r \ \J m M THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESENTED BY PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID J M.' IV INTRODUCTION. at the solicitation of a great number of respectable gentlemen, graziers in the neighbourhood of Retford, and also of in- dividuals from different parts of the king- dom, and likewise with a sincere desire of rendering every assistance that lies in the author's power to young farriers, and to the public in general. Notwithstanding the great opposition which was made seven and twenty years ago by some interested farriers, who were implacable enemies to the first publication of his work, the author has had the sa- tisfaction of seeing it rise superior to all detraction ; and can confidently aver, that if any person, who has the least skill in the practical part of farriery, will give strict attention to the symptoms which appear on the afflicted horse ; and will further compare them with the rules and exam- ples laid down in the following treatise,, INTRODUCTION, he will, in a short time, be able to under- stand their different diseases ; and by carefully applying and administering such medicines as are prescribed for their cure, with good drugs, the author has no doubt but that the practitioner will be enabled to effect his intention in the most obsti- 4iate diseases. In its now improved state, the present treatise contains the result of more than forty years established and extensive prac- tice in the veterinary art : and, as some account has been required of the means by which the author obtained his know- ledge, he trusts the following concise state- ment will be favourably received by the indulgent reader. The author was, in early life, appren- ticed to a late eminent farrier,* with whom * Mr. Frost, of Xottinghara. ri INTRODUCTION. he afterwards continued for many years ; and by whom he was not only intrusted with all the secrets of his profession, but was also instructed in the practical part thereof. His subsequent practice has been carried on partly at Newark, and for the last twenty-six years at Retford, in the county of Nottingham, w^iere his ex- tensive concern as a chemist and druggist has afforded him great opportunity of making such iraprojvement in the practice €f farriery, as he trusts will give satisfac- tion to a candid public. The present edition will be found en- tirely new, and on a plan entirely different from any former treatise of a similar kind. It exhibits. First, The nature and symptoms of every disorder to which that noble an I I II,, ■ ■' « it should be known that iron, formed into moulds for making of horse-shoes, when passed through the machine in a white heat, will not wear nearly so long as when forged with a hammer. All that can be said in favour of any particular method of shoeing will certainly fall short of its intended purpose. Men of talents, who have worked at the business for many years, and with whom the author has been acquainted, still conclude that there is abundant room left for improvement. It were unnecessary, perhaps, to offer much more on this subject, concerning which the working smith alone is qualified to judge : w^e shall, there- fore, conclude our strictures by remarking, that Its many horses have very tender feet, and some parts of the foot are more tender than others, it is the province of the operative artist to give ease to such parts, and to throw the weight more upon those parts which are better calculated to sup- port it, r MANAGEMENT OF HORSES. Where Bleeding is recommended. CHAP. II. / DIRECTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HORSES. • The proper method of treating horses depends wholly on the use for which they may be kept. Such as are kept by the farmer for husbandry seldom require either bleeding or purging, except in cases which evidently demand those operations. The racer, hunter, and hack, require the particu- lar care and attention of the groom in their ma- nagement; as some of them are notable to stand full feeding until they are properly cleansed with physic. Bleeding should always be avoided, ex- cept in those cases where there is a tendency to- wards inflammation. It would be foreign to the plan of this work to offer any remarks on the subject of feeding and the management of horses. Their food consists chiefly of grain and herbage, ON BLEEDIN®, Where Bleeding is necessary. which, if good in quality, and dispensed with judgment (not omitting proper exercfce and dressing), will secure him from those compli- cated disorders to which he is liable by improper treatment. CHAP. Ill ON BLEEDING. Bleeding is the taking away a certain quan- tity of blood from some particular vessel of the body : the parts most frequently resorted to by farriers are, the jugular vein, the plate vein, the thigh vein, and sometimes the vein at the toe ; small quantities may also be taken from the pa- late and otKer parts. The utility of bleeding depends upon the following circumstances : ON BLEEDING. Recipe for Horses dry fed. If the horse stands much in the stable, is full fed, and has little or no exercise ; when his leg^ are swelled ; and his eyes look heavy, dull, red, or inflamed ; also when he is thriving, and ruh$ off his hair ; and in all inflammatory fevers : and in falls, bruises, hurts of the eye, and strains ac- companied with inflammations. A horse should never be suffered to bleed upon the ground^ but into a measure^ in order that the proper quan- tity may be taken, which, in general, is from two to four quarts, according to size or strength, and habit of body. The following powders will be found excellent for such horses as are kept on dry meat, whether they be in the stable, or travel on tlie road. (RECIPE, No. I.) TAKE-~Crocus of antimony, finely levigated: Nitre, cream of tartar, and flour of stilphur, of each four ounces : Powder and mix them w«ll together for use. S ON BLEEDING. Fowderf to keep the Body cool and open. One table-spoonful of these powders may be given every night and morning, in a mash of scalded bran, or a feed of corn, moistened with water, that the powders may adhere thereto. These powders are excellent for stallions in the spring of the year, as they not only keep his body cool and open, but cause him to cast his coat, and make his skin appear as bright as silk. ON PURGING. Where Purging is necessary. 7 ■ ' CHAP. IV. ON PURGING. Purging is necessary for horses of every de- scription, from the race-horse down to the wag- gon or cart-horse ; but in some measure it may depend on the use for which they are kept, and their manner of treatment. Horses that are kept on dry meat, and are full fed, with little or no exercise, require regular purging every six months, with two or three doses each time, al- lowing proper interval between each ; and those horses which run in stage-coaches, or chaises, (whose labour is often more than their natural strength is able to bear) ; and such whose legs are inclined to swell, — all require purgative me- dicines ; the use of which would be a meaais of 10 ON PURGING. Preparing a Horse for Physic. preventing many of the diseases that attack this noble and useful animal. After violent exercise, horses are liable to lose their appetite, and to have their stomach loaded with crudities and indigested matter; the non» removal of which, by the use of proper physic, is the chief cause why so many die daily. Pre- viously to administering a purge, the body should be prepared, otherwise the consequences may be fatal, from the powerful irritation, excessive grip- ing, and cold sweats, which may probably chafe away the mucus, or lining of the intestines, and end in a mortification, and death. The proper method of preparing a horse for physic is, to give him two or three mashes of^ scalded bran and oats, and warm water, for three or four days together. This will soften the fasces, and promote the operation of the medicine. But if a strong purge be given to a horse of a costive habit, without preparation, it will probably occa- OK PURGING. 11 Recipe — A Purging Ball. sion a violent inflammation. This may be attri- buted to the large tract of intestines (upwards of thirty yards) through which it has to pass ; and the time that physic takes in passing through the bowels is seldom less than twenty-four hours. If the above directions for preparing the horse for physic be strictly observed, there will seldom any danger ensue. (RECIPE, No. 2.) A Purging Ball. Take — Barbadoes aloes, eight drachms ; Jalap, ginger, and Castile soap, of each two drachms ; Oil of aniseeds, and oil of juniper, of each twenty drops: Mix, and make them into a ball, with a suffi- cient quantity of syrup of buckthorn. This will be found of a sufficient strength for a common-sized hackney. 12 ON PURGING. Recipe — A Purginj^ Bail. (RECIPE, No. 3.) 1 Purging Bali, Take — Tartarised antimony, one drachm ; Barbadoes aloes, ginger, and Castile soap, of each two drachms : Mix, and beat into a ball with syrup. This ball to be given at night, and the following next morning. Take — ^Barbadoes aloes, six or seven drachms ; Kali prepared, one drachm ; Ginger, Castile soap, of each two drachms ; Oil of carraway, half a drachm : Make them into a ball with syrup of buck- thorn. These will be found well-adapted for coach- horses, or others, that have swelled legs or heels, attended with inflammation. This dose is calcu- lated for a moderately-sized horse, and may be diminished or increased by lessening or augment- ing the quantity of aloes. ON PURGING. 13 Directions for physicing a Horse. -;1 Either of these purges should be given early^in the morning, on an empty stomach: in two hours after give your horse a feed of scalded bran, new milk warm, or rather warmer, and a little good hay at a time, and often ; also two more mashes the same day. If, however, he refuses them, give him dry bran, with a handfull of oats mixed with it. Take care the water you give him be new inilk warm. Early the next morning give an- other mash, and plenty of warm water.: clothe him, and ride him gently about, two or three times in the course of the day. If the physic works too much, give him less water and less exercise; if too little, give him more exercise, and as much warm water as he will drink : at night, when the physic has ceased to operate, give him a good feed of oats, with a little dry bran. While the physic is working, the horse should on no account be suffered to go out in the rain or wet, but should be gently walked about in a dry and clean place ^ and warm water should also be given him (if he will drink it), for *14 ON PURGING. Recipe — A Purging Ball. two or three days after his physic has done work- ing. The following is an excellent purge for a tace-horse, hunter, or a hackney, to purify and cleanse the blood. (RECIPE, No. 4.) Purging BalL Take — Barbadoes aloes, from six to nine drachms (according to the size and strength of the constitution) ; Rhubarb, ginger, and Castile soap, of each two drachms ; Precipitated sulphur of antimony, one drachm ; Kali prepared, half a drachm ; Oil of aniseeds, twenty drops ; And oil of juniper, forty drops ; Make the whole into one ball, with syrup of buckthorn. For a strong hunter, hackney, coach, or wag- gon-horse, the aloes may be increased from seven to eight, nine, or ten drachms, according to size and strength. By adding a small quantity of pre- ON PURGING. 15 Where Mercurial Physic is necessary. pared kali, or salt of tartar, the griping quality of the aloes will be taken away, and they will be rendered much safer. When administered in large doses, I have known some horses to take from sixteen to eighteen drachms of good Barba- does aloes to purge them, with the addition of about a drachm of prepared kali, without the least danger. Whenever it is found necessary to give a very strong dose of physic to a horse, I should advise part of it to be given at night, and the remainder on the following morning. No aloes can be depended on as physic for horses, except those of Barbadoes, (all others are too liable to be adulterated.) They are imported from that island in large gourd shells; and, when broken, are of a darkish liver colour, and of a rank offensive smell. Mercurial physic is proper in all stubborn dis- eases : such as the farcy, lameness of the joints, greasy heels, and in all kinds of eruptions, and foulness of the blood ; likewise in dry coughs* Ig ON PURGING. Recipe — A. Mercurial Ball. (RECIPE, No. 5.) Mercurial Ball, Take — Calomel, Barbadoes aloes, ginger, and Castile soap, of each two drachms : Make them into a ball, with syrup of buck- thorn. This should be given at night, and the purge (No. 2, p. 11) next morning, with only six drachms of aloes in it, but add half a drachm of prepared kali to the purge, which will pre- vent the animal from being griped. No horse should be physiced oftener than every six days, or once a week, and that not more than for three times. Some horses are sub- ject to over-purge, either through too large a dose being given, or from th^ horse taking cold while in physic ; in either case, the following cordial drink will check the purging, and dispel the grip- ing pains usually incident in this case. ON PURGING. 17 Recipes — Drinks to check Purging. (RECIPE, No. 6.) A Drink to check Purging, Take — Red wine, half a pint ; Aromatic confection, one ounce ; Tincture of opium, and sweet spirits of nitre, of each half an ounce ; Mix the whole in a pint of warm gruel and give it, or the following (RECIPE, No. 7.) A Drink to check Purging, Take — Prepared chalk, and ginger, in powder, of each one ounce; Peruvian bark, and tincture of opium, of each half an ounce; Brandy, a quarter of a pint ; Oil of peppermint, one drachm : Mix, and give it in a pint and a half of warm gruel. Either of these drinks will be found powerful in checking the progress of the physic. The c J8 ON PURGING. Recipe — A diure):ic Drink. drink (No. 7.) acts more powerfully as an absorr bent, in neutralizing the acid in the stomach and intestines, as well as checking its progress. Either of them may be repeated once or twice a day, if occasion require it. When physic is given with- out d^e preparation, the horse frequeiHly swells, and the consequence may be productive of great danger. In such cases, give the following open- ing and diuretic drink. (RECIPE, No. 8.) Diuretic Drink. Take — Glauber's salts, four ounces ; Castile soap, half an ounce : Dissolve tliem in a pint and a half of ruc-teaj or a pint of thin gruel ; Add prepared kali, and carraway seeds in powder, of each one ounce ; Oil of juniper, and ginger, fresh powdered, of each half an ounce ; Brandy, a large wine-glass full : Mix, and give it as soon as possible. ON PURGING. 19 Hccipe — A Clyster. Let the horse be walked about in hand, and sometimes trotted for fifteen or twen-ty minutes ; and if sosjie evacuation in that time is rK)t ob- tained, recourse must be had to the follQwing cooling and opening clyster. (RECIPE, No. 9.) Cluster, Take — Mutton broth, one quart ; Glauber's salts, four ounces ; Treacle, four ounces ; Sweet oil, half a pint ; Dissolve the salts and treacle in the broth, then add to them the oil. Before the clyster is given, a small hand should be dipped in or rubbed with the same, and passed up his fundament, to bring away the hardened dung, which is frequently the qhief cause of his swelling. The clyster should be administered with a pipe ten or twelve inches long, and a strong bladder fixed at one end thereof; the li-t c 2 20 ON PURGING. Useful Drink for a Race-horse. quid to be forced through the pipe, by twisting the bladder with your hands. As soon as the horse has received it, take away the pipe, and im- mediately put a wisp of straw to the horse's fun- dament, holding it there with the tail for the space of ten minutes. These rules should be observed in administering all clysters; and the pipe here mentioned is much better than a sy- ringe, because the latter will make the horse start, and cause him to eject the clyster immediately. Before the present chapter is concluded, it will be necessary to propose a useful drink for a race horse, or a hunter, after a hard day's fatigue. (RECIPE, No. 10.) Purging Drink, Take — The best senna, two ounces ; just give it a boil in a quart of water, and then let it infuse for two hours in a pot close covered down. Strain it off, and add, GlaulxT's salts, four ounces ; Lenitive electuary, four ounces ; ON PURGING. 21 When most proper to give a Purging Drink. Barbadoes aloes, two drachms ; Prepared kali, half an ounce ; Brandy, a wine glass full : to be given new milk warm. This drink may be given as soon as the horse has cooled a little, after which let him fast one hour, then give him a mash of scalded bran and oats, and warm w^ater. If the drink be given at* nightj It in general begins to operate the next morning. This drink is of excellent service in all kinds of inflammatory disorders, and in carrying off the molten grease after violent exercise, which often causes great heat, restlessness, and inward sickness. tit VINDY COLIC. Symptoms of the Windy Colic. CHAP. V. THE WINDY, OR FLATULENT COLIC. The windy, or flatulent colic, is in general produced by the horse eating greedily of some succulent food : as fresh clover, different grasses, new hay, or new corn, and sometimes from drink- ing cold water. It may be occasioned by any one of these things, which soon produces flatu- lency, and great debility, from aeid and other crudities engendering either in the stomach, or some part of the intestines, and is indicated by the following symptoms. ' The horse often lies down, and suddenly rises again with a spring; strikes his belly with his hind feet, stamps with his fore feet, and refuses every kind of food. When this disorder is vio- lent, it throws his body into convulsive motions ; triNDt COLIC, A Drink for the Windj Colic. hfe eyes are turned up, arid his limbs stretched out as if dying ; his ears and feet are sometimes hot, and sometimes cold; he falls into profuse sweats, and then into cold damp ones : he often strives to stale, but without effect; and often turns his head towards his flank, sensible of the part where the pain lies; he then falls down sud- denly, rolls himself over, and often turns on his back: this last symptom, in general, proceeds from a stoppage in the urine, which attends this sort of colic ; and the pain is often increased by a load of dung pressing on the neck of the blad- der. The following drinks and clyster rarely fail to give relief in this disorder. (RECIPE, No. 11.) A Drink. Take— Spirit of turpentine, dulcified spirits of nitre, of each one outice; Oil of juniper, tincture of opium, of each half an ounce : 24 AVINDY COLIC. Additional Recipe for the Windy Colic. Bay-berries, and ginger, fresh powdered, af each one ounce : Warm a pint of ale first, then mix the pow- ders, and lastly the liquids, and give the whole immediately after. * If the horse is not better within two hours after taking the above, give the following drink. (RECIPE, No. 12.) Take — Spirit of hartshorn, two ounces ; Castile soap, and prepared kali, of each half an ounce ; Dissolve the soap and kali in the hartshorn by trituration in a marble mortar : Add tincture of opium, oil of juniper, and oil of turpentine, of each half an ounce ; Ginger, fresh powdered, one ounce. First warm a pint of ale, then mix in the whole of the ingredients, and give it while new milk warm. WINDF COLIC. 25 A Clyster for the Windy Colic. Either of these drinks will be found to have the desired effect ; the former in stimulating the stomach and intestines to fresh action, the latter in correcting the acidity and promoting fresh ex- citement to those debilitated parts. If the horse is not relieved of his pain in two hours after giving the first drink, let him have the following clyster. (RECIPE, No. 13.) Take— Linseed, four ounces ; boil it in three quarts of water until it is reduced to two ; let it '■ stand ten minutes, then pour off the clear liquid, and dissolve therein four ounces of Glauber's salts ; half a pound of treacle ; and one handful of common salt. It must here be repeated, that before any clys- ter is administered a small hand should be well rubbed with it, and then be passed up the horse'^s a CyRlTtS, Symptoms df the Gi*ipe^. fundament or anus, hi order to bring away' the hardened fafeces, whidh otherwise would obstruct the passage of the clyster. This \<^ill, in inost eases, have the desired effect. CHAP. VI. THE INFLAMMATORY COLlCj Oil Giill?is. This kind of colic, or gripes, may justly be said to be a continuation of the former, only as-* saming a more dangerous aspect. An inflamma- tion may be expected either in the stomach, or in some part of the intestines ; and if a speedy re- medy be not applied, the consequence may prove fatal. This disorder is attended with at fdvier; great heat and dryness of the mouth ; the pulsd is quick and small; the horse lies down, and GRIPES. ^7 Recipe — Opening Fever Ball. rises again suddenly; his legs and ears are al- ternately hot and cold; he likewise frequently throws out bits of dung, with a hot watery li- quor, of an- offensive smell ; and his urine is of a blackish colour. This is a certain sign the bowels are already in a mortified state. In such a case there is no relief: but if the disease be under- taken in an earlier stage, a cure may be easily ef- fected. If the horse be stout, and in good con- dition, three quarts or more of blood may be taken from him. Then give the clyster (No. 9, p. 19), and repeat it three times a day : this will lubricate and soften the parts about Xhe neck of the bladder, and pro- duce the same effects as a fomentation. As soon as the clyster is administered, give him the follow- ing ball. (RECIPE, No. 14.) Opening Fever Ball. Take — Tartarised antimony, camphor, and Turkey opium, of each one drachm ; 28 GRIPES. Recipe — A Pur«;ing Drink. Barbadoes aloes, three drachms ; Ginger, and Castile soap, of each two drachms : Make them into a ball with syrup. Let this ball be given as soon as possible, and the following drink two or three hours after, (RECIPE, No. 15.) Purging Drink, Take — Lenitive electuary, four ounces ; Cream of tartar, one ounce ; Ginger, in powder, half an ounce ; Oil of castor, eight ounces ; Mix in a quart of warm gruel, and give it ta the horse as soon as possible. - The above ball and drink (I have no doubt) ifvill succeed in forcing a passage through the intestines, and will carry off that load of dung •which has so long confined the offending matter. If the ball and drink has not the desired effect in the course of t^velve hours, it will be necessary to GUIPES. 29 Kecipe — A Fever Drink- repeat the drink, but not the ball : and after the febrile heat begins to disappear, and the horse's appetite is returned, let the following drink be given, which is excellent for carrying off the re- mains of the disease, and in restoring the animal to his former strength. (RECIPE, No. 16.) Feter Drink, t Take — Peruvian bark, and nitre, of each one ounee ; Lenitive electuary, four ounces ; Ginger, aniseeds, carraway seeds, and Castile soap, of each half an ounce ; Tincture of opium, two drachms ; Hue tea, one quart: Dissolve the ingredients in the tea, and give it new milk warm. This drink may he given every morning fast- ing, or every other morning, as may be judged necessary. No drink can be better calculated for carrying off the remains of the disease than that now prescribed. so VRY GRIPES, Symptoms of the Dry Gripes. CHAP. VII. THE DRY GRIPES;^ OR COLIC. This disorder, like the former, is often very distressing to the horse, and is attended with imminent danger. It is first discovered by the horse's frequent motion in straining to dung ; the rectum appears to be loaded, and visibly pressed to the fundament, which brings on a constant straining to expel the faeces. This is first per- ceived by the frequent and quick motion of the horse's tail; and by his often endeavouring to stale, but can only do it in small quantities, which is occasioned by a load of dung pressing on the neck of the bladder. The dry colic, or gripes, seldom requires any other assistance than a clyster (see No. 9, p. 19, or No, 13, p, Q5\ after a small hand has been dipped therein, apd passed up the fundament, to bring away the hardened dung that is lodged in the great gut. Or, instead of the P^^ iG|iIJP£S, 31 Recipe — Purgative Clyster. afore-mentioned clysters, the following may be used, (RECIPE, No. 17.) Purgative Cli/ster. ^AKE — Senna, one ounce: boil in three pints of water, and strain it off : Then dissolve one handful of common saltj two ounces of Epsom salts, and half a poupd of treacle ; half a pint of common sweet oil ; Mix them all together, and apply them as directed for Clyster (No. 9, p. 19.) If this clyster, or the aforementioned ones, should npt have the desired effect, it will be pro- per to giv^ the drink (No. II, p. 23); and if the animal be not better in the course of five or six hours after, give him the ball (No. 14, p. 27), and the purging drink (No. 15, p. 28), in the space of t,wo or three hours; and treat him as for the iuflai;nR9i^t9^5y colic or gripes. 32 COLDS AND COUGHS. Causes of Colds and Coughs. CHAP. VIII. OF COLDS AND COUGHS. Catarrh, or cold, is a complaint well under- stood by those persons who are accustomed to horses, and requires but little description. Colds are the effect of an obstructed perspiration, which mcreases the secretion of the mucous membrane of the nose. They are frequently occasioned by an immoderate exposure to the weather ; from drink- ing cold water after violent exercise, or by goitig into rivers and ponds when overheated. Most per- sons believe and know, that cold water is dangerous for horses that are heated with violent exercise; that is to say, when they are permitted to drink their fill, and afterwards to stand till cold. This is very dangerous, and is often the source of many incurable diseases. Yet a horse when travelling post, or overheated in the hot season of the year, COLDS AND COUGHS. S3 Symptoms of a Cold. may be allowed to take five or six swallows of cold water, and stand for one or two minutes after, but never more; and should then resume his labour. How few are sensible that the inter- nal parts continue hot and inflamed for a long time after the skin appears to be dry and cool: hence it is necessary to observe, that a- horse should be considered, while under violent exer- cise, and for some time after, to be in a temporary fever. When this complaint is permitted to remain without proper medical assistance, it not unfre- quently brings on some severe disorders ; such as fevers, farcy, and glanders, &c. &c. After a horse has taken cold^ he is seized with a tremor and a chillness all over his frame ; which is chiefly owing to a stoppage of the pores, and in a short time there will appear a watery discharge from the eyes and nose; the kernels about the ears and betwixt his jaws will be swelled ; in this case be will make a rattling lioise in his breathing. D iHi COLDS AND COUGHS. ^ 1 ' ' ■ ' •• • , ■ ■ ' ac~; Treatment of a Cold. These last symptoms indicate the approach of a fever. Treatment. — If the horse be in good condi- tion, take from two to three quarts of blood from him, and then give him the following cordial drink. (RECIPEj No. 18.) Take — Aniseeds, carraway seeds, grains of Paradise, in powder, of each one ounce ; Aromatic confection, half an ounce ; Balsam of sulphur, two ounces : Beat the balsam of sulphur with the yolk of an egg, then mix the powders, and give the whole in a pint of warm gruel, with a wine glass of brandy, and two table spoons full of sugar; and repeat it once a day, or i.. every other day, for three times. TIus will be found a most excellent cordial drink; it will increase the action of the sto- COLDS AND COUGHS. 35 Directions for a Cough. mach, intestines, and the nervous system, by which it frequently throws off the disease by the first intention. It is very important to know that all the seeds and roots are fresh powdered at the time of usins;, as thev will not retain their quality in a powdered state ; the essential oil will soon evaporate, and become of but little use. It is also worthy of the horse-keeper's attention, not to purchase seeds and roots in a powdered state from any druggist's shop, as the latter not unfrequently purchase them in that state from town at one-half the money the seeds or roots are worth, before they are reduced to powder : it will, therefore, be easy for every one to judge of their quality. All the articles that pass under the de- nomination of horse-powders, are greatly abused by sophistication. But, to return to colds and coughs. — As soon as the horse begins to make some effort to cough, let the following drink be given, which will be found a most excellent pectoral medicine. 36 COLDS AND COUGHS. Recipe, and Treatment in a Cold. (RECIPE, No. 19.) Pectoral Drink, Take — Diapente, elecampane, nitre, and cream of tartar, of each one ounce; Balsam of sulphur, two ounces, incorporated with the yolk of an egg ; Tincture of opium, half an ounce ; Mix them together in form of an electuary. This drink must be dissolved in a pint of warm gruel, and given to the horse in the morning fast- ing ; let him stand two hours after without food, and then give him a mash of scalded bran and oats, and warm water. If the cold be violent, the drink may be repeated every night and morning, or otherwise, once a day, or every other day, as may be thought sufficient. Clothe your horse, and keep him warm ; let him be walked out in the middle of the day, and have mashes and warm water twice a day, or oftener. THE drV cough. 37 From whence a dry Cough proceeds. CHAP. IX. THK DRY COUGH. This is to be considered as a violent effort of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles in expel- ling by force some extraneous body from the chest, that intercepts the free passage of the air. The dry cough, in general, proceeds from colds injudiciously treated; and if it be permitted to become stationary or fixed, it may end in an asthma, or (what is better understood by the term). tkick'Zvinded, and sometimes in a hroken-wind. If the horse appears healthful, can do his busi-. ness, and eat his food, there is no great danger ; and, in all probability, the following drink will effect a cure, if repeated for three or four times. 38 THE PUY COUGH. ■ I'lMHUM "il l 'J l ,, ll Directions for administering the Cough Drink. (RECIPE, No, 20.) Cous:h Dri7ik. '!=>• Take — Barbadoes tar, balsam of sulphur, with oil of aniseeds, of each one ounce; Incorporate them with the yolk of one egg: then add Nitre, one ounce; Ginger, half an ounce ; Oxymel of squills, four ounces : Mix them toerether. a' Let this drink be gradually mixed in a pint of warm sage or rue tea, and give it in the morning fasting ; let the horse stand without meat for two hours after; then give him a mash of scalded bran and oats, and warm water. This drink should be repeated every other morning, for three or four times. Give the horse mashes and warm water twice a day, during the time of taking the drinks. ASTHMA. 99 SyraptoiTis of an Asthma. CHAP. X. THE ASTHMA. The asthma is a common disease among horses, and is of two kinds, moist and dry : in the former there is a free discharge of mucus and matter by the nostrils after coughing ; while, in the latter, or dry kind, there is little or no dis- charge produced. The moist asthma is attended with a cough that is occasioned by a load of slimy matter being generated or discharged into the vessels of the lungs, and thus producing a great difficulty in breathing. An asthma is distinguished by the following symptoms: a quick and short breathing; the flanks heave with a violent and quick motion ; if the horse be trotted, or run in the hand, he will wheeze and rattle in the throat like one that 40. ASTHMA. Recipe— ^Asthmatic and Purging. is broken-winded. If the horse be in good con- dition, take from two to three quarts of blood from him, and give him mashes of scalded bran twice a day for two or three days, and then the following purge. (RECIPE, No. 21.) Asthmatic Ball, Take — Tartarised antimony, and calomel, of each on« drachm ; Castile soap, ginger, and assafoetida, of each two drachms ; Syrup sufficient to form it into a ball. Let this be given at night after he has eaten his mash, and the following purging ball next morning. (RECIPE, No, 22.) Purging BalL 1'^KE — Barbadoes aloes, seven drachms ; Castile soap, ginger, and assafoetida, of each two drachms; ASTHMA. 41 Recipe — Asthmatic Drink. Dried squills, in power, anJ kali prepared, of each one drachm ; Oil of juniper, half an drachm : Make them into a ball with sjrup of buck- thorn. Let the horse have mashes and warm water twice a day, during the operation of the physic, with proper exercise : if he does not appear to recover in the space of one week after taking the above physic, give him the following drink. (RECIPE, No. 2S.) Asthmatic Drink. Take — Balsam of capivi, one ounce, incorporated with the yolk of an egg ; Gum ammoniac, in po\f der, one ounce ; Kub it in a mortar with four ounces of vine- gar of squills, by a little at a time : Add ginger, and valerian, of each one ounce, fresh powdered ; Tincture of assafoetida, one ounce ; Tincture of opium, two drachms : Mix them all together into an electuary. 4$ ASTHMA. Recipe — Pectoral Bails. This drink is to be given in a pint and a half of sage tea (let it be new milk warm, or nearly cold, before it is mixed, or otherwise the gums will run together in lumps,) in the morning fast- ing; and may be repeated every other day, if necessary, for three times. In most cases these medicines will be found to have the desired effect, and to remove the complaint in the worst of cases ; yet it will be necessary to give the horse pectoral medicines for some time after, or until he is perfectly restored. The following balls will be found excellent in carrying off the remains of the disease, (RECIPE, No. 24.) Pectoral Balls, Take — Balsam of capivi, Barbadoes tar, and Castile soap, of each four ounces; Prepared kali, one ounce; beat them together in a mortar ; Then add carraway seeds, aniseeds, grains of Paradise, ^uigcr, and liquorice powder, of each four ounces : THE GLANDERS. 43 Quality of Pectoral Balis. Honey, or treacle, sufficient to form them into balls of two ounces each. Let one of these balls be given once a day, every other day, or every third day, as occasion may require. These balls will be found of excellent service in all asthmatic coughs of a dry, harsh, and stubborn nature. They act as a powerful pectoral cordial, and diuretic medicine, than which none can be better calculated for carrying off the remain? of the disease. CHAP. XL THE GLANDERS. The glanders has baffled the farrier more than any other disease to which this useful animal is liable. In its worst stage, I believe, it has hi- 4% THE GLANDERS, Symptoms of the Glanders. thereto proved incurable ; but we are confident it might at all times, with proper care and manage- ment, be prevented, if attended to in time. It is highly contagious; and when any thing of this kind happens in a stable of horses, the diseased should be removed to fresh apartments as soon as possible. The symptoms accompanying this disorder are, a discharge of matter from the nostrils, which is of a yellow or greenish colour, and sometimes streaked or tinged with blood ; and if of long continuance, the virus begins to corrode and act upon one or both of the nostrils until the bone becomes affected, and begins to decay : in this case the matter discharged becomes very of- fensive, and the disease may be deemed incura- ble. It is always attended with a hard swelling of , the glands, or kernels under the jaws. The glanders makes its appearance with a slight in- flammation on the pituitory membrane which lines the partition alongthe inside of the nose, and THE GLANDERS. 45 From whence the Glanders proceeds. the frontal cavities above the orbits of the eyes, while every other part of the body appears to be free from the disease. There are several sorts of diseases falsely called the glanders. The Jirst may proceed from a cold, which frequently affects the glands, and produces swellings, or kernels, similar to those of the glanders, except that they are not so closely attached to the jaw-bone ; sometimes this disease proceeds from some defect of the lungs being in an ulcerated state, from which there is fre({uently a Igfrge discharge of whitish matter coming away in lumps. The second sort, in general, seizes a horse after some long continued disease, that has been brought on by hard labour: this likewise affects the lungs, and the humour thus discharged from the nostrils appears whitish, tinged with yellow. The third is a discharge from the strangles. 46 THE GLANDERS. State of the Horse in the Glanders. which oftentimes vents itself at the nostrils. (See the section on Strangles infra,) The fourth appears to arise from an acri- monious humour by the farcy seizing on those parts, where it soon lays an incurable foundation. And as there are different kinds of this disease, or, more properly speaking, symptoms of different diseases appearing similar to the glanders (all of which may be discerned by a man of judg- ment,) it will be proper to inform the reader, that the three first mentioned ( falsely called the glanders) are undoubtedly/ curable, * In an attempt to cure this most formidable dis- ease, we must first consider the horse's constitu- tion, habit of body, and the state the disease may have reduced him to. If on examination he be found able to undergo the operation of the fol- lowing mercurial and purgative medicines, let them be administered. THE GLANDERS. 47 Recipes — Mercurial and Purging Balls. (RECIPE, No. 25. Mercurial Ball, Take — Calomel, one drachm ; Red nitrate of quicksilver, one scruple, re- duced into fine powder ; Precipitated sulphuret of antimony, gum guaiacum, ginger^ and Castile soap, of each two drachms : Make them into a bail with a little sjrup. Let this ball be given at night, after he has eaten his mash, and the following purgative ball next morning, (RECIPE, No. 26.) Purging Ball, Take — Barbadocs aloes, seven drachms; Jalap, ginger, and Castile soap, of each two draclims ; Oil of sassafras, one drachm : Reat the whole into a ball with syrup of buckthorn. 48 THE GLANDERS. Recipe — Nitrous Ai.id Drink. The horse must have mashes, warm water, and exercise, in the same manner as for other physic (seepage 10.) If the horse has strength to go through his physic without reducing him too low, it will be well to repeat it once or twice at proper intervals. But if otherwise, the horse be much reduced by the severity of the disease, and not able to stand the taking of mercurial physic, the following drink may be administered. (RECIPE, No. S7.) Nilrous Acid Drink, Let — One ounce of nitrous acid be mixed in three pints of water, and sweetened with four ofinces of treacle. This may b€ given to the horse once a day, or every other day, as may be thought proper, and continued for eight or ten days at a time, then omit it for a few days, and repeat it as before. Under this treatment the horse will gather strength, and in a short time be able to undergo THE GLANDERS. 49 -' ' • • ' ' ' ' ■•'■■• . — » Recipe — Purifying Balls. the operation of the aforesaid mercurial physic. The following balls will be found excellent to pu- rify and cleanse the blood. (RECIPE, No. 28.) Purifying Balls* Take — Venice lurpeatine, and Castile soap, of each four ounces ; Beat them well together in a mortar until united : Then add— nitre, flour of sulphur, crude antimony, crocus raetallorum, and ginger, of each four ounces, in fine powder ; Camphor, two ounces, rubbed in a mortar, with one ounce of spirit of wine : Beat them into a proper consistency for balls, with honey, or treacle. Two ounces of this mass must be rolled into a ball, and given to the horse once a day, or every other day, and continued for a month, or six weekS) or even longer, if required. This disease is deemed incurable when the E ^. THE GLANDERS, Recipe— Injection. matter discharged from the nostrils is of a green- i^l^ colour, tinged^ith biopd, and sticks to th^^ middle of the passage, like paste or glue. If the horse be poor, he i^ genprally affected with the far- cy, and indeed these two diseases are seldom alone, although the glanders may not make its appear- ance to the eye for some time; but when it appears, it is easily known by the sharpness of the corrosive matter that runs down the animal's nostrils, which even scalds and eats away that gristly And bony substance which separates one cavity of the nose from the other. In every stage of this disorder, I would recommend the following different injec- tions to be used as may be thought most proper. (RECIPE, No. 29.) Injection. Take — Sugar of lead, and white vitriol, of each half an ounce J dissolve them in a pint of soft water 5 Add camphorated spirits of wine, four ounces ; Mix for use* ;,/, THE GLANDERS. 51 Recipes— Injections. < This mixture, or injection, toay be made weaker ©r stronger by increasing or diminishing the w^ter". (RECIPE, No. SO.) Injection, ;,■(» :-i V, ji?j.>t}- .•'■ ■ ill i ' ' TAKE-»-Qmcksilver, pne ounce ; Hog^s lard, and Venice turpentine, of eacli half an ounce ; rub them well together in a marble mortar till the silver disappears ; Add Barbadoes tar, one ounce ; Mucilage of gum Arabic,: four ounces, work . them all well together in a marble mortar, and put them in a bottle for use. (RECIPE, No. 31.) Injection, Take — Blue vitriol, one ounce ; Verdigrease, in powder, half an ounce ; Camphorated spirit of wine, four ounces 5 Vinegar, four ounces ; Lime water, half a pint : Mix and shake them well together, and put in a bottle for use. E 2 52 THE GLANDERS. Best Method of using Injections. The best method of using these mixtures is, to take a syringe, or pipe, about ten inches long, that will hold four ounces of the mixture, or in- jection, and force it up his nostrils every morn- ing before he goes to exercise, and every evening after he returns. The following ointment will be found of excellent use in ulcers of this kind. (RECIPE, No. 32.) Ointment of nitrated Quicksilver, Take— Quicksilver, one ounce; and nitrous acid two ounces ; put them in a bottle, and let it stand uncorked until the silver is dissolved ; Then add camphor one ounce ; dissolve it in ten ounces 6f common sweet oil ; and mix the whole together in a pot for use. The method of using this ointment, for ulcers in the nostrils of glandered horses, is as follows : take a paint-brush (such as is in general called a sash-tool); the hair must be soft and fine, the shaft or handle must be small and long : varnish THE GLANDERS. 53 Treatment of Ulcers in glandered Horseg. brushes may occasionally be met with that will suit this purpose much better than the former. These may, in general, be procured at the drug- gists, or stationers, in most large towns. Let a sufficient quantity of this ointment be put into a gallypot, and set near the fire, that it may liquefy ; then take your brush, and dip it in the melted ointment, and pass it gently up one of his nostrils, and with a steady hand work it easily about. This may be done once a day, or three times a week. If the horse be in high condition, bleeding and rowelling will be serviceable ; but if poor, the contrary. Blistering will also be necessary in this disease : first clip off the hair from the kernels, which are under the throat, or, more properly speaking, upon the glands betwixt the jaw-bones ; then apply a strong blister on the swelled part, which must be repeated every morning for a week ; afterwards rub the kernels with a small quantity of the above nitrated ointment once a day for a month, or six weeks. 54 THE FARCYt From whence the Farcy priginates. This will greatly relieve the glands of that in- flammatory tumour with which they are affected. M. La Fosse, farrier to the king of France, has endeavoured to cast a new light on this disease, and a method of curing it by trepanning ; but as this is little practised in England, especially among the country farriers, any further notice of his mode would be unnecessary. CHAP. XII. OF THE FARCY. The farcy and the glanders seem to originate from one and the same cau§e; but as the l^tti^y has already been treated of, we shall now proceed to the former disease. THE FARCY. ih Description and Symptoms of the Farcy. The farcy is a sharp, corrosive, watery tumour, conveyed to different parts of the body by th6 blood, and attended with inflamniation. It ap- pears like round buds, or berries, springing out over the veins, which are first hard, but soon turn to soft blisters ; when broken they discharge an oily bloody matter, and often turn into obstinate and malignant ulcers. In some horses it shews itself on the head only ; in others, on the external Jugular, or neck vein ; in others, on the plate vein, and runs down the inside of the fore-leg (com- monly called the fore-arm) towards the knee, and often upwards to -the brisket; in some it shews itself on the hind parts, about the pasterns, and along the large veins on the inside of the thigh, rising upwards into the groin, and towards the sheath; sometimes it. appears on the flanks, and spreads by degrees towards the lower belly. When the farcy appears on the smallbranches .of the blood- vessels about the forehead) cheeks, outside of the shoulders, near the withers, or the 56 THE FARCY, Treatment of the Farcy. hip, its cure may easily be effected. The most difficult symptoms attending this disease are, when the veins on the inside of the thigh are cor- roded, and set with buds, so as to affect the ker- nels of the groin, and the cavernous body of the yard. When this disease breaks out on these parts, and the virus rapidly extends itself to both thighs al once, so that the sores, or ulcers, become malignant, and affect the whole body, without due attention to a regular course of medicine, proper feeding and exercise, the disorder may increase, and end in an incurable glanders. The follow- ing drink will be found of great use in every stage of the disease, by its powerful effect in checking its progress, unless it be of the most in*^ veterate and obstinate kind, (RECIPE, No. 33,) Take — Tatty, prepared ; red tartar ; lapis calaminaris ; of each one ounce, in fine powder ; Alum, in powder, two ounces : Mix, and give it in one quart of tanner's ooze, or old urine. THE FAllCY. 57 Recipe — A Mercurial Solution. This drink must be given every other day, or once in three days. Give it fasting in the morn- ing ; and let the horse eat nothing for four hours after taking it; then let him have a hot mash of scalded bran and oats, and warna water. But in the most obstinate farcy, where the veins are ob- structed, and attended with a violent inflammatory tumour, recourse must be had to more powerful medicines, such as the following. (RECIPE, No. 34.) Mercurial Solution, Take — Corrosive sublimate, from twelve to twenty grains ; Spirit of wine, two ounces ; Muriatic acid, two drachms ; Mix them in a phial, and shake it until the {Sublimate be dissolved, then give it to the borse in a quart of the following decoction. 58 THE FARCY. Solution for purifjing the Blood-vessels. (RECIPE, No. S5.) Decoction, Take — Guaiacum shavings, one pound 5 Crude antimony, powdered, four ounces, tied in a rag ; Logwood chips, and sassafras chips, ofeacU one pound ; Sarsaparilla, cut, four ounces ; Water, three gallons ; boil them all together until one half of the water be consumed; then pour the whole of the decoction into an earthen vessel for use; and, as the liquor is wanted, let it be poured off from the in- gredients, The above solution and decoction will operate very powerfully in purifying and opening the ob- structions in the blood-vessels, and dissolving those buds which appear tracked along the veins. The solution may be given every day in a quart of the decoction, for a week together, or every other day, for a fortnight. But if the horse's mouth grow sore, and his breath begin to be offensive, omit it THB SEARCY. 59 Recipe — Opening anodyne Drink. for a week, and then repeat it again as before. Keep the animal warm, and in regular diet, with gentle exercise, twice a day, if the weather be fine : give him warm water and mashes, morning and evening, during the course of taking this medicine. Should, however, any violent symptoms arise from taking the above directed solution, so as to produce excessive sickness, purging, and griping pains in the bowels, the following drink may be given. (RECIPE, No. 36.) Opening anodyne Drink, 'I'ake — Prepared kali, and tincture of opium, of each half an ounce ; Castor oil, half a pound ; Ginger, fresh powdered, one ounce: To be. given in a pint of warm gruel. y,^ THE FARCY. Mnr II i M iiiiiiii - ^~' — — L—- ^ =a~ How to administer Mercurial Ointment. be in goiod condition, bleeding, and rowelling un-. der the belly are necessary in the beginning of this disorder; but if lean^ the loss of too much blood "iv'iU prove injurious. The following^ mercurial ointment will be found excellent to rub the farcy buds with, both before and after they are broken^ (RECIPE, No. 39.) Mercurial Ointment, Take — Hog's lard, goose-grease, and quicksilver, of each one pound ; * Strained turpentine, four ounces ; Oil of turpentine, two ounces ; J;.; \ Put the quicksilver with both the turpentines in a marble mortar, until the mercury is perfectly incorporated * then gradually add the lard and goose-grease, melted, beating and mixing them well together. This ointment will be found to dissolve the farcy tumours which obstruct the blood-vessels: it must he well rubbed on the parts affected once a day. THE FARCY. 63 Recipe — A Fomentation for Ulcers. When the skin is thickened over the ulcers, so Jis to confine the matter, it must be opehed with a small hot iron, or a lancet. The buds in the farcy are very apt to turn into foul ulcers, and the ori- fices to fill with proud flesh, which may be sup- pressed by touching the superfluous part with a skewer dipped in butter of antimony, or aqua- fortis, and afterwards by rubbfng the knots or buds with the ointment (No. 3^, p. 52)^ Ihavie found this ointment to be more effectual in repel- ling the virus, and likewise in cleansing and heal- ing the ulcers that attend this disease, than the aforementioned mercurial ointment (No. 39," p. 62). If the part be mtich swollen, and attended with considerable inflammation, it must be fo- mented twice every day with the following fomen- tation. (RECIPE, No. 40.) Fomentation, Take — Wormwood, nciarshmallow rools, plaintaiai, leaves, and horseradLsh roots, of each onCj handful; 64 THE FARCY. Recipe to be applied after fomenting. Poppy.heads, one dozen; bruise them, and boil them in three gallons of old urine^ or ale dregs. Old urine is considered to be by some much superior to ale dregs in fomentations of this sort. The swelled part must be fomented (with hot flan- nels wrung out of the same) twice every day, for one hour each time. This being done, let the part be rubbed well with the following ointment. (RECIPE, No. 41.) Take — Marshmallow ointment, and elder ointment, of each four ounces ; Soft soap, and spirit of turpentine, each two ounces ; ointment (No. 32, p. 52, or No. 39, p. 62), three ounces; Oil of origanum, one ounce: mix them all well together for use. After this ointment has been well rubbed on the part affected, take a hot flannel out of the last mentioned fomentation, and wring out the THE FARC>r. 65 Directions for curing a Tumour. moisture; apply the flannel zvliile hot to the swollen part, and bind it on with a flannel roller, three yards long, and six or eight inclies broad. When the tumour comes to a proper head (w^hich may be easily felt with the finger), it may be dis- charged with a lancet, and the wound dressed with a skewer dipped in a little butter of antimony ; and, afterwards, with a tent made of lint, or tow^, dipped in the digestive oils, or ointment, used for green wounds. The smaller the tent is, the more oils or ointment it carries into the w^ound ; which should never be dressed with tents longer than while the tumour is subsiding, otherwise it may obstruQt the matter, and form a caries at the bot- tom of the wound that will make it very difficult to cure. When, however, the w^ound is perfectly cleansed, it must be -^ Recipe — A laxative Drink. most powerful means are not immediately ap- plied, the consequence will prove fatal. Bleed the horse according to his size, strength, and con- dition of body, taking from three to four or five quarts. Instances have frequently occurred in which the animals have suddenly recovered. In two hours after bleeding give the following ball. (RECIPE, No. 50.) Mercurial Ball, Take — Calomel, assafoetida, Castile soap, and jalap, of each two drachms : Beat them into a ball with syrup, and give it as soon as possible. At the expiration of eight hours after giving the above ball, let him have the following laxative drink. (RECIPE, No. 51.) Take— Socotrine aloes, four drachms ; Lenitive electuary, two ounces ; STAGGERS, CONVULSIONS, &C. «8 Treatment where Baits or Worms are the Cause^ Glauber salts, four ounces ; Coarse sugar, two table-spoons full : Dissolve them in a quart of rue-tea, and when new.milk warm, add tincture of opium, half an ounce; And give it iinmediately. This drink and ball will clear the stomach of the indigested matter with which it is burdened. If the drink' be given in the morning, it generally works briskly, both by stool and urine before night ; if it fails in that space of time, the clys- ter (No. 17, p. 31) must be administered, after the rectum has been emptied with a small hand. If worms or botts be the cause of the com- plaint (which may easily be discovered in the dung, during the operation of the physic), treat him as directed in the section of worms (infra). But if he is not relieved by the application of the above ball, and drink, and continues convulsed,/ g2 84 STAGGERS, CONVULSIONS, &C. Recipes — Antispasmodic Drink and Ball. recourse must be had to the following drink, or ball, or both, as may be thought most proper. (RECIPE, No. 52.) Antispasmodic Drink, Take — Tincture of assafoetida ; volatile sal ammo- niac, in powder, of each one ounce ; Tincture of opium, half an ounce ; Valerian root, in powder, one ounce ; Prepared kali, two drachms : To be given in a pint ^nd a half of rue tea, made warm. Or, (RECIPE, No. 55.) ' Antispasmodic Ball. Take — Antimonial powder (which is, in fact, nearly the same as James's powders), and gum assafoetida, of each two drachms ; Opium, camphor, and Castile soap, of each one drachm : Syrup sufficient to make a ball. Either the drink, or the ball, may be repeated STAGGERS, CONVULSION'S, &C. S5 Where Bleed irtc: '^ necessary. once or twice ti dajr, or three times a day in des- perate cases. Tlie ball will be found a most powerful antispasmodic medicine in all doses of this kind, and will remove p^in and Spasmis in every stage. Care, however, must -be taken to keep the body open by giving the above purga*- live drink (No. 51, p. 82), of by giving purging drink (No. 1.5, p. 28), or the opening drink (Noi 36, p. 59): the two last drinks will be found well calculated to k^ep the body open in all spasmodic diseases. Bleeding must be continued every day, or every other day, about a quart at a time, more or less, according to the symptoms. Let the fol- lowing liniment be well rubbed on the cheeks> temples, neck, shoulders, loins, and wherever there appears the greatest contraction and stiff- ness. (RECIPr;, No. 54.) Liniment, Take — Marshmallows ointment, elder ointment, and spirits of sal ammoniac, of each fbut ounces; 86 STAGGERS, CONVULSIONS, &C. Recipe — Sweating Liniment. Oil of turpentine, two ounces : Mix, and make them into a liniment for use. This linknent may be rubbed on the above- mentioned parts, twice a day, till the symptoms abate : or the following may be used, which we think will be found more powerful in relieving pain ia thiese parts. (RECIPE, No. 55.) Sweating Liniment, Take — Compound soap liniment, water of pure am- monia, tincture of opium, and spirits of turpentine, of each four ounces ; Olive oil, two ounces; Spanish flies, in powder, half ait oance : Mix them together in a bottle for use. This liniment is to be rubbed on in the same manner as the former, until its effects are seen, by the blister? rising. When the dkease is not at- tended with convulsions, the liniment may be dis- FEVERS. 87 Causes and Symptoms of Fevers. continued, and the horse treated in the same man- ner as for the inflammatory fever (see the chapters on fevers (infra). In these complaints the use of rowels would be of great advantage, if it was not for the difficulty of bringing them to a good di- gestion ; but if employed, the most proper place will be in the breast, under the jaws, or in the cheeks. CHAP. XVL OF FEVERS. FsvEus, in general, are the effects of a strong and unnatural motion of the blood, which occa- sions great heat and inflammation of the body, and quickens the pulse beyond its natural speed. The general symptoms are, a loss of appetite; restlessness; ti^e horse ranging from one end of SB' FEVERS. Improper Treatment of Fevers. the rack to the other ; his eyes are red arid in- flamed ; his tongue is parched and dry ; his flanks beat quick ; his breath is hot and offensive; he nibbles his hay, and frequently hangs his head down to the ground ; his pulse beats upwards of iifty times in a minute; the heat of his body ap- pears several degrees greater than usual, though not parched, as in some inflammatory disorders. Fevers are often improperly treated by country farriers, who frequently give one dose upon another, without waiting the eflect of the first ; their medicines, likewise, consisting of sim- ple articles, which have no power to check the progress of the disease. The internal inflamma- tory fevers generally take their seat at the sto- mach, from a cold, or a large distention of the stomach, by a load of indigested food; caus-ing the inflammation to extend into various parts of the body; this obstructs the perspiration, and, if not removed by some powerful medicine, will presently end in a gangrene, or mortification. FEVERS. »^ Symptoms of an inflammatory Fever. The symptoms of a violent inflammatory fever are similar to those of the staggers, and almost lequire the same treatment. Sometimes the af- fected horse appears quite senseless and stupified ; stales and dungs insensibly ; ranges about in the stable, and is subject to bruise himself (especially his head) against the walls; his flanks beat; his ears and legs are hot and cold by turns; his body i&f.often in great heat, and sometimes emits cold sweats. :U Different authors make mention of a great va- riety of diflferent kinds of fevers, but they may, in general, be included under the tWo following heads : idiopathic, and symptomatic. The former is from a primary affection, and the latter from a local affection of some particular organ, as the stomach, intestines, or the lungs : whenever an inflammation appears on any df these important organs, it soon produces this kind of fever. As soon as a horse is attacked with a 90 TEVERS. Recipes — Fever Ball aiMi Purgative Drink. fever, bleed him plentifully, to the quantity of tliree or four quarts, and in the space of two hours after give him the following ball and purgative. (RECIPE, No. 56.) Fet)€r Ball, Take — Antimonial powder, tartarised antimony, and camphor, of each one drachm ; Nitre, and Castile soap, of each two drachms ; Barbadoes aloes, two drachms : Mix, and beat them into a ball with syrup of buckthorn. Let this ball be given to the horse about two hours after bleeding, and in six hours after giving him the ball, let him have the following purgative drink. (RECIPE, No. 57.) Take-— Glauber salts, two ounces ; Nitre, half an ounce ; Coarse sugar, two table-spoons full : FEVERS. 91 Treatment of a Fever. Dissolve them in a quart of gruel ; then add. Six ounces of castor oil : Mix, and give it while new-aailk warm. After the first ball is given, the aloes may be left out, and then the ball and drink may be given once a day (one in the morning, the other in the evening), until a proper passage be obtained. It will be proper to assist the medicines in their ope- ration by back-raking, and administering the clys- ter (No. 13, p. 25). By these means the medi- cines may be expected to purge in the course of twelve, sixteen, or twenty hours. If, at the end of that time, the fever still continue to increase, it will be proper to take a little more blood from him, and then to have recourse to the following fever powders. (RECIPE, No. 58.) A powerful Mixture for Fevers, Take — Emetic tartar, one ounce ; Calcined awtimony, two ounces ; 9Sf' FEVERS. Salutary Powders for a Fever. Calcined hartshorn, one ounce t mix, and grind them in a mortar to a fine powder; Then put them in a bottle for use : two drachms of these powders are a proper dose for a horse. A dose of this powder may be given twice or three times a day in a pint of warm gruel, or be made into a ball with conserve of roses. If the fever be violent, and the horse in a raging state, half an ounce of tincture of opium may be added to each dose of powders. The above powders are excellent for the stag- gers, convulsions, and all kinds of inflammatory fevers ; but, whenever these symptoms appear, a more powerful medicine than the ball (No. 53, p. 84) can hardly be found in the whole materia mC" dica. We would therefore advise it to be given in diseases that assume this state. It is supposed that the above powders, as well as the antimonial powder, are equal to those which are held in such FEVERS. 93 Symploms of Recovery. high repute in the world, under the name of James's powders. As the disease begins to abate the horse will re- cover his senses, and look more brisk with his eyes ; his appearance will be more lively ; his ap- petite will return ; and he will now begin to eat his meat as formerly. In this case his medicines may be omitted, and the following mild and astringent drink may be administered. (RECIPE, No. 59.) Take— Peruvian bark, in powder, one ounce; Gentian root, in powder, half an ounce ; Nitre, one ounce ; Spirit of vitriol, half a drachm : To be given in a quart of warm ale. This drink will strengthen and brace the sto- mach and intestines, promote his appetite, and is likewise excellent in all disorders attended with a slight fever, or when the stomach and bowels are 54 EXTERNAL INFLAMMATIONS. Where Mortification may ensue. weakened and relaxed by some long-continued disease. It may be given every morning, or every other morning, fasting, for three or four times, or longer, if necessary. CHAP. XVII. EXTERNAL INFLAMMATIONS. All wounds and bruises of every description are attended with a degree of inflammation, which varies according to the severity thereof. Such as may be brought to a good digestion, or suppura- tioriy require no internal application ; but if the wound will not be brought to suppurate, a gan- grene, or a mortification, may be expected, unless it be timely prevented by the application of some RRUIS£S. 95 Recipes — To prevent Mortifications. powerful medicine. In which case let the fol- lowing be given to the horse two or three times a day, in a pint of sage tea, viz. Peruvian bark, one ounce ; Nitre, half an ounce. See further on this subject the following chap- ters on wounds and bruises. CHAP. XVIIL OF BRUISES. Bruises occur almost daily, where many horses are kept. Such as are of a recent stand- ing, and are not considerable, seldom require more than a few applications of the following astringent oils. But those bruises which are 96 I5RU1SES. Treatment of Bruises. more considerable, where a number of small blood-vessels are ruptured, and their contents are effused into the cellular membrane ( which soon becomes filled, and distended), require a different application. Bruises of everi/ description are attended with an inflammation, but in the latter case more con- siderable. When a horse has been severely bruised, it will be proper to take two or three quarts of blood from him, which will help to check the inflammation. Bruises of the ^rst de- scription may be rubbed with the following as- tringent and healing oils. (RECIPE, No. 60.) Take — Verjuice, or strong vinegar, four ounces ; Spirit of turpentine, tincture of myrrh, of each one ounce ; Goulard's extract, one ounce and a half; Oil of origanum, half an ounce : Mix them all together in a bottle for use. BRUISES. t^7 Recipe-^Cooliog Lotion. These oils may be rubbed oh the parts affected twice a day at the first, for several days together; after which, oiice k day will be sufficient, as soon as the inflammation begini^ to subside : or the fol- lowing repellant application may be administered. ~ XRECIPE) No. 61.) yAKE-r-Cotppound soap liniment, four ounces ; Water of pure ammonia j spirit of turpentine^ and tincture of opium, of each one ounces Mix them ia a bottle for use. >[i'> ■ '. iluu i'lijv; 0(j . Or, the following l/'Jv. . (RECIPE, No. 62.) Take — Camphorated spirit of wine^ six ourtces ; Tincture of Opni in ;' wafer^ of acetated li* tharge (poulard) ; of each two ounces : Mix, and put them iQ a phial for use. :■■■ / htiii l'. . i ^iooi Either of these two last preparations will be found excellent for bruises occasioned by the sad-» 98 BRUISES. Recipe — To remove stiffness, soreness, &c. die. Gentlemen keeping a number of horses for hunting, or the road, cannot do better than have a bottle ready filled for use. In the latter case, -when the bruised part becomes large, and ap^ proaches towards suppuration, the following mixed oils will answer the intention much better. (RECIPE, No. 63.) Take — Linseed oil, spirit of turpentine, water of pure ammonia, oil of olives, of each two ounces ; Mix for use. Let the parts be well rubbed with these oils twke a day ; if necessary, they may be fomented with the recipe (No. 40, p. 63); and if the horse appears heavy, dull, stiff, and sore, and his appe- tite fails, give him the following drink. (RECIPE, No. 64.) A Stomachic Drink. Take — Peruvian bark, and nitre, of each one ounce ; Gentian root, in powder; and mithridate; of each half an ounce: to be given in a pintof warm ale. STRANGLES AND VIVES. 99 Symptoms of Ibe Strangles. This drink may be repeated every morning, or every other morning, fasting, until his appetite is recovered, and the soreness and stiffness is re- moved. Warm water and mashes should also be given twice a day, while he is taking the drink. CHAP. XIX, OF THE STRANGLES AND VIVES. The strangles is a disease to which most young horses are subject, at one time or other. It ge- nerally begins with an inflammatory swelling be- twixt the jaw-bone, which extends to the muscles of the tongue, and causes great heat, pain, and difficulty of swallowing. The internal symptoms are, a feverish heat throughout the body, a painful cough, a great h2 i(JO STRAI^GLES AND VlVliS; *> Symptoms of tBfe ^rangfb*. thirst, attended with extreme difficulty to drink; some horses entirely lose their appetite, and others feat very sparingly. The inflammation, or swell* Jn'g, generally appears on the inside of the jaw- bone, sometimes in the middle, betwixt the jaws, under the tongue-roots, the upper part of the throat, called the larynx, or the head of the wind- pipe, or gullet. When this last part is affected, he breathes quick, and holds out his nose and head constantly in the same position, his eyes ap- pearing as though they were fixed in his head. This disorder sometimes discharges itself at the nose, which is often very troublesome to cure. In this case it is called a bastard strangles ; and without prbper care and management it may turn to the glanders. The best remedy is, to use every endeavour to assist nature, by keeping the horse in a warm stable, and well covered with a rug. Warm wa- ter, and hot mashes, should be given two or three times a day ; not omitting to bed him well down, STRANGLES AND VlVES. 10 i Treatment of the Straoffles. and to hand-rttb his legs frequently in the course of the day. Bleeding must never be permitted in this disease, as it would tend to check the progress of the tumified glands in their process towards suppuration, and consequently cause the animal to recover very slowly. If they have been attacked in the winter season, they seldom come about until they have been some time at grass, in the spring of the year. ^ It will be proper to give the horse every third day the drink (No. 59- p. 93) ; and, on the inter- vening days, a cordial ball. Three or four of the drinks should be given, and more if required; but the balls may be continued for some time, as they will not only very much strengthen his stomach, but increase his appetite, and abate the feverish beat internally, as well as assist in bringing the swelling to a suppuration in a short time. The swelling under the jaws must be well rubbed once or twice a day with the following liniment ; and afterwards a poultice must be applied over the 102 STRANGLES AND VIVES. Recipes — Softening Liniment, and a Poultice for Swellings. swelled part, and his head and neck covered with a warm hood, or flannel. (RECIPE, No. 65.) Softening Liniment, Take — Elder-ointment, and marsh mallows ointment, of each four ounces ; Water of pure ammonia (formerly known by the name of spirit of sal ammoniac), and spirit of turpentine, of each two ounces ; Strong camphorated spirit of wine, four ounces : Mix them well together in a marble mortar ' for use. (RECIPE, No. 66.) A Poultice jor Swellings, Take — Ale dregs, one quart ; Fenugreek seeds, and linseed, in powder, of each four ounces ; Boil them together, and if too thin, add rye flour sufficient to bring it to a proper con- sistency ; then add two ounces of hog's STRANGLES AND VIVES. 10^. Treatment of the Strangles. lard, or two ounces of the above liniment, to prevent it from becoming stiff and dry after it is applied on the part affected. After the tumefied parts of the glands, between the jaws, and on the throat, have been well rub- bed with the above liniment, or with the mixed oils (No. 63, p. 98,) if thought more proper, ap- ply the poultice over the part as hot as the horse can bear it. The matter is, in general, formed in the course of five or six days, and if not let out vrith a lancet, or some other instrument, it will force its way through the skin : in this case, the orifice is seldom sufiicient of itself, but may be farther enlarged with a lancet ; and afterwards Pressed with the following digestive ointment. (RECIPE, No. 67.) Take — Bees wax, and common turpentine, of each four ounces ; Black pilch, two ounces ; Rosin, six ounces ; 104' STRANGLES AND VIVES. ]VJo€le «)f keepinj^ a V\ ound 4>pen. Linseed oil, one pint ; Melt (hmi all togclher over a slow fire ; then take Ibcm froni the fire, and add, Spirit of turpentine, four ounces ; Verdigrease, in fine powder, two ounces: Put them in a pot, and stir until cold. When this ointment is used, a small quantity phould be melted in an iron ladle, and the wound dressed with a small tent of tow dipped in it, once fi day. If the wound appears to heal too fast, it may be kept open by dressing it with a skewer dipt in butter of antimony for a few times : this will keep the wound sufficiently open till the tu- mour is discharged. If any lumps, or hard ker- nels, still remain under the jaws, they may be ,dressed with the ointment of nitrate of quicksilver (No. 32, p. 52), once a day for eight or ten days, which will, in general, remove them in that time ; if not, it will be proper to blister the part for threp mornings together with the blistering ointment JNp. 113, infra), DISEASES OF THE EYES, 105 Cau.sa«^f Disrasr^s in ih- Eves. CHAP. XX. DISEASES OF THE EYES. Diseases of the eye require to be treated by men of skill and attention : some of them proceed from external injuries affecting the globe of the eye; while others arise from internal accidents affecting the humours within the globe, as from plethora, or redundancy of blood in the body. In all recent disorders from external injuries, such as blows, bruises, hurts, &c. and the eyelid attended with swelling and inflammation, the eye must first be washed with a little of the following eye-water. (RECIPE, No. 68.) Take — Camphor, two drachras, dissolved in two ounces of rectified spirit of wine ; Goulard's extract, one ounce ; Rose water, one quart : Shake all together in a bottle for use. 106 DISEASES OF THE EYES. Method of applying the Eye-water, &c. Let the eye and the eyelids be well bathed three or four times a day, with a clean linen rag dipped in the eye-water : the eye may be opened with the finger and thumb, and a fine rag dipped in the eye-water, and drawn over the eye, leaving a few drops upon it; or, if the mouth of the bottle be smooth, it may be put betwixt the eyelids, then draw the bottle towards you, leaving some of the eye- water upon the eye as before. If it be much swelled and inflamed, let the part (after it has been well rubbed with the eye-water, and become dry) be well anointed with— spermaceti ointment, four ounces ; camphor, two drachms ; to be well united by rubbing them together in a marble mortar. This ointment may be rubbed on the part affected twice a day, and afterwards one of the following poultices applied over it. (RECIPE, No. 69.) Take— Vinegar, or verjuice, one quart; boil it up with a sufficient quantity of rye flour, to the consistence of an electuary ; then add DISEASES OF THE EYES. 107 Recipe — A Poultice for the Eyes, and Method of Application. two ounces of elder ointment ; stir all to- gether, and apply it new-milk warm. Or, if the following poultice be applied to the inflamed eye, it will be found more gentle, and I have no doubt will suit much better than the above. (RECIPE, No. 70.) Take — White bread crirrabs, and old milk : boil them together into a proper consistency lor a poultice : then add of the above campho- rated spermaceti ointment, two ounces. Mix, and apply it on the part affected new- milk warm. Either of these poultices must be spread on thin leather, or strong linen cloth, and laid on the part affected. If the symptoms do not abate in three or four days time, recourse must be had to bleeding and purging. In every stage of this dis- order the horse must have warm water and lOS DISEASES OF THE EYES. Recipe — Mixture for Wounds about the Eye. mashes. All wounds on the eyelids must be care- fully examined with a suitable probe, or with a quill made smooth at the end, and afterwards dressed with the following mixture. (RECIPE, No. 71.) Take — Compound tincture of benzoin, two ounces; Honey of roses, one ounce ; Nitrous acid, from twenty to thirty drops : ^i^ them in a bottle for use. This will be found very excellent for wounds about so tender a part as the eye. The wound must be dressed with a tent of fine tow, or lint, dipt in the mixture, and introduced into the wound; and, if swelled, the poultice (No. 70, p. 107) must be applied over th^ part; or, in its stead, an equal quaatity of elder and marshmallow ointments, mixed together, and rubbed on the part affected. If a film^ or slough, remain in the eye after the above treatment, it may be removed by the appli- cation of the following powders. DISEASES OF THE EYES. 109 Method of removing a Film in the Eje. (RECIPE, No. 72.) Take — Sal araraoniao, two drachqas ; Tutty, prepared, and lump sugar, of each one drachm ; X Powder each article separately, then mix them together, and put them in a bottle for use. A small qnantity of this powder may be blown into the eyci once or twjce a day. If this produce not the desired effect, take an equal quantity of burnt alum, and glass, in fine powder, and make them into a stiff paste with hone}^, and apply the size of a pea under the eyelid, once a day, until the speck, or filrp, be removed ; afterwards bath^e the eye twice a day with the eye- water (No. 68, p. 105) until its strength is recovered. 110 MOON ETES, Symptoms of Moon Eyes. CHAP. XXI. MOON EYES. This disease makes its appearance when the horse is about five or six years old, or at the time when he comes to a state of maturity, or full growth, and returns periodically. It first makes its appearance with a dim cloud over the eye, the eyelids are much swollen and inflamed, and in ge- neral shut; a sharp, corrosive, and watery hu- mour constantly running from it, which scalds the cheek, and takes off the hair as far as it goes ; the haw nearly covers one-half of the surface of the eye. A cataract is an obstruction of the pupil, or the interposition of some opaque substance, either diminishing, or totally extinguishing the sight. As this disease of the eye is, for the most part, the vc- MOON EYES. Ill Treatment of a Cataract in the fiye. mains of the former, the cure in both cases is nearly the same. The horse must first be bled, his eyes should then be bathed three or four times a day with the eye-water (No. 68, p. 105), and mashes of scalded bran be given twice a day for two or three days : then give him the following ball. (RECIPE, No. 73.) Take — Tartarised antimony (emetic tartar), one drachm ; White antimonial powder, one drachm ; Calomel, half a drachm ; Castile soap, two drachms : Make them into a ball, and give it to the horse at night, and the following purge next morning. (RECIPE, No. 74.) Take — Barbadoes aloes, six or seven drachms ; Castile soap, two drachms ; 112 MOON- EYES. Treatment of a Cataract iii the Eye. Gingpr, in powder, half an ounce; Oil ofjunipcr, onedracbm; Nitre, two drachms : Make them into a ball with sjrup of buck- thorn. Tills ball must be given in the morning fasting; in two hours after, give him a mash, and warm water; and treat in the same manner as in page 10, for physic. It will be proper to repeat the physic every five or six days for two or three times. Roxvelirig is proper in this disease, except in those ca^es where the eyes appear sunk and pe- rishing, in which it might do more harm than good. If the symptoms continue violent, and the part much inflamed, after taking the aforesaid phy- sic, it will be proper to give one of the purifying balls (No. 28, p. 49) evisry other morning for a fortnight or more; or, if it appear to be more proper, the following ball. MOON EYES. 113 Recipes — Cooling and Fever Balls. (RECIPE, No. 750 Cooling and Opening Balls. Take — Nitre, two ounces ; Lenitive electuary, two ounces ; Make them of a proper consistency for balls, and divide thera into two, one to be given , at night, and the other in the morning, or they may be dissolved, and given in a pint of warm gruel. This ball, or drink, may be given every day, or every other day, for a week or a fortnight, as may be thought most proper. If, after the above treatment, the horse seems to recover but slowly, and the eye still appears to be inflamed, the fol- lowing ball will be proper to give. (RECIPE, No. 76.) Compound Diuretic and Fever Balls, Take — ^Nitre, four ounces ; Venice turpentine, two ounces ; I 114 MOOX EYES. Method for extracting the Haw. Castile soap, one ounce ; Emetic tartar, two drachnns ; Liquorice powder, sufficient to make tbem into balls, two ounces each. One of these balls may be given every other day for some time ; and by a steady perseverance in the application of the aforesaid medicines a cure may soon be expected. The haxv is a horny substance, which grows in the inner corner of the eye, and is, for the most part, necessary to be taken out in this disease. The operation is performed in the following manner. The horse's head must be well confined, and his nose tzvitched, with a contrivance made for the purpose : this being done, take half-a-crown, and pass the edge of it betwixt the eye and the hdsv ; then take a crooked needle, threaded with silk, and pass it through the haw against the half-crown (by this means the eye will be out of all danger) ; and by drawing the silk a little towards you, it pulls it from the eye ; then with a good pair of scissars 3PLEURISY, See, 115 Recipe — Tincture for the Eye. let it he clipped oft' close to the eye, and after- M'ards dress it with the following (RECIPE, No. 77.) Compound Tincture for the Eye, Take — Tincture of benzoin, one ounce ; Honey of roses, half an ounce ; Tincture of myrrh, half an ounce ; Mix in a bottle for use. CHAP. XXII. PLEURISY, AND INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. Whether the inflammation takes its rise from the pleura, or the external coat of the lungs, is a iSI 116 PLEURISY, &C, Causes of the Pleurisy. matter of no great concern, as the disorders arc similar. It appears most probable that the in- flammation arises in the pleura, and spreads from thence to the lungs. The cause of this disorder appears to be from cold, or whatever checks perspiration ; a sudden and great distention of the pleura in respiration ; drinking cold water after being heated by violent exercise ; low, or high feeding ; a want of exercise and bleeding; when the body is full of blood and humours, riding a horse deep in cold water ; when he is covered with perspiration, or, while in this state, by letting him stand long in the cold. The pleurisy, and most other inflammatory disorders, frequently arise from the perspiration being sud- denly stopped when overheated. The symptoms of a pleurisy, and the inflame mation of the lungs, are much the same, except- ing that, in the former, the horse shews great restle;5Sness ^ heaves and works violently with his PLEURISY, &C. 117 Symptoms of the Pleurisy. flanks ; and, for the most part, his belly is tucked up. In other respects the pleurisy and inflam- mation of the lungs are similar. The fever at first appears moderate, but afterwards gradually increases to an alarming height. In the begin- ning of this disease he often strives to lie down, but starts up again immediately, and frequently turns his head to the side affected ; his ears and feet are sometimes hot, and at other times cold ; the heat increases proportionably to the fever ; and his mouth is parched and dry. At first, when a horse is seized with this dis- ease, it has been frequently mistaken for the gripes ; but the difference between these two dis- orders is considerable ; for when a horse is taken with the gripes, he lies down and rolls about ; his eyes are turned up, and his limbs stretched out like one that is dying with convulsions ; cold and clammy sweats suddenly appear, which generally continue until some relief be obtained. 118 PLEURISY, Sec. Symptoms of Inflammations of the Lungs. In inflammations of the lungs, several of the symptoms are nearly the same; except in the fol- lowing cases, when he appears more heavy and dull, scarcely ever attempting to lie down during the time of his sickness, or until he falls suddenly down, and dies. This is frequently the case in diseases of this kind. His fever is strong, at^ tended with a difficulty in breathing, and a short cough ; when his mouth is open, a great deal of ropy slime will run from it ; and he gleets at the nose a yellow or reddish matter, which sticks to the inside of his nostrils, like glue. The beating of his flanks, however, is not so violent, neither is his belly tucked up so much as in the pleurisy. By partial bleeding, this disease may sometimes be checked, and terminate in a plentiful eflfusion of water in the chest. At other times the inflam- mation terminates in a suppuration. In cases of this kind the horse returns to his food and his former appetite. The cure of the two diseases must be included under one head. PLEURISY, &C. 119 Recipe — Fever Ball. In the first place, if the horse be strong, let him be bled to the quantity of three or four quarts, or more, if he is able to bear it ; but if he be lean and emaciated, a smaller quantity must be taken ; secondly, it will be necessary to unload the intes- tines with the following medicines. (RECIPE, No. 78.) Fexer Ball, Take — White antiraonial powder, two drachms; Prepared kali, half an ounce ; Castile soap, two drachms ; Aromatic confection, half an ounce: Beat them into a, ball. This ball must be given to the horse as »oon as it can be prepared, after he has been bled ; about six hours after, give him the purging drink (No. 57, p. 90), and repeat it every night and morning until a passage is obtained, or the bowels are suf- ficiently opened. If the symptoms do not disa p- pear when the purgative medicines begin to ope- 120 PLEURISY, &C. Recipe — Fever Drink. rate, it will be necessay to take a little more blood from him, and continue to give him the above ball once or twice a day, as long as the in- flammation continues. As soon as the horse be- gins to eat his corn and hay, and put on a more cheerful countenp,nce, let him have the following drink. (RECIPE, No. 79.) Take — Peruvian bark, one ounce ; Nitre, half an ounce ; Ginger, fresh powdered, half an ounce: Mix, and give it in a pint of rue tea. This drink may be given every other day for three or four times, or longer, if necessary; and the cure may be finished by giving him balls (No. 24, p. 42) every other, or every third day. The purgative drink may be assisted by administering the following clyster. PLEURISY, &C. 121 Recipe — A Clyster. (IIECIPE, No. 80.) Take — Fenugreek, four ounces ; Boil it in three pints of water, then strain the liquor, and add treacle, four ounces ; Nitre, one ounce ; Glauber's salts, four ounces ; Linseed oil, half a pint : Mix, and administer new-milk warm. Before the clyster is applied, a small hand must be put up the rectum, in order to bring away the hardened dung, otherwise it might impede the clyster. It may be repeated once a day till the physic operates. The pleurisy and peripneumo- ny, properly speaking, are an inflammatory fever, arising from the stagnation of blood in the bron- chia of the lungs ; and unless speedy relief be ob- tained, death will be the consequence. Different authors recommend rowelling in the above dis- eases ; but as it in general takes from three to four days to bring them to a proper discharge, the consequence may in that time either prove fatal, Ii22 PLEURISY, &C. Treatment during this Disease. or relief may be obtained. When improperly treated, this disease produces another, formerly called chest -founder^ but which may be more pro- perly called the founder in the feet. When the fever leaves the body, and drops down into the feet, it is attended with considerable pain and in- flammation, that soon terminates in the founder in the feet, the treatment of which is discussed in a subsequent chapter. Throughout this disease the diet must be warm water and mashes, twice a day, with regular exercise as soon as the horse is able to undertake it. BROKEN WIND. 123 Various causes of Broken Wind. CHAP. XXIII. BROXEX WIND. Broken wind, in oreneral, seems to be but little understood by farriers and others. Mr. Gibson says, that hasty feeding a horse for sale causes the lungs and heart to grow, and all the contents within the chest to increase so uiuch in a few years, as to be nearly twice. their natural size. This, however, never can be owing to hasty feed- ing, but more properly to the parts being over- stretched to prevent suffocation. It is said by Mr. Coleman to be a rupture of the air-cells of the lungs, which (I have no doubt) has been the case in many instances, and has been brought on by a termination on them from violent exercise on a full stomach. A horse may distend his nostrils, and work in. his flanks to the greatest degree, when put to a little harder labour than common, 124 BROKEN M'lNP. Source of Broken Wind. but in all respects appear quite healthful, and can eat his meat as well as those horses that have no such disorder upon them. When, therefore, the diaphragm, heart, lungs, &c. all appear sound, and free from any ulceration whatsoever, it will be proper to inspect further into this disorder, in»order to find out its true source. Its seat has appeared to the author of this work to be in that passage of the head between the nostrils and the windpipe, but in general very near the windpipe; or otherwise a broken-winded horse would not be so liable to make such a whistling noise with the air through his nostrils : hence it is common when a person suspects a horse to be broken-winded, that he pinches him with his fin- gers and thumb on the part affected ; and if his wind be affected, he in general coughs immediately. If a horse afflicted with this complaint be kept in the stable on dry meat, with little or no exercise, and then watered, and afterwards rode three or four miles, he will discharge a large quantity of matter from his nostrils ; or if he be turned out to BROKEN WINP. 125 Strict Regimen to be observed. grass for two or three days it will produce the same effect. If, therefore, the horse's lungs and windpipe both are sound, whence comes the mat- ter above-mentioned, but from the passage be- tween the nostrils and windpipe, by some sinews formed in the membrane which lines the passage of the nostrils ; or from an inflammation of the mucus glands, by which the membrane becomes §w<5lled and thickened, so that it seems almost im- possible for a horse to draw his breath ? It is evi- dent that every horse afflicted with this complaint does not present exactly the same appearance, be- cause the seat of the complaint varies according to circumstances. In order to cure this disease, different authors have pointed out different means, but the point has never yet been attained. A strict attention to his diet and management is indispensably re- quired for horses in this situation; the animal must be kept up in the stable, and fed with the best hay, and a couple of mashes of scalded bran 126 iBHOKEN \riND. Recipe — Cephalic Powders. and oats every day. It will be proper for him to eat his food out of a crib upon the ground, in order that the matter may discharge from those parts with more facility. Let his exercise be sharp for upwards of two miles, then walk him gently for some time, afterwards give him some water, and walk him about for fifteen or twenty minutes after, then give him a little brisk exercise as before. By this time it may be expected that he will discharge a large quantity of thick matter from his nostrils, which will cause him to breathe more freely, and with greater ease, When taken into the stable, let as much of the following pow- der as will lie on a shilling, be blown up each nos- tril once a day, after his exercise in the morning. (RECIPE, No. 81.) Cephalic Powders, Take — Euphorbium, in powder, one ounce ; Wliite hellebore, in powder, half an ounce; Turbith mineral, two drachms : Hub them together in a marble morlar, and put them in a bottle for use. BROKEN WIND. H' To relieve the Horse's Breathing. •^■- »■-■- Rowelling between the jaws may be of service in the commencement of this complaint, in order to draw the humours from the part affected. But if the hair be clipped off on the upper part of the windpipe, opposite the jaws, and a little between them, the part may be w^ell rubbed with the blis- tering ointment (No. 113 infra), and repeated every other day for three or four times. It will be proper to give a gentle purge or two in this complaint, which will be a means of carry- ing away the film from the affected parts. Let the ball (No. 21, p. 40) be given at night and the purging ball (No. 22, p. 40) the next morning, and treat the horse as there described. This will, in many cases, greatly relieve his breathing. After he has taken two doses of the last mentioned phy- sic, it will be proper to give him a few of the fol- lowing balls. 128 BROKEN WIND. Excellent Balls for thick-winded Horses. (RECIPE, No. 82.) Pectoral Balls* Take — Barbadoes tar, Venice turpentine, and Caslile soap, of each four ounces ; llust of iron, in powder, six ounces ; Prepared kali, two ounces ; Beat tliem well together, then add, Aniseeds, carraway seeds, elecampane, and ginger, all fresh powdered, of each two ounces ; Beat them into a mass for balls, with treacle and liquorice powder. Two ounces of this mess must be rolled into a ball, and one given to the horse every other day. These will be found excellent balls for all thick- winded horses, and may be given for some time. JAUNDICE. 10^9 Symptoms of the Jaundice. CHAP. XXIV. OF THE YELLOWS, Oil JAUNDICE. The signs of the jaundice are, costiveness, a yellow tinge in the white of the eye, and all the internal parts of the mouth ; the horse is heavy, dull, and regardless ©f his food; his urine is of a dark, dirty, saffron colour, and when exposed to the air, sometimes looks red like blood. The dung is hard, dry, and of a pale yellow, or green- ish colour ; the fever is slow, and, unless checked in time, both it and the yellowness will increase, which may bring on an inflammation of the liver. In this case the horse will soon grow frantic ; he stales with pain and difficulty ; the off-side of his belly will feel hard and distended from the swell- ing of the liver. This disease, when of long standing, and in old K 130 JAUNDICE. Recipe — Purging Ball. horses, become very troublesome to cure : but if it be recent, and in young horses, the cure, in general, may speedily be performed, if the following di- rections be pursued. First, let the horse be bled to the quantity of three or four quarts, according to size and strength ; and then give him the fol- lowing purge. (RECIPE, No. 83.) Purging Ball, Take — Barbadoes aloes, from six to eight drachms ^ "White ahtimonial powder, and Castile soap, of each two drachms ; Rhubarb, in powder, and prepared kalij of each half an ounce ; Mix, and beat them into a ball, with a suffi- cient quantity of syrup of buckthorn. The horse should have a couple of mashes the day before this ball is given, by way of prepara- tion ; and the ball should be given fasting the morning following: let him fast for two hours JAUNDICE. 131 Recipe — Drink after Physicing. after, then give him a mash of scalded bran and oats^ ^H'ith warm water, and treat him in the same manner as for other physic. Should the clyster (No. 17, p. 31.) be administered in the space of twelve hours after the purge, it will greatly assist the latter in its operation. It will be proper to repeat this physic in the course of six or eight tlays. After physicing, it will be necessary to give the horse two or three of the following drinks. (RECIPE, No. 84.) TiJLKE — Turmeric, and Madder root, in powder, of each one ounce ; * Saffron, cut sraall^ and gentian root, in pow* der^ of each two drachms ; Castile soap, sliced thin, one ounce ; Salt of tartar, two drachms; Treacle, two table-spoons full : Put them in a pitcher, and pour a quart of boiling ale upon them, and cover it down till new-milk warm. K 2 133 JAUNDICE. Recipe— Restorative Balls. This drink may be given every third day, for three or four times; after which the following balls will be found proper to finish the cure, and restore the animal to his former strength. (RECIPE, No. 85.) Restorati'ce Balls, Take — ^Prepared kali (salt of tartar), two ounces; Kust of iron, in powder, three ounces ; Saffron, cut small, half an ounce ; Castile soap, half a pound ; Turmeric, in powder, four ounces ; Cinnabar of antimony, three ounces ; Peruvian bark, in powder, two ounces ; Honey, sufficient to make them into balls of the size of a pullet's egg, or let each ball weigh two ounces. These balls will be found excellent in carrying off the remains of this disease : one may be given every other day for some time. By a strict at- tention to this method of treatment, the horse will recover fast, which v\ill easily be discerned by ALTERATIVE M5DIClNi:S. 133 When alterative Medicines may be applied. the yellow tint disappearing from his eyes and mouth, and the animal's having a more lively ap- pearance. CHAP. XXV. OF ALTERATIVE MEDICINES. By alterative medicines, we understand such as have no sensible operation, but imperceptibly carry off the humours and diseases, until the con- stitution and health are restored to their pristine state. Medicines of this kind are frequently given to ^horses, after most diseases, as a restora- tive ; but they should not be given until the vio- lence of the symptoms are abated. Alteratives may be divided into different classes, as laxatives, tonics, diuretics, &c. 134 ALTERATIVE MEDICINES. Where Bleeding is necessary, (RECIPE, No. 86.) Alterative Balls. Take — Crocus of antimony, finely levigated ; Castile soap, sliced ; nitre, in powder ; of each two, ounces ; Flour of sulphur, four ounces ; Socotrine aloes, in powder, two ounces; Tartarized antimony (emetic tartar), half an ounce ;. To be beaten into a mass for balls with honey or treacle. Each ball to weigh one ounce and a halfw These balls are calculated for horses of a gross habit of body, particularly such as are inclined to swell or grease at the heels ; and are also proper for such horses as, being full fed, and standing much in the stable, have little or no exercise ; they cool and purify the blood, and render the animal more fit for labour. Bleeding is mostly necessary in all cases of this kind ; it greatly as» sists the operation of the medicines. One ball ALTERATIVE MEDICINES. 135 Kecifie — Alterative Balls, and where necessary. -- ■^■■" ■'* ' may be given every day, or every other day, as may be judged requisite, and continued for some jtime, (RECIPE, No. 87.) Alterative Balls for the Farcy, fAKE — Precipitated sulphur of antimony, gum guaiar cum, and socotrinp aloes, of each one ounce, in fine powder | Nitre, two ounces ; Calomel, and cantharides, in powder, of each two drachms: Mix, and make them into a mass for balls witfi lenitive electuary. Each ball to weigh one ounce and a half. These balls will be found useful in obstinate disorders, where the blood is foul : such as th^ farcy, glanders, scab, or mange, and lameness of the joints, &c. for vyhich one ball may be given, every other morning, for a fortnight or three weeksj together, as may be thought most proper : or the following may be given. IB6 ALTERATIVE MEDICINES. Recipe — Alterative Balls. (RECIPE, No. 88.) Common Alterative Balls. Tare — Nitre, roll sulphur, antimony, of each four ounces, in fine powder ; Ginger, in powder, two ounces ; Liquorice powder, and treacle, sufficient to make them into a mass for balls. A piece, of the size of a pigeon's egg, may be rolled into a ball, and given to the horse every other morning. N. B. In all impurities of the blood, all me- dicines of this class, that are administered as al- teratives, must be continued for a considerable time, before much benefit can be expected from them. MOLTEN-GREASE. 137 Description of the Molten-grease. CHAP. XXVI. OF THE MOLTEN-GREASE. This is a common complaint amongst coach and chaise horses, during the heat in summer, particularly the last ; many instances having oc- curred in which horses have suddenly dropped down dead. This disease is by some modern writers called a dysentery^ or an inflammation of the inner coats of the intestines ; which produces an increased secretion of the mucus, that is fre- quently discharged along with his dung, and gives it that glairy consistence, which is mistaken for the fat of the body. It is, for the most part, oc- casioned by violent exercise, and drinking cold water too soon after it. The symptoms are always attended with a fe- ver, restlessness, starlings, tremblings great sick- 138 MOLTEN-GREASE, Symptoms and Cure of the Molten-Grease. ness, shortness of breath, and other alarming ap- pearances. The dung is generally very greasy, and accompanied with scouring; his blood, wheq cold, will have a thick sizy skin-, resembling fat over it, of a buft' colour; the red, or coagulated part, is commonly of the same greasy and slip- pery nature. The horse soon loses his flesh, and, in case he survives, generally becomes hidebound, with swelled legs, which often continue for a long time ; and, without proper care and treatment, the disease may terminate in the farcy, or glaq- dprs. Cure, — First, bleed to the quantity of two or three quarts, or more, if he has strength sufficient to undergo it; and give the following drink a^ soon as it can be got ready. (RECIPE, No. 89.) Cordial Mixture, Take — Compound tincture of benzoin, compound spi-. rits of ammonia;^ of each one ounce ; MOLTEN-GREASE. 139 Recijje— Cordial Balk Prepared kali, and tincture of opium, of eac!^ half an ounce: Mix them together in a bottle for use. Take this cordial mixture, and one of the fol- lowing cordial balls : first dissolve the ball in a pint of warm ale; then add the mixture in the bottle, and give it to the horse whilst new-milk warni. (RECIPE, No. 90.) Cordial Balls. Take — Extract of liquorice, two ounces ; cut it small, and put it in a gallypot, with three ounces of raisin wine; set it in a warm place to dissolve; then add, Aniseeds, caraway seeds, sweet fennel seeds, grains of paradise, of each four ounces (all the above articles must he fresh powdered); Liquorice powder, half a pound ; Oil of aniseeds, half an ounce ; Beat them into a mess for balls with honey or treacle, and put them in a bladder for use. 140 MOLTEN-GREASE. Recipe— Compound Mercurial Ball. Two aunces, rolled into a ball, is suflficient for one dose. One of these balls, and the above bottle, may be given to the horse two or three times a day. If the horse do not appear to recover after taking three or four of the above mentioned drinks, it will be proper to give him the following ball and purge. (RECIPE, No. 91.) Compound Mercurial Ball, Take — Calomel, one drachm ; prepared ammonia, two drachms ; Castile soap, two drachms : beat them into a ball, and give it to the horse as soon as possible. In two hours after give the following purging drink. MOLTEN-GREASE. 141 Recipe— Purging Drink and Clyster. (RECIPE, No. 92.) Purging Drink, Take — Castor oil, one pound ; Prepared kali, two drachms ; Tincture of opium, half an ounce : Mix the whole in a pint and a half of warm gruel, and give it new-milk warm. The calomel may be increased to two drachms, if the horse be strong. Should this ball and drink not have the desired effect, in the course of twelve hours, it may be greatly assisted by ad- ministering the following emollient clyster, which will bring away the morbid contents of the in- testines, (RECIPE, No. 93.) Cluster. Take — Linseed, marshmallow roots, of each four ounces ; White poppy headsjbruised, twelve in number; Camomile fluwjrs, two ounces : 143 MOLTEN'-GREASKi Where a Purge is necessary. Boil these ingredients in three quarts of water till reduced to two; then strain it off, and add four ounces of tr&icle, and half a pint bf common sweet oil. This clyster must be administered in the same tvay as (No. ^, p. 19), and may be repeated twice a day if required. By the application of these medicines the stomach and intestines will be tho- roughly cleansed from that slimy and greasy mat- ter, as well as the coagulated blood, which is apt to run into lumps, and occasion a total stagna- tion. If tbe fever should continue after the above medicines are given, recourse must be had to the same treatment as for fevers (see chap. VI. pages S7 and fol. ante). When the horse is sufficiently recovered, and his appetite begins to be pretty good, it will be proper to give him a gentle aloetic purge or two, such as (No. % p. 11, or No. 4, p. 14), allowing a sufficient time betwixt each dose. Throughout MOLTEN-GREASE. 143 Where the Drinks or Cordial Balls may be necessary. this complaint the horse should have warm water and mashes. By strict attention to these rules the swelling upon his legs will soon subside, and nature return to her former state again. Should, however, the horse be poor, or lean of flesh, and inclining to be hidebound, or surfeited, it will be proper to give him two or three of the drinks (No. 44, p. 70); or, if thought more proper, one of the cordial balls (No. 90, p. 139) may be given every morning after he returns from exercise. The observations here laid down will enable every person of ability to manage the disease through every stage. 144 DISEASES IN THE KIDNEYS, Symptoms of Diseases la the Kidneys. CHAP. XXVIL DISEASES, HURTS, AND STRAINS, IN THE KIDNEYS. Diseases, and other accidents, frequently happen to horses in this part of the body. From the great quantity of blood that pass through the kidneys, we are led to believe them organs of the greatest importance, and very essential to life. The kidneys of a horse may be injured in various ways; either by overloading, drawing, or hard riding; and also by a fever.. The symptoms are, inflammation in the part affected ; weakness of the back and loins ; faint- ness; loss of appetite ; deadness in the eyes; the urine he makes is in small quantities ; and, as the inflammation increases, it becomes bloody, and more difficult to make, until it is totally sup- DISEASES IN THE KIDNEYS. 145 Treatineat oa Discovery of the Disease. ■ ' _„!__. presided. The pulse at first is hard and frequept, and as the inflammation increases, it becomes smaller and mpre oppressed. As soon as the disease or complaint is first discovered, take from three to four quarts of blood from him, and in about two hours ^fter give the following drink, (RECIPE, No. 94.) Take — Mithridate, or Venice treacle, one ounce ; The best dragon's blood, in powder, one ounce ; Oil of amber, one ounce : Wheaten flour, half an ounce : or sufficient to make the whole into an electuary : Then take three pints of milk, and half an ,ounce of isinglass ; boil them together till dissolved ; and when n( w-milk warm, mix the electuary, and give it to the horse. This drink may be repeated every morning, or every other morning : but if the fever and inflam- mation contitiue to increase, and his urine ap- L 146 DISEASES IN THE KIDNEYS. Where a Clyster is necessary. pears high col^oured, or bloody, and comes from him in small quantities, attended with difficulty. It will in such case be proper to take one or two quarts of blood from him every day, or every other day, and likewise to give him the purging drink (No. 99r, p. 141.) and thfe clyster (No. 93, p. 141). This will greatly assist the operation of the drink, and likewise act as a fomentation on the diseased parts. It will be proper to repeat the clyster twice a day in cases that are despe- rate. And as soon as the body has been suffi- ciently opened, let him have the following ball. (RECIPE, No. 95.) Compound Fever Ball. Take — White antimonial powder, prepared kali, and Castile soap, of each two drachms; Opium, half a drachm ; Balsam of capivi, half an ounce ; Liquorice powder, sufficient to make them into a ball. One to be given every night and morn in sr. DISEASES IN THE KIDNEYS. 147 Directions for Fomenting;. This ball must be continued twice a day until the symptoms begin to abate; afterwards once a day will be sufficient. Let him be fomented across the loins twice a day with hot flannels wrung out of the fomentation (No. 40, p 63), and let the part be well rubbed with the following liniment ' (RECIPE, No. 96,) Take — Linseed oil, two ounces ; Spirit of hartshorn, two ounces ; Tincture of opium, and spirit of turpentine, of each one ounce ; ' Oil of elder, two ounces : Put them in a bottle, and shake them well to- gether for use. * ■ f This liniment must be well rubbed on the part affected either before or after it is fomented, and the part should be kept warm with a proper rug. If, after the pain and inflammation ceases, there still remains a weakness in the parts, it will be l2 148 DISEASES IN THE KIDNEYS. Causes and Symptoms of a Strangury. proper to apply the following charge all over his loins. (RECIPE, No. 97.) Strengthening Charge, Take — Burgundy pitch, and black pitch, of each four ounces ; Oxycroccum plaister, and strengthening plais* ter, of each two ounces : Melt them in an iron ladle over a slow fire. This charge must be spread all over the loins, when new-milk warm, and immediately covered «ver with short wool ; if the season will permit, the horse may be put to grass. The strangury may proceed either from an inflammation of the kidneys, or from a stone in the neck of the bladder : when from the former there is a preternatural heat in the loins, attended with a fever; but if from the latter^ the inflam- mation about the neck of the bladder may easily DISEASES IN THE KIDNEYS. 149 Recipe — To remove Obstructions ia the urinary Passage. be perceived by placing the hand between the anus and the scrotum ; the heat will be found to be great^ and tlie urine is generally mixed with a mucus pus. Whenever the urine is obstructed by a stone in the kidneys, the bladder will, for the most part, be found empty : but, if it be in the neck of the bladder, or in the urinary passage, his bladder will soon become distended with urine, and his body in a few days will be swelled to a prodigious size; his skin will be covered with blotches, and, unless speedy relief be ob- tained, he will die in a short time. In cases of this kind I have found at different times the fol- lowing stimulating medicine to have a powerful effect in removing obstructions in these parts. First bleed him, and then give as follows, (RECIPE, No. 98.) A Drink to lubricate the urinary Passage, Take — Ointment of marshraallows, two ounces ; Spirit of turpentine, and balsam of capivi, of each half au ounce ; 150 DISEASES IN THE KIDNEYS. ■ '■« • ~~ — ■ ' ' .. Recipe — To remove Obstructions in the urinary Passages. The yolks of two eggs 3 Incorporate them, together in a marble mor- tar, or ill a large bason, with a spoon, until imited. Then mix, by a little at a time, a pint of warm gruel, and give it to the horse. If the pain be considerable, add half an punce of tincture of opium. It will be proper to repeat this drink twice a day until the obstructions in the urinary passages are removed, and a free discharge of urine is pro- pioted. It generally mitigates the symptoms in ope day's time, though it will be proper to repeat it once a day, or every other day, for three or four times, in order to carry off all remains of the disorder. WORMS. 151 Description of the Bolts. CHAP. XXVIII OF WORMS. Worms, of every description, are common to borses, viz. the botts, teretes, or round worms, and the ascarides, Botts are bred in the stomach, and are fre- quently the cause of convulsions : they appear very large, and much resemble maggots. Those of the stomach are commonly of a redder colour than those which are found in the intestines or the straight gut. Botts, in general, appear in the months of May, June, or July, and are very much like large maggots, or grubs, composed of . circular rings, with sharp prickly feet along the sides of their bellies, which appear to be of use to fasten them to the part wliere they are bred. From the muscular coat of the stomacli they suck 152 WORMS, Descriptiou of the Tereies. their nourishment; and by their ulcerating the parts very often destroy the horse. The symp- toms indicating botts in horses are few : they are first discovered in the dung, and are frequently seen sticking to the straight gut, near the funda- ment, from whence they are often forced off with the dung. The animal generally looks lean, and his hair stares like that of a surfeited horse. He frequently strikes his hind feet against his belly, and, in many respects, appears like one that is griped. I have known horses at the latter end of a dry summer (when the ponds, or springs, have been very low, and the waters become muddy, by reason of cattle standing in them, and filled with swarms of insects), to be much infected with botts in the stomach ; which is the chief cause why so many hundreds of them die in the low, fenny, and marshy counties. The teretes, or round worms, resemble the common earth worm in appearance : they are usually while, about eight or ten inches long, and WORMS. 153 Recipe — Mercurial Ball for destroying Worms. - '"" ■ ' . • . ■- ... " ...■-. ■ :-: . ''-:■ '"" , , ■■,_'..■ =zsz. are generally found in the small intestine^. They are not so common as the botts, but are often more dangerous, and frequently are the cause of the colic and inflammation of the bowels. Ascaindes are found in the large intestines; they keep a horse poor, but are seldom fatal. Both these kinds of worms are frequently voided with the dung. The treatment in all the three kinds must be similar, and a cure may be effected by a due attention to the application of the fol- lowing medicines. (RECIPE, No. 99.) Mercurial Ball. Take — Calomel, assafoetida, and Castile soap, of each two drachms ; Worm-seed, in powder, half an ounce : Beat them into a ball with syrup of buck- thorn. Or the following. 154 WORMS. Recipe — A Purge for the Worms. '"" ' ■ ..... ""' (UECIPE, No. 100.) Tai^E— Quicksilver, two drachms ; Venice turpentine, balf an ounce ; Oil of savin, two drachms s these should be well incorporated in a marble mortar until the globes of silver disappear. Then add, India pink root, worm seed, and jalap, ir* powder, of each two drachms : Mix, and make them into a ball with honey ^ Either of these balls may be given at night, and half a pint, or a pint, of linseed oil in a little warm gruel ; and the following worm-purge the next morninfj. (RECIPE, No. 101.) A Purge for the Worms. Take — Barbadoes aloes, eight drachms ; Jalap, ginger, Castile soap, and oil of savin, of each two drachms ; Syrup of buckthorn, sufficient to make them into a ball. woiiMs. 155 Method of Cure. This purge is eakulated for a strong horse ; but it may be made weaker, by lessening the quantity of aloes to six or seven drachms, which are, in general, sufficient after a mercurial ball. The horse should have mashes, warm water, and proper exercise, conformably to the rules laid down in Chap. IV. on purging (p. 9). Linseed oil has been thought to have a powerful effect in (destroying botts in the stomach: but if a pint of the strong decoction of wormwood was given to the horse immediately after the purging ball, it will be found to have an excellent effect in dis- lodging them. The above purge, and one of the mercurial balls, may be repeated once a week, for three or four times, which will effectually destroy and carry off all the different kinds of worms in the stomach, bowels, or intestines. After the de- struction of these kinds of vermin, as the horse's appetite and digestion are generally weak and })ad, the foil owing drink must be given, in order JS& WORMS. Recipe — Stomach Drink. to strengthen the stomach, and promote diges- tion. (RECIPE, No. 102.) Stomach Drink. Take— Tincture of rhubarb, tincture of saflfron, and sweet spirit of nitre, of each one ounce ; Gentian root, in powder, one ounce ; Peruvian bark, hiera picra, prepared steel, in powder, of each half an ounce ; Horse-spice, two ounces ; Mix the whole in three pints of ale, and di- vide into three parts, and give one every morning fasting. Two hours after, give him a mash and warm water. The virtues of this drink deserve the highest commendation in restoring those horses which have been much reduced by some long continued disease : as in lowness of spirits ; de- bility, and relaxation of the solids ; a loss of ap- petite; and for such also as are over ridden, DIARRHOEA. 157 Causes and Symptoms of Diarrhoea. mi, i ii —^j— »»i < i III.. . .1 , . , , ■ . , either in the field, or on the road. If the two ounces of horse-spice be omitted, and three cor- dial balls (No. 90, p. 139.) be added, it will make the drink much better. CHAP. XXIX. DIARRHCEA, OR LOOSENESS. Horses are not so liable to this disease za many other animals ; yet persons who are in con- siderable practice frequently meet with cases of this kind. Diarrhoea may proceed either from an increased seci'etion of bile, or from the want of a proper absorption of the fluid part of the faeces. The dung, for the most part, appears in a liquid form ; and on every little exertion he is constantly voiding it in smdll quantities. This K58 DIARllHCEA, Method of Cure. disease often proceeds from cold, hard riding, over-feeding, or from eating unwholesome food ; and sometimes from a morbid change in the se^ cretions of the stomach and intestines. ; It may also be occasioned by a sudden check of perspi- ration, or by taking cold. Horses labouring un- der this disease are frequently attacked with vio- lent griping pains, by which a quantity of mucous substance, resembling jelly, is passed together with his dung. From whatever cause it may pro- ceed from, the foundation of cure must be by purging : the following ball will be suitable. (RECIPE, No. J03.) TAKte — Barbadocs aloes, six drachms ; Rhubarb, in powder, half an ounce; Prepared kali, Castile soap, ginger, and gum myrrh, of each two drachms; Oil of juniper, one drachm : Mix, and heat them into a ball with syrup of buckthorn. DIARRHCEA. 159 Recipe — Cordial Drink. This ball is, in general, of sufficient strength for most horses ; but it may be increased by add- ing one, two, or three drachms more of aloes, as occasion may require. The horse must undergo the same care and management as in other phy- sic* After the physic has ceased to operate, it will be well to give him (No. 102, p. 156,) with the cordial balls, instead of the horse-spice, as there directed, with the addition of one ounce of tincture of opium. If these have not the desired effect in the course of eight or ten days, repeat the physic ; and after it has ceased to operate, give one of the following drinks. (RECIPE, No. 104.) Cordial Drink. Take — ^Aromatic confection, one ounce ; Prepared chalk, half an ounce ; Tincture of rhubarb, and spirit of hartshorn, of each two ounces ; Tincture of opium, half an ounce ; Mix, and give it in a quart of Weirm gruel. * See the directions for purging, page 9 and fol. ISO ©lARRHGtA, ecipe—- Astringent Drink. This drink may be repeated every day, or every other day, as may be required. Or the following (RECIPE, No. 105.) Astringent Drink. Take — Tincture of catechu, one ounce ; Elixir of vitrLpl, two drachms ; Peruvian bark, in powder, and bole armenic, in powder, of each one ounce; Tincture of opium, half an ounce; Mix, and give it in a pint of red wine made warm. This drink may be repeated every other day, for three times. This method of treatment will be found very efficacious to stop purging, and like- wise to strengthen and heal the internal parts. .s'j^RAiNs. ^:6:1 . . J h) Sjinip^pfips of ^M'^ifl'' —^nh'Al STRAINS IN VARIOUS PARTS. nil Strains are accidents thstt frequently happen to horses of every description, arid it is highly necessary that every person concerned with them should be acquainted with their nature and cure. Strains, for the moKStjmrt, proceed from a forcible extension of the muscles, or some of the tendon- ous fibres, and small vessels; and are attended Witti a' degree of inflammation, more or less, ac- cordinf]; to the violence of the complaint. The following, symptoms indicate a horse to be strained in the shoulder. If trotted,, he cannot get his leg forward with the other, but 'forms a circle with it; if it be attempted to run him up-hill, it js with the greatest difficulty that , he cjan move it.^t.^U ; likewise, wteen. he^Unds \v\ tj>e.stabl^ he 162 STRAINS. Recipe — Mixture for the Cure of Strains. seldom favours that foot more than the other ; but if the lameness be in the foot or sinews, he will be constantly attempting to ease it by putting his feet forward. In order to cure this lameness, first bleed him in the plate vein, and then rub his shoulder once or twice a day with the following mixture. (RECIPE, No. 106.) Compound Mixture, Tare — Spirit of turpentine, and camphorated spirit of wine, of each two ounces; Oil of amber, one ounce; Oil of origanum, one ounce ; Neatsfoot oil, four ounces : Mix, and shake them well together in a bottle for use. These oils, though powerful and strong, are well calculated to remove pain and inflammation, STRAINS. 163 Recipe — Bracing Mixture for Strains. which is generally effected in the course of a few days: after which, the following bracing mixture must be rubbed on the part once a day. (RECIPE, No. 107.) Bracing Mixture for Strains, Take — Wine viaegar, four ounces; Water of pure ammonia, two ounces (this was formerly called spirit of sal ammoniac) ; Mel Egyptiacum, two ounces; Oil of origanum, and oil of turpentine, of each one ounce; French bole, in powder, one ounce : Put them in a bottle, and shake them well together every time they are used. This last mixture is a great bracer, and there- fore better calculated to strengthen the parts after the inflammation has been removed by the mix- ture (No. 106, p. 162). They are both excellent recipes for all kinds of strains, whether old or re- gent, especially those in the shoulder, stifle, whirl- M 2 1^4 STRAINS. Method of Cure. 110116, %nd, in many cases, those of the coffin- j^irit; 'this I'ast, however, ^frequently requires liiofe powerful treatment, such as blistering. A poul- tice made of rye flour, and old verjuice, boiled together, with alump of hog's lard, or a sufficient quantity of sweet oil afterwards added, may be applied on those parts, where it can be secured with a proper bandage, after the part has 'been ■well rubbed with either of the aforesaid mixtures. Strains and bruises on the bach sinews are easily discovered by the swelling or inflammation, which extends from the back side of the knee dowh to the heel; by the lame leg appearing thickeu^ than the other; or by a pressure of the finger and thumb on the part affected, which will make him flinch by the pain thereby occasioned. In this •iCk^e'let the tendon, from the knee to the fetlock- loint, be well rubbed with the following mixtut-fe. STRAINS. 165 Bracing Mixture, and Method of Cure. (RECIPE, No. 108.) Bracing Mixture/or^ Strains, Take — Old verjuice, orgood\¥me vinegar, e'^]WeTCUTral Bliilcr, and Method of ApliUcationj Sulphate of copper, and siiljiliate of zinc, of ; e')j .; > ii^i^ch two dracjims^ in powder ; . .. '^ Mix thcip well together upon a slab with a spatula, an el put it in a pot for use. This is a powerful blister in its effects, but mild in its operation ; and being of an astringent nature, it is well calculated for callous and re- lied spews,- but for more obstinate cases the folla^ying may be preferable. ^^^^ (RECIPE, No. 119.) ♦«e. ■'■ ...,■. .-„,-^ . .: . Strons Mercurial Blister, TAKfr-Tar, fresh butter, and bees wax, of each three ounces ; niclt all together ; Then add corrosive ,subUiufite, euphorbium, and cantharides, of each half an ounce, in fine powder ; -iid woli OU'bftu^'pcntirtfeyt'vi^ft ounces 5 Mix th( m c aU tbgeth^r, and stir them till nearly bold'. Before either of the§e. blistcriug ointments is used, all the hair must be entirely clipped off STRAINS> Wj9r Treatment after a Blister^ from the callus, and the ointment be gradually rubbed in with a spatula, or a dull case krtife. After the first tinje of using the ointment, it must;, be;^^ rubbed in with the fingers, and repeated every, morning for three times ; but, in cases of long standing, it may be rubbed on for six or seven mornings together. When the ointment is applied, the horse's head must be tied to the rack, to pre- vent him from gnawing the place with his teeth; and the litter must be taken away to hinder him from rubbing the blister off before it takes effect, 'w,\}\ch is generally in six or eight hours. When the blister has ceased to run, or on the third day after you have done rubbing him, he may be turned out to grass fox two or three months ; and if the callus be not sufficiently reduced in that time, he must be taken from his pasture, and the blistering ointment be repeated as before. After this man- ner it may be repeated until the cure is com- pleated. The above blistering ointment (No. 112, p. 176 Tfim^^&, Where Firing is necessary, iind Manner of performing it. 168), is very powerful in removing pain, and dis- solving callous tumours, either on the sinews, or^ hock, splints, and bone spavins, though ever so obstinate or long standing, if repeated as above directed. CHAP. XXIX. ON FIRING. Firing may be usefully employed, in order to strengthen and brace the relaxed sinews, but should never be applied till the swelling or inflam- mation is entirely removed. The firing irons must be smooth, thin, and fine on the edge ; and the lines on the sinews five in number ; one down the main tendon, and two on each side, about the distance of an inch from each other. The cross, or inclining lines, must be at the distance of three quarters of an inch from each other; and the thinner and finer the irons are, the neater will be the work. FIRING. 171 Recipe — Blistering Ointment after Firing. Great care must be taken not to fire through the skin, which would greatly blemish the horse, and run the hazard of laming him, particularly if near any tendon. As soon as he is fired, the fol- lowing blister must be used. (RECIPE, No. 113.) Blistering Ointment. Take — Bees wax, four ounces ; Hog's lard, two ounces; Train oil, half a pint ; Common turpentine, six ounces : Simmer them pver a slow fire till dissolved, then put them in a jar, and add spirits of turpentine, four ounces ; Corrosive sublimate, in powder, half aa ounce ; Euphorbium, and cantharides, of each one ounce, in powder ; Stir, and when nearly cold, add half an ounce of oil of vitriol : then stir the whole toge- ther until it stiffens. 17£ FliUlvG, Recipe — A. bilistcrin^ Charge. This: is a most excellent ointment fqr all pur- poses where blisters. £^re required. After firing, ^is ointment require^, nothing ujore than spread- ing all over the part with a spatula eypry morning for three times. In the course of three days, or as soon as the blister has ceased to run, let him be turned out to grass for three weeks or a month, until the scurf comes off, when he may be fetched home, and the following blistering charge may be applied over the part. (RECIPE, No. 114.) A Blistering Charge. Take— Burgundy pitch, and black pitch, of each half a pound ; Oxycroccum plaster, four ounces ; Mercurial plaster, two ounces ; Melt them all together: then add, blistcrinj ointment (No. 113, p. J 71), two ounces : Mix, and stir them well together. This blistering charge must be spread all over FIRING. its ^iK^apfei^k'itrengthcnin^CHs/r^e. 't\ie ' ptfrt 'a^HM \Vh?lk't tlb^-^tmllc H\^arm ; and a piece of flannel should be applied over the part whilst 'the rharge is vvarfn, and sewed on the fore part of the leg. The blistering ointment being applied first, and the charge at proper intervals, will remove alt obstinate calluses, or lumps, either before firing, or after, though of ever so long standing. But if the horse is fired, merely for the purposiB of strengthening and bracing the sinews, or joints, it will not require the above treatment. The following strengthening charge will be quite sufficient for every purpose, where the bracing and strengthening of the parts are the objects in view, (RECIPE, No. 115.) Strengthening Charge. Take — White pitch, and black pitch, of each half a pound ; Oxycroccum plaster, pnracelsns plaster, and 174 WOUNDS IN VARIOUS PARTS. Treatment after a streiinjthening Charge. compound plaster of litharge, of each two ounces : Melt them all together, and apply it as the former charge. When a charge is repeated, the hair is gene- rally sufficiently grown to have it applied without a flannel bandage; instead of which use short wool, or dyer's flocks, and apply them upon the charge, after it is spread upon the part, before it grows cold. CHAP. XXX. WOUNDS IN VARIOUS PARTS. Wounds are of various kinds, and differently situated ; some are caused by cutting, or pricking with a fork, or any other instrument; and others • .WOUNDS IN VARIOUS PARTS. 175 Treatment of Wounds from different Causes. r. ' ... ----- by the horse's bruising, tearing, or staking them- selves upon fences. The first operation necessary to be done is, to cleanse the wound from all dirt, clotted blood, or any other extraneous matter. Then carefully search the wound with a probe, candle, or the finger, in order to find its extent; and if the en- trance of the wound be too small to admit the fin- ger, the skin must be cut open. Wounds re- ceived by horses kept for hunting, or by those which are apt to leap over fencing, are frequently very considerable, even sufficient to admit the whole hand, which, in this case, may be intro- duced; and if any extraneous body be left be- hind, it must be carefully removed. If the horse has received any wounds from these causes, it will be proper to examine the place where the accident happened, in order that the operator may be better able to judge of the J76 WOUNDS 'Of VARIOUS PAKTS. Recipe-— Tincture for the Cure of Wounds. "Hature and extent of the wounds and its conse- quences. In cases where wounds are out of the reach of the finger to examine them, and are not suffi- ciently wide to admit the hand, I have always Yound a candle to be more suitable for the pur- *pose than any instrument, the wound being less liable to receive injury from it than from any "bther 'thing. Wounds made with a cutting in- •^trumerit, and which are not attended with any 'bruise or laceration, may, for the most part, be •healed by the first intention. If it be on a part •where a roller can be properly applied, it may be neatly sewed together, and a pledget of lint dip- ped in the following compound tincture. (RECIPE, No. 116.) ,TAKE-~Compound tincture of benzoin, and tincture of aloes, with myrrh, of each one oance; Nitrous acid, two drachms; Mix in a bottle for use. '^VOUNDS IN VARIOUS PARTS, 177 Recipe — A Paste to stop Bleeding. This will be found a valuable tincture for wounds of every description, where a cure is in- tended to be performed without bringing it to a state of suppuration. If the wound bleed consi- derably, from an incision of some artery, or vein, and in a part where a roller, or a bandage, can- not be applied, let the mouth of the artery be dressed with a skewer dipped in oil of vitriol. It is proper to dress all wounds that are made in a fleshy part, at the first time of dressing, (before the digestive is applied), with the aforesaid stip- tic, which not only removes the bruised and putrid flesh, but instantly puts a stop to the gangrenous disposition of the wound. As, how- ever, profuse bleeding in wounds cannot always be stopped by the above application, the following may advantageously be applied for the purpose. (RECIPE, No. 117.) A Paste to stop Bleeding. Take — Fresh nettles, one handful, bruise them in a mortar ; N 178 WOUNDS INT VARIOUS PARTS. Recipe — Digestive Oils. Add blue vitriol, in powder, four ounces ; Wheat en flour, two ounces ; Wine vinegar, two ounces ; Oil of vitriol, half an ounce : Beat them all together into a paste. Let the wound be filled up with this paste, and a proper pledget of tow laid over the mouth, in order to prevent it from falling out, and then bandage it on with a strong roller. This dressing must remain in the wound ten or twelve hours, then remove it, and dress with one of the follow- ing digestive oils, or the ointment. (RECIPE, No. 118.) Digestive Oils. Take— Red lead, half a pound ; Common salt, four ounces ; Powder them well together ; Add the yolks of three eggs, and incorporate them with the powders; then gradually add^ tfOUNDS IN VARIOUS PARTS. 17D Recipe — Digestive Oils, and Manner of using thera. Linseed oil, one quart : Stir them well together till United, and put them in a bottle for use. The following mixed oils the author has pre- scribed of late, and he thinks they will be found more expeditious in bringing the wounds to a stat« of suppuration, (RECIPE, No. 119.) Digestive Oils. Take — Ointment of yellow resin, two ounces ; Venice turpentine, four ounces ; Linseed oil, one pint; melt them together^ then add, Barbadoes tar, two ounces ; Spirit of turpentine, half a pint $ The strong mixtures (No. 160 infra% four ounces : Mix, and put them in a bottle for use. The manner of using either of these oils is as follows: take a small handful of rue leaves J5w//erf N 2 180 ROUNDS IN VARIOUS PARTS. Recijie — Mixed Oils to stop Gangrene. from the stalks, and put them in a sufficient quantity of the above oils to dress the wound with. When all things are in readiness, let the horse be thrown, or put, in a proper posture, so as to ad- mit of the mouth of the wound to be upwards, that the oils may be poured in, so as to run to the bottom of it, and the leaves to be put in with the fingers ; then lay a pledget of tow, or hurds, upon the part: this done, stitch up the wound, in order to hold up the dressing. The inflammatory swell- ing vvhich surrounds the wound must be well rub- bed twice a dav with mixture as follows. (RECIPE, No. 120.) Mixed Oils to stop a Gangrene, Take — Oil of spike, oil of brick, oil of elder, of each two ounces ; Oil of origanum, one ounce ; Spirit of turpentine, four ounces ; Neatsfoot oil, and linseed oil, of each half a pint ; Oil of vitriol, one ounce : WOUNDS IN VARIOUS PARTS. 181 Treatment of Gangrene. Mix them together in a pot, adding the vitriol by a little at a time, and keep constantly stirring till united ; then put it in a bottle for UbC The stitches across the wound must be cut on the second day, and then dressed with a small tent of tow dipped in the digestive (No. 118, p. 178), or (Xo. 119, p. ]79\ and passed suffi- ciently up the wound. Tliis may be done once a day until the swelling subsides, and the wound discharges a thick white matter. After that it will not require to be tented any longer. If, however, the lips of the wound appear wide and gaping, let it be dressed uitti a featlier dipped in the compound tincture (No. 116, p. 176), and afterwards sprinkle on the part an equal quantity of powdered resin, and bole armenic : this will both heal the wound, and prevent superfluous flesh from rising. 1811 WOUNIJS IK VARIOUS PARTS, Hi cipe — Digestive Ointinent for fresh Wounds. (RECIPE, No. 121.) Digestive Ointment. Take — Bees wa^?, and common turpentine, of each three ounces ; Black pitch, one ounce ; Yellow resin, six ounces ; Linseed oil, one pint : Dissolve them together oyer a slow fire, then take it off, and add, Spirits of turpentine, four ounces ; Put the whole in a pot, and stir till it begins to set. This is a very good digestive ointment for fresh wounds. When it is used, a proper quan- tity must be melted in an iron ladle, and poured, while xvarWy into the wound; or, otherwise, a tent of tow may be dipped therein, and passed up the wound : the smaller the tent is, in proportion to the wound, the more medicine it will carry along vaih it. Fresh wounds should never be tented longer than until a good matter appears ; except in gome cases, a small tent may be put into the WOUNDS IN VARIOUS PARTS. 183 f" • ■ ■■' ' " I- - ' . ' ' ' . ■ '■ • - ■ Treatment of fresh Wounds. ^ I ii.i II . III. i _ . ■ ^^^ mouth of the wound once or twice a week, in or- der to keep it open while the bottom part heals. Wounds that require stitching must be sewn with ?ijine thread of white kathtr, which is much bet- ter than either silk or common thread ; the former will not cut the flesh and skin as the latter does. The stitclies should be two or three inches from each other, and the needle bent in the shape of an half moon. Many fine horses are entirely ruined ty tenting the wound, or forcing in one piece of burds after another (dipped in a little melted hog's lard and turpentine), with a couple of canes, or sticks. This injudicious application blocks up the matter, and renders the wound foul, ulce- rated, and callous, so that it often proves both tedious and difficult to cure. When the swelling and inflammation about the wound are very con- siderable, and the colour of the fluid discharged from the same is of a dark brown, we know that a gangrene has taken place ; and if it becomes black, flaccid, and insensible about the part, and also loses heat before a suppuration takes place, 184; WOUNDS IX VARIOUS PAUTS. Recipe — Caustic Oils, an;l Fomentation. acquiring a putrid smell, it may be concluded that a complete mortification has taken place. Under circumstances of this kind the most powerful medicines must expeditiously be applied. (RECIPE, No. 122.) Caustic Oils, Take — Spirits of turpentine, one ounce ; Oil ot* vitriol, half an ounce : Mix them gradually together till united. Let the wound be well dressed with this mix- ture; and afterwards take four ounces of the digestive ointment (No. 121, p. 182), and two drachms of cantharides, in powder ; melt the oint- ment, and mix in the cantharides, and pour them warm into the wound : then foment the part with the following (RECIPE, No. 123.) Fomentation. Jake— Marsbraallow root, half a pound ; WOUNDS IX VARIOUS PARTS. 185 Recipe — Blistering Oils, to be ii.sed after Fomentation. Linseed, bruised, onr* pound ; Camomile flowers, ludf i pound ; Poppy heads, twel ve in number ; bruise them; Three (gallons of ale drei's : Boil them, and foment the part with hot flan- nels wrunop out of it. After the part has been properly fomented, the following blistering oils may be well rubbed in oq the part affected. (RECIPE, No. 124.) Take — Linseed oil, half a pint; Spirit of turpentine, two ounces; Cantharides, in powder, half au ounce; Eiiphorbium, in powder, two drachms: Mix, and shake them in a bottle for use. These blistering oils are excellent for inflam- matory swellings, and external wounds, for the prevention of mortification. They may be rub- bed on (after the part has been fomented) twice a 186 WOUNDS IN VARIOUS PARTS. Recipe — Black Ointment for Gangrenes. day, till such time ^s the swelling abates, and the matter, discharged from the wound, is of a pro-^ per consistency. The following black ointment I have frequently found very efficacious in checking the gangrene disposition of wounds ; and if two ^irachms of powdered cantharides be added to six ounces of the ointment, they will make it piore efficacious. (RECIPE, No. 195.) Take — Horse- grease, and hog's lard, of each fon^ pounds ; Spirit of turpentine, half a pint; Oil of vitriol, two ounces: Mix (hern together by a little at a time, lest they should take fire. This ointment will be found very useful in all kinds of imposthumes, or inflammatory swellings about wounds. It will likewise be proper to give the horse the following drink once or twice a day until the wound begins to suppurate, or o. proper matter.be formed. WOUNDS IN VARIOUS PA«^TS. 187 Re< i| I — Si< n a(h Drink, and trrtluT Directions for Cure. (RECIPE, No. 126.) Stomach Drink. Take — Peruvi^in bark, one ounce ; Mitliddate, one ounce ; Tincture of opium, half ?in ounce : To hs given in a pint of ^yarm ale. When the inflammation is considerable, aiid the hor§e becomes feverish, inclining to a costive habit of body, give him the purging drink (No. 57, p. 90), with the addition of two ounces of salts, and two ounces more of castor oil. Let the clyster (No. 13, p. 25), alsp be injected up his anus once a day, until his body is sufficiently open. By strict attention to these rules the practitioier will, .in u^pst casesj^ be able to per- form cures. 188 WOUVDS IN THE ELBOW, &C. Recipe— Compound Tincture for henling and bracing. CHAP. XXXIII. OF WOUNDS IN THE ELBOW, STIFLE-JCIJ^T, &C. Wounds on the lower limbs, as the elbow, stifle, hock, knee, and the fetlock-joint, as well as those upon the sinews, or the tendons, should never be dressed either tvith oils, ointments, or any other thing of a greasy nature, except in cases that are attended with considerable in- flammation ; but should be treated with healing and bracing medicines, such as the following (RECIPE, No. 127.) Compound Tincture, Take — Mel Egyptiacum, four ounces ; Tincture of benzoin (or friar's balsam), two ounces ; Spirits of turpentine, half an ouice: Mix tbera together in a bottle for use. WOUNDS IN THE ELBOW, &C. 189 Treittrafnt of Wounds in the Stifle, or Elbow. This must be forced into the wound with a sy- ringe, and a small pledget of lint, or fine tow,' ought immediately to be applied over the mouth of the wound, in order to keep in the medicine ; and a plaister of the ointment (No. 121, p. 182), should be spread on tow, or hurds, and applied over the whole (to keep it from growing dry), which must be bandaged on with a flannel roller, though, if the part be free from swelling or inflammation, a linen one will be much better. Wounds in the stifle, or elboxv, are very diffi- cult to bandage with a roller ; instead of which, let a small tent of lint, or tow, be dipped in the above mixture, and put into the wound once or twice a day, with a probe, or a crow's quill. Wounds in these parts should never be tented longer than until the matter besrins to decrease. But if the swelling and inflammation be consider- able, let the part affected be fomented twice a day with the fomentation (No, 109, p. 166), and 190 WOUNDS IN THE ELBOW, &C. . Treatment of WoUnds upon the Sinews. afterwai-ds rubbed well with the liniment (No. G5, p. 102). Wodnds upon the sinews, or tendon^ may be dressed with the compound tincture (No. 116, p. 176). By a strict application to the above method of treatment, every person of common ability may perform a cure on all fresh wounds ; but if they are of long standing, the bottom ca- rious, and the synovia, or joint-oil, runs out, they must be treated in the manner directed in the fol- lowing chapter, for humours oozing from the joints, called joint-oil. HUMOURS OF THE JOINTS. 191 Treatment of Humours oozing from the Joints. CHAP. XXXIV. HUMOURS OOZING FROM THE JOINTS, COM- MONLY CALLED JOINT-OIL (SYNOVIA.) These species of wounds are but little under- stood by writers on farriery, in general. When the capsula, or ligamental purse, which surrounds the joint, is divided, so that the synovia, or joint- oil, flows from the wound, the first thing to be done, in cases of this kind, is to close the wound as soon as possible ; this may be done by the ac* tual cautery, but it must be only on punctured wounds, and those of a slight nature. This is done with a budding iron, or with any smooth pointed iron. Great care must be taken in using this instrument, for only the external surface of the wound should be seared. Immediately after apply a pledget of lint dipped in the compound tincture (No. 116, p. 176), and fasten it properly with a roller. 192 HUMOURS OF THE JOINTS. liecipes for Wounds in the Joints oil lona; Continu«iiire. Wounds in the joints that are of long continu- ance, and the mouth of which is wide, are not to be cured by the actual cautery, but must be treated as follows. (RECIPE, No. 128.) Take — Eo:yptiacum ointment, four ounces ; Wine vinegar, two ounces ; Verdigrease, in powder, two drachms ; Blue vitriclj in powder, three drachms ; Corrosive sublimate, hal fa drachm, in powder; Tincture of benzoin, two ounces : Mix, and shake them together in a bottle for use. Or, (RECIPE, No. 129.) Take — Corrosiv<5 sublimate, one drachm; Blue vitriol, and sugar of lead, of each two drachms, all in powder ; Tincture of myrrh, four ounces ; Spirit of salt (muriatic acid), two drachms : Mix them together in a vial for use. 'WOUNDS OF THE JOINTS, &C. 193 Recipe — Tincture to be applied after the cleansing of Ulcer*. Either of these mixtures will be found very powerful in stopping the flow of the synovia, or joint-oil: the former is the mildest of the tw^, and, in most cases, will answer every purpose ; but when the flow is of long standing, and the bone becomes carious, the latter may be more powerful in cleansing ulcers of this description. Medicines of this class should never be used lon- ger than until the ulcer is thoroughly cleansed, after which the following styptic tincture will be duflicient. (RECIPE, No. ISO.) Take — Egyptiacum, twooaoces; Tincture of benzoin, and tincture of myrrb, of each one ounce ; Nitrous acid, two drachms : Mix in a bottle fur use. The method of using all three mixtures is as follows : Let a sufficient quantity of any one of them be o 194 WOUNDS OF THE JOINTS, &C. Method of curing Wounds upon the Knees. poured into a gaily pot, and thrown into the wound, by means of a syringe, twice a day, and immediately apply a pledget of lint, dipped in the same mixture, over the mouth of the wound, in order to keep the dressing in ; then bandage the part tight with a proper compress and roller. Wounds upon the knees are the most difficult to heal, in consequence of their being more ex- posed to bruises than any other limb. Where the cartilage, or bone, is not eroded (which may easily be discovered by introducing a probe), the most gentle means must be used to effect a cure : the above mixture (No. 130, p. 193), will, in most cases, be sufficient. Whenever the parts are swelled and inflamed, which is chiefly the case when the injury is first received, let the inflamed part be fomented with the recipe (No. 109, p- 166), and afterwards rubbed with the /follow- ing Wounds of the joints, &c. 195 Where Bleeding, &c. is necessary. (RECIPE, No. IS 1.) Cooling and Bracing Mixture, Take — Sal ammoniac, and nitre, of each half an ounce, in powder ; Wine vinegar, or old verjuice, half a pint} Camphorated spirit, two ounces : Mix them together in a bottle for use. After this mixture has been well rubbed in, and the wound dressed with any of the aforesaid mixtures, and the dressing well secured with a proper roller, and perse'Vered in, there is but little doubt but a speedy cure will be obtained. In all kind of ulcers attention should be paid to the morbid habit of body with which they are gene- rally attended. Bleeding and physic are the pro- per means to carry off these humours, and like- wise to lessen inflammation. First, therefore, bleed, and give him a couple of mashes of scalded bran and warm water that day, the next morning give him the purging ball (No. 2, p, 1 1), and treat him as there directed. Wounds upon the joints,, o 2 196 ULCEIIS. Causes ef Internal Ulcers. in general, leave a stiffness, which may be re- moved by applying the blistering oils (No. 133, p. S02), or the mild astringent blistering oint- ment (No. 11 1, p. 167). Either of these blisters will be found sufficient, and must be applied as above directed. CHAP. XXXV. OF ULCERS. It may be needless here to enter into a large description of ulcers ; we shall, therefore, only notice the difference between internal and exter- nal ulcers. The first proceeds from a deprivation of the nutritious juices, which are hindered from flowing to the extremity of the vessels : in which case gentle purges must be given, and afterwards alterative medicines, such as the purge (No. 4, ULCERS. 197 Method of curing* External Uicers. p. 14), and the alterative balls (No. 42, p. 67), or (No. 86. p. 128), and (No. 87, p. 135), in the manner there mentioned. . By strict attention to these rules, and a proper knowledge of the constitution, hahit of body, and his disease, the practhioner will be enabled to administer them to great advantage. In some cases of long standing; where the blood has become corrupted, and symp- toms of the farcy appear, it will be necessary first to give the horse the mercurial physic (No. 5, p. eSj, and work it off with (No. 1^, p. II ), les- sened in quantity as there directed, and repeated at proper intervais. External ulcers are a solution continually ooz- ing from a soft part; for when it affects the harder parts it is called a caries. Ulcers, or wounds so situated, are very often troublesome to treat. The method of cure is, first to remove the caries, by cutting it clean out with a knife, or otherwise by eating it out with caustics : in the former case the bleeding may be stopped by touching the part 198 ULCEUS. Method of curing External Ulcers. with a skewer dipped iii oil of vitriol, or aquafor- tis, or by applying the composition (No. 117, p. ,177}; or, if more convenient, a little blue vitriol may be powdered, and pyt into the wound, and a handful of alum-leather shavings applied over it, and properly secured on with a bandage, or rol- ler. This dressing may remain on for ten or twelve hours; after which the wound may be dressed with the digestive ointment (No. 121, p. 182), or otherwise, according to its condition and situation. See Chap. XXXI. (for xvoundson the, joints)^ and likewise Chap. XXX. (forxvounds in various parts). In the latter case, when it is found necessary to remove the caries by the ap- pjication of caustics, the lunar caustic, or subli- mate, may be resorted to; the method of using them must be according to the part of the body in which the ulcer may be se«^ted.* Ulcers, scaled on parts where bandages can be applied, are much more easy to cure than such as * See chapter on quitters, the poll-evil and fistulas, infra. ULCERS. 199 Recipe — Caustic Mixture for cleansing foul Ulcers. are found on parts where the dressing cannot be supported. The following is an efficacious medicine in cleatising foul ulcers, either on the joints, or the tendonous parts. (RECIPE, No. 132.) Caustic Mixture, Take — Tincture ofeuphorbiura, half an ounce; Tincture of benzoin, one ounce and a half; Sublimate, in powder, one drachm ; Spirit of salts, two drachms ; Mix them together in a bottle for use. Let this be forced into the wound with a sy- ringe, or, where the wound is sufficiently large, a pledget of lint may be soaked in the mixture, and applied to the bottom, and covered with a plaister made of digestive ointment spread on a pledget of tow, and secured with a proper bandage. What has been said respecting ulcers will be found ade- quate to answer every purpose. 200 BONE-SPAVIN, RING-BONE, &C. Description of Bone-spavins and Ring-bones. CHAP. XXXVI. or THE BONE-SPAVIN, RING-BQNE, AND SPLINTS. It will be needless to say much on the nature of these complaints, as ihey are so well known to every person who keeps horses. The bone-spavin is a Ijard excrescence, or swelling, growing oq the inside of the hock ; such as are on the lower p£|,rt of the hpck seldom give the animal so much pain as those vrhich are seated more deeply in tlie middle of the joint. Ring- bones are hard swellings on the lower part of the pastern, near the coronet, and, in general, extend round the fore part of the foot, in form of a ring; though it sometimes only appears on each side a little above the coronet, and then is termed splin- ters of a ring-bpne. This disease generally takes its rise from the joining of the great and little pas- BONE-SPAVrN, RING-BONE, &C. 201 Destnptlon of Splints, tern bones, which causes a stiffness in the motion of the joint. Spavins and ring-bones, in general, are occasioned by strains; but, in some instances, they appear to be hereditary. The former are likewise frequently occasioned by a blow ; and the latter from a stub, or a tread in winter from the shoes, when turned up for the frost. Splints are hard excrescences growing on the shank-bone of a horse, and of various shapes and sizes. Those which are large, and press against the back sinew, in general cause a lameness, or a stiff- ness. Others (except those which are seated on, or near the joint) seldom occasion lameness. The treatment will be nearly similar in all the above cases- When any of these excrescences first make their appearance, and for some lime before, the horse will be considerably lame, and requires a man of judgement to fmd out the part where he is lame. The cure must first be attempted by gentle means. The following blistering oils may be efficjiciously employed. 202 BONE-SPAVIN, RING-BONE, &C. Recipe — Blister for the Cure of Spavins, &c. &c. , J V - .il. ."fUB (RECIPE, No, 133.) XAi^E—Egyptiacum, and wine vinegar, of each two ounces; "VVater of pure ammonia, spirit of turpentine, and oil of origanum, of each one ounce ; Eupborbium, and cantharides, of each two drachms ; Glass, powdered and sifted, one drachm ; Put them in a bottle, and, when used, let them be well shaken together. This blister must be well rubbed on the part affected with the hand, for half an hour at a time, and for six or seven mornings successively. This recipe is certainly one of the best that can be formed out of the materia medica, and deserves the highest commendation. The powdered glass being added to it very much assists the medicine by its friction on the part; the skin becomes jwughecl, and in a small measure divided. It will not only cure spavins, ring-bones, and splints, in their infancy, but when they are obstinate, ^nd of BONE-SPAVIN, RING-BONE, &C. 203 ==^ Recipe — For the Cure of Splints, &c. when first ohserved. long standing. It operates by blistering and sweating the part ; it opens the pores, and makes way for the more powerful parts of the blister to penetrate through the ligamental purse which sur^ rounds the joint. The author has frequently used this mixture for callous sinews, and in strains of long standing ; and has always found it to be a medicine of the first consideration. Much might be said in recommendation of this mixture ; but every person that has occasion to make use of it, will soon be convinced of its good effects. The following is a very good recipe for splints jind spavins when they are Jirst perceived. (RECIPE, No. 134.) Repellent Mixture, Take — Oil of origanum, one ounce; Spirit of turpenline, half an ounce; White vitriol, in powder, two drachms ; Glass, powdered and sifted, one Irachm; Put them in a bottle for use. 204 BONE-SPAVIN, RING-BONE, ScC. Method of curing the Bone-spaTin, Splints, &c. Let this he well rubbed on the part affected with the Jinger ends (taking a small quantity of the {X)vvders each time), for six or seven mornings together. In all the above cases, where the callus is Dot ver}' large, and the pain has been, in part, removed by the application of the above-mentioned medicines, firing will, for the most part, answer the end. After which operation let the part fired be spread all over with the blistering ointment (No. 113. p. 171,) for three successive mornings. The horse must have his head tied to the rack, so as not to reach it with his mouth, lest he bite it (which will blister his mouth, and likewise ble- mish the part). He may stand tied for five or six hours, and then let him be untied, and have his liberty as before. In three or four days after the last time of dressing, he may be turned into a straw-yard, if in winter, or to grass, if at the spring of the year, for two or three months. In very obstinate cases, of long standing, and where the callus is large, and the part full of BONE-SPAVIN, RING-BONE, &C. ^05 Treatment to be observed in obstinate Cases. pain, and none of the aforesaid medicines has been able to remove it, the following more pow- erful method must be strictly attended to. First clip the hair ; after this it has been usual to stamp them with an iron instrument for that purpose ; but from the hardness of the blow shak- ing the part, it often does more harm than good. The best method is to prick the callous part all over as full of holes as possible, with a bodkin, or a sharp instrument about an inch long : to this may be fixed a bit of cork, or elder, in order to prevent the instrument from going deeper than the callous substance, yet it should always be permitted to pass through it. This done, bathe the part with vinegar; and when the blood is stopped, apply the following (RECIPE, No. 135.) Strong Blistering Ointment , Take — Blistering ointraent (No. 113, p. 171), on« ounce; 206 BONE-SPAVIN, KING- BONE, &C. Recipe — Blistering Ointraent. Cantb;irides, in powder, one drachm ; Oil of origanum, two drachms; Common salt, in powder, one drachm ;. Mix them together, then add, Oil of vitriol, one drachm ; Mix, and add. Water of pure ammonia, two drachms : Mix the whole together, and put them in a gallypot for use. Or the following may be applied, if thought more proper. (RECIPE, No. J3G.) Take— Blistering ointment (No. 113, p. 371), one ounce; Cantharides, in powder, two drachms; Blue vitriol, and white vitriol, in powder, of each one drachm ; Sublimate, half a drachm, in powder; Egyptiacum, half an ounce ; Oil of origanum, two drachms : Mix them well together, and put them in a pot for use. BONE-SPAVIN, RINO-BONE, &C. 207 Recipe — Blisteriug Charge to be applied after the Oijatment. This last we have found a most excellent blis- ter in all concrete substances of these kinds, par- ticularly those of splints and bone-spavins. Either of the two must be worked in with the spatula, by a little at a time, for half an hour to- gether, and repeated every morning fqr four or five times. After the first time of using the oint- ment, it will only require to be spread on, and a small bit of hogs lard may be rubbed round the edge, to prevent it from spreading any further. When this treatment is finished, and the part has become dry, the following blistering charge may be applied to advantage. (RECIPE, No,. 137:) Takk — White pitch, and black pilch, of each four ounces; Common plaister with gums, two ounces ; Oxycroceum plaister, and strengthening plais- ter, of each one ounce ; 208 BONE-SPAVIN, RING-BONE, &C. I ■ ' III . I I . ■ I Mil ■«■» Treatment to be observed after the Application of Medicine. Canlharides, ar>d euphorbiura, in powder, of each two drachms : Dissolve the plaisters together, then add the two last, and stir them all well together. This charge must be spread on the part just before it sets^ and a flannel, or some short wool, be immediately applied over the whole. In the course of a day or two the horse may be turned out to grass for two or three months. If a flannel is applied and stitched on, the stitches may be cut in one month after; and if any lameness still re- main after he has been his full time at grass, he may be fetched up, and the blister and charge be repeated as before. This method of treatment will be sufficient to cure most spavins, ring-bones, and splints, of three or four years standing, after other methods have failed. THE CURB. £09 Cause of the Gdrb, and Method of Cure. CHAP. XXXVIL OF THE CURB. This affection of the limbs proceeds from the juncture of the same bones as the spavin, and rises on the back part of the hind leg, a little be- low the hock, where it forms a considerable tu- mour. It, in general, is occasioned by a strain, attended with inflammation ; from which there is often left behind a deposit of coagulable lymph, that causes a hardness to remain. When the curb is first perceived, the cure may easily be performed by cooling and bracing applications, such as are used for strains in the back sinews. See (No. 107, p. 163), (No. 108, p. 165% or (No. 110, p. 167). After the application of any one of the aforesaid medicines for eight or ten days, p 210 THE CURB. Directions for firing the Curb. if the pain and substance still continue, recourse must be had to more powerful medicines. In such case, let the hair be clipped off, and the blistering oils (No. 133, p. 202) be well rub- bed in as there directed, for five or six mornings together. This is a most powerful medicine for curbs. After blistering, it is always necessary to give the horse two or three months rest out of doors. Curbs of long standing, that become hard and callous, frequently require firing ; which, if done by a neat hand^ seldom leaves much blemish, especially if the following method be observed. Let the irons be thin and smooth on the edgey but never made too hot: then take your hot iron, rub the edge smooth, and pass it gently all round the outside of the curb, so as to form it in the middle of the circle; then fire three strokes down- ward, one down the main tendon, and on« o» TUMORS. !^11 ^)u>jitt>rns of TtiinoM, aud from wheiice thej proceed. each side, then across, in tbe same manner as directed for firing on the sinews. Afterwards apply the blister (No. 113, p. 171) as above directed. A horse should have proper rest after operations of this kind; and ought to be turned into a straw-yard, or out to grass. The latter is preferable. CHAP. XXXVIIL OF TUMORS, OR IMPOSTHUMES. Tumors, or imposthumes, are swellings aris- ing from external injuries, or internal causes. Those arising from external accidents are at- tended with inflammation, more or less, accord^ ing to it5 severity. They, in general, proceed from blows ; and it is necessary, at first, to tr^at them with astringent applications: let the part, p ? 21^ TUMORS. Recipe — For the Cure of Tumors. therefore, be well rubbed with the bracing mix- tures (No. 107, p. 163), or (No. 108, p, 165); if these do not repel the tumor in the course of the week, and the latter appear to proceed to- wards a state of suppuration, the following will be found more eligible. (RECIPE, No. 138.) Take — Opodeldoc, water of pure ammonia, and spirit of turpentine, of each two ounces ; Olive oil, three ounces ; Oil of origanum, one ounce; Mix them together in a bottle for use. This mixture may be well rubbed on, once or twice a day ; and if on a part where a bandage can be applied, it will be adviseable to employ one. When the extravasated blood cannot be dispersed, the best way is to open the skin, and let out the grumes, which may then be dressed with the digestive ointment (No. 121, p. 182), or the digestive oils (No. 119, p. 179), in the same manner vs- there directed. TUMORS. 213 Treatment and Method of Cure. When critical tumors, or swellings, arise from internal causes, such as fevers, &c. they must not be dispersed, except they fall on the lower limbs, as the pastern, or the coffin-joint, so that the horse is in danger of being foundered. In this case it will be proper to give him one or two doses of physic ; and to foment the part with TNo. 1.09, p. 166) twice a day; afterwards rub in the above mixture (No. 138, p. 212), and bandage the part wit^ a flannel roller; by this method the joint will be kept in a state of continual breath- ing. If the swelling appears on the poll, behind the ears, under the jaws, withers, or in the groin, and also is considerable, attended with inflamma- tion, it must be encouraged with the softening iointment (No. 125, p. 186), and a poultice made of rye flour, boiled in milk, and a proper quantity of elder, or marshmallow ointment added to it, or, if thought more adviseable, foment the part with (No. 123, p. 1S4), two or three times a jday; after each time rub in a small quantity of t^e aforesaid softening ointment. As soon as the 214 TUMORS. Treatment and Method of Cure. matter is formed, the tumor may be opened with a hot iron, or a lancet, and afterwards dressed with the abovementioned digestive ointment, or oilg. Wounds of this kind seldom require tenting with digestive medicines longer than until a good matter is formed, and the swelling subsides : it may then be healed with the compound tincture (No. 116, p, 176), applied with a feather; after* which the wound may be sprinkled with an equal Quantity of burnt alum, bole armenic, and pow-» dered resin mixed together. If any superfluous or proud flesh should appear, while under treats ment with digestives, it may be removed by torching the part with lunar-caustic, or butter of Wi mony. THE POLL-EVIL. 215 Causes of the Poil-evil, and Method of Cure. .s= CHAP. XXXIX» ON THE POLL-EVIL. The poll- evil is an abscess near the poll of a horse, formed in the sinews, between the poll-bone, and the upper vertebra of the neck. It generally proceeds from bruises, or strains, by drawing ; and at other times from imposthumes, or a translation of matter in fevers. This last is the most diffi- cult to cure. When it proceeds from any external violence, it may be easily cured by rubbing the part well once a day with the bracing mixture (No. 107, p. 163), or (No. 108, p. 16\5). After- wards bleed, and give him a gentle purge; and, if necessary, repeat it two or three times. After proper purging, bleeding, and the application of the above astringent mixtures, a cure may be ex- pected in most recent cases. 216 THE POLL-EVIL. Method of Cure. But if the tumor, or swelling, does not begin to abate in a fortnight's time after this treatment, let all the hair be clipped off, and well rubbed with the blistering ointment (No. 113, p. 171) for three or four successive mornings, an hour each time. This will either bring it to a suppuration, or otherwise soon disperse it. If the swelling proceed to suppurate, and matter be properly formed, which will be easily discerned by press- ing the finger on the part, it must be opened with a sharp knife, made for the purpose of opening wounds. There is no danger in cutting, provided care is taken not to cut the main tendon, or si- new, which supports the head, and runs under the mane. To avoid this accident, let the horse's nose be twitched, and lifted up tp slacken the tendon ; for if his nose be hooked in, the tendon will be confined down, so as to prevent the finger being introduced under it. After the wound has been examined, and the operator finds himself able to in^ troduce one of the fingers of the left hand under the tendon, he should, with a sharp knife in his THE POLL-EVIL. 217 Directions for cutting, ivhere necessary. -• - - 'I .......... right hand, introduce it into the wound, close to the finger ; and while he supports the sinew with his finger, he should cut up to the poll-bone, and from thence along the side of the mane as far as it appears hollow, or ulcerated. It may easily be ascertained how far the ulcer extends before the tumor is cut, for so far as the swellino; reaches, it is always ulcerated under the tendon. The ope« ration of cutting ought to be done by a little at a time, constantly feeling with the finger where the tendon lies. If both sides be bad they must be treated in the game manner. [The chief danger that attends this operation is the cutting the tendon ; for if the latter be cut, it will instantly let down the horse's Jiead, and then he will be of no more use.] This being done, the finger may be run along under the sinew, in order to find whether there be any foughness, or decayed bones, left behind, which pust be taken out with a drawing knife. Whep 218 THE POLL-EVll. Recipes— To be applied after cutlin*. the above is performed, let the wound be dressed with the following styptic mixture. (RECIPE, No. 139.) Take — Oil of vitriol, one ounce ; Spirit 6f salts, half an ounce ; Sublimate, in powder, two drachms ; Mix, and put them in a bottle for use. First cleanse the wound, and then dress it with a skewer dipped in the above styptic; a small w^x>oden spatula, made in the shape of a case- knife, may be introduced into the wound ; and if twisted a little to one side, will admit of a small quantity of the styptic being poured in, so as to extend under the tendon; afterwards it may be dressed with the following compound mixture. (RECIPE, No. 140.) Compound Mixture, Take— Tincture of myrrh, egyptiacum, and spirit of turpentine, of each two ounces; THE POLL-EVIL. 219 Recipe — Scalding Mixture after cleansing the Wound. Oil of vitriol, half an ounce : Mix the vitriol gradually in a pot that will hold four times the quantity; after put them in a bottle for use. As soon as the wound is dressed with this styp- tic, two or three tents, or dossels, of tow may be dipped into it, and put into the wound with a probe : let this dressing remain till next day, then take it out, cleanse the wound, and dress it with the foliowincr ointment. o (RECIPE, No. 141.) Scalding Mixture, Take — Tar, mutton suet, and rosin, of each four ounces ; Bees wax, two ounces ; Melt them all together ; then add, Spirit of turpentine, four ounces; Distilled verdigrease, in powder, one ounce and a half; Mix, and stir them all well together till nearly cold. fi20 THE POLL*EVIL. Method of Cure, Before this ointment is used, the abscess must te well cleansed with a sponge and warm water ; then dress the wound again with a skewer dipped in the styptic (No. 139, p. 218); after, take a sufficient quantity of the ointment, and put it into an iron ladle furnished with a spout, and while another person heats it over the fire, take a wpoden spatula about an inch and a half, or two inches broad, and put it into the wound; then, with your left hand, hold it edgewise, so as to open it sufficiently, and with your right hand pour into the absces§ the ointment whilst scalding hot. This being done, lay a pledget of tow lengthwise along the top of the wound, and close it together, wi^h three or foqr stitches. This dressing must remain a fortnight; after which let it be well washed with warm water, and scalded again as before ; and at the expiration of thfee weeks the hot mixture must be repeated the same as before, ^he wound should never be meddled with be- tween the dressings, only take care to keep hi§ neck clean. The wound will, in general, rui) DescriptioQ of Bruises in the Withers. for three or four weeks after the last time of dressincr. This method the author has tried ia very bad cases, and never found it to faii, if pro- perly dressed. If any fungous, or proud flesh, should appear between the times of dressing, jt; may be touched with the styptic (No. 139, p. ^18.) After the horse has been dressed a third time, it will be proper to take some blood from him, and to gwe him a purging ball or two ; such as (No. 2, p. 1 1), or (No. 4, p. 14). Afterwards he may have a few of the balls ( No. 28, p. 49), which will be found excellent to purify the blood. CHAP. XL. OF THE FISTULA, AND BRUISES IN THE WITHERS. This is a kind of ulcer, which generally begins on the top of the withers, and is small at the first, 2^2 THE FISTULA. Description, and Method 6f Ciir6. btrt soon enlarges and spreads on one or both sides. It commonly proceeds from bruises, oc- casioned by the collar, or the saddle, and some- times from blows given bj accident. I hiave known some that have proceeded from a bad habit of body, which have proved the most diffi- cult to cure. The fistula is easily prevented, if attended to in time, under proper treatment; but when left to the management of unskilful persons, they, for the most part, terminate in very obstinate ulcers ; if early attended to, the cure must first be at- tempted by taking a sufficient quantity of blood from the horse; then rub the swelled part twice a day with the bracing, or repelling, mixture (No. 107, p. 163), or (No. 108, p. 165), and immedi- ately take a large fork full of hot horsedung from- the middle of the dunghill, and apply it to the swelling, then cover it with a rug, and gird it on •with a surcingle. By this method very severe tumors of this kind have been removed in a few THE FISTULA, 223 Method of Cure. ckiy$. Cut if the swelling arises from a bad Mbit of body, as stated ^bove, or a critical translation of matter in fevers, i repellents must be omitted, and the swelling mu^t. be assisted by softening applicatrbha, in order to bring it forward to a state of suppuration. Let the tumor, be well rubbed every moraing and night with ther ointment (Ko, 125, p. iSe), or Uie blistering oik. (No. i^4, p. 185), and immediately after rubbing the part with either of these mixtures, apply a fork full of hot dunsj as above. This method will soon brincj it to a proper state for opening, or otherwise it may be permitted to break of itself;. and after- wards tbe orifice may be enlarged with a lancet, which will prevent any matter from being confined therein. Then dress the wound with the styptic mixture (No. 139, p. 218), and afterwards with the scalding mixture (No. 141, p. 219). * This ointment will not have occasion to be made so very hot for fistulas as for the poll evil ; but yet it must be dressed in the same manner as there directed, twice a week. As soon as the wound 224 THE FISTULA. Description of Warbles. discharges good matter, and the swelling has sub- sided, the wound in this state generally looks wide and gaping ; when all the vacant parts become filled with sound flesh, it will be proper to heal it with the compound tincture (No. 1 16, p. 176), which may be done by anointing the part with a feather dipped in the same ; and afterwards sprinkle over the wound the following healing and drying powders. (RECIPE, No. 142.) Take — Burnt alurii, and white vitriol, of each half art ounce, in powder ; Bole armenic, white lead, and yellow resin ^ of each two ounces, in powder ; Powder and mix them all together. All wounds of this kind must be dressed once or twice a day with thtJ tincture and these powders. Warbles are small, hard tumors, which appear on horses' backs in the summer season, and are TH£ FISTULA. %25 Coolins: Lotion for Bruises. chiefly occasioned by the saddle. They, in gene- ral, proceed from heats and colds in travelling. The cure will be easily performed by rubbing the parts with the bracing mixture (No. 107, p. 163), •«r th€ following lotion. (RECIPE, No. 143.) Cooling Lotion. Take — Camphorated spirit of wine, four ounces ; Acetated litharge, and tincture of opium, of each one ounce : Mix them in a bottle for use. This will be found an excellent medicine for warbles, and all kinds of bruises occasioned by the saddle. -SITFASTS. These generally proceed from the saddle, or collar, pincbing the parts on which they press; and may be easily cured by applying the mixture {^N©. 107, p. 1^3} or the above (No. 143); but 226 GREASE; CROWN-SCAB, &C. ' •" " ■ ' ■-'^ S)'inptoms and Causes of the Grease. if the skin become horny, it may be cut out, and the place well rubbed with the nitrated oint- ment (No. 32, p. 52) once a day. Or, if thought more proper, it may be dressed with the com- pound tincture (No. 116, p. 176), and the last- mentioned powders (No. 142, p. 224). By this method the practitioner will be enabled to per- form cures in every case. CHAP. XLI. CREASE, CROWN-SCAB, AND RAT-TAIL. The grease is a disorder well known to most persons who keep horses. It makes its appear- ance at the latter end of the year, and during the winter season. This disease may proceed from different causes; as, debility in the system, a gross habit of body, a relaxation of the vesselSj and a bad disposition of the blood and juices. GREASE, CROWN-SCAB, &C» 227 Further Sympfoms, and Method cf Cure. The grease is frequently owing to the negli- gence of the groom, in not keeping his limbs clean and dry, and giving them that hand rubbing, which they require several times in the course of the day, to promote perspiration and the circula- tion of the blood in those parts; a due regard to this would prove a great preventive of this com- plaint. The symptoms indicating the grease are, swell- ing of the limbs, and a sharp eruption, which discharges a fetid matter, somewhat like melted glue. When the horse's heels are first observed to swell, while he stands in the stable, and to go down with exercise, let them be well washed when he comes in with soap-suds, chamberley, or vinegar and water ; and the parts afterwards rub- bed incessantly for a considerable time. The rubbing with the palm of the hand may be re- peated three or four times a day, in order to prevent the stagnation of blood and humours obstructing the vessels in those parts. After this q2 228 GREASE, CROWN-SCAE, &C. Recipes — For preyenting Horses pjreasing at the Heels. hand rubbing, let the parts be well rubbed with the following mixture. (RECIPE, No. 144.) Take — Vinegar, half a pint ; Water of pure ammonia, two ounces Bole armenic, and white vitriol, in powder, of each one ounce : Mix them together in a vial for use. The above is a powerful mixture in repelling inflammation, bracing the fibres, strengthening the vessels, and preventing horses from greasing at the heels. Or, in its stead, the following wash may be used, which will be found of less expense, and of equal efficacy in preventing the grease, (RECIPE, No. 145.) Take — Alum, four ounces ; Blue vitriol, and whi(e vitriol, of each two ounces : Bole armenic, one ounce j GREASE, CROWN-SCAB, &C. 229 Instructions where much affected. Powder, and mix them all together in a large pot ; then Pour a quart of boiling water upon the ingre- dients ; stir them until they are all dissolved, and put them in a bottle for use. A small quantity of this wash may be rubbed on the part affected every night and morning, after the horse's heels have been well cleansed from dirt. Horses that grease considerably at the heels, must first have all the hair clipped off as close as possible, and their heels be washed with burnt chamberley; then let them stand half an hour after, and rub the parts well (where he greases) with theTbllowing sharp water. (RECIPE, No. 146.) Take — Rosemary, thyme, sage, of each one large handful ; Boil them in five gallons of soft water to four, then strain through a flannel ; and add, Alum, and green vitriol, in powder, of each three pounds and a half ; 230 GREASE, CROWN-SCAB, &C. Dressing for Greasy Heels. Blue vitriol, half a pound ; White vitriol, four ounces ; all in fine pow- der :, the powders must be added to the above liquors while hot, and the whole be well stirred till the powders are all dis* solved, when they may be put into a bottle for use. This, as well as (No. 145, p. 228) is a power- ful medicine in checking the progress of this dis- ease. When the heels have been well dressed with the above sharp water, or (No. 145, p, 228), take proper pledgets, made of tow, or hurds, and spread them with the following ointment; then apply them on the part that greases, and bandage them on with a flannel roller, or an old stocking- leg. This done, let it be bandaged a second time, either with strong list, or with broad tape. (RECIPE, No. 147.) Take — Honey, and hog's lard, of each one pound ; Balsam of sulphur, two ounces ; GREASE, CROWN-SCAB, &C. 231 Poultice, where necessary. Tar, one pound ; Melt Ihera all together ; then add, White vitriol, and sugar of lead, of each two ounces, in powder ; Alum, in powder, one pound and a half: Mix all together, and stir till cold. The above dressing must stay on forty-eight hours ; at the end of that time repeat the sharp water, with fresh pledgets of the ointment as before. Three dressings, with these applications, are, in general, sufficient to cure, though the case ^be ever so bad. It sometimes may be necessary to poultice the parts for two or three days before the above applications are resorted to, and for this purpose the following will be found suitable. (RECIPE, No. 148.) Take — Of coarse flour, bread, or bran, a sufficient quantity, and boil it in old milk to a proper consistency ; then add, Hog's lard two ounces ; Venice turpentine, one ounce ; g5^ GREA8Z, CROWN-SCAB, &C. Recipe — Ointment for scratched Heels. Alum, in fine powder, two ounces : Mix them all together, and apply the poultice warm to the part, '.1. This will be found sufficient to cure the orrease in most recent cases. The following ointment will be very suitable for gentlemen who keep a number of hunters, or hackneys, in the stable during the winter. •& (RECIPE, No. 149.) Ointment for scratched Heels, Take — Hog's lard, one pound ; White lead, four ounces ; Alum, in fine powder, two ounces ; White vitriol, one ounce ; Sugar of lead, half an ounce ; Olive oil, three ounces : Grind all the powders in a marble mortar with the oil, or on a painter's slab ; then add the lard, and work the whole together till united. GREASE, CROM'N-SCAB, &C. 233 Directions for Internal Management. This is a neat composition, and very proper to keep in the stable during the winter : it will not only be found useful for greasy and scratched heels, but also for stubs and treads of every de-^ scription. A small quantity must be rubbed on the part affected every night and morning, in slight cases ; but in treads, or ^vound$ upon the heels, it will be best to spread the ointment on pledgets of tow, and secure them with bandages, in the same manner as the ointment (No. 147, p. 230). Having thus discussed the external treatment of his disease, we now proceed to its internal management^ which is of equal importance. First, let the horse be bled from two to three, or four, quarts, according to his size and strength; and then give him the following diuretic drink. (RECIPE, No. 150.) Take — ^Yellow resin, in powder, six ounces ; 234 GREASE, CROWN-SCAB, &C. Recipe — Diuretic Driuk for Cart or ^^3^0:00 Horses. Juniper berries, bruised, and carraway seeds, in powder, of each two ounces : Nitre, and turmeric, in powder, of each one ounce : Mix them in a quart of cold ale, and give it fasting in the morning. This drink is more calculated for cart, or wag- gon horses, than for hacks, or hunters; its strength may be very much increased by adding one or two ounces of spirit of turpentine, and for heavy horses that swell much at the heels it will be found of great advantage. Give the drink fasting in the morning; let him stand without meat for two hours after, then give him meat and water as usual. The day following give him as much cold water as he will drink, with moderate exercise. Repeat the drink every third morning for three or four times. We shall now proceed to give differ^ ent recipes for diuretic balls, which will be found of great use to such horses as are inclined to swell, or grease, at the heels. GREASE, CROWN-SCAB, &C. 235 Recipes — Diuretic Balls for preyenting the Grease. (RECIPE, No. 151.) Take — -Tellow resin, in powder, half a pound ; Sal prunella, in powder, ten ounces ; Prepared kali, seven ounces ; Oil of juniper, two ounces ; Castile soap, one pound and a half: Beat them into a mass for balls, with a suffi- ent quantity of honey. Two ounces of this mass are sufficient for one ball, and one may be given to the horse every third day. (RECIPE, No. 152.) TAKE^-Yellow resin, in powder, half a pound; Nitre, in powder, and Venice turpentine, of each six ounces; Liquorice-powder, ginger, fresh powdered, and Castile soap, of each half a pound; Oil of juniper, two ounces : Treacle, or honey, sufficient to make them into a mass for balls. Each ball to weigh two ounces. J36 GREASE, CROWN-SCAB, kc. Recipe — A Diuretic Ball, and Dircctioinsfor adni in isf ferine;. These balls are to be given in the same manner as the former; they will be found equally well calculated to reaiove obstructions in the urinary passages, and will also prevent inflammatory tu- mors from settling in the heels of horses. (RECIPE, No. 153.) Take— Nitre, yellow resin, and crocus of antimony, of each one pound, in fine powder ; Castile soap, sliced, one pound ; Balsam of capivi, two ounces ; Venice turpentine, six ounces ; Liquorice-powder, and ginger, fresh pow- dered, of each four ounces : JBIeat them all together, with a sufficient quan- tity of treacle, into a proper consistency ; then form them into balls, weighing two ounces each. One ball of either pf the three preceding re- cipes may be given every third day, until the horse lias taken four or five balls : then leave off for a week ; and, if necessary, repeat them again. His GREASE, CROWN-SCAB, &C. €37 How to cure llie Crown-Scab, meat and water may be cold, as usual. If a cure is not speedily performed by these applications, it will be proper to give him two or three doses of physic: such as (No. 2, p. 11), or (No. 3, p. 12); after which the diuretic balls ftiay be given, and his legs be dressed, as above directed. By these methods horses that grease at the heels will, in general, be cured, though the disease be ever so bad, or of long standing. THE CROWN-SCAB Is a humour that breaks round the coronet, producing a scurviness and itching: it may be cured in the same manner as the grease, by apply- ing the poultice (No. 148, p. 231), and the sharp- water (No. 145, p. 228), or (No. 146, p. 229 j, and afterwards the ointment (No. 147, p. 230). Sometimes the author has found it necessary to make use of the mercurial ointrtient (No. 32, p. 52), or (39, >. 6S), which must be We^l rubbedf on the part before the ointment land water for the grease are applied. 238 WIND-GALLS* Descriptiun of the Rat-tail. RAT-TAIL. This disease generally takes its course from the pastern to the middle of the shanks, and is so called from the resemblance it bears to the tail of a rat. Sometimes it is moist, and at others dry ; in the former case, it must be treated in the same manner as for the grease ; and, in the latter, with the mercurial ointment (No. 32, p. 52), or (No. 39, p. 62), which must be well rubbed on the part affected once or twice a day. CHAP. XLIL WIND-GALLS, BLOOD, OR BOG-SPAVINS. The wind-gall is a flatulent, or windy tumor, that yields to the pressure of the finger ; which being removed, the tumor again returns. These swellings are visible to the eye, and are seated on WIND-GAILS. 539 Method of curing Wind-galls. both sides of the back sinew, a little above the fetlocks, both on the fore and on the hind legs. The cure must be undertaken in the folio win c[ manner. First^ clip off the hair, and then rub on the part the blistering ointment (No. 113, p. 171.) every morning for three or four days together. In the course of a few days, or as soon as the part that has been blistered becomes dry, let the horse be turned out to grass for a month or six weeks; but, if in winter, let him be kept in a straw-yard for the same time. This method of treatment rarely fails entirely to remove these fla- tulent tumors; but the most effectual way of dis- persing them, so that they shall not return a se- cond time, will be, neatly to fire the part, and blister it for three or four mornings together with the blistering ointment above mentioned, and in a few days after he may be turned out to grass as before directed. 240 BOG-SPAVJN. Description and Symptoms of the Bog-Spavin. BOG-SPAVIN. This is generally (though falsely) called a blood-spavin-: it is a tumor which makes its ap- pearance on the inside of the hough, and gives way to the pressure of the finger, but recovers its shape on the removal of the latter. The bog- «{>avin arises from a strain in the hock-joint, oc- casioned by hard riding, drawing, leaping, &c. Sometimes young horses will strain themselves by galloping about, when in their pastures ; by which the capsular ligament that surrounds the joint is 'divided, and the synovia discharges itself into the hend of the hock, where it is retained in a bag, •or cyst. In this complaint the horse goes stiff, or lame, in the joint, when first contracted. It is always attended witli inflammation more or less, %hich may be felt by applying the hand to the part. Sometimes it is so considerable as to ex* 'tend all round the hock-joint, with violent pain and swelling : in this case it must be fomented with (No. 123, p. 184), and the mixed oils (No. 120, p. 180) be rubbed on immediately after^. BOG-SPA Vtl^; 241 . ' Recipe — Liaiment generally applied. > Let these be applied twice a day, until the inflam- mation and swelling subside ; but if it mature, and go on to a state of suppuration^ it must at first be treated as for fresh wounds,* and after- wards in the same manner as wounds on the^ joint. t The bog-spavin, however, seldom puts on so alarming a nature. If the horse's leg be lifted up, shaken, or turned about, the bones will grate together as if they were bare. The com- mon method of cure, except in the aforesaid case, must be with the following liniment. (RECIPE, No. 154.) Take — Old urine, two quarts ; Soft soap, six ounces ; Boil them together till they acquire the con- sistence of an ointment, or liniment ; and put it in a pot for use. When this lini- ment is used, add Two ounces of water of pure ammonia, to four ounces of the liniment ; put them in % bottle, and shake them well for use. • S«c Chap. XXX. t Set Chap. XXXt. 34^ pOG-SPAViN. ! ** ■ '' St '»■ ' '■** Hecipb-^Liuiment and Method of Application. Or the foliowing may be used in its &tead. (RECIPE, IJfO. 155.) Liniment* 1*AKE — Soft soap, two ounces; Spirit of hartshorn, four, ounces ; Stir them well together in a marble mortar ; add Spirit of turpentine, four ounces ; Oil of ori^anuo^, one ounce j i ^ Strong^ camphorated spirit of wine, four ounces : Mix tUein all together, and put them in a phial for use. Either of these mixtures must be rubbed on the spavin, every pight and rqorning,,f(^j- a fortnight, x>v three weeks ; by which tim^ it will generally be removed, if taken in time. Tl>e author has also frequently made use of the bracing mixture l(No. 107^ p. 163), and (No. 108, p. 165), for tu- mors of this description, which by their repelling quality have frequently been removed in a short BOG^SPAVIN. 24S Stages of the Disease, and Methods of Cure. time. When the tumory or spavin, ^is' of long standing, and tlie inflammation has entirely sub- sided, the following operation may be performed with success : a small orifice may be made with a lancet about the middle of the tumor, a little on one. side of the vein, by which means a large quantity of slimy matter will be discharged, of a' wheyish colour. As soon as the matter is squeezed out with the finger and thumb, take an equal quantity of egyptiacum, and tincture of benzoin, or wound balsam, mix them together, thea force it into the wound with a syringe, and the blistering ointment (No. 113, p. 171); rub all round the outside of the wound for three mornings together. The Wound should never be dressed after the first time, lest an inflamma^ tion should be brought on, and endanger a dis- charge of synovia, or joint- oil : the horse must be kept in the stable a week, or a fortnight, until the w^ound is quite healed. This done, he may be turned out to grass for six or eight weeks. u 2 244 BOG-SPAVIN. Further Directions for Cure. If the part appear weak at that time, firing will be of great service, if it be neatly done ; and the blistering charge (No. 114, p. 172) applied all round the joint; after which he may be turned out to grass for the same space of time as before ; then if the charge be covered with a flannel, the stitches may be cut, and the charge permitted to fall off of itself. It should here be noticed, that if th|e spavin be opened when it first appears, dangerous consequences will result. The matter then discharged is, of a brownish colour, and sometimes tinged with blood ; but when it is of long standing, there is no danger in opening the tumor. By strict attention to the aforesaid rules the bog-spavin^ may be cured, though of ever so^ long-standing. MALLENDERS AND SALLENDEKS. 245 - - • ■■ ~- — ■*— Description, and Method of Cure. CHAP. XLIII. MALLENDBJIS AKD SALLENDERS. Mallenders and sallenders are synonymous terms for the same disease : the former appears in the bend of the knee, the latter in the bead of the hough ; and discharges a sharp, corrosive, indigested matter. Mallenders often occasion lameness, and stiffness in the joints, which fre- quently cause them to stumble. These coni- plaints are easily removed by the same treat- ment as those made use of for horses that grease at the heels. First clip off the hair, then wash the part with otd chamberley, or soap and water, atld let him stand half an hour after; then rub the part well with the sharp-water (No. 146, p. 229), or (No. 145, p. 228) ; then take pledgets of tow, or hurds, spread with the ointment (No. 147, p. 230), and apply it over the cracks, and $46 MALLENDEBS AND. &ALLENDE11S. Necessary Treatment to be observed. bandage them on with a flannel roller, or one made of an old stocking. Dress them once a day till they are well, which is seldom longer than three or four days. If two ounces of the ointment (No. 149, p. 532), and one ounce of the ointment of nitrated silver (No. 32, p. 52), be mixed together, it will make an excellent oint- ment for tumors of this description: a small quantity may be rubbed on the part affected every night and morning. If in the winter, the horse must be kept in the stable during the time .of cure, and take from two to four quarts of blood from him, according to his size and strength. Likewise give him a diuretic ball (No. 151, p, 2^3), (No, 152, p, 235), or (No. 153, p. g3j6), €very third morning until he has taken four or five. The horse should neither work, nor have exercise with these bandages about his legs, but kt them be taken off, and fresb dress* ings applied when he comes in. 1; A MP AS. d47 -' ■ ■ 1 Description^ and Method of Cut^. ii— T|-rr- .TO-j-i i T n-TTomurtaj. u ' m--. 'C ' ^ J-- n'C. o ■ wMraraiifc: CHAP. XLIV. LAMPAS. The lampas is an excrescence on the first bar in the roof of the horse's mouth. The cure is generdly performed by burning it but with a hot iron; but it requires^ care, and a man of judge- ment, to perform operations of this kind. Far- riers, in general, fire too apt to take more out than is necessary; care, however, must be taken not to burn out more than the first bar in the roof of his mouth, and not too deep. Afterwards rub his mouth, or the part seared, with common salt. It would be much better for the animal to omit burning them out, and to wash his mouth once or twice a day with the following mixture. (RECIPE, No. 156.) T AitB^^Nitrej half an ounce ; ;:;iil Burnt alum, and bole armenic, in powder, Of each one ounce; : 548 BARBS. Cure of the Laiiipas continued. Honey, two ounces : Put them in a pitcher, and then pour a pint of boiling vinegar upon them ; when cold, put them in a bottle for use. The mouth must be washed with this mixture once or twice a day, which may be done by fast- ening a linen rag round the end of a stick, dip- ping it in the mixture, and introducing it into his mouth. This will take away the soreness,- and harden his mouth, from which there will be no necessity to remove the lampas by actual cautery. CHAP. XLV, BARBS. Barbs are small excrescences, or superfluous flesh, found under the tongues of horses, which are easily discovered by drawing them on one EYE-TEETH. S49 De9t:ription, and Method of Removal. side. The method of cure is to cut them off, and rub the parts ^\ith a little salt. The day after they may be dressed with (No. 156, p. 247), if any soreness remains. CHAP. XLVI. WOLVES-TEETH, BY SOME CALLED EYE-TEETH. This is a small tooth appearing on the upper jaw, at the distance of about half an inch, or an inch, from the grinders ; sometimes on one side, and at other times on both sides. These teeth are seldom found in young horses; but old horses are sometimes subject to them. They are sup- posed to affect the eyes at different times ; they must be removed either by the application of a hammer and chissel made for the purpose, or by filing them down level with the gums. I 250 THE TEXTH. Cause of a Horse slavering, at the Mouth. CHAP. XLVIL THE TEETH, OR GRINDERS. Horses, that are kept on dry meat, will often be found to champ their hay and corn, slaver at the mouth, and frequently to put their meat out again. This is occasioned by some fault in the grinders, or otherwise from the canker. In the former case it will be easily discovered by ex- amining the internal parts of the mouth, qs there will sometimes be considerable holes, or \TQunds, cut with his grinders in the weaks of his moUth. Let his grinders be filed quite smooth on that side next the sores, with a file made for the purpose, smooth on one side, lest it tear the weaks oflf his mouth. This being done, let his mouthi be dressed once or twice a day with the niixture (NOcl56, p. 247), or that used for the canker in the mouth (No. 157, p. £51), as there directed. CANKER IN THE MOUTH. 251 Causes and Cure of the Canker. CHAP. XLVIII. CANKER IN THE MOUTH. The canker is generally owing to the bridle being rusty, and may easily be known by the little blotches, or brown specks, which appear on the tongue and other parts of the mouth. If, how- ever, the disease is not caused by the bridle-bit, it appears in small, white specks, and in time will spread nearly over the whole of the mouth, and occasion irregular uloers. The following will be found an effectual cure for this complaint. (RECIPE, No. 157.) A Gargle Mixture. Ta«^e — Wine vinegar, half a pint; Burnt alum, aind common salt, of each oae ounce; Bolearmenic, half an ounce; Mix, and shake tbem together in a bottle for use. Z62 NARROW-HEELS. How to dress a Canker in the Mouth. It will be proper to dress the horse's mouth with this mixture, every morning and evening, in the following manner. Take a small cane, or a piece of whalebone, half a yard long, and tie a linen rag, or a little tow, round one end; then dip it into the mixture, and pass it up his mouth, and gently remove it to all the affected parts, let him champ it well about in his mouth ; after which let him fast an hour, then give him meat as usual CHAP. XLIX, NARROW. HEELS. Narrow-heels are generally natural defects, and are often rendered incurable by bad shoemg. Farriers, in general, are very faulty in applying their drawing knives to the feet of narrow-heeled NARROW-HEELS. 255 PoiQts to be observed in Narrow-heeled Horses. horses, frequently to such a degree, as to maice the blood start all over the sole of the foot: though this method may ease the foot of pain for a time, yet by taking away its support, it causes them to contract much faster. This practice is very destructive to the feet of horses, and, in ge- neral, bring on a permanent lameness, called the founder in the feet. The foot should be paired as little as possible, the rotten, or decayed, parts only being removed, and not too much hollowed, in shoeing. If the feet be hard and dry, they must be filled up every night with the following composition. The horse should never zvo7^k, or be taken to exercise with stuffing in his feet ; let all, therefore, be taken out, and, when he returns, fresh stuffing should be put in. , (RECIPE, No. 158.) Take — Tar, and hog's lard, of each four ounces ; Common turpentine, one ounce : Melt them together in an iron ladle. 254 NARKOW-TIEELS. Methods of preserving the Hoof. First dip a few pledgets of hurds into this mix- ture, while warm, and stop up the horse's feet; then take two bits of sticks (commonly called splints), and put each end crossways under the shoe. Where horses' hoofs are dry and brittle, it is a common, but injudicious, practice among grooms to oil, or grease them, by which means many a good foot has been spoiled. The best method of preserving the hoofs is, to wash them in old urine once or twice a day, w^hich will strengthen and cause the hoof to grow: this treatment will also prevent it from cracking, or breaking, after the shells are first rasped off, and will so rust the nails, that a clinch will seldom start from the time of shoeing, till the animal requires again to be shod. Where, however, the hoofs are con- stantly greased, or oiled, every day, the clinches will sometimes rise a quarter of an inch in a week^s time, which loosens the shoe, and causes the hoof to crack as far as the nails extend. Narrow-heeled horses may be treated in the NARROW^HBEtS. 255 C"„i',"'""' , "■ ' "■"' " "" ' '" '• Recipe--Tb be applied after firing a Narrow-heeled Horse. following manner. Take a firing iron^ not too hot, and fire from the point of the heel (as far as the hoof is drawn in), between the hair and the hoof, but rather more upon the hoof. This must be done on both the in-heel and out ; and if the hbbfs appear much contracted towards the heels fiire tolerably deep. As soon as the firing is finished, dress the parts with the following com- pound mixture. (RECIPE, No. 159.) Take — Egyptiacum, and compound tincture of myrrb, of each two ounces ; Spirit of turpenti'fie^ one ounce : Mix, and shake them well together in a bottle for use. A small tent of tow dipped in the above mix- ture must be laid lengthways on the wound, with a pledget of dry hurds upon it, and bandaged on iwith a roller made of flannel, or an old stockhig^ repeat the dressing once a. day till the wound is 256 HOOF-BGUNT). . Where a Horse is hoof-bound, and Causes thereof. sufficiently healed : then let him be turned out into a straw-yard, and give him a winter's run. If in the spring of the year, let him have a summer's run on low ground, either of which will prove suitable to forward the cure. In about six weeks after the "above operation is performed, a new hoof will begin to appear round the cornet, be- twixt the hair and hoof; and as it grows down, will be considerably wider than the old one. CHAP. L. HOOF-BOUND. A HORSE is hoof-bound, when the hoof is very tight round the instep, between the hair and hoof, and wide at the bottom, resembling the shape of a bell. It is often occasioned by setting on broad and hollow shoes; and likewise from a fever HOOF-BOUND. ^^7 Fatal EflFects from Bad Shoeing. falling from the body down into his feet. In this case, the farrier generally falls to work in paring and drawing away the sole of his foot, in order to find out his lameness, and afterwards puts on a broad shoe that is very much hollowed. By this fatal practice the support of his foot is taken ^way, and in a week or a fbrtnight*s time the horse's coffin drops, and all hope of a cure is rendered ineffectual. This is chiefly owing to bad i^hoeing, and ^ want of a proper knowledge in the inanagement of such diseases. But if this com- plaint be attended to in time, it may be cured by easing the shoe, arid applying the following medi- cines. First stop the foot with (No. 158, p. 253), as there directed; and then rub the blistering oint- ment (No. 113, p. 171) all round the instep, just above the hoof, for half an hour, or more. In a few days after he may be turned out to grass for two, or three months. J58 <^uiTTaiji. ' ""■ ' ' .. === Description and Causes. CHAP. LI. QUITTOR. A QuiTTOR is an ulcer fprmed on the coronet, that is to say, betvvqen the hair and. hoof; gpne-f rally upon the heel, on th^ inside quarter of th^ hprse s foot It arises from treads, bruises, and stubs; or frqm gravel (when the fopt has been I)ricked in shoeing^ woryng upwards, and lodg- ing near the coronej;. This disease, if attended tq before it has begun to form sinuses, or become pipedy may easily be cured by applying the fol- lowing oils. (liECIPE, No. 160.) TAKjE-^Egyptiacum, and spirit of turpentine, of each four ounces; Put them into a large pot that willlioldthroa or four times the qua,ntity ofthc whole; Add oil of vitriol, half an ounce ; QUITTOR. 26$ Recipe, and Method of Application. Nitrous acid, one ounce ; Mix these with the two first articles by a little at a time, and immediately add, Eight ounces of spirit of wine : Mix the whole carefully together, and put them in a bottle for use. A proper quantity of these oils must be rubbed on the part affected every night and morning, after it has been first washed, or cleansed from dirt. The horse should have rest, if possible, during the time of cure ; but if he cannot be rested, care roust be taken to wash the part every night, or as soon as he comes from his labour ; and when it is properly dry, well rub in the oils, and repeat them in the morning half an hour be- fore he goes to work. These oils are excellent in curitig all kind of treads, stubs, and bruises, on the feet of horses before they are ulcered ; and likewise are equally efficacious for the foul in the feet of beasts. When the quittor is ulcered, or piped, it will be easily discovered by washing the part with s2 260 QUITTOR. Further Instructions for a Cure. warm water; then let hirn stand half an hour, or an hour, within which time a thick matter will appear over the mouth of the Avound. The depth and situation: of the wound, or ulcer, must be ex- amined with a probe, or (if that cannot be ob- tained) with a crow quill; and if no swelling appear about the wound, a cure may speedily be performed by the following applications, Fb^st, cleanse the matter from the wound, then take nitrated silver (lunar caustic), and introduce it into the wound to the bottom, if possible, and hold it there for the space of a minute or two; next, take verdegris, or sulphate of copper, or the prepared verdegris ; any one of these will do, but it vmst be poxvdered, and folded in a thin bit of paper, and put in with a probe to the bottom of the ulcer, and a tent of tow after it, by way of keeping it in. In a few days this will turn out a small core, after which the wound may be healed ivith the above mixed oils (No. 16*0, p. 258) ; but if the part be swelled round the ulcer, it is cer- QUTTTOtl. 561 Treatment after applying; the Caustic. tainly hollow at the bottom as far as the swelling extends : in this case it will be proper to make two or three little holes through the swelled part with a blacksmith's poker, sharpened, and made red-hot for the purpose ; then put into each hole a small lump of sublimate, folded in thin paper, and pressed to the bottom ; after, fill them up with tow. If the practitioner wishes to keep the sublimate a secret from the by-stander, let him powder it, and make it into a paste, with a little spirits of hartshorn ; lay it on a fire-shovel, and place it by the fire-side to dry ; in this state it quickly turns black. A small quantity of this paste, or powder, the size of a pea, or bean, must be rolled in paper, and forced to the bottom of the wound, as before stated. After the caustic has been applied, a little of the above-mentioned oils may be rubbed on the part, and the following poultice spread on a cloth, and applied ovtr the swelling once a day for a week, or till the cores come out. 262 QUTTTOR. Recipes for a Poultice, where necessary. (RECIPE, No. 161.) TA^s — Of ale dregs, and rye flour, a sufficient quan- tity : 5oU them to a proper consistence for a poul- tice ; while warm, add two ounces of hog's lard. Or the following may be employed with equal effect. (RECIPE, No. 162.) TAK^-r-Coarse bread, a sufficient quantity ; Sleep it iflold milk for half an hour, then boil it to a proper consistence for a poultice ; Add common turpentine, and elder ointment, of each one ounce : Mix, and stir them together while warm, Either of these poultices may be spread oi^ linen cloth, and applied warm to the part affect- ed, once a day, until the core is ready to be taken out, or falls out of itself: alterwards dress the wound with the following healing mixture. QUITTOR. $63 Recijie— Catitiiiii a^mrt thft Rot of the Coifia-Brtttfe. (REGlPE,No. 16S.) Take— E half-moon, pare out the rotten and putrified flesh, which grows on the bottom of the foot, taking care not to cut deeper than the decayed part, lest it should endanger the coffin-bone. This being done, put J268 CANKER IN THE FOOT. Method of Dressing. on the shoe with two nails on each sicte j then take a handful of common salt, and lay it over the part which is cut; fasten it properly with hurds : this will stop the bleeding. The next day take oif the dressing, and examine whether the hoof presses on any part that is tender ; if so, it must be pared quite thin, or, if hollow under- neath, be taken quite away. If necessary, this operation must be repeated every time it is dressed. (RECIPE, No. 166.) Take — Egyptiacum, four ounces ; Alum, ia fine powder, half an ounce ; Blue vitriol, and white vitriol, of each two drachms, in powder : Mix them in a gallypot. Anoint all the diseased part of the foot with the compound tincture (No. 164, p. 265), then take pledgets of tow, and dip in the above mix- ture (No. 166, p. 9,67), and apply all over the parts affected ; and upon this dressing, let pledgets CANKER IN THE FOOT^ 26§ How to preserve the Hoof in this Coinplaiot. of tow be spread with the stopping (No. 165, p. ^65) sufficient to cover the whole ; afterwards fill up the vacancy with dry hurds, and splinter it down to the foot as fast as possible : by this me- thod of dressing, the cure will be effected much sooner. The foot must be dressed once a day; and if any fungous flesh appears, sprinkle a little verdigrease in powder over it. Sometimes the horse loses his hoof in this dis- order, which renders the cure more difficult, and also occasions much trouble. If the shoe cannot be made fast to the foot, it will be difficult to fasten on the dressings, unless a boot be made for the purpose. In this case there are frequently so many cloths, or rags, and hurds applied, as to heat the foot, and often to make it worse than be- fore : therefore, to prevent the hoof from falling off, let it be well washed every day with the sharp water (No. 146, p. 229), before the foot is dress- ed, and all round the instep, as high as the fet- lock joint. This method will preserve the hoof 270 BITES OF VENOMOUS CREATURES. > Treatment of a Horse with cankered Feet from falling off. Two or three doses of mercu* rial physic, such as TNo. 2.5, p. 47) must be given, and worked off with the purging ball (No. ^6, p. 4i7^y which will be the only means of cleansing and purifying his blood, and also of giving a check to the disease: let him be treated as there di- rected. In a few weeks after he has been phy- sicked, it will be proper to give him a few of those purifying balls (No. 28, p. 49), as there di- rected. ]{3y strict attention to the preceding me- thods of treatment every skilful person will be able to effect a cure on the worst kind of cankered feet whatsoever. * CHAP. LIV. BITES AND STINGS OF VENOMOUS CREATURES. The bite of a viper, or adder, may be cured, if early attended to, by rubbing the part, or the ivhole limb, for a considerable time, with warm BITES GP VENOMOUS CREATURES. 271 Recipes for the Cure of a Bile by a Viper, or Adder. ' I I ' ,^. wi>— — ^ I ■ ' ' ZSt 5alad oil, repeating it two or three times a day. But if the following liniment can be procured in a short time after the bite, it will be far better, and more effectual in checking the progress of the venom. (RECIPE, No. 167.) Take— Olive oil, four ounces; Water of pure ammonia, opodeldoc, and tincture of opium, of each two ounces : Mix, and keep them in a bottle for use. Let the part aflfected be rubbed twice a day with this mixture : it will be found an effectual remedy in the above cases, and likewise in cases of stings by hornets, or wasps. It sometimes is requisite to give internal medicines, for which purpose the following is very excellent, (RECIPE, No. 168.) Take — Mithridate, one ounce; Salt of tartar, two drachms ; Dissolve them in a pint of rue tea; Add four ounces of salad oil : Give it to the horse new mUk warm. 272 BITES OF VENOMOUS CTJEATUllES. Becipe — A Fever Drink to be {^ivea where necessary. If any feverish symptoms should appear, it will be proper to give the following opening fever drink. (RECIPE, No. 169.) Take — Mitluidate, one ounce ; Peruvian bark, half an ounce; Aromatic spirit of ammonia, one ounce ; Castor oil, eight ounces: Mix the whole in a quart of warm gruel, and give it immediately* This last is a most excellent drink for the pur- pose, and may be repeated once or twice a day, as necessity may require. BITE OF A MAD DQG. 27$ Recipes recommended for Cure. CHAP. LV. BITE OF A MAD DOG. The following recipes have been much reeotn- mended in the bite of a mad dog. (RECIPE, No. 170.) Takp— Musk, sixteen grains ; Native and factitious cinnabar, of each twenty-five grains : To be given in a glass of arrack three nights together, and the night preceding the full of three successive moons. Or, (RECIPE, No. 171.) Take — Garlic heads, and rue leaves, dried and pow- dered, of each three ounces and an half; Pewter, in powder, two ounces and an half; Oyster-shells, prepared, three ounces and aa half; Savin leaves, dried and powdered, two drachroe : To be given to a full grown beast in a quart of warm ale. T 274 BITE OF A MAD DOG. Treatment and Method of Cure. This drink may be repeated every third day for three times, and afterwards the day before the moon is in the full, for three successive times. The most effectual method of cure is (if the part would admit of it), instantly to cut out the part bitten, and afterwards to cauterize it with a hot iron. The surrounding parts should be well rubbed with the mixture (No. 167, p. 270), and the w^ound dressed with (No. VZ7, p. 188), and afterwards take pledgets of tow, and spread them thick with the digestive ointment (No. 121, p. 182), and apply over the wound; fasten them on the part with a proper ligature. Repeat the dressings once a day until well. Such dogs as have been bitten by others of the same species in a state of hydrophobia, were for- merly treated with some success, by giving them from eight to twelve grains of turpeth mineral, mixed into a pill with conserve of roses. This pill may be given to a dog once a day for three days together, and repeated the night preceding the full and change of two or three successive moons. GELDING, 275 Directions for the Operation. CHAP. LVL GELDING. Gelding is an operation well known to most persons, and there are many persons in this king- dom who follow this part of the profession only. The usual method is to throw the horse dovvii on some convenient spot, and turn him on his back, then draw one of his hind legs forward towards his neck, by which medns the practitioner will have more room to perform the operation. Then with a pair of flat barnacles, or pincers, take hold of the scrotiim, make a section through it, sufficient to admit the testicle being pressed out : (This may be done either with a knife, or burnt through with a hot firing-iron ; ) then apply the flat nippers a little below the testicle, and hold it suf- ficiently tight to prevent an overflow of blood ; the T 2 276 CELDING Necessary Preparation for the Operation. g- -■ .,:.■'■.. ■ ■ ' , v. " . ' ■' .. ' - ■.■'::,■„:,■;—' stone may then be seared off with a hot iron, or if cut off seared afterwards. While the iron is hot, dissolve a sufficient quan- tity of resin over the seared part; and lastly, apply a pledget of lint spread with digestive ointment, just within the wound. When this is done, pro- ceed in the same manner with the other stone. I believe this to be the best and safest way to perform this operation, whatever the age of the animal may be. A gentleman in the neighbour- hood of Retford had two horses, (three or four years old) castrated by tying up the spermatic vessels with a ligature ; both of which died. A full-grown horse, if in good condition, ought to undergo some preparation before the operation. Purging, if thought proper, or otherwise bleeding, and a few of the purifying balls (No. 28, p. 49), m^y be given for several days before he is cut. If the swelling and inflammation about the part DOCKING. 277 How performed by most Farriers. are considerable, give him the drink (No. IQ6, p. 187), as there directed; and gently rub the part with digestive oils (No. 119, p. 179), or the ointment (No. 125, p. 186). In some cases it may be necessary to foment the swelling with the fo- mentation (No. 123, p. 184), before the oils, or ointment, are rubbed on. By these methods the horse will be preserved from that danger which so frequently happens in operations of this kind. CHAP. LVir. DOCKING, Docking, or cutting off a horse's tail, is an operation almost universally known, and is seldom attended with any danger. The operation is best performed with an engine, used for that purpose by most farriers. After the tail is taken off, let 278 DOCKIJTG. Treatment where Inflammation arises. the part be gently seared with a hot iron till the blood is stopped, then cover the part with pow- dered resin, and touch it with the hot iron till it dissolves, and runs all over the end of the stump. This is all that is requisite in docking a horse : sometimes, however, it happens, among heavy waggon, or coach horses, when docked too near the rump, that an inflammation and gangrene may succeed, especially if the tail be fleshy. In this case no time must be lost ; foment the part, there- fore, two or three times a day with (No. 123, p. 184), then rub all over the same the blistering oils (No. 124, p. 184), and let this be done till the inflammation abates. His body must be treated in the same manner as for inflammatory fever.* These rules must be persevered in until his appetite returns, and the feverish symptoms entirely disappear. * Sec Chap. XVI. p. 87 and foK NICKING. 279, How to perform the Operation. CHAP. LVIII, NICKING, Is an operation designed tp make the horse carry his tail neatly and elegantly. It should not be performed when the weather is either too hot or too cold, but in a mild and temperate atmosphere. prst, let the horse be thrown down on some convenient spot, then, according to the length of his tail, let four or five nicks be cut across on the under side. The first nick must be about two inches from his rump ; and the others at a pro- portionable distance from each other. The great- est art in nicking is, to cut sufficiently deep on each side the under part of the tail. There are two tendons or sinews on each side, the ends of which will sprout or rise up after they are cut : some persons take a small quantity of these ten- S80 NICKING. Dressings to be applied after the Operation. dons out, in order to prevent them from growing together again ; but this is absurd ; if the horse's tail be properly pullied the tendons cannot unite again. As soon as the operation is performed, take small pledgets of lint or tow, and dip them in an equal quantity of tincture of myrrh, and spi» rit of turpentine, { after they are well shaken to- gether): apply them to each wound with pledgets of dry tow over them; then secure the dressing on with a proper bandage over each wound : af- ter which let him be gently walked about until he becomes cool, by which time the blood will be stopped. Then put him in the stable, and the day following at night cut the laps, but by no means disturb the dressings: next morning, take off the old dressings and apply the following (RECIPE, No. 172.) Compound Digestive Mixture, Take — Egyptiacura, four ounces ; Spirit of turpentine, three ounces ; NICKING. 281 How to make a Horse carry his Tail to the Owner's Wish. '■ -■_ ■' ' " '- ■ - ■,,...--■ ..•-^m Tincture of benzoin, one ounce ; Put them in a bottle, and shake them well together when used. A small dossel of tow must be dipped in this mixture and applied lengthwise on each wound, and tied up with laps of tow or old linen cloth, as before : and in about two hours after the tail has been dressed, let the horse be put into the pul- lies; take care that you do not hang too heavy a weight ©n the pulley the first day, as it is apt to make him startle, and thereby some have broken their tails. The chief art in making a horse to carry his tail suitably to the wish of the owner, consists in the proper care and management during the first week he is put in the pulley. The pullies should be fixed about a yard above the horse's shoulders, in order to bring the end of his tail within four or five inches of the croup. The method of fixing it must be according to the position of the horse. 2S2 NJCKING, Necessary Treatment after Nicking. ■ I ... I , , . If he is placed on one side of his standing more than the other, the piiUies xnuhi be fixed to that side to keep his tail in a proper position. The dressings must be repeated every other day, during eight or ten days; afterwards anoint the wounds once a; day with a feather, dipped in the mixture, and immediately after sprinkle a little powdered resin all over the wounds. This must be repeated once a day until he is well. The horse should have regular exercise every day, or every other day : if he swells at the heels, and his tail likewise swells, and discharges a large quantity of matter, it will be proper to take some blood from him, and give him a few diure- tic balls, such as (No. 152, p. 235). SAND-CRACKS AND FALSE QUARTERS. 283 How to cure a SanJ-Crack, CHAP. LIX. gAND-CRACKS, AND FALSE QUARTERS. Sand-cracks are little clefts, running in ^ straight line down the hoof; and sometimes through the horny part; which, in process of time, often grows out of itself; but if the crack passes through the ligament, w4iich joins the hoof ^'ith the coronet, it piust be treated in the follow-, fng manner. First, rasp across the clift betwixt the coronet and hoof, both thin and wide, then take a firing- iron, and moderately heat it; afterwards fire o, line straight across the cleft, between the hair and the hoof. Dress it in thq same manner as for the false quarter. A false quarter is, when one part of the hoof is destroyed by some long-continued quittor, that 284 SAND-CRACKS AND FALSE QUARTERS. M—. '. . ■' ■" ■',.., ' . ■ ,. , ,■■-.;:■ Treatment and Cure of a False Quarter. has been badly managed ; which renders the quarter useless, and the horse frequently lame. The following method of treatment will be found most effectual in the cure of such cases. First, rasp the quarter that is so affected quite thin, from the coronet to the bottom of the foot ; then take a firing-ii;on moderately heated, fire a straight line exactly between the hair and hoof, or if a little more inclining on the hoof, it will be tliQ better. Begin at the corner of the heel, and go forward for half an inch, or an inch, upon the sound part of the foot ; fire it sufficiently deep through the ligament which unites the hoof with the coronet. This being done, dress the part with the digestive ointment (No. 131, p. 182), and repeat the dressings once a day for eight or ten days, until the wound discharges a proper quan- tity of matter, after which dress it regularly once a day, until well, with mixture (No. 172, p. 280). This operation always answers the best whea SAND-CRACKS AND FALSE QUARTERS, 285 How to bring a Horse's Hoof into Shape. performed at the latter end of the year; the horse must be kept in the stable till the wound is sufficiently healed, afterwards he may be turned out into a straw-yard, and continue there during the winter. It should, however, be observed, that the horse will require somewhat better food than mere straw ; a little hay and corn, therefore, will be necessary twice a day. If the horse undergoes this operation in the spring, it will be necessary, after he has stood in the stable a proper time, to turn him out to grass on some marshy or low grounds, and give him a summer run. In about six or eight weeks after the horse has been fired, a new hoof will begin to appear all round the coronet, as far as the firing extended. When it is grown half an inch or an inch down, and appears any ways out of form, it must be brought into shape by rasping ; and if the foot be afterwards washed with old urine once a day, this will harden and give tendency to the part. As soon as the quarter is grown down, and ^S6 WOUNDS IN THE FEET FROM NAILlS, &C. Treatment when Matter is formed in the Foot. . ■ ....■■... II I I... m.M the horse begins to \Vork, every time he is new- shod his foot must be washed with old cham- berley, in order to rust the nails, and strengthen the hoof. CHAP. LX. WOUNDS IN THE FEET FROM NAILS, GRAVEL, Sic. &C. Horses, in general, are more subject to lame* ness in the feet than in any other part of the body, which for want of care and proper judge- ment often proves of bad consequence ; as these parts are naturally tender and exposed to inflam- mation. When matter is once formed in any part of the foot, it must be opened and discharged; otherwise the bone, which is of a spongy nature, will soon become affected, and the whole foot be in danger. The. most dangerous part about a VOUNi:)^ TN THE FEET FROM NAILS, &C. 387 Treatment when Nails, &c. are lodged in the Foot. horse's foot, is that at the point of the frog; which being near the coffin-bone, a stub in this part is generally attended with considerable danger. When anv forcinf:^ bodies are lodfffed in the foot, such as nails, stubs, thorns, 8cc, the foot wiust be pared down with a drawing knife, to the quick, all round the part, and the nail, or what- ever it may be, extracted as soon as possible. If the wound be recent, and slight, a little oil of turpentine poured upon the part, and set fire to with an hot poker, is commonly a present cure, without any other application ; the blaze must be put out before the turpentine is burnt dry, other- wise it will produce more harm than benefit ; and if it be stopped up with the application (No. 15S, p. 253), for a night or two, this treatment will, in general, effect a cure in all slight cases. If the instrument penetrate so deep as to affect the cof- fin-bone, no time should be lost in the attempt to cure. The following will be found suitable for the purpose. 288 'srouNDs in the feet from nails, &;c. Useful Recipe where the Coffin-bone is affected. (RECIPE, No. 173.) Take — Tincture of benzoin, one ounce ; Spirit of turpeiitine, half an ounce ; Mixed oils (No. 160, p. 258) one ounce and an half : Mix and shake them altogether in a bottle for use. Let a small tent of lint, or tow, be dipped in this mixture, and applied to the wound ; if slight, it need only be laid over the mouth ; but if the wound be considerable, it will be proper to force the mixture to the bottom, either with a syringe or by pouring it in. Afterwards let the foot be properly stopped with the following (RECIPE, No. 174.) Take — Tar, hog's-lard, and common turpentine, of each four ounces; Yellow wax, two ounces; Spirit of turpentine, one ounce : Melt them together for use. After the wound has been dressed with the aforesaid mixture, melt a proper quantity of this WOUNDS IS THE FEET FROM NAI£S^&C. gB9 Treatment wheii the Joint of the Foot is penetrated. itopphrg iii' an- iroil ladle, then dip it in small pledgets of tbw, and apply theiii o\/er the dress- ings, fasten dry hnrds over the whole, and secure the dressihg by putting a couple of splints across to fasten them. By strict attehtibri to the appli- cation of the above remedies, a cure may be perr formed in all wounds of the feet, proceeding from pricxks in shoeing, or from gravel, stubs, thorns, nails, &c. Should this method of treatment provfe tinsuccessful, and the horse still cohtinue laine, tlife HT)uhd must be immediately laid open to thfe bottom with a proper drawing knife, and the mat- ter discharged, which in general is thin, blood}% and offensive. If any nail should penetrate the jbint of the foot, so as to endanger the cartilage that surrounds the joint, and cause a discharge of syndvia, or joint-oil, it will prove extremely diffi- cult to cure. In cases of this kind no time should b^ lost, the horse must be treated in the same manner as directed in Chapter XXXIV. p. 19 1, on humours ooxing from the joints. u 290 WOUNDS IN THE VEKT FROM NAITS, &C. Bad Practice among the Country Farriers. It may not be irrelevant here to notice a bad practice very prevalent among country farriers in their management of those horses whose feet are lame. After the foot has been pared quite thin, and the horse is so far recovered from his lame^ ness as to be capable of work, the farrier in gene- ;:al wedges the lame part under the shoe with hurds and stopping, in order to prevent the gra- vel from working to the wound. This is a very erroneous notion; the pressing of the hurds on the lame part causes much pain, and will not pre- vent the gravel from working between the sole and the stopping, or hurds. In cases of this kind, the pain and inflammation have been so nmch increased, as to make the horse more lamq than •at the first. To prevent such accidents, the horse should never be permitted to work with any kind qf^^.tuffing under the shoe ; but should be shod §10, as to:e,ase^ the part, and give the gravel an opportunity, of working out as it enters. When he comes from his work the foot should be well washed with warm water, and afterwards stop- THE COLT-EVIL, 291 Symptoms and Treatment to be observed. ped up with warm stopping as before. But in the morning, or when he goes to work, it ought all to be taken out with a picker, made for the purpose. CHAP. LXL ON THE COLT-EVIL. This disorder chiefly affects young stallions which have full liberty with mares before they are able to cover them. The symptoms are as follows : an inflammation and swelling in the sheath, yard, and testicles : these symptoms are in general much increased by the lodgment of dirt or other nastiness in the sheath, which may be removed by washing the parts well with warm ^ilk and water, when he draws his yard, which may be effected at any time by taking him to a mare. If the parts be much swelled let them b« fomented with the following u 2 593 THE COX,T-EVIL. Recipes--rTo be applied in the Cure. (RECIPE, No. 175.) ^AKJi-'Marslimallow roots ; Elder leaves, and wormwood, of each one handfuU ; Poppy beads, twelve in number s Boil them in a gallon of (equal quantities of) milk and water. Foment the parts affected every night and morn- ing with hot flannels squeezed out of the above fomentation ; and then rub the swelled parts M'ith the following liniment. (RECIPE, No. 176.) Take — Ointment of elder, ointment of spermaceti, and ointment of marshraallows, each two ounces ; Camphor, half an ounce ; Dissolve it in one ounce of highly rectified spirit of wine : Miy Ihem all togetlier, and keep them tied down in a pot for use. After the parts have been fomented, let this THE COLT-EVJL. 293 Cause of a ^onorrhcea, and Method of Cure. liniment be gently rubbed all over as far as the swelling and inflammation extend. As soon as these subside, the cure may be completed by applying the following lotion. (RECIPE, No. 177.) Take — Camphorated spirit of wine, four ounces ; Acetated Ikharge, two ounces ; White vitriol, one drachm ; Water, half a pint : ■ ' Mix, and put them in a bottle for use. Let the parts be bathed with this lotion two or three times a day : it will be found excellent to cool, brace, and strengthen the parts. The ooz- ing or dribbling from the yard is properly a sim- ple gonorrhoea, or seminal gleet. It is chiefly owing to high feeding in young horses, and a relaxation of the glands and seminal vessels, brought on by frequent emissions„ It will be necessary, first, to give the horse a gentle purge, such as (No. 4, p. 14); three or four days after give him a diuretic ball^ (No. 153, p. 23^j, and 294 THE COLT-EVIL. te , . , , = Further Remedy in a Gonorrhoea. repeat it every third day until he has taken three or four balls : omit them for a week, and repeat them as before, or the diuretic balls may be omitr ted, and the following given in their stead. (RECIPE, No. 178.) Take — Electuary of senna, four ounces ; Nitre, and yellow resin, of eaph four ounces, in powder ; Gum Arabic, in powder, and balsam of copivi, of each two ounces ; Castile soap, one ounce ; Liquorice powder, four ounces : Beat the balsam of copivi and soap together until united, then add the remainder : Make them into balls weighing two ounces each. One of these balls may be given once or twice a day, and continued for a considerable time, or until the horse is well. In some cases that seem difficult to cure, where the horse is disposed to be 5]arfeited, or symptoms of the farcy appear, it wil} ANTICOR, OR THE FELTORIC. Q95 Symptoros, and Method of Cure. be proper to give him the solution and decoction (No. 34, p. 67), and (No. 35, p. 58), as there di- rected. But if the above methods should fail, it will be proper to inject a spoonful or two of the lotion (No. 177, p. 293) up his yard, once a day, with a syringe, as it may proceed from an ulcer formed near the mouth of the urethra. CHAP. LXII. ANTICOR, OR THE FELTORIC. . This disorder begins with a violent and malig- nant swelling in the breast, and extends along the belly as far as the sheath ; it is attended with a fever and inflammation, great depression, weak-* ness, and loss of appetite; the last symptom is frequently occasioned by the inflammation, which sometimes affects the whole gullet and throat, and is attended with immediate danger. To effect a cure it will be proper, first, to take from two to foui quarts of blood from the horse, according to bis ^9B ANTICOR, OR THE FELTORIC. I ever Ball and Purging Drink to be administered. size, strength, and habit of body. In the evening gi.ve him the following (RECIPE, No. 179.) Compound Fever Ball, Take — White antimonial powder, Caslile soap, gin- ger, and nitre, of each two drachms ; Balsam of copivi, siilBcient (o make it into a ball. The next morning it will be proper to give him the following purging drink. (IIECIPE, No. ISO.) Take— One quart of hot .«ruel, and dissolve in it four ounces of electuary of senna ; Two ounces of Glauber's salts ; Two table-spoons full of treacle ; lastly, when new-milk warm, add Eight ounces of castor oil ; Let this be givc'n as soon as possible, and, if thought proper, a wine glass of gin, or brandy, may be added. ANTlCOiR, OiR TKE FELTORIC. 297 Further In«truotion8 0,94 Tres^lment. If this drink does not operate the morning fol- lowing, it must be repeated ; if otherwise, give him the drink (No. 59, p. 293), once a day, or every other day, as there directed. The swelled part must be rubbed once or twke a day (until the swelling subsides) \vkk tjie blisteriiig oils (No. 124, p. 186) ; after wg-rds the cure may be finished with the suppling liniai-ent (No. 176, p. ?92.) In cases of this kind the horse will require every attentioi> ; warm wajter and maslies n^ust be givea him in small quantities, several times ia the cogr3P of the day, till such time as he is out of danger. It is a usual practice, amqngst country farriers, to open the tumor in five or six places with a;la,Hcet, or by aqJL.ual cautery ; and afterwards to dress tjie wounds witji digestive ointment or oils; but this method is always attended with dapger, :as the blood being ill a bad state, renders i% difficult tp bring the wounds to a good digestion : and if this be not effected, a gangrene and mortification in ge- neral takes place about the wounds ; which, if not stopped in time, will occasion the horse's death. 29S FOUNDER IN THE FEET. Caases of this Complaint. CHAP. LXIII. FOUNDER IN THE FEET. This disorder is superficially understood by most persons, and is in general called tlie chest* founder^ though it is a query whether such a dis- order ever existed. It is very common to hear of horses that are foundered in the feet ; but, I be- lieve, it never did exist in the chest. Founder in the feet arises from different causes; as, taking cold after violent exercise, or by drinking cold water, and riding into ponds when overheated. Thus perspiration is checked, and an inflammatory fever is produced, which in general terminates in the horse's feet, and produces this disease. The founder in the feet is sometimes entirely confined to that part, and is occasioned by hard riding on stony, or hard roads, and appears to increase upon them in an insensible way. This disease is easily FOUNDER IN THE FEET. 299 Symptoms, and Treatment. discovered by the different positions the horse constantly puts himself in. When both his fore feet are affected, the hinder feet are brought forward, by which means the fore feet are greatly relieved from the pressure they otherwise would have to endure; and where only one foot is af- fected, the horse is always attempting to relieve it, either by putting it forward, or letting it rest upon fhe toe. But when all four feet are diseased, the horse cannot be a moment at ease while standing ; his desire is to lay down continually, and if he is made to rise, it is with the greatest difficulty. After the horse has been prepared with mashes of scalded bran for two or three days, it will be pro- per to give him the following compound mercurial ball. (RECIPE, No. 181.) Take — Calomel, and white antiraonial powder, of each one drachm; Opium, and camphor, of each half a drachm; 500 FOUNDER IN THE FIET. Recipe — Purging Drink, and further Instructions. Castile soap, and aromatic confection, of each two drachms : Make them into a ball with syrup of buck- thorn. This ball must be given in the evening, and the purging drink (No. 57, p. 90) early next morn- ing ; or the following purging drink may be given in its stead. (RECIPE, No. 182.) Take — Barbadoes aloes, four drachms ; Electuary of senna, two ounces; Epsom sails, two ounces ; Nitre, one ounce ; Tincture of opium, two drachms : Mix, and dissolve in a quart of thin gruel. This last purging drink will answer the purpose as well as (No. bl, p. 90), and be considerably less expensive. The horse must be treated in the same manner as for other physic, that is to say, with warm water, and mashes of scalded bran and oats, two or three tiuies a day. After the physic FOUNDER IN THE FEET. 301 Recipe — Cooling Mixture to be applied to the Fetlock Joint. has ceased to operate, the horse may be treated in the same manner as in other fevers. If, how** ever, the horse should incline to be costive, let the clyster (No. 9, p. 1 9) be administered once a day. The parts round the fetlock and pastern joints must be well rubbed with (No. 131, j). 195), or with the following cooling mixture. (RECIPE, No. 183.) Take — Sal ammoniac, two ounces; Nitre, one ounce ; Dissolve them in one pint of tbe best wine vinegar ; Spirit of turpentine, two ounces; Camphorated spirit of wine, four ounces: Mix, and keep tliem in a bottle for use. This mixture must be rubbed all round the coronety as, high as the fetlock joint, two or three times a day. Bleeding will be found proper in most cases of this kind, and will be attended with con- siderable advantage in checking the inflammation. 302 FOUNDER IN THE TtKT, ■ fci , I ■' ,■ 1 ■ , , ■. ■■ , -rrr^ , Directiou» for Cure in obstinate Cases. ' ' ■ ■ ■ ' » If the above method of treatment be attended to, it will prove sufficient to prevent the fever settling in bis feet. Where this disease has been standing a consi- derable time, small lumps of the size of a large nut or filbert, will appear upon the coronet on each side of the heel : these may be properly called splints of a ringbone, as they in general arise from the same cause. The cure will be the best performed if treated in the following manner. First clip off the hair, three or four inches, broad, all round the coronet ; prick the lumps on each side the heel in the same manner as for bone-spavins;* and then dress the part with the blistering ointment (No. 135, p. 205,) or (No. 136, p. 206,) as there directed. As soon as the blister has done running (if in the winter) he may be turned into a warm straw- yard, and there run till spring. But if the horse undergoes the operation in the spring, he • Sec Chap. XXXVI. p. 200. FOUNDER IN THE FEET. 305 Further Instructions for Cure. should have a summer*s run on some low situation. If the animal is only foundered in one foot, and the hoof is not contracted or less than the other, the sole may be drawn, and the shoe easily put on ; then let the foot be well stopped, or filled up, with an equal quantity of fresh nettles and salt, pounded together in a mortar ; and then co- vered over with pledgets of hurds well pressed down, and secured with three or four splints made of wood, and put across under the shoe ; by this method the bleeding will soon be stop- ped.* This being done, clip off the hair all round the coronet, and fire him neatly ; afterwards, let the blistering ointment (No. 113, p. 171,) be well rubbed on the part affected, three or four mornings together. It should always be remem- bered that the horse's head must be tied up to the rack, lest he bite the part and blister his * It will be proper to let this dressins; remain in the foot twenty-four hours; after which, dress the foot with the mixture (No. 173, p. 288,) and then stop it up with (No. 174, p. 288 ) Thii ihouid be repeated o ice a day until a new sole appears, then once every other daj will be sufficient to effect a cure. S64 fqUnder in the feet. Foundered Horses litit to have tlieir Peet pared down. ThoUth, whilst the blister is taking effect : the lit- ter likewise should be taken from before him, lest hdrabitofF. Whfen the new sole has attained a sufficient !?trength, so as ti) enable the horse to bear his own weight, he may be turned out into a straw- yard ; or if it be in the spring of the }t2ar, on some low gtoiirlds. Horses that have been foundered a long time, generally have their feet pared down, and the soles of their feet drawn thin, every time they are shod> in order to cool the feet ; this may give relief for a short time, but in the end will bring on a permanent lameness ; the air, by its pene- trating and drying effect on feet so reduced, causes them very rapidly to contract or grow less, and there is no method that can be used to any advantage, in order to throw out the foot, except- ing that used for narrow heels (see chap. XLIX. p. 252), one half of the foot mtist be fired at ROWELLING. 3Q5 How jto perform the Operation. once, and the ojther half in six or eight weeks af- ter, and treated as there directed. The sole, be- ing the main support of the horse's foot, very seldom requires more to be pared off than the loose or shelly parts. If the horse's feet be ever so strong or good, the constantly thinning of the sole every time he is shodj will make him tender* footed, and in time will bring on this disease* CHAP. LXIV. ROWELLING. RowELLiNG is useful in some respects, and answers nearly the same intention as blistering does on the human body. When this operation is performed, the skin must be cut so as to get a finger or a thumb into it, which must be worked about till the skin is parted from the body three or four inches round ; then dip the rowel in a 306 ROWELLING. Blisterino^ Ointment, and Treatment. little of the digestive ointment (No. 121, p. 182,) previously dissolved, or in an equal quantity of hog's lard and common turpentine, melted toge- ther. In cases of debility, after any long con- tinued disease, and a want of action in the vas- cular system, it will be proper to cover the rowel with a sufficient quantity of the following mild blistering ointment. (RECIPE, No. 184.) Take — ^Yellow basilicon ointment, one ounce ; Cantharides in powder, two drachms ; Spirit of turpentine, two drachms, by measure. This ointment will be found to act more power- fully in stimulating the parts to action, and in bringing on a regular suppuration, than any of the former. When the rowel is put in, two or three tents of tow dipped in the same ointment as is used with the rowel, must be introduced into the wound. The horse must have warm water and mashes for three or four days, or until the wound begins to suppurate. When a good matter makes EOWELUNG. 307 In what Complaints Rowelling is necessary. its appearance, the tents must be taken out, and the rowel turned every two or three days. A fortnight or three weeks are always deemed a suf- ficient time for a rowel to be in ; as, if permitted to continue any longer, it is apt to leave a carious substance. Rowellingis useful in old strains of long stand- ing, either in the shoulder, stifle, or whirl bone.— - When a rowel is used in the shoulder, it must be about three or four inches below the joint of the shoulder ; a similar distance below the whirl bone; and the same distance also below the stifle joint, but rather more to the inside of the thigh. The use of rowelling in the above purposes is to re- lax the capsula or ligament, which surrounds the joint, and to make way for the coagulated blood to pass away which may have lodged there from the severity of the strain. It is likewise proper in diseases of the head, viz. pains in the head, sleepiness, staggers, and disorders of the eyes, in swelled heels ; and likewise to carry off the re- X 2 308 A STAR IN THE FOREHEAD. How to form an artificial Star. mains of most diseases. It must be observed, that a horse should never be let blood, or purged, until the rowel digests a good matter. CHAP. LXV. A STAR IN THE FOREHEAP. An artificial star may be formed in a horse's forehead in the following manner : — Make two holes through the skin, two inches distant from each other, and two more holes at the same dis- tance, straight across. The holes must be of such a size as will admit of an ivory or bone skewer being introduced into them ; which must be worked about until the skin be properly divided from the horse's skull, in the same manner as a rowel : the division must extend round to all the four holes. Next, let two bits of short wire be put into the two^ holes across each other, so as to admit of the four ends of the wires extending half an inch A STAR IN THE FOREHEAD. 309 \ :•• ' . . - ■; '• . ..'.,.> Other Methods of forming' a Star. or mote out of evei^y bole. Afterwards lap round the ends of the wire a piece of packthread from ten to twenty times round, as fast as it is possible for yon to tie it This being done, lay a plaster of pitch over the whole, and let it remain three days : then take off the plaster, loose the cord, and take out the wires ; after dress the wounds once a day, with equal quantities of honey of roses, and tincture of benzoin, mixed together, until well, by rubbing a little on the part, and pouring a small quantity fnto each hole. By pinching the skin in the manner above de- scribed, it loses its nature, and in some degree perishes ; and when the hair falls off, it is suc- ceeded by white. — There are several methods of making a star, but none of them so certain as the above.— Some apply caustics : thes^y however, destroy both skin and hair, and generally render the part bald. — Horses that carry great loads, such as pack-horses, &c. have a number of white spots on their backs, called saddle-rnarks, which 310 A STAR IN THE FOREHEAD. How to chano^e ojrey Hairs bl u-k. are entirely owing to the saddle pinching those parts. — The above method will be found to be nearly similar, and to answer the same intention. There is another deception used amongst the lower order of horse-dealers ; namely, the chang- , ing of the grey hairs that grow upon the face of. old horses to a bright black colour. This may, be done by the application of the following jnixture, (RECIPE, No. 185.) Take — Lunar caustic, a drachm and a half: J^ut it into an ounce bottle, and fill it up mih water, A small bit of linen dipped in this solution (after the caustic is completely dissolved, ) may be applied to the grey hairs on the face, or in any other part of the body ; a quantity sufficient to moisten them, is in general deemed enough. Perhaps, if the grey hairs were first washed with half an ounce of soda, dissolved in half a pint of -water, the caustic solution might have a better effect. -i USE OP MERCURIAL OINTMENT. 3H Where most used, and Informalion thereon. CHAP. LXVI. ON MERCURIAL OINTMENT, AND ITS USE. TwENTY-EtcHT ycars ago this ointment was but little known in the practice of farriers ; since that time its use has very much increased throughout the kingdom. Lincolnshire, in particular, is a noted county for the great consumption of that article. The author of ihese sheets constantly makes up from four to five hundred weight of hog's lard into mercurial ointment for sheep every year.* The following ointment will be found of excel- lent use for many complaints in horses, as may be seen in different parts of this work. * For practical directions concerning the use of this powerful medicine among neat cattle and sheep^ the author begs leave to refer to his Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Horned Catlleg and Sheep. sii USE OF MERCUBIAL OINTMENT. Recipe, and in what Cases serviceable. (RECIPE, No. 186.) Mercurial Ointment Take — Quicksilver, half a pound; Venice turpenine, four ounces ; Spirit of turpentine, one ounce ; iPutthem in a marble iiioHar, and rub them together till the globules entirely disappear ; then add Hog's lard J one pound and a half; Bees' wax, four ounces : melt the wax and lard together, and add them to the former. Let them be well stirred together until cold. This is a very useful ointment for innkeepers, and persons who keep horses to run post; it ought always to be kept ready prepared, as it re- quires a person to work at it for nearly a whole day, before the silver is properly incorporated. It will be found a speedy and effectual cure for 3ore shoulders and backs, bruises, scratches, mange, mallenders and sallenders, the poll-evil before it breaks out, and likewise for greasy heels. A little of the ointment may be rubbed on the BEASTS THAT STALE BLOOD. 313 Recipe for Cure. part affected once a day. — It likewise will be found effectual in destroying filth on young horses ; a small quantity may be rubbed all along under the mane, and on the back to the tail ; likewise on those parts where filth lodges most. CHAP. LXVII. BEASTS THAT STALE BLOOD. This is a disease to which neat cattle are very subject in the summer season, particularly on the change of weather, and at other times in chang- ing their pastures. The following drink will be found to perform a cure in most cases. (RECIPE, No. 187.) Badwater Ball, iTAKE^-Red Sanders, bay-berries, bole arraenic, of each two ounces, in fine powder ; 31A USE OF BLACK OILS. Where useful, and Method of applying^ them. Common turpentine, four ounces; Warm the turpentine and beat them together into a ball; to be cut into slices and dis- solved over the fire in a quart of old milk, and give it new-milk warm. The drink may be repeated every third day until the animal has recovered. One or two doses are in general sufficient to remove the com- plaint, but for further information the reader is referred to the Treatise on this subject. CHAP. LXVIII. BLACK OILS, AND THEIR USE. These oils are effectual in curing sheep that have been bitten by dogs, or torn with lambing. They may be rubbed on the part once or twice a day, for two or three days together, which is in general sufficient to effisct a cure* They are like- USE OP BLACK OILS. 315 . . .ii I - ... .1. I H . I . . , ■ I i_» - Ke ijie useful in a G;ni^rene. wise excellent for all wounds in flebhy parts, either in horses or beasts, and where a gangrene is likely to ensue, there is no application more beneficial. (RECIPE, No. 188.) Take — Linseed oil, four ounces ; Oil of vitriol, one ounce ; Mix them together in a chamber-pot ; Then add spirit of turpentine, two ounces; Stir these well togelhtr until united, add one pint more of linseed oil : stir the whole to- gether, and put it in a bottle for use. These oils are excellent for the purpose for which they are intended ; but for the sake of va- riety, another recipe shall be subjoined, contain- ing more articles, and of a different description from the former ; but which w ill, in fact, answer the same purpose, or even be more efficacious ; and which we can confidently recommend to ge- neral adoption. 516 USE OF BLACK OILS. A more efficacious Recipe. (RECIPE, No. 189.) Take— Linseed oil, four ounces ; Oil of vitriol, one ounce ; Stir them together in a large pot ; then add Spirit of turpentine ; Oil of spike, oil of petre, and oil of swallows, of each two ounces ; Oil of elder, four ounces ; Oil of origanum, one ounce ; Barbadoes tar, two ounces ; Compound tincture of myrrh, four ounces; Oil of bays, two ounces : Mix them all together, by a little at a time, with the vitriol and linseed oil, and jjut them in a bottle for use. When either of these oils are mixed up, they should not be put in a bottle too soon, and cork- ed, lest they should burst the bottle. APPENDIX, GONTAINING A mmb^r of select Prescriptions for different Diseases ;—the method of preparing and com- poimding such Medicines as are recommended in the former part of this JVork ; — together with remarks on the Doses, and their different uses, and also on the manner of applying the same. INTRODUCTION. The practical part of Farriery, (in the country) is in general left to persons who have but little knowledge, either of diseases, or of the nature, quality, and the effect of medicine. Horse-pjw- ders are more adulterated than any other medi- cines sold in druggists' shops ; and therefore should never be bought in that state. Seeds of almost every description, when once powdered, be- gin to lose their quality eve rj day, so that in a 318 APPENDIX. A Ball for the Stao}(ers. short time tlicy are of little or no virtue. Simples, such as seeds, roots, barks, and gums, -should al- ways be purchased in iheir original state, and that of the best quality. Bad artxlts increase the disease^ and endanger the life of the animal, as well as deceive the prescriber. Those of the best quality, when properly administered, will seldom or ever disappoint the expectation of those who prescribe them. The author has endeavoured to avoid the more expensive medicines, such as greatly increase the price of any composition, without adding considerably to its virtue. CHAPTER I. BALLS. (RECIPE, No. 190.) Balls for the Staggers. Take — James's powders, two drachms 5 Turmeric, and cream of tartar, of each half an ounce : Make them into a ball with conserves of roses, or houey ; a suflBicient quantity. APPENDIX. 319 Fever Balls. (RECIPE, No. 191.) Fever Balls. Take. — Antimonial powder, (pulvis antimonialis) two drachms ; Nitre, half an ounce ; Camphor, in powder, one drachm ; Electuary of senna, sufficient to make it into a ball. Either of the above balls may be repeated twice a day, or oftener if required. The last ball is equal to the other in its effects. If the pulvis an- timonialis be prepared according to the London pharmacopoeia, it will be found a great deal cheaper, and may be afforded genuine at one shilling per ounce. Horses affected with the stag- gers, convulsions, epilepsies, or inflammatory fe- ver, of any kind, should by no means have malt mashes, or cordials of any kind, that are likely to increase the febrile heat. Gruels, made of oat- meal, of fresh powdered linseed, or equal quanti- ties mixed together, are the most proper for horses in a feverish state. Half an ounce of cream of tartar, or the same quantity of nitre, might be added to the gruel, as may be thought proper, till his appetite is recovered. 32p APPENDIX. Cordial Balls, and where necessary. (RECIPE, No. 192.) Cordial ^alls. Take— Caraway seeds, cardemota seeds, and aniseseeds, fresh powdered, of each two ounces; Flour of sulphur, and turmeric, in powder, of each two ounces ; Saflfron, cut small, two drachms ; Candied sugar, in powder, four ounces ; Oil of olive, two ounces ; Spanish juice, two ounces ; break into small pieces, and dissolve it in a glass of mountain wine ; Oil of aniseseeds, half an ounce ; Liquorice powder four ounces : Mix and beat tbem into a mass for balls, the size of a pigeon's egg. Cordial balls are chiefly prepared for hunters and road-horses : they are very proper to give to the former when they return from the chase, and to the latter after a hard day's journey. They give fresh life and vigour to exhausted nature ; pre- vent the horse from taking cold, strengthen the stomach, increase the appetite, and promote di- gestion. They may be given in slight cases pf the APPENDIX. 321 Restorative Balls, and where useful. cholic or gripes ; and to horses that are making up for sale, with considerable advantage. (RECIPE, No. 193.) Restorative Balls, Take — Gentian, in powder, two ounces ; Virginian snake- root, in powder, one ounce ; Rust of iron, in powder, two ounces ; Saflfron, cut small, two drachms ; Mithridate, two ounces ; Sulphurated oil, one ounce ; Oil of aniseeds, two drachms ; Lesser cardamom sccds^ in powder, two ounces ; Electuary of senna, four ounces : Beat the whole in a ^nortar, with a sufficient quantity of liquorice powder, and syrup of roses, into a proper consistency for balls of the size of a pullet's egg. These balls are better calculated to restore the appetite, after a ling^ering disease, than the for- mer. They promote digestion, brace and strengthen a relaxed constitution ; and are proper to give ia all internal disorders after the symptoms are miti- gated. 329 APPENDI5C. Diuretic Balls, for the Stone and Gravel. (RECIPE, No. 194.) Diuretic Balls. Take — Yellow resin, in powder, two pounds ; JNitre, kali prepared, juniper-berries, and Cas- tile soap, of each one pound ; Cut the soap in thin slices, and the remainder reduce into powder': Beat them in a mortar to a proper consistence, and form them into a common-sized ball. These balls will be found excellent for carrying oiF and cleansing the kidneys and bladder from the stone and gravel. Horses are subject to the stohe in the kidneys : I have known several taken from that part of a considerable size : and it is very common, when a horse stales, to see a large quantity of sand fall on the pavement, sometimes of a light brown, and from different horses the colour has varied according to their different habits of body. Horses subject to this disease are frequently troubled with obstructions in tlie tirinary passages, which bring on the cholic, or gripes, and frequently terminate in an inflamma- tioiK' A ball may be given every day in cases ihat-ert^e ba'd; but ibnce a week -will be sulTicient when given as a preventive. APPENDIX. ^■n Purging Clyster, useful in Fevers, i ) 30fI!lO i baisteif! CHAP. II. (RECIPE, No. 195.) Purging Clyster. TjiKE — Mallows and camomile flowers, of each one handful; Fennel seeds, two ounces ; ••'^'3?..if t -• :xZL 1 Mix and boil them in three quarts of water till reduced to three pints, strain- and add Linseed oil, half a pint ; Coarse sugar, four ounces ; Epsom salts, five ounces! Mix, and when dissolved, let it be administered while new-milk warm. This clyster will be found very useful in cooling and opening the body in fevers. *^'^'^ (RECIPE, No. 196.) Restringent Clyster. hr^tu^ Take^ — Oak bark, four ounces ; Logwood, four ounces ; yiyjUul\*^ y 2 5fi APPENDIX. Clyster for Convulsions. Boil Ihcm in three quarts of water till reduced to two ; strain it off, and add one ounce of species of scordiura, and one ounce of tinc- ture of benzoin : to be administered new milk warm. In eases where the purgrng is violent, this clys- ter may be forced up the rectum once or twice » day, until the flux abates. (RECIPE, No. 197.) Caster for Convulsions, Taxe — Linseedysnd valerian root, of each four ounces ; Boil them in three quarts of water to three pints ; add Coarse sugar, and Epsom salts, of each four ounces ; Nitre, one ounce ; Assafcetida, half an ounce; Opium two drachms : Dissolve the whole in the above while hot, and apply it new milk warm. This is a most powerful clyster in all disorders of the intestines, that are attended with pain and convulsions, or spasms, in those parts, such as a violent attack of the cholic, proceeding from an obstruction in the urinary passage. APPENDIX. 3^5 Fever Drink, and Caution thereon. CHAP. IIL DRINKS- (RECIPE, No. 198.) Fever Drink, Take — Cream of tartar, turmeric, and diapente, in powder, of each one ounce : Mix and give it in a pint of warm gruel. To be repeated once or twice a day, or oftener, if necessary. This drink, though simple, has been given in most kind of fevers ; and has in general been at- tended with success. The body must be kept open either with drinks, or clysters, during the ad- ministration of the aforesaid drink, by which it« salutary effects will be greatly promoted. (HECIPE, No. 199.) A Drink for an Injlammatory Fever, Take— Tartar en^etic, one drachm ; 326 APPENDIX. A Drink for the Staggers, &c. Prepared kali, half an ounce ; Campbor, one drachm, rubbed into powder with a fe\Y drops of spirit of wine. This drink is excellent for all kinds of inflam- matory fevers; especially such as are attended with imminent danger. It may be given every four hours or three times a day in a pint of water- gruel. (RECIPE, No. 200.) A Drink for the Staggers and Convulsions, Take — Pulvis antiraonialis, or the white antiraonial powder, two drachms ; Assafoetida, two drachms ; Opium, one drachm ; Rub the two last articles in a marble mortar with two ounces of spirit of hartshorn, un- til incorporated : Mix the whole in a pint of gruel, and give it to the horse. This will be found excellent for the above dis- orders, and may be repeated two or three times a day, in cases attended witli danger. APPENDIX. S27 A Drink for the Cholic when oa a Journey. (RECIPE, No. 201.) A Drink for the Cholic or Gripes, Take — Epsom salts, six ounces ; Castile soap, sliced, two ounces ; Dissolve them in a pint aiid a half of warm ale ; Then add tincture of opium, half an ounce ; Oil of juniper, two drachms : Mix and give them new milk warm. This drink may be repeated every four or five hours, till the symptoms begin to abate, (RECIPE, No. 202.) A Drink for the Cholic or Gripes when on a Journet/* Take — Tincture of opium, and oil of juniper, of each two drachms; Sweet spirit of nitre, tincture of benzoin, and aromatic spirit of ammonia, of each half an ounce : Mix them together in a bottle for one drink, and give it in a pint of warm ale. For the cholic, flatulency, and all pains of the intestines, this drink will be found a valuable cor- dial. It may be repeated every two hours until the symptoms abate. 32d APPENDIX. A Cordial Drink, and Ointment for Greasy Heels. (RECIPE, No. 203.) A Cordial Drink, Take — Tincture of benzoin, or friars balsam, and spirit of ammonia aromatic, of each one ounce : Put them in a bottle for use. This is a very useful drink for horses that are over heated in hot weather; and if two drachms of pre- pared kali, and one cordial, or one ounce of fresh powdered ginger, be added to the above cordial drink, and given in a quart of cold water, it will be the same as that communicated by the author in the Globe evening paper of July 15, 1808, for the public good. In the winter season, or at any other time of the year, when the horse has not been over heated, this drink may be given in a pint of warm ale for the cholic or gripes, and flatulencies in the stomach or intestines. (RECIPE, No. 204.) An Ointment for Greasy Heels. Take— Common turpentine, one pound; ]VlcU it over a slow lire ; tbcii acW APPENDIX. 329 Aa Astringent for Strains. Alum, in fine powder, one pound and a half; Bole armenic, in powder, two ounces : Stir the whole together till cold. 'to' This ointment, when used, must be spread on strong brown paper, and applied over the part that greases, and bandaged on with listing. He may after dressing be turned into a dry straw- yard, and a few diuretic balls given to him, such as (No. 152, p. 235) ; one may be given every third day. Once dressing is in general sufficient to perform a cure ; if not, it may be repeated in a week after. (RECIPE, No. 205.) An Astringent for Strains in different Parts, Take — Camphor two drachms, dissolve it in half an ounce of strong rectified spirit of wine ; Nitre, one ounce, dissolved in half a pint of wine vinegar ; Spirit of turpentine, four ounces ; White lead, or bole armenic, in powder, half an ounce ; Aquafortis, one ounce : Mix, and shake them all together in a bottle, for use. 330 APPENDIX, How to prepare Balsam of Sulphur. »• ' • ■ • ■■ ■ ■ ■■ . ■■ These are very useful oils, and not expensive ; therefore, they may he kept in readiness at a lit- tle expence, and applied to strains, sore shoul- ders, and bruises, in every part, once or twice a day, CHAP. IV. The method of prcpariyig and compounding mch 3Iedici72es as are recommended in the former part of this book. BALSAM OF SULPHtJR, OR SULPHURATED OIL. Take — Linseed oil, one quart ; Flowers of sulphur, eight ounces: Boil them together over a slow fire, in an iron pot, stirring them continually tilULey unite. The vessel In which these are boiled should be large enough to hold three times the quantity of the ingredients. As soon as the oil begins to act on the sulphur, the pot must be removed from APPENDIX. 831 Syrup of Buckthorn, and Sjrup of Garlic. the fire, or otherwise it will be liable to boil over into the fire. This balsam is good in all kinds of colds, coughs, &c. SYRUPS. SYRUP eF BUCKTHORN. Take — The fresh jaice of ripe buckthorn berries, two pounds; Ginger, bruised, half an ounce; Pimento, powdered, quarter of an ounce; Raw sugar, two pounds : Tie up ^the spices in a rag, and boil them to the consistence of a s jrup. This syrup is chiefly used for mixing up purg- ing balls, as noticed in different parts of this work. The syrup should always be kept in rea- diness, as the preparation is easy. SYRUP OF GARLIC Take — Garlic heads, sliced, one pound ; Boiling water, one quart : Macerate them in a close vessel for twelve :332 APPENDIX. Oxymel of Squills, and its Qualities described. hours ; strain off the liquor ; then add two pounds of lump sugar^ and boil to a proper consistence for a syrup. This syrup is very useful in all disorders of the breast : such as coughs, asthmas, Sec, Three or four ounces may be given with any of the drinks recommended for those complaints in the ditFerent parts of this work. OXYMEL OF SaulLLS. Take — Clarified honey, three pounds ; Vinegar of squills, two pints : Boil them in an iron or tin saucepan, over a slow fire, to the thickness of a syrup. This is a most useful article as an aperient, detergent, and expectorant ; and is of great ser- vice in asthmas, coughs, and other disorders where thick phlegm abounds. It may be given in doses from one to three ounces, together with any of the pectoral drinks, or with a cordial ball, for the abovementioned complaints. HONEY OF ROSES. Take — lied rose buds, freed from the hetls, and hastily dried, four ounces; APPENDIX. 335 How to prepare Egyptiacum. Boiling water, three pints ; Clarified honey, five pounds ; Macerate the rose-leaves in the water for six hours ; Then mix the honey with the strained liquor, and boil to a proper consistence. The use of honey of roses in this treatise is chiefly confined to wounds near some tender part, as the eye. See Recipe, (No. 71, p. 108.) EGYPTIACUM. TAKE^-Honey, three pounds, and melt it over a fire ; then add, Blue vitriol, and verdigrease, in fine powder, of each three ounces ; Boil them over a slow fire till they have ac- quired a due consistence, and of a reddish colour. Another method of making Egyptiacum, Take — Verdigrease, in powder, five ounces ; Honey, fourteen ounces ; Vinegar, seven ounces ; Boil them over a gentle fire to the consistencr of an ointment. S34 APPENDIX. The Qualities of Egyptiaciim described. A Third way to make Egyptiacum, Take — Yerdigrease, an^l alum, in powder, of each ^ ; three onnces ; Blue vitriol, in powder, one ounce ; Corrosive sublimate, in powder, two drachms ; Vinegar, five ounces ; Honey, one pound and a half: Boil them over a slow fire to a proper con-* sistencc. * All these mixtures, on standing a short time^ deposit a large quantity of sediment ; whenever, therefore, they are used, the ingredients must be well stirred from the bottom. Egyptiacum is a medicine of great repute in modern farriery ; and when properly compounded with other medi- cines, will greatly assist in the cure of wounds^ particularly about the foot, as may be seen in a number of recipes inserted in this treatise. The two first recipes are much milder in their opera- tion than the latter, and will be more suitable for fresh wounds ; while the latter \yill be found pre- ferable for old ulcers, cankered feet, and running thrushes. APPENDIX. 335 White Ointment, and where serviceable. WHITE OINTMENT. Take— White lead, one pound ; - Jftjo 'jtis gygj^y Qf Yead, and white vitriol, of each two ounces ; Grind them on a slab (with a muller) in a suf- ficient quantity of common salad oil, till smopth ; put them in a pot, and add, Hogs' lard, four pounds ; Bees' wax, four ounces ; Melt them together, and add them to the above : Let them be constantly stirred until cold. This will be found a useful ointment in crack- ed, or scratched heels, grease, mallenders and sallenders, sore shoulders and backs, burns and colds. It is very cooling, and will presently shell off any hard or dry scabs. A small quan- tity may be rubbed on the part once or twice a day. GREEN OINTMENT. Take — Elder leaves, five hands full; Wormwood, and plantain leaves, of each four hands full ; Cut tbem small, and bruise them in a mortar i 336 APPENDIX. How to prepare Marshmallows Ointment. Then boil them in twelve pounds of hogs' lard, over a slow fire ; '' Stir them continually until the leaves grow crisp ; then strain, and press out the oint* raent for use. This ointment is very cooling and softening, and excellent for .all kinds of tumors, or swellings, about wounds. See (No. 41, p. 64), (No. 61, p. 82), (No. 65, p. 102), (No. 69, p. 106, J (No. 176, p. 292), and in various other parts of this work. MARSHMALLOWS OINTMENT. Take — Linseed oil, and common salad oil, of each a pint and a half ; Bees' wax, one pound ; Yellow resin, h»alf a pound ; Common turpentine, two ounces : Melt them altogether over a slow fire ; When dissolved, strain it, and put the whole in a pot for use. This, like elder ointment, is useful for all kinds of morbid swellings, and is frequently prescribed, or mixed, with other articles of the same nature in many of the recipes in this treatise. .APPENDIX. 337 How to make Goulard Lenitive Electuary. WATEli OF ACETATED LITHARGE (FORMEHLY CALL- ED EXTRACT OF LEAD, OR GOULARD.) Take — Litharge, two pounds and a half ^ Wine vinegar, one gallon : Mix, and boil to six pints, constantly stir- ring; then set it aside, and when ckar, pour it off into a bottle for use. This preparation is an excellent medicine when properly combined with others ; on account of its cooling and repellent effects on inflamma- tions of the eyes, and in other parts of the body. See recipes (No. 60, p. 96), (No. 62, p. 97), (No. 68, p. 105,) and other parts of this volume. ELECTUARY OF SENNA, OR LENITIVE ELECTUARY. Take— Senna, eight ounces ; Coriander seeds, four ounces ; Liquorice, three ounces ; Figs, one pound ; The pulp of tamarinds, and pruaes^ of each half a pound ; ^ Lump sugar, two pounds and a half. Powder the senna with the coriander seeds, and 338 APPENDIX. Oxycroccum Plaster. sift out ten ounces with the mixed powder ; boil the remainder with the iigs and liquorice in four pounds of water to one-half; then strain and press out the liquor, and evaporate it to the w^eight of a pound and a half; dissolve the sugar in it ; add this syrup by degrees to the pulps ; and, lastly, mix in the powders. This electuary may be given to the quantity of six or eight ounces once a day, and is very useful in fevers, when combined with other articles of a cooling nature, to loosen the belly. See its use described in many parts of this work. PLASTERS. OXYCROCCUM PLASTER. Take — Burgundy pitch ;► and yellow wax, of each one pound ; Galbanura, and tar, of each half a pound; Dragon's blood, in powder, fotrr ounces : Let them all be melted together over a slow iire; when dissolved, pour them into a pot, or bucket, half filled with water; and when the ingredients begin to stiffen, roll the mass 'iivto plasters of a proper size^ APPENDIX. 339 Parace^«5us Plaster, and Compound Diachylon Plaster. This plaster is in constant use with most far- riers; it is mixed with other plasters in charges of different kinds. PARACELSUS PLASTER. Take — Diachylon plaster, eight pounds ; Yellow resin, one pound and a half; Frankincense, half a pound ; Gum galbanuni, four ounces ; Melt them all together over a slow fire ; and, ■when properly united, form them into plasters. This, as well as the preceding plaster, is in constant use ; and though it varies from the ori- ginal, in leaving out several of the articles, yet, in quality, it is equal in point of strength and utility. COMPOUND diachylon PLASTER. Take — Strained galbanum, eight ounces ; Diachylon plaster, three pounds ; Common turpentine, two ounces ; Frankincense, four ounces ; Powder the frankincense, and dissolve them together over a slow fire ; then form them into plasters according to art. z S 34Q APPENDIX. Diapcnte Powder, and Antimouial Powder. This plaster is used in most charges, in order to give tenacity, and to assist in discussing the indurations which are frequently left^ or remain after strains, or bruises. POWDERS. DIAPENTE POWDERS. Take — Bay-berries, gentian root, birtliwort root, ami hartshorn shavrngs, of each equal quanti* ties, in fine powder : Mix them together for use. The same quantity of myrrh may be added, if thought proper ; hartshorn shavings are substi- tuted for those of ivory, or bone shavings ; as the former will dissolve, while the latter do not un- dergo any change. OXIDE OF ANTIMONY WITH PHOSPHATE OF LIME (ANTIMONIAL ^POWDER.) Take — Sulphuret of antimony, in coarse powder ; Shavings of hartshorn, of each one pound ; MiXj and put them into a wide red-hot iroR APPENDIX. 341 Hiera Picra. pot, and stir the mixture constantly, until it be burnt into a matter of a grey colour, which is then to be removed from the fire, ground into powder, and put into a coated crucible. Lute to this crucible another in- verted over it, perforated in the bottom with a small hole, and apply the fire, which is to be raised gradually to a white heat, ^nd , kept in timt state for two hours. Lastly, . i'jkikiotid r , . , , , ; , J. grind the matter, when cold, into a very ^^' ' fjne powder; and keep it in a bottle for This powder is supposed to be nearly the same with that celebrated nostrum of Dr. James, Ijt is excellent in inflammatory diseasies.. . Two drachms may be given ]twp or three times a day, in a pint of warm gruel. The utility of this me- dicine is pointed out in different parts of this work. HIERA PICRA. Take — Socotrine aloes, four ounces, in powder ; Virginian snakeroot, and ginger, of each half an ounce, in powder : Mix them together, and keep them in a bottle for use. 54^ APPENDIX. Hiera Picra, and Tiactiire of Benzoin. Another method to make Hiera Picra, Take — Socotrine aloes, in powder, one pourtd ; Winters bark, in powder, four ounces : Mix theni both together. rij '&' Either of these powders will be found useful as tonic medicines, in all diebilities of the stomach, intestines, and in the whole body. They may be compounded with other medicines, either into balls, or drinks, and given as alteratives to con- siderable advantage, in the removal, or carrying off, the remains of any long continued disease. Troip eight to ten drachms of the powder, and iwo drachms of Castile soap, made into a ball with syrup, make a proper dose of physic for a hiidclling sized horse. TINCTURES. TINCTURE OF BENZOIN. Take — Benzoin, in powder, tlirce ounces ; Strained slorax, two ounces ; Socotrine aloes, in powder, half an ounce APPENDIX. 343 Friar'9 Babam, and its Virtues described. Highly rectified spirit of Avine, three pints ; Digest ill a gentle heat ibr three days, or till loost of the gums are dissolved, and strain. VfOVHh BALSAM (COMMONLY CALLED FRIAr's BALSAM.) Take — Gum benzoin, in powder, six o^mces ; Balsam of Tolu, in powder, three ounces ; Gum storax, two ounces ; Frankincense, in powder, two ounces; Gum myrrh, in powder, two ounces ; Socotrine aloes, in powder, three ounces ; Kectified spirit of wine, one gallon : Mix tliem all together, and put them in a di- gester, and give them a gentle heat for three or four days : then strain. Either of these balsams may be used, as men- tioned in the different parts of this work. A bet- ter medicine can hardly be found in the materia medica for healing green wounds in every part of th^ body, particularly those on the tendons, or joints. It is frequently given internally, along with other articles, to great advantage [See (Nc^,^ 203, p. 328,) and (No. 89, p. 138)] in all colds, flatulency, and in other debilities of the stomach 344 APPENDIX. Tincture of Opium, and where useful. and intestines. Every gentleman, or farmer, ought to keep this medicine ready prepared .in his house, as a family medicine for all cuts, or recent wounds, either among his cattle, or any of his family. Thirty or forty drops, on a lump of sugar, may be taken at any time, for flatulency, or a pain at the stomach; and in old age, where nature re- quires stimulation. TINCTURE OF OPIUM. Take — Opium, three ounces; Slice, and put it in a pitcher, and pour a pint of boiling water upon it j rub it well against the bottom, or side, of the vessel (ill dis- solved ; then put the whole in a bottle, and add « Rectified spirit of wine, one quart : Let them be shaken once a day for seven days, and strain. Tincture of opium is certainly a medicine of great activity, and very much assists other medi- cines in giving relief in violent acute pains in most parts of the body. APPENDIX. 345 Tincture of Euphorbium, and of Rhubarb. TINCTURE OF EUPHORBIUM, Take — Gum cuphorbiumj in powder, three ounces ; , .^ Camphor, half an ounce; " \ " Gum myrrh, in powder, one ounce ; Rectified spirit of wine, one pint ; Prepared kali, one ounce : Mix them all together, and let them stand in a gentle heat for seven days : the bottle must carefully be shaken once a day ; and strain. This is a powerful tincture in cleansing old wounds of carious substances; it is frequently used with other medicines for this purpose. See (No. 132, p. 199-) The powdered gum is mostly used in strong blisters to reduce callous swellings on the back sinews, curbs, ring-bones, and splints. TINCTURE OF RHUBARB, 'JTake — Rhubarb, in coarse powder, two ounces ; Lesser cardamom seeds, husked and pojv- dered, half an ounce; Saffron, two drachms ; Proof spirit of wine, two pints : Digest for seven or eight days, and strain. 54(J APPENDIX. Daffy's Elixir, and Directions for administeriog. This is as useful a medicine as any that can be kept in a house, for either man or horse. A grown- up person may take two table-spoons full, either in a little water, or alone, for the cholic, flatulency, and in phlegmatic habits of body. The proper dose for a horse is, in general, half a pint, mixed in the same quantity of gruel. Its further use may be seexi in (No. 102, p. 156), and (No. 104, p. 159.) TINCTURE OF SENNA (COxMMONLY CALLED DAiFY*6 ELIXIR.) TAK^jPf-rSenna leaves, two ounces ; , ^^ Jalap root, bruised, one pound ; Coriander seeds, bruised, half an ounce; Proof spirit of wine, three pints; Digest for seven or eight days, and strain; add Four ounces of lump sugar, in powder: Mix, and when dissolved it is ready for use. This tincture, like that of rhubarb, is an excel- lent medicine for pains in the stomach and intes- tines. Half a pint may be given for a dose, in a pint of gruel, and repeated, if necessary. ATPENDIX. 347 Tincture of Mjrrb, ^d of Assafcetida. TINCTURE OF MYRRH. Take — Myrrh, in powder, two ounces; Aloes, in powder, three ounces ; Rectified spirit of wine, three pints : Digest them in a warm heat for six days; strain, and put the whole in a bottle for use. The quality of this tincture in a great measure depends on the strength of the spirit ; if that is not good, it will not be of much service. Its use will be found in a number of places in this work. TINCTURE OF ASSAFCETJDA. Take — ^Assafoetida, four ounces ; Rectified spirit of wine, one quart : Digest for seven days, and strain. This is a useful tincture to mix along with other dressings for wounds, to prevent the flies from teasing the animal in the summer season. As an internal medicine its use will be seen in different parts of this treatise. See (No. 23, p. 41), and (No. 52, p. 84). The gum is likewise used in balls with other articles for several diseases. 348 APPENDIX Opodeldoc, and its Virtues described. (SOAP LINIMENT OR OPODELDOC.)' Take— Soap, in shavings, two ounces ; Oil of rosemary, half an ounce ; Camphor, one ounce ; Rectified spirit of wine (the strongest that can be bought), one pint : Digest the soap in the spirit of wine till dis- solved ; then add to the liquor the camphor and the oil, shaking them well together. Its use is chiefly as an external application, in strains, bruises, &c. sec (No. 61, p. 97), (No., 138, p. 212), and (No. 167, p. 'i71). It may be given to horses afRicted with the cholic, or gripes, in doses containing two ounces of the liniment, and half an ounce of tincture of opium, in a pint of warm gruel, and repeated every tw o hours. It will- frequently remove complaints of this kind when other medicines fail. CAMPHORATED SPIRIT OF WINE. TiiKE— Strong rectified spirit of wine, one pint; Camphor, two ounces : Mix them together, so that the camphor may dissolved. APPENDIX. 349 Diascordiiim. and where useful. T[f the spirit be good, it will be found excellent in removing pains in the joints, and other parts, which may be seen in a great number of the re- cipes in this book. COMPOUND POWDER OF CHALK (COMMONLY CALLED DIASCORDIUM.) Take — Prepared chalk, half a pound ; Cinnamon, four ounces; Tormentil, gum arable, of each three ounces ; Long pepper, half an ounce; Hard opium, two drachms ; Lei each article be powdered separately, and sifted through a fine sieve ; then mix them well together, and keep them in a bottle for use. These powders, being composed of afomatica, and the prepared carbonate of lime (formerly known by the name of prepared chalk), are a most excellent medicine for correcting acidity in the stomach and intestines.- Horses that are over purged with strong drastic purges, will find al- most instant relief with these powders ; and like- wise, in most cases, where a diarrhoea, or loose- ness, proceeds from the above-mentioned cause, 350 APPENDIV. Recipe for the Distemper in Dogs. from two to four ounces may be given, once or twice a day, in a pint of warm gruel. FOR THE DISTEMPER IN DOGS. Take — Turbilh mineral, from four to eight grains, according to the size and strength of the dog; Assafoetida, half a drachm ; Aloes, one scruple ; Soap, ten grains : Beat into a small ball with syrup. This ball may be repeated every third day for three times. It will be found a powerful remedy in curing the distemper in dogs ; and if the dis- ease is not entirely removed in the course of three weeks, or a month, it will be proper to repeat them as before. THE EN15. INDEX. ^4i/rERATiTt MEDicfNES, natufc of - _ - 133 In what case to be applied - 133, 134 Directions for preparing - 134, 135 AvncoR (orpELTORic), causes and symptoms of • - 295 Treatment and method of cure - 296, 29T Asthma, causes and symptoms of ----- 39 Treatment to be adopted - - - - 40, 43 Astringent, for strains - - . - 329 iBjir-Ls, general instructions for preparing and administering, 818 & foL Recipes for preparing purging balls U, 12, 14, 16, 40, 47, 130. 158 Opening fever ball - - - 2T Asthmatic ball - 40 Pectoral balls - 42, 128 Purifying ball - 49 Alterative balls - 67,134,135,136 Compound cordial balls 68 Mercurial balls - 16,47,82,153 Antispasmodic ball - 84 Fever balls - 90, 119, 319 Cooling and opening ball US Diuretic balls - 322 Compound diuretic, and fever balls 113 Mercurial balls 140 Restorative balls - 132 Cordial balls . 139,320 Balls for staggers - SIS Restorative balls . 321 IM of sulphur • 330 35^2 INDEX. Page Barbs, natare of - - - - . 248 Treatment - - - « 248,249 Bite of a mad dog, recipes for, and treatment of - - 273 Bites of venomous: creatures, remedies for - - - 270,272 Bleeding, directions for - - » - - ' - 6, 8 Remedies for stopping . _ - _ 176,177 AVhere necessary in wounds of the joints - 195 Black oils, preparation and uses of - 314, 316 .Blister, treatment after applying - - 169 Mild astringent blister - - _ 167 Mepcurial blister - - - 168 Blistering charges - - - 172, 207 Ointments - - - 205, 206 Blood, treatment of horses that stale blood - 313, 314 Bog or BtooD-sPAvi'Sr, natu:e of - . - 240 • . , Symptoms - - - - ib. ;,.t; Treatment - - - 241,244 BevihsP-iviN, nature of - - - . 200 • - (M Treatment of - - - 202 and fol. Broken-wind, various causes of - - 123, 124 Strict regimen to be obscrvifd - , 125 Cephalic powders for - - 126 To relieve the horse's wind - - 127 RauisEs, in general, remarks on - _ _ _ _ 95 ; - 'Treatment of. - - - - 96 , • Cooling lotion - - - - 97 In the withers, description of - - ,^ 221 Method of treatment - - - 222, 226 Canker in ^e Mouth, causes of - - - 251 )ll Treatment and cure ; ^,jl,,.,^jj £51,252 • r^' IN THE Foot, how produced - ^jr - ^67 •:j _ „ Treatment of ,viin-*,;i - 268,270 How to. preserve Ihkeiioof - 269 Cataracts, to extract from the eye - .MMd^Tti^ei*^^^^ Chest-foundeb, erroneous idea of (See Founder) .. - . .. --298 Colds and Coughs, causes of - - - 32 Symptoms - - - - 33 Treatment - - - 34> 3§ r, INDEX. 358 Page Clysters, directions for administering 1ft Recipes for , - 19, 25, 121, 14l' Purgative clyster 31,323 Restringent clyster - 323 Clyster for convulsions 324 GoFPiN-BONE, how lo be treated, when wounded -288 Cone, (windy ok flatulent) , symptoms of 22 Treatment of 23 and foU (inflammatory, or gripes), symptoms of 26 Management 2T (or dry gripes), symptoms of 30 Management 31 and fol. Colt-evil (oc Gonorrh. . . no Treatment proper for removing - 110,111 Narrow Heels, cause of " '_ _ - - 253 How to be remedied ' - 253, 254, 256 Nicking, how to be performed ... 279,281 Treatment after - - - 282 Oils, mixed - - - - " '*"98,V80 Digestive - - - - 1T8, 179 Caustic ----- 184 Blislering - -' ' ' - - ^85 Ointments, preparation of ointmenfofDitratedquicksilvir - 62 INDEX. . 357 Page Ointments, Digestive okitment - 103, 182 Black, for-gangrene - 186 For scratched heels - 232 Mercarial, acid its use - 62,311,312 White, h(w prepared - 335 Green ointment - ib. - Marshmallows ointment 336 OxTMEL of squills, how prepared - 332 Physic, directions for giving to a horse - 13 - Mercurial phj sic where necessary - 15 ^Plaisters. — Directions for pi^paring * Oxycroccnm plaister - 338 t Paracelsus plaister - 339 i- Compound diachylon plaister - ib. Pleorisy. See Inflammation op the lungs. Poll-evil, what - « - . - - 215 Method of cure - „ - - 216 -Directions for cutting - - 217 Subsequent treatment - 218, 220 Pom.*ncE8 for swellings - - - 102 Powders. — Pirectiuns for preparing Diapente powder - 340 Antiraonial powders - ib. f Hiera picra - 341,342 Compound powder of chalk - 349 Purging, directions for - - 9 Purging medicines 11,12,14,16 Recipes for - 40, 47 , 130, 155, 158 Excessive to check - 17 Quarter. See False-qdarteb. QuiTTOR,. described - 258 Causes of - - - ib. Treatment - 259, 264 Race-horse, useful drink for - 20 Rat-tails, nature and treatment of 238 ^ing-bones, what - 200 Treatment of - - 202 and fol. 358 INDEX. Page RoTTELLiiVG, in what cases necessary - - 112,307 Directions for rowelling - -. 305, 306 RuNxmG Thrush, what ... 265 Indications of - - - ib. Treatment and cure - - 266 Sallem>er, nature of - - - - 245 Treatment and cure - - - 245, 246 Sand-cracks, treatment and cure of - - 283 Scab. See Crown scab. ScRATCHCD Heejls, ointment for ... 232 Shoeing, remarks on - - - - .1 Artof shoeing, where most required - - 2 Patent shoe, no standard to work by - 3 How to ease a horse by shoeing - - 4 Consequences of bad shoeing pointed out - 257 SiTFASTS, nature of - - - - 225 Treatment of - - - - 226 Soap liniment, how prepared ... SiS Spunts, nature of - - - - 201 Treatment of - ... 202andfol. Staggers, convulsions, lethargy, epilepsy and vertigo, symptoms of - ... 77, 79 Mad-staggers - - - 80 Causes of the staggers - - - 81 Treatment of - - - - 82 Star in the forehead, how to make - . 308, 309, 310 Stings, of venomous creatures, cures for - . 270, 272 Strains, in various parts ... jgi Symptoms and causes of - - . 161,162 Treatment of - . - 162andfoI. Astringent for . . . . ggg Strangles find y IVES, symptoms of - . 99 100 Treatment of . . loi Strangcart, symptoms of ... i4g Treatment of - . . 149 'SURFEITS, causes of . - . . 55 Treatment . - . . . J7 INDEX. 555 Pag« SrRUP of buckthorn, how to prepare - • SM Of garlic - - - - ib. Teeth or grinders, diseases of (See Canker) - • 250 Thrush. — See Rcnning Thrush. TiKCTUREs. — Directions for preparing Tincture of benzoin - . - 34j Friar's balsam . - - 34f Tincture of opium ... 344. Euphorbium - • - 345 Rhubarb - - - ib. Senna ... 34S Myrrh ... S4T Assafoetida - * - ib. Tumors, directions for curing ... 65 OR Imposthumes, nature of - - - 211 Causes of - - 211,212 Treatment and Method of cure 212, 214 Ulcers, in glandered horses, how to manage - - 53 Fomentation for - - - - 63 (in general), causes of - - - 196 Method of curing external ulcers 197, 198 Caustic mixture for cleansing foul ulcers 199 Vertigo. See Staggers. ViVEs. See Strangles. Warbles, what - - * - - - 224 Treatment of - - - - - 225 Water of acetated litharge, how prepared - - 33T Wind-galls, what - - - - ^38 Treatment of - - - - 239 Windy Couc. See Colic. Withers, bruises in. See Bruises. Wolves' Teeth, treatment of .... 249 Worms, different kinds of ----- 151 Description of .... 151, 158 Remedies for - - - - - 153, 154 Treatment of ----- 155,156 Wounds in various parts - - - - - 174 Treatment of - - - - nSandfol, 360 INDEX. Page Wounds, Fresh, management of - - 183 In the elbow, stifle jofvt, &c. - - 188 Treatment of - - 18» In THE joints, treatment of ^ - - 192,193 In THE KNEES, treatment of - - - 194 In the FEET, treatment of - - 286,.290 Yellows, or Jaundice, symptoms of - - 129 Treatment of - - ISOandfol. FINIS. W. Leait, Printer, SI. John's Sfjttare, London, ^^'•'• ^ w;:^.n M