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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 mOM TNK LIBRARY OF 
 
 PROFESSOR FELICIEN VICTOR PAGET 
 
 BY BEQUEST OF MADAME PAGET 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 Microsoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/frenchsubjunctivOOclarrich 
 
lbcatb'0 flDo&ern XanouaGC Series 
 
 THE 
 
 FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 A BRIEF INDUCTIVE TREATISE 
 
 WITH EXERCISES 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES C. CLARKE, JR. 
 
 Instructor in the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University 
 
 BOSTON, U.S.A. 
 
 D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS 
 
 1901 
 
Copyright, iqoi. 
 By D. C. Hbath & Ca 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PART I 
 
 GENERAL RULES 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Recommendations i 
 
 I. Believing, Thinking 3 
 
 II. Feeling, Opinion, Judgment ..... 4 
 
 III. Wishing, Ordering, Forbidding, Permitting . . 4 
 
 IV. Impersonal Expressions ...... 5 
 
 V. Expectation, Fear, Doubt, Denial, Prevention . . 6 
 
 VI. Indefinite and Concessive Phrases .... 9 
 
 VII. Certain Conjunctive Expressions .... 9 
 
 VIII. Relative Clause 12 
 
 IX. Independent Use . . . . . . -13 
 
 X. Conditional Clauses 14 
 
 XI. Sequence of Tenses 15 
 
 Exercises for Part I 17 
 
 PART II 
 
 MODIFICATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS 
 
 Recommendations 31 
 
 I. Corresponds to Section I, Part I .... 32 
 
 II. Corresponds to Section II, Part I .... 35 
 
 III. Corresponds to Section III, Part I . . . .36 
 
 iii 
 
 134805 
 
IV 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Corresponds 
 Corresponds 
 Corresponds 
 Corresponds 
 Corresponds 
 Corresponds 
 Corresponds 
 Corresponds 
 
 to Section IV, Part I 
 to Section V, Part I 
 to Section VI, Part I 
 to Section VIH Part I 
 to Section VIII, Part I 
 to Section IX, Part I 
 to Section X, Part I 
 to Section XI, Part I 
 
 Exercises for Part II 
 Vocabulary 
 
 rAci 
 Z7 
 39 
 39 
 40 
 42 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 
 52 
 
 63 
 
THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 PART I. GENERAL RULES 
 
 In French the Subjunctive is the favorite mood for the expression 
 of uncertainty. It is found chiefly in subordinate clauses, and espe- 
 cially when such clauses follow a principal verb taken negatively 
 or interrogatively. 
 
 Recommendations. Beyond this general remark, whose 
 necessary vagueness renders it of little value, no a priori 
 reasoning about the nature of the French subjunctive 
 mood is to be expected in this book. Such reasoning 
 not only leads to disappointment in teaching the use of 
 this mood, but it becomes almost ridiculous when one 
 notices the widely varying purposes subserved by the 
 subjunctive form even in modern French. 
 
 The writer's aim, then, will be to present to the learner 
 the facts about the French subjunctive mood as it is 
 to-day. This will be done by means of examples taken 
 from contemporary authors, and if quotations from works 
 earlier than the nineteenth century appear, they must be 
 understood as confirming present usage, not as exempli- 
 fying that of former times. 
 
 The student, once in possession of the facts, will draw 
 his own inferences as to the function or functions of 
 the mood. 
 
2 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 But, first, let it be understood that the French sub- 
 junctive mood bears little resemblance to the moods in 
 German and English which are called by the same name. 
 The Latin subjunctive, too, although the historical gram- 
 marian rightly sees in it the early type from which the 
 French mood has developed, affords no real clew to the 
 actual use of the French. On the contrary, reference 
 to it merely confuses the student. Any preconceived 
 idea that a knowledge of German or Latin will solve 
 French subjunctive problems should be laid aside at 
 the start. 
 
 Moreover, almost no help is to be drawn from the 
 etymology of the word "subjunctive.'* It will not fur- 
 nish us a key on which we can rely. Many clauses 
 which are subordinate ?cc\A joined to others are in F*rench 
 invariable in their use of the indicative mood. And 
 again, the subjunctive mood appears in a great number 
 of expressions which are perfectly independent in their 
 form and essence. Only by a grammatical fiction, if 
 the term may be permitted, can we maintain that vive le 
 roi and pliit a Dieu, for instance, are dependent clauses. 
 
 Finally, it is earnestly recommended that the student 
 pay careful attention to each section of Part I where 
 the main facts of subjunctive syntax are briefly pre- 
 sented, practising in connection with each group the 
 exercise intended to accompany ^it. No theorizing or 
 reasoning will take the place of the mere observation 
 and drudgery which these exercises are planned to 
 supply. When this work has been done, and not until 
 it has been done thoroughly, Part II, on modifications 
 and exceptions, should be taken up in the same manner. 
 
PART I. GENERAL RULES 3 
 
 Exceptions are worse than valueless to one who does 
 not firmly possess the main rules of the subject. The 
 bane of students of modern languages is the gram- 
 marian's habit of presenting simultaneously a rule and 
 its exception, for the average mind invariably begins by 
 confusing the two things. 
 
 It is hoped that the complete separation of principles 
 and exceptions in this book will induce the teacher to 
 separate the investigation of Parts I and II by an 
 appreciable interval of time devoted to practice. 
 
 The classification of subjunctive constructions given 
 in Part I is thought to be clearer than any the writer 
 might have borrowed. Like all others it is arbitrary, 
 but it has proved its advantages in actual use. 
 
 Part I is meant to be studied with care. Part II is 
 offered chiefly for reference. 
 
 Section I. Believing, Thinking, etc, 
 
 Je crois qu'il viendra. 
 
 I believe that he will come. 
 
 Je ne crois pas qu'il vienne. 
 
 I do not believe that he will come. 
 
 Croyez-vous quMl vienne ? 
 
 Do you believe that he will come } 
 
 Observe in the preceding sentences that when the 
 principal verb is affirmative, the dependent clause has 
 the indicative mood. When the principal verb is nega- 
 tive, or interrogative, the dependent clause has the sub- 
 junctive mood. 
 
4 THE FRhNCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 This we find to be the case with all verbs of the 
 same general signification, such as, penser, supposer, 
 pr^endre, savoir, and some expressions fike je suis 
 /favis, cest mon opinion^ and many others. 
 
 (For examples of these verbs and their use, see the 
 exercise adapted to Section I.) 
 
 Section II. Feeling, Opinion, Judgment 
 
 II est content que nous soyons venus. 
 He is pleased that we have come. 
 
 Je suis fachd qu'il ne soit pas all^. 
 
 I am angry that he has not gone. 
 
 Us sont desoles que vous partiez. 
 They are sorry that you are leaving. 
 
 In the examples given above the use of the subjunc- 
 tive mood does not depend upon any negative or inter- 
 rogative idea, as was the case in Section I, but is exacted 
 by the expression of feeling, opinion, judgment, senti- 
 ment, in the principal clause. Aimer, ditester, rougir, 
 avoir honte, itre ravi, etre indigfi/, etc., are other expres- 
 sions which require the subjunctive mood in the depend- 
 ent clause. (See exercise for Section II.) 
 
 Section III. Wishing and Ordering, Forbidding and 
 Permitting 
 
 Nous voulons que vous sortiez. 
 We wish you to go out. 
 
PART I. GENERAL RULES 5 
 
 II defend que nous fassions cela. 
 
 He forbids us to do that. 
 
 Le roi ordonne qu'il soit puni. 
 
 The kmg orders that he be punished. 
 
 Permettez-vous que je lise cette lettre ? 
 
 Do you permit me to read this letter? 
 
 Such verbs seem like a mere extension of the expres- 
 sions given in the last section. One's feeling or senti- 
 ment becomes, by a most natural transition, one's zvisJi ; 
 and the zvisJi turns by its utterance into an order, — de- 
 Diander, eontmandcr, aduiettre, consentir, exiger, maftder, 
 sonJiaiter, are others of this class. 
 
 Section IV. Impersonal Expressions 
 
 II faut que nous y allions. 
 
 It is necessary that we go there. 
 
 II vaut mieux que vous attendiez. 
 
 It is better that you wait. 
 
 II serait bon qu'elle restat. 
 
 It would be good if she remained. 
 
 C'est dommage que tout le monde soit malade. 
 
 It is too bad that every one is ill. 
 
 In general, though not invariably, the impersonal 
 formula is merely another way of expressing sentiments 
 or feelings such as were seen in Section III and its 
 exercise. 
 
6 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 The impersonal construction is very common in 
 French, and may be safely assumed to require the sub- 
 junctive mood in the dependent clause. Apparent 
 exceptions to this statement will be explained in Part II. 
 
 Section V. Expectation, Fear, Doubt, Denial, Prevention 
 
 J'attends qu'il parte. 
 
 I wait for him to go away. 
 
 Je m» attends a ce qu'il y reste. 
 
 I expect that he will remain there. 
 
 II craint que nous ne tombions. 
 
 He fears lest wc fall. 
 
 Nous doutons qu'ils soient partis. 
 We doubt that they went away. 
 
 lis ont ni^ qu'ils aient ktk avec vous. 
 
 They have denied that they have been with you. 
 
 Empechez qu»on ne vienne trop tot. 
 
 Prevent their coming too soon. 
 
 These verbs and some others of similar meaning are 
 invariably followed by the subjunctive mood in the 
 dependent clause. It is a simple matter to remember 
 their use as regards the mood which follows them, but 
 the question as to when ne shall appear in the depend- 
 ent clause is often very troublesome. As the use or 
 omission of ne is essential to know, observe it in the 
 following examples : — 
 
PART I. GENERAL RULES 7 
 
 A, 
 
 Craindre {and other verbs and expressions of fearing). 
 
 Je crains qu'il ne soit venu. 
 I fear he has come. 
 
 Je ne crains pas qu'il soit venu. 
 I am not afraid he has come. 
 
 Craignez-vous qu'il soit venu? 
 Do you fear lest he has come } 
 
 Notice 'that when the expression of fearing in the 
 principal clause is affirmative, the dependent clause has 
 ne ; but that when the principal clause is negative or 
 interrogative^ the dependent clause omits ne, 
 
 B. 
 
 Empecherj 
 Eviter J 
 
 Cela empeche qu'ils ne reussissent. 
 
 That prevents their succeeding. 
 
 Cela n'empeche pas qu'ils viennent. 
 Cela n'empeche pas qu'ils ne viennent. 
 
 That does not prevent their coming. 
 
 Notice that empecJier and eviter follow the same rule 
 as craindre^ except that the use of ne after a negative or 
 interrogative principal clause is not prohibited, 
 
 N.B. Although empecher and eviter,, when affirmative, are fol- 
 lowed by ney the rule is not so carefully observed as in expressions 
 of fear. 
 
8 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 C. 
 
 Douter 
 
 Nier 
 
 Disconvenir 
 
 II doute que nous soyons habiles. 
 He doubts our being skilful. 
 
 Nous ne doutons point que vous ne soyez habiles. 
 
 We do not doubt your being skiltul. 
 
 Niez-vous qu'il ne soit venu avec vous? 
 Do you deny that he came with you? 
 
 Notice that these verbs, as to the use of ne in the 
 dependent clause, are the opposites of craifuirc and 
 expressions of fearing. That is, when negative or inter- 
 rogative they do require m in the dependent clause. 
 
 To sum up : — 
 
 Class A, followed by ne only when affirmative. 
 Class B, the same rule, but may be followed by ne 
 
 when negative and interrogative. 
 Class C, the opposite of class A. 
 
 N.B. The introduction of pas in a dependent clause already 
 containing ne totally changes the meaning ; for instance : — 
 
 II a pear que vous ne soyez parti. 
 He is afraid lest you have started. 
 
 II a peur que vous ne soyez pas parti. 
 He is afraid that you have not started. 
 
 Nous ne nions pas que nous ne soyons presses. 
 We do not deny that we are in a hurry. 
 
f UNIVERStT 
 
 OF 
 
 OF / 
 
 PART I. GENERAL RULES 
 
 Nous ne nions pas que nous ne soyons pas presses. 
 
 We do not deny that we are not in a hurry. 
 
 (See exercise adapted to Section V for further expres- 
 sions and uses of these sorts.) 
 
 Section VI. Indefinite and Concessive Phrases 
 
 Qui que ce soit. 
 
 Any one soever. 
 
 Quoi qu'il en soit. ^ 
 However it may be. 
 
 Quel que fut votre succes. 
 Whatever your success was. 
 
 Quelque grand que soit son courage. 
 
 However great his courage may be. 
 
 Si forte que fiit sa voix. 
 However strong his voice was. 
 
 These expressions, beginning with qiiiy quoi, quely 
 qiielqne, and si, are very common in French. They 
 need no explanation as regards the subjunctive mood. 
 It invariably appears in them. 
 
 Section VII. Certain Conjunctive Expressions 
 
 II viendra k condition que nous Pattendions. 
 
 He will come on condition that we wait for him. 
 
 AUez maintenant afin que vous puissiez revenir tot. 
 
 Go now in order that you may^be able to return soon. 
 
10 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 On nous invitera, a moins que nous ne soyons oublies. 
 They will invite us unless we are forgotten. 
 
 The chief conjunctive expressions which require the 
 subjunctive mood in the clause which they introduce 
 are : — 
 
 A condition que on condition that 
 
 Afin que in order that 
 
 A moins que unless 
 
 Au cas que in case 
 
 Avant que ....*... before 
 
 Bien que although 
 
 Ce n'est pas que .... it is not that 
 
 En cas que in case 
 
 Encore que even if 
 
 En attendant que ... until 
 
 Jusqu'a ce que until 
 
 Loin que far from 
 
 Non que not that 
 
 Pour que in order that 
 
 Pourvu que provided that 
 
 Pour peu que however little 
 
 Quoique although 
 
 Sans que unless 
 
 Si tant est que if so much as 
 
 ^ Soit que whether 
 
 Suppose que supposing that 
 
 In all the foregoing constructions, varied as their 
 meanings are, it will be readily seen that the subjunc- 
 tive serves to indicate some idea of uncertainty. 
 
PART I. GENERAL RULES II 
 
 The form a moins qice requires ne before the sub- 
 junctive always, while avant que sometimes has it, e.g. — 
 
 Nous irons, a moins qu'il ne pleuve. 
 
 We will go unless it rains. 
 
 Nous irons avant qu'il pleuve (or ne pleuve). 
 
 We will go before it rains. 
 
 This use of 7te after avant que is said by grammarians 
 to be correct only when some idea of fear or prevention 
 is intended. As a matter of fact, ne is often introduced 
 in cases where no such idea enters. 
 
 N.B. The conjunction que may be used alone for certain of the 
 conjunctive expressions given in this section. 
 
 pirai sans qu'il me vole ou qu^il m'entende. 
 I will go without his seeing or hearing me. 
 
 Here the second que is used to' avoid the repetition of the whole 
 expression sans que. 
 
 Nous attendimes qu^on nous priit. 
 We waited for some one to invite us. 
 
 {Que stands iox jusqu''a ce que.) 
 
 Venez que je vous pr6sente a eux. 
 Come that I may present you to them. 
 
 {Que represents afiti que or pour que.) 
 
 Je n'irai pas qu'il ne m'ait vu. 
 
 I shall not go unless he has seen me. 
 
 {Que stands for a moins que.) 
 
 Prenez garde qu'on ne vous trompe. 
 Take care lest they deceive you. 
 
 {Que for de peur que, or some closely allied idea.) 
 
12 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Section VIII. Relative Clame 
 
 C'est le meilleur ami que nous ayons. ) ^ 
 He is the best friend that we have, j 
 
 II n'y a pas d'homme qui I'admette. ) ^ 
 
 it. r 
 
 There is no man who admits 
 
 II n'y avait que lui qui put me repondre. 
 There was no one but him who could answer me. 
 
 Je cherche un livre qui me plaise. ) ^ 
 
 I am seeking a book which shall please me. J 
 
 3^ 
 
 The above examples give the four uses of the sub- 
 junctive mood in relative clauses. 
 
 i'^ is the case where the antecedent of the relative 
 pronoun is modified by a superlative^ or by a term 
 equivalent to a superlative, as dernier^ premier, senl, 
 
 2° is where the relative clause depends upon a nega- 
 tive proposition. 
 
 3° is a case in which the chief proposition is restric- 
 tive in meaning. 
 
 4** is a case where the substantive, antecedent of the 
 relative pronoun, is used in a construction implying 
 uncertainty — as purpose, anticipation, demand, require- 
 ment. 
 
 Note that the case marked 2"" may often be negative 
 only by implication, that is, the chief clause may be a 
 ([uestion, or a condition, implying the negative, e.g, — 
 
PART T. GENERAL RULES 1 3 
 
 S'il y a une personne qui soit habile. 
 
 If there is a person who is skilful. 
 
 Y a-t-il quelqu'un qui soit vraiment heureux ? 
 
 Is there any one who is really happy ? 
 
 Section IX. Indepefiderit Use 
 
 Qu'ils meurent Pliit a Dieu. 
 
 Let them die. Might it please God. 
 
 Qu'il entre. Vive le roi ! 
 
 Let him enter. Live the king ! 
 
 Qu'il rie ou qu'il pleure. 
 
 Let him laugh or let him cry. 
 (Whether he laugh or cry.) 
 
 Ainsi soit-il. Je ne sache pas. 
 
 Be it so. I hardly know. 
 
 In the examples here presented the subjunctive mood 
 fills the want of a third person, singular or plural, in 
 the imperative mood. The imperative use is commonly 
 introduced by que. 
 
 Without que the construction is seen most frequently 
 with puisse^ sots, ga^'de^ plaise, veuille, vive, and pltlt. 
 Other words, however, are so used occasionally. 
 
 N.B. The peculiar uses of sache in je ne sache pas^ meaning / 
 hardly know, and in pas queje sache, meaning not as far as I know, 
 have no analogies in any other verb. Here the office of the sub- 
 junctive mood is to weaken the force of savoir, and to give to it an 
 air of uncertainty. 
 
14 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Section X. Conditional Clauses 
 
 Si vous le desirez et que vous le demandiez, etc. 
 If you wish it and if you ask for it, etc. 
 
 II eut dit non s'il eiit su mon intention. 
 
 He would have said no if he had known my intention. 
 
 Un autre homme eiit dit cela plus clairement. 
 Another man would have said that more clearly. 
 
 n Paurait fait eut-il kti plus fort. 
 
 He would have done it if he had been stronger. 
 
 As shown by these four examples, the subjunctive 
 mood may appear in conditional sentences: first, in 
 place of the indicative when si has been replaced by que 
 to avoid a repetition ; 
 
 Secondly, the compound imperfect, or pluperfect, of 
 the subjunctive may replace the compound imperfect of 
 the indicative after si ; 
 
 Thirdly, the compound imperfect, or pluperfect, sub- 
 junctive may stand for the compound conditional of the 
 conclusion ; 
 
 Fourthly, the compound imperfect subjunctive, in the 
 inverted order, may represent a condition without the use 
 of si. This last construction often gives the meaning 
 of even if or althotigh, 
 
 N.B. The simple imperfect subjunctive of devoir y itre^ and avoir ^ 
 however, may appear in the fourth case. J^irais ne fikt-ce que pour 
 le voir, I would go were it only to see him ; // serait pauvre eut-il 
 un million^ he would be poor had he a million. 
 
PART I. GENERAL RULES 15 
 
 Section XI. Sequence of Tenses 
 
 Je doute qu'il soit puni. 
 
 I doubt that he will be punished. 
 
 Vous le tiendrez afin qu'il ne tombe pas. 
 
 You will hold him in order that he may not fall. 
 
 II ne croyait pas que son frere fut seul. 
 
 He did not believe that his brother was alone. 
 
 lis s'en allerent sans qu'on les vit. 
 
 They went off without any one's seeing them. 
 
 II voudrait que sa tache fut finie. 
 
 He would like to have his task finished. 
 
 On avait voulu qu'elle fit des excuses. 
 
 They had wished her to make excuses. 
 
 Auriez-vous aim^ qu'il neigeat ? 
 
 Would you have liked it to snow ? 
 
 Sortez, pour que votre presence ne souille plus ma 
 maison. 
 
 Go out that your presence may not pollute my house 
 any longer. 
 
 Souhaiter que vous soyez malheureux ? 
 
 Wish that you may be unhappy .'* 
 
 The above examples would support the statement 
 that present or future time in the principal clause 
 requires the present tense of the subjunctive, and that 
 past time or the conditional mood in the principal clause 
 
t6 
 
 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 requires the imperfect tense of the subjunctive in the 
 dependent clause. 
 
 As for the compound tenses of the subjunctive, they 
 seem to follow the same law as if the auxiliary stood 
 alone : — 
 
 II ne pense pas que vous Payez vu. 
 
 He does not think that you have seen him. 
 
 II ne pensera pas que vous I'ayez vu. 
 II ne pensait pas que vous Peussiez vu. 
 
 Croirait-il que vous Teussiez vu ? 
 Avaient-ils suppose qu'il fut rentre? 
 
 Hence the following table of sequence: — 
 
 Principal Clause Dependent Clause 
 
 Present Indicative. 
 Future Indicative. 
 Future Perfect Indicative. 
 Present Infinitive. 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Present Subjunctive 
 
 or 
 Perfect Subjunctive. 
 
 Principal Clause 
 
 Imperfect Indicative. 
 Preterite Indicative. 
 Pluperfect Indicative. 
 Conditional Mood. 
 
 Dependent Clause 
 
 Imperfect Subjunctive 
 
 or 
 Pluperfect Subjunctive. 
 
 N.B. For exceptions and modifications see Section XI, Part II. 
 
EXERCISES 
 
 N.B. Before attempting to make use of the following exercises, 
 notice carefully the Table of Sequence of Tenses as given Part I, 
 Section XI, page i6, and refer to it frequently when translating from 
 English into French. 
 
 Exercise i for Section I 
 
 Nous supposons qu'on nous grondera. 
 II ne pense pas qu'il ait tort. 
 
 Pensent-ils que M. Durand soit malade ? Non, ils 
 pensent qu'il se porte bien. 
 
 Ils ne pretendent point que nous ayons tort. 
 
 Je ne sais pas qu'on puisse faire cela. 
 
 Vous etes d'avis qu'ils ont pris la fuite. 
 
 Cast leur opinion qu'il s'est trompe. 
 
 II ne croit jamais qu'il se trompe. 
 
 Est-ce votre opinion que nous nous trompions } 
 
 Mais non, je ne crois pas que vous vous trompiez. 
 
 /Je suis convaincu que vous mentez. 
 Nous sommes loin de penser qu'il parte. 
 II ne supposait point qu'il put se faire mal. 
 On ne croirait pas que vous fussiez faible. 
 Croiriez-vous qu'ils fussent venus ? 
 V Nous ne pensions pas qu'elles fussent si grandes. 
 Personne n'a cru que je fusse la. 
 Ne pensez pas que nous soyons fatigues. 
 Ne supposant pas qu'elle soit la, je ne lui ecrirai pas. 
 
 17 
 
iS THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 We believe that they will be there. 
 
 You never believe that he is right. 
 
 Don't suppose that we can do that. 
 
 Are you of the opinion that he came ? 
 
 Does he think that we -are deceived.^ 
 
 No, he does not claim ( /^n^/ev/z/re') that he can deceive us. 
 
 I have an idea that they are right. 
 
 We believed that all was true. 
 
 But they never believed that he told it to us. 
 
 We were convinced that everybody was mistaken. 
 
 They could not believe that no one was with you. 
 
 J Let us not think that he is wrong. 
 They are far from believing that we went to Paris. 
 Not to believe that they are generous is very difficult. 
 
 Exercise a for Section II 
 
 Tout le monde est bien aise que vous soyez id. 
 Elle s'^tonne qu'ils aillent avec elle. 
 Nous dtions contents que notre p^re se portcLt si bien. 
 lis sont fichus que cet homme soit si malhonndte. 
 Votre oncle est f urieux que vous ne soyez pas venus 
 plus t6t. 
 
 lis aiment qu'on leur dise la v^rit6. 
 
 Nous d6testions qu'ils nous flattassent. 
 
 N'avez-vous pas honte que votre fr^re soit si grossier ? 
 
 J'^tais indign^ qu'ils osassent le dire. 
 
 Seriez-vous content qu'il dit la v6rit^ ? 
 
 Nous regrettons que vous soyez obligi de partir si tot. 
 
 Content que je sois la, il y restera. 
 
 Elle serait enchant^e qu'on le lui dft. 
 
PART I. EXERCISE 3 1 9 
 
 No one likes them to go away. 
 He regretted that he was not able to go. 
 Be happy that you have enough to eat. 
 Do not be ashamed that your family is poor. 
 Why do you prefer to have them come to-day (that 
 they come, etc.).*^ 
 
 We are glad that they like him. 
 You were angry that he said no. 
 
 I was not pleased to have them hide the truth {that 
 they hid, etc.). 
 
 He will be indignant that you do not tell him at once. 
 
 Would you like to have him accompany you (that he 
 accompafzy, etc.) "^ 
 
 Why do you detest having us talk to them (that we 
 talk, etc.).? 
 
 Do not be sorry that you cannot do everything. 
 
 Let us be thankful that he is safe. 
 
 Angry that you said no, he turned his back on you. 
 
 Exercise 3 for Section III 
 
 Le general commande qu'on les fusille. 
 
 II desire qu'on le fasse a I'instant meme. 
 A-t-il defendu qu'ils lui parlassent } 
 
 lis s'opposent a ce que vous lisiez leurs livres. Vou- 
 loir qu'on perde sa fortune n'est pas aimable. 
 
 Je veux qu'elles soient heureuses. 
 
 Permettez-vous que je vous disc ma fagon de penser ? 
 
 J'ordonnerai qu'on ne soit pas puni. II insiste pour 
 que nous I'ecoutions. 
 
 Nous demandions qu'il le fit sans aucun delai. 
 
 On exigea que la somme fut payee d'avance. 
 
20 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Est-ce que vous consentirez qu*elle fasse k sa t^te ? 
 
 II suppliait qu*on lui donn^t du cognac. 
 
 J'entends que vous ne lui manquiez pas de respect. 
 
 He begs that I will go at once. 
 We wished him to tell us his name. 
 
 I desire you to pay the money. 
 
 They will order us to cease speaking, but I shall beg 
 that they listen to us. 
 
 Do you intend that your father shall believe that ? 
 
 How can we exact that they give us all ? 
 
 We shall insist that they do what we wish. 
 
 Has he opposed our going alone (////?/ we go^ etc.)? 
 
 They would allow us to remain with their friends (that 
 we remain y etc.). 
 
 We forbade the others to speak of it to you. 
 
 My friends object {s'opposer d ce que^ etc.) to our going 
 without them (that we go, etc.). 
 
 To exact that he pay the whole sum is not cruel. 
 
 Exercise 4 for Section IV 
 
 II est impossible que vous soyez toujours heureux. 
 Le malheur est que personne ne soit content. 
 
 II est juste qu'on les renvoie. 
 II se peut qu*il se soit tromp6. 
 II est convenable que M. Faure Taccepte. 
 II vaudrait mieux que nous sortissions. 
 C*est dommage que le chien soit perdu. 
 II sera bon qu'on nous en informe. 
 II est 6tonnant que nous ayons r^ussi. 
 Est-il merveilleux que je ne le dise pas } 
 
PART I. EXERCISE S 21 
 
 II etait important qu'elle ne le vit pas. 
 II serait inutile qu'ils le lui dissent. 
 Est-il a regretter qu'il soit arrive ? 
 II etait probable que vous fussiez venu. 
 II suffirait que nous le vissions une fois. 
 C'est bien le moins que vous me le donniez. 
 
 It is possible that he will see us. 
 
 It is not probable that you will go also. 
 
 It may be that he means yes. 
 
 It was useless for us to say so. 
 
 It would be better for you to confess it frankly. 
 
 Is it proper that we accompany them ? 
 
 Is it not strange that they never come alone ? 
 
 It would not be sufficient for that man to undertake 
 the task {sufficient that that maji undertake^ etc.). 
 
 The worst is {le pis est que) that no one comes. 
 
 It was improper for the others to ask you that. 
 
 It was not time for the train to start, was it } The 
 least you can do is to accept {c'est bien le moins, etc.). 
 
 It would be necessary for every one to hasten. The 
 least he could do was to pay {c' etait bien le moins, etc.). 
 
 It was to be regretted that our brother came so soon. 
 
 It would be natural for a man to defend himself. 
 
 It may be that {il se pent) he is here. 
 
 Exercise 5 for Section V 
 
 lis s'attendent a ce que nous les invitions. 
 
 J'attendrai qu'il m'ecrive. 
 
 Nous craignons qu'il ne vous ecrive pas. 
 
22 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Je ne Grains point qu*il me laisse tomber. 
 
 Cela empdche que nous ne partions. 
 
 Elles n'emp^chaient pas que leur pere vit ses amis. 
 
 Nous n'empecherions point qu'ils ne fissent cela. 
 
 La crainte que vous ne soyez en retard empechera cela. 
 
 A-t-il n'\6 que je ne fusse avec lui ? 
 
 Non, mais il nie que vous soyez venu avec lui. 
 
 Doutez-vous que nous ne soyons gais ? 
 
 Emp^chez que cette personne ne s'6chappe. 
 
 Avez-vous peur qu'on vienne vous dicouvrir? Je 
 disconviens qu*il Tait dit. 
 
 Nous n'avons pas peur qu'on nous d^couvre. 
 
 lis avaient peur que leur pire ne les punlt. 
 
 Je craindrais que vous ne vissiez pas assez distincte- 
 ment 
 
 Does he doubt that we speak the truth f 
 
 We fear that you are waiting. 
 
 Wait for him to come {//taf he come). 
 
 Do you expect some one will arrive } 
 
 We did not fear that they would fall. 
 
 They were afraid that they would not succeed. 
 
 Do not doubt that you will succeed. 
 
 You will not prevent us from seeing. 
 
 I do not wish to prevent you from seeing. 
 
 Did they prevent his going away } 
 
 They deny that they prevented him. 
 
 But they do not deny that they will try. 
 
 Do not fear that he will not arrive. 
 
 Let us never doubt that they tell the truth. 
 
 I should be afraid lest you were too ill. 
 
PART I. EXERCISE 6 23 
 
 I cannot deny that I am ill, but have no fear that I 
 am too ill. 
 
 The fear lest he fall is always great. 
 
 Exercise 6 for Section VI 
 
 Je lui parlerai, quoi que vous en disiez. 
 
 Qui que ce soit qui vous ait dit cela, je ne le crois pas. 
 
 lis n'ont vu quoi que ce soit. 
 
 Quels que soient ses talents, il ne reussira pas. Si 
 riche qu'elle fut, elle mourut seule. 
 
 Quelque courageusement qu'ils se battissent, ils furent 
 vaincus. 
 
 Quoi qu'il en soit, je I'ai vu moi-meme. 
 
 Quelques lauriers qu'on lui ait decernes, son merite 
 n'est pas grand. 
 
 Quelque riches qu'ils fussent, ils ne pouvaient payer 
 cette dette. 
 
 Qui que ce puisse etre qui ait dit cela, je ne le lui par- 
 donnerai pas. 
 
 Si forte que fut sa voix, il ne parvint pas a se faire 
 entendre. 
 
 Quelque savants que soient les auteurs que vous con- 
 sultiez, prenez garde de vous y meprendre. 
 
 I do not fear him, whoever he may be. 
 However tall they are, they are very young. 
 Whatever his courage may be, he can feel fear. 
 As rich as you may be, you cannot buy everything. 
 Whatever authors you consult, you may be mistaken. 
 However wise he may be whom you consult, take care. 
 
24 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 As loudly as he talked, he convinced no one. 
 They will find no one at all {qui que ce sott). How- 
 ever it was {quoi quilcnfi^tX he spoke well. 
 
 I shall give him nothing whatever. 
 
 However that may be {quoi qu*il en soit\ let us begin 
 again. 
 
 Whatever the object was, it was very heavy. 
 
 Such qualities as you may possess {quelqucs qualit^s 
 que, etc.), you must persevere. 
 
 Exercise 7 for Section VII 
 
 Soit qu'ils fussent b^tes, soit qu'ils fussent ivres, ils 
 restaient muets. 
 
 Je le ferai k condition qu'ils me paient. 
 
 Nous venions afin que vous pussiez sortir. 
 
 Allez maintenant, a moins que vous ne pr^f^riez aller 
 demain. 
 
 II m'a vu avant que j'aie eu le temps de me cacher. 
 Dites-le lui avant qu'il ne parte. 
 
 Son fils riussira, bien que tout le monde dise le con- 
 traire. 
 
 Je serai \k jusqu'i ce que vos amis arrivent. 
 
 Loin qu'il f(it paresseux, son activity ^tait surprenante. 
 
 Nous irions pourvu qu'il fit beau. 
 
 Suppose que vous tombiez malade k I'^tranger, que 
 f erez-vous } 
 
 Les Fran^ais parlent mal I'anglais, si tant est qu'ils 
 I'apprennent. 
 
 Le voleur se sauva sans qu'on pOt voir sa figure. 
 
 Je ne resterai point qu'il ne m'invite aussi. 
 
PART I. EXERCISE 8 25 
 
 Supposing he was alone, there was no danger. 
 
 We went in order to see them early. 
 
 They set out before we arrived, although it was too 
 soon. 
 
 Wait until he has time to tell us his story. 
 
 Can you escape without their seeing you.!* {Sans 
 qtion votis voie.) 
 
 He works slowly, not that he is lazy. 
 
 He worked very slowly if he so much as worked at 
 all {si tant est que, etc.). 
 
 We will do this, provided you do not speak of it again. 
 
 In case you become ill in Paris, ask for Dr. X. 
 
 Whether he is old or whether his health is bad, he is 
 very weak now. 
 
 Come in before it rains. 
 
 It will not rain unless it is colder. 
 
 Far from his believing us, he said that we were thieves. 
 
 Exercise 8 for Section VIII 
 
 Nous cherchons un grand chien qui soit fidele et doux. 
 
 .11 n'y a que ce chien-la qui puisse vous plaire. 
 
 C'est le premier que j'aie vu. 
 
 II n'y avait pas d'enfant qui I'avouat. 
 
 Pensez-vous qu'un homme existe qui soit toujours con- 
 tent } 
 
 S'il y avait un homme qui fut absolument sans souci, 
 je dirais oui. 
 
 II n'y avait que lui a qui nous pussion^ nous adresser. 
 
 Nous voudrions trouver une ville dont le climat fut 
 toujours sain. 
 
26 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Nous sommes les premiers qui ayons demand^ cela. 
 Le plus bel oeil qu'on puisse imaginer. 
 J'avais besoin d'un guide qui connQt ia montagne par 
 tous les temps. 
 
 You are the last man who saw him. 
 
 He was the best friend they had. 
 
 There is no one but you who can tell her. 
 
 We desire a book which contains a clear history of 
 the Revolution. 
 
 Is there a man who never is wrong .^ 
 
 If you had a newspaper which was always right, you 
 would be rich. 
 
 There are few women who like to tell their age. 
 
 We intend to go to a city where there is no disease. 
 
 The richest king who ever existed had no city without 
 illness. 
 
 There was no one who said thank you. 
 
 There will be but few children there who are well 
 brought up. 
 
 Give me a chain which is strong but lighter than this 
 one. 
 
 Exercise 9 for Section IX 
 
 Est-il venu avant aujourd'hui ? Pas que je sache. 
 Jamais que je sache, moi. 
 Qu*ils entrent tout de suite. 
 Je ne sache pas qu'on puisse entrer sans payer. 
 Dieu veuille qu'elle ne meure pas ! 
 Plot k Dieu que vous f ussiez Ik ! 
 Vive le President ! 
 
PART I. EXERCISE Q 2/ 
 
 Qu'elle Tadmette ou qu'elle le nie, mon souci n'est 
 pas grand. 
 
 Puissiez-vous reussir ! 
 
 Perisse Tidolatrie ! 
 
 Vienne qui voudra, je ne vous quitterai pas. 
 
 Advienne que pourra, il ne voudra jamais crier, viva 
 la Republique. 
 
 Dieu soit loue, ils sont sauves ! 
 
 Dieu vous garde ; ainsi soit-il. 
 
 Fasse le ciel qu'on arrive a temps ! 
 
 Ainsi meurent tous nos ennemis ! 
 
 La Sainte Vierge benisse ta maison ! 
 
 God will that you succeed ! 
 
 So perish all your foes ! 
 
 Long live the king ! 
 
 Let them all go away. 
 
 Please God that he be not too late ! 
 
 Whether he laugh or cry about it, the result will be 
 the same. 
 
 May she have no difficulty. 
 
 Let come what may, I shall not change my mind. 
 
 God be blessed, the war is ended. 
 
 May heaven bring it about that he be right. 
 
 The crowd responded, so be it ! 
 
 Let him lose his fortune, and he will understand 
 better. 
 
 Have they made any excuses ? Not as far as I know. 
 Never to my knowledge. 
 
 I do not really know (je ne sache pas) that we can 
 ask that. Let her write the letter to-morrow. 
 
28 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Exercise lo for Section X 
 
 Si vous Tessayez, et que vous r^ussissiez, la recom- 
 pense sera grande. 
 
 On eOt fait cela il y a longtemps, s'il avait 6x6 pos- 
 sible. 
 
 lis Teussent sauv6 s*il edt voulu les icoutcr. 
 
 Un homme plus g^n^reux lui eOt dit de le prendre. 
 
 Mon fr^re aurait saisi la bdte, eftt-il cntendu le mouve- 
 ment un instant plus t6t. 
 
 Eussiez-vous frapp^ fort, ils auraient ouvert la porte 
 sans se douter de rien ? 
 
 Si elle e(it 6ti ici elle eftt pens^ tout autrement. 
 
 Une autre personne efit-elle h^sit^ ? 
 
 Deux minutes et il fOt tomb^ de fatigue. Qui eQt 
 dit cela ? 
 
 Si nous allions avec vous, et qu*on nous demandAt 
 notre passeport, que dirions-nous ? 
 
 II I'aurait fait, en fftt-il mort. 
 
 If we permit this and it does no harm, we shall have 
 gained much. 
 
 He would have had greater glory if he had worked 
 for humanity. 
 
 I would have saved them if they had obeyed me. 
 
 Who would have said it ? 
 
 A city like Paris would not have accepted his govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Another general would have surrendered. 
 
 If you had gone at once and had asked politely, there 
 would have been no difficulty. 
 
PART I. EXERCISE II , 29 
 
 Come if they invite you and the weather is fine. 
 
 Would they have seen us if we had not made a noise 
 like that ? 
 
 He would not have assassinated the duke if he had 
 known his projects. 
 
 A man who wished his death would have spoken at 
 
 once. 
 
 Exercise ii for Section XI 
 
 II doute que vous veniez. 
 
 J'ai peur qu'on ne se trompe. 
 
 Avez-vous besoin qu'on vous disc ce qu'il a fait ? 
 
 lis demandaient qu'elle fut mise en liberte. 
 
 Allez vite pour qu'ils ne vous voient pas. 
 
 II etait temps qu'il vint a leur aide. 
 
 Le pere mourut avant que le fils arrivat. 
 
 Elle ordonna que tout citoyen portat une plume rouge 
 au chapeau. 
 
 Nous preferions qu'elle allat le prevenir. 
 
 lis demanderent que la ville fut brulee avant midi. 
 J'irai chez lui, bien que je sois malade. 
 
 II avait le regard farouche, quelle que fut la douceur 
 de son caractere. 
 
 Aimeriez-vous qu'on rudoyat votre soeur ? 
 
 Je n'aurais pas cru que cela fut possible. 
 
 Nous dirons non, afin qu'ils nous comprennent dis- 
 tinctement. 
 
 Vous aurez fait bien peu de choses qui soient utiles. 
 
 Ne pas vouloir que je reussisse! Quelle m^chancete ! 
 
 They do not think he will die. 
 
 Did he order that all set out that day ? 
 
30 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Go with him in order that he may not lose his way 
 {s*/garer). 
 
 It was astonishing that they saw us. 
 
 Let us wait until he comes out. 
 
 He will not come out before the sun goes down {se 
 coucher). 
 
 My friend was the last who spoke to them. I would 
 like them to stay in the house. 
 
 There will be few persons who will believe you. Did 
 you wish us to come } 
 
 I shall regret their coming {that they come). 
 
 Has he not ordered that you leave them } 
 
 Prevent him from falling if you can. 
 
 They are very strong, however small they may be. 
 
 Would he come here without our inviting him } 
 
 He would not wait for us to invite him. He does 
 not doubt that we shall be glad to see him. 
 
PART IL MODIFICATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS 
 
 Recommendations. It is to be hoped that this part of 
 the presentation of the subjunctive mood will not be read 
 until after the sections of Part I have been thoroughly 
 investigated and the main rules made familiar by practice 
 of the exercises. 
 
 Before taking up specific exceptions, a moment's 
 consideration may be given to the colloquial use and 
 omission of the subjunctive mood. 
 
 The most correct of speakers sometimes employ 
 the indicative where written French shows invariably 
 the subjunctive. One hears such constructions as ''je 
 ne crois pas qiiils vie^idront " and " // ne dit pas qitil 
 le fera,' which are probably prompted by a desire to 
 avoid some ambiguity and by the unnecessary character 
 of the subjunctive mood in such phrases. These ex- 
 pressions are not, however, to be considered as legiti- 
 mate exceptions, although they indicate a tendency in 
 modern French to neglect the subjunctive construction. 
 The same tendency is seen also in the many expedients 
 resorted to in speaking, for the purpose of using the 
 indicative or infinitive moods, and, above all, for avoid- 
 ing the imperfect subjunctive tense. In a large number 
 of cases, where no carelessness of speech or composition 
 can be suspected, it will be found that the rules laid 
 down in Part I are, at least seemingly, violated. It is 
 to such modifications and exceptions that Part II is to 
 be devoted. 
 
 31 
 
32 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 iSection I. Belinnnir and Thinking 
 
 Exception I. 
 
 Ne croyez-vous pas qu'il vous pardonnera ? 
 Do you not believe that he will pardon you ? 
 
 A negative question will be followed by the indicative 
 mood because it is essentially an assertion, />. it implies 
 the answer yes. Here the example given is equivalent 
 to vous croyez {tiest-ce pas ?\ etc. 
 
 In the same way, what is called a rhetorical question, 
 which is meant to make or emphasize the affirmative of 
 the idea, will have the indicative mood. As, croyez-vous 
 que le soleil se couchera ce soirf the meaning of which 
 is je sais bicn que vous croyez^ etc., vtais je vous le 
 deinande afin d'avoir votre r/poptse. 
 
 Note that this so-called exception is really in perfect 
 harmony with the spirit of the rule, if the meaning of 
 the questions be looked into. 
 
 Exception 11. 
 
 II ne croit pas que la terre est ronde. 
 
 He does not believe that the earth is round. 
 
 Croyez-vous que les Fran<jais sont des sots? 
 Do you believe that the French are fools .^ 
 
 This second exception is of a different nature. When 
 something which the whole enlightened world admits or 
 denies is spoken of as believed, thought, held, or the 
 contrary, or the belief questioned, the indicative mood 
 
PART II. MODIFICATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS 33 
 
 will always be used. In such sentences it is the belief 
 or non-belief which is in doubt, and not the dependent 
 proposition. 
 
 It is easy to see that in this case the use of the 
 indicative or subjunctive mood will depend upon the 
 unanimity with which the fact spoken of is accepted 
 or rejected, and also upon the speaker's own opinion. 
 Hence the choice is sometimes a difficult one to make. 
 There are cases in which either mood could be employed 
 with perfect correctness. 
 
 Exception III. 
 
 The verbs refiecJiir and considerer are always followed 
 by the indicative or conditional ^ even when they are 
 used negatively or interrogatively. This is, seemingly, 
 because in their case there is never any doubt in the 
 speaker's mind as to the fact referred to. 
 
 Consider ez-vous que P affaire est tres delicate ? 
 
 Do you take into consideration that the business is 
 very delicate } 
 
 lis ne reflechissent pas que la chose serait difficile. 
 
 They do not reflect that the thing would be difficult. 
 
 Exception IV. 
 
 The expressions on dirait and on croirait are seen 
 followed by the subjunctive when there is an implication 
 that the dependent clause expresses something contrary 
 to fact or extremely unlikely. Otherwise the indicative 
 is used. 
 
34 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 On dirait que le livre des destins ait etc ouvcrt k ce 
 prophete. 
 
 One would say that the book of destiny had been 
 open to this prophet. 
 
 N.B. i^. Occasionally the subjunctive mood is found in the de- 
 pendent clause after affirmative expressions of thinkings believing^ 
 
 etc., e i:. — 
 
 Nous 6tion8 d'avis qu'il restit 
 
 We were of the opinion that he should remain. 
 
 This use is not, properly, an exception to the rule. The sub- 
 junctive seen here Ls really dependent upon some verb implied. 
 The phrase quoted is an elliptical expression for Xous Hions d'^avis 
 qtiil vaudraii inieux quit restdt^ or something equivalent. 
 
 In the following extract the ellipses may be easily supplied : — 
 
 " Les sohiats criaient qWon Us mendt an combat ; qu^ds voidaient 
 venger la mart dt Uur pire . . . ; qii'a^fec lui ds ne craignaUnt rien^ 
 mats quits venger aient sa mart ; qu^on tes taissAt faire ; qu'tts itaient 
 furieux; et qu'on tes nundt au combat.^ — }*\MfL, de Si^vign^. 
 
 2®. DissifNtiter and ignorer are seen followed by the subjunctive 
 mood, but not necessarily. When the subjunctive mood appears in 
 the dependent clause, it occurs after these two verbs used affirma- 
 tively. The indicative follows them invariably if they are negative. 
 This looks like a reversal of the custom in the case of croire^ fienser, 
 and the like, but it is really in perfect accord with it, as dissimuler 
 and ignorer are naturally negative in meaning and become affirma- 
 tive when a negative adverb is connected with them. 
 
 /^ignore (je ne sais pas) quit le dise. 
 
 Je n'^ignorais pas (Je sal^ais) qu^it le disad. 
 
 3°. Comprendre^ which is normally followed when affirmative by 
 the indicative, and when negative by the subjunctive, appears often 
 in colloquial style in such a sentence zsje comprends quUl soil riche^ 
 or nous comprenons que vous soyez fatigues, ayatU tant marcfU. 
 
PART II. MODIFICATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS 35 
 
 These sentences do not mean "/ understand that he is rich^^^ or 
 *"' that you are tired^'^ but '•^ I understand how it is that he is rich^"" or 
 "/*/ is easy to believe that you are tired ^ The meaning of cotn- 
 prendre is changed to one which comes properly in Section II of 
 Part I, oi judgment, feeling, etc. 
 
 Section II. Feeling, Opinion, Judgment 
 
 There is no true exception to the rule laid down in 
 Part I, Section II. 
 Such a sentence as — 
 
 II est convaincu que vous etes innocent, 
 
 He is convinced that you are innocent, 
 or 
 
 Je suis stir qu'il est rentre, 
 
 I am sure that he has come in, 
 
 has the appearance of being an exception to the princi- 
 ple, but in fact these expressions are merely forms of 
 assertion of belief or knowledge. They therefore must 
 be classed with croire, penser, snpposer, etc., in Part I, 
 Section I. They are followed by the subjunctive mood 
 in the dependent clause only when negative or inter- 
 rogative. (See Part I, Section I, and Part II, Section I.) 
 
 N.B. 1°. After verbs oi feelings opinion, etc., we see ^occasionally 
 the conjunctive formula de ce que used, followed by the indicative 
 mood as well as by the subjunctive. This formula when followed 
 by the indicative is viewed as signifying that the dependent clause 
 expresses a fact about which there is no uncertainty. 
 
 II se plaint de ce que vous vous moquez de lui. 
 
 He complains that you make fun of him. 
 
36 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 The meaning of the above example is that what he complains of 
 is an indisputable state of things ; whereas, 
 
 II se plaint que vous voua moquiez de lui. 
 
 does not set forth the speaker's own opinion as to the truth or 
 untruth of what is complained of. 
 
 2°. Farter and ga^er are seen followed by the subjunctive mood ; 
 but they should be considered as expressions of belief or conviction, 
 auid hence should, when affirmatively used, take the indicative. 
 
 Section III. Wishing, Ordering, Forbidding, Permitting 
 Exception. 
 
 J'espere qu'il ira avcc cux. 
 
 I hope that he will go with them. 
 
 II n'esp^re pas qu'on lui dise tout. 
 
 He does not hope that they will tell him all. 
 
 Esp^rez-vous qu'elle sera arrivee? 
 Do you hope she will have come ? 
 
 The verb csp^rcr, in spite of its close relation as to 
 meaning with sonhaitcr, vonloir, d/sirer, etc., does not, 
 when affirmative, give occasion for the subjunctive mood 
 in the dependent clause. 
 
 When negative, esp^rer exacts the subjunctive, and 
 when interrogative it is sometimes followed by one 
 mood, sometimes by the other. 
 
 N.B. The use of esphrer^ followed by a past tense of the indica- 
 tive, is said to be due to English influence, and, though not rare, is 
 not accepted by grammarians. They also object to its use followed 
 by the indicative present, which is now frequent. 
 
PART II. MODIFICATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS 37 
 
 Section IV. Impersonal Expressions 
 
 Exceptions. 
 
 II est evident. II est demontre. II parait. 
 
 II est certain. II est vrai. II me semble. 
 
 II est prouve. II s'ensuit. II en resulte. 
 
 II est fait. II est probable. 
 
 The above impersonal expressions are of such a 
 nature that they are practically statements of fact, and 
 hence are followed by the indicative mood, unless they 
 are negative or interrogative. 
 
 Notice that in using the subjunctive mood in a clause 
 depending upon any of these expressions, the mere fact 
 that the principle clause is negative or interrogative is 
 not enough. Careful attention must be given to the 
 meaning of the sentence and to the nature of the thing 
 referred to as evident, certain, probable, true, etc. The 
 same reasoning applies to dependent clauses here as in 
 Exceptions I and II of Section I. 
 
 N.B. i'^. Although // me semble and it parait are, when affirma- 
 tive, followed by the indicative mood, the phrase // semble may be 
 followed by either indicative or subjunctive, according to the sense. 
 
 II semble que ces hommes sont en retard. 
 It appears that these men are late. 
 
 II semble que ces hommes soient en retard. 
 It seems as if these men were late. 
 
 2°. When exigencies of style demand that the subordinate clause 
 precede the impersonal expression, the subjunctive mood will be used. 
 
38 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Qu'il 8oit parti et qu'il ait pris la clef, cela est Evident. 
 That he has gone away and that he has taken the key, that is 
 evident. 
 
 3^. Among the impersonal forms of presentation of one^s judg- 
 ment or opinion, the expression // jV« faut should not be passed 
 without notice. It appears with certain modifications; as, — 
 
 // s'en faut beaucoup, U s'en faut presque rien. 
 
 It s'en faut de beaucoup, Tant s'en faut. 
 
 It s" en faut bien. Feu s^enfauiy etc 
 It s^en faut peu. 
 
 The above expressions are invariably followed by the subjunctive 
 mood, as would be expected from their impersonal character, as 
 well as the quality of uncertainty they give the dependent clause. 
 
 Where it s'en faut is used negatively, or where peu^ g^^^j 
 presque rien^ are used, giving the suggestion of a negative, the de- 
 pendent clause must contain ne^ e.g. — 
 
 n s'en faut beaucoop que I'un soit du m^rite de Tatitre. 
 There is a great deal needed for the one to be of the merit of 
 the other; i.e. The one is far from having the merit of the other. 
 
 n 8'en faut peu que Tun ne soit du m^rite de Tautre. 
 The one lacks little of having the merit of the other. 
 
 4^ Tenir appears impersonally in a formula // tient^ which is fol- 
 lowed by the subjunctive mood, and, when negative, by ne when 
 the dependent clause is negative also. 
 
 n tient i Toos que nous alliens. 
 It depends upon you that we go. 
 
 II ne tient pas A nous que cela ne se dise. 
 It is not our fault that that is not said. 
 
 II ne tient A rien que nous ne soyons blesses. 
 II tient i peu qu'il ne meure. 
 
PART II. MODIFICATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS 39 
 
 Section V. ExpectatioUy Fear^ Doubt, Denial, Prevention 
 
 There is no exception to the use of the subjunctive 
 mood in a dependent clause after the verbs of this 
 group. 
 
 As regards, however, the use of ne before the sub- 
 junctive mood there is great variation. Sometimes 
 douter, used interrogatively, sometimes craindre and 
 other expressions of fear, are found followed by a de- 
 pendent subjunctive without ne. As regards questions, 
 especially negative questions, it will be noticed that ex- 
 pressions oifear, and likewise those of doubt and denial, 
 will frequently seem to violate the rule laid down in 
 Part I, Section V, for the use or omission of ne in the 
 dependent clause. A careful scrutiny of the 77ieaning 
 in each case will show that no real exception is to be 
 found in the majority of cases. 
 
 (See exercise for this section.) 
 
 Note. — By a decree of the Minister of Public Instruction of the 
 French Republic, which took effect at the beginning of the school 
 year 1 900-1 901, it was prescribed that in all examinations regulated 
 by the Bureau of Public Instruction "there will be toleration of the 
 suppression of ne in many expressions : empkher, eviter que . . ., 
 craindre, avoir peur que . . ., douter, contester, nier que . . ., // 
 tient a peur, it ne tient pas a, it s'en faut que, etc., etc.^'' 
 
 Section VI. Indefinite and Concessive Phrases 
 
 Clauses of this kind beginning with the words noted 
 in Part I, Section VI, always contain a subjunctive. 
 
 There is, however, a concessive clause beginning with 
 tout which has the indicative mood. 
 
40 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Tout grand quMl ^tait. 
 As tall as he was. 
 
 Tout sage qu'il est. 
 Good as he is. 
 
 Tout bless^ quMl fut. 
 Wounded as he was. 
 
 N.B. 1°. Some recent writers, following the analogy of clauses 
 beginning with quoi^ qiuU st\ etc., have used the subjunctive mood 
 concessively after iottt^ as was once the custom. This construction 
 is not sanctioned by the Academy. 
 
 2°. In clauses of a concessive or indefinite nature, beginning with 
 qtiti^ guelque^ si\ etc., the influence of the introductory formula lasts, 
 as regards the use of the subjunctive mood, till the concessive or 
 indefinite part of the sentence is ended, even should several verbs 
 appear in it. 
 
 Qui que ce soit qui vous ait vu et vous ait dit U chose, vous 
 feriez mieuz de oe pas U r6p^ter. 
 
 Whoever it may be who saw you and told you the affair, you 
 would do better not to repeat it. 
 
 Section VII. ConJuHCiive Exfressiotts 
 
 Exception I. Certain conjunctive expressions are 
 found followed by the indicative or the subjunctive, 
 according to the intention of the speaker to express a 
 positive fact or something uncertain. These are : — 
 
 De facon que in such a way that 
 
 De mani^re que ... in such a way that 
 
 De sorte que so that 
 
 En sorte que so that 
 
PART II. MODIFICATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS 4 1 
 
 De telle sorte que 
 Si ce n'est que 
 Sinon que . . . 
 Tenement que 
 Tant que . . . 
 
 ill such a way that 
 if it is not that 
 if it is not that 
 SO that 
 as long as 
 
 II s'est conduit de telle sorte qu'on est content de lui. 
 
 He conducted himself in such a way that they are 
 pleased with him. 
 
 lis resistaient tant qu'ils pouvaient. 
 
 They resisted as long as they could. 
 
 II ressemble k son frere si ce n'est que celui-ci a les 
 cheveux plus noirs. 
 
 He looks like his brother except that the latter has 
 blacker hair. 
 
 When these expressions mark a picrpose or some 
 tmcertainty, the subjunctive will be employed. 
 
 Conduisez-vous de mani^re qu^on soit content de vous. 
 
 Conduct yourself so that they may be pleased with 
 you. 
 
 Faites en sorte qu'ils viennent. 
 
 Manage so that they may come. 
 
 II dira oui, sinon qu'il ait envie de nous contredire. 
 
 He will say yes unless he has a desire to contradict us. 
 
 Vous y resterez tant que vous soyez bien portant. 
 
 You will remain there as long as you are well. 
 
42 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Exception II. 
 
 Note that the following conjunctive expressions always 
 precede the indicative mood : — 
 
 A mesure que. Dis que. 
 
 Ainsi que. Durant que. 
 
 Attendu que. Outre que. 
 
 Aussi bien que. Parce que. 
 
 Aussit6t que. Pendant que. 
 
 Autant que. Si bien que. 
 
 De rn^me que. Tandis que. 
 
 Depuis que. Vu que. 
 
 N.B. Some grammarians state that jitsqua ce que takes the 
 i9tdicatwe when it refers to an unforeseen e^'eniy indtpemieftt of the 
 prituipat verb. 
 
 This use is now too rare to be worth taking into account. It is 
 safe to follow yW^M'^ ce que by the subjunctive mood in all cases. 
 
 Section VIII. Relative Clauses 
 
 Exception I. The subjunctive is not always used in a 
 dependent clause where the antecedent is modified by 
 a superlative. If the intention of the speaker is to ex- 
 press a positive or formal fact, and call attention to it 
 as such, the indicative is employed. 
 
 C'est la seule loi qu'il faut suivre. 
 It is the only law one must follow. 
 
 Les Franqais furent les premiers qui Pemployerent. 
 The French were the first who used it. 
 
PART II. MODIFICATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS 43 
 
 Un jeune Genevois fut le premier instrument dont il se 
 servit. 
 
 A young Genevan was the first instrument he made 
 use ofw 
 
 A. Chassang, the French grammarian, quotes the fol- 
 lowing passage from Guizot, to illustrate the rule and 
 its exception : — 
 
 Les eveques exergaient au VP siecle la seule magis- 
 trature qui demeiirnt debout au milieu de la societe bou- 
 leversee, magistrature, a coup sur, la plus perilleuse qui 
 //// jamais. 
 
 Exception II. No subjunctive is used in sentences like 
 the following, introduced by cest^ c'etaity ce ftUy ce sont, 
 etc. : — 
 
 C'est le plus jeune qui restera chez les parents. 
 
 It is the youngest who will remain with the parents. 
 
 C'e'tait le plus bel homme qui avait le privilege de, 
 
 etc. 
 
 It was the handsomest man who had the privilege of, 
 etc. 
 
 In such sentences the part played by the relative 
 clause is very different from that when it depends really 
 on the superlative idea, as it does in Case i°. Section 
 VIII, of Part I. 
 
 The test can be made by paraphrasing the sentence, 
 to see if the same meaning is given by another form ; 
 as, — 
 
44 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 C'est le plus jeune qui restera, etc. == 
 Le plus jeune est celui qui restera, etc. 
 
 C'^tait le plus bel homme qui, etc. = 
 Celui qui avait le privilege, etc., ^tait le plus bel 
 homme. 
 
 N. B. I". Such a sentence as Le soUilest U plus brillant des corps 
 que nous voyons au del is not an exception to the rule. The true 
 antecedent is corps, which is not modified by the superlative. 
 
 2^, It is proper to call attention here to the use of fu before the 
 subjunctive mood in relative clauses depending upon negative or 
 restrictive ideas (/>. Cases B and C, Section VIII, of Part I). 
 
 II n'y a personne qui ne dise cela. 
 There is no one who does not say that. 
 
 Y A-t-il un seul homme qui ne le croie ? 
 • Is there a single man who does not believe it ? 
 
 II ne fait jamais cela qu'il ne le regrette. 
 
 He never does that but he regrets it. 
 
 Voit-on jamais un homme qui ne se plaigne quelquefois ? 
 Does one ever see a man who does not complain sometimes? 
 
 In all such cases the dependent clause shows ne used without 
 pasy to be translated in English by a negative. 
 
 Sections IX and X. (A^^ Exceptions) 
 
 Section XI. Sequence of Tenses 
 
 The table given in Part I, Section XI, is generally to 
 be followed as to sequence of tense in the use of the 
 subjunctive mood ; but, as the student must have 
 remarked already, there are many cases in which only 
 
PART II. MODIFICATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS 45 
 
 the meaning of the sentence can determine the subjunc- 
 tive tense to be employed. 
 
 The only sure rule then is this : — 
 
 Notice what tense would be needed in the dependent clause if 
 the indicative or conditional mood were used, and then choose the 
 corresponding tense of the subjunctive. 
 
 The Subjunctive Tenses 
 
 To apply the rule just stated observe the examples 
 below : — 
 
 A. I. Je suis fort, bien que je sois petit. 
 
 I am strong although I am little. 
 
 2. Je desire qu'il fasse cela demain. 
 
 I desire that he do that to-morrow. 
 
 3. Allez, afin qu'on vous regoive. 
 
 Go, in order that they may receive you. 
 
 From these three we infer that the subjunctive has 
 but one tense, the present, to express a present and a 
 future idea. 
 
 B. I. II desirait que je vinsse. 
 He desired that I should come. 
 
 2. Je parlai pour qu'on comprit. 
 
 I spoke in order that they might understand. 
 
 3. lis demandaient que nous le fissions le lendemain. 
 
 They asked that we do it the next day. 
 
 Here we see that the imperfect of the subjunctive not 
 only expresses a past action, but that it expresses such 
 action as contemporary with that denoted by the prin- 
 
46 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 cipal verb, and, moreover, that it can express an action 
 viewed as future with reference to the time of that verb. 
 Like the present of the subjunctive, it acts as a present 
 and as a future with reference to the time of the verb it 
 depends upon. (For future force, see third example 
 above.) 
 
 C. I. Nous sommes desoles que vous ayez perdu cela. 
 We are very sorry that you have lost that. 
 
 2. Je n'enverrai pas cette lettre sans que vous I'ayez lue. 
 I will not send this letter without your having read it. 
 
 3. J'attendrai que vous I'ayez lue. 
 I will wait till you have read it. 
 
 We notice here that the perfect of the subjunctive 
 mood expresses a past action ; but that, like the preced- 
 ing tenses of the same mood, it can give also the idea 
 of the future as viewed from the time of the principal 
 verb. (See third example above.) That is, it serves in the 
 dependent clause as a future perfect {futur ant/rieur). 
 
 D, I. n ne supposait pas qu'on fiit d^ja parti. 
 He did not suppose that they had already gone. 
 
 2. Attendraient-ils que nous fussions sortis ? 
 Would they wait till we had gone out } 
 
 3. Je desirais qu'il eut fini le chapitre k trois heures. 
 I wished that he should have finished the chapter at 
 
 three o'clock. 
 
 This fourth, and last, subjunctive tense, known as 
 the pluperfect {plus-qne-par/ait), denotes that something 
 has taken place before something else which has taken 
 
PART 11. MODIFlCATiONS AND EXCEPTIONS 4*/. 
 
 place. That is clearly the function of a pluperfect. 
 But we find, as in the case of the other three subjunc- 
 tive tenses, that it has sometimes to play the part of a 
 future with reference to the time indicated by the verb 
 of the principal clause. (See third example under D.) 
 
 Now, to apply the rule given in heavy type at the 
 beginning of this section, we must see clearly to what 
 tenses of the indicative and conditional moods the four 
 subjunctive tenses respectively correspond. 
 
 In the dependent clause a 
 
 ^ 1 . . -r^ fa- present, 
 
 bubiunctive Present acts as it. 
 ■' (a luture. 
 
 ^ , . . ^ ^ (a past. 
 
 Subiunctive Imperfect acts as< ,. . 
 
 •' ^ (a conditional. 
 
 ^ , . . T^ r (a past. 
 
 Subiunctive Perfect acts as < 7. 
 
 ( a future perfect. 
 
 Subjunctive Pluperfect acts as] -^ ^ , ,. . 
 
 t compound conditional. 
 
 All this will be plainer if we take examples, using 
 first a construction which takes the indicative or condi- 
 tional, and then, while keeping the same tense in the 
 principal clause, selecting a verb which requires a sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 II ne viendra pas (je le crois du moins). 
 Je ne crois pas qu'il vienne. 
 
 Vous ne venez jamais (a ce que je pense). 
 Je ne pense pas que vous veniez jamais. 
 
 II viendra (il le faut). 
 II faut qu'il vienne. 
 
48 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 II ne venait pas (k mon avis). 
 Je ne crois pas qu'il vint. 
 
 II n'est pas venu (i ce qu'on suppose). 
 On ne suppose pas qu'il soit venu. 
 
 II n'^tait pas venu (k ce qu'on suppose). 
 On ne suppose pas qu'il f ut venu. 
 
 In the above six cases we see each of the four sub- 
 junctive tenses depending upon the same tense of the 
 indicative, namely, the present. 
 
 Continuing the process and varying the tense and 
 mood of the principal clause, we may have: — 
 
 Je croyais qu'il venait tous les jours. 
 
 Je ne croyais pas qu'il vfnt tous les jours. 
 
 Je crois qu'il oserait venir. 
 
 Je ne crois pas qu'il osAt venir. 
 
 J'avais cru qu'il osait venir. 
 
 Je n'avais pas cru qu'il osAt venir. 
 
 Je croirais qu'il serait avec toi plus t6t. 
 
 Je ne croirais pas qu'il fOt avec toi plus tdt. 
 
 In the last four examples we find the imperfect sub- 
 junctive following the present, the imperfect, and pluper- 
 fect indicative and the simple tense of the conditional 
 mood. It should be clear now that, although the rule 
 emphasized by the tabular statement in Section XI, of 
 Part I, is a good common guide to the proper subjunc- 
 
PART II. MODIFICATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS 49 
 
 tive tense to be selected, the true test is the meaning 
 intended. 
 
 Note. — It will very properly be asked why the perfect indicative 
 does not appear in the table in Section XI, of Part I. This tense 
 has been purposely left out of the general statement because of the 
 impossibility of making any categorical rule for it in the matter of 
 sequence. 
 
 If the perfect, or, as the French call it, the passe indefini^ be 
 noticed carefully, and its nature and origin considered, it will be 
 seen to be really a present tense, referring to past time only by 
 implication. Hence, it should be followed by a present or perfect 
 subjunctive. 
 
 But, on the other hand, the perfect indicative is used also, and 
 especially colloquially, as a past tense without exact limitation 
 {passS iitdefini). In that light it seems to justify the presence of 
 an imperfect subjunctive in the dependent clause. 
 
 As a matter of fact, the usage is not uniform in this case, the per- 
 fect indicative being seen followed sometimes by the present and 
 sometimes by the imperfect subjunctive. La Grammaire des 
 Grammaires (Girault-Duvivier) gives, as examples of sequence,/ W 
 voulu que tu vmssesy j^ai voidu que tii aies ecrit, and j'ai voulu que 
 tu eusses ecrit. 
 
 Later grammarians seem to incline to the idea that the perfect 
 indicative should be treated as a past tense. 
 
 A. Chassang (^Nouvelle Grammaire^ cours super ieur) presents it 
 as such, giving the example,/'^/ ordonne qtiil vtnt. 
 
 Brachet-Dussouchet {Grammaire Frangaise Complete, Ed. V, 
 p. 398), while pointing out changes of custom as regards subjunctive 
 tenses, gives the following as instances of past and present usage 
 (recent usage in parenthesis) : Comjne j^ai toujours dtsire que vous 
 soyez {fussie2)^^\.c. (Malherbe). . . . II ft a pas voidu que nous 
 soyons {fussions) partis plus tdt (Sevigne). 
 
 Cledat {Gramffiaire Raisonnee^ p. 210), in speaking of the well- 
 known line from Heraclius^ " et deja Vempereur a comjnande quHl 
 ineure^'' says ^' the verse of Corneille is perfectly correct. But in this 
 case he could have written also qiiil mourut.'''' 
 
50 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Brunot (Grammaire Hisiarique, p. 485) comments on the same 
 line in much the same terms, but says further that to-day the sen- 
 tence would have to read differently, ^'^ sous peine dUncorrection^' 
 
 Lavenu {Dictionnaire RaisonfU ties Difficult^ tie la Langtte 
 Fran^aise^ Ed. 1892) gives both the imperfect and the perfect sub- 
 junctive as following regularly the perfect indicative, with which 
 ruling certain very trustworthy American students of French syntax, 
 including W. D. Whitney, are in accord. 
 
 If the writer were to express an opinion, it would be that the dis- 
 tinction between the preterite and the perfect indicative, which, as 
 Darmstetter says, " was not a sharply established one even in the 
 old language," is passing away, and the perfect tending to replace 
 the preterite. The obvious inference would be that the imperfect 
 subjunctive properly follows the perfect indicative, the use of the 
 present or perfect subjunctive after it, although the older, requiring 
 nowadays explanation as an exception. 
 
 The ever growing distaste for the imperfect subjunc- 
 tive in French shows itself especially in the common 
 use of a present subjunctive after a conditional tense, 
 
 J'aimerais qu'ils viennent 
 I would like them to come. 
 
 Je voudrais qu'on me disc d'aller. 
 
 I would like some one to tell me to go. 
 
 II prdfererait que vous le trouviez vous-mftme. 
 He would prefer that you find it yourself. 
 
 Although in such cases strictness requires the imper- 
 fect subjunctive, in speaking it is preferable to break 
 the rule rather than to employ the plural forms of that 
 tense, particularly those of the first conjugation. If any 
 justification of the present subjunctive in this construe- 
 
PART II. MODIFICATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS 5 1 
 
 tion is needed, it may often be found in the fact that 
 the conditional is used by a sort of modesty for the 
 present indicative ; as, je votidrais for je veiix^ and il 
 prefererait for il prefere^ etc. 
 
 Note. — In the decree of the Minister of Public Instruction, re- 
 ferred to under Section V, Part II, as admitting the suppression of 
 ne in certain cases, the following paragraph appears : — 
 
 "Correspondence or Concordance of Tenses. — It will be proper 
 not to show too great severity in regard to the application of the rule 
 which requires the imperfect subjunctive, instead of the present, in 
 subordinate clauses depending upon propositions whose verb is in a 
 past tense. It is better to tolerate slight incorrectness than to exact 
 in an absolute manner the employment of forms, several of which 
 have gone out of ordinary usage." 
 
EXERCISES 
 
 Exercise i for Section I 
 
 Ne croit-il pas qu'ils le verront ? 
 
 La bete respire ; crois-tu qu'elle vit ? 
 
 lis ne croient pas alors que le feu les brulera. Qui 
 ne pense pas que Teau est n^cessaire ? 
 
 Ne croyez-vous pas que nous irons aujourd*hui ? 
 N*est elle pas certaine qu*elle gudrira ? 
 
 Croirai-je qu'un mortcl pent pt^'ncStrcr la profonde 
 demeure des morts ? 
 
 Ne pas croire que TAme est immortelle, c'est nier la 
 justice de Dieu. 
 
 R6fl6chissez-vous que ce que vous dites est mal- 
 honn^te ? 
 
 lis n'ont point consid6r6 que la depense serait ^norme. 
 
 On dirait que vous ayez oubli6 les convenances. On 
 ignore qu'il soit jeune. 
 
 Je suis d'avis que nous allions directement chez 
 I'ambassadeur. 
 
 On croirait que vous n'^tes pas sur. 
 
 £tes-vous sOr qu*ils le sachent ? 
 
 Nous ne dissimulons point que la question est difficile. 
 
 Do you not suppose that you will grow old ? 
 I don't conceal the fact (dissivmler) that I am 
 already old. 
 
 He does not know (ignorer) that you are old. 
 
 52 
 
PART II. EXERCISE 2 53 
 
 Shall we presume that so great a task is easy for us ? 
 
 You did not reflect that great tasks are never easy. 
 
 One would say that you find everything difficult. Did 
 you not presume that it was lost ? 
 
 Does he believe that ice is cold ? 
 
 One would think that (crozre) they knew that already. 
 
 Can we not think that you will accept ? 
 
 Who does not believe that sin is punished ? Some 
 men never dream (songer) that theft is sin. 
 
 Would you suppose that a man saw them, but said 
 nothing } 
 
 He did not think that he saw them. He does not 
 believe that the eye sees. 
 
 Do you wish not to believe that you will succeed } 
 
 Exercise 2 for Section II 
 
 Est-il sur que son frere le fasse '^ 
 Je suis convaincu qu'il le fera volontiers. 
 Elle partage leur opinion que vous vous trompez. 
 Se plaint-il que Jean ne lui obeisse pas.'^ 
 Non, mais il se plaignait de ce que Pierre a toujours 
 et^ paresseux. 
 
 Fache qu'on ne I'ecoutat point, il se tut brusquement. 
 Je parie qu'on nous dira que la porte est fermee a clef. 
 II a gage que votre depart aura lieu demain. 
 Parie-t-il que le rouge gagne .-^ 
 II se plaignait de ce qu'on I'eut calomnie. 
 
 We are not certain that he will accept. 
 He was sure that they had said yes. 
 They complain that the snow is cold. 
 
54 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 We did not wager that you would go. 
 I shall complain that no one listens. 
 You were convinced that everybody was there. 
 No one complained that it was cold. 
 We were not convinced that he knew our names. 
 I bet that he did not know mine. 
 I am sure he did not pronounce my name, but I would 
 not wager that he did not know it 
 
 Exercise 3 for Section III 
 
 Le cocher esp^rait qu*on lui donnerait un fort pour- 
 boire. 
 
 Je desire qu'il vienne mais j'espire qu*il ne sera pas 
 parti sans avoir achev6 cette affaire. 
 
 lis ne pouvaient point espirer que leur frire vfnt si tdt. 
 
 Esp6rez-vous qu'ils soicnt d6ji venus ? 
 
 Espire-t-elle que nous verrons son fils k Vienne ? 
 
 Je n'espire pas que mes amis soient malheureux, mais 
 je ne puis pas souhaiter qu'ils r^ussissent k cette entre- 
 prise-li. 
 
 N*esp^re-t-il pas que le temps se remettra.^ 
 
 J 'avals esp^ri qu'elle serait arriv^e ce matin. 
 
 L'espoir que vous deviendrez riche vous donnera de 
 la patience. 
 
 Do you hope that he will say yes ? 
 
 I don't hope that they will succeed. 
 
 He hoped that we would invite him. 
 
 You cannot hope that he will die. 
 
 Does she not hope that she can see her father soon ? 
 
 Had you hoped that we would have started yesterday ? 
 
PART II. EXERCISE 4 55 
 
 I shall never hope that you will become rich. 
 Did we not hope that they would invite you also ? 
 The hope that he may see his mother will sustain him. 
 We hope that he may have conquered the opposition. 
 
 Exercise 4 for Section IV 
 
 II est clair que deux et deux font quatre. II me 
 semble qu'il est petit. 
 
 II est probable que le ciel s'eclaircira. 
 
 II parait que vous avez ete malade. 
 
 II est vrai que I'enfant a grandi vite, et il en resulte 
 qu'il est faible. 
 
 Est-il demontre que j'aie des dettes ? 
 
 II n'est pas prouve que vous en ayez. 
 
 Est-il certain que j'aie gaspille ma fortune.-^ Est-il 
 certain que deux et deux font quatre ? 
 
 II semble que vous soyez oblige d'admettre cela. II 
 me semble que c'est beaucoup, n'est ce pas ? 
 
 Que vous soyez pauvre et que le travail vous soit 
 necessaire, tout cela est vrai, mais il ne s'ensuit pas que 
 cela soit un malheur irreparable. 
 
 N 'est-il pas probable que notre frere est mort.^ 
 
 It is evident that you knew this. 
 
 It is certain that he can see us. 
 
 It follows that we are obliged to go now. 
 
 It seems to me that you are too young. 
 
 It appears that he came last night. 
 
 Is it true that he will come ? 
 
 Is it not demonstrated that you cannot do that ? 
 
 It seems that they will succeed. 
 
56 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 It seems that you did not succeed. 
 
 That you can run and that you are young and that 
 you have a great deal of strength, all that is clear. 
 Does it follow that no task is too difficult for you ? 
 
 Is it clear that three are stronger than two ? Very 
 well, it results from that that we are stronger than you. 
 
 It is probable that you are right. 
 
 It is certain that every one will say, " He is right." 
 
 Exercise 5 for Section V 
 
 II emp^chait qu'on ne partit. 
 Craignez que le ciel ne vous haYsse. 
 Craignez-vous qu'il ne vienne ? 
 Ne craint-il pas que vous ne soyez absent ? 
 II ne craint pas que nous soyons trop tard. 
 Je ne craignais point qu'elle tombAt. 
 lis ne pouvaient pas apprt^hender que vous fussiez 
 parti. 
 
 II a couru de crainte que Theure ne (dt d^ji pass^e. 
 
 N'ayez pas peur qu'on nous oublie. 
 
 A vez-vous peur que la terre cesse de tourner ? 
 
 Doute-t-elle que nous ne sachions tout cela } 
 
 Ne doutait-il pas que cela fOt vrai ? 
 
 Nions que nous ayons cass6 le vase. 
 
 Niez-vous que le vase ne soit cass6 ? 
 
 Ne nie-t-il pas que ses camarades Taient cass6 ? 
 
 Empechons-nous qu'il ne sorte ? 
 
 Cela n'empeche pas que vous ne voyiez le ciel. 
 
 Does he fear that you will fall ? 
 
 You did not apprehend that we would go. 
 
PART II. EXERCISE 6 57 
 
 Did he fear that the sun would set too early ? He 
 could not fear that the sun would do that. 
 
 We cannot prevent the sun from setting. 
 
 Do you doubt that the sun sets every day ? Have no 
 fear that they will see us. 
 
 I deny that they can see you. 
 
 We do not deny that they saw us. 
 
 Do you dare to deny that he came with you ? 
 
 Are you afraid that they will see you in the dark ? 
 
 The darkness will not prevent them from seeing 
 something. 
 
 Will it not prevent them from seeing your face ? 
 How can I deny that it will prevent that ? 
 
 We should be afraid lest they recognized us. 
 
 I would deny that you were with us. 
 
 Would they not doubt that you told the truth. 
 
 Exercise 6 for Section VI 
 
 Tout petit qu'il est, il est plus ruse que vous. 
 
 Toute honteuse qu'elle etait, elle avait le courage de 
 le r^peter. 
 
 Qui que ce fut qui I'apportat, j'etais content de 
 r avoir. 
 
 Elles se sont remises en route, toutes fatiguees qu'elles 
 6taient. 
 
 Si fort que vous fussiez, vous ne pourriez me porter. 
 
 Quelque genereux que soit I'ami dont tu paries, tu ne 
 devrais pas lui demander cela. 
 
 Tout bless6 qu'il etait, le general ne voulut pas de- 
 scendre de cheval. 
 
58 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Tout itonn^es qu'elles ^taient, dies me ripondaient 
 tris poliment. 
 
 Quel que soit son succ^s, il le mirite. 
 
 Tout contents qu'ils sont, leur succ^s n'est pas grand. 
 
 As old as he is, his endurance is wonderful. 
 
 As young as she was, she sang well. 
 
 Whoever came and asked me, I said ** No matter." 
 
 However great his courage is, he will not succeed. 
 
 As ill as they were, they worked all day. 
 
 She will not rest, as weary as she is. 
 
 As discontented as he may be, he has received all he 
 needs. 
 
 You could not say more, however certain you might be. 
 
 Dark as the night was, I could see the road. 
 
 As tall as he may be who carries the flag, this soldier 
 is taller. 
 
 Go at once, as wet as you may be. 
 
 Exercise 7 for Section VII 
 
 Vous vous ^tes conduit de mani^re que tout le monde 
 vous loue. 
 
 Agissez de fa^on que votre pire soit content de vous. 
 
 Tant qu'il soit heureux je le garderai ici avec nous. 
 
 Nous I'avons tenu tant que nous le pouvions. 
 
 lis m'accompagneront si ce n'est qu'ils aient, plus 
 tard, le d6sir de voyager plus lentement. 
 
 J'ai fait en sorte qu*il 6tait tr^s flatt^ de sa reception. 
 
 Criez tellement qu*on vienne vous chercher. 
 
 J*aurais ^t^ voir votre ami si ce n'est que j'ai eu trop 
 k faire. 
 
f UNIVH'^SITY 1 
 
 PART 11. EXERCISE 8 ^<^UfOn^0^ 
 
 . Nous le verrons parce qu'il prendra surement cette 
 rue-ci. 
 
 Des que vous aurez le temps faites cela pour moi. 
 Je le ferai aussitot que je pourrai. 
 
 He remained as long as he could. 
 
 As long as we were here you did not speak to us. 
 
 I shall act in such a way that he will let me go. 
 
 He will never let you go unless it be that he is obliged 
 to go himself. 
 
 As soon as he goes out (future) you will come down- 
 stairs. 
 
 Walk as much as you can. 
 
 Since he began to talk, we have been listening 
 (present). 
 
 There is no difference between the two boys, unless 
 the younger is a little taller. 
 
 Write in such a way that they may know the whole 
 truth. 
 
 He spoke so that no one understood. 
 
 Not a sound was heard as long as we listened. Wait 
 as long as you can. 
 
 While you listened, did he not cry out once ? 
 
 Exercise 8 for Section VIII 
 
 Je n^ai vu personne qui ne le detestat. 
 
 lis ont laisse vivre le seul qui pouvait les venger. 
 Y a-t-il un homme qui ne le sache ? 
 
 Ce sont les seuls maitres qui peuvent nous apprendre 
 la vie. 
 
60 THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Buvez les meilleurs vins que vous trouvercz. Donncz- 
 moi un livre qui me plaise. 
 
 II m*a donne les derniers sous qu'il avait. Voici un 
 liyre qui vous plairait. 
 ^ C'est le plus grand qui nous plait. 
 
 C'^tait la dernierc qui portait la cruche. Ce n'est pas 
 le premier qui aura le prix. 
 
 Le plus bel arbre que nous ayons dans notre jardin 
 sera abattu demain. 
 
 La plus belle maison, que M. Dupont vient d'acheter, 
 n*a que deux Stages. 
 
 Madame D est la plus petite de toutes les dames 
 
 que nous connaissons. 
 
 Niron a iXh consid^r^ commc le plus cruel des empe- 
 reurs que Rome a eus. 
 
 J*6pouserai une femme qui me plaira. 
 
 You never did that action that you did not regret it. 
 
 The English were the last who returned. There is no 
 one who does not say that. 
 
 This is the first law we must obey. 
 
 The finest flower I had is withered. 
 
 My smallest cat, which was the prettiest, is dead. 
 
 Get a story which is true. 
 
 It was the most skilful thief who escaped. Give him 
 a toy which he likes. 
 
 You are the most amiable of the men we know. Is 
 there a man who has not sinned } 
 
 I desire some books which will amuse me. 
 
 Is there any book which will amuse you } 
 
 The largest of all the books you have is the book I 
 wish. 
 
PART II. EXERCISE II 6l 
 
 The smallest book, which fell from the shelf, is soiled. 
 
 He always bought the best shoes he could find in 
 Paris. 
 
 If there is any one who has enough money, I wish to 
 look at him. He must be the most contented man who 
 ever lived. 
 
 Exercise ii for Section XI 
 
 II n'a jamais rien fait qu'il ne m'ait consulte. 
 Je doute qu'il ecrive. 
 II faut que vous ecriviez. 
 II a demande que nous soyons prets. 
 lis ont voulu que nous allions avec eux. 
 J'ai empeche qu'ils ne fussent tues. 
 Elle a souhaite que tu parte tout de suite. 
 II ignorait que je lusse le journal. 
 Supposiez-vous qu'ils fussent sortis ? 
 Je I'avais cru, quoique la porte fut fermee. 
 Avaient-ils ordonne que I'homme fut libere ? 
 On craignit que le soleil ne se levat jamais. 
 Dieu nous a donne la raison afin que nous nous en 
 servions. 
 
 On voulut que je t'aidasse. 
 
 Croira-t-on qu'il eut fait tout cela lui-meme ? 
 
 Douteriez-vous qu'elle ne me le dit ? 
 
 Je m'etonnerais que vous eussiez dormi. 
 
 J'aurais voulu qu'il vint aujourd'hui. 
 
 II eut mieux valu que vous le dissiez franchement. 
 
 II aurait ete impossible qu'il eut fait plus que moi. 
 
 Nier que la reine soit la, ce serait trop lache. 
 
 Avoir desire qu'on reussit, n'etait-ce pas naturel ? 
 
 Enchantee qu'elle put courir, elle s'elanga vers moi. 
 
62 THE FkKNCH SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 He has done nothing which promises well. 
 
 Must we do that? 
 
 He does not believe that he wrote. 
 
 I did not think that he was reading. 
 
 I should like him to see that. 
 
 They wished you would start. 
 
 Go, in order that you may return early. 
 
 We did not know {ipiorcr, perfect) that he said that. 
 
 To deny that you are old is foolish. 
 
 I did not doubt (preterite) that he had denied it. 
 
 It had been necessary for him to run. 
 
 Were you afraid lest they had arrived ? 
 
 I would not be sure that he goes. 
 
 We shall regret that you did not come. 
 
 They would be astonished that you had seen us. 
 
 To have prevented you from running would be dis- 
 agreeable now. 
 
 He went without seeing me. 
 
 Having prevented you from accepting his invitation I 
 invited you myself. 
 
 They will be delighted that he has not gone. 
 
 Would you have been angry that we went away } 
 
 Admitting that no one knows me, what shall I do } 
 
 Do not fear that I shall weep. 
 
 I shall fear that you have not received the money. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 (As beginners are not likely to use this book, it has not been thought 
 necessary to give the very commonest words needed in translating from 
 English into French.) 
 
 Able (be), pouvoir. 
 Accompany, accompagner. 
 Act, acte, m. 
 Action, action, / 
 Admit, admettre. 
 Age, ^ge, m. 
 Allow, permettre. 
 Alone, seul. 
 Already, dejk. 
 Angry, fache. 
 Appear, parattre. 
 Apprehend, apprehender. 
 Ashamed, honteux. 
 As much, autant. 
 Astonished, etonne. 
 Astonished (be), s'etonner, 
 
 etonne. 
 Away (to go), s'en aller. 
 
 B 
 
 Back, dos, m. 
 Become, devenir. 
 Beg, mendier. 
 Begin, commencer (k). 
 Believe, croire. 
 Bet, parier. 
 Bless, benir. 
 
 Bring up, elever. 
 Bring about, faire que. 
 Buy, acheter. 
 
 Carry, porter. 
 
 Certain, certain. 
 
 Chain, chaine,/ 
 
 Change (one's mind), changer 
 
 d'avis. 
 Child, enfant, m.,f. 
 Claim, pretendre. 
 Clear, clair. 
 Cold, froid. 
 
 Cold (be), faire froid (weather). 
 Cold (be) avoir froid (persons). 
 Come out, sortir. 
 Complain, se plaindre. 
 Conceal a fact, dissimuler. 
 Conquer, vaincre. 
 Consult, consulter. 
 Contented, content, satisfait. 
 Convince, con vaincre. 
 Cry out, s'ecrier, crier. 
 
 Danger, danger, m. 
 Dark, sombre, obscur. 
 
 63 
 
64 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Darkness, ol>scurit6,/. 
 Death, mtirt,/ 
 Deceive, tnmiper. 
 Defend, defenilrc. 
 Delighted, ravi. 
 Demonstrate, <lemontrer. 
 Deny, ni«r, disconvcnir. 
 Desire, <lcsirer, avoir cnvic. 
 Discontented, mccontent. 
 Disease, maladie, / 
 Doubt, (luutcr. 
 Dream, rdver. 
 Duke, <luc, M. 
 
 £ 
 Early, tot, de bonne heure. 
 Eat, manner, 
 Ended, tun, terminc. 
 E.idurance, resistance, / 
 Enemy, ennemi, m. 
 Enough, a»ftez. 
 Eicape, ^chapper. 
 Everything, tout 
 Evident, evident. 
 Exact (to), exigcr. 
 Expect, s'attendrc (Ji). 
 Eye, oeil, w. 
 
 F 
 Fall, tombcr. 
 Far. loin. 
 Feel, senlir. 
 Find, irouver. 
 Fine. beau. tin. 
 Flag, (Irapeau. m. 
 Flower, fleur, / 
 Foe, ennerai, w. 
 Follow, suivre (it follows, il s'en- 
 
 suit). 
 Foolish, bate, sot. 
 Forbid, defendre. 
 
 Fortune, fortune, / 
 Frank, franc. 
 Frankly, franchement. 
 
 Gain (to), gagncr. 
 Generous, genercux. 
 Get, obtenir, prendre. 
 Gift, cadeau, w. 
 Glory, gU»irc, / 
 Govemment, gouvcrnement, i 
 Great deal, beaucoup. 
 
 Happy, heurcux, content. 
 Harm (to do), faire mal (ii). 
 Hasten, se hater (dc). 
 Hear, entendre. 
 Heavy, lourd. 
 Hope, espoir, m. 
 Humanity, humanity, / 
 
 I 
 Idea, idie, / 
 ni, malade. 
 Illness, maladie, / 
 In order to. aiin de (or t^ue). 
 Insist, insister (pour que). 
 Intend, avoir Tintention, entendre. 
 Invite, inviter (h). 
 
 J 
 Just, juste. 
 
 Justice, justice, / 
 
 K 
 Know, savoir, connattre (not to 
 
 know, ignorer). 
 Knowledge, le savoir, la science, 
 
 la connaissance. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 6s 
 
 Last, dernier. 
 
 Law, loi,/ 
 
 Least, le moindre (at least, au 
 
 moins, du moins). 
 Light, leger. 
 Like (to), aimer. 
 Like, pareil, semblable. 
 Listen, ecouter. 
 Live, vivre, demeurer. 
 Long, long (as long as, tant que). 
 Look, regarder. 
 Lose one's way, s'egarer. 
 Loud, haut. 
 Loudly, haut, tout haut. 
 
 M 
 Make a mistake, se tromper. 
 Mistake, erreur, / 
 
 N 
 Necessary, necessaire. 
 Newspaper, journal, m. 
 Night, nuit, / 
 Noise, bruit, m. 
 No matter, n'importe. 
 
 
 
 Obey, obeir (a). 
 
 Object, objet, m. 
 
 Object (to), s'opposer (^). 
 
 Old (to grow), vieillir. 
 
 Once, une fois. 
 
 Only, seulement. 
 
 Opinion, opinion,/, avis, m. 
 
 Oppose, s'opposer (k). 
 
 Order, ordonner, commander. 
 
 P 
 Pay, payer. 
 Perish, perir. 
 
 Permit, permettre. 
 Persevere, perseverer. 
 Politely, poliment. 
 Poor, pauvre. 
 Possess, posseder. 
 Presume, presumer. 
 Pretty, joli. 
 Prevent, empecher. 
 Project, projet, m. 
 Pronounce, prononcer. 
 Proper, convenable. 
 Provided, pourvu que. 
 Punish, punir. 
 
 Quality, qualite, / 
 
 R 
 
 Rain, pluie, / 
 
 Rain (to), pleuvoir. 
 
 Read, lire. 
 
 Receive, recevoir. 
 
 Recognize, reconnattre. 
 
 Reflect, reflechir. 
 
 Remain, rester. 
 
 Return, revenir, retourner. 
 
 Rich, riche. 
 
 Right, droit, m. 
 
 Right (be), avoir raison. 
 
 Rise, se lever. 
 
 Road, chemin, ;;/.; route, /. 
 
 Run, courir. 
 
 Safe, sauf. 
 
 Save, sauver. 
 
 See, voir. 
 
 Seem, sembler, parattre. 
 
 Set (of sun), se coucher. 
 
66 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Shelf, planche, / 
 Sin, pechcr, m. 
 Sin (to), pecher. 
 Since, depuis. 
 Sing, chanter. 
 Skilful, habile. 
 Slow, lent. 
 Slowly, lentement 
 Snow (to), neiger. 
 So, aussi, si. 
 Soil (to), souiller. 
 Soon, bient6t. 
 Sorry, flch6, d6soli. 
 Sound, son, m. 
 Start, partir. 
 Strange, etrange. 
 Strong, f«)rt. 
 Succeed, reussir. 
 Sum, somme, /. 
 Suppose, supposer. 
 Supposing, supposi. 
 Sure, sdr. 
 
 Talk (to), parler. 
 Task, tiche, /. 
 Tell, dire. 
 
 Thankful, reconnaissant. 
 Thanks, merci. 
 Thank (to), remercier. 
 Thief, vt^leur, w. 
 Think, penser, songer. 
 Time, temps, m. 
 To-morrow, demain. 
 
 Too, trop. 
 
 Toy, jouet, m. 
 
 Train, train, m. 
 
 True, vrai. 
 
 Try, t&cher, essayer. 
 
 Turn one's back, toumer le dos. 
 
 Undertake, entreprendre. 
 Unjust, injuste. 
 Until, jU8qu*2i ce que. 
 Useless, inutile. 
 
 W 
 Wager (to), gagcr. 
 Wait, attendre. 
 War, guerre, / 
 Way, moycn, m , mani^re,/ 
 Way (lose one's), s'cgarer. 
 Weather, temps, m. (weather is 
 
 good, il fait beau; weather is bad, 
 
 il fait mauvais). 
 Weep, pleurer. 
 Wet (to), mouiller. 
 Whole, tout, entier. 
 Wise, sage, savant 
 Work, travailler. 
 Worst, le pire, pis. 
 Write, ccrire. 
 Wrong (be), avoir tort. 
 
 Yesterday, hier. 
 Young, jeune. 
 
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