has never 
 taken any steps to give effect to its opinions, and 
 for the excellent reason that the proper persons to 
 ask for municipal institutions, if they are dissatisfied 
 with existing arrangements, are those who will be 
 affected by them. The great parishes of Marylebone 
 and Lambeth, for instance, might well resent an 
 attempt by the City of London to ask for a munici- 
 pality for either of them, when the existing law 
 authorises the inhabitants of either of those places, 
 to make such an application, if they desire it, to the 
 Privy Council. 
 
 There is no intention to discuss this question 
 further here, the present object being to set forth
 
 Vll 
 
 a concise statement of the antiquity of the Corpo- 
 ration, of the good deeds that have marked its 
 history, and the testimony of eminent public men 
 to its honourable career, and the unsullied integrity 
 of its members, a testimony of such weight that the 
 slanders of its maligners, who never even by accident 
 appear to stray into the paths of Truth, will cease 
 to be regarded, even by those prone to think evil 
 of institutions because they are old.* 
 
 * A very striking example of this appears in a journal, which in satire calls 
 itself " Truth." In its issue for 3rd January, 1884, appears this paragraph ; 
 " The Corporation of the City is showing the cloven foot again in a very reckless 
 way. They protested last year that they Avere not promoting or supporting the 
 High Beech Railway, in Epping Forest, from any selfish motive. Happily, the 
 Bill was thrown out, notwithstanding their protestations. Now, however, they 
 have made public their real reasons, by giving out that they are going to build 
 a monster hotel there, like that which has converted the Chingford part of 
 Epping Forest into a Cockney bar-room. In fact, to put a few pounds into the 
 pockets of the civic land-jobbers and lawyers, and parasites generally, the Corpo- 
 ration seem prepared to destroy the charms of the bit of country they made such a 
 fuss about saving with other people's money. Sic itur ad astra ! " 
 
 Will it be believed that the facts are, that the Corporation, having years 
 ago out of the proceeds of the sale of other freehold property, purchased an old 
 public-house at High Beech, with six acres of land attached to it, which is quite 
 unsuited now to the public wants, have advertised it to be let for rebuilding as an 
 hotel on a building lease. They have not cut off the six acres to let them for 
 building purposes ; but all is to go with the hotel as it did with the public-house. 
 How this is to benefit "civic land jobbers, lawyers, and parasites generally,'' 
 or to be " showing the cloven foot," the elegant and truthful writer must explain.
 
 ANTIQUITY JIND EjlRLY IMPORTANCE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 City of Conbon. 
 
 WHEN the Roman general Suetonius, called from 
 his expedition against the Druids of Mona, hastened 
 to suppress the revolt of the Iceni under the 
 enraged Boadicea, as he approached towards Camu- 
 lodunum (Colchester), at that time the head-quar- 
 ters of the Roman power in Britain, he found 
 the whole country in arms and in possession of 
 the insurgents. Nevertheless, says Tacitus (Tacit. 
 Annal. lib. 14), " he marched through the midst 
 of the enemy to Londinium (London), which was 
 not yet honoured with the name of a colony, but 
 considerable from the resort of merchants, and from 
 its trade:" this was about A.D. 60. Ptolemy, the 
 famous geographer, who wrote dr. A.D. 120, mentions 
 Londinium. That Roman London was a great military 
 and commercial centre is shown by the Watling Street 
 and other Roman roads converging to it from all 
 directions ; in the Itinerary of Antoninus the routes 
 seem to be regulated and arranged in reference to 
 Londinium, either as a starting point or as a terminus. 
 The extent of the Roman Londinium may be in- 
 
 A
 
 ferred from the bastion of the Roman Wall discovered 
 in 1881, on the site of Leadenhall Market ; from 
 numerous sculptured architectural fragments, and the 
 statue of the Roman warrior also recently found in 
 other bastions of London Wall, in the neighbourhood 
 of Bishopsgate ; and from the Roman hexagonal column 
 discovered at Ludgate, in 1806 , relics of all of which 
 may be seen in the Corporation Museum, at Guildhall. 
 The Borough of Southwark stands upon ground 
 covering the floors of Roman houses, and the pavings 
 of Roman streets (for details of these discoveries in 
 Southwark, see papers in vols. xxv., xxvi. and xxix. 
 of the Archteologia). The earlier and more circum- 
 scribed Londinium appears to have yielded to a more 
 enlarged Romano-British City, which is yet capable 
 of being traced ; the course of the Roman Wall on 
 the eastern, northern, and western sides of London 
 being determined from the position of the gates, 
 Aldgate, Bishopsgate, Aldersgate, and Ludgate. 
 
 Whenever excavations are made within the limits 
 of the City of London, the workmen come to the 
 Roman floors at a depth of from twelve to eighteen or 
 twenty feet under the present level. The wealth and 
 magnificence of London in the time of the Romans is 
 attested by the superior tesselated pavement dis- 
 covered in Leadenhall Street, in December, 1803 ; and 
 also by the pavement found under the south-west angle 
 of the Bank of England, in 1805 ; and by those of the 
 villas situated between Threadneedle Street and Corn- 
 
 * Portions of this Roman pavement are preserved in the British Museum.
 
 XI * 
 
 hill ; but, above all, by the grand tesselated pavement 
 dug up in Bucklersbury, and now preserved in the 
 Guildhall Museum. A statue in bronze of Hadrian, 
 of heroic size, was one of the public ornaments of 
 Londinium (see Illustrations of Roman London, by 
 Charles Eoach Smith). Valuable evidences of the 
 state of the population, of the arts, the industry, and 
 the manners and customs of Roman London are also 
 afforded by inscriptions, sepulchral and otherwise, 
 sarcophagi, altars, wall-painting, statuettes in bronze 
 and clay (notably that bronze figure of an archer 
 found in Queen Street, Cheapside, in July, 1842) ; as 
 well as from the pottery of every kind, " Samian," 
 " Durobrivren," and "Upchurch"; paterae, lamps, 
 tiles, glass, elegant fibulae, and other personal orna- 
 ments in bronze and bone one of the most interesting 
 of the toilette implements of the inhabitants of 
 Londinium is a bronze strigil or bath-scraper, found 
 on the site of the New Royal Exchange, and now in 
 the Guildhall Museum ; sandals, styli, knives, scis- 
 sors, staterae or steel-yards, used with sliding 
 weights, hand-mills, etc., etc. ; numerous examples of 
 all of which, from time to time, have been dug up in 
 every part of London, and may now be seen both in 
 the National and Guildhall collections. 
 
 The name Londinium does not appear on any 
 British coinsf ; but coins of Carausius (A.D. 287 293) 
 bear as Mint marks the letters M.L. for Moneta 
 
 * The head of the colos.sal statue referred to may also be seen in the Anglo- 
 Roman Room at the British Museum. Publius JEYms Hadrianns, Emperor of 
 Rome. A.D. 117-138, visited Britain about A.D. 120. 
 
 f " The Coins of the Ancient Britons," John Evans. 
 
 A 2
 
 * Xll 
 
 Londinii; whilst thousands of coins of the Romans 
 of a still earlier date have, from time to time, been 
 dug up in London ; as, for instance, that second brass 
 coin of the Emperor Claudius (A.D. 41 54), found in 
 a stone cinerary urn, in 1881, at Warwick Square, 
 Newgate Street ; specially interesting as indicating a 
 very early Romano-British pagan interment.' 1 ' 
 
 The Mint, established at Londinium in the reign of 
 Constantine, is of itself a decisive proof of the early 
 importance of London. 
 
 Numismatists are agreed in interpreting the letters 
 LON. and ML. found on many Roman coins to signify 
 Londinium, and Moneta Londinensis, the place at 
 which these were minted. The letters PRB. LON, or 
 PPBR. LON, stamped on various Roman tiles dug up 
 in London, is interpreted as the abbreviation for 
 proprcetor Britannia Londinii, the Proprietor of Britain 
 at Londinium ; thus showing that Roman London was 
 the seat of government of the province. 
 
 Richard of Cirencester states that there were in 
 Britain two municipal towns (municipia), Verulamium 
 (St. Albans), and Eburacum (York), and nine colonies, 
 of which Londinium was one. In earlier times the 
 colonies were the cities out of Italy, which possessed 
 in the most perfect degree the rights of Roman citi- 
 zens, but at a later period the municipia and colonies 
 appear to have been nearly identical with each other. 
 
 According to Venerable Bede, the Metropolitan City 
 of London in the year of our Lord 604 became the 
 
 * Also in British Museum,
 
 Xlll 
 
 seat of a bishopric, and was " the mart of many nations 
 resorting to it by sea and land." (Hist. Eccl. B. II. 
 c. 3.) This corroborative testimony to the early 
 importance of London acquires additional value when 
 it is remembered, that it must have been written 
 previously to A.D. 735, the year in which Bede died. 
 Referring to the introduction of Christianity to the 
 Anglo-Saxons at the close of the sixth and commence- 
 ment of the seventh century, Sir Francis Palgrave 
 observes : " Sebert, the King of the East Saxons, 
 was the nephew of Ethelbert, being son of his sister 
 Ricola, and the Christian missionaries, therefore, 
 obtained an easy access into his dominions. London 
 was still noted for its opulence ; its fame was diffused 
 far and wide ; and the city was the resort of merchants 
 from all parts of the world ; I say, still, because it 
 had been equally pre-eminent in the Roman times. 
 And the great confusion consequent iipon the Saxon 
 conquest had scarcely injured the prosperity of Lon- 
 don, which has continued increasing from the time of 
 
 the Romans till the present day Another 
 
 great church was built by Sebert, in the City of Lon- 
 don, upon the ruins of the heathen temple of Diana. 
 This church is now St. Paul's Cathedral ; and Mellitus 
 being appointed the first Bishop by Ethelbert and 
 Sebert, the succession has continued to the present 
 day." 
 
 As a walled city, London has outlived the anarchy 
 which succeeded the departure of the Romans from this 
 island, as it has also survived the wars and vicissitudes 
 
 * " History of the Anglo-Saxons."
 
 XIV 
 
 of the Heptarchy ; and the subsequent inroads of the 
 Danes. King Alfred appointed an Alderman over all 
 London. (Seld. Tit. Hon. p. 650.) 
 
 " Ethelstan," says Mr. Wright, " was one of the 
 most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs of 
 England ; yet under his reign, soon after the year 
 900, we find ' the bishop and reeves, who belong to 
 London,' making, in the name of the citizens, laws, 
 which were confirmed by the King (because they had 
 reference to the whole kingdom), and are preserved 
 in the Anglo-Saxon code. These laws prove that the 
 body corporate of the City of London exercised an 
 independent jurisdiction in matters which concerned 
 themselves far beyond the limits of their own territory, 
 and the necessity of making this power known 
 throughout the kingdom was the cause that their laws 
 on this subject were entered among the public laws 
 of the land, which circumstance has led to their 
 preservation, while every document relating to the 
 internal government of the city at this early period 
 
 has perished This also explains to us why, at 
 
 a very early period after the Norman Conquest, the 
 privileges of the City of London are excepted and 
 protected in charters given to corporate towns in far 
 distant parts of the kingdom." We know from 
 the laws of Athelstan that a frith-gild existed in 
 London in his days, and from a Charter of Henry I. 
 that there was a ' cnihten-gild,' or confraternity 
 of citizens which had possessed its own lands with 
 
 * " The Celt, the Koman, and the Saxon," pp. 449-450.
 
 XV 
 
 sac and soc, and other customs in the days of King 
 Edward the Confessor. 
 
 After William Duke of Normandy had slain Harold 
 on the field of Hastings, the politic conqueror deemed 
 it prudent to enter into negociations with the bur- 
 gesses of London, the result of which was, the 
 Charter now in the possession of the Corporation. 
 " London stood first among English towns, and the 
 privileges which its citizens won became prece- 
 dents for the burghers of meaner boroughs. Even 
 at the Conquest its power and wealth secured it 
 a full recognition of all its ancient privileges from 
 the Conqueror." " The privileges of London were 
 recognised by a Royal Writ, which still remains, 
 the most venerable of its muniments, among the 
 City's archives." 4 
 
 King John granted to the barones of the City of 
 London the right of annually electing the Mayor. 
 The municipal franchises of the City of London 
 were guaranteed by the thirteenth Article of Magna 
 Charta; as one of the twenty-five barons chosen 
 to execute the said Charter appears the Mayor of 
 London. 
 
 " London, amidst all changes within and without, 
 has always preserved more or less of her ancient 
 character as a free city. Paris was merely a military 
 bulwark, the dwelling-place of a ducal or royal 
 sovereign ; London, no less important as a military 
 post, had also a greatness which rested on a surer 
 
 * " History of the English People," by John Richard Green, M.A., 1881. 
 VoL I., pp. 116 and 212.
 
 XVI 
 
 foundation. London, like a few other great cities, 
 is one of the ties which connect our Teutonic England 
 with the Celtic and Roman Britain of earlier times. 
 Her British name still remains unchanged by the 
 Teutonic conquerors. Before our first introduction 
 to London as an English city she had cast away 
 her Roman and imperial title ; she was no longer 
 Augusta; she had again assumed her ancient name, 
 and through all changes she had adhered to her 
 ancient character. The commercial fame of London 
 dates from the early days of Roman dominion. The 
 English Conquest may have caused a temporary 
 interruption, but it was only temporary. As early 
 as the days of ^Ethelberht the commerce of London 
 was again renowned. Alfred had rescued the city 
 from the Dane ; he had built a citadel for her defence, 
 the germ of that Tower which was to be first the 
 dwelling-place of kings, and then the scene of the 
 martyrdom of their victims. Among the laws of 
 ^Ethelstan none are more remarkable than those 
 which deal with the internal affairs of London, and 
 with the regulation of her earliest commercial corpora- 
 tions. During the reign of ^Ethelred the merchant 
 city was again the object of special and favourable 
 legislation." 
 
 In his brief isketch of municipal history, Professor 
 Stubbs has remarked that " London claims the first 
 place in any such investigation, as the greatest muni- 
 cipality, as the model on which, by their charters 
 
 * The History of the Norman Conquest of England," etc., by Edward A. 
 Freeman, M.A., 1867.
 
 XV11 
 
 of liberties, the other large towns of the country were 
 
 allowed or charged to adjust their usages 
 
 The growth of municipal institutions in the other 
 towns follows, at long distances and in very unequal 
 stages, the growth of London." Again : " The 
 highest development of corporate authority had in 
 some few instances been reached a century before 
 the Charter of Incorporation was invented, in the 
 privileges bestowed on some of the large towns when 
 they were constituted counties, with sheriffs and a 
 shire jurisdiction of their own. This promotion, if 
 it may be so called, involved a more complete 
 emancipation than had been hitherto usual, from the 
 intrusion of the sheriff of the county ; the mayor 
 of the privileged town was constituted royal 
 escheator in his place, and his functions as receiver 
 and executor of writs devolved on the sheriffs of the 
 newly-constituted shire ; a local franchise, a hundred 
 or wapentake, was likewise attached to the new 
 jurisdiction, in somewhat the same way as the 
 County of Middlesex was attached to the Corpora- 
 tion of London. After London, to which it 
 belonged by the Charter of Henry I., the first 
 town to which this honour was granted was Bristol, 
 which Edward III., in 1373, made a county with 
 an elective sheriff. In 1396 Richard II. conferred 
 the same dignity on York, constituting the Mayor 
 the King's escheator, instituting two sheriffs in the 
 place of the three primitive bailiffs, and placing them 
 in direct communication with the Royal Exchequer. 
 Newcastle-oii-Tyne was similarly promoted in 1400,
 
 XV111 
 
 Norwich in 1403, Lincoln in 1409, Hull in 1440, 
 Southampton in 1448, Nottingham in 1449, Coventry 
 in 1451, and Canterbury in 1461. At later periods 
 Chester, Exeter, Gloucester, Lichfield, Worcester, 
 and Poole were added to the number of ' counties 
 corporate.' " 
 
 * " The Constitutional History of England ; its Origin and Development," 
 by William Stubbs, D.D., etc., London, 1880. Vol. III., pp. 613, (523, and 634-5.
 
 XIX 
 
 THE CITY CHARTERS. 
 
 The first of the City Charters was granted by 
 William the Conqueror very soon after his accession. 
 It runs according to the Saxon dialect, and the literal 
 translation is as follows : 
 
 " William the (Conqueror or) King greets William 
 the Bishop and Godfrey the Portreve, and all the 
 Burghers within London, French (that is Norman) 
 and English, friendly. And I make known to you 
 that I will, that ye be law worthy (viz. as freemen have 
 the free benefit of the law), as ye were in the days of 
 King Edward (the Confessor). And, I will, that every 
 child be his father's heir after his father's days. And 
 I will not suffer that any man do you any wrong. God 
 keep you." This Charter is copied into Liber Albus, 
 and is recognized in the Inspeximus Charter of 
 Charles II. 
 
 A clause in Magna Charta expressly stipulates that 
 " the City of London shall have all its ancient liberties 
 and free customs as well by land as by water." 
 
 " Be it enacted, that the Mayor and commonalty, 
 and citizens of the City of London shall for ever here- 
 after remain, continue and be, a body corporate and 
 politic, and shall enjoy all their rights, gifts, charters, 
 grants, liberties, privileges, franchises, customs," etc. 
 Stat. 2nd William and Mary, sess. 1, cap. 8. 
 
 " To treat of the great and notable franchises, 
 liberties, and customs of the City of London, would 
 require a whole volume of itself." Coke's &th Inst. 
 
 % See also Appendix (A).
 
 XX 
 
 INTERNAL CIVIC POLITY, ETC. 
 
 " Of the internal civic polity (of the City of London), 
 he conceived, that it not only presented an epitome of 
 the original Saxon system of free government in this 
 country, but embodying with the most complete and 
 beneficial practical effect the principles of self-govern- 
 ment, it exemplified in the composition of its delibera- 
 tive and executive assemblies, in the free election of 
 all its magistrates, in the minute subdivisions of 
 delegated authority, in the extent and quality of the 
 elective franchise, the best as well as the purest 
 model of a free representing and representative com- 
 munity which can exist under a limited monarchy. 
 Of the law, as administered in the City Courts, his 
 experience in them induced him to think that it evinced 
 a simple and effectual medium, through which, amidst 
 a vast and concentrated population of traders, cheap, 
 prompt, and pure justice was afforded to suitors, valu- 
 able in proportion to the accumulated intricacy and 
 expense in other departments of the English law. 
 Considerable intercourse with the citizens of all classes 
 has served to confirm these sentiments." 
 
 Preface to " Commentaries on the History, Consti- 
 tution and Chartered Franchises of the City of 
 London" by George Norton, formerly one of 
 the Common Pleaders of the City of London. 
 
 " It must be stated to their glory that, if we begin with their 
 defence against the Danes, in the tenth century, the Citizens of London 
 have been, through at least nine centuries, the constant, powerful, 
 and unflinching perhaps, sometimes, turbulent champions of the 
 liberties of Englishmen." T. Wright, M.A..
 
 XXI 
 
 THE GUILDHALL. 
 
 There are few structures within the City of London 
 of equal antiquity with the Guildhall, and fewer still 
 possessing such interesting historical associations. 
 There seems little room for doubt that London had its 
 Guildhall in the remote times of Edward the Confessor. 
 The original building stood westward of the present 
 Guildhall, and abutted on Aldermanbury. The erection 
 of the present spacious hall was begun in the year 
 1411, but was not finished for many years after- 
 wards. The celebrated Richard Whittington, through 
 his executors, was a considerable benefactor to the 
 work. The original roof was destroyed in the Great 
 Fire of London in 1666, and replaced by a plain flat 
 ceiling ; this was removed, and the present open oak 
 roof substituted, as well as the entire building restored 
 in 1864. 
 
 " Some of the most striking events connected with 
 the history of the present Guildhall are : 
 
 1483. The attempt of Richard III. (through the 
 Duke of Buckingham), to beguile the assembled 
 citizens into an approval of his usurpation of the regal 
 dignity. 
 
 1547. The trial of the Earl of Surrey, when this 
 accomplished nobleman, to gratify the malice of 
 Henry VIII., was convicted of high treason.
 
 XX11 
 
 1553. The trial and condemnation of the ill-fated 
 Lady Jane Grey and her husband. 
 
 1554. The trial of Sir Nicholas Throgmorton on 
 a charge of being implicated in Sir Thomas Wyatt's 
 rebellion against Queen Mary ; a trial remarkable for 
 the exhibition of intellectual power, and for the 
 courage which the jury displayed in returning a 
 verdict in opposition to the despotic wishes of the 
 Court, though at the expense of imprisonment and 
 fines. 
 
 1642. Charles I. attended at a Common Council, 
 and claimed their assistance in apprehending Hampden 
 and the four other members of the House of Commons, 
 whose patriotic opposition to the King's measures had 
 led him to denounce them as guilty of high treason, 
 and who had taken shelter in the city to avoid 
 arrest. 
 
 During the Civil War and the time of the Common- 
 wealth, it became the arena of many an important 
 incident connected with the political events of the 
 times ; and at a later period, when the Government 
 of James II. had become so intolerable that he was 
 forced to abdicate, Guildhall was the spot where the 
 Lords of Parliament assembled and agreed on a 
 declaration in favour of the assumption of regal 
 authority by the Prince of Orange, afterwards 
 William III. 
 
 Not only has Guildhall been the place where the 
 citizens for ages have been accustomed to assemble
 
 XX111 
 
 to transact municipal business, and also freely to 
 discuss public grievances, but here have been con- 
 sidered and suggested remedies for great social evils, 
 and here have been promoted the general interests of 
 humanity and philanthropy. 
 
 Guildhall has been famous also for the many 
 sumptuous entertainments given in it to royalty and 
 other personages of distinction at various times, apart 
 from the annual festivity which marks the entrance 
 into office of each Lord Mayor.
 
 Opinions of Eminent Persons respecting 
 
 of 
 
 Swearing in the LORD MAYOR (Alderman Salomons) 1855. 
 before the BARONS of the Exchequer. 9th 
 Nov., 1855. 
 
 " The Barons having taken their seats on the 
 bench in their full robes 
 
 " The RECORDER, addressing them, said, that in 
 pursuance of the duties attached to the office he had 
 the honour to hold, and in maintenance of an ancient 
 right, he had the honour to appear in that Court upon 
 that occasion for the purpose of presenting to their 
 Lordships, the Barons of Her Majesty's Exchequer, 
 the gentleman who had been selected by the citizens 
 of London, in the exercise of their prerogative, to fill 
 the chief seat of authority for the ensuing year he had 
 the honour to introduce to their Lordships, Mr. David 
 Salomons, who had been elected by his fellow-citizens 
 to fill the high office of Lord Mayor. On former 
 occasions it had been one of his duties to give 
 utterance to the expression of his confidence in the 
 excellence of the selection which had been made by 
 the Citizens of London in the gentleman who had 
 preceded the Lord Mayor in that high office, but upon 
 the present occasion the circumstances concerning 
 that choice were of a nature so novel and so important 
 that he felt it a portion of his duty to express his 
 opinion that the day upon which the present Lord 
 Mayor was elected would form a memorable day not 
 only in the annals of the City of London but in the
 
 history of religious freedom. It was well known that 
 the present Lord Mayor was a member of the Jewish 
 persuasion, the members of which had for many ages 
 been scattered throughout the earth, had been a pro- 
 scribed people, and had been the marked objects for 
 bitter oppression and cruel persecution ; but of later 
 times that oppression and that persecution had very 
 considerably diminished, even if it had not been 
 totally abandoned by most nations. In their own 
 country, however, there had been no disposition to 
 interfere with persons of the Jewish persuasion in the 
 exercise of their commercial pursuits, and gradually 
 and by degrees such had been the effect of civilization 
 that almost every shackle which had formerly 
 oppressed that people had been removed. The 
 family of Mr. Alderman Salomons had for upwards of 
 a century been connected with the City of London as 
 merchants, as underwriters, and in the general 
 commerce of the country ; while the Alderman himself 
 had been distinguished as a patron of genius in every 
 form in which it had appeared, and his conduct had 
 been marked by energetic and successful efforts in the 
 promotion of education and civilization. And he 
 might here be permitted to add, that Mr. Salomons 
 had been equally celebrated for the large charitable 
 contributions by which he had endeared himself to 
 his fellow-citizens. It was not alone by this election 
 that Mr. Salomons would be hailed by the members 
 of his community as their champion, but it would be 
 borne in remembrance that he had successfully 
 vindicated their right to hold municipal offices. In
 
 the year 1831 Lord Denman, whose name could not 
 be mentioned under that roof but with the strongest 
 feelings of respect and veneration, who was then the 
 Common Serjeant, had advised the Corporation of the 
 City of London that they could admit Jews to certain 
 municipal offices by administering to them such an 
 oath as would be binding on their conscience. In 
 the year 1835 Mr. Salomons, having distinguished 
 himself for his charitable contributions and his benevo- 
 lent efforts in the City, was chosen one of the Sheriffs 
 for London and Middlesex ; and in order to remove 
 any doubt as to whether, being of the Jewish persua- 
 sion, he was competent to fill the office, a special Act 
 of Parliament was brought in and passed by both 
 Houses, and accordingly, on the 29th of September of 
 that year, Mr. Salomons assumed the duties of Sheriff. 
 In the course of the same year Mr. Salomons was 
 elected Alderman of the Ward of Aldgate, but at 
 that time there were certain oaths and a declaration 
 required to be taken by the holder of that office, 
 which Mr. Salomons, with his religious feelings, was 
 unable to subscribe to, and the result had been that the 
 Court of Aldermen had found themselves con- 
 scientiously compelled to appeal to the law on the 
 subject. Accordingly, proceedings were taken in the 
 Court of Queen's Bench, when a decision was arrived 
 at in his favour ; but on an appeal from that decision 
 to the Court of Exchequer Chamber, that Court held 
 that the taking of the oath and declaration, which was 
 required by the Act of George IV., could not be 
 evaded. Some time after this Mr. Salomons was 
 
 B 2
 
 elected to the office of High-Sheriff of the County of 
 Kent, and in that case it was held that it was not 
 necessary for him to subscribe to the declaration to 
 which he objected. That office Mr. Salomons had 
 filled to the fullest satisfaction of all parties. In the 
 year 1844 Mr. Salomons was again elected an 
 Alderman of the City of London, but the law remain- 
 ing the same as at his former election to that office he 
 was again rejected by the Court of Aldermen. About 
 this time a noble and learned lord (Lyndhurst) brought 
 in a Bill, the effect of which was to enable persons of 
 the Jewish persuasion to accept and hold municipal 
 offices, one result of which was that Mr. Salomons 
 was again elected an Alderman in the year 
 1847. Mr. Alderman Salomons, being deeply 
 impressed with a feeling of gratitude for this peaceful 
 triumph of the cause of civilization and education, 
 manifested his gratitude by the establishment of a 
 perpetual scholarship of 50 a year in the City of 
 London School. Having been appointed an Alderman 
 in 1847, Mr. Salomons thought it right to perfect 
 himself as far as possible in the duties which would 
 devolve upon a magistrate, and became a member 
 of that profession of which he himself was 
 proud, and of which their Lordships were such 
 distinguished ornaments. In the year 1850 he was 
 elected as one of the representatives for the 
 borough of Greenwich ; as their Lordships were 
 probably aware, the right of the Alderman to sit 
 without taking certain oaths had become the matter 
 of legal proceedings, which were still pending. The
 
 citizens of London, however, rejoiced that whatever 
 difficulties might exist in respect of the law as to Mr. 
 Alderman Salomons taking his seat in the House of 
 Commons, yet that there was nothing to prevent their 
 electing him to fill the high office of chief magistrate 
 of their city. There was an important year before 
 them ; the year which had just passed had also been 
 one of marked importance, and it might be that the 
 ensuing year might be distinguished by the crowning 
 of their triumphs and a happy peace. He had given an 
 outline of the history of the present Lord Mayor, and 
 it was upon the grounds which he had stated that 
 the citizens of London had chosen him as their chief 
 magistrate. He doubted not that at the termination 
 of his year of office the Lord Mayor would be greeted 
 with the same expression of esteem, respect, and 
 satisfaction which had greeted him at the conclusion 
 of his shrievalty. Sir Francis Graham Moon, who 
 now retired from the office of chief magistrate, had 
 discharged its functions in a manner which had not 
 only redounded to his own credit, but had shed lustre 
 over the body of which he was a member. Sir Francis 
 Moon had had the good fortune to fill that office in a 
 year which had been distinguished by the visit of 
 those illustrious persons, the Emperor and Empress 
 of the French. He had also the unusual gratification of 
 entertaining as his guests the Prefect of Paris and a 
 numerous deputation from the municipal body of that 
 city. He, with other members of the Corporation, had 
 subsequently paid a visit to Paris, and one result would 
 be to cement the growing attachment between the
 
 6 
 
 people of the two countries, and thus show to the 
 world at large that the people of these countries were 
 but as one community. Sir Francis Moon, at the 
 termination of his year of office, retired into compara- 
 tive private life with the esteem and respect of his 
 fellow-citizens." 
 
 Lord chief " The CHIEF BARON said he had to congratulate the 
 Pollock. Lord Mayor, on being presented in that Court, as 
 having been chosen by his fellow-citizens to fill the 
 highest position in the greatest commercial city 
 the world had ever beheld. The election of the 
 Lord Mayor was marked by a variety of circumstances 
 which had become part of the history of the country. 
 It was gratifying to find that the tone of religion had 
 so moderated, that owing to his conduct his fellow- 
 citizens had deemed him worthy of presentation to 
 Her Majesty, as qualified to fill the highest municipal 
 office which they could confer upon him. The Lord 
 Mayor had also been deemed worthy of being ap- 
 pointed a magistrate, not only of the City of London, 
 but of two counties. It was gratifying, furthermore, 
 to compare the toleration of the present day with the 
 state of things as they had existed in this country 
 very little more than a century since. When, in the 
 year 1753, a bill was passed by the Legislature to 
 enable persons of the Jewish persuasion to become 
 naturalized without taking a part in the ceremony in 
 which they could riot join without profanation, it gave 
 rise to so much public clamour and public disturbance 
 during that year, that one of the first measures intro- 
 duced into Parliament during the ensuing session
 
 was an act to repeal that act, not on the ground that 
 there was any apprehension of danger arising to the 
 Christian religion itself, but because it produced so 
 much public disturbance and clamour that the peace 
 of the country was endangered, and the effect, in all 
 probability, would have been to drive out of the country 
 all persons who professed Jewish opinions. The Lord 
 Mayor appeared in that Court upon the present occa- 
 sion to assert the right of the citizens of London to 
 elect their own chief officer, and to claim for the 
 citizens all those privileges and immunities which 
 they had enjoyed from ancient times," etc. Appendix A. 
 
 At the Banquet which followed that evening at 
 the Guildhall, the LORD MAYOR on proposing as a 
 toast " The House of Lords," observed " that many 
 members of the peerage traced their descent from 
 Lord Mayors of the City of London." 
 
 On the same occasion, LORD JOHN RUSSELL, when 
 returning thanks for " The House of Commons," 
 expressed his gratification at seeing Mr. Alderman 
 Salomons in the position of Lord Mayor, because he 
 regarded his attainment of that office as a triumph of 
 the cause of civil and religious liberty, of which he 
 (Lord J. Russell) had always been an ardent sup- 
 porter. 
 
 See " The Times" of Nov. 10/A, 1855. 
 
 " The chief magistrate, in the person of the Lord 1856. 
 Mayor, always resided in the City." 
 
 See Speech of Mr. Abraham in Court of Common Council rented in 
 " The Time*" of Nov. 7th, 1856.
 
 8 
 
 " LORD MAYOR'S DAY, Nov. 10th. (Monday), 1856. 
 At the Guildhall Banquet which took place on that 
 evening, LORD PALMERSTON, replying to the toast of 
 " the health of Lord Palmerston and Her Majesty's 
 Ministers," among other observations remarked: 
 viscount " I can assure you that the goodwill I trust I may 
 
 Palmerston. \ 
 
 say the approbation 01 our fellow-countrymen must 
 always be the greatest encouragement and reward of 
 those who are charged with the conduct of public 
 affairs. (Cheers). The different classes in this country 
 are all deeply occupied with their own avocations, 
 and it is not often that they have the opportunity of 
 meeting at such festive boards as that around which 
 we are assembled ; and on that account, speaking for 
 my colleagues, I may say that we peculiarly prize 
 the opportunity afforded us of receiving in this mag- 
 nificent hall the splendid hospitality of this great city, 
 and of here cementing acquaintances I trust I am 
 not saying too much if I call them friendships which 
 may not only conduce to our personal comfort and 
 gratification, but which must have a useful tendency 
 to facilitate the intercourse of politicians and com- 
 mercial men in various transactions connected with 
 
 the business of the country. (Cheers) I 
 
 can only express my fervent wish that this great city, 
 which is, I may say, the centre of the commercial 
 wealth and enterprize of the world, which regulates 
 the commercial affairs of almost every country on the 
 face of the earth, may continue for the future to 
 flourish as it has done in the past ; that it may con- 
 tinue to be the heart for so it may be termed of
 
 9 
 
 this great country, and that it may not only contribute 
 to the wealth and prosperity of England, but that it 
 may tend to promote the blessings of peace and civi- 
 lization in every country of the habitable globe. 
 (Cheers). I again beg to thank you, ladies and 
 gentlemen, in the name of my colleagues, and for 
 myself, for the honour you have done us, and to 
 assure you that nothing can give us greater pleasure 
 and satisfaction than to have opportunities like the 
 present of being received at the festive board of the 
 Corporation of this great city." (Loud cheers). 
 
 Extract from " The Times" of llth Nov. 1856. 
 
 " Yesterday, Alderman Sir R. W. Garden, the Lord 1857. 
 Mayor elect, attended by the chief officers of the 
 Corporation, waited upon the Lord Chancellor at his 
 Lordship's private residence, for the purpose of receiv- 
 ing Her Majesty's approval of the late mayoralty 
 election." 
 
 " The RECORDER, addressing the Lord Chancellor, 
 said My Lord, I have the honour to present to your 
 Lordship, Sir Robert Walter Garden, one of the Alder- 
 men of the City of London, and Member of Parliament 
 for the City of Gloucester, who has been elected 
 by the Livery to fill the office of Lord Mayor 
 for the year ensuing. In electing Sir Robert Garden 
 to that office the Livery have not been unmindful of 
 their duty in selecting for the approbation of Her 
 Majesty one whom they had good reason to believe 
 was well qualified to discharge the duties of his high 
 office. Sir Robert Garden has now for about forty
 
 10 
 
 years carried on an extensive business in the city as 
 a stockbroker, in which great confidence is necessarily 
 reposed in him ; he has in the course of those forty 
 years won for himself the esteem and confidence of 
 those with whom he has been associated. It was 
 natural that one who, in the conduct of his own affairs, 
 had shown intelligence, judgment, and integrity should 
 be desired as one who should take a part in the 
 internal government of the city, and accordingly, on 
 a vacancy occurring in the year 1849, Sir Robert 
 Garden was elected Alderman for the Ward of Dow- 
 gate ; in the following year he was elected by the 
 Livery at large to fill the office of Sheriff. It was his 
 good fortune that during his year of office Her Majesty 
 was graciously pleased to honour the citizens of 
 London by her presence at an entertainment at 
 Guildhall. He then received at Her Majesty's hands 
 the honour of knighthood. Since that time he has 
 been an active magistrate of the city, and he has 
 shown in the discharge of his duties firmness of 
 purpose, and sympathy for those who were brought 
 before him. The Livery now, seeing the way in 
 which he has conducted himself in the various offices 
 he has filled, have elected him to be their chief magis- 
 trate for the year ensuing, and they humbly express, 
 through me, their hope that the choice they have 
 made may receive the sanction of Her Most Gracious 
 Majesty." 
 
 chancellor " The LORD CHANCELLOR. Sir Robert Walter 
 
 cranworth Garden, it is my duty to signify Her Majesty's entire 
 
 approbation of the choice of the citizens of London in
 
 11 
 
 selecting you as their chief magistrate. The learned 
 Recorder has truly observed that having been for 
 many years engaged, and successfully engaged, in 
 commercial pursuits which necessarily require great 
 confidence on the part of those whose business you 
 have transacted, you have afforded the fittest earnest 
 of your ability to discharge the high duties which the 
 choice of the citizens has now imposed on you. I, 
 Sir Robert Garden, only express my entire confidence 
 that in the coming year, during the period in which 
 you will discharge the high functions of chief Magis- 
 trate of the City, you will evince firmness, justice, and 
 impartiality, and prove that the selection which your 
 fellow - citizens have made has fallen upon not 
 an unworthy member of society. I have only to 
 congratulate you upon the high distinction which 
 your fellow-citizens have conferred upon you, and 
 wish you health and prosperity during your year of 
 
 office." 
 
 Extracted from " The Times" of November 3rd, 1857. 
 
 LORD MAYOR'S DAY : Swearing-in of the new Lord Lord chief 
 
 ^ _ Baron 
 
 Mayor. Pollock. 
 
 Speech of the LORD CHIEF BARON. " My Lord 
 Mayor, I have to congratulate you on being raised to 
 the highest honour which it is in the power of your 
 fellow-citizens to confer, and on your being raised to 
 be the head of the most ancient Corporation of this 
 Kingdom, which is an epitome in many parts of our 
 ancient constitution, existing as it does as a monument 
 of the free spirit of this country , and recording those
 
 12 
 
 struggles for liberty in which she has been so often 
 engaged. I am glad to see that this ceremonial is 
 preserved to keep us in mind of those struggles and 
 of that constitution, in the maintenance of which the 
 City of London has so often contributed. In modern 
 times the duties of the office which you, my Lord 
 Mayor, have been called upon to fill are not so 
 arduous as in former days, but on the present occa- 
 sion, alluded to by the learned Recorder, though 
 much has been done by your predecessor, much still 
 remains to be done. After the eloquent speech with 
 which the learned Recorder has introduced your Lord- 
 ship to this Court we have to congratulate the citizens 
 of London, after the loss they sustained in their late 
 Recorder, on his acceptance of that important office, 
 and I believe I express the sentiments of my brethren 
 when I say with what pleasure we to-day see the 
 learned Recorder, who is well known to us, and who 
 represents in his profession that father whom we all 
 love, esteem, and respect. My Lord Mayor, with the 
 experience you have had of the commerce of London, 
 with the proofs which your success has furnished of 
 your vigour, your talent for business, and your 
 integrity, I can well believe that you will fulfil all 
 the duties of your office in the manner anticipated by 
 the learned Recorder. No doubt you will ever main- 
 tain the dignity, and assert the privileges of the 
 citizens of London. In the discharge of those duties 
 you will have an excellent example in the manner in 
 which they have been performed by your most worthy 
 predecessor. He may have found how difficult were
 
 13 
 
 the duties imposed upon him, but he has also learned 
 how easy it is by zeal and devotion to the perform- 
 ance of those duties to win the good opinion of all 
 classes. Of your able performance of the same duties 
 I entertain no doubt, not forgetting, my Lord Mayor, 
 that hospitality for which the City of London is so 
 famous. My Lord Mayor, I must congratulate you on 
 retiring from your official duties, and I must say that 
 in all my experience it does not occur to me that there 
 is any person who has filled that office more largely 
 and more universally to the satisfaction of his fellow- 
 citizens, and if I were to be called upon to point out 
 why this is so, I would say it was from the cordial, 
 the hearty, the devoted manner which the late Lord 
 Mayor brought to the business of his office. It was 
 obvious his soul was in it that his object was to do 
 it with zeal, cheerfulness, and cordiality. To no 
 person, my Lord Mayor, than yourself can be more 
 properly addressed the consolation that you retire 
 after your year of office with the good feeling of every 
 person, and bear with you the blessings of thousands, 
 if not of hundreds of thousands, who have been bene- 
 fited by those subscriptions which you so nobly 
 inaugurated. I trust you may long live to enjoy the 
 good opinion of your fellow-citizens, and that on 
 retiring into private life you may long possess the 
 cordial sympathies and hearty good wishes of every 
 person who knows you."* 
 
 Extracted from " The Times" of November 10/A, 1857. 
 
 * This portion of the Lord Chief Baron's speech refers to Alderman Finnis.
 
 14 
 
 1858. " LORD MAYOR'S DAY Yesterday morning 
 
 Alderman David Williams Wire, the Lord Mayor of 
 London for 1858-9, was conducted with high cere- 
 monial to the Court of Exchequer, for the purpose of 
 being presented to the learned Barons sitting in that 
 Court, and to take the oaths which are customarily 
 administered to the chief magistrate of the City of 
 London on the 9th of November." 
 
 " The RECORDER said he begged to introduce to the 
 learned Barons the worthy Alderman who had been 
 elected by his fellow-citizens Lord Mayor of London 
 for the ensuing year, and who, since his election, had 
 received the gracious approval of Her Majesty. His 
 Lordship was connected with the Law, and it was 
 forty years since he entered that profession, and he 
 was now at the head of the firm with which he origi- 
 nally served his articles. The knowledge which in this 
 long practice he had acquired eminently qualified him 
 
 for the important duties of his new office He 
 
 (Alderman Wire) had been the energetic advocate of 
 principles in which he conscientiously believed at a 
 time when they were held by a small minority, and 
 had brought his great intelligence to bear upon the 
 local government of the city," etc. 
 
 Lord chief " The LORD CHIEF BARON said he had to congratu- 
 Poiiock. late the Lord Mayor on receiving at the hands of his 
 fellow-citizens the highest honour they had to bestow. 
 As a member of the profession of the Law, he made 
 his congratulations with peculiar pleasure. He recol- 
 lected several other members of the profession who
 
 15 
 
 had been placed in the same high position, but he 
 remembered no one who was more entitled to the 
 confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens than the 
 present chief magistrate. Educated at a University 
 which had sent forth many distinguished members, he 
 (the Chief Baron) had had the present Lord Mayor 
 under his notice, not merely since he had filled his 
 present office, but many years before that, as a mem- 
 ber of a profession common to them both, and he was 
 glad to see him in the situation he now filled, it being, 
 as he thought, an honour worthily conferred upon a 
 member of a profession in which the public were in 
 the habit of placing the highest confidence, and whose 
 members, generally speaking, abundantly deserved it. 
 The Lord Mayor was called upon as the chief magi- 
 strate of the City of London to claim the exercise of 
 its privileges, to require the fulfilment of all that was 
 due to the city, to vindicate its rights, and to exercise 
 the authority of his high station. He entertained no 
 doubt, as had been stated by the Recorder, that he 
 would do honour to the profession in the discharge of 
 the duties of the mayoralty. The ceremony of that 
 day was not a mere idle one ; on the contrary, it was 
 an important circumstance in the history of the 
 Corporation of London. London was there repre- 
 sented by its chief magistrate and other officers, who 
 came there according to the ancient rights of the city, 
 in order that those rights and privileges might be 
 allowed and respected. And remembering the posi- 
 tion which the City of London filled as representing 
 the ancient establishment of this country in respect to
 
 16 
 
 its government, he could not help seeing that by its 
 chief magistrate, its aldermen, its sheriffs, its common 
 councilmen, and other officers, the ceremony of that 
 day represented substantially all that belonged to the 
 British Constitution," etc. 
 
 The Right At the grand Banquet which took place on that 
 
 of Derby evening, at the Guildhall The EARL OF DERBY, 
 
 in rising to acknowledge the toast, "The Health of Her 
 Majesty's Ministers," said, " My Lord Mayor, ladies, 
 and gentlemen, while I feel it to be a high privilege 
 to have the honour of an invitation to attend an 
 assembly of this nature, I hold it to be not less 
 a duty than a pleasure on the part of any public 
 man who has the opportunity of profiting by it to 
 avail himself of this occasion, and by his presence 
 here to testify his respect for that office which has this 
 day been assumed by the first magistrate of the first 
 city in the world. (Cheers.) Unfortunately these anni- 
 versaries occur at a period of the year when most of 
 those engaged in the business of the nation are enjoy- 
 ing that relaxation from their Parliamentary labours 
 at a distance from the metropolis, which hardly 
 enables them to attend, and, consequently, compara- 
 tively few of our public men are able to pay that 
 tribute of respect which is justly due to the chief 
 magistrate of London, in addition to those whose 
 official duties detain them in town, and at the same 
 time procure for them the gratification we are now 
 enjoying. (Hear, hear.) My Lord Mayor, on such 
 occasions as the present there is nothing, in the
 
 17 
 
 ordinary sense of the word, of a political character ; 
 there is nothing, I mean of a party character ; all 
 party considerations and all opinions upon political 
 questions are here lost in a most useful and salutary 
 oblivion. These meetings are, as it were, the type 
 and evidence of that harmony which has always, 
 thank God, subsisted between the various classes of 
 those who, each in their separate departments, are 
 labouring for the public service. They give an oppor- 
 tunity of testifying, on the one side and on the other, 
 that mutual respect which Englishmen always feel for 
 the persons and situations of those who to the best of 
 their ability are discharging public duties *in the 
 service of their country. (Hear, Hear.) We, my Lord 
 Mayor, on these occasions accept the honour of an 
 invitation not only as a mark of our personal respect 
 for the individual who presides over the affairs of this 
 metropolis, but as showing the veneration in which 
 ice hold the high functions which you are noio called 
 upon to discharge. (Cheers.) You honour us with 
 an invitation to this banquet and you confer upon 
 us the compliment which I am now acknowledging, 
 not for any personal merits of our own, but because 
 by the favour of our Sovereign we are engaged in the 
 performance of arduous duties which require the devo- 
 tion of every faculty of our minds, and the service of 
 every hour of our time," etc. 
 
 LORD BROUGHAM rose to respond to the toast of Lord 
 ' The House of Lords.' "He ascribed the honour which 
 had been done him to the fact that he had the privi- 
 lege of being a citizen of London a privilege which 
 
 c
 
 18 
 
 lie highly esteemed. The City of London had been 
 well described as the cradle of our liberties, and he 
 believed it would long remain true to its ancient 
 traditions. The purity of the judicial bench and the 
 independence of the bar were the best securities for 
 rational freedom. In this country the bar had always 
 upheld its independence," etc. 
 
 Right Hon. Mr. DISRAELI responding to the toast of "The Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer and the House of Commons," 
 said : "I rise on behalf of the House of Commons, 
 which it is my high honour to represent on this occasion, 
 to thank you for the compliment which now for so 
 many generations has been offered on this anniversary 
 by the Corporation of London to that assembly 
 cordially offered, I believe, and cordially accepted. 
 Nor is it wonderful that there should be this recipro- 
 city of feeling between the House of Commons and 
 the Corporation of this great city when we recollect 
 that the history of our country contains a record of 
 their united efforts on so many memorable occasions 
 to establish and to vindicate the liberties of England. 
 (Cheers.) We cannot forget that in more than one 
 instance the Souse of Commons has found, not only 
 support, but security in the City of London that on 
 more than one occasion it has appealed to its love of 
 freedom and its public spirit under circumstances of 
 great difficulty. (Hear, hear.) Believe me, my lords 
 and gentlemen, the recollection of those times, trying 
 and critical in the history of our constitution, is still 
 fresh in the memory of the House of Commons. These 
 things are not looked upon by that assembly as musty
 
 19 
 
 legends, but the glorious tradition . has at all times 
 influenced its opinions, and I trust the day may never 
 arrive when between the House of Commons and the 
 Citizens of London there may not be identity of 
 sentiment and identity of interest. (Cheers.) On 
 their part I beg to return you their thanks, and I hope 
 the time is far distant when their health will be pro- 
 posed in this chamber without being recognised as 
 that of a body entitled to the support and gratitude 
 of free Englishmen." (Cheers). 
 
 Extracted from " The Times," of Nov. 10th, 1858. 
 
 At the presentation to the Barons of the Exche- 1859. 
 quer of Mr. John Carter, one of the Aldermen of the 
 City of London, who had been elected by the Livery 
 to be Lord Mayor for the ensuing year (1859-1860), 
 amongst other observations made by the Recorder 
 when speaking of the late Lord Mayor (Alderman 
 Wire), he remarked that he (Alderman Wire) also 
 was the principal means of establishing a body which 
 would be prepared to resist what he hoped would be 
 the remote, but he durst not say impossible, contin- 
 gency of foreign invasion. 
 
 " The LORD CHIEF BARON, addressing the Lord rd Chicf 
 
 Baron 
 
 Mayor, said he had to congratulate him upon the 1'oiiock. 
 high honour he had obtained by being chosen to the 
 high office he now filled by the voice of the Citizens 
 of London. The Lord Mayor came to that Court not 
 merely for the purpose of performing the ordinary 
 duties connected with the taking of the oath of 
 
 c 2
 
 20 
 
 allegiance, but to claim for the City of London all its 
 ancient privileges in that Court and elsewhere, and to 
 exhibit, as the city did in a most exemplary manner, 
 a perfect model of the constitution of this country. 
 He had been chosen by the Citizens of London, and 
 he presented a specimen of that mixed Government 
 under which ice happily lived, while the ancient Cor- 
 poration of the City of London continued improving 
 itself, forming designs, and anticipating that which 
 might be required of it according to the course of 
 events ; and for these improvements he hoped the 
 city would exhibit to the country the perfection of 
 those institutions which were connected with local 
 self-government, which had long been the boast and 
 glory and protection of this country. He understood 
 from the learned Recorder that he (the Lord Mayor) 
 had advanced himself by commercial pursuits con- 
 nected with the mechanical arts guided by the highest 
 refinements of science, and that he had devoted his 
 time, his talents, and his industry to the making of 
 perfect instruments designed to assist in the commerce 
 and the navigation of this country. He felt assured 
 that there were no pursuits which were more calcula- 
 ted to enlarge the mind and to improve the faculties 
 than those which were directed to the mechanical arts, 
 and there was no part of the mechanical arts to which 
 greater attention ought to be given than to those 
 which combined with them the loftiest pursuits of 
 science, and brought to bear upon the commercial 
 business of this country that which was of immense 
 importance, the noblest inventions of science and the
 
 21 
 
 greatest discoveries of our most profound philosophers. 
 He understood, also, that the Lord Mayor, while he 
 had not been wanting in those peaceful pursuits, had 
 not thought it unnecessary, for the preservation of 
 peace, to join a body with respect to which the learned 
 Recorder had commended the late Lord Mayor. If 
 one read correctly the ordinary channels of information, 
 it would appear that the Lord Mayor had been ap- 
 pointed to a distinguished position in that corps which 
 was to be formed, not for the purposes of war, but for 
 preserving and insuring peace ; and he might say 
 that he hoped the Lord Mayor's valour or patriotism 
 or devotedness to the public service might never be 
 called upon, but that he might continue his exertions 
 for facilitating the navigation of the country, giving 
 to those who encountered the perils of navigation the 
 means by which they might secure safety. He had 
 no doubt but that the Lord Mayor's course during his 
 year of office should justify the high and well-deserved 
 eulogium which the recorder had passed upon the late 
 Lord Mayor," etc. 
 
 The customary grand Banquet with which the Lord 
 Mayor and Sheriffs inaugurate their annual term of 
 office was held in the Guildhall, which was fitted up 
 for the occasion with all the splendour that marks 
 this time-honoured festival. The guests, who could 
 not have numbered fewer than one thousand ladies 
 and gentlemen, included members of the Corps 
 Diplomatique, the Judges, and Her Majesty's Minis- 
 ters, etc. The usual loyal toasts were duly honoured ; 
 and the Lord Mayor gave " The Bishops and Clergy
 
 22 
 
 Duke of 
 Somerset. 
 
 Right Hon. 
 
 Sidney 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 of the Church of England," to which the BISHOP OF 
 LONDON briefly responded 
 
 " The DUKE OF SOMERSET, in returning thanks for the 
 Navy, said he believed there never was a time when 
 a more general desire existed in the country to see 
 that branch of the service powerful and efficient, and 
 capable of defending our shores, protecting our widely 
 diffused commerce, and maintaining our colonial pos- 
 sessions in every part of the world. Among none, he 
 was sure, was that feeling more earnestly entertained 
 than among the Citizens of London." (Cheers.) .... 
 
 Mr. SIDNEY HERBERT responded on behalf of the 
 
 Army. He said " This ancient municipality 
 
 the best representative in the world of the 
 
 is 
 
 interests of commerce, and, therefore, of the interests 
 of peace. But I may be allowed to say that those 
 pursuits have not enervated the Citizens of London, 
 because at the head of the great movement which has 
 lately been begun for the formation of Volunteer Corps 
 throughout this country, stand the names of the Lord 
 Mayor and the Citizens of London. And permit me, 
 while acknowledging this toast, to express my thanks 
 to you, as the Minister charged with the administra- 
 tion of the Army and of the Defences of the Country, 
 for the spirit which you have displayed in this matter 
 a spirit which I doubt not that you, my Lord Mayor, 
 will foster as your worthy predecessor has done." 
 
 (Cheers.) 
 
 " The LORD MAYOR then gave " The House of 
 Commons," associating with it the name of Mr. 
 Gladstone.
 
 23 
 
 " The CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER (Mr. Glad- 
 stone) My Lord Mayor, my Lords, Ladies and 8tone 
 Gentlemen, you have done me, I fear, an unmerited 
 honour in coupling my name with the tribute of regard 
 which you are pleased to pay to the House of Com- 
 mons ; but it is on every occasion an agreeable duty 
 for any Englishman to find his name associated with 
 a body occupying such a place in the history of your 
 country and in the hearts of the people. And permit 
 me, my Lord, to say that I am well aware that if in 
 all other assemblies of Englishmen, without excep- 
 tion, the House of Commons is the object of w r arm 
 and affectionate regard, it is nowhere more so than in 
 the heart of the City of London ; because on every 
 great occasion, in every great crisis of the history of 
 the country, when there has unfortunately been a 
 conflict among its constitutional powers, it has been 
 commonly found that the side taken by the City of 
 London has likewise been the side adopted by the 
 
 House of Commons" etc. (Cheers.) 
 
 Extracted from " The Times" of Nov. 10/A, 1859. 
 
 " The CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER pronounced 
 at Guildhall a well-deserved eulogy on the perfect 
 accord that has ever existed between the House of 
 Commons and the City of London." 
 
 See leader in " The Tims" of Nov. 11 fh, 1859. 
 
 " PRESENTATION OF THE LORD MAYOR-ELECT. 1860. 
 Yesterday morning a grand civic procession started
 
 24 
 
 westward, for the purpose of conducting the Lord 
 Mayor-Elect (Mr. William Cubitt, M.P.) to the private 
 residence of the Lord Chancellor, Knightsbridge, there 
 to receive through that high officer of State Her 
 Majesty's approval of the choice which the Citizens of 
 London have made for the mayoralty of the next year. 
 
 The gentlemen forming the procession " were 
 received by the Lord Chancellor in the drawing-room 
 of Stratheden House. His Lordship was attired in 
 his full robes of office, and was attended by his 
 secretary and by the two gentlemen who act respec- 
 tively as ' purse ' and ' mace.' ' 
 
 " The RECORDER advanced, and formally introduced 
 the Lord Mayor-Elect. He remarked that Mr. Alder- 
 man Cubitt, whom the Citizens of London had selected 
 to fill the office of Lord Mayor for the ensuing year, 
 was a gentleman who was in all respects eminently 
 qualified to fill that high and responsible office. For 
 many years he had carried on a large business ; all 
 his dealings had been characterised by honour and 
 integrity, and he was happy to add, had been crowned 
 with success. Mr. Cubitt was born at Buxton, near 
 Colteshall, in Norfolk, and in early life served about 
 four years in the Royal Navy. In 1810, being then 
 nineteen years of age, he turned his attention to 
 commercial matters, and entered the building trade, 
 which he had carried on until within the last four 
 years, and in which he had realized an ample fortune, 
 in connection with his brothers. The House of Cubitt 
 was now one of the most eminent in the country.
 
 25 
 
 After forty years of successful application to business, 
 Mr. Cubitt, in 1851, retired, and had devoted his 
 attention to the service of the public in other ways. 
 In 1847, while still in business, he was selected by 
 his fellow-citizens to the Shrievalty, in conjunction 
 with Mr. Charles Hill, and at about the same period 
 the electors of Andover returned him as their repre- 
 sentative in the Commons House of Parliament, an 
 honour which he enjoyed at the present time. He 
 (the Recorder) had only to add that Alderman Cubitt 
 was held in the highest possible esteem by his fellow- 
 citizens, and that he had the greatest confidence in 
 presenting him to the Lord Chancellor for Her 
 Majesty's approval. 
 
 " The LORD CHANCELLOR, addressing the Lord Lord 
 Mayor - Elect, said that it was with the greatest Campbell, 
 satisfaction he had to state that Her Majesty highly 
 approved of the choice which the citizens of London 
 had made in selecting him to fill the office of Lord 
 Mayor, an office which was worthy of the ambition 
 of the most distinguished men the city of London 
 could produce. The Lord Mayor-Elect entered upon 
 his office at a time of comparative peace, and would, 
 therefore, no doubt direct his attention to the advance- 
 ment of those great social reforms which were so 
 much needed. While, however, we were at peace, 
 an important body had been organised in the City of 
 London, as in other parts of the country, which his 
 Lordship would, no doubt, encourage and support 
 he alluded to the Volunteer movement, which had been 
 so warmly espoused throughout the land, not from
 
 26 
 
 any immediate fear or danger, but as a wise pre- 
 cautionary measure, which it was impossible too 
 highly to praise. As the Chief Judge of the Central 
 Criminal Court the Lord Mayor - Elect would, no 
 doubt, discharge his duties with the same carefulness 
 and zeal as he had discharged those which were 
 involved in his Parliamentary career. In these 
 respects, and, indeed, in every respect, he felt 
 peculiarly gratified in again expressing to Mr. 
 Alderman Cubitt Her Majesty's high approval of 
 the choice which the Citizens of London had made." 
 
 " The Lord Chancellor then advanced and cordially 
 shook hands with the Lord Mayor-Elect, the Recorder, 
 and the Sheriffs. 
 
 " After this wine and cakes were handed round, 
 ' the loving cup ' passed, and the civic party made 
 their way back eastwards." 
 
 Extracted from the " Times " of Nov. 3rd, 1860. 
 
 At the presentation of the Lord Mayor to the Barons 
 of the Exchequer 
 
 " The RECORDER, addressing the Judges, said he 
 had the honour to present to their Lordships William 
 Cubitt, Esq., one of the Aldermen of the City of 
 London, and a Member of Parliament for the Borough 
 of Andover, who had been elected Lord Mayor of 
 London for the ensuing year, and whose election 
 by the Citizens of London had met with the entire 
 approbation of the Sovereign. The gentleman thus 
 raised to this high office was one whose elevation
 
 27 
 
 the Citizens of London looked upon with peculiar 
 satisfaction. They had known him long, had observed 
 him in the various relations of life, and judged him 
 to be eminently qualified for the discharge of the 
 duties of the office upon which he now entered. 
 They had seen him conducting an extensive business 
 with singular intelligence, and with the most con- 
 siderate kindness towards the thousands of persons 
 he employed. They had seen with delight that, when 
 enabled to retire in the full vigour of mind and body 
 from the prosecution of a profitable business, lie did 
 not wish to seek an inglorious repose, but was content 
 to devote all his energies to the public service. As a 
 member of the Legislature in four successive Parlia- 
 ments, as a magistrate of the great City of London, 
 and in the discharge of various municipal duties, he 
 had displayed the same diligence, the same practical 
 good sense, the same rectitude of conduct as had 
 marked all his commercial dealings, and it was in the 
 full confidence that his future history would be worthy 
 of the past that he was now raised to the highest 
 office which his fellow-citizens had it in their power 
 to bestow. He (the Recorder) had also to present to 
 their Lordships the late Lord Mayor, Mr. Alderman 
 Carter, whose year of office was over, and who now 
 retired into comparatively private life to reap the 
 gratitude of those whom he had served, as the due 
 reward of the services he had rendered them. The 
 extent of those services would be best appreciated 
 by the citizens themselves, who had passed an 
 unanimous vote expressing their opinion that Alderman
 
 28 
 
 Carter, during his mayoralty, had zealously upheld 
 the rights of his fellow-citizens, and efficiently dis- 
 charged the duties of his office. With these securities 
 of the good opinion of those whom he had served, 
 he felt rewarded for the time he had expended in the 
 discharge of the laborious duties which had devolved 
 upon him." 
 
 Lord chief " The LORD CHIEF BARON said he had great pleasure 
 in congratulating the Lord Mayor on attaining to the 
 highest honour his fellow-citizens could confer upon 
 him. The occasion on which he came to the Courts 
 in Westminster Hall was, in his judgment, not to be 
 treated as a mere idle ceremony. He was there to 
 claim the personal privileges of the first magistrate 
 of what the learned Recorder had properly designated 
 the great City of London, and he came there to claim 
 the immemorial privileges and rights of the first city 
 of the world. It was not merely that he came there 
 to claim the right to be covered in the presence of 
 Her Majesty's Judges, where Her Majesty herself was 
 presumed to be present ; it was not that he came 
 there to claim the ancient privileges of the City of 
 London, as, for instance, to certify the laws and 
 usages of the Corporation by the mouth of the 
 Recorder, and here he might say that never was that 
 office more worthily filled than upon the present 
 occasion. These, although not immaterial to those 
 who valued ancient customs and immemorial rights, 
 
 * The Lord Chief Baron, Baron Bramwell, Baron Channell, and Baron Wilde 
 sat in the Court of Exchequer ; the Lord Mayor, standing covered, took his 
 place in the inner bar.
 
 29 
 
 were not the great, and he need not say, not the more 
 obvious purposes of the Lord Mayor's presence there 
 to-day. It was to identify the great Corporation of 
 which he was now the head with the institutions of 
 the country, which had produced a state of wealth, 
 prosperity, and security, with a union of loyalty and 
 liberty such as the world never before could possibly 
 witness. The Lord Mayor came there to present the 
 institutions of the city as forming part of the institu- 
 tions of the country, where the great principles of 
 representation, as the foundation of liberty, and as 
 producing the harmony which was everywhere visible 
 in the constitution under which we lived, and under 
 which, with the blessing of Divine Providence, he 
 trusted we should continue to live, directed by that 
 great and good Queen who ruled the destinies of this 
 country. The Lord Mayor came there to claim for 
 tiye City of London all the rights which belonged to 
 that great city, and they were granted. He came 
 there to claim the right to appear in court, the right 
 of the citizens to appoint their own officers, by them 
 to conduct the business which belonged to the City of 
 London, and that also would be granted. He could 
 assure the Lord Mayor that personally he was much 
 gratified in being the means of conveying to him those 
 sentiments which he now expressed, and he doubted 
 not but that the good conduct, the kindness, the 
 integrity, that conduct which had been manifested 
 conspicuously for truth and benevolence, would enable 
 him to perform the duties of his high office with 
 satisfaction to his fellow-citizens, and at the same
 
 30 
 
 time secure the approbation of his own conscience. 
 He had also to congratulate Mr. Alderman Carter, the 
 late Lord Mayor, upon retirement from the arduous 
 duties which he had so ably performed with the entire 
 approbation and applause of his fellow- citizens. 
 Although he ceased to fill that high office, the duties 
 of which he had so amply discharged, there still 
 remained for him, and, he trusted, for many years, 
 that life of useful magisterial labour which, in his 
 judgment, had contributed so much to the indepen- 
 dence of the city, the advancement of justice within 
 its walls, and which would be an example to all those 
 who had to exercise the magisterial office." 
 
 " Mr. Walton, the Queen's Remembrancer, then 
 received the oaths of the Lord Mayor, the late Lord 
 Mayor, and other officers relating to the City funds, 
 and receivers were duly appointed. 
 
 " The RECORDER, in the name of the Lord Maypr 
 and Sheriffs, invited the Judges to the banquet at the 
 Guildhall in the evening," etc. 
 
 " At the customary inauguration ' banquet ' which 
 took place in the Guildhall that evening, after the 
 usual loyal toasts had been duly honoured, etc., the 
 Lord Mayor gave the health of ' The Foreign Ministers,' 
 coupling with it the name of Count Persigny, the 
 French Ambassador. 
 
 The French " COUNT PERSIGNY, in reply, said Quant 
 
 Count ' aux paroles amicales que le Lord Maire a adressees a 
 
 I'ersigny. , - . ., 
 
 la i 1 ranee et a son auguste bouveram, je 1 en remercie 
 profondement. Ce n'est pas la premiere fois qu'au 
 milieu des preoccupations de 1'esprit public la Cite" de
 
 31 
 
 Londres a exprim des sentiments de confiance et de 
 se'curite'. La raison en est simple ; avec cet esprit 
 pratique des affaires qui a eleve cette grande cite" a 
 un si haut point de richesse et de puissance, elle a vu 
 la premiere ce que bien des liommes politiques ne 
 semblent pas encore comprendre suffisamment ; c'est 
 qu'au lieu de ces rivalites d'interet que nous rencon- 
 trions jadis sur tous les points du monde, il est 
 arrive", par le deVeloppement de notre vie industrielle 
 et commerciale, que non settlement un grand nombre 
 d'inte'rets nous sont communs, mais que nous n'avons 
 plus nulle part aucun interet hostile," etc. (Cheers.) 
 
 "Ms. GLADSTONE proposed 'The Health of the Ei g h tHon. 
 
 , ,, , T . -, . W.E. Glad- 
 
 Lord Mayor. In any case, ne said, it must be a stone, 
 source of pride and' gratification to those who 
 assembled at this hospitable board to testify their 
 acknowledgments for the magnificent reception 
 accorded them. But there were other and higher 
 reasons which led them to take pleasure in t.hus 
 evincing their feelings towards the Lord Mayor. 
 The choice of the Citizens of London was certain to 
 fall upon an object worthy of dignity and of honour. 
 The gentleman who now occupied the civic chair 
 was too well known to those present to render it 
 necessary for him to enter into details upon the 
 merits which had recommended him to favourable 
 notice ; but he might venture to say that the Lord 
 Mayor was also well-known to, and was not less 
 respected by, those who sat in the Commons House 
 of Parliament, as a man of thoroughly independent
 
 32 
 
 character, and of a capacity which rendered him 
 worthy to be invested with the high trust of repre- 
 senting the interests, the wishes, and the feelings 
 of the people. (Cheers.) In the Lord Mayor of 
 London they saw no unfit representative of that 
 municipal system which was so closely connected 
 with the liberties they so highly prized. Five cen- 
 turies had passed over the hall in which they now 
 were gathered, and it was left still as firm and as 
 able to withstand the vicissitudes of the elements as it 
 teas on the day it was founded. In the same manner 
 the local institutions of the city, still later in their 
 date, yet retained down to this hour a vigorous life. 
 Whenever reformation was applied it was always 
 applied to them in a spirit of reverence and caution 
 (hear, hear), and they came out from it, as had been 
 seen on a thousand occasions, fresher and stronger 
 than before. (Cheers.) In the name of this company 
 he wished health and prosperity to the Lord Mayor, 
 who, he hoped, would emulate the name of those who 
 had gone before him, would hand down his own name 
 with honour to those who came after him, and would 
 be the means of inciting those who now were less 
 advanced in their career and of inferior station, by 
 the prospect of a reward of industry, perseverance, 
 and high character, to those meritorious exertions 
 which in this free country, he was proud to say, 
 seldom failed to command encouragement and to 
 ensure success. (Cheers.) 
 
 " The LORD MAYOR acknowledged the toast, and 
 called on the company to drink to " The House of
 
 38 
 
 Lords," coupling with the toast the name of Lord 
 Brougham." 
 
 " LORD BROUGHAM, who was loudly cheered on Lord 
 rising, in reply said that not only was he a member 
 of the body the health of which had just been pro- 
 posed, but he was also a member of the body which 
 had drunk the health. For forty years and upwards 
 he had been a citizen of London, and proud he felt 
 of being a fellow-citizen of those who at all times 
 had been the constant friends of liberty in all, even 
 the worst times, icho had met oppression at home 
 with a vigorous resistance, and had voiced to oppres- 
 sion abroad, where they could not meet it with resis- 
 tance, an unextinguishable and implacable hatred. 
 It was gratifying to him to reflect on the reason for 
 which he had been made a Citizen of London. He 
 had been selected for the honour as having on a 
 memorable occasion exercised the privileges and per- 
 formed the duties of the renowned profession to which 
 he belonged in the defence of a client who was 
 oppressed by the Court. That illustrious advocate 
 and splendid master of forensic eloquence, Erskine, 
 always said that those who would be the friends of 
 the people should evince it by being the defenders 
 of the people by the exercise of the privileges of the 
 bar in the Courts of the King and the Courts of the 
 Judges. On that maxim Lord Erskine always acted 
 throughout life ; and in France M. Berryer, who 
 was scarcely second to him in forensic ability, had 
 been equally distinguished for his gallant and in- 
 vincible resistance to all encroachments either on 
 
 D
 
 34 
 
 the part of the Judges or the Government of the 
 country," etc. 
 
 Extracted from the "The Times" of Nov. Wth, 1860. 
 
 1861. " L RD MAYOR'S DAY. On Saturday, being Lord 
 
 Mayor's day, conformably with a custom which has 
 obtained for more than 600 years, Alderman Cubitt 
 went in state from Guildhall to Westminster, attended 
 by members of the Court of Alderman, all the prin- 
 cipal officers of the Corporation, and representatives 
 of most, if not all, of the ancient Livery Companies, 
 to be presented to the Barons of the Exchequer on 
 his election, for the second time in succession, as 
 Lord Mayor of London. The day, which was as 
 sunny and genial as one in mid-summer, attracted an 
 enormous crowd to see the pageant, in addition to the 
 interest which in the popular estimation has always 
 been peculiarly its own," etc. 
 
 Lord chief " After the presentation speech of the Recorder, 
 LOED CHIEF BARON POLLOCK, addressing Mr. Cubitt, 
 said, My Lord Mayor, I most cordially and sincerely 
 congratulate you upon being for a second time elected 
 to the distinguished office of chief magistrate of the 
 City of London." 
 
 " My Lord Mayor, I have always considered that 
 the City of London is part of the great institutions of 
 the nation. The metropolis has now undoubtedly 
 extended so widely, and has become so populous that 
 the mere City of London, within its own walls and
 
 35 
 
 liberties, forms but a small part of that which, in 
 reality and substance, is the metropolis of the King- 
 dom. But the City of London is part of the history 
 of the country. The City of London has at all times, 
 and especially in early times, taken a large share in 
 events which have agitated the public mind. The 
 Citizens of London have never been deficient either 
 in loyalty to the Sovereign or a love of that liberty 
 which they have frequently tended to promote ; they 
 present in their form of government an epitome of 
 that constitution under which we have the happiness 
 to live, and they perform ditties such as those to 
 ichivh the learned Recorder has alluded, and which, 
 if they were not performed by them and the Corpor- 
 ation, would possibly not be performed at all. If we 
 had to begin again to lay the foundations of Society, 
 possibly though I mean not to express an opinion 
 one way or another some people might object to the 
 arrangement under which the Citizens of London 
 discharge on various occasions great public services, 
 representing the commercial part of the community, 
 and especially standing at the head of the municipal 
 Corporations, which at one time undoubtedly formed 
 the cradle of the liberties of the country. The learned 
 Recorder has referred to the expected public events 
 of next year ; but there are many other occasions of 
 public interest. It is frequently necessary and advis- 
 able that distinguished persons coming from foreign 
 countries should be publicly received, not merely by 
 the members of the Court, but by the citizens at 
 large ; and the City of London has always been 
 
 D 2
 
 36 
 
 honourably distinguished for the munificence with 
 which it has come forward for any purpose of public 
 duty. With these remarks on the advantages which 
 the public derive from the continued existence of this 
 ancient Corporation, and on those which may be well 
 expected from your continuing in office for another 
 year, I would merely add, my Lord Mayor, my deep 
 sense of the manner in which you have filled the 
 office during the past year, and my confident expec- 
 tation that you will deserve the same commendation 
 at the end of this year as you have received on all 
 hands for what you have done in the last. May the 
 Corporation of London long flourish, and may it 
 always find among the citizens men as worthy and 
 with the same ability as yourself to preside over its 
 
 interests and deliberations." 
 
 H.R.H. At the grand Banquet at Guildhall on that evening, 
 
 Cambridge. His Royal Highness the DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE, replying 
 to the toast of " Our National Defences," said " My 
 Lord Mayor, my Lords, Ladies, and Gentlemen, I rise 
 in the name of the Army to respond to the toast which 
 has been so gracefully given by the Lord Mayor, and 
 I take this opportunity of assuring this large assembly 
 that the Army is proud of the handsome and flattering 
 manner in which its name is always received by the 
 citizens of London. (Cheers.) It is a high compli- 
 ment to the members of any profession to be appre- 
 ciated by their fellow-countrymen, and I am persuaded 
 that no city gives its due meed of praise to the Army 
 more freely and more liberally than the City of 
 London," etc.
 
 37 
 
 " LORD COLVILLE, having the honour to command lMCd Colville - 
 the Honourable Artillery Company of London, a 
 Volunteer Corps, which had existed 300 years, had 
 great pleasure in rising, in obedience to the commands 
 of the Lord Mayor, to return thanks for the Volun- 
 teers," etc. 
 
 
 
 VISCOUNT PALMERSTON said "I beg to viscount 
 
 Palmerston. 
 
 propose to you a toast which I am sure you will drink 
 with the greatest satisfaction. I mean * The Health 
 of the Lord Mayor.' (Loud cheers.) It is, gentle- 
 men, a great and valuable privilege which the people 
 of this country enjoy, that they elect their municipal 
 officers. (Cheers.) There are countries in which 
 those officers are appointed by the Crown. That is 
 no advantage to the Crown, but it is a great detriment 
 to the nation." (Cheers.) etc. 
 
 Extracted from " The Times" of Monday, November Mth, 1861. 
 
 " Yesterday (3rd November, 1862), in accordance 1862. 
 with an ancient custom, Alderman Rose (the Lord 
 Mayor-Elect) was presented to the Lord High 
 Chancellor to receive the sanction of the Crown to 
 his election to the office of Lord Mayor of London. 
 The ceremony took place in the fine hall of the 
 Society of the Middle Temple, in the presence of the 
 Sheriffs of London and Middlesex, with the Under- 
 Sheriffs, some of the Aldermen, and all the principal 
 officers of the Corporation . . . . all of whom
 
 38 
 
 wore their official robes. Arrived at the Hall, they 
 were received by Lord Westbtiry, who wore his 
 magnificent State robes on the occasion," etc. 
 
 " Mr. RUSSELL GURNEY (the Recorder), approaching 
 the Lord Chancellor, said he had the honour to 
 introduce to his Lordship, Mr. Alderman Rose, who, 
 having been selected by the Livery of London as 
 one of those best qualified to be Lord Mayor for the 
 ensuing year, had been elected to that high office 
 by the unanimous voice of his brethren of the Court 
 of Aldermen. It was his duty as Recorder to certify 
 that in all the proceedings relating to that election, 
 the laws, customs, and usages of this ancient city 
 had been duly observed," etc. 
 
 dor West"- " ^ ie LORD CHANCELLOR, addressing the Lord 
 bury. Mayor-Elect, said, I have Her Majesty's commands 
 
 to signify to your Lordship Her Royal approbation 
 of the choice which the Livery of London and your 
 fellow-citizens have made in electing you to fill the 
 office of chief magistrate." ...... " In the 
 
 administration of justice, and in other respects, it is 
 possible you will have great and arduous duties to 
 perform arduous because in addition to your judicial 
 functions the increasing distress may make corres- 
 ponding demands upon your time, and arduous, 
 because I deem nothing more difficult than the satis- 
 factory administration of summary justice ; although 
 in that particular I am happy to say the magistrates 
 of the City of London have, to the extent of my observa-
 
 39 
 
 tion, set an admirable example in the intelligence, 
 uniformity, and consistency of their decisions, and in 
 hitting a just medium between great severity on the 
 one hand, and that which is perhaps worse in its con- 
 sequences, extreme leniency on the other. I have had 
 the good fortune to receive your predecessor in office 
 on an occasion similar to this, and it was a great 
 satisfaction to me to felicitate him, as I have now to 
 felicitate you in like manner, on being elected the 
 chief magistrate of London. He has left you one 
 duty to perform of a somewhat melancholy character, 
 it is true, but not new in connection with the Cor- 
 poration of the City of London, which, first in 
 hospitality, has been also generally foremost in works 
 of charity ; and in the Committee, formed by the 
 Lord Mayor for relieving the prevailing distress in 
 the cotton manufacturing districts, you will be occu- 
 pied in a work of humanity and benevolence. Upon 
 whomsoever the duty may devolve of receiving your 
 successor, I hope he may have to congratulate you, as 
 I have now the gratification to congratulate your pre- 
 decessor, in his absence, on the mild dignity, the 
 gentle wisdom, and the invariable kindness and 
 courtesy which have characterised him qualities 
 which, while they have gained him many friends 
 during life, have left him, I may say, without a single 
 enemy ; and that is a very honourable termination of 
 a public career." 
 
 Extracted from " The Times" of Xov. -Uh, 1862. 
 
 * Owing to the civil war in America.
 
 40 
 
 " LOED MAYOR'S DAY." At the presentation of the 
 new Lord Mayor (Alderman Rose) to the Barons of 
 the Court of Exchequer, in accordance with imme- 
 morial usage, Mr. RUSSELL GURNEY, the 
 
 Recorder, addressing the Bench, said: I have to 
 introduce to your Lordships the Right. Hon. the 
 Lord Mayor, who, having been raised by the unani- 
 mous voice of his fellow-citizens to the high office 
 which he has the honour to hold, attends here, ac- 
 cording to ancient custom, to offer, on the part of the 
 great Corporation of which he is the head, a tribute of 
 respect to the law, of which your Lordships are the 
 rightful guardians, and to claim on behalf of the 
 Citizens of London the rights, privileges, and immu- 
 nities to which they are of old time entitled," etc. 
 
 Lord chief * LORD CHIEF BARON POLLOCK, addressing; the Lord 
 
 Baron 
 
 Pollock. Mayor, said, I have to congratulate you upon attain- 
 ing the highest honour which your fellow-citizens can 
 confer. The learned Recorder has told us that by 
 industry and success in commercial pursuits you 
 have attracted the attention of your fellow-citizens, 
 and that by the dignified performance of those duties 
 which devolved on you as an Alderman and Sheriff 
 you are here at length, in the capacity of chief magis- 
 trate, to claim the privileges that belong to the City 
 of London. The ceremony which occurs on the 
 present occasion must not be regarded as a mere dry 
 formality. The liberties of the City of London are 
 by their history and their effects essentially involved 
 in the constitutional rights of the Crown and the sub-
 
 41 
 
 ject. The City of London presents in itself a perfect 
 model of the Saxon form of government, from which 
 undoubtedly proceeded ultimately the constitution under 
 which we live, and it has on various occasions distin- 
 guished itself in the struggle and successful contention 
 for most of the popular rights which we now enjoy. 
 It has besides, by its munificence, a capacity to per- 
 form great public duties. It is unnecessary to enter 
 into the immediate nature of those duties or to point 
 out distinctly what the City of London can do by its 
 chief magistrate when Parliament is not sitting, or 
 during the long vacation, when illustrious foreigners 
 come to this country and expect to be received with 
 respect and attention. The City of London performs 
 many public duties of great importance, and which, if 
 they were not performed by it, would not under the 
 present system be discharged at all, 11 etc. 
 
 The customary grand Banquet in the Guildhall H R H 
 took place in the evening, on which occasion the 
 DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE, responding for the Army, ob- 
 served " We are not in a position to maintain a 
 large army, but we can maintain an army which, sup- 
 plemented as it is now by the loyal feeling and manly 
 spirit of the nation in the shape of the Militia and the 
 Volunteers, will enable us, I believe, on every occasion 
 to uphold the power and influence of this great and 
 enlightened country. I am happy to say that, among 
 the Volunteer Corps most distinguished for their effi- 
 ciency, none are superior to the Rifle Volunteers of the 
 City of London, a corps in which you, my Lord
 
 42 
 
 Bishop of 
 London. 
 
 Jx>rd 
 Palmerston. 
 
 Mayor, have from the first not only taken a lively in- 
 terest, but have also taken a prominent and active part 
 by enrolling yourself in its ranks, and thus setting 
 an excellent example to the rest of your fellow-citizens." 
 (Hear.) 
 
 Among other toasts, the LORD MAYOR proposed 
 " the Bishop ol London and the Clergy of the 
 Diocese." 
 
 " The BISHOP OF LONDON, in responding, said the 
 clergy of that diocese sometimes contrasted the 
 onerous duties cast upon them with those devolving 
 upon their brethren in quieter and less populous spheres ; 
 but they derived one source of encouragement from 
 the reflection that, if there was more to be done in 
 London than elsewhere, they certainly received a more 
 hearty support from all classes of the laity than was 
 rendered in any other part of England with which 
 he was acquainted." . (Hear, hear.) . . . 
 
 Lord PALMERSTON returned thanks for the toast, 
 " The Health of Lord Palmerston and Her Majesty's 
 Ministers." Among other things he remarked " It 
 is peculiarly flattering and gratifying to men who are 
 engaged in the public service to be honoured with 
 invitations to these annual commemorations. For, in 
 the first place, I may say, without fear of exaggera- 
 tion, that there is hardly any Sovereign in Europe 
 who could give a more splendid banquet, when you 
 consider the company assembled, and the hall in 
 which we are met, than that at which we are now 
 privileged to assist. But these gatherings are also 
 typical of the British nation, for you have here men
 
 43 
 
 of all classes, men of all political opinions, men 
 connected with every kind of pursuit, assembled in 
 convivial fellowship, each forgetting any differences 
 which may exist between him and others, and only 
 animated by a common feeling of brotherhood and of 
 pride as to the nation to which he belongs. (Cheers.) 
 There is one circumstance not devoid of interest 
 connected with these anniversary days, and it is 
 more peculiarly called to mind by what fell from 
 the Lord Mayor this evening (when referring to the 
 fact that the Prince of Wales attained his majority on 
 that day) ; for it is a remarkable fact I trust, it is 
 also an auspicious omen that the day on which the 
 Municipal Corporation of this vast City inaugurates 
 the reign of one whom my Lord Mayor will allow me 
 to designate their Sovereign for the year (a laugh) 
 is the day on which this country has been blesse'd 
 by the birth of a Prince, who, one day, and God 
 grant it may be long distant (cheers) will, we 
 trust, be the Sovereign of this Empire, and who, by 
 the qualities with which nature and Providence have 
 endowed him, is destined, I hope, to be a source of 
 happiness to the nation over which he may be called to 
 
 rule. (Cheers.) I cannot sit down without 
 
 asking your leave to propose to*you a toast in return. 
 When I invite you to drink the health of ' The Lord 
 Mayor,' I am sure the toast will be received with all 
 the honours that are due, not only to the office which 
 he fills, but to the gifted individual by whom it is 
 now held. (Hear, hear.) It is one of the great 
 advantages arising from that municipal reform which
 
 44 
 
 constitutes one of the great improvements of later 
 times, that the citizens of every considerable town 
 have annually conferred upon them the power and 
 opportunity of electing to a distinguished post in 
 their community one of their most valued and best 
 citizens. You have this year exercised that privilege 
 
 by choosing your present Lord Mayor," etc 
 
 " The LORD MAYOR said they were honoured with 
 the presence of a nobleman who had long played a 
 distinguished part in the history of this country. . . . 
 He referred to Lord Brougham, whose health he 
 begged to propose." (Cheers.) 
 
 Lord " Lord BROUGHAM. I feel deeply grateful to your 
 
 Brougham. t . . 
 
 Lordship for the manner in which you have proposed 
 and to this company for the kind manner in which 
 it has received the last toast. It is to all well- 
 regulated minds a pleasing thing to look back upon 
 acts of kindness, and I have for a good deal over 
 forty years had the distinguished honour of being a 
 member of this great Corporation. So much older am I 
 than others in this Corporation that really when his 
 Lordship proposed to drink " Prosperity to the Trade 
 of this City," I at first had some doubt whether it was 
 not my duty to respond. (Laughter.) But, if it was 
 a pleasing thing to receive a great honour, the ground 
 upon which it was conferred was still more gratifying, 
 as it was from the approval of my fellow-citizens of 
 this great city of my conduct political in supporting 
 the privileges and honour of that renowned profes- 
 sion, of which I deem it the great happiness of my
 
 45 
 
 life to be a member in supporting them against the 
 whole weight of the Government of the country, with 
 the Crown at its head. (Cheers.) But really inde- 
 pendently of the cause of bestowal, the honour itself 
 is very great. This city has long been famed as the 
 cradle of British liberty, and of late it has become the 
 tomb of our discords and the fountain of our charity. 
 The late Lord Mayor and his worthy associates, 
 including the present Lord Mayor, have extended 
 their benevolence to all parts even the most remote 
 of this country, not considering distance to signify 
 anything, provided the necessity was great and 
 urgent," etc. 
 
 Extracted from "The Times" of Tuesday, llth November, 18G2. 
 
 Presentation of the LORD MAYOR ELECT to the 
 LORD CHANCELLOR. 
 
 " The COMMON SERJEANT (Mr. Chambers), addressing 1863 
 the Lord Chancellor (Lord Westbury), said, I have 
 the honour to present to your Lordship Mr. Alderman 
 Lawrence, who has been elected by his fellow- 
 citizens to fill the high and distinguished office of 
 Lord Mayor for the year ensuing, and, in doing so, 
 to express the earnest hope of the Livery of London 
 that the choice they have made may have the sanction 
 of Her Most Gracious Majesty, and that they may 
 hear from the lips of your Lordship that the approval 
 of the Sovereign has been accorded to her faithful 
 subjects in the exercise of their ancient and undoubted 
 privilege of electing their own chief magistrate.
 
 46 
 
 My Lord, the citizens of London have not appointed 
 an unknown or inexperienced man to discharge the 
 duties of this high office. His father, the late 
 Alderman Lawrence, was a man gifted with singular 
 sagacity and originality of mind, and with unusual 
 force and energy of character ; and after a successful 
 career in business, and an active participation in 
 public affairs, he was unanimously chosen to represent 
 the ward of Bread Street in the Court of Aldermen 
 in 1848. He served the office of Sheriff of London 
 and Middlesex in the following year, and for several 
 years was an active magistrate of the City of London. 
 His death, in 1855, alone prevented his attaining 
 the high position of Lord Mayor. The loss of such 
 a man was deeply deplored wherever he had been called 
 to discharge public functions, and especially by the in- 
 habitants of his own ward; and as a token at once of 
 their respect for the memory of their late Alderman, 
 and of confidence in the family of which he was 
 the head, they elected his eldest son, the now Lord 
 Mayor Elect, to succeed him in the vacant gown. 
 Alderman Lawrence entered at once on the discharge 
 of his duties. In 1857, he was elected Sheriff of 
 London, and the marriage of the Princess Royal 
 with the Crown Prince of Prussia was solemnized 
 during his year of office. As a magistrate of 
 Middlesex, as well as of London, he has for many 
 years taken an active part in public affairs; and 
 as the head of a firm largely interested in the trade 
 and commerce of London, and especially conversant 
 with great public works, he was elected by the
 
 47 
 
 Court of Common Council as one of their repre- 
 sentatives at the Metropolitan Board of Works. One 
 other distinction remains to be mentioned, and when 
 I inform your Lordship that in 1860 the ward of 
 Walbrook elected Alderman Lawrence's brother, 
 Mr. James Clarke Lawrence, to succeed the late 
 Alderman Wire, and that he filled the office of sheriff 
 last year, and is now a diligent and zealous magistrate 
 of London, your Lordship will not be surprised when 
 I add that, so far as I am aware, the circumstance 
 of a father and two sons being Aldermen of London 
 is unexampled in the history of the Corporation." 
 
 " The LORD CHANCELLOR, turning to Alderman Lord 
 Lawrence, said, My Lord Mayor Elect, I have the Westbnn-. 
 honour to announce to your Lordship Her Majesty's 
 entire approbation of the choice which your fellow- 
 citizens have made. It is to me a peculiar pleasure 
 to be the medium of conveying to your Lordship 
 the Queen's approval, because it gives me an oppor- 
 tunity of congratulating you, which I do with great 
 sincerity, on the high honour to which you have 
 attained. Nothing can be more gratifying to any 
 man than to feel that the tenour of his antecedent 
 life has been such asito win for him the esteem, the 
 regard, and the confidence of such a distinguished 
 body of men as the citizens of London. My Lord, 
 there is in your case another circumstance rarely to 
 be found. It is that to which the Common Serjeant 
 has adverted in his eloquent speech namely, that 
 with you the title to the esteem of your fellow-citizens
 
 48 
 
 has been almost entirely hereditary, for it is graced by 
 the recollection that your father received a great mark 
 of their confidence in being elected a magistrate 
 of the City of London. High office, my Lord Mayor, 
 is but another term for great duties and onerous 
 responsibility, and that office is the most honourable 
 which has the largest sphere of public utility. We 
 all know how varied and extensive are the duties 
 of a Lord Mayor. There is .first, and above all, 
 the administration of justice, and that which requires 
 rarest judgment and discretion namely, the summary 
 jurisdiction of criminal justice. To suppress brutality 
 and violence, I hope you will always remember that 
 you are ' not to bear the sword in vain,' and that 
 your sentences should be as remarkable for their 
 uniformity as their justice. The preservation of 
 the peace and the providing all proper facilities for 
 passage along the streets to the large body of people 
 daily frequenting the City of London will be primary 
 objects of your care. In the examples of your pre- 
 decessors you have the best models to guide you in 
 the discharge of your duties, and in none more, may 
 I say, than in the career of him who now lies dead, 
 and whose loss I am quite sure you will join with me 
 in deploring, because for M# Cubitt, whom I had 
 twice the honour of congratulating as the chief 
 magistrate of London, I always entertained the 
 greatest personal regard. It is seldom, indeed, a 
 mayoralty is irradiated in a manner in which that 
 of your immediate predecessor has been; yet it is 
 scarcely possible that in a great country like this
 
 49 
 
 there may not be public events to give splendour 
 to your year of office. Again, I am glad to point 
 to the example of your predecessor, who has 
 commended himself to the esteem of his brother 
 Liverymen by the manner in which he has main- 
 tained the honour and the reputation for munificent 
 hospitality of the City of London. It will be your 
 peculiar lot that, in the endeavour to fulfil the just 
 expectations of your fellow-citizens, you will have 
 the advantage of your father's example to guide you, 
 and I wish you all honour and all happiness during 
 your tenure of office." 
 
 " Lord Westbury delivered this brief address with 
 all the dignity for which he is remarkable, and at its 
 conclusion he drank to the health of the Lord Mayor- 
 Elect in a loving cup. With that the ceremony 
 terminated, and the civic authorities took their 
 departure." 
 
 Extracted from " The Times " of November 3rd, 1868. 
 
 LORD MAYOR'S DAY. In presenting the new Lord 
 Mayor to the Barons of the Court of Exchequer, Mr. 
 Chambers, the COMMON SERJEANT, among other obser- 
 vations, remarked " My Lords, the citizens of London 
 have not in this instance selected an unknown, untried, 
 or inexperienced man. The Lord Mayor's father, 
 the late Alderman Lawrence, was a man of singular 
 energy and intelligence, and his career added another 
 to the already long list of examples of what may 
 be effected in this free country by ability, integrity, 
 and perseverance in the pursuits of industry. When
 
 50 
 
 the opening of approaches to the new London Bridge 
 furnished an opportunity, at that time unprecedented, 
 for at once making large provisions for the necessities 
 of a rapidly increasing commerce, and adorning a 
 city which greatly needed the graceful art of the 
 architect, the late Alderman Lawrence had sagacity 
 enough to avail himself of the occasion, and public 
 spirit enough to improve it so as at once to decorate 
 the metropolis with creditable buildings, and to lay 
 
 the foundations of his own fortune," etc 
 
 " I have also to introduce to your Lordship's notice 
 Mr. Alderman Rose, the late Lord Mayor. With the 
 public events of his mayoralty your Lordships are 
 familiar, for they have become the materials of 
 national history, and posterity will look back on them 
 with an interest little inferior to that with which we 
 have witnessed them. When it became known in this 
 country that the Heir to the Throne was betrothed 
 to an illustrious Princess, and when it had been inti- 
 mated to the Lord Mayor that any honour shown to 
 Her Royal Highness would be most agreeable to the 
 Queen, he proceeded to make the requisite prepara- 
 tions for and afterwards gave her a public reception, 
 which, whether regarded as a spectacle merely, or as 
 a signal display of popular enthusiasm and loyalty, 
 was perhaps unexampled. The Corporation of London 
 led the way, and was followed by all the great com- 
 panies and public bodies of the city, by its merchants 
 and traders, and by every class of the community. 
 Animated by one sentiment and intent on one object, 
 the millions, of our metropolitan population poured
 
 51 
 
 forth to welcome the Royal lady who was about to 
 become the bride of England's Heir, and to make this 
 country her home, and in the welcome which they 
 gave her to testify their devoted attachment to our 
 beloved Queen and their devout aspirations for the 
 happiness of the illustrious pair. All that earnest, 
 anxious, and laborious effort could do to make the 
 occasion a brilliant success the Lord Mayor did, and 
 the result was in every respect a recompense for the 
 care and cost which had been devoted to it. The 
 whole country, kindled by our ardours, followed the 
 example and shared the exultation of the metropolis, 
 and in cities and towns, in villages and hamlets, a 
 loyal population gave vent to their enthusiasm, and 
 in . varied form testified to their lively interest in the 
 auspicious event. The Royal marriage followed, and 
 a few months after its celebration the Prince and 
 Princess of Wales were graciously pleased to accept 
 an invitation to an entertainment in the Guildhall. 
 Your Lordships were witnesses of that entertainment, 
 and I need not dwell on its splendour and success. 
 The Lord Mayor and the Lady Mayoress were the host 
 and hostess on the occasion, and their conduct in that 
 capacity has already received its reward in the grati- 
 tude and admiration of the citizens and the gracious 
 approval of the Royal guests. These joyous festivi- 
 ties were speedily followed by a public measure which 
 threatened some of the most important rights of the 
 citizens, and as the Lord Mayor had been found fore- 
 most in awakening and sustaining an enthusiastic 
 loyalty to the Crown, and giving facilities for its most 
 
 E 2
 
 52 
 
 significant and splendid expression on the part of the 
 citizens, so he was foremost in vindicating their 
 ancient rights, and repelling the attack made upon 
 them. Public opinion and feeling were with the 
 citizens of London, and the threatened interference 
 
 was abandoned," etc 
 
 Lord chief " The LORD CHIEF BARON, addressing the Lord 
 ' Mayor, said : You are welcome to this Court to 
 claim the ancient privileges, franchises, and immuni- 
 ties of the City of London," etc "I doubt, 
 
 I say, whether any other mode of keeping the peace 
 in the Metropolis of England would answer the same 
 purposes that are now answered by the City of 
 London. / doubt very much whether it be not to the 
 interest of this country to preserve an establishment 
 
 which has so nobly distinguished itself. My 
 
 Lord Mayor, the history of the Corporation of London, 
 if taken with reference to acts required of those who 
 have presided as Lord Mayor, or of influential citizens, 
 would form one of the brightest and most instructive 
 
 pages in the history of England The City 
 
 of London has on many occasions distinguished itself; 
 but this much may be asserted of it with safety, that 
 it has generally been conspicuous for loyalty and 
 devotion to the Sovereign, and has always been fore- 
 most in vindicating constitutional liberty and the 
 rights of the people," etc. 
 
 At the Banquet which followed on that evening, in 
 the Guildhall, upon the Lord Mayor proposing the 
 health of his predecessor, Mr. Alderman Rose, who, he 
 said, had nobly performed his duty during his eventful 
 year of office
 
 53 
 
 " Mr. ALDERMAN ROSE, in acknowledging the com- 
 pliment paid him, rejoiced that it had been his good 
 fortune to fill the civic chair in a year when that 
 Corporation set an example to the rest of the country 
 by its display of affectionate loyalty to the person of 
 our beloved Sovereign and her family, thereby also 
 evincing its attachment to the glorious constitution 
 under which we had the happiness to live. It had 
 also been his lot to be the recipient of nearly half a 
 million sterling from all parts of the world towards 
 the relief of the distress in Lancashire ; and, more- 
 over, almost his last official act was to hand over to 
 the fund for raising a memorial to the late Prince 
 Consort the sum of 54,000. He trusted that the 
 principle of local self-government had not suffered in 
 his hands, and that altogether his year of office had 
 not been an unsuccessful one. (Hear, hear.) 
 
 Extracted from " The Times" oflQth Nov., 1863. 
 
 "Presentation of the LORD MAYOR-ELECT TO THE 1864. 
 LORD CHANCELLOR."- 
 
 " Yesterday being the first day in Michaelmas Term, 
 the Lord Mayor-Elect was formally presented to the 
 Lord High Chancellor, according to custom. The 
 ceremony is a very ancient one, and is always con- 
 ducted with great dignity. Lord Westbury, in 
 particular, has sought to invest it with peculiar 
 significance and respect during his tenure of office." 
 
 " The RECORDER OF LONDON (Mr. Russell Gurney),
 
 54 
 
 addressing the Lord Chancellor, said he had to intro- 
 duce to his Lordship, Mr. Warren Stormes Hale, one 
 of the Aldermen of the City of London, who had been 
 elected by those in whom the right of election was 
 vested to fill the office of Lord Mayor for the ensuing 
 year, and it was his duty as Recorder to certify to his 
 Lordship that in that election the laws, customs, and 
 usages of the city had been duly observed. The 
 citizens of London in making that election had not 
 been unmindful of the important nature of the duties 
 which devolved upon the chief magistrate of their 
 ancient city, or of the qualities which were requisite 
 
 for their right discharge From a very early 
 
 age Mr. Hale had been engaged in commercial pursuits, 
 and by his industry and skill as a manufacturer had 
 acquired for himself an ample fortune. But though 
 much occupied by his private affairs, he had given no 
 inconsiderable portion of his time to the service of the 
 public. For thirty years he was an active and most 
 useful member of the Court of Common Council, and 
 before what was now called middle-class education 
 was much thought of by public men, he was the 
 originator of schemes for education which, adopted 
 and supported as they had been by the Corporation, 
 had proved of incalculable benefit to the middle- 
 classes of this metropolis," etc 
 
 Lord chancel- " The LORD CHANCELLOR, addressing the Lord 
 
 lor Westbury. % 
 
 Mayor-Elect, said, I am commanded by Her 
 Majesty to announce to you her entire approba- 
 tion of the choice which the City of London has 
 made I am happy to say, my Lord Mayor,
 
 55 
 
 that it is not the first time I have had the pleasure 
 of hearing your name and your efforts mentioned in 
 connection with that class of education of which you 
 were a pioneer and an anticipator, and which has 
 been now generally recognised as a great national 
 benefit. That, if there were no other, would be a 
 sufficient pledge of the efficient manner in which 
 you will discharge the duties of your high office," 
 etc. 
 
 Extracted from " The Times" of Nov. 3rd, 1864. 
 
 "LoRD MAYOR'S DAY. Yesterday being the 9th of 
 November, the new Lord Mayor (Alderman Hale), 
 in accordance with a time-honoured custom, went 
 in state from Guildhall to Westminster, escorted by 
 most of the civic dignitaries, to be formally pre- 
 sented to the Barons of the Court of Exchequer." 
 
 " Mr. RUSSELL GURNEY, the Recorder, addressing 
 the Court, said, I have to introduce to your Lord- 
 ships the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor, who accord- 
 ing to ancient custom, presents himself to your 
 Lordships to announce his election to the high 
 office to which the favour of his fellow-citizens has 
 raised him. Many have been the worthy men who 
 in successive years, have appeared in this court to 
 make a similar announcement, but there have been 
 few who could look upon the distinction conferred 
 upon them as the reward of more substantial services 
 rendered to their fellow-citizens than the present
 
 56 
 
 Lord Mayor. His career affords a signal proof of 
 how much real and lasting good may be done by 
 a single individual by quiet, patient, and persevering- 
 effort in the sphere in which Providence has placed 
 him. Left an orphan at a very early age, he had his 
 own way to make in life, without the advantages which 
 they only who have enjoyed them can fully appreciate. 
 By the application of the discoveries of chymical 
 science to an important branch of manufacture he 
 succeeded in winning for himself a high position in 
 
 the commercial world He was for many 
 
 years an active and most useful member of the 
 Court of Common Council, and his influence in that 
 Court was employed in inducing them to found a 
 school for the maintenance and education of those 
 whom, from his own experience, he knew peculiarly 
 to need help, and the Freeman's Orphan School, one of 
 the best of its kind, owes its existence to his perse- 
 vering efforts. 'But while schools for the education 
 of the poorer classes in this city had multiplied, he 
 saw that there was one class for which little provision 
 had been made, and he was one of the first to perceive 
 the mischief which was likely to arise from employers 
 being a less educated body than the employed. He 
 has, indeed, been the pioneer in a cause which is now 
 engaging the attention of thoughtful men I mean 
 that of middle-class education. At his instance, and 
 under his advice, the Corporation were led to found 
 the City of London School, over which he has watched 
 for above twenty years, where at an almost nominal 
 expense, hundreds of the children of the middle-
 
 57 
 
 classes of this metropolis receive an education which, 
 judged by its results, whether seen in those pupils 
 who enter at once on the busy scene of active life, or 
 those who proceed from the school to our ancient 
 seats of learning, may well bear comparison with the 
 very best of our old foundation schools. These are 
 works which justly entitle a man to honour, and well 
 may the City of London rejoice in the opportunity 
 which has been afforded them of placing the Lord 
 Mayor at the head of the municipal institutions. 
 
 It only remains for me, according to 
 
 immemorial usage, having its origin in times when 
 it was not a mere form, to claim on behalf of the 
 Corporation of London the privileges and franchises 
 to them of right belonging." 
 
 " LORD CHIEF BARON POLLOCK. . " My Lord Lord chief 
 
 J . Baron Pollock 
 
 Mayor, you come here to claim the rights of the City 
 of London. They are about the oldest which the law 
 recognizes ; they are rights by prescription, and they 
 now have the confirmation of an Act of Parliament, 
 and they are conceded to you with the utmost cheer- 
 fulness and sincerity. It is only within the last few 
 minutes that Miave learnt the peculiar claims which 
 you have on the respect, the esteem, and the gratitude 
 of your fellow-citizens I mean the great work of 
 education which you have secured for a large class of 
 young persons otherwise totally unprovided for. I, 
 with the utmost sincerity, pronounce my opinion that 
 a better or more important work for the interests and 
 happiness of the community cannot be performed. 
 Where there is education, and where it is universally
 
 58 
 
 diffused, in my opinion there can be nothing but that 
 freedom which it was the object of those who origin- 
 ally instituted the rights and privileges of the City of 
 London to establish and secure. Among an educated 
 class freedom must exist. If all parties in the State 
 were thoroughly educated not merely acquainted 
 with their duties, but thoroughly informed of their 
 rights, there must be that freedom which in this 
 country is valued beyond all price. The institutions 
 of the City of London partake also of that character 
 which belongs to the institutions of State. I own I 
 think there are respects in which they are inferior, 
 but the City of London is worthy of being preserved 
 as a great institution of the country, as continuing to 
 the present day some of the earliest views ivhich our 
 ancestors took of that tvhich would secure the freedom 
 of the people, and at the same time the happiness of 
 the community " etc. 
 
 Lord chancel- At the Banquet which followed that evening, the 
 
 lor Westbury. 
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR, when returning thanks to the com- 
 pany for drinking to his health, observed : " There 
 is no man there is no body or order of men in this 
 country that may not well be proud of receiving the 
 approbation and deserving the good opinion of the 
 citizens of London. You, my Lord Mayor, have 
 adverted, I will not say to my career, but to my good 
 fortune at the bar. Part of that good fortune I owe, 
 and I shall always gratefully acknowledge, to the City 
 of London. I had the honour of being for many years 
 the retained counsel of this city. That was a high
 
 59 
 
 and honourable distinction, which I look back to with 
 great gratitude and pride." 
 
 The LORD MAYOR, in proposing " the House of Lords," 
 and coupling with the toast the name of Lord Brougham, 
 
 said " On the present occasion he could not 
 
 help recording his own personal obligations to Lord 
 Brougham for his powerful assistance in carrying 
 through the House of Lords the Bill for establishing 
 the City of London School. In the year 1834 it had 
 been his duty to bring before the Corporation of 
 London a plan for the establishment of a great middle- 
 class school, which they had most readily adopted ; 
 but difficulties were encountered in inducing the 
 House of Lords to consent to a measure which was 
 certainly of a more liberal character than was consis- 
 tent with the notions of education which then prevailed. 
 These difficulties, however, were overcome by the 
 support and influence of Lord Brougham, at that time 
 Lord Chancellor, and to his exertions the passing of 
 the Bill was mainly due. The result had been the 
 great fact of the establishment on a most satisfactory 
 footing of a school, which was not only one of the 
 largest in the kingdom, numbering G-10 boys, but it 
 had taken its place beside the old foundations of 
 England in the contest for University honours, and 
 sent into the world young men who had won the 
 highest distinctions both in classics and in mathe- 
 matics. (Cheers.) At a later period Lord Brougham 
 
 * 720 boys arc now in the New School erected on the Victoria Embankment by 
 the liberality of the Corporation at a cost of, including site, upwards of 200,000.
 
 60 
 
 took charge of another Bill for the establishment of a 
 school for the orphan children of freemen of the City 
 of London: a school supported at the expense of the 
 Corporation, in which 150 boys and girls are boarded, 
 clothed, and educated." 
 
 w g E GiTd (^ r< G LADSTONE ) The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER, 
 stone. returning thanks for the House of Commons said 
 " My Lord Mayor, speaking in this magnifi- 
 cent hall this great historic hall which, through the 
 wise munificence of the City of London, now at length 
 appears before us in all its pristine magnificence 
 speaking in this hall and returning thanks for the 
 toast of the House of Commons, I feel it due to that 
 city to admit that there is no portion of the British 
 community which, either as regards its own repre- 
 sentatives or as regards the supply of enlightened 
 men to other constituencies, does more for the House 
 of Commons than the mercantile community of the 
 great City of London," (Cheers.) etc. 
 
 " The LORD MAYOR, in a few complimentary sen- 
 tences, next proposed ' The Health of M. Berryer, the 
 distinguished French Advocate,' which was received 
 with great applause." 
 
 M. Berryer. " M. BERRYER said, My lord Mairg, my 
 
 Lords, Mesdames, Messieurs, Je voudrais pouvoir 
 vous remercier dignement de la faveur insigne qui 
 m'a e"te" accordee d'etre admis dans cette solennelle 
 et majestueuse assemble. (Cheers.) Je ne puis 
 recevoir en ma personne et accepter pour moi-meme
 
 61 
 
 lea paroles bienveillantes et flatteuses que vous venez 
 de faire entendre, et qui ont e"te de"veloppe"es par 
 Lord Palmerston (cheers), avec une bonne grace 
 ge"ne"reuse de la part d'un esprit aussi distingue" que 
 le sien (cheers); et jene saurais mieux vous exprimer 
 mes remerciments qu'en vous disant avec sincrit6 
 quelle admiration j'^prouve devant cette fidele con- 
 servation des vieilles coutumes nationales. Heureuse 
 la nation qui sait garder ainsi la tradition des vieux 
 peres, et jusqu'aux les usages qui peuvent paraitre de 
 peu d'importance, mais qui font revivre les ancetres 
 par une sorte de co-existence avec les generations 
 qui leur succedent; antiques souvenirs qui deviennent 
 la base solide des progres, des ameliorations que les 
 temps reclament. (Cheers.) II n'est pas de spectacle 
 qui parle plus hautement a 1'esprit, et qui emeuve 
 plus les co3iirs que celui que nous voyons en ce 
 moment, et pour les yeux qui le contemplent il en est 
 qui seraient bientot remplis des larmes du regret. 
 Je me livrerais ici a de trop penibles reflexions, en 
 voyant a la fois, maintenues a travers les siecles, 
 dans la personne d'une reine bien aimee, 1'autorite 
 Royale fidelement respectee, et respectueuse elle- 
 meme de toutes les libertes de la nation; pres du 
 trone ce grand corps hereditaire de la Chambre des 
 Lor<?s, ou vivent, et les dignes heritiers de ceux qui 
 ont fait jadis la gloire de ce pays, et les homines 
 minents qui se sont illustres par les grands services 
 des hautes intelligences au sein d'une nation eclaire"e. 
 (Cheers.) Plus loin une Chambre des Communes
 
 62 
 
 composee d'hommes librement elus, vrais representants 
 des interets et des volontes d'un peuple loyalement et 
 intelligemment interroge ; et cette grande institution 
 municipale dont vous etes, Mylord Maire, la digne et 
 respectable chef, et qui, avec une majestueuse autorite 
 et une entiere independance, maintient les anciens 
 droits et les fiers privileges de cette antique cite". 
 (Cheers.) Ne vous etonnez pas, Mylord, des impres- 
 sions penibles que subit en ce moment celui qui a 
 
 1'honneur de parler devant vous Mais, je 
 
 n'oublie pas que je suis en dehors de ma patrie, et 
 je m'arrete. Je vous salue, Mylord, et je vous 
 remercie." (Cheers.) 
 
 Extracted from " The Times," Nov. 10, 1864. 
 
 1865. " Swearing in the NEW LORD MAYOR. Yesterday 
 
 (November 8th, 1865) the new Lord Mayor (Alderman 
 Phillips) was publicly sworn to the due execution 
 of his office, at Guildhall, in the presence of the 
 members and all the high officers of the Corporation 
 and a goodly number of the citizens," etc. 
 
 " I am (said the new LORD MAYOR) essentially a 
 citizen, and I am proud that my fellow-citizens have 
 thought me worthy of this honourable and distin- 
 guished position. I look upon this municipality as 
 one of the great landmarks in the history of our 
 country, and I hope the day is distant when any one 
 will be found bold enough to remove it. No one 
 could have witnessed the ceremonial of to-day without 
 feeling a deep and religious interest in it. To my
 
 63 
 
 mind, it connected the history of the past with the 
 present, and to the young, the honest, the diligent, 
 and the active it pointed to a happy and an honourable 
 future. As far as I am concerned in these remarks 
 you may read my history the history of an inde- 
 pendent citizen." 
 
 Extracted from " The Times" of Nov. 9fh, 1865. 
 
 LORD MAYOR'S DAY. At the presentation of the 
 new Lord Mayor (Alderman Phillips) to the Barons 
 of the Exchequer, the following words were used 
 by- 
 
 LORD CHIEF BARON POLLOCK, "My Lord Mayor, I Lord chief 
 have to congratulate you upon arriving at the highest 
 honour which it was in the power of your fellow- 
 citizens to confer upon you. I have to congratulate 
 you on being at the head of the greatest corporation 
 of that which may be considered beyond all question 
 the greatest metropolis in the whole world. You 
 are here by the mouth of the Recorder to claim the 
 ancient rights and privileges of the City of London, 
 and they are readily accorded to you. The City 
 of London is a very ancient part of the institutions 
 of this country. It presents an epitome of the real 
 and Jrue constitution of this realm. It is so old 
 as to be worthy to be preserved for its antiquity, 
 but it has leen so useful and has conferred so many 
 benefits upon the country with which it has leen 
 connected that it is entitled, in consequence of its 
 utility, its public spirit, and its patriotism, at all
 
 64 
 
 times to as much honour as any part of our institu- 
 tions. In the history of this country the City of 
 London has been at all times on the side of consti- 
 tutional liberty, and we have derived, and we still 
 derive, great advantages from the existence of the 
 City of London. During the absence of Parliament 
 it affords opportunities for the declaration of opinions 
 by the ministry of the day, and for the expression 
 of the collected opinions of the public on great and 
 important questions. It is a representation in some 
 measure of the people of England in the reception 
 of eminent personages who come from foreign coun- 
 tries. Indeed, not only in what may be called its 
 public duties, but in every work of charity, in every 
 effort of patriotism, in every work of public good, 
 in whatever may promote the happiness of the 
 inhabitants of this country, the City of London is 
 always foremost and I had almost said fullest in 
 the discharge of its duties." 
 
 Extract from " The Times " of Nov. 10, 1865. 
 
 1866 " At the Presentation of the LORD MAYOR-ELECT on 
 
 Nov. 2nd, 1866. 
 Lord chancel- " The LORD CHANCELLOR (Lord Chelmsford), addres- 
 
 lor Chelms- 
 
 ford. sing the Lord Mayor elect, said, Mr. Alderman 
 
 Gabriel, I have the satisfaction to convey to you Her 
 Majesty's approval of your election to the office of 
 chief magistrate of the City of London for the 
 ensuing year. From the account we have just heard 
 from the lips of the learned and eminent Recorder,
 
 65 
 
 (Mr. Russell Gurney), it appears that, by a long and 
 honourable career of industry and intelligence, char- 
 acteristic of a British merchant, you have by degrees 
 won the position to which you have attained, and 
 that the choice which has been made is not only 
 creditable to the citizens but honourable to yourself. 
 It is unnecessary for me to remind you of the duties 
 you will have to perform. You will have specially 
 intrusted to you the care, peace, and good government 
 of the city, and you will continue to take part in the 
 administration of justice the most important function 
 that can be exercised by a man towards his fellow 
 men. You will also be specially intrusted with the 
 guardianship of the rights and privileges of the 
 citizens. You must be aware that we have fallen on 
 times in which institutions, however venerable, are 
 subject to the most severe and searching scrutiny 
 and may be said to be always on their trial. I have 
 had myself great satisfaction, since I have had a seat 
 in the House of Lords, in maintaining and asserting 
 ancient privileges, including some which appertain 
 to the Citizens of London, and I shall always, when- 
 ever occasion may arise, and my conscience approves, 
 be ready to defend them. It is unnecessary for me to 
 point to any example for your guidance and conduct 
 in the exercise of your duties, but if such an example 
 were wanting I should find it ready at hand in the 
 present chief magistrate, for nothing can be more 
 dignified or honourable than the manner in which he 
 has performed the functions of his high office. But 
 you will not require any example but your own. 
 
 F
 
 Pursue that same honourable and conscientious course 
 which has marked you through life, transfer it to the 
 exercise of your high duties, and I am satisfied you 
 will retire from your mayoralty with the conviction 
 that you have faithfully discharged those duties to 
 the satisfaction of your fellow-citizens." 
 
 Extracted from "The Times" of Nov. 3rd, 1866. 
 
 LORD MAYOR'S DAY. At the presentation of the new 
 
 Lord Mayor of London (Alderman Gabriel), to the 
 
 Barons of the Court of Exchequer in accordance with 
 
 ancient custom, he was thus addressed : 
 
 Lord chief "LORD CHIEF BARON KELLY, My Lord Mayor, I 
 
 Baron Kelly. / / 
 
 have now, as my predecessors in the office I have the 
 honour to hold have done from very early times, 
 the pleasing duty to discharge of receiving you in this 
 court, and of congratulating you upon having attained 
 the highest honour which can be conferred upon a 
 citizen of London by his fellow-citizens. My Lord, 
 it must be a matter of high gratification to you to feel 
 that in receiving that distinction you are not indebted 
 for it to the accident of noble birth, or to an here- 
 ditary claim to honours fought for in the field or won 
 in the senate or at the bar, but that you owe that 
 station to which, with all the dignity and honour 
 attending it, you are now exalted with the full, and I 
 believe I may say the unanimous, approval of your 
 fellow-citizens, you owe it, I say, to your own 
 honest exertions in an independent line of conduct, 
 to your own efforts to procure for yourself a name,
 
 67 
 
 and wealth, and distinction as a trader of the City of 
 London, the greatest commercial city in the world. 
 
 And, first, let me allude to the important 
 
 part which you are destined to bear in common with 
 ourselves, who have now the gratification of receiving 
 you in this court, in the administration of justice. 
 You, in concurrence with the judges of the land, 
 possess undoubted jurisdiction in that Criminal Court 
 which, sitting as it does within the City of London, 
 possesses the largest jurisdiction in criminal matters 
 
 of any tribunal existing in the British Empire 
 
 My Lord Mayor, I would also presume, however 
 superfluous it may be, to entreat of you during the 
 period of your mayoralty never for one moment to 
 forget that in you and in the aldermen and citizens 
 is vested the power at least I hope so and that 
 upon you is imposed the duty of ever maintaining 
 unimpaired, and, if possible, unquestioned, the high 
 and ancient privileges of the City of London. With 
 them and under them you have become the first and 
 greatest city in the woi*ld. Without them I would 
 scarcely venture to describe the condition to which 
 you would be reduced if, indeed, I might not rather 
 use the term " degraded." I feel confident that those 
 privileges are safe in your hands, and that as long as 
 you have a voice in the administration of justice or in 
 the many beneficial measures which may be adopted 
 by either the Court of Aldermen, the magistracy in 
 general, or by the citizens of London at large with a 
 view to the maintenance of those privileges, they are 
 certain to be regarded, respected, venerated and pre- 
 served," etc. 
 
 F 2
 
 68 
 
 At the Banquet which followed on that evening at 
 
 the Guildhall, in returning thanks to the distinguished 
 
 company who had drank his health, the following 
 
 expressions were made use of by 
 
 Lord chancel- "The LORD CHANCELLOR. Notwithstanding the 
 
 lor Chelms- . . . 
 
 extreme personal kindness which has been manifested 
 by you, my Lord Mayor, I cannot consider the present 
 toast, which I rise to acknowledge, as personal to 
 myself. I regard it as the expression of the annual 
 homage which on these great occasions is invariably 
 paid to the law, through its representative the 
 individual who happens at the time to be its head. 
 Whatever difference of opinion may exist with respect 
 to many other institutions there is an universal feeling 
 pervading the country, that to our equal laws and 
 the impartial administration of them we owe the 
 security of all the rights and liberties of the people. 
 One circumstance which, perhaps, attaches the people 
 to these more than any other is the part they are 
 called on to perform in the administration of the law. 
 That is strikingly and continually demonstrated within 
 the precincts of this great city. At one time the 
 highest criminal Court of Justice in the kingdom, 
 presided over by the Lord Mayor, holds its sittings, 
 where the citizens, assembled as jurymen, decide 
 upon the rights and liberties of their fellow-subjects. 
 At another time the judges of the Superior Courts 
 hold their sittings here, and all the great commercial 
 questions, and all the great questions which are 
 interesting to a commercial community are practically 
 decided by merchants and by persons interested in
 
 69 
 
 the trade and commerce of the country. And these 
 tribunals are presided over by judges of great learn- 
 ing, of perfect integrity, of entire independence, 
 securing the confidence of the people in their deci- 
 sions, and never more decidedly so than at the 
 
 present moment. (Cheers.)" 
 
 Proposing as a toast " The Health of Her Majesty's 
 Ministers," the LORD MAYOR observed " In this 
 ancient and noble hall, the citizens of London have 
 been honoured by the presence of kings, princes, 
 nobles, and distinguished statesmen of all nations 
 and every shade of politics ; the occasion being 
 recognised as one on which all parties for the time 
 being are on perfect equality the history of the 
 Guildhall of the City of London being, in fact, a 
 history of the struggles and triumphs of the people 
 in their efforts to secure their civil and religious 
 liberty, endangered by the encroachments of the 
 Crown on one hand, or the turbulence and disloyalty 
 of the people on the other. It would, therefore, be 
 incorrect to say that politics are excluded from this 
 hall. This, however, I may say with perfect truth, 
 that the citizens ever welcome with sincere cordiality 
 Her Majesty's Ministers, whatever be their politics, 
 and always rely upon them for the maintenance of all 
 our civil and religious rights and privileges," etc. 
 
 Extracted from " The Times" of November 10/A, 1866. 
 
 Presentation of the LORD MAYOR-ELECT to the LORD 1867. 
 CHANCELLOR, on Nov. 2nd, 1867, and speech of the 
 Lord Chancellor (Lord Chelmsford), on that occasion.
 
 70 
 Lord chancel- " The LORD CHANCELLOR said : My Lord Mayor- 
 
 lor Chelms- J J 
 
 ford. Elect, I have the pleasure to announce to you that 
 Her Majesty entirely approves the choice of the 
 citizens of London in electing- you to fill the office of 
 Lord Mayor for the ensuing year. From the state- 
 ment just made by the learned Recorder as to the 
 honourable course of your former life, it appears that 
 you have deservedly gained the esteem and respect 
 of your fellow-citizens, and have fairly won for your- 
 self the high position in which their confidence has 
 placed you. It is almost unnecessary for me to 
 remind you that you will have during your year of 
 office to watch over the peace and safety of the city, 
 to take a conspicuous part in the administration of 
 justice, and to defend the rights and privileges of the 
 Corporation. With respect to the guardianship of 
 the city, we have fallen upon anxious times. Out- 
 rages and deeds of violence are constantly occurring 
 without any assignable motive, and rumours of 
 tumults and outrages are continually afloat, all tending 
 to a feeling of insecurity and alarm, which calls for 
 more than ordinary vigilance and determination on 
 the part of those who are intrusted with the preser- 
 vation of the public peace I trust, my 
 
 Lord Mayor-Elect, that during your year of office no 
 tumult or violence will occur to disturb the peace of 
 the city ; but if any such occasion should unhappily 
 arise calling for the exercise of extraordinary promp- 
 titude and vigour, I feel convinced that you will not 
 
 * The same number of "Tlie Times'" records the Fenian Trials at Manchester 
 for the murder of the policeman Brett.
 
 71 
 
 bear the sword in vain. You have been long experi- 
 enced in the duties of a magistrate, and you will have 
 the assistance and advice of your colleagues whenever 
 they may be needed. I think the administration of 
 justice in the first instance is nowhere more satisfac- 
 torily conducted than in the police courts of the City 
 of London. From the daily report of their proceed- 
 ings and where summary jurisdiction is exercised, 
 it is right that magistrates should be fairly watched 
 I never observe that there is any failure of justice, 
 or any want of discretion. I have only to set before 
 you your own example, which will be a safe guide. 
 With regard to the rights and privileges of the Cor- 
 poration, this is an age in which nothing can be 
 expected to stand on foundations of mere custom and 
 antiquity. Everything is now freely canvassed and 
 examined, and if it is found unsound, the title of 
 prescription is pleaded in vain. Besides, institutions 
 which may have been well suited to earlier periods of 
 our history, and to a different state of things, often 
 become, in the march of time, the great innovator, 
 but ill-adapted to the changes which take place in the 
 national life. I do not mean to say that anything of 
 this kind exists with regard to the privileges of the 
 Corporation, but you have among you able and learned 
 men, well versed in everything that relates to the 
 privileges and rights of the city, and if anything 
 requires reformation, you will do well to apply your 
 minds to it with that view, instead of allowing a 
 rude hand to be laid upon those rights and privileges 
 which may sweep them entirely away. My Lord
 
 72 
 
 Mayor-Elect, it is hardly likely that your year of office 
 will be illustrated, as that of your predecessor has 
 been, in a degree destined to be long memorable by 
 visits of foreign Sovereigns, especially of those not 
 in the habit of leaving their dominions ; but if an 
 occasion of that kind should arise in which you would 
 be called upon to dispense the hospitalities for which 
 the City of London is renowned, I am sure you will 
 do so with the befitting splendour and public spirit 
 which have marked the year of office of your prede- 
 cessor. More than he has done in that respect it is 
 impossible to desire, and he may well be held up as 
 an example to those who follow him. For one, I do 
 not look on those entertainments as mere sumptuous 
 ceremonies or exhibitions of costly pageantry ; I 
 regard them, on the contrary, as they are regarded 
 abroad, as tending in a high degree to conciliate the 
 good- will and friendly feeling of other nations towards 
 this country, and to promote mutual intercourse." 
 Extracted from " The Tunes" of Nov. tth, 1867. 
 
 " It is due to the retiring Lord Mayor (Sir Thomas 
 Gabriel), whose tenure of office ends to-day, to state 
 that in the city especially, and wherever else he is 
 known, there is but one opinion as to the able and 
 judicious manner in which he has acquitted himself. 
 The visits of the Sultan and of the Viceroy of Egypt, 
 long destined to be memorable, gave to his year of 
 office peculiar interest, and furnished the Corporation, 
 as the only representative body in the metropolis 
 equal to the reception of foreign potentates on their
 
 73 
 
 visits to this country with becoming splendour, and 
 on a scale of commensurate grandeur, with an oppor- 
 tunity for the legitimate exercise of the hospitality 
 for which it has long been renowned. On that 
 occasion, and also on entertaining His Highness the 
 Viceroy under his own roof, Sir Thomas Gabriel well 
 sustained the dignity and honour of the city, as like- 
 wise at a later period when he dispensed the 
 hospitalities of the Mansion House before Her 
 Majesty's Ministers and a distinguished company. 
 These were the occasions by which his mayoralty has 
 been chiefly illustrated ; but it will also be remembered 
 in connection with the fact that he used his official 
 influence and position to raise and dispense public 
 funds, amounting in all to nearly 50,000, for the 
 relief of the distress in the East of London, and of 
 that consequent upon the deplorable colliery calamities 
 in Yorkshire and Staffordshire. As a magistrate he 
 has the reputation of being singularly painstaking, 
 shrewd, and conscientious, and he has gained for 
 himself the respect and confidence of all the officers 
 of his court. There, and also in the Courts of Alder- 
 men and Common Council, one main object with him 
 always was to consult the time of every one connec- 
 ted with them, and he quits office with the general 
 concurrence of the citizens of having well deserved 
 the honour which Her Majesty was pleased to con- 
 fer on him." 
 
 Extract from " The Times" of Nov. 8th, 1867. 
 
 LORD MAYOR'S DAY. After the Recorder had for- 
 mally introduced the new Lord Mayor (Alderman
 
 74 
 
 Allen) to the Barons of the Exchequer, he concluded 
 by saying, " It only remains that I should claim, as 
 I now do, on behalf of the Mayor, commonalty, and 
 citizens of London the rights, privileges, and immuni- 
 ties as to them of old have belonged." 
 Lord chief * The LORD CHIEF BARON said, My Lord Mayor, 
 
 Baron Kelly. T . . . /. , i j 
 
 i rejoice at the opportunity 01 welcoming your lord- 
 ship to this court, and in assuring you of the gratifi- 
 cation which we feel that the choice of your fellow- 
 citizens has fallen upon one so able and so worthy to 
 fill, with honour to himself and with great benefit to 
 the City of London, the high and distinguished office 
 to which he has been elected. The language in which 
 your learned Recorder has introduced you to this 
 Court and your own high and honourable character 
 leave us no room to doubt that you will discharge the 
 great and important duties assigned to you through- 
 out the year of your mayoralty in a manner in every 
 way satisfactory to the Sovereign and to the people 
 of this country. But, my Lord Mayor, it is not alone 
 to the performance of the ordinary duties assigned to 
 you in the office to which you have been elected that 
 it will be necessary for you to direct your attention ; 
 but your attention must be directed also to the pass- 
 ing events of the day, and to those great questions 
 which are likely to arise touching and involving not 
 only the privileges of the great and ancient City of 
 London ; but, peradventure, it may happen, its very 
 name and its very existence. The metropolis of this 
 
 * The whole of this address deserves perusal as an eloquent tribute to the 
 Corporation.
 
 75 
 
 country has now become so great and extensive 
 that it numbers no less than 3,000,000 inhabitants, 
 and it is therefore not to be wondered at that the in- 
 habitants of the different portions and districts of 
 the capital should lay claim before the Legislature of 
 the country either to participate in the honours and 
 distinctions enjoyed by the Corporation of London, 
 or to secure to themselves the appointment of subor- 
 dinate and independent municipal Corporations in 
 each of these districts, and, considering the amount of 
 the population, the great, the increasing, and the in- 
 creased wealth of the inhabitants of the metropolis, it 
 is impossible to deny that the claim which they have 
 made is well founded and is well entitled to the con- 
 sideration of the Legislature. Under these circum- 
 stances, the question already has arisen and it may 
 be that the time is not merely fast approaching, but is 
 even now at hand, when that question must be more 
 or less finally determined the question, namely, 
 whether it shall be deemed expedient to leave the Cor- 
 poration of London as it is, the greatest and freest 
 Corporation in this country, and to erect separate and 
 distinct municipal bodies or Corporations in each, 
 possibly, of the electoral districts of the remainder of 
 the metropolis, or whether to create some great and 
 numerous body to be invested with the management 
 and government of the entire capital, of which the 
 Corporation of the City of London may be destined 
 to form but a part only, and possibly to be merged in 
 the great body thus to be created to represent the 
 entire metropolis. If we consider that question as it
 
 76 
 
 has arisen, it appears to be one of the most important, 
 and to be surrounded with the greatest difficulties 
 of any that has arisen in modern times ; and I 
 venture to think that it is a question which cannot 
 with any approach to certainty or safety be determined 
 until some of these numerous difficulties shall have 
 been solved, and the question itself submitted to the 
 test of actual and practical experience. Possibly, it may 
 be better before it is too late, and before the mischief is 
 done which cannot be re-called, to determine whether 
 municipal Corporations shall be established in the 
 different electoral districts of the metropolis, leaving 
 the Corporation of London as it has existed for many 
 centuries, and still exists at the present day ; but, if it 
 shall be otherwise, if it shall be determined to create 
 one great municipal body to whom the management 
 and the government of the entire metropolis shall be 
 assigned, then will be the time in which you, my 
 Lord Mayor, and the Corporation, with the Citizens of 
 London, may be called upon, not merely to defend 
 your privileges, but to struggle for your very exist- 
 ence. That you, of whom the learned Recorder has 
 said that which entitles you to the confidence of your 
 fellow-citizens and of your country, will do your best 
 to maintain those privileges it is impossible for us 
 for a single moment to doubt ; and it may well be 
 that when the time shall come for you, the Corporation , 
 to assign the cause why you should be left in 
 possession of all the privileges which for centuries 
 you have enjoyed your high character for inde- 
 pendence, your name, your rank, your supremacy,
 
 77 
 
 and the privileges connected with the administration 
 of justice, which you have so long possessed, and 
 the property with which you have been so long 
 intrusted under the sacred sanction of the law you 
 may be able to challenge your opponents, if opponents 
 shall be found, upon this great and important question, 
 to point out a single instance in the long history of the 
 Corporation of the City of London in which you have 
 betrayed your trust, or exercised the great privileges 
 you possess otherwise than for the benefit of your 
 fellow-citizens and your fellow-countrymen. And 
 you may well say, upon the score of antiquity, that 
 your Corporation is, not only the greatest and the 
 most famous, but that it is the most ancient Corpora- 
 tion in the world it is as ancient as the monarchy 
 itself ; for among your records is to be found the 
 recognition of some of your privileges more than a 
 century before the Conquest, and not long after the 
 dissolution of the Heptarchy. And, then, when you 
 claim to retain those privileges and rights, and to 
 retain that title and supremacy, it may be well to be 
 assured upon what grounds those rights are to be 
 seriously, and justly it may be, questioned by the 
 Legislature with respect to the mode in which you 
 have applied the funds at your disposal ; you have been 
 possessed, as is well known for centuries past, not 
 only of very large revenues arising in part from the 
 taxation of some portions of the people unconnected 
 with the City of London, but of other property, by 
 gifts and grants and bequests, which you have ever 
 held under the sanction of the law, and which have
 
 78 
 
 been ratified and confirmed to yon by charters and by 
 many Acts of Parliament. And how have yon applied 
 those funds ? To the best purposes of a large and 
 liberal charity, to the education of great numbers, 
 thousands and tens of thousands of your poorer fellow- 
 citizens, to the maintenance of some of our important 
 institutions, as the courts and prisons, and other 
 heads of expenditure connected with the administra- 
 tion of the law, upon great public improvements, 
 and upon a system of hospitality so extensive, so 
 liberal, and so splendid as to have secured to you 
 the thanks and the goodwill of all portions of your 
 fellow subjects. To the application of those funds 
 to purposes of charity, or of the education of the 
 people, or to the aid you have afforded in the 
 administration of the law, no exception ever has 
 been, or ever can be, urged. So with regard to 
 the great public improvements which you have 
 with the funds at your disposal so largely and 
 liberally effected. Why, you have within the last 
 century expended no less than seven millions sterling 
 in some of the greatest public works and most 
 important improvements that have ever been accom- 
 plished in any city in the world ; and even now you 
 have in hand, and you are actually engaged out of 
 the funds at y our disposal in accomplishing further 
 improvements, to the amount of very nearly three 
 millions sterling. It remains only to be considered 
 whether any just exception can be made to the mode 
 in which you have applied your funds, in the dispensa- 
 tion of your splendid hospitalities to various portions
 
 79 
 
 of the people. It is but a small part only of the 
 revenues at your command which have been thus 
 applied ; and in whose favour, and for whose benefit 
 have you dispensed this hospitality ? Why, you 
 have invited, and you have feasted at your hospitable 
 board, great and numerous portions of the people, 
 from some among the humblest of your fellow- 
 citizens to those who are most famous among your 
 countrymen in arts and in arms, in literature and in 
 science, in commerce and in manufactures to orators 
 and statesmen, to Ministers of the Crown, to the Princes, 
 the Kings, and the Queens of England ; nay, more, 
 you have extended these hospitalities to. some of the 
 most illustrious of the Sovereigns of Europe, thus 
 not only securing the goodwill and encouraging and 
 promoting a feeling of good-fellowship among 
 your fellow - citizens and among your fellow- 
 subjects, but also encouraging and promoting 
 feelings of loyalty and attachment from the people 
 to the Sovereign, and of kind and benignant senti- 
 ments from the Sovereign to the people, likewise 
 cementing and strengthening the bonds of amity 
 and union between this country and perhaps the most 
 important, the most populous and powerful nations 
 and their rulers throughout the world. Yet a time 
 may come when you may be called upon not only 
 to defend your rights to the property by means of which 
 you have indulged in this splendid system of hospital- 
 ity, but you may also see by whom that demand shall 
 be made upon you that you may challenge your oppo- 
 nents or enemies if enemies you may have to point
 
 80 
 
 out a single instance in which one shilling of those 
 great funds at your disposal has ever been expended 
 to procure the personal enjoyment, or the personal 
 aggrandizement of any one member of your Corpora- 
 tion ; on the contrary, you, my Lord Mayor, may 
 before long find, by costly experience, that not only is 
 no part of those funds applied to the personal enjoyment 
 or the personal benefit of the officers of the Corpora- 
 tion, or of the citizens, but that you and the chief 
 members of the Corporation, the Lord Mayor and 
 the sheriffs, may be called upon to contribute out of 
 your private resources, and largely to contribute, to 
 the expenditure necessary to support this system of 
 hospitality. My Lord Mayor, the time may come 
 when indeed, it has already been proposed, upon 
 high authority the question shall be raised and 
 submitted to the Legislature whether this great 
 Corporation of London shall be amalgamated and 
 blended, with a multiplicity of corporate offices to 
 be created, into one vast body for the Municipal 
 Government of the entire metropolis ; and if that 
 time should come, then, if I may presume to advise 
 you, stand fast upon your claim, founded upon your 
 uniform line of conduct for many, many centuries, to 
 retain your name and title, to retain your rank and 
 supremacy as the first and greatest Corporation in 
 the Empire, to retain the share you have hitherto 
 held in the administration of the law, and in the 
 appointment and election of law officers to assist the 
 judges of the land, and to defend the property which 
 has been confirmed and secured to you by charters
 
 81 
 
 
 
 and by Acts of Parliament for more than 500 years. 
 Then, if the time shall come when the potent hand 
 of reform shall be stretched forth above and around 
 you it may even be against you if you can succeed, 
 as I trust from the wisdom and justice of the Legisla- 
 ture you will succeed, in establishing and maintaining 
 your claims to this rank and these titles, then it may 
 be said of you, in the language of the poet, speaking 
 of the dominion of England on the seas, though a 
 second deluge were to overspread the earth 
 ' Thy power were safe, and her destroying hand 
 Shall but enlarge the bounds at thy command.' 
 My Lord Mayor, I cannot close this address to you at 
 a moment when I cannot but feel that a most 
 important portion of your privileges may be in some 
 peril without referring to one of the most important 
 which you possess, and which you have ever exercised 
 to the great and unspeakable benefit of your fellow- 
 citizens and your fellow-countrymen I mean the 
 right that you possess to elect your own law officers, 
 and to enable them to bear the important part which 
 they have hitherto so worthily borne in aid of Her 
 Majesty's judges in the administration of justice in 
 the Central Criminal Court. You may well say 
 that that privilege has never been abused. Among 
 the Recorders and Common Serjeants whom you, the 
 Corporation of London, have appointed from time to 
 time are to be found many of the most illustrious 
 members of the law, who have deservedly and 
 worthily obtained, by the favour of the Crown 
 and the approval of the people, the very highest
 
 82 
 
 * 
 
 offices of the law from the office of Lord Chancellor 
 and Lord Chief Justice downwards and among 
 whom are to be found the names of Coke, Holt, 
 and Lord Denman, and may I be permitted to add 
 that the selection you have made in our own times 
 has added to that list two great and worthy members 
 I mean my learned friends the present law officers 
 of the Corporation, the Recorder and the Common 
 Serjeant, whom I have now the pleasure of seeing by 
 your side, men eminent and able in their profession, 
 and worthy to take their seats beside those whose 
 privilege it is to address you from the Bench of 
 Justice in this Court," etc. 
 
 At the Banquet at Guildhall, which took place on 
 that evening, the late Lord Mayor, SIR THOMAS 
 GABRIEL, observed " Twelve months ago I entered 
 on the office of Lord Mayor, with a full appreciation 
 of its obligations and duties, and fully recognising 
 the force and truth of the axiom then uttered by the 
 gifted Chancellor of the Exchequer (Right Hon. B. 
 Disraeli), that, ' Though individuals may form com- 
 munities, institutions alone can form nations," 
 (cheers) and I was perfectly aware that I was then 
 taking the presidency of an institution which had for 
 centuries done as much, or, perhaps, more than any 
 kindred institution in affecting the character of the 
 nation, by offering a platform upon which men, 
 possessing qualifications for public service may 
 acquire that independence of thought and action 
 to be derived from the management and discussion 
 of their local affairs, and thus be fitted for taking
 
 
 83 
 
 part in higher public duties. A study of the history 
 of this Corporation will, I think, show that the 
 principles upon which it is based have not interfered 
 with its being adapted to the requirements of age to 
 age in past times, and need not, while retaining these 
 principles, and many of the external evidences and 
 reminders of its antiquity and connection with the 
 events of ages passed away, prevent this Corporation 
 being adapted to all the requirements of the rapidly 
 changing state of society in the present day of 
 uninterrupted progress." (Cheers.) 
 
 Extracted from " The Times " of November 11th, 1867. 
 
 Presentation of the Lord Mayor-Elect (Alderman 1868. 
 James Lawrence) to the Lord Chancellor (Lord Cairns). 
 On this occasion, among others, the following obser- 
 vations were made by 
 
 " The LORD CHANCELLOR My Lord, the Lord chancel- 
 
 dignity you have attained is one of high honour, but, 
 at the same time, one of great responsibility. The 
 public will look to the chief officer of the City of 
 London as the person upon whom will depend its good 
 order and regulation in everything that concerns its 
 police affairs, and when we consider the vast amount 
 of property at stake in the City of London, and the 
 millions of human beings congregating in and passing 
 and re-passing through it from day to day, it must be 
 obvious that on the maintenance of good order depend 
 in a high degree the well-being and prosperity of the 
 
 G 2
 
 84 
 
 community itself. Again, you have to intervene in a 
 prominent manner in the administration of the criminal 
 justice of the city, and that part of the criminal 
 justice requiring the greatest tact and judgment 
 namely, the summary conviction of offenders. That 
 is a matter in which, no doubt, you have had consider- 
 able experience, and in which I know you will be 
 assisted by your colleagues and by able law officers. 
 But on the police regulations and the administration 
 of justice depend in a great degree the peace and 
 welfare of the community. It is not merely that your 
 magisterial decisions should be in accordance with 
 justice, of which no one can entertain a doubt, 
 but that they should be marked by energy, promp- 
 titude, and certainly above all by uniformity. 
 My Lord Mayor-Elect, There can be no doubt the 
 citizens will look to you as the natural defender of the 
 privileges of the Corporation. I rejoice to think that 
 with regard to the just rights and privileges of the 
 Corporation of London, as far as I can judge, so far 
 from there being any desire from without to interfere 
 ivith them, I believe those privileges are regarded 
 with pride and satisfaction by the public at large. 
 There is but one circumstance which could lead to any 
 danger to those rights and privileges, and I may be 
 allowed to mention it. That danger would lie where, 
 if there should be matters with respect to which the 
 Corporation should be required to adjust itself to the 
 requirements of the times, essentially different from 
 those in which they had their origin, there should be 
 any failure of the Corporation so to amend and adapt
 
 85 
 
 itself. But when I remember there are in that Cor- 
 poration men whose sagacity, foresight, breadth of 
 view, and whose practical knowledge of business are 
 undoubted, I cannot for myself entertain any appre- 
 hension on that account, nor can I doubt that, 
 wherever amendment and re-adjustment maybe needed, 
 that amendment and re-adjustment will not only be 
 carried into effect by, but will originate with, the 
 Corporation," etc. 
 
 Extract from " The Times"'' of Xw. 3/r?, 1868. 
 
 LOED MAYOR'S DAY. On the occasion of the presen- 
 tation of the new Lord Mayor (Alderman James 
 Lawrence) to the Barons of the Exchequer at West- 
 minster, 
 
 " The LORD CHIEF BARON, addressing the Lord Lord <-' hief 
 
 Baron Kelly. 
 
 Mayor, said, I must begin by praying your Lord- 
 ship's indulgence if, from a slight infirmity affecting 
 my voice, I am unable to address your Lordship at 
 any length even upon this auspicious occasion. But, 
 my Lord, it is with sincere pleasure that I congratulate 
 you upon having been raised by the unanimous 
 voice of a great body of your fellow-citizens to 
 the high office of Lord Mayor of the City of London ; 
 and when we are told by my learned and able friend, 
 the Common Serjeant, that your father before you 
 was raised by his fellow-citizens to a high dignity 
 in the Corporation, and that his son, your brother, 
 was raised to a still higher position, we learn that in 
 this country and in your great and ancient city
 
 86 
 
 honours may be hereditary as well by merit as by 
 
 law And well and fortunate it is that one 
 
 so highly qualified as yourself should have been 
 called to preside over the corporate body and the 
 citizens of London at this most trying and eventful 
 period of our history, when a Parliament is about 
 to assemble chosen by a newly-created elective body, 
 vastly augmented in its numbers and altered in its 
 constitution. My Lord, before that Parliament, of 
 which we now know your Lordship not unworthily 
 aspires to be a member, the great Corporation of 
 which you are chief must be put upon its trial. The 
 great question will arise and be determined whether 
 this vast metropolis, with its three millions of 
 inhabitants, shall be placed under the local protection 
 and management of one great governing body with, 
 perhaps, and by no means certainly, a chief magis- 
 trate at its head, or be sub-divided into a number 
 of districts and municipalities, each with its own 
 constitution, its council, its magistracy, and its chief. 
 My Lord, when that time shall arrive, with its many 
 great and unavoidable changes in prospect, I have 
 no doubt your Lordship and the other members of 
 the great Corporation to which you belong will be 
 found prepared to meet the ordeal which you must 
 undergo, and equal to the sacrifices which you may 
 be called upon to make; but you, my Lord, and 
 all those with whom you are associated will struggle 
 for the accomplishment of those reforms, and of those 
 only which you in your own judgments and con- 
 sciences believe to be most conducive to the well-being,
 
 87 
 
 the happiness, and the prosperity of your fellow- 
 citizens and fellow-countrymen. And whatever may 
 be your destiny, allow mo to express my hope and 
 belief that you will continue to enjoy and deserve 
 the respect and confidence of the whole people of 
 this country by your unceasing and unsparing efforts 
 to exercise the powers conferred upon you and to 
 apply the resources at your disposal as you have 
 long heretofore done, by well and effectually aiding 
 in the administration of justice, by promoting the 
 great cause of education, to which I rejoice to know 
 you have, greatly to the public good, directed your 
 attention among all classes, and more especially 
 among the more humble and helpless of your fellow- 
 citizens; by administering the blessings of charity 
 among the poor, by assisting in those vast and 
 splendid improvements in the disposition and the 
 architectural structure of your streets of which the 
 city may now justly boast, and by dispensing your 
 magnificent hospitalities, not only to the Sovereign 
 on the throne and the Princes of the Royal blood, but 
 to all the most distinguished and meritorious among 
 your fellow-countrymen and the most eminent of 
 other nations who visit this country. Thus, my 
 Lord, you will prove to those who will have to decide 
 upon your fate as a Corporation that you have not 
 been unworthy the power, or the wealth, or the 
 privileges which you have now enjoyed for nearly 
 a thousand years. To the late Lord Mayor I have 
 to express the thanks of the Court on account of 
 the generous hospitality with which he has at all
 
 times welcomed the judges of this court and the 
 other judges of the realm engaged in the adminis- 
 tration of the law," etc. 
 
 At the Banquet which took place on that evening 
 
 at the Guildhall, " The Health of their Excellencies 
 
 the Foreign Ministers," was proposed by the LORD 
 
 Ki K ht Hon. MAYOR, who, coupling with the toast the name of 
 
 Lw d re^cc r ^ r ' J mison j tn representative in this country of 
 
 the United States of America, observed: "The 
 
 Atlantic cable seemed now to bind the nations of 
 
 America and England more closely together than 
 
 at any former period, and the vibration of the needle 
 
 at either end of that cable would, he hoped, prove 
 
 a faithful index of the beating in unison of American 
 
 and English hearts on all questions where liberty 
 
 rp , . and the rights of conscience were concerned." .... 
 
 1 he American 
 
 Minister (Mr. " jyj r REVERDY JOHNSON, who was loudly cheered. 
 
 Keverdy > 
 
 Johnson). said, May it please your Royal Highness, my lords, 
 ladies, and gentlemen, I rise on behalf of the foreign 
 representatives at Her Majesty's Court, to acknowledge 
 the honour you have done us in the toast which has 
 just been proposed by the Lord Mayor, and to return 
 you our joint thanks for the manner in which you have 
 thought proper to respond to it. The favourable 
 opinion of London can never be indifferent to the 
 representatives of other nations at Her Majesty's 
 Court. The intelligence and enterprise of the people 
 of this city have never been greater for centuries 
 past than they are at present. It is the most populous 
 and possibly the richest city in the world, and its 
 expressed approbation of the representatives of other
 
 89 
 
 nations cannot fail to be most acceptable to the 
 Governments which they represent. We rejoice at 
 the wealth and prosperity of London, knowing that 
 your institutions are founded on those principles 
 of freedom which are essential to the happiness and 
 prosperity of man," etc. 
 
 Extracted from " The Times " of Nov. 10th, 1868. 
 
 " The public will learn with much satisfaction from Example of 
 the speech of Mr. Reverdy Johnson, at the Guildhall, speeches at 
 that the questions in dispute between England and Mayoralty * 
 the United States of America have been so far settled 
 that they can no longer disturb the relations of the 
 two countries," etc. 
 
 Extract from leader in " The Times " of Nov. 10/A, 1868. 
 
 Speech of Lord Hatherley (the Lord Chancellor) 1869. 
 on the presentation to him of Alderman Besley, the 
 Lord Mayor-Elect : 
 
 "The LORD CHANCELLOR, My Lord Mayor-Elect, Lord chancel- 
 
 , . , lor Hatherlej-. 
 
 I have to convey to you Her Majesty s entire approval 
 of the choice which the Citizens of London have made 
 in electing you as their chief magistrate for the 
 ensuing year. That it has devolved upon me to give 
 you this assurance is a peculiar satisfaction to me, 
 remembering, as I do, my own connection with the 
 City of London, and that it is more than half a century 
 since my father was presented on two successive 
 occasions to one of my most distinguished predeces- 
 sors in the office I now have the honour to hold, for 
 that approval which the Crown accords to the Alder- 
 man whom the Citizens of London, from time to time,
 
 90 
 
 elect as their chief magistrate. My father came from 
 the same county as yourself ; it was in Exeter that 
 he first engaged in business, and I am thankful to 
 find that you so well merited the esteem and respect, 
 not only of those among whom you lived there, but 
 of the community among whom so much of your 
 later life has been spent, and who have conferred 
 upon you the highest honour in their power to bestow. 
 There is no danger of my forgetting the special 
 dignity which attaches to your office. I hardly know, 
 indeed, any office more dignified than that which, for 
 a period of 800 years, has been conferred from year 
 to year by the free voice of the Citizens of London 
 upon one of their own community. The Conqueror 
 found the Citizens of London in the possession of those 
 great rights and privileges which they have since 
 continued to exercise to the present day, and there is 
 only one instance in their history in which a reigning 
 monarch attempted to interfere with that exercise. 
 The duty which devolves upon me to-day of express- 
 ing Her Majesty's approval of the choice of your 
 fellow-citizens, while on the one hand it implies a 
 reservation to the Crown of a privilege which it must 
 necessarily possess in reference to those called to the 
 exercise of magisterial functions, is, at the same time, 
 an annual proof of the willingness with which those 
 privileges are year by year sanctioned and continued ; 
 and I trust, my Lord Mayor-Elect, it will long continue 
 to be so. You are, no doubt, called upon to exercise 
 many important and responsible duties as the succes- 
 sor of those who, for a period unexampled in history,
 
 91 
 
 have, by the free choice of their fellow-citizens, been 
 elected to protect them in the exercise of their rights, 
 the performance of their duties, and in the enjoyment 
 of their property and their freedom ; and you will, no 
 doubt, feel the force of that maxim which has been 
 applied to the nobility of this realm, but which is no 
 less applicable to those who, like you, my Lord 
 Mayor-Elect, continue that long line of chief magis- 
 strates of the City of London, which has never been 
 interrupted Noblesse oblige. You, Sir, in that posi- 
 tion will, I have no doubt, be a worthy representative 
 of the dignity and authority of the chief magistrate 
 of this great metropolis. High and important duties 
 are unquestionably vested in you. In some of them 
 you have been exercised in your capacity of an 
 Alderman, but upon another branch of them namely, 
 in presiding over the deliberations of the Council of 
 the Municipality of London you have now to enter. 
 There is one subject to which reference has been made 
 on these occasions by those who have preceded me in 
 my present office, and by my immediate predecessor, 
 and as it is not in any way connected with party 
 feeling, but rather, on the contrary, partakes of 
 friendly suggestion, I, too, may refer to it namely, 
 that institutions of such great antiquity, and which 
 have so well answered their purpose as to be main- 
 tained for so long a period of time, must undoubtedly, 
 like all human institutions, be liable to be impaired 
 by lapse of time to defects, on the one hand, occa- 
 sioned by that lapse of time, and, on the other, to be 
 chargeable with shortcomings, having regard to the
 
 92 
 
 growing freedom and advancement of mankind. The 
 city over which you have to preside is hemmed in on 
 all sides by a vast and increasing population so 
 vast, indeed, that I believe it is twenty-fold that of 
 the city proper. That circumstance has been brought 
 prominently before the whole Corporation of London, 
 and, no doubt, they will exercise their minds on the 
 subject, and take into consideration what can be done 
 to repair the breaches that time may have made in 
 their institutions on the one hand, and on the other to 
 adapt those institutions to the growing wants of the 
 community. I am convinced there exists in the 
 Corporation, not only the wish, but the talent and 
 the capacity to meet these exigencies, and wishing 
 you, my Lord Mayor-Elect, in every respect, the 
 guidance of Providence in the discharge of the high 
 duties which have devolved upon you, and believing 
 most firmly what has justly been stated by the learned 
 Common Serjeant as to the energy you have hitherto 
 displayed in the various pursuits in which you have 
 been long engaged, I feel confident that the approba- 
 tion which Her Majesty has graciously vouchsafed to 
 you to-day, through me, will be eventually confirmed 
 by that of your fellow-citizens at the termination of 
 your mayoralty." 
 
 Extract from u The Times" of Nov. 3rd, 1869. 
 
 LORD MAYOR'S DAY. At the presentation of the 
 new Lord Mayor (Alderman Besley) to the Barons 
 of the Exchequer, the COMMON SERJEANT (Mr.
 
 93 
 
 Chambers), thus referred to the retiring Lord Mayor 
 (Alderman James C. Lawrence) : " Scarcely had he 
 been seated in the civic chair before he was returned 
 to Parliament by the borough of Lambeth, one of the 
 
 largest constituencies in the kingdom It 
 
 would be satisfactory to their Lordships to hear that 
 the public peace of the metropolis had remained 
 unbroken during the past year of office, notwith- 
 standing many thousands of workpeople had to 
 endure great suffering in consequence of the depres- 
 sion of trade. The commercial panic of 1866 had 
 borne fruit also during the past year in the shape 
 of some painful investigations, the most important 
 of which were held before the late Lord Mayor, whose 
 patience, intelligence, and even-handed justice dis- 
 played in the conduct of those important inquiries 
 reflected upon him, in the estimation of the citizens, 
 the highest possible credit. In order in some 
 measure to relieve those who suffered from the 
 depression of trade the late Lord Mayor presided 
 over the British Colonial Emigration Society, under 
 whose auspices nearly 4,000 emigrants had left these 
 shores, and reason existed for believing that most 
 of them would speedily become well-to-do citizens 
 in our various colonies, a credit to the country of 
 their birth as well as to that of their adoption, and 
 a source of strength to the Empire. The late 
 mayoralty was distinguished by the large number 
 of public works which were opened. In December 
 last the new meat and poultry market was inaugu- 
 rated ; shortly afterwards the Lord Mayor was
 
 94 
 
 called upon to lay the first stone of an institution, 
 since handsomely endowed by the munificence of 
 the merchant princes of London, designed to supply 
 a sound middle-class education to the youth of the 
 metropolis, and at present affording instruction to 
 900 scholars. The late Lord Mayor had also.taken 
 a peculiar interest in benevolent, industrial, and 
 international exhibitions. At Amsterdam, where 
 200 of his fellow-citizens consented to compete, the 
 late Lord Mayor was received with the most signal 
 distinction, and entertained with regal hospitality by 
 the King and Queen of Holland. Subsequently his 
 Lordship visited the Belgians, on the occasion of 
 a national for, and there also he was awarded a 
 most distinguished reception. On his return from 
 the Continent the late Lord Mayor delivered an 
 interesting address at the opening to the public of 
 Bunhill Fields, a spot memorable in our national 
 history, and dear to millions of our fellow-citizens 
 as being the last resting-place of poets and patriots, 
 and henceforth, by the liberality of the city, destined 
 to become a commodious and beautiful scene of 
 healthful recreation. Subsequently, the late Lord 
 Mayor was engaged in other public works, and at 
 length, at the close of the civic year, had the 
 honour of receiving from Her Majesty a gracious 
 intimation that she would gratify her loyal citizens of 
 London by signalizing with her royal presence the 
 opening of the two great undertakings the Black- 
 friars Bridge and the Holborn Viaduct. Accord- 
 ingly, on Saturday, amid countless numbers of her
 
 95 
 
 enthusiastic subjects, Her Majesty inaugurated these 
 two works," etc. 
 
 " The LORD CHIEF BARON congratulated the Lord Lord chief 
 
 r i f> -i Baron Kelly. 
 
 Mayor on the attainment 01 the highest honour his 
 fellow-citizens could confer upon him, and also upon 
 the fact that it had been his singular, and he believed, 
 unprecedented, good fortune to receive the gracious 
 approval by Her Majesty of his appointment from the 
 lips of one whose father had occupied the position of 
 chief magistrate of the City of London. It was, 
 indeed, a subject for congratulation and encourage- 
 ment among all the citizens that the son of one whom 
 they had chosen to be their chief magistrate should 
 have risen to the highest office in the State, with a 
 single exception, and now, in the person of the Lord 
 Chancellor, signified Her Majesty's approval of the 
 choice they had made. He also congratulated his 
 Lordship upon succeeding to office so soon after the 
 great spectacle to which the learned Common 
 Serjeant had alluded a spectacle well worthy of 
 the greatest and richest city of the world, and well 
 worthy of the nation which contained that city. It 
 must have been a subject for gratitude that the com- 
 pletion of those mighty works, Blackfriars Bridge and 
 the Holborn Viaduct, should have induced our 
 gracious Majesty to emerge from her long and sad 
 retirement, and amid the acclamations of tens of 
 thousands of her loyal subjects, signify by her 
 presence her approbation of the works which have 
 been so admirably executed. But there was another 
 side of the picture. More than once it had become
 
 96 
 
 his duty to recall the attention of the Lord Mayor 
 to the certainty that at no distant time questions 
 would arise and be submitted to the -Legislature 
 touching the continuation or the destruction of the 
 privileges, and perhaps even the existence, of the 
 Corporation. He besought his Lordship and those 
 around him, especially such as had seats in the Legis- 
 lature, to give attention to the matter, and urge upon 
 the Legislature the necessity of maintaining unimpaired 
 the privileges belonging to the citizens. The danger 
 was great and notorious ; many schemes had been 
 proposed, and more than one involved the complete 
 destruction of the City of London as a Corporation. 
 During the time he was retained as counsel for the 
 city, and since he had been honoured with a seat 
 upon the Bench, he had given his profound attention 
 to the matter, and he ventured now to suggest that 
 of all the many schemes submitted to the Legisla- 
 ture one only was worthy of their attention. The 
 Hon. Member for East Surrey (Mr. C. Buxton), 
 intimately and largely connected with the commerce of 
 the metropolis, a gentleman and a scholar, had put 
 forward a scheme which the Corporation would do 
 well to consider, and, if possible, to encourage and 
 promote. That scheme deserved their support because 
 it preserved unimpaired the privileges, the consti- 
 tution, and the powers of the great city and its 
 Corporation, and at the same time suggested to the 
 Legislature a plan under ivhich, by forming the 
 several electoral districts of the metropolis into 
 distinct municipalities, the ivhole metropolis would
 
 97 
 
 become one great Corporation, which could proceed 
 as a whole in all general matters, and yet preserve 
 untouched the peculiar privileges of the city. If that 
 scheme should receive the sanction of the Legislature, 
 it might become his agreeable duty to congratulate 
 some future chief magistrate of the City of London 
 upon a great, a magnificent, and beneficial reform" 
 etc. 
 
 At the Banquet in the Guildhall, that evening, 
 replying to the toast of " The Health of the Lord 
 High Chancellor of England," which had been pro- 
 posed by the Lord Mayor and drank by the 
 company 
 
 "The LORD CHANCELLOR. My Lord Mayor, my Lord chancei- 
 
 , , . , , lor Hatherley. 
 
 lords, ladies, and gentlemen, 1 am most deeply 
 thankful to you, my Lord Mayor, for the manner in 
 which you have proposed, and to this assembly for 
 the manner in which it has accepted, this toast. You 
 may well believe that it is with no ordinary feelings 
 of emotion that I rise in the midst of this hall, where 
 I have been so often present on so many varied 
 occasions at your high festival exercising my fran- 
 chise as a voter and an elector of the city and attending 
 my father during his twenty-eight years connection 
 with this Corporation. I can ill express my feelings 
 on the present occasion. I can assure you that when 
 I attended here last year upon this day nothing was 
 further or could be further from my thoughts than 
 that I should be called upon to take such a part as I 
 do in this day's commemoration. I say no more on 
 that subject, because it is always unpleasant to speak 
 
 H
 
 98 
 
 much of self. I can only say I thank you. I am 
 proud of having been born in the midst of you, within 
 a few hundred yards of this place, and of having been 
 associated with the City of London from my earliest 
 youth. (Cheers.) But now let me say one word on the 
 great institution we see here before us this day 
 unparalleled by any existing in the past history of the 
 world. We have here a Corporation which is 
 undoubtedly of 800 years' standing at least, under the 
 Charter of the Conqueror, and we may say, without 
 fear of contradiction, that we have at least 200 years 
 to add to that; so that we have an institution lasting 
 for 1,000 years, an institution of free men, having 
 their own laws, electing their own magistrates, and 
 acting in every way with that municipal freedom 
 which has been the source of liberty in every country 
 now existing in Europe. I believe that to our muni- 
 cipal institutions is mainly due the general enjoyment 
 of freedom which the nations now have, and it is for 
 this reason I observe that in other countries where 
 those institutions have endured, freedom has endured 
 also." The noble and learned Lord further dilated on 
 this topic, illustrating it by reference to the state of 
 other countries, and especially Holland, and concluded 
 by again thanking the company for the honour they 
 had done him. .... 
 Right Hon. " Mr. GLADSTONE (then Prime Minister) My 
 
 W. E. Glad T j TIT , ,1 
 
 stone. Lord Mayor, it is a great encouragement to us in the 
 
 course of our weighty duties to meet you on these 
 occasions. We stand here at the very heart of the 
 nation's life, and in receiving expressions of your
 
 99 
 
 sympathy, in being bid God speed by you, we read in 
 these expressions which proceed from you, an omen 
 and an indication of a common sentiment which we 
 know pervades the land, and we receive your voice as 
 if it were the voice of the kingdom at large." 
 
 Extracted from " The Times" of Nov. 10/A 1869. 
 
 On the presentation of the Lord Mayor of London 1870. 
 (Alderman Dakin) to the Barons of the Exchequer, 
 the LORD CHIEF BARON observed that " It was his 
 Lordship's fortune to have succeeded to the mayoralty 
 before the close of the most eventful year the world 
 had ever known, and the state of public affairs 
 reminded him that when addressing his worthy 
 predecessor in office upon the same occasion last year, 
 he ventured to remind him of the duty which was 
 imposed upon him of defending the rights and 
 property of the City of London, then threatened, 
 and, as he feared, even now threatened, with inva- 
 sion, if not with entire extinction. But the City ot 
 London had in the meantime survived the dissolution 
 of an empire and the downfall of its chief, as well as 
 the utter extinction and annihilation of the temporal 
 and territorial sovereignty of the Roman Pontiff, 
 which had existed for more than a thousand years. 
 Turning to a brighter picture, he congratu- 
 lated his Lordship on the enactment of a law which 
 
 * The Lord Chief Baron was here referring to the Franco-German War 
 and the downfall of the Emperor Xapoleon III. 
 
 H '2
 
 100 
 
 would extend the blessings of education to the most 
 humble classes throughout the country, and especially 
 rejoiced at the fact that it would come into operation 
 during the term of his Lordship's year of office, since 
 the citizens of London were so greatly indebted to him 
 for the successful efforts he had made in the cause 
 of education in establishing one of the most excellent 
 educational institutions the city possessed," etc. 
 
 Extract from " The Times" of November 10/#, 1870. 
 
 1871. Presentation of the LORD MAYOR-ELECT (Mr. Alder- 
 
 man Gibbons), to the Lord Chancellor, on November 
 2nd, 1871. 
 
 The DEPUTY-RECORDER, addressing Lord Hatherley, 
 observed: "His Lordship (the Lord Chancellor) 
 would not be surprised to learn from that brief review 
 of the public life of Mr. Alderman Gibbons that his 
 career added another to the already long list of 
 examples of those who in this metropolis by intelli- 
 gence, integrity, diligence, and perseverance in the 
 pursuit of trade, reaped their apppropriate reward in 
 the acquisition of a liberal competence, and by public 
 spirit and public service acquired the confidence and 
 secured the gratitude of their fellow-citizens. Of that 
 confidence and gratitude in the case of Mr. Alderman 
 Gibbons they had now furnished the proof, in having 
 cheerfully awarded him not merely that honour which 
 he had merited, but honour in its highest form, 
 namely, accompanied by those functions and respon- 
 sibilities for which he had qualified himself by long
 
 101 
 
 practice and experience in offices of less dignity and 
 difficulty. Mr. Alderman Gibbons now only waited 
 to receive from the lips of his Lordship the assurance 
 of the approval of Her Most Gracious Majesty in 
 order to enter with cheerful alacrity upon the arduous 
 duties before him." 
 
 " The LORD CHANCELLOR, addressing the Lord Lord chancel- 
 
 _ r _. ... ' . lor Hatherley. 
 
 Mayor-Meet, said it became his pleasing duty to 
 announce the entire approbation of Her Majesty of the 
 choice which his fellow-citizens had made in electing 
 him to the office of chief magistrate. It was a singular 
 privilege which the Citizens of London had enjoyed 
 from the remotest period of its history of electing 
 their chief magistrate from year to year. No one 
 could arrive at that high position without having been 
 previously well tried and sifted as regarded his 
 character and conduct by repeated manifestations of 
 respect and goodwill on the part of his fellow-citizens. 
 Ordinarily, in three cases at least was the approbation 
 of his fellow-citizens manifested before a gentleman 
 could be called to fill the highest office in their gift. 
 In those cases he must have been elected by the 
 householders of his ward and well-known to them 
 previously. To represent them in the Court of Com- 
 mon Council he must necessarily have been elected 
 by those same householders, and so again when he 
 was chosen to fill the high office of a magistrate. He 
 was afterwards to be elected by the citizens, differently 
 grouped, no doubt, in their capacity of Liverymen, to 
 the office of Sheriff; and lastly, it required the assent 
 of the Livery to place him in the high position of
 
 102 
 
 Lord Mayor. He conceived that much of the honour 
 and dignity, and, he might add popularity, which 
 attached to that office was due to the circumstance of 
 the occupant of it having to be again and again con- 
 firmed by the suffrages of his fellow-citizens. Instances 
 were most rare in which those who had been elected 
 to the office, and who had had to pass through that 
 ordeal, had been found unequal to its duties and re- 
 sponsibilities. He was sure, in the present instance, 
 the zeal and ability with which the Lord Mayor-Elect 
 had discharged the public functions committed to him, 
 and from his having formerly, as a member of the 
 Common Council, been placed in a position oi trust 
 with respect to the property of the Corporation, would 
 still distinguish him during his mayoralty. It was to 
 be regretted that in the early period of our history it 
 was not foreseen that large aggregations of people 
 would be collected round the capital of the City of 
 London. It would have been greatly to the advantage 
 of us all if at an earlier period it had been anticipated 
 that the City of London proper would be so environed 
 as it now was by vast populations, which now ap- 
 parently reduced it to a position which, with respect 
 to its resident population, was very different from that 
 which it formerly occupied. JSut they were all aware 
 that although many of the citizens had ceased to 
 reside in it, and its actual inhabitants now bore but a 
 small proportion to the population of the great metro- 
 polis of England, yet as regarded wealth and the vast 
 importance and multiplicity of the business constantly 
 transacted there, in its banks, its Royal Exchange, and
 
 103 
 
 in endless other ways, it was still the great centre of 
 industry and of population to the mass of the inhabit- 
 ants of London, in its most extensive sense, which now 
 surrounded it ; and one was happy to think that the 
 privilege of electing their chief magistrate was still 
 confided to those who were engaged in pursuits within 
 it which led them to take an unceasing interest in 
 its welfare, although many of them had ceased to reside 
 in it. Over that city the Lord Mayor-Elect was now 
 called to preside, and he could not help alluding to the 
 hold which it always had on ;those who had acquired 
 their wealth there, though they had ceased to reside 
 in it. That was proved by their having at all times 
 as a body evinced their readiness to be guided by 
 the chief magistrate for the time being in the 
 distribution of their benevolence, which had almost 
 a national importance when a call was made on the 
 liberality of England towards other countries not 
 so favourably situated as it in that respect. It had 
 been shown to a memorable extent during the present 
 year, owing to a series of events which led the 
 Lord Mayor-Elect's immediate predecessor, during 
 a great and unexpected calamity, to take the lead 
 in the City of London in sending succour to that 
 great country nearest to us on the Continent of 
 Europe, and with which we had been in friendly 
 relation for fifty years. He had also still more 
 recently taken the lead in a movement for sending 
 succour to our brethren across the Atlantic, who, 
 though separated from us by distance, were our 
 own flesh and blood, towards the relief of a sudden
 
 104 
 
 and disastrous calamity which had afflicted one of 
 their greatest cities. The retiring Lord Mayor 011 
 each of those occasions had proved himself equal 
 to the emergency, and had worthily upheld the 
 dignity and influence of his office in relieving those 
 who had been stricken down by misfortune. He 
 trusted the Lord Mayor-Elect might be spared duties 
 so painful ; but he would have, no doubt, ample 
 opportunities for public spirit and usefulness. To 
 all appearance they might hope the peace of Europe 
 was now secured, for a time at least, and he was 
 called to preside over the destinies of the City of 
 London at a period when everything seemed to be 
 favourable to the development of commercial pros- 
 perity. No words of his (the LORD CHANCELLOR'S) 
 could well exaggerate the importance of having 
 an able, intelligent, and well-tried magistrate at 
 the head of affairs at a period of prosperity no less 
 than one of adversity. The Lord Mayor-Elect would 
 have to watch over its interests, with the view to 
 promote tranquillity and order, to maintain the rights 
 of property, and, it might be, of life itself. All 
 those important duties were for the time confided 
 to a great extent, to the keeping of the Lord Mayor, 
 and there could be no doubt he would discharge 
 them with a due sense of responsibility, and to the 
 satisfaction of his fellow-citizens, to whom he was 
 immediately accountable." 
 
 Extracted from " The Times" of Nov. 3rd, 1871.
 
 105 
 
 LORD MAYOR'S DAY. On the presentation of the 
 Lord Mayor (Mr. John Sills Gibbons) to the Barons 
 of the Exchequer, on the 9th of November, 1871, 
 the LORD CHIEF BARON observed: "Much had been rd 9|e 
 
 I3aron Kelly. 
 
 done by his predecessors. They had enlarged and 
 widened many thoroughfares, and had almost renewed 
 the city by the erection of handsome buildings 
 worthy to compare with their magnificent cathedral. 
 
 He had noticed with satisfaction that the 
 
 Corporation had joined with the Metropolitan Board 
 of Works in an undertaking calculated to secure 
 the health and comfort of the humble classes of the 
 community," etc. 
 
 At the Banquet which took place that evening in 
 the Guildhall, the American Minister expressed TheAmerican 
 
 Minister. 
 
 himself thus: "It is impossible for me to forget 
 that when the appalling news of the dreadful 
 calamity which, under Providence, fell on the 
 beautiful and growing city of Chicago first reached 
 this country, and when, as soon as I could recover 
 from the stunning blow of its first announcement, 
 I summoned the American citizens resident in London 
 to take into consideration what they could do for 
 the relief of their afflicted fellow-countrymen, I 
 found that the late Lord Mayor, if he had not anti- 
 cipated me, had taken such immediate action that, 
 part passit with what we were doing, a generosity 
 was displayed by the citizens of London, which, 
 if it did not exceed, equalled that manifested by the 
 
 * This was said in reference to improved dwellings for artisans, etc.
 
 106 
 
 Americans themselves. (Hear, hear.) The Lord 
 Mayor and the citizens of London may congratulate 
 themselves on the part they have taken in promoting 
 kindly feelings between the people of the United 
 States and the people of Great Britain. We diploma- 
 tists may feel pride in the part we have taken to 
 effect the same object by means of diplomacy. 
 Treaties may do much, conventions may do much, 
 material communications lines of telegraph and 
 Atlantic steamers may do much to establish and 
 maintain such feelings; but nothing tends so much 
 in that direction as the fact of the great popular 
 heart in one country beating in sympathetic and 
 kindly response to the throbbings of the great 
 popular heart in another. It is therefore, my Lord 
 Mayor, I say that the prompt, cordial, and generous 
 help extended by the citizens of London through 
 their civic authorities to the city of Chicago, and 
 the readiness with which the people of other parts 
 of this empire came forward to assist in the same 
 work, evince a spirit that has a value beyond that 
 of treaties and conventions in bringing people kindly, 
 cordially, and lastingly together." (Cheers.) 
 
 The health of the late Lord Mayor having been 
 proposed in complimentary terms 
 
 " Mr. ALDERMAN DAKIN, in responding, said 
 
 the branch of duty above all others in which he had 
 had an opportunity of labouring during the past year 
 had called for more than usual attention, and he 
 had been highly gratified by the mode in which 
 his fellow - citizens and the country in general
 
 107 
 
 had constituted him, and those who kindly acted 
 with him, their great almoners. More than 200,000 
 had been provided as a substantial mark of that 
 sympathy with which we had regarded the unex- 
 pected trials and sorrows that had befallen our 
 great neighbour across the Channel ; those that had 
 overtaken our fellow-subjects in the West India 
 Islands ; the ravages by fire of the noble City of 
 Chicago ; and the terrible famine which was spreading 
 desolation in the ancient Kingdom of Persia. It was 
 a source of pride to the ancient Municipality of London 
 that in any cry of sorrow and suffering the Mansion 
 House was looked to as a centre to which offerings 
 flowed, and from which help was administered ; and 
 he was glad to state that within the last twenty years 
 not less than two millions of money had been so 
 directed to the sacred cause of charity." 
 
 Extracted from " The Times" of November Wih, 1871. 
 
 Address of Lord Selborne, the Lord Chancellor, to 1872 
 Sir Sydney Waterlow, the Lord Mayor-Elect, delivered 
 on the 2nd of November, 1872. 
 
 "The LORD CHANCELLOR, addressing Sir Sydney Lord chancei- 
 Waterlow, said, My Lord Mayor-Elect, it gives me 
 very great satisfaction to be the organ on the 
 present occasion of Her Majesty for the purpose 
 of expressing to your Lordship Her Majesty's 
 gracious approval of the choice which the citizens 
 of London have made of you to be their Lord 
 Mayor for the year ensuing. Myself, an hereditary
 
 108 
 
 citizen of London, and succeeding immediately 
 in the office I have now the honour to hold 
 another hereditary citizen, I need not tell your 
 Lordship that I feel more than a common or 
 passing interest in everything which concerns the 
 welfare of the City of London, with which I am so 
 connected, and with which my ancestors were con- 
 nected before me ; and, therefore, if I were not called 
 to the high office of magistracy, which it is my duty 
 to fill, I should feel gratified and proud at the choice 
 of so fit a man to preside over the affairs of that 
 great city for the year ensuing. But I cannot but 
 recollect that we have common duties to discharge 
 with respect to the administration of justice, and with 
 respect to which nothing is more important than that, 
 in the metropolis over which you are called upon to 
 preside, justice shall be so administered that an 
 example may be set to all the local authorities 
 throughout the country. I am happy to say that 
 in times past such an example has been set with 
 the best effects. I am happy to know that it is not 
 a new thing for you, Sir Sydney Waterlow, to give 
 your attention to those duties ; indeed, the repre- 
 sentative of the Recorder (Sir Thomas Chambers, 
 Deputy-Recorder) has referred to a most useful 
 improvement introduced by you eleven years ago, 
 by which the police establishments of the City of 
 London must have been greatly strengthened and 
 assisted. I know, also, that you have able col- 
 
 * In 1861 a special vote of thanks was accorded to (then) Mr. Sydney 
 Waterlow, by the Corporation, for designing and superintending the establish- 
 ment of telegraphic communication between the several police stations of the 
 city.
 
 109 
 
 leagues and learned advisers to assist you. I know 
 also and this, perhaps, is the greatest thing of all 
 that you have to administer justice in the midst of a 
 population, of which the City of London itself is but 
 the centre, which, I think, deserves to be described 
 as the most law-abiding, the most orderly, the most 
 industrious and well-conducted population which for 
 its numbers, or for anything approaching its numbers, 
 can be found in the entire world. I do not doubt, 
 therefore, my Lord Mayor-Elect, that the adminis- 
 tration of justice will prosper in your hands. There 
 are other important duties which you are called upon 
 to discharge. You have to maintain the honour and 
 dignity of this great Corporation one of the greatest, 
 most ancient, and most honourable in the world. You 
 have also to take the lead in all those public-spirited 
 and useful works, undertakings, and movements by 
 which the City of London and its chief magistrates 
 have always been distinguished. It will be for you, with 
 natural and accurate discrimination, to perceive what 
 are the things which ought to receive the countenance 
 and to be inaugurated with the authority of the chief 
 magistrate of the city. You have many brilliant 
 examples set before you ichich have shed a lustre, 
 not only in ancient times, but in recent times, over 
 the city, and have obtained for it proofs of honour- 
 able recognition throughout the country. I refer to 
 such movements as those during the Crimean War 
 for our suffering soldiers ; during the famine in 
 India for assistance to the poor sufferers from that 
 famine ; during the late French War for the relief
 
 110 
 
 of the distress and suffering from that unhappy and 
 calamitous struggle ; during the time of the fire in 
 Chicago for assistance to our brethren across the 
 Atlantic ; and I might enumerate many more such 
 works for the benefit of all parts of the world and 
 all classes of our fellow-men that have been aided 
 by the exertions of this great city. The city also 
 has never been behindhand in fostering useful under- 
 takings at home such as those connected with the 
 development of industrial homes and middle-class 
 schools, the improvements at St. Paul's, and, more 
 than all, may I refer to what has been stated most 
 truly, that you have shown yourself a man, beyond 
 other men, apt for a position in which such works 
 have to be done. You have been honourably dis- 
 tinguished so honourably that even if the city had 
 not accumulated honours upon you, your name ought 
 to be remembered with praise and gratitude here- 
 after for the efforts which you have already made 
 to improve the condition and the dwellings of the 
 industrial classes, an undertaking of the most vital 
 importance, which, if crowned with success, will set 
 an example that I hope will be followed throughout 
 the land ; and if it should be, it will be productive 
 of universal benefit. I have great pleasure in stating 
 that Her Majesty approves the election of a gentle- 
 man who has proved himself to be most eminently 
 qualified, not only for those numerous offices which 
 have been already bestowed upon him, and which have 
 been enumerated by the Recorder, but also for this 
 highest honour which it is in the power of the City of
 
 Ill 
 
 London to confer. Perhaps it might not be altogether 
 forbidden for me to remember on this occasion that the 
 merits of Sir Sydney Waterlow have been so great as 
 to cause him to be selected by a distant constituency 
 in another part of the kingdom to represent them in 
 Parliament, and though circumstances prevented him 
 undertaking the attendant duties of that position, yet 
 the honour will always remain, and will, I think, be a 
 proof of the esteem in which his fellow-citizens -have 
 held his philanthropic and meritorious services. Sir 
 Sydney Waterlow, I have great satisfaction in 
 expressing Her Majesty's entire approval of your 
 election as Lord Mayor." 
 
 " LORD SELBORNE then, in conformity with an 
 ancient custom on such occasions, drank to the 
 Lord Mayor-Elect in a loving cup decked with 
 flowers, and which afterwards passed round the 
 group of civic dignitaries." 
 
 Extracted from " The Times " of November 4th, 1872. 
 
 At the Presentation of the LORD MAYOR-ELECT (Mr. 1873. 
 Alderman Lusk, M.P.) to the Lord Chancellor (Lord Lord chancci- 
 Selborne), on Monday, the 3rd of November, 1873, the 
 LORD CHANCELLOR remarked that " The Lord Mayor- 
 Elect was now called to succeed one who had filled 
 the position of chief magistrate of the city, he might 
 be disposed to say almost with more than usual dis- 
 tinction, had it not been that it was no unusual thing 
 to see that chair well filled. His predecessor had 
 certainly rendered great public services in many 
 ways," etc. 
 
 Extract from "The Times" of Nov. -ith, 1873,
 
 112 
 
 1874. " Presentation of the LORD MAYOR-ELECT. Yester- 
 
 day (November 2nd, 1874), in pursuance of a 
 time-honoured custom observed on the first day of 
 Michaelmas term, the Lord Mayor-Elect (Mr. Alder- 
 man Stone) was formally presented to the Lord 
 Chancellor (Lord Cairns), preparatory to his assuming 
 office on the forthcoming 9th of November. The 
 ceremony is always interesting, and yesterday it 
 lacked none of its accustomed interest," etc. 
 
 Lord Chancel- Speech of The LORD CHANCELLOR. " My Lord 
 
 lor Cairns. 
 
 Mayor-Elect, I have the honour to express to you 
 the entire approval of Her Majesty of the choice 
 which the Livery of London have made of you as the 
 chief magistrate of the City and Corporation for the 
 ensuing year. My Lord, the gracious approval of 
 Her Majesty might, in any case, be well content to 
 rest upon one who, by the free voice of his fellow- 
 citizens, was elevated into this distinguished position ; 
 but, as regards yourself, there are special reasons 
 illustrating your fitness for the high office you are 
 called upon to fill. Trained in the profession of the 
 law, and yet versed in the pursuits of commerce, you 
 are able to combine the exact and theoretical know- 
 ledge of principles with the broad and practical results 
 of experience. Nor are you unacquainted with the 
 municipal affairs of the great city over which you 
 will have to preside. Tt is now ten years since you 
 were first elected an Alderman. Before that time you 
 had served as Under-Sheriff to the late Mr. Alderman 
 Farncombe, your uncle, when he was Sheriff of Lon- 
 don, and you subsequently assisted him when he was
 
 113 
 
 Lord Mayor at the important epoch of the Exhibition 
 of 1851. You have yourself been a Sheriff of London 
 and Middlesex, and you have been chairman of the 
 Police Committee of the Corporation. You are thus, 
 my Lord, no novice in civic matters, and you will 
 readily be able to dispose of the business which will 
 fall to you in your new office. The administration of 
 justice in criminal cases in the City of London is a 
 subject of great importance and anxiety. Besides 
 the daily criminal charges which arise, cases of great 
 difficulty, and where property of large amount requires 
 protection will come before you from time to time, and 
 your own legal training will enable you, aided as you 
 will be by judicious colleagues and experienced 
 officers, to deal satisfactorily with such cases. Then 
 there is the police of the city, a subject with which, 
 from having been chairman of the Police Committee, 
 you are intimately acquainted. And, my Lord, I 
 need not remind you that in a city where millions of 
 human beings are congregated and passing and re-pas- See 
 sing, and where millions of property are at stake, (B). 
 on the efficiency of the police and of the police regula- 
 tions the order and well-being of the community in a 
 great degree depend. My Lord, you have been called 
 on to preside over a municipality the grandest, the 
 most dignified, the most opulent in the icorld. It is 
 looked up to at home, and it is respected abroad. Its 
 traditions are illustrious, but it can also point icith a 
 just pride to its liberal and enlightened administration 
 at the present day, to the icise and upright expenditure 
 of its funds, to its markets provided, to its prisons 
 
 i
 
 114 
 
 ^ ce ,. re-modelled, to its great free library, to its new streets 
 ( G -) and thoroughfares, to its approaches, and bridges and 
 
 viaducts. My Lord, these are matters in which a Cor- 
 poration may take a legitimate and honourable pride, 
 and a Corporation with such a history and such aims 
 may naturally look to you as the guardian and defender 
 of its privileges. My Lord, it is not for me, at this 
 time, to scrutinize or to pass an opinion on propositions 
 which are being made for altering the municipal 
 government of the enormous aggregate of buildings 
 and population which is popularly styled the metro- 
 polis. I will merely say that, just as I believe that 
 any wise and liberal and well-considered scheme for 
 improving the local government of the metropolis 
 will be met by the Corporation of London in no 
 illiberal or selfish spirit, so I trust that the considera- 
 tion of any such scheme will be approached by the 
 Legislature with a deep sense of its magnitude and 
 difficulty, of the danger of a false step, or of adopting 
 any crude or hasty measure ; and, above all, with an 
 accurate appreciation of the precise objects which it 
 is desired to accomplish, and of the precise evils 
 which it is necessary to avoid," etc. 
 
 Extracted from " The Times " of Nov. 3rd, 1874. 
 LORD MAYOR'S DAY. Speech of the LORD CHIEF 
 BARON KELLY at the presentation to the Barons of the 
 Exchequer of the Lord Mayor (Alderman Stone), on 
 Nov. 9th, 1874. 
 
 Lord chief The LORD CHIEF BARON.* " My Lord Mayor, it is 
 with great satisfaction that I have to offer to your 
 
 * The whole of this address deserves perusal with reference to the Government 
 of London.
 
 115 
 
 Lordship the sincere congratulations of the Barons 
 of the Exchequer on your having attained, by the 
 unanimous voice of the elective body, and with the 
 cordial and general approval of the citizens of 
 London at large, the high dignity of the chief magis- 
 trate of the City of London. It is with especial 
 pleasure that I am called upon to welcome your Lord- 
 ship to this court of law, seeing that you have, at an 
 early period of your life, during many years, belonged 
 to the profession to which we, sitting here, have also 
 the honour to belong, and that you discharged such 
 duties and pursued a career in that capacity highly 
 honourable to yourself, securing to you the respect 
 and confidence of your fellow-citizens, and of all with 
 whom you entered into communication. My Lord, 
 it is your fortune to have been appointed to this high 
 office at a time when the energies and abilities which 
 have distinguished you in your private and pro- 
 fessional career, and have raised you to the station 
 which you now have the honour to occupy, must be 
 brought into action in order that you may do your 
 best to defend and maintain the rights and privileges, 
 it may be the existence of the great Corporation over 
 which you now preside. We are told that a Bill is 
 about to be submitted to Parliament for conferring a 
 municipal constitution and providing a local govern- 
 ment for three or four millions of people who dwell 
 within the Bills of Mortality. We learn also that the 
 Bill involves the question whether, what I venture to 
 think is mis-named, the " reform" of the Corporation 
 shall likewise be undertaken and effected by the 
 
 Legislature. That the three or four millions of 
 
 i 2
 
 116 
 
 people who dwell in the numerous districts that con- 
 stitute a large portion of this vast metropolis lying 
 without the ancient walls of your city are entitled to 
 demand at the hands of the Legislature a grant of 
 municipal institutions, a system of local government 
 which shall satisfy the people at large, is not to be 
 denied. Indeed, it is a task worthy the command- 
 ing abilities of those who now enjoy the confidence 
 of the Crown and of the majority of the House of 
 Commons to devise a scheme for satisfying these just 
 demands, and to confer municipal institutions upon 
 so large a portion of the people. But I hold that you 
 and the Corporation and Citizens of London are en- 
 titled to demand of the Legislature to answer you 
 these questions Why are you to be assailed ? Why 
 are you to be interfered with in the exercise of those 
 high functions, rights, and privileges which you have 
 enjoyed for so many centuries ? I hold that you are 
 entitled to ask of the Legislature what is your offence, 
 what are the defects to be supplied, what are the 
 errors to be corrected, what are the wrongs to be 
 redressed, what is the charge against you as to the 
 mode in which you have administered the affairs 
 and exercised the mighty powers which you possess 
 for the benefit of the citizens of this great metropolis. 
 My Lord, when you shall have made that demand 
 you may say to the Legislature " Compare the City 
 of London now with what it was fifty years ago ; 
 behold its streets and its buildings, its halls and its 
 spacious offices, its bridges, its viaducts ; look also 
 to the bountiful and abounding charities which have
 
 117 
 
 been established, and which exist in every portion of 
 the City of London. Look, also, to the number and 
 excellence of the schools that have been instituted. ^ e ndix 
 I may state that for the education bestowed upon them ( c ) 
 there are hundreds and thousands of persons who 
 have to thank you an education which has enabled 
 them to pursue an honourable and successful career 
 in life. Consider, also, the judicial institutions of the 
 city, the excellent law officers whom you have 
 appointed, the honourable part which you have taken 
 in the administration of justice ; and when you shall 
 have called the attention of the Legislature to these 
 considerations, I think you may well assure yourself 
 that it will not be in vain that you appeal to them 
 against an interference with those rights and privileges 
 which you have so long enjoyed, unless some grounds 
 can be assigned upon which you may be well and 
 truly charged with some dereliction of duty. But you 
 may well ask, what power have you abused, or when 
 have you failed to exercise the powers you enjoy for 
 the benefit of the City of London ? Have you wasted 
 or mis-applied the great funds at your command ? 
 Have you committed any error or any dereliction of 
 duty which will enable those to whom you appeal 
 your legislators or your reformers to stigmatize you 
 with any such blot or defect as will entitle them to 
 interfere with the rights of your Corporation ? My 
 lord, a question arises which has been suggested by 
 the language of the Lord Chancellor, who lately 
 addressed your Lordship. If you were to call upon 
 your reformers to state to you plainly and distinctly
 
 118 
 
 what is the specific object which they seek to obtain 
 in the measure which they are preparing to submit to 
 the Legislature, and if the answer were to be given 
 which truly might be given with reference to the 
 municipal institutions which are demanded on the 
 part of numerous metropolitan districts without the 
 city walls the answer would be, " All that we desire 
 to do and alt that we hope to be able to effect is to 
 devise some scheme of local government and of muni- 
 cipal institutions which shall place the numerous 
 districts of this vast metropolis without the walls in a 
 condition equal in all respects to that which is enjoyed 
 by the citizens of London." You have made your 
 city the first in the world, you have made your city a 
 model and an example to the nations of Europe, to 
 every civilized nation upon the surface of the earth, 
 and you may well ask upon what grounds it can be 
 urged that " reform," as it is mis-named, should be 
 applied to the Corporation and institutions of the City 
 of London. Then I may allude to the great problem 
 of the day the sanitary question, and you may well 
 consider how that affects the City of London and the 
 
 rest of the metropolis With respect to towns 
 
 and cities there ought not to be, and there need not 
 be, a single dwelling undrained, unventilated, and 
 unprovided with pure water. And such, my Lord, 
 upon all the information that I have been able to 
 obtain, is the case within the City of London, where 
 there is reason to believe that every street and court 
 and alley under the authority of your inspectors and 
 others whom the Corporation have employed for
 
 sanitary purposes is in all respects well drained, well 
 ventilated, and well provided with water, thus securing 
 the health of the community within the city. Under 
 these circumstances, when you call upon the Legisla- 
 ture, as you may with pride and confidence, to 
 determine whether your institutions are capable of 
 improvement, all that they can pretend to effect will 
 be to give municipal institutions in the other districts 
 equal to those of the City of London. My Lord, I 
 hope that the Legislature, while giving effect to the 
 just demands of the inhabitants of those metropolitan 
 districts to which I have alluded, will yet respect the 
 integrity of the City of London, and will lea ve your 
 rights and privileges, your property and your power 
 unassailed and unimpaired. To the late Lord Mayor 
 I have also to say that, with much sincerity, I offer 
 the sincere and cordial congratulations of the Court of 
 Exchequer upon the admirable manner in which you 
 have discharged the duties of your high office," etc. 
 
 At the Guildhall banquet in the evening, when 
 congratulating the Lord Mayor on his attainment of 
 the office of chief magistrate of the City of London, 
 
 J ' lor Cairns. 
 
 the LORD CHANCELLOR added : " I have no doubt that 
 in your hands the great office of Lord Mayor an office 
 so highly respected at home, and one besides which, 
 in the estimation of foreign states, the office even of 
 Lord Chancellor pales into insignificance will lose 
 nothing of that dignity which has so long and so 
 justly attached to it." 
 
 The EARL OF DERBY also remarked " The Lord Right Hon 
 
 ,, . , <r i IT- The Earl of 
 
 Mayor occupied an omce the importance and digiutv Derby.
 
 120 
 
 of which in past times it was impossible to overrate, 
 and the prestige of which at the present day extended 
 not only over England, but over all countries where 
 the name of England was known. The duties of the 
 office, if highly honourable, were also laborious and 
 unceasing. The splendid hospitalities of the Mansion- 
 house and of the Guildhall had become part of the 
 public life not only of London, but of England," etc. 
 Extracted from " The Times " of Nov. 10th 1874. 
 
 1875. LORD MAYOR'S DAY, November 9th, 1875. When 
 
 the new Lord Mayor, Alderman Cotton, M.P., went 
 in State from the Guildhall to Westminster, to be 
 formerly presented to the Barons of the Court of 
 Exchequer: " The whole of the Ward of Lime Street 
 was splendidly decorated for the occasion, especially 
 the St. Mary- Axe portion of it, where the inhabitants, 
 through their chosen representative, Mr. W. H. 
 Wilkin, presented an address of congratulation to the 
 Lord Mayor, dwelling on the circumstance of his 
 having thirteen years ago originated in the City of 
 London the memorable Lancashire and Cheshire 
 Operative Relief Fund, of which, on the death of 
 Lord Mayor Cubitt, he became chairman, and which 
 collected and distributed during the space of four 
 years the vast sum of 520,000." In the procession 
 a splendid green silk banner, inscribed, " Epping 
 Forest and the Corporation of London," was borne 
 aloft by four Foresters. 
 
 The RIGHT HON. the RECORDER, addressing the
 
 121 
 
 learned Judges said "I may remark, how- 
 ever, that he (the Lord Mayor) has filled various 
 municipal offices with credit to himself and advantage 
 to the public. When the School Board was first 
 established for this metropolis the interest he had 
 taken in elementary education pointed him out as a 
 fit person to represent the City of London on that 
 Board. At the late general election he was elected 
 a member of Parliament, polling a larger number of 
 votes than was ever given to a candidate on any pre- 
 vious occasion I have also to introduce to 
 
 your Lordships the late Lord Mayor The 
 
 late Lord Mayor has shewn himself to be a painstaking, 
 intelligent, and independent magistrate. He has 
 presided over the municipal counsels with courtesy, 
 dignity, and firmness. Under his presidence the far- 
 famed hospitalities of the City of London have 
 assumed international significance. Assembled as the 
 guests of our civic hospitality, there have been not 
 merely the representatives of the municipalities of 
 Great Britain, but visitors from our vast Colony on 
 the other side of the Atlantic and from the principal 
 municipalities of Europe, all representing the idea 
 and all of them testifying to the value they entertain 
 of the principle of self-government, and the admirable 
 manner in which that principle has been advocated in 
 the good old City of London," etc. 
 
 "The LORD CHIEF BARON (Sir Fitzroy Kelly) My Lord chief 
 
 Tiiir r/'ii i " Baron Kelly. 
 
 Lord Mayor, 1 teel the greatest and smcerest 
 satisfaction in offering to you the congratulations 
 of the Judges of what was once the Court of
 
 122 
 
 Exchequer. We congratulate you, my Lord, on 
 the well-deserved attainment of the highest honour 
 which it was in the power of your fellow-citizens 
 to bestow upon you. And it may well inspire 
 you with some confidence in the stability and 
 permanence of the high office which has now been 
 conferred upon you, when you reflect that the Cor- 
 poration of which you have become the head and 
 the chief, although long threatened by many enemies 
 in many quarters with what may have been, termed 
 reform, but what might possibly have proved to be 
 destruction, has survived a Court which after an 
 existence of 800 years, has passed away and become a 
 portion only of another, a greater, and, let us hope 
 a better tribunal for the administration, of the justice 
 of the country. Our fate, my Lord, is thus de- 
 termined, but yours still hangs upon the chances 
 of time and destiny. Still are you threatened, and 
 threatened by many with some great change which is to 
 effect a reform of all the abuses, to remove all the evils, 
 and to supply all the defects of the Corporation of London, 
 and which is to meet all the exigencies and necessities 
 of the capital of England. I believe the latest 
 scheme which has been announced to you, and which 
 well deserves your attention and your consideration) 
 is an amalgamation with the many millions by whom 
 you are surrounded, and who constitute the inhabi- 
 tants of the entire metropolis. My Lord, speaking 
 for myself, and for myself alone, I must say it 
 appears to me that it would be as practicable, as 
 reasonable, and as wise a measure to attempt to
 
 123 
 
 amalgamate the House of Commons with some 2,000 
 members from our Indian Empire, and from all the 
 Colonies of Great Britain. To you, my Lord, and 
 to your Corporation, be assured that amalgamation 
 means spoliation, dissolution, or, perhaps, extinction. 
 It is in vain that you point to your munificent 
 and bountiful charities, to your schools and colleges, 
 to the vast and splendid improvements you have 
 effected in our streets and buildings, to what your 
 worthy and excellent Recorder has well called your 
 far-famed hospitalities, which have made your city 
 renowned and honoured by the civic bodies and 
 communities of all the chief nations of the civilised 
 world. To you, my 'Lord, it is fit I should say 
 that you are to be arraigned at the bar of public 
 opinion before the Legislature, and put upon your 
 trial whenever the Parliament shall re-assemble, 
 and your accusers can be heard. But your defence 
 is clear and plain, truthful and conclusive. You 
 may tell your opponents, your enemies, and your 
 detractors, and you may also tell your friends 
 among whom it is to be hoped we may number 
 the illustrious guests whom you will welcome at 
 your hospitable board this day you may tell them 
 all, that you have, within the last twenty years, 
 done more to benefit and to improve the condition 
 of the city, with whose interests you are charged, 
 and to make its character for self-government, and 
 for the administration of its wealth and its properties 
 a model and an example to all the municipalities 
 of Great Britain than ever yet has been effected
 
 124 
 
 within a single generation, in ancient or in modern 
 
 times, in any capital in the universe I 
 
 will now address a few parting words to the late 
 
 Lord Mayor You, my Lord, for I must still 
 
 address you by that title, have well maintained 
 the dignity and the kind character which ought 
 always to belong to the Lord Mayor of this great 
 City of London. Not only has your mayoralty 
 been distinguished by that in which your pre- 
 decessors set you so splendid an example namely, 
 in attention to the interests of the city in everything 
 which makes municipal government a blessing to 
 those who enjoy it; but, in addition to all this, 
 and to the hospitalities of your great city, you 
 have always been first and foremost in its great 
 charitable undertakings, whereby the beneficence 
 of the city has been so largely and liberally displayed ; 
 and your career has culminated in the inauguration 
 of the freedom of Epping Forest, preserved and saved 
 see to the people by the great Corporation of London 
 
 (D. 1 ) 61 " an achievement which, I trust, will live in history 
 and be perpetuated to distant ages." 
 
 At the grand banquet which took place that evening 
 
 at the Guildhall, speaking on behalf of the Foreign 
 
 The Austrian Ambassadors, Count BEUST remarked, " We are 
 
 Ambassador 
 
 (Count Beust.) enabled to convey to our Governments an impression 
 which I deem to be equally profitable to peaceful 
 sentiments. We are come to witness an instructive 
 spectacle the Ministers of the Crown solemnizing 
 by their presence the accession of the first magistrate 
 of the metropolis. Is this not a tribute of respect
 
 125 
 
 paid to traditional right? (Cheers.) And in my 
 opinion there can be no better pledge of peace and 
 security than the respect of right. (Hear, hear.) 
 Let me refer to a third pledge of undisturbed good 
 understanding between England and other countries 
 that is, the tie established by the deep gratitude 
 due to the cosmopolitan spirit in which charity is 
 displayed in England. (Cheers.) I feel myself 
 especially impelled to dwell on that subject. Disas- 
 trous inundations in several countries of the Continent- 
 had required lately extraordinary relief. British 
 charity was exercised with its usual generosity, and 
 I am happy to mention that it was inspired and 
 facilitated by the late Lord Mayor, so that the 
 Mansion House became the centre of the benevolent 
 movements," etc. (Cheers.) 
 
 Extracted from "The Times" of Nov. Wth, 1875. 
 
 At the Presentation of ALDERMAN SIR THOMAS 1876. 
 WHITE, Lord Mayor-Elect, to the LORD CHANCELLOR 
 (CAIRNS), on Nov. 2nd, 1876. 
 
 " The RIGHT HON. THE RECORDER (Mr. Russell 
 Gurney), addressing the Lord Chancellor, said, I 
 have the honour to introduce to your Lordship Sir 
 Thomas White, who has been elected by the Livery 
 and Aldermen of the City of London to the office of 
 Lord Mayor for the ensuing year ; and it is my duty, 
 as Recorder, to intimate to your Lordship that the 
 election has been carried out according to the laws, 
 customs, and usages of our ancient city," etc 
 
 " The LORD CHANCELLOR, turning to Sir Thomas Ix)rtl chancel- 
 lor Cairns.
 
 126 
 
 White, said, My Lord Mayor-Elect, I have great 
 pleasure in expressing to you Her Majesty's most 
 gracious approval of the choice which the Livery of 
 London have made in your person of their chief 
 officer for the ensuing year. The circumstance that 
 you have been selected for this high honour by a 
 body of men so intelligent and experienced might of 
 itself be taken as a sufficient proof of your fitness for 
 it ; but the account which the Recorder has given 
 of your public life of the civic employments in which 
 you have been from time to time engaged, of the 
 positions of public trust in which you have been 
 placed, and in which you have demeaned yourself 
 with so much credit shows conclusively how suitably 
 in your case your career is now about to culminate 
 in the highest office to which a citizen of London can 
 aspire. My Lord Mayor, I cannot on your accession 
 to this office help looking upon it as a happy omen 
 that about 300 years ago the Mayoralty of London 
 was held by a namesake of yours, the well-known 
 Alderman Sir Thomas White, a member of the 
 Merchant Taylors' Company to which, as an 
 honorary member, I have myself the honour to 
 belong who was the munificent founder of St. 
 John's College, Oxford, and who connected it with 
 the great school of the company of which he was a 
 member. My Lord, the office of Lord Mayor of 
 London is one of the greatest dignity and responsi- 
 bility. We pride ourselves on our municipal institu- 
 tions ; and the first officer of our oldest and grandest 
 municipality stands in the eyes of his fellow-country-
 
 127 
 
 men, and in the eyes of foreigners, on a pinnacle of 
 especial honour. To represent, both before fellow- 
 citizens and before strangers, the traditionary 
 hospitality of the city to be the centre around 
 which every national effort to relieve suffering and 
 distress, upon a sudden emergency, shall originate 
 and gravitate to preside over the justice and police 
 of the heart of the Empire to be the means of pro- 
 moting the harmonious co-operation and the various 
 public organizations which make up the life of this 
 great metropolis these, my Lord Mayor-Elect, are 
 the important duties which you are called to under- 
 take. You have before you the great traditions of 
 the office and the brilliant examples of those who 
 have preceded you in it. I am persuaded that in 
 your hands its dignity will not be lowered nor its 
 lustre dimmed. I congratulate you on your accession 
 to the mayoralty, and I trust that your year of office 
 may be one of peace and prosperity. 
 
 " At the conclusion of the ceremony, the Lord 
 Chancellor, in accordance with immemorial usage on 
 such occasions, drank to the Lord Mayor-Elect in a 
 loving cup decked with flowers." 
 
 Extract from " The Times" of Nov. 3rd, 1876. 
 
 LORD MAYOR'S DAY, 9th November, 1876. At the 
 formal presentation of the Lord Mayor (Alderman 
 Sir Thomas White) to the Barons of the Court "of 
 Exchequer, the RIGHT HON. THE RECORDER ended 
 his address by saying, "In conclusion, My Lords, 
 I claim, on behalf of the citizens of London, at the
 
 128 
 
 hands of the members of the High Court of Justice, 
 the rights, privileges, and immunities which for gene- 
 rations past they have enjoyed, and which have been 
 freely conceded to them by the judges in Westminster 
 Hall." 
 Lord chief u The LORD CHIEF BARON, addressing Sir Thomas 
 
 Baron Kelly 
 
 White My Lord, it is true that you have 
 
 not the advantage which he (your predecessor) 
 possessed of a seat in the Legislature, but you have 
 high character and well-acquired and well-deserved 
 influence with the Corporation and the great body 
 of the citizens of London, whose voice must ever 
 be heard with attention and with respect through 
 their representatives in the House of Commons. 
 Through them you may tell the House of Commons 
 that in times of danger, when the Constitution of 
 this country and the liberties of England were 
 imperilled from the encroachments of arbitrary 
 power, the Corporation of the City of London, 
 despising the threats and defying the power of 
 the Star Chamber, stood by the people, and claimed, 
 and insisted upon the rights of the people of this 
 country. You may also tell them that in later 
 times, when the Crown itself and the Constitution 
 and the law were in peril, the Corporation of the 
 City of London with courageous and devoted 
 loyalty and fidelity stood by the Sovereign and 
 the Monarchy, and helped to defend them against 
 their enemies helped to stay and to turn aside and 
 to stem the furious torrent of democracy and revolu- 
 tion to which one neighbouring State fell a victim,
 
 129 
 
 and which all Europe together was scarcely able to 
 resist. My Lord, even in later times in our own 
 day the members of Parliament for the City of 
 London have ever supported those measures which 
 the nation now looks back upon as the wisest and 
 the best. They all, I believe, with a single exception, 
 supported the Reform Bill of 1832, and they one and 
 all advocated or voted in support of the great 
 financial and commercial reforms of Sir Robert 
 Peel, which laid the foundation of that system of 
 Free Trade now triumphant in England, and which 
 is gaining ground throughout Europe and the world. 
 My Lord, perhaps your enemies may tell you of some 
 errors, some abuses, of some defects in the exercise 
 of your powers or in the administration of your 
 functions. You may answer them that the Corpora- 
 tion of London has ever been ready and eager to 
 reform any real abuses, to redress any real grievances 
 which were found to exist, and you may likewise tell 
 the House of Commons, especially your accusers 
 in the House of Commons, by whom it has now 
 become the custom to make an annual, or almost 
 an annual, attack on the privileges and the pro- 
 perty of the City of London, upon rights which 
 have been exercised and enjoyed unquestioned for 
 many hundreds of years ; you may tell them that 
 while you respect and honour the spirit of adminis- 
 trative reform which belongs to the age, and is a part 
 of the character of the age in which we live, you are 
 one and all determined to withstand and oppose, to 
 the utmost, those assaults upon the greatness and the 
 
 K
 
 130 
 
 independence of your Corporation, which has existed 
 now, and existed without reproach, and without any 
 fault being found which would enable even the 
 Sovereign or the Parliament to call you to account, 
 
 for many, many centuries of time To you, 
 
 my Lord (addressing Mr. Alderman Cotton) for I 
 must still address you by that title I may sincerely 
 say that I feel it difficult to express in any language 
 of my own the high sense which I entertain of the 
 admirable manner in which you have discharged 
 every duty which has devolved upon you from the 
 commencement of your mayoralty to the present day. 
 Not only have you extended your magnificent hospi- 
 tality to some of Royal and Imperial rank and princely 
 lineage, of noble birth and blood, and especially in the 
 kindly welcome to our excellent Prince, whose auspi- 
 cious birth we joyfully commemorate while we partake 
 of your banquet to-night, but you have also assembled 
 in the scene of your festivities the chiefs among the 
 Statesmen who in different Ministries have taken part 
 in the Councils of the Crown, the dignitaries of the 
 Church and the Law, the most renowned in art and 
 in arms, in science and in literature, and in the 
 drama, and I may add that your numerous brethren 
 of the municipalities throughout the three kingdoms, 
 and the guilds and fraternities of your own city, and the 
 happy domestic circle of your own friends and relatives 
 have not been forgotten. But, my Lord, far above 
 the praise to which you have entitled yourself by 
 these your hospitalities is the enduring honour which 
 will grace your name in distant times to come for the
 
 131 
 
 noble part you have taken in promoting the great 
 cause of charity, and the alleviation of human 
 suffering. To the poor and the destitute, to the sick, 
 the lame, and the blind, the helpless and the hapless 
 to all you have extended Christian aid, which 
 could alone be afforded by a great and magnificent 
 body, headed by one with boundless liberality like 
 yourself; and even in the very last act of your 
 mayoralty you have begun a work of great Christian 
 charity. My Lord, you have deserved well of your 
 fellow-citizens and of your fellow-countrymen," etc. 
 Extracted from " The Times " of Nov. Wth, 1876. 
 
 In the LORD CHANCELLOR'S (Cairns) address to the 1877. 
 Lord Mayor-Elect (Alderman Owden), on November 
 2nd, 1877, occurs the following passage: "In the 1>ord chancel . 
 year which has passed a dire visitation of famine has lor Cairn8 - 
 swept over a large portion of Her Majesty's Empire 
 in the East, and, following the precedents which we 
 have, the Lord Mayor for the year your predecessor 
 originated in the City of London a great movement 
 for the purpose of relieving, so far as voluntary con- 
 tributions could relieve, the grave sufferings which 
 have been occasioned by that famine. To your 
 predecessor it must be a source of great satisfaction 
 in leaving his office to think that already that effort 
 has produced an amount of public contributions from 
 the various parts of the kingdom, approaching, I am 
 informed, nearly half a million of money an amount 
 almost unprecedented," etc. 
 
 Extract from " The Times" of Nov. 3n7, 1877. 
 
 * Namely, " The Eastern War Sufferers' Relief Fond." 
 
 K 2
 
 132 
 
 At the Guildhall Banquet, which took place on the 
 evening of November 9th, 1877, the LORD CHANCELLOR 
 remarked, in reference to the great judicial body over 
 Lord Chancel- which he had the honour to preside : "We have yet 
 to grapple with the great problem of how to secure 
 throughout every part of the country that which you 
 already possess in the City of London a regular and 
 speedy mode of trial for those who are accused of 
 offences." 
 
 Extract from " The Times" of Nov. 10th 1877. 
 
 1878. The RECORDER (Sir Thomas Chambers, M.P.), when 
 
 introducing to the Barons of the Exchequer the Lord 
 Mayor (Alderman Sir Charles Whetham), on November 
 9th, 1878, observed : " For upwards of twenty years 
 he had filled the office and discharged the duties of 
 Justice of the Peace ; so that he now brought to his 
 present office of Lord Mayor of London a practised 
 ability which had been well tested and strengthened 
 in the various offices which he had hitherto held with 
 marked success," etc. 
 
 Count Beust. At the Mayoralty Grand Banquet, which took place 
 on that evening at the Guildhall, COUNT BEUST (Austro- 
 Hungarian Ambassador) said : " My Lord Mayor, 
 More than once it has been my pleasant duty to 
 respond on behalf of my colleagues and for myself 
 to the toast which your Lordship has been pleased to 
 propose, and to-day I consider it a special privilege 
 to be entrusted with the same task. (Cheers.) We, 
 the representatives of the Foreign Powers, have
 
 133 
 
 every reason to appreciate the honour which we share 
 in being invited to participate in this festive gathering, 
 for we continue, by so doing, the pleasure of enjoying 
 the traditions and splendid hospitality of the City of 
 London with the advantage of exercising in the most 
 pleasant way an essential part of our diplomatic 
 calling. (Cheers.) It is, doubtless, in conformity 
 with the views of our respective Governments that 
 w r e should not confine ourselves merely to official 
 communication with the Secretary of State for Foreign 
 Affairs, a most pleasing duty at all times, at all events 
 to us (cheers) ; but that we should also acquaint our- 
 selves thoroughly with the land where we are staying, 
 and with the people with whom, for the time being, 
 our lot is cast. (Cheers.) We ought to study their 
 qualities and their institutions, which are and always 
 will be the true model of constitutional government, 
 and we must learn to feel the pulse of the national 
 spirit. (Cheers.) By this I do not mean that which 
 is usually understood by public opinion, which, varying 
 from day to day, may be compared to those shifting 
 quicksands which are driven hither and thither by 
 wind and waves, but rather that true national feeling 
 which is rooted in the love of the country and the 
 consciousness of the national power (cheers) ; that 
 feeling which, in its full recognition of the blessings 
 of peace, affords the strongest guarantee for its main- 
 tenance (cheers), but which, at the same time, finds in 
 the love of the country and in the consciousness of 
 its power the will and the might to make any sacrifice 
 whenever the emergency demands it. (Cheers.) The
 
 134 
 
 manifestation of this national feeling, the instincts of 
 which are often less subject to miscalculation than the 
 most skilful combinations, the expression of this 
 national feeling, which is either a most powerful 
 weapon or an insurmountable barrier, must be, to 
 watchful governments, the most sensitive barometer 
 (hear, hear), and in no country has this spirit main- 
 tained itself purer and with greater vigour than in 
 England. (Loud cheers.) It is, therefore, to us of 
 the greatest advantage to be allowed to join the 
 illustrious assembly which meets annually in the 
 Guildhall of this igreat city, and to have an opportu- 
 nity not only of hearing, but also of appreciating the 
 value of the words that may be spoken. I may add 
 that our presence has also, perhaps, a certain import. 
 (Cheers.) It means that when Her Majesty's Ministers 
 address this ^illustrious assembly every word which 
 falls from their lips is listened to with respectful 
 attention by all foreign countries." (Cheers.) 
 Marquis of The MARQUIS of SALISBURY, in proposing the health 
 of the late Lord Mayor (Sir Thomas Owden), said: 
 " I have received from the Minister of China a 
 touching acknowledgment of the gratitude of the 
 Government and people of that country for the 
 efforts which, through the Lord Mayor, were made 
 to support and sustain them under the heavy affliction 
 of famine. (Cheers.) But the year has not only 
 been one of famine, but has been one of war, and 
 there was a moment of crisis when all Europe was 
 waiting for the opinion of England, and when the 
 opinion of England was determined and announced
 
 135 
 
 by the opinion which its greatest city declared. 
 (Cheers.) It was on that occasion that the late Lord 
 Mayor, leading and proclaiming the opinion of this 
 great metropolis, conducted himself in a manner 
 worthy of the high office which he filled, and which 
 will make his name memorable in the annals of this 
 city." (Cheers.) 
 
 The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER, on the same Right HOD. 
 
 i </ T P i -i PI- Sir Stafford 
 
 evening, observed: "1 feel convinced 01 this, that Northcote. 
 whoever may constitute the House of Commons they 
 will always stand in relations of cordiality and of 
 confidence to the City of London. (Cheers.) The 
 connection between that great Corporation and the 
 great assembly we have the honour unworthily to 
 represent on the present occasion is one that strikes 
 deep into the roots of the British Constitution (cheers), 
 and it is one that will not easily be brought to a 
 close. (Cheers.) I speak the more freely, my Lord 
 Mayor, because in the office I have the honour to 
 hold I am, as it were, a sort of connecting link 
 between the House of Commons and the City of 
 London. My duties call me here, probably, more 
 frequently than any other member is obliged to be 
 present (I mean officially) among you; and this I 
 will say, there is very great harmony of feeling 
 between the two great bodies," etc. 
 
 Extracted from " T/te Times" of Monday, Nov. 11th, 1878. 
 
 Speech of the Lord Chancellor to the Lord Mayor- 1879. 
 Elect on Monday, November 3rd, 1879. 
 
 " The LORD CHANCELLOR, addressing the Lord i^rf chancel- 
 lor Cairns.
 
 136 
 
 Mayor-Elect, said, Sir Francis Truscott, I have 
 great pleasure in signifying to you Her Majesty's 
 gracious approval of the choice which the Livery 
 of London have made of you as their principal officer 
 and the principal officer of the Corporation for the 
 ensuing year. The office which you are about to 
 fill is undoubtedly one of the greatest importance 
 and dignity. You will be the representative of the 
 greatest municipality in the world, the centre and 
 dispenser of its traditional hospitality, presiding over 
 the direction of its police and the administration of its 
 justice, and promoting the harmonious working of the 
 various corporate bodies and organizations which 
 constitute the internal life of the city, and called 
 upon on every occasion when the exercise of national 
 charity and benevolence is invoked. To become 
 acquainted with these various duties, and to learn 
 how to discharge them with dignity and efficiency is a 
 task for which a short year of office unaccompanied 
 by previous training and experience is wholly insuf- 
 ficient. But you, my Lord Mayor-Elect, as the 
 Recorder has so well said, are no novice in these 
 matters. Few names are better known among the 
 various offices of responsibility and importance than 
 yours, in the great city of which you have been so 
 long a well-tried and distinguished citizen, and in no 
 other way could you have been better prepared for 
 the high honour to which you have succeeded. The 
 office of Lord Mayor will, no doubt, be safe in your 
 hands, and will lose none of that lustre and dignity 
 which ought to attend it." 
 
 Extract from " The Times" of Nov. Uh, 1879.
 
 137 
 
 "No public body has ever risen so steadily and 
 surely in the nation's respect as the London Munici- 
 pality within the last ten or twelve years." 
 
 Extracted from " Tlw Times " leader of Nov. 10th, 1879. 
 
 At the presentation of the Lord Mayor (Alderman 
 Trnscott) to the Barons of the Court of Exchequer. 
 
 " BARON POLLOCK, addressing the Lord Mayor, said, 
 having been chosen by your fellow-citizens to the high 
 office of chief magistrate of their city, and that choice 
 having received the assent of your Sovereign, you have 
 in accordance with ancient usage, come here to receive 
 that welcome which has ever been given by this court 
 
 on like occasions My Lord Mayor, the 
 
 Municipal Corporations of England have formed no 
 unimportant part in the history of this country, and 
 at all times persons have not merely watched with 
 interest their proceedings, but many have been glad 
 and proud to take part in them. More especially 
 have the eyes of men been turned from time to 
 time to that great Corporation over which you now 
 preside, not merely as the most wealthy or the most 
 central, but as enjoying the highest privileges and 
 the greatest powers. And in the history of this 
 country, from time to time, the Corporation and the 
 Citizens of London have ever taken their full part. 
 In times of war they have supplied men and 
 munitions, and in times of peace they have taken a 
 foremost part in the great political questions of the 
 day, and more especially to uphold in all respects the 
 liberty of the subject. Even now, my Lord, when- 
 ever any great question arises we still turn to the
 
 138 
 
 City of London to see what course will be adopted 
 by the citizens, and what will be the example they will 
 set to the rest of the kingdom. But, my Lord Mayor, 
 that pride which has been taken in your Corporation 
 has never been unmingled with the natural jealousy 
 of the English people to see that the great wealth you 
 have, and the great power you possess, are so exer- 
 cised as to produce the highest and greatest benefit 
 not merely to your fellow-citizens, but to the country 
 at large ; and in looking to your Corporation thus, 
 hitherto we have never been disappointed, and I doubt 
 not that during your mayoralty all those duties, 
 and all those municipal duties which have been so 
 admirably performed in times gone by will be still 
 continued. Such is the munificence of the City 
 of London that they have procured the possession of, 
 in other places, the control over large tracts of land ; 
 and have thus been enabled to preserve, not merely for 
 their own citizens, but to all who are within many 
 miles of this great metropolis, the advantages of open 
 spaces for their recreation. Therefore at this time 
 you are charged not only to preside over the improve- 
 ments in your City the rebuilding of some of your 
 houses and the widening of such of your streets as 
 may be necessary from time to time but also to take 
 care that this land acquired for the use of the poor 
 is made useful for those purposes for which it has 
 been so nobly devoted. You will also have to preside 
 See over the administration of law in your city, and 
 
 Appendix 
 
 (E.) among other functions you will have, 1 trust, to 
 
 carefully consider from time to time what sanitary
 
 139 
 
 arrangements can be made that will be most con- 
 ducive to the happiness and welfare of all classes of 
 the people. My Lord Mayor, these are great and 
 important duties, but, happily, we have heard from 
 the Recorder that you have had experience in these 
 matters, and that you have been well trained in 
 the business habits and clear judgment which you 
 will bring to bear on them. Like others of your 
 illustrious predecessors, you have found that your 
 successful commercial career the duty you owe to 
 yourself and your family has been compatible with 
 the more public duties owing to your fellow-citizens. 
 Therefore it is that all who know you and have 
 watched your career as a citizen, as a Common 
 Councilman, as Sheriff, as an Alderman, and as 
 Chairman of Committees over which you have presided, 
 look with certainty that the office you now hold will 
 be filled by you with honour, integrity, and with 
 industry ; and I am quite certain that you will not 
 forget the duty of keeping up good feeling not 
 merely with the municipalities of this country, but 
 with those of other nations, and that you will enter- 
 tain any and all of those illustrious foreigners who, 
 coming from abroad, will be glad to gather at your 
 board. I am certain also that in all those other 
 matters connected with your great charge, and which 
 have been so wisely committed to you, you will 
 wisely perform them. My Lord Mayor, it only 
 remains for me now, on behalf of my brother Judges 
 and myself, to bid you God-speed in all those matters 
 which you have undertaken," etc.
 
 140 
 
 " The Lord Mayor signed the usual declaration, 
 and 
 
 " The Recorder, in accordance with ancient practice, 
 obtained an Order of the Court for the continuance of 
 such liberties, privileges, and franchises to the City 
 of London, as were mentioned in the various charters, 
 and which they had enjoyed by the favour of 
 Sovereigns for centuries." 
 
 The EARL OF BEACONSFIELD observed at the Banquet ' 
 at the Guildhall, on that evening, in reference to the 
 office of chief magistrate of the City of London : 
 Earl " You, mv Lord Mayor, occupy a position which is 
 
 Beaconsfield. " J . ' LJ L 
 
 respected, not only in England, but throughout 
 Europe. (Cheers.) You represent the municipal 
 principle, to which the civilisation of the world is 
 so much indebted^ (Cheers) in its most distin- 
 guished form." 
 
 Extracted from " The Times" of November 11th, 1879. 
 
 1880. Presentation of the LORD MAYOR-ELECT to the LORD 
 
 CHANCELLOR, on Nov. 2nd, 188(5. 
 
 " The RECORDER (Sir Thomas Chambers, Q.C., 
 M.P.), in introducing the Lord Mayor-Elect (Mi 1 . 
 Alderman M'Arthur, M.P.), said that, like most of 
 his predecessors, he had attained that dignity after 
 a long and successful commercial career, commencing 
 in Londonderry, where he was born, and where he 
 ultimately became an alderman. In the meantime 
 his brother had established several large commercial 
 houses in connection with Australia, and in 1857
 
 141 
 
 Mr. Alderman M'Artlmr left Ireland and came to 
 London. Here his integrity, intelligence, and 
 activity soon enabled him to achieve a reputation 
 among, and to secure the confidence of, his fellow- 
 citizens. In 1867, after an active public career, he 
 was elected to the important office of sheriff of 
 London and Middlesex, and in the following year 
 the large constituency of the borough of Lambeth 
 returned him as their representative in the House 
 of Commons a position he had maintained till now, 
 after many severe contests. The Lord-Mayor-Elect 
 had taken an active part in freeing the Thames 
 bridges from toll, and amid a lively general interest 
 in colonial matters, he had conspicuously advocated 
 the annexation of the Fiji Islands to Great Britain. 
 In 1872, on the death of Mr. Alderman Hale, Mr. 
 M'Arthur (the Lord Mayor-Elect) was unanimously 
 elected to succeed him as an Alderman of London, 
 and since then he had taken a full share in the 
 administration of justice both in the City of London 
 and the County of Surrey, in which he lived. After 
 a long public training, and much experience, he had 
 accepted the duties of the high office of chief 
 magistrate of the City of London, and it only 
 remained for him to learn that the choice of his 
 fellow-citizens had the gracious approval of Her 
 Majesty the Queen." 
 
 The LORD CHANCELLOR, in reply, said, " My Lord Lord Chancei- 
 Mayor-Elect, It gives rne very great satisfaction to 
 have been chosen by Her Majesty to be the organ of 
 communicating to you Her Majesty's approval of the
 
 142 
 
 choice which the citizens of London have made of a 
 Lord Mayor for the year ensuing. As you are aware, 
 and fully sensible of, it is a great and most honourable 
 office, and one which has been filled in past times by 
 many most eminent men, and I believe I am not wrong 
 in saying you succeed a gentleman who in the discharge 
 of his duties has earned the respect of his fellow- 
 citizens. My Lord Mayor-Elect, I have no doubt you 
 will maintain the honour and dignity of the position 
 as well, at least, as any of your predecessors, for it is 
 no disparagement to them to say that few can bring 
 to the chair such high qualifications as yours. It is 
 certainly a rare circumstance, and must be even in the 
 history of the City of London, to have in the person 
 of a Lord Mayor a gentleman so connected and 
 associated as you have been not only with the 
 interests of the city, but also with a very important 
 part of our sister kingdom of Ireland and with some 
 of the most important of our colonies. I think my 
 Lord Mayor-Elect, we should be most happy to 
 recognize that such men as you should devote them- 
 selves to the government of our great municipal 
 institutions. When I speak of our sister Ireland, I 
 can only say I wish all parts of it were as prosperous 
 and happy as that with which you have been con- 
 nected, but I have no doubt that as far as your in- 
 fluence is concerned you will, in whatever position 
 you occupy, do all in your power for the benefit of 
 the country so closely allied to us, with regard to 
 which we wish so much to do good, and of which the 
 difficulty of governing is so great. In regard to the
 
 143 
 
 great colonies with which you have been associated, 
 I believe I am not wrong in saying you have not 
 only taken an active part in commercial affairs and 
 in things beneficial to them, but that you have also 
 personally visited them, and been received in New 
 South Wales and South Australia with honours such 
 as, perhaps, have not been accorded to many English- 
 men honours, no doubt, well deserved as a merchant 
 and as a member of Parliament, but I may add, as 
 a philanthropist. In addition to the distinctions 
 attained in your native city as a merchant, you have 
 also been for now a long time twelve years, I think 
 a most useful member of the Lower House of our 
 Legislature, in which I for some time had the honour 
 of being one of your colleagues, and personally 
 witnessed how usefully you discharged your duties. 
 I think, my Lord Mayor-Elect, the services which 
 you have rendered to the cause of philanthropy, and 
 the zeal you have always shown to promote the 
 moral and spiritual interests not only of your country- 
 men, but also the native races in all parts of the 
 world, are such that few can rival," etc. 
 
 Extracted from " TJie Times" of Nov. 3rd, 1880. 
 
 After the Lord Mayor (Alderman M'Arthur, M.P.) 
 had been presented by the Recorder (Sir Thomas 
 Chambers) to the Barons of the Exchequer at West- 
 minster to claim from them on the part of the Corpor- 
 ation " the free exercise of all the liberties, franchises, 
 and rights which they had enjoyed under Royal 
 Charter from ancient times,"
 
 144 
 
 BaronPoiiock. Mr. BARON POLLOCK, in reply said, My 
 
 Lord Mayor, the success which you have met with 
 in early life and which led you from the City of 
 Londonderry to the great City of London, is the best 
 evidence of your ability and industry, and that 
 experience which you must have gathered in the 
 commerce of this country and in the manage- 
 ment of its commercial affairs, and the unremitting 
 attention you have always paid to all the affairs 
 which properly came within your compass as a 
 member of the House of Commons, are the best guar- 
 antee that an imperfect discharge of your present 
 duties can never happen. This, perhaps, is a time 
 when especially wise counsels are needed in the 
 council-chamber of the City of London. New matters, 
 new duties, and new changes will arrive, but I am 
 satisfied that they will be accepted and thoroughly 
 dealt with. You, yourself, as alderman and sheriff, 
 and in the discharge of other duties have shown us 
 that the zeal and everything which you possess will 
 be forthcoming. We have seen that you are always 
 ready in improving your own streets and buildings 
 and also in attending to the sanitary wants of the 
 people ; but you have gone further, and without tl^e 
 walls of your city you have assisted in freeing the 
 bridges from toll, and by the dedication of large 
 tracts of land to the people you have done good 
 service. My Lord Mayor, may you go on and 
 See prosper, may you have health, strength, and wisdom 
 
 (F.) to accomplish those matters which will come before 
 
 you in a manner which shall be satisfactory to
 
 145 
 
 yourself, to your fellow-citizens, and to the country at 
 large." 
 
 Returning thanks for " The Ambassadors," that 
 evening, in the Guildhall 
 
 " The FRENCH AMBASSADOR said, Le plus nouveau The French 
 
 Ambassador 
 
 venu parmi les ambassadeurs ne devait pas s'attendre 
 a 1'honneur de repondre au toast qui vient d'etre porte 
 en termes si amiables au corps diplomatique. Mais 
 vous pouvez etre persuades que si cet honneur me 
 cause quelque embarras, je n'y suis pas moins tres 
 sensible. Je n'ose m'arreter a I'allusion courtoise que 
 sa Seigneurie a bien voulu faire a la France et a son 
 representant. II ne m'est permis en ce moment 
 de penser ni a moi ni au gouvernement de la Repu- 
 blique Franchise, dont les sentiments pour ce pays 
 sont d'ailleurs parfaitement connus. Je suis heureux 
 de pouvoir dire, bien sfir d'etre ici 1'interprete fidele 
 des sentiments de mes collogues, qu'il n'y a qu'une 
 voix parmi nous, non pas seulement sur la somp- 
 tuosite, mais, ce qui vaut mieux encore, sur la bonne 
 grace empressee de 1'hospitalite Anglaise, comme sur 
 celle du Lord Maire. Je rencontrais ces jours-ci ce 
 mot d'un de vos grands poetes, que ' la paix a ses 
 victoires comme la guerre, victoires plus fecondes et 
 parfois plus difficiles.' A 1'heure qu'il est, nous pour- 
 suivons une de ces victoires, et je puis dire que, 
 dans cette reuvre laborieuse, la diplomatic a la cite" 
 de Londres pour auxilliaire. En ce moment, comme 
 toujours, chaque pays a ses questions particulieres, 
 chaque Etat se trouve en presence de problemes 
 interieurs dont il est seul a mCme d'approcier les 
 
 L
 
 146 
 
 * 
 
 difficulty's et les perils, comme il est le seul juge 
 eclaire" des moyens de les re"soudre. Mais il y a pour 
 tons les peuples civilises une tache commune, c'est 
 celle qui interesse la paix, 1'Europe, la securite 
 generale. Vous ne me dementirez pas si j'affirme 
 que sur ce terrain il existe une alliance intime entre 
 la politique et les affaires, entre la diplomatie et la 
 cite* ; car la diplomatie par sa fonctioii et la cite 
 par la nature des choses sont 1'une et 1'autre des 
 ouvrieres de paix. Je veux et je dois etre bref. 
 Vous attendez avec une impatience bien naturelle 
 quelque chose d'un plus haut interet, d'une plus 
 grande portee que mes paroles. Et je desire qu'a 
 defaut d'un autre merite ce remerciment ait celui 
 d'etre aussi court que cordial. Mais si j'avais a 
 dire pourquoi ces fetes du Lord Maire ont entre 
 tous le privilege d'exciter au dehors comme en 
 Angleterre la curiosite et 1'interet, pourquoi le jour 
 du Lord Maire est maintenant une des journe"es 
 politiques de 1'annee, pourquoi ce splendide banquet 
 est plus qu'un banquet et comment il est devenu 
 une solennite a laquelle la diplomatie est attentive 
 comme tout le monde, j'en trouverais bien des 
 raisons. Je n'en dirais qu'une seule : c'est que par 
 I'immense activite dont la cite" est le centre, par la 
 magnificence traditionnelle de ses fetes, comme par 
 le gout de la parole et des franches explications 
 qui s'y de"ploient si largement, 1'institution du Lord 
 Maire est une des choses les plus Anglaises qu'il y 
 ait en Angleterre. Sa Seigneurie ne s'etonnera pas 
 done si, en la remerciant de son toast et de son
 
 147 
 
 * 
 
 courtois accueil, nous pensons en meme temps a ce 
 grand pays dont nous avons 1'occasion d'appre"cier 
 tous les jours le ge"nie libre, fier, et hospitaller." 
 
 Extracted from " The Times" of Nov. IWh, 1880. 
 
 LORD MAYOR'S DAY, Speech of the LORD CHIEF 1881. 
 
 JUSTICE. " My Lord Mayor It becomes my 
 
 duty as president of this Division (Queen's Bench J^ to Lord 
 Division), to welcome you to this Court. My Lord Mayor Ellis ' 
 Mayor, that fact suggests to my mind the only 
 subject upon which I propose to trouble you with any 
 words, and that is the unchanged, the unchanging, 
 character of the great institution over which you 
 preside, and which your Lordship represents here to- 
 day. Every other, or almost every other, institution 
 in the country has felt the touch of time, and has 
 been altered more or less as the centuries have 
 rolled along. The authority of the Sovereign has 
 been affected ; the succession to the Crown has been 
 twice altered once by war and once by the authority 
 of Parliament ; the Law Courts, which have existed 
 for 600 or 700 years, have had their forms in which 
 some great men thought the substance of law resided 
 entirely abolished ; the Church has been funda- 
 mentally altered by that long series of events which 
 we are accustomed to call the Reformation, the House 
 of Commons within the lifetime of most of us here 
 present has twice been reformed ; and almost every 
 other municipal institution in the country has been 
 entirely re-constructed. The Corporation of London 
 alone meets the eager scrutiny of 1881, wearing much 
 
 L 2
 
 148 
 
 t 
 
 the same features which it wore in 1681, or, for ought 
 I know, in 1481. My Lord, in this free country no 
 institution can for long maintain an existence unless 
 it satisfies the intelligent opinion of the great mass 
 of the people that it exists for the public good. The 
 public good whether it ought or ought not to be so 
 I stay not to inquire is the foundation upon which, 
 at last, all our institutions rest, all our rights are 
 founded, and in relation to which they must be 
 defended. Now, in the opinion of the great majority 
 of educated Englishmen, the fact of its existence in 
 a free country shows that the very ancient and long- 
 established Corporation of the City of London satisfies 
 the country that it exists for the public good ; and 
 my Lord Mayor, as your existence is in the light of 
 day, and as all your duties are done under the full 
 blaze of public inquiry and inspection, I infer further, 
 that there is abundant reason for the opinion which I 
 have assumed the country to maintain. I trust, my 
 Lord Mayor, it may long be so, and that the great 
 Corporation of London may long flourish for the 
 public good and with the approbation of the country. 
 So long as it is presided over by such distinguished 
 persons as the two I see before me, I have no fear 
 that such will not be the case. I know, Mr. Recorder, 
 from private information and from the sources of in- 
 formation open to all, that the high and disinterested 
 character, and the unbounded munificence and 
 generosity of the late Lord Mayor have added dignity 
 even to the office which he held, and I am willing to 
 believe, though I receive it chiefly from your in for-
 
 149 
 
 mation, because the life of the present Lord Mayor 
 has been passed in business, and in paths which do 
 not court the public gaze or subject him to public 
 comment, I am perfectly willing to believe that in 
 your hands, my Lord Mayor, the character of this 
 great Corporation is not likely in any manner to 
 degenerate." 
 
 At the Guildhall Banquet in the evening the LORD 
 MAYOR proposing " The Health of Her Majesty's 
 Ministers," and coupling with the toast the name of 
 the Prime Minister, Mr. Gladstone, said, " In no 
 portion of Her Majesty's dominions are his consum- 
 mate abilities and his splendid talents more justly 
 appreciated. (Cheers.) We greet him with all cor- 
 diality. (Cheers.) We place faith in his wisdom and 
 magnanimity ; but I may perhaps add that, we believe 
 in our institutions (cheers) institutions that have 
 stood the test of centuries, not raised by any 
 individual foresight or personal design, but growing 
 out of the spirit of constitutional and municipal 
 government which animates the people." (Cheers.) 
 
 Mr. GLADSTONE "I reciprocate most m. iion. w. 
 
 earnestly and sincerely the compliment which you 
 have paid on national grounds to the representatives 
 of authority. You have spoken of institutions which 
 we are all desirous to revere, which have subsisted 
 for centuries, which I hope are destined to subsist for 
 centuries yet to come, and in regard to which I feel 
 that, if unhappily that anticipation should not be 
 fulfilled, the failure will not be owing to any fault in 
 the institutions themselves ; it will be owing to the
 
 150 
 
 unworthiness and degeneracy of those to whose care 
 they have been committed. (Cheers.) My Lord Mayor, 
 I believe that the chair which you Jill has been filled 
 by the representatives of this community for the 
 last 500 years or more, and I most sincerely hope 
 that for as many years to come it may be filled 
 by those who, chosen to represent the interests 
 of this great community, worthily discharge the 
 duties with which the possession of that chair is 
 attended. (Cheers.) I most respectfully confess, on 
 the one hand, that it would be absurd in me, before 
 the Citizens of London, who know your high per- 
 sonal qualities, to speak in detail of those qualities ; 
 but, on the other hand, my belief, and my earnest 
 conviction is that you are not inferior to those who 
 have gone before you even to him who preceded 
 you in the deep devotion to the duties of your office, 
 and I trust that the year to come, like that of your 
 predecessor, will be signalized by an unsparing de- 
 votion to the public service, and to the consecration 
 within the limits of this city of that great principle 
 of local and municipal self-government to which I 
 think I gathered from your Lordship's speech, and if 
 I did gather I cordially agree with the sentiment, we 
 ought all of us to assign no mean and middling share 
 of the greatness and prosperity of our country." 
 (Loud cheers.) 
 Bishop of The BISHOP OF LONDON remarked that "in charit- 
 
 London. 
 
 able endeavours of all kinds, the Church and the 
 City heartily co-operated." 
 
 Extracted from " The Times," of Nov. 10th, 1881.
 
 151 
 
 " The ancient ceremony of the appearance and 1882. 
 reception of the past and present Lord Mayors 
 in the Courts of Law at Westminster took place for 
 the last time yesterday." (November 9th, 1882.) 
 Addressing their Lordship's, the Judges : 
 
 The RECORDER (Sir Thomas Chambers) said "My 
 Lords, in conformity with very ancient usage it is my 
 duty on this day to introduce to your Lordships the 
 Right Hon. Henry Edmund Knight, elected by the 
 Livery of London, and chosen by his brethren of 
 the Court of Aldermen, to fill the high office of Lord 
 Mayor for this year a choice which has received the 
 gracious approval of Her Majesty. Born in London, 
 he was educated at the City of London School, 
 where he took prizes in every class, and of which 
 
 school he was captain when he left it." 
 
 " As chairman of the governors of Lady Hollis's 
 Schools he successfully carried out a scheme for 
 utilizing its endowments, and a new building was 
 erected in Hackney for the education of 250 girls of 
 the middle-class the first of its kind which has 
 proved a great success ; and also another building in 
 the Ward of Cripplegate for educating 200 boys in the 
 elementary schools. The great interest which the Lord 
 Mayor took in the subject of education is also testified 
 by his exertions in his own parish of Hampton-on- 
 Thames, where, by the help of a new scheme to 
 administer old educational endowments, he has been 
 able to provide a public elementary school for 200 
 boys and to erect a first-class grammar school also for 
 200 boys, with master's house and accommodation for
 
 152 
 
 thirty boarders The Lord Mayor has traversed 
 
 the whole range of city life, mercantile and municipal, 
 and with large experience and practised ability he is 
 now with the hearty sympathy of his fellow-citizens 
 about to enter on the more arduous duties of the 
 mayoralty. I now turn, my Lords, to the late Lord 
 Mayor, and but few words will be necessary to re- 
 mind your Lordships how well and efficiently the 
 chair was filled by Sir J. Whittaker Ellis in every 
 department of duty. The obligations of charity were 
 recognized by the raising of more than 200,000 
 for benevolent objects at home and abroad for per- 
 secuted Jews in Russia, for Egyptian refugees, for the 
 famine-stricken population of Iceland, for distressed 
 ladies in Ireland. The claims of hospitality were never 
 more generously allowed or more widely and liberally 
 satisfied. The event of the year was the opening 
 by Her Majesty in May last of that beautiful tract of 
 ancient woodland Epping Forest rescued by the 
 energy and public spirit of the Corporation and 
 devoted for ever to the health and enjoyment of the 
 millions of the metropolis," etc. 
 
 Mr. justice Mr. JUSTICE GROVE said " My Lord 
 
 Mayor although the connexion of the two 
 
 ancient institutions which meet here to-day the 
 Corporation of London and the Courts of Justice 
 within this ancient place will to-day come to an end, 
 the institutions will still remain. It has, indeed, 
 been said that institutions, like individuals, may die. 
 It may be so, but there is no prospect of these in- 
 stitutions dying. As to the Law Courts, litigation
 
 153 
 
 and crime, I am sorry to say, still exist, and exist to 
 a large extent, and while they continue to exist the 
 Courts of Law also must exist. I do not perceive at 
 present any signs of mortality in the Corporation of 
 London. Threatened men, they say, live long. And if 
 the Corporation of London go on as they have lately 
 done, producing such public benefits as the opening 
 of Epping Forest, if they march with the time and 
 show a plasticity of spirit and a capacity of change 
 as the changing circumstances of the times may 
 require, then I see no reason why the future existence 
 of the Corporation of London should not be co- 
 extensive with that of the Courts of Justice," etc. 
 
 At the Banquet which took place at the Guildhall 
 on that evening, 
 
 " Mr. GLADSTONE, in proposing " The Health of the Rt. HOD. w. 
 
 . E. Gladstone. 
 
 Lord Mayor," said Depend upon it, there 
 
 is no one better qualified than a Minister of the 
 Crown to propose the health of the Lord Mayor, 
 because the Ministers of the Crown either know or 
 ought to know beyond all others the enormous value 
 of the municipal institutions of the country, and how 
 it happens that our great Legislature and our 
 character as an empire are really founded on those 
 habits of self-government which pervade the land 
 from end to end, and are exhibited in a conspicuous 
 degree by the Lord Mayor of London." (Cheers.) 
 Extracted from " The Times" of Nov. \0th, 1882.
 
 APPENDIX,
 
 157 
 
 APPENDIX. (A.) 
 
 AMONG the numerous Royal Charters concerning the Liberties of 
 the City of London, in the possession of the Corporation, the earliest 
 is that of William the Conqueror, the probable date of it being about 
 A.D. 1066-8 ; this, it is well known, is simply confirmatory of previ- 
 ous Charters of Edward the Confessor, and others ; of which, however, 
 all traces are lost. In William the Conqueror's time, the principal 
 and immediate representative of the Sovereign power in London acted 
 under the name of Portgrave or Portirefa, signifying Chief officer of a 
 fortified place. In the Charter of King Henry the First, when he 
 delivered to the citizens of London the County of Middlesex to ferm, 
 he granted them liberty to elect "Justiciars" from among themselves to 
 keep the pleas of his Crown ; so that he who is now called " Mayor " 
 was also called " Justiciar, as is set forth in the Liter Cwtumarum, 
 one of the most precious documents in the Corporation Archives, written 
 in Latin and Norman French, between the years 1154 and 1171. 
 The Charter of Henry the First, just referred to, clearly defines the 
 liberties of the City in, " that the said citizens shall appoint such 
 person as Justiciar from among them selves as they shall think proper, 
 to keep the pleas of the Crown, and to hold such pleas ; and that no 
 other person shall be Justiciar over the said men of London. Also, 
 that the citizens of London shall not plead without the walls of the 
 City in any plea," etc. In a Charter of King John, granted in the 
 sixteenth year of his reign, it is confirmed " That the Barons (viz. 
 the Aldermen and probably all tenants there in capite in free burgage) 
 of the City of London shall choose for themselves each year a Mayor 
 from among themselves, who shall be a trusty man, discreet, and 
 proper. Provided always that, when so elected, he shall be presented 
 unto his Lordship the King, or in the King's absence, unto his 
 Justiciar," etc. In the Charter of King Henry the Third occur 
 words to the following effect : " Know ye that we have granted and 
 by this our present Charter have confirmed, unto our Barons of our 
 City of London, that they may elect from among themselves their 
 Mayor each year, who must be one trusty as towards us, discreet, and 
 fit for the governance of the City," etc. The City Charter of King 
 Henry the Fourth stipulates" Also, that the Mayor and Sheriffs 
 shall be elected according to the tenor of the Charters granted by the 
 King's progenitors, and not in any other way." According to the 
 Liber De Antiquis Lei/ibus of the time of Edward I., the Liber AUms 
 or "White Book of 'the City of London," compiled A.I). 1419, by 
 John Carpenter the " Common Clerk," and other records preserved at 
 Guildhall, there has been an uninterrupted series of Mayors of London 
 from A.D. 1189, the first year of the Mayoralty of Henry Fitz-Elwyne, 
 down to the present time.
 
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 160
 
 161 
 
 APPENDIX. (C.) 
 
 Return, dated 30th November, 1882, of the sums expended by 
 the Corporation for Educational Pwposps, from the period of the 
 Foundation of the City of London School in 1835-7 to date, stating 
 to what extent sucli expenditure has been provided from Charitable 
 
 Funds. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 
 
 
 Excess of Expen- 
 
 
 Expenditure out of 
 Corporate Funds. 
 
 Expenditure pro- 
 vided from Chari- 
 table Funds.* 
 
 diture by Corpora- 
 tion over amounts 
 provided from 
 
 
 
 
 Charitable Funds. 
 
 
 . s. d 
 
 . s. d. 
 
 S d 
 
 City of London 
 
 
 
 
 School . . . 
 
 298,462 5 7 
 
 40,500 
 
 257,9152 5 7 
 
 Freemen's Orphan 
 
 
 
 
 School . . . 
 
 f!24,097 19 7 
 
 15,792 8 8 
 
 108,305 10 11 
 
 Middle Class Edu- 
 
 
 
 
 cation . . . 
 
 1,OCO 
 
 Nil 
 
 1,000 
 
 Musical Education 
 
 }7,882 11 10 
 
 Nil 
 
 7,832 11 10 
 
 Technical Educa- 
 
 
 
 
 tion .... 
 
 4,000 
 
 Nil 
 
 4,000 
 
 Totals 
 
 435,392 17 
 
 56,292 8 8 
 
 379,100 8 4 
 
 * Expenditure provided from Charitable Funds. City of London School . 
 The original Charity of John Carpenter made a charge on property bequeathed 
 to the Corporation limited to the sum necessary to educate 4 boys, sons of freemen. 
 The Corporation, however, in 1834 determined to extend the Charity so as to 
 establish a school in lieu of the obligation to educate 4 boys, and obtained an Act 
 of Parliament accordingly (4 and 5 William IV., ch. 35) under which the City of 
 London School was established and opened in 1837. By that Act the Charity of John 
 Carpenter was discontinued (Clause IX) and a new Trust was created, viz., the 
 provision of a site and the erection of a school thereon, and a perpetual charge of 
 900 a year on certain specified estates believed to be those bequeathed by John 
 Carpenter. But the Corporation has voluntarily exceeded, from time to time, the 
 obligation imposed on them by the Act in question, to the amount in all of 
 257,962 5s. 7d., as will be seen by the above Return, Column 3, and, 
 moreover, since the opening of the School in 1837 has exceeded the whole 
 produce of the specified estates by the sum of 209,887 6s. Od. For the rental 
 of the entire Carpenter Estates since 1837 has produced 88.574 19s. 7d.. 
 while the outlay by the Corporation has been 298.402 5s. 7d., being more 
 than three times the present value of the fee simple of the Carpenter Estates. 
 
 ^Freemen's Orphan School. As in the case of the City of London School, the 
 Corporation has voluntarily expended out of Corporate Funds an amount beyond 
 the Trust Fnnds, which amounts in this case to 108,305 10s. lid. (see column 3). 
 
 J Musical Education. This includes part of grant of 1.000 a year 
 for five years 1882 to 1886. 
 
 Technical Education. Part of grant of 2.000 per annum for five years 
 1881 to 1885. 
 
 M
 
 162 
 
 APPENDIX. (D.) 
 EPPING FOEEST. 
 
 For twenty-five years previously to the Corporation of London taking 
 action in the matter, there had been a constant struggle between the 
 people of the East end of London and the lords of manors in reference 
 to Epping Forest. At length the Corporation of London interfered, 
 and after much litigation and a negociation, which extended over years, 
 the Corporation succeeded to the guardianship of a place which had 
 been entirely neglected both by the Crown and lords of Manors, and 
 in which the rough element of Society hitherto had done just as they 
 pleased. Throughout their contest for the management of Epping 
 Forest for the public use, the Corporation never lost sight of the 
 cardinal principle that all the land of Epping Forest, not used for 
 houses, or gardens, or curtilages, should be restored to the Forest, 
 for the use of the Commoners and the public ; the deer were left 
 unmolested, Her Majesty's remaining rights in the Forest were 
 graciously surrendered to the Corporation, and Queen Elizabeth's 
 Lodge made over to them. Part of the terms to which Her 
 Majesty's Government had assented were that all reference to 
 Epping Forest being struck out of the Bill, promoted by the 
 Corporation, that Bill should be allowed to proceed ; and it subse- 
 quently became law, under the title of the Corporation of London 
 (Open Spaces} Act, 1878 ; which has already borne its first fruits in 
 enabling the Corporation to purchase and preserve, as open spaces 
 the famed Burnham Beeches, Coulsdon Common, Wanstead Park, 
 and West Ham Park. The Epping Forest Bill, when prepared, 
 was brought in by Her Majesty's Government as a Public Bill ; 
 considerable opposition had to be encountered, and the Bill was 
 referred to a Select Committee, before whom the various questions 
 were fought out. Upon the Bill coming back to the House of 
 Commons, an attempt was made to give the Metropolitan Board of 
 Works a representation in the management of the Forest, but the 
 City Solicitor succeeded in defeating the attempt. With the steady 
 support of Government the Bill passed through the Committee with 
 but slight alteration, and ultimately received the Royal Assent on the 
 8th day of August, 1878. A subsequent Act, entitled the Epping 
 Forest Act, 1880, extended the arbitrators powers for a period of two 
 years, and contained provisions enabling the conservators during the 
 existence of the arbitration to exchange portions of the Forest for 
 other lands more beneficial to the public, etc. It was under these 
 powers of exchange that the conservators acquired Wanstead Park, 
 Fairmead Lodge, and about six acres of beautiful woodland at the 
 rear of Fairmead Lodge, known as Hill Wood, so that there is now 
 no enclosed land between Queen Elizabeth's Lodge at Chingford, and 
 Paul's Nursery-ground at High Beech, a distance of nearly three 
 miles. Other minor exchanges have also been effected, to the great 
 improvement of the Forest boundary.
 
 163 
 
 Considering that the litigation and disputing lasted over seven 
 years, that the searches into records and documents extended over 
 some centuries, that the witnesses who had to be found and examined 
 numbered some hundreds, and bearing in mind the great array of 
 opponents who were deeply moved to oppose the aim of the Corpora- 
 tion by pecuniary interests of great magnitude, the City necessarily 
 incurred a large expenditure to insure success, which the Corporation 
 defrayed by loans raised upon the credit of the City of London Grain 
 Duty. The Compulsory Corn Metage was relinquished by the Cor- 
 poration, and commuted by Act of Parliament into a small fixed 
 duty on all grain brought into the Port of London, to be applied 
 exclusively in the preservation of open spaces near the Metropolis. 
 
 The total number of orders made by the arbitrator was 787. 
 Under some of those orders the Conservators purchased l,842a. Or. 23 p. 
 The Corporation had purchased before the arbitration 3, 554 a. 2r. 34p. 
 That gives a total area of 5,396 a. 3r. 17 p., which has become the 
 property of the Conservators. To that must IKJ added the balance 
 gained by exchanges, namely, 134 acres, making a grand total of 
 5,530 a. 3r. 17 p. of land, of which 5,347 a. 3r. 37 p. forms Epping 
 Forest proper, and 182 a. 3 r. 20 p. is comprised in AVanstead Park. 
 
 The total sum expended for the acquisition of the land and 
 extinction of rights since the passing of the Act is 130,1)0(5 16s. lOd. 
 Deduct amount received for quieting titles, grants of way leave, and 
 land sold, 21,461 16s. 2d. Balance paid by the Conservators, 
 109,505 Os. 8d. 
 
 Various works and improvements have been also earned out in the 
 shape of good roads, so as to give the public facilities for driving 
 through the Forest; and one of these, when finished, will give a 
 green ride not far short of twelve miles in length. 
 
 Well may the Corporation be congratulated ui>on the result of their 
 interference, which has been to secure for the use of London for ever, 
 the inestimable boon of a great natural Forest adjoining the Eastern 
 boundary of the Metropolis, where the nature of the population 
 most requires such a recreation ground.
 
 164 
 
 APPENDIX. (E.) 
 
 CORPORATION OF THE ClTY OF LONDON ; ITEMS OF EXPENDITURE 
 
 DURING TEN YEARS ENDING 1880. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 The total ordinary Expenses of the Magistracy \ 90 611 5 7 
 
 during that period amounted to ... J 
 
 City's proportion of the Police ( ^g ^QQ 5 
 Expenses, etc. J 
 
 Expenses, maintenance, &c., 1 _ ^^ ^ ^ 
 
 Pauper Lunatic Asylum J 
 Expenses of Prisons, viz., 
 
 Newgate 45,162 3 3 
 
 City Prison, Hollo\vay . . 79,423 17 3 
 
 Debtors Prison .... 260 14 8 
 
 General Prison Expenses . 11,572 3 5 
 
 Administration of Justice . . . 77,171 19 7 
 
 Office of Coroner 13,521 10 
 
 Total for ten years ending 1880 . . 554,380 9 8 
 
 This is independent of an expenditure during the same period of upwards 
 of 32,000 on erection of various Police Stations and Dwellings. It 
 is independent, also, of the Expenses of the Civil Government of the 
 City, such as allowance to the Lord Mayor, and Sheriffs, etc. ; and 
 the Expenses of Guildhall and the Law Courts, which latter alone 
 makes a total item, during the period referred to, of 106,881 9s. lOd. 
 
 IMPROVED DWELLINGS OF THE WAGE CLASSES. 
 
 The Corporation of London appear to have first directed their 
 attention to the subject of Improved Dwellings for the Poor in the 
 year 1851, i.e., thirty-two years since, as on the 23rd of October, 1851, 
 the Court of Common Council, on a report from their Improvement 
 Committee, placed at the disposal of the Committee a stun of 42,469, 
 for erecting Dwellings for the labouring poor. Various circumstances, 
 however, delayed the execution of this laudable undertaking, but 
 ground was acquired in the neighbourhood of Farringdou Road, and 
 a contract was entered into in the year 1869, for the erection of four 
 blocks of buildings, called "Corporation Buildings," at a cost, including
 
 165 
 
 the site, of 54,508. Additions were subsequently made, raising the 
 total cost to 59,783. These blocks accommodate 846 persons. 
 
 The Corporation in the years 1866-7, further appropriated two 
 buildings, designed for hotels, at the Metropolitan Cattle Market, at 
 Islington, adapting them for Lodging Houses for the artizan class, 
 at a cost, including estimated value of site, of 33,000, and accom- 
 modating 160 persons. 
 
 The Corporation subsequently obtained powers, under the Acts for 
 making the Holborn Valley Improvements, for acquiring land and 
 erecting Dwellings for the Poor thereon. The amount so expended 
 in the provision of the Dwellings, termed "Viaduct Buildings," 
 including value of site, has been 13,023 ; the number of persons 
 accommodated is 585. A report is now (December 18th, 1883) 
 before the Court of Common Council from the Improvement Com- 
 mittee, recommending a further extension of erections for Artizans' 
 Dwellings on vacant land belonging to the Corporation in and 
 near Farringdon Road, at a cost of about 25,000, by the utilization 
 of a bequest for the benefit of the poor, etc. 
 
 Since 1st of May, 1883, the Commissioners of Sewers of the City 
 of London (in anticipation of the receipt from the Regent's Canal 
 and City and Docks Railway Company, of the purchase-money for 
 the ground which had been cleared on the olden Lane Site), con- 
 tracted for and commenced the erection of Dwellings on the Petticoat 
 Square Site, at a cost of 65,500, and the Commissioners are, at 
 present, also engaged in completing various other similar schemes 
 of improvement. 
 
 It is now about twenty years since Corporation Buildings were 
 first tenanted, and it is a matter for sincere congratulation that since 
 they were built there has been a large extension of tlie principle, the 
 blocks of dwellings reared in various parts of the metropolis all 
 apparently demonstrating that the results contemplated, namely, the 
 reduction of the death-rate at the lowest cost, have leen successfully 
 achieved.
 
 166 
 
 APPENDIX. (F.) 
 
 Return, dated 30th November, 1882, of " The Sums expended by 
 the Corporation during the last ten years out of the City's Cash for 
 purposes in which the Metropolis and adjacent Counties are, or have 
 been, benefited or relieved from charges or rating by the action of the 
 the Corporation." 
 
 Total for Ten Years. 
 
 1872 to 1881. 
 
 (1.) Administration of Criminal Justice at the 
 Central Criminal Court (in relief of County 
 Rates)* 
 
 (2.) High Bailiff, Judge, Steward, &c., for the 
 Borough of Southwark (in relief of County 
 Rates) 
 
 (3.) Maintaining Free Public Library and Mu- 
 seum, including provision of Books, Sala- 
 ries, Wages, and Expenses, including 
 Architect's estimate of value of ground 
 and interest on outlay for buildings . 
 
 (4.) Sanitary Expenses of the Port of London,t 
 including Salaries and Wages, Hospital 
 Ship "Rhin," and steam launch " Hygeia," 
 &c 
 
 (5.) Providing Open Spaces for the People, in- 
 cluding Epping Forest, Wanstead Park, 
 West Hani Park, Burnhani Beeches, and 
 the Commons of Coulsdon, Kenley, &c., 
 in Surrey ; the latter contracted for, but 
 not paid for at date .... 
 
 (6.) Votes for Charitable Purposes, unconnected 
 with the City 
 
 (7.) Cost of inquiries and promoting Bills in Par- 
 liament for the better supply of Gas and 
 Water for the Metropolis .... 
 
 (8.) Cost of inquiry into the Supply of Fish for 
 the Metropolis 
 
 (9.) Cost of inquiry before the Royal Commission 
 on Metropolitan Sewage Discharge . 
 
 Total for ten years, 1872 to 1881 . 
 
 s. d. 
 
 60,941 18 11 
 
 4,802 11 8 
 
 74,517 14 10 
 
 20,493 2 
 
 301,985 11 10 
 7,000 
 
 29,618 10 9 
 
 27,354 13 4 
 
 956 4 
 
 10,000 
 
 537,670 1 10 
 
 * The area of jurisdiction of the Central Criminal Court extends over a large 
 district beyond the City ; it is impracticable to separate the expenditure for the 
 City from that of " the metropolis and adjacent counties." 
 
 f The sanitary authority extends over the whole Port, from the Isle of Grain, 
 in Kent, to Teddington, Middlesex.
 
 167 
 
 APPENDIX. (G.) 
 
 FREE LIBRARY AND MUSEUM OF THE CORPORATION OF LONDON. 
 
 The " lybrarye atte Guyldehalle " was spoken of by Whittington 
 early in the fifteenth century, and both he and William Bury were 
 amongst its benefactors. After Whittington caine John Carpenter, 
 who not only presented several important works during his life-time, 
 but gave the following directions in his Will, which was proved in 
 the Consistory Court of the Bishop of London, May 12th, 1442 : 
 " If any good or rare books shall be found amongst the residue of my 
 goods, which, by the discretion of Master William Lichfield and 
 Reginald Pecock may seem necessary to the common library at Guild- 
 hall for the profit of the students there, and those discoursing to the 
 common people, then I will and bequeath that those lx>oks 1)C placed 
 by my executors and chained in that library," etc. (Brewer's Life of 
 Carpenter.} The following extract from the Corporation Records 
 refers to this ancient library ; Letter Boole ~K,fol. 30, July 4th. 1420: 
 " Upon the Petition of John Coventry, John Carpenter, and 
 William Grove, the Executors of Richard Whittingtou and William 
 Bury, the Custody of the Xew House or Library, which they had 
 built, with the Chaml>er under, were placed at their disposal by the 
 Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty." Stow, when writing of the 
 building, afterwards called Blaclcicell Hall, says, " Adjoining this 
 Chappell was sometyme a fay re and large librarie, furnished with 
 Books pertaining to the Guildhall and Colledge : These Books as it 
 is said were in the raigne of Edward the Sixth, sent for by Edward 
 Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector, with promise to be restored 
 shortly. Men laded thence three carries (carts) with them, but they 
 were never returned" (lf)">2). What Somerset left of the Corporation 
 Library was finally destroyed in the Great Fire of London in IGfifi. 
 Enough, however, has l>eeii said to prove that, the City of London, in 
 the matter of providing a library for the people, was in advance of the 
 Government, which did not commence the formation of our present 
 National Library, until upwards of three centuries after Whittington's 
 time, namely in 1758. 
 
 The handsome structure of the present Free Library and 
 Museum of the Corporation of London, adjoining the Guildhall, cost.
 
 168 
 
 exclusive of the value of the land, above 50,000. This Library 
 contains a complete collection of all works relating to the City of 
 London, and the various departments of literature, science, and 
 arts are also well represented. Its utility, and the admirable way 
 in which it is conducted, are attested by a very large and ever 
 increasing circle of students and general readers. 
 
 In the Corporation Museum are exhibited many relics of Roman 
 London, and other interesting specimens of the Antiquities of London 
 proper, through many centuries of time. 
 
 The cost of maintenance of the Free Library and Museum of 
 the Corporation of London exceeds 5,000 per annum; the expense 
 of erection and maintenance being entirely defrayed, not by levying 
 a rate on the inhabitants, but out of the Corporation funds. 
 
 Some of the early books of the Corporation, such as the Liber 
 Custumarum (1154-1171), and the Liber Albi/s, etc., are of the 
 greatest historical value and importance. "There is no city in 
 existence," says Mr. Riley, " in possession of a collection of archives 
 so'ancient and so complete as that belonging to the City of London, 
 preserved in the Record Room at Guildhall. For nearly six centuries, 
 in the sequence of Letter-Books, Journals, and Repertories, its 
 officials have kept an unbroken record of all transactions and events, 
 social, political, ecclesiastical, legal, military, naval, local, and 
 municipal, in which, closely or remotely, the city in its corporate 
 character has been interested. Throughout the chances and changes 
 of this long and eventful course of time, its wars, its revolutions, 
 its rebellions, its insurrections, its famines, its pestilences, and its 
 conflagrations, to the lasting honour of the Corporation, these 
 invaluable memorials of far distant ages have been preserved, 
 comparatively unscathed. "
 
 169 
 
 APPENDIX. (H.) 
 MARKETS. 
 
 Return dated 1st December, 1882, "of the capital sums expended 
 by the Corporation towards the provision of Sites, Erection, and 
 Enlargement of Markets for the Metropolis since the year 1849." 
 
 Year. 
 
 Name of Market. 
 
 Total Capital 
 Expended. 
 
 
 
 . s. d. 
 
 1849 
 
 C Billingsgate Market, viz., Act \ 
 1 of 1846 (Rebuilding) . J 
 
 29,981 10 10 
 
 1871 to 1880 
 
 J Ditto, Act of 1871 (Enlarge- \ 
 \ nient of Site and Extension)/ 
 
 272,000 
 
 1852 to 1856 
 
 r Metropolitan Cattle Market ] 
 
 
 1866, 1867, 
 
 { in Copenhagen Fields, Isling- > 
 
 504,842 6 6 
 
 1875 to 1877 
 
 1 ton : Site and Construction . j 
 
 
 1863-4, 1867 
 to 1869 
 
 ( London Central Meat Market: 1 
 ( Site and Construction . j 
 
 962,000 
 
 
 r London Central Poultry and") 
 
 
 1873-5-7 
 
 { Provision Market : Site and }- 
 
 319,573 17 6 
 
 
 I Construction . . . J 
 
 
 
 f London Central Fruit, Vege- ' 
 
 
 
 table, and Flower Market, 
 
 
 1875 to 1882 
 
 J since converted by Act of 1 
 ] 1882 into the Central Fish [ 
 Market:* Site and Construc- 
 
 430,760 5 8 
 
 
 L tion J 
 
 
 
 c Foreign Cattle Market, Dept- ] 
 
 
 1870 to 1882 
 
 < ford: Site, Construction, and V 
 
 281,394 1 
 
 
 1 Additions . . . . j 
 
 
 
 rLeadenhall Market: Rebuild- "i 
 
 
 1879-1880 
 
 < ing on Enlarged Site (to \ 
 
 143,226 18 1 
 
 
 1 date) J 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 2,943,778 18 8 
 
 * Expenditure under that Act did not commence until 1882 ; it is included to 
 date of this Return.
 
 170 
 
 APPENDIX. (I.) 
 
 PENSIONS. 
 
 For various considerations, such as length of service of officers or 
 clerks under the Corporation, widows of Corporation officers, masters 
 in the City of London School, etc., the Court of Common Council 
 grants numerous pensions: see Return, showing that from the 8th of 
 December, 1870, to the 10th of July, 1879, alone, pensions as follows 
 were granted : 
 
 Amount of Pension . . 200 per annum. 
 ,, ,, . . 150 ,, 
 
 ,, . . 150 ,, 
 
 . 200 
 
 260 
 ,, 5, 40 ,, 
 
 . 1,000 
 
 . 100 
 
 300 
 
 ,, . 80 
 
 . 300 
 
 . . 60 
 
 5, 5, . iyu ,, 
 
 . 120 
 
 . 300 
 
 140 
 1,000 
 1,500 
 
 160 
 
 . HO 
 
 900 
 
 55 55 . . 150 ,, 
 
 ,, 7o 
 
 5) 55 . 150 ,, 
 
 220 
 ,, . 10s. per week 
 
 55 55 . . 88. ,, 
 
 ,, . . 100 per annum 
 
 300 
 
 ,5 ,, . . .)0 ,, 
 
 1 2s. per week 
 
 ,. . . 75 per annum 
 
 5, 55 . 30 ,,
 
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