University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, California SEASONAL LA30R !TEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS VENTURA COUNTY Progress Report No. 56 by R. L. Adams Prelijaiinary — Subject to Correction November. 1936 Contribution from the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics Mmeo graphed Report No. 53 (Farm Labor Survey — January- June, 1936) Procuress Report No. 56 Seasonal Labor Needs ftr California Crops Ventura County Scope of Presentation* — The following considerations govern the presentation of this progress report: 1. The data are confined to the area indicated above. 2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements as distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on a year-round or regular basis of employment. 4. Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks — planting, thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting — without including teamsters, tractor drivers, irrigators, hay balers, threshermen, and shed packers of vegetables or fruits. 5. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with certain tasks and at "peak" times which seasonally arise in connection with many field, truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in Cel ifornia. 6. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connection there- with. A later study is planned which will deal vdth other kinds of labor involved in the production of California's many crops. Brief Description of the Area .-- Ventura County is one of California's southern coast counties, its southeastern corner being about ?,B miles northwest of the center of Los Angeles. It is bounded on the southwest by the Pacific Ocean for about 40 miles. On the west it joins Santa Barbara County, the boundary running northward about 36 miles. On the north it is divided from Kern County by a more or less irregular line, which runs in a general east-vrest direction for about 33 miles. On the east and southeast it joins Los Angeles County. The agricultural portion lies almost wholly in the southern half of the county, and is largely confined to the valleys of the several rivers and tributaries which drain the area and the coastal plain upon which they emerge. The most important of these is the Santa Clara River Valley which extends for about 40 mi.les in a northeasterly direction from the vicinity of Oxnard, and is contiguous to the towns of Saticoy, Santa Paula, Fillmore, Piru and other communities. It varies in width from a mile or less, to about 3 miles whore it leaves the mountains near Saticoy, and is about 800 feet above sea level in its upper parts. Another important farming district lies along the Arroyo Los Fosas, which occupies a some- what smaller valley about 10 miles south of and roughly parallel to the Santa Clara River Valley, and is contiguous to the towns of Sormis, Moorpark, Simi and Ssinta Susana. It ranges from 250 to 1,200 feet in elevation. The Oxnard Plain, which lies near the mouth of the Santa Clara River, is the largest nearly level area, and is about 8 miles by 12 miles in extent and mostly under 100 feet in elevation. Another farmi.no; district lies along the valley of the Ventura River for about 15 miles inland, averaging someivhat less than a mile in v/idth, and expanding in the northern portion where it is joined by the Santa Ana and Ojai valleys, v/hich are • 2. 750 feet and 1,500 feet in elevation, respoctivQl3r, in their higher portions. Farming is also carried on in several smaller valleys, and to a considerable elevation on the rolling hills in various parts of the county. The most intensively cultivated soils are of recent alluvial origin, of the Yolo series. They range from clay loam to sand in texture, vdth fine sandy loam and loam predominating. Several other soils of different series are represented in the hilly parts, some of them heavier in texture than the valley soils. The county contains a total of 1,189,120 acres of which 180,637 acr^s are classed as available for crops by the 1935 Census, This is further classified as follows by the census for the crop year, 1934: Acreage Crop land harvested 151,338 Crop failure 2,447 Crop land idle or fallow 10,737 Flowable pasture 16,115 Total 180,637 Crop acreages in 1935 are rouo-.hly estimated to have been as follows: Acreage Field crops 97,445 Vegetable crops 7,768 Orchard crops, bearing^ 52,033 Orchard crops, nonbearing 13,703 170,949 Crops, Acreages, and Production . — The basis used in calculating occasional or seasonal need for labor, other than that furninhed by fann operators and regularly employed vrorkers appears as table 1. Production figures are from "Ventura County Crop Report for 1935" by A. H. Call, Agricultural Commissioner. Due to lack of assembled data, acreage fi-ures have been compiled from various sources. Bean acreages are from the California Lima Bean Growers' Association, Oxnard. Alfalfa acreage is an estimate by Mr. Call — (the 1935 Census reported 6,541 acres.) Endive acreage is an estimate by Crabb Brothers, Oxnard. Tomato acreage is estimated by Thomas Robertson, chairman, Pam Bureau Vegetable Department. Other vegetable acreages arc taken from California Co- operative Crop Reporting Service, "Acreage of Specified Commercial Vegetable Crops by Counties — 1935." Acreages of hay and grain are estimated from the total production on the basis of average yields per aero. Acreages in orchard crops are from a survey recently conducted (May 1, 1936) by the Agricultural Commissioner, and include only bearing acreage. \KCr chard acreage is from a survey by the Agricultural Commissionor, released May 1, 1936. TmE 1 Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements — Ventura County Crops Acreage Production Field crops: Beans — large lima (irrigated) 27,244 L 476,324 bags large lima (not irrigated) J.O J O ( / 1 blackeye (not irrigated) oOf^io Dags ouner vaneuies •2*1 r\ cn "u — — 31, 057 bags Grain — barley 1 84,414 bags oats > . 7,000 6,870 bags wheat J estimated 9,611 bags Hay — alfalfa 6,000 17,500 tons other than alfalfa 30,000 30,000 tons Sugar beets 7,274 65,530 tons Bean straw — mostly baled 27,000 tons Vegetable crops: Cabbage 22 cars Carrots — fall and v/inter. 1,000 > 2,350 522 cars of 350 crates « 18/5.700 naokod cratf wheat \ Grain hay Sugar beets Bean straw Kowing [ Raking y Sho eking Baling by regular help Hoeing ~ average 1 time Piling Threshing — 80 per cent by seasonal workers Harvesting Mostly by combine — 75 per cent by seasonal workers Mowing — 50 per cent by seasonal workers Raking — 50 per cent by seasonal workers Shocking ~ 50 per cent by seasonal workers Trimming — 50 par cent by seasonal workers Baling (80 per cent of crop) — 90 per cent by soasonal workers Thinning Baling April to November, inclusive, — 12 per cent of acreage each month June — 33 per cent of acreage July -- 66 per cent of acreage August 15-30 — Blackeye acreage September 1-30 — 25 per cent of lima bean acreage October 1-31 — 75 per cent of lima bean acreage September 15-30 — 20 per cent of crop October 1-31 — 60 per cent of crop June 15-30 — 30 per cent of crop July 1-31 — 50 per cent of crop August 1-31 — 20 per cent of crop May ~ 66 per cent of acreage Junc3-^3 per cent of ■ acreage liiay 40 per cent of tonnage June — 40 per cent of tonnage July — 20 per cent of tonnage February — 12 per cent of acreage September 15-30 — 25 per cent of tonnage October 1-31 — 50 per cent of tonnage November 1-15 — 25 per cent of tonna,p"e Table continued on next page. ■ i 5. Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need Vegetable crops : Carrots Weeding July — 10 per cent of acreage August — 10 per cent of acreage September — 10,5 per cent of acreage October 7.5 per cent of acreage November — 13.5 per cent of acreage December — 16 per cent of acreage January — 25 per cent of acreage February — 7.5 per cent of acreage Harvesting October — 2.7 por cent of crop November — 8.1 per cent of croi) December — 9.2 per cent of crop January — 10,6 per cent of -crop February — 7.6 per cent of crop March 13,6 per cent of crop April — 15.9 per cent of crop May — 24,6 per cent of crop June — 6.3 per cent of crop July — 1.2 por cent of crop Celery- Harvesting January — 1.5 per cent of crop February — 4.9 per cent of crop March — 14.7 per cent of crop April — 4.5 per cent of crop May — 25.7 per cent of crop June « 46.8 per cent of crop Endive Thinning August 15-31 — 40 per cent of acreage September 1-21 — 60 per cent of acreage Hoeing September 50 per cent of acreago October — 50 por cent of acreage Cutting Nove-ber 5-30 — 25 per cent of crop December 1-31 — 37 l/2 per cent of crop January 1-31 — 37 l/2 per cent of crop Peas Picking December — 5 ner cent of eron January — 51 per cent of crop February ~ 44 per cent of crop Peppers Hoeing May 20-31 — 25 per cent of acreage Tnblo Gontinuod on next page. i i 6. Table 2 con-hinuod. Crop Operation Time of need Peppers ( continued) Hoeing June 1-30 — 80 per cent of acreage Thinning and transplanting June 1-30 — 80 per cent of acreage July 1-7 — 20 per cont of acroagG Picking pimientos October 1-31 — 25 per cont of crop November 1-30 — 50 per cent of crop December 1-31—25 per cent of crop Picking boll poppers October — 85 per cent of crop November — 15 per cent of crop Tomatoes — canning Transplanting — 50 per cent by seasonal workers May — 66 por cent of acreage June — 33 per cent of acreage Hoeing June 50 per cont of acreage July — 50 per cont of acreage Picking September -- 35 per cent of tonnage October — 50 per cent of tonnage November 1-15 — 15 per cent of tonnage Tomatoes — shipping Transplanting June 1-30 — 66 per cent of acreage July 1-15 — 33 per cent of acreage Hoe ing July -- 50 per cent of acreage August — 50 per cent of acreage Picking* August — 3 per cent of crop September — 36 per cent of crop October — 56 per cent of crop November — 6 per cent of crop Orchard crops: Apricots Pruning — 50 per cent by seasonal workers October — 33 per cent of acreage November — 35 per cent of acreage December — 33 per cont of acreage Picking June 15-30 — 10 per cent of crop July 1-31 ~ 90 per cont of crop Table continued on next page. Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need Apricots (continued) Cutting for drying June 15-30 — 10 per cent of crop July 1-31 — 90 per cent of crop Other dry-yard labor June 15-30 — 10 per cent of crop July 1-31 — 90 per cent of crop Citrus — lemons Picking -t* November — 3.6 per cent of crop December — 7,9 per cent of crop January — 10.6 per cent of crop February — 12.2 per cent of crop March — 12.7 per cent of crop April — 13.6 per cent of crop May -- 16, d per cent of crop June — 9.1 per cent of crop July — 6.5 per cent of crop August — 3,9 per cent of crop September — 3,1 per cent of crop October 3,6 per cent of crop oranges Picking November — 10.7 per cent of crop December — 1.2 per cent of crop January — 2.6 per cent of crop February — 4,1 per cent of crop March — 4,0 per cent of crop April -- 4,3 per cent of crop May — 9.4 per cent of crop Juno — 11,6 per cent of crop July — 15,1 per cent of crop August; ~ 11, r per cent of crop September ~ 12.8 per cent of crop Grapefruit Picking Auf?;ust — 60 per cent of crop September — 30 per cent of crop October — 10 per cent of crop All varieties Fumigating ~ on 50 per oeni; oi ciTirus acreage or about 11,450 acres July 15-31 — 10 per cent of job August 1-31 — 25 per cent of job September 1-30 — 25 per cent of job October 1-31 — 25 per cont of job November 1-30 — 15 per cent of job Yfelnuts Harvesting — by hand September — 25 per cont of crop October — 70 per cent of crop November — 5 per cent of crop ♦Figures are for 1935 crop of shipping tomatoes, vrhich v/as lighter than usual, A greater proportion is usually harvested in November, t Lemon picking by months is based on lemon "pick" of the Ventura County Citrus Exchange for the 1934-35 season. 8. Findings of Seasonal Labor Needs * — Details and summaries of seasonal labor requirements of Ventura County agriculture are presented as table 3. The "size of task" are figures drawn from table 1 in terms of either acreage or output in tons, crates, boxes, or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per man-day" is an average figure for the entire acreage or output figured in packed crates, hampers, or boxes (in case of fruits and vegetables). If the work is of a nature that requires a crew different members of which perfom different tasks (such as cutting, trimming, loading, and hauling cauliflower; trimming and orating celery', etc.) then' the average shown is per man based on the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours unless otherwise stated. Wide variations in output occur betv/een farm and farm, field and field, and season and season, because of differences in soil types, climatic conditions, weeds, yields, and other factors influencing the amount of work that a laborer can perform in a given day. Moreover, the basis of output is a mature, experienced male worker, without reference to use of women, children, and more or less inexperienced help that is sometimes used in connection v/ith certain of the tasks requiring use of seasonal workers. The column headed "available days" reflects (a) limitations sot from the period within which the work must be perfomed because of the nature of the task, such as transplanting, thinning, vreeding, and cutting, and (b) available cays as determined by weather conditions, inclement weather reduc- ing the number of days when a required task can be performed. The "required number of individuals is given in terms of workers as noted above in connection with output per man-day". It is probable that the estimated number of vrorkers required, as recorded in table 3, will often be too low for the reason that "peaks" frequently occur during which an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a very short period. This would naturally require a much greater number of workers than when the work is spread over a longer period, even though the total amount of labor (in man-days) remains the same. 4 TABLE 3 Seasonal Labor Needs — Ventura County — by Months and Tasks Requi red Avai lable Required number Month Crop and task Size of task uuxpux per man— ud,y liian— udy s of workers* WCl-X X V \i * f * Kr ^ Jk. 588 acres 60 "^nr'»c; per acre 3,920 19 cu / I id i VCoL'^Ilg IQ 7>tt6i crates 12 packed crate s 1,614 19 00 T V • Hft T*Trp c! + T n cr O C J. C 1 jT • * lO. 1 VCOl/XIi^ T ASS CT'Stpc; 25 crates 59 4 ID ^lor «i aays y 7riO PY*;^tP 23 J. , \jC^O lliQll'^IIlUIl LIIt> March Suffar beets : TWi nni nc 1.7 46 acre s 0,5 acre 3,492 24 X^D Hoei TIP 727 acres r ^ I c^\^x w 2.5 ac res 29i 24 13 Carrots: Harvesting 24,847 crates 12 packed crates 2,071 24 87 Celery: Harvesting 14,252 crates 25 crates 571 24 24 Citrus — Lemons: Picking 421,858 field boxes 23 field boxes 18,342 24 765 Oranges: Picking 101,622 field boxes 45 field boxes 2,254 24 94 Totals 27.021 24 1 ,126 maji-months April Alfalfa hay: Baling 2,100 tons 4 tons 525 24 22 Sugar beets: Thinning 3,201 acres 0.5 acre 6,402 24 267 Hoeing 1,455 acres 2.5 acres 582 24 25 Table continued on next page. r t ■' •» ' ' ■ '^'-le- car.- ■ ■ ■ • . ■ JVi - ' ■ ■ ■ , ■, - 4 Table 5 continued. Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man-days days of workers* April Carrots: Harvesting 29,049 crates 12 packed crates 2,421 24 101 (for 13 days) ( cont . ) Celery: Harvesting 4,363 crates 25 crates 175 13 14 Citrus — Lemons: Picking 451,753 field boxes 28 field "boxes 16,134 24 673 Oranges: Picking 109,244 field boxes 45 field boxes 2.428 24 102 Totals 28,667 24 1.195 man-months May Alfalfa hay: Baling 2,100 tons 4 tons 525 25 21 Grain hay: Mowing 10,000 acres + 10 acres 1,000 26 39 Raking 10,000 acres + 20 acres 500 26 20 Shocking 10,000 acres + 30 acres 333 26 13 Trimming 10,000 acres + 10 acres 1,000 26 39 Baling 8,640 tons 3.5 tons 2,469 26 95 Sugar beets: Thinning 1,164 acres 0,5 acre 2,328 26 90 Hoeing 2,182 2.5 acres 873 26 34 Carrots: Harvesting 44,944 crates 12 packed crates 3,746 26 145 Celery: Harvesting 24,916 crates 25 packed crates 997 26 39 Peppers: Hoeing 21 7 acres 2.0 acres 109 9 12 (from 20th to Tomatoes (canning): 31st) Transplanting 400 acres t 1.0 acre 400 26 16 Citrus — Lemons: Picking 438,467 field boxes 25 field boxes 17,539 26 675 Oranges: Picking 238,813 field boxes 50 field boxes 4.777 26 184 Totals 56.556 26 1.408 man-months June Alfalfa hay: Baling 2,100 tons 4 tons 525 25 21 Beans: Hoeing 15,724 acres 2.5 acres 6,290 25 252 Grain: Harvesting 1,575 acresi" 4 acres 394 13 31 (from 15th to 5,000 acres -I- to 30th) Grain hay: Mowing 10 acres 500 13 39 (from 1st to 15th) Raking 5,000 acres 1" 20 acres 250 13 20 (from 1st to 15th) Shocking 5,000 acrest 30 acres 1G7 13 13 (from 1st to 15th) Trimming 5,000 acres + 10 acres 500 13 39 (from 1st to 15th) Table continued on next page. r ;i ■ i 1 1 * • 4 I 4 Table 3 continued. Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-da.y man- days days of vyorkers' June Grain hay: Baling 8,640 tonsf" 3.5 tons 2,469 25 99 (cont . ) Sugar beets: Thin- ning 291 acres 0.5 acre 582 25 24 Hoeing 2,182 acres 2.5 acres 873 25 35 Carrots: Harvesting 11,510 crates 12 packed crates 960 25 39 Celery: Harvesting 45,373 crates 25 crates 1,815 25 73 Peppers: Hoeing 651 acres 2.0 acres 326 25 14 Trimirdng and transplanting 694 acres 0.2 acre 3,470 25 139 Tomatoes (canning): Transplanting 200 acres +" i acre 200 25 8 Hoeing 600 acres 2 acres 300 25 12 ( market ) : Trans- plajiting 534 acres 3 acres 178 25 8 Apricots: Picking 1,060 tons 2,000 pounds 1,060 12 89 (from 15th to 30th) Cutting for dryingl,005 tons 500 pounds 4,020 12 335 (from 15th to 30th) Other labor in dry yards 1,005 tons 11 hours per fresh tor 1,229 12 103 (from 15th to 30th) Citrus — Lemons: 3ag,'276 field boxes Picking 20 field boxes 15,114 25 605 Oranges: Picking 294,715 field boxes 50 field boxes 5, 895 25 236 Totals 47.117 25 1,885 man-months July Alfalfa hay: Baling 2,100 tons 4 tons 525 26 21 Beans: Hoeing 31,447 acres 2.5 acres 12, 579 26 484 Grain: Harvesting 2,625 acres f 4 acres 657 26 26 Grain hay: Baling 4,320 tons \ 3.5 tons 1,235 26 48 Sugar beets: Hoeing 121 acres 2.5 acres 291 26 12 Carrots: Weeding 235 acres 60 hours per acre 1,567 26 61 Harvesting 2,192 crates 12 packed crates 183 10 19 (for 10 days ) Peppers: Thinning and transplanting 174 acres 0.2 acre 870 26 34 Table continued on next page. iJ3 ..J Table 5 continued. Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man- days days of workers* July Tomatoes (canning): (cont .) Hoeing (market): Trans- 600 acres 2.0 acres 300 26 12 planting 266 acres 3.0 acres 89 13 7 (from 1st to 15th) Hoeing 400 acres 2»0 acres 200 25 8 Apricots: Picking 9,545 tons 2,000 pounds 9,545 26 368 Cutting fordrjdng ' 9,050 tons 500 pounds 36,200 26 1,393 Other dry-yard labor 9,050 tons 11 hours per fresh ton 11,062 26 426 Citrus — Lemons: Picking 215,912 field boxes 12 field boxes 17,993 26 692 Oranges: Picking 383,625 field boxes 50 field boxes 7,673 26 296 Fumigating 1,145 acres 0.75 acre 1,527 13 118 (from 15th to 31st) Totals 102.496 26 3,943 man-months August Alfalfa hay: Baling Beans (all Blackeye): 2,100 tons 4 tons 525 25 21 Piling 4,000 acres 2 acres 2,000 12 167 (from 15th to 31st) Grain: Harvesting 1 , 050 acres -f 4 acres 263 25 11 Sugar beets: Topping and loading 25,596 tons 4.5 tons 5,688 25 228 Carrots: Weeding 235 acres 60 hours per acre 1,567 25 63 Endive: Thinning 60 acres 0.5 acre 120 12 10 (from 15th to 31st) Tomat 0 e s ( marke t ) : Hoeing 400 acres 2.0 acres 200 25 4 Picking 8,617 packed lugs 2,3 packed lugs 375 14 27 (for 14 days) Citrus -- Lemons: Picking 129,547 field boxes 9 field boxes 14,395 25 576 Oranges: Picking 297,246 field boxes 40 field boxes 7,432 25 298 Grapefruit: Picking 39,735 field boxes 75 field boxes 530 25 22 Table continued on next page. f • ' ■ ■ * : . ■ i ^ ....... ;^ i i i ; ' ■ ' ' " ^ . ; : i ; ■ . : t . ! ^ . ■ . ; t ■ , ■ Table 3 continued Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of tesk Output per man-day man- days days of workers* August Grapefruit: Fumigat- ( cont . ) ing 2,863 acres 0.75 acre 3.815 25 153 Totals 36.911 25 1.477 man-months September Alfalfa hay: Baling 2,100 tons 4 tons 525 26 21 Beans (limas and other varieties) : Piling 10,793 acres 2 acres 5,397 26 208 Threshing 87,008 cwt.t 25 bags 3,481 13 268 (from 15th to 30th) Sugar beets: Topping and loading 24,939 tons 4.5 tons 5,542 26 214 Bean straw: Baling 6,750 tons 3 tons 2,250 13 173 (from 15th to 30th) Carrots: Weeding 247 acres 60 hours per acre 1,647 26 64 Endive: Thinning 90 acres 0.5 acre 180 18 10 (from 1st to 21st) Hoeing 75 acres 1 acre 75 26 3 Tomatoes (canning): Picking 2,439 tons 1,500 pounds 3,252 26 126 Tomatoes (market): Picking 100,535 lugs 23 packed lugs 4,372 26 169 Citrus — Lemons: Picking 102,973 field boxes 11 field boxes 9,361 26 360 Oranges: Picking 322,652 field boxes 40 field boxes 8,067 26 311 Grapefruit: Picking 19,867 field boxes 75 field boxes 265 26 11 Fumigating 2,863 acres 0.75 acre 3,816 26 147 Walnuts: Harvesting by hand 3,323 tons 200 pounds =t 33.230 26 1.279 Totals 81.460 26 3,134 man-months October Alfalfa: Baling 2,100 tons 4 tons 525 25 21 Beans (Limas and other varieties) Piling 32,378 acres 2 acres 15,189 25 648 Threshing 349,032 cwt.-h 25 cwt. 13,922 25 557 Table continued on next page. t-* 1 Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man- days days of v/orkers* October Sugar beets: Topping (cont. ) and loading 15,095 tons 4.5 tons 3,355 25 135 Bean straw: Baling 13,500 tons 3 tons 4,500 25 180 Carrots: Weeding 176 acres 60 hours per acre 1,174 25 47 Harvesting 4,933 crates 12 packed crates 412 14 30 (for 14 days) Endive: Hoeing 75 acres 1 acre 75 25 3 Peppers (pircientos) : Picking 525 tons 600 pounds 1,750 25 70 Peppers (bell): Picking Tomatoes (canning): 426,377 pounds 1,200 pounds 356 25 15 Picking 3,484 tons 2,000 pounds 3,484 25 140 Tomatoes (market): Picking 160,856 lugs 23 packed lugs 6,994 25 280 Apricots: Pruning 758 acres T 0.5 acre 1,516 25 61 Citrus — Lemons: Picking 119,682 field boxes 12 field boxes 9,974 25 399 Oranges: Picking 325,192 field boxes 30 field boxes 10,840 25 434 Grapefruit: Pick- ing 6,623 field boxes 75 field boxes 89 25 4 Fumigating 2,863 acres 0.75 acre 3,816 25 153 Walnuts: Harvesting by hand 9,304 tons 200 poundsf 93,040 25 3.722 Totals 172.011 25 6,881 man-months November Alfalfa hay: Baling 2,100 tons 4 tons 525 23 23 Bean straw: Baling 6,750 tons 3 tons 2,250 12 188 (from 1st to 15th) Carrots: 'Weeding 317 acres 60 hours per acre 2,114 23 92 Harvesting 14,800 crates 12 packed crates 1,234 23 54 Endive: Cutting 3,840 crates 37 crates 104 12 9 (for 12 days) Peppers (pimientos): Picking 1,050 tons 800 pounds 2,625 23 115 Peppers (bell): Pickinr 75,243 pounds 1,200 pounds 63 23 3 Tomatoes (canning): Picking 1,045 tons 1,500 pounds 1,394 12 117 (from 1st to 15th) Table continued on next page. Table 5 continued > Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man-days days of workers* November Tomatoes (market ) : \ cont . ) r 1 CKing i / , .SOD iUgS 23 packed lugs 750 23 33 Apricots: Pruning vDb acres j 0.5 acre 1,516 23 66 Citrus — Lemons: j.j.y,Do I