GIFT OF 
 .K .L .Leupp 
 
IE RECRUITMENT OF OFFICERS IN TIME GF PEACE 
 IN THE PRINCIPAL ARMIES OF EUROPE 
 
 PREPARED BY THE WAR COLLEGE DIVISION, GENERAL STAFF CORPS 
 
 AS A SUPPLEMENT TO THE STATEMENT OF A PROPER MILITARY 
 
 POLICY FOR THE UNITED STATES 
 
 WCD 9278-1 
 
 ARMY WAR COLLEGE : WASHINGTON 
 
 NOVEMBER, 1915 
 
 529 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 1916 
 
TV 
 
 WAR DEPARTMENT, 
 
 Document No. 529. 
 
 Office of the Chief of Staff. 
 
SYNOPSIS. 
 
 I. ACTIVE ARMY. 
 
 Page. 
 
 1. Germany 5 
 
 2. France 1 6 
 
 3. Austria-Hungary 7 
 
 4. Italy 8 
 
 5. Russia 9 
 
 6. Great Britain 10 
 
 II. RECRUITMENT OF RESERVE OFFICERS. 
 
 7. Germany 12 
 
 8. France -. 13 
 
 9. Austria-Hungary 13 
 
 10. Italy 14 
 
 11. Russia 15 
 
 12. Great Britain 16 
 
 III. MILITARY SCHOOLS. 
 
 13. Germany 20 
 
 14. France 23 
 
 15. Austria-Hungary 24 
 
 16. Italy 24 
 
 17 . Russia 25 
 
 18. Great Britain 25 
 
 IV. CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 19. Comparison 30 
 
 20. Remedy and recommendation 31 
 
 21. Reserve officers' training corps 31 
 
 Object 31 
 
 Output 31 
 
 Composition 32 
 
 Instruction 33 
 
 Camps 33 
 
 Control of instruction 34 
 
 Conditions of service 34 
 
 Advantages of the system 36 
 
 Comparison with the English officers' training corps 37 
 
 Officers' reserve corps (Appendix A) 38 
 
 Reserve officers' training corps (Appendix B) 40 
 
 Bibliography (Appendix C) 43 
 
 629 (3) 
 
 G67386 
 

RECRUITMENT OF OFFICERS IN TIME OF PEACE. 
 
 I. ACTIVE ARMY. 
 1. GERMANY. 
 
 In the active army. In time of peace officers are obtained princi- 
 pally from two sources: 
 
 1. From the corps of cadets. 
 
 2. From young men of education and culture who enter the army 
 as Fahnen junkers (ensigns). 
 
 Appointment as a commissioned officer must be preceded by ap- 
 pointment as Fahnrich (ensign). Appointment as Fahnrich is con- 
 ditional upon: 
 
 (a) The age limits within which persons may be appointed en- 
 signs are 17 and 23. 
 
 (b) Educational qualifications: Diploma from a Gymnasium, 
 Real Gymnasium, Ober Realschule, corps of cadets, or passing the 
 Fahnrich examination. 
 
 (c) Certificate of conduct, adaptability, and proficiency after at 
 least six months' service with troops. 
 
 Appointment as commissioned officer is conditional upon: 
 (a) Attendance at a " war school " (in exceptional cases this may 
 be dispensed with ; for instance, where a candidate has studied several 
 terms at a higher educational institution). 
 
 (&) Passing the "officers' examination" at a "war school" or as 
 a member of the Selekta (a selektaner; see military schools of Ger- 
 many). 
 
 (c) A favorable indorsement or certificate from the troop unit to 
 which attached. 
 
 (d) Election by officers of the regiment. 
 
 The election of new officers by the corps of officers was introduced 
 in the Prussian Army in 1808. Through it the aristocratic character 
 of the German Army is maintained. For conspicuous bravery or 
 conduct on the field of battle recommendations for a commission may 
 be made. But here, also, such a recommendation must be preceded 
 by a vote of the officers of the regiment. 
 
 Officers on the active list who on account of age or disability are 
 required to leave the service are entitled to a pension, depending 
 in amount on rank, length of service, character of disability. Offi- 
 
 529 (5) 
 
6 
 
 cers on the reserve and Landwehr, upon reaching the required statu- 
 tory age, pass to the Landwehr or Landsturm^ respectively, if they 
 do not desire to continue in the reserve of the Landwehr. Should 
 they become disabled in the line of duty they are entitled to the same 
 pensions as officers of the active army. 
 
 The officer aspirant must be at least 23 years of age, must be un- 
 married, a German by birth, and be physically qualified for service. 
 Each candidate should have a diploma from a certain type of insti- 
 tution, and should have served a period of one year in the Army. 
 In place of the examination which is given to the cadet when he 
 leaves a cadet school, the officer aspirant must qualify in the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 German language and literature; in three other languages chosen 
 from the following : Latin, Greek, French, English, or Russian ; his- 
 tory, geography, and mathematics are obligatory. In case he is a 
 graduate of one of the higher Royal schools one of the languages is 
 replaced by physics and chemistry. There are certain other require- 
 ments which are elective, such as map reading and topographical 
 sketching. 
 
 Having passed these tests he is then required to enter the army for 
 six months' service as a temporary officer, at the end of which time 
 he is sent to one of the "war schools," and upon graduation from 
 this last institution may become an officer. The cadet schools, how- 
 ever, furnish about one-third of all the officers in the German service. 
 
 Officers are recruited from three principal sources : the great mili- 
 tary schools, schools for noncommissioned officers, and from selected 
 warrant officers of at least 10 years' service as noncommissioned 
 officers. The proportion from the last class is about one-fifth of the 
 promotions to the grade of sublieutenant. 
 
 Commissions in the French Army are obtained by passing through 
 one of the military schools, either with or without previous service 
 in the ranks. 
 
 Young men who desire a commission without going through the 
 ranks must, in the first instance, pass through the Ecole Speciale at 
 St. Cyr, for the infantry and cavalry, or the Ecole P oly technique 
 for the artillery and engineers. 
 
 After passing successfully out of St. Cyr the young infantry offi- 
 cers pass direct to their regiments. 
 
 Cavalry candidates have to complete a course of instruction at the 
 "^^ Ecole d? Application, at Saumur, and artillery and engineer candi- 
 dates, after passing out of the Ecole Poly technique, a course at the 
 similar establishment at Fontainebleau. 
 
 529 
 
Admission to the Ecole Speciale, at St. Cyr, is by competitive ex- 
 amination, the age limits being between 18 and 21. The students 
 form a battalion of 6 companies. The conrse_lasts_ 2 ye_ars, and the 
 number of competitors is always large. 
 
 The Ecole Poly technique, in addition to the training of artillery 
 and engineer candidates, supplies young men for the naval and 
 state engineering departments, telegraphs, state factories, etc. Ad- 
 mission is by competitive examination, and the age limit as for St. 
 Cyr (with certain exceptions in favor of soldiers). The course lasts 
 two years. The Ecole d? Application, at Saumur, completes the edu- 
 cation of young cavalry officers from St. Cyr, and the Ecole d' Ap- 
 plication, at Fontainbleau, that of the young officers of artillery and 
 engineers going from the Polytechnique. The course at the former 
 establishment last 11 months, at the latter two years. 
 
 The Ecole Militaire, at St. Maixent, completes the military instruc- 
 tion of "sous-officers" of the infantry and cavalry, who, in peace 
 time, only receive commissions after passing the course with credit. 
 Candidates must have at least two years' service in the rank of 
 u sous-officer" before being allowed to compete, and they have also 
 to pass a preliminary examination at their regimental schools. Ad- 
 mission to the school is by competition, and the course lasts one year. 
 Those who pass through it successfully are appointed sublieutenants. 
 
 The Ecole Militaire at Versailles for noncommissioned officers of 
 artillery and engineers is organized on similar lines. 
 
 3. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
 
 Officers for the Imperial Austro-Hungarian Army are recruited 
 from two distinct sources from the military schools and from the 
 cadet corps. The schools or military academies for so they might 
 be called are two in number, one at Neustadt, outside of Vienna, 
 and the other in Vienna itself. The first provides officers for the in- 
 fantry, cavalry, and pioneers, and the technical academy at Vienna 
 for artillery and other engineer officers. The candidates for admis- 
 sion to these institutions must be between the ages of 18 and 21, and, 
 after having undergone the course of instruction, are named by the 
 Emperor to the position of lieutenant and assigned by the Minister of 
 War in accordance with the needs of the service, although a choice is 
 given them of the arm in which they desire to serve. The cadet schools 
 are not exactly analogous to any of the schools heretofore mentioned, 
 but are rather elementary in their nature. They take, as a rule, 
 young men from 14 to 18 years of age. These young men do not 
 necessarily belong to the army, but a part of the vacancies are saved 
 for a certain number of young men who are already serving volun- 
 tarily in the army who complete a period of from six months to one 
 
 529 
 
8 
 
 year. The duration of a course at this school is four years, but the 
 two first are devoted solely to perfecting the student in the line of a 
 general education, and the last two solely to studies which are pro- 
 fessional and military. 
 
 The cadet schools are 18 in number. There are 15 infantry schools, 
 one cavalry school, one artillery school, and one for pioneers. Those 
 graduates who have completed satisfactorily the course are assigned 
 throughout the service where vacancies exist. Those who have for- 
 merly served are, upon their reentrance into service, assigned to the 
 corps in which they originally served. They take rank among all 
 other cadets throughout the army, seniority being determined by the 
 rank upon leaving the school. All cadets, of whatever school, are 
 placed upon a single list according to the arm and are drawn in 
 accordance with the vacancies by seniority. During the time in 
 which they are serving as a cadet officer they are exercising the 
 functions of an officer but without rank. It is during this period that 
 they are passed upon by their regimental commanders and by the 
 officers of the regiment, recommendation from whom is necessary 
 before the cadet receives his final commission. Generally speaking, 
 about five-sixths of the infantry and cavalry, and about four-sixths 
 of the special arms, come from the cadet schools, 
 
 4. ITALY. 
 
 The law governing the recruitment of officers in the Italian Army 
 has been in force since 1832, and few, if any, changes have been made. 
 With no exceptions all officers must pass through the royal academy 
 at Turin and the royal military school at Modena. The law requires 
 that no one shall be promoted a sublieutenant who has not reached 
 the age of 18 years unless he has served two years as a noncommis- 
 sioned officer in the active army and has established to the satis- 
 faction of all concerned his qualifications for this position. One- 
 third of all vacancies in the grade of sublieutenant are reserved for 
 noncommissioned officers ; the two other thirds are left to the gradu- 
 ates of the military establishments. The royal military academy at 
 Turin furnishes all the officers for the artillery and engineers, while 
 the royal military academy at Modena furnishes those for the infan- 
 try and cavalry. In addition, there are a number of schools of ap- 
 plication, mainly for artillery and cavalry. These cadet schools are 
 open to all native-born Italians between the ages of 15 and 20, but 
 the age limit can be extended to 23 in case the applicant has served 
 with the colors. The duration of the course in the two first-men- 
 tioned establishments is three years; sublieutenants of the special 
 arms, on leaving the academy, must pass two more years in a second 
 school, namely, the school of application, also at Turin, and upon 
 
9 
 
 graduation from this institution they are named lieutenants. The 
 sublieutenants of cavalry are sent to the cavalry school at Modena 
 for one year more to finish their professional instruction. The sub- 
 lieutenants of infantry alone are sent directly to their corps without 
 any further instruction. 
 
 The noncommissioned officers who are named have no opportunity 
 of undergoing such a course as is laid down for the sublieutenants 
 of the special arms, but pass directly into the grade of sublieutenant, 
 after examination, as do the sublieutenants of infantry on leaving the 
 military academy. It has been found that all of these various cata- 
 gories reach their lieutenancies in practically the same time, but the 
 noncommissioned officer, owing to his age, as well as for other reasons, 
 seldom passes the grade of captain, although a few attain the grade 
 of major. 
 
 5. RUSSIA. 
 
 Owing to the fact that the military profession is the most im- 
 portant one in all Eussia, the number of applicants for entrance 
 into the corps of officers is very large, and considerable care must 
 be taken in the selection of the material which applies for com- 
 missions. Before the war the corps of officers was recruited from 
 the following sources: 
 
 1. The corps of pages of the Emperor. 
 
 2. The military schools. 
 
 3. From military academies for those young men of superior edu- 
 cation who desired to perfect themselves after service of one year 
 with the colors. 
 
 4. From noncommissioned officers appointed directly from the 
 ranks. 
 
 Preparatory schools. School of Pages at Petrograd. Sons of 
 high dignitaries of the court. Nine years of instruction, of which 
 seven are devoted to general education and the last two to military 
 instruction. 
 
 Cadet schools. Sons of officers and dignitaries of court, from 10 
 to 18 years of age. Since 1909, by paying certain fees at designated 
 schools, the sons of merchants and of other civilians may attend. 
 
 Seven years of instruction. The organization is military, but 
 instruction is under civil professors. 
 
 There are four of these schools at Petrograd, three at Moscow, one 
 at Orel, at Voronege, at Novi Novgorod, at Polotsk, at Pskov, at 
 Poltava, at Soumy, at Kiev, at Jaroslow, at Warsaw, at Symbirsk, 
 at Odessa, at Omsk, at Tiflis, at Novotchevkask, at Khaborovsk. two 
 at Orenburg, one at Taskhevt, at Vladikavkas, at Valsk, and at 
 Irkontsk 29 in all. 
 
 Military schools. Pages of the Emperor. 
 30669 No. 52& 16 2 
 
10 
 
 The upper class at the School of Pages is admitted by examination, 
 and the course covers two years of military studies. A classifica- 
 tion is made at end of course into four categories : 
 
 1. Graduates who are nominated sublieutenants in the guard (with 
 rank of lieutenant). 
 
 2. By nomination to line of the army with commission antedated 
 by one year. 
 
 3. Nominated sublieutenants at date of graduation. 
 
 4. Assigned as noncommissioned officers in a corps for six months' 
 service. 
 
 Military academies. Entrance by examination. Minimum age, 16 
 years. Young men coming from secondary civil schools or from 
 cadet schools, who must show a certificate of proficiency. 
 
 For infantry officers. There are 12 schools, the course being two 
 years. 
 
 For cavalry officers. There are three schools, the course being 
 two years. 
 
 For artillery officers. There are two schools, the course being three 
 years. 
 
 For Cossacks. There are two schools. 
 
 For engineers. There is one school at Petrograd, with a course of 
 three years. 
 
 The graduates of infantry and cavalry can, upon leaving their 
 special schools, continue for a third year in the artillery and 
 engineer school, and thus enter these arms. 
 
 6. GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 The commissions in the regular army are given to the following 
 persons : 
 
 A commission as second lieutenant in the cavalry or infantry may 
 be given 
 
 To a cadet who has passed through a course of instruction at the 
 Royal Military College, Sandhurst, or to a cadet of the Royal Military 
 College, Kingston, Canada. 
 
 To an officer of the special reserve of officers, militia, or territorial 
 force, to an officer of the local military forces of the colonies, or to 
 a second lieutenant or a lieutenant of the Royal Malta Artillery. 
 
 To a candidate from a university. 
 
 To a warrant officer or noncommissioned officer. 
 
 IiV the case of an appointment as second lieutenant of a regiment 
 of the Household Cavalry, the nomination for the approval of a 
 qualified candidate shall be vested in the colonel in chief of the 
 brigade. 
 
 529 
 
11 
 
 In the case of an appointment as second lieutenant in the Foot 
 Guards, the colonel of the regiment concerned shall nominate for 
 approval a candidate qualified under this article. 
 
 A commission as second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery may be 
 given 
 
 To a cadet who has passed through a course of instruction at the 
 Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, or to a cadet of the Royal Mili- 
 tary College, Kingston, Canada. 
 
 To an artillery officer of the special reserve of officers, militia, or 
 territorial force. 
 
 To an officer of the local military forces of the colonies. 
 
 To a candidate from a university. 
 
 To a warrant officer or noncommissioned officer. 
 
 A commission as second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers may be 
 given 
 
 To a cadet who has passed through a course of instruction at the 
 Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, or to a cadet of the Royal Mili- 
 tary College, Kingston, Canada. 
 
 To a warrant officer or noncommissioned officer. 
 
 A commission as second lieutenant in the army service corps may 
 be given 
 
 To a qualified officer of the regular army, of the royal marines, 
 with not less than one year's commissioned service. 
 
 To a cadet who has passed through a course of instruction at the 
 Royal Military College, Sandhurst, or to a cadet of the Royal Military 
 College, Kingston, Canada. 
 
 To an officer of the special reserve of officers, militia, or territorial 
 force. 
 
 To an officer of the local military forces of the colonies. 
 
 To a candidate from a university. 
 
 By open competition. 
 
 To a warrant officer or noncommissioned officer. 
 
 Before final appointment to the army reserve corps, all candidates 
 shall be required to pass a probationary period of one year from the 
 
 date of joining. When it is desirable in the interests of the service, 
 the probationary period may be terminated earlier. 
 
 A commission as second lieutenant on the unattached list of candi- 
 dates for appointment to the Indian Army may be given to a cadet 
 who has passed through a course of instruction at the Royal Military 
 College, Sandhurst, or to a cadet of the Royal Military College, 
 Kingston, Canada, or to a duly qualified candidate from a university. 
 
 A commission as director of music in the army may be given to a 
 bandmaster of specially meritorious service and not over 55 years 
 of age. 
 
 529 
 
12 
 
 A commission as lieutenant in the cavalry, the infantry, or the 
 army service corps, may be given to a quartermaster or ridingmaster 
 not over 32 years of age. 
 
 A commission as lieutenant on the list of district officers of the 
 Royal Artillery, or in the coast battalion of the Royal Engineers, 
 may be given to a quartermaster or a ridingmaster, or to a warrant 
 officer or noncommissioned officer of the Royal Artillery or Royal 
 Engineers, not over 40 years of age. The above limit of age may be 
 extended in a case of promotion for service in the field. 
 
 A commission as quartermaster or ridingmaster may be given to 
 an officer, a warrant officer, or a noncommissioned officer, not over 
 40 years of age. 
 
 The above limit of age may be extended in the following cases: 
 
 (a) If promoted for service in the field. 
 
 (b) If selected for an extra regimental appointment in the army, 
 not being a departmental appointment, or if promoted before at- 
 taining the age of 40 to the rank of quartermaster-corporal-major, 
 or quartermaster-sergeant, or to an appointment which carries with 
 it the rank of warrant officer; in which case the limit of age may be 
 extended to 45. 
 
 . RECRUITMENT OF RESERVE OFFICERS. 
 7. GERMANY. 
 
 Officers of the reserve are recruited from 
 
 1. Officers of the active army who have been furloughed after 18 
 years' service. 
 
 2. Officers who leave the service before the completion of that 
 period. 
 
 (a) Officers who have not finished 18 years' service are assigned 
 with their actual rank and in accordance with their age to the 
 reserve and landwehr. 
 
 (b) Officers after 18 years' service are classed as being "at dis- 
 posal," and if they are capable of being utilized are often employed 
 with higher rank. 
 
 (c) Those officers whose age and health do not permit them to be 
 placed " at disposal " are sent to depots for duty. 
 
 3. From former one-year volunteers who fulfill certain conditions. 
 Prerequisites to such an appointment from this last-named class 
 
 are 
 
 '(a) Participation in two courses of practical exercises of eight 
 weeks' duration each, as a rule, during the two years next following 
 their discharge from service. The first of these periods the aspirant 
 performs the duties of a noncommissioned officer and the second 
 period as an officer. 
 
 629 
 
13 
 
 (b) Election. In peace time by the corps of officers of the land- 
 wehr district. Officers who are " f urloughed " may be required, if 
 reserve officers, to attend on three separate occasions exercises lasting 
 from four to eight weeks each. As a matter of principle they are 
 attached, in event of mobilization, to the organization to whose 
 reserve they belong. A reserve officer advances to a higher grade 
 pari passu with the regimental officer of the line next below him. 
 
 Officers who are " furloughed " may be required as landwehr 
 officers to attend exercises especially ordered for the landwehr, or if 
 they wish, to duty with troops of the active army. They are assigned 
 either to troops of the landwehr or line. 
 
 8. FRANCE. 
 
 Officers of the reserve consist of 
 
 1. Officers of the active army who have retired under certain con- 
 ditions. 
 
 2. Students of the polytechnic, forestry and other schools where a 
 certain amount of military instruction is required. These men pass 
 an examination and are then attached to regiments as reserve officers 
 for one year. 
 
 3. Certain noncommissioned officers of the reserve. 
 
 As a general rule the above-mentioned categories retain their 
 
 appointments (promotions being allowed to include the grade of 
 
 captain) as long as the class to which they would belong remains in 
 
 the reserve of the regular army. They then pass into the territorial 
 
 \drmy with same rank. 
 
 Subalterns of the reserve may be promoted to be captains after 
 certain periods of service in the lower grades. 
 
 Captains of the reserve who have previously served as captains 
 are eligible under conditions to a majority. 
 
 Sublieutenants in the reserve are eligible for promotion to lieuten- 
 ancies in the territorial army, and captains of reserve to majors in 
 the territorial army. 
 
 Officers of both reserve and territorial armies, at their request, 
 may be retained after expiration of legal term of service, but field 
 officers may be retired at 65 and others at 60 years of age. 
 
 9. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
 
 The reserve officers necessary to complete the units of the common 
 army upon mobilization are provided by: 
 
 1. Using all officers who are furloughed from the service. Each 
 officer who has finished three years in the active army is permitted 
 to pass into the reserve and remain there until 60 years of age, pro- 
 vided he engages to serve in case of war. 
 
 529 
 
14 
 
 2. By the promotion to the grade of lieutenant of former cadets or 
 volunteers who engaged under obligation to become reserve officers 
 after a year's service. 
 
 These officers are very numerous, and the needs of mobilization 
 are amply provided for. 
 
 Officers of the landwehr or honved are supplied as follows : 
 
 1. By transfer to the landwehr (or honved according to nation- 
 ality) , upon request, of officers who have served 10 years in the army 
 or reserve. 
 
 2. By nominating to the rank of second lieutenant young men, 
 able to pass the recruiting requirements, who pass through special 
 schools for instruction of officers of the landwehr or honved. 
 
 3. By promotions in the landwehr or honved to the several grades 
 of officers, made in conformity with regulations governing promo- 
 tion in the active army. 
 
 These last promotions are governed by conditions sufficiently rig- 
 orous, and it is impossible to reach the higher grades without having 
 served in the active army as a subaltern. 
 
 In Hungary the conditions far entrance to the honved have been 
 carefully and conscientiously watched, so that this force has at- 
 tained practically the standard of a semipermanent force. The same 
 can be said of the forces in Galicia, Croatia, and Bohemia. 
 
 10. ITALY. 
 
 The military system of this country differs considerably from those 
 of other European countries, and for this reason there is a different 
 system for the selection and assignment of the additional officers 
 needed for the troops of the second and third lines. 
 
 Additional officers are obtained about as follows: 
 
 There are two courses of instruction : 
 
 (a) A six months' course for all young men holding certificates 
 from the lyceums or similar institutions. This does not apply to the 
 cavalry, train, or field artillery. 
 
 (b) A course of nine months for those young men having only a 
 certificate of admission for a two-years' course at lyceums, or those 
 having undergone a general examination for a commission. 
 
 These courses are taken by young men from 18 to 26 years of age 
 who are not yet drawn for service either as corporals or privates of 
 the active army; also by privates and corporals on unlimited fur- 
 lough who ask for a return to the active army. 
 
 The courses are placed under the superior' direction of corps com- 
 manders and the young men assigned to a special unit for the course. 
 It is divided into two equal parts, and at the completion of each part 
 the candidates must pass an examination. At the end of the first 
 period they are appointed corporals, and at the end of the second 
 period sergeants, provided their work has been satisfactory. 
 
 529 
 
15 
 
 The candidates who are appointed sergeants are then required to 
 perform four months with a unit, and at the end of this stage they 
 must pass the required officers examination. 
 
 They are then furloughed, but at the end of two months they are 
 called as officers and assigned to still another unit to serve three 
 months as officers. 
 
 Noncommissioned officers on unlimited furlough can be commis- 
 sioned by passing an officer's examination. 
 
 The students at military colleges and schools who have successfully 
 passed the second year's examination can be appointed additional 
 officers only after a period of service of three months as officers. 
 Other students, by passing an examination and showing proficiency, 
 must serve four months as privates and four months as sergeants be- 
 fore qualifying sufficiently to serve their three months as officers. 
 
 11. RUSSIA. 
 
 The reserves of the active army are officered by (1) assigning 
 officers who are " on furlough " or " retired " but still bound to render 
 service in time of war; (2) volunteers who have passed a special 
 examination at the end of their service, as well as selected noncom- 
 missioned officers passing the examination after a probationary 
 period of six weeks. Both of these can be appointed ensigns in the 
 reserve. 
 
 Officers of the reserve called in case of mobilization can be pro- 
 moted to a higher grade, provided they have had at least four 
 years in their grade since last promotion, have had at least four 
 months' actual service upon rejoining their organizations, and have 
 passed a satisfactory examination. 
 
 Once a year in the summer a special commission is assembled 
 which is charged with the examination of candidates for the reserve 
 officers. 
 
 The examinations are briefly as follows: 
 
 For the infantry: 
 
 1. Regulations and military law. 
 
 2. Field-service regulations. 
 
 3. Principles of infantry fire. 
 
 4. Field fortification. 
 For the cavalry : 
 
 1, 2, and 3 as for infantry. 
 4. Methods of hasty demolition. 
 For the artillery: 
 
 1 and 2 as for infantry, with necessary modifications. 
 
 3. A brief course on the different types of artillery. 
 
 4. As for infantry, with necessary modifications. 
 
 For the engineers: 1, 2, and 3 as for infantry, with necessary modifica- 
 tions for arm. 
 
 529 
 
16 
 
 If successful the candidate is sent immediately to a reserve unit 
 for active duty, the duration of which must be at least four months. 
 
 In case they are unsuccessful they may present themselves the 
 following year and they may remain in the service during this 
 period until time for examination. 
 
 The number of reserve officers is insufficient and there are a con- 
 siderable number needed for mobilization purposes. 
 
 To remedy this deficiency a number of acting ensigns will have to 
 be chosen from selected noncommissioned officers. 
 
 12. GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 An officer who has retired from the regular forces on retired pay, 
 or with a gratuity, shall be a member of the reserve of officers so long 
 as he is liable to be recalled to army service under certain age limita- 
 tions ; until 50 if a lieutenant or captain ; until 56 if a quartermaster, 
 major, lieutenant colonel, or colonel; and until 67 if a general officer. 
 
 Provided that an officer who misconducts himself or who is certi- 
 fied by the regulated medical authority to be mentally or physically 
 unfit may be removed from the reserve of officers. 
 
 A commission in the reserve of officers may be granted to (a) 
 the regular forces; (b) the special reserve of officers; (c) the aux- 
 iliary forces; or (d) the Indian military forces, with the exception 
 of those who entered the Indian army subsequent to the 8th of Janu- 
 ary, 1892. 
 
 A gentleman who has served as an officer or cadet in the officers' 
 training corps. 
 
 An officer who served in South Africa as an officer of the Imperial 
 Yeomanry, City of London Imperial Volunteers, volunteer service 
 companies, or colonial irregular corps may be granted a commission 
 in the reserve of officers, subject to articles 688 and 690, and subject 
 to the following conditions: 
 
 For the rank of captain he must have served in South Africa 
 with the rank of captain for not less than 12 months. 
 
 For the rank of lieutenant he must have served in South Africa 
 with the rank of captain or lieutenant for not less than six months. 
 
 An officer or a gentleman who has served as an officer or cadet in 
 the officers' training corps, volunteering for service in the reserve of 
 officers, shall, if his services are accepted, receive from the Govern- 
 ment a commission as an officer in the land forces. 
 
 A commission shall not be granted to any officer or gentleman who 
 has served as an officer or cadet in the officers' training corps who 
 is not medically fit for service or whose character and qualifications 
 are not satisfactory. 
 
 529 
 
17 
 
 An officer who has retired from the auxiliary forces shall not be 
 granted a commission in the reserve of officers unless he fulfills the 
 following conditions : 
 
 For the rank of captain he must have had at least seven years' 
 commissioned service at the time of his retirement, including three 
 years as captain or field officer, and have qualified for the rank of 
 field officer. 
 
 For the rank of lieutenant or second lieutenant he must have had 
 at least two years' commissioned service at the time of his retirement 
 and have qualified for the rank of captain. 
 
 An officer who has retired from the special reserve of officers may 
 be granted a commission in the reserve of officers, subject to the 
 following conditions: 
 
 He must have completed not less than 10 years' commissioned serv- 
 ice in the special reserve of officers and have attained the age of 35. 
 
 An officer shall not be appointed to the reserve of officers in a rank 
 higher than that which he held on retirement ; nor shall he be granted 
 a commission in that reserve if his age exceeds the following: 
 
 For appointment as a captain, 45. 
 
 For appointment as a lieutenant or second lieutenant, 40. 
 
 A gentleman who has served as an officer in the officers' training 
 corps shall not be appointed to the reserve of officers in a higher 
 rank than that of lieutenant, nor a gentleman who has served as a 
 cadet in a higher rank than that of second lieutenant. 
 
 A commission in the reserve of officers shall not be granted to an 
 officer who is serving in the special reserve of officers, the Channel 
 Islands, or the Malta Militia, under the provisions of article 559. 
 
 The limitations of age and the qualifications prescribed by articles 
 683 to 690 may be dispensed with in cases where the army council 
 consider it desirable in the interests of the service that the rules laid 
 down in those articles should not be enforced. 
 
 An officer of the Koyal Army Medical Corps with at least three, 
 and not more than six years' service, may be permitted to join the 
 reserve of officers for a period of seven years. While so situated he 
 shall receive a retaining fee at the rate of 25 per year. 
 
 With the sanction of the army council he may be permitted to 
 return to the active list, and if the period he has been in the reserve 
 amounts to at least one year, and not more than three years, he shall 
 be allowed to reckon one-third of such period toward promotion, 
 gratuity, and pension. 
 
 Any army reserve officer shall report himself at the commence- 
 ment of each year, in writing, to the army council. Should he fail 
 to do so, he shall (unless he is an officer retired from the regular 
 
 30669 No. 52916 3 
 
18 
 
 forces, with liability for further service in case of emergency) be 
 removed from the reserve at the end of the year in which he fails 
 to report himself. 
 
 An officer appointed under article 682 or 683 shall be removed 
 from the reserve, by notification in the London Gazette, at the age of 
 55, if a field officer; and at the age of 50, if a captain, lieutenant, or 
 second lieutenant. 
 
 EMPLOYMENT ON ARMY SERVICE. 
 
 An army reserve officer shall be liable to be called to army service 
 at home or abroad at a time of national emergency, or when a 
 national emergency appears to be imminent. 
 
 An army reserve officer may, with his own consent and the sanc- 
 tion of the army council, be employed on army service at any time. 
 
 An army reserve officer shall, while employed on army service, and 
 not over 65 years of age, be eligible for promotion. 
 
 An army reserve officer, not being a retired officer, and not coming 
 under the conditions of article 496 (governing the rate of pay and 
 allowances), shall be granted, from the date of joining for army 
 service to the date on which his services are no longer required, and 
 subject to article 501 (special pay allowances), the rates of pay and 
 allowances granted to an officer on the active list of corresponding 
 rank in the same branch of the reserve. 
 
 SPECIAL RESERVE OF OFFICERS, MILITIA, AND TERRITORIAL FORCE. 
 
 General qualifications. To be eligible to attend a competitive ex- 
 amination, a candidate must fulfill the following conditions: 
 
 (a) He must be unmarried, and will not be accepted unless, in the 
 opinion of the army council, he is in all respects suitable to hold a 
 commission in the regular army. 
 
 (6) He must attain the age of 20 and not attain the age of 25 on 
 the 1st of April for a March examination, or on the 1st of October 
 for an examination in that month. 
 
 (<?) He must have qualified at an army entrance examination or 
 passed some other examination accepted in lieu thereof. 
 
 (d) He must serve for 18 months in the branch of the service to 
 which he belongs. 
 
 NOTE. Certificates A and B obtained in the officers' training corps entitle a 
 candidate to reductions in the period of total service and attachment mentioned 
 above. 
 
 An officer of the special reserve of officers must have completed his 
 probationary training and been confirmed in his appointment. 
 
 An officer of the Irish Horse, Malta, Bermuda, or Channel Islands 
 Militia, or territorial force must have completed a period of attach- 
 
 529 
 
19 
 
 ment to a regular unit of the arm of the service to which he belongs 
 and have been satisfactorily reported upon. 
 
 In the case of infantry the full period of attachment is 6 months, 
 and in the case of other arms 12 months. 
 
 (e) He must be recommended by his commanding officer. 
 
 (/) If a candidate for the Eoyal Artillery, he must be an officer 
 of the special reserve artillery, militia artillery, or territorial force 
 artillery. 
 
 (g) If a candidate for Royal Field Artillery, he must also have an 
 equitation certificate. 
 
 An officer of the artillery may, if eligible, compete as a candidate 
 for the Royal Artillery, and also on the general list for other 
 branches of the service. 
 
 COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION (WRITTEN). 
 
 Subjects. Military history and strategy (2 papers), tactics (2 
 papers) , field engineering (2 papers) , map reading and field sketch- 
 ing (1 paper), military law (1 paper), military administration and 
 organization (1 paper). 
 
 Qualifying minimum. Four of the marks in each paper and five 
 of the aggregate marks. 
 
 Practical test. A candidate must also pass a practical test in map 
 reading and field sketching. 
 
 UNIVERSITIES. 
 
 (Including Universities in the Overseas Dominions and Crown 
 
 Colonies.) 
 
 General qualifications. A certain number of commissions in the 
 cavalry, Royal Artillery, infantry, army service corps, and Indian 
 army are granted each half year on the nomination of such univer- 
 sities or groups of universities as have established courses of military 
 instruction approved by the army council. 
 
 For a list of the universities empowered to nominate candidates 
 see the regulations. 
 
 Nomination is made in January and July of each year. 
 
 A candidate must be: (a) Unmarried. (5) Suitable, in the opin- 
 ion of the army council, to hold a commission. (c) Able to pro- 
 duce a certificate of good character from the head of the university 
 or college. 
 
 Age. A candidate must have attained the age of 21 and must not 
 have attained the age of 25 on the 15th of January for the winter 
 nomination or the 15th of July for the summer nomination. 
 
 (A candidate for appointment to the Indian army must be between 
 the ages of 21 and 24 on the dates named.) 
 
 629 
 
20 
 
 Antedate. The commission of nominated candidates will be ante- 
 dated 18 months from the date in which their names appear in the 
 London Gazette. 
 
 A candidate who has graduated with first or second class honors 
 may, on the recommendation of the nomination board, be granted such 
 an additional antedate (not exceeding 6 months) as may be approved 
 by the army council. 
 
 GENERAL OUTLINE OF TESTS WHICH MUST BE PASSED. 
 
 A candidate must 
 
 1. Fulfill certain conditions as to residence or presence during a 
 certain course of study at the university. 
 
 2. Undergo a course of military instruction at the university, 
 qualify at an examination in military subjects. 
 
 3. Be a member of the university contingent of the officers' training 
 corps. 
 
 4. Fulfill certain conditions as to attachment to a regular unit of 
 the army. 
 
 5. Take a degree in an approved subject or group of subjects. 
 
 6. Pass a medical examination. 
 
 SUBJECTS OF WRITTEN EXAMINATION. 
 
 Group A: 
 
 1. Military History and Strategy (2 papers). 
 
 2. Tactics (2 papers). 
 Group B: 
 
 3. Field Engineering (2 papers). 
 
 4. Map Heading and Field Sketching (1 paper). 
 Group C: 
 
 5. Military Administration and Organization (1 paper). 
 Candidates who desire may take up the examination in three parts. 
 For this purpose the subjects are divided into groups as shown. 
 
 HI. MILJTARY SCHOOLS. 
 13. GERMANY. 
 
 CORPS OF CADETS. 
 
 The organization of the cadet corps has been already outlined. Its 
 members are largely the sons of army and navy officers and receive 
 their subsistence, clothing, and tuition free, or at a nominal charge. 
 After passing through one of the six " cadet houses," cadets enter the 
 central cadet institute at Gross-Lichterfelde, in the vicinity of Berlin, 
 
 529 
 
21 
 
 of which a colonel is the superintendent, where they are formed into 
 companies and battalions for military drill and discipline. 
 
 The battalion organization has no connection with the classes, of 
 which there are three, namely, the secunda, prima, and selecta. Each 
 of the first named is again divided into a lower and upper section, 
 known, respectively, as lower and upper secunda, lower and upper 
 prima. Those of the cadets who complete their seventeenth year be- 
 fore April 1 of the current year, have an adequate bodily develop- 
 ment, and who after passing through the upper secunda are deemed 
 sufficiently prepared, are examined (in February or March) before 
 the " superior military examining committee." With the exception 
 of some of the most proficient and promising, who are entered in the 
 selecta class, all who have passed the examination join regiments as 
 titular sword-knot ensigns, thus being placed on substantially the 
 same footing with the college (gymnasia or real school) graduates 
 of the officer aspirants. The cadets who, having passed through the 
 upper secunda, fail at the examination, as well as those who, though 
 of sufficient age and physique are not admitted to it, are, as a rule, 
 returned to their parents or entered in the army as privates, excep- 
 tionally so as noncommissioned officers, for the discharge of their 
 liability to military service. 
 
 To the lower prima are transferred cadets of deficient age or 
 physique who have passed successfully through the upper secunda, 
 and also talented cadets of the same class standing who are not so 
 deficient, but whose parents desire the transfer. In exceptional cases 
 the latter class of cadets may also be appointed sword-knot noncom- 
 missioned officers and the former noncommissioned officers, all being 
 at the same time members of lower prima. After successful passage 
 through the lower prima, cadets are either admitted to the "ensign 
 examination" or transferred to the upper prima, according to the 
 expressed desire of their parents. If in the former case they pass the 
 examination, as they almost invariably do, it depends upon circum- 
 stances whether they are sent to their regiments as titular or actual 
 sword-knot ensigns. The course through upper prima, during which 
 the members may hold the appointment of sword-knot noncommis- 
 sioned officers, is terminated by what is termed the ArUturienten 
 Examen. 1 The cadets who pass the examination are transferred to 
 the army as actual ensigns and simultaneously sent to the war school. 
 If, after going through the latter, they pass the officer examination 
 with credit, they are commissioned second lieutenants as of the date 
 of their transfer to the army. 
 
 1 This is also called the Maturitats Examen, as the diploma issued to the person who has 
 passed it declares that he is ripe or mature for the commencement of professional studies 
 at the university. 
 
 529 
 
22 
 
 The members of the selecta are at the close of the course subjected, 
 if deemed proficient, to the officer examination; those who pass and 
 who seem qualified by reason of their conduct and bearing while on 
 and off duty, receive the appointment as second lieutenant. Such 
 selecta cadets as have passed the examination, but whose deportment 
 has not been altogether satisfactory, join regiments as ensigns, a 
 period of not less than two months nor more than six months inter- 
 vening before their advancement to the grade of second lieutenant. 
 Those cadets who fail upon examination, or who by reason of de- 
 ficient deportment or insufficient preparation are not admitted thereto, 
 are appointed ensigns and join regiments, the former for reexamina- 
 tion at the end of three months. The latter may, without previous 
 attendance of the war school, be reported by their commanding offi- 
 cer to the " superior military examining committee," as prepared for 
 the "officer examination" when they have acquired the prescribed 
 certificate of good conduct and good soldiership. 
 
 Upon passing the officer examination, and having been approved 
 by the corps of officers, ensigns may be recommended for appoint- 
 ment as second lieutenants. 
 
 In Prussia the control of military training and education, discon- 
 nected from service with troops (excepting that of the war academy, 
 which, being a staff college, is under the supervision of the chief 
 of the general staff of the army), is lodged in a "general inspec- 
 tion of the system of military education and training," at the 
 head of which stands a general of infantry as inspector general, to 
 whom two officers (a lieutenant colonel and a major) are assigned as 
 adjutants. Subordinated to the general inspection are 
 
 1. The " superior military committee of studies" consisting of 13 
 officers of high rank, to whom questions affecting the organization, 
 course, and methods of studies of Prussian military schools (except 
 the war academy) are referred for opinion. 
 
 2. The " superior military examination committee" presided over 
 by a major general, whose duties will be explained further on. 
 
 3. The inspection of war schools, headed by a colonel. These 
 schools prepare sword-knot ensigns (Portepeefahnriche) of all arms 
 for the so-called officer examination. They are located at the fol- 
 lowing places: Potsdam, Glogau, Neisse, Engers, Cassel, Hannovei, 
 Auklam, Metz, and Hersfeld. There is a similar institution at 
 Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 The course lasts from 9 to 10 months and embraces tactics, manu- 
 facture of ordnance and ordnance stores, science of arms, field and 
 permanent fortifications, attack and defense of strong places, mili- 
 tary topography, and army administration. Artillery ranges and 
 technical institutes and fortresses are visited by the students. 
 
 529 
 
23 
 
 4. The corps of cadets, commanded by a major general, which con- 
 sists of young men in training for the position of officer, distributed 
 among six " cadet houses," situated, respectively, at Koslin, Potsdam, 
 Wahlstatt, Bensberg, Plon, and Oranienstein, whence they are passed 
 to the central cadet school at Gross-Lichterfelde. Except that the 
 pupils are uniformed, armed, and drilled, the cadet houses and the 
 central cadet institute correspond in organization and course of 
 study to the so-called Real schools (Real Schuleri), at which young 
 men are prepared for the higher technical schools (Techniche Hoch- 
 schulen). The Real schools again bear a certain resemblance to 
 the Gymnasia, graduates (Arbiturienten) from either of which are 
 ripe for the university or a higher technical school and need not 
 undergo the ensign examination, the chief distinction between the 
 Real school and the Gymnasia being that special attention is devoted 
 in the former to the dead languages and classics, and in the latter to 
 the sciences. 
 
 The Government maintains eleven " war schools " for the further 
 education of the officer aspirants. There are in addition two war 
 colleges, one at Berlin and one at Munich. There are two ordnance 
 schools, an academy for the medical education of men who desire 
 to become members of the medical corps, a military veterinarian 
 college, two technical military academies for the further instruction 
 of engineers and artillerymen, 10 noncommissioned officers' schools, 
 and 9 schools for enlisted men or sons of soldiers or noncommissioned 
 officers who desire to qualify for the grade of noncommissioned officer 
 in the active army. In addition to these schools, which are main- 
 tained by the Government for the education of future officers and 
 noncommissioned officers, it maintains other schools for the further 
 training of the active officer. There are two infantry firing schools, 
 a firing school for field artillery and for foot artillery, four schools 
 for equitation, two cavalry telegraph schools, eight schools for horse- 
 shoers, and one gymnastic school for the instruction of noncommis- 
 sioned officers in work connected with the physical training of the 
 soldier and for bayonet and other fencing. 
 
 14. FRANCE. 
 
 -^- 
 
 The Government maintains the following schools for the instruc- 
 tion of officers : theJSKar. Academy, in Paris, and the following post- 
 graduate schools for officers rSchooTof Application for Artillery and 
 Engineers, 1 ; School of Application for Cavalry, 1 ; School of Appli- 
 cation for Ordnance Officers, 1; School of Application for Medical 
 Corps, 1. 
 
 The following preparatory schools are maintained: Polytechnic; 
 special military school at St.-Cyr; military school for infantry at 
 
 529 
 
 Vt ^ 
 
 1 
 
24 
 
 St.-Maixent; school for cavalry at Saumur; school for artillery and 
 engineers, 1; school for military administration (Vincennes), 1; 
 school for candidates for the military service, 1. 
 
 There is also a school for developing teachers of physical training 
 throughout the army; a central musketry school; an artillery firing 
 school ; two other musketry schools for infantry ; and one school for 
 engineers. There is also a school for the instruction of officers be- 
 longing to the railway service; and at each army headquarters is 
 maintained a school for the artillery officers serving with that corps- 
 district. In the last few years a school for the scientific study of 
 aeronautics has been established. 
 
 15. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
 
 In addition to the cadet schools before mentioned, the Government 
 maintains a war college at Vienna for the education of general 
 staff officers; a school for military administration, to which are sent 
 officers who are serving in the supply services; courses are also pre- 
 scribed for intendant officers, superior supply officers, officers charged 
 with purchase of clothing and equipment, subsistence officers and 
 train. There is also maintained at each brigade headquarters a 
 school for cavalry officers. There is a higher artillery school and a 
 school for the technical branches of engineers, both military and 
 civil. There are two telegraph schools, one for cavalry and one for 
 infantry ; a school for ordnance officers ; a firing school for infantry ; 
 three schools for equitation, one of which is for infantry officers; a 
 firing school for artillery ; and a separate riding school for the train- 
 ing of drivers and riding instructors in the field artillery. 
 
 16. ITALY. 
 
 In addition to the military schools before mentioned, there are 
 preparatory military schools maintained, one at Naples and one at 
 Rome. These are for the sons of officers, and their education is car- 
 ried out at the Government expense. The war college, at Turin, 
 is charged with the instruction and training of general staff officers. 
 There is a school of application for members of the sanitary serv- 
 ice, somewhat similar to the schools of application for artillery, en- 
 gineers, and cavalry. There is a central school of fire; a musketry 
 school for infantry, at Palma, and one for field artillery at Nettino, 
 while at Rome there exists a school for the instruction of the Royal 
 Carbinieros, a species of military gendarmerie, and a school for 
 fencing and gymnastics is maintained at the same locality. 
 
 529 
 
25 
 17. RUSSIA. 
 
 Schools. In addition to the schools before mentioned the Gov- 
 ernment maintains a war college at Petrograd for the education of 
 general staff officers ; a topographical school for training officers who 
 belong to the topographical section of the general staff; an in- 
 tendance school; an artillery academy; an engineer academy; a 
 medical academy; a law academy; an electro-technical school; and 
 a number of schools for the instruction of noncommissioned officers. 
 For the further training of officers in schools of application, there 
 is maintained a school for infantry fire; school for field artillery; 
 a school for equitation for cavalry ; and an aeronautical school. 
 
 18. GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 The following schools are maintained by the Government : Royal 
 Staff College, for the education of general staff officers ; Royal Mili- 
 tary Academy ; Royal Military College ; Ordnance College ; Cavalry 
 School ; Camel Corps School ; School of Gunnery ; School of Military 
 Enginering; Central Flying School; School of Musketry; Schools 
 of Electric Lighting; Army Signal School; A. S. C. training estab- 
 lishment; Royal Army War College ; Army Veterinary School ; Royal 
 Military School of Music; Duke of York's Royal Military School; 
 Queen Victoria School. 
 
 METHODS OF ENTERING THE REGULAR ARMY ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE, 
 
 SANDHURST. 
 
 Methods of entry. There are two methods of obtaining admis- 
 sion to the Royal Military College : 
 
 1. By successful competition at an army entrance examination. 
 (a) The following enter without competition, provided they qualify 
 
 in the obligatory subjects at an army entrance examination: King's 
 Cadets; Honorary King's Cadets (10 annually) ; King's Indian 
 Cadets (20 annually) ; Honorary King's Indian Cadets (3 annu- 
 ally) ; Pages of Honor. 
 
 2. On the nomination of the army council. 
 
 General qualification. Candidates must be unmarried, and will 
 not be accepted unless, in the opinion of the army council, in every 
 way suitable to hold a commission. 
 
 All successful and nominated candidates must pass a medical 
 examination. 
 
 Age. Candidates must have attained the age of 17 and must not 
 have attained the age of 19^ (the half year being reckoned by calen- 
 dar months) on the 1st of June and 1st of December, respectively, for 
 
 529 
 
26 
 
 admission to the college at the commencement of the ensuing spring 
 and autumn terms. 
 
 Candidates of the West India Kegiment may compete if under 21 
 years of age on the above dates. 
 
 ARMY ENTRANCE EXAMINATION. 
 
 General outline of the army entrance examination. The army 
 entrance examination is both qualifying and competitive, i. e., a can- 
 didate to be considered successful must obtain a qualifying minimum 
 of marks in certain obligatory subjects and must, in addition, gain 
 a sufficiently high place on the list to entitle him to one of the cadet- 
 ships offered. 
 
 Certificates required. The candidate, when called upon to do so, 
 will be required to furnish the following : 
 
 1. An extract from the register of his birth; or, if this can not 
 be obtained, a certificate of his baptism, or other documentary evi- 
 dence accompanied by a statutory declaration made by one of his 
 parents or guardians before a magistrate, giving the exact date of 
 birth. 
 
 2. If the candidate holds a commission in the special reserve of 
 officers, militia, or territorial force, a recommendation from the com- 
 manding officer of the regiment. 
 
 3. On Form A the names of two responsible referees (not tutors, 
 relatives, or near connections), who having known him during the 
 four years previous to the examination will furnish a certificate as 
 to character. 
 
 Subjects : 
 Class I 
 
 Obligatory 
 English. 
 
 English history and geography. 
 Mathematics A (elementary). 
 French or German. 
 Class II 
 
 Optional 
 
 German or French. 
 
 Latin. 
 
 Greek. 
 
 Science (physics and chemistry). 
 
 Mathematics B (intermediate). 
 
 Mathematics C (higher). 
 
 All subjects in Class I must be taken up, and a qualifying mini- 
 mum of 33 per cent of the maximum marks must be obtained in each. 
 Only two of the subjects in Class II may be taken up, and if one of 
 these is a modern language it must be different to the modern 
 language selected in Class I. 
 
 529 
 
27 
 
 In addition, free-hand drawing, to which 400 marks are allotted, 
 may be taken up. 
 
 Certificate A, obtained in a unit of the officers' training corps, 
 will entitle the holder to receive 200 marks. 
 
 NOMINATION TO CADETSHIP BY THE ARMY COUNCIL. 
 
 Conditions. A certain number of suitable candidates, recom- 
 mended by the headmasters of schools recognized for the purpose, 
 are nominated to cadetships by the army council each half year. 
 
 To be eligible to recommendation by the headmaster a candidate 
 must 
 
 1. Have attended continuously for at least three years one or 
 more approved schools and remain in residence at the school until 
 the end of the term immediately preceding the nomination. 
 
 2. Be within the prescribed limits of age. 
 
 3. Be an efficient member of the school contingent of the officers' 
 training corps. 
 
 PRIZE CADETSHIPS. 
 
 A certain number of prize cadetships are awarded to successful 
 competitors (other than candidates for commissions in the West 
 India Eegiment) in order of merit at each half-yearly army entrance 
 examination. Emoluments varying in value up to a maximum of 
 255 may be attached to a prize cadetship. 
 
 ROYAL MILITARY ACADEMY, WOOLWICH. 
 
 Method of entry. Admission to the Royal Military Academy can 
 only be gained by successful competition at an army entrance 
 examination. 
 
 General qualifications. Candidates must be unmarried, and will 
 not be accepted unless, in the opinion of the army council, in every 
 way suitable to hold a commission. 
 
 All successful candidates must pass a medical examination. 
 
 Age. Candidates must have attained the age of 16J, and must 
 not have attained the age of 19^ (the half year being reckoned by 
 calendar months) on the 1st of June for the summer and on the 1st of 
 December for the winter army entrance examination. 
 
 ARMY ENTRANCE EXAMINATION. 
 
 General outline of army entrance examination. Same as for the 
 Royal Military College. 
 
 529 
 
28 
 
 Certificates required. Same as for the Royal Military College. 
 
 Subjects : 
 Class I- 
 Obligatory 
 English. 
 
 English history and geography. 
 Mathematics, A (elementary). 
 French or German. 
 Science (physics and chemistry). 
 Mathematics, B (intermediate). 
 Class II 
 
 Optional 
 
 German, French, Latin, or Greek. 
 Mathematics, C (higher). 
 
 All subjects in Class I must be taken up. Only one of the subjects 
 in Class II may be taken up, and if it is a modern language it must be 
 different to the modern language selected in Class I. 
 
 In addition, free-hand drawing, to which 400 marks are allotted, 
 may be taken up. 
 
 Certificate A, obtained in the officers' training corps, will entitle 
 the holder to receive 200 marks. 
 
 A candidate may, if eligible in respect to age, compete for both 
 Royal Military Academy and Royal Military College at the same 
 examination by taking up the subjects which are obligatory for the 
 Royal Military Academy. 
 
 Medical examination. Same as for the Royal Military College. 
 
 Prize cadetships. A certain number of prize cadetships are 
 awarded to successful competitors in order of merit at each half- 
 yearly army entrance examination. Emoluments varying in value 
 up to a maximum of 255 may be attached to a prize cadetship. 
 
 ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE, KINGSTON, CANADA. 
 
 General qualifications. The college has a wider scope than the 
 English military colleges, as, besides military subjects, it teaches 
 civil engineering, surveying, etc. 
 
 Seven commissions in His Majesty's Regular Army are granted 
 annually to the students, viz : Royal Engineers, 1 ; Royal Artillery, 
 1 ; Cavalry, 1 ; Infantry, 1 ; Indian Army, 1 ; Army Service Corps, 2. 
 
 Candidates must be British subjects, and they or their parents must 
 have resided in Canada for two years immediately preceding the 
 examination; short periods of absence in Europe for purposes of 
 education to be included as residence. 
 
 Age. Between 16 and 20 on January 1st, preceding the examina- 
 tion. 
 
 General outline of tests which must be passed. Admission by com- 
 petitive examination. 
 Mt 
 
29 
 
 COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION. 
 
 Papers and certificates required with application. (1) Certified 
 abstract from birth register in duplicate, or if not procurable, a decla- 
 ration made before a magistrate; (2) a certificate of good character. 
 
 Subjects. (1) Mathematics: (2) grammar and composition, Eng- 
 lish or French; (3) geography; (4) history, British and Canadian; 
 (5) French; (6) Latin; (7) geometrical drawing; (8) chemistry; 
 (9) free-hand drawing. 
 
 Medical examination. The candidate must be medically examined 
 before admission to the competitive examination. 
 
 MILITARY FORCES OF THE SELF-GOVERNING DOMINIONS AND CROWN 
 
 COLONIES. 
 
 General qualifications. A certain number of commissions are 
 granted each half year to candidates from the self-governing domin- 
 ions and Crown Colonies. 
 
 Candidates who fulfill the following conditions may be nominated 
 by the governor general of a dominion or by the secretary of state for 
 the colonies in the case of Crown Colonies. A candidate must: 
 
 (a) Be unmarried. 
 
 (5) Have attained the age of 20 and not have attained the age of 
 25 on April 1st if nominated in January, or on October 1st if nomi- 
 nated in July. 
 
 (c) Have qualified at any army entrance examination, or have 
 passed one of the examinations accepted in lieu thereof. 
 
 (d) Have served as an officer in the local forces of the dominion 
 or colony from which he is nominated, and have attended two annual 
 trainings (each in a distinct year), or have seen active service in the 
 field. A candidate for a commission in the Royal Artillery must be 
 an officer of the artillery. 
 
 (e) Have been attached to a British regular unit or to a unit of the 
 permanent military force of the dominion or colony for two con- 
 secutive months at any time after the completion of his first training, 
 and have obtained a satisfactory report. 
 
 ARMY ENTRANCE EXAMINATION. 
 
 To whom to apply and date of application. A candidate must 
 apply to his commanding officer at such date as will allow of the 
 application reaching the war office not later than April 1st or 
 September 1st for a June or November examination, respectively. 
 
 Subjects. Same as for candidates from the special reserve, militia, 
 or territorial force. 
 
 529 
 
30 
 
 FROM THE RANKS. 
 
 General qualifications. A candidate for a commission from the 
 ranks: (1) Must be specially recommended by his commanding 
 officer; (2) must not be of lower rank than corporal; (3) must have 
 two years' service; (4) must have a first-class certificate of education; 
 (5) must have a clear regimental conduct sheet; (6) must be un- 
 married. 
 
 Age. Must be under 26 years of age. 
 
 Medical examination. A certificate from a medical officer as to 
 fitness for service, at home and abroad must be attached to the recom- 
 mendation of the commanding officer. 
 
 General outline of tests which must be passed. After the candi- 
 date's name has been approved by the Secretary of State he must 
 pass in subject (a) as laid down in the King's Kegulations. He is 
 then duly gazetted, and granted an outfit allowance of 100. 
 
 XV. CONCLUSIONS. 
 19. COMPARISON. 
 
 A study of the various measures employed by the several European 
 powers to recruit their corps of active officers brings out the following 
 points : 
 
 1. In the German and English armies all officers come from the 
 same school or from schools of similar rank. 
 
 2. In Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Russia there exists to a more 
 or less extent, as in France, a certain dualism of origin. 
 
 3. The noncommissioned officers are recruited from the inferior 
 material coming from military schools or from those who fail to 
 qualify in an officer's examination. 
 
 4. All promote selected noncommissioned officers. 
 
 5. In Italy and France the material coming from the last- 
 mentioned class receives a training at special schools before being 
 commissioned. 
 
 RESERVE OFFICERS. 
 
 In all armies the officers for the reserve or the third line are re- 
 cruited in practically the same way, viz : From former officers of the 
 army who are furloughed, and from special candidates who have 
 had at least a year's service with the colors or at a military school. 
 Every endeavor is made to get as many reserve officers as possible, 
 and, after having these men placed "at disposal" or "en complement," 
 a certain period of training at stated intervals is required of them all. 
 This is absolutely necessary as in no other way can they be kept up 
 to a fairly high standard of training. 
 
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31 
 
 Attention must be called to the fact, however, that all these officers 
 must be trained in the same great school, the active army (our Regu- 
 lar Army) or under its immediate guidance and example. 
 
 20. REMEDY AND RECOMMENDATION. 
 
 While our military system differs greatly from those of other 
 nations, and our social conditions do not provide us with a ruling 
 class, a satisfactory solution is nevertheless possible. The fact that 
 our educational institutions provide us with a class superior in edu- 
 cation and training to the average citizen who enlists to make up 
 the rank and file of the Army makes it possible to solve this problem 
 in a scientific manner. By taking advantage of this state of affairs, 
 we are enabled to avail ourselves of the moral factor of superior 
 knowledge and position produced by education. 
 
 The possibilities of the system proposed are set forth in a War Col- 
 lege study entitled " Educational Institutions as a Source of Supply 
 of Officers," and, therefore, this phase of the problem is not discussed 
 here, but a remedy is proposed by organizing legally in each of these 
 institutions one or more units of the reserve officers' training corps. 
 
 21. THE RESERVE OFFICERS' TRAINING CORPS. 
 
 Object. The primary object of the reserve officers' training corps 
 is to provide reserve officers for the Regular Army, its reserve units 
 and the continental army, by maintaining at our civil educational 
 institutions, college and university, as well as preparatory, a standard 
 course of military instruction. 
 
 The organization of a unit at any educational institution must of 
 necessity be based on agreement between the War Department and 
 the institution itself, and a just balance must be maintained between 
 the efforts of the War Department to obtain these badly needed 
 trained officers and those of the institutions to provide a suitable 
 academic training for each matriculate. 
 
 OUTPUT. 
 
 There are 567 colleges in the country with an enrollment of 170,000 
 male students, and the probability of obtaining a large number of 
 trained officers by means of the reserve officers' training corps can be 
 readily grasped. Of these 567 colleges, 62 collegiate institutions 
 have an enrollment in their military departments of 26,352 students, 
 and those graduated in 1915 numbered 5,200. If all of the 567 could 
 be interested or incorporated in this movement the annual output 
 might reach 15,000, or about 50 per cent of the probable number, 
 34,000, who are graduated each year. 
 
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32 
 
 During the past 10 years 44,529 young men have been graduated 
 from collegiate institutions maintaining military departments, and 
 these young men have pursued a course, both practical and theoreti- 
 cal, which insures a working knowledge of at least the rudiments 
 of military training. Since 1912 the training has become more in- 
 tensive and the graduates under this new system, numbering 15,323, 
 are now better prepared to be officers; but it should be remembered 
 that under the proposed system the course would be thoroughly 
 standardized and the additional six months' service in the Regular 
 Army would complete the training already started in the reserve 
 officers' training corps. 
 
 In the past two months a number of universities of the nonmilitary 
 type have indicated, through a voluntary movement on the part of 
 the undergraduates, the desire of the students themselves to undergo 
 a course in military training, and those students have asked for help 
 from the War Department. 
 
 The proposed training corps, therefore, not only reaches out to 
 include the institutions where this willingness is manifested but it 
 also includes the land-grant institutions, which now, under the pro- 
 visions of the act approved July 2, 1862, have compulsory military 
 training for their male students. In fact, any college or university 
 complying with necessary requirements can have organized thereat 
 a unit of the corps, 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 In order to provide for standardized training it is thought best 
 to provide in the law for the organization of two divisions of the 
 training corps: (1) The senior division, consisting of units organized 
 at colleges and universities, and (2) the junior division, organized 
 from units at all other institutions. The preparatory-school type 
 of institution, such as St. John's Manlius, Culver Military Academy. 
 Shattuck School, St. John's, Delafield, etc., is particularly well 
 adapted for the organization of a unit of the junior division. 
 
 It is intended that the junior division shall act as a feeder for the 
 senior division. The majority of students who are now receiving 
 instruction in military schools of the preparatory type go to some 
 college. 
 
 A large number, however, from the public and grammar schools 
 of the country undertake a college education, and if provision be 
 made for such institutions the efficiency of the senior division of the 
 corps will be enhanced. For this reason it is believed that the junior 
 division is an absolute necessity; first, with the idea of providing 
 a center for elementary military instruction, and, second, to make 
 use of these useful preparatory instructions. 
 
 529 
 
33 
 
 In order to provide officers for the several branches of the service, 
 the organization of training corps units of infantry, cavalry, field 
 artillery, engineers, sanitary, and signal units will be necessary. A 
 carefully prepared system of instruction has been laid out so as not 
 to duplicate in the senior division the work given in the junior 
 division. When cadets join the senior division a certain number of 
 credits will be given to enable this transfer to be made on a just 
 and sound basis. 
 
 INSTRUCTION. 
 
 The instruction laid down for cadets, until organizations other 
 than infantry are formed, should include the following: (later 
 schedules of instruction for cavalry, field artillery, etc., will have to 
 be prepared.) 
 
 SENIOR DIVISION. 
 
 Subjects : 
 
 1. Infantry Drill Regulations (theoretical and practical), school of the 
 
 soldier, school of the squad, school of the company, and school of 
 the battalion. 
 
 2. Manual of Guard Duty. 
 
 3. Field Service Regulations : Service of information, service of security, 
 
 marches, shelter, and orders. 
 
 4. Tables of organization, to include the (company) regiment. 
 
 5. Small Arms Firing Regulations : Theoretical principles, estimating dis- 
 
 tances, and target practice. 
 
 6. Military Law (Manual of Courts-Martial). 
 
 7. Topography : Map reading and road and position sketching. 
 
 8. Troop leading. 
 
 9. Military policy and military history. 
 
 10. Military hygiene. 
 
 11. Field engineering. 
 
 JTJNIOB DIVISION. 
 
 Subjects : 
 
 1. Infantry Drill Regulations (practical). 
 
 2. Manual of Guard Duty. 
 
 3. Physical drill. 
 
 4. Military hygiene. 
 
 5. Visual signaling. 
 
 6. Bayonet exercises and bayonet combat. 
 
 7. Military history. 
 
 8. Small-arms firing (practical). 
 
 9. Camping and camping expedients. 
 
 CAMPS. 
 
 To afford practical experience for cadets of both divisions the ini- 
 tiation of a scheme for a number of camps should be required, espe- 
 cially at the institutions during the academic year. This will also en- 
 able the cadets of the senior divisions to obtain practical training 
 
 529 
 
34 
 
 with troops ; it being a well-known maxim that no school can provide 
 so efficient a method of practical instruction for an officer as duty 
 at the head of his unit. 
 
 Every opportunity should be given these units to serve at the side 
 of organizations of the Regular Army, and with this end in view the 
 law has been drawn to provide for this contingency. 
 
 It will be found necessary to provide Federal funds for the pur- 
 pose of transporting members of the reserve corps to and from camps 
 of instruction, as well as to provide for their messing while in attend- 
 ance thereat. A number of different suggestions have been made rela- 
 tive to this important matter ; but the principle that some provision 
 must be made for these items of expense for the student is most 
 apparent, and should be provided for by a definite amount of money 
 appropriated for this purpose. 
 
 CONTROL OF INSTRUCTION. 
 
 It is manifest that each unit should be trained by its own officers 
 under the supervision and guidance of the officer detailed at the in- 
 stitution. Experience gained from numerous inspections at various 
 institutions shows that at least one officer of the Army should be 
 assigned to every 400 cadets enrolled in the military department of 
 the institutions. 
 
 The detail of noncommissioned officers at a number of institutions 
 has shown that the services of suitable men can be utilized to great 
 advantage. They have been valuable as armorers, instructors in 
 small-arms practice, and to assist the professor of military science 
 and tactics detailed thereat in many other ways. 
 
 Provision is therefore made in the proposed act for the detail and 
 assignment, of not to exceed 500, for duty with units of the reserve 
 officers' training corps. The duty required of these enlisted men will 
 be analogous to that now performed by noncommissioned officers 
 detailed with the Organized Militia. 
 
 Harmonious and coordinate control by the General Staff of the 
 Army should exist, so as to assure standardization and also arrange 
 for a proper flow of officers into the reserve corps from this reser- 
 voir. 
 
 CONDITIONS OF SERVICE. 
 
 It should be clearly understood that cadets of the reserve officers' 
 training corps are not, as such, liable for active service; but their 
 duty consists in undergoing training laid down for them upon entry 
 into the unit. 
 
 University and school authorities should retain the ordinary pow- 
 ers of supervision and discipline, and it should be made clear to all 
 that the maintenance of a high standard of discipline is needed to 
 
 529 
 
35 
 
 assist in turning out efficient officers at the end of the training pre- 
 scribed for the reserve officers' training corps. 
 
 In providing for the organization of a unit or units at any insti- 
 tution the number of students guaranteed under instruction should 
 be a minimum of 100, while the minimum age of 13 years is provided 
 for in the law, so as to include the youngest student in the prepara- 
 tory type of institution. Upon enrollment as a member of the corps 
 a distinctive badge should be worn, showing that the student is being 
 trained for a commission as a reserve officer of the national forces. 
 
 Upon reaching the time for graduation the trained student should 
 then be given a temporary commission as an additional second lieu- 
 tenant in the Regular Army and undergo an intensive course of 
 training as an officer, thus fitting him for assignment to duty with 
 units of the reserve army or with the continental army. If a profes- 
 sional man, while a reserve officer, desires to move to any particular 
 part of the country, a transfer as an officer to a reserve formation 
 of the Regular Army or to a unit of the continental army organized 
 in the vicinity of the locality in which he is required by his profes- 
 sion to locate can be easily accomplished. 
 
 Before entering upon his six months' training each reserve officer 
 should be required to take the oath of allegiance and obligate himself 
 to serve for 10 years as a reserve officer unless otherwise discharged 
 by proper authority. This six months' service, which is in addition 
 to his reserve service, is really a probationary term, which should 
 enable his superior officers to determine whether or not he should be 
 retained as a reserve officer, and if so, what grade he should be given. 
 This provision has another advantage in that it will provide a cer- 
 tain number of officers for duty with Regular troops and to some 
 extent counteract the effect of too much detached service for Regular 
 officers, which will undoubtedly be quite large when it comes to or- 
 ganizing and training the proposed continental army units. This 
 prevents a depletion of commissioned personnel serving with the 
 Regular forces for at least six months of the year. 
 
 Briefly stated, a boy who is 13 years of age will enter the junior 
 division of the reserve officers' training corps, pass through the 
 course of instruction required, including such camps as may be pro- 
 vided, either at the institution or at some selected place during the 
 summer vacation, and at the age probably of 18 years pass into the 
 senior division. Here he remains for a definite period of from two 
 to four years, and attends such camps as may be required of him 
 during that period of training. Upon graduation, if found qualified, 
 he acquires the status of a reserve officer and becomes a temporary 
 additional second lieutenant for the period of six months, and if 
 qualified, after undergoing this intensive course of instruction and 
 training, he is assigned with definite rank to the reserve officers' train- 
 
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36 
 
 ing corps and to such duty as the War Department may consider 
 necessary. 
 
 Exception. It may be found that there will be members of the 
 junior division who will have reached an age of approximately 19 
 years upon graduation from the preparatory school and from its 
 training-corps unit, and for this reason some steps should be taken 
 to make use of this material, especially if they have undergone a 
 special course of instruction, have qualified and been pronounced 
 proficient by the officer detailed with the unit at the institution. 
 Proficiency in all subjects required for graduation from the senior 
 division of the reserve officers' training corps should be assured by 
 examination, both practical and theoretical. Exceptional cases will 
 undoubtedly exist, and each one should be decided upon its own 
 merits, because it is believed that the large majority of these young 
 men in the junior division are too immature and have not sufficient 
 academic or military training to be safely commissioned as reserve 
 officers. 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM. 
 
 The main advantage of the proposed system is based on the fact 
 that it makes use of existing agencies and the cadet units as they 
 now stand, organized under the provisions of section 1225, Revised 
 Statutes. No extra expenses will be needed for their organization, 
 but under the patriotic directorship of experienced schoolmen who 
 have been in this business for a number of years the corps unques- 
 tionably will expand and increase in efficiency. 
 
 To the youth of the country whose parents are financially able to 
 support their children at school and college the system offers a 
 decided benefit, not only from a physical standpoint and from the 
 viewpoint of training a young man to perform his duties as a citizen 
 in time of great national stress, but also because his future economic 
 efficiency will be increased thereby. 
 
 A military training is most valuable educationally, because it not 
 only quickens the mind, but also hardens the body. It seems but 
 logical that parents would be pleased to have their sons undergo 
 such training, not only in the junior division, but also that laid 
 down for the senior division. This for the reason that the conditions 
 as to future active service do not apply during service in the training 
 corps, and no training corps unit could be called upon for war 
 service. In addition, this training takes a young man before he has 
 embarked on his life's profession, and therefore from an economical 
 standpoint, when he is best able to receive preliminary training at 
 this time, especially if he does not intend to take up a military 
 career. In any event the physical and mental discipline obtained 
 will be a valuable asset in his future career. 
 
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37 
 
 COMPARISON WITH THE ENGLISH OFFICERS* TRAINING CORPS. 
 
 It will be of interest to compare results obtained under a system 
 somewhat similar to the one proposed, which has been in existence 
 in Great Britain since 1908. 
 
 At the beginning of the war, in August, 1914, 6,322 men of the 
 officers' training corps were gazetted for duty in the newly formed 
 units of the Kitchener Army. From August, 1914, to March, 1915. 
 20,577 were appointed officers and, in addition, 12,290 served in the 
 ranks of the new army. 
 
 When it is considered that the total number of colleges is far 
 below the number in existence in the United States and the number 
 of students very much less, it is clear that there exists in this country 
 a source for such officers not excelled in any other. 
 
 A number of reports have been received as to the usefulness and 
 efficiency of these officers who were trained in the British officers' 
 training corps before and during the early part of the present war. 
 Many suggestions have been made looking toward an improvement 
 of this corps for the future, and among the most prominent are the 
 following : 
 
 * * * On the principle, therefore, of striking while the iron is hot, I urge 
 that our first act of peace be to make membership of the officers' training corps 
 compulsory on all members of schools and universities. There are other rea- 
 sons for this step, and the chief of them is discipline. The officers' training 
 corps is purely an instructional and not a fighting force; compulsion to serve 
 can meet with none of the objections which might possibly be urged against 
 compulsion to fight. It is a hopeless travesty of discipline, and all that it 
 implies, to put into the hands of boys and very young men the power to resign 
 a duty out of pique or because the work appears irksome. However successful 
 an officers' training corps, however full its ranks, its discipline can never be 
 truly of the military type if members feel that the key to any difficult situation 
 is in their hands and not in the keeping of their officers. If the last word is 
 allowed to remain with the embryo soldier, he is learning the worst possible 
 lesson he can learn and one that goes far to destroy any benefit he may other- 
 wise have gathered from his apprenticeship. With men of mature age and with 
 the honor of the regiment, permanent and not ephemeral, in their thoughts, this 
 danger is not so acute. Nevertheless, it is a very real argument against any 
 form of voluntary service, and unanswerable, unless the inducements to con- 
 tinue to serve are such as to outweigh any temporary temptation " to get one's 
 own back." 
 
 There is, too, another strong reason for making membership of the officers' 
 training corps compulsory, and that is to assure that there will be large num- 
 bers from which to make choice of officers. Under the voluntary system some 
 of the very best men and boys are lost, and the more numerous the interests 
 of the individual and the more capably they are fostered the greater the temp- 
 tation to shirk his more obvious duty. I am not amongst those, if any such 
 exist, who consider that training in an officers' training corps necessarily pro- 
 duces an officer. There are some men who will never make leaders, and the 
 opportunity must exist to choose only those who have the natural aptitude as 
 
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38 
 
 well as the special training. Methods adopted perforce in the midst of a 
 tremendous war will naturally give place in peace time to more reasoned judg- 
 ment and keener discrimination. This will not be possible unless there are 
 numbers big numbers to choose from. If the position of officers is made 
 really difficult of attainment in all except the pecuniary way, the greater will be 
 the competition to enjoy it. Once establish such a situation, as may easily be 
 done in the after-enthusiasm of the war, and the problem of officering the 
 special reserve and territorial force in peace time will no longer be a problem 
 at all, always providing that such officers are treated with the honor and 
 privileges which their place deserves. * * * 
 
 The principle laid down above has been found to be sound by 
 officers who, in the past few years, have been engaged in the inspec- 
 tion of cadet units at our civil educational institutions, and they have 
 recommended accordingly. It is interesting to note that this recom- 
 mendation is sound and confirmed by actual war experience in 
 England. 
 
 If this last suggestion be carried out at institutions at which an 
 officer of the Army is detailed, there need never be any anxiety rela- 
 tive to furnishing the immense number of officers about 60,000 
 needed for our next great war. 
 
 The training required for reserve officers is discussed in the War 
 College study on " The Training and Uses of the Proposed Officers' 
 Reserve Corps." 
 
 For convenience of reference a draft of the provisions creating 
 the proposed officers' reserve corps is appended hereto. 
 
 No more important a subject than this can be brought up for dis- 
 cussion, and none is of greater interest. The soul of the Army rests 
 in its officers, and a standardization of the character and training 
 of this class should be assured above all things. Hence, the Regular 
 Army should form the sole exemplar and guide, and the best material 
 in its corps of officers should serve as instructors for reserve officers. 
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 OFFICERS' RESERVE CORPS. 
 
 For the purpose of securing a reserve of officers available for service as tem- 
 porary officers in the Regular Army as provided for in this act, and in section 
 8 of the act approved April 25, 1914, as officers for recruit rendezvous and 
 depots, and as officers of volunteers, there shall be organized, under such rules 
 and regulations as the President may prescribe, not inconsistent with the provi- 
 sions of this act, an Officers' Reserve Corps of the Army of the United States. 
 
 The President of the United States is authorized to appoint and commission, 
 by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, reserve officers in all grades 
 up to and including the grade of major, such citizens of the United States as 
 629 
 
39 
 
 upon examination prescribed by the Secretary of War are found physically, 
 mentally, and morally qualified to hold such commission, the persons so com- 
 missioned to constitute and be known as the reserve corps of the several arms, 
 corps, or departments in which they may be found qualified and commissioned 
 by the President. 
 
 All persons now carried as duly qualified and registered, pursuant to section 
 23 of the act of Congress approved January 21, 1903, shall, for a period of three 
 years after the passage of this act, be eligible for appointment in the Officers' 
 Reserve Corps in the arm, corps, or department, for which they shall have been 
 found qualified without further examination, except the physical examination, 
 subject to the limitations as to age and rank herein prescribed. 
 
 Commissions duly issued by the President to officers of the officers' reserve 
 corps shall be in force for a period of five years unless terminated in the discre- 
 tion of the President ; such officers may be recommissioned either in the same 
 or higher grade for a consecutive period of five years, subject to such examina- 
 tions and qualifications as the President may prescribe. 
 
 Officers of the officers' reserve corps shall have rank therein in the various 
 arms, corps, and departments of said reserve corps according to grades and to 
 length of service in their respective grades, and when employed on active duty 
 shall rank next after all officers of same grades in the Regular Army and above 
 all of the same grades in the Organized Militia and Volunteers. 
 
 When a volunteer force is authorized the Secretary of War may order 
 officers of the reserve corps, subject to such subsequent physical examinations 
 as he may prescribe, , to temporary duty with the Regular Army in grades 
 thereof which can not, for the time being, be filled by promotion as officers in 
 volunteer organizations, as officers of recruit rendezvous and depots in such 
 numbers as may be authorized by law. While such reserve officers are on such 
 service they shall, by virture of their commission as reserve officers, exercise 
 command appropriate to their grade and rank in the organization to which 
 they are assigned and shall be entitled to the pay and allowances of the corre- 
 sponding grades in the Regular Army with increase of pay for length of service 
 as now allowed by law for officers in the Regular Army, to be computed on 
 active duty only from the date upon which they are required by the terms of 
 their order to obey the same. Officers of the reserve corps shall not be entitled 
 to retirement or retired pay and shall be entitled to pension only for dis- 
 ability incurred in the line of duty and while in active service. 
 
 To the extent provided for from time to time by appropriations the Secre- 
 tary of War is authorized to order reserve officers to duty with troops or at 
 field exercises for periods not to exceed two weeks in any one calendar year, 
 and while so serving such officers shall receive the pay and allowances of their 
 grade. With the consent of such officers the Secretary of War is authorized 
 to prolong this period or to order them for duty on boards or for consultation 
 or advice to the extent justified by the amount appropriated and the public 
 needs. 
 
 After all officers of the reserve corps of any arm, corps, or department have 
 been called into active duty nothing should be construed to prevent the appoint- 
 ment of other officers of Volunteers in such arms, corps, or departments in such 
 numbers and with such rank and pay as may be provided by law, nor should 
 anything be construed to prevent the commission of any officer of the Regular 
 Army as an officer of Volunteers before all the officers of the reserve corps 
 have been utilized. 
 
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40 
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 
 Uan.27, 1916.] 
 
 A BILL To establish a reserve officers' training corps. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
 of America in Congress assembled, That for the purpose of securing a sufficient 
 reserve of officers for the military forces of the United States the President is 
 hereby authorized to establish and maintain in civil educational institutions a 
 reserve officers' training corps which shall consist of a senior division organized 
 at universities and colleges requiring four years of collegiate study for a degree, 
 including those State institutions that are required to provide instruction in 
 military tactics under the provisions of the act of Congress of July second, eight- 
 een hundred and sixty-two, donating lands for the establishment of colleges 
 where the leading object shall be the practical instruction of the industrial 
 classes in agriculture and the mechanic arts, including military tactics, and a 
 junior division organized at all other public or private educational institutions, 
 and each division shall consist of units of the several arms or corps in such 
 number and of such strength as the President may prescribe. 
 
 SEC. 2. That the President may, upon the application of any State institution 
 described in section one of this act, establish and maintain at such institution 
 one or more units of the reserve officers' training corps: Provided, That no 
 such unit shall be established or maintained at any such institution at which 
 an officer of the Army is not detailed as professor of military science and 
 tactics or at any such institution which does not maintain under military 
 instruction at least one hundred physically fit male students. 
 
 SEC. 3. That the President may, upon the application of any established 
 educational institution in the United States other than a State institution 
 described in section one of this act, the authorities of which agree to establish 
 and maintain a two-years' elective or compulsory course of military training 
 as a minimum for its physically fit male students, which course when entered 
 upon by any student shall, as regards such student, be a prerequisite for 
 graduation, establish and maintain at such institution one or more units of 
 the reserve officers' training corps : Provided, That no such unit shall be estab- 
 lished or maintained at any such institution at which an officer of the Army 
 is not detailed as professor of military science and tactics, or at any such 
 institution which does not maintain under military instruction at least one 
 hundred physically fit male students. 
 
 SEC. 4. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to prescribe standard 
 courses of theoretical and practical military training for units of the reserve 
 officers' training corps, and no unit of the senior division shall be organized or 
 maintained at any educational institution the authorities of which fail or 
 neglect to adopt into their curriculum the prescribed courses of military 
 training for the senior division or to devote at least an average of five hours 
 per week per academic year to such military training ; and no unit of the junior 
 division shall be organized or maintained at any educational institution the 
 authorities of which fail or neglect to adopt into their curriculum the prescribed 
 courses of military training for the junior division or to devote at least an 
 average of three hours per week per academic year to such military training. 
 
 SEC. 5. Eligibility to membership in the reserve officers' training corps shall 
 be limited to students of institutions in which units of such corps may be estab- 
 lished who are citizens of the United States or have legally declared their 
 intention to become such, who are over thirteen years of age, and whose bodily 
 529 
 
41 
 
 condition indicates that they are physically fit to perform military duty or will 
 be so upon arrival at military age. 
 
 SEC. 6. That the President is hereby authorized to detail such numbers of 
 officers of the Army, either active or retired, not above the grade of colonel, 
 as may be necessary, for duty as professors and assistant professors of mili- 
 tary science and tactics at institutions where one or more units of the reserve 
 officers' training corps are maintained; but the total number of active officers 
 so detailed at educational institutions shall not exceed three hundred, and 
 no active officer shall be so detailed who has not had five years' commissioned 
 service in the Army. Retired officers shall not be detailed under the provisions 
 of this section without their consent. Retired officers below the grade of 
 lieutenant colonel so detailed shall receive the full pay and allowances of 
 their grade, and retired officers above the grade of major so detailed shall 
 receive the same pay and allowances as a retired major would receive under 
 a like detail. No detail under the provisions of this section shall extend for 
 more than four years. 
 
 SEC. 7. That the President is hereby authorized to detail for duty at institu- 
 tions where one or more units of the reserve officers' training corps are main- 
 tained such number of enlisted men, either active or retired, as he may 
 deem necessary, but the number of active noncommissioned officers so detailed 
 shall not exceed five hundred, and all active noncommissioned officers so 
 detailed shall be additional in their respective grades to those otherwise 
 authorized for the Army. Retired enlisted men shall not be detailed under 
 the provisions of this section without their consent. While so detailed they 
 shall receive active pay and allowances. 
 
 SEC. 8. That the Secretary of War, under such regulations as he may 
 prescribe, is hereby authorized to issue to institutions at which one or more 
 units of the reserve officers' training corps are maintained, such public 
 animals, arms, uniforms, equipment, and means of transportation as he may deem 
 necessary, and to forage at the expense of the United States public animals 
 so issued. He shall require from each institution to which property of the 
 United States is issued, a bond in the value of the property issued for the care 
 and safe-keeping thereof, and for its return when required. 
 
 SEC. 9. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to maintain camps for 
 the further practical instruction of the members of the reserve officers' training 
 corps, no such camps to be maintained for a period longer than six weeks ex- 
 cept in time of war or when war is imminent ; to transport members of such 
 corps to and from such camps at the expense of the United States so far as ap- 
 propriations will permit ; to subsist them at the expense of the United States 
 while traveling to and from such camps and while remaining therein so far as 
 appropriations will permit; to use the Regular Army, the continental army, 
 and such Government property as he may deem necessary for the military 
 training of the members of such corps while in attendance at such camps; to 
 prescribe regulations for the government of such corps, and to authorize, in his 
 discretion, the formation of company units thereof into battalion and regi- 
 mental units. 
 
 SEC. 10. That the President alone, under such regulations as he may pre- 
 scribe, is hereby authorized to appoint as a reserve officer, any graduate of the 
 senior division of the reserve officers' training corps, or any graduate of the 
 junior division, who shall have satisfactorily completed the courses of military 
 training prescribed for the senior division and participated in such practical 
 instruction as the Secretary of War may prescribe subsequent to graduation and 
 who is twenty-one years of age and shall agree, under oath in writing, to serve 
 the United States in the capacity of a reserve officer of the Army during a 
 529 
 
42 
 
 period of at least ten years from the date of his appointment as such reserve 
 officer, unless sooner discharged by proper authority, but the total number 
 of reserve officers so appointed shall not exceed fifty thousand : And provided, 
 That any graduate of the senior division of the reserve officers' training corps 
 undergoing a postgraduate course at any institutions shall not be eligible for 
 appointment as a reserve officer while undergoing such postgraduate course, 
 but his ultimate eligibility upon completion of such postgraduate course for 
 such appointment shall not be affected because of his having undergone such 
 postgraduate course. 
 
 SEC. 11. That when any member of the senior division of the reserve officers' 
 training corps has completed two academic years of service in that division, and 
 has been selected for further training by the president of the institution and 
 by its professor of military science and tactics, and has agreed in writing to 
 continue in the reserve officers' training corps for the remainder of his course in 
 the institution, including such camp training as shall be prescribed by the 
 Secretary of War, he may be furnished at the expense of the United States 
 with commutation of subsistence at such rate, not exceeding the cost of the 
 garrison ration prescribed for the Army, as may be fixed by the Secretary of 
 War, during the remainder of his service in the reserve officers' training corps. 
 
 SEC. 12. That any physically fit male citizen of the United States between 
 the ages of twenty-one and twenty-seven years who shall have graduated prior 
 to the date of this act from any educational institution at which an officer of 
 the Army was detailed as professor of military science and tactics, and who 
 while a student at such institution completed courses of military training under 
 the direction of such professor of military science and tactics substantially 
 equivalent to those prescribed pursuant to this act for the senior division, 
 shall, after satisfactorily completing such additional practical military train- 
 ing as the Secretary of War shall prescribe, be eligible for appointment as a 
 reserve officer and as a temporary additional second lieutenant in accordance 
 with the terms of this act. 
 
 SEC. 13. That the President alone is hereby authorized to appoint and com- 
 mission as a temporary second lieutenant of the Regular Army for a period 
 of at least six months, with the allowances now provided by law for that 
 grade, but with pay at the rate of $100 per month, any reserve officer 
 appointed pursuant to this act, and to attach him to a unit of the Regular 
 Army for duty and training during the period covered by his appointment as 
 such temporary second lieutenant, and upon the expiration of such service with 
 the Regular Army such officer shall revert to his stafeus as a reserve officer. 
 
 SEC. 14. That no reserve officer or temporary second lieutenant appointed 
 pursuant to this act shall be entitled to retirement or to retired pay, and shall 
 be eligible for pension only for disability incurred in line of duty in active 
 service or while serving with the Regular Army pursuant to the provisions of 
 this act. 
 
 SEC. 15. That in time of war the President may order reserve officers ap- 
 pointed under the provisions of this act to active duty with any of the military 
 forces of the United States in any grades not below that of second lieuenant, 
 and while on active duty they shall be subject to the Rules and Articles of War. 
 
 SEC. 16. All laws or parts of laws in conflict with the provisions of this act 
 are hereby repealed. 
 529 
 
43 
 
 APPENDIX G. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Les Corps d'Officers des Principales, Armies Europ6ennes, Francfort. 
 Les Anne's des Principales Puissances. 
 
 L'Officer Le Haut Commandement et ses aides en Russie, Poirer. 
 L'Officer Le Haut Commandement et ses aides en Allemange, Poirer. 
 The King's Regulations English War Office. 
 Reports of Observers in European War. 1914-15. 
 529 
 
 o 
 
. 
 
 PAT. JAN. 21. 1908 
 ll 
 
 667386 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY