THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 t
 
 THE ANTIQUARY'S BOOKS 
 
 GENERAL EDITOR : J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A. 
 
 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND
 
 THE 
 
 BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 BY 
 
 HERBERT W. MACKLIN, M.A. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE 
 PRESIDENT OF THE MONUMENTAL BRASS SOCIETY 
 
 WITH EIGHTY-FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 METHUEN & CO. 
 
 36 ESSEX STREET W.C. 
 
 LONDON
 
 First Published in igoj
 
 
 TO M Y F I V E SONS 
 
 CHRISTOPHER, DAVID, PAUL, HILARY 
 AND AUSTIN 
 
 AT THE SPECIAL REQUEST OF ONE WHOM 
 I DESIRE TO PLEASE 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED 
 
 942620
 
 PREFACE 
 
 IN the following pages I have endeavoured to give a 
 general survey of the whole of the monumental brasses 
 yet existing in England. The subject is one which has 
 been before antiquaries for a number of years, and about 
 which there is a quite considerable literature. At the same 
 time it is a literature not generally accessible, and consists 
 chiefly of books long out of print, and of papers and articles 
 printed in the Transactions of the various societies, as well 
 as a number of pamphlets privately printed. The text-book 
 is A Manual of Momimental Brasses, by the Rev. Herbert 
 Haines, M.A., published in 1861, in two volumes, the first an 
 Introduction, and the second a List of Brasses arranged in 
 counties, which has formed the basis of all succeeding lists. 
 The Introduction is an amplification of an earlier Manual 
 which accompanied a Descriptiv^e Catalogue of Rubbings 
 issued by the Oxford Architectural Society. 
 
 Earlier works include Cough's Sepulchral Monumejtts in 
 Great Britain, published 1786; A Series of Monumeyital 
 Brasses from the Thirteenth to the Sixteenth Century, 1842- 
 1864, by J. G. and L. A. B. Waller ; and Moninncntal Brasses 
 and Slabs, by the Rev. Charles Boutcll, 1 847, and The Monu- 
 mental Brasses of England, by the same author, in 1849, a 
 series of engravings upon wood with brief descriptive notices. 
 
 Separate counties were in these earlier days admirably 
 treated by Thomas Fisher, 181 2, for Bedfordshire; John Sell 
 Cotman, 1819, for Norfolk and Suffolk ; Franklin Hudson, 
 1853, for NortJiamptonshire ; and, in a smaller and less costlj-
 
 viii THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 form, Edward Kite, i860, for Wiltshire. The Monumental 
 Brasses of Cormvally 1882, by E. H. W. Dunkin, occupies an 
 intermediate position, and is an excellent piece of work. 
 
 In 1886 a society was founded at Cambridge exclusively 
 for the study of Monumental Brasses, and for the complete 
 revision of Haines' Lists, a wo-rk not yet completed. Head- 
 quarters were afterwards transferred to London, and the Trans- 
 actiojis of the Mommiental Brass Society have now extended 
 to four complete volumes and part of a fifth. A Journal of 
 the Oxford University Brass- Rubbing Society first appeared in 
 1897, and continued, in one excellent volume and two ad- 
 ditional numbers, until December, 1900, after which the scope 
 of the Society was enlarged, and its name changed to that of 
 the Oxford University Antiquarian Society. To many of the 
 writers in both these publications I am greatly indebted, and 
 have made free use of their notes. An accurate List of 
 Monumental Brasses remaining in the County of Norfolk was 
 published by the Rev. Edmund Farrer in 1890, and a similar 
 List of Suffolk Monumental Brasses in 1903. A List of the 
 Existing Sep7ilchral Brasses in Lincolnshire was reprinted in 
 1895 from Lincolnshire Notes and Queries by the Rev. G. E. 
 Jeans, and in the same year appeared a more brief list of The 
 Monjimental Brasses of Warzvickshire, by the Rev. E. W. 
 Badger. 
 
 Photo-lithographs of all, or nearly all, of the Kentish 
 Brasses have been published by Mr. W. D. Belcher in two 
 quarto volumes, 1888 and 1905. The Monume^ital Brasses of 
 Lancashire and Cheshire by Mr. James T. Thornely appeared 
 in 1893, and Memorial Brasses in Hertfordshire Chiirches by 
 Mr. W. F. Andrews, second edition, in 1903. 
 
 Other counties have been dealt with in various publications. 
 To Mr. Mill Stephenson, Hon. Sec. Monumental Brass Society, 
 I must acknowledge special indebtedness. His Monumental 
 Brasses in Shropshire appeared in the Archaeological Journal 
 in 1895. His notes upon the Monumental Brasses in the East
 
 PREFACE ix 
 
 Ridwg in vol. xii. of the Yorkshire Archceological Journal; 
 The West Riding in vol. xv., The North Riding also in vol. 
 XV. ; and The City of York in vol. xviii. ; and his papers upon 
 the brasses of Surrey, Middlesex and Kent have been printed 
 in the Transactions of the St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society, 
 vols, iii., iv. and v. TJie Brasses of Bedfordshire by Mr. H. K. 
 St. J. Sanderson, of Huntingdonshire by myself, a considerable 
 part of those of Cambridgeshire by Messrs. Charlton, Cave, and 
 Macalister, and of Derbyshire by Mr. Field, are listed in the 
 Transactions of the Alonuuiental Brass Society. Brasses in the 
 Diocese of Carlisle have been described by the Rev. R. Bower 
 in the Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmoreland 
 Antiquarian and ArchcEological Society. The Monicmental 
 Brasses of Gloucestershire by Mr. C. T. Davis, 1897, in 
 Gloucestershire Notes and Queries, many of those in Dorset by 
 Mr. W. de C. Prideaux in the Proceedings of the Dorset 
 Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club, and the most 
 interesting of the brasses of Essex by Messrs. Miller Christy 
 and W. W, Porteous in the Essex Revieiv, the Transactions of 
 the Essex ArcJicEological Society, the Reliquary and Illustrated 
 ArchcEologist, in the Antiquary, and in the Transactions of the 
 Monumental Brass Society. 
 
 In writing of military brasses I have made some use of an 
 excellent treatise by Mr. J. Starkie Gardner upon Armour in 
 England, published in 1897 as one of the Portfolio Monographs, 
 but in the main I have followed Boutell. BoutcU, however, 
 became impatient with the inferiority of the brasses of the 
 sixteenth century, and gave the later styles but scant treat- 
 ment. I have also derived assistance for my chapter on the 
 Mediaeval Clergy from a volume upon 7 he Development and 
 History of Ecclesiastical Vestments by Mr. R. A. S, Macalister, 
 an active member of the Monumental Brass Society, published 
 in the Camden Library. The appendix to Chapter III. upon 
 Cast Metal Tombs is due to a suggestion of Dr. J. Charles 
 Cox, the general editor of these Antiquary's Books. For the
 
 X THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Woolmen and the Judicial Brasses, in the appendices to 
 Chapter VII., I am largely indebted to Mr. Jeans and Mr. 
 Davis, for their accounts of individual brasses in Lincolnshire 
 and Gloucestershire. From the former I have also derived 
 my account of the noble and sadly mutilated brasses at 
 Tattershall, as also much else about other brasses of his 
 chosen county. In the matter of Palimpsests I have relied 
 wholly upon Mr. Stephenson, whose work upon the subject, in 
 the Transactions of tJie Monnmental Brass Society, is practically 
 exhaustive. My views upon the German origin and workman- 
 ship of the most important of those brasses which have hitherto 
 been called Flemish are founded upon a close examination of 
 the examples existing in England, and a detailed comparison 
 of them with the splendid illustrations of German, Flemish, 
 and other foreign brasses included in Mr, Cre^nys, Alonnniental 
 Brasses of the Continent of Europe, published in folio in 1884. 
 
 The admirable Manual of Costume as Illustrated by 
 Monumental Brasses by Mr. Herbert Druitt, 1906, has ap- 
 peared too late for me to use, except as to a few quite minor 
 corrections. In most respects this book will be found to 
 supplement the present work in the questions with which it 
 especially deals. * 
 
 In the matter of illustrations I have many obligations and 
 kindnesses to acknowledge. The plates have all been specially 
 prepared, but are not all necessarily original, many of them 
 being copied or reduced from those in other publications. As 
 President of the Monumental Brass Society, and with the con- 
 currence of the Hon. Sec, I have ventured to make free use of 
 illustrations which have already appeared in various numbers 
 of the society's Portfolio and in its Transactions. In face, 
 however, of a very limited circulation amongst the membership, 
 most of these illustrations will be new to the more general 
 antiquary. I have to heartily thank the Committee of the 
 Oxford University Antiquarian Society for permission to make 
 a similar use of the fruits of their work. The Merton College,
 
 PREFACE xi 
 
 Queen's College, Chinnor, Drayton Beauchamp, Deerhurst, 
 Checkendon and Thornton brasses are reduced from the 
 Oxford Portfolio, and the Cranley " Resurrection " from the 
 Society's Transactions. Mr. E. M. Beloe, junior, of King's Lynn, 
 has published in folio a number of the Norfolk brasses and 
 a complete set of those of Westminster Abbey. He has very 
 kindly allowed me to draw upon these, and I am indebted to 
 him for the originals of the Duchess of Gloucester, Archbishop 
 Waldeby, and Abbot Estney ; for Sir Hugh Hastings; and 
 for details of the Lynn brasses. To Mr. Andrew Oliver, 
 A.R.LB.A., and to the Editor of the Builder, in whose journal 
 some of the originals first appeared, I am equally indebted 
 for the fine illustration of the beautiful monastic brass at 
 Cowfold ; and for the Westley Waterless, Trotton and Windsor 
 brasses. Mr. W. D. Belcher has also allowed me to select 
 illustrations from his Kentish Brasses, and with grateful thanks 
 I have taken the Chartham, IMinster, Woodchurch, Upper 
 Hardres, and Hever brasses from this source. By Mr. Druitt's 
 kindness in sending me an advance list of his own illustra- 
 tions, I have been able almost entirely to avoid duplicating 
 with him. 
 
 The arrangement of my book, perhaps, needs a few words 
 of explanation. All other writers have classified the brasses 
 according to subject, taking, for instance, all military brasses 
 together, then perhaps ecclesiastical, then civil, and so forth, 
 or following a similar outline from century to century. I also 
 have done the same in my elementary manual of Monumental 
 Brasses, published seventeen years ago and still in print. But 
 in the present volume I have desired to take a wider view, and 
 to connect brasses more closely with the history of our country. 
 My periods are, therefore, in the main historic. Half of the 
 chapters deal with the brasses of particular epochs — Edwardian, 
 Plantagcnet, Lancastrian, Yorkist, Tudor, and Elizabethan, 
 and palimpsest brasses are ranged under the Spoliation of the 
 Monasteries, the Suppression of Chantries, and Foreign Wars
 
 xi THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 of Religion. It is, of course, necessary to make exceptions, and 
 thus all brasses of foreign workmanship, except palimpsests, 
 are brought together into one chapter, as are those of the 
 clergy down to the Reformation. Where smaller groups of 
 brasses required separate treatment, I have dealt with them in 
 special appendices, which are placed immediately after those 
 chapters and periods to which the principal or early examples 
 belong, and I believe that this arrangement will be found to be 
 convenient. 
 
 H. W. M. 
 
 Houghton Conquest Rectory 
 Bedfordshire 
 1907
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I INTRODUCTORY I 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 Brasses in the Reigns of the two first Edwards, 1272- 
 
 ^3^7 13 
 
 The first twenty Brasses. 
 
 Appendix (i) The Engravers .... 32 
 
 (2) The Enamellers • • • • 35 
 
 (3) Inscriptions 38 
 
 (4) Heraldry 41 
 
 5) 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 The Golden Age of Plantagenet Rule, i 327-1 399 . . 46 
 Appendix. Cast-metal Tombs .... 60 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 Architectural Ornament 67 
 
 Canopies, bracket-brasses, and crosses. 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 Foreign Workmanship 83 
 
 Periods and groups. German and Flemish Work. Reference to 
 Palimpsest examples. 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 The Medieval Clergy of England 100 
 
 Appendix (0 The Religious Orders. . . 130 
 (2) The Universities . . . -135 
 
 )>
 
 xlv THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 PACE 
 
 The Lancastrian Period, 1400-1453 142 
 
 Appendix (i) The Wool-staplers . . . 166 
 „ (2) The Legal Profession . . .173 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 The Wars of the Roses, 1453-1485 183 
 
 Appendix (i) Chalice Brasses . . . .201 
 „ (2) Heart Brasses .... 205 
 „ (3) Shroud Brasses . . . .210 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 Brasses in the Tudor Period, 1485-1547 . . . .216 
 
 Appendix (i) The Edwardian and ^L^RIAN 
 
 Transition 238 
 
 „ (2) Merchant Companies and their 
 
 Arms 242 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 Spoliation of the Monasteries 249 
 
 Palimpsest Brasses. 
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 
 The Elizabethan Revival, i 558-1625 269 
 
 Appendix (i) Caroline Decadence . . . 294 
 „ (2) The Last Few Brasses . . 300 
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 
 Brasses and Despoiled Slabs 306 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 INDEX OF PLACES 317 
 
 GENERAL INDEX 330
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT 
 
 Sir John Daubernoun, Stoke d'Abernon .... 
 
 Sir Richard de Boselyngthorpe, Buslingthorpe 
 
 Sir Robert de Setvans, Chartham ..... 
 
 Sir John de Creke and wife, Westley Waterless . 
 
 Sir John de Northwode, Minster 
 
 Margarete de Camoys, Trotton 
 
 Joan de Northwode, Minster 
 
 Nichol de Gore, priest in cross, Woodchurch 
 
 John Wantele, in tabard, Amberley 
 
 Sir Roger le Strange, in tabard, Hunstanton 
 
 Sir Hugh Hastings, Elsing 
 
 Reginald de Malyns, in armour, and his two wives, Chinnor 
 
 Thomas Cheyne, Esq., Drayton Beauchamp .... 
 
 Alianore de Bohun, Westminster Abbey .... 
 
 Two Civilians, King's Somborne 
 
 John Strete, priest, with bracket, Upper Hardres . 
 
 John Bloxham and John Whytton, priests, on canopied bracket 
 Merton College, Oxford 
 
 Robert de Paris and wife, with octofoil cross, Hildersham . 
 
 Robert Braunche and his two wives (section). King's Lynn. 
 
 Pictorial compartment from below the feet of Adam de Walsokne 
 King's Lynn 
 
 Lower sinister section of the Braunche Brass 
 
 Upper dexter section of the same . 
 
 Portion of dexter lady in the same . 
 
 Thomas Pownder and wife, Ipswich 
 
 I'AGE 
 15 
 
 17 
 20 
 
 24 
 26 
 28 
 30 
 31 
 
 43 
 45 
 49 
 51 
 53 
 57 
 59 
 74 
 
 77 
 81 
 
 85 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 89 
 90 
 96
 
 xvi THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Dr. Duncan Liddel, Aberdeen .... 
 Archbishop Waldeby, Westminster Abbey 
 Bishop Robinson, Queen's College, Oxford 
 Abbot Estney, Westminster Abbey . 
 Archdeacon Fynexs, Bury St. Edmund's 
 Robert Langton, priest. Queen's College, Oxford 
 Henry de Codryngtoun, priest, Bottesford 
 Stole from Brass formerly at Oulton 
 Maniple from Brass at Northfleet . 
 Amice from Brass at Ockham 
 
 Prior Nelond, Cowfold 
 
 Provost Argentein, King's College, Cambridge 
 
 Lord Camoys and wife, Trotton 
 
 Sir John Lysle, Thruxton ..... 
 
 Sir Thomas Bullen, Hever .... 
 
 Richard Martyn and wife, Dartford 
 
 John Fortey, woolman, Northleach . 
 
 Arms of the Staple of Calais, St. Olave's, Hart Street 
 
 William Browne, woolman, and wife, Stamford 
 
 Sir John Cassy, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, and wife, Deerhurst 
 
 Sir William Yelverton, Justice of the King's Bench, Rougham 
 
 John Rede, Serjeant-at-law, Checkendon 
 
 A Notary, Ipswich 
 
 Robert Ingylton, Esq., and his three wives, Thornton 
 
 Sir Thomas Shernborne, Shernborne 
 
 Sir Thomas Stathum and his two wives, Morley . 
 
 Sir Thomas Urswyk and wife, Dagenham 
 
 Chalice from Brass at Wensley .... 
 
 Chalice-brass at Bawburgh 
 
 Chalice from Brass at Holwell .... 
 Thomas Knyghtley, Esq., Fawsley .... 
 Shrouded figure of William Robert, Digswell 
 Shrouded figure of Philipp Tenison, Bawburgh
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 xvii 
 
 Canon Honywode, Windsor Castle .... 
 
 Richard Conquest, Esq., and wife, Houghton Conquest 
 
 Lord le Strange and wife, Hillingdon 
 
 John Shelley, Esq., and wife, Clapham 
 
 Henry Hatche and wife, Faversham 
 
 Annunciation from Brass of William Porter, Hereford 
 
 Resurrection from Brass of Robert Hardyng, Cranley 
 
 Sir Humfrey Style, in tabard, Beckenham 
 
 Arms of the Mercers Company, St. Olave's, Hart Street 
 
 Arms of the Merchant Tailors Company, Great St. Helen's 
 
 Arms of the Salters Company, All Hallows Barking 
 
 Arms of the Brewers Company, All Hallows Barking 
 
 Palimpsest Brass of Isabell Copleston, Yealmpton 
 
 Sir Henry Sacheverell and wife, Morley 
 
 Nicholas Wadham, Esq., and wife, llminster 
 
 William Dunche, Esq., and wife. Little Wittenham 
 
 Richard Gadburye, Eyworth .... 
 
 Margaret Chute, Marden 
 
 Bedstead Brass to Anne Savage, Wormington 
 Provost Airay, Queen's College, O.xford . 
 James Cotrel, York Minster .... 
 
 A Lady, Launceston 
 
 Cradle-brass to Dorothy King, Windsor Castle 
 
 Robert Shiers, Esq., Great Bookham 
 
 Despoiled Slab of Bishop Beaumont, Durham Cathedral 
 
 PAGE 
 
 221 
 224 
 229 
 232 
 236 
 
 237 
 241 
 
 243 
 246 
 246 
 248 
 262 
 271 
 
 278 
 281 
 283 
 
 285 
 291 
 
 293 
 
 299 
 301 
 
 304 
 
 3'4
 
 LIST OF PLATES 
 
 TO FACE PAGE 
 
 Statuettes from Tomb of Edward III., Westminster Abbey. . 62 
 
 Walter Pescod, Boston 70 
 
 Laurence de St. Maur, priest, Higham Ferrers . . . .101
 
 TABLE OF CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS 
 
 The First Twenty Brasses .... 
 
 Knights in Transitional Armour 
 
 Military Figures of the Later Plantagenet Period 
 
 Ladies of the Same, pourtrayed alone . 
 
 Civilian Brasses of the Same .... 
 
 Canopies of the Fifteenth Century . 
 
 Bracket Brasses of the Fourteenth Century . 
 
 Bracket Brasses of the Fifteenth Century 
 
 Bracket Brasses of the Sixteenth Century 
 
 Floriated Crosses with Figures 
 
 Octofoil ditto 
 
 Crosses without Figures ..... 
 
 Brasses of Foreign Workmanship, Fourteenth Ce 
 
 The Same in Later Periods .... 
 
 Priests in Eucharistic Vestments 
 
 Archbishops, Bishops, and Abbots, in Pontificals 
 
 Priests in Surplice and Almuce 
 
 Priests vested in the Cope .... 
 
 Priests in Cassock only 
 
 Members of the Religious Orders . 
 Academical Brasses ...... 
 
 Military Figures of the Early Lancastrian Period 
 The Same in Mixed Mail and Plate Armour 
 The Same in Complete Plate .... 
 
 Military Figures of the Later Lancastrian Period 
 The Same with Further Developments . 
 
 tury 
 
 14 
 47 
 52 
 55 
 56 
 71 
 75 
 75 
 76 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 80 
 
 84 
 
 95 
 104 
 
 112 
 116 
 120 
 124 
 131 
 139 
 148 
 150 
 150 
 156 
 157
 
 XX THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Civilian Brasses of the Same Period 
 Brasses to the Wool Merchants 
 Judicial Brasses of the Early Fifteenth Century 
 The Same in the Latter Half of the Century 
 The Same in the Sixteenth Century 
 
 Serjeants-at-law 
 
 Military Figures of the Yorkist Period . 
 Tabard Brasses of the Same . 
 Ladies of the Same, pourtrayed alone 
 Civilian Brasses of the Same . 
 The Yorkshire Chalice Brasses 
 The Norfolk Chalice Brasses . 
 Chalice Brasses in other Counties . 
 Heart Brasses of the Simplest Type 
 Hearts upheld by Hands .... 
 Heart Brasses of Various Types 
 Shroud Brasses of the Fifteenth Century 
 The Same to the Death of Henry VIII. 
 Later Shroud Brasses .... 
 Military Figures in the Reign of Henry \T1. 
 The Same in the Reign of Henry VIII. 
 Tabard Brasses in the Tudor Period 
 Military Figures of the Edwardian Transition 
 The Latest Tabard Brasses 
 Palimpsests with English Reverses . 
 The Same from Portions of Foreign Brasses 
 Military Figures of the Elizabethan Period 
 Post-Reformation Ecclesiastics . 
 
 Caroline Clergy 
 
 Military Figures in the Reign of Charles I. 
 Commonwealth Brasses .... 
 Brasses from the Restoration to End of Seventeenth Century 
 Brasses of the Eighteenth Century 
 
 302 
 305
 
 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 C^^ INTRODUCTORY 
 
 MEMORIALS of the dead have taken many forms. 
 And, strangely enough, these forms often stand apart 
 from one another so widely that they may require to 
 be studied separately — not, indeed, in watertight compart- 
 ments, but in such a way as to receive definitely distinctive 
 treatment. 
 
 This is the case with the engraved memorial brasses which 
 form the subject of the present work, as students have freely 
 recognized for the last half-century. And thus the name 
 Brasses is commonly taken to refer only to such memorials, 
 and in these pages a brass will uniformly mean a brass plate 
 which is engraved, with inscription, figure, coat-of-arms, religious 
 symbol, or the like, and which is also a memorial or part of a 
 memorial to the dead. 
 
 MATERIAL 
 
 Strictly speaking, the material used is not brass at all, 
 but an alloy consisting of about 60 parts copper, 30 zinc, and 
 10 of lead and tin. The result is a peculiarly hard metal, 
 capable of resisting much rough usage. Indeed, brasses are 
 often nearly as perfect now as when they were first laid down, 
 li I
 
 2 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 and have frequently outlasted not only their companion monu- 
 ments of other kinds, but the stone or marble slabs in which 
 they have themselves been set, and the very buildings which 
 originally contained them. 
 
 The ancient name for the metal was latten, and it was 
 manufactured exclusively on the Continent — at least until the 
 middle of the sixteenth century — in Flanders and Germany, 
 and particularly at Cologne, whence it was imported into 
 England in rectangular pieces known as CuUen plates, to be 
 cut out and engraved by English workmen and artists. 
 
 ADVANTAGES 
 
 The advantages gained by the use of brasses in place of 
 more imposing monuments of carved stone are sufficiently 
 obvious. A brass occupied no valuable space. A casement 
 or matrix was made in the gravestone, and the brass sunk to 
 the level of the surrounding pavement. Far greater variety of 
 treatment could be obtained, and the monumental brass could 
 be, and was, made to suit all classes of the community, from 
 persons of the humblest ranks to those of the highest, according 
 to their means. 
 
 ARTISTIC TREATMENT 
 
 In spite of certain limitations, brasses may be looked upon 
 as distinctly works of art ; not necessarily beautiful, but full of 
 purpose and instruction. Great care was taken to represent 
 faithfully the costume of each period, and this was done so 
 exactly that the date of a brass, where the inscription has been 
 lost, can usually be ascertained with precision from the dress 
 or armour worn, as well as from the general character of the 
 engraving. 
 
 Gross extravagances of costume are seldom to be found, 
 and the art is remarkable for its sobriety and good taste. It 
 is probable that the artists worked from definite types, which
 
 INTRODUCTORY 3 
 
 had to be adapted to each case. They also seem to have 
 largely copied from the stone monuments and sculptured 
 effigies which preceded them in point of date, and were con- 
 tinued side by side with them through every period. Thus it 
 was usual to depict the figures as though they were recumbent, 
 with the head pillowed upon cushion or helmet, and the feet 
 resting against a lion or a hound. It was not until the late 
 and declining periods that brasses became pictorial, and actual 
 portraits of those who were commemorated seldom appear to 
 have been attempted much before the reign of Elizabeth. 
 The material best lends itself to the use of dignified types, 
 with broad lines and simple treatment, both in design and 
 execution. 
 
 RISE, PROGRESS, AND DECLINE 
 
 It will be found that the history of brass-engraving 
 falls naturally into definite periods, each with its special 
 characteristics. 
 
 In the widest sense the periods will correspond with those 
 of contemporary architecture, and this will help to explain why 
 brasses begin at their very best, and then, after a single century 
 of great excellence, gradually decline, with architecture, until 
 they are lost in the classic revival. In a more restricted sense 
 they roughly correspond with dynastic changes in English 
 history, and will be so treated in the present volume. 
 
 TJie first period covers the reigns of Edward I. and 
 Edward II., 1 272-1 327, the earliest existing brass in England 
 dating from 1277. Not that this was actually the first laid 
 down, for there are records or matrices of a few of earlier date, 
 though probably they were never very numerous. In St. 
 Paul's Church, Bedford, lies a slab with the worn matrix of a 
 large Latin cross, 69 by 30 inches, with serrated or indented 
 edges; it sprang from a quadrangular plate, 17 by 9 inches, 
 and on either side of the head there was a small shield. At
 
 4 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 the north edge are faint traces of the matrix of a border fillet. 
 This is believed to be the memorial of Sir Simon de Beauchamp, 
 1208, thus mentioned by Leland {Iter., vol. i. fol. 116): "He 
 lieth afore the high altar of St. Paul's Church in Bedford, with 
 this epitaphie graven in brass and set on a flat stone, ' De 
 Bello Campo jacet hie sub Marmore Simon foundator de 
 Newenham.' " 
 
 Nothing else is recorded until nearly the middle of the 
 century, when there were brasses to Jocelyn, Bishop of Wells, 
 in Wells Cathedral, 1242 ; Rich, de Berkyng, Abbot of 
 Westminster, in episcopal vestments, in Westminster Abbey, 
 1 246 ; and Bingham, Bishop of Salisbury, 1 247, a cross fleury 
 and demi-figure on the north side of the choir of Salisbury 
 Cathedral. There was also at Lynwode, in Lincolnshire, a 
 small cross-legged military figure, of which the matrix still 
 remains in excellent condition. William of York, Bishop of 
 Salisbury, had in 1256 a similar tomb to that of Bingham, 
 with the demi-figure of a bishop, but no cross ; and this also 
 remains in the choir of his cathedral, upon the floor of the 
 south aisle. 
 
 Next comes the mail-clad ^^gy of Sir John Daubernoun, 
 and his is the first English brass still existing. This well- 
 known brass introduces the first group of examples, which, 
 being few in number, are all enumerated and described at 
 some length in the next chapter. For the most part they 
 represent recumbent efiigies, are frequently of the size of life, 
 and appear to be copied from the prevailing types of efifigial 
 stone monuments. But they are not portraits, and the features 
 are conventional. Architectural canopies appear in the second 
 part of the period, from the commencement of the reign of 
 Edward II., and heraldry is represented from the very beginning. 
 The artistic treatment is bold and effective, and though the 
 drawing may not be always strictly correct, there is a dignity 
 and breadth of feeling not often reached in later periods. The 
 plates of metal used are thicker and better than those of any
 
 INTRODUCTORY 5 
 
 succeeding age, the engraved lines have been more deepl}- 
 incised, and the existing brasses have suffered Httle from the 
 action of time and wear. 
 
 The second period is that of Edward III. and Richard II., 
 from 1 327- 1 399. Brasses become more numerous, about one 
 hundred and forty being known, and they represent many 
 varying types. In one direction they advance to their 
 highest point of excellence, in size, beaut}-, and elaboration 
 of detail ; in another, they now begin to include memorials of 
 the great middle class, which historically was rising steadily in 
 importance and influence. 
 
 The lesser nobility, knights and squires, with their ladies, 
 are, as one would expect, amply represented. So is the 
 priesthood, together with a few of the higher ecclesiastics, such 
 as Trilleck, Bishop of Hereford, Robert Wyvil and John de 
 Waltham, Bishops of Salisbury, Archbishop Waldeby of York, 
 and Delamere, Abbot of St. Albans. 
 
 Wealthy merchants, as Adam de Walsokne and Robert 
 Braunche of Lynn, with Alan Fleming of Newark, claim some 
 of the most splendid brasses which have ever been engraved, 
 either in this country or on the continent of Europe. But, at 
 the same time, there appear many small and simple brasses of 
 unknown civilians, which are, in their way, of as high im- 
 portance as those of their wealthier and nobler contemporaries, 
 because of the witness they bear to the development of the 
 people of England. 
 
 Most of the brasses of this golden period are included in 
 the lists and appendices of the third chapter. They exhibit 
 the costume of the time with considerable completeness, 
 omitting only the greatest extravagancies of fashion, which may 
 be better seen in illuminated manuscripts. Architectural acces- 
 sories are at their best, and there are many examples of fine 
 canopy and tabernacle work, with brackets and rich floriated 
 crosses. This is, of course, to be expected of an age which 
 had just seen the erection of the Lantern of Ely, and witnessed
 
 6 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 the completion of the great Minster at York. And it is not 
 without reason that the best period of the art of engraving 
 memorial brasses should be associated with the Decorated 
 style of architecture which prevailed throughout the greater 
 part of the fourteenth century, and exhibits the most complete 
 and perfect development of Gothic. For this, in the Early 
 English style, is said to have been not fully matured, and in 
 the Perpendicular to have begun to decline. 
 
 The third period is the Lancastrian, from 1400 to 1453. 
 About five hundred figure-brasses may be referred to it, and 
 many important changes occur. The long " Hundred Years' 
 War " with France brought about a rapid development in the 
 use of arms and armour, common to all the nations of Western 
 Europe. 
 
 Since the military equipment was the same for all, it would 
 have been impossible to distinguish by their armour alone the 
 soldiers of opposing forces. Heraldry, therefore, is of the first 
 importance, and is introduced into almost all the brasses of 
 those who were entitled by law or custom to the bearing 
 of arms. 
 
 There are still a great number of really fine brasses, 
 but it is nevertheless evident that the art of engraving has 
 passed its highest point, and that a decline has begun. The 
 figures are often excessively stiff and conventional, and the 
 lines not so deeply or so boldly incised as heretofore. 
 
 It has been said that arms and armour were European 
 rather than English. In other directions, England was 
 becoming far more English than it had ever been before. 
 The language of the earlier inscriptions was Latin or French. 
 The French now disappears, and gives place to the English of 
 Wyclifife and Chaucer, with epitaphs in verse as well as sober 
 prose, and much to be learnt from both. 
 
 The fourtli period is that of the Wars of the Roses, 1453- 
 1485, and is of no little interest. England, for the first time 
 since the Norman Conquest, was cut off from the rest of
 
 INTRODUCTORY 7 
 
 Europe, and free to develope along her own lines. The inter- 
 necine wars had little effect upon the life of the people, and 
 brasses are just as numerous as before. Trade symbols and 
 merchants' marks become common, and the great guilds 
 and companies were widening in power and influence. 
 
 In armour there are many changes, and here alone can 
 be seen the traces of civil strife. Distinguishing and party 
 badges, collars, and devices are freely depicted, and heraldry 
 is more needful than ever. It also became usual for knights 
 and squires to wear tabards-of-arms over their body armour, 
 and for their ladies to appear in heraldic kirtles and mantles. 
 
 The fifth period is the Tudor, from 1485 to 1558. Its 
 brasses are altogether distinct from those that go before or 
 come after, both in style and artistic treatment. They are 
 vastly inferior, in spite of the revival of learning, and in spite 
 of the culture of the Renaissance, or perhaps because of them. 
 The mediaeval arts were dying, and giving place to others. 
 Yet brasses were very widely used, and by all sorts and 
 conditions of men. They were smaller, cheaper, more easily 
 obtained, and there was more money to spend upon them. 
 New developments abound, and this is particularly the age of 
 special classes, such as Chalice Brasses for the memorials of 
 priests. Heart Brasses, Shrouded Figures, and Skeletons. All 
 these, it is true, had already been sparingly introduced, but 
 now became popular, and were fully developed. Canopies are 
 comparatively rare, but it began to be a common practice to 
 engrave small rectangular brasses, which were usually mounted 
 upon a stone framework, and affixed to the wall instead of 
 the floor. 
 
 After the death of Henry VIII. there comes a marked 
 pau.se, the sign of the religious changes through which the 
 country was passing, and there are few brasses of the reigns of 
 Edward VI. or Queen Mary. 
 
 The sixth period begins with Elizabeth, and after the 
 middle of the centurv there comes a great revival, not in the
 
 8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 beauty, but in the use of brasses. For the first time the metal 
 itself was manufactured in England, instead of being imported 
 from Flanders and Germany ; but it was a distinctly inferior 
 metal, and was cast, or more probably rolled, in thin plates, 
 which have worn grievously. Armour is occasionally, but not 
 often, shown, and the clergy appear in ordinary civil costume. 
 
 Throughout the reign of James I. brasses are as numerous 
 as before, and of the same type ; but there are only a few of 
 later date, and those of an even greater inferiority. In the 
 eighteenth century the ancient art dies out altogether. 
 
 DIRECTIONS GIVEN IN EXISTING WILLS 
 
 It sometimes happens that full directions for the preparing 
 and laying down of brasses are to be found in existing wills. 
 An interesting example, dated November 5, 1378, was com- 
 municated to the Archceological Journal, vol. xv. pp. 268, 
 269, and has been quoted by Haines and others. It refers to 
 the making of two brasses, of which the second still exists in 
 the parish church of Bray, in Berkshire, A.D. 1378, to the 
 memory of Sir John de Foxley and his two wives, who are 
 represented in heraldic dresses, and standing upon a mutilated 
 bracket, from which the canopies are now lost. 
 
 He wills that his executors should cause to be prepared a 
 marble slab for the tomb of his parents in the chapel of All 
 Saints in the church of Bray, and that they should have the 
 stone well furnished with effigies, inscription, etc., in metal, 
 according to the ordering and opinion of his very reverend 
 lord the Bishop of Winchester. A similar monument, the one 
 now extant, was also to be prepared for himself. 
 
 " Item, volo et ordino quod executores mei de bonis patris niei 
 emant unum lapidem marmoreum pro tumulo dicti patris mei et 
 matris mee in capella omnium sanctorum in ecclesia de Braye pre- 
 dicta, et quod faciant dictum lapidem parari decanter cum ymagine, 
 scriptura, etc., de metallo ; videlicet^ dicti patris mei in armis suis, et
 
 INTRODUCTORY 9 
 
 matris mee in armis pictis, videlicet, de armis dicti patris mei et 
 matris mee predicte, et volo quod quoad ordinacionem dicti lapidis 
 executores mei totaliter faciant juxta ordinacionem et consensum 
 domini mei reverendissimi, domini Wyntoniensis Episcopi, 
 
 " Item, volo et dispone quod predicti executores mei emant unum 
 alium lapidem marmoreum sufficientem pro tumulo meo, cum sepultus 
 fuero ; et quod dictum lapidem parari faciant cum scriptura et ymagine 
 de metallo, videlicet, mei ipsius in armis meis, et uxoris mee defuncte 
 ex parte dextra dicte ymaginis mee in armis pictis^ videlicet de armis 
 meis et dicte uxoris mee ; et cum ymagine uxoris mee nunc viventis, 
 in armis meis, ex parte sinistra dicte ymaginis mee." 
 
 Passing to the middle of the sixteenth century, a further 
 example may be given from the will of Thos. Salter, chantry 
 priest of St. Nicholas Aeon, in the city of London. The will 
 is dated August 31, and proved December 19, 1558. It is 
 quoted by Mr. J. Challenor Smith, F.S.A,, in the Transactions 
 of the Monumental Brass Society, vol. iv. p. 1 36. The testator 
 desires to be buried " in our ladie chappell w"' in the parishe 
 church of St. Magnus," and gives full directions for a brass to 
 be laid down to his memory in the following words : — 
 
 " I will haue a graye m(ar)ble stone leyd vpon my grave of the 
 full length and bredth of my saide grave and before the said stone 
 be layed vpon my grave I will that there be an image of a priest 
 w' an albe and a vestment upon him graven in copper of a cunynge 
 m(ar)bler that dwellithe in sancte Dunstons p(ar)ishe in the west 
 agaynste the sowth syde of the churche and that the saide image be 
 iii fote in length and that the saide image do holde in bothe his 
 handes the similitude of a co(n)secrate ooste in a su(n)ne beame 
 apearinge right aboue the chalice that the said image holdeth in 
 bothe his handes vnder the saide su(n)ne beame and the eyes 
 of the ymmage to be grauen cloosed together as all dead mens 
 eyes ought so to be and a lyttle aboue the said ymages heade I 
 will haue a rolle grauen in copper and ther sett and these wordes 
 nexte followinge to be grauen in yt thus saying Miserere mei 
 deus secundum magnam m(isericord)iam tuam And right and iust 
 vnder the said ymages foote I will that ther be a large plate of copper
 
 lo THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 laied and made lyke a tablett of Antick fac(i)on And in the said 
 tablet I will have theise wordes nexte following graven in it this 
 sayinge In the grace and greate mercye of God here lyeth vnder 
 this marble stone the bodie of Thomas Salter priest sometyme of 
 London whiche departed from this tra{n)sytore liff vnto allmyghtie 
 
 God vppon the day of the moneth and in the yere of our 
 
 lord god MVLVIII he then being of thage iiii score yeres vnto 
 whose sowle allmyghtie god be mercefill Amen And right vndre 
 and nexte ioyned vnto the said copper plate I will haue graven in a 
 skutchin of copper the Armes of the salters companye bycause I was 
 in my youth one of the said companye and lyverey." 
 
 In carrying out such directions as those just given, it would 
 be usual for the engravers or tomb-makers to draw up and sign 
 a formal contract or indenture for the work which was to be 
 done. 
 
 In the ArchcEological Journal, vol. viii. p. i86, an indenture 
 of this kind is given, made in 1580 between the executors of 
 Thos. Fermor, Esq., of Somerton, Oxon, and Richard and 
 Gabriel Roiley, tomb-makers, of Burton-on-Trent. It is for 
 an alabaster tomb, not a brass, but would do as well for the 
 one as the other, and may be taken as a typical specimen. 
 
 The contractors agree to make "a very faire decent and well 
 p'portioned picture or portrature of a gentleman representing y'' said 
 Thomas Fermor w"' furniture and ornamentes in armour, and about 
 his necke a double cheyne of gold w"' creste and helmette under his 
 head, w"' sword and dagger by his side, and a lion at his feete, and 
 in or on the uttermoste parte of the uppermoste parte of the said 
 Tumbe a decent and p'fect picture or portraiture of a faire gentle- 
 woman w"* a Frenche-hood, edge and abiliment, w"' all other apparell 
 furniture Jewells ornamentes and thinges in all respectes usuall, decent, 
 and semely, for a gentlewoman." . . . Also " decent and usuall 
 pictures of, or for, one sonne or {sic) two daughters of y" said Thomas 
 Fermor w"' their severall names of Baptism over or under y^ said 
 pictures, severally and orderly w* scutcheons in their handes, whereof 
 y^ said sonne to be pictured in armour and as liveinge, and y" one 
 of y" said daughters to be pictured in decent order and as liveinge,
 
 INTRODUCTORY ii 
 
 and y^ other daughter to be pictured as dieinge in y*" cradle or 
 swathes." . . . Also four shields with " trew armes" of the deceased 
 and his two wives, and a Latin inscription given at full length. 
 
 THE COST OF BRAS.SES 
 
 The cost is frequently given, and varied very considerably. 
 Twenty marks was the price allowed for the marble stone and 
 life-sized brass effigies of Sir John de St. Ouintin and his two 
 wives at Brandsburton, Yorks., 1397, but only one of the 
 wives is represented. Ten pounds were bequeathed by Sir 
 Thos. Ughtred, at about the same time, in 1398, for a marble 
 stone to be inlaid " cum duabus ymaginibus patris mei et 
 matris meae de laton, sculptis in armis meis et in armis de les 
 Burdons, ad ponendum super sepulchrum domini Thomae 
 Ughtred patris mei, et Willielmi filii mei, in ecclesia parochiali 
 de Catton dictae Ebor. dioceseos." 
 
 In 1405 Thos. Graa left 100 shillings "ad unum lapidem 
 marmoreum super corpus meum ponendum cum imaginibus 
 mei et Matildis nuper uxoris meae impressis." 
 
 In 1 47 1 eight marks was sufficient for the brass of Sir 
 John Curson and his lady at Bylaugh, Norfolk, consisting of 
 two figures, about 3^ feet high, four shields, and an inscription. 
 £6 Y^s. 4d. was bequeathed for the brass of Wm. Catisb}-, 
 Esq., and his wife Margaret, in 1505, at Ashby St. Legers, 
 Northants., in which they are represented in heraldic dresses 
 under a fine double canopy. The brass figure of Robert 
 Gosebourne, 1523, a priest in academicals, at St. Alphege, 
 Canterbury, measures 27 inches, and has an inscription in six 
 lines and four shields. Thi.s, with its marble stone, cost 
 £4 los. 
 
 A very late and extremely interesting account is copied 
 by Mr. C. T. Davis, in the Transactions of the Mon. Brass 
 Soc, vol. iii. p. 184, from an Inventory of Writs in the 
 Burgh of Aberdeen, which gives the entire cost of the brass of 
 Dr. Duncan Liddel, 161 3, mural in the Old or West Church
 
 12 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 of that town. It is a large sheet of metal, measuring 5 feet 
 5 inches by 2 feet 1 1 inches, was engraved at Antwerp, and will 
 be found more fully described in the chapter upon Foreign 
 Workmanship (cf. illustration, p. 98). The metal was com- 
 puted to weigh 219 lbs., and cost ;^3i os. 6d. The engraving 
 came to ;^53 more, including a bounty of " 2 kinkins of 
 salmond," valued at ;!^3. Expenses of transport, custom-house 
 dues, etc., amounted to ^^37 15^-. ; but the bulk of it was for 
 three voyages made to Antwerp on behalf of the executors. 
 It was, therefore, an expensive brass, the total being ;^I2I 
 1 5i-. 6d., and an additional sum of ten Scotch pounds " for 
 sinking the same in ye steane & Laying yroff to Alexander 
 Wyisman."
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 BRASSES IN THE REIGNS OF THE TWO FIRST 
 
 EDWARDS 
 
 Edward I. 1272- 1307 
 Edward II. 1307-1327 
 
 IT is to be noted that when monumental brasses were first 
 introduced into England, they were not in any sense 
 copied from foreign examples, but were at once designed 
 and engraved in a definitely English style, which maintained 
 its own characteristics through all subsequent changes and 
 developments. 
 
 In Germany the earliest existing brasses are those of 
 Bishop Iso von Wilpe, 123 1, and Bishop Otto de Brunswick, 
 1279, at Verden and Hildesheim, in Hanover. The figures 
 are engraved upon rectangular plates of metal, and surrounded 
 by border inscriptions, the Verden brass, however, being 
 slightly wider at the head than at the foot. But the rect- 
 angular arrangement is followed in almost all continental 
 brasses, and the ground filled in usually with elaborate 
 tabernacle and diaper work. 
 
 In England the plan is altogether different. The ground- 
 work is the actual gravestone, and figures, inscriptions, 
 canopies, coats-of-arms, etc., are all let into separate casements 
 until the design is complete. 
 
 Leaving matrices out of account, there yet remain some 
 twenty memorials of the first period, all well known, and
 
 14 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 enumerated below. They include eleven figures of knights or 
 gentlemen in armour, five priests and one archbishop, five 
 ladies, of whom three are associated with their husbands, and 
 one gentleman in civil dress. 
 
 From this we may gather that the earlier brasses were 
 chiefly military and ecclesiastical, and we shall find that these 
 two classes will always claim a large share of- our attention. 
 A little later the middle classes rose to greater prominence, 
 and adopted the monumental brass as their own, to such a 
 degree that these memorials bear a special witness to the 
 history of the common life of England. 
 
 It will now be necessary to give a complete list of the first 
 twenty brasses in the order of their known or approximate 
 dates : — 
 
 Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey, 1277, Sir John Daubernoun. 
 
 Trumpington, Cambs., 1289, Sir Roger de Trumpington. 
 
 Buslingthorpe, Lines., circa 1290, Sir Richard de Boselyngthorpe. 
 
 Croft, Lines., c. 1300, a man in armour. 
 
 Acton, Suffolk, 1302, Sir Robert de Bures. 
 
 Chartham, Kent, 1306, Sir Robert de Setvans. 
 
 Trotton, Sussex, c. 13 10, Margarete de Camoys. 
 
 Merton College, Oxford, c. 1310, Rich, de Hakebourne, priest. 
 
 York Minster, 1315, Archbishop Wm. de Grenefeld. 
 
 Pebmarsh, Essex, c. 1320, a knight of the Fitzralph family. 
 
 Gorleston, Suffolk, c. 1320, a knight of the Bacon family. 
 
 Cobham, Kent, c. 1320, Joan de Cobham. 
 
 Woodchurch, Kent, c. 1320, Nichol de Gore, priest. 
 
 Chinnor, Oxon., c. 1320, head of priest in cross. 
 
 Kemsing, Kent, c. 1320, Thos. de Hop, priest. 
 
 Wantage, Berks., c. 1320, a priest. 
 
 Westley Waterless, Cambs., c. 1325, Sir John de Creke and wife. 
 
 East Wickham, Kent, c. 1325, John de Bladigdone and wife. 
 
 Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey, 1327, Sir John Daubernoun. 
 
 Minster in Sheppey, Kent, c. 1330, Sir John de Northwode and wife. 
 
 These early brasses are all of extreme importance, and will 
 require to be dealt with at some length.
 
 THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 
 
 15 
 
 Sir John Daubernoun the elder lies upon the pavement 
 of the village church of Stoke d'Abernon, halfway between 
 Kingston and Guildford, and is represented 
 by a fine life-sized figure, measuring 68 
 inches from heels to head, with a total 
 length of j6 inches. He is dressed in a 
 complete suit of chain mail, of which the 
 separate parts, hawberk, coif de mailles, 
 and chausses, are not distinguishable. The 
 gloves alone show a dividing line at the 
 wrist. The knees are also protected by 
 genouillieres, either of leather or metal, 
 stamped or chased with a bold pattern, 
 and single-pointed prick spurs are buckled 
 round the ankles. Over the mail is worn 
 a long linen surcoat, confined at the waist 
 by a plain cord, and with the lower part 
 open in front and exposing the knees. A 
 small heater-shaped shield, charged with 
 the wearer's arms, azure, a chevron or, is 
 suspended upon the left shoulder by an 
 ornamental guige or strap buckled on the 
 right side. The cross-hilted sword, in a 
 plain scabbard, is attached to a broad hip- 
 belt in front of the body. In this brass 
 alone a lance is placed on the knight's right arm, with a 
 fringed pennon, charged, like the shield, with his heraldic 
 chevron. 
 
 Substantially this is the armour which had been worn 
 during the past three centuries, and it is particularly fortunate 
 to the student of brasses that his examples begin at such a 
 time, on the eve of a long series of rapid and interesting 
 changes, which end only with the total abandonment of 
 armour. 
 
 The linen surcoat was a recent addition ; the mail itself, 
 
 SHi JOHN DAUBER- 
 NOUN, 1277 
 STOKK D'ABERNON, 
 SURREY
 
 i6 THE BRASSES OE ENGLAND 
 
 worn over a padded and quilted gambeson, was the panoply 
 of the Norman Conquest, the Crusades, and the Angevin 
 Dominion. Changes were soon to come in the form of 
 additional defences of leather and plate, but these are heralded 
 only by the genouillieres attached to the knees. 
 
 The development of armour is very clearly and sufficiently 
 shown in the next half-score of examples. Their number, as 
 compared with the stone effigies of the time, is no doubt small. 
 It is, however, thoroughly representative. Each one has been 
 illustrated, not once, but many times, and is therefore familiar 
 to every student — an advantage not to be found when we 
 enter upon succeeding periods. Sir John Daubernoun the 
 elder, for instance, has been figured nearly twenty times, Sir 
 Roger de Trumpington and Sir Robert de Bures at least ten 
 times each, and the rest almost as often. 
 
 All are life-size, or nearly so, with the exception of the two 
 Lincolnshire examples, which are small demi-figures set in 
 large stone slabs, and surrounded by border inscriptions in 
 Lombardic capitals. No dates are given, and it is possible 
 that the Buslingthorpe brass, which is of the earlier character 
 of the two, may indeed precede even that of Sir John Dauber- 
 noun, and take rank at the head of the entire list. Various 
 dates have been suggested by different writers, from 1280, "or 
 earlier," to 13 10. As the brass is here illustrated, not alone, 
 but with the whole of its interesting coffin-shaped slab, it will 
 be possible for the reader to judge for himself The form is 
 certainly an early one, and can hardly be later than the year 
 1290. The small object in the hands of the knight appears 
 to be a heart, and it will be noticed that a shield-of-arms was 
 placed immediately below the demi-figure. The slab and 
 brass were discovered buried in the year 1707, and are now 
 reared against the south wall of the nave. Sir Richard is 
 represented in hawberk and coif of chain-mail, gloves of very 
 small, overlapping plates, like fish-scales, a surcoat, and plain 
 ailettes upon the shoulders. The Croft brass is certainly later.
 
 
 SIR RICHARD DE BuSELYNGTHORPE, CIRCA I29O 
 
 nusLiNGTHORri:, Lincolnshire
 
 i8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 by perhaps about ten years, and is set in a full-sized slab of 
 Purbeck marble, now much broken, upon the nave pavement. 
 The lettering around the margin is very defaced, and there 
 seem to have been evangelistic symbols at the corners. The 
 knight wears banded instead of chain mail, and has no ailettes. 
 
 The cross-legged effigy of Sir Roger de Trumpington is 
 more important. Here we see again the above-mentioned 
 and curious ailettes, being ornamental wings of fringed leather. 
 They are in this instance, and usually, charged with the arms 
 of the wearer. Here also we see, for the first time, the great 
 helm, not worn upon the head, but used as a pillow. It seems 
 to have been introduced only during the reign of Richard I., 
 and was generally carried at the saddle bow, except at the 
 moment of actual onset. Lest it should be dropped or struck 
 off and lost, it was secured by a chain , which is seen fastened 
 to the cord which girds Sir Roger's surcoat. His coat-of-arms, 
 azure, criisiily and two trmnpets in pale or, appears no less 
 than sev^en times — first upon the shield on his left arm, then 
 on the ailettes, and four times on the scabbard of his sword. 
 On the ailettes and scabbard it is differenced by a label of five 
 points. The brass is let into a slab of Purbeck marble on an 
 altar-tomb between the north aisle and a chapel on the north 
 side of it, in Trumpington Church, which is close to Cambridge. 
 Over the tomb rises an ogee arch of masonry, much enriched 
 with semi-quatrefoils and foliage. It is known that in the 
 year 1270 this knight assumed the cross and accompanied 
 Prince Edward to the Holy Land. So far as can be ascer- 
 tained, he is the only crusader who is commemorated by a 
 monumental brass. 
 
 Sir Robert de Bures, at Acton, the finest military figure in 
 the entire list of the brasses of all periods, is distinguished by 
 the excellent way in which all the details are carried out. 
 The chain-mail is most carefully engraved, and the fringed 
 surcoat is slightly gathered over the elaborate sword-belt, as 
 well as confined at the waist by a cord. The hilt and pommel
 
 THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 19 
 
 of the sword are highly decorative, but the distinguishing 
 features, and those which show the development of costume, 
 are to be found at and around the knees. Below the skirt of 
 the mail hawberk are seen the gamboised, or padded and 
 quilted trews, called " cuisseaux gamboisez," which cover the 
 chausses from the knee upwards ; this garment, having its 
 surface usually of silk, or other costly material, is here richly 
 embroidered with the fleur-de-lys, and an ornament resembling 
 in shape the Greek lyre, disposed alternately in lozenges, 
 formed by the reticulation of silken cords. The handsome 
 knee-pieces were probably made of " cuir-bouilli," or boiled 
 leather. The shield resembles that of Sir Roger de Trump- 
 ington, and is charged with the arms of De Bures. Ermine, 
 on a chief indented sable, 3 lioncels rampant or. The inscrip- 
 tion was in separate letters of brass, all of which are gone ; 
 but where the stone has not been too much chipped and worn, 
 they may still be deciphered. At least, the name, ROBERTVS 
 DE BVERS, is legible, or was so in Cotman's time, and he 
 gave or suggested the greater part of the rest : " Yci gyst Sir 
 Robert de Buers . . . Qui pur I'alme prj-era . . . jours de 
 pardon avera." 
 
 The Chartham knight is bareheaded, with his coif de 
 mailles thrown back, while his mail gloves hang down from 
 his wrists and show the buttoned cuff's of his tunic sleeves 
 beneath. Again the knees claim special attention, for here 
 small scalloped plates are fastened to quilted cuisseaux, and 
 the edge is seen of a haqueton, the padded garment worn 
 under the hawberk. His shield and ailettes upon the 
 shoulders are charged with the winnowing-fans from which 
 he takes his name, and small fans are also embroidered upon 
 his surcoat. The scabbard of his sword is wholly ornamented. 
 It is curious to note that the engraving of the chain mail in 
 this brass was never completed, except for a few inches at the 
 right instep. The rest of the mail is sketched out, but not 
 finished. It is possible that the proper cutting of all the
 
 SIR ROBERT DE SETVANS, I306 
 CHARTHAM, KENT
 
 THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 21 
 
 little links proved too laborious and expensive a task. The 
 grandfather of this knight, who died in 1249, was present 
 with Richard I. at Acre ; but Sir Robert himself does not 
 appear to have joined the crusade, though there is record of 
 his having repeatedly performed good service to his sovereign 
 at home. The last occasion was at the siege of Caerlaverock, 
 in 1300, at which siege John de Northwode, whose brass is at 
 Minster, received knighthood from Edward I. The king had 
 made a raid over the Scotch border into Annandale and 
 Galloway, with 2000 horse and 9000 foot, and Caerlaverock, 
 just north of Solway Firth, held out against him for forty 
 days, garrisoned by only eighty men, who at last were forced 
 to surrender. It was a great occasion in the annals of chiv^alry. 
 There is said to be a striking similarity in design and general 
 treatment exhibited between the Chartham brass and a 
 sculptured effigy in the Temple Church, probably that of 
 William Lord de Ros, who died in 13 17 ; also with the effigy 
 of Brian Lord Fitz-Alan, 1302, in Bedale Church, Yorkshire. 
 
 The effigies at Pebmarsh, which is a small village near 
 Halstead, and at Gorleston, on the Suffolk coast next to 
 Yarmouth, take us into the reign of Edward IT, and have 
 both been assigned to the approximate date of 1320. Both 
 were originally ornamented with canopies, which have entirely 
 disappeared, and both figures are mutilated, the latter having 
 lost the lower part of the legs and of the feet. Indeed, in the 
 year 18 10, the Gorleston brass had altogether gone, and was 
 supposed to be irretrievably lost ; but at the sale of Mr. 
 Craven Ord's curiosities — the Craven Ord whose collection 
 of brass-prints is in the British Museum — it was purchased by 
 John Gage, Esq., who with correct feeling and good taste 
 gave it back to the church, and Dawson Turner, Esq., at his 
 expense, had it replaced in its original position. It is v^ery 
 uncertain for what individual the monument was intended. 
 Arms are engraved upon the knight's shield, A bend lozeng)\ 
 on a chief tzvo mullets of 6 points pierced. Taking the field
 
 22 THE BRASSP:S of ENGLAND 
 
 to be gules, the chief argent, and the mullets sable, these 
 would be of the family of Bacon, if it were not for the bend 
 lozengy, though it may have been merely added to the other 
 bearings. It is also said that the feet once rested on a boar's 
 head, which was the Bacon crest. There was also at one time 
 a large companion slab, now destroyed, on which there had 
 formerly been the brass Q^^y of a lady, with an inscription in 
 separate letters round the edge. A few only were legible, 
 but it seems to have commemorated a certain Joan Bacon. 
 
 The beginnings of a great development now appear in the 
 addition of pieces of plate armour. In course of time plate 
 was entirely to take the place of the mail of the crusaders, but 
 the change, like most other changes, was a gradual one. Both 
 in the Pebmarsh and Gorleston brasses we find that the 
 outsides of the upper and fore arms are protected by steel 
 plates strapped over the mail, small elbow-pieces are also 
 attached, and round plates are fastened in front of the 
 shoulders and at the bend of the arms. Their technical names 
 respectively are demi-brassarts, vambraces, coudieres, and 
 palettes or roundels. Shin-plates are also found, called 
 jambarts, and these are continued from the ankles by lames, 
 or small plates riveted to one another, over the front of the 
 feet, and thus forming mixed sollerets of mail and plate. 
 
 The Pebmarsh example is the finer of the two, and here 
 the genouillieres are particularly handsome, being engraved 
 with a large rose and circle of leaves. The shield is rounded 
 to the body, while that of the Gorleston knight is heater- 
 shaped, and very small. Both are charged with the bearer's 
 arms. The latter's mail is of the banded variety, and ailettes 
 upon his shoulders appear for the last time. 
 
 The Trumpington, Acton, Chartham, Pebmarsh, and 
 Gorleston knights are all cross-legged, and the first of them is 
 known to have proceeded to the Holy Land. Of the rest 
 nothing can be said with certainty, and, as has been noted, 
 the last two have not been positively identified. But the
 
 THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 23 
 
 crossing of the legs need not indicate more than that the 
 knight was a benefactor of the church, either by some 
 conspicuous act of piety, such as going upon a pilgrimage or 
 joining in crusade, or by a benefaction in church-building, or 
 the foundation of a place or object of religion. 
 
 The feet of all the figures, except the Gorleston knight, 
 rest upon, or rather against, either a lion or a hound, and it 
 must be remembered that they are in all cases supposed to be 
 recumbent, as in the stone effigies of the period, and never 
 standing, as sometimes happens at a much later date. 
 
 Three more military brasses, at the close of the period, 
 remain as the sole representatives of a still further develop- 
 ment, and, indeed, of an almost distinct style, associated with 
 the close of the reign of Edward II. 
 
 Its most important feature is this, that the surcoat has been 
 discarded, and its place taken by a garment called the cyclas, 
 which is slit open at the sides, and much shorter at the front 
 than behind. It thus displays the escalloped and fringed border 
 of another body-covering, the gambeson, and below this the 
 edge of the hawberk, and below this again the padded haqueton, 
 a combination of dress, armour, and padding, which must have 
 been exceedingly irksome to the wearer. The hands are bare, 
 and the hawberk sleeves short and wide, disclosing the fore- 
 arms entirely encased in vambraces of plate, underneath, instead 
 of over, the mail. The upper arms and elbows have demi- 
 brassarts and coudieres as before, over the mail. On the head 
 appears for the first time a steel bascinet or cap-piece, which 
 is fluted, and has at its apex a quatrefoil device, apparently 
 intended for the attachment of a scarf or crest. 
 
 All these changes are admirably depicted in the brasses 
 of Sir John de Creke, at Westley Waterless, c. 1325, and of 
 Sir John Daubernoun the younger, 1327, and may advan- 
 tageously be compared with the stone effigies of John of 
 Eltham, brother of Edward III., in Westminster Abbey, Sir 
 John d'lfield, at Ifield, in Sussex, and Humphrey de Bohun,
 
 SIR JOHN DE CREKE AND HIS WIFE ALYNE, C. I325 
 WESTLEY WATERLESS, CAMBRIDGESHIRE
 
 THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 25 
 
 Earl of Hereford and Constable of England, 1321, in Hereford 
 Cathedral. 
 
 Special attention is drawn to the illustration of the Westley 
 Waterless brass, and its two slim and interesting figures. It 
 lies in the south aisle of the nave, and once possessed a 
 double canopy with ogee pediments, and a marginal inscription 
 on narrow fillets of metal. Though the brass is commonly 
 supposed to represent Sir John de Creke and his lady, the 
 arms upon the shield, On a fess 3 lozenges vair, are said by 
 Lysons not to be those of his family. 
 
 The brass of Sir John de Northwode, at Minster, in 
 Sheppey, differs a little from the others. His bascinet is 
 pointed, but without fluting or device, and his forearms below 
 the hawberk are protected by curious pieces of close-fitting 
 scale-armour. His shield hangs at his left hip, instead of on 
 his arm, and as this mode of wearing the shield appears to 
 have been a characteristic of the knights of France, by whom 
 it was termed " Ecu en cantiel," a French origin has been 
 suggested for this particular bras.s. A remarkably fine t.^^y 
 accoutred in the same way is now preserved, so Boutell says, 
 in the royal catacombs at St. Denis : it commemorates Charles, 
 Conte d'Etampes, who fell, in the thirtieth year of his age, at 
 the Siege of Pincorain, in 1336. This knight, a prince of the 
 blood royal of France, is armed completely in ring-mail ; his 
 head is unhelmed, and his flowing hair is encircled by a wreath 
 of roses ; the coif-de-mailles hangs loose about his neck, and 
 the mail gloves also depend from the wrists, exactly as in the 
 brass of Sir Robert de Setvans. The surcoat is long and plain, 
 and girded about the waist by a narrow cincture. Over the 
 hips is buckled a broad and rich sword-belt, and a long guige, 
 corresponding with it in breadth and enrichment, crosses the 
 right shoulder, and is attached to the shield, which is adjusted 
 over the hilt of the sword precisely after the fashion exempli- 
 fied in the brass at Minster. It is impossible not to be struck 
 with the similarity in artistic treatment exhibited between this
 
 SIR JOHN DE NORTHWODE, C. 133O 
 MINSTER, ISLE OF SHEPPEY
 
 THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 27 
 
 fine effigy, the brasses at Chartham and Minster, and the 
 sculptured figures in the Temple and at Bedale. The Minster 
 brass has, however, been strangely treated. In or about the 
 year 151 1, the legs and feet having been lost, new ones were 
 engraved, with very incongruous effect. At the same time a 
 strip was cut out of the middle to make the knight correspond 
 in length with his lady, who now lies beside him. But this 
 has been restored in modern times. 
 
 The military brasses have necessarily occupied much of 
 our attention during this early period, standing easily first, as 
 they do, in date, numbers, and importance. 
 
 The earliest lady is Margarete de Camoys, represented in 
 her brass at Trotton, in Sussex, of which an illustration is 
 given. In its -original condition the brass was a very fine one, 
 for the stone slab shows matrices of a cusped and crocketed 
 canopy with side shafts and pinnacles, eight shields of arms, 
 and a border inscription in Lombardic characters ; there were 
 also thirty-one small stars and other devices inserted at vacant 
 spaces within and above the canopy. The life-sized figure 
 of the lady alone remains. She wears a loose-fitting robe 
 with short sleeves, showing below them the sleeves of her 
 kirtle, tightly buttoned to the waist. Her head and neck are 
 covered with a veil and wimple, which muffle her to the chin, 
 and she has an ornamented fillet across the forehead, below 
 which are two short side-curls. The nine small blank shields 
 upon the robe were either separately inserted or made of 
 coloured enamels. 
 
 Joan de Cobham, c. 1320, is the next lady, and her dress, 
 with the exception of the heraldic ornaments, is precisely the 
 same. Her canopy remains, the earliest specimen known to 
 be in existence in a monumental brass. Its arch takes the 
 form of a demi-quatrefoil, with a straight-sided pediment, with 
 open-leaf crockets and handsome finial. Side pinnacles rise 
 from a pair of elegant and slender shafts. 
 
 The effigies of Lady de Creke and Lady de North wode
 
 •«;>«u^«-^'*»j«5^"--»«^»-'«*-*«;*'«w*s.«*!B*aa*<ff;»«%«^ 
 
 MARGARETE DE CAMOYS, C. I3IO 
 TROTTON, SUSSEX
 
 THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 29 
 
 accompany those of their lords, already described. Each 
 exhibits a certain peculiarity of dress. The former wears a 
 long mantle, fastened across the breast by a short cord, and 
 gathered up under the left arm. The latter has also a long 
 flowing mantle, but it is provided with side openings through 
 which the arms pass, and is turned back in front so as to show 
 the lining of vair, or variegated fur. A stiff wimple covers 
 the neck and throat, but the head is bare, and the hair plaited 
 on either side of the face. It rests upon a handsome diapered 
 cushion, which once again emphasizes the recumbent position. 
 
 The only remaining lady of this period is the little demi- 
 figure of Maud de Bladigdone, at East Wickham, and she is 
 similarly dressed, in veil and wimple, kirtle, and sleeveless 
 mantle. But the brass of which she forms a part is a notable 
 one, and her husband has the distinction of being the earliest 
 civilian of a long series. He wears a close-fitting tunic, 
 buttoned down the front, with tight sleeves extending from 
 the elbows in long lappets, or liripipes, and a tippet over his 
 shoulders. He has a small forked beard. His figure and 
 that of his wife are placed in the head of a graceful octofoil 
 cross, furnished with cusps and finials, and having a slender 
 stem inscribed with their names. Most of the cross had dis- 
 appeared in the course of time, but the missing parts were 
 carefully restored as a memorial of Queen Victoria's Jubilee, 
 in 1887, and the whole placed against the south wall of the 
 church. Three other cross-brasses are referred to the period, 
 of varying but beautiful designs, at Merton College, Chinnor, 
 and Woodchurch. Originally, these engraved crosses con- 
 stituted, perhaps, the most numerous class of brasses ; their 
 despoiled matrices may often be seen, and sometimes in slabs 
 of immense size. They were usually placed upon the graves 
 of ecclesiastics, and the three just mentioned, which survive in 
 a mutilated condition, are all connected with the memorials 
 of priests. 
 
 Richard de Hakebourne, in Merton College chapel, was
 
 IvvikifcV^V^*'^""- ** 
 
 JOAN DE NORTHVVODE, C. I33O 
 MINSTER. ISLj: OF SHEPPEY
 
 THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 31 
 
 rector of Wolford, in Warwickshire, and his fine half-effigy in 
 eucharistic vestments is placed at the intersection of a large 
 floriated cross, as though resting upon it. The large finials 
 
 NICHOL DE GORE, I'RIEST, C. 132O 
 WOODCHURCH, KENT 
 
 and the stem have long since disappeared, as have also the 
 letters of the Lombardic inscription at the margin of the slab. 
 
 At Chinnor the stem and marginal inscription are 
 similarly lost, but the floriated arms of the cross remain. In 
 this case the head only of the priest is shown, with the 
 embroidered apparel of his amice. 
 
 The Woodchurch cross is of a different type, and contains 
 within a quatrefoiled circle the full-length priest in eucharistic 
 vestments, the arms of the cross terminating in bold fleurs-de- 
 lys, with a Lombardic inscription engraved upon the circle. 
 But see below, p. 79.
 
 32 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Of about the same date are the two priestly demi-figures 
 at Kemsing and Wantage. They wear amice, alb, and 
 chasuble, and are less than 2 feet in length. The latter is 
 without inscription, the former has a simple fillet of brass 
 placed above his head, and bearing his name, " Hie jacet 
 dominus Thomas de hop." 
 
 One other brass of the first importance has still to be 
 mentioned, that of Wm, de Grenefeld, Archbishop of York 
 and Lord Chancellor, who died in 13 15, and was buried in the 
 minster. The original design included a figure of the arch- 
 bishop in full vestments under a rich canopy, with side-shafts 
 containing figures of saints in niches, and a marginal inscription 
 enclosing the whole. Only the upper part of the figure now 
 remains, and the stone is so decayed that but little of the 
 outline of the missing parts can be traced. The brass lies on 
 a high tomb under a fine stone canopy, about 18 inches 
 being lost from a total length of 68 inches, stolen by 
 workmen about the year 1829. 
 
 The episcopal vestments will be more particularly described 
 in the chapter devoted to Ecclesiastical Brasses. The arch- 
 bishop's right hand is raised in benediction, and his left holds 
 the cross, of which the head is gone. To its staff is attached 
 the vexillum, or banner. As in the case of all the early 
 figures, Archbishop Grenefeld is represented with profusely 
 curled hair. 
 
 APPENDIX (i) 
 
 The Engravers 
 
 If we are to consider the designing of monumental brasses to be a 
 distinct art, and the carrying out of their engraving a distinct handi- 
 craft, it follows that we shall desire to know something of the 
 designers and engravers.
 
 THE ENGRAVERS 33 
 
 The average number of existing figure-brasses rises from not quite 
 three per annum in the latter half of the fourteenth century, to ten 
 per annum during the fifteenth century, and fourteen per annum 
 throughout the sixteenth; after this, and down to the year 1642, there 
 are still ten brasses per annum, but in that year they came abruptly 
 to an end. Only some forty more brasses are recorded, ranging 
 from 1643 to 1775. 
 
 But existing brasses represent only a small proportion, perhaps 
 but a tenth part, of those originally laid down. Plain inscriptions, 
 without figures, are, and were, more numerous still, and it may be 
 reckoned that from first to last about 150,000 brasses were placed 
 in our churches. Continuous employment, lasting for 350 years, 
 was thus afforded to many designers and workmen, and it is remark- 
 able that there is no proof that they ever formed a distinct guild, like 
 the men of other trades, though they may perhaps have been 
 included amongst the coppersmiths. 
 
 The figure of Lady Creke at Westley Waterless, already described, 
 bears indeed an engraver's mark near the lower edge of the dress, 
 and of course in an inconspicuous position. Within a small circle is 
 to be seen the letter N reversed, with a mallet, a crescent, and a 
 star. But the star and crescent were ordinary badges of handicraft, 
 and there is nothing to show that this was more than the private 
 mark and initial of a particular engraver. The same initial, again 
 reversed, is found on the brass of Thomas Lord Camoys and his lady 
 at Trotton, Sussex, 1419, cut upon the right hand base of the canopy. 
 
 From the very beginning both artists and engravers seem to 
 have been almost exclusively English, notwithstanding that their 
 material was imported from abroad. In design and workmanship 
 alike the brasses of England differ from foreign examples, which, 
 when they occur, may be recognized at once. For, as every rule 
 has its exceptions, so in brasses foreign work is occasionally met with. 
 And such foreign brasses form a distinct class, to be dealt with in a 
 separate chapter. And yet there are certain brasses where a foreign 
 influence may be suspected, on account of peculiarities of style, which 
 do not admit of a ready explanation. Such are the knights at Chart- 
 ham in Kent, and Minster in the Isle of Sheppey, or the early priest 
 at Horsmonden in the same county. These have been thought to be 
 French, and there is probability in the suggestion, but no certainty, 
 since only about half a dozen brasses of late date have survived in 
 
 D
 
 34 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 the whole of France. The chief characteristics are flowing lines, 
 and a freer treatment than is usual; while at Minster the knight's 
 shield is carried at his hip instead of upon the shoulder, as has been 
 already pointed out. 
 
 It has been said that no two brasses are exactly alike. There is, 
 nevertheless, often a great similarity between brasses of the same 
 style and period, although geographically they may lie far apart. 
 This is probably because there may have been some one especially 
 famous workshop, particularly during the fourteenth and fifteenth 
 centuries, where brasses were engraved, and which supplied memorials 
 for all parts of the country. Probably, again, this would have been 
 in London. At any rate, there is always a normal type, and when 
 brasses are found to differ greatly from it, they may generally be 
 referred to local artists. Undoubtedly there were regular provincial 
 schools of engravers in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire at an early period, 
 and later in Norfolk, Suffolk, and other counties, and it sometimes 
 seems to be possible even to trace the work of a particular artist. 
 
 Copper-plate engraving was invented at about the year 1460 by 
 Mazo Finiquerra, a goldsmith of Florence, and some few brasses of 
 late date were probably produced from the workshops of the 
 goldsmiths, and of the engravers of copper-plates for books. The 
 subject, however, is obscure, and, as a matter of fact, little is known 
 either of the artists or of the engravers of monumental brasses. We 
 see an art which lives, grows, and decays, and is at all periods full of 
 interest. And yet the men employed in it have left scarcely a trace 
 of their own personality. 
 
 It is not, indeed, until the seventeenth century, and the reign of 
 Charles I., and later, when the ancient art was drawing to its 
 ignominious end, that we get such a thing as a signed brass at all. 
 Then, from 1629 to 1694, there come a number of such signatures, 
 chiefly upon inscriptions, and more particularly by the engravers of 
 York and Yorkshire. Thus the name " Gabr. Hornbie " appears at 
 Nunkeeling in the East Riding in 1629, and " Fr. Griggs " upon 
 brasses at St. Osyth's, Essex, 1640, Upton Cresset, Salop., 1640, and 
 Bradfield, Yorks., 1647. " Robert Thorpe in Sheffield the carver" 
 signed two inscriptions at Darley, in Derbyshire, in 1654; and 
 "Richard Mosok" another at Ormskirk, Lancashire, in 1661. 
 Examples by Thomas Mann, of York, appear at Lowthorpe, E. 
 Riding, 1665; Normanton, W. Riding, 1668; Helmsley, N. Riding,
 
 THE ENAMELLERS 35 
 
 1671 ; Ingleby Arncliffe, N. Riding, 1674 ; and Rudstone, E, Riding, 
 1677. A Thomas Mann, of Lendall Street, York, architect, by will 
 dated November 27, 1680, and proved in the following March, gives 
 to his brother, Joshua Mann, " all such tooles of mine as he now 
 worketh with." Plates signed by J. Mann occur in York at St. 
 Michael-le-Belfry, 1680 and 1683; St. Michael Spurriergate, 1681; 
 and at Bedale in the N. Riding, 1681. In one case, St, Sampson, 
 York, 1680, the Christian name Joshua is given in full. It may 
 therefore be fairly assumed that Thomas Mann, architect, and his 
 brother Joshua, are responsible for these signed plates, and that 
 they combined the profession of architect with the business of brass- 
 engraving. 
 
 In addition to these northern examples, the maker's name, 
 " Edmund Colpeper," is placed upon a brass at Pimperne, Dorset, 
 1694; and at the Gwydir Chapel, Llanrwst, Denbighshire, where 
 there are a iiumber of finely executed busts, some are signed, the 
 portrait of Lady Mary Mostyn, 1658, being by "Silvanus Crue," and 
 that of Lady Sarah Wynne, 1671, by "William Vaughan." In Kent, 
 " Ed. Marshall" signs in 1638 at East Sutton; and in Oxfordshire, 
 " George Harris" at Deddington, in 1660. 
 
 APPENDIX (2) 
 The Enamellers 
 
 Colour was commonly used in finishing many of the more elaborate 
 brasses, and traces of it sometimes remain. The usual method em- 
 ployed was to cut away the surface of the brass, leaving a slightly 
 lowered and cross-hatched bed in which the colour could be inserted, 
 and to which it would adhere. Such surfaces are found upon the 
 sword-belts of military figures, the under-sides of ladies' mantles, the 
 tippets and almuces of ecclesiastics^ and elsewhere, and are recognized 
 in rubbings by the white spaces left upon the paper. Garments or 
 linings of fur were thus represented, and it is doubtful what material 
 was actually used. Sometimes it seems to have been lead, sometimes 
 perhaps plaster of Paris, Where red was required, as upon belts and 
 ornaments, an earth or plaster fulfilled the purpose. In heraldry
 
 36 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 colour was a necessity, and therefore in military jupons and tabards 
 charged with the wearer's arms, and ladies' heraldic mantles and 
 kirtles, we find the surfaces similarly cut away. Gold alone was 
 represented by the brass itself, and by this clue — the one invariable 
 metal — it is often possible to identify a coat which, having lost its 
 colours, would otherwise be unrecognizable. 
 
 Enamel was occasionally used, and it is thought that the famous 
 enamels of Limoges should be connected closely with the origin and 
 with the history of brasses. Limoges Enamels were made at some 
 considerable time before brasses came into use, having been intro- 
 duced into western Europe by the Venetians at the close of the tenth 
 century. Their production was always very costly, and remains so 
 to the present day, the enamel being worked upon small plates of 
 copper, often but a few inches in length, and fired in the oven by a 
 series of difficult and more or less secret processes. The town of 
 Limoges, in central France, from which they take their name, is well 
 known as the birthplace of the greatest masters in the art, which 
 seems to have flourished there in the twelfth century, and reached 
 its culminating period in the sixteenth. Nearly all the provincial 
 museums of France contain interesting examples, usually in the form 
 of small oblong or oval plaques, for altar-pieces, reliquaries, or other 
 religious and secular ornament. It is seldom that they were used for 
 memorials of the dead, the most famous example being a large plaque 
 of champleve enamel, about 24 by 1 2 inches, said to represent Geoffrey, 
 Count of Anjou, father of Henry H. of England, and founder of the 
 Plantagenet line. It originally adorned a tomb at St. Julien-du-Pre 
 in Le Mans, and is now preserved in the municipal museum of that 
 city, in the Prefecture which was once part of the Abbaye de la 
 Couture. The enamelled effigy rests upon a diapered background, 
 beneath a semi-circular canopy, with an inscription at the top. The 
 colours are divided by ridges of copper, which are indicated by the 
 term champlev^, just used. Geoffrey Plantagenet died in 1150, but 
 it should be added that the memorial has been otherwise assigned to 
 William Devereux or Fitzpatrick, Earl of Salisbury, c. 1196, or to 
 some unknown noble. It has been often illustrated, as, for instance, 
 in Stothard's Monumental Effigies, Planche's Cydopxdia of Costufne, 
 and, later, by Joseph Foster, 1902, in Some Feudal Coats of Arms. 
 Similar monuments are said to have existed in other French churches, 
 but were universally destroyed in the religious wars or during the
 
 THE ENAMELLERS 37 
 
 Revolution. In the combination of effigy^ diapered background, 
 canopy, and inscription, we have certainly a forecast of the form 
 taken by the great foreign brasses of two centuries later. 
 
 Enamels, however, are small, and coloured brasses large, and it 
 is obvious that the latter could not often have passed through the 
 furnaces used for enamelling. If they had done so, the enamel, 
 thoroughly burnt in, would have remained in a more or less perfect 
 condition to the present time. This is actually the case as regards 
 the blue enamel upon the shield of Sir John Daubernoun in 1277, 
 and in a few other brasses, such as that of Sir John Say and his two 
 heraldically dressed ladies in 1473, at Broxbourne, Herts. In the 
 vast majority of formerly coloured brasses the colour has completely 
 perished, pointing to the fact that not costly enamel, but common 
 earths and plasters were the materials used. 
 
 Occasionally real enamel shields were separately prepared, and 
 then inserted into brasses. This was probably done, for example, 
 in the brass of Margarete de Camoys, c. 13 10, at Trotton, Sussex, 
 illustrated on p. 28, where nine little 3-inch shields, long since 
 lost, were let into sockets cut upon her kirtle. 
 
 Enamelled metal is found, with all its colours in nearly perfect 
 condition, upon the tomb of William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, 
 1296, in the chapel of St. Edmund in Westminster Abbey. Here 
 thin plates of latten, beaten into shape, are riveted upon a wooden 
 effigy, so that the figure has the appearance of being clothed in 
 actual armour. Similar effigies are found in a few other churches, 
 but have been robbed of their metal. De Valence alone remains, 
 and even his tomb has suffered much spoliation. Thirty little 
 statues of mourners, which once decorated the sides, have completely 
 disappeared, and the wooden case in which the body lies has been 
 stripped bare of most of its enamelled ornaments. The great shield 
 is a particularly fine specimen of champleve enamel work, and is 
 still perfect, exhibiting the De Valence arms, Barrtdee argejit and 
 azure, an orle of martlets gtiles, with no less than twenty-eight bars. 
 A pillow on which the head of the effigy rests is also richly enamelled, 
 as were the other parts of this beautiful memorial. It was possibly 
 made by one Magister Johannes Limovicensis, who had been 
 employed to construct the tomb and effigy, now despoiled, of Walter 
 de Merton, Bishop of Rochester. The earl had resided much at 
 different times in the town of Limoges, and his son Aymer, who
 
 38 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 erected the monument, had therefore special reason to employ the 
 enamellers. The importance of the man and of the tomb is shown 
 by the fact that an indulgence of one hundred days was granted to 
 those who should there pray for his soul. 
 
 APPENDIX (3) 
 
 Inscriptions 
 
 The earliest inscriptions are usually in the French language, very 
 simple, and placed round the margin of the slab in Lombardic or 
 Uncial characters. Every letter was a separate piece of brass, sunk 
 into its own casement, and these frail letters have almost invariably 
 perished. It is, nevertheless, often easy to decipher an inscription 
 from the matrices alone. Thus we have the inscription round the 
 brass of Sir John Daubernoun, a typical instance of many which 
 follow it : " SIRE : iohn : davbernovn : chivaler : gist : icy : dev : 
 DE : SA : ALME : eyt : mercy." 
 
 No date is given, but merely the name and a prayer for mercy. 
 The words commence above the head of the effigy with a cross. 
 They are separated by dots, and are read from the centre of the slab. 
 Similarly at Buslingthorpe, of which an illustration is given : " ISSY . 
 
 GYT . SIRE . RYCHARD . LE . FIZ . SIRE . IOHN . DE . BOSELYNGTHORP . 
 DEL . ALME . DE . KY . DEVS . EYT . MERCI." 
 
 The forms of words are often archaic, but are easy enough to 
 translate. Thus, there is little difficulty in discovering that the " ky " 
 in the latter inscription is merely "qui" written phonetically, a method, 
 or want of method, commonly employed in French inscriptions as 
 well as later in English. 
 
 Latin, on the contrary, for we have the three languages to deal 
 with, is in most cases accurately spelt, though a difficulty arises from 
 the habit of arbitrarily contracting many of the words. 
 
 French inscriptions prevail throughout the fourteenth century, and 
 are still occasionally found at the beginning of the fifteenth century. 
 Latin may be said to be the common language of the fifteenth 
 century, and English of the sixteenth. But inscriptions to ecclesiastics 
 are almost invariably in Latin at all periods.
 
 INSCRIPTIONS 39 
 
 The first English inscription appears at Brightwell Baldwin, Oxon, 
 c. 1370, the brass being a plain inscription-plate without figures. It 
 consists of seven rhyming clauses written in four lines : — 
 
 " Man com & se how schal alle dede be : 
 Wen yow comes bad & bare : | 
 Noth hab van ve away fare : 
 All ys werines y' ve for care : | 
 Bot y' ve do for godysluf we haue nothyng yare. 
 Hundyr | yis graue lys John ye smyth 
 God yif hys soule heuen grit." 
 
 Wanlip, in Leicestershire, has an inscription in English prose, of 
 the date 1393, to Sir Thos. Walsch and Dame Katherine his wife, 
 " whiche in her tyme made the Kirke of Anlep and halud the kirk- 
 yard first in wurchup of God & oure Ladye & seynt Nicholas." 
 
 The next century, in spite of its common language being Latin, 
 gives a large number of EngUsh inscriptions, which are in many cases 
 of great interest, since they help to point to the development and 
 growth of the language. 
 
 It will be remembered that Chaucer was writing from 1360-1400. 
 The Canterbury Tales were begun after his first visits to Italy, and 
 its best stories were written between 1384 and 1391. Already, in 
 1362, English had been ordered to be used in the courts of law, and 
 in the following year it was employed by the Chancellor in opening 
 Parliament. The Vision of Piers the Ploughman was issued in 
 1380, the year before the Peasant Revolt. Wycliffe's Bible was 
 under revision at the time of his death in 1384, and by the year 1385 
 the grammar schools had begun to teach in English instead of 
 French. The English language was being, settled into a familiar 
 shape, and no little interest therefore attaches to the monumental 
 inscriptions of this period and those which immediately follow. A 
 long series of examples might easily be given, but it is enough here 
 to point the way. 
 
 But inscriptions differ in type as much as in language. And 
 where the date is omitted or lost, it is by the character of the type 
 that it can often be supplied. The earliest in use is the Lombardic, 
 with broad and well-formed letters, at first, as we have seen, cut 
 separately and inserted in the stone, and afterwards upon narrow but 
 continuous fillets of brass. The Lombardic type prevailed in the 
 thirteenth and early part of the fourteenth centuries.
 
 40 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Black-letter or Old English characters followed, and this type 
 falls into three subdivisions, (i) Early black-letter, of the fourteenth 
 century ; the letters are rounded, easily read, and show the influence 
 of the Lombardic which went before. (2) Straight black-letter, of 
 the fifteenth century, where the characters are largely composed of 
 straight lines, and are often extremely difficult to read. (3) Tudor 
 black-letter, of the sixteenth century, in which the letters are again 
 rounded, and are more ornamental and fanciful than before, and 
 altogether better. 
 
 Roman capitals came into general use in the seventeenth centurj\ 
 Ornamental devices are sometimes introduced between the words of 
 border inscriptions, especially in the fifteenth century. These devices 
 generally consist of leaves and animals, as at Deerhurst, Glos., 1400, 
 in the brass figured on p. 174, and in that of Preb. Codryngtoun at 
 p. 121. Heraldic badges were often introduced in similar positions, 
 as the swan five times in the brass of the Duchess of Gloucester, 
 p. 57, or the bear and the ragged staff, no less than twenty-two 
 and nineteen times in the Warwick inscription described upon 
 p. 65. In some of the best brasses, as those just mentioned, and in 
 the great metal tombs, the letters are often cut in relief, and the work 
 most carefully executed. Nothing could be better done, for instance, 
 than the lettering round the verge of the tomb of Richard II. (cf. 
 p. 61), a perfect model of beautiful type. 
 
 Contractions are very commonly met with, more especially in 
 Latin and in black-letter inscriptions. Prefixes such as pro and per 
 are represented by their initial letter only, either with or without an 
 apostrophe. The letters n and w are often omitted, but a mark of 
 contraction is usually supplied in the form of a line above the nearest 
 vowel. 
 
 Terminations of all kinds are liable to be omitted, especially 
 towards the end of a line, where the remaining space is limited. It 
 takes some experience to read inscriptions correctly when they are 
 much contracted, but the practice can soon be acquired. 
 
 The usual place for early inscriptions is in a border about the 
 margin of the slab, upon its plain surface, or, in the case of altar- 
 tombs, in chamfer round the edge. A rectangular plate was soon 
 added beneath the figure, inscribed with verses, and in small brasses 
 the rectangular plate was alone retained, \vith the ordinary obituary 
 inscription. Short invocations were also sometimes supplied upon
 
 BEGINNINGS OF HERALDRY 41 
 
 labels issuing from the mouth or from the hands of the person 
 commemorated. 
 
 In some instances small detached scrolls are inserted at various 
 places upon a slab, which may be literally powdered with them. A 
 remarkable instance occurs at Wiston, Sussex, 1426, where as many 
 as thirty were placed upon the brass of Sir John de Brewys, and bear 
 alternately the words '' Jesus " and " Mercy." 
 
 The evangelistic symbols are very commonly set at the angles of 
 marginal inscriptions, and are enclosed in small quatrefoils or in 
 roundels. Personal devices, however, or shields of arms, occasionally 
 take the place of the symbols, especially in later brasses. After the 
 Reformation the corners of the fillet are generally left plain. Foot- 
 plates become larger, and their inscriptions more diffuse as time 
 advances, and gradually deteriorate in character and dignity. 
 
 APPENDIX (4) 
 
 The Beginnings of English Heraldry 
 
 CoATS-OF-ARMS were in constant use in connection with brasses, and 
 add largely to their interest. Most commonly they are engraved 
 upon small shields inserted in their own matrices at the corners of a 
 slab, above the heads of figures, below the plate-inscriptions and 
 groups of children, and within the border fillet, if there should be 
 one. They are also found emblazoned upon pennons and banners, 
 and upon the dress and armour of ladies and knights. 
 
 Thus Sir John Daubernoun bears his arms, azure, a chevron or, 
 upon his shield, and also upon the pennon of his lance. Sir Roger 
 de Trumpington's shield is emblazoned in like manner — azure, cnisuly 
 aud 2 trumpets i?i pale or — and also four little shields engraved upon 
 the scabbard of his sword. They are again repeated upon each of 
 his ailettes, but with the addition of a label of five points. Sir Robt. 
 de Setvans' bearings were azure, 3 winiiowitig-fans or. He has them, 
 of course, upon his shield, and also semde upon his surcoat, to the 
 number of five, and two more upon his ailettes. 
 
 As soon as jupons were worn over the cuirass they became a 
 vehicle for heraldic display. The ordinary jupon was of leather,
 
 42 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 and upon this the wearer's arms were sometimes painted. On great 
 occasions the material was changed to embroidered silk or cloth. 
 A few heraldic jupons are met with, and brasses which display them 
 are often of considerable magnificence. Thus, in Southacre Church, 
 Norfolk, 1384, Sir John Harsyck is represented with arms upon his 
 jupon, or, a chief sable indented of 4 points. His lady lies beside 
 him, her right hand resting in his. She was the daughter and sole 
 heir of Sir Bartholomew Calthorpe, knight, of Gestingthorpe, whose 
 father, Sir Bartholomew, married Elizabeth, daughter and sole heir 
 of Sir John de Gestingthorpe, of Essex, and, by reason of his inherit- 
 ance, assumed the arms of Gestingthorpe, ermine, a maunche gules. 
 Lady Harsyck wears these arms embroidered upon her kirtle, impaled 
 with those of her husband. The knight's arms are also repeated on 
 a shield, surmounted by his helmet and crest of turkey's feathers, 
 placed across the top of the stone. This crest Sir John, his father, 
 was allowed to wear by grant from Sir John Camoys, in the 30th 
 Edward HI., and he bore it in a hoop or. 
 
 Again^ in the splendid brasses of Thos. de Beauchamp, Earl of 
 Warwick^ and his countess, in 1401, at St. Mary's, Warwick, the 
 jupon is emblazoned with his arms, gules, a fess between 6 crosses 
 crosslet or. The kirtle of the countess is embroidered with the 
 arms of Ferrers, gti., 7 inascles or, for she was the daughter of Wm. 
 Lord Ferrers, of Groby, while her mantle is ornamented with those 
 of her husband. These heraldic charges in both the figures are all 
 wrought with an elaborate diaper, produced by delicately puncturing 
 the surface of the plate. Moreover the effigy of the earl, besides the 
 flowing pattern of its diapered decoration, is pounced repeatedly with 
 the ragged staff of the house of Warwick ; and his feet rest on a 
 chained bear, the other ancient cognizance of his family. 
 
 Further examples of heraldic jupons may be seen at Aldborough, 
 Yorks., c. 1360, in the brass of Wm. de Aldeburgh ; Fletching, Sussex, 
 1395, in that of a knight of the Dallingridge family and his lady; 
 Playford, Suffolk, 1400, in that of Sir George Felbrigge ; Lethering- 
 ham, Suffolk, c. 1400, in that of Sir John Wingfield; and Baginton, 
 Warwick, 1407, in that of Sir Wm. and Lady Bagot. 
 
 Tabards of arms, worn over the body armour, came into use at a 
 later period. An early example is to be found at Amberley, Sussex, 
 1424, and here illustrated. The arms are those of John Wantele, 
 vert, 3 lio7is masks arg. langued gu., but the sleeves are left plain.
 
 
 |iriaiit|op8'iiBanidrp nlntt|f|r'Oifiaiuiaf 
 amoiiiii-niif-srf#i^.Qif(iiirj}iin(tiir(ri«^. 
 
 JOHN WANTELE, 1 424 
 AMBERLEY, SUSSEX
 
 44 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 This brass is a very small one, and the figure little more than 2 feet 
 in height. Another, and that an admirable specimen of the tabard, 
 occurs in the large and singularly interesting brass of Wm. Fynderne 
 Esq. and Elizth,, his wife, at Childrey, Berks., 1444. The head 
 of this knight is bare, and his entire person is enveloped, nearly to 
 the knees, in the embroidered covering to his armour ; the arms are 
 arg.^ a c/ievron between 3 crosses pattee-fitchee sable, the c/iev. differenced 
 of an annulet of the field. The white field is composed of lead run 
 into casements sunk for its reception in the plate. Elizth. Fynderne 
 is also heraldically dressed, and in her effigy the lead occupies a still 
 larger portion of the composition, the whole of both mantle and kirtle 
 being of that metal, in consequence of the field of her own armorial 
 bearings, as well as that of her husband's, being argent. At her head 
 and hands alone the surface of the brass appears. 
 
 From this and other instances it will be noticed that where 
 ladies wear arms embroidered upon their dresses, the husband's arms 
 frequently appear upon the mantle, the lady's own upon the kirtle. 
 When only one garment is emblazoned, the arms will be impaled. 
 
 In the reigns of Henry VII. and Henry VIII. tabards become 
 very frequent, and are never without interest. 
 
 A particularly fine example occurs at Hunstanton, Norfolk, in a 
 brass to the memory of Sir Roger le Strange, 1506. Sir Roger 
 stands, with legs wide apart, upon an architectural bracket, and below 
 an elaborate triple canopy, with helm, crest, and mantling above his 
 head. On his tabard are emblazoned Le Strange, Vernon, Walkefare, 
 Morieux, Pyke, Rushbroke, Camoys, and another. In the niches 
 upon the shafts of the canopy appear eight of his ancestors, all 
 likewise in tabards, and each labelled with his own name. Of six 
 separate shields upon the surface of the slab, two only remain. 
 Eight more are still affixed to the sides and ends of the tomb, of 
 which four bear heraldic coats, and four have each a pair of clasped 
 hands.
 
 ul'<iii«tiHnrugil'Si>iiuilJiWitJiaiIn'nuiiifflMto(4i|>uriiiii.inmtnnuu.il9i|wmiii|iirjiHiP' 
 
 SIR ROGER LE STRANGE, I506 
 HUNSTANTON, NORFOLK
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 THE GOLDEN AGE OF PLANTAGENET RULE 
 
 Edward III. 1327-1377 
 Richard II. 1377- 1399 
 
 WE now approach the best period of brass-engraving, 
 as indeed of many of the mediaeval arts ; for the 
 reigns of Edward IIL and Richard IL form in many 
 respects a golden age, in which the arts and crafts flourished 
 to a degree unequalled in the earlier history of England. 
 And yet we must not expect to find much material until after 
 the country had recovered from the terrible ravages of the 
 Black Death, which appeared first in 1348, and devastated 
 the land in the following year. Green tells us that of the 
 three or four millions who then formed the population of 
 England, more than one-half were swept away in its repeated 
 visitations. East Anglia suffered the most severely, and it is 
 to the eastern counties that we look for the finest brasses. 
 In the diocese of Norwich two-thirds of the parishes changed 
 their incumbents, and work came almost to a standstill. But 
 the recovery was quick, and the vigour of English life showed 
 itself in the wide extension of commerce, in the rapid growth 
 of the woollen trade, and the increase of manufactures after 
 the settlement of Flemish weavers on the eastern coast. 
 Wycliffe was an obscure young priest and Chaucer a London 
 school-boy at the time of the Black Death, but few traces of 
 that sad time appear in their writings. Indeed, it is a happy 
 
 46
 
 GOLDEN AGE OF PLANTAGENET RULE 47 
 
 and prosperous England which appears in the Canterbury 
 Tales. Almost every one of the thirty pilgrims who start in 
 a May morning from the Tabard in Southwark may be illus- 
 trated from the brasses of the time — the very perfect gentle 
 knight, with his curly-headed squire beside him, and behind 
 them the brown-faced yeoman, in his coat and hood of green ; 
 the poor parson, threadbare, learned, and devout ; the portly 
 person of the doctor of physic ; the busy serjeant-at-law, 
 that ever seemed busier than he was ; the hollow-cheeked 
 clerk of Oxford, with his love of books ; the merchant ; the 
 frankelein, in whose house it snowed of meat and drink ; the 
 buxom wife of Bath ; the broad-shouldered miller ; with the 
 haberdasher, carpenter, weaver, and the like, each in the livery 
 of his craft. 
 
 Brasses now become representative of all classes. There 
 are some forty-four clergy of all ranks assigned to the period. 
 The first tradesman appears in the person of Nichole de 
 Aumberdene, fishmonger, c. 1350, at Taplovv^, in Bucks., and he 
 is followed by several of the great merchants who traded with 
 Germany and the Low Countries, and whose brasses, engraved 
 by foreign workmen, are amongst the most magnificent in 
 Europe. 
 
 The military brasses, however, claim our first attention ; 
 and of these a little group of three mutilated examples stand 
 alone to illustrate a period of rapid transition — 
 
 Elsing, Norfolk, 1347, Sir Hugh Hastings. 
 Wimbish, Essex, 1347, Sir John de Wantone. 
 Bowers Gifford, Essex, 1348, Sir John Gififard. 
 
 The first of these is a brass of extreme interest. Its general 
 composition comprises an effigy beneath a canopy of elaborate 
 richness, each side of which consisted of a series of four 
 canopied niches enclosing as many armed figures. Three of 
 these are now missing, as well as the apex and some other 
 parts of the canopy, and the legs and feet of Sir Hugh
 
 48 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Hastings. The distinguishing cyclas of the last period has 
 now been much shortened, and has a full skirt reaching only 
 to the middle of the thighs, though it is still cut away at the 
 sides. Upon it is embroidered the armorial maunche, or 
 military sleeve, of Hastings, differenced with a label of three 
 points, and this appears also on a small heater-shaped shield 
 worn on the left arm, in both cases richly diapered. A sword- 
 belt hangs loosely over the hips, with the sword on the left 
 side, buckled in front. A hawberk of mail is worn below 
 the cyclas, the haqueton showing at the wrists. Additional 
 defences of plate are buckled upon the arms, demi-brassarts, 
 and vambraces, with steel roundels below the shoulders and 
 at the elbow-joints. A curiously rounded helmet or bascinet 
 covers the head, with a raised visor attached, while a heavy 
 gorget of plate encircles the neck. The genouillieres are 
 armed with sharp spikes, and cuisses of pourpoint work appear 
 for the first time upon the thighs. These were made usually 
 of leather, cuir-bouilli, and studded with small circular plates 
 of steel. From an old impression preserved in the British 
 Museum it is known that the legs below the knee were 
 encased in stockings of chain-mail, without further defence. 
 
 The first small figure on the dexter side of the canopy 
 represents King Edward HI. crowned, and displaying on his 
 cyclas the arms of France and England quarterly, assumed in 
 1 341, but six years anterior to the date of the brass. Below 
 him is Thomas de Beauchamp, in a bascinet with closed visor, 
 like a bird's beak, and holding a lance with a pennon. On 
 the other side are Henry Plantagenet, Earl of Lancaster, bare- 
 headed, and carrying his helm and crest, Ralph Lord Stafford, 
 with closed visor, and Almeric Lord St. Amand, whose head- 
 piece is very singular ; it appears to be the chapelle-de-fer, a 
 ridged steel hat with broad rim, worn over the bascinet, and 
 is the only specimen which has been noticed engraved on a 
 brass ; indeed, the only other example in a monumental effigy 
 at all occurs in one of the equestrian figures of Aymer de
 
 SIR HUGH HASTINGS, I347 
 ELSING, NORFOLK
 
 50 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Valence, on his tomb in Westminster Abbey. The figure of 
 Roger Lord Grey of Ruthyn, long since lost from its place 
 in the brass, is now preserved in the Fitzwilliam Museum 
 at Cambridge. It occupied the lowest panel on the dexter 
 side. 
 
 In the upper compartment of the canopy, within an octo- 
 foiled circle, is a warrior mounted upon a charger with 
 voluminous trappings, trampling down and piercing with his 
 lance a fiend. Probably this is intended for St. George. 
 
 The brass at Wimbish is of less importance. A mutilated 
 cross contains within its head the small figures of a knight 
 and lady, the former of whom wears over his armour a 
 skirted garment very like that of Sir Hugh Hastings, whom 
 he resembles in most respects. He has a bascinet and camail 
 with demi-brassarts and vambraces of plate, but his legs are 
 armed partly in plate and partly in mail. 
 
 Sir John Giffard has a suit of banded mail, with fewer 
 pieces of plate ; but his linen coat, though somewhat full in the 
 skirt, is much more like the jupon which was soon to be the 
 distinguishing feature of knightly dress. His head is lost ; his 
 shield, charged with six fleurs-de-lys, small and heater-shaped ; 
 the haqueton appears for the last time. 
 
 The Battle of Crecy was fought in 1346, that of Poitiers 
 ten years later. In the interval there began a new style of 
 armour, which continued for more than fifty years with hardly 
 any variation, and of which a very large number of fine 
 examples have survived. The hawberk of mail has shrunk to 
 the proportions of a vest, and is seen only at the armpits and 
 along its lower edge. The linen coat is discarded altogether, 
 and in its place appears the leather jupon, a close-fitting tunic 
 without sleeves, and finished with a border of escallops or other 
 ornamental edging. It was sometimes quite plain, sometimes 
 emblazoned with armorial bearings. Between hawberk and 
 jupon a cuirass of steel was added, always hidden from view, 
 but indicated by the shape of the figure and waist, especially
 
 GOLDEN AGE OF PLANTAGENET RULE 51 
 
 in stone or marble effigies. Upon the head was a sharply 
 pointed steel bascinet, to which was laced a camail or tippet 
 
 mm 
 
 REGINALD DE MALYNS AND HIS TWO WIVES, I385 
 CHINNOK, OXFORDSHIRE 
 
 of mail, fully protecting the neck and shoulders. The arms 
 and legs were completely encased in plate armour, except
 
 52 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 when studded pourpoint was used at the thighs ; so were the 
 feet, save where a gusset of mail showed at the ankle, above 
 the pointed sollerets. A broad belt, or bawdric, was now worn 
 straight across the hips, with the sword attached to it upon 
 the left side, and upon the right a long dagger, the famous 
 misericorde. 
 
 Most of these points, except the misericorde and the lower 
 edge of the hawberk, are illustrated in the Chinnor brass 
 figured above. 
 
 The following is a complete list of the military figures of 
 this period, nearly all being armed precisely in the manner 
 described : — 
 
 'Cobham, Kent, 1354, Sir John de Cobham. 
 
 Bodiam, Sussex, c. 1360, John Bodiham, small. 
 •Aldborough, Yorks.^ c. 1360, Wm. de Aldeburgh, on bracket. 
 
 Watton, Herts., 1361, Sir Philip Peletoot. 
 
 Great Berkhamstead, Herts,, c. 1365, unknown. 
 
 • Cobham, Kent, c. 1365, John de Cobham. 
 
 „ „ 1367, Sir Thos. de Cobham. 
 
 Methwold, Norfolk, 1367, Sir Adam de Clyfton. 
 
 • Drayton Beauchamp, Bucks., 1368, Thos. Cheyne, Esq. 
 
 • Aveley, Essex, 1370, Ralph de Knevyngton. 
 
 • Chrishall, Essex, c. 1370, Sir John de la Pole and wife. 
 Freshwater, Isle of Wight, c, 1370, unknown. 
 
 • Broughton, Lines., c. 1370, Sir Henry Redford and wife. 
 Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1370, Edm. Flambard, on bracket. 
 Ticehurst, Sussex, c. 1370, John Wybarne, Esq. 
 Shopland, Essex, 137 1, Thos. Stapel, Serj.-at-arms. 
 Mereworth, Kent, 1371, Sir John de Mereworth. 
 Bray, Berks., 1378, Sir John de Foxley and two wives. 
 Calbourne, Isle of Wight, c. 1380, unknown. 
 St. Michael's, St. Albans, Herts., c. 1380, unknown. 
 Felbrigg, Norfolk, c. 1380, Roger de Felbrig and others. 
 
 • Fletching, Sussex, c. 1380, a Dallingridge and wife. 
 Clyffe Pypard, Wilts., c. 1380, a Quintin. 
 Graveney, Kent, 1381, Rich, de Feversham. 
 Horseheath, Cambs., 1382, Sir John de Argentine.
 
 \x 
 
 THOMAS CHEYNE, ESQ., I36S 
 DRAYTON BEAUCHAMP, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
 
 54 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Acton Burnell, Salop,, 1382, Lord Nich. Burnell. 
 " Southacre, Norfolk, 1384, Sir John Harsyck and wife. 
 • Chinnor, Oxon., 1385, Reginald de Malyns and two wives. 
 
 Audley, Staffs., 1385, Sir Thos. de Audeley. 
 
 Chinnor, Oxon., 1386, Esmoun de Malyns and wife. 
 
 Rotherfield Grays, Oxon., 1387, Sir Robt. de Grey. 
 
 Etchingham, Sussex, 1388, Sir Wm. de Echingham. 
 
 Letheringham, Suffolk, 1389, Sir John de Wyngefeld. 
 • Irnham, Lines., 1390, Sir Andrew Louttrell. 
 
 Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1390, John Flambard. 
 
 Strensham, Worcs., c. 1390, Robt. Russel. 
 
 Reepham, Norfolk, 1391, Sir Wm. de Kerdeston and wife. 
 
 Wootton-under-Edge, Glos., 1392, Thos. Lord Berkeley and wife. 
 
 Chinnor, Oxon., 1392, John Cray, Esq. 
 
 Wanlip, Leics., 1393, Sir Thos. Walsch and wife. 
 
 Wood Ditton, Cambs., 1393, Hen. Englissh and wife. 
 
 Sheldwich, Kent, 1394, Lord Rich. Atte Lese and wife. 
 
 Draycot Cerne, Wilts., 1394, Sir Edw. Cerne and wife. 
 
 Seal, Kent, 1395, Lord Wm. de Bryene. 
 
 Brandsburton, Yorks., 1397, Sir John de St. Quintin and wife. 
 
 Mere, Wilts., 1398, John Bettesthorne. 
 
 Thomas Cheyne, Esq., 1368, who was shield-bearer to 
 Edward IIL (cf. illustration), wears not only chausses but also 
 jambarts of studded mail, arranged in bands, while a strange 
 trimming of fringe and little bells is fastened below each knee. 
 But the common type is almost invariable, to the degree of 
 monotony, at this period. 
 
 Graceful canopies, both single and double, frequently 
 surround the figures, and wives accompany their husbands. 
 Their dress also conforms to a definite type, and consists of 
 a close-fitting kirtle, buttoned tightly from elbow to waist, and 
 sometimes down the front, though without a waistband of any 
 kind. Over this is worn a loose mantle, open in front, but 
 held in position by a cord across the breast. Occasionally a 
 third dress appears over the kirtle, and with or without the 
 mantle. It has two distinct forms — a gown barely to be
 
 GOLDEN AGE OF PLANTAGENET RULE 55 
 
 distinguished from the kirtle, but with close sleeves terminating 
 above the elbows, with long lappets hanging almost to the 
 ground, or else the sideless cote-hardi, slit up at the sides of 
 the skirt, edged with fur or other rich material at the openings, 
 but entirely without sleeves or even sides as far as the hips. 
 
 The former dress is well seen at Great Berkhamstead, Herts., 
 1356; Waterperry, Oxon., c. 1370; Necton, Norfolk, 1372; 
 Bray, Berks., 1378, and the latter at Lingfield, Surrey, c. 1370 ; 
 Ashford and Cobham, Kent, 1375 ; and Wanlip, Leics., 1393. 
 
 A long overcoat occasionally takes the place of the mantle, 
 with short sleeves, and buttoned all the way down to the feet. 
 It is well exemplified in the two wives of Reginald de Malyns, 
 c. 1380 (cf. illustration), at Chinnor, Oxon. 
 
 The kirtle is sometimes worn quite alone, seemingly by 
 unmarried ladies, as at Ouainton, Buck.s, c. 1360, and Stoke 
 Fleming, Devon, 1391. Head-dresses are more variable, 
 and since the hair is usually plaited and gathered into a net, 
 are spoken of as reticulated. Often a lock is allowed to 
 escape on either side, with the end twisted into a little ball 
 and resting upon the shoulder. Various terms are used to 
 distinguish the different forms. When the principal lines are 
 wavy, it is nebule, or zigzag, as the case may be. When the 
 network is more elaborate, and adorned with threads (of gold 
 and silver) and studded with jewels, or enriched with a jewelled 
 fillet, it is the crespine head-dress, over which a kerchief is 
 sometimes carefully disposed. 
 
 Widows wear a veil, with barbe and wimple, covering the 
 whole of the head and neck. 
 
 Examples of ladies pourtrayed alone are met with as 
 follows : — 
 
 Norbury, Staffs., c. 1350, unknown. 
 Clifton Campville, Staffs., c. 1360, unknown. 
 Quainton, Bucks., c. 1360, Joan Plessi. 
 Winterbourne, Glos., c. 1370, unknown. 
 Great Berkhamstead, Herts., c. 1370, unknown.
 
 56 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Waterperry, Oxon., c. 1370, Isabell Beaufo. 
 Burford, Salop., c. 1370, Elizth. Esmon. 
 Lingfield, Surrey, c. 1370, a Cobham. 
 Necton, Norfolk, 1372, Ismayne Winston. 
 Ashford, Kent, 1375, Elizth, Countess of Atholl. 
 Cobham, Kent, 1375, Marg. Lady Cobham. 
 
 „ „ 1380, Maud de Cobham. 
 
 Barton-on-Humber, Lines., c. 1380, unknown. 
 Necton, Norfolk, 1383, Philippa de Beauchampe. 
 Stebbing, Essex, c. 1390, unknown. 
 Watford, Herts., c. 1390, Marg. Holes. 
 Gedney, Lines., c. 1390, unknown. 
 Chinnor, Oxon., c. 1390, unknown. 
 Spilsby, Lines., 1391, Margery Wyllughby. 
 Cobham, Kent, 1395, Marg. Lady Cobham. 
 ♦Westminster Abbey, 1399, Alianore de Bohun. 
 
 The last-mentioned brass is of more importance than the 
 rest. The lady commemorated was the Duchess of Gloucester, 
 and widow of Thomas of Woodstock, the youngest son of 
 Edward IIL Shakespeare has introduced her into the first 
 act of Richard II., and puts into her mouth a sad farewell to 
 Gaunt — 
 
 "Desolate, desolate, will I hence, and die." 
 
 Her heavy veil and wimple proclaim the widow, but she is 
 honoured with a beautiful triple canopy (cf illustration), the 
 shafts of which are hung with armorial shields, and the 
 pediment and inscription adorned with her heraldic badge, 
 the swan. 
 
 Cross and bracket brasses, the great mercantile brasses 
 of foreign workmanship, and ecclesiastical brasses, must be 
 enumerated in separate chapters. There remain many civilian 
 brasses of more or less importance, listed below — 
 
 Upchurch, Kent, c. 1340, man and wife, demi. 
 
 Great Berkhamstead, Herts., 1356, Rich. Torryngton and wife. 
 
 Ashbury, Berks., c. 1360, John de Walden, demi. 
 
 Sherborne St. John's, Hants., c. 1360, Raulin Brocas, and sister, demi.
 
 »^^^HO»lW< ', •;>Wt(»)??A^j - .-»Wl(»)H«flyA>WK%;><^ 
 
 AUANORE DE BOHUN, DUCHESS OF GLOUCESTER, I399 
 ST. EDMUND'S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER ABBEY
 
 58 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Blickling, Norfolk, c. 1360, unknown (a bust only). 
 
 Nuffield, Oxon., c. 1360, Beneit Engliss, demi. 
 
 Shottesbrooke, Berks., c. 1370, a frankelein (with a priest). 
 
 Graveney, Kent, c. 1370, John de Feversham and mother, demi. 
 
 Hellesden, Norfolk, c. 1370, Rich, de Heylesdone and wife, demi. 
 
 Deddington, Oxon., c. 1370, unknown, demi. 
 
 Cheam, Surrey, c. 1370, a frankelein. 
 
 Rusper, Sussex, c. 1370, John Kyggesforde and wife, demi. 
 » King's Somborne, Hants., c. 1380, two civilians. 
 
 St. Michael's, St. Alban's, Herts., c. 1380, John Pecok and wife. 
 
 Felbrigg, Norfolk, c. 1380, Symond de Felbrig and wife. 
 
 Lewknor, Oxon., c. 1380, John Alderburne, demi. 
 
 Hampsthwaite, Yorks., c. 1380, unknown. 
 
 Wimington, Beds., 139 1, John Curteys and wife. 
 
 Stoke Fleming, Devon, 1391, John Corp and grand-daughter. 
 
 Temple Church, Bristol, 1396, unknown. 
 * Boston, Lines., 1398, Walter Pescod. 
 
 In mere size these brasses cover a wide range, from the tiny 
 bust at Blickling to the magnificent but now mutilated 
 memorial of Walter Pescod and his wife, at Boston (cf illus- 
 tration, p. 70), where under a square super-canopy lie separate 
 triple canopies for each figure, with fourteen niches in the 
 outer shafts. Such variation is in itself a proof that brasses 
 were now coming into more general use, not only for the 
 wealthy merchant, but for the comparatively poor tradesman. 
 Not that the business of the person commemorated is yet 
 often given in the inscription, a practice which was to come 
 later. Yet we have seen that Nichole de Aumberdene (to be 
 further mentioned under cross-brasses) was a fishmonger of 
 London, while John Curteys was Mayor of the Wool Staple 
 of Calais. 
 
 Three kinds of civilian dress are to be noted at this time. 
 Most of the small demi-figures show men in close tunics 
 buttoned down the front, or with tippets upon their shoulders 
 and hoods about their necks. For the most part they wear 
 beards and shaggy hair. 
 
 V.
 
 TWO CIVILIANS, C. 1380 
 king's SOMBORNE, HAMPSHIRE
 
 6o THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Richard Torryngton, a full-length figure of about 4 feet 
 in height, wears a perfectly plain gown and hood, without so 
 much as a button, and low-pointed slippers. He clasps his 
 wife by the hand, and, like any knight, his feet rest against 
 a lion. A similar gown appears to be worn by Richard de 
 Heylesdone. 
 
 The third and most imposing dress consisted of a long 
 tunic, a hood, and a voluminous mantle buttoned on the right 
 shoulder and thrown back over the left arm. From the girdle 
 at the waist hung an anelace, a serviceable weapon, much 
 longer than a dagger, and resembling a broad, short sword. 
 The wearers of this dress are usually thought to have been 
 frankeleins or freeholders, and are well exemplified in Symond 
 de Felbrig, the two civilians at King's Somborne, and John 
 Curteys the wool-stapler. 
 
 John Corp, of Stoke Fleming, presents a remarkable 
 variation, in that his mantle is buttoned halfway down the 
 front, and his anelace worn outside it, hanging from a rich 
 sword-belt depending from his right shoulder. 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Cast-metal Tombs 
 
 The latten of which brasses were made was sometimes also used for 
 the creation of cast-metal effigies, which form, perhaps, the grandest 
 and most permanent class of English monuments in existence. They 
 would doubtless have been prepared more frequently if it had not 
 been for their extravagant cost, which precluded their use by any but 
 royal or semi-royal personages. Thus the great tomb which Richard 
 II. prepared in his lifetime, between the Confessor's Chapel and the 
 South Ambulatory of Westminster Abbey, for himself and his first 
 queen, Anne of Bohemia, is said to have cost ^6^0, a price equal to 
 a present expenditure of ^^i 0,000. It is a superb work of art, a 
 " brass " of the most exalted kind, and of the best period. Begun in
 
 CAST-METAL TOMBS 6i 
 
 1395, and finished about two years later, the names of the men who 
 made it are carefully recorded. The marble-workers were Henry 
 Yelverley and Stephen Lote, the '' copper-smiths," Nicholas Broker 
 and Godfrey Prest, all of London. Parts of the indenture made 
 between the king and the contractors are copied into a note in 
 Haines' Manual, from Rymer's Fcedera^ tom. vii. pp. 797 and 798. 
 The monument was to have " Deux Ymages de Coper & Laton 
 Endorez, Coronez . . . une table du dit Metall Endorre, sur la quele 
 les dites ymages seront jesauntz. la quele Table serra fait ovesque 
 une Frette de Flour de Lys, Leons, Egles, Leopardes. . . . Et auxi 
 serrount Tabernacles, appelles Hovels ove Gabletz de dit Metall En 
 dorrez, as Testes, ove doubles Jambes a chescune partie. . . . Et 
 auxi xii. Images du dit Metall endorrez, des diverses Seintz conterfaitz, 
 ... & viii. Aungells entour la dite Tombe, Et auxi Escriptures d'estre 
 gravez entour la dite Toumbe. . . . Et auxi serront tiels Escochons 
 & bien proportionez du dit Metall Endorrez, Gravez & Anamalez de 
 diverses Armes." 
 
 It is extremely interesting to compare these directions with the 
 actual work. The splendid gilt effigies of the king and queen lie 
 side by side, and formerly hand in hand, until the arms were wantonly 
 broken, under a canopy on which the Bohemian lion and the imperial 
 two-headed eagle were painted by an artist named John Hardy. 
 Upon both effigies badges are engraved, amongst them the white 
 hart, and the broomscods of the Plantagenets. The Latin inscription 
 round the verge of the tomb is of exactly the same character as those 
 of some of the best brasses, and is of special interest, for it was 
 inscribed in 1398, and probably represents Richard's own opinion of 
 himself and of his queen. Anne's charity, her peace-making 
 character, and her fair countenance, are specifically mentioned^ while 
 Richard is compared to Homer, and described as true in speech and 
 full of reason : — 
 
 " -{- Prudens & mundus : 
 Ricardus iure sccundus : 
 Per fatum victus : 
 iacet hie sub marmore pictus : 
 verax sermone : 
 fuit et plenus racione : 
 Corpore procerus : 
 animo prudens ut omerus :
 
 62 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Ecclie fault : 
 
 elatos suppeditauit : 
 
 Querimus prostrauit : 
 
 regalia qui violauit . 
 
 Obruit hcreticos : 
 
 Sc eor' strauit amicos : 
 
 O Clemens xpe : 
 
 cui deuotus fuit iste : 
 
 votis Baptiste : 
 
 salues quern pretulit iste : 
 
 + sub petra lata : 
 
 nunc Anna iacet tumulata : 
 
 Dum vixit mundo : 
 
 Ricardo nupta secundo : 
 
 xpo deuota : 
 
 fuit hec factus bene nota : 
 
 Pauperibus proua : 
 
 Semp sua reddere dona : 
 
 Jurgia sedauit : 
 
 et pregnantes releuauit : 
 
 Corpora formosa : 
 
 Vultu miris speciosa : 
 
 Prebens solamen : 
 
 viduis egris medicamen : 
 
 Anno Milleno : 
 
 ter . C . quarto nonageno : 
 
 Juni septeno : 
 
 mensis migrauit ameno." 
 
 This great tomb was probably, to some extent, modelled upon 
 that of Edward III. next to it, where there is another superb gilt 
 " brass " efifigy. In this case, however, no details or names of 
 designers or workmen are known. The tomb is richly decorated 
 with enamel, and had originally twelve gilt statuettes of Edward's 
 children, of which six remain, upon the side overlooking the ambu- 
 latory. They represent Edward the Black Prince, Joan of the Tower, 
 Lionel Duke of Clarence, Edmund of Langley, Mary of Brittany, and 
 William of Hatfield. 
 
 On the opposite side of the chapel two other gilt effigies of cast 
 metal are to be seen, both placed by Edward I. in memory respectively 
 of Henry III. and of Queen Eleanor. Both were wrought in the year 
 1 291 by the Enghsh artificer Torel, who had set up his furnace, after
 
 r.KASS SIATUEITKS OK ElJ-MLNi-) l.ANGLKV, .MAK\ OK l!Kn'JA^■^ 
 AND WILLIAM OF HATFIELD, FROM THK TOMH OF EDWARD IM 
 
 WKSTMINSIKR AlUiKN
 
 CAST-METAL TOMBS 63 
 
 the manner of the itinerant bell-founders, in St. Margaret's church- 
 yard. Of Queen Eleanor's effigy there were once duplicates in 
 Lincoln Cathedral and in the Church of the Friars Preachers in 
 Blackfriars, but the Westminster figure has alone survived. 
 
 An interesting reminiscence, for so it seems, of the splendours of 
 the Confessors Chapel, may be found in the Moiie Darthu?-, Book II. 
 cap. xi. In a great battle " in the field afore the Castle Terrabil," 
 Arthur had defeated and slain Lot of Orkney and twelve other kings, 
 all of whom afterwards " were buried in the church of St. Stephen's 
 in Camelot." " But of all these twelve kings, King Arthur let make 
 the tomb of King Lot passing richly, and made his tomb by his own ; 
 and then King Arthur let make twelve images of laton and copper, 
 and over-gilt it with gold." 
 
 Canterbury Cathedral possesses an effigy of the same type and 
 of the first importance, for it is upon the tomb of Edward the Black 
 Prince. His own directions for the monument, like those of his son 
 Richard, are still extant in the register of Archbishop Sudbury at 
 Lambeth, together with the inscription, which with very slight varia- 
 tions was duly engraved in two lines about the verge of the tomb. 
 
 ** Et paramont la tombe," he willed, " soit fait un tablement de latone 
 suzorrez de largesse et longure de meisme la tombe, sur quel nouz volons 
 qe un ymage d'overeigne levez de latoun suzorrez soit mys en memorial 
 de nous, tout armez de fier de guerre de nous armez quartillez et le visage 
 mie, eve notre heaume du leopard mys dessouz la teste del ymage. Et 
 volons qc sur notre tombe en lieu ou len le purra plus clerement lire en 
 veoir soit escript ce qe ensuit, en la manere qe sera mielz avis a noz 
 executours : — 
 
 ' Tu qe passez ove bouche close, par la ou cest corps repose 
 Entent ce qe te dirray, sicome te dire la say, 
 Tiel come tu es, Je au ciel fu, Tu seras tiel come Je su, 
 De la mort ne pensay je mie, Tant come j'avoy la vie. 
 En terre avoy grand richesse, dont Je y fys grand noblesse, 
 Terre, mesons, et grand tresor, draps, chivalx, argent et or. 
 Mes ore su je povres et cheitifs, perfond en la terre g)'s, 
 Ma grand beaute est tout alee, Ma char est tout gastee. 
 Moult est estroite ma meson, En moy na si verite non, 
 Et si ore me veissez, Je ne quide pas qe vous deeisez, 
 Qe j'eusse onqes horn este, si su je ore de tout changee. 
 Pur Dieu pries au celestien Roy, qe mercy eit de I'arnie de moy. 
 Tout cil qe pur moi prieront, ou a Dieu m'acorderont, 
 Dieu les mette en sou parays, ou nul ne poet estre cheitifs.'
 
 64 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 These lines were borrowed from an anonymous translation of the 
 Clencalis Discipliiia of Petrus Alphonsus, composed between the 
 years 1106 and mo; the French translation being of the thirteenth 
 century, and entitled Castorement dhim Pcre d son Fits. The 
 variations upon the tomb are given in Stothard's Mo7iumental 
 Effigies. The prince's figure is in exact accordance with the will, 
 of metal gilt, beautifully executed, and exhibiting him in his camail 
 and bascinet, jupon emblazoned with armorial bearings, and the rest 
 of the armour appropriate to the period. The lacing of the bascinet 
 is very prominent, and it is surrounded by a jewelled coronet. 
 
 Passing from the royal tombs of the Plantagenets, we find in the 
 Beauchamp Chapel of the Church of St. Mary, at Warwick, another 
 metal monument of the most splendid character, in memory of 
 Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. The chapel itself, which 
 adjoins the choir on the south side, is of remarkable beauty, and 
 was devised during his life by the earl, who afterwards expired in 
 Normandy, at the Castle of Rouen, April 30, 1439, ^"^^ ^^'^^ brought 
 with great pomp to Warwick. 
 
 The executors of his will soon commenced the work entrusted to 
 them, and laid the foundation of the chapel in 1443. The building 
 of chapel and monument occupied twenty-one years, at a cost 
 amounting to the large sum of ;^248i, an expenditure which would 
 now be equivalent to something like ^^40,000. 
 
 The monument consists of a high tomb of grey Purbeck marble, 
 prepared by John Bourde, marbler, of Corff Castle, Dorset, and 
 upon it a large plate, made, forged, and worked, " in most finest wise, 
 and of the finest latten," by Wm. Austen, founder, and Thos. Stevyns, 
 coppersmith, with two narrow plates to go round about the stone for 
 the inscription. The plate was to be of the finest and thickest 
 " cuUen " {i.e. Cologne) plate and all was to be gilt. Wm. Austen 
 was also to cast fourteen images " embossed of lords and ladyes in 
 divers vestures, called weepers, to stand in housings made about the 
 tomb," and " an image of a man armed, of fine latten." Bartholomew 
 Lambrespring, Dutchman, and goldsmith of London, covenanted to 
 polish and make perfect the figures, and also to make fourteen 
 " scutcheons of the finest latten." These and " the armes in them 
 the said Bartholomew shall make, repaire, grave, gild, enamil, and 
 puUish as well as possible/' and fasten up at 1 5 shillings a scutcheon. 
 
 Besides the principal niches at the sides of the tomb, there are
 
 CAST-METAL TOMBS 65 
 
 eighteen smaller, with figures of angels, likewise cast in latten and 
 gilt, and carrying scrolls in their hands, engraved, " Sit Deo laus et 
 gloria defunctis misericordia." The weepers represent various 
 personages of exalted rank allied to the earl, Richard Neville, Earl 
 of Salisbury ; Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset ; Humphrey 
 Stafford, Duke of Buckingham ; John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury ; 
 Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick ; George Neville, Lord Latimer ; 
 Henry Beauchamp, afterwards Earl of Warwick ; and seven great 
 ladies their wives. 
 
 The figure of the earl was to be "garnished with certain 
 ornaments, viz. : with sword and dagger ; with a garter ; with a helme 
 & crest under his head ; and at his feet a bear musled ; and a 
 griffon, perfectly made, of the finest latten, according to patterns, and 
 layd on the tombe." There was also to be " an hearse to stand on 
 the tombe, above and about the principall image that shall lye on 
 the tombe, according to a pattern." 
 
 All these directions were strictly carried out, and have resulted 
 in what is perhaps the most perfect monumental effigy in existence. 
 Every fastening, strap, buckle, or hinge of the armour is represented 
 with scrupulous fideUty, not only on the front, but on the unseen 
 back. It is, moreover, thought to be the faithful reproduction of a 
 suit actually worn by the earl, the work of the celebrated con- 
 temporary Milanese armourers, the Missaglias. The hearse, for 
 holding a pall, is composed of six hoops of latten^ connected by five 
 poles of the same metal, moulded at the ends. 
 
 The inscription is in raised letters, passing twice round the verge 
 of the tomb, and its words are interspersed with the Warwick badges 
 of the bear and the ragged staff, the former occurring twenty-two 
 times, the latter nineteen. It is written in English, and is of 
 sufficient interest to be given in full. 
 
 " Preieth devoutly for the Sowel Whom god assoille of one of the moost 
 Worshipful Knightes in his dayes \ of monhode & conning Richard 
 Beauchamp Late Eorl of Warrewik lord Despenser of Bergevenny & of 
 mony other grete lordships whos body resteth here vnder this tumbe in a 
 fulfeire vout of Stone set on the bare rooch thewhuch visited with longe 
 siknes in the ] Castel of Roan therinne decessed ful cristenly the last day 
 of April the yer of oure lord god A M | CCCCXXXIX he being at that 
 tyme Lieutenant gcn'al and governer of the Roialme of Fraunce and of 
 the Duchie of Normandie by sufficient Autorite of oure Sou'aigne lord 
 
 F
 
 66 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 the King Harry the VI thewhuch body with grete deliberacon' and ful 
 worshipful condiut | Bi See And by lond Was broght to Warrewik the 
 1 1 II day of October the yer aboueseide and Was | leide with ful Solenne 
 exequies in a feir chest made of Stone in this Chirche afore the west dore 
 of this Chapel according to his last Wille And Testament therin to reste 
 til this Chapel by him devised i' his lief were made Al thewhuche Chapel 
 founded | On the Rooch |And alle the membres thereof his Executours 
 dede fully make And Apparaille | By the Auctorite of his Seide last 
 Wille And Testament And therafter By the same Auctorite Theydide 
 Translate fful Worshipfully the seide Body into the vout aboueseide 
 Honnred be god therfore." 
 
 The early Renaissance is represented in metal tombs most 
 conspicuously by the splendid monument to Henry VII. and his 
 Queen, in the midst of his chapel at Westminster Abbey. For this 
 he had left instructions with regard to every detail, and the heavy 
 grille, which obscures any view of the tomb except from above, 
 seems to have been begun before his death. The design, 
 however, was altered from Gothic to Classic under the superin- 
 tendence of the great Italian sculptor, Torrigiano, to whom are owing 
 the wonderfully modelled effigies, the figures of angels, the reliefs of 
 saints, and, in fact, all the decorations on the monument. It was 
 apparently completed by 1518, as well as the effigy of the King's 
 mother, Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, which 
 is also of brass, and by the same hand. Her death took place in 
 1509, a few months after that of her son, and she rests in the south 
 aisle of the chapel.
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENT 
 CANOPIES, BRACKETS, AND CROSSES 
 
 CANOPIES.— l^he Decorated or Middle Gothic style of 
 architecture prevailed in England throughout the whole 
 of the fourteenth centur>^, and to this style belong 
 some of the best canopies and ornaments found in brasses. 
 Just as the earlier effigies are supposed to be recumbent, with 
 pillows or helms at the head and animals at the feet, so are 
 the canopies also supposed to be lying upon the ground, and 
 not erect. In this particular they are copied from the 
 numerous tombs of the previous century, where a similar 
 arrangement is found, a low canopy of stone, often but a few 
 inches above the level of the slab, surrounding the sculptured 
 effigy. 
 
 At the same time it is important to compare the details 
 of these canopies with others in an erect position, such as those 
 of niches, tabernacles, and shrines for images, and even of 
 doorways, windows, and roof-gables. 
 
 The beautiful crosses, adorned with niches and statues, and 
 
 raised by Edward I. at all the places where the body of Queen 
 
 Eleanor had rested on its way from Grantham, Lincolnshire, 
 
 where she died, to Westminster Abbey, where she was buried, 
 
 are usually reckoned as early examples of the Decorated 
 
 style. On each side of the carved figures rise slender shafts 
 
 supporting a graceful pediment, of which the upper sides are 
 
 straight, in the form of a triangle, ornamented with a row of 
 
 67
 
 68 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 crockets, and terminating in a bunch of foliage of considerable 
 size. The lower arch is curved and pointed, with pierced 
 cusps, which give it the form of a trefoil or cinquefoil, 
 according to the number employed. The spandrel between 
 the two arches is filled with foliage. 
 
 The same form of canopy is found in early brasses, though 
 only one example now remains, surrounding the figure of 
 Joan de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, in c. 1320. The arch is 
 here trefoiled, and the cusps filled with foliage. Slender 
 shafts ^rise from small bases, and their foliated caps support 
 somewhat heavy panelled and crocketed pinnacles. 
 
 There are several matrices of canopies in the same style, 
 such as those at Trotton, Sussex, c. 13 10 (cf. illustration, p. 28), 
 and at Norton Disney, Lincolnshire, and Emneth, Norfolk, 
 c. 1300, over the lost cross-legged effigies of Sir Wm. D'Iseni 
 and Sir Adam de Hakebech. In the last-mentioned of these, 
 which is, however, perhaps the earlier in date, the centre finial 
 is wanting, and its place taken by a large and handsome 
 tabernacle. 
 
 But the straight-sided low canopy was quickly superseded 
 by that of ogee shape, tapering to a great height, and sup- 
 ported by equally tall or taller side shafts and pinnacles. 
 These canopies are of great variety and beauty, and many 
 noble examples are still extant. The Collegiate Church of 
 Cobham, in Kent, for instance, exhibits no fewer than six ogee 
 canopies of the fourteenth century alone, ranging from 1354 
 to 1395. These all belong to brasses of knights and ladies 
 included in the lists upon pp. 52, 56. In every case the 
 canopies are furnished with side shafts and pinnacles, between 
 which and the centre finial are placed two shields of arms. 
 The finials are gracefully foliated, and in two of the brasses, 
 those of John " the Founder," c. 1365, and Dame Margaret, 
 1395, terminate in small representations of the Blessed Virgin 
 and Child. The inscriptions in every case are in French, 
 engraved upon plain and narrow bordered fillets, and of much
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENT 69 
 
 interest. Thus the first John de Cobham is described as '* le 
 cortays viaundour" — the courteous host — and the second as 
 " foundeur de ceste place." Probably no other church in the 
 world contains so fine a series as the nineteen brasses at 
 Cobham. They lie for the most part upon the chancel pave- 
 ment in their original slabs, and where fragments of canopies 
 or margins were missing, they have been judiciously restored. 
 The massing of so many and so elaborate brasses in one place 
 is, at the present day, remarkable and unique. 
 
 Other good examples of fourteenth-century canopies may 
 be seen at Methwold, 1367, and Reepham, 1391, in Norfolk; 
 Chrishall, c. 1370, in Essex; Acton Burnell, 1382, in Salop; 
 Sheldwich, 1394, in Kent ; Mapledurham, 1395, in Oxon ; and 
 Westminster Abbey, 1399 ; all enumerated on pp. 52, 54. The 
 Duchess of Gloucester's (cf p. 56 and illustration) is particu- 
 larly fine, with its triple pediment and its heraldic accessories. 
 The Methwold brass {p. 52) was sold to a tinker in the year 
 1680, and broken into 130 pieces ready for the melting-pot ; 
 but it was happily recovered, stored in the church chest, and 
 200 years afterwards, in 1888, fitted together and replaced in 
 the church. 
 
 Amongst ecclesiastical brasses that of Bishop Trilleck, 
 1360, at Hereford Cathedral (p. 112), which forms the frontis- 
 piece of Haines' Manual, presents an early and very fine 
 example of an embattled super-canopy above the ogee 
 pediment, and supported by the side shafts. A similar 
 arrangement is found at Cottingham, Yorkshire, 1383, in the 
 brass of Nicholas de Louth, priest (p. 120). Canon Fulburne, 
 1 39 1 {p. 120), and Archbishop Waldeby (p. 107) also have 
 fine single canopies of this period. 
 
 Sometimes the side shafts are widened, and consist of 
 a series of panels, each containing a saint within a canopied 
 niche. These may be carried up beyond the principal arch 
 to a super-canopy, also containing saints and angels. Durham 
 Cathedral possesses a matrix of this type, commemorating
 
 70 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 probably Lewis de Beaumont, Bishop, I3i7-i333- Measuring 
 some 15 by 10 feet, the brass would have been the largest as 
 well as one of the finest in the kingdom. A beautiful triple 
 canopy, with straight-sided pediments, and with four open 
 niches in each shaft, around the life-sized figure of the bishop, 
 was surmounted by a super-canopy with five niches and 
 clustered pinnacles of great elegance. Outside the whole 
 were additional shafts, each with six more niches, and joined 
 to the principal by graceful flying buttresses (cf. illustration, 
 
 P- 314). 
 
 A few years later, at Higham Ferrers, Northants., the brass 
 
 of Laurence de St. Maur, rector, 1337 (cf illustration, p. loi), 
 
 has shafts with six pairs of saints, and above the ogee arch 
 
 a super-canopy of five compartments, of which the centre has 
 
 itself an ogee pediment, while the rest are straight-sided. 
 
 Still more elaborate is a fine canopy at Boston, Lincoln- 
 shire, where Walter Pescod, merchant, 1 398, and formerly his 
 wife, whose effigy is now lost, lie beneath a doubly-triple 
 canopy, with super-canopy divided into two square-topped 
 compartments with cusped round arches, and flanked by four 
 pairs of saints in panelled niches. Erected upon and forming 
 a continuation of the entire canopy there is an arcade of 
 nine niches — from all but two of which the figures are lost — 
 each with a cinquefoiled arch and ogee pediment, and the 
 whole finished with an embattled cornice. 
 
 The much mutilated brass of Bishop Waltham, 1395, in 
 the Confessor Chapel at Westminster Abbey, has shaft-niches 
 with double pediments, but only a few fragments remain of 
 the fine embattled super-canopy and shafts, or of the three 
 graceful pediments within. 
 
 It sometimes happens that these embattled canopies occur 
 without any ogee pediments within, a splendid example remain- 
 ing, with saints in the panels of the shafts, at Balsham, in 
 Cambridgeshire, 1462, to the memory of Dr. John Blodwell, 
 Dean of St. Asaph. They may then perhaps be taken to
 
 
 \\A1.II-,K l'K.S( ()li. .\IKK( HAN I', l.«t«, 
 BOSTON, LINCOLNSHIRE
 
 ARCHITFXTURAL ORNAMENT 71 
 
 represent the flat testoons of certain notable monuments, such 
 as were erected over the tombs of Edward III. and Richard 
 II. at Westminster, and Edward the Black Prince at 
 Canterbury. 
 
 In the fifteenth century the same style of ogee canopy is 
 continued, nor is anything more graceful known than that of 
 Prior Nelond, at Cowfold, Sussex, 1433, illustrated in Chapter 
 VI, at the Appendix on the Religious Orders (p. 134). Here 
 the centre of the three main pediments is itself triple, and its 
 pinnacled shafts support a kind of tabernacle, in which is 
 seated the Blessed Virgin with the Holy Child. The outer 
 pediments have for their finials the figures of St. Pancras and 
 St. Thomas of Canterbury. There are no other niches or 
 saints, but secondary outer shafts appear, connected by arched 
 entablatures and flying buttresses. The effect is delicate in 
 the extreme, and suggests the lightness of the great lantern 
 of Ely Cathedral. A similar canopy, though without the 
 tripling of the centre pediment, is to be seen at St. Albans, 
 commemorating Abbot John Stoke, 1451, though, unfortu- 
 nately, it is sadly mutilated, and the abbot's figure entirely 
 lost. 
 
 Tabernacles supported by the ogee arch are also found at 
 Cobham, Kent, in the fine brasses of Sir Reginald Braybrok, 
 1405, and Sir Nicholas Hawberk, 1407. Good canopies of 
 the fifteenth century are found in many other places, Haines 
 enumerating as many as ninety- three. Amongst the best are 
 those at — 
 
 Deerhurst, Glos., 1400. Double; cf. p. 174. 
 South Ockendon, Essex, 1400. 
 
 Gunby, Lines., c. 1400. Double, with shields; cf. p. 148. 
 Balsham, Cambs., 1401. Triple; cf. p. 128. 
 Dartford, Kent, 1402. Double; cf. p. 159. 
 Bottesford, Leics., 1404. Triple; cf. p. 121. 
 Checkendon, Oxen., 1404. Triple; cf. p. 179. 
 Burgate, Suffolk, 1409. Double; cf. p. 148.
 
 72 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Great Tew, Oxon., c. 1410. Double; cf. p. 150. 
 
 Kidderminster, Worcs., 1415. Triple; cf. p. 152. 
 
 New College, Oxford, 14 17. Triple, with super-can.; cf. p. 112. 
 
 Gunby, Lines., 14 19. Cf. p. 173. 
 
 Lynwode, Lines., 1419. Double, with super-can.; cf. p. 167. 
 
 Trotton, Sussex, 1419. Double, with super-can. ; cf. p. 145, 
 
 Horley, Surrey, c. 1420. Cf. p. 157. 
 
 Pulborough, Sussex, 1423. Cf. p. 122. 
 
 Thruxton, Hants., c, 1425. Triple; cf. p. 151. 
 
 Warbleton, Sussex, 1436. Cf. p. 122. 
 
 Etchingham, Sussex, 1444. Triple, with shields; cf. p. 157. 
 
 Okeover^ Staffs., 1447. Triple, with shields; cf. p. 267. 
 
 Northleach, Glos., 1458. Cf. p. 169. 
 
 Thornton, Bucks., 1472, Quadruple; cf. p. 184. 
 
 Westminster Abbey, 1498. Triple; cf. p. 113. 
 
 Towards the end of the century groining, hitherto a rare 
 feature, begins commonly to appear beneath the soffit of the 
 pediment, and the work becomes coarser as the influence of 
 Perpendicular architecture makes itself felt. This is especially 
 noticeable in the heaviness of the pinnacles, the form of the 
 crockets and finials, and the bases of the shafts. 
 
 In the sixteenth century, in the general debasement of 
 brass-engraving, canopies are not often met with, and are still 
 coarser and altogether less artistic, though they continue to 
 follow the old lines. A few good examples occur, as at 
 Cobham, Kent, 1506 (double); Hunstanton, Norfolk, 1506 
 (triple, with figures ; cf. illustration, p. 45) ; HilHngdon, Middle- 
 sex, 1 509 (double ; cf. illustration, p. 224) ; Northleach, Glos., 
 1526 (double ; cf. p. 168) ; and Faversham, Kent, 1533 (double; 
 cf. p. 232). 
 
 Hereford Cathedral has a remarkable triple canopy in the 
 brass of Dean Frowsetoure, 1529, in which the florid archi- 
 tecture of the Renaissance entirely takes the place of the 
 Gothic. 
 
 After this time architectural ornament disappears, at least 
 as a distinct feature in the composition of brasses. It is,
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENT j^ 
 
 however, true that architectural details are still to be found in 
 many of the rectangular mural plates of the sixteenth and 
 seventeenth centuries. But they are merely pictorial, and 
 therefore of a totally different character. The whole of 
 Carlisle Cathedral, and also of the front of Queen's College, 
 Oxford, are sketched upon the brass of Bishop Robinson in 
 his college chapel, in 1616; and other instances of the kind 
 might be adduced. 
 
 More doubtful cases are those of which the brass of Arch- 
 deacon Honywode, 1522, in St. George's Chapel, Windsor 
 (illustration, p. 219), is an early example. The depressed 
 Tudor arch and its supporting shafts and pinnacles are very 
 definitely introduced, yet nevertheless form but a part of the 
 entire picture. 
 
 Brackets. — In close connection with the architectural 
 interest of canopies, we find that brackets were often used as 
 a leading feature in the composition of certain brasses. Thus, 
 bracket-brasses are generally considered to form a distinct 
 class. In architecture a bracket is an ornamental projection 
 from the face of a wall, usually to support a statue. A small 
 column or pillar, with its base upon the ground, gives additional 
 support, and a rich canopy above may enclose the figure in 
 a species of tabernacle or shrine. 
 
 Engraved brasses in this form are by no means common, 
 but are occasionally met with, and are of considerable merit. 
 In the most natural form the shrines would contain the figures 
 of saints, while the persons commemorated would kneel below, 
 and the whole composition would be considered to be erect, 
 and not recumbent. Only two existing brasses, however, 
 follow this most natural arrangement. One is at Upper 
 Hardres, Kent, 1405, where a priest, John Strete, kneels below 
 a bracket on which stand the figures of St. Peter and St. Paul, 
 but there is no canopy. The other is at Burford, Oxon., 1437. 
 Here the Blessed Virgin and Child occupied the place of 
 honour, and are unhappily lost, together with the canopy above
 
 l')ir.ia(Fr-Q)ii5ilt )ol)ri =Mf tiuoDui Urttoi Inii tolTr qiu 
 oliiit \ii.Dif ifiriiiiiiirn .f Dni lucfcci)' -rnC air.pnrr'Ds.M. 
 
 JOHN STRETE, RECTOR, I4OS 
 UPPER HARDRES, KENT
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENT 75 
 
 them. The bracket remains, and on either side of its stem 
 kneel John Spycer and his wife, commemorated by the brass. 
 In every other instance the persons themselves stand upon the 
 bracket, and no saints appear. 
 
 The earlier examples are nearly all grievously mutilated, 
 and of some of them only the merest fragments remain. 
 
 Great Brington, Northants., c. 1340. Stem lost. Priest demi. 
 North Mimms, Herts., c. 1360. Stem lost; of. Foreign Workm, p. 93. 
 Clifton Campville, Staffs., c. 1360. Stem and canopy lost. Lady demi. 
 Brandsburton, Yorks., 1364. Nearly all lost. Priest demi. 
 West Hanney, Berks., c. 1370. Bracket lost. Priest. 
 Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1370. Pediments of canopy. Man in arm. 
 Bray, Berks., 1378. Sir John de Foxley and two wives. 
 
 The Foxley brass, last mentioned, is the only one in 
 anything like a perfect condition, though it has lost its canopy. 
 A short column, its stem only 13 inches long, with a small 
 architectural base, rises from the back of a fox, the family 
 cognizance. Expanding from its upper moulding to the 
 bracket, the head encloses a triangular spandrel in which are 
 a quatrefoiled circle and three trefoils. The bracket is finished 
 with a row of quatrefoils, upon which stand the three figures, 
 in height 29 inches, a little less than the bracket and stem 
 together, which measure 34 inches. While the ladies are 
 erect, the knight incongruously appears to be recumbent, with 
 a lion at his feet and his head pillowed on his helm and the 
 fox-crest. 
 
 The bracket brasses of the next century, with the exception 
 of the first three, are all in a perfect or nearly perfect condition, 
 and present several very pleasing examples. 
 
 Brightlingsea, Essex, c. 1400. Much mutilated, with later figures. 
 Boston, Lines., r. 1400. Stem lost. Canopy. Civilian and two wives. 
 Ore, Sussex, c. 1400. Bracket lost. Double canopy. Civilian and 
 
 wife. 
 • Upper Hardres, Kent, 1405. Bracket and saints. Priest.
 
 76 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Southfleet, Kent, 1414. Bracket. Lady. 
 Cotterstock, Northants., 1420. Bracket and canopy. Priest. 
 Cobham, Kent, c. 1420. Bracket and triple canopy. Priest. 
 Merton College, Oxford, c. 1420. Bracket and double canopy. 
 
 Two priests. 
 Gt. Harrowden, Northants., 1433. Two brackets below inscription. 
 Burford, Oxon., 1437. Bracket and lost B.V.M. Civilian and wife. 
 St. Laurence, Norwich, 1437. Bracket. Foot lost. Prior Langley. 
 St. George Colegate, Norwich, 1472. Bracket. Civilian and wife. 
 
 By far the finest of these are the Cotterstock, Cobham, and 
 Merton College brasses, all of great elegance and beauty. In 
 each case the stem rises from three or two steps, and at its 
 expansion encloses an enriched spandrel. In each case, again, 
 the figures are, as it were, enshrined within their canopies, of 
 single, triple, or double pediments and pinnacled shafts. At 
 Merton College a little tabernacle is placed at the foot, between 
 the steps and the base of the column, containing the Lamb 
 and Banner of St. John the Baptist, probably the patron saint 
 of the two priests, John Bloxham and John Whytton. In 
 the Cobham brass the rather heavy stem is a modern restora- 
 tion. The Great Harrowden brass is peculiar ; it has two short 
 brackets supporting the inscription, above which are the figures 
 of William Harwedon, Esq., and his wife, from which the upper 
 canopies are now lost. 
 
 Four examples occur in the sixteenth century — 
 
 Hunstanton, Norfolk, 1506, Sir Roger le Strange. 
 
 St, John Maddermarket, Norwich^ 1524, John Terry and wife. 
 
 „ „ „ 1525, John Marsham and wife. 
 
 „ „ „ 1558, Robt.Rugge, Esq., and wife. 
 
 They are quite peculiar, and of distinct types. In the first 
 a very low but rich cusped bracket, without stem or foot, is 
 placed within, not supporting, a large and elaborate canopy. 
 It is illustrated on p. 45. In the Terry brass, again, there is 
 no stem, and the bracket consists of a kind of tree, whose 
 branches support separate pedestals for the husband, wife, and
 
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 pUlillr'iltErinrbui!i(sriiin|iiiliiiiiIiiiiiin guci'iMbijuufOI Hiiini- 
 
 r^ ■ 
 
 O 
 
 "> 
 
 lolijuniR uioiluni ■■ loluiiiiistilinRi!]' 
 
 JOHN BLOXHAM, B.D., AND JOHN WHYTTON, PRIESTS, C. I42O 
 MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD
 
 78 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 groups of children, the whole forming a single plate. The 
 Marsham bracket has a stem like the leg of a table, and its 
 top is curiously strewn with skulls, bones, and worms, above 
 the words, " Memento homo quia Morieris." The last example 
 is a mere corbel attached to the lower side of the inscription. 
 These Maddermarket brasses are all of local work, and curious 
 in many respects. 
 
 Crosses. — Cross-brasses, like brackets, form a class by them- 
 selves. They were very frequently used, especially in the four- 
 teenth century, in the memorials of ecclesiastics, and larg-e 
 numbers of such brasses were destroyed by the Puritans in their 
 strange animosity against all representations of the sacred 
 symbol. Valuable stone matrices, from which every vestige of 
 brass has been wantonly removed, frequently occur, as in Ely 
 Cathedral, which once possessed a splendid series of almost 
 unique type. 
 
 About thirty examples remain in three clearly marked 
 divisions. 
 
 I. Floriated crosses with figures stand in the first place, 
 in which a long, graceful stem, ornamented with two or three 
 pairs of leaves, springs from steps, or from some symbolic 
 animal, or from a simple bunch of foliage, and supports a 
 quatrefoiled head with floriated terminations. The figure of 
 the deceased person is placed within or upon the head. 
 
 Examples are found at — 
 
 ^ Merton College, Oxford, c. 13 lo, Rich, de Hakebourne, priest. 
 
 Chinnor, Oxon., c. 1320, a priest. 
 * Woodchurch, Kent, c. 1320, Nichol de Gore, priest. 
 
 Newton-by-Geddington, Northants., 1400, John Mulsho and wife. 
 
 Buxted, Sussex, 1408, Britell Avenel, priest. 
 
 At Merton College everything is lost except part of the 
 quatrefoil, upon which rests the fine demi-figure of the priest 
 in eucharistic vestments. The whole indent, however, can 
 clearly be seen upon the slab. At Chinnor the quatrefoil
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENT 79 
 
 encloses the head only of the priest, and has floriated termi- 
 nations ; the stem is lost. At Woodchurch, also (cf. illustration, 
 p. 31), the stem is gone, though the remainder of the brass 
 is in perfect condition. A small full-length figure in eucharistic 
 vestments stands within a quatrefoiled circle, bearing the 
 French inscription, " Mestre Nichol de Gore gist en ceste place 
 Jhesu Crist prioms ore qe merci lui face." The points of the 
 cross, it will be noticed, are formed by four bold fleurs-de-lys. 
 At Newton, where the brass was carefully restored some years 
 ago by the Messrs. Waller, we find the space within the quatre- 
 foil occupied by the figure of St. Faith. She wears a martyr's 
 crown, and stands with her left hand upon a sword, and her 
 right holding a gridiron. The rest of the space is diapered 
 with a pattern of small crosses, and inscribed with the words, 
 " Sea Fides virgo & mr." 
 
 The Buxted cross still retains its stem and a base of four 
 steps. The head contains the priest at three-quarters length, 
 and its quatrefoil, as at Newton, has a diapered background. 
 
 2. Octofoil crosses with figures in the head are more fully 
 represented, and to this division the best and most interesting 
 cross-brasses belong. They consist each of a series of eight 
 ogee arches, alternately large and small, with finials of foliage, 
 and surrounding the figures at full or half length. A long 
 stem, sometimes plain, sometimes foliated, sometimes inscribed, 
 rises from the usual steps or device. 
 
 " East Wickham, Kent, c. 1325, John de Bladigdone and wife, demi. 
 ^ Wimbish, Essex, 1347, Sir John de Wantone and wife. 
 
 TaploWj Bucks., c. 1350, Nich. Aumberdene. 
 
 Sparsholt, Berks., c. 1360, Wm. de Herlestone, priest. 
 
 Merton College, Oxford, 1372, priest in civil dress. 
 • Hildersham, Cambs., 1379, Robt. de Paris and wife. 
 
 Hereford Cathedral, c. 1390, priest in cope. 
 
 St. Michael's, St. Albans^ c. 1400, a civilian. 
 
 Stone, Kent, 1408, John Lunibarde, priest. 
 
 Cobham, Kent, 1447, John Gerye, priest; figure lost.
 
 8o THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 The Taplow, Hildersham, and Stone crosses are all in very 
 good condition, and at East Wickham the missing parts have 
 been restored as a parish memorial of the jubilee of 1887. 
 The rest are all badly mutilated, but retain their original 
 matrices. The devices from which the stems sometimes 
 spring are curious. Thus, Aumberdene, the " Fishmonger of 
 London," has for his device a dolphin embowed naiant ; the 
 Wimbish brass had an elephant, a badge of the Beaumont 
 family ; and at Sparsholt there was either a shield or a heart. 
 At Merton College the stem seems to have risen from a lion. 
 
 At Hildersham (cf. illustration) the figures kneel on either 
 side of the stem of the cross, each upon a shield of arms, 
 while the head contains an excellent example of that symbol 
 of the Holy Trinity in which the Almighty Father, in the 
 form of a venerable man, is seated upon a throne and holds 
 a crucifix between His knees ; the Holy Dove, usually depicted 
 above the crucifix, is here omitted. 
 
 Stem and finials are lost from the Hereford cross, the foot 
 and finials from that at St. Albans, and the whole of the 
 Cobham cross, except the inscribed stem, an architectural base, 
 and part of one finial. 
 
 3. The third division consists of crosses without figures, 
 few in number, but of great variety. Of the first in point of 
 date, in Westminster Abbey, only a fragment of the plain 
 stem remains, together with eight uncial letters set in the 
 border of a coffin-shaped slab, of perhaps the end of the thir- 
 teenth century. This fragment, with two pieces of red and 
 white mosaic, inserted between the border and the cross, was 
 preserved underneath a step in the Confessor Chapel, while 
 the rest of the slab, exposed to constant wear, lost all its brass 
 and mosaic and became hopelessly worn. 
 
 The other crosses belong, for the most part, to a later period 
 than those already enumerated — 
 
 Grainthorpe, Lines., c. 1380, unknown. 
 
 Higham Ferrers, Northants., 1400, Thos. Chichele and wife.
 
 ./ 
 
 1. 
 
 ROBERT DE PARIS AND HIS WIFE ALIENORA, 1 379 
 HILDEKSHAM, CAMBRIDGESHIRK
 
 82 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Cassington, Oxon., 141 4, Sir Roger Cheyne. 
 St. Mary's, Reading, 141 6, Wm. Baron. 
 Chelsfield, Kent, 141 7, Robt. de Brun, priest. 
 Bedding.ton, Surrey, 1425, Marg. Oliver. 
 Broadwater, Sussex, 1445, Rich. Tooner, priest. 
 St. Mary-le-Wigford, Lincoln, 1469, Wm. Horn. 
 Pepperharrow, Surrey, 1487, Joan Brokes. 
 Royston, Herts., c. 1500, unknown. 
 Eversley, Hants., 1502, Rich. Pendilton. 
 Sutton, Beds., 15 16, Thos. Burgoyne and wife. 
 Hever^ Kent, c. 1520, Herward Bwllayen. 
 Penshurst, Kent, c. 1520, Thos. Bwllayen. 
 Floore, Northants., 1537, Alice Wyrley. 
 
 At Grainthorpe the head is a quatrefoiled circle, with 
 external cusps, enclosing a cross in the centre, and the base of 
 the shaft rests on a rock placed in the. sea. At Higham Ferrers 
 the arms of a Latin cross are enriched with a flowing pattern 
 and terminate in the evangelistic symbols. Fleurs-de-lys are 
 substituted at Cassington and Broadwater, the latter bear- 
 ing also the words, " Sanguis xpi Salua me. Passio xpi 
 Conforta me." 
 
 A bleeding heart and the four wounds are represented 
 upon the Royston cross, the nails upon that at Floore, which 
 is small and drawn in perspective, upon a rock. Eversley has 
 a unique arrangement of interlaced bands forming both cross 
 and foot. Hever and Penshurst are very small and plain. 
 The Chelsfield memorial is, or rather was, a small crucifix 
 with the figures of St. Mary and St. John on either side, and 
 two scrolls, each inscribed with the words, " Salus mea xpe 
 est." Only the headless figure of St. Mary now survives, with 
 the two scrolls, and the foot of the crucifix, upon a ground 
 with Adam's skull, Jacob's thigh, and the jawbone of the ass, 
 from which (by a misapprehension of the sacred text) there 
 sprang a well of water to revive the spirit of Samson. The 
 brass is the only representative of a type often used, but 
 diligently eradicated by the Puritan iconoclasts.
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP 
 
 IN the continental parts of Northern Europe brass-engraving 
 had, in the fourteenth century, arrived at a high pitch of 
 excellence. The style, however, was altogether different 
 to that of England. Rectangular plates were almost invariably 
 used, and the whole surface was covered with engraving, after 
 the manner of a picture. Any spaces which might occur 
 between the outlines of figures, canopies, inscriptions, or other 
 accessories were filled in with diaper work, and size was 
 obtained by joining together a number of plates. 
 
 The early brasses at Verden and Hildesheim have been 
 already mentioned at the beginning of the second chapter 
 (p. 13). The fourteenth century gives a number of magnificent 
 compositions. Ringstead, in Denmark, has a splendid brass, 
 measuring 9 feet 4 inches by 5 feet 6 inches, to King Eric Menved 
 and Queen Ingeborg, dated 13 19, but almost certainly engraved 
 thirty or forty years later, and probably at Lubeck. Schwerin 
 in Mecklenberg, Stralsund in Pomerania, Lubeck, Thorn in 
 Prussian Poland, also possess immense and beautiful brasses, 
 ranging from 1347 to 1361. These and many others have 
 been illustrated in A Book of Facsimiles of Monumental 
 Brasses on the Continent of Europe, by the Rev. W. F. Creeny, 
 a work of the greatest value. In the Low Countries, Ghent 
 and Brussels have notable brasses of the fourteenth and 
 Bruges of the fifteenth centuries. 
 
 Most of these countries carried on trade and intercourse
 
 84 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 with England, and foreign brasses were sometimes engraved 
 as memorials for English people, and laid down in English 
 churches. They form a separate and very interesting class, of 
 which the eight following are referred to the fourteenth 
 century : — 
 
 King's Lynn, Norfolk, 1349, Adam de Walsokue and wife. 
 
 St. Albans Abbey, c. 1360, Abbot Thos. Delamere. 
 
 Wensley, Yorks., c. 1360, Simon de Wenslagh, priest. 
 
 North Minims, Herts,, c. 1360, a priest. 
 
 King's Lynn, Norfolk, 1364, Robt. Braunche and two wives. 
 
 Aveley, Essex, 1370, Ralph de Knevyngton, in arm. (small). 
 
 Newark, Notts., c. 1375, Alan Fleming. 
 
 Topcliffe, Yorks., 1391, Thos. de Topclyffe and wife. 
 
 These brasses are all described by Boutell, who devotes to 
 them fifteen pages of letterpress and fourteen partial illustra- 
 tions. He is convinced that they were all, except the small 
 brass at Aveley, produced by one artist, " the Cellini of the four- 
 teenth century," as Gough had already designated him. But 
 this is possibly going too far. It is true that all have certain 
 characteristics in common, the characteristics of their style and 
 class. There are tivo leading groups, each of which un- 
 doubtedly exhibits the influence of one master mind, and 
 which must have been the handiwork of one workshop. 
 
 Five great merchant princes, of England and of the 
 Hanseatic League, are commemorated by as many huge 
 brasses, so exactly alike in subject, arrangement, and in some 
 of the most minute details, that of necessity they must have 
 had a common origin. Geographically they lie far apart, 
 Walsokne and Braunche in England ; John Chingenberg at 
 St. Peter's, Lubeck, 1356 ; Albert Hovener at Stralsund, 1357 ; 
 and Johannes von Zoest (and his wife) at Thorn, 1361. A 
 third brass at King's Lynn of the same series is, unhappily, 
 lost. Chingenberg's brass is much worn, and seems never to 
 have been illustrated. The others may be minutely compared. 
 In every one of them the diaper of the background is almost
 
 
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 86 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 precisely the same ; it is worked with peculiar trefoils, within 
 which are strange but similar dragons ; the Walsokne brass at 
 Lynn adds satyrs, mermaids, and animals, and has butterflies 
 between the trefoils. The head of every figure of merchant 
 or wife rests upon a cushion diapered in leaf pattern, and 
 supported by two angels seated close to the shoulders. At 
 the feet of each merchant a hairy man is seen struggling with 
 a monster, usually in the form of a lion, except in the Braunche 
 brass, where it is an eagle ; at Thorn a huntsman is added, 
 \\'ho stabs the monster with a spear. Every lady has a lap- 
 dog, and Margaret von Zoest a squirrel also, in the act of 
 cracking a nut. The inscriptions, broken by not less than six 
 quatrefoils, are in beautifully formed Lombardic characters 
 at Lynn and Thorn, in early black letter at Stralsund. The 
 outer margin is adorned with a pattern of alternately round 
 and square shaped roses at Lynn and Stralsund, of foliage at 
 Thorn. An especially interesting feature in all these brasses 
 is that a long and narrow compartment is reserved beneath 
 the principal figures, and filled with some pictorial scene or 
 scenes. Thus at Stralsund is represented a deer hunt and a 
 boar hunt. Beneath Adam de Walsokne a horseman is seen 
 
 PICTORIAL COMPARTMENT BELOW THE FEET OF ADAM DE WALSOKNE, 1 349 
 
 king's LYNN 
 
 carrying grist to the mill, and two serving-men bear their 
 master in a litter over a stream ; beneath his wife are hunting 
 scenes, the wild boar, the deer, and rabbits, while one of the
 
 FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP 
 
 ^7 
 
 huntsmen fights with an outlaw. In the second Lynn brass 
 the picture of a peacock feast is in its way famous, " a feast," 
 Cotman quotes, " that for the splendour of the table and the 
 company, the band of music, and the attendants, might pass 
 for some grand anniversary celebrated in this wealthy town ; 
 perhaps the feast of St. Margaret their patroness, on the fair 
 day granted them by King John ; or perhaps the mayor's 
 feast, when Braunche held that office, in 1349 or 1359. Among 
 the delicacies of the splendid table one sees the peacock, that 
 noble bird, the food of lovers and the meat of lords. Few 
 dishes were in higher fashion, and there was scarce any royal 
 or noble feast without it. The honour of serving it up was 
 reserved for the ladies most distinguished by birth, rank, or 
 beauty, one of whom, followed by others, and attended by 
 music, brought it up in the gold or silver dish, and set it before 
 
 LOWER SINISTER SECTION UF THE BRAUNCHE BRASS, WITH I'ART OF 
 PEACOCK FEAST, MUCH WORN
 
 88 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 the master of the house, or the guest most distinguished for 
 his courtesy and valour." Here there are three peacocks, and 
 a further conjecture is made that the feast may commemorate 
 one given to King Edward III. when he and his court visited 
 the town, which they did in the year 1344. 
 
 At Thorn woodland pastimes are represented on one side, 
 and on the other the feast of a hairy king, whose attendants 
 stir a cauldron, roast a sucking-pig, and draw ale from a 
 barrel. The hairy men here and at the feet of the merchants, 
 both on the Continent and in England, seem to refer to the 
 pagan savages who occupied the forests of Germany until a 
 comparatively late period, and against whom the Christians 
 carried on a long warfare of conversion or extermination. 
 
 Superimposed upon the diapered ground there is in every 
 case an exquisite canopy around and above the principal 
 figures. In its upper compartments the naked soul of the 
 deceased is seen carried upwards by angels, or deposited in 
 the arms of the Heavenly Father, surrounded by angels with 
 censers and musical instruments. The side shafts, and a 
 central shaft also, if there are two principal figures, have 
 niches in which are placed prophets and saints arranged in 
 pairs, and the architectural details are very beautiful and very 
 similar. The Walsokne brass exactly follows the continental 
 examples ; the Braunche brass substitutes at the sides 
 " weepers," men and women in civil costume, supposed to be 
 friends or relations of the dead. The total number of figures 
 of all kinds, including saints and angels, is prodigious ; the 
 Stralsund brass has 35, Braunche 54, Walsokne 57, and 
 Thorn 74. 
 
 Nothing has yet been said of the principal figures. They 
 all have a remarkable family likeness. The men wear tunics, 
 gowns with half-sleeves and long lappets, tippets, and hoods. 
 The ladies, kirtles which are invariably figured in patterns of 
 fine foliage, and over them the sideless cote-hardi, which may, 
 however, be hidden by the mantle, as it is in the two wives of
 
 FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP 
 
 89 
 
 UPPER DEXTER SECTION OF THE KRAUNCHE BRASS, WITH 
 CANOPIES AND BORDERS 
 
 Robert Braunche. So minute a comparison leads to a plain 
 conclusion. All the brasses of this particular group must at 
 least emanate from one school of engraving, one workshop, 
 from designs made by one great Teutonic artist. 
 
 The immense size and elaborate detail of these brasses 
 makes it difficult to illustrate them in such a work as this. 
 The Thorn brass measures 10 feet 4 inches by 5 feet 4 inches ; 
 the Walsokne brass 9 feet 10 inches by 5 feet 8 inches ; the 
 Stralsund brass 9 feet 4 inches by 4 feet 2 inches ; and the 
 Braunche brass 8 feet 10 inches by 5 feet i inch. It has, 
 therefore, been found possible only to give, on a very reduced 
 scale, certain portions of the Braunche brass, which exhibit the 
 heads, head-cushions, and arches of the canopies, and part of 
 the base of the Walsokne brass, with the man and monster 
 at Braunche's feet, the pictorial panels, and enough of the 
 border and inscription to indicate its patterns and lettering. 
 
 But there is another group, of ecclesiastical brasses, which
 
 90 
 
 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 present nearly all the same characteristics, and which, again, 
 unite England and the Baltic countries in the closest associa- 
 tion. It consists of four brasses: (i) Bishops Ludolph and 
 Heinrich de Bulowe, 1347 (in one brass), at Schwerin ; (2) 
 Bishops Burchard de Serken and John de Mul, 1350, at 
 
 Lubeck ; and (3) in England, 
 Thomas Delamere, Abbot of 
 St. Albans, who died in 1396, 
 but whose brass was engraved 
 in his lifetime, not later than 
 1360, and still beautifies his 
 abbey church. To these should 
 be added (4) the royal brass at 
 Ringstead, near Copenhagen, 
 to King Eric of Denmark and 
 his queen Ingeborg. 
 
 In all these we have again 
 the same arrangement of 
 prophets, saints, and angels in 
 the glorious canopies, the same 
 trefoils and grotesque dragons, 
 and the same kind of Lombar- 
 dic inscriptions, quatrefoils, and 
 borders of round and square 
 roses. The four bishops and 
 the abbot are vested alike 
 in eucharistic vestments, with 
 jewelled mitres and pastoral 
 staves, with the Agnus Dei in 
 the heads. The butterflies be- 
 tween the trefoils of the 
 Walsokne brass at Lynn re- 
 appear at Lubeck. Dragons 
 lie at the feet of the ecclesiastics, lions and lapdogs beneath 
 the king and queen. Head-cushions are omitted, and this 
 
 PORTION OF DEXTER LADY IN THE 
 liRAUNCHE BRASS, WITH WEEP- 
 ERS, AND PART OF PEACOCK FEAST
 
 FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP 91 
 
 is the distinguishing feature of the group. Schwcrin and 
 St. Albans are also without the pictorial compartment, but 
 the royal brass has a boar hunt and a deer hunt, and Lubeck 
 scenes from the lives of St. Nicholas and St. Eloy. In the 
 ground diaper at Schwerin and Ringstead a geometrical design 
 takes the place of the trefoil, though the same dragons are 
 used. The St. Albans brass measures 9 feet 3 inches by 4 feet 
 4 inches, but is, nevertheless, the smallest of the group. It 
 contains 22 figures, as against 46 at Schwerin, 6^ at Ring- 
 stead, and 99 at Lubeck. These also must have come from 
 the same school of engraving as the first series, and even from 
 the same workshop, if not from the same hand. 
 
 The Newark brass, another enormous work, measuring 
 9 feet 4 inches by 5 feet 7 inches, is dated 1361, but appears 
 to have been engraved not earlier than 1375. It belongs to 
 the same school, and was probably produced in the same 
 workshop, but by a later hand. The background is composed 
 of exactly the same trefoils and dragons ; there are the same 
 angels supporting a diapered head-cushion, and the same 
 hairy man struggling with a lion monster, as in all the other 
 mercantile brasses. But important changes are introduced 
 into the canopy. This, for the first time, is drawn in perspec- 
 tive, and has lost in boldness. The central arch is differently 
 arranged, and the diaper is not continued behind the pin- 
 nacles, which pierce the line of the marginal inscription. 
 Similar variations are found in the brass of Bishops Godfrey 
 and Frederic de Bulowe at Schwerin, the latter of whom died 
 in 1375. Their brass is the largest known, with a superficial 
 area of d,6 square feet, viz. 1 3 feet 6 inches by 6 feet 5 inches. 
 In the Newark brass there are hunting scenes in the pictorial 
 compartment, but on a smaller scale than before. The inscrip- 
 tion is in black letter, with a border of foliage on each side. 
 The niches of the canopy shafts, instead of saints, contain 
 " weepers," as in the Braunche brass. They are arranged in 
 six pairs, men and women, in the costume of the period. The
 
 92 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 whole of the brass, though complete, is unfortunately very 
 much worn, and has been removed from its position on the 
 floor of St. Mary Magdalene Church and placed high upon the 
 wall. The figure of Alan Fleming, the merchant, is fine and 
 bold, and resembles those of Adam de Walsokne and Robert 
 Braunche. 
 
 It is strange that the origin of such pre-eminent works of 
 art should be so obscure. From whence did they come, and 
 who were their designers and engravers .-* It is impossible 
 to say with certainty. They have been persistently called 
 " Flemish," but are unlike any brasses now existing in the 
 Low Countries. " North German " is a better term, or perhaps 
 " Teutonic." 
 
 Strong probabilities, however, point to the city of Lubeck. 
 Its citizens elected Eric of Denmark as their lord, and his 
 brass at Ringstead is almost certainly proved to have issued 
 from the same workshop as that of two of its bishops. Stral- 
 sund is upon the Baltic coast, within easy reach of Lubeck 
 by sea, and Schwerin, a few miles inland, lies between. The 
 trading towns of the Baltic were nearly all of them connected 
 by the Hanseatic League, and looked up to Lubeck as their 
 commercial capital. Stralsund was an important member of 
 the confederation. On the business of the league the family 
 of Von Zoest is known to have migrated to Poland. This 
 great Teutonic Hanse was founded by Lubeck and Hamburg 
 in 1 266, in rivalry with the Hanse of Cologne, and was joined 
 by all the towns of the Baltic trade. As early as 1 27 1 they 
 had already founded an affiliated society at Lynn, and both 
 there and at Boston, York, Hull, Norwich, Yarmouth, and 
 Ipswich they subsequently built houses. 
 
 The Flemish towns belonged to a totally distinct league, 
 with Bruges and Ypres at their head, trading chiefly with 
 London. 
 
 The merchants of Lynn were, therefore, in special and 
 direct communication with Lubeck, while Newark might be
 
 FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP 93 
 
 reached by way of Hull and the river Trent. It was Lubeck, 
 we may surely say, which produced the finest brasses in the 
 world, and from Lubeck — not Flanders — came those which 
 we are fortunate enough to possess at Newark, St. Albans, and 
 King's Lynn. 
 
 The other foreign brasses of England of the period remain 
 to be dealt with. Wensley, in Yorkshire, has the large and 
 bold figure of a priest in eucharistic vestments, but without 
 background or canopy. The execution is distinctly foreign, 
 and in the style of the Lubeck engravers. The same familiarly 
 grotesque dragons appear upon the rich embroidery, together 
 with other details common to the brass of Abbot Delamere. 
 A head-cushion and angels correspond with those of the great 
 mercantile group. The brass must, therefore, be referred to 
 a similar origin. It should be added that the feet rest upon 
 two dogs, the hands are crossed, and a large covered chalice 
 lies upon the breast. 
 
 At North Mimms, near St. Albans, there is yet another 
 brass of the same school and period, though from its general 
 inferiority it is probably the production of a different hand. 
 The small figure of a priest in eucharistic vestments, 27 inches 
 high, is placed, without any background, within a canopy 
 measuring about 3 feet 4 inches by 18 inches. In the upper 
 compartment the soul appears in the Father's arms, and there 
 are two angels with censers ; the side shafts contain six 
 canopied niches, with six apostles. The whole of the detail 
 is in the Lubeck style, and it is within the bounds of possi- 
 bility that there may originally have been a background, which 
 was cut away by the English workmen who inserted the brass 
 into its stone slab, in order to make it conform more nearly 
 to English ideas. The embroidery of the vestments is 
 engraved in geometrical patterns of circles and quatrefoils, 
 and a covered chalice is placed upon the breast, below the 
 clasped hands. It is similar in shape to the Wensley example, 
 but simpler. A crouching stag appears between the feet.
 
 94 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 The entire composition rises from a small bracket (cf. p. 75), 
 on which are engraved a coat of arms and two seated lions. 
 There may also have been a stem and foot, but as the original 
 slab is lost, this cannot now be ascertained. The brass has 
 been reset, and is placed against the chancel wall. 
 
 The Aveley brass is a very small one, 20 by 9 inches, and 
 represents a man in armour beneath a canopy, with delicate 
 tracery, but without subsidiary figures of any kind ; the back- 
 ground is cross-hatched and not ornamented. The origin 
 may be either German or Flemish, and in any case is different 
 from those already described. A foot inscription is extended 
 to a length of 19 inches, and is quite peculiar, in that in 
 marking the exact date it gives the Sunday Letter of the 
 Gregorian Calendar. 
 
 " Hie iacet Radulphus de Kneuynton. Obitus 
 idem die Jouis ante festu sci Nicholai Episcopi 
 anno dnl millnio. CCC. LXX. iFa dmcal' f." 
 
 The last words, of course, are abbreviated from "litera 
 dominicalis." 
 
 The brass at Topcliffe is also of a distinct type, and is 
 almost certainly Flemish. It measures 5 feet 9 inches by 
 3 feet I inch, and represents, beneath a double canopy, the 
 figures of a civilian and his wife, both attired in long tunics 
 and mantles, and the former carrying an anelace at his right 
 side. The groundwork is a diaper of flowing pattern, and 
 there are head-cushions, each supported by an angel with out- 
 spread wings ; souls, and angels playing upon musical instru- 
 ments, appear in the canopy, which contains the usual niches, 
 pinnacles, and rich tracery. The border inscription is in black 
 letter, and is slightly mutilated. In or about the year i860 
 the brass was removed from its slab, and the reverse was 
 discovered to be composed of plates of metal that had been 
 previously used. One piece showed a portion of an earlier
 
 FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP 95 
 
 inscription in Lombardic capitals and in the Flemish vernacular, 
 " bidt . voer . die . ziele . ," i.e. " Pray for the soul." 
 
 The list of English fourteenth-century brasses of foreign 
 workmanship is thus completed. There is also in the British 
 Museum a small but beautiful fragment of another large 
 quadrangular brass, obtained from some continental church 
 by Mr. A. W. Pugin. The head of a bishop or abbot in a 
 jewelled mitre is seen resting upon a diapered cushion, beneath 
 a canopy with the Heavenly Father holding the soul, attended 
 by angels and saints. The background is not diapered, and 
 the general style resembles that of the little brass at North 
 Mimms rather than of the great Lubeck plates. 
 
 It will be well to enumerate here the few brasses of later 
 periods, which are also of undoubted foreign workmanship : — 
 
 All Saints, Nevvcastle-on-Tyne, 1429, Roger Thornton and wife. 
 "St. Mary Quay, Ipswich, 1525, Thos. Pownder and wife. 
 
 Fulham, Middlesex, 1529, Margaret Hornebolt. 
 • All Hallows Barking, London, c. 1535, Andrew Evyngar and wife. 
 
 St. Nicholas, Aberdeen, 1613, Duncan Liddel, M.D. 
 
 In the brass of Roger Thornton we have another fine 
 rectangular plate, measuring about 7 feet by 4 feet 4 inches. 
 Of the principal figures, the husband wears a long gown 
 buckled at the waist, an anelace hanging from his belt, and 
 the wife a very plain kirtle mantle and veil. Both have collars 
 fastened in front by four buttons. They completely fill the 
 spaces between the side and centre pieces of the canopy, so 
 that no groundwork can be seen. Saints and angels fill the 
 niches, as in so many brasses already mentioned, and the 
 canopy is drawn in perspective. Each soul is represented 
 twice, carried upwards by angels, and also safely placed in the 
 Father's arms. There are, again, diapered head-cushions 
 supported by angels, a border inscription in black letter, and 
 an outer fillet in leaf pattern. Below the figures are seven 
 sons and seven daughters, each under a simple trefoiled canopy.
 
 THOMAS POWNDER, MERCHANT, AND HIS WIFE EMMA, 1525 
 ST. MARY QUAY, IPSWICH
 
 FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP 97 
 
 The total number of figures is ninety-two, and this is the last 
 of the large brasses, as well as the only example in England 
 of its century. Its origin is quite unknown, but it seems to 
 be the work of German engravers. In some of its details, 
 though not in general effect, it resembles the brass of the two 
 knights, John and Gerard de Heere, 1398, formerly in the 
 church of Heere, near St. Trond, a few miles from Liege, and 
 now preserved in the Fine Art Museum of the Palais de 
 Cinquentenaire at Brussels. 
 
 The Ipswich and London brasses are both Flemish, and 
 commemorate citizens of their respective towns, while both 
 bear the arms of the Merchant Adventurers. Thos. Pownder 
 was also Bayly of Ipswich, and Andrew Evyngar a member 
 of the Salters Company. The father of the latter is known 
 to have migrated from Brabant to the parish of All Hallows 
 Barking, where he carried on the trade of brewer and beer- 
 house keeper, and the son had a house in Antwerp. The 
 Flemish form of his name was Wyngaerde. Both brasses are 
 rectangular, though not of large size. Pownder's measures 
 45^ by 28 i inches, and Evyngar's only 34 by 23 inches. The 
 former (cf illustration) has a good marginal inscription in 
 English, with an outer fillet of foliage. In each case the 
 merchant is accompanied by his wife and also his children, 
 who are made to kneel or stand at their parents' feet. In the 
 Evyngar brass there is no border, and the inscription is in 
 raised letters at the foot. The canopies and backgrounds are 
 in the luxuriant style of the Renaissance. 
 
 Margaret Hornebolt, at Fulham, was the wife of Gerard, 
 a celebrated painter, and was a native of Ghent. Her curious 
 brass is also Flemish. It is a lozenge-shaped plate, and 
 represents her as a half-effigy in a shroud, with angels holding 
 the inscription. 
 
 The solitary example of the seventeenth century is that 
 of Dr. Duncan Liddel, in the Old or West Church of Aber- 
 deen. It was engraved at Antwerp by one Caspar Bru}de- 
 goms, of the Antwerp mint, under the directions of John 
 
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 sAniJ^Noaaaav siAiD I i3(jan*oi 
 
 DUNCAN LIDDEL, M.D., 1613 
 OI-D CJIURCH, ABERDEEN
 
 FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP 99 
 
 Liddel, the doctor's brother, and is a little more than 5 feet 
 in height. Half the space within the marginal inscription is 
 occupied by a further eulogistic epitaph, in tall clear-cut 
 Roman capitals. The upper half contains a pictorial repre- 
 sentation of the doctor, who is seated writing at a table, 
 surrounded by a variety of implements, with books and candle 
 upon a side table, and more books upon a shelf close by. 
 
 Two wholly foreign brasses are preserved in the South 
 Kensington Museum, and are well worthy of attention, though 
 they hardly come within the scope of the present work. The 
 more important is a large Flemish plate, dated 1504, in 
 memory of Sire Louis Corteville and Dame Colyne Van 
 Caestre his wife, which, after finding its way from the ruined 
 chapel of the Castle of Corteville, in Flanders, to a shop in 
 Antwerp, was purchased and brought to the Jermyn Street 
 Museum of Geology, and thence latterly to South Kensington, 
 The other is a small and beautiful German brass, from Nippes, 
 near Cologne, to Henry Oskens, precentor and canon, who 
 died in 1535. From the Archiepiscopal Museum at Cologne, 
 it came into the hands of a Paris dealer, who sold it to the 
 South Kensington authorities. 
 
 In addition to these complete brasses, there are a large 
 number of fragments which have been reversed and the under 
 surface used in the preparation of English brasses of later date, 
 chiefly between the years 1540 and 1590. They are commonly 
 spoken of as palimpsests. It often happens that by accident 
 or design brasses are loosened or removed from their matrices, 
 and in this way such fragments have been discovered. More 
 than forty instances are known in which the reverse has once 
 formed part of a foreign brass, and all of them have been 
 carefully noted by Mr. Mill Stephenson in the Transactions 
 of the Monumental Brass Society. As an account and lists 
 of these brasses will be found in Chapter X., pp. 257-264, it 
 is unnecessary to enter into further particulars here.
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 THE MEDIAEVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 
 
 WHEN brasses first began to be used in the thirteenth 
 century, the principal vestments worn by the clergy 
 of the Western Church had already been absolutel}- 
 fixed for at least four hundred years. It is therefore un- 
 necessary here to trace either their origin or their early 
 development. Nor can we divide ecclesiastical brasses into 
 those periods which are suggested by the changing fashions of 
 armour and civil dress, for the vestments remain the same 
 until the end of the reign of Henry VIII. and the general 
 disintegration of the Reformation movement. The date of 
 an ecclesiastical brass which has lost its inscription can there- 
 fore be assigned only by minute variations in the style of the 
 engraving, or by slight changes in the patterns of embroideries, 
 and by other indications which experience will dictate. For 
 example, long and flowing hair, particularly when it appears 
 curling in profusion behind the ears, is a special characteristic 
 of the earliest ecclesiastical brasses. In the fifteenth century 
 it becomes less and less flowing, and in the Tudor period is 
 represented as quite straight. Again, in the earlier brasses 
 the vestments appear to fit close to the person, as made 
 of fine materials ; the drapery is expressed with much grace- 
 fulness ; the lines are boldly and deeply cut, and there 
 is no shading, except in a few touches where the folds ter- 
 minate. In later brasses all these peculiarities will be found 
 
 lOO
 
 LAURENCE DE ST. MAUR. RECTOR, 1:3:37, 
 HIGHAM FERRERS, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
 
 MEDI/EVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND loi 
 
 to have undergone a decided change, and the differences 
 are often conspicuously marked. 
 
 The illustration given is of the fine brass of Laurence de 
 St. Maur ("laurcci' de sco Muiro"), 1337, upon an altar tomb 
 in the church of Higham Ferrers, Northants. The central 
 panel of the canopy contains the Heavenly Father, the soul, and 
 two angels, flanked by St. Peter and St. Paul, St. Andrew and 
 St. Thomas ; the four evangelists occupy the corner panels of 
 the shafts, and the other figures are St. Gabriel (with probably 
 the Blessed Virgin opposite to complete an Annunciation), St. 
 John the Baptist (and perhaps St. Mar}^ Magdalene), St. 
 Stephen (and almost certainly St. Laurence), the Abbot 
 St. Maur and St. Christopher, whose bare feet stand in the 
 river with a fish. The two dogs quarrelling over a bone below 
 the priest are probably unique. The whole brass measures 
 8 feet 3 inches by 3 feet 5 inches, and though it was wholly 
 prepared for the priest himself, }'et the tomb may have been 
 intended for some one else, perhaps an Earl of Lancaster. 
 Stone escutcheons on the sides bear " England," and the figure 
 does not fit its matrix with absolute accurac}'. 
 
 About four hundred and fifty ecclesiastical brasses still 
 remain in England, the great majority consisting of priests in 
 eucharistic, processional, or choir vestments. Of these the 
 most important and numerous, though not generally the most 
 imposing, are the brasses which illustrate the vestments worn 
 at the celebration of the Holy Eucharist or Mass. These 
 were the alb, amice, stole, maniple, and, most important of all, 
 the chasuble. They are figured in more than two hundred 
 examples, and may be examined in the figure just given. 
 
 The alb was almost invariably made of white linen, and 
 was a long, rather close-fitting garment, with narrow sleeves, 
 and confined at the waist by a girdle or band. Other materials, 
 and even colours, sometimes appear in the old inventories, as, 
 for instance, twenty silk albs at Westminster Abbe>- in 1 388, 
 twent}- red albs for Passion Week, fort>- blue albs " of divers
 
 I02 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 sorts," and seven albs called Ferial black, at Peterborough, 
 1539, or "One olde aulbe of whyte velvyt" at St. Martin's, 
 Dover, in 1536. 
 
 But the ordinary material was linen and the colour white. 
 In the periods covered by brasses, albs were universally 
 ornamented with pieces of embroidery called apparels, sewn 
 on to various parts of the vestment. Two of these were placed 
 upon the sleeves, at first often encircling the arms like cuffs, 
 but afterwards reduced to small square patches on the other 
 side. A much larger piece, rectangular in shape, was fastened 
 at the foot of the alb, touching, or a little above, the lower hem. 
 These appear in all the brasses. Other similar apparels, not 
 visible, were placed at the back and breast, and behind the 
 skirt. They could usually be removed when the alb was 
 washed. 
 
 TJie amice encircled the neck. It was in reality a large 
 kerchief with an apparel of embroidered work along one of 
 its sides, and fastened by long strings over the breast and 
 round the body. When it was in position, the apparel was 
 turned down like a collar, and was so far open as to leave the 
 throat of the wearer exposed. The material was linen. Alb, 
 girdle, and amice formed also the conventional dress of angels, 
 and will thus be found on brasses. In the evangelistic symbols, 
 so frequently introduced at the corners of marginal inscriptions, 
 St. Matthew is always represented by an angel in this attire. 
 So also where angels support the head-cushions of recumbent 
 figures, or occur in canopies. 
 
 The stole was a narrow band, usually embroidered through- 
 out its entire length, and longer than the stole of modern use. 
 It hung from the neck and was crossed over the breast, being 
 held in position by the girdle of the alb. The ends were often 
 widened, or terminated in a small square compartment, and 
 were furnished with a fringe. Only the ends are seen in 
 brasses, except in a very few instances. One of these is at 
 Sudborough, Northants., where the small figure of John
 
 MEDly^VAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 103 
 
 West, chaplain, is included in the brass of his parents, 
 William and Joan West, 1415, and appears without his 
 chasuble ; others are at Horsham, Sussex, c. 1430, and Upwell, 
 Norfolk, 1435, in the brasses of priests who wear a cope 
 instead of a chasuble over the other eucharistic vestments. 
 
 TJie maniple was a short piece of embroidered work, with 
 fringed ends like those of a stole, and commonly of the same 
 width and pattern. It was worn over the left arm, hooked or 
 buttoned to the sleeve, or caught together so that the upper 
 part formed a loop, as in the brass of Richard Brodewey, rector 
 of Purse Caundle, Dorset, in 1536. 
 
 The chasuble was put on over the other vestments, and in 
 English brasses almost always takes the form of a pointed 
 oval, or " vesica piscis," with an aperture in the middle for the 
 head to pass through, but wide enough to show the whole of 
 the apparel of the amice. It hung down over the front and 
 back of the wearer to some distance, and covered the upper 
 part of the arms, though not sufficiently so to interfere with 
 their free action. In a large number of examples the chasuble 
 is quite plain. In many others its hem is ornamented with 
 braid, narrow and simple, or wide and enriched with a pattern 
 of flowers or geometrical figures recurring at regular intervals. 
 Occasionally there is a central orphrey, as it is called, though 
 less often on the chasubles of parish priests than on the richer 
 vestments of bishops and other dignitaries. This orphrey was 
 usually a broad pillar of embroidery on the front, denominated 
 a pectoral, and corresponding with a dorsal at the back. It 
 can be seen in the illustration of the brass of Abbot Estney 
 on p. 113. In the richest examples, as in the foreign work of 
 St. Albans and Wensley, there are side branches which passed 
 over the shoulders, and were called humeral orphreys. When 
 the upper part of the pillar was omitted, as was often the case, 
 the ornament is seen to be in the shape of a Y, and closely 
 resembles the pall of an archbishop. In a few late instances 
 the ground of the chasuble was itself diapered with some rich
 
 I04 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 pattern. Its material was always the best that could be 
 procured, as of silk, velvet, or cloth of gold. Thus at Lincoln, 
 in 1536, there was "a Chesable of rede cloth of gold w' 
 orfreys before and behind sett w* perles blew white and rede 
 w^ plaits of gold enamelled ; " another " of Rede velvett w'' 
 kateryn wheils of gold ; " another " of Rede sylk browdered w* 
 falcons and leopardes of gold ; " another " of whyte damaske 
 browdered w*^ flowers of gold ; " and another " of purpur satten 
 lynyd w^ blew bukerham havyng dyverse scripturs." 
 
 The following list is a selection of perfect or nearly perfect 
 examples of priests in the eucharistic vestments as described 
 above. Demi-figures, which are fairly numerous, as well as 
 mutilated figures, have been purposely omitted. So have 
 most of those small figures which are less than 18 inches in 
 height, and of which there are a considerable number. Indeed, 
 the average size of these brasses is less than that of any other 
 class, and there are few above 3 feet. Higham Ferrers, 
 Horsmonden, Wensley, Northfleet, and Hoo St. Werburgh, 
 are exceptions to the general rule, and the two first are 
 also enriched with canopies, another rare feature in the section. 
 
 • Higham Ferrers, Northants., 1337, Laurence de St. Maur. 
 Horsmonden, Kent, c. 1340, John de Grovehurst. 
 Sparsholt, Berks., c. 1360, Wm. de Herleston. 
 North Mimms, Herts., c. 1360, unknown, with chalice. 
 Brundish, Suffolk, c. 1360, Esmound de Burnedissh. 
 Wensley, Yorks., r. 1360, Simon de Wenslagh, with chalice. 
 Shottesbrooke, Berks., c. 1370, unknoAvn. 
 Stoke-in-Teignhead, Devon, c. 1370, unknown. 
 Crondall, Hants,, c. 1370, unknown. 
 Althorpe, Lines., c. 1370, Wm. de Lound. 
 Hayes, Middlesex, c. 1370, Robt. Levee. 
 Northfleet, Kent, 1375, Peter de Lacy. 
 Beachamwell St. Mary, Norfolk, c. 1385, unknown. 
 Great Amwell, Herts., c. 1400, unknown. 
 Stanford-on-Soar, Leics., f. 1400, unknown, with chalice. 
 West Wickham, Kent, 1407, Wm. de Thorp.
 
 MEDIy^VAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 105 
 
 Emberton, Bucks., c. 141 o, John Mordon. 
 
 Hoo St. Werburgh, Kent, 141 2, Rich. Bayly. 
 
 Shere, Surrey, 141 2, Robt. Scarclyf. 
 
 Haddenham, Bucks., c. 1420, unknown. 
 
 Little Easton, Essex, c. 1420, Robt. Fyn. 
 
 St. Nicholas, Warwick, 1424, Robt. Willardsey. 
 
 Woodford-cum-Membris, Northants., c. 1425, Nich. Stafford. 
 
 Milton Keynes, Bucks., 1427, Adam Babyngton. 
 
 Iden, Sussex, 1427, Robt. Seller. 
 
 Bainton, Yorks., 1429, Roger Godeale, with chalice. 
 
 Battle, Sussex, c. 1430, Robt. Clere. 
 
 Monks Risborough, Bucks., 1431, Robt. Blundell. 
 
 Puttenham, Surrey, 143 1, Edw. Cranford. 
 
 Great Bromley, Essex, 1432, Wm. Bischopton. 
 
 Yelden, Beds., 1434, John Heyne. 
 
 Little Wittenham, Berks., 1433, John Churmound. 
 
 Tansor, Northants., 1440, John Colt. 
 
 Polstead, Suftblk, c. 1440, unknown. 
 
 Arundel, Sussex, 1445, John Baker. 
 
 Willian, Herts., 1446, Rich. Goldon, with heart. 
 
 Turweston, Bucks., c. 1450, unknown. 
 
 Tattershall, Lines., 1456, AV'm. Moor. 
 
 Whitchurch, Oxon., 1456, Roger Gery, with chalice. 
 
 St. Peter's, Bristol, 1461, Robt. Lond, with chalice. 
 
 Wood Balling, Norfolk, 1465, Robt. Dockyng. 
 
 Lingfield, Surrey, 1469, John Swetecok. 
 
 Broxbourne, Herts., c. 1470, unknown. 
 
 Letchworth, Herts., 1475, Thos. Wyrley, with heart. 
 
 Fulbourn, Cambs., 1477, Gulfrid Bysschop. 
 
 Cirencester, Glos., 1478, Ralph Parsons, with chalice. 
 
 West Harling, Norfolk, 1479, Ralph Fuloflove. 
 
 Childrey, Berks., c. 1480, unknown. 
 
 Laindon, Essex, c. 1480, unknown, with chalice. 
 
 Sharington, Norfolk, i486, John Botolff. 
 
 St. Ethelred, Norwich, 1487, Roger Clerk. 
 
 Childrey, Berks., c. 1490, unknown, with chalice. 
 
 Hitchendon, Bucks., 1493, Robt. Thurloe. 
 
 Blewbury, Berks., 1496, John Balam. 
 
 St. John's, Stamford, Lines., 1497, Hen. Sergeaunt.
 
 io6 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Higham Ferrers, Northants., 1498, Hen. Denton, with chalice. 
 
 Great Musgrave, Westd., 1500, Thos. Ouds, small. 
 
 Lingfield, Surrey, 1503, John Knoyll. 
 
 Campsey Ash, Suffolk, 1504, Alex. IngUsshe, with chalice. 
 
 Fladbury, Worcs., 1504, Wm. Plewme, small. 
 
 Houghton Regis, Beds., 1506, Wm, Walley. 
 
 Brightwell, Berks.^, 1507, John Scolfifyld, with chalice. 
 
 Soulderne, Oxon., 1508, Thos. Warner. 
 
 Aldbourne, Wilts., 1508, Hen. Frekylton, small. 
 
 Wimington, Beds., c. 15 10, John Stokys, with chalice. 
 
 Ashover, Derbys., c. 15 10, unknown. 
 
 Littlebury, Essex, c. 15 10, unknown, with chalice. 
 
 Great Greenford, Middlesex, c. 15 15, Thos. Symons. 
 
 St. Cross, Winchester, Hants., 1518, Thos. Lawne. 
 
 Clothall, Herts., 15 19, John Wryght, with chalice. 
 
 Tattershall, Lines., 15 19, Wm. Symson. 
 
 Great Addington, Northants., 15 19, John Bloxham, with chalice. 
 
 Stanton Harcourt, Oxon., 15 19, Hen. Dodschone. 
 
 Latton, Essex, c. 1520, unknown, with chalice. 
 
 Hickling, Notts., 152 1, Ralph Babyngton, with chalice. 
 
 Great Rollright, Oxon., 1522, Jas. Batersby, with chalice. 
 
 Birchington, Kent, 1523, John Heynys, with chalice. 
 
 Totternhoe, Beds., 1524, John Warwickhyll, with chalice. 
 
 Evershot, Dorset, 1524, Wm. Grey, with chalice. 
 
 Bettws, Montgy., 153 1, John ap Meredyth, with chalice. 
 
 Betchworth, Surrey, 1533, Wm. Wardysworth, with chalice. 
 
 Eton College, Bucks,, 1535, Wm, Horman, with chalice, 
 
 Wyvenhoe, Essex, 1535, Thos. Westeley, small, with chalice. 
 
 Purse Caundle, Dorset, 1536, Rich, Brodewey, small, 
 
 Chalfont St, Peter, Bucks., 1545, Robt. Hanson, small. 
 
 In a few brasses, chiefly by inferior local engravers, the 
 stole, or maniple, or both, are sometimes omitted, probably 
 through ignorance or carelessness. Examples, almost all poor, 
 occur at Dronfield, Derbys., 1399; Clothall, Herts., 1404; 
 Blisland, Cornwall, 1410 ; Newton Bromshold, Northants., 
 1426 ; Great Ringstead, Norfolk, 1485 ; Walton-on-Trent, 
 Derbys., c. 1490 ; Sparham, Norfolk, c. 1490 ; Coleshill,
 
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 ROBERT UK WALDEBY, S.T.I)., ARCHBISHOP OF YORK, I397 
 
 ST. Edmund's chai'el, Westminster aubey
 
 io8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Warvvs., 1500; Blockley, Worcs., c. 1500; West Lynn, 
 Norfolk, 1503; Laindon, Essex, c. 15 10; Wiveton, Norfolk, 
 1512 ; Middleton, Lanes., 1522 ; Somersham, Hunts., c. 1530 ; 
 and Brisley, Norfolk, 1531. In at least one instance, Long 
 Newnton, Wilts., 1 503, the maniple is placed on the right arm 
 instead of the left. 
 
 Bishops and mitred abbots wore the same eucharistic 
 vestments as priests, but with the addition of the tunicle and 
 dalmatic below the chasuble, sandals, gloves, a ring upon the 
 second finger of the right hand, mitre and crozier. 
 
 The dalmatic was properly the distinguishing mark of a 
 deacon. It was a vestment much shorter than the alb, slit up 
 for a short distance on either side, and with a straight edge 
 before and behind. The left side and lower edge were usually 
 fringed for a deacon, both sides for a bishop. No known 
 English brass of a deacon has survived, except a palimpsest 
 fragment at Burwell, Cambs., but the dress appears in figures 
 of St. Stephen, St. Philip, and St. Laurence, where they 
 are introduced into canopies or ornamentation. The material 
 of the dalmatic was rich, like that of the chasuble, and in the 
 later examples was covered all over with an elaborate 
 pattern. 
 
 The tunicle was worn underneath the dalmatic, and was 
 similar to it in shape and ornament, though usually made only 
 of linen. It was appropriated to the use of sub-deacons and 
 bishops, and while sometimes entirely hidden by the dalmatic 
 can be perceived in most episcopal brasses. 
 
 The sandals were often richly adorned with jewels and 
 gold, and their open-work displayed the scarlet stockings, 
 which were also part of the official dress of the episcopate. 
 
 lite gloves, sometimes in brasses omitted, were also 
 frequently embroidered and jewelled ; often a large stone is 
 seen on the back of each hand. 
 
 The episcopal ring \\d,s a circlet with a precious stone, never 
 engraved, and it was large enough to pass over the gloved
 
 MEDIEVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 109 
 
 finger, though not beyond the second joint. The stone was 
 usually a sapphire, sometimes an emerald or a ruby. 
 
 TJie mitre and crosier are almost the only ecclesiastical 
 ornaments which show any considerable development during 
 the era of brasses. The two horns of the mitre were at first 
 in the shape of plain triangles, bent round so as to adapt them 
 to the outline of the head. In the thirteenth century the 
 material was changed from white linen to silk, and overlaid 
 with embroidery and pearls or other jewels. The early mitres 
 were low in height, with plain edges. As time went on they 
 grew in size, and crockets were added to the sides of the 
 horns. At a still later period they assumed the swelling or 
 rounded outline still retained. Their weight also increased, 
 until in the reign of Henry VIII. a silver-gilt mitre removed 
 from Fountains Abbey weighed as much as 70 ozs. Mitres 
 were classified according to the manner in which they were 
 ornamented. One simply made of white linen or silk, with 
 little or no enrichment, was called a " mitra simplex ; " one 
 with embroidery, but without precious metals or jewels, a 
 " mitra aurifrigiata ; " and one of rich metals and studded 
 with gems, a " mitra pretiosa." Two narrow strips of silk or 
 embroidery called " infulae," with fringed ends, hung down 
 from the back of the mitre, and can be well seen in the brasses 
 at York and East Horsley. 
 
 In writing of the crozier, it is necessary to explain that the 
 word is altogether synonymous with the title Pastoral Staff, 
 and that it was borne alike by bishops, abbots, and arch- 
 bishops. An impression prevailed amongst the antiquaries of 
 a past generation that the shepherd's crook should be called 
 distinctively a " pastoral staff," and the cross-staff of an arch- 
 bishop a "crozier." Such nomenclature will be found in 
 Haines, and to a certain extent in Boutell. But latterly this 
 has been shown to be an error, and the shepherd's crook 
 rightly called a "crozier," a name not properly applicable to 
 the cross-staff at all.
 
 no THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 The crozier is usually represented as held in the left hand 
 or lodged against the arm, leaving the right hand free to be 
 uplifted in blessing. Its curved volute is enriched with foliage, 
 and in early examples encloses the Agnus Dei, as at St. 
 Albans, or some other device. The head gradually becomes 
 more heavy and less graceful ; it rises from clustered taber- 
 nacle work of considerable size and weight, and the volute 
 encloses foliage only. The staff, shod with a pointed ferule, 
 was generally of some precious wood, such as cedar or ebony, 
 and the head, detachable in later examples, of metal or occa- 
 sionally ivory. A scarf was frequently attached to the knop 
 below the crook, and was either called, like the lappet of the 
 mitre, an " infula," or else the " vexillum," in reference to the 
 labarum or cross-banner of the emperor Constantine. The 
 latest croziers are to be found in the post-Reformation brasses 
 of Henry Robinson, Bishop of Carlisle, 1616, at Queen's 
 College, Oxford, and of Samuel Harsnett, Archbishop of 
 York, 1 63 1, at Chigwell, Essex. The latter is a fine brass, 
 and though the old vestments are discarded, the swelling 
 mitre and voluted crozier, with its central rose, are worthy 
 of study. The brass of Bishop Robinson, here illustrated, is 
 small and very curious, being an allegorical picture 21 by i6f 
 inches, like the frontispiece of a book, and depicting the bishop 
 in a ruff and skull-cap, vested in rochet and chimere, kneeling 
 before his cathedral and his college, of which he was provost. 
 The volute of his crozier ends in an eye, while a large stork 
 stands upon the outer curve. The staff is in.scribed, " Ps. 23. 
 — Corrigendo — SVSTENTANDO — Vigilando — Dirigendo," and 
 the infula has become a napkin, and bears the one word, 
 " Velando." A duplicate of this brass, copied from the original 
 at Queen's, was put over his grave in Carlisle Cathedral by 
 his brother, the Vicar of Crosthwaite. 
 
 Archbishops are usually, though not always, represented 
 with a cross-staff instead of a crozier, or even with both, as in 
 several foreign examples. They also wear the pall, which was
 
 HENRICO ROBIN^ONO CARLK,(JLEj\51 , COI.I ECU tn l\ 5 ANMSAViiJ PR.tP05IT0 
 
 PROVIDlSSIMO.TAJs'DEMQ. ECCLE5Lt CARLEOLENS/5 TOTIDEM ANNJ5 tP/5COPO 
 VJCILANTISSIMCXlIi' CAL: IVLIJ ANNO A PARTY \^RG7N;5 M DC XVT ^ yV.TAI : LXI)/ 
 Plk JN DOJO OBDORAilENTJ, £T in ECCLE5IA CARLEOL; .^PVETO, ii'OC COLL: 
 IPSWS LAB0RJBV5 VAST/TA'n EREPTV, MVNIFICEjNTIA DEM'V LOCVPLE'rATVM , IS 
 TVD qVALECVNC^ MNHMEION GRATJTADJNl^" TESTJMONIVAI COLLOCAVIT. 
 
 Ntin .lil'i.jeJ Pjind- p-^luxit,LampjJu m^tiir. I In mitumis fiJc I'^erva.mnwnhus avtc . 
 
 D/ni-nfiTb rhiim.ncn meram 111/ Juam I Maximn mm,- Domini aiiuAui iiAirr jMiir C^j/fi i 
 
 u^n mf 
 
 HENRY ROBINSON, D.I)., BISHOP OF CARLISLE, 1616 
 queen's college, OXFORD
 
 112 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 made only at Rome, and was specially bestowed by the Pope 
 upon all archbishops. It was simply a narrow loop or circle 
 of white lamb's wool placed over the shoulders, with a weighted 
 band hanging down behind and before. It was adorned with 
 purple or black crosses of silk, and originally fastened to the 
 chasuble by three gold pins. 
 
 England has retained a fair number of brasses showing 
 the episcopal vestments, as the following list will show : — ■ 
 
 ' York Minster. 13 15, Wm. de Grenefeld, Archbishop of York. 
 
 Hereford Cathedral, 1360, John Trilleck, Bishop of Hereford. 
 • St. Albans Abbey, c. 1360, Thos. Delamere, Abbot of St. Albans. 
 
 Salisbury Cathedral, 1375, Robt. Wyvil, Bishop of Salisbury. 
 
 Adderley, Salop., c. 1390, an unknown bishop or abbot. 
 
 Westminster Abbey, 1395, John de Waltham, Bishop of Salisbury. 
 ,, „ 1397, Robt. de Waldeby, Archbishop of York. 
 
 St. Albans Abbey, 1401, lower part of Abbot Moote. 
 ' New College, Oxford, 1417, Thos. Cranley, Archbishop of Dublin. 
 
 East Horsley, Surrey, 1478, John Bowthe, Bishop of Exeter. 
 
 Carlisle Cathedral, 1496, Rich. Bell, Bishop of Carlisle. 
 
 Westminster Abbey, 1498, John Estney, Abbot of Westminster. 
 
 Edenham, Lines., c. 1500, an unknown archbishop. 
 
 Manchester Cathedral, 15 15, Jas. Stanley, Bishop of Ely. 
 
 New College, Oxford, c. 1525, John Yong, Titular Bishop of 
 Callipolis. 
 
 Ely Cathedral, 1554, Thos. Goodryke, Bishop of Ely. 
 
 St. James', Clerkenwell, 1556, John Bell, Bishop of Worcester. 
 
 Tideswell, Derbys., 1579, Robt. Pursglove, Suffragan Bishop of 
 Hull. 
 
 The mutilated brass of Archbishop Grenefeld has already 
 been described at the end of the second chapter. Many of 
 the others are very fine. Thus, Bishop Trilleck's brass is 
 furnished with canopy and super-canopy. So is that of 
 Waltham, though grievously worn and mutilated. So is that 
 of Cranley, with triple pediment and super-canopy almost 
 perfect. Bishop Bell and Abbot Estney have also triple 
 canopies, and Archbishop Waldeby a fine single one. Abbot
 
 JOHN ESTNKY, AliltOT OF WESTMINSTER, I498 
 NORTH AMmi.AKiKY, WESTMINSTER A13BEY
 
 114 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Delamere, with his great rectangle of foreign workmanship, 
 has one of the largest and most splendid brasses in England. 
 Bishop Wyvil is represented at three-quarters length, standing 
 within a large battlemented castle, with his champion at the 
 portcullis beneath him, in memory of his recovery of the Castle 
 of Sherborne for the see of Salisbury. 
 
 The first illustration, given on p. 107, is of the brass of 
 Archbishop Waldeby, and exhibits the vestments at a good 
 period, when simplicity and dignity were generally of more 
 account than elaboration of detail. Robert de Waldeby himself 
 was a notable personage. At first Bishop of Ayre, in Aqui- 
 taine, he was a chosen companion of Edward the Black Prince, 
 and tutor to his son Richard II., by whose influence he was 
 made Archbishop of Dublin, Bishop of Chichester, and finally 
 Archbishop of York. Richard's arms are placed at the finial 
 of his canopy. He had been a physician in his youth, and 
 was renowned for his learning both in medical and divine 
 science. 
 
 The second illustration is of John Estney, formerly Prior 
 of Westminster, and elected abbot in 1474 by Papal provision 
 on the recommendation of King Edward IV, He died in 
 1498, and his tomb and Sir John Harpedon's (cf. p. 152), raised 
 about 4 feet above the abbey floor, with their canopies and 
 iron railings, once formed the screen between the chapel of 
 St. John and the north ambulatory of the choir. Both were 
 moved and mutilated in the eighteenth century to make room 
 for the huge and cumbrous monument of General Wolfe. 
 They have been cut down to about a foot in height, and 
 placed on either side of the ambulatory. Estney's grave was 
 twice opened in the eighteenth century, in 1706 and 1772, and 
 a curious though gruesome account remains of the condition 
 in which he was found. He was "lying in a chest quilted 
 with yellow satten ; he had on a gown of crimson silk girded 
 to him with a black girdle. On his legs were white silk stock- 
 ings, and over his face, which was black, a clean napkin,
 
 MEDI/EVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 115 
 
 doubled up and laid corner-wise ; the legs and other parts of 
 the body firm and plump." 
 
 The other brasses are of less importance, though all of 
 much interest. At Adderley a book is held in the left hand, 
 and the crozier, therefore, transferred to the right. The head 
 of Cranley's cross-staff, now mutilated, is a crucifix, as was 
 commonly the rule. Bi.shop Bowthe's small kneeling figure 
 is drawn in profile, and exhibits the lateral aspect of the 
 episcopal attire. Bell, like the prelate at Adderley, holds a 
 book, but it is open and in his right hand. The brass at 
 Edenham formerly occupied an almost inaccessible position in 
 a panel on the outer face of the church tower, 40 feet from the 
 ground. It has recently been taken down and placed inside 
 the church. Most probably it is not sepulchral, but the effigy 
 of St. Thomas of Canterbury, the patron saint of the donor of 
 the tower, the rivets of whose brass, with a kneeling figure, can 
 be seen lower down upon the tower. Bishop Goodiyke was 
 one of the compilers of the reformed Prayer-book, which he 
 holds, clasped and with a seal attached, in his right hand. It 
 is, perhaps, remarkable that he, and Bell and Pur.sglove who 
 follow him, should still use the full vestments of the mediaeval 
 church. The effigy of John Bell, the lower part of which is 
 lost, was sold in 1788, when the old church of St. James', 
 Clerkenwell, was demolished, and passed into the hands of 
 Mr. J. B. Nichols. After his death' it was fortunately placed 
 in the new church at the instance of the late Mr. Stephen 
 Tucker, Somerset Herald. 
 
 CHOIR AND PROCESSIONAL VESTMENTS 
 
 The vestments already described were used only at celebra- 
 tions of the Holy Eucharist. On other occasions, in choir and 
 at processions, the clergy customarily wore cassock and 
 surplice, much as they do now, with the addition of the almuce 
 and hood, and the cope. The almuce was a large cape turned
 
 ii6 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 down over the shoulders and Hned with fur, which varied in 
 quaUty and colour with the degree of the wearer. Doctors of 
 Divinity and canons wore an almuce lined with grey fur, the 
 former being further distinguished from the latter by the 
 scarlet colour of the outside cloth ; all others wore ordinary 
 dark brown fur, the tails of the animals from which the lining 
 was taken being sewn round the edge, and two long pendants 
 or lappets made to hang down in front. A good many brasses 
 show priests thus attired, without the cope. The fur lining, 
 which is the part exposed, is represented by cutting away the 
 metal, and filling up the surface with colouring matter or lead 
 inlaid. The brass of John Fynexs, at St. Mary's, Bury St. 
 Edmund's, will serve as an illustration. He was Archdeacon 
 of Sudbury, 1497-15 14'. 
 
 Examples, chiefly of late date, are found at — 
 
 Winchester College, Hants., 141 3, John Morys, First Warden. 
 
 Cobham, Kent, 14 18, Wm. Tannere, demi. 
 
 Arundel, Sussex, 1419, Wm. Whyte, Master of College. 
 
 Bampton, Oxen., c. 1420, Thos. Plummyswode, demi. 
 
 Manchester Cathedral, 1458, John Huntington, Warden. 
 
 Wells Cathedral, c. 1465, unknown, demi. 
 
 Billingham, Durham, 1480, Robt. Brerely. 
 
 Tredington, Worcs., 1482, Hen. Sampson, kn. 
 
 Eton College, Bucks., 1489, Thos. Barker, Fellow, in cap. 
 
 Byfleet, Surrey, 1489, Thos. Teylar, Canon. 
 
 Borden, Kent, 1490, Wm. Fordmell. 
 
 Aylsham, Norfolk, c. 1490, Thos. Tylson, B.C.L. 
 
 St. Cross, Winchester, 1493, Rich. Harward, Warden. 
 
 Great Haseley Oxon., 1494, Thos. Butler. 
 
 Turvey, Beds., c. 1500, unknown. 
 
 Dean, Beds., 1501, Thos. Parker. 
 
 Eton College, Bucks., 1503, Henry Bost, Provost. 
 
 St. Mary the Virgin, Oxford, 1507, Edm. Croston. 
 
 Chartham, Kent, 1508, Robt. Sheffelde, M.A. 
 
 Tong, Salop., 1510, Ralph Elcok. 
 
 Luton, Beds., c. 15 10, Edw. Sheffeld, LT^.D., in cap. 
 
 Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk, 15 14, John Fynexs, Archdeacon.
 
 
 JOHN KYNEXS, ARCllULACON OV SUDBUKY, 1514 
 ST. MARY'S, BURY ST. EDMUND'S
 
 ii8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Magdalen College, Oxford, 15 15 Wm. Goberd, B.A., Archdeacon. 
 
 Great Cressingham, Norfolk, 15 18, John Aberfeld, B.C.L. 
 
 St. George's Chapel, Windsor, 1522, Robt. Honywode, LL.D. qd. pi. 
 
 East Mailing, Kent, 1522, Rich. Adams, with chalice. 
 
 Greystoke, Cumberland, 1526, John Whelpdale, demi, very small. 
 
 King's College, Cambridge, 1528, Robt. Hacombleyn, Provost. 
 
 St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, 1528, Robt. Sutton, Dean, qd. pi. 
 
 Sibson, Leics., 1532, John Moore, M.A. 
 
 St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, 1537, Geoff. Fyche, Dean, qd. pi. 
 
 Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, 1557, Jas. Coorthopp, Dean of 
 
 Peterborough. 
 King's College, Cambridge, 1558, Robt. Brassie, S.T.P., Provost. 
 
 But it was much more usual for priests in surplice and 
 almuce to wear also the cope, especially if they were dignitaries 
 of the Church. The brasses of more than a hundred coped 
 ecclesiastics have come down to us, many being of large size 
 and richly canopied. In this they form a striking contrast 
 to those of the parish priests in eucharistic vestments, of which 
 the majority are small. The cope, therefore, generally shows 
 the church dignitary, or at least the man of wealth. In itself 
 too, the cope was a costly and imposing vestment. Its material 
 was silk, cloth of gold, velvet, or other precious stuffs, and its 
 form was that of a heavy cloak, fastened on the breast by a 
 jewelled brooch called the morse. Richly ornamented orphreys 
 invariably adorned the straight edges in front, and were some- 
 times carried round the lower hem. The general surface was 
 usually plain, though occasionally covered by a bold pattern, 
 as in the figure (cf. illustration) of Robert Langton, D.C.L., 
 1 5 18, at Queen's College, Oxford, who also wears a doctor's cap. 
 A small triangular or semi-circular hood was attached to the 
 cope, but this is hidden, except in a very few instances, by 
 the upper part or hood of the almuce, which can be seen at 
 the neck, just as its lappets are visible beyond the long sleeves 
 of the surplice. 
 
 Henry de Codryngtoun, Prebendary of Oxtoun and Crophill,
 
 RU15ERT LANGTON, U.C.L., I51S 
 queen's college, OXFORD 
 
 (A square plate with rebus and initials is omitted)
 
 \2o THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 in Southwell Collegiate Church, and Rector of Bottesford, 
 Leicestershire, 1404, is here given as an illustration. The 
 brass is a particularly fine one, the figure alone measuring 
 about 4 feet 9 inches. The pairs of saints upon the orphreys 
 of the cope are St. Peter and St. Paul, St. John the Evangelist 
 and St. James (of Compostella), St. John the Baptist and an 
 unknown bishop, St. Catherine and St. Margaret, and it will 
 be noticed that the morse bears a representation of the Holy 
 Trinity. The Blessed Virgin is placed in the central pedi- 
 ment of the canopy, and a curious roundel and four-leaved 
 rose are inserted just below the finial. 
 
 The list now following is believed to include most or all 
 of the finest coped priests, while some of the smaller examples, 
 as well as a few demi-figures, have been omitted : — 
 
 Rothwell, Northants., 1361, Wm. de Rothewelle, Archdeacon of 
 Essex. 
 
 St. Cross, Winchester, 1382, John de Campeden, Canon of South- 
 well. 
 
 Cottingham, Yorks., 1383, Nich. de Luda. 
 
 Fulbourn, Cambs., 1391, ^^'m. de Fulburne, Canon of St. Paul's. 
 
 Shillington, Beds., 1400, Matth. de Asscheton^ Canon of York and 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Boston, Lines., c. 1400, unknown. 
 
 Balsham, Cambs., 1401, John Sleford, Master of the Wardrobe. 
 
 Castle Ashby, Northants., 1401, Wm. Ermyn. 
 
 New College, Oxford, 1403, Rich. Malford, Warden. 
 
 Bottesford, Leics., 1404, Hen. de Codyngtoun, Prebendary of South- 
 well. 
 
 Ashbury, Berks., 1409, Thos. de Bushbury, Canon of Hereford. 
 
 Horsham, Sussex, 141 1, Thos. Clerke. 
 
 Exeter Cathedral, 141 3, Wm. Langeton, Canon of Exeter, kn. 
 
 Havant, Hants., 141 3, Thos. Aileward. 
 
 Flamstead, Herts., 1414, John Oudeby, Canon of Ware. 
 
 Knebworth, Herts., 1414, Simon Bache, Canon of St. Paul's. 
 
 Ring wood, Hants., 141 6, John Prophete, Dean of Hereford and 
 York.
 
 tF 
 
 -^«^#« 
 
 . 2SWW <» ' l«' PPiSuiB-^Ji»'gnip u 
 
 HENRY DE CODRYNGTOUN, RECTOR, I404 
 BOTTESFORD, LEICESTERSHIRE
 
 122 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Great Shelford, Cambs., 141 8, Thos. Pattesle, Prebendary of South- 
 well. 
 
 Cotterstock, Northants., 1420, Robt. Wyntryngham, Canon of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Pulborough, Sussex, 1423, Thos. Harlyng, Canon of Chichester. 
 
 Thurcaston, Leics., 1425, John Mershden, Canon of Windsor. 
 
 Tredington, Worcs., 1427, Rich. Cassey, Canon of York. 
 
 Upwell, Norfolk, 1428, Hen. Mowbray. 
 
 Broadwater, Sussex, 1432, John Mapylton, Chancellor to Joan of 
 Navarre. 
 
 Hereford Cathedral, 1434, John Stanwey, Dean of Hereford. 
 
 Upwell, Norfolk, 1435, Henry Martyn. 
 
 Warbleton, Sussex, 1436, Wm. Prestwyk, Dean of St. Mary's College 
 in Hastings Castle. 
 
 St. George's Canterbury, 1438, John Lovelle. 
 
 Bottesford, Leics., c. 1440, John Freman. 
 
 Harrow, Middlesex, 1442, Simon Marcheford, Canon of Sarum and 
 Windsor. 
 
 Ashbury, Berks., 1448, Wm. Skelton, LL.B. 
 
 Winchester College, Hants., 1450, Robt. Thurbern, Warden. 
 
 Chartham, Kent, 1454, Robt. Arthur. 
 
 They don Gernon, Essex, 1458, Wm. Kirkaby. 
 
 Balsham, Cambs., 1462, John Blodwell, Dean of St. Asaph. 
 
 Harrow, Middlesex, 1468, John Byrkhed. 
 
 Merton College, Oxford, 147 1, Hen. Sever, S.T.P., Warden. 
 
 Beeford, Yorks., 1472, Thos. Tonge, holding book. 
 
 Charlton-on-Otmoor Oxon., 1475, Thos. Key, Canon of Lincoln. 
 
 Wilburton, Cambs., 1477, Rich. Bole, Archdeacon of Ely. 
 
 Buckland, Herts., 1478, Wm. Langley, with chalice. 
 
 Magdalen College, Oxford, 1480, Wm. Tibarde, S.T.B., President. 
 
 Faversham, Kent, c. 1480, Wm. Thornbury. 
 
 Hanbury, Staffs., c. 1480, unknown. 
 
 Kirkby Wharfe, Yorks., c. 1480, Wm. Gisborne, Canon of York. 
 
 Quainton, Bucks., 1485, John Spence. 
 
 Eccleston, Lanes., c. 1485, unknown. 
 
 Girton, Cambs., 1492, Wm. Malster, Canon of York. 
 
 New College, Oxford, 1494, Walter Hyll, M.A., Warden. 
 
 Girton, Cambs., 1497, Wm. Stevyn, Canon of Lincoln. 
 
 Hitchin, Herts, 1498, Jas. Hart, B.D.
 
 MEDIy^VAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 123 
 
 God's House, Southampton, c. 1500, unknown. 
 
 Stevenage, Herts., c. 1500, Stephen Hellard, Canon of St. Asaph. 
 
 Wimpole, Cambs., 1501, Thos. Worsley. 
 
 All Saints, Stamford, Lines,, 1508, Hen. Wykys. 
 
 Tattershall, Lines., c. 15 10, unknown. 
 
 Orpington, Kent, 15 11, Thos. Wilkynson, M.A., Prebendary of Ripon. 
 
 Croydon, Surrey, 1512, Silvester Gabriel. 
 
 Trinity Hall, Cambs., 15 17, Walter Hewke, U.C.L. 
 
 Willesdon, Middlesex, 1517, Wm. Lichefield, LL.D., Canon of St. 
 
 Paul's. 
 Queen's College, Oxford, 15 18, Robt. Langton. 
 AVooburn, Bucks., 15 19, Thomas Swayn, Prebendary of Aylesbury, 
 St. Just, Cornwall, c. 1520, unknown. 
 Dowdeswell, Glos., c. 1520, unknown. 
 
 Hackney, Middlesex, 1527, Christopher Urswic, Dean of Windsor. 
 New College, Oxford, 1521, John Rede, B.D., Warden. 
 Eton College, Bucks., 1522, Wm. Boutrod, "Pety-canon" of Windsor. 
 Higham Ferrers, Northants., 1523, Rich. Wylleys, Warden. 
 Hereford Cathedral, 1529, Edm. Frowsetoure, Dean of Hereford. 
 Withington, Salop., 1530, Adam Grafton, Chaplain to Edward V. 
 Wendron, Cornwall, 1535, Warin Penhallinyk, Prebendary of 
 
 Glaseney. 
 Rauceby, Lines,, 1536, Wm. Styrlay, Canon of Shelford. 
 Clothall, Herts., 1541, Thos. Dalyson, LL.B., Master of Hospital. 
 Winchester College, Hants., 1548, John White, Warden. 
 Sessay, Yorks., 1550, Thos. Magnus, Archdeacon of East Riding. 
 
 In a few of the examples, as at Clothall and St. George's, 
 Canterbury, the almuce is not worn, and such brasses will 
 show with more or less distinctness the neck of the surplice, 
 which is gathered, or pleated, or even smocked. 
 
 In a very few others the alb and amice of the eucharistic 
 vestments are substituted for cassock and surplice. Instances 
 occur in the brasses at Horsham, 141 1; Upwell, 1428 and 
 1435 ; Beeford, 1472 ; Hitchin, 1498 ; and Rauceby, 1536, 
 
 Canons of Windsor were entitled to wear, instead of a cope, 
 the mantle of the Order of the Garter, of which they were 
 members. It is to be recognized by a small cross on the left
 
 124 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 shoulder, but there are v^ery few examples of its use. The 
 earliest is at Northstoke, Oxon., c. 1370, in the headless demi- 
 figure of Roger Parkers ; except for its badge, the mantle is 
 quite plain, and is fastened by a tasselled cord passing through 
 two pairs of lace-holes and falling on the breast. Another 
 is at Bennington, Herts., c. 1450, and consists only of the 
 mutilated fragment of a priest in an ordinary cope, but with 
 the badge upon his shoulder. The third and last is at Eton 
 College, 1540, to Roger Lupton, LL.D., Provost of Eton ; his 
 mantle is worn over a furred cassock, and is fastened by a 
 small brooch. 
 
 The cassock has been mentioned as the first of the choir 
 vestments. As a matter of fact, it was the ordinary walking 
 dress of the clergy, and was worn at all times, and under all 
 other vestments, being, however, completely hidden by the 
 long alb. There are a few brasses in which priests are 
 represented in the cassock only. 
 
 Cardynham, Cornwall, c. 1400, Thos. Awmarle. 
 Aspley Guise, Beds., c. 1410, a kneeling figure. 
 Quainton, Bucks., 1422, John Lewys, kn. 
 Cirencester, Glos., c. 1480, unknown. 
 North Creake, Norfolk, c. 1500, unknown. 
 Shorwell, Isle of Wight, 1518, Rich. Bethell. 
 Cley, Norfolk, c. 1520, John Yslyngton, S.T.P. 
 Northleach, Glos., c. 1530, Wm. Lawnder, kn. 
 
 Awmarle might easily be mistaken for a civilian, and 
 carries an anelace at his girdle. Bethell and Yslyngton have 
 each a scarf fastened by a small rose-brooch to the left 
 shoulder, and thrown about the neck, the latter wearing also 
 a doctor's cap. The North Creake priest, if indeed he be one, 
 is even more unusual. He wears a hood, loosely fastened by 
 a single button, and his rosary and bag hang from the belt 
 of his cassock. He carries a church, of which he must have 
 been the founder, upon his left arm. The brass has lost its
 
 MEDIEVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 125 
 
 inscription and is unidentified, but may have been moved to 
 the church from Creake Abbey after the dissolution. 
 
 ORNAMENTATION 
 
 The details of the ornamentation applied to ecclesiastical 
 vestments are of great variety. Stole and maniple almost 
 always match, and are of the same breadth, the pattern being 
 continued throughout the entire length, with sometimes a 
 
 (uMilMiJ 
 
 STOLE FROM (LOST) BRASS OF 
 
 ADAM DE BACON, C. I3IO 
 
 FORMERLY AT OULTON, SUFFOLK 
 
 MANIPLE FROM BRASS OF PETER 
 
 DE LACY, 1375 
 
 NORTHFLEET, KENT 
 
 slight widening or a larger square compartment at the end. 
 The apparels of alb and amice usually agree with one another, 
 but often differ from the stole and maniple, while the other 
 vestments have their distinctive patterns. Rows of lozenges, 
 squares, or rounds, are of frequent occurrence, with four-leaved 
 flowers or cinquefoils. Such patterns are stiff and formal, but 
 often give place to elaborate floral designs. It is remarkable 
 that the cross is seldom used, except in the form of the fx'lfot, 
 a mysterious figure which appears in many different parts of 
 the world and among many different peoples : on Runic 
 monuments in Britain, in patterns of Greek vases and Roman 
 jiavements, in China ten centuries before the Christian era,
 
 126 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 and in Buddhist inscriptions and coins in India and in Thibet. 
 Each arm of the cross is turned at right angles, and forms the 
 Greek letter gamma. Hence it is also called the "cross 
 gammee." The fylfot is found in the patterns of many vest- 
 ments, as at Merton College, Oxford, 1310; Kemsing, Kent, 
 1320; Horsmonden, Kent, c. 1340; Lewknor, Oxon., 1370; 
 Shottesbrooke, Berks., c. 1370; Crondall, Hants., c. 1370; 
 Stifford, Essex, 1375; Chartham, Kent, 1454. The illus- 
 
 AMICE FROM BRASS OF WALTER FRILENDE, C. I360 
 OCKHAM, SURREY 
 
 tration is from the amice of Walter Frilende, at Ockham, 
 Surrey, c. 1 360. 
 
 But it is in the orphreys of copes that the most interesting 
 designs will be found, for they were not only richer, but in a 
 manner less sacred than vestments used exclusively at the 
 eucharist. Upon them alone, with but few exceptions, were 
 admitted personal devices, initials, names, heraldic s3^mbols, as 
 well as figures of apostles, saints, and angels, at full length. 
 
 Initials occur on the brasses at Horsham, where the letter 
 C enters into the composition of the orphrey, Fulbourn, 
 Balsham, New College, Tredington, Winchester College, and 
 in the half-effigy of Thomas Mordon, LL.B., 1458, Treasurer 
 of St. Paul's, at Fladbury, Worcestershire. At Broadwater, 
 Sussex, a Lombardic M for Mapylton, the name of the priest 
 commemorated, alternates with a maple-leaf, his rebus. The 
 Fulbourn priest has the initials W. F. for William de Fulburne, 
 occurring alternately in lozenge-shaped spaces at the intervals
 
 MEDI^:VAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 127 
 
 of a bold floral design. He was an ecclesiastic of considerable 
 importance, being a prebendary of St. Paul's, chaplain to 
 King Edward III., and baron of the exchequer ; he was also 
 patron of Fulbourn Church. Both the wardens, Malford and 
 Hyll, at New College, have a like arrangement of their initials, 
 R. M. and W. H. A mutilated brass at Great Shelford, 
 Cambs., 141 8, exhibits the entire name, Thomas Patesle, with 
 the letters separately inscribed in circles between lozenges. 
 
 Heraldic symbols are met with at Havant, where a wheat- 
 sheaf alternates with fleurs-de-lys in lozenges, between circles 
 with roses and leopard's masks. William de Fulburne, just 
 mentioned, is more definitely heraldic, for his morse is charged 
 with armorial bearings as if it were a shield, argent, a saltire 
 sable betiveen 4 martlets gules. A similar arrangement is found 
 at Castle Ashby, in 1401, with the arms of William Ermyn, 
 Ermine, a saltire gules, on a chief of the last a lion passant 
 gar dan t or. 
 
 The burial-service text from Job is a favourite in monu- 
 mental inscriptions ; in one instance, the fine canopied brass at 
 Warbleton, it occurs along the orphreys of the cope, with the 
 Credo of the comimencement inscribed on the morse. 
 
 The figures of saints often appear on the orphreys of copes 
 in the largest and finest brasses, four or five on each side, and 
 add conspicuously to their merits. Examples occur at 
 Boston,^. 1400; Balsham, 1401 ; Castle Ashby, 1401 ; Ring- 
 wood, 1416 ; Harrow, 1468; Merton College, 1471 ; Tatter- 
 shall, c. 1 5 10; Trinity Hall, 15 17, and elsewhere; the illus- 
 trated figure at Bottesford (p. 121) being an excellent specimen. 
 The morse was commonly jewelled or otherwise ornamented, 
 as a rich brooch might be expected to be. The letters IHS 
 (or its variants) occur at Balsham, 1401 ; Broadwater, 1432 ; 
 Clothall, 1541, and other places; the full name lESUS at 
 Sessay ; the Sacred Face at Knebworth, Ringwood, and 
 Tattershall ; a half-length figure of the Saviour at Trinity 
 Hall ; the Holy Trinity at Cotterstock and Bottesford. Or,
 
 128 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 as in the cope itself, a personal device may be given, such as 
 the coat-of-arms at Fulbourn, or at Havant the initials T. A. 
 for Thos. Aileward. 
 
 It is difficult to close this chapter without a further account 
 of some of the great brasses of coped priests which rank 
 amongst the finest memorials of their kind. But the list is 
 too long, and it must be enough to speak of those two 
 splendid brasses at Balsham, which have been already several 
 times mentioned. They lie upon the chancel floor between 
 the beautiful stalls and within the rood-screen, which were 
 erected by the first of the two priests. This was John de 
 Sleford, rector of Balsham, Master of the Wardrobe to Edward 
 III., Chaplain to Queen Philippa of Hainault, Canon of Wells 
 and afterwards of Ripon, Prebendary of St. Stephen, West- 
 minster, 1363, and Archdeacon of Wells, 1390. His brass 
 measures in all nearly 8^ by 4h feet, and the figure 5 feet 
 2 inches. There is an elaborate triple canopy, in which the 
 central pediment supports a shrine or tabernacle, divided 
 into two storeys by a transom, arched below. In the lower 
 compartment the soul of the deceased is supported in a sheet 
 by two angels, after the manner of those foreign compositions 
 which the chaplain of Queen Philippa may well have seen 
 and studied during his travels on the Continent. In the upper 
 storey there is a representation of the Holy Trinity, to whom 
 the church of Balsham is dedicated. The finials of the side 
 pediments are gone, but there remain the figures of two 
 seraphim which w^ere poised upon them. Between the 
 seraphim and the outer pinnacles of the canopy are shields. 
 On the dexter side is Quarterly— \st and d^th, semee of fleurs- 
 de-lys. Old France ; 2nd and yd, three lions passant gardant, 
 England. On the sinister is the same, impaling Hainault : 
 Quarterly — \st and 4th, or, a lion rampant sable, Flanders ; 
 2nd and ^rd, or, a lion rampant gules, Holland. The arms of 
 the See of Ely, gules, three crozvns or, are also displayed, upon 
 a shield of which the companion is lost. Sleford's figure is of
 
 MEDIEVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 129 
 
 no less interest than his canopy, for the orphreys of his cope 
 are ornamented with five pairs of saints under embattled 
 canopies supported by singular twisted shafts. The name in 
 black letter is inscribed underneath each as follows : — 
 
 S' Maria cu fil S' Johes Bap 
 
 S' Johes Ewg S' Etheldreda 
 
 S' Katarina S' Petrus 
 
 S' Paulus S' Margarita 
 
 S' Maria Mag' S' Wilfridus 
 
 On the morse there is the sacred monogram IS. It is 
 repeated upon two roundels, one on either side of the figure, 
 and also occurred twelve times upon the now slightly muti- 
 lated 'marginal inscription, where it marks the beginnings of 
 the hexameters in which it is written. The brass is much 
 worn, and is not very familiar, perhaps on account of the 
 isolation of the village, which is situated about twelve miles 
 from Cambridge, on the Newmarket Downs. 
 
 The second brass is equally large, and measures altogether 
 8 feet 9 inches by 4 feet i inch. John Blodwell was born at 
 Llan-y-Blodwell, near Oswestry, was Dean of St. Asaph in 
 1418, Prebendary of Lichfield and of Hereford, Canon of St. 
 David's, and finally Rector of Balsham, 1439-1462. His 
 canopy is of a totally different character to that of his pre- 
 decessor. It is embattled with a single arch, rising from 
 broad shafts, in each of which are four niches, containing 
 saints and labelled with their names, as on Sleford's cope — 
 
 S' Johes Baptista Scs Johes Eviig 
 
 Scs petrus Scs Andreas 
 
 S' Assaph Epc Ss Nicholaus Epc 
 
 Sea Brigida Sea Wenefreda 
 
 The cope also has saints, in embattled and canopied niches 
 down the orphreys, but they are so worn that it is almost 
 impossible to make out the names. The two uppermost are 
 St. Michael and St. Gabriel, the two next are archbishops,
 
 i-.o THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 J 
 
 and the next bishops ; the two lowest are St. Catherine and 
 St. Margaret. The surface of this cope is ornamented with 
 Hons' heads in roundels. The inscription is at the foot, and 
 is most curious, being cast in dialogue form as though 
 between Blodwell and his guardian angel, the former's words 
 being in relief and those of the angel incised. A border fillet 
 surrounds the whole composition. 
 
 APPENDIX (i) 
 The Religious Orders 
 
 It would be almost impossible to over-estimate the power and 
 influence of the English monasteries during the era of brasses up 
 till the time of the general dissolution in the reign of Henry VIII. 
 In the first volume of this series of " Antiquary's Books," upon English 
 Monastic Life, Abbot Gasquet enumerates more than eighteen hundred 
 religious houses, nearly all of which were still in their prime in the 
 fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. But in Henry's reign " there was 
 no room for either the virtues or the vices of monasticism," and the 
 reports of Thomas Cromwell's Royal Commissioners were laid before 
 Parliament in 1536, with the result that all houses whose incomes 
 fell below ^200 a year were at once suppressed, and their revenues 
 granted to the Crown. In 1539 the greater abbeys became involved 
 in the same ruin with the smaller, and their property was confiscated 
 or destroyed. The vast majority of their churches were wantonly 
 swept away, and with them the monumental brasses which had 
 adorned the gravestones of multitudes of the departed brethren. 
 Even where the churches remained, as in the case of the great cathe- 
 dral abbeys, the brasses were usually destroyed, and in many 
 instances a long array of despoiled slabs still testifies to the malici- 
 ousness of their desecration. Less than thirty monastic brasses now 
 remain, including those of five abbots, two priors, a sub-prior, seven 
 monks and one friar^ two abbesses, a prioress, four nuns, and five or 
 more vowesses, for the whole of England. 
 
 In the list which follows, the three abbots already mentioned as
 
 THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS 131 
 
 affording examples of the episcopal vestments are not included. 
 Neither are four mutilated fragments which occur on the reverse 
 sides of palimpsest brasses at St. John's Maddermarket, Norwich, 
 c. 1320; at Tolleshunt Darcy, c. 1400, and at Upminster, c. 1410^ in 
 Essex; and at Binfield, Berks., c. 1420. These also were all of 
 abbots (or bishops) in eucharistic vestments, the first being part of 
 the reverse of Robt. Rugge, 1558, the next of a lady, c. 1535, the 
 third of a civilian, c. 1540, and the last of an inscription to Rich. 
 Thurnor, 1558. The monastic brasses, then, are these — 
 
 Ouinton, Glos., c. 1430, Joan Clopton, widow, vowess. 
 
 Cowfold, Sussex, 1433, Thos. Nelond, Cluniac Prior of Lewes. 
 
 Nether Wallop, Hants., 1436, Dame Maria Gore, prioress. 
 
 St. Laurence, Norwich, 1437, Geoff. Langley, Benedictine Prior of Horsham 
 
 St. Faith. 
 Denham, Bucks., c. 1440, John Pyke, friar. 
 St. John's Maddermarket, Norwich, c. 1440, a nun, daughter of lady on 
 
 reverse of inscription to Nich. Suttherton, 1540. 
 St. Albans Abbey, c. 1450, a Benedictine monk. 
 Halvergate, Norfolk, c. 1460, Brother Wm. Jernemut, demi, on reverse of 
 
 Alice Swane, 1540. 
 Yeovil, Somerset, c. 1460, Martin Forester, monk, demi, on a lectern. 
 St. Albans Abbey, c. 1470, Robt. Beauver, Benedictine monk. 
 St. Albans Abbey, c. 1470, a Benedictine monk, demi. 
 Dagenham, Essex, 1479, a nun, one of children of Sir Thos, Urswyk. 
 Hornby, Yorks., 1489, a nun, one of children of Thos. Mountford. 
 Witton (Blofield), Norfolk, c. 1500, Juliana Anyell, widow, vowess. 
 Great Cotes, Lines., 1503, a nun, one of children of Sir Thos. Bar- 
 
 nardiston. 
 Minchinhampton, Glos., c. 15 10, a monk and a nun, amongst children of 
 
 John Hampton. 
 Dorchester, O.xon., c. 15 10, Rich. Bewfforeste, Augustinian Abbot of 
 
 Dorchester. 
 Over Winchcndon, Bucks., 15 15, John Stodelcy, Augustinian Canon of St. 
 
 Frideswide's, Oxford. 
 Frenze, Norfolk, 15 19, Joan Braham, widow, vowess. 
 St. Albans Abbey, 1521, Thos. Rutlond, Benedictine sub-prior. 
 Elstow, Beds., c. 1525, Dame Elizth. Hcrwy, Benedictine abbess. 
 St. Mary de Crypt, Gloucester, 1529, Joan Cook, widow, vowess. 
 Shalston, Bucks., 1540, Susan Kyngeston, widow, vowess. 
 Denham, Bucks., c. 1540, Dame Agnes Jordan, Abbess of Sion. 
 Burwell, Cambs., 1542, John Lawrence, Benedictine Abbot of Ramsey. 
 Islcworth, Middlesex, 1561, Marg. Dcly, nun, Treasurer of Sion.
 
 132 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 There is a doubtful ecclesiastic at Watton, Herts., c. 1370, usually 
 described as wearing a plain cope, but more probably in monastic 
 attire. A small fragment, showing the head of a nun, c. 1380, was 
 found on the site of Kilburn Priory, and is preserved at St. Mary's, 
 Kilburn. There is also a figure at South Creake, Norfolk, 1509, 
 given in an inscription of local origin as John Norton, clerk, vested 
 in a cope, and holding a crozier, assuredly in some way monastic. 
 
 The dress of monks usually consisted of the tunic, the scapular, 
 the gown, and the hood or cowl, and these varied in colour and 
 material according to the Order to which the wearer belonged. The 
 Benedictines or Black Monks were the most important and numerous, 
 holding many of the greatest abbeys. At St. Albans they are fairly 
 well represented by a sub-prior, a third prior, and two others, on all 
 of whom the gown appears with long sleeves, like those of a surplice, 
 and a cowl worn low upon the shoulders, as though to serve for 
 tippet as well as hood ; the sleeves of the tunic are also seen at the 
 wrists. Beauver the third prior is stated in his inscription to have 
 served the convent as kitchener, refectorer, infirmarer, and spicerer 
 at various times during forty-six years. This inscription is perhaps 
 of sufficient interest to be given in full : — 
 
 " Hie iacet ffrater Robertas Beauuer qudm hui' Monasterii Monachus 
 qui qdraginta sex annis | continuis & Ultra ministrabat in diusis officiis 
 maioribus & minorib' couent' monasterii | pscripti Videlic' In Officiis 
 Tercii poris Coquarii Reffectorarii & Inffirmarii Et in | officiis subreffecto- 
 rarii & sperii couent' Pro cui' ala ffratres carissimi ffunie pees dignemini | 
 ad iudicem altissimu piissimu dmu ihm cristu Ut concedat sibi suor' 
 veniam peecator' amen." 
 
 It is a little uncertain how the word for his last office in the 
 convent should be extended, but " spicerii," spicerer, seems to meet 
 the difficulty best. The contractions are somewhat arbitrary through- 
 out. The monk, who is very tall and thin, holds in his hands a 
 bleeding heart, which was inlaid with colour, and is charged with six 
 drops of blood. 
 
 The Prior of Horsham St. Faith was also a Benedictine, and is 
 dressed in the same way. His brass was saved from destruction by 
 being removed from the priory church to Norwich. 
 
 Lawrence, the Benedictine Abbot of Ramsey, was originally 
 represented in full eucharistic vestments, but, surviving the dissolution
 
 THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS 133 
 
 of the monastery, his brass was altered, and he appears in cassock, 
 surplice, and almuce. Part of the first engraving, however, still 
 exists on the reverse side of the lower portion of his efifigy, and the 
 outline of a mitre can be seen above the cushion on which his head 
 now rests. 
 
 The Cluniac was an adaptation of the Benedictine Rule, and Prior 
 Nelond at Cowfold precisely resembles the monks of St. Albans. 
 His brass is a very magnificent one, as the illustration shows, and its 
 canopy the finest in existence of purely English character. It will 
 be noticed that the central pediment is itself triple, and supports a 
 shrine containing the Blessed Virgin and Child, while figures — of 
 St. Pancras and St. Thomas of Canterbury — supply the finials of the 
 others. The outside measurements of the brass are 7 ft. 2 in. by 3 ft. 
 It seems to be by the same hand as the almost equally fine, though 
 mutilated, canopy of Abbot John Stoke at St. Albans, of which the 
 date is 1451. 
 
 The one Augustinian abbot, at the Oxford Dorchester, wears his 
 gown and cowl open, over the ordinary choir vestments of cassock, 
 surplice, and almuce, his crozier reclining on his right arm ; he is not 
 mitred. At Over Winchendon, where there is a canon of the same 
 Order, the dress is a fur-lined cassock, a shorter tunic or rochet 
 fastened by a belt at the waist, and an open gown and cowl like 
 those of Richard Bewffbreste. Unlike the stricter Orders, Austin 
 canons were allowed to live away from their own communities, and 
 this one was vicar of his parish. 
 
 The Abbey of Nuns at Elstow was under the Benedictine Rule. 
 Its abbess. Dame Elizabeth Herwy, might be mistaken for a widow 
 in common life were it not for the crozier on her right arm. The 
 dress seems to have consisted of a long white gown, a black mantle 
 or cloak, a white plaited barbe or chin-cloth, a veil headdress, and 
 a ring. Dame Agnes Jordan, Abbess of Sion, is attired in the same 
 way, but has no crozier, perhaps because her abbey was already sup- 
 pressed. One of her nuns, the treasurer of her house, Margaret 
 Dely, died still later, and wears no mantle. Her brass is extremely 
 small. 
 
 The other monastic brasses call for little remark, more especially 
 as their identification is incomplete, and it cannot be stated to what 
 Orders they belonged. The single friar, in cowl and gown and 
 knotted cord, is on the reverse of a late brass to a lady, Amphillis
 
 luira -. :ii rnimonufnii' siiorai - ww.iii 
 
 ■J^iUnillHUIliillUlinilJlHIIIHIHIIIilll 
 
 THOMAS NELOND, CLUNIAC PRIOR OF LEWES, I433 
 COWFOLD, SUSSEX
 
 THE UNIVERSITIES 135 
 
 Peckham, 1545. The inscription and a shield are alike palimpsest, 
 and the latter bears, on the friar's side, a staff and birch-rod in saltire, 
 hence the supposition that Pyke — if Pyke it were — was a school- 
 master. 
 
 With regard to the vowesses, it should be explained that widow 
 ladies frequently at the time of their mourning attached themselves to 
 a nunnery, and took monastic vows, dedicating themselves to God. 
 Like nuns, they were entitled to the appellation of " Dame," and are 
 usually so called. It is probable that Alianore de Bohun, Duchess 
 of Gloucester, whose fine canopied brass is in Westminster Abbey 
 (cf. p. 57), should be included in the list. After the murder of her 
 husband in 1397 she retired to the nunnery of Barking, in Essex, 
 where she died. 
 
 APPENDIX (2) 
 
 The Universities 
 
 It seems to be an established fact that most of the distinctive 
 University costumes were originally derived from ecclesiastical and 
 monastic dress, and that the schools were held within the precincts 
 of religious houses, or in churches. At Cambridge the Benedictines 
 maintained the College of St. Mary Magdalene, then known as 
 Monks' or Buckingham College, and there were houses of the 
 Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, Gilbertines, Austin Friars, 
 Friars of the Sack, Bethlemite Friars, and Friars of Our Lady. The 
 first independent college, Peterhouse, was formed by a body of 
 scholars who had seceded from the monastic Hospital of St. John. 
 At Oxford the Benedictines, always first in learning and teaching, 
 held Canterbury and Durham Colleges and Gloucester Hall, the Austin 
 Canons St. Mary's College, as well as the Priory of St. Frideswide's, 
 and the Cistercians St. Bernard's College. As at the sister 
 University, there were also Dominicans, Franciscans, and Car- 
 melites, Austin Friars, and Friars of the Sack. There were also 
 Crutched Friars. 
 
 In academical brasses, therefore, we should expect to find an 
 ecclesiastical element predominant, and indeed with hardly an
 
 136 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 exception it is of priests in academicals that we now have to treat. 
 Of these about seventy-five examples can be so described as distinct 
 from priests in almuces or in copes. Rather more than one-third are 
 at Cambridge and Oxford, the latter having the larger number, and 
 the rest are widely scattered. 
 
 But an insuperable difficulty meets us at once. A system of 
 degrees was established before the era of brasses began, but the 
 distinction in habit between one degree and another was chiefly 
 expressed, as it still is, by the colour and material of the garments 
 worn, rather than by their number and shape. As this is not shown 
 upon brasses, it is usually impossible to assign the exact degree of a 
 person in academicals, unless it is stated in the inscription. 
 
 A very frequent dress consists of the cassock and a garment of 
 about the length of a surplice, but with much shorter sleeves, open 
 and pointed, reaching to the elbow, and generally of some thin 
 material. It may represent a linen rochet, or it may be a plain cloth 
 " tabard." Over the shoulders is a cape or tippet, much shorter 
 than an almuce, and with a plain edge. It usually has a hood 
 attached. 
 
 A second dress is distinguished by the fact that the outer garment 
 has no sleeves, though it is equally short. It is then certainly the 
 academical tabard. The wide sleeves of the cassock are thrust 
 through it, and the tippet and hood are worn as before. Thos. 
 Mason, M.A., 1501, and Nich. Goldwell, M.A., 1523, at Magdalen 
 College, Oxford, John London, M.A. and S.T.S., 1508, at New 
 College, may be given as examples. 
 
 David Lloyd, LL.B., 15 10, at All Souls, a demi-figure in the 
 dress first described, has beside him a student {scolasticns) of civil 
 law, in a cassock, civilian's cloak looped upon the left shoulder, and 
 hood, and is without the tonsure. He, and perhaps Goldwell, who 
 is also untonsured, are merely exceptions to the rule that academical 
 brasses are usually those of priests. 
 
 A more distinctive gown reaches to the feet, and, like the last, has 
 two openings at the sides without sleeves, the tippet and hood being 
 worn over. It is then either the pallium or another form of the 
 tabard, called the " taberdum talare," and is believed to imply a higher 
 class of degree, possibly that of B.D. It is worn by John Bloxham 
 at Merton College, who held that degree, but also by the small 
 kneeling figure of Wm. Blakwey, 1521, at Little Wilbraham, who
 
 THE UNIVERSITIES 137 
 
 was only an M.A., and by a few others. The Doctorate in Divinity, 
 D.D., S.T.P., is more definitely expressed. A plain sleeveless gown 
 is worn, sometimes called the "^ cappa clausa," from which the arms 
 appear through a single opening in front, which reaches only to a 
 short distance below the waist. The tippet is frequently of fur, and 
 a cap is worn, either fitting closely to the head, or raised about two 
 inches and brought to a low point in the middle. The skull-cap 
 is worn by Dr. Billingford at St. Benet's, Cambridge, and Dr. 
 Hautryve at New College, Oxford, the raised cap by Dr. Towne and 
 Dr. Argentein at King's, and apparently by most other Doctors, 
 whether in academicals, or in surplice and almuce, or in cope. Dr. 
 Argentein is here illustrated, and is a good example, for his belted 
 cassock can be well seen through the opening of the cappa clausa. 
 He was elected Provost of King's College in 1501, and proceeded 
 to the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1504, dying in 1507. Being 
 also a Doctor of Medicine, he was formerly physician to Arthur, 
 Prince of Wales. The length of the figure is 2 feet 4 inches, and it 
 is now screwed to a board and kept in one of the side chantries of 
 King's College Chapel. A marginal inscription, now lost, ran 
 thus : — 
 
 " Orate p' aia iohls Argentein artiu magistri medicinaru doctoris alme 
 scriptare professoris et huius collegii prepositi qui obiit An" diii millmo 
 quingentesimo vii" et die mesis fifebruar' secudo cuius aie ppiciet' de' 
 Ame." 
 
 Doctors of Law and other faculties than that of Divinity wear 
 the cap, but seem to have used the pallium instead of the cappa 
 clausa. 
 
 At New College, Oxford, there is a fifteenth-century manuscript 
 (c. 1464) entitled Brevis Chronica de ortu, vita, et gestis iwbilibus 
 reverendi viri Willelini de Wykeham, at the beginning of which there 
 is a most interesting drawing (one of four) representing a bird's-eye 
 view of the college, and of the whole Society paraded in front of it in 
 their various habits. It has been carefully illustrated in the Transac- 
 tiofis of the St. Paul's Eccksiological Society, vol. iv., Part III. 
 According to the statutes of William of Wykeham, the Society was 
 to consist of precisely loo persons, viz. a warden, 70 scholars, 10 
 chaplains, 3 clerks, and 16 choristers. The scholars were to be 
 divided into ten Students of Canon Law, ten of Civil Law, and fifty
 
 ■»^-f 
 
 ftigenlrra^ lapis WiiiMS^ 
 
 JOHN ARGENTEIN, D.D., PROVOST, 1507 
 king's college, CAMBRIDGE
 
 THE UNIVERSITIES 139 
 
 of Philosophy (or Arts) and Theology. All these hundred persons 
 are arranged in groups, with the Warden in the centre, facing the 
 rest, and dressed in cassock, tabard, tippet, and cap. Four Doctors 
 of Divinity are in the cappa clausa, tippet, and cap. Fifteen other 
 doctors are in the pallium or tabard — for none of them are visible 
 quite at full length — tippet, hood, and cap. Six Bachelors of 
 Divinity are hidden, all but their bare heads, behind the Doctors. 
 Thirteen Masters of Arts turn their backs to the spectator, and show 
 the tabard, tippet, and a hood, with one liripipe hanging nearly to the 
 waist. Ten Bachelors of Canon Law and eight of Civil Law are 
 distinguished by what appears to be a sleeved tabard, or cappa 
 manicata, with tippet and hood. This is possibly the dress first 
 described on p. 136. Fourteen Bachelors of Arts are similarly 
 dressed, but turn their backs, and show a liripipe like that of the 
 M.A. group. The chaplains and clerks wear surplices, and some 
 of them scarves, and the choristers are also in surplices. 
 
 The drawing is not coloured, but may be taken to some extent 
 as a key to the broader divisions of academical attire. At least the 
 Doctorate stands out clearly, as it does in brasses. The sleeved 
 tabard also appears to indicate Bachelors of either Canon or Civil 
 Law or of Arts. The Arts hoods have their liripipes, but these, of 
 course, are not to be seen in a front view. 
 
 In the list of brasses which follows there are some doubtful 
 instances, but it has been made as complete as possible, and all those 
 figures have been included which can in any way be described as 
 being " in academicals." 
 
 Great Brington, Northants., c. 1340, unknown, in cap. 
 
 Chinnor, Oxon., 1361, John Hotham, Provost of Queen's, "Mag. in 
 
 Theol.," in cap, demi. 
 Merton College, Oxford, 1372, unknown, sm. in head of cross. 
 Upper Hardres, Kent, 1405, John Strata, M.A., kneeling, in skull-cap. 
 St. John's College, Cambridge, c. 1410, Eudo do la Zouch, Master, nuit. 
 Ledbury, Heref., c. 14 10, Wm. Calwe, kn. sm. 
 Lydd, Kant, 1420, John Mottesfont, B.C.L. 
 Great Hadham, Herts., c. 1420, unknown, demi, 
 
 Merton College, Oxford, c. 1420, John Bloxham, B.D., and John Whytton. 
 New College, Oxford, 1427, John Sowthe, " Juris Civilis Prof.," in skull-cap. 
 St. Benet's, Cambridge, 1432, Rich. Billingford, D.D., kn. in skull-cap. 
 Royston, Herts., 1432, Wm. Taverham.
 
 I40 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Little St. Mary's, Cambridge, c. 1440, John Holbrook, mutil. 
 
 New College, Oxford, 1441, Wm. Hautryve, D.D., in skull-cap. 
 
 Merton College, Oxford, 1445, John Kyllyngworth, M.A., demi. 
 
 New College, Oxford, 1447, Geoff. Hargreve, S.T.S. 
 
 Thaxted, Essex, c. 1450, unknown. 
 
 Heme, Kent, c. 1450, John Darley, in skull-cap. 
 
 Boxley, Kent, 145 1, Wm. Snell, M.A. 
 
 New College, Oxford, 145 1, Walter Wake, S.T.S., demi. 
 
 Pakefield, Suffolk, 145 1, Rich. Folcard, M.A., demi. 
 
 Brancepath, Durham, 1456, Rich. Drax, LL.B., demi. 
 
 Surlingham, Norfolk, 1460, John Alnvvik, M.A. 
 
 Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1460, unknown, demi. 
 
 Ewelme, Oxon., c. 1460, Wm. Branwhait, demi. 
 
 New College, Oxford, 1468, Thos. Hylle, S.T.P., in skull-cap. 
 
 Stourmouth, Kent, 1472, Thos. Mareys. 
 
 Cheriton, Kent, 1474, John Child, M.A., sm. 
 
 Magdalen College, Oxford, 1478, Thos. Sondes, Scholar of Div. 
 
 Magdalen College, Oxford, 1478, Ralph Vawdrey, M.A., demi. 
 
 New College, Oxford, 1478, Rich. Wyard, B.C.L. 
 
 New College, Oxford, 1479, John Palmer, B.A. 
 
 Little St. Mary's, Cambridge, c. 1480, unknown D.D., in skull-cap. 
 
 Little Shelford, Cambs., c. 1480, unknown. 
 
 Barking, Essex, c. 1480, unknown, with chalice. 
 
 Strethall, Essex, c. 1480, unknown. 
 
 Great St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, London, 1482, Nich. Wotton, LL.B. 
 
 Great Horwood, Bucks., 1487, Hen. Virgine, sm. 
 
 Blockley, Worcs., 1488, Philip Worthyn, M.A., kn. 
 
 All Souls College, Oxford, 1490, Rich. Spekynton, LL.B., sm. 
 
 Welford, Berks., c. 1490, John Westlake, sm. 
 
 Fovant, Wilts., 1492, Geo. Rede, qd. pi. 
 
 King's College, Cambridge, 1496, Wm. Towne, D.D., in cap. 
 
 Barningham, Suffolk, 1499, Wm. Goche. 
 
 Great St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, London, c. 1500, unknown. 
 
 Magdalen College, Oxford, c. 1500, Geo. Jassy, demi. 
 
 Abingdon, Berks., 1501, Wm. Heyward, S.T.D. 
 
 Magdalen College, Oxford, 1501, Thos. Mason, M.A. 
 
 Magdalen College, Oxford, 1502, Walter Charyls, M.A., sm. demi. 
 
 Stokesby, Norfolk, 1506, Thos. Gerard, B.C.L., mutil. 
 
 King's College, Cambridge, 1507, John Argentein, D.D., in cap . 
 
 New College, Oxford, 1508, John London, M.A., S.T.S. 
 
 Ashby St. Legers, Northants., 15 10, Walter Smyght. 
 
 All Souls College, Oxford, 15 10, David Lloyde, LL.B., and Thos. Baker, 
 
 S.C.L., demi. 
 Wantage, Berks., c. 15 10, unknown, sm.
 
 THE UNIVERSITIES 141 
 
 Broxbourne, Herts., c. 1510, unknown. 
 
 St. Michael Penkevil, Cornwall, 15 15, John Trembras, M.A. 
 Ewelme, Oxon., 1517, John Spence, B.D. 
 Tong, Salop., 15 17, Arthur Vernon, M.A. 
 Bredgar, Kent, 15 18, Thos. Coly, with chalice. 
 
 Merton College, Oxford, 15 19, John Bowke, M.A., demi, with chalice. 
 Cley, Norfolk, c. 1520, John Yslington, S.T.P., in cap, with chalice- 
 Little Wilbraham, Cambs., 1521, Wm. Blakwey, M.A., kn. sm. 
 East Rainham, Norfolk, 1522, Robt. Godfrey, LL.B., with scarf. 
 St. Alphege, Canterbury, 1523, Robt. Gosebourne. 
 Magdalen College, Oxford, 1523, Nich. Goldwell, M.A., sm. 
 Winchester College, Hants., 1524, John Barratte, B.A., kn. sm. 
 Eton College, Bucks., 1525, Walter Smith, M.A. 
 Childrey, Berks., 1529, Bryan Roos, LL.D. 
 Barcheston, Warw., 1530, Hugh Humfray, M.A. and S.T.B. 
 Trinity Hall, Cambridge, c. 1530, unknown. 
 Offord Darcy, Hunts., c. 1530, Wm. Taylard, LL.D., kn. in cap. 
 Queens' College, Cambridge, c. 1535, unknown sm. 
 Christ's College, Cambridge, c. 1540, unknown. 
 Eton College, Bucks., 1545, Thos. Edgcomb, demi. 
 Westminster Abbey, 1561, Wm. Bill, S.T.D. 
 
 It must be remembered that many other academic persons are 
 included amongst the priests given in almuces and copes, the choir 
 and processional vestments being amply represented in the college 
 chapels, and sometimes in conjunction with the doctor's cap. There 
 are also a few of later date, belonging to the Elizabethan and 
 Jacobean periods. These almost invariably have mural brasses, and 
 represent men in the ordinary civilian gown of the time, from which 
 apparently has developed both the Genevan preaching-gown and the 
 University gown of present use. The latter has no affinity whatever 
 with the ancient " tabard."
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD 
 
 1400-1453 
 
 THE number of brasses becomes greatly increased in the 
 period which we have now reached, and it includes very 
 many splendid examples. No finer English canopies 
 exist than those already mentioned in the memorials of Prior 
 Nelond, 1433, at Cowfold, and of Abbot Stoke, 145 1, at St. 
 Albans. Indeed, several of the very best ecclesiastical brasses 
 are referred to this period, and the same may be said of both 
 military and civil brasses as well. And yet in the manner of 
 engraving there begin to be signs of that general deterioration 
 which in the next period plainly shows itself The mediaeval 
 arts had passed their best point. There was less freedom, 
 greater constraint and conventionality. Gothic architecture 
 was beyond its prime, and had adopted forms less graceful 
 than before. So with brasses we find that the lines of the 
 engraver's work were stiffer, narrower, and cut less deeply and 
 boldly than in the Plantagenet period. Side by side with 
 the great brasses of the time there appear a few of inferior 
 work, and many of small size and comparatively little interest. 
 By way of compensation the brasses become more and 
 more representative in character. The knights and country 
 gentlemen of England are to be found in abundance. So are 
 its merchants and traders. The bulk of ecclesiastical brasses 
 are of plain parish priests. In fact, it is the upper middle 
 
 142
 
 THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD 143 
 
 class, always the strength of England, which will be chiefly 
 found. 
 
 Of about five hundred brasses recorded as belonging to 
 the Lancastrian period, only five appear to commemorate 
 members of the nobility. These, however, are of special 
 interest, and deserve a few words of description. 
 
 The first is a fine brass at St. Mary's, Warwick, once upon 
 an altar-tomb, and adorned with canopy and marginal in- 
 scription, but now, with its accessories lost, relaid and fixed 
 to the wall of the south transept. It commemorates Thos. 
 de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, 1401, in the full armour 
 suited to his rank and importance, and with armorial bearings 
 upon his jupon, and Countess Margaret, daughter of William 
 Lord Ferrers of Groby, in heraldic mantle and kirtle. Her 
 hair is partially confined within a rich net, and on her fore- 
 head is a bandeau of jewels. The earl's jupon is charged 
 with Gules, a fesse betiveen six crosses crosslet or, the arms of 
 Beauchamp, and the lady's mantle is embroidered with the 
 same ; her kirtle displays those of Ferrers, Gules, seven mascles, 
 three three and one, or. These heraldic charges in both the 
 figures are all wrought with an elaborate diaper, produced by 
 delicately puncturing the surface of the plate, and by means 
 of the same process additional ornament is also imparted to 
 the costume. It has been pointed out that the intricacy of 
 the design and the beauty of the workmanship evince the 
 hand of no common artist, and that the pattern is similar to 
 that which appears upon the cast-metal effigy of Anne of 
 Bohemia, the Queen of Richard II., in Westminster Abbey, 
 already described upon p. 60. As the brass is only three 
 or four years later than the royal tomb, it is not impossible 
 that both monuments were executed under the superintendence 
 of the same designer. The figure of the earl, besides the 
 flowing pattern of its diapered decoration, is pounced re- 
 peatedly with the ragged staff, the badge of the House 
 of Warwick ; and his feet rest on a chained bear, the other
 
 144 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 ancient cognizance of his family. With the exception of its 
 occasional introduction into the works of the great German 
 brass engravers, this brass appears to be the only example of 
 enrichment by this species of diaper. 
 
 The next brass is that of Bartholomew, Lord Bourgchier, 
 1409, and his two wives, at Halstead, Essex, and represents 
 the same general style of armour and dress, though with 
 much less magnificence and a few later details. The 
 first wife was Margaret Sutton, and the second Idonea 
 Lovey. 
 
 The third is at Spilsby, Lincolnshire, 1410, to William, 4th 
 Lord Willoughby d'Eresby, and his first wife Lucy, daughter 
 of Roger, Lord Strange of Knocking. The whole brass is 
 peculiar, and probably of local origin, by a school of engravers 
 settled in Lincolnshire. The armour is very rich, and the 
 bascinet upon Lord Willoughby's head is encircled with a 
 coronal of stiff roses. The lady's elaborately netted head- 
 dress is surmounted by a low fine coronet. The figures are 
 not large, but rest upon an architectural base, in which shields 
 are inserted, and below a beautiful doubly-triple canopy (six 
 pediments), of which the side-shafts only are lost. 
 
 At Merevale Abbey Church, Warwick, is the large and 
 fine brass of Robert Lord Ferrers of Chartley, and his lady, 
 141 2, but without any distinctive marks of nobility. 
 
 Lord and Lady Camoys, 1419, at Trotton, are not only 
 represented by a very fine brass upon an altar-tomb, with 
 double canopy and embattled super-canopy, but are of prime 
 historic interest as well ; for Lord Camoys accompanied 
 Henry V. in his first great expedition to France, commanded 
 the left wing of the English army at Agincourt, and for his 
 bravery was created a Knight of the Garter. The brass is an 
 apt illustration of the words which Shakespeare has put into 
 the mouth of King Henry V. (act iv. scene 3) in his address 
 to the Herald of the Constable of France just before the 
 battle—
 
 I £:*nii))B(i,BP>piiiii9:'i#ilTiaP'.irT?n"ffliflir:i=ruiin:c.iinli^ifCi<itjoli^^^^ 
 ! nnnniDM.fjrorrtiiiiiliriiinif ii,i"i 7!'\m i' --"•: : nn-i" j'hiniiiu'lMri 
 
 l.OKD THU.MAS CAMOYS, K.G., AND HIS WIFE ELIZABETH, I4I9 
 TROTION, SUSSEX
 
 146 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 " A many of our bodies shall, no doubt, 
 Find native graves ; upon the which, I trust, 
 Shall witness live in brass of this day's work." 
 
 The Garter, with its legend, is buckled below the left 
 knee, and twice encircles the Camoys coat of arms between 
 the shafts and finials of the canopy above. Elizabeth Lady 
 Camoys was the daughter of Edmund Mortimer, Earl of 
 March, and had formerly been the wife of Henry Percy, the 
 " Harry Hotspur " of familiar history. 
 
 The mention of these armed figures brings us to the con- 
 sideration of arms and armour, an especially important matter 
 in the Lancastrian period, when the history of the times was 
 so largely military. When Henry IV. established himself 
 upon the throne, the Plantagenet armour — bascinet, camail, 
 and jupon— was still in full use, and was worn at the battles 
 of Otterbourne, in 1402, and Shrewsbury, 1403, when Douglas 
 was captured and Hotspur slain, and in the miscellaneous 
 fighting which took place in many revolts against the authority 
 of the king. But before the Hundred Years' War with France 
 broke out afresh, just before Agincourt in 141 5, the type of 
 armour had completely changed. Then, and until the last 
 battle on French soil in 1453, the knights and gentlemen, 
 having abandoned the camail and jupon, were armed instead 
 in complete plate armour, a type thus associated almost 
 exclusively with the later French wars. It is interesting to 
 notice the dates. The Treaty of Troyes, by which Henry V. 
 was declared heir to the French crown, was signed in 1420, 
 when Henry married the French king's daughter Catherine. 
 His premature death occurred two years later, Henry VI. 
 succeeding in 1422 as an infant of nine months old. Orleans 
 was relieved, by the energy and enthusiasm of Jeanne Dare, 
 in 1429, and Charles VII. crowned at Rheims. But the 
 English still held Paris, and there Henry's solemn coronation 
 took place in 143 1, after which came the death of the Duke 
 of Bedford and the beginning of the end. The struggle
 
 THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD 147 
 
 lasted for twenty years longer, until Normandy and the north 
 were finally lost in 145 1. In Gascony in 1453 the men of the 
 last English army were mown down by the French guns, and 
 its leader, Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, left dead upon the 
 field. 
 
 To such a history the monuments must bear some witness, 
 and this will be found in the armed figures, to the number of 
 about one hundred and sixty, of the brasses of the Lancastrian 
 period. As a general rule, only names and dates are mentioned 
 in the inscriptions, but here and there an interesting title is 
 added or known. Thus we have Sir Peter Courtenay, 1409, 
 Captain of Calais — " Camerarius intitulatus Calesie gratus 
 Capitanus " — at Exeter Cathedral ; Sir Thos. Swynborne, 141 2, 
 " Mair de Burdeux & Capitaigne de Fronsak," at Little 
 Horkesley, Essex; Sir Thos. Peryent, 141 5, Esquire-at-arms 
 to Richard II., Henry IV., and Henry V., and also Master 
 of the Horse to Queen Joan of Navarre, at Digswell, Herts. ; 
 Sir Symon Felbrygge, K.G., 14 16, Standard-bearer to Richard 
 II., at Felbrigg, Norfolk ; Matthew Swetenham, 1416, "Portitor 
 Arcus" and Esquire to Henry V., at Blakesley, Northants. ; 
 Sir Thos. le Straunge, 1426, Constable of Ireland, at Welles- 
 bourne, Warwickshire ; Sir Thos. Brounflet, 1430, Cup-bearer 
 to Richard II., at Wimington, Beds. ; and John Thockmorton, 
 Esq., 1445, Under-Treasurer of England, at Fladbury, Wor- 
 cestershire ; besides priests like Canon Bache, 14 14, Treasurer 
 of the Household to Henry V., at Knebworth, Herts., or John 
 Mapylton, 1432, Chancellor to Queen Joan, at Broadwater, 
 Sussex. 
 
 In dividing the armed figures of the period into three 
 sections, we shall find a certain correspondence in the dresses 
 of the ladies who accompany them. The following list con- 
 tains most, if not all, of the best brasses of the earlier type, 
 in which the armour of the men is still that of the Plantagenet 
 age, and includes the pointed bascinct, camail, and jupon, 
 with the broad bawdric across the hips : —
 
 148 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 • Playford, Suffolk, 1400, Sir Geo. Felbrigg. 
 Gunby St. Peter, Lines., c. 1400, Sir Thos. Massingberd and wife, 
 
 under double canopy. 
 Laughton, Lines., c. 1400, man in armour, under triple canopy. 
 Dyrham, Glos., 1401, Sir Morys Russel and wife. 
 Blickling, Norfolk, 140 1, Sir Nich. Dagworth. 
 Hurstmonceux, Sussex, 1402, Sir Wm. Fienlez, under canopy. 
 Sawtry All Saints, Hunts., 1404, man in armour, and wife. 
 Cobham, Kent, 1405, Sir Reg. Braybrok, under canopy. 
 Rougham, Suffolk, 1405, Sir Roger Drury and wife. 
 Strensham, Worcs., 1405, Sir John Russell. 
 Cobham, Kent, 1407, Sir Nich. Hawberk, under canopy. 
 Baginton, Warw., 1407, Sir Wm. Bagot and wife. 
 Addington, Kent, 1409, Wm. Snayth, Esq., and wife, under double 
 
 canopy. 
 Burgate, Suffolk, 1409, Sir Wm. de Burgate and wife. 
 Little Casterton, Rutland, c. 1410, Sir Thos. Burton and wife. 
 Little Horkesley, Essex, 141 2, Sir Robt. Swynborne, under triple 
 
 canopy. 
 
 At Laughton and Blickling the jupon, instead of being 
 escalloped or plain at the lower edge, is finished with a pattern 
 of leaves. In two other instances, at Playford and at Baginton, 
 it is charged with heraldry, in the first, with a lion rampant, 
 and in the second with a chevron betiveen 3 martlets, a 
 crescent for difference. This is the Bagot whose name appears 
 as one of the "creatures" of the king in Shakespeare's 
 Richard II. He entertained Bolingbroke at his castle of 
 Baginton on the night before the intended combat with 
 Norfolk at Coventry, and when, after his banishment, Henry 
 seized the throne, Bagot's lands, at first forfeited, were speedily 
 restored, and he was one of the first who received from that 
 prince the Collar of SS. 
 
 This famous Collar of SS., the most celebrated knightly 
 decoration, next to the Garter itself, is not only worn by the 
 Bagots, both husband and wife, but by many others through- 
 out the period, and is at this time a distinctive badge of
 
 THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD 149 
 
 adherence to the House of Lancaster. It appears at Gunby, 
 Little Casterton, and Little Horkesley, amongst the brasses 
 just enumerated. The letter S was repeated in links of latten 
 or silver or gold upon a fillet of blue, and fastened with a 
 pendant or clasp, which varies in many instances, but is most 
 often an ornamented trefoil attached to the collar by buckles. 
 Its true origin is uncertain, although Boutell confidently asserts 
 that it was introduced by Henry IV., and that the letter is 
 the initial of the word " Souveraine," his motto when Earl of 
 Derby, which, as he afterwards became sovereign, appeared 
 auspicious. Unfortunately for this theory, the collar has been 
 noticed as early as 1371, in the reign of Edward III, It is 
 also found in an early manuscript at the British Museum 
 around the arms of John of Gaunt, who was Steward of 
 England, as well as Duke of Lancaster. The S may there 
 stand for Seneschallus. At any rate, the collar was adopted 
 by Henry IV., and granted by him to many of his adherents, 
 and especiall}' to such as were personally attached to the 
 court 
 
 The ladies in this section, like their husbands, wear much 
 the same costume as before, the kirtle and mantle retaining 
 the same form, and a hip-belt being often used in imitation 
 apparently of the masculine bawdric. The sideless cote-hardi 
 also maintains its position, and is well exemplified in the dress 
 of Lady Bagot, whose mantle is lined with fur, as, later, in the 
 figure of Lady Camoys. The headdresses vary, a common 
 form being the jewelled net and side-pads for the hair, and 
 a kerchief falling to the neck. Lady Bagot's hair is simply 
 plaited, but this is unusual. In the other extreme. Lady 
 Burton is adorned with jewelled bandeau and coronet. 
 
 Parallel with such brasses are those which exhibit a transi- 
 tion stage to the era of complete plate armour. At first the 
 jupon is laid aside, and the warrior appears in a plain steel 
 cuirass, usually ridged, with a skirt of five or six hoops, which 
 are known as taces. These cover the mail shirt, which
 
 I50 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 dwindles away to a fringe of steel rings, and finally disappears 
 altogether. The camail is covered by a gorget of plate, but 
 at first shows also as a fringe, until it is abandoned and the 
 gorget is riveted to the cuirass. The bascinet becomes less 
 pointed, and at last almost globular. 
 
 Good transition examples appear at — 
 
 Lingfield, Surrey, 1403, Sir Reginald de Cobhara. 
 
 Dartmouth, Devon, 1408, John Hauley and two wives, under triple 
 
 canopy. 
 Otterden, Kent, 1408, Thos. Seintlegier, Esq. 
 Great Tew, Oxon., 1410, John Wylcotes and wife, under canopy. 
 Little Horkesley, Essex, 141 2, Sir Thos. Swynborne, under triple 
 
 canopy. 
 
 The Little Horkesley brass is remarkable. The father, 
 Sir Robert, and the son, Sir Thomas, lie side by side, each 
 under a splendid triple canopy, joined at its central shaft. 
 The father, who died in 1391, is fully represented in the 
 armour of his time, camail, jupon, etc. The son is in plate, 
 with fringes of mail at the gorget and the lowermost tace, and 
 a Collar of SS. clasped about his neck. 
 
 With the renewal of the French wars, plate became the 
 only armour, though the tace-fringe is seen in a few early 
 instances. Otherwise mail entirely disappears, except some- 
 times at the joint of the elbow, which is further protected by 
 a fan-shaped coudiere or a roundel, and roundels or oblong 
 palettes are placed before the armpits. 
 
 A remarkably perfect example is figured from Thruxton, 
 Hants., dated 1407, but almost certainly engraved later. 
 
 Other examples are numerous, and it is impossible to give 
 more than a selection. 
 
 Routh, Yorks,, c. 1410, Sir John Routh and wife, in Collars of SS. 
 
 Wixford, Warw., 141 1, Thos. de Cruwe and wife. 
 
 Wantage, Berks., 14 14, Sir Ivo Fitzwaryn. 
 
 Great Fransham, Norfolk, 1414, Geoff. Fransham, Esq., under canopy.
 
 SIR JOHN LYSLE, ENCIRAVEI) C. I425 
 THRUXTON, HAMPSHIRE
 
 152 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Digswell, Herts., 1415, John Peryent, Esq., and wife, in Collars of SS. 
 Kidderminster, Worcs., 1415, Sir John Phelip, Walter Cookesey, 
 
 Esq., and wife, in Collars of SS., under triple canopy. 
 Erpingham, Norfolk, c. 141 5, Sir John de Erpingham. 
 Barsham, Suffolk, c. 1415, Sir Robt. Suckling, in Collar of SS. 
 Northleigh, Oxon., 141 5, man in armour. 
 Hinxton, Cambs., 1416, Sir Thos. de Skelton and two wives. 
 Felbrigg, Norfolk, 141 6, Sir Symon Felbrygge, K.G., and wife, 
 
 under double canopy. 
 Blakesley, Northants., 141 6, Matth. Swetenham, Esq., in Collar of SS. 
 Bocking, Essex, 1420, John Doreward, Esq., and wife. 
 Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, 1420, Sir \Vm. Calthorpe, in Collar of SS., 
 
 under canopy and super-canopy. 
 Bobbing, Kent, c. 1420, Sir Arnold Savage and wife. 
 Heme, Kent, c. 1420, Peter Halle, Esq., and wife. 
 Thruxton, Hants., c. 1425, Sir John Lysle, under triple canopy. 
 Aylesford, Kent, 1426, John Cosyngton, Esq., and wife. 
 Battle, Sussex, 1426, John Lowe. 
 Wiston, Sussex, 1426, Sir John de Brewys. 
 
 Wellesbourne, Warw., 1426, Sir Thos. le Straunge, in Collar of SS. 
 Yoxford, Suffolk, 1428, John Norwiche, Esq., and wife. 
 Wimington, Beds., 1430, Sir Thos. Brounflet. 
 South Petherton, Somerset, c. 1430, a Dawbeney and wife. 
 Great Harrowden, Northants., 1433, Wm. Harwedon, Esq., and wife. 
 Brabourn, Kent, 1434, Wm. Scot, Esq. 
 Bromham, Beds., c. 1435, Thos. Wideville, Esq., and two wives, 
 
 under triple canopy. 
 Ewelme, Oxon., 1436, Thos. Chaucer, Esq., and wife. 
 Westminster Abbey, 1437, Sir John Harpedon. 
 
 Many of these brasses are fine ones, and present minor 
 peculiarities. Thus at Routh, in the East Riding, Sir John 
 carries both sword and misericorde, and his brass is one of 
 the very few on which the mode of fastening the latter is 
 clearly shown ; it is attached by a short cord passing through 
 a loop fastened to the lowest tace. In this and in a few other 
 brasses two small additional plates are suspended in front. 
 
 At Kidderminster the dexter husband wears a slightly
 
 THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD 153 
 
 transverse but wide swordbelt, to which are attached a number 
 of Httle bells, and on the belt are inscribed the initials I, P. 
 for John Phelip, four times repeated in small square compart- 
 ments. It also presents an illustration of the change from the 
 bawdric worn low upon the hips to the later transverse narrower 
 belt, which is used by the second husband. 
 
 The Wixford and Wiston brasses are remarkable for the 
 additional ornaments inserted in the vacant spaces upon their 
 grave slabs. In the case of Thos. de Cruwe, the slab is 
 powdered with repetitions of his badge, a foot, which naturally 
 has a somewhat awkward and curious appearance. With Sir 
 John de Brewys there are thirty-one small scrolls, inscribed 
 with the words " Jesus Mercy," a much more pleasing 
 adornment. 
 
 Sir Symon de Felbrygge, who was Standard-bearer to 
 Richard II. as well as a Knight of the Garter, is represented 
 with the royal standard in his right hand, charged with the 
 reputed arms of Edward the Confessor impaling France and 
 England quarterly. These arms. Azure, a cross patonce between 
 5 martlets or, were assumed by Richard II. in the latter 
 part of his reign, apparently because the Confessor was one of 
 his patron saints, and were granted by him to a few of his 
 favourites or relations. In a shield above the double canopy, 
 on the knight's side, the same arms are repeated, as they are 
 on the opposite side also, but impaling quarterly the arms 
 of the empire, a spread eagle with 2 heads crowned, and the 
 kingdom of Bohemia, a lion rampant queue fourchie (cf p. 61), 
 being the arms of Anne, Richard's queen. Sir Symon was a 
 very distinguished knight. In the first year of Henry V. he 
 received the robes of the Order of the Garter, and in the 
 register of the Order is styled " ordinis maxime senex." He 
 furnished twelve men-at-arms and thirty-six foot archers, and 
 possibly served, in the expedition of 141 5 and at Agincourt. 
 He died in 1443, but probably prepared his brass in 14 16, his 
 first wife Margaret, a grand-niece of Wenceslas V., King of
 
 154 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Bohemia, and a maid of honour to her kinswoman, Queen 
 Anne, being already dead in 141 3. He wears the Garter 
 round his left leg, and the palettes at his armpits are charged 
 with a plain cross of St. George. 
 
 Only four other brasses remain of knights belonging to 
 this illustrious Order, of whom Sir Peter Courtenay, 1409, 
 much defaced, at Exeter Cathedral, and Lord Camoys, 14 19, 
 at Trotton (cf. illustration, p. 145), have been already mentioned. 
 They wear the Garter simply. In the next period come 
 Ralph, Lord Treasurer Cromwell, at Tattershall, Lincolnshire, 
 1455, and Henry Bourchier, first Earl of Essex, also Lord 
 Treasurer of England, 1483, at Little Easton, Essex, both 
 wearing the mantle as well as the Garter ; and later still, Sir 
 Thomas Bullen, 1538, at Hever, Kent, attired in the full 
 insignia. He is figured without his inscription, which is a 
 small plate reversed, and set a few inches apart from the rest 
 of the brass. He was " Knight of the Order of the Garter, 
 Erie of Wilscher, and Erie of Ormunde." There is also at 
 Holy Trinity Church, Chester, a palimpsest inscription to 
 Henry Gee, 1545, which has been cut out of a large brass, 
 c. 1520-1530, of yet another knight of the Order. The frag- 
 ment shows only the left leg from the top of the knee to the 
 instep, but this is sufficient to exhibit the Garter, which is 
 uninscribed, and some folds of the mantle, together with part 
 of a long tasselled cord with which the garment was fastened. 
 
 Certain further changes in plate armour are found as the 
 Lancastrian period draws to its close, and as the long con- 
 tinuance of the French wars may have suggested them. They 
 may be gathered into two subsections, but it will be under- 
 stood that all these variations overlap one another, and that 
 one or another piece of armour may be added or omitted in 
 particular instances. In the first place, additional plates of 
 steel are fixed to the cuirass, called placates and demi- 
 placates. The placates are of irregular size and shape, and 
 protect the armpits and part of the shoulders, displacing the
 
 SIR THOMAS HULLEN, K.G., 153S 
 HKVER, KF.NT
 
 156 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 older palettes and roundels. Demi-placates give greater 
 strength to the lower portion of the cuirass, and are fixed with 
 their edges upwards. The left side and bridle arm also begin 
 to be more fully protected than the other, which was required 
 to be free in action. The small plates of the epaulieres, called 
 splints, now sometimes almost meet across the chest. The 
 gauntlets have longer and more pointed cuffs, and are not 
 always divided into fingers. Another more marked charac- 
 teristic appears in the use of tuilles, or pointed plates, generally 
 two in number, which were strapped or hinged to the lowest tace. 
 Examples of some or all of these changes occur at — 
 
 Hampton Poyle, Oxen., 1424, John Poyle, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Sawbridgevvorth, Herts., 1433, Sir John Leventhorp and wife. 
 
 Hereford Cathedral, 1435, Sir Rich. Delamere and wife, under canopy. 
 
 Cirencester, GIos., 1438, Rich. Dixton, Esq. 
 
 Albury, Surrey, 1440, John Weston, Esq. 
 
 Arkesden, Essex, c. 1440, man in arm. 
 
 Ilminster, Somerset, c. 1440, Sir Wm. Wadham and wife, under 
 
 doubly-triple canopy and super-canopy. 
 Lanteglos-by-Fowey, Cornwall, c. 1440, Sir Thos. de Mohun. 
 Chalgrove, Oxon., 1441, Reg. Barantyn, Esq. 
 Harpham, Yorks., 1445, Thos. de St. Quintin, Esq. 
 Newland, Glos., c. 1445, Sir Christopher Baynham and wife. 
 
 The Newland knight is provided with a very curious crest, 
 consisting of a miner with a candle in his mouth, a bag at his 
 back, and a pickaxe in his hand. Unfortunately this brass is 
 a good deal mutilated. 
 
 In the last subsection the helmet is discarded, though 
 usually not the gauntlets, and the head appears with close- 
 cropped hair. Pauldrons are worn upon the shoulders, but 
 they are quite plain, and of equal size, as are also the 
 coudieres. The skirt of taces is without tuilles, but is 
 abnormally long, consisting of ten or eight hoops, which them- 
 selves are frequently divided into a great number of small 
 oblong plates.
 
 THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD 157 
 
 Examples, in one respect or another, are found at — 
 
 Etchingham, Sussex, 1444, Sir Wm. Etchingham, wife and son, under 
 
 triple canopy. 
 South Mimms, Middlesex, 1448, Thos. Frowyk, Esq., and wife. 
 Crowhurst, Surrey, 1450, John Gaynesford, Esq. 
 Hayes, Middlesex, c. 1450, Walter Grene, Esq. 
 Isleworth, Middlesex, c. 1450, man in arm. 
 Marston Morteyne, Beds., 1451, Thos. Reynes, Esq., and wife. 
 
 The ladies do not present such a variety of costume as 
 appear in the armour of their husbands. In a few of the 
 finest brasses, early in the period, the mantle is omitted, and 
 they wear a high-wasted gown with a figured band, very long 
 surplices-like sleeves, which almost sweep the ground, and turn- 
 down collars ; the hair is gathered into nets, with a kerchief 
 disposed upon the top. All this maybe seen at Routh, <:. 1410, 
 Kidderminster, 141 5, Digswell, 1415, East Markham, Notting- 
 hamshire, 1419, Horley, Surrey, r. 1420, and a few other places. 
 Lady Routh, like her husband, wears a Collar of SS., but it is 
 all covered by the broad fur collar of her gown, except the 
 clasp and pendant. Lady Peryent at Digswell also has the 
 Collar of SS., but higher up upon the neck and exposed to view. 
 Her dress collars are double, and on the left side of the lower 
 a small badge is embroidered, representing a swan. There is 
 a hedgehog at her feet. Her hair-net is very curious, and 
 drawn into the form of an inverted triangle, rising to some 
 height above the head, with her kerchief upon it. Nearly the 
 same form is found, though with a bandeau and more elaborate 
 netting, in the headdress of Lady Phelip at Kidderminster, 
 the long sleeve of whose dress and the lower collar are lined 
 or faced with fur. 
 
 The usual dress of the ladies from about 1420 to the end 
 of the period consists of the plain kirtle and mantle, occasion- 
 ally the sideless cotc-hardi, as at Trotton, and an arrange- 
 ment of the hair known as the horned or mitred headdress. 
 The side-nets, often elaborately plaited and jewelled, are
 
 15S THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 raised above the head in the form indicated, and a kerchief 
 falls upon the forehead, and to the neck and shoulders behind. 
 Most of the ladies already enumerated with their husbands 
 are thus attired. Good examples of ladies alone are found 
 at Broughton, Oxon., 1414 ; Hever, Kent, 1419 ; East Anthony, 
 Cornwall, 1420 ; Lingficld, Surrey, 1420; Cobham, Kent, 1433, 
 and elsewhere, the majority being small, and not of first-rate 
 interest. 
 
 Civilian brasses are found in increasing numbers throughout 
 the period, and are often of considerable importance. The 
 memorial of Richard Martyn and his wife at Dartford, Kent, 
 1402, may be taken as a typical and fine example of those of 
 the reign of Henry IV. He wears a gown reaching to his 
 ankles, with a small opening towards the bottom, and loose 
 sleeves gathered in at the wrists and showing the tight sleeves 
 of an under-tunic. A long mantle is partly looped over his 
 left arm, and buttoned on the right shoulder, and a hood is 
 placed loosely round the neck. His wife has no mantle, but 
 a gown with wide sleeves, waistband, and a collar turned up 
 round the neck, while a veil covers her head and falls on 
 either side upon the breast. The fine canopy and the marginal 
 inscription are unusual features in civilian brasses. 
 
 Later in the century the mantle may generally be taken 
 to indicate some office of distinction which was held by the 
 wearer. Thus, at St. Giles', Norwich, a mantle similarly 
 buttoned on the right shoulder, and a hood, are worn by 
 Richard Baxter, 1432, who was mayor of the city and a 
 burgess in Parliament. Where civilians do not wear the 
 mantle, a belt is seen at the waist, from which an anelace 
 frequently hangs. Except that the mantle and hood are 
 seldom seen, and that the gown is worn shorter, reaching 
 only to a little below the knees, a like costume continues to 
 be worn with scarcely any change. The hair is usually 
 cropped close, and there is no beard. By way of exception, 
 Nicholas Canteys, 143 1, at St. John's, Margate, has a long
 
 RICHARD MARTYN AND HIS WIFE, I402 
 DARTFORP, KENT
 
 i6o THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 full beard, though he is otherwise close-cropped. His brass is 
 of further interest also because it shows his shoes to be laced 
 up at the sides, from the instep to the ankle, and embroidered 
 with stars. Shoes at this period are invariably low and 
 pointed, without heels, and, indeed, have the appearance of 
 slippers of cloth or soft leather. 
 
 Although knights and squires almost always wear armour, 
 there are a few instances in which they appear in civil dress. 
 One of the best is in the brass of Sir Thomas and Lady 
 Brook, 1437, at Thorncombe, Devon. Sir Thomas has the 
 usual belted gown, though it is apparently lined and edged 
 with fur, and a Collar of SS. about his neck. His lady wears 
 kirtle and mantle, horned headdress, and the same collar. 
 A dog lies at the knight's feet, and it is a remarkable fact that 
 its collar is buckled and clasped in exactly the same way, 
 though there are no SS. These dogs at the feet are occasion- 
 ally intended to represent actual favourites. Thus, at Deer- 
 hurst, in Gloucestershire, 1400 (illustrated on p. 174), Lady 
 Cassy has a dog, in a collar of bells, with its name " Terri " 
 attached; and there was once a "Jakke" with Sir Bryan de 
 Stapleton, at Ingham, Norfolk, 1438, figured by Cotman, but 
 unhappily destroyed in the year 1800. At that date the 
 chancel " was completely swept of all its beautiful memorials 
 of the Stapleton family. They were sold as old metal, and 
 it was commonly reported by whom they were sold and 
 bought ; but nobody sought to recover them : neither minister 
 nor churchwarden cared for any of these things." Jakke had 
 a sharp nose, a Pomeranian ruff, and a smooth body, and was 
 evidently a portrait. He was made to bear company with a 
 very ordinary and conventional lion. 
 
 The general interest, however, in civilian brasses lies largely 
 in the witness which is borne by them to the continued rise of 
 the middle classes in wealth and prosperity, in spite of the 
 drain upon the resources of the country, which must have been 
 caused by the French wars. In describing the great foreign
 
 THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD i6i 
 
 mercantile brasses at King's Lynn and Newark, mention has 
 been made of the connection between the east coast, the 
 Hanseatic League, and the Baltic trade, and also between 
 London, Kent, and the merchants of Bruges and the lower 
 Rhine. In the fifteenth century the chief interest changes 
 to the woolmen, who then became the most important and 
 wealthiest of the English traders. To these men there are 
 many important brasses, which will be separately dealt with 
 in an appendix to the present chapter. Other trades are not 
 without their representative brasses. At Cirencester, Glouces- 
 tershire, are fine but much mutilated figures of a vintner, or 
 wine merchant, and his wife, c. 1400, with wine-casks beneath 
 their feet. In like manner Simon Seman, vintner and alder- 
 man of London, 1433, in his fine brass at Barton-upon-Humber, 
 stands upon two wine-casks. John Asger, Mayor of Norwich, 
 at St. Laurence, Norwich, 1436, was a merchant of Bruges ; 
 Richard Bailly, Woodstock, Oxon., 1441, was a citizen and 
 haberdasher of London ; John Stokes, at Chipping Norton, 
 in the same county, c. 1450, a mercer. At Fletching, Sussex, 
 c. 1450, a pair of gloves and an inscription are the simple 
 memorial of Peter Denot, glover. 
 
 Other civilian brasses of more or less interest are found 
 in nearly every county of England, and a few of them are 
 enumerated below — 
 
 Eaton Socon, Beds., c. 1400, John Covesgrave and wife. 
 
 Tilbrook, Beds., c. 1400, civilian and wife. 
 
 Ore, Sussex, c. 1400, civilian and wife. 
 
 Holme-next-the-Sea, Norfolk, c. 1405, Henry Notingham and wife. 
 
 Owston, Yorks., 1409, Robt. de Haitfield and wife. 
 
 Cople, Beds., c. 1410, Nichol Rolond and wife. 
 
 Chinnor, Oxon., c. 1410, Nich. Atte Heel. 
 
 Tattershall, Lines., 141 1, Hugo de Gondeby. 
 
 Sudborough, Northants., 14 15, Wm. West and wife. 
 
 Pakefield, Suffolk, 1417, John I'owf and wife. 
 
 Lutterworth, Lcics., 1418, John Fildyng and wife.
 
 i62 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Crowan, Cornwall, c. 1420, Geoff. St. Aubyn. 
 
 Lydd, Kent, 1429, John Thomas. 
 
 Arreton, Isle of Wight, c. 1430, Harry Hawles. 
 
 Beddington, Surrey, 1432, Nich. Carre w and wife. 
 
 Kelshall, Herts., 1435, Rich. Adane and wife. 
 
 Erith, Kent, 1435, John Ailemer and wife. 
 
 Kingston-on-Thames, Surrey, 1437, Robt. Skern and wife. 
 
 Amersham, Bucks., 1439, Thos. Carbonell and wife. 
 
 St. Bartholomew-the-Less, London, 1439, ^^^i. Markeby and wife. 
 
 Swainswick, Somerset, 1439, Edm. Forde and wife. 
 
 Sail, Norfolk, 1440, Geoff. Boleyn and wife. 
 
 St. John's, Margate, Kent, 1441, John Parker and wife. 
 
 Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks., 1446, Wm. Whapplelode and wife. 
 
 Cheshunt, Herts., 1449, Wm. Pyke and wife. 
 
 Pulborough, Sussex, 1452, Edm. Mille and wife. 
 
 Trade heraldry, in the shape of coats-of-arms granted to 
 the merchant adventurers, the mercers, and other companies 
 does not yet appear upon brasses. Nevertheless, particular 
 traders are distinguished by the bearing of " merchants' 
 marks," which are found engraved upon shields, or introduced 
 into canopies and other parts of the composition. Such 
 devices doubtless originated with the necessity for distinguish- 
 ing one merchant's goods from another's, but they quickly 
 rose into ever greater prestige, till we find the merchant 
 hardly less proud of his mark than was the knight of his 
 armorial bearings. This tendency was fostered by the un- 
 doubted fact that these devices, like heraldic arms, were 
 hereditary, and remained long in the same family. The 
 earliest specimens are simple in form, and, as some suppose, 
 quasi-religious, several being like the cross and pennon borne 
 by the Agnus Dei. Many, again, are thought to present a 
 rough likeness to a ship's mast with yardarms and pennons, 
 a device not inappropriate to merchants engaged in over-sea 
 trade. Examples of this period occur at Chipping Campden, 
 Gloucestershire, 1401 ; Barstaple Almshouse Chapel, Bristol, 
 141 1 ; St. Laurence, Norwich, 1425 and 1436; Cirencester,
 
 THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD i6 
 
 J 
 
 Gloucestershire, 1440 and 1442 ; Dunstable, Bedfordshire, 
 1450 ; and Holy Trinity, Hull, 145 1. 
 
 They afterwards become much more common, and are 
 often combined with initials or monograms. A good specimen 
 may be seen repeated six times in the marginal inscription 
 of the Northleach brass illustrated on p. 169, with the initials 
 ** i f," for John Fortey. F"or a later and very excellent 
 example, see the Flemish brass of Thos. Pownder, of Ipswich, 
 p. 96, with the mark upon a shield between the heads of the 
 principal figures. 
 
 The prevalent language of the inscriptions at this time 
 was Latin, though French was still occasionally used at the 
 beginning of the century. An interesting example remains 
 in the border fillet of the brass of Sir Wm. Fienlez, at Hurst- 
 monceux, Sussex, which includes a grant of indulgence to 
 those who shall say a paternoster and an ave for the knight's 
 soul — 
 
 " William ffienlez Chiualer qy niorust le xviii jour de Janeuer 
 
 Ian del Incarnion ure Jheu Cryst Milt cccc 2 gist ycy 
 
 qy pur sa alme deuostement pater noster & ave priera vi"'^ 
 jours de pardon enauera." 
 
 A shorter form — there could hardly be less — is given under 
 the figure of a man in plate armour at Cople, Bedfordshire, 
 c. 141 5— 
 
 " Walter Rolond gist icy dieu de sa alme eit mercy Amen." 
 
 Other instances occur at Hemel Hempstead, Herts., c. 
 1400; Shottesbrooke, Berks., 1401 ; Cobham, Kent, 1402; 
 Owston, Yorks., 1409 ; and Stokenchurch, Oxon., 1410 and 
 141 2. Still later are brasses at Warkworth, Northants., to 
 several members of the Chetwode family, in two of which, 
 to John Chetwode, 1420, and to Amabilla, wife of Sir John 
 Chetwode and afterwards of Sir Thomas Straunge, the French 
 is mixed with Latin. In the first of these there are two lines
 
 i64 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 of French and one of Latin, the Latin very much abbreviated, 
 thus — 
 
 " Ici gist John Chetewode le filz de s John Chetewode Ch'r 
 qui morist le x iour | de Junn Tan de grace MCCCC XX 
 de quy alme tout puissant dieu eit m'ci Amen. ] 
 Sic na' du' vixit d'no p'cib b'n' dixit p'r de ceUs deus misere 
 nobis." 
 
 A still later French inscription at All Saints, Hertford, 
 1435, records the death of " Maistre Jehn Hunger," chief cook 
 to Queen Catherine the wife of Henry V. 
 
 The Latin inscriptions usually begin with "Orate pro 
 anima," or " Hie jacet," and end with "cujus animae propicietur 
 deus," which is variously contracted and hardly ever given in 
 full. Not much information is usually given beyond the name, 
 rank, and date of death, though there are a good many 
 instances to the contrary. One interesting rhymed inscription 
 at Kidderminster, 141 5, is here given as a case in point. It 
 is written in four lines only, at the foot of the figures of Lady 
 Phelip and her two husbands, a brass already described (cf 
 
 p. 152)— 
 
 " Miles honorificus : 
 John Phelip subiacet intus : 
 Henricus quintus : 
 dilexerat hunc Ut amicus ^ 
 Consepelitur ei : 
 sua sponsa Matildis amata : 
 Waltero Cookesey : 
 prius Armigero sociata <^ 
 Audax & fortis : 
 
 apud Harffleu John bene gessit : 
 Et Baro Vim Mortis : 
 paciens Migrare recessit ~ 
 M.C. quater X. V : 
 Octobris luce secunda ~ 
 Sit finis alme Jesu : 
 tibi spiritus hostia Munda ~ "
 
 THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD 165 
 
 But it is the English inscriptions which are, perhaps, the 
 most interesting, for the few that occur are the earUest in our 
 own language, except the two instances quoted on p. 39. 
 
 Seeing that the age of Chaucer and of Wycliffe was already 
 past, and that of Caxton close at hand, it is surprising that 
 they should be as crude and as rare as they are. A very few 
 examples must suffice. 
 
 The first is from Holme-next-the-Sea, near Hunstanton, 
 Norfolk, c. 1405, upon the brass of Henry Notingham and 
 his wife, who are stated to have built the chancel and tower 
 of the church, and to hav-e given to it a peal of bells and two 
 sets of vestments. Doubtless the brass once occupied a 
 founder's tomb in the aforesaid chancel, but this has long since 
 been destroyed, and the brass, for many years nailed to a 
 board, is now set in the wall of the nave. There are two small 
 figures, each about 18 inches high, the husband in a long 
 civilian's gown with belt and anelace, and an elaborately 
 clasped collar about his neck, and the wife in a close gown 
 fastened by a wide belt, and buttoned from throat to waist. 
 The inscription is in six lines : — 
 
 " Herry Notingham & hys wyffe lyne here 
 yat madeii this chirche stepuU & quere 
 two vestments & belles they made also 
 crist hem saue therfure ffro wo 
 ande to bringe her sanies to tilis at heuen 
 sayth pater & aue with mylde steuen." 
 
 A brass at Higham Ferrers, Northants., 1425, to \Vm. 
 Chichelc and his wife Beatrice, is a particularly fine one. 
 Chichele, alderman and sheriff of London, was a brother of 
 Henry, Archbishop of Canterbur}', and was a munificent 
 patron of the church and appendent college and almshouses. 
 Between the pediments of the double canopy are two roundels 
 bearing the words " ihu " and " mcy," and there is an elaborate 
 marginal-English inscription in twelve verses. Parts of these 
 are lost, but are here supplied from Hudson's Brasses of 
 Nor t ha vipt on shire —
 
 i66 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 " Such as ye be such wer we 
 Such as we bee such shall ye be 
 Lerneth to deye that is the lawe 
 That this lif now to wol drawe 
 Sorwe or gladnesse nought letten age 
 But on he cometh to lord and page 
 Wherefor for us that ben goo 
 Preyeth as other shall for you doo 
 That God of his benignyte 
 On us have mercy and pite 
 And nought remember our wykkednesse 
 Sith he us bought of hys goodnesse. Ame." 
 
 John Todenham, c. 1430, St. John Maddermarket, Norwich, 
 with a small civilian figure about 17 inches in height, has a 
 two-line inscription, " God haue mcy on the soule of John 
 Todenham | and Johne his wyff for here lyeth he buryed." 
 From his hands a large scroll rises and curves over his head, 
 " God yat sittyth in Trinite : on ye soule of John Todenham 
 haue mcy & pite." This is a very early instance of an English 
 invocation. 
 
 Other English inscriptions are found at Frettenham, 
 Norfolk, c. 1420 ; Arreton, Isle of Wight, c. 1430 ; Kelshall, 
 Herts., 1435 ; Burford, Oxon., 1437 ; Morley, Derbyshire, c. 
 1450 ; Buxted, Sussex, c. 1450 ; but there are few others until 
 the end of the century. 
 
 APPENDIX (i) 
 
 The Wool-staplers 
 
 Two districts in England were early distinguished for their importance 
 in the wool trade, and their connection with the staple, or market, of 
 Calais, the most influential trade guild of the fifteenth century. These 
 districts were in Gloucestershire and Lincolnshire, and they still con- 
 tain a series of brasses in memory of members of the guild of 
 sufficient importance to deserve separate treatment. The staple had
 
 THE WOOL-STAPLERS 167 
 
 been incorporated by Edward III. after the capture of Calais, and 
 was closely regulated by statute. Attempting to carry the merchandise 
 of the staple to other than the appointed ports was strictly forbidden, 
 and it was even made felony for any but the authorized merchants to 
 deal in the staple goods. The corporation had its own laws, was 
 exempt from the jurisdiction of the ordinary magistrates, and had its 
 own officers, the chief of the latter taking the tide of mayor. 
 
 Brasses to the Gloucestershire woolmen are found at Northleach, 
 Chipping Campden, Cirencester, and Lechlade, with Chipping Norton, 
 Witney, and Thame in the neighbouring county of Oxon. The 
 Lincolnshire brasses centre round Stamford, with Lynwode, Algarkirk, 
 and Winthorpe, together with Mattishall in Norfolk. A third district 
 is found in Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire, with brasses at St. 
 Albans, Standon, Hitchin, Dunstable, Ampthill, Wimington, and 
 also Chicheley in Bucks. London brasses to the wool-staplers are 
 found at All Hallows Barking ; St. Andrew Undershaft ; and Ealing, 
 with Easton Neston in Northamptonshire, the last to a merchant 
 who had married the daughter of a lord mayor of London. The 
 following list is not perhaps complete, but is as nearly so as 
 possible : — 
 
 Wimington, Beds., 1391, John Curteys and wife, under double canopy. 
 
 Northleach, Glos., c. 1400, a woolman and wife. 
 
 Chipping Campden, Glos., 1401, Wm. Grevel and wife, under double 
 
 canopy. 
 St. Albans Abbey, 141 1, Thos. Fayreman and wife. 
 
 Lynwode, Lines., 1419, John Lyndewode and wife, under double canopy. 
 Lynwode, Lines., 142 1, John Lyndewode the Younger, under canopy. 
 All Hallows Barking, London, 1437, John Bacon and wife. 
 Cirencester, Glos., 1440, Robt. Page and wife, under double canopy. 
 Northleach, Glos., 1447, Thos. Fortey, wife and second husband, under 
 
 triple canopy. 
 Ampthill, Beds., 1450, John Hicchecok, 
 Dunstable, Beds., 1450, Laurence Pygott and wife. 
 Lechlade, Glos., c. 1450, a woolman and wife. 
 Chipping Norton, Oxon., 145 1, John Yonge and wife. 
 Hitchin, Herts., 1452, a merchant of the staple and wife. 
 Northleach, Glos., 1458, John P^ortey, under canopy. 
 All Saints, Stamford, Lines., c. 1460, John Browne and wife. 
 Standon, Herts., 1477, John Fcld. 
 Northleach, Glos., c. 1485, a woolman and wife.
 
 i68 THE BRASSES OE ENGLAND 
 
 All Saints, Stamford, 1489, Wm. Browne and wife, under canopy. 
 
 All Hallows Barking, 1489, Thos. Gilbert and wife. 
 
 Northleach, Glos., c. 1490, John Taylour and wife. 
 
 Ealing, Middlesex, c. 1490, Rich. Amondesham and wife. 
 
 Algarkirk, Lines., 1498, Nich. Robertson and two wives. 
 
 Witney, Oxon., 1500, Rich. Wenman and two wives. 
 
 Thame, Oxon., 1502, Geoff. Dormer and two wives. 
 
 Winthorpe, Lines., 1505, Rich. Barowe and wife. 
 
 Mattishall, Norfolk, 1507, Robt. Foster and wife. 
 
 All Hallows Barking, 1518, Christopher Rawson and two wives. 
 
 St. Albans Abbey, Herts., 15 19, Rauf Rowlatt. 
 
 Northleach, Glos., 1526, Thos. Bushe and wife, under double canopy. 
 
 St. Andrew Undershaft, London, 1539, Nich. Leveson and wife; 
 
 Easton Neston, Northants., 1552, Rich. Farmer, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Chicheley, Bucks., 1558, Anth. Cave, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Of these the Gloucestershire brasses easily take first rank. That 
 to William Grevel and Marion his wife in Chipping Campden Church 
 has been rightly described by Boutell as a " truly noble brass, a fitting 
 memorial for the munificent rebuilder of the church within the walls 
 of which he now lies buried." The figures are surmounted by a fine 
 double canopy with side and central shafts, and an architectural base, 
 and the marginal inscription describes Grevel as having been " Flos 
 mercatorum lanarum totius Angliee," i.e. " The flower of the wool 
 merchants of the whole realm of England." His gown has a rich 
 belt with an anelace, and he wears the mantle buttoned upon his 
 shoulder, and a hood. In the spandrels of the two pediments of the 
 canopy there are foiled circles containing his merchant's mark, and 
 his coat-of-arms appears upon shields above. 
 
 The Cirencester brass is also canopied, and the lost inscription 
 stated that Page employed his wealth in repairing churches and 
 roads. 
 
 But it is the long series of brasses at Northleach which surpass 
 all others in interest. In the first the unknown merchant, dressed 
 like Grevel, lies with his feet upon a woolpack. Thos. Fortey, like 
 Page, repaired churches and roads, and lies beneath a canopy. The 
 wife's second husband was a tailor, one William Scors. John Fortey 
 made the roof of the church, and is appropriately under a canopy 
 (cf. illustration), with his merchant's mark and initials placed six times 
 in the marginal inscription. His right foot rests upon a sheep, his left 
 upon a woolpack. The same arrangement is found in the next
 
 JOHN FORTEY, WOOI.MAN, I458 
 NORTHI.KACir, GI.OUCKSTKRSIIIRK
 
 I70 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 brass, where there is a merchant's mark upon the pack, and also in 
 that of Thos. Biishe. John Taylour has a sheep standing on the 
 vvoolpack, a shepherd's crook lying in front, and two crooks crossed 
 at right angles on the pack for mark. Bushe's sheep is standing, 
 and, unlike the others, possesses long curling horns. This is 
 altogether a curious and also handsome brass. Three similar sheep 
 are engraved in the spandrel of the canopy, resting under a spreading 
 tree, while above it a shield is suspended from a large hook, and 
 bears the arms of the staple of Calais, which were Barry nebulee of 
 6, argent and azure, on a chief gides a lion passajit garda?ii or. These 
 arms appear also in the woolmen's brasses at Witney and Thame, 
 Standon, and at St. Olave, Hart Street, which is illustrated. It 
 contains a slight error, in that the lion is not gardant; but such 
 
 ARMS OF THE STAPLE OF CALAIS, 1516 
 ST. OLAVE'S, HART STREET, LONDON 
 
 mistakes were often made. There was also a crest, which is not 
 illustrated, viz. On a 7vreath a ram argent armed and nngnled or. 
 Supporters, Two rains tinctured as before. The motto was, " God be 
 our Friend." 
 
 In Lincolnshire, at Lynwode, both brasses, to father and son, 
 are very fine ones, with double and single canopies, the first adding 
 an embattled entablature and seven canopied children in cross- 
 hatched niches along the base. The feet in each case rest upon a 
 wool-pack, the son's bearing also a merchant's mark.
 
 THE WOOL-STAPLERS 171 
 
 At Stamford the staple of Calais was of great importance, and is 
 the origin of the curious local name of " Callises," for almshouses, 
 these having been freely built for members of the staple. John 
 Browne, like other woolmen, rests his feet against two packs. But 
 the later Wm. Browne, 1489, is the more interesting personage, a 
 "marchant of very wonderful richenesse," as he is described by 
 Leland. Besides carrying out the restoration of All Saints' Church, 
 begun by his father, and building the fine late Perpendicular steeple 
 at the west end of the new north aisle, he founded in 1485 the noble 
 hospital which bears his name, for a warden and confrater, ten poor 
 brethren, and two nurses. He was alderman {i.e. mayor) of the 
 borough six times, and thrice sheriff of Rutland. The brass is fine, 
 but mutilated, the canopy over the husband's head being lost, while 
 the wife's remains ; it bears on the pediment a stork upon a nest in a 
 circle, being a rebus for her maiden name, which was Stokke. Over 
 the head of Wm. Browne is a short scroll, bearing the motto " + me 
 spede," and another is over the wife, " Der lady help at nede." The 
 figures measure about 4^ feet, and are well engraved. Browne has a 
 mantle fastened by a single button on his right shoulder, and his feet 
 rest on two woolpacks. The inscription consists of six Latin hexa- 
 meters under each figure, and the two halves are divided from one 
 another by a quaint device of two woolpacks, on each of which stands 
 a stork or other bird, with the motto " + me spede " above its head. 
 
 The other brasses are for the most part smaller, and of altogether 
 less interest, calling for little comment. That at Wimington, in 
 Bedfordshire^ stands first of all in order of date, and is, moreover. 
 in itself a fine memorial with a good double canopy, upon an altar 
 tomb, and in good preservation. Curteys was Mayor of the Staple, 
 and is thus described in the marginal inscription : " Johes Curteys 
 dns de Wymyntoii quondam maior staple lanaru Calesii & Albreda 
 ux' ei' qui istam eccliam de novo construxerut." But there are no 
 symbols of trade or office. 
 
 John Bacon, at All Hallows Barking, by the Tower of London, 
 was citizen and woolman, and rests his feet upon the pack. The 
 others in this church, though members of the staple of Calais, are 
 described as draper and mercer respectively. The London staplers 
 at Ealing and St. Andrew Undershaft, were also mercers. The last 
 two merchants of the staple, at Easton Neston and Chicheley, both 
 rank as esquires, and appear in armour.
 
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 WILLIAM BROWNE, WOOLMAN, AND HIS WIFE MARGARET, ENGRAVED C. 1460 
 ALL SAINTS, STAMFORD, LINCOLNSHIRE
 
 THE LEGAL PROFESSION 173 
 
 No account has yet been taken of inscriptions in which wool 
 merchants are mentioned, but where there is no effigy. A few are 
 known. At Newark, Notts., Robt. Whitecoumbe, 1447, was a 
 Merchant of Calais, and his mark is given. Again at Erith, Kent, 
 Emma Wode, 147 1, was the daughter of John Walden, Mayor of the 
 Staple of Calais. At Farringdon, Berks., Petronilla Parker, 147 1, 
 was the wife of another merchant of the staple. John Reed, at 
 Wrangle, Lines., 1504, has a large slab, from which a shield of arms 
 and a merchant's mark are lost, and a marginal inscription beginning, 
 " Here liethe y" bodies of John Reed sutyme marchant of y" Stapyll 
 of Calys & Margaret his wyfe." 
 
 APPENDIX (2) 
 
 The Legal Profession 
 
 Beginning with several fine examples in the Lancastrian period, 
 there yet remain an interesting series of brasses in memory of judges 
 and other members of the legal profession, which present admirable 
 illustrations of the judicial costume. These men differ in detail, but 
 in general wear a close cap or coif, a plain gown reaching to the 
 ankles and with close sleeves, a fur tippet, a mantle lined with 
 minever, and buttoned upon the right shoulder, and a hood. 
 The earliest are these : — 
 
 Deerhurst, GIos., 1400, Sir John Cassy and wife. 
 Watford, Herts., 141 5, Sir Hugh de Holes (mutilated). 
 Gunby, Lines., 1419, Wm. de Lodyngton. 
 Wath, Yorks., 1420, Rich. Norton and wife (much worn). 
 Eyke, Suffolk, c. 1430, John Staverton (mutilated). 
 Graveney, Kent, 1436, John Martyn and wife. 
 St. Mary Redcliff, Bristol, 1439, Sir John Juyn. 
 Brightwell Baldwin, Oxon., 1439, John Cottusmore. 
 
 Sir John Cassy was chief baron of the Exchequer, and his brass 
 is especially good. The minever lining of his mantle is very clearly 
 expressed, and his coif is of two pieces, laced or braided together 
 over the head. The tippet is not visible. He and his lady, the
 
 I 
 
 SIR JOHN CASSY AND HIS WIFE ALICE, 1400 
 
 DEERHURST, GLOUCESTERSHIRE 
 
 (Small figure of St. John the Baptist, inserted from a rubbing in the 
 
 possession of the Society of Antiquaries)
 
 THE LEGAL PROFESSION 175 
 
 mistress of the dog Terri (cf. p. 160), lie beneath a fine and still 
 perfect double canopy, with roses in the pediments. Figures of 
 St. Anne and the Blessed Virgin stand upon small detached brackets, 
 and another of St. John the Baptist is lost. It is, however, restored 
 in the accompanying illustration, from a rubbing in the collection of 
 the Society of Antiquaries, by the Rev. ^V. E, Scott-Hall. The 
 border inscription, like some others in Gloucestershire, is in raised 
 letters, with each word divided from the rest by curiously wrought 
 flowers and leaves, and one amazing little dragon. 
 
 John Staverton, if the brass is indeed his, as Cotman supposes, was 
 also a baron of the Exchequer, in gown, fur-lined mantle, and hood ; 
 but his brass is mutilated, and the inscription lost. 
 
 The others were justices or chief justices of the King's Bench or 
 Court of Common Pleas. Thus, Wm. de Lodyngton, at Gunby St. 
 Peter's, is described in his inscription as " Unus Justiciarior' illus- 
 trissimi dni Regis Henrici quinti de coi Banco." Coi stands for 
 communi, and the meaning is therefore " One of the justices of the 
 King's Bench of Common Pleas." He is an imposing figure^ resting 
 with the feet upon a leopard, under a particularly elegant single 
 canopy, ornamented with trefoils and roses, and two inscriptions 
 below, the second being the usual obit, and the first a pair of 
 verses — 
 
 " Loudyngtoii William stricto ; tumulo requiescens 
 Justus erat quoniam sit celestis : dape vescens." 
 
 He wears a belt and anelace, and the furred edge of his tippet 
 can be seen under the mantle. His hood is of fur, and also 
 apparently his coif, which entirely covers the ears as well as the hair. 
 The material of the coif was, however, white silk or lawn. 
 
 The Graveney brass is also a very rich one, and Judge Martyn is 
 similarly described as " Unus Jus[ticiarorum] diii Regis de coi 
 Banco." His fur-lined mantle more completely covers the person, 
 and in his hands he carries a heart, cut away for enamel or colouring 
 and inscribed with the words, " Jhu m'cy." Again the coif is cut 
 away for the insertion of white enamelling. The lady wears kirtle, 
 mantle, and horned headdress, and the two lie under a graceful 
 double canopy. 
 
 Sir John Juyn was Recorder of Bristol and baron of the 
 Exchequer, as well as Chief Justice in the King's Bench. His
 
 176 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 brass has no canopy, but presents a very perfect example of the 
 judicial robes, with an inscription in separate words of raised letters 
 around the margin, and a foot inscription in eight Latin verses, in 
 which his various offices are given at full length. 
 
 At Brightwell Baldwin Chief Justice Cottusmore and his wife 
 have large figures under a fine canopy upon the church floor, and 
 a second brass upon the wall, in which they appear again, kneeling, 
 and very small, with a long inscription in twenty-six Latin 
 hexameters. 
 
 The judicial brasses of the latter part of the century are 
 smaller and less imposing and without canopies, but include several 
 interesting examples. 
 
 Callington, Cornwall, c. 1465, Nich, Assheton and wife. 
 Latton, Essex, 1467, Sir Peter Arderne and wife. 
 Rougham, Norfolk, c. 1470, Sir Wm. Yelverton and wife. 
 Bray, Berks., 1475, Sir Wm. Laken. 
 Middleton, Warw., 1476, Sir Rich. Byngham and wife. 
 Dagenham, Essex, 1479, Sir Thos. Urswyk and wife. 
 Wappenham, Northants., 1481, Sir Thos. Billyng and wife. 
 Cowthorpe, Yorks., 1494, Brian Rouclyff. 
 
 The Callington brass is good, though its marginal inscription is 
 slightly mutilated, " the Wych Nycholas Was one of the Kynges 
 Juges and Secundarie of the Com . . ." Sir Peter Arderne was a 
 chief baron of the Exchequer and judge of the Common Pleas. At 
 Rougham we have a very small and curious brass, the work of local 
 engravers. Sir William, a justice of the King's Bench, is in complete 
 armour, with a great sword buckled in front of his body. The 
 judicial tippet, mantle, and hood are, however, worn over the armour, 
 a standing collar of mail appearing above the hood. His large coif 
 gives him a somewhat ridiculous appearance, and he has a Collar 
 of Suns and Roses thrown over the mantle. His head is half turned 
 towards his wife, who is in kirtle, mantle, and butterfly headdress. 
 
 Sir Wm. Laken, a justice of the King's Bench, is in the usual 
 dress, but with the addition of an anelace and a rosary. The figure 
 of his wife has been lost, and also his inscription. 
 
 The brass at Middleton is another example of local work, 
 though the Warwickshire engravers belonged to a distinct school 
 from that of Norfolk. Byngham was " Miles & Justiciari' de 
 banko dni regis." His under-gown is lined and edged with fur, but
 
 SIR WILLIAM YELVERTON, C. I47O 
 ROUGIIAM, NORFOLK 
 
 N
 
 178 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 his mantle is plain. The drawing of the whole brass is very poor, 
 and the height of the figure about 3 feet. The small Dagenham 
 brass is more pleasing. Sir Thos. Urswyk, who was chief baron of 
 the Exchequer and Recorder of London, wears the fur-lined mantle, 
 but is bare-headed, and has no hood. The brass of Judge Billyng 
 was brought to Wappenham from Bitlesden Abbey, but is now 
 grievously mutilated. The lower part of both principal effigies is 
 gone, as well as most of the children, and many of the small scrolls, 
 inscribed, " Jhu mercy Lady helppe," which, to the number of 
 sixteen, were powdered all over the slab. Sir Thos. Billyng was a 
 chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas. 
 
 Another sad example of gross carelessness and destruction in 
 modern times appears in the brass of Brian Rouclyfif, at Cowthorpe, 
 in the West Riding. In its original condition it consisted of the 
 figures of husband and wife holding the model of a church between 
 them — Rouclyff being the founder of Cowthorpe church — and 
 standing under a double canopy enriched with heraldic devices ; 
 between the feet of the figures there stood a small bier, as a 
 subsidiary memorial to John Burgh, uncle and benefactor to Brian, 
 and below this an English inscription in eight lines in double 
 columns, a marginal inscription enclosing the whole. It was 
 probably the finest brass of its time. In 1841 it was described by 
 Waller, who afterwards produced an admirable plate of it in his 
 Series of Monumental Brasses, as being in a most disgraceful state of 
 neglect, and with a large stove set upon the figures. A few years 
 later more than two-thirds of the brass was carried off by thieves. 
 Only fragments now remain, the church, the bier, two pieces of 
 canopy-finials, and the effigy of Rouclyff himself. He was " tercius 
 Baro de Sccio diii Regis," and is represented in his robes, but with- 
 out a coif. Norfolk and Warwickshire schools of engraving have 
 already been mentioned as illustrated in this little group of brasses. 
 The Cowthorpe brass was by some member of another local school 
 settled in Yorkshire, where there are several brasses of a quite 
 unusual type, of which this was one. 
 
 A few more judicial brasses occur in the sixteenth century — 
 
 Cheltenham, Glos., 15 13, Sir Wm. Greville and wife. 
 Norbury, Derbs., 1538, Sir Anthony Fitzherbert and wife. 
 Cople, Beds., 1544, Sir Walter Luke and wife.
 
 JOII.N RUliE, SKKJKAM-AT-LAW, I404 
 ClIliCKENDON, OXFORDSHIRE
 
 i8o THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Aston, Warw., 1545, Thos. Holte, Esq., and wife. 
 Halton, Bucks., 1553, Hen. Bradschawe, Esq., and wife. 
 Milton, Cambs., 1553, Wm. Coke and wife. 
 Narburgh, Norfolk, 1556, Sir John Spelman and wife. 
 Cople, Beds., 1563, Nich. Luke, Esq., and wife. 
 Noke, Oxon., 1598, Hen. Bradshawe, Esq. 
 
 These are, again, all justices of the Common Pleas or barons of 
 the Exchequer in their official robes, except that Nich. Luke has no 
 coif, and the second Henry Bradshawe no mantle. He shares a 
 small quadrangular and mural plate with his wife and his wife's first 
 husband. Thos. Holte, also, is mutilated and headless ; he was a 
 " Justice of North Wales." In the kneeling figures of Sir Walter 
 Luke and Sir John Spelman the robes are cut away and their folds 
 represented by raised lines, the surface being made with colour, 
 which largely remains in the Cople brass, a strong red. Luke was 
 " One of the Justyc' of the plees Holden before the most Excelent 
 prynce Kyng Henry the Eyght," while Spelman was " Secundary 
 Justic' of the king bench." 
 
 Serjeants-at-law are represented by a few brasses — 
 
 Checkendon, Oxon., 1404, John Rede. 
 
 Gosfield, Essex, 1439, Thos. Rolf. 
 
 Whaddon, Bucks., 15 19, Thos. Pygott and two wives. 
 
 St. Mary Redclifif, Bristol, 1522, John Brook and wife. 
 
 The Checkendon brass is a fine one, with triple canopy, architec- 
 tural base, and marginal inscription, and John Rede is shown in a 
 plain gown edged with fur, but without waistband or girdle, and a 
 hood. Thos. Rolf is more distinctively dressed in a cassock and tabard 
 or rochet, like those worn in academical brasses^ a tippet edged with 
 fur, a hood with two labels or " bands," and a coif. This is the 
 usual dress, and is exemplified in the other instances given. At 
 Cople, Beds., there is also probably a serjeant-at-law, in gown, 
 tippet, hood, and coif, but omitting the tabard and bands. The date 
 is c. 1410, to " Nichol Rolond & Pernel sa femme," but with no 
 further particulars. 
 
 The legal profession is, of course, represented in other brasses 
 where no special costume is given. This, for instance, is the case in 
 the fine brass of Robert Ingylton, Esq., and his three wives, 1472 
 (illustrated on p. 184), who lie beneath a good quadruple canopy at
 
 A NOTARY, C. I475 
 ST. MARY TOWER, IPSWICH
 
 i82 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Thornton, Bucks. Ingylton is described in existing hexameters as 
 " Juris Patronus," in his lost marginal inscription as " Juris peritus," 
 and is noted in Haines, as having been Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
 He is in full armour. John Eyer, Esq., 1561, at Narburgh, Norfolk, 
 is also in armour, and was Master of Chancery, and a receiver- 
 general to Queen Elizabeth. Sir John Tregonwell, D.C.L,, 1565, at 
 Milton Abbey, Dorset, was also " a master of the chauncerye," and 
 is in a tabard-of-arms. At Somerton, Oxon., another armed figure, 
 of Wm. Fermoure, Esq., 1552, was Clerk of the Crown in the King's 
 Bench. 
 
 Again, at Sculthorpe, Norfolk, 1470, there is a small kneeling 
 figure in armour to " Henricus Untoii Gentilman quodam Cirographori 
 dia Regis de Coi Banco," the duties of a chirographer being to 
 ingross and make proclamation of fines in the Common Pleas, and 
 to deliver the indentures of them to the party. 
 
 Notaries wear a plain gown with ink horn and pencase suspended 
 from the belt, and a scarf and cap on the left shoulder. Instances 
 occur at Great Chart, Kent, c. 1470, St. Mary Tower, Ipswich, c. 
 1475 and 1506, and at New College, Oxford, c. 15 10. The first of 
 the Ipswich notaries is here illustrated, a well-known brass. A 
 canopy, scrolls at the side of the figure, and the inscription have 
 been lost, and the effigy has been relaid in a new stone. 
 
 Without distinctive dress, John Muscote, gentleman, at Earls 
 Barton, Northants., 15 12, was a protho-notary of the Court of 
 Common Pleas, and William Mordant, Hempstead, Essex, 15 18, a 
 chief protho-notary. Finally, Bartholomew Willesden, at Willesdon, 
 Middlesex, 1492, was comptroller of the great roll of the pipe, and 
 wears his hat on his right shoulder, with a long flowing scarf hanging 
 in front. The office of notary, it may be added, is said to be the 
 oldest legal one in the world. Notaries were the officials who drew 
 up, witnessed, and sealed various legal documents, and kept the 
 records of the law court. In the Middle Ages they were frequently in 
 minor orders, but were not celibate. Master Robert Wymbyll, the 
 second Ipswich notary, had a wife Alice, who afterwards married 
 Thos. Baldry, merchant. Any document under the hand and seal 
 of a public notary is recognized as valid by all nations, and the 
 office still exists.
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 THE WARS OF THE ROSES 
 1453-1485 
 
 IN 1452, the previous year to that in which had been 
 fought the last fight of the Hundred Years' War, 
 Richard of York took up arms against the Duke of 
 Somerset, and marched with ten thousand men towards 
 London. Two years later Prince Edward was born, and 
 Henry VI. sank into a state of imbecility. On May 23, 1455, 
 a battle was fought at St. Albans, in which the Yorkists were 
 superior, and thus began the long Civil Wars which were to 
 end only with the death of Richard III. on Bosworth Field. 
 
 And yet with all the cruelty and brutality of long-continued 
 warfare, there were no buildings destroyed or demolished, and 
 the ruin and bloodshed fell chiefly upon the great lords and 
 their retainers, and not upon the people in general. 
 
 Brasses, though greatly inferior in merit, were just as 
 frequently laid down, and we find about three hundred and 
 fifty figure-brasses still existing to be referred to this period 
 of little more than thirty years. Short though it is, the period 
 stands by itself, and has its own most distinctive style of 
 armour, and one equally distinct type of feminine costume, of 
 which the leading feature is the butterfly head-dress, with its 
 spreading frame of wirework, and its gauzy veil. 
 
 Nevertheless, the period is one of rapid deterioration in 
 workmanship, and there are very few of the three hundred and 
 fifty brasses which can in any sense be described as " fine." 
 
 15^3
 
 ROBERT INGYLTON, ESQ., AND HIS WIVES MARGARET, CLEMENS, 
 
 AND ISABELLA, I472 
 
 THORNTON, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
 
 THE WARS OF THE ROSES 185 
 
 The best are probably those at Castle Donington, Leicester, 
 1458, to Robert Staunton, Esq., and his wife ; Northleach, 
 Gloucester, 1458, to John Fortey, woolman (cf. p. 169) ; 
 Balsham, Cambridgeshire, 1462, to Dean Blodvvell (cf. p. 129) ; 
 Enfield, Middlesex, c. 1470, to Joyce Lady Tiptoft ; Thornton, 
 Buckinghamshire, 1472, to Robert Ingylton and his three 
 wives (cf. illustration and p. 180) ; and Isleham, Cambridgeshire, 
 1484, to Thomas Peyton, Esq., and two wives. These all 
 have good canopies, with much interesting detail, but of a 
 considerably heavier and less graceful kind than heretofore. 
 
 There are also at Tattershall, Lincolnshire, the remains of 
 three other richly canopied brasses, dated 1455, 1479, and 
 1497, the two later having probably been engraved c. 1460, 
 which still, in their mutilated condition, form a really grand 
 series. They commemorate Ralph Lord Treasurer Cromwell, 
 and the two nieces. Lady Cromwell and Lady Willoughby 
 d'Eresby, to whom he left his estates. From Henry VI., Lord 
 Cromwell had obtained a licence to convert the parish church 
 of Tattershall into a Collegiate Church, with a warden or 
 provost, six other priests, six secular clerks, and six choristers ; 
 and an almshouse next to the churchyard for thirteen poor 
 persons of either sex. A magnificent red-brick castle adjoin- 
 ing was also built by him, and probably the new church was 
 begun as soon as the great tower of the castle was finished, 
 thus affording an exact comparison of the secular and ecclesi- 
 astical architecture of that date. The three brasses formerly 
 lay side by side upon the floor of the chancel, in great slabs 
 which each measured about 10 feet in length. They have 
 been several times moved, and after having been set up in 
 Haines' time against the rood-screen, the remaining portions 
 are now in the pavement of the north transept. Lord Cromwell, 
 over his armour, wears the Mantle of the Garter, though the 
 shoulder where the badge was is lost, and also the Garter 
 from the knee, where it seems to have been represented by a 
 band of enamel. The support of the feet consists of two
 
 i86 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 " wodehowses," or hairy wild men armed with clubs. The 
 figure of Lady Cromwell and the greater part of the canopy 
 are now lost, but the side piers remain, with niches once con- 
 taining St. Peter in triple tiara, cope, and crossed stole, three 
 warrior saints in armour of much interest, viz. St. George and 
 the Dragon, St. Maurice with a halberd, and St. Candidus with 
 lance and pennon, and many others. The St. Maurice and 
 St. Candidus still exist, but in the general relaying have 
 been attached to the brass of a provost c. 1 515. Joan Lady 
 Cromwell retains her canopy, which is of very peculiar design 
 and again enriched with saints. Her first husband. Sir 
 Humphrey Bourchier, was killed at the battle of Barnet in 
 1 47 1. The third brass had also a beautiful canopy enriched 
 with saints, and a super-canopy, all now much mutilated, and 
 with existing portions misplaced. The lady was thrice married, 
 and two of her husbands were slain in the Wars of the Roses, 
 Sir Thomas Neville at the battle of Wakefield, 1460, and Sir 
 Gervase Clifton at the battle of Tewkesbury in 147 1. 
 
 Besides these, there are very few other canopies at all, and 
 the brasses are generally of medium or small size. 
 
 In armour, the peculiarities noticed at the close of the 
 Lancastrian period at once develope into a new type, which 
 may be taken to be either the perfection of the Gothic arma- 
 ment or its downfall. The great feature is in the addition of 
 fresh pieces of armour of exaggerated size and strange shapes. 
 On the one hand it has been pointed out that all the changes 
 are entirely dictated by fitness to purpose, and the require- 
 ments of jousts and war. Decorative and subtle shell-like 
 ridgings and flutings are really present more to deflect the 
 weapon's point than as ornament, while the engrailing, 
 dentelling, scalloping, and punching of the margins of the 
 plates, which now appear, unmistakably indicate that the 
 decorative spirit is applied to embellishing and not to con- 
 cealing the steel. 
 
 On the other hand, the new pieces of armour are often so
 
 THE WARS OF THE ROSES 187 
 
 heavy and clumsy that they must have considerably hampered 
 the men who wore them, and prevented their activity in the 
 field of battle. They seem to have caused the reintroduction 
 of the padded and quilted haqueton, which again appears in 
 several military brasses. In the French wars it had usually 
 been the custom for knights and men-at-arms to fight on foot, 
 sending their horses to the rear. In the Wars of the Roses 
 they more often charged on horseback, and this will in some 
 sense account for the increased weight upon the body, arms, 
 and shoulders, while the lower limbs are left more free, with 
 altogether lighter defences. 
 
 The most beautiful example is in the superb gilded metal 
 effigy of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, on his tomb 
 in St. Mary's Church (cf. p. 64), of the date 1454, than which 
 there is nothing finer in England. Every fastening, strap, 
 buckle and hinge is represented with scrupulous fidelity, and 
 indeed the armour is supposed to be a faithful reproduction of 
 that famous Milan suit in which he held his tournament vic- 
 toriously for three days against all comers, presenting each of 
 his discomfited adversaries with new war-chargers, feasting 
 the whole company, and finally " returning to Calais with great 
 worship." 
 
 The brasses are numerous, and there are more than seventy 
 armed figures still in existence, of which a selection is now 
 given : — 
 
 Castle Donington, Leics., 1458, Robt. Staunton, Esq., and wife. 
 Shernborne, Norfolk, 1458, Sir Thos. Shernborne and wife. 
 Preston-by-Faversham, Kent, 1459, ^^'^"i- Mareys, Esq. 
 Wilmslow, Cheshire, 1460, Sir Robt. del Bothe and wife. 
 Thame, Oxon., c. 1460, Rich. Quatremayns, Esq., wife and son. 
 Cirencester, Glos., 1462, Wm. Prelatte, Esq., and two wives. 
 Green's Norton, Northants., 1462, Sir Thos. Grene and wife. 
 Hathersage, Derbs., 1463, Robt. Eyr, Esq., and wife. 
 Arundel, Sussex, 1465, John Threel and wife. 
 Stow-cum-Quy, Cambs., c. 1465, John Ansty, Esq. 
 Hildersham, Cambs., 1466, Hen. Paris, Esq., under canopy.
 
 i88 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Aughton, Yorks., 1466, Rich. Ask, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Stokerston, Leics., 1467, John Boville and wife. 
 
 Tong, Salop., 1467, Sir Wm. Vernon and wife. 
 
 Morley, Derbs., 1470, Sir Thos. Stathum and two wives. 
 
 Stoke Rochford; Lines., 1470, Hen. Rochforth, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Addington, Kent, 1470, Robt. Watton, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Bylaugh, Norfolk, 147 1, Sir John Curson and wife. 
 
 Thornton, Bucks., 1472, Robt. Ingylton and three wives. 
 
 Sprotborough, Yorks., 1474, Wm. Fitz-WiUiam, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Mugginton, Derbs., c. 1475, Nich. Kniveton and wife. 
 
 Sotterley, Suffolk, 1479, Thos. Playters, Esq., and wife. 
 
 St. Albans Abbey, 1480, Sir Anth. Grey. 
 
 Westminster Abbey, 1483, Sir Thos. Vaughan (mutilated). 
 
 Isleham, Cambs., 1484, Thos. Peyton, Esq., and two wives. 
 
 The head is usually bare. Nevertheless, the very dis- 
 tinctive head-piece, called the sallad or shell-helmet, which 
 was principally in use during the Wars of the Roses, appears 
 occasionally. It differs altogether from the bascinet of former 
 times, or the close-fitting armet which was to come, and was 
 shaped like a great hat, often with a wide brim which pro- 
 jected far behind. With it was worn the bavier, a chin-piece 
 which was strapped round the neck or fastened to the breast- 
 plate for tilting, and a hinged vizor, which in brasses is in- 
 variably raised. Good examples occur at Castle Donington 
 (without the bavier), Cirencester, Addington, Sprotborough, 
 and in small brasses at St. Peter's, Leeds, 1459 (Sir John 
 Langton), and Great Thurlow, Suffolk, c. 1460. 
 
 In the shoulder-pieces there is considerable variation. 
 Sometimes there are heavy epaulieres of several overlapping 
 pieces, as at Castle Donington. At Thame, in both figures, 
 these appear on the right shoulder only, with a placcate or 
 moton at the armpit, and a ridged pauldron on the left arm. 
 Where there is no bavier a standing collar or " standard " of 
 mail now frequently appears round the throat. 
 
 But the pauldrons are the usual defences of the shoulders. 
 At first they are made of single plates, with one or more
 
 SIR THOMAS SHERN'ISORNE, I458 
 SHERNliORNK, NORFOLK
 
 I90 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 ridges, as at Shernborne (cf. illustration) and Wilmslovv, and 
 afterwards more frequently of two, which are riveted together 
 and have no ridges at all, as at Morley, Thornton, and St. 
 Albans. A hooked lance-rest is often screwed to the cuirass 
 on the right side, as at Hildersham and Green's Norton. 
 Elbow-pieces, now termed coudieres, present, however, the 
 greatest extravagances, and often resemble in size as well as 
 shape the great morions of the Tudor pikemen. The knight 
 illustrated wears but moderate coudieres, though he is other- 
 wise a very typical figure. He, Sir Thomas Shernborne, was 
 chamberlain to Margaret of Anjou, and married Jamina de 
 Cherneys, a lady-in-waiting to the queen. At Castle Doning- 
 ton and Thame the coudieres are fan-shaped and of really 
 enormous size. The arming-points or studs by which they 
 are attached are often shown, those at Tong taking the form 
 of small rosettes. Like the head, hands are now often bare, 
 but clumsy gauntlets also appear, with backs like the shell 
 of a tortoise, and long, pointed cuffs. The skirt of taces 
 becomes shorter and the tuilles correspondingly large, with 
 a baguette of mail between them, or a small mail skirt or 
 fringe. The tuilles are conspicuously strapped to the taces, 
 as at Shernborne, and end in a point which almost touches 
 the genouilliere. This has frequently an overlapping plate at 
 the back, and other additional pieces. The soUerets are still 
 long and pointed. The sword, instead of being worn at the 
 left side, is now almost invariably suspended from a small 
 belt in front of the body, the dagger maintaining its usual 
 position upon the right. 
 
 Amongst the signs of deterioration in workmanship it may 
 be noticed that, whereas the head is still often pillowed upon 
 a tilting-helm, as if the effigy were recumbent, the feet are 
 placed upon a ground of grass and flowers, as if it were stand- 
 ing in an upright position. An early example may be seen 
 in the otherwise excellent brass of Sir William and Lady 
 Vernon at Tong, already mentioned. At Sir William's head
 
 THE WARS OF THE ROSES 191 
 
 are his helm, crest (a boar's head), and mantling, and at his 
 feet grass and trefoils. His wife, on the contrary, dressed in 
 kirtle, sideless cote-hardi, mantle, widow's wimple, and veil, 
 has nothing beneath her head, and a dragon at her feet. 
 This animal is a most extraordinary creature, with hoofs, 
 trunk, and tusks, and is apparently introduced in allusion to 
 the lady's Christian name and patron saint Margaret, whose 
 emblem is the dragon. 
 
 A similarly placed monster is for the same reason figured 
 in the brass of Margaret Castyll, at Raveningham, Norfolk, 
 1483. The Vernon brass is also remarkable for the free in- 
 troduction of small scrolls, which are given not only above 
 the principal effigies, but proceed also from the mouths of 
 five of their twelve children, one being lost, who are placed 
 in a row singly or in pairs underneath. From the father, 
 " Benedictus deus in donis suis ; " from the mother, "Jhu 
 fili dauid miserere nob' ; " from the eldest son, " Sp'aui in dno 
 et eripiat me ; " from the second, " ffili dei memento mei ; " 
 from the fifth, " Dne leuaui alam mea ad te ; " from the 
 third daughter, " Jhu fili' marie pietat' miserere nobis." The 
 heraldry is also complete and interesting. Sir William was 
 Knight Constable of England, probably in succession to 
 Sir Sampson Meverill, who held it from and in the lifetime 
 of John, Duke of Bedford. 
 
 Sir Thos. Stathum and his wives at Morley, Derbyshire, 
 have also scrolls, and these are of special interest, because 
 they are addressed each to the patron saint, who is repre- 
 sented on a small plate above. They may all be seen in the 
 accompanying illustration. Sir Thomas has " See Scristofere 
 ora p nobis," to a pleasing figure of St. Christopher, with one 
 foot raised and one in the stream, and the Divine Child upon 
 his shoulder, carrying an orb and sceptre. The dexter wife, 
 Elizabeth, exclaims, "Sea Anna ora p nobis," to St. Anne 
 and the little Virgin, who wears a kirtle and sideless cote- 
 hardi. The second wife, Thomasine, has " Sea Maria ora pro
 
 192 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 nobis," the Blessed Virgin being throned, with mantle, crown, 
 and sceptre, and the Holy Child upon her lap. 
 
 It is during the Yorkist period that tabards-of-arms begin 
 to come into common use, and with them the heraldic kirtles 
 and mantles worn by the ladies. The tabard was a short 
 square coat, put on over the armour, and emblazoned with 
 the wearer's arms. These were also repeated on each of its 
 sleeves, which terminate above the elbow. The jupon had 
 formerly been the vehicle for heraldic expression, and the 
 tabard takes its place. The earliest now found on a brass is 
 at Amberley, Sussex, 1424 (cf, p. 42 and illustration), worn 
 by John Wantele over Lancastrian armour, but in this first 
 example the arms are not repeated on the sleeves. The 
 second instance is at Childrey, Berks,, 1444, in a fine canopied 
 brass for Wm, Fynderne, Esq., and his wife, who are both 
 heraldically attired. But even here the tabard has not reached 
 its conventional shape, and covers all the body-armour. The 
 arms emblazoned are — Argent, a chevron betiveen 3 crosses 
 pattce-fitchee sable, the chevron differenced by an annulet of the 
 field. 
 
 Examples in the -Yorkist period occur at — 
 
 Edenhall, Cumberland, 1458, Wm. Stapilton, Esq., and wife. 
 Stow-cum-Quy, Cambs., c. 1465, sons of John Ansty, Esq. 
 Lowick, Northants,, 1467, Hen. Grene, Esq., and wife. 
 Broxbourne, Herts., 1473, Sir John Say and wife. 
 St. George's Chapel, Windsor, 1475, Sir Thos. Sellynger and wife. 
 St. Mary Redclifif, Bristol, 1475, Philip Mede, Esq., and two wives. 
 
 During the Tudor period they become far more common. 
 In the Edenhall brass the arms are Stapilton impaling Veteri- 
 pont, and are properly repeated on the sleeves. There is a 
 well-expressed sallad helmet with a raised vizor, but no bavier. 
 At Quy, or, more correctly. Stow, it is only the sons who wear 
 tabards, twelve in number, all alike, and kneeling, in a small 
 plate which touches the lower fillet of a marginal inscription. 
 The father wears the ordinary Yorkist armour, with ridged
 
 
 \ 
 
 v.^- 
 
 
 
 SIR THOMAS STATHUM AND HIS WIVES ELIZABETH AND THOMASINE, I47O 
 
 MORLEY, DERBYSHIRE 
 
 o
 
 194 THE BRASSES OE ENGLAND 
 
 pauldrons and heavy tuilles. The Lovvick brass includes nine 
 scrolls (one lost), inscribed, " Da gliam Deo." 
 
 Sir John and Lady Say are more interesting, the brass 
 having been engraved under the direction of Sir John himself, 
 and laid down by his order upon an altar-tomb at the decease 
 of Lady Say in 1473. Moreover, the actual colours of the 
 armorial insignia still remain to a quite considerable extent, 
 and consist largely of red and blue enamel, these tinctures 
 being the leading ones in the Say arms, viz. Per pale azure 
 and gules, 3 chevronels or, each charged with anotJier humeite, 
 coufiter changed of the field. Sir John Say was a privy councillor, 
 speaker of the House of Commons, and an esquire-at-arms to 
 Edward IV. Lady Say is also richly attired in a heraldic 
 mantle emblazoned with her own arms, which retains much 
 of its colour. 
 
 The Windsor and Bristol brasses are early examples of 
 the use of mural quadrangular plates, which must not be 
 confused with foreign work. Sir Thos. St. Leger (Sellynger) 
 married Anne, Duchess of Exeter and sister to Edward IV., 
 and the brass, which is fixed to the wall of the Rutland chapel, 
 depicts them both in heraldic dresses, together with a repre- 
 sentation of the Holy Trinity. The Mede brass is similar, 
 except that there are two wives, one only of whom is in a 
 heraldic mantle, and there is a demi-figure of our Saviour. 
 
 The Lancastrian collar of SS. naturally disappears during 
 the Yorkist period, only one instance of its use having been 
 noticed — in the Kniveton brass at Mugginton, Derbyshire, 
 c. 1475. It is there worn with the portcullis, the badge of the 
 Beauforts and afterwards of the Tudors. Still later instances 
 occur at Little Bentley, Essex, c. 1490, and at Aspley Guise, 
 Beds., at about the same date, though without the portcullis. 
 
 But the Yorkists had a collar of their own, consisting of 
 a succession of alternate suns and roses, and adopted by 
 Edward IV. after the battle of Mortimer's Cross in 146 1. It 
 is worn by Sir John Say at Broxbourne, Sir Anthony Grey
 
 THE WARS OF THE ROSES 195 
 
 at St. Albans, and many others. But perhaps the best 
 example is in the brass of the Earl of Essex at Little Easton, 
 already mentioned (p. 154) as a Garter knight in the mantle 
 and badge of his illustrious Order. Though without canopy, 
 the brass must be included amongst the few fine specimens 
 of the age. Both the earl and countess wear the Collar of 
 Suns and Roses, and to that of the latter a lion couchant 
 is attached as a pendant. The earl's head rests upon his 
 coroneted and crested tilting-helm, the countess upon a 
 diapered cushion, supported by angels. 
 
 Ladies' costume during the first half of the period still 
 usually consists of the kirtle and mantle, horned head-dress, 
 and veil. As time goes on, the horns are drawn closer together 
 over the head, and the shape is more correctly described as 
 " mitred." At the same time the reticulations of the network 
 and its jewelled knots and bands are generally omitted, not 
 perhaps because they were absent, but because the brasses 
 were less carefully drawn. The mantle is also frequently 
 omitted, unless emblazoned with heraldry, and the shape of 
 the kirtle changes. In the form exhibited by the three wives 
 of Robert Ingylton, Esq., at Thornton, in 1472 (p. 184), and 
 the two Stathums at Morley, in 1470 (p. 193), the tight sleeves 
 are furnished with fur cuffs, and the neck is also cut low and 
 trimmed with fur. This dress is typical and very frequent. 
 
 The butterfly head-dress begins to be worn at the same 
 time ; in fact, at Thornton, while the three mothers are in 
 mitred head-dresses, their daughters, who appear on separate 
 plates below the principal figures, are all in butterfly. It is 
 found typically in the costume of Lady Say, above-mentioned, 
 in 1473. Her neck is enriched with a gorgeous carcanet of 
 gems, and her hair drawn tightly back from the forehead into 
 a square-shaped net, which is ornamented with braid and 
 jewels. Over, above, and around this a veil of gauze is 
 extended upon wires, and the butterfly appearance is thus 
 given. In actual use it must have been both light and beautiful.
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 ] 
 
 v^/ 
 
 / 
 
 SIR THOMAS URSWYK AND HIS WIFE, I479 
 DAGENHAM, ESSEX
 
 THE WARS OF THE ROSES 197 
 
 In brasses it looks heavy and uncouth, being eminently unsuited 
 for reproduction in such a material. 
 
 The brass of Sir Thomas Urswyk, 1479, Recorder of 
 London and Chief Baron of the Exchequer, at Dagenham, 
 Essex, will serve to illustrate the point. His wife wears the 
 butterfly head-dress, extended from an elaborate net, and the 
 usual low-necked and close-fitting gown, with its furred edge 
 falling so far down that the upper part of the corsage is 
 exposed to view. Her cuffs and her necklace are also very 
 typical, and even her attitude, in which the body is thrown 
 back from the hips. The group of daughters is of much 
 greater interest. The first was a nun, of whom mention has 
 been made on p. 131 ; the next two are like their mother, 
 except that they have no mantles or necklaces, and, indeed, 
 resemble even more nearly the usual ladies of the period, 
 while the other five are probably unique, so far as brasses are 
 concerned, in their conical nets and long hair. Their brothers 
 are in the ordinary civilian dress of the time, but by a com- 
 paratively recent act of theft the plate has now disappeared 
 from the slab. A chamfer inscription round the verge is also 
 lost. Further mention of Sir Thomas will be found (p. 178) 
 in the preceding section upon brasses to members of the legal 
 profession. The height of the principal effigies is about 
 2 feet 3 inches. 
 
 A few examples are now given of ladies represented alone. 
 The earlier will usually be in horned, the later in mitred, or 
 in butterfly head-dresses. Widows still wear the wimple and 
 veil. Maiden ladies usually have long, flowing hair. 
 
 Cheshunt, Herts., 1453, Joan Cley. 
 Ware, Herts., 1454, Elena Warbulton. 
 Dartford, Kent, 1454, Agnes Molyngton (widow). 
 Swithland, Leics., c. 1455, Agnes Scot. 
 Ingrave, Essex, 1457, Marg. FitzLewis. 
 Blickling, Norfolk, 1458, Cecilie Boleyn (maiden). 
 Ash-next-Sandwich, Kent, c. 1460^ Jane Keriell.
 
 198 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Cheddar, Somerset, c. 1460, Isabell Cheddar. 
 
 Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey, 1464, Anna Norbury. 
 
 Heme, Kent, 1470, Christine Phelip. 
 
 Farringdon, Berks., 147 1, Petronilla Parker. 
 
 Erith, Kent, 1470, Emma Wode. 
 
 All Saints, Stamford, Lines., 1471, Marg. Elmes. 
 
 Little Wittenham, Berks., 1472, Cecilia Kydwelly. 
 
 Harrington, Lines., 1480, Marg. Copledike. 
 
 Oxted, Surrey, 1480, Joan Haselden. 
 
 Etchingham, Sussex, 1480, Elizth. and Agnes Echyngham (maidens). 
 
 Raveningham, Norfolk, 1483, Marg. Wyllughby. 
 
 Jane Keriell at Ash has a quite unique head-dress, in 
 which the netted horns are joined to a large inverted horse- 
 shoe ornament, rising to a great height from the forehead. 
 Her inscription is a curious example of rhymed verse. Another 
 brass of special interest is that at Heme to Christine Phelip, 
 wife of Sir Matthew Phelip, citizen and goldsmith of London. 
 It presents many peculiarities, and, being finely executed and 
 finished, was probably engraved in the husband's workshop, 
 instead of by the ordinary brass-workers. The head-dress 
 is mitred, and the pattern of the net carefully drawn. The 
 waistband is broad and has a large rosary attached ; the hands 
 are spread with palms outwards, and the mantle is unusually 
 long and heavily lined with fur. 
 
 Where dresses are emblazoned with heraldry, the lady's 
 personal coat-of-arms is frequently embroidered upon her 
 kirtle, her husband's upon the mantle. But more often it is 
 only the mantle which is thus decorated, and then the arms 
 will generally be impaled, the husband's on the dexter side, 
 the wife's on the sinister, as in a shield. 
 
 Ladies in heraldic dresses are found at Upminster, Essex, 
 1455, in the brass of Elizabeth Dencourt ; Enfield, Middlesex, 
 c. 1470; and Long Melford, Suffolk, c. 1480. 
 
 The Long Melford ladies are in butterfly head-dresses, and 
 have their kirtles emblazoned as well as their mantles, and 
 each lies under a now mutilated canopy. The first was
 
 THE WARS OF THE ROSES 199 
 
 probably Margery Clopton, and the second Alice Harleston, 
 mother and half-sister respectively of John Clopton, a great 
 benefactor to the noble church of Long Melford, by whose 
 order possibly the brasses were executed. Lady Tiptoft's 
 brass at Enfield has a very fine triple canopy, on the shafts of 
 which are suspended six shields of arms, bearing, in various 
 combinations, the arms of Powis, Holland, and Tiptoft. The 
 lady wears a richly jewelled horned head-dress and coronet, 
 necklace and pendant, a furred, sideless cote-hardi over her 
 low-necked kirtle, and her mantle, which bears a lion rampant 
 on the dexter side for Powis, and within a border 3 lions 
 passant gardant for Holland. She was the daughter of 
 Edward Charlton Lord Powis, whose wife was daughter to 
 Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent, Her husband's arms, a 
 saltire engrailed, do not appear on the dress. He, Sir John 
 Tiptoft, was summoned to Parliament as Baron Tiptoft and 
 Powis, and having been in high reputation with Henry V. and 
 Henry VL, died in 1442, nearly four years before his wife. 
 Probably her son, John Lord Tiptoft, who was beheaded in 
 1470, erected this altar-tomb to his mother's memory. A 
 later stone canopy has been built over the tomb, and portions 
 of the masonry superimposed upon parts of the marginal 
 inscription. 
 
 Civilians are represented by rather more than a hundred 
 examples. But there is very little variety amongst them, for 
 their costume remains the same throughout the period. The 
 plain gown reaching to a short distance below the knee, with 
 bag sleeves drawn in at the wrists, and a leather belt, continue 
 to be worn. The mantle seldom appears except as an 
 indication of official position. Anelaces become rare, and in 
 their place a short rosary is often worn, composed of a few 
 large beads, usually twelve in number, and ending in a short 
 tassel. The hair is close cropped, and the feet are in pointed 
 shoes. With the exception of the great woolmen's brasses at 
 Northleach and Stamford the figures are generall}- small and
 
 200 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 of little account. A few are, however, here given by way of 
 examples — 
 
 Leigh, Essex, 1453, Rich, and John Haddok and wives. 
 
 Bethersden, Kent, 1459, Wm. Lovelace, Gent. 
 
 Walton, Suffolk, 1459, Wm. Tabard and wife. 
 
 Stanton Harcourt, Oxon., 1460, Thomas Harecourt, Esq., and Nich, 
 
 Atherton, Esq. 
 Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, c. 1460, Edw. Courtenay. 
 Rodmarton, Glos., 1461, John Edward. 
 Barkway, Herts., 1461, Robt. Poynard and two wives. 
 Aldwinckle, Northants., 1463, Wm. Aldewynde, Esq. 
 Chipping Campden, Glos., 1467, John Lethenard, mcht., and wife. 
 Chenies, Bucks., 1469, John Waliston^ smith, and two wives. 
 Thwaite, Norfolk, 1469, John Puttok and wife. 
 Sawbridgeworth, Herts., 1470, Geoff. Joslyne and two wives. 
 St. Margaret, Canterbury, 1470, John Wynter, mayor. 
 Quethiock, Cornwall, 147 1, Roger Kyngdon and wife. 
 St. John Maddermarket, Norwich, 1472, Ralph Segrim, sheriff and 
 
 mayor, and wife. 
 Great Linford, Bucks., 1473, Roger Hunt and wife. 
 St. Nicholas, Ipswich, 1475, ^V^m- Style and wife. 
 Sawley, Derbs., 1478, Robt. Bothe and wife. 
 St. John's, Bristol, 1478, Thos. Rowley, sheriff, and wife. 
 Wormley, Herts., 1479, Edm. Howton and wife. 
 Barrowby, Lines., 1479, Nich. Deene and wife. 
 Chittlehampton, Devon, 1480, John Coblegh and two wives. 
 Loughborough, Leics., 1480, Thos. Marchall, mcht, and wife. 
 St. Mary Redcliff, Bristol, c. 1480, John Jay, sheriff, and wife. 
 St. Mary's, Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk, c. 1480, John Smyth and wife. 
 Little Wittenham, Berks., 1483, Geoff. Kidwelly, Esq. 
 Tideswell, Derbs., 1483, Robt. Lytton and wife. 
 
 Very few offices are mentioned in the inscriptions, other 
 than those of sheriff, alderman, and mayor. David Kidwelly, 
 however, at Little Wittenham, Berks., 1454, was Porter of 
 the Palace to Henry VL, and Gauwyn More, Gent., at Tile- 
 hurst in the same county, 1469, Marshall of the King's Hall. 
 William Robins, Esq., St. Stephen's, St. Albans, 1482, was
 
 CHALICE BRASSES 201 
 
 Clerk of the Signet to Edward IV. At Stopham, Sussex, there 
 are several officials of Arundel Castle, who compose a some- 
 what interesting series of brasses. The first is to John 
 Bartelot, Treasurer of the Household to Thomas Earl of 
 Arundel, engraved c. 1460, in civilian dress. With him is 
 another John Bartelot, in armour, but engraved at about the 
 same time, and described as " Consul providus " to Thomas, 
 John, and William, Earls of Arundel, and in 1478, Richard 
 Bertlot, Esq., Marshal of the Hall of the Earl of Arundel. 
 All these are accompanied by their wives, and there are other 
 and later brasses in the church to members of the same 
 family. 
 
 Several entirely new types of brasses commence in the 
 fifteenth century, and become strongly developed and very 
 numerous in the ne.xt, the Tudor period, which will provide 
 the bulk of examples. Such are chalice brasses, heart 
 brasses, shrouds, and skeletons. It will be convenient to deal 
 with each group in an appendix to the present chapter, 
 gathering all examples under their proper heading. 
 
 APPENDIX (i) 
 
 Chalice Brasses 
 
 It appears to have been the usual custom during the twelfth and 
 subsequent centuries for priests to be buried in their vestments, with 
 a chalice and paten placed upon the breast. The coffin-chalices 
 were commonly made of pewter, lead, or tin, and were not actual 
 altar-vessels, though copied from them. As priests were buried, so 
 were they figured in their monumental brasses, and therefore it is 
 very usual for those who appear in eucharistic vestments to be shown 
 with their chalices also. About fifty brasses illustrate this, and many 
 of them will be found noted in the lists given in Chapter VI. In 
 some instances the chalice is " covered " by its paten, as at Wensley,
 
 202 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Yorks, and North Minims, Herts., c, 1360, both of foreign workman- 
 ship (cf. p. 93). But most often, instead of a paten, the wafer is 
 
 drawn as if it w-ere rising from the bowl, 
 plain, or inscribed with a cross or the 
 sacred monogram, and sometimes sur- 
 rounded by rays. 
 
 In the fifteenth century a further cus- 
 tom arose to design brasses in which the 
 chalice, or chalice and wafer, alone 
 represented the burial-place of a priest, 
 without efifigy, though of course with an 
 CHALICE FROM BRASS OF inscription. The earliest examples are 
 
 SIMON DE WENSLAGH, C. r j • at- i l- j ..i if 
 
 j^6q found in Yorkshire, and are the work 01 
 
 WENSLEY, YORKSHIRE loc^l cngravcrs probably settled in York. 
 
 Four are known — 
 
 Ripley, 1429, Rich. Kendale. 
 
 Bishop Burton, 1460, Peter Johnson. 
 
 St. Michael Spurriergate, York, 1466, \Vm. Langton. 
 
 St. Peter's, Leeds, 1469, Thos. Clarell. 
 
 All of these are without either paten or wafer. The Ripley 
 chalice, set below its inscription, is only 65 inches in height, and has 
 been broken between the knot and the foot. It has a deep hemi- 
 spherical bowl, long stem with large knot, and a spreading foot. 
 Until the middle of the fourteenth century, the feet of chalices, and 
 also the knots, had been circular. But at about that time it became 
 customary all over Western Europe to lay down the chalice on the 
 paten to drain after the ablutions at mass. One with a round foot 
 would have a tendency to roll, and so the shape became hexagonal. 
 Thus, while in the Wensley brass the foot is circular, in these, and 
 all that remain to be described, it is hexagonal or octagonal. 
 
 The chalice at St. Michael Spurriergate has been seriously 
 damaged within recent years by the loss of its bowl. It was of good 
 proportion, 9^- inches high, and well engraved. A long slim stem 
 rises from an octagonal foot, and is ornamented with a bold knot of 
 interlaced work. It is interesting to note that William Langton, 
 rector of "St. Michael Ousebridge," by will made December 13, 
 1464, and proved August 14, 1466, desired to be buried in the choir 
 of his parish church between the high altar and the lavatory, and
 
 CHALICE BRASSES 20 
 
 J 
 
 amongst various bequests leaves to his church his missal, manual, 
 chalice, and three vestments. It is the same chalice perhaps that is 
 copied in the brass. The Leeds chalice has a much shorter stem 
 and wider bowl. 
 
 From Yorkshire the practice of laying down chalice brasses spread 
 into Norfolk, and was adopted by the Norwich engravers, who pro- 
 duced by far the greater number of those which have survived. 
 They are, however, later in date. 
 
 St. Giles', Norwich, 1499, John Smyth. 
 
 Colney, 1502, Henr^' Alikok. 
 
 Hedenham, 1502, Rich. Grene. 
 
 Guestwick, 1504, John Robertson. 
 
 Bylaugh, 150S, Robert Feelde. 
 
 Buxton, 1508, Robt. Northen. 
 
 Bintry, 15 10, Thos. Hoont. 
 
 Wood Balling, 15 10, Edw. Warcop. 
 
 Surlingham, 15 13, Rich. Louhouwys. 
 
 Salthouse, 15 19, Robt. Fev^T. 
 
 North Walsham, 15 19, Edm. Ward. 
 
 North Walsham, c. 1520, Robt. Wythe. 
 
 Old Buckenham, c. 1520, unknown. 
 
 Scottow, c. 1520, Nich. Wethyrley. 
 
 Little Walsingham, c. 1520, Wm. Weststow. 
 
 Attlebridge, c. 1525, John Cuynggam. 
 
 Bawburgh, 1531, W^m. Richers. 
 
 South Burlingham, i540) Wm. Curtes. 
 
 Besides these, chalices have been lost, but for the most part their 
 matrices still remain — at Sail, 1482, Barton Turf, 1497, Crostwight, 
 1497, Strumpshaw, 1500, Sloley, c. 1500 and 1503, Trunch, c. 1500, 
 St. Michael Coslany, Norwich, c. 1515, Hindolvestone, 1531, North- 
 wold, 1531, Little Walsingham, 1532, and Walpole St. Peter, 1537. 
 Unlike the Yorkshire chalices, those in Norfolk are almost invariably 
 provided with the wafer, plain or inscribed, with or without rays. At 
 Little Walsingham the existing chalice is curiously held by a pair of 
 hands which issue from clouds, and again at Bawburgh, though in the 
 latter instance only the thumbs are visible, grasping the lobes of the 
 chalice-foot. 
 
 The rest of the chalice brasses which have been noted make but 
 a small list : —
 
 204 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Hohvell, Beds., 15 15, Robt. Wodehowse. 
 Shorne, Kent, 15 19, Thos. Elys. 
 Rendham, Suffolk, 1523, Thos. Kyng. 
 Gazeley, Suffolk, c. 1530, unknown. 
 
 The Suffolk examples may be referred to the Norwich engravers. 
 That at Hohvell is peculiar. The chalice, with its inscription below, 
 forms the principal part of the memorial, but above it on either side 
 
 CHALICE FOR WILLIAM RICKERS, 1 1^3 1 
 BAWBURGH, NORFOLK 
 
 CHALICE FOR ROBERT WODE- 
 HOWSE, I515 
 HOLWELL, BEDFORDSHIRE 
 
 are depicted two small figures of wild men, or " wode-howses," in 
 reference to the name of the priest. It is rare to find a rebus thus 
 occupying so prominent a position. This and the preceding 
 illustrations are made from tracings of rubbings. The Wensley 
 chalice shows the best type of early work, the Bawburgh is a good 
 specimen of the later Norfolk type, and the clumsy Hohvell chalice 
 looks like the attempt of an engraver unfamiliar with the required 
 class of memorial. 
 
 The Shorne brass in Kent is of the ordinary Norfolk type. 
 Another is lost from St. Margaret's, Rochester. 
 
 At Aldbourne, in Wilts., Henry Frekylton, chaplain, 1508, has a 
 chalice placed beside him, the bowl of which, however, is lost, and 
 the same arrangement is found at Blockley, Wore, in the brass of 
 Philip Worthyn, vicar, 1488, kneeling to the lost figures of the 
 Blessed Virgin and Child. 
 
 An interesting brass of a priest in academicals, Arthur Vernon, 
 15 17, at Tong, Salop., has a chalice set above the figure and between
 
 HEART BRASSES 205 
 
 two shields of arms. The chalice is 7 inches in height, and has a 
 good open-work knot and a spreading base, apparently of pentagonal 
 shape, with small buttressed knops at the points of the foot. The 
 wafer is inscribed and rayed. A similarly placed chalice, now lost, 
 occurred above the head of a priest, c. 15 10, at Ashover, Derbyshire. 
 
 APPENDIX (2) 
 
 Heart Brasses 
 
 The typical form of a heart brass is seen when this device is placed 
 by itself in the midst of a monumental slab, with three scrolls issuing 
 from it in an upward direction, and a commemorative inscription 
 below. Such brasses are occasionally found, and form as it were a 
 class by themselves, just as do chalices when similarly isolated. 
 Unlike chalices, however, they are not the memorials of any particular 
 order of men, but of many kinds of persons, being very diversely 
 used. 
 
 Examples in the simplest form occur at — 
 
 St. John's, Margate, Kent, 1433, Thos. Smyth, priest. 
 Kirby Bedon, Norfolk, c. 1450, unknown. 
 Wiggenhall St. Mary, Norfolk, c. 1450, Sir Robt. Kervile. 
 Trunch, Norfolk, c. 1530, unknown. 
 
 On the Margate heart are inscribed the words " Credo qd," and 
 the text from Job xix. 25, 26, is continued on the three scrolls: 
 (i) "Redemptor mens vivit," (2) " De terra surrecturus sum," 
 (3) " In came meo videbo salvatore meu." The inscription is an 
 ordinary Hie jacet to Thomas Smyth, vicar of the church. The 
 Kirby Bedon inscription is lost, and the Wiggenhall brass partly 
 covered by a seat in the south aisle. It has four scrolls, of which the 
 words are given by Haines from Blomfield's Norfolk: (i) "Orate 
 pro ala dni Roberti," (2) " Kervile Militis de Wygenhale," (3) " filii 
 Edmundi Keruile de," (4) "Wygenhale cuius cor hie humatur." 
 The last words suggest that here was only the heart of Sir Robert, 
 and not his body, and it is probable that other heart brasses point to
 
 2o6 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 the same kind of interments, which were common enough, especially 
 when death occurred in a foreign land. Thus there is a stone 
 monument with a heart at Burford, Salop., to Edmund Cornwayle, 
 Esq., " who travelling to know forraine countries died at Collenne 
 the XIV yeer of Henry VI and willed his servants to bury his body 
 there, and to enclose his heart in lead and carry it to Burford to be 
 buryed." 
 
 In like manner the body of Sir Thomas Neville was buried at 
 Birling in 1535, and his heart at Mereworth, Kent, where there is a 
 stone monument, consisting of two hands holding a heart, just as in 
 several brasses. 
 
 The story of the death of Richard Coeur-de-Lion is familiar to 
 most people. His body was laid to rest near that of his father, 
 Henry II., in the Abbey Church of Fontevrault, his heart in the 
 choir of Rouen Cathedral, and the leaden covering in which it was 
 buried is now exposed to the curiosity of sight-seers in the Cathedral 
 Treasury. 
 
 Another extremely interesting and early case, of which authentic 
 records exist, is that of Nicholas Longespe, Bishop of Salisbury, who 
 was buried in three different places in the same county. He died 
 in 1297 at Ramsbury, in Wiltshire, and in that place his bowels were 
 interred. His body was carried to Salisbury, and there buried 
 beneath a great slab in the Lady Chapel of the Cathedral, formed 
 of two stones measuring together nearly 17 feet by 8 feet, in- 
 laid with brass plates, and the insignia of his family, all of which 
 are now lost. His heart was taken to the Abbey Church of Laycock 
 on the Avon, where a small, coffin-shaped slab, 16 inches by 10 
 inches, engraved with three croziers in outline, and now lying in 
 the pavement of the cloister^ is supposed to have once marked the 
 place of its interment. The church of this abbey was destroyed soon 
 after the dissolution, but several early slabs were removed from the 
 choir into the cloister, and are still in existence. 
 
 But to return to the brasses. Besides the four already mentioned, 
 there are three more in Norfolk from which the hearts are lost, 
 though the scrolls remain. They are at Great Ormesby, 1446, 
 Merton, 1474, and Randworth, c. 1540. 
 
 More often the heart is upheld by two hands, which are seen 
 issuing from clouds, and there are the usual scrolls, on which the 
 text from Job is of frequent occurrence.
 
 HEART BRASSES 207 
 
 Lillingstone Lovell, Oxon., 1446, John Merstun, priest. 
 Helbroughton, Norfolk, c. 1450, Wm. Stapilton and wife. 
 Southacre, Norfolk, 1454, Sir Roger Harsyk and wife. 
 Loddon, Norfolk, 1462, Dionysius Willys. 
 Elmstead, Essex, c. 1500, unknown. 
 Caversfield, Bucks., 1533, Thos. Denton. 
 
 At Lillingstone Lovell the heart is bleeding, and inscribed " Jh'c." 
 The Southacre heart, which is mutilated, and in 1888 was in the 
 possession of a churchwarden, was fully inscribed with the text 
 from Ps. xxxi. 5 : "In ma[nus tuas] dne coiiien [do spiritum] meu 
 re[demisti me] d[he deus veritatis]." It is also palimpsest, and shows 
 upon its reverse the head of a civilian, c. 1400. The scroll inscrip- 
 tions which have survived refer to the persons commemorated : 
 (i) "syk militis et Alici;" (2) "sue quor' aiab' ppiciet deus;" (3) 
 " seruo tuo dne." Another heart and three scrolls held by hands 
 issuing out of clouds on a shaft are lost from Brancaster, Norfolk, 
 but the inscription to Wm. Cotyng, rector, 1485, remains : "qui hie 
 nuc in puluere dormit expectans adventu Redemtoris sui." The 
 existing brass of Anne Muston, 1496, at Saltwood, Kent, consists of 
 an angel rising from clouds and bearing a heart, with an inscription 
 beneath, which commences, " Here lieth the bowell of dame Anne 
 Muston," evidently another instance of the heart separated from the 
 body. Hearts which differ in various particulars from those types 
 already described are found at — 
 
 Martham, Norfolk, 1487, Robt. Alen, priest. 
 Fakenham, Norfolk, c. 1500, unknown. 
 Higham Ferrers, Northants., c. 15 10, unknown. 
 Melton Mowbray, Leics., 1543, Crystofer Tonson and wife. 
 Wedmore, Somerset, c. 1630, Thos. Hodges, Esq. 
 Ludham, Norfolk, 1633, Grace White. 
 
 Also hearts are lost, though inscriptions remain, at Itteringham, 
 1481, and Attlebridge, i486, in Norfolk. The Martham heart is 
 filled in with enamel, and is but a copy of the original, which has 
 been lost. Upon it are engraved the words, " Post tenebras spro 
 luce : laus deo meo." At Fakenham there are four double hearts 
 inscribed " Jhu mercy," " ladi help," one at each corner of a large 
 stone. At Higham Ferrers there is nothing but a heart inscribed 
 " Jhc," above a matrix of what was perhaps the Holy Trinity. At
 
 2o8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Melton Mowbray the heart is large and inscribed, with an inscription 
 to Crystofer Tonson and wife, parents of Wm. Tonson, of London, 
 Esquire for the body to Henry VIII., and of Bartholomew Tonson, 
 vicar, who placed it in 1543. 
 
 The very late Wedmore brass, which is mural, is more interesting, 
 and consists of an inscription between two standards, and above it a 
 heart inscribed, " Wounded not vanqvisht," and surrounded by 
 laurels ; it commemorates Captain Thomas Hodges, "■ who at the 
 siege of Antwerpe about 1583 with vnconquerd courage wonne two 
 Ensignes from the enemy : where receiuing his last wound he gave 
 three legacyes, his soule to his Lord Jesvs, his body to be lodgd in 
 Flemish earth, his heart to be sent to his deare wife in England." 
 
 In all the above brasses the heart forms the central and most 
 important feature of the composition. There are many others in 
 which hearts are introduced in a more subordinate position in 
 connection with figures. 
 
 So at All Hallows Barking, by the Tower of London, in the 
 brass of the woolman John Bacon and his wife, 1437, two scrolls 
 rise from their lips, cross one another, and join together again above, 
 encircling a large heart on which is inscribed the word " Mercy." 
 The scrolls bear the words — 
 
 " Jhu . fill . dei . miserere . mei . 
 Mater . dei . memento . mei . " 
 
 and have therefore no special connection with the heart. 
 
 At Fawsley, Northants., a heart and three scrolls of the usual 
 type, and bearing the " Credo quod redemptor," are placed above 
 the armed and tabarded figure of Thos. Knyghtley, Esq., 15 16, and 
 with four shields of arms at the corners of the slab form an attractive 
 composition. This will also serve to illustrate the simpler form of 
 heart brass, for the upper part is very much like what is found when 
 heart and scrolls appear alone. 
 
 From much earlier times it was a frequent custom to place small 
 hearts in the hands of persons commemorated, just as chalices were 
 placed in those of priests, either to indicate that the deceased had 
 been enabled to fulfil some vow, or simply to suggest that the heart 
 was given to God, a " new heart " desired, or that complete trust was 
 placed in the sacred heart of Jesus. 
 
 The first example in a brass is at Buslingthorpe, Lines., c. 1290
 
 -^Pfft^iS S^omffegraMffl apinmiIainflitnft)tinMrt]^ji vMff 
 
 .jji^Mtpmi^M tfUTtm, imtettab^mm imte^cact^. 
 
 THOMAS KNYGIITLEY, KSn., I516 
 FAWSLEY, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
 
 2IO THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 (cf. p. 17), and there are many others, as at Aldborough, Yorks., c. 
 
 1360 (Wm. de Aldeburgh, in armour) ; Broughton, Lines., c. 1370 
 
 (Sir Henry and Lady Redford); Brandsburton, Yorks., 1397 (Sir 
 
 John de St. Quintin) ; Sheldwich, Kent, 1431 (Joan Mareys, in 
 
 shroud); Graveney, Kent, 1436 (Judge Martyn) ; WiUian, Herts., 
 
 1446 (Rich. Goldon, priest) ; Great Ormesby, Norfolk, 1446 (a lady); 
 
 St. Albans Abbey, c. 1470 (Robt. Beauver, monk); Letchworth, 
 
 Herts., 1475 (Thos. Wyrley, priest) ; StifFord, Essex, c. 1480 (priest 
 
 in shroud); Sawbridgeworth, Herts., 1484 (John Leventhorp, Esq., 
 
 and wife, in shrouds); Chenies, Bucks., c. 1510 (Lady Phelip), and 
 
 Berkeley, Glos., 1526 (Wm. Freme). Many of these are curious and 
 
 interesting. The two Yorkshire hearts appear to have been enamelled, 
 
 as was that of Judge Martyn, which is also inscribed " Jhu m'cy." 
 
 The half-length figure at Great Ormesby was recently loose in the 
 
 church chest ; the heart bears the following couplet, much effaced : — 
 
 " Erth my bodye I giue to the 
 on my soule Jhu have m'cy." 
 
 The St. Albans monk has his heart ensigned with drops of blood, 
 and about his head upon a scroll the words, " Cor mundum crea in 
 me deus." 
 
 At Letchworth the heart, although held in the priest's hands, has 
 not only the Credo, but its three accompanying scrolls. At Chenies 
 there are two scrolls, and at Stifford, Sawbridgeworth and Berkeley 
 the hearts are all inscribed. 
 
 APPENDIX (3) 
 
 Shroud Brasses and Skeletons 
 
 Shroud brasses and skeletons form yet another distinct class, and 
 first occur sparingly during the fifteenth century, increasing in 
 numbers at its close, and plentifully throughout the Tudor period. 
 As works of art or models of good taste they naturally rank low, and 
 are connected with the general deterioration in brass engraving which 
 set in after the close of the French wars. And yet they are of some
 
 SHROUD BRASSES 211 
 
 interest, partly as curiosities, and partly because they indicate a 
 morbid spirit, which seems to have affected many minds, even at the 
 very time when, amongst others, the renewed light of learning was 
 making its most enthusiastic and luxuriant progress. 
 
 The same morbidness is seen in some of the more pretentious 
 stone monuments of the period. For it is not uncommon, especially 
 in the eastern counties, to find high tombs on which are full-sized, 
 coloured efifigies, intended to represent the robes and features of life, 
 while underneath, and visible through open arches, lie the same 
 persons in death — emaciated and shrouded figures in their coffins, 
 realistically and gruesomely carved. 
 
 Brasses are more conventional and less unpleasant, and do not, 
 as a rule, exhibit the same contrast between life and death, seeing 
 that the shrouded figures usually hold their place alone. The most 
 frequent exception is when a brass commemorates more than one 
 person, and was laid down at the death of the first and in the lifetime 
 of the second. It then sometimes happened that the deceased was 
 represented by a shrouded figure, and the survivor in ordinary cos- 
 tume, as at Newington-juxta-Hythe, where the husband, who died in 
 1 541, is in his shroud, and the wife, who survived him, in ordinary 
 dress. Or in the curious brass at Taplow, Bucks., 1455, to two 
 brothers and a sister, of whom one brother only is in a shroud. Or, 
 again, in the very extraordinary brass of Tomesina Tendryng, at 
 Yoxford, Suffolk, 1485, there are seven children, each upon a sepa- 
 rate plate, three boys in shrouds, and four girls, two of whom are in 
 ordinary dress, with long hair, and two in shrouds. The meaning of 
 this, of course, is that the two daughters alone survived the mother, 
 who is herself but very little covered by her knotted shroud, caught 
 together in front of the body by a single pin. 
 
 Fifteenth-century examples are found at — 
 
 Sheldwich, Kent, 143 1, Joan Mareys. 
 
 St. John's, Margate, Kent, 1446, Rich. Notfelde. 
 
 St. Laurence, Norwich, 1452, Thos. Childes, 
 
 Sail, Norfolk, 1454, John Brigge. 
 
 Taplow, Bucks., 1455, John Manfcld. 
 
 Brampton, Norfolk, 1468, Robt. Brampton, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Lytchett Matravers, Dorset, c. 1470, Thos. Pethyn, priest. 
 
 Scdgefield, Durham, c. 1470, man and wife. 
 
 Upton, Bucks., 1472, Agnes Bulstrode, kn.
 
 212 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 New College, Oxford, 1472, Thos. Flemyng, LL.B., Fellow. 
 
 Stifford, Essex, c. 1480, a priest. 
 
 Baldock, Herts., c, 1480, man and wife. 
 
 Hitchin, Herts., c. 1480, man and wife. 
 
 Digswell, Herts., 1484, Wm. Robert and wife. 
 
 Sawbridgeworth, Herts., 1484, John Leventhorp, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Hitchin, Herts., 1485, Elizth. Mattock. 
 
 Yoxford, Suftblk, 1485, Tomesina Tendryng. 
 
 Lavenham, Suffolk, i486, Thos. Spryng and wife. 
 
 Hitchin, Herts., c. 1490, man and wife. 
 
 Hunsdon, Herts., 1495, Marg. Shelley. 
 
 Great Haseley, Oxon., 1497, Wm. Leynthall. 
 
 Aylsham, Norfolk, 1499, Rich. Howard and wife. 
 
 Joan Mareys is a demi-figure, and holds a heart in her hands 
 (cf. p. 210), as do the Leventhorps at Sawbridgeworth. The Margate 
 
 and Norwich brasses are both of skeletons 
 without shrouds. The rest are shrouded 
 figures at full length, and, for the most 
 part, of small size, in winding-sheets knot- 
 ted above the head and at the feet. The 
 outline figure of William Robert, illustrated 
 from the brass at Digswell, is a very 
 average specimen, and measures 26^ inches. 
 He was " quOdm Auditor Epatus Wynton." 
 Women are distinguished by their long 
 hair, and priests by the tonsure. The 
 inscription at Sail is worth giving, as being 
 not only curious in itself, but suggesting 
 the motive with which such brasses were 
 laid down, because, as Cotman observes, 
 " it was wished to remind men that the 
 robes of pride will shortly be exchanged 
 for the winding-sheet, and that beauty and 
 SHROUDED FIGURE OF strength are hastening to the period when 
 
 WILLIAM ROKERT, 1484 1 •,, 1 1 ■, r 
 
 DIGSWELL, HERTFORD- ^^^y Will bccome as the spectre before 
 SHIRE them." 
 
 Here lylli John Brigge Undir this Marbil ston 
 Whos sowle our lorde ihu haue mercy upon 
 For in this worlde worthyly he liued many a day 
 And here his bodi ys berried and cowched Undir clay
 
 SHROUD BRASSES 213 
 
 So frendis fre whateuer ye be pray for me y yow pray 
 As ye me se in soche degre So schall ye be a nothir day." 
 
 The same idea is expressed more plainly, and even offensively, 
 in six Latin verses at Sawbridgeworth, which belong to the shrouded 
 figures there, but have been separated from them, and placed upon a 
 neighbouring wall. The words are here given from notes by Mr. 
 Andrews of Hertford — 
 
 " En jacet hie pulvis putredo vermis at esca 
 Est Famulus mortis nam vita jam caret ista 
 Hie nil scit nil hal)et nee virtus inde relucet 
 Cerne Into vilius horror terror fetor orbis 
 Opprobrium cunctis ac est abjeccio plebis 
 Hie Frater aspice te spira suffragia p me." 
 
 At Lavenham, Suffolk, the brass is mural in the vestry, which is 
 stated to have been built by the Thos. Spryng commemorated, " qui 
 hoc vestibulu fieri fecit in vita sua." The whole family — the hus- 
 band, with four sons behind him, and the wife, with six daughters — 
 are represented as rising from tombs, an interesting variation of the 
 ordinary shroud brass. 
 
 From the year 1500 to the death of Henry YIll. shroud brasses 
 are more numerous, especially in the county of Norfolk, where the 
 local engravers seem to have especially adopted them. 
 
 Clifton Reynes, Bucks., c. 1500, man and wife. 
 
 Sawston, Cainbs., c. 1500, man and wife. 
 
 Great Fransham, Norfolk, c, 1500, a lady. 
 
 Burton Latimer, Northants., c. 1500, a lady. 
 
 Oddington, Oxon., c. 1500, Ralph Hamsterley, priest. 
 
 Lowestoft, Suffolk, c. 1500, two persons. 
 
 Watlington, Oxon., 1501, Wm. Gibsson and wife. 
 
 Little Horkesley, Essex, 1503, Kath. Leventhorp. 
 
 Bawburg, Norfolk, 1505, Thos. Tyard, S.T.B., priest. 
 
 Kirby Bedon, Norfolk, 1505, Wm. Dussyng and wife. 
 
 Childrey, Berks., 1507, Joan Strangbon. 
 
 Aylsham, Norfolk, 1507, Thos. Wymer. 
 
 Ilton, Somerset, 1508, Xich. Wadham. 
 
 Minchinhampton, Glos., c. 15 10, John Hampton, gent., and wife. 
 
 West Molesey, Surrey, c. 15 10, man and wife. 
 
 Cley, Norfolk, 15 12, John Symondes and wife. 
 
 Bodiam, Sussex, 15 13, Wm. Wetherden, priest. 
 
 St. Michael Coslany, Norwich, 15 15, Hen. Scolows and wife. 
 
 Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey, 15 16, Elyn Bray.
 
 2T4 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Appleton, Berks., 1518, John Goodryngton, gent. 
 
 Horncastle, Lines., 1519, Sir Lionel Dymoke. 
 
 Great Berkhamstead, Herts., 1520, Kateryne Incent. 
 
 Childrey, Berks., c. 1520, man and wife. 
 
 Wooburn, Bucks., c. 1520, man and wife. 
 
 Southfleet, Kent, c. 1520, Thos. Cowrll. 
 
 Fincham, Norfolk, c. 1520, a lady. 
 
 Frenze, Norfolk, c. 1520, Thos. Hobson. 
 
 Weybridge, Surrey, c. 1520, three skeletons. 
 
 Fulham, Middlesex, 1529, Marg. Hornebolt, demi. 
 
 Biddenham, Beds., c. 1530, man and wife. 
 
 Hildersham, Cambs., c. 1530, a man. 
 
 Hornsey, Middlesex, c. 1530, John Skevington, child. 
 
 Ketteringham, Norfolk, c. 1530, John Colvyle, child. 
 
 Corpus Christi College, Oxford, c. 1530, John Claimond, president. 
 
 Edgmond, Salop., 1533, Francis Younge, Esq. 
 
 Penn, Bucks., 1540, Elizth. Rok. 
 
 Wiveton, Norfolk, c. 1540, a man. 
 
 Newington-juxta-Hythe, Kent, 1541, Thos. Chylton. 
 
 Wigston's Hospital, Leicester, 1543, Wm. Fyssher, master. 
 
 Loddon, Norfolk, 1546, Sir Thos. Sampson and wife. 
 
 By way of additional horror, in one of the above brasses, that 
 at Oddington, the body is accompanied by devouring worms. At 
 Childrey, c. 1520, the husband and wife are seen rising from tombs, 
 as in the earlier brass at Lavenham, and the repulsiveness of death is 
 lost in resurrection. But actual burial is the prevalent idea, and we 
 have another curious example of the expression of it in a little label 
 or scroll which is placed between the two figures at Cley, Norfolk, 
 and inscribed with the words " Now thus." 
 
 The Horncastle brass is a rare instance of the double representa- 
 tion so common in contemporary monuments of stone. Sir Lionel 
 Dymoke is first seen in armour, kneeling on a cushion, in a small 
 plate evidently by a goldsmith or engraver of copper plates for books, 
 inserted in a slab affixed to the wall, with label, inscription, and 
 coats-of-arms. On the pavement below he appears again, in his 
 shroud, with two scrolls and a second inscription of six Leonine 
 verses. 
 
 A few later brasses will bring the list to a close — 
 
 Aldenham, Herts., 1547, Lucas Goodyere. 
 Waddesdon, Bucks., 1548, Hugh Brystowe, priest.
 
 SHROUD BRASSES 
 
 215 
 
 Shipton-under-Wychwood, Oxon., 1548, Elizth. Home. 
 
 Chicheley, Bucks., c. 1 560, a man. 
 
 Handborough, Oxon,, 1567, Alex. Belsyre. 
 
 Leigh, Kent, c. 1580, a lady. 
 
 Church Brampton, Northants., 1585, Jone Furnace. 
 
 St, Michael-at-Plea, Norwich, 1588, Barbara Ferrer. 
 
 Cassington, Oxon., 1590, Thos. Nele. 
 
 Ufford, Suffolk, 1598, Rich. Ballett. 
 
 Haversham, Bucks., 1605, John Maunsell, gent. 
 
 Crondall, Hants., 1631, John Eager. 
 
 Birstall, Yorks., 1632, Elizth. Popeley. 
 
 Stowmarket, Suffolk, 1638, Ann Tyrell, child. 
 
 West Firle, Sussex, 1638, Lady Mary Howard. 
 
 Dunston, Norfolk, 1649, wives of Clere Talbot. 
 
 Bawburgh, Norfolk, 1660, Philipp Tenison, S.T.P. 
 
 All of these except the first two and 
 the last four are mural, quadrangular plates, 
 and are intended to be pictorial in design. 
 At Shipton, Chicheley, and Handborough 
 the shrouded figures are recumbent. At 
 Leigh a shroud lies in a tomb, and the 
 lady is being summoned to her resurrection 
 by an archangel. Several of the rest are 
 skeletons, and one of them, at St. Michael- 
 at-Plea, is seen rising from a small tomb, 
 on which there is a merchant's mark, and 
 above it the words, " Ecce quod eris." 
 In the Dunston brass the two shrouded 
 wives are on either side of a husband in 
 civil costume, and the inscription and 
 shields are not of brass, but cut into the 
 stone. The little illustrated figure at 
 Bawburgh, only 14 inches high, is of the 
 same type. 
 
 SHROUDED FIGURE OF 
 
 I'HII.IPP TENISON, S.T.P. , 
 
 1660 
 
 I!.\WBURGH, NORFOLK
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 
 
 Henry VII. 1485-1509 
 Henry VIII, 1509-1547 
 
 IT is difficult for the student of brasses to realize that 
 Grocyn was delivering his Greek lectures in Oxford as 
 early as the year 1491, Colet his on the Epistles of St. 
 Paul in 1497, and that England was already being stirred to 
 the depths by the new learning. For of this there is no trace 
 to be found in brasses, which continue steadily to deteriorate 
 in workmanship and beauty. The mediaeval arts, in fact, were 
 dying, to make room for others which were brought into 
 England by the Renaissance, and brass-engraving was going 
 the way of architecture and of much besides. And yet, while 
 declining in quality, brasses were becoming more numerous 
 than ever before. Just about 1000 figure-brasses precede the 
 accession of Henry VII. The Tudor period alone, to the 
 death of Henry VIII., has 1 100 more, some 430 being assigned 
 to the reign of Henry VII. and 670 to that of his son. 
 
 In all this mass of material there is much to interest if 
 not always to admire, and there is very great variety, both of 
 subject and treatment. A large number of Tudor brasses 
 have already been considered in earlier sections, as in the 
 appendices to the last two chapters, and in the chapter on 
 the mediaeval clergy. But much still remains. 
 
 Military figures, as usual, take the first place in importance, 
 
 and of these there are about 220, — 80 in the first part of the 
 
 216
 
 BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 217 
 
 period, and 140 in the second. For a few years the armour 
 remains the same as that worn in the Wars of the Roses, but 
 before the close of the century there had come a complete 
 change. Its first signs, and these begin immediately, are 
 more in style than actual equipment. The head is still 
 almost invariably bare, and the hair, which had been close- 
 cropped, is now worn longer, until it reaches the neck, and 
 sometimes falls upon the shoulders. The sword had been 
 hung in front of the body during the Yorki.st period, and 
 previously to that had been figured perpendicularly at the left 
 side ; it is now usually suspended behind the body instead of 
 in front, with the hilt projecting on the left. The recumbent 
 'attitude is now almost wholly abandoned, and the figures 
 stand upon a ground of grass, leaves, and flowers, and are 
 turned a little sideways, husbands towards their wives, single 
 figures usually to the left. With great incongruity and lack 
 of perception, a helm with crest and mantling still appears 
 occasionally behind the head, especially in tabard brasses, 
 although in all other respects a man may be obviously in an 
 erect posture. Figures are seldom more than 3 feet in height, 
 and canopies are so rare that there are probably not more 
 than a score of any consequence in the whole range of the 
 period. In connection with military brasses, triple canopies 
 occur at Win wick, Lancashire, 1492 ; Hunstanton, Norfolk, 
 1506 (cf p. 45) ; and Wyvenhoe, Essex, 1507 ; double canopies 
 at Ashby St. Legers, Northants., 1494 ; Ardingley, Sussex, 
 1504; Hillingdon, Middlesex, 1509 (cf. p. 224) ; Little Wen- 
 ham, Suffolk, 1 5 14; and Ashbourn, Derbyshire, 1538. The 
 crockets are usually very heavy, and recurved towards the 
 pediment, the soffit of which is often destitute of cusping. 
 The centre of the pediments, at Hillingdon and elsewhere, 
 is occupied by a large rose, and groining is drawn below the 
 soffit, in this instance behind cusps which each terminate in 
 a bunch of three balls. 
 
 Where high tombs are used, with stone canopies against
 
 2i8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 a wall, it becomes a practice to insert mural brasses in the 
 panel at the back. In these the figures are represented as 
 kneeling to desks or faldstools, and children are marshalled 
 behind their parents instead of below them, as in other brasses. 
 
 Small quadrangular plates constitute another type of 
 brasses, more or less pictorially engraved, and also mural. 
 They become more and more frequent as the sixteenth century 
 advances, and must not be confounded with brasses of foreign 
 workmanship. An interesting and early example is illustrated 
 by the small plate at St. George's Chapel, Windsor, which 
 commemorates Robert Honywode, LL.D., Archdeacon of 
 Taunton and Canon of St. George's, who died in 1522. Its 
 size is only 24 by 17 inches, and the entire surface is engraved. 
 The Blessed Virgin, crowned and sceptred, is seated upon a 
 throne with the Holy Child in her arms. To her the kneeling 
 canon, supported by his patroness St. Catherine, cries, " Virgo 
 tuu natu p me p'cor ora beatu." The general spirit and 
 treatment of this piece of work should be compared with that 
 of two brasses in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, to two of 
 its sixteenth-century deans, which also belong to this period. 
 The first is to Robert Sutton, 1528, and the second to Geoffrey 
 Fyche, 1537. Both kneel at desks, like Honywode, and both 
 are vested, like him, in surplice and almuce. The plates are 
 pictorial, and in the second there is an altar, with a painted 
 altar-piece of the Blessed Virgin and the dead Christ. 
 
 But we must return to the military brasses. At Bosworth 
 Field, and for a few years afterwards, the armour worn included 
 the heavy double pauldrons and large elbow-pieces, the short 
 skirt of taces, with tuilles attached, and sharply-pointed 
 sollerets. In a typical Tudor suit the following changes are 
 to be noticed. The pauldrons are single, and are fitted with 
 high passe-gards to protect the neck from sidelong blows, the 
 left side being the more carefully guarded. Placates and 
 demi-placates are omitted, and the cuirass is frequently 
 brought to a tapul edge in front. The taces are still few and
 
 
 
 ROBERT HONYWODE, LL.D., CANON OF WINDSOR, 1522 
 
 ST. George's chapel, Windsor castle
 
 220 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 short, and tuilles, smaller than before, are strapped below 
 them. But a regular skirt of chain mail is now added, and 
 reaches halfway down the thighs, beyond the furthest points 
 of the tuilles. This is, perhaps, the most characteristic piece 
 of equipment. Genouilli^res have very small plates above 
 and below, but a large back piece. The pointed sollerets are 
 exchanged for large sabbatons with squared or rounded toes, 
 another distinctive feature. The mail skirt seems to have 
 been a decided improvement, and to have allowed a freer use 
 of the lower limbs. In other respects the Tudor armour 
 appears smoother, rounder, and heavier, less mobile, and less 
 apt for real campaigning than that which preceded it. The 
 handsome flutings and indented margins, the extreme ex- 
 aggerations of elbow-guards and shoulder-pieces were gone, 
 and with them much of the angulated, defensive mannerisms 
 of the Wars of the Roses ; but with them went also much of 
 the grace peculiar to the armour of the third quarter of the 
 fifteenth century. Mr. Starkie Gardner has suggested that, 
 as the following century advanced, the modifications tending 
 to this result may have been in a large degree due to the 
 personal tastes of the three great monarchs of Europe. Maxi- 
 milian and Henry VIII. preferred at heart the pomp and 
 pageantry to the realities of war ; while the classic bias of 
 Francis I. banished all Gothic feeling so far as his personal 
 influence extended. The short-waisted, podgy, globular breast- 
 plate, the stolid limb-pieces, rounded knee-caps, and strikingly 
 splay-footed sabbatons, appear as if invented to altogether 
 banish the very idea of agility, if not of movement, and contrast 
 in the strongest manner with the lithe and supple-looking 
 armour of the Beauchamp effigy. 
 
 A striking example of the suddenness of the change, as 
 it appears in brasses, may be seen in the church of Houghton 
 Conquest, Beds., where there are two figures of the same 
 personage, separated only by an interval of seven years. The 
 first is in a brass upon an altar tomb in the chancel to " Johes
 
 BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 221 
 
 Conquest armig' nup dns de houghton et Ricus Conquest 
 filius & heres eiusdc Johis ac Isabella uxor eius," and was laid 
 down at the death of Isabella in 1493. 
 
 ^itEj IU0OTS OM uioHnnmi 
 
 
 RICHARD CONQUEST, ESQ., AND HIS WIFE ELIZABETH, 150O 
 HOUGHTON CONQUEST, BEDFORDSHIRE 
 
 The second (cf. illustration) commemorates " Ricus Coquest 
 Armiger et Elizabeth uxor eius," and was placed at Richard's 
 death in 1500. In the one he is in full Yorkist armour, like
 
 222 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 that of Sir Thos. Stathum (illustration, p. 193), and of Robert 
 Ingylton (illustration, p. 184) in the other in Tudor. 
 
 A few military brasses of the time are given as examples, 
 the earlier in the one style, the later in the other, with many 
 illustrating transitional forms, especially in the evolution of 
 the mail skirt and the sabbatons. 
 
 Thannington, Kent, 1485, Thos. Halle, Esq. 
 
 Latton^ Essex, c. 1485, John Bohun, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Lullingstone, Kent, 1487, Sir Wm. Pecche. 
 
 Strelley, Notts., 1487, Sir Robt. Strelly and wife. 
 
 North Mimms, Herts., 1488, Hen. Covert. 
 
 Stokesby, Norfolk, 1488, Edm. Clere, Esq., and wife. 
 
 West Harling, Norfolk, c. 1490, Wm. Berdewell, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Chedzoy, Somerset, c. 1490, unknown. 
 
 Carshalton, Surrey, c. 1490, Nich. Gaynesford, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Lillingstone Dayrell, Bucks., 1491, Paul Dayrell, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Catterick, Yorks., 1492, Wm. Burgh, Esq., and wife, 
 
 Houghton Conquest, Beds., 1493, John Conquest, Esq., wife and 
 
 son. 
 Kedlestone, Derbs., 1496, Rich. Curzon and wife. 
 St. Michael Penkevil, Cornwall, 1497, John Trenowyth, Esq. 
 Floore, Northants., 1498, Thos. Knaresbrught, Esq., and wife. 
 Merstham, Surrey, 1498, John Newdegate, Esq. 
 Fairford, Glos., 1500, John Tame, Esq., and wife. 
 Swansea, Glamorgan, c. 1500, Sir Hugh Johnys and wife. 
 Litde Braxted, Essex, 1503, Wm. Roberts, Esq., and two wives. 
 Blisworth^ Northants., 1503, Roger Wake, Esq., and wife. 
 Ardingley, Sussex, 1504, Rich. Culpepyr, Esq., and wife. 
 Westminster Abbey, 1505, Sir Humfrey Stanley. 
 East Grinstead, Sussex, 1505, Sir Thos. Grey and Rich. Lewkener, 
 
 Esq. 
 Wootton-Wawen, Warw,, 1505, John Harewell, Esq., and wife. 
 Ashover, Derbs., 1507, Jas. RoUeston and wife. 
 Wyvenhoe, Essex, 1507, Wm. Viscount Beaumont. 
 Iver, Bucks., 1508, Rich. Blount, Esq., and wife. 
 Yealmpton, Devon, 1508, Sir John Crokker. 
 
 The Wyvenhoe brass is probably the finest of all these.
 
 BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD --i 
 
 --0 
 
 Lord Beaumont's armour throughout is characteristic, very 
 good of its style, and well expressed. His head rests upon 
 his helm with mantling, wreath, and lion crest, and his feet 
 against the Beaumont badge, an elephant with howdah on 
 its back. The badge is also several times repeated upon the 
 border fillet. There is a good triple canopy, and also super- 
 canopy — a quite unusual feature at this period. 
 
 Another fine brass, with double canopy, is that at Hilling- 
 don, which must head the second section of Tudor military 
 brasses. It commemorates John, Lord le Strange, lord of 
 Knocking, Mahun, Wasset, Warnell, Lacy, and Colham, and 
 his wife Jagnette, or Jacquetta, sister of Elizabeth Woodville, 
 Queen of England, and was laid down in 1 509 by their only 
 daughter Joan, whose very small effigy is inserted between her 
 parents. The canopy is nearly perfect, and a Tudor rose occu- 
 pies the centre of each pediment — a feature repeated in several 
 other brasses. In most of the military effigies of this period it 
 is usual for there to be either two or four tuilles strapped over 
 the mail skirt. In this instance there are three, one being 
 very awkwardly placed at the centre of the body. The same 
 arrangement is found in a few other examples, as at Fawsley, 
 Northants., to Sir Edmund and Lady Knyghtleye, a brass 
 dated 1557, but more probably engraved much earlier, in 
 i\ 1495, with signs of the earlier transition from Yorkist to 
 Tudor. 
 
 From this time to the end of the reign of Henry VIII. 
 there is little variation, and the examples are of the one type 
 only — 
 
 Hillingdon, Middlesex, 1509, John, Lord le Strange and wife. 
 Great St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, London, 15 10, John Leventhorp 
 
 Esq. 
 Over, Cheshire, c. 15 10, Hugh Starky, Esq. 
 Coughton, Warw., c. 1510, Sir Geo. Throkmorton and wife. 
 Shottesbrooke, Berks., 151 1, Rich. Gyll, Esq. 
 Wrotham, Kent, 15 12, Thos. Pekham, Esq., and wife.
 
 JOHN, LORD LE STRANGE, AND HIS WIFE JACQUETTA, 1509 
 HILLINGDON, MIDDLESEX
 
 BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 225 
 
 Luton, Beds., 15 13, John Ackworth, Esq., and two wives. 
 
 Wybunbury, Cheshire, 15 13, Ralf Dellvys and wife. 
 
 Great Chart, Kent, 15 13, John Toke, Esq., and two wives. 
 
 Great St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, 15 14, Robt. Rochester, Esq. 
 
 Little Wenhani, Suffolk, 15 14, Thomas Brewse, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Dauntsey, Wilts., 15 14, Sir John Danvers and wife. 
 
 Bromham, Wilts., 15 16, John Baynton, Esq. 
 
 Upton, Bucks., 1517, Edw. Bulstrode, Esq., and two wives. 
 
 Ewelme, Oxon., 15 18, Thomas Broke, Esq., serjeant-at-arms, and 
 
 wife. 
 Tiltey Abbey, Essex, 1520, Gerald Danet, Esq., and wife. 
 Cople, Beds., c. 1520, Thomas Gray and wife. 
 Heythorpe, Oxon., 15 21, John Aschefeld, Esq., and wife. 
 Kimpton, Hants., 1522, Robt. Thornburgh, Esq., and two wives. 
 Cossington, Somerset, 1524, John Brent, Esq., and wife. 
 Alvechurch, Wore, 1524, Philip Chatwyn, gent, usher. 
 Great Hampden, Bucks., c. 1525, John Hampden, Esq., and wife. 
 Lanteglos-by-Fowey, Cornwall, c. 1525, John Mohun, Esq., and wife. 
 Crosthwaite, Cumberland, 1527, Sir John Ratclif and wife. 
 Shotesham St. Mary, Norfolk, 1528, Edw. Whyte, Esq., and wife. 
 Kinver, Staffs., 1528, Sir Edw. Grey and two wives. 
 Boughton Malherbe, Kent, 1529, Sir Edw. Wotton and wife. 
 Cobham, Kent, 1529, Sir Thos. Brooke, Lord Cobham, and wife. 
 Great Ormesby, Norfolk, 1529, Sir Robt. Clere. 
 Liddington, Rutland, 1530, Edw. Watson, Esq., and wife. 
 Yetminster, Dorset, 1531, John Horsey, Esq., and wife. 
 Broxbourne, Herts., 1531, John Borell, serjeant-at-arms. 
 Northill, Beds., 1532, Sir Nich. Harve. 
 
 Compton Verney, Warw., 1536, Rich. Verney, Esq., and wife. 
 Hever, Kent, 1538, Sir Thos. Bullen, K.G. 
 Taplow, Bucks., 1540, Thos. Manfeld, Esq., and two wives. 
 Clovelly, Devon, 1540, Robt. Cary, Esq. 
 ToUeshunt Darcy, Essex, 1540, Anth. Darcy, Esq., J. P. 
 Addington, Surrey, 1540, Thos. Hatteclyff, Esq. 
 Atherington, Devon, c, 1540, Sir Arthur Basset and two wives. 
 Harefield, Middlesex, c. 1540, Geo. Assheby, Esq., and wife. 
 Charwelton, Northants., 1541, Thos. Andrewes, Esq., and wife. 
 Middle Claydon, Bucks., 1542, Roger Gyffard and wife. 
 Flitton, Beds., 1545, Harry Gray. 
 Q
 
 226 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 St. Columb Major, Cornwall, 1545, Sir John Arundell and two 
 
 wives. 
 Scrivelsby, Lines., 1545, Sir Robt. Dymoke. 
 Hackney, Middlesex, 1545, John Lymsey, Esq. 
 St. Mary's, Lambeth, Surrey, 1545, Thos. Clere, Esq. 
 All Hallows Barking, London, 1546, William Thinne, Esq., and wife. 
 
 A noticeable feature of the inscriptions is that they are 
 often more full than heretofore, and that there are now a 
 considerable number of office-bearers about the court. Sir 
 John Crokker, for instance, was " Ciphorarius ac Signifer " to 
 Edward IV.; John Leventhorp was " Hostiarius" of the 
 Chamber to Henry VH. ; Richard Gyll was Squire and 
 Serjeant of the Bakehouse to Henry VIL and Henry VHL ; 
 Robert Rochester was Serjeant of the Pantry to Henry VHL 
 Such officers of the court are often indicated by a chain 
 hung about the neck. While the inscriptions are most 
 usually placed at the feet of effigies, the marginal inscription 
 is still used, especially upon raised tombs. But the evange- 
 listic symbols begin to be omitted, and personal emblems, 
 or shields of arms, occasionally take their place, as in the 
 brass of Sir Thomas and Lady Brooke, at Cobham. 
 
 The ladies are of a type as fixed as that of their husbands. 
 The butterfly head-dress continues and disappears with the 
 Yorkist armour, and is then replaced by the pedimental or 
 kennel headdress, which is worn almost without variation for 
 the rest of the period. It is brought to a stiff point above 
 the forehead, carried back a little way like the roof of a 
 kennel, and has long side lappets of velvet and embroidery. 
 In the earlier examples these are often pinned up, but more 
 usually they fall upon the shoulders. The accompanying 
 dress is close-fitting, with a square collar and turned-back fur 
 cuffs, while a belt or girdle is loosely clasped in front of the 
 body, and has a long pendent, to which is attached a tassel or 
 pomander or other ornament. These matters may be noted 
 in the ladies illustrated on pp. 221, 229, 232. Elizabeth
 
 BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 227 
 
 Conquest and Joan Hatche show the side view of the pedi- 
 mental head-dress, and Elizabeth Shelley the ornamental 
 lappets at full face. Occasionally, and this again in the 
 earlier examples, the sleeves of the dress are handsomely 
 quilted, and terminate in small frills, and a heavier over-sleeve, 
 lined with fur, is turned back to the elbow. Mantles are not 
 often worn, unless they are heraldically emblazoned, but 
 occur in a few instances. One of the most interesting of 
 these is in a canopied brass at Cobham, 1506, to Sir John 
 Brooke, whose effigy is lost, and Lady Margaret his wife. 
 Ouatrefoiled circles in the centres of the two pediments 
 contain small rayed shields, charged with the Instruments of 
 the Passion and the Five Wounds. A square panel bearing 
 a representation of the Holy Trinity is suspended from the 
 central canopy-shaft. Eighteen children appear upon a single 
 plate below and within the very clumsy side shafts, and there 
 are four shields of arms and a marginal inscription in raised 
 letters. Two other ladies have canopies — Anne, widow of 
 Sir David Phelip, at Chenies, Bucks., 15 10, lady of the 
 manors of Thorno and Isenhampstead, holding a heart with 
 two scrolls, and Lady Elizth. Scroope, second wife of John 
 de Vere, Earl of Oxford, and widow of William, Viscount 
 Beaumont, 1537, at Wyvenhoe, Essex, in a coronet and 
 heraldic mantle, with both triple canopy and super-canopy 
 and a mutilated marginal inscription. 
 
 A feature of the time, or rather one that begins at this 
 time, is the pourtrayal of infant children, either separately or 
 with their parents, and wrapped in chrysoms. Babies were 
 brought to the font when only a few days' old. As soon as 
 the baptismal formula had been pronounced and the children 
 baptized, the priest was instructed to place upon them a white 
 robe, and this was called the chrysom, because immediately 
 afterwards they were anointed with oil, the holy chrism, 
 according to the forms prescribed. The robe was worn until 
 the mother came to church for her purification, and then
 
 228 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 was returned to the priest, together with her accustomed 
 offerings. 
 
 A chrysom child in a brass will therefore properly be one 
 that has died in the interval between its christening and the 
 purification of the mother, and such are now met with, either 
 by themselves or in the arms of their mothers, or amongst 
 other children accompanying or below the parents. The robe 
 is invariably confined in long swaddling bands wound about 
 the body. 
 
 Children alone are found, for example, at Rougham, 
 Norfolk, 1 510; Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey, 15 16; and Chesham 
 Bois, Bucks., c. 1520. At Cranbrook, Kent, c. 1520, and at 
 Birchington, in the same county, a chrysom child is placed 
 at the side of its father and its mother respectively, and the 
 latter, which is mutilated, is marked with a cross upon the 
 breast. The Stoke d'Abernon baby has one over its forehead. 
 Examples in later periods are found at Pinner, Middlesex, 
 1580; Aveley, Essex, 1583; Edgeware, Middlesex, 1599; 
 Great Chesterford, Essex, 1600; Upper Deal, Kent, 1606; 
 Lavenham, Suffolk, c. 1630; Odiham, Hants., 1636, and else- 
 where. Anne Asteley, 1512, at Blickling, Norfolk, holds two 
 chrysom children in her arms, and there are later brasses of 
 the same type, usually of women who died in childbirth. 
 
 Heraldic brasses such as that of Lady Scroope, and of 
 men in tabards-of-arms over their body armour, may be said to 
 be another feature of the Tudor period, and certainly not the 
 least interesting. Though they are numerous, they are not so 
 greatly so but that it is possible and useful to give a list which 
 will be nearly complete for the two reigns. The brass at 
 Clapham (cf. illustration) may be taken as a typical example. 
 Shelley's armorial bearings are repeated, as always, upon the 
 sleeves of his tabard, as well as emblazoned above his head. 
 The wife is stated to have been daughter and heir of John 
 Michilgrove of Michilgrove, Esq., and of course bears his 
 arms upon her mantle impaled with those of her husband.
 
 wrmiT ifinivtientinwi aitmto tt a-omceccfcf n\i ct Dictrtctw^ ToiJfBl^cUcii,otrat to cnC 
 
 JOHN SHELLEY, ES<J., ANU HIS WIFE ELIZABEXil, I526 
 CLAPHAM, SUSSEX
 
 230 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 The small object between the upper shields is a representation 
 of the Holy Trinity, but very much worn and defaced. 
 Tabard brasses are therefore found as follows : — 
 
 Lambourn, Berks., c. 1485, John Estbury, Esq. 
 
 Sherborne St. John's, Hants., 1488, Bernard Brocas, Esq., kneeling. 
 
 Winwick, Lanes., 1492, Peers Gerard. 
 
 Ashby St. Legers, Northants., 1494, Wm, Catisby, Esq., and wife. 
 
 IvIilton-next-Sittingbourne, Kent, 1496, John Norwood, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Ketteringham, Norfolk, 1499, Thos. Heveningham, Esq., and 
 
 wife, kn. 
 Tidmarsh, Berks., c. 1500, Robt. Leyneham, Esq. 
 Hathersage, Derbs., c. 1500, an Eyre and wife. 
 Ingrave, Essex, c. 1500, John Fitz-Lewis and four wives. 
 Ormskirk, Lanes., c. 1500, Jas. Scarisbrick, Esq. 
 Ashby St. Legers, Northants., c. 1500, a Catesby, kn. 
 Laycock, Wilts., 1501, Robt. Baynard, Esq., and wife. 
 Impington^ Cambs., 1505, John Burgoyn, Esq., and wife. 
 Hunstanton, Norfolk, 1506, Sir Roger le Strange. 
 Aspenden, Herts., 1508, Sir Robt. Clyfford and wife. 
 
 Barrowby, Lines., 1508, Margaret Deene. 
 
 Bolton-by-Bolland, Yorks., 1509, Hen. Pudsey, Esq., and wife, kn. 
 Swinbrook, Oxon., 15 10, Anth. Fetyplace, Esq. 
 
 Wilne, Derbs., 15 13, Hugh Wylloughby, Esq., son and wife. 
 
 Shillingford, Devon, 15 16, Sir Wm. Huddersfield and wife. 
 
 Fawsley, Northants., 1516, Thos. Knyghtley, Esq., and wife. 
 
 March, Cambs., 1517, Anth. Hansart and wife, kn. 
 
 Easdngton, Glos., 15 18, Elizth. Knevet. 
 
 Ewell, Surrey, 1519, Lady Jane Iwarby, kn. 
 
 Merton, Norfolk, 1520, Wm. de Grey, Esq., and two wives. 
 
 Roydon, Essex, 152 1, John Colt, Esq., and two wives. 
 
 Blewbury, Berks., 1523, Sir John Daunce and wife. 
 
 Finchingfield, Essex, 1523, John Berners, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Puddletown, Dorset, 1524, Christopher Martyn, Esq., qd. pi. 
 
 Kenton, Suffolk, 1524, John Garneys, Esq., and wife, kn., qd. pi. 
 
 Wrotham, Kent, 1525, Reynold Pekham, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Clapham, Sussex, 1526, John Shelley, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Sawbridgeworth, Herts., 1527, Joan Leventhorpe. 
 
 Ightham, Kent, 1528, Sir Rich. Clement.
 
 BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 231 
 
 Chesterfield, Derbs., 1529, Sir Godfrey Foljambe and wife. 
 Fairford, Glos., 1534, Sir Edm. Tame and two wives. 
 Marholm, Northants., 1534, Sir Wm. Fitzwillyams and wife. 
 St. Mary's, Lambeth, 1535, Lady Catherine Howard. 
 Great St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, c. 1535, a lady. 
 Wyvenhoe, Essex, 1537, Lady Elizth. Scroope. 
 Ashbourn, Derbs., 1538, Francis Cockayne and wife. 
 Thame, Oxon., 1539, Sir John Clerk. 
 
 Cardington, Beds., c. 1540, Sir Wm. Gascoigne and two wives. 
 Stallingborough, Lines., 1541, Sir Wm. Ayscough and wife. 
 Cople, Beds., 1544, Sir Walter Luke and wife. 
 Aldbury, Herts., 1546, Sir Ralph Verney and wife. 
 
 Of civilians there are more than four hundred, though for 
 the most part they are neither attractive nor interesting. The 
 hair is worn long, and the short gown and bag sleeves give 
 place to a dress which is usually lined and edged with fur 
 and reaches to the feet. Its sleeves are wide, and it is loosely 
 confined at the waist by a girdle, from which commonly hang 
 a gypciere or purse, and often a short rosary. 
 
 A less frequent type is illustrated in the brass of Henry 
 Hatche. " M'chunt adventurer late of this towne & lybertye 
 of fifaushm Jurat & one of the Barons of the iyvo. port' whyche 
 was during his lyffe a grate benefactor to this churche," at 
 Faversham, Kent, 1533. His wife is in the pedimental head- 
 dress and corresponding gown. 
 
 Inscriptions are generally erratic in spelling, and when 
 poetry is indulged in, it is often strangely crude, considering 
 the general progress of learning. Canterbury, for instance, 
 was a city of no mean importance, and one would have ex- 
 pected its magistrates to be men of light and education. Yet 
 at St. Mary Northgate there is a small rectangular brass of 
 local workmanship to one of its mayors, laid down c. 1540, 
 with the followinfr ridiculous verses : — 
 
 '& 
 
 All ye that stand up pon mi corse 
 remem bar but lat raflf brown I was 
 aldur man and mayu' of this cete 
 Jhu a pon mi sowll have pete."
 
 HENRY HATCHE AND HIS WIFE JOAN, 1 533 
 FAVERSHAM, KEN'l'
 
 BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 
 
 o -^ ^ 
 
 However, it must not be supposed that all Tudor epitaphs 
 are of such a character. A collection of them might easily 
 be formed in which there would appear many types, both good 
 and bad, quaint and beautiful. One other specimen must 
 here suffice, taken from a small plate at Ampthill, Beds., 
 c. 1520, the only remaining portion of a brass which included 
 a seated figure of the Saviour, with pierced hands uplifted, at 
 the summit of a rainbow-shaped scroll — 
 
 " Maker of man o god in Trinile 
 That hast allone all thing in ordeniice 
 Fforyeve the trespas of my Juvente 
 Ne thyke not Lord up on n:yn ignorance 
 Fforyeve my soule all my mysgoverniice 
 Bryng me to blisse where thow art eternall 
 Ever to joye with his aungeles celestiall." 
 
 Scrolls issuing from the mouths or hands of effigies are 
 frequent throughout the whole period, and are usually in- 
 vocatory. A remarkable instance occurs at Macclesfield, 
 Cheshire, 1506, in the brass of Roger Legh and his family, 
 the wife and daughters being lost. The man's scroll bears 
 the words, " A dampnacoc ppetua libra nos dne," and it seems 
 to be addressed to a picture of the Mass of St. Gregor}-, 
 engraved upon a small oblong plate, in which the pope kneels 
 before an altar, and the figure of the Saviour rises behind a 
 chalice, transformed from the consecrated wafer. The whole 
 story is given in the Golden Legend, and was often depicted 
 in illuminated missals and mural paintings, but this is the 
 only instance where it is now found on a brass. Below the 
 " Mass " is a declaration of pardon, as follows : " The pdon for 
 say|ing of v pater nost' | & v aues and a cred | is xxvi 
 thousand | yeres and xxvi | dayes of pardon." This is very 
 curious, and introduces a wide and somewhat obscure subject. 
 Nor is this the only brass in which such pardons are offered, 
 for they are met with in several of the early French inscrip- 
 tions, as at Cobham, Kent, c. 1320 ; Hellesdon, Norfolk, 1370 ; 
 and Hurstmonceux, Sussex, 1402. It appears that these
 
 234 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 pardons could be purchased from Rome, an example occurr- 
 ing in the will of William Marquis Berkeley, 1491, who was 
 buried in the church of the Austin Friars in London : " Also 
 I will that my exors shall purchase a pardon from Rome, as 
 large as might be, for plein remission of the sins of all those 
 who shall be confessed and contrite at Longbrigge " (where he 
 ordered a chantry to be founded for the souls of himself and 
 his family), " from evensong to evensong in the feast of the 
 Trinity, and there say pater-nosters and 3 aves for my soul, 
 and the souls aforesaid." 
 
 Mention of the «' Mass of St. Gregory " reminds us that 
 religious emblems are common right down to the close of the 
 reign of Henry VIII., together with separate figures of saints 
 and scriptural representations, as of the annunciation or 
 resurrection. The Holy Trinity is frequently given, and is, 
 indeed, the most favoured symbol from a much earlier period. 
 It occurs at Pepper- Harrow, Surrey, 1487 ; Wormley, Herts., 
 c. 1490; Sherborne St. John's, Hants., 1492 ; Shirburn, Oxon., 
 1493; Witney, Oxon., 1500; Great Tew, Oxon., c. 1500; 
 Childrey, Berks., 1507, 1 5 14, and c. 1520; Goodnestone, Kent, 
 1507; Floore, Northants., 15 10; Clothall, Herts., 15 19; 
 Wooburn, Bucks., c. 1520; Clapham, Sussex, 1526; Tiverton, 
 Devon, 1529; Beaumaris, Anglesea, r. 1530 ; Dauntsey, Wilts., 
 c. 1535; Cheam, Surrey, 1542; Chacomb, Northants., 1543. 
 In these later Trinities the Father is usually crowned, or triply 
 crowned, and the crucifix between His knees rises from a 
 globe. His hands are raised in benediction, and the holy 
 dove hovers above the Saviour's head. 
 
 The Blessed Virgin less often appears. She may be seen 
 at Etwall, Derbyshire, 15 12, and Beaumaris, c. 1530. 
 
 A good example of the annunciation is at Fovant, Wilts., 
 1492, in a curious memorial to George Rede, rector, who, in 
 a cassock and scarf, kneels upon a chequered pavement, in a 
 small rectangular plate, and supplicates the Blessed Virgin in 
 the following words, inscribed on a scroll : " O blessid M^ir
 
 BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 235 
 
 of pete pray to the sone for me." The Virgin, dressed in 
 kirtle, sideless cote-hardi and mantle, with flowing hair and 
 a wreath of roses, kneels at a large desk in the centre of the 
 composition, the pot of lilies standing behind her. The angel, 
 who is also kneeling, wears an alb and mantle, and holds a 
 scroll, "Ave gracia plena dns tecu." The holy dove in the 
 mean time is flying downwards from a cloud in the corner, and 
 the background is powdered with fleurs-de-lys and roses. 
 
 Another good annunciation appears at March, Cambs., 
 1 5 17, above the kneeling figures of Anthony Hansart and his 
 wife Katherine, in heraldic dresses. Invocatory scrolls bear the 
 words, " Scannta Maria ora pro nobis " and " Sancta Virgo 
 Virginu ora p nabis." The Blessed Virgin is kneeling on a 
 cushion in front of a large chair, with a prayer-desk and an 
 open book at her side. The angel Gabriel kneels upon the 
 floor opposite, with a sceptre in his left hand. The lily springs 
 from a handled jug between them. 
 
 In another representation at Hereford Cathedral, 1524, 
 from a brass to William Porter, S.T.P., warden of New College, 
 Oxford, and Canon of Hereford, the figures occupy the centre 
 of a most inartistic renaissance canopy, with the lily in a large 
 two-handled vase in the middle. The angel stands, holding 
 his sceptre, and exclaiming, on a scroll, " AVE . GRACI . PLENA . 
 DNS . TECVM," while the Blessed Virgin looks back over her 
 shoulder from her prayer-desk, with the response, " ECCE . 
 ANCILA . DNI . FIAT . MICI . SCDM . VERBV." 
 
 There is a curious little adoration of the shepherds at 
 Cobham, Surrey, c. 1500. The resurrection has been noted 
 about ten times, and in two forms, either with or without the 
 guard of soldiers about the tomb. Of the first class there are 
 examples at Swansea, c. 1 500 ; Great Cotes, Lines., 1 503 ; 
 Cranley, Surrey, 1503; All Hallows Barking, c. 15 10; 
 Hedgerley, Bucks., 1540 (palimpsest) ; Narburgh, Norfolk, 
 1545 ; and Slaugham, Sussex, 1547. 
 
 liliat at Cranley is illustrated, from the brass of Robert
 
 ANNUN'CIATION FROM THE KRASS UF WILLIAM PORTER, S.T.P., 1524 
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL
 
 BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 237 
 
 Hardyng and his wife, and shows four soldiers with bills and 
 halberds, with a very typical figure of the Saviour. But the 
 Swansea resurrection is probably the finest, and measures 
 II by 12 inches. It is part of the brass of " Sir Hugh Johnys 
 and dame Mawde his wife which s"" Hugh was Made knight 
 of the holy sepulcre of oure lord ihu crist in the city of 
 Jerusalem the xiiii day of August the yere of oure lord gode 
 M' CCCCXLI And the said sir Hugh had cotynuyd in the 
 
 RESURRECTION FROM THE BRASS OF ROBERT IIARDYNG, 1503 
 CRANLEY, SURREY 
 
 werris ther long tyme byfore by the space of fyve yer' that 
 is to sey Ageynst the Turkis and sarsyns in the p'tis of troy 
 grecie and turky under John y^ tyme Emprowre of Con- 
 stantynenople." The Saviour steps out of the sepulchre with 
 his left foot, as at Cranlcy, unclothed, except for the loincloth 
 and a mantle thrown over the back and shoulders. In 
 addition to a nimbus on the head, the background is filled 
 with conventional flames of light radiating from the body. 
 His left hand, again, holds a tall cross, and the cross-marked 
 banner is suspended from it by a cord. Three soldiers are 
 sleeping. A fourth, who wears a rosette on his helmet, is 
 starting up and raising his halberd. The next, seated upright 
 in front, rests his head on his left gauntlet. Yet another 
 
 •4
 
 238 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 soldier in front is curiously interesting in connection with the 
 account of the knight in the inscription, for he is evidently 
 intended to represent a Saracen. He is recumbent, with a 
 large scimitar at his left side and a spiked mace at his right. 
 All that is seen of the remaining soldier is the head with the 
 face concealed by the right hand ; he holds an arrow-headed 
 pike with a ring of spikes beneath it. 
 
 In other resurrections the lower part of the Saviour's form 
 is entirely hidden within the tomb, and He rises unclothed, 
 with hands uplifted, and no cross or banner. The best 
 example is at Burwell, Cambs., 1542, and occupies a niche at 
 the summit of a mutilated canopy. Other instances are at 
 Stoke Charity, Hants., 1482, and Stoke Lyne, Oxon., 1535. 
 
 APPENDIX (i) 
 
 The Edwardian and Marian Transition 
 
 Edward VI. 1547-1553 
 Queen Mary, 1553-1558 
 
 During the few and troubled years of the reigns of Edward VI. and 
 Queen Mary there is a marked decline in the number of brasses laid 
 down. About thirty figure-brasses only are assigned to each reign, 
 or less than six per annum, and it would seem that the art of 
 monumental engraving was coming to an end. There are no signs 
 of the revival which was soon to commence. And yet the few 
 brasses of the period of Transition, if it may be called by that name, 
 are of some moment. 
 
 It would be interesting, at least during the Edwardian part of the 
 period, to trace the change in ecclesiastical dress from the historic 
 vestments to the civilian attire of the divines of the Reformation. 
 Unfortunately, though not unnaturally, the clergy are almost 
 entirely unrepresented. Hugh Brystowe, "parson," 1548, at Wad- 
 desdon, Bucks., is depicted in a shroud. John White, Warden 
 of Winchester College, and afterwards Bishop of Lincoln and
 
 THE EDWARDIAN TRANSITION 239 
 
 Winchester, is in a cope ; and so is Thomas Magnus, " parson," and 
 Archdeacon of the East Riding, 1550, at Sessay, Yorks. These are 
 all in the first reign. Queen Mary has two bishops, Goodryke of Ely, 
 1554 (cf. p. 115), and Bell of Worcester, 1556 (cf. p. 112), the latter 
 at St. James', Clerkenwell, and both in full episcopal vestments, 
 with James Coorthopp, 1557, Dean of Peterborough, in an almuce, 
 at Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. There is also a canon of 
 Windsor, in 1558, at Magdalen College, viz. Arthur Cole, S.T.B., 
 President of the College, who wears the mantle of the Order of the 
 Garter, and here the brief list closes. 
 
 Men in armour are more numerous, and are of much interest, 
 for they plainly exhibit the transition from the Tudor to the 
 Elizabethan style. Examples are found as follows : — 
 
 Slaugham, Sussex, 1547, Rich. Covert, Esq., and three wives. 
 Blathervvycke, Northants., 1548, Sir Humphrey Stafford and wife. 
 Shuckborough Superior, Warw,, 1549, Tomas Shukburghe, Esq., and 
 
 wife. 
 Twyford, Bucks., 1550, Thos. Giffard. 
 Dinton, Bucks., 1551, Rich. Grenewey, Esq. 
 Hitcham, Bucks., 1551, Nich. Clarke, Esq. 
 St. Mellion, Cornwall, 1551, Peter Coryton, Esq., and wife. 
 Chesham Bois, Bucks., 1552, Robt. Cheyne, Esq. 
 Easton Neston, Northants., 1552, Rich. Fermer, Esq., and wife. 
 Somerton, Oxon., 1552, Wm. Fermoure, Esq., and wife. 
 Great Hampden, Bucks., 1553, Sir John Hampden and two wives. 
 Charlwood, Surrey, 1553, Nich. Saunder, Esq., and wife. 
 Swallowfield, Berks., 1554, Christopher Lytkott, Esq., and wife. 
 Ludford, Hereford, 1554, Wm. Fox, Esq., and wife. 
 Cople, Beds., 1556, Robt. Bulkeley, Esq., and wife, qd. pi. 
 West Hanney, Berks., 1557, Humfrie Cheynie. 
 Fawsley, Northants., 1557, Sir Edm. Knyghtleye and wife. 
 
 The mail skirt has usually an indented edge, frills are worn at the 
 wrists, and the skirt of taces is divided at the lower part by an 
 arched opening between the tuilles. Shading is freely employed, and 
 the execution is altogether more feeble than before. 
 
 The ladies are variously attired, and the most notable feature in 
 their costume is that the pedimental headdress is now discarded. 
 In its place come the cap and bonnet, which are known as the Paris 
 head, and which are often specially associated with Mary Queen of
 
 240 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Scots, as well as with Mary Tudor, and called by their names. The 
 hair is parted in front, and a close linen cap supports the bonnet, 
 which is often of velvet, and has a jewelled or otherwise ornamental 
 edge, generally of horseshoe shape, and projecting forward at each 
 side of the face. A lappet or kerchief hangs upon the neck and 
 shoulders behind. This head-dress continues throughout the reign 
 of Elizabeth. The collar of the gown is now thrown open at the 
 neck, which is covered by a gathered and sometimes frilled under- 
 bodice. The sleeves are puffed and slashed at the shoulders, and 
 a band encircles the waist, from which hangs a long chain with a 
 mirror or other ornament at the end. A long cloak with false sleeves 
 is also worn at this period, open in front, but loosely caught together 
 in its upper half by a few small bows. 
 
 Men in armour still wear tabards-of-arms, and ladies heraldic 
 mantles, until the first few years of Elizabeth, after which they 
 entirely disappear. These last it may be well to include in the 
 following list, since they bring to a close a series which is of some 
 special interest. 
 
 Farringdon, Berks., 1547, Sir Alex. Unton and two wives. 
 
 Blewbury, Berks., 1548, John Latton, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Little Horkesley, Essex, 1549, Thos. Fyndorne, Esq., John Lord 
 
 Marnay, and their wife. 
 British Museum, c. 1550, unknown, mutilated. 
 Beckenham, Kent, 1552, Sir Humfrey Style and two wives. 
 Chelsea, Middlesex, 1555, Lady Jane Guyldeford. 
 Etwall, Derbs., 1557, Sir John Porte and two wives, 
 Hathersage, Derbs., c. 1560, Sir Arthur Eyre and wife. 
 Loddon, Norfolk, 1561, Henry Hobart, Esq. 
 Melbury Sampford, Dorset, 1562, Sir Gyles Strangwayes. 
 Strensham, Wore, 1562, Sir John Russell and wife. 
 Milton Abbey, Dorset, 1565, Sir John Tregonwell. 
 
 Most of the late tabard brasses are small and poorly en- 
 graved. At Beckenham^ for instance, the mural figure of " The 
 Ryght Woorshyppfull Syr Humfrey Style Knyght" is but 13-2 
 inches in height. He is represented kneeling upon a tasselled 
 cushion set on a pavement, and facing his two 12-inch wives, 
 whose arms, of Bauldry and of Perrin respectively, are impaled with 
 those of Style upon their mantles. In order to avoid mistake, the 
 arms are repeated upon large shields above each of the figures, and
 
 THE EDWARDIAN TRANSmON 241 
 
 the black-letter inscription runs at full length beneath. As in so 
 many of the brasses of London and its neighbourhood, the final 
 clause, " Of whose sowles & all Chrysten Jesu have m'cy," has been 
 partially obliterated in order to save the memorial from puritanical 
 fury, though its wording can still be deciphered with a little care. 
 
 SIR HUMFREY STYLE, 1552 
 BECKENHAM, KENT 
 
 It may here be asserted that the Transition Period is essentially 
 one and not two, and that the brasses show no general distinction 
 between Edwardian and Marian. It is possible that the mural brass 
 of Edward Shelley, Esq., at Warminghurst, Sussex, 1554, provides a 
 fairly typical instance of the attitude of mind of a not inconsiderable 
 proportion of the people of England, in spite of the violence of 
 religious feeling. Shelley was one of the four Masters of the 
 
 R
 
 242 THE BRASSES OF ENCzLAND 
 
 Household to Henry VHI., then to Edward VI., and continued in 
 his ofifice without change under Queen Mary. Had he Uved a few 
 years longer, he would probably have been just as happy with Queen 
 Elizabeth. The brass commemorates himself, his wife, and their 
 ten children. 
 
 APPENDIX (2) 
 
 Merchant Companies and their Arms 
 
 There are many brasses of the Tudor Period and later which display 
 the arms of the merchant and trading companies of England, 
 Usually such arms are placed upon single shields at the corners of 
 a slab in the ordinary way, or introduced into the composition of 
 quadrangular plates. Often, too, they are brought into connection 
 with merchants' marks, which are placed upon separate shields^ or 
 even in the same, as at St. John Maddermarket, Norwich. They 
 are also frequently combined with the corporate arms of towns and 
 cities. 
 
 Those which are most often met with are the arms of the 
 Merchant Adventurers or Hamburgh Merchants, incorporated 24 
 Edw. I., 1296. They are not, however, found on brasses until the 
 sixteenth century. The arms are these : Barry nebtilee of six, argent 
 and azure, a chief quarterly gnles and or, on the ist and 4th quarters a 
 lion passant gardatit or, on the 2nd and yd two roses gtiles barbed 
 vert. For an illustration, see the brass of Thomas Pownder, at 
 Ipswich, p. 96. Merchant Adventurers were usually members of a 
 particular trade company as well, and of these the Mercers are the 
 most in evidence. They were incorporated 17 Rich. II., 1394, and 
 bore Gules, a demi-virgiti couped below the shoulders, her hair dis- 
 hevelled, vested a?id crowned or, wreathed above the brows with roses 
 and issuing frofn an orle of clouds proper. The two coats are 
 constantly found together. Thus the well-known bracket brass to 
 John Terri and his family at St. John Maddermarket, 1524, 
 exhibits first, between the figures, the arms of Norwich, Gules, a 
 castle triple-towered argent, in base a lion of England ; and below, an
 
 MERCHANT COMPANIES 
 
 243 
 
 escutcheon composed of the initials and merchants' mark of John 
 Terri, with the arms in chief, first of the Merchant Adventurers, and 
 second of the Mercers Co. John Marsham, 1525, in the same 
 church, had a somewhat similar escutcheon, of which only the dexter 
 half remains, bearing his initials and mark, and the Merchant 
 Adventurers in chief. At St. Andrew's, Norwich, the inscription 
 which alone remains to John Clark, alderman and mayor, 1527, had 
 three shields attached below, (i) initials and mark, (2) Merchant 
 Adventurers, (3) Mercers. Again, at St. John Maddermarket, in 
 1558, Robert Rugge, alderman and mayor, has four escutcheons at 
 
 ARMS OF THE MERCERS COMPANY, 1516 
 ST. OLAVE'S, hart street, LONDON 
 
 the corners of the slab, the first bearing his shield, with helm, crest, 
 and mantling ; the second his arms, a chevron engrailed between 3 
 mullets ; the third his mark, and the fourth the Mercers' arms. At 
 Antingham, Norfolk, another combination of four shields appears in 
 a brass to Richard Calthorp, Esq., and family, 1562; the first the 
 Merchant Adventurers, the second Calthorp impaling Hastings 
 quartering Foliot, the third Calthorp, and the fourth the Mercers ; 
 the brass was laid down by Anthony Calthorp, Mercer, to the 
 memory of his parents. Amongst a number of other Mercers' brasses, 
 the following include the arms of the company : John Lambarde, 
 Alderman of London, Hinxworth, Herts., 1487 ; Thos. Hoore and 
 wife, Digswell, Herts., 1495; Wm. Thorpe and wife, Higham
 
 244 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Ferrers, Northants., 1504; Alice Baldry, St. Mary Tower, Ipswich, 
 1506 (the Mercers' arms impaling the mark of Thomas Baldry); 
 unidentified brasses at St. Olave's, Hart Street, 15 16, and Hillingdon, 
 Middlesex, c. 1570; Robert Barfott and wife, Lambourne, Essex, 
 1546^ with initials and mark; and Clement Newce and wife. Great 
 Hadham, Herts., 1582. 
 
 The Goldsmiths were incorporated in 1327, and bore Gules, a 
 leopard's head or, quartered with azure, a covered cup between 2 buckles 
 of the second. These may be seen at Sandon, Essex, c. 1510 ; Thorpe, 
 Surrey, 1583; Dachet, Bucks., 1593; Ufford, Suffolk, 1598, and 
 elsewhere. The last mentioned is at the top of a quadrangular plate 
 which bears a skeleton, nine verses, and an inscription to Richard 
 Ballett, describing him as " first goldsmith of the Balletts in London." 
 
 The Skinners were incorporated in the same year, and had ermine 
 on a chief gules, t, princes croivns composed of crosses patt'ee and fleur- 
 dc-lys or, with caps of the first tasselled of the third. They appear on 
 the brass of Wm. Shosmyth, citizen and " pelliparius " of London, 
 and his wife, 1479, at Mereworth, Kent. 
 
 The Grocers, incorporated in 1346, had arms granted them only 
 in 1 53 1, Argent, a chevron gules bet7veen 3 cloves sable. Thus, Myghell 
 Fox, citizen and grocer, of London, at Chacomb, Northants., whose 
 brass was engraved early in the century, has his mark and monogram, 
 and the arms of the City of London and of the Merchant Adven- 
 turers, but not those of the Grocers. They have not indeed been 
 noted until a century later, at Finchley, Middlesex, 16 10, and North 
 Walsham, Norfolk, 1625, 
 
 The Drapers come next, founded in 1332, incorporated 1364, 
 and with arms granted in 1439 — Azure, 3 clouds proper radiated in 
 base, each surmoiinted with a triple croion or. They are found in the 
 brass of Sir George Monox, Lord Mayor of London, and his wife, 
 1543, at VValthamstow, Essex, and also with the Merchant Adven- 
 turers, at Stone, Kent, 1574, to Robert Chapman. The inscription 
 here is a curious John-Gilpin-like jingle, and introduces the names 
 of the companies : — 
 
 Loe here he Lyeth That earst did Lyve, and Robert Chapman highte 
 To prove, by gods eternall dome that deathe wyll have his right 
 Owner of Stone Castell true what tyme he Lyvved was he 
 Esquier, and Marchaunte venturer, of London Draper ffree
 
 MERCHANT COMPANIES 245 
 
 His soule, wee hoope in Heaven dothe reste, thoughe Carcas Lye full Loe 
 Thus god appoints the righteouse Manne ; a fynall ende of woe 
 Whose monumente alofte dothe Stande, for every Man to viewe 
 Whereby Wee Learne, what brittle Steppes all Mortall men ensue. 
 
 The Haberdashers Company obtained a charter in 1447. The 
 arms granted them in 157 1 were Barry nebulec of six, argent and 
 azure, on a bend gules a lion passani gardant or. They appear at 
 Faversham, Kent, c. 1580, where there is an interesting series of 
 merchant brasses, with marks, and the arms of the Cinque Ports^ 
 the City of London, and the Merchant Adventurers. They begin 
 with Seman Tong, Baron of the Cinque Ports, 1414, much mutilated, 
 under a canopy. Next comes Henry Hatche, Merchant Adventurer, 
 with his wife, 1533, under a double canopy with large roses in the 
 pediments (cf. illustration, p. 232). Then Richard Colwell, Mayor of 
 Faversham, and two wives, also of the year 1533; the places of 
 evangelistic symbols at the corners of a mutilated marginal inscrip- 
 tion are here occupied by the device of a well, round which is 
 inscribed ric h ard col. Another merchant, c. 1580, with mark 
 and initials s n b has lost his inscription, and the list is closed by 
 John Haywarde, mayor, 16 10. 
 
 South Mimms, Middlesex, has also a shield of the Haberdashers 
 Company, and another, a short time ago loose in the church, with 
 arms of the East Land Company. This Company was incorporated 
 temp. Elizth. and bore the following arms : Or, on the sea in base a 
 ship with 3 masts in full sail, all proper ; pennants and ensigns argent, 
 charged with a cross gules ; on a chief of the last a lion passant gardant 
 of the first. 
 
 The Merchant Tailors were twice incorporated, in 1466, and 
 again in 1503, and received two different grants of arms, in 14S0, 
 and in 1586. In the original grant, made by Thomas Holme, 
 Clarencieux, they bore Argent, a royal tent between 2 parliament robes 
 gules lined ermine, the tent garnished or, tent-staff and pennon of t/ie 
 last ; on a chief azure a Holy Lamb set within a sun, or. These 
 arms form part of the remains of the brass of Hugh Pemberton, 
 1500, removed from the destroyed church of St. Martin Outwich to 
 Great St. Helen's, Bishopsgate. In a second grant made by Robert 
 Cooke, Clarencieux, a golden lion was substituted for the Holy 
 Lamb. It appears at St. Catherine's, Regent's Park, four times in
 
 246 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 the brass of Robert Coulthirst, 1631, at Kirkleatham, Yorks., and 
 again four times within a border fillet in the brass of Richard 
 Fynche, 1640, at Dunstable, Beds. 
 
 ORIGINAL ARMS OF THE MERCHANT TAILORS COMPANY, I50O 
 
 GREAT ST. Helen's, bishopsgate, london 
 
 The Salters, chartered in 1364, were incorporated in 1530, when 
 they had these arms granted to them, Per chevron azure mid gules, 
 3 sprinkling-salts argent. They occur in the well-known Flemish 
 
 ARMS OF THE SALTERS COMPANY, C. 1 535 
 all hallows BARKING, LONDON 
 
 brass of Andrew Evyngar, c. 1535, at All Hallows Barking, in 
 company with his mark, and the arms of the Merchant Adventurers. 
 In the similar brass of Thos. Pownder, at St. Mary Quay, Ipswich,
 
 MERCHANT COMPANIES 247 
 
 1525 (cf. illustration, p. 96), the town of Ipswich and the Merchant 
 Adventurers are arranged in the same way on either side of a mark. 
 
 The Fishmongers were a very ancient body, consisting of two 
 companies, the Stock and the Salt Fishmongers. The arms of the 
 former were Azure, 2 iucies in saltire argent, with coronets over their 
 mouths or ; those of the latter, Azure, on a chief gules t^ pairs of keys, 
 indorsed in saltire or. They are only known to occur at Wooburn, 
 Bucks., c. 1520. 
 
 The Ironmongers bore Argent, on a chevron gules 3 swivels or, 
 between 3 steel gads azure. They occur on the brass of John Carre, 
 citizen and Merchant Adventurer and his two wives, 1570, at 
 Stondon Massey, Essex, together with the arms of the City of 
 London and the Merchant Adventurers, and his own Merchant's 
 Mark. 
 
 There are in all twelve principal companies, the remaining two 
 being the Vintners and the Clothworkers. The arms of neither of 
 these have been noticed on brasses, but they may be given in order 
 to complete the series. 
 
 The Vintners^ Sable, a chevron betweejt 3 tuns argent. 
 
 The Clothworkers, Sable, a chevron ermine betiveen 2 habicks in 
 chief argent, and a tezel in base slipped or. 
 
 The arms of other companies are occasionally found, as those 
 of the Stationers in the brass of John Daye, printer, and wife, 1584, 
 at Little Bradley, Suffolk, of the Brewers, in 1592, at All Hallows 
 Barking, and of the Carpenters, in 1619, at Horsell, Surrey. 
 
 The Brewers' arms are Gules, o?t a chevron argetit between 3 pairs 
 of barky garbs in saltire or, 3 tuns sable, hooped or. The Stationers 
 are much more elaborate, and at the same time less scientific, viz. 
 Azure, on a chevron or, bctioeen 3 bibles lyi?ig fessways gules, garnished 
 leaved and clasped of the second, the clasps downwards ; an eagle rising 
 proper enclosed by 2 roses gules, seeded or, barbed vert ; from the top of 
 tJie chief a demi-circle of glory edged with clouds proper ; therein a dove 
 displayed argent, over the head a circle of the last. The Carpenters' 
 arms form part of the brass of Thos. Edmonds, " citizen and car- 
 penter to the chamber and one of the four vewers of the City of 
 London," and his wife Ann ; — argent, a chevron between 3 pairs of 
 compasses expanded at the points sable. The chevron is sometimes 
 engrailed, but not so at Horsell. The arms are here associated with 
 those of the City of London.
 
 248 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 It is to be noted in conclusion tliat slight errors are often made 
 in the engraving of arms. Thus, in the shields illustrated above, the 
 Salters' " Per chevron " is drawn reversed,' and the tent royal of the 
 
 ARMS OF THE liREWERS COMPANY, 1592 
 ALL HALLOWS IJARKING, LONDON 
 
 Merchant Tailors is surmounted by a cross patee instead of a pennon. 
 In the arms of the Staple of Calais on p. 170, it has already been 
 pointed out that the lion in chief ought to be gardant, but is not.
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES -PALIMPSEST 
 
 BRASSES 
 
 THERE are several historical facts and dates which 
 require to be noted and remembered if we would 
 fully understand the meaning of those brasses which 
 are called Palimpsests. Palimpsests are brasses which have 
 been twice used, old memorials being converted to fresh use, 
 either by utilizing the back for a new engraving, or by 
 alterations, additions, or simple appropriation. The name was 
 first suggested by the late Mr. Albert Way in the Ardiceo- 
 logial Journal, and is taken from that of a class of ancient 
 manuscripts from which the first writing has been erased, in 
 order to give place to other. As applied to brasses it is not 
 strictly accurate, and from time to time other words have been 
 proposed. But it is nevertheless convenient, and in common 
 use, and will be retained here. 
 
 The possibility of the existence of palimpsests has come 
 about in various ways, for although a brass is the least 
 destructible of all monuments, yet it may still be wantonly 
 broken or stolen by sacrilegious hands. 
 
 In the year 1523, at the instance of Cardinal Wolsey, and 
 for the purpose of endowing his colleges at Oxford and Ipswich, 
 two bulls were granted by the pope for the suppression of 
 certain alien priories and small monasteries to the number of 
 forty. Wolsey's agent, Dr. Allen, was accused of precisely 
 the same sort of treatment of the monks as was afterwards 
 
 249
 
 250 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 laid to the charge of Thomas Cromwell's commissioners. 
 Other religious houses followed. Then came the general Royal 
 Visitation, beginning October 1535, and ending towards the 
 close of 1538. The commissioners, Leighton, Leigh, London, 
 Ap-Rice, and Thornton, were utterly unscrupulous, and an 
 enormous amount of unauthorized robbery took place at once. 
 A bill of indictment against the monks, known to writers of 
 a later generation by the name of the Black Book, was laid 
 before Parliament. The history of the session is obscure, and 
 it is uncertain whether any special documents other than the 
 miscellaneous and lying reports of the commissioners were 
 brought forward. Whatever were the means employed, the 
 matter resulted in an Act of Suppression, passed February, 
 1536. By this Act all houses of monks, canons, and nuns 
 under the clear yearly value of i^200 were "given to the 
 King's highness, his heirs and executors, for ever." The 
 churches were pulled down, and their materials and contents 
 sold, stolen, or destroyed, three hundred and seventy-six 
 houses being involved in this first great sweep. 
 
 It was in this year that the Brethren of the Charterhouse 
 were condemned for refusing to acknowledge the king's 
 supremacy. Three went to the gallows ; the rest were flung 
 into Newgate, chained to posts in a noisome dungeon, and left 
 to perish with gaol-fever and starvation. 
 
 Then came the Pilgrimage of Grace, after which twelve 
 abbots were hung, drawn, and quartered for alleged complicity 
 in rebellion, and in the summer of 1537 the visitors started 
 afresh to visit the remaining larger monasteries. Forced 
 resignation of abbeys went on apace during 1537 and 1538, so 
 that by the end of that year very few were left. At the same 
 time, in 1538, orders were given to fling all relics from their 
 reliquaries, and to level every shrine with the ground. In 
 1539 was passed the second Act of Dissolution, which com- 
 pleted the ruin of the monasteries. 
 
 A few of the most beautiful abbey cliurches were either
 
 SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 251 
 
 saved by private munificence, or by the king's grant, to serve 
 as parish churches, but the vast majority were completely 
 destroyed. And in the general wreck of monastic property 
 thousands of brasses found their way to the melting-pot, or to 
 the metal-workers shops. 
 
 In the autumn session of 1545, the king's necessities being 
 pressing, an Act was passed to confer upon him the property 
 of all colleges, free chapels, chantries, hospitals, fraternities 
 and guilds, to be sold or alienated for the king's use. His 
 death shortly afterwards prevented the immediate carrying 
 out of this his last attempt at wholesale robbery. Nevertheless, 
 the Act was renewed in the same year, upon the accession of 
 Edward VI., and resulted in the suppression of more than two 
 thousand chantries and chapels, and one hundred and ten 
 hospitals, A commission was appointed on each occasion by 
 the Crown, and it is interesting to note that an Elizabethan 
 brass exists at Tisbury, Wilts., in memory of one of the 
 commissioners, Laurence Hyde, Esq., 1590. This man, 
 coming originally from Cheshire, was the first occupier, under 
 Sir Thomas Arundell, of the manor of West Hacche, a piece 
 of church property taken from the monastery of St. Edward at 
 Shaftesbury. The brass has a mutilated marginal inscription, 
 and a rectangular plate which depicts Hyde, in a ruff and long 
 civilian's gown, standing with clasped hands in front of a Doric 
 arcade pierced with four windows, and accompanied by his 
 wife and ten children. There are no religious emblems of 
 any kind, but with his crest is a motto which is remarkably 
 significant of the destruction of the hopes of all those who in 
 past times had founded chantries " for ever " for the good of 
 their souls. It runs, " Everye man lyving in his beste estate 
 is alltogethir vanitye." 
 
 It is not to be supposed that even parish churches could 
 escape the spoiling of their goods. On March 3, 155 1, it 
 was ordered by the Privy Council " that for as muche as the 
 Kinge's Majestic had neede prcsentl)' of a masse of mooney,
 
 252 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 therfore Commissions shulde be addressed into all shires of 
 Englande to take unto the Kinge's handes suche churche plate 
 as remaigneth, to be emploied unto his highnes use." It is 
 unnecessary to go further. Brasses also were valuable, and so 
 were often the objects of royal theft or private greed, and vast 
 numbers must have disappeared at this time. 
 
 Fragments of some of them are found on the reverse side 
 of many later brasses laid down after those dates, for the loot 
 was frequently used instead of new sheets of metal. 
 
 With them, too, are found fragments of foreign brasses, 
 imported apparently from the Netherlands after the sack of 
 the churches there by the Calvinists in 1566. For this is 
 another date to be remembered, when, as Motley observes, for 
 the space of only six or seven summer days and nights, there 
 raged a storm by which all the treasures of the past were 
 destroyed. Nearly every church was rifled of its contents, 
 and hardly a province or town escaped. Many engraved brass 
 plates must afterwards have found their way to England, and 
 have been converted into Elizabethan brasses, although they 
 would not seem to have been very urgently needed, when 
 there was so much English monastic spoil already in the 
 workshops. 
 
 There was much destruction in France during the same time, 
 from 1562 to 1570, during the first three Religious Wars, and 
 a large proportion of the French churches were then completely 
 sacked by the Calvinists. But the brasses were few, and none 
 of them have with certainty been found in England. About 
 two hundred palimpsest brasses are known, including in- 
 scriptions, and have been carefully and fully described b)-' Mr. 
 Mill Stephenson in the Transactions of the Monumental Brass 
 Society, vol. iv., 1900- 190 3. His notes, it should be said, are 
 freely quoted in the following pages, and are remarkable for 
 their fulness and accuracy. Nearly half the palimpsests were 
 probably spoil from monasteries and chantries, and bear dates 
 later than the dissolution. About fifty more are cut from
 
 SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 253 
 
 foreign brasses, chiefly Flemish and Dutch, and are nearly all 
 later than the year of the sack of the Netherland churches. 
 The remainder have to be accounted for in other ways. Not 
 all, however, can now be examined upon both sides, and 
 in most instances it is only by chance that their palimpsest 
 character has become known at all. For as long as a brass 
 remains undisturbed, it can bear only the evidence upon its 
 face. It is by accidentally becoming loose, or by being forcibly 
 taken from their matrices, that palimpsests are discovered, and 
 there are doubtless many which have never been moved. 
 Wherever a superiority of material is noticed in later brasses, 
 in thickness and quality, there will, however, be a probability of 
 re-use, since Elizabethan metal is usually thin and poor. Very 
 frequently, again, a palimpsest brass has been found and its 
 reverse side put on record, and then it has been reset, and 
 becomes again immovable. In other examples such brasses 
 have been framed and hinged, or fastened down with movable 
 screws, upon a plan adopted a few years ago by the Oxford 
 University Brass-Rubbing Society. 
 
 The loot from destroyed churches was probably sold to the 
 metal-workers, and was by them issued in the form of new 
 brasses. It is therefore impossible to identify the places 
 from which such brasses originally came, except in rare 
 instances, such as those now to be given. 
 
 At Denchworth, in Berks., there is an inscription below 
 the figures of William Hyde, Esq., in armour, and his wife, 
 1562. This is palimpsest, and its reverse shows another 
 in.scription of great historic value, and, fortunately, complete. 
 It is in French, and records the laying of a foundation-stone 
 of Bisham Priory by Edward III. — 
 
 " Edward Roy Danglet'e qe fist le siege deuant la Cite de 
 Be|rewyk & coquyst la bataille illeoqi & la dite Cite la 
 veille sein|te Margarete Ian de g'ce. m.ccc.xxxiii. mist 
 cestre pare a la [ requeste Sire William de Mountagu 
 foundour de cestre mesoun."
 
 254 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 The capitulation of Berwick took place on St. Margaret's 
 Day, 1333, and Sir William de Montagu was one of the signa- 
 tories to the treaty of surrender. The foundation charter of 
 the priory of Bisham is dated April 10, 1336. 
 
 Again, at St. Laurence, Reading, the entire brass of 
 Walter Barton, gent, 1538, is made up of portions of the 
 brass of Sir John Popham, who died in 1463, and was buried, 
 according to Stowe's Survey of London, in the London 
 Charterhouse. 
 
 At Hedgerley, Bucks., there is a brass with the effigy of 
 Margaret Bulstrode, 1540, a foot inscription, a mutilated shield, 
 and a group of children, all of which are palimpsest, and seem 
 to be made up of spoil from the great abbey at Bury St. 
 Edmund's. The figure of the lady is cut out of an inscription 
 in English verse, which is only partly legible ; and on the 
 back of her own inscription is another to Thomas Totyngton, 
 Abbot of Bury, who died in 13 12 — 
 
 " Totyngton Thomas Edmudi q' fuit abbas 
 Hie iacet esto pia sibi duct'r u'go maria." 
 
 The children are cut out of the lower portion of the figure 
 of a bishop or abbot, c. 1530, showing the chasuble, staff of 
 the crozier with vexillum, and dalmatic. On the reverse of 
 the shield are portions of canopy-work, with a representation 
 of the resurrection, and a small fragment of the figure of 
 some saint. 
 
 A further good example may be described at Norbury, 
 Derbyshire, where portions of the brass to Sir Anthony Fitz- 
 herbert and wife, 1538, appear to have come from a brass of 
 the De Verdun family, who were buried in Croxden Abbey, 
 about five miles away, in Staffordshire. The remaining parts, 
 all of which are palimpsest, consist of Sir Anthony, in judicial 
 robes (cf. p. 178), mutilated and headless, his wife in a heraldic 
 mantle, a Latin inscription in two pieces, eight lines upon the 
 first and six upon the second, a shield of arms, one plate of
 
 SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 255 
 
 children, viz. the daughters, and three small fragments of a 
 marginal inscription. The reverses of the judge and his wife, 
 excluding her head, join together and make up the greater 
 part of the figure of a lady, c. 1320, of the same type as that 
 of Lady Creke (cf p. 24), with a Hon at her feet. Lady 
 Fitzherbert's head, the shield, the children, and the pieces of 
 fillet are all from parts of the canopy and border of the same 
 brass, which has with good reason been ascribed to Dame 
 Matilda, wife of Theobald de Verdun, lord of Alton, who died 
 in 13 12, and was buried in the south transept of Croxden 
 Abbey. This abbey was dissolved in 1538, and the greater 
 part of the plunder became the property of William Basset, 
 who had married the judge's daughter Elizabeth. The two 
 remaining plates, on which are inscribed the Latin verses, 
 belong to a much later memorial, but are probably spoil from 
 the same abbey. The larger bears the central portion of a 
 figure in monastic habit, apparently part of a prior, to whom 
 reference is made in some much-mutilated hexameters on the 
 reverse of the smaller plate, the date being c. 1440. All these 
 palimpsests are now fixed down ; but the late Sir Wollaston 
 Franks had careful electro-types made and fastened to a stout 
 board, which hangs upon the vestry wall. 
 
 The Rugge brass, at St. John Maddermarket, Norwich, 
 1558 (cf. p. 131), is probably made up of spoil from the great 
 abbey of St. Benet Hulme, and is cut from parts of the fine 
 &^gy of an abbot holding a clasped book. 
 
 Again, at Denham, Bucks, the reverses of Amphillis 
 Peckham, 1545, exhibit the almost complete figure of a friar, 
 together with an inscription to John Pyke, seemingly a school- 
 master, since his shield bears the device of a birch-rod. The 
 brass a few years ago was loose, in the custody of the Rector 
 of Denham. 
 
 At Shipton - under - Wychwood, Oxon., a plate bearing 
 figure and inscription to Elizabeth Home, 1548, doubtless 
 came from some church in Aylesbury, since it records on its
 
 256 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 reverse the endowment of a chantry in that town. The in- 
 scription is of great length and interest, and is fortunately 
 open to inspection, since the brass has been mounted in a 
 hinged oak frame and placed on the wall of the north aisle. 
 
 Chantry spoil may also be definitely instanced at Dunmore, 
 Hants., where the following inscription is engraved on the 
 reverse of one to Alice Magewik, 1591 : — 
 
 " Hie iacet dns Robertus Clerk qu6da(m) 
 Capellanus Cantaris petri ffabiller i(n) 
 p' senti ecelia fundat' cui' aie ppiciet' de' A(men)." 
 
 The date of this is c. 1500, and it also is hinged and fastened 
 to the church wall. 
 
 Other interesting palimpsests of the same type occur at — 
 
 Taplow, Bucks., 1540 (Manfelde). Reverses, eight pieces, c. 1470 
 
 and c. 1490. 
 Halvergate, Norfolk, 1540 (Swane). Reverse, bust of friar, c. 1440. 
 ToUeshunt Darcy, Essex, c. 1540 (a lady). Rev., part of abbot, 
 
 c. 1400. 
 Upminster, Essex, c. 1540 (a civilian). Rev., part of abbot, c. 1410. 
 Odiham, Hants., c. 1540 (man in armour). Rev., three pieces, 
 
 c. 1460. 
 Cheam, Surrey, 1542 (Fromondes). Rev., seven pieces, 1500-15 20. 
 Holy Trinity, Chester, 1545 (Gee). Rev., part of a Garter knight, 
 
 c. 1525- 
 Cuxton, Kent, c. 1545 (Buthyll). Re7)., part of canopy, c. 1480. 
 All Hallows Barking, London, 1546 (Thynne). Rev., six pieces, 
 
 1510-1530. 
 Braunton, Devon, 1548 (Chechester). Rev., two pieces, c. 1372. 
 Winchester College, 1548 (White). Rev., part of a widow, c. 1440. 
 Manchester Cathedral, 1548 (Ordsall). Rev., a lady, c. 1450. 
 Sessay, Yorks., 1550 (Magnus). Rev., seven pieces, c. 1450. 
 Cobham, Surrey, c. 1550 (man in armour). Rev., a priest, c. 15 10. 
 Narburgh, Norfolk, 1556 (Goldyngham). Rev., part of a priest, 
 
 c. 1470. 
 Binfield, Berks., 1558 (Turner). Rev., part of abbot, c. 1420.
 
 SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 257 
 
 Northolt, Middlesex, 1560 (Gyfforde). Rez>., nine pieces, 1480- 
 
 1500. 
 Fryerning, Essex, c. 1560 (lady). Rev., part of a widow, c. 1460. 
 Metton, Norfolk, 1562 (Grey). Rev.^ feet of man in armour, 
 
 c. 1390. 
 Morland, Westmoreland, 1562 (Blythe). Rev.^ two men in armour, 
 
 c. 1520. 
 Felmingham, Norfolk, 1591 (Moone). Rev., part of a priest, c. 1450. 
 Howden, Yorks., 1621 (Dolman). Rev., part of civilian, c. 1520. 
 
 Palimpsests which are made from Flemish or German 
 brasses are of special interest, and open up an attractive course 
 of study. Far more fragments of such brasses exist in England 
 than there are now brasses in the whole of the Low Countries. 
 Not all, however, are from the sack of the Netherland churches, 
 for there are a few where the English obverse is of too early a 
 date, and these can be accounted for only on the supposition 
 that a certain quantity of " shop waste," or spoilt plate, was 
 imported into England before the general destruction of 
 brasses began. 
 
 Of this type is an inscription at Great Bowden, Leics., 
 1403, to Wm. Wolstonton, rector, which bears on the reverse 
 a very pleasing figure of a civilian under a canopy, c. 1350, of 
 the same description as the foreign brass at Aveley, Essex 
 (cf. p. 94), and similar also to a small brass preserved in the 
 Archaeological Museum at Ghent. 
 
 At Sail, Norfolk, loose in the church chest, there is a 
 mutilated inscription, c. 1480, cut from a fine foreign brass, 
 c. 1400, and exhibiting part of the head of a lady with braided 
 hair, and the diaper-work of a cushion, on which her head 
 rested. Ewelme, Oxon., also has an inscription of the date 
 1494 to Henry Lee and wife, the reverse of which is a piece of 
 good foreign canopy-work, c. 1 360, apparently of the German 
 type. It includes the small figure of an angel playing on a 
 musical instrument, part of a crocketed arch, and the corner 
 of a head-cushion, as at King's Lynn and Lubeck. 
 s
 
 258 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Early palimpsests are also found at Horncastle, Lines., 
 where portions of the brass to Sir Lionel Dymoke, 15 19, are 
 composed of foreign fragments ; at Southacre, Norfolk, where 
 the remains of the brass to Sir Roger Harsyk and wife, 1454, 
 include a piece of a foreign marginal inscription ; and in the 
 British Museum, in a fragment from Trunch, Norfolk, 1473. 
 The reverse of the brass at Topcliffe, Yorks., dated 1391 
 (cf p. 94), is said to be entirely covered with earlier work ; 
 and at Tolleshunt Darcy, Essex, is preserved a portion of the 
 border of another foreign brass, of the late fourteenth century, 
 the two sides of which differ but slightly in design and date. 
 As throughout this section, the chief authority is Mr. Stephen- 
 son. He has figured many examples, and gives the following 
 of later date : — 
 
 Tolleshunt Darcy, Essex, 1540 (Darcy). Rev., inscription, 1362. 
 Winestead, Yorks., c. 1540 (Hildyard). Rev., fragment of civilian, c. 
 
 1360. 
 Isleworth, Middlesex, 1544 (Chase). Rev., saint in niche, c. 1360. 
 Upminster, Essex, 1545 (Wayte). Rev., fragments of abbot, c. 
 
 1480. 
 Aylesford, Kent, 1545 (Savell). Rev., canopy, possibly French, c. 
 
 1530- 
 Hackney, Middlesex, 1545 (Lymsey). Rro. of shields, pieces of 
 
 background, c. 1530. 
 
 Bayford, Herts., c. 1545 (Knighton). Rev., fragments of abbot, c. 
 1480. 
 
 Ossington, Notts., 155 1 (Peckham). Rev., fragment of a lady, c. 
 1360, and other pieces. 
 
 Hadleigh, Suffolk, c. 1560 (Taillor). Rev., civilian and angel on 
 background, c. 1500. 
 
 Pottesgrove, Beds., 1563 (Saunders). Rev., canopy-work, c. 1370. 
 
 Westerham, Kent, 1563 (Potter). Rev., column and shield, c. 1530. 
 
 St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich, 1568 (Rede). Rev., civilian and back- 
 ground, c. 1500. 
 
 West Lavington, Wilts., c. 1570 (Dauntesay). Rev., Dutch inscrip- 
 tion, 15 18. 
 
 Wardour Castle, Wilts., 1573 (Arundell). Rev., portions of words.
 
 SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 259 
 
 Stondon Massey, Essex, 1573 (Holingworth). Rev., four pieces of 
 
 canopy-work, c. 1390 and c. 15 10, 
 Haseley, Warw., 1573 (Throkmorton). Rev., canopy-work, c. 1390. 
 Constantine, Cornwall, 1574 (Gerveys). Rev., man in armour, and 
 
 background, c. 1375. 
 Erith, Kent, 1574 (Harman). Rei>., border, c. 1500. 
 Harrow, Middlesex, 1574 (Frankishe). Rez'., border and lady, c. 
 
 1360 and c. 1370. 
 St. Mary Magdalen, Oxford, 1574 (Fitzherbert). Rev., part of Dutch 
 
 inscription, c. 1520. 
 St. Peter-in-the-East, Oxford, 1574 (Atkinson). Rev., canopy, six- 
 teenth century. 
 Denham, Suffolk, 1574 (Bedingfield). Rev., feet and robes, e. 1500. 
 Isleworth, Middlesex, 1575 (Holland). Rez'., border and foliage, c. 
 
 1500. 
 British Museum, from ^^'imbish, Essex, e. 1575 (fragment). Rev., 
 
 marginal inscription, e. 1420. 
 Cookham, Berks., 1577 (More). Rev., head, background, and 
 
 inscription, c. 1380 and e. 1480. 
 Wardour Castle, Wilts., c. 1577 and 1578 (Arundell). Revs., part of 
 
 saint, and robe, and canopy, 1374. 
 Kings Langley, Herts., 1578 (Cheyne). Rev., head of lady, e. 1370, 
 
 and border, e. 1420. 
 Cley, Norfolk, 1578 (Tayllar). Rev.,hzse of shaft, with feet, r. 1500. 
 Wonersh, Surrey, 1578 (Bosseville). Rei>., border, c. 1540. 
 Yealmpton, Devon, 1580 (Copleston). Rev., head, background, and 
 
 saints, c. 1460. 
 Pinner, Middlesex, 1580 (Bedingfeld). Rei\, inscription, c. 1500. 
 Orford, Suffolk, 1580 (Coo). Rev., two pieces of border, e. 1420. 
 Norton Disney, Lines., e. 1580 (Disney). Rrv., Dutch inscription, 
 
 1518. 
 Paston, Norfolk, c. 1580 (Paston). Rev., shields, inscription, and 
 
 background, e. 1480. 
 Halesworth, Suffolk, 1581 (Browne). Rez., border and robes, e. 
 
 1510. 
 St. Margaret, Lee, Kent, 1582 (Annesley). Rei'., border. 
 Margate, Kent, 1582 (Flitt). Rev., border, e. 1400. 
 Holme-next-the-Sea, Norfolk, 1582 (Strickland). Ra>., canopy and 
 
 border, c. 1400.
 
 26o THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Camberwell, Surrey, 1582 (Dove). ^^., border and ground, <r. 1500. 
 Walkern, Herts., 1583 (Humbarstone). Rev., eleven pieces, various 
 
 dates. 
 Aveley, Essex, 1584 (Barett). RaK., marginal inscription, c. 1420. 
 Wardour Castle, 1586 (Arundell — a rose). Rev., a face. 
 
 The reverses are of varying dates, and comprise fragments 
 of figures, inscriptions, and much canopy-work. Sometimes, 
 too, a number of fragments go to make up one brass, as 
 at Walkern, where the Humbarstone memorial is made up of 
 no fewer than eleven pieces, cut out of three or four different 
 foreign brasses ; or at Ossington, where apparently one 
 German and four English brasses have been used to make 
 the Peckham brass, which lies upon an altar tomb, and has 
 a number of plates for husband, wife, children, inscriptions, 
 and shields, almost all palimpsest. 
 
 On the other hand, the brass at St. Peter-in-the-East, 
 Oxford, is entirely, with the exception of a part of the 
 children, cut from one plate, the various pieces fitting together 
 and forming the greater part of a canopy. 
 
 The two figures of the Wayte brass at Upminster are from 
 a very large foreign brass, probably Flemish, and when placed 
 together show gloved hands folded on the body, part of a 
 richly diapered chasuble, and a portion of the stem of a 
 crozier. Two more pieces from this same figure are re-used 
 in parts of the brass at Bayford, which is thus proved to have 
 issued from the same workshop. More of the diapered 
 chasuble appears, and also of the crozier and stem. 
 
 Several others of these brasses deserve more particular 
 mention. The obverse of the Hadleigh brass is a long 
 rhyming inscription to Rowland Taillor, who was one of the 
 Marian martyrs, and it is in its way a curiosity — 
 
 *' Gloria in altissimis deo 
 Of Rowland Taillors fame I shewe 
 
 An excellent Devyne 
 And Doctor of the Civill lawe 
 
 A preacher rare and fyne
 
 SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 261 
 
 Kinge Henrye and Kinge Edward' dayes 
 
 Preacher and parson here 
 That gave to God contynuall praise 
 
 And kept his flocke in feare 
 And for the truthe condempned to dye 
 
 He was in fierye flame 
 Where he received pacyentlie 
 
 The torment of the same 
 And stronglie suffred to thende 
 
 Whiche made the standers by 
 Reioyce in God to see theire frende 
 
 And pastor so to dye 
 O Taillor were thie myghtie fame 
 
 Uprightly here inrolde 
 Thie Deedes deserve that this good name 
 
 Were siphered here in golde 
 
 obiit Anno dni, 1555." 
 
 The reverse is part of a large foreign brass, c. 1500, 
 showing the head, shoulders, and hands of a civilian with 
 a diapered background, and the flowing robe of an angel, 
 who may have been supporting a shield above the man's 
 head. 
 
 The illustration is from the brass at Yealmpton, Devon, 
 the obverse being a plain inscription to Isabell Copleston, 
 1580. The reverse is an interesting piece of Flemish or 
 German work of the latter half of the fifteenth century, and 
 exhibits a considerable part of the brass from which it was 
 cut. From the position of the figures so near to the upper 
 margin it is probable that at least half the rectangle was 
 occupied by a long inscription. The attitude of the tonsured 
 head below the scroll shows that the plate commemorated a 
 priest, and that he was kneeling. The remaining words of 
 the scroll, ". . . esto . memor . iacobi . precibus , pia . virgo . . ." 
 introduce the other two principal figures, St. James of Compo- 
 stella behind, with his pilgrim's staff, hat, and cockleshell, and 
 the Blessed Virgin in front. The Heavenly Father's throne 
 rises from an orle of conventional clouds, and His outstretched 
 arms hold a sheet which contains the naked soul, whose head
 
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 SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 263 
 
 is surrounded with a nimbus. The brass may very well be loot 
 from some Netherland church. 
 
 The brass at St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich, is especially 
 curious, because the efifigy of Peter Rede is in armour of 
 about a hundred years earlier than its date, being evidently 
 copied by an inexpert local engraver from an older figure. 
 The inscription is in capitals divided by dots, and describes 
 him as having " worthely served not only hys prynce and 
 cuntrey but allso the emperor Charles the 5 bothe at the 
 conquest of Barbaria and at the siege of Tunis as also in 
 other places who had geven hym by the sayd emperour for 
 hys valiaunt dedes the order of Barbaria." The figure is cut 
 transversely from a large foreign brass, probably Flemish, on 
 which may be seen part of a man's head, in a cap, upon a 
 diapered background beneath a canopy. The inscription is 
 from the same brass, with a strip of border, and part of the 
 man's body and hands. 
 
 The West Lavington and Norton Disney palimpsests, far 
 apart though they lie, one in Wiltshire, and the other in 
 Lincolnshire, are from the same foreign brass, a long and 
 extremely interesting Dutch inscription, of which thirty-three 
 lines are at Norton, and nine at Lavington, recording the 
 foundation, in 15 18, of a mass at the altar of St. Cornelius in 
 the church of Westmonstre, by Adrian Adrianson and the 
 lady Paesschine van den Steyne. The church formerly 
 existed in the city of Middleburgh, in Walcheren, in the 
 province of Zeeland, and seems to have been completely 
 destroyed in 1575. The Norton plate has been fixed in a 
 hinged frame on the north wall of the chancel. 
 
 At Wardour Castle, the Wiltshire seat of Lord Arundel, 
 there are a number of fragments of Arundel brasses, of which 
 in several instances other parts still remain in the church from 
 which they were removed, viz. Mawgan-in-Pyder, Cornwall. 
 The foreign palimpsests are all preserved at the castle, having 
 at one time been loose at Lanherne Nunnery, close to Mawgan
 
 264 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Church. They are of considerable interest, and exhibit portions 
 of several fine brasses of the fourteenth century and later. 
 
 The Harrow brass, a long inscription, is from two very fine 
 fourteenth-century brasses of the best German type, the one 
 showing a piece of margin with a prophet and a small seated 
 weeper in canopied niches, and the other, which is a little 
 earlier, the neck, shoulders, hands, and part of the face of a 
 lady, whose head reposes on a cushion supported by angels, 
 and boldly diapered with buds and foliage ; a strip of the 
 border also appears, with its piece of fillet, a shield of arms, 
 and a canopied saint with sword and book, apparently St. 
 Paul. 
 
 The Margate fragment is the last which need be mentioned. 
 It is an inscription which, from the style of lettering, the shape 
 of the numerals, and the use of the word "Hier" for "Here," 
 was perhaps cut in Flanders, and imported directly thence. 
 The reverse is part of the border of a brass which bears a close 
 resemblance to one still existing at Ypres. In the midst of a 
 bold pattern of vines, and between the loops of a flowing 
 inscription-scroll, there are shields and little sketches to 
 illustrate the life of man from the cradle to the grave. There 
 are two of these scenes at Margate, a little child catching 
 butterflies, and, the next stage, two boys amusing themselves 
 at stilt-walking. 
 
 In addition to the engraved metal stolen from English and 
 foreign churches, there are other palimpsests which, like the 
 earliest examples mentioned on p. 257, appear to be made up 
 from spoilt plates, i.e. brasses cancelled in the workshop, 
 through some error either in detail or in the inscription or 
 heraldry, or from the design not meeting with approval. The 
 dates of the two sides will then generally, though not always, 
 nearly coincide. It will be sufficient to mention a few of such 
 " wasters," as Mr. Stephenson has termed them. 
 
 A priest in processional vestments at the Temple Church, 
 Bristol, c. 1460, is cut out of a lady of about the same date.
 
 SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 265 
 
 The lower portion of an unknown abbot, c. 1400, loose in 
 St, Albans Abbey, shows on the reverse the lower half of a 
 lady, also of about the same date. At Ampton, Suffolk, there 
 is a lady on either side of the plate, the one c. 1490, the other 
 twenty years earlier. 
 
 In some cases a greater length of time separates the first 
 and second engravings. Thus, at Clifton Campville, Staffs., 
 the demi-figure of a lady, c. 1360, on a bracket, is cut from a 
 cross-legged knight in chain-mail, c. 1300; and at Ipsden, 
 Oxon., the figures of Thomas and Isabel Englysche, 1525, are 
 respectively from a lady and from an inscription c. 1420. As 
 there are a good many such brasses, especially inscriptions, 
 it seems likely that the original plates may have become 
 loose, then lost or stolen, and so have found their way into 
 the hands of dealers in old metal, and so back to the 
 workshops. 
 
 In a very few instances both sides of a palimpsest refer to 
 the same person. The brass at Burwell, Cambs., to Laurence 
 de Wardeboys, Abbot of Ramsey from 1508 to 1539, was 
 probably prepared during his lifetime, and represented him as 
 an abbot. But before his death in 1 542, the abbey had been 
 suppressed, and he was no longer abbot. The monument was 
 therefore altered to suit his altered condition, and the lower 
 part of his ^'^'^ was turned over and re-engraved with cassock 
 and surplice, an entirely new head and shoulders being supplied. 
 The indent, however, of the points of the original mitre can 
 still be traced in the stone above the head-cushion upon which 
 he rests. This is in fact a peculiarly interesting brass. It was 
 furnished with a triple canopy, of which only the central 
 pediment remains, itself palimpsest in the ordinary wa)', 
 and cut from the much earlier and unique brass of a 
 deacon in stole and dalmatic, the latter fringed only on the 
 left side. 
 
 Another instance of the same person twice engraved occurs 
 at St. Margaret's, Rochester, in the half-effigy of Thomas Cod,
 
 266 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 vicar, 1465. He was at first correctly vested in cassock, 
 surplice, almuce, and cope, but on the later side — if it really is 
 the later — an amice for some quite unaccountable reason takes 
 the place of the almuce. 
 
 Yet again, there is a most curious palimpsest at Walton- 
 on-Thames, in the brass of John Selwyn, " gent' keeper of her 
 Ma''^ Parke of Oteland' vnder y" right honorable Charles 
 Howard Lord Admyrall of England," 1587, with his wife and 
 family. The brass is of an ordinary type ; but one plate 
 between the heads of the principal figures is of more than 
 usual interest, as it displays a feat of agility performed by 
 John Selwyn at a stag-hunt in the presence of Queen Elizabeth. 
 In the Antiquarian Repertory, vol. i. p. i, it is said that Selwyn, 
 " in the heat of the chase, suddenly leaped from his horse upon 
 the back of the stag (both running at that time with their 
 utmost speed), and not only kept his seat gracefully, in spite 
 of every effort of the affrighted beast, but, drawing his sword, 
 with it guided him towards the Queen, and coming near her 
 presence, plunged it in his throat, so that the animal fell dead 
 at her feet." This small plate, measuring 8^ by 'j\ inches, is 
 palimpsest, and has two representations of the stag-killing. • 
 The reverse shows Selwyn with a short beard, without hat, 
 and holding with the left hand the stag's right horn, while 
 with the other he plunges the sword into its neck. This side 
 is lightly engraved, and appears to have been submitted for 
 approval, and rejected. The obverse has a much more spirited 
 representation of the scene. Selwyn wears a hat and cloak, 
 and keeps his seat without holding the horns of the stag. 
 
 So far we have considered palimpsests in which the metal 
 is engraved upon both sides. There remains a small class 
 where this is not the case, but where existing brasses have 
 simply been appropriated to later use by the addition of new 
 inscriptions and shields. Such has been the case at Bromham, 
 Beds., where there is the fine brass of a man in complete 
 plate armour and a collar of SS., c. 1435, with two wives,
 
 SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 267 
 
 under a good triple canopy. From two original shields 
 which remain between the heads of the figures, the brass has 
 been attributed to Thomas Wideville, 1433, and his two wives 
 Elizabeth and Alice. But the inscription at the foot makes 
 it to be the memorial of Sir John Dyve, 1535, his wife, and 
 his mother, and the Dyve arms. Gules, a fess dancette or 
 between 3 escallops erinbie, have been inserted in a shield upon 
 the centre finial of the canopy. This, then, is a " palimpsest 
 by appropriation." 
 
 Similar appropriations occur at Gunby, Lines., c. 1405 and 
 1552; Laughton, Lines., c. 1400 and 1549; Horley, Surrey, 
 c. 1420 and 1516; Ticehurst, Sussex,^. 1370 and 1546; and 
 Charwelton, Northants., c. 15 10 and 1541. 
 
 In a few rare instances an appropriated brass was actually 
 altered with the graving tool. This has happened at Chalfont 
 St. Peter, Bucks., where a priest in eucharistic vestments, 
 c. 1440, has been altered by the addition of shading, the 
 rounding of the toes, and a new inscription, making him into 
 Robert Hanson, vicar, who died in 1545. So also at Great 
 Ormesby, Norfolk, in a lady transferred from c. 1440 to 1538 ; 
 at Waterperry, Oxon., from c. 1445 to 1527 ; and at Okeover, 
 Staffs., where an examination of the reverses has enabled a 
 complete identification to be made. Originally laid down to 
 the memory of William, fifth Lord Zouch, of Harringworth, 
 and his two wives, about the year 1447, soon after the death 
 of his first wife, Alice Seymour, it became, probably as spoil 
 from some monastic house, the memorial of Humphrey Oker, 
 who died in 1538, his wife Isabel, and their children. Little 
 alteration was really made in the brass, except in the figure of 
 Lord Zouch, where portions of the body armour were cut 
 away, and a tabard, charged with the Oker arms, made in the 
 indent thus created. The upper part of the helmet with its 
 crest was removed, and the crest of Oker substituted. The 
 lady on the dexter side remained unaltered and passed as 
 Isabel Oker, but the second lady was superfluous, so her
 
 268 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 figure was reversed, and thereon were engraved the Oker 
 children in three rows, the head and shoulders of the figure 
 being filled up with an oak tree bearing a shield. The original 
 shields and the marginal inscription were simply turned over 
 and re-engraved.
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 
 
 Queen Elizabeth, 1558-1603 
 James I. 1603-1625 
 
 IN the reign of Elizabeth there is a remarkable revival of 
 brass-engraving. The general character of the brasses 
 is entirely changed, and not for the better, but they 
 become almost more popular than ever ; for the Elizabethan 
 brasses number some 540, with 260 more of the same type in 
 the reign of James I., chiefly in his opening years. Caroline 
 and later brasses are much fewer, and number in all about 
 1 50, until the art is finally and ignominiously extinguished. 
 
 From the very first year of Elizabeth brasses begin to 
 average double the number of those which were laid down 
 per annum in the two previous reigns. And now for the first 
 time they also begin to be not only engraved, but the plates 
 themselves manufactured in England. It has been pointed 
 out by Haines that a patent was granted by the Queen, in 
 1565, to Wm. Humfrey, assay master of the mint, and 
 Christopher Shutz, "an Almain," to search and mine for 
 calamine, and to have the use of it for making all sorts of 
 battery wares, cast works, and wire, of latten. At the same 
 time similar privileges, he says, were granted to Cornelius 
 Devoz, and to Daniel Houghsetter, and Thomas Thurland. 
 In 1568 the company of the mineral and battery works was 
 incorporated, and in 1584 re-incorporated ; in which year a 
 lease of works at Isleworth, on the Thames, was granted to John 
 
 269
 
 2/0 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Brode, who appears to have greatly improved the manufacture ; 
 and about the same period many other brass mills were set up, 
 especially in Somersetshire. The workmen are stated to have 
 made " plates both of copper and brasse of all scyces little and 
 great, thick and thyn, for all purposes." Unfortunately those 
 which were to be used for monumental engraving were so thin 
 and poor that the Elizabethan and later brasses are almost 
 invariably bent and battered, and in far worse condition now 
 than memorials laid down in earlier periods, and for this very 
 reason, amongst others, they have been much neglected. 
 
 The better preserved brasses are those which from the 
 first were placed upon the wall instead of the floor, and 
 escaped the wear and tear of the tread of feet. And this plan 
 was very commonly used, so that mural brasses become a 
 feature of the age. Often they were rectangular, and fitted 
 into tablets of grey marble with ornamental or moulded 
 borders. They were then usually quite small. Often again 
 they were placed within the canopied recess of an altar tomb, 
 in a series of small plates which, in the case of a family, 
 represent the parents kneeling at desks and facing one another, 
 while the boys and girls kneel behind. But the larger brasses 
 were still upon the floor in the usual way. And if the material 
 was thin, so was the style of the drawing. The lines are 
 shallow and uncertain, and there is much confused shading, 
 so that an Elizabethan or Jacobean brass, interesting though 
 it may be, is often not at all a thing of beauty. 
 
 There are still plenty of men in armour, more than a 
 hundred in the reign of Elizabeth, barely twenty in that of King 
 James. And the armour very quickly changes and becomes 
 fixed in a new type. For a very few years the mail skirt and 
 tuilles hold their place, and then give way to a fresh style, 
 which was partly enforced by the corresponding change in 
 civil costume. The old armour is well exemplified in the brass 
 of Sir Henry Sacheverell and his wife at Morley, Derbyshire, 
 1558 (cf. illustration), but with transitional features. The
 
 
 SIR HENRY SACHEVERELL, AND HIS WIFE ISABEL, 155S 
 MORLEY, DERBYSHIRE 
 
 (Shield of arms omitted)
 
 272 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 tuilles have already given place to a pair of rudimentary 
 tassets, and the sword-belt and cord or strap, from which the 
 dagger is suspended, are quite in the later mode. But soon 
 long-waisted doublets and short trunk hose became the fashion, 
 and it was impossible to wear the old armour over them. The 
 following alterations will therefore be remarked. The 
 cuirass is made long, like the doublet, ridged, and brought 
 to a peak in the form known as the " peascod," and it is 
 furnished with a projecting rim. The front of the thigh is 
 protected by laminated cuissarts which pass under the trunk 
 hose, and the lower part of the leg by close-fitting knee-caps 
 and greaves ; the sollerets are complete, and take the shape of 
 the foot. Buckled to the rim of the cuirass, and hanging 
 down over the trunk hose, are two large tassets, the most 
 characteristic feature of Elizabethan armour. They take the 
 place of tuilles, but are much larger, and formed of a number 
 of hinged plates ; they are usually, but not always, rounded 
 towards the knee, and are fastened to the breeches by leather 
 straps. The pauldrons upon the shoulders are also very large, 
 but have no ridges or guards, and consist of several riveted 
 plates. They are generally lined with leather, and the 
 escalloped edge of the lining is allowed to extend beyond 
 the plates and form an ornamented edging. The lining of 
 the tassets is often shown in the same way. The head and 
 hands are left bare, but the neck is encircled with a ruff and 
 the wrists with frills, which give a most unwarlike appearance 
 to the panoply of steel. The helm, a close armet, is sometimes 
 placed behind the head, and sometimes, with kneeling figures, 
 upon the ground, together with the gauntlets. Persons of 
 every degree are represented as standing, generally upon a 
 chequered pavement or a round pedestal, or else kneeling 
 upon cushions. 
 
 All these points of armour, except that the cuissarts have 
 back-pieces, are well illustrated in the brass of Nicholas 
 Wadham at Ilminster, which is here figured. The example is
 
 NICHOLAS WADHAM, ESQ., AND HIS WIFE DOROTHIE, l6lS 
 ILMINSTER, SOMERSET
 
 274 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 a late one, but nevertheless thoroughly typical of Elizabethan 
 as well as Jacobean armour, since no further changes occurred 
 until the next reign. The linings of the pauldrons and tassets 
 are clearly shown, and also the hinges and straps which fasten 
 the latter in their place. The attachment of the dagger by 
 means of a scarf should also be noticed, since this is the usual 
 mode. The sword-belt is also typical, though the sword is a 
 little broken. It is common at this period for swords to have 
 guarded or basket hilts. The ornamental borders of the 
 shields are also a feature which is frequently met with, and 
 the inscription is reversed simply in order that it may be more 
 easily read, the feet of effigies, like the bodies in the grave, 
 being almost invariably placed towards the east. The persons 
 here commemorated are of academic importance, the founders 
 of Wadham College, Oxford — 
 
 " Here lyeth Interred the body of Nicholas Wadham, whyles he 
 lyued of Merefeild in y" County of Somersett Esquier, ffownder of 
 Wadham Colledge in Oxforde, who Depted this lyfe y*" xx day of 
 Octob' 1609. Here lieth also y*" body of Dorothie Wadham widow, 
 late the wife of Nicholas Wadham Esq' : Foundresse of Wadham 
 Colledge in Oxforde, who died the 16 of May 1618 In the yeare of 
 her age 84." 
 
 Inscriptions are not always of this simple character, but are 
 often long, elaborate, and couched in verse. Here, for instance, 
 is one from the brass of John Browne and his sister Winifrid, 
 in the church of St. John Sepulchre, Norwich, 1597. It is in 
 Roman capitals, as follows : — 
 
 " Jhon Browne of Waltone Gentleman, Phillip Browns sone & heir 
 
 Brother unto Winifrid, his onlie sister deare 
 Foreseeinge that mans life Is fraile, and subject unto death 
 
 Hath chosen him this syllie shrine, to shrevd his corps in earth 
 Yet hopes he for to rise againe, through faith in Christ Gods sone 
 
 Who for his soule elect to life, a glorious crowne hath won 
 This is his hoape this is his trust, faith is his onely sheilde 
 
 By which he over syn and death and sathan wins the feeld." 
 
 He is dressed in similar armour to that of Nicholas
 
 THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 275 
 
 Wadham, and holds his sister by the left hand. A further 
 inscription of the same sort proclaims her merits, and there is 
 an achievement of arms abov-e their heads. 
 
 Of course a few variations in the armour described are 
 occasionally found. The puffed breeches were sometimes laid 
 aside, and then the thighs could be protected by continuous 
 plates from cuirass to knee, instead of by cuissarts below and 
 tassets above. A good example may be noted in the brass of 
 Thomas Hawkins, 1587, at Boughton-under-Blean, Kent. It 
 is difficult to know whether to describe his thigh-pieces as 
 cuissarts, or as " tassets a I'ecrevisse," but they are lined with 
 leather, and show its escalloped edge. There is a superb suit 
 of French armour in the Guard-chamber of Windsor Castle in 
 perfect preservation, which shows a precisely similar arrange- 
 ment, in which Mr. Starkie Gardner describes the thigh-pieces 
 as " laminar cuissarts." In another example in the same place, 
 in a demi-suit of the Earl of Essex, he calls them " cuissarts a 
 ecrivisse." The Hawkins inscription is another curious instance 
 of rhymed v^erse, but written in black letter, on two plates : — 
 
 " I now that lye within this marble stone 
 Was called Thomas Hawkins by my name 
 My teime of life an hundred yeares and one 
 King Henry theight I serued which won me fame 
 Who was to me a gratious prince alwayes 
 And made me well to spend myne aged days. 
 My stature high my hodye bigge and strong 
 Excelling all that lived in myne age 
 But nature spent, death would not tary longe 
 To fetch the pledge which life had layed to gage 
 My fatall days if thow desyer to knowe 
 Behold the figures written here belowe." 
 15 Martii . 1587. 
 
 An almost precisely similar figure to that of Thomas 
 Hawkins may be seen at Eastr>', in the same county, in a brass 
 to Thomas Nevynson, Esq., and his wife, 1 590. It is evidentl}- 
 from the same workshop and by the same hand. This 
 Nevynson was "att the tyme of his death provost Marshall
 
 276 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 & Scoutmaster of y^ Est partes of Kent & Captayne of y^ lyghte 
 horses of the lathe of St. Augustines." 
 
 A few other typical examples of Elizabethan men in 
 armour are now given, but it is not quite easy to choose the 
 best, since a number of them have never been illustrated. At 
 the beginning of the period there will be some with mail skirts 
 and tuilles, and some showing transition forms, rudimentary 
 tassets over bunchy mail skirts worn upon trunk hose, and so 
 forth. But after 1575 the majority are in the regular "tasset" 
 style. 
 
 Adderley, Salop., 1560, Sir Robt. Nedeham and wife. 
 
 Brundish, Suffolk, 1560, John Colby, Esq., and wife. 
 
 North Mimms, Herts., c. 1560, Rich. Butler, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Stratton, Cornwall, 1561, Sir John Arundell and two wives. 
 
 Narburgh, Norfolk, 1561, John Eyer, Esq., and wife, kneeling. 
 
 Tiltey Abbey, Essex, 1562, Geo. Medeley, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Little Plumstead, Norfolk, 1565, Sir Edw. Warner, 
 
 Exhall, Warw., 1566, John Walsingham, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Sefton, Lanes., 1568, Sir Wm. Molyneux and two wives. 
 
 Braiseworth, Suffolk, 1569, Alex. Newton, Esq. 
 
 Newton Flotman, Norfolk, 157 1, Rich., Ralph, and Edw. Blondevyle, 
 
 kn. 
 Knowle, Dorset, 1572, John Clavell, Esq., and two wives. 
 Churchill, Somerset, 1572, Raphe Jenyns, Esq., and wife. 
 St. Paul's, Bedford, 1573, Sir Wm. Harper and wife. 
 Haseley, Warw., 1573, Clement Throkmorton, Esq., and wife. 
 Hayes, Middlesex, 1576, Thos. Higate, Esq., and wife. 
 Bromham, Wilts., 1578, Sir Edw. Baynton and two wives. 
 Isfield, Sussex, 1579, Thos. Shurley, Esq., and wife. 
 Woodford-by-Thrapstone, Northants., c. 1580, Symon Malory, Esq. 
 Narburgh, Norfolk, 1581, John Spelman. 
 
 Knebworth, Herts., 1582, Rowland Lytton, Esq., and two wives. 
 Clifford Chambers, Glos., 1583, Hercules Raynesford, Esq., and wife. 
 Easton, Suffolk, 1584, John Wingfield, Esq. 
 Harrington, Lines., 1585, John Copledike, Esq., and wife. 
 Haccombe, Devon, 1586, Thos. Care we, Esq. 
 St. Martin's, Canterbury, 1591, Thos. Stoughton, gent.
 
 THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 277 
 
 Wrentham, Suffolk, 1593, Humphrey Brewster, Esq. 
 Clippesby, Norfolk, 1594, John Clippesby, Esq., and wife. 
 St. Decumans, Somerset, 1596, John Windham, Esq., and wife. 
 West Hanney, Berks., 1599, Sir Christopher Lytcot. 
 Upton, Bucks., 1599, Edw. Bulstrode, Esq., and wife. 
 Sawbridgeworth, Herts., c. 1600, Edw. Leventhorp, Esq., and wife. 
 Ash-next-Sandwich, Kent, 1602, Christopher Septvans and wife. 
 lUogan, Cornwall, 1603, Jas. Bassett, Esq., and wife. 
 Felbrigg, Norfolk, 1608, Thos. Windham, Esq. 
 Wrotham, Kent, 161 1, Wm. Clerke, Esq., and wife. 
 Benhall, Suffolk, 161 1, Ambrose Duke, Esq. 
 Stopham, Sussex, 1614, Rich. Barttelot, Esq., and two wives. 
 Preston Deanery, Northants., 1622, Sir Clement Edmonds and 
 wife. 
 
 Although the military brasses are still so plentiful, yet at 
 this period it is quite usual for knights and gentlemen to be 
 represented in civil costume. And in this there is but one 
 dress for men of all degrees. Nor is it in the least interesting, 
 for the doublets and hose are invariably and almost completely 
 hidden within a long close gown reaching to the feet, and 
 hardly varying throughout the two reigns. 
 
 It may be well seen in the small rectangular brass now 
 figured from Little Wittenham, Berks., to the memory of 
 William Dunche, Esq., "Auditor of the Myntes" to Henry 
 VIII. and Edward VI., and " Esquier sworne extreordinarie for 
 the bodye of our soveraigne Ladie Elizabeth," and his wife 
 Marie. The brass was engraved in Dunche's lifetime, c. 1585, 
 and the spaces for the date of his death, which occurred in 
 1597, were never filled in. Of his doublet only the sleeves 
 are visible, the arms being thrust through openings in those 
 of the gown, which hang pendant from the shoulders. These 
 are its permanent characteristic, and the only variation ad- 
 mitted is in the position of the openings, which may be right 
 up at the shoulder, or halfway down the upper arm. The 
 gown is also sometimes heavily furred. Ruffs are worn at the 
 neck, and usually frills round the wrists. Boys, as may be
 
 278 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 seen in this example, do not wear the gown, but a short cloak 
 more suitable to their age. Altogether the brass is a good 
 specimen of the better sort of mural plate, and its two 
 compartments and classical architecture are not unpleasing. 
 
 ^_ „ jbfrr htJih bmjjei- Mlmv iiimrfrr efinnrr nvMvr of t^ <t)pnlf6 to flitr ^ ,,.^ 
 
 \ latr (oMiTRim impf litnof l)ntrtf tnr nght mti) Umijf eitltmrirtbrftpff ]l /)': 
 
 \ aiiO efjijuipr fimmii' t-m-poriiumnr for tfif fcmW of oiir foWTflionr -^aiir Um 
 
 iggt^BM 
 
 WILLIAM DUNCHE, ESQ., AND HIS WIFE MARIE, ENGRAVED C. I585 
 LITTLE WITTENHAM, BERKSHIRE 
 
 But a simpler type is more usual, such as that of a little 
 brass at Richmond, Surrey, 1591, where the background is 
 perfectly plain, and a husband and wife kneel on a dais facing 
 one another, with their sons and daughters on the pavement 
 behind. The brass also commemorates another of those 
 officers of the court who seem to have been so lavishly
 
 THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 279 
 
 employed by all the Tudor sovereigns, if we may judge from 
 the number of their monuments which have survived. The 
 one now in question was " Mr. Robert Cotton Gentelma some- 
 time an officer of the remooving Wardroppe of Bedds unto 
 queene Marie whoe by her Ma'^ speciall choise was taken 
 from the Wardroppe to serve her Ma''*= as a Groome in her 
 privie chamber al her lyfetime and after her decease againe 
 he became an officer of the wardroppe wher he served her 
 Ma"« that now is queene Elizabeth many yeres and dyed 
 yeoma of the same office." 
 
 A great deal of information, it may be seen, is given in the 
 inscriptions, and it is often of interest. There is, for instance, 
 an excellent civilian brass at Downe, Kent, to Jacob Verzelini, 
 Esq., patentee for the manufacture of drinking-glasses, and 
 his wife, in 1607. His gown is thrown a little open, so as to 
 expose his breeches and doublet, which last is much slashed 
 and ornamented. The wife's dress is elaborately adorned 
 with embroidery, and both wear ample ruffs. Verzelini was 
 " borne in the cittie of Venice, and Elizabeth his wife borne in 
 Andwerpe of the Auncient houses of Vanburen and Mace','' 
 and full particulars are given of their ages, marriage, and 
 deaths. They had evidently become quite Anglicized, had 
 accepted the national form of religion, and " rest in hope of 
 resurrexion to lyfe eternall." Poetry of a kind is not seldom 
 found, and a single instance must suffice. It is taken from 
 a small brass at Yoxford, Suffolk, 161 3, the inscription in 
 Roman capitals being beneath the figure of a man in an open 
 gown, ruff, doublet, breeches, stockings, and shoes : — 
 
 " An epitaphe upon Anthony Cooke, who decea | sed upon 
 Ester Monday Anno Dni 161 3. 
 
 " At the due sacrifice of the paschall lambe 
 Aprill had eayghte dayes wep'e in showers the came 
 Leane hungry deathe who never pitty tooke 
 And cawse y*^ feaste was ended slewe this Cooke 
 On ester-nionday he lyves then no daye more 
 But suncke to ryse w"' him that Rose before
 
 28o THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Hees here intombed A man of verlues line 
 Outreche his yeares yet they were seaventye-nyne 
 He leftc on earthe tenn children of eleaven 
 To Iceepe his name whilste himselfe wente to heaven." 
 
 The last illustration, of Richard Gadburye, of Eyworth, 
 Beds., 1624, is included to show that in the last year of King 
 James changes were about to come in the hitherto prevailing 
 type. The gown is very peculiar, and the hat a quite unusual 
 feature. There are also a wife and daughter, a shield of arms, 
 and an inscription, which records the foundation of a charit- 
 able trust. 
 
 The ladies of the Elizabethan revival approximate, as 
 usual, to certain definite types. At first the Queen Mary 
 costume is worn much as it may be seen in the figure of 
 Isabel Sacheverell, 1558, illustrated on p. 271. Next, from 
 about 1560 to 1575, or a little later, the over-gown is fastened 
 only at the waist, and by a small sash. It is also much 
 more open in front, and exposes a quilted or embroidered 
 under-gown or petticoat. The space between the throat and 
 the bodice is entirely covered by a gathered partlet with a 
 small frill, and the French bonnet remains in fashion as before. 
 This dress is retained by Marie Dunche (cf. illustration, p. 278), 
 c. 1585, with the addition of a ruff instead of the small frill, 
 but hers is a late example. 
 
 For the next change, and the most characteristic, reference 
 may be made to the figure of Dorothie Wadham, on p. 273. 
 Her skirt is distended at the hips by a farthingale, and in this 
 instance is closed by a succession of small loops and buttons ; 
 more usually it is open, in order to display the embroidered 
 petticoat, which was still worn underneath. The sleeves are 
 quite plain. A large ruff at the neck and frills at the wrists 
 are almost invariable, and in this matter Dorothie Wadham's 
 collar and cuffs are an exception to the rule. The lappet of 
 the bonnet is now turned up over the head, and sometimes 
 comes so far forward as to shade the face, and to gain for
 
 RICHARD GADBURYE, 1624 
 EYWORTH, BEDFORDSHIRE
 
 282 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 itself the peculiar name of a " shadow," or " bonne-grace." At 
 the very end of the period a large hooded calash or veil was 
 occasionally substituted, with a kind of mantle hanging down 
 over the shoulders. It is at this time too, during the 
 " farthingale period," that hats are often seen, broad-brimmed, 
 high-crowned, and surrounded by a wreathed kerchief. 
 
 Another fashion is illustrated by Dame Margaret Chute, 
 1 6 14, of Harden, Hereford. This lady wears a peaked 
 stomacher and a wheel-farthingale, the wheel formed by a 
 flounce round the waist, stiffened with wire. A starched 
 collar, ornamented with point lace, takes the place of a 
 ruff, and the hair is brushed up to a lace crown, which must, 
 like the wheel, have been supported by wirework. 
 
 Amongst curious brasses, of which there are many, it may 
 be well to mention a little group to women who died in child- 
 birth, and which may be called "Bedstead Brasses." The 
 first is at Heston, Middlesex, to Constance, the wife of Mordicai 
 Bownell, vicar of the parish. She died in childbirth in 1581, 
 and is represented in an old-fashioned four-post bedstead, with 
 the dead infant on the coverlet. At the side is a ministering 
 angel, and above a figure of our Lord in glory. The inscrip- 
 tion is now lost, as are also the kneeling husband and his 
 children. 
 
 Another is at Hailing, Kent, to the memory of Silvester, 
 the wife, first of William Dalyson, Esq., and afterwards of 
 William Lambarde, gentleman. She " Died the . i . Sept. 
 1587 . leavynge on lyve by William Dalyson, Siluester a 
 Daughter, and Maximilian a Son : and by William Lambarde . 
 Multon a Son, Margaret a Daughter and gore and Fane 
 Sonnes and twynnes." The bedstead stands upon a tiled 
 floor in a perfectly bare room against a brick wall, with its 
 foot towards the spectator, and the lady sitting up and 
 supported by three pillows. The twins are in a cradle, and 
 the four children stand on either side of the bed, but the 
 husband does not appear.
 
 DAME MARGARET CHUTE, 1614 
 MARDEN, HEREFORDSHIRE
 
 284 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 At Hurst, in Berkshire, c. 1600, Alice Harison is similarly 
 commemorated. She was "cooferer" to Queen Elizabeth, 
 and deceased in childbed of her only son Richard. 
 
 The Wormington brass is illustrated, with the exception of 
 two shields outside the composition. Here the bed is turned 
 sideways, in front of a panelled wall, and is furnished with 
 curtains, and the floor is boarded. There are no attendant 
 mourners, and the swaddled infant is laid upon the coverlet. 
 The size of the brass is nearly 3 feet by 2^ feet. 
 
 Yet another, at Holywell Church, Oxford, 1622, com- 
 memorates Eliza Franklin, " who dangerowsly escaping death 
 at 3 severall travells in childe-bed died together w'^ the fourth." 
 In this instance all four children are placed upon the bed. 
 
 The clergy are naturally of some importance at this period, 
 and inaugurate the changes which came with the Reformation. 
 In the year 1561 we have Dr. William Bill, Dean of West- 
 minster, Provost of Eton, Master of Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, and chief almoner to Queen Elizabeth. He is in a 
 gown with a doctor's hood, and his brass lies on a high tomb 
 in the chapel of St. Benedict in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 But there is not a parish priest until the tenth year of 
 Elizabeth's reign, when we get William Dye, at Westerham, 
 Kent. He wears a cassock, a closed and gathered surplice to 
 a little below the knee, and a long scarf disposed about his 
 neck after the manner of a stole, and suggesting the modern 
 Anglican use of stole and surplice in conjunction. Dye's 
 scarf reaches almost to the feet, and has plain ends. He has, 
 of course, no tonsure. The inscription runs as follows : — 
 " Here lyeth buryed in y* M'cy of Jhus christe | y' body of 
 Syr William Dye Brest sumtyme | Pson of Tattisfylde whiche 
 Deceassed in Anno \ drii 1567 of whose soule Jhii haue 
 Mercy." 
 
 An earlier "parson " of the year 1561 existed until recent 
 years at Denham, Bucks., in the brass of Leonard Hurst, 
 figured by Haines, but now unhappily lost. He wore over his 
 cassock a surplice open in front, like a college surplice, fastened
 
 THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 285 
 
 at the neck by a single button, and reaching to the feet. He 
 also had a long scarf. 
 
 iJ SAS/AGE the wife of lOHN SjWAGE 
 
 q^ DiLECTAM Ann am j'auage eripveremarito 
 
 ETPRIJMOGENITAwda^tonVELVT ALTERA PHANIX | ^ 
 DVM PARIT, JLLA PERIXDVM PARTVRIT, nVTERTTAHna 
 
 XVIJ.DAYOF IVNE.I6O5. BEING EOF ?3 
 
 ANNE SAVAGE, 1605. 
 
 WORMINGTON, GLOaCESTERSHIRE 
 
 (Shields of arms omitted) 
 
 Another brass of the same type is still to be seen at 
 Whichford, Warwick, to the memory of Nicholas Asheton,
 
 286 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 S.T.B., 1582, chaplain to the Earl of Derby, and rector. He 
 has been described as " habited in a cassock, open in front," 
 but the presence of the scarf seems to prove it to be simply 
 the long surplice. 
 
 But with these exceptions the clerg>^ of the Reformation 
 are almost invariably represented in the ordinary costume of 
 the laity, doublet and hose without cassock, and the long 
 gown with its pendant sleeves, or a variety of the same known 
 as the Geneva preaching-gown. The earliest example is, 
 perhaps, to be found in the brass which heads the list given 
 below, namely, that of " Syr John Fenton prest Bachelor of 
 law sumtyme vicar of this church and Offishall of Coventree," 
 at Coleshill, Warw. The inscription, which begins " Here 
 lieth the body," ends with the aspiration, " Whose soule Jesus 
 pardon. Amen." 
 
 It is remarkable that the list is a comparatively short one. 
 The clergy were married, and left widows and children to care 
 for their memory. Yet the proportion of ecclesiastical brasses, 
 at least during the reign of Elizabeth, is far smaller than 
 before the Reformation. Perhaps the money which the clergy 
 left behind them was required for other and more necessary 
 purposes than for their monuments. Post-reformation eccle- 
 siastics are found at — 
 
 Coleshill, Warw,, 1566, John Fenton, vicar. 
 
 Sandon, Essex, c. 1580, Patrick Fearne, parson, and wife. 
 
 Sturminster Marshall, Dorset, 1581, Hen. Helme, vicar, small. 
 
 Upton, Warw., 1587, Rich. WoddomeSj parson, and wife, qd. pi. 
 
 North Crawley, Bucks., 1589, John Garbrand, D.D., parson, qd. pi. 
 
 Croxton, Cambs., 1589, Edw. Leeds, LL.D., rector. 
 
 St. James', Dover, Kent, c. 1590, Vincent Huffam, priest, and wife. 
 
 Storrington, Sussex, 15 91, Hen. Wilsha, B.D., chaplain. 
 
 Aylestone, Leics., 1594, Wm. Heathcott, parson. 
 
 Monewden, Suffolk, 1595, Thos. Reve. 
 
 Chevening, Kent, 1596, Griffin Lloyd and wife. 
 
 Morston, Norfolk, 1596, Rich. Makynges. 
 
 Bray, Berks., c. 1600, an ecclesiastic and wife, qd. pi.
 
 THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 287 
 
 Clothall, Herts., 1602, Wm. Lucas, M.A., parson. 
 
 Stonham Aspall, Suffolk, 1606, John Metcalfe. 
 
 Tingewick, Bucks., 1608, Erasmus Williams, rector, demi., qd. pi. 
 
 Burgh St. Margaret, Norfolk, 1608, John Burton, rector, kn. 
 
 Ingoldisthorpe, Norfolk, 1608, Thos. Rogerson and wife. 
 
 Northolt, Middlesex, 1610, Isaiah Bures, M.A., pastor, sm., kn. 
 
 Whitchurch, Oxon., 1610, Peter Winder, curate. 
 
 Tedburn St. Mary, Devon, 161 3, Edw. Gee, parson, and wife. 
 
 Ely Cathedral, 16 14, Humphry Tyndall, D.D., Dean. 
 
 Barwell, Leics., 16 14, John Torksay, B.D., and wife, qd. pi. 
 
 Battle, Sussex, 16 15, John Wythines, D.D., Dean. 
 
 Bletchley, Bucks., 1616, Thos. Sparke, D.D., rector, qd. pi. 
 
 Elsenham, Essex, 161 6, Dr. Tuer, vicar. 
 
 Queen's College, Oxford, 16 16, Hen. Airay, S.T.P., Provost, qd. pi. 
 
 Yelden, Beds., 16 17, Thos. Barker, M.A., rector, qd. pi. 
 
 Stapleford, Cambs., 1617, Wm. Lee, vicar, sm., qd. pi. 
 
 Puddlehinton, Dorset, 16 17, Thos. Browne, parson, qd. pi. 
 
 High Halstow, Kent, 161 8, Wm. Palke, minister, and wife. 
 
 Hackney, Middlesex, 16 18, Hugh Johnson, vicar. 
 
 Eyke, Suffolk, 1619, Hen. Mason. 
 
 Barley, Herts., 1621, Andrew Willett, D.D., minister. 
 
 Elford, Staffs., 1621, J. Hill. 
 
 Stoke Bruerne, Northants., 1625, Rich. Lightfoot, rector, qd.pl. 
 
 A special interest attaches to several of these ecclesiastics. 
 Woddomes and his wife are kneeling at two desks with open 
 books upon them, and their seven children ranged behind. 
 He is curiously described as " parson and pattron and vossioner 
 of the Churche & parishe of Oufton .... who died one 
 Mydsomer daye .... whose Soule restethe with God." The 
 term vossioner appears to mean " advowson holder." 
 
 Edward Leeds is dressed in the usual civilian or preacher's 
 gown, and his history is a varied one. Originally a monk of 
 Ely, he became Master of St. John's Hospital in that cit}-, 
 rector of Cottenham and Cro.xton, and Chancellor of Lichfield 
 Cathedral. He succeeded to the eighth prebendal stall at 
 Ely in 1548, and was Master of Clare Hall in Cambridge. A 
 small plate above his head is inscribed with the funeral text
 
 288 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 from Job, and ends with the words, " Haec spes reposita est in 
 
 sinu meo." 
 
 At Monewden, Suffolk, Thomas Reve wears a gown and 
 university hood like those of Dean Bill, and, in a very small 
 pictorial mural brass, is represented as kneeling upon a cushion 
 before a small table, with a bookstand and a book upon the 
 tablecloth. The inscription, which is a very long one, states 
 that he was " brought up in y University of Cambridge, beinge 
 one of y* Seniour felowes of Gunvile and cayus Colidg where 
 he hud contenued y'' space of xx yeares & havinge tyme & 
 alowance for the degree of Doctor in Devinite, was in y^ florish- 
 inge tyme of his age prevented by death." 
 
 The Bletchley ecclesiastic is something of a curiosity, and 
 consists only of a bust drawn within an oval, with three sons 
 and two daughters, and figures of death and fame. At 
 Hackney also the little brass of Hugh Johnson is curious. It 
 consists of three plates mounted in a stone framework, in the 
 uppermost of which, 12 by 6 inches, the vicar is represented 
 in ordinary civil costume. Mr. J. F. Williams, in a paper 
 on the Hackney brasses {Mon. Brass Soc, vol. v. Part HI.), 
 describes him as " kneeling in a closed pew" ; Mr. Stephenson, 
 in the Transactions of the St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society (vol, 
 iv. Part HI.), as "standing in a very Jacobean-looking pulpit." 
 In either case he is worthy of attention. The brass, which 
 was fastened to a pillar of the chancel in the old church, is 
 now in the present building placed in the north-east vestibule. 
 
 Most of these brasses are small, especially those which are 
 mural and rectangular. A chief exception is that of Dean 
 Tyndall, a really fine brass for its date, upon the floor of the 
 south choir-aisle of Ely Cathedral. The figure of the dean 
 measures 5 feet 4A inches, and his false-sleeved gown has a high 
 collar, and a long broad scarf. He also wears the usual ruff 
 and frills, and has a close-fitting cap. The foot inscription is 
 as follows : — 
 
 *' Usquequo domine Usquequo. 
 " The body of the woorthy & Reverende Praelate | Umphry
 
 THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 289 
 
 Tyndall, doctor of divinity, the fourthe Deane | of this Church and 
 master of Queenes Colledge in | Cambridge, doth heere expect y'" 
 cominge of our saviour. 
 
 " In presence gouernment, good actions and in birth 
 Graue, wise couragious, Noble was this earth 
 The poore, y" Church, y'= Colledge saye here lyes, 
 A freinde, a Deane, a maister, true, good, wise." 
 
 There is also a broad border fillet, of which the opening 
 and closing words are lost : — " [Umphribus Tyndall Nobili] 
 Norfolciensium Tyndallorum familia oriundus, Decanus quartus 
 istius Ecclesire, obiit [xii] Die Mensis Octob : Aiio salutis, 
 Millessimo Sexcentessimo Decimo Quarto Anno yEtatis su^-e, 
 Se[xagesimo Ouinto.] " Of four shields at the corners within 
 the margin, the upper dexter bears Tyndall and Deen quarterly, 
 the upper sinister the same impaling Russel, the lower dexter 
 the Deanery of Ely {Gules, 3 keys paleivays or), impaling 
 Tyndall and Deen, and the lower sinister Queens' College 
 ( Sable, a cross and crozier in saltire or, siirvioiinted by a boars 
 head argent), impaling the same. There is also an achieve- 
 ment of arms above the dean's head, with a crest of six 
 feathers, mantling, and a shield with six private coats, Tyndall 
 and Deen, Bigod, Felbrigg, Scales, Ufford, and Mondeford. 
 
 Dean Wythines, of Battle, is also of some importance, 
 S.TD., Fellow of Brasenose, and Vice-Chancellor of Oxford. 
 His brass lies within the altar-rails of Battle Church, and is to 
 a certain extent meritorious. He wears the civilian gown, and 
 a square college cap without tassel. In his right hand there 
 is a small book, and a large ring upon the thumb. This ring 
 is noticeable, and was, perhaps, referable to one of the cere- 
 monies anciently connected with the conferring of a doctor's 
 degree. Two scrolls proceed from his mouth, and rise towards 
 an achievement of arms above his head. The one bears — 
 
 " Toedet animam meam vita; mea;." 
 and the other — 
 
 " Cupio dissolvi et esse cum Christo." 
 u
 
 290 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 There are two foot inscriptions : " Hie iacet Johannes Wythines 
 in prae | nobili civitate cestriae natus, et in | academia Oxon 
 educatus, ibique aenei | nasi collegii socius, sacrae theologiae | 
 Doctor, Academieq Oxon praedcae | Vicecancellarius, huiusq 
 Ecclesiae de | Battel XLII annos decanus qui obiit | xviii die 
 martii, Anno aetatis suae 84 | et salutis humanae 161 5," and 
 four Latin verses. 
 
 Besides these Reformation parochial clergy, there are 
 bishops in the persons of Edmund Geste, Bishop of Salisburj^ 
 1578, and Henry Robinson, Bishop of Carlisle, 1616. The 
 former is a very plain figure with a short beard, and appears 
 to be wearing the rochet and chimere, lawn sleeves, and a 
 broad scarf. He holds a clasped book in his left hand, and 
 a short staff with a pointed ferule in his right. This staff is 
 only of about the length of a walking-stick, and has a knobbed 
 handle. There is a long Latin foot inscription in black letter, 
 which describes Dr. Geste as S.TP. of Cambridge, and formerly 
 Bishop of Rochester, and High Almoner to Queen Elizabeth. 
 The brass is in Salisbury Cathedral, near that of Bishop 
 Wyvil. 
 
 In the next year to Bishop Geste comes the brass of 
 Bishop Pursglove at Tideswell, in Derbyshire ; but he is in 
 full eucharistic vestments, and has been described on p. 112. 
 
 The brass of Bishop Robinson, already illustrated, and of 
 which some account has been given on p. no, introduces a 
 new type, associated specially with the Stuart period. It is 
 plainly the work of the engravers of copper plates for illustra- 
 tions in books, and is adorned with a multitude of emblems, 
 mottoes, and texts, very much in the manner of the frontis- 
 pieces of the Eikon Basilike of Charles I. and similar works. 
 
 A companion brass to that of Bishop Robinson, in the 
 same chapel, of Queen's College, Oxford, of the same date, 
 1 6 16, and to his successor in the provostship. Dr. Airay, is 
 here illustrated as a further example. The provost — and the 
 portrait is surely life-like — in gown, academical hood, ruff, and
 
 LATIS.REVEREDI R0RJNS0NI(\7 ELJ^t EUSHA) SVCCESSORl 
 ET /LmU.CHARiSS.PATRVElJS-.CHR^OPH.POTTEJiJiVIVS f^ 
 COL.SOa'^HOC AMORIS, ET OBSERVATl^ T£5TM10i\iV L.AI.Q^'. " 
 POSV/T. 
 Nrnjaiu ELISH/l ^t ELLE f,aJh nrlicta , 
 
 Dum (licet m Caelum tnptu3 ^ ^-fmu-us ahest . 
 Truiis a/jtt, auanth amuium turturLS mstar 
 
 £cnscirtfm.tur nwrwu.TE SEOVAR. t^rtiLi , mt . 
 
 SPLENDEAT VT UVNllO PiZTAS IHITADILLS AYRJE . 
 
 LN LAVDFM ijIKISTI , HOC AME l'FJii:N}ilS tJtlT .iljr/; ; ir- 
 
 \l n^f t. t TV-; f A 
 
 • ./if'.'','., z::: 
 
 
 henry airay, d.i)., provost, 1616 
 queen's college, oxford
 
 292 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 skull-cap, kneels upon a high tomb, the side of which bears 
 his inscription, and a set of verses wherein he is declared 
 to have been the Elisha upon whom the mantle of Bishop 
 Robinson had fallen. In order to carry out the idea further, 
 the foreground of the picture, on either side of and above the 
 tomb, is occupied by four scenes from Elisha's life and miracles. 
 The mantle of Elijah is conspicuous in the lower sky, and his 
 double spirit consists of the " Spirit of Teaching " and the 
 " Spirit of Examining," most suitable for the head of a college. 
 Elijah himself appears in the chariot of fire at the top dexter 
 corner above the clouds, to whom Airay exclaims, " Te sequar ! " 
 The size of both these brasses is about 21 by 16 inches, and 
 they are very fully and lucidly described by Mr. Percy Manning 
 in vol. i. of the Transactions of the Oxford University Brass- 
 Rubbing Society. 
 
 There is another, and perhaps by the same artist as that 
 of the Airay plate, at Tingewick, Bucks., 1608, to Erasmus 
 Williams, illustrated, as are the last two, in the Oxford Portfolio 
 of Brasses. It is signed " R. Haydock," and the same initials, 
 R. H., are engraved upon a fish in the spring healed by Elisha 
 in the Oxford brass. Like Airay, Williams kneels upon a 
 tomb, and is surrounded by curious emblems. Behind him, 
 suspended by cords from the top of a Corinthian column, are 
 bundles of instruments connected with astronomy, music, 
 painting, mathematics, and caligraphy, and a string of books, 
 with their names — Ptolome, Livie, Plinie, Aristotle, Virgil, and 
 Cicero. Li front is a much thicker column, connected with 
 the other by a rainbow arch, above which are the sun (" The 
 Day is come ") and the moon (" The Night is past "). But 
 much of the symbolism is explained in the epitaph upon the 
 side of the pictured tomb, and it is worth giving in full : — 
 
 "This dooth Erasmus Williams represent, 
 Whome liuing all did loue, deadc all lament. 
 His humane Artes behind his backe attende, 
 Whereon spare howers he wisely chose to spende.
 
 THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 293 
 
 And from Corinthianc Columne deck'l with Artes, 
 
 Now to the Temples Pillar him conuerts. 
 
 Under the Rainebowcs arche of Promise, where 
 
 Of hoped blisse noe deluge he neede feare. 
 
 He of this Church did a firme Pillar liue, 
 
 T'whome deade his Wiue's loue dooth these Pillars giue. 
 
 (s^iKacobof otrcl'l^ublino jniindridHikrnic^chiitaKoriuiido.portinoduTjfrocim ^ - 
 ip'Ebordccnfi;yiniii8en),ciriii5 (Dps fub fdxoin(igni|S fius nofdto dffdirfiuiii pedibusMe(iir;qiii dnnis 
 
 pfiK iiiinusDiginti ffrenil^hntf Doiiiint^ mm<ifi^eixiy.ei\J&\\i^ inhi? partibus Boralibuj sendtui -^ 
 
 (quodcoitiinn didiiiiisXflrfS exaniindndofideliffr ftaiduHf r inreruiui(;l)irocerfe pnidenlUrdiil e ru - 
 
 difo.raiTmtcnli.bfBffiro.iii tfdiiifn abiertifeimo. D^^^ 
 
 curdult (? niuIfi?niininiura)T}(iiioirciiraT)dIffirdin^fibfrius (r^ 
 
 Didfsiin tribuifCW "bnd cum iltoVniaVnii ipfi Bominmii ;?f fiiin concdfb[f(is;d (id adtiur in Ifrris d8d(i?,- 
 -,fff(e(lidfdmfn (edulocogifdis. obijt ^''cdl.sept.AnoDra ifpf. Elij. y7'* ^& «r*?^'Na«?^<s 
 
 JAMKS COTKEI., 1595 
 YORK MINSTEK
 
 294 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Contriued by his Schollar and his frcndo, 
 
 Whoc wisht their luues and Hues had made one ende. 
 
 Erasmus Mores encomion sett forth ; 
 
 Wee want a More to praise Erasmus worth." 
 
 An angel with a trumpet beneath the rainbow cries, " Arise 
 you dead & com to iudgment." 
 
 The same sort of engraving was occasionally employed 
 abroad as well as in England, and an example may be found 
 in the brass of Dr. Liddel at Aberdeen (cf. p. 98), which was 
 made in Antwerp. 
 
 Many of the local schools of brass-engraving seem to have 
 died out before the Elizabethan revival began. One new one 
 arose at York, and continued far into the seventeenth century, 
 and even the names of some of its artists have come down to 
 us (cf. p. 34), signed generally upon inscriptions. 
 
 Three good figure examples, of which the first is here 
 illustrated, still remain: one to James Cotrel, 1595, in York 
 Minster; another to Robert Askwith, 1597, at St. Crux; and 
 the third to Thomas Atkinson, 1642, at All Saints, North 
 Street. They are quadrangular plates, narrower at the top 
 than at the bottom, and bear pictorial figures at three-quarters 
 length. The excellent lettering of the Cotrel inscription should 
 be noticed, as well as the peculiarities in the style of the 
 portrait. All the York brasses, to the number of forty, 
 including inscriptions, have been carefully described, and many 
 of them reproduced by Mr. Stephenson in vol. xviii. of the 
 Yorkshire A rchcsological Journal. 
 
 APPENDIX (i) 
 
 Caroline Decadence 
 
 Charles I. 1625-1649 
 
 Rapid deterioration is the most marked characteristic of the Caroline 
 brasses. They are few in number, and very poor in execution.
 
 CAROLINE DECADENCE 295 
 
 Many of them have the appearance of being the work of amateur 
 engravers, who understood neither their material nor the use of their 
 tools. 
 
 There seems to be only a single brass which can in any sense be 
 described as a fine one, and that is the well-known memorial of 
 Samuel Harsnett, Archbishop of York, at Chigwell, Essex, 1631. 
 This man in his will, dated February 13, 1630, had given careful 
 directions as to the making of his brass. There was to be "a Marble 
 stone layde uppon my grave w"' a Plate of Brasse moulten into the 
 stone an ynche thicke haveinge the effigies of a Bysshoppe stamped 
 uppon it w"' his Myter and Crosiers staffe but the Brasse to be soe 
 rivited and fastened cleare throughe the Stone as sacrilegious handes 
 niaye not rend off the one w"'"""" breakinge the other." And the 
 result was distinctly good. The thickness of the metal, even if it 
 falls short of the required inch, is sufficient to have ensured the con- 
 dition of the engraving, which is still very perfect. Brass and stone 
 are not divided, though they have been removed from the grave and 
 placed upright against a wall. The figure of the archbishop measures 
 nearly 6 feet, and he is vested in rochet and chimere, a figured cope, 
 and swelling mitre. A small book is in his right hand, and his left 
 holds the crozier, which has a crook with a rose in the volute. His 
 face is life-like, with a great hooked nose and a long beard. There 
 are four shields of arms, for Harsnett, and Harsnett impaling each of 
 the three bishopricks which he successively held, and a broad border 
 fillet with the evangelists at the corners. 
 
 " Hie iacet Samuel Harsnett quondam vicarius huius Ecclesiae 
 primo Indignus Episcopus Cicestriensis Dcindignior Episcop' Nor- 
 wicencis Demum Indignissim' Archiepiscop' Eboraceii qui obiit xxv 
 die Maii Anno Dhi 1631." Below his feet are also the words, 
 " Quod ipsissimum Epitaphium ex abundanti | humilitate sibi poni, 
 Testamento curavit | Reverendissimus Praesul." 
 
 Of parochial clergy only half a do7.en have been recorded for the 
 reign — 
 
 Stoke Bruerne, Northants., 1625, Rich. Lightfoot, rector, qd. pi. 
 
 Acle, Norfolk, 1627, Thos. Stones, demi. 
 
 Upper Boddington, Northants., 1627, Wm. Procter, rector. 
 
 Abergavenny, Monm., 1631, Maurice Hughes, vicar. 
 
 Bigby, Lines., 1632, Edw. Nayler, rector, and wife, kn. 
 
 Husbands Boswortli, Leics., 1648, Rice Jem, rector.
 
 296 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 One more bishop is commemorated, but only by a mitre and 
 inscrijition. This is for Arthur Lake, D.D., Bishop of Bath and 
 Wells, in Wells Cathedral, 1626; and there are two other "mitre 
 brasses" in the years to come, one in 1650, for John Prideaux, D.D., 
 Bishop of Worcester, at Bredon, Worcester, and the last in 1 661, in 
 Westminster Abbey, for Henry Feme, S.T.D., Bishop of Chester. 
 
 There is now a complete change in civilian costume. The long 
 gown is given up, and gentlemen appear in tunics with falling collars, 
 knee-breeches, stockings, shoes or high jack-boots, and a short cloak 
 fastened loosely at the neck. Ladies have at the same time aban- 
 doned the farthingale and the bonne-grace, and generally wear more 
 graceful gowns, with rufifs or falling collars, and a light veil over 
 the head. 
 
 Armour is seldom worn, and then chiefly in demi-suits, consisting 
 merely of the cuirass, connected with laminated plates to protect the 
 thighs, and small knee-pieces. Tassets were no longer required 
 when trunk-hose had been abandoned, and the tall jack-boots did 
 away with the necessity for defences for the legs and feet. But a 
 good many variations occur amongst the examples now given — 
 
 Dinton, Bucks., 1628, Simon Mayne, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Newington-juxta-Hythe, Kent, 1630, Hen. Brockman, Esq., and wife. 
 
 St. Columb, Cornwall, c. 1630, Sir John Arundel and wife. 
 
 Sotterley, Suffolk, c. 1630, Christopher Playters, Esq. 
 
 Compton Verney, Warw., c. 1630, Geo. Verney, Esq. 
 
 Kettering, Northants., 1631, Edm. Sawyer and wife, qd. pi. 
 
 St. Columb, Cornwall, 1633, John Arundel and wife. 
 
 Harlow, Essex, 1636, Rich. Bugges, Esq., and two wives. 
 
 Loughton, Essex, 1637, Abel Guilliams, gent., and wife. 
 
 Cardington, Beds., 1638, Sir Jarrate Harveye and wife. 
 
 Penn, Bucks., 1638, Wm. Pen, Esq., and wife. 
 
 East Sutton, Kent, 1638, Sir Edw. Filmer and wife, qd. pi. 
 
 St. Michael Penkevil, Cornwall, c. 1640, John Boscawen, Esq., qd. pi. 
 
 Penn, Bucks., 1641, John Pen, Esq., and wife. 
 
 Shepton Mallett, Somerset, 1649, Wm. Strode, Esq., and wife, qd. pi. 
 
 A few brasses besides that of Archbishop Harsnett still have 
 marginal inscriptions, and are therefore of more consequence than 
 the rest. Two of the best are to be seen at Teynham, 1639, and 
 Ash-next-Sandwich, 1642, both in Kent. Another, to George Coles 
 and his two wives, 1640, at St. Sepulchre's, Northampton, is worth
 
 CAROLINE DECADENCE 297 
 
 quoting more particularly. The man is in the usual costume of 
 tunic, breeches, and hose, with loose cloak, falling collar, and large 
 bows to shoes and garters. His wives are in tall, broad-brimmed 
 hats, rufifs, pointed stomachers, and plain skirts. There are also two 
 plates of children, and an emblem of two hands joined together. A 
 rectangular plate bears the following words — 
 
 •'Farewell true friend Reader Understand 
 By this mysterious knott of hand in hand 
 This Emblem doth (what friends must faylc to doe) 
 Relate our Friendshipp and its firmnes loo 
 Such was our love not time but death doth sever 
 Our Mortall parts but our Immortall never 
 All things doe vanish here belowe above 
 Such as our life is there such is our love." 
 
 And the marginal inscription^ both being in plain capitals — " Here 
 resteth y" body of Mr. George | Coles of Northampton vv"' his 2 
 wives Sarah and Eleanor by whom he had 12 | children he gave to 
 pious uses j xi' yearely for ever to this towne and deceased y" first 
 of January 1640." 
 
 This was, of course, a time when point lace was much worn, but 
 it is seldom attempted on brasses. Reference, however, may be 
 made to the small brass of Thomas Holl, at Heigham, Norfolk, 1630. 
 But for the execrable drawing — a series of feeble scratches upon the 
 metal — the figure would be valuable, as showing us the finished beau 
 of the time of Charles I. He has long, carefully crimped hair, a 
 lace neckband, a scarf, and laced edges to his boots, with a ridicu- 
 lous little sword fastened at his left side. The brass was doubtless 
 the work of a " local artist." 
 
 Regular provincial schools of engraving are not to be looked for. 
 Nevertheless, particular brasses must often have been made locally 
 and in unsuitable places. In this manner, Quethiock, in Cornwall, 
 has a very curious "local" brass, mural in the south transept of the 
 churchj to Richard Chiverton and his wife, 1631. The component 
 plates are arranged in a large slab of Cornish slate, with an orna- 
 mental carved border, such as is extremely common throughout the 
 eastern part of the county. The principal figures are each about 
 18 inches in height, in the usual dresses of the period, and with scrolls 
 round their heads, the one, " Richard Chiverton Esquire dyed the 
 28 day of iuly a.d. 161 7," and the other, " Isabell his wife the 25 day
 
 298 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 of May 1 63 1." A shield of arms bears a castle embattled, impaling 
 a saltire invecked ermine. The children, six sons and five daughters, 
 are all on one plate, with very peculiar and ugly heads, and no feet. 
 There are two sets of verses, engraved separately, which are also 
 peculiar, and yet in some sense typical, at any rate of the feeling and 
 taste of the age — 
 
 " Friends (who ere you be) forbeare 
 On this stone to shed a teare 
 Keepe thine oyntement for indeede 
 Bountye is made good by needc 
 Here are they whose amber eyes 
 Have embabned the obsequies 
 Who will thicke you doe them wronge 
 Offeringe what to them belonge 
 Besides this their sacred shrine 
 Sleights the myrrhe of others eyene 
 Then forbeare when these growe dry 
 We will weepe both thou and I." 
 
 The second, which is below the lady, is more emblematic^ 
 
 ' ' My birth was in the moneth of May 
 And in that moneth my nuptial! day 
 In May a Mayde a Wife a Mother 
 And now in May nor one nor other 
 So flowers floarish see they fade 
 So things to be undone are made 
 My stalke here withers yet there bee 
 Some lovely branches sproute from mee 
 On w''h bestowe thine Aprill rayne 
 So they the livelier may remayne 
 But heere forbeare for why tis sayd 
 Teares fit the livinge not the dead." 
 
 A figure very similar to that of Isabel Chiverton, and of about 
 the same date, is in the church of St. Mary Magdalen, Launceston, 
 and is here illustrated. The engraver of both brasses was probably 
 a silversmith in the town of Launceston. 
 
 The only other Caroline memorials that need be mentioned are 
 a couple of " Cradle-brasses " at Windsor Castle, in St. George's 
 Chapel, dated 1630 and 1633, to the children of Dr. John King. 
 The first of them is sufficiently explained by its illustration, and the 
 inscription will be seen to be a characteristic one. The second is 
 of the same type, with the addition of a coat-of-arms bearing a lion
 
 A LADY, C. 1630 
 LAUNCESTON, CORNWALL
 
 300 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 rampant crowned between 3 cross crosslets, and a skull engraved 
 upon the side of the cradle, which is without rockers. 
 
 APPENDIX (2) 
 
 The Last Few Brasses 
 
 It is not to be expected that many brasses would be laid down 
 during the years of the Commonwealth, from 1649 to 1660. In 
 fact, omitting inscriptions, there are only about a dozen, of which a 
 list may be given. Possibly there may be a few others, at this time 
 and later, which have not been recorded, for comparatively little 
 interest has ever been taken in these last few brasses. Of the earliest 
 brasses every example is well known ; of the latest, some may easily 
 have been passed over. And yet it is surely interesting to trace the 
 last stages of the decay, as well as the first steps, of an art so long 
 and so closely connected with the history and antiquities of England. 
 The following, then, are the known Commonwealth brasses : — 
 
 Middleton, Lanes., 1650, Ralph Assheton Esq., in armour, and wife. 
 
 Calbourne, Isle of Wight, 1652, Dan. Evance, rector, qd. pi. 
 
 Cliffe, Kent, 1652, Bonham Faunce, gent., and two wives. 
 
 Haverfordwest, Pemb., 1654, John Davids, Esq., qd. pi. 
 
 Clovelly, Devon, 1655, Anne Gary, child. 
 
 Kirkheaton, Yorks., 1655, Adam Beaumont Esq., in armour, and wife. 
 
 Haccombe, Devon, 1656, Thos. Carewc Esq., and wife, qd. pi. 
 
 Boston, Lines., 1657, Thos. Lawe, mayor, demi. 
 
 Sheriff Hutton, Yorks., 1657, Mary Hall. 
 
 Halton Holgate, Lines., 1658, Bridget Rugeley, kn. 
 
 Llanrwst, Denbigh, 1658, Lady Mary Mostyn. 
 
 Barvvell, Leies., 1659, Rich. Breton, gent., and wife. 
 
 The Calbourne brass does not present an effigy of the rector 
 named, but only drawings of Time and Death^ with an inscription 
 upon a quadrangular plate. At Clovelly the Cary child is accom- 
 panied by a skeleton leaning on a spade. 
 
 Of the two men in armour the first, Ralph Assheton, Esq., of 
 Middleton, was a very prominent leader upon the Puritan side in 
 the Civil Wars, and is frequently alluded to in the current news-
 
 DOROTHE MNG LENT TO HER 
 
 ff 
 
 Here lyes a Modell of frail Man. 
 A TENDER Infant bvt a Span ,^ 
 In Age or Statvre here shee mvst 
 Lengthen ovt both, bedded in Dvst 
 Nine moneths iMPRisoNb in y Wombe, 
 Eight on Earths svrface free: yTombe 
 Mvst make compleaT hirDiarie. 
 
 So leave HIR TO A-TERNITIE •5SS' 
 
 r^'i 
 
 aiHVW y^ TlHddVHO SIHX JO b[IH = P 
 
 CRADI.E-liRASS TO DOROTHY KING, 163O 
 
 ST. George's chapf.i., Windsor castle
 
 302 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 letters and in the despatches of Cromwell and others. He sat as 
 Member for Lancashire in the Parliament which met on November 
 3, 1640, and two years later was appointed a deputy-lieutenant for 
 the county, and afterwards major-general of the Parliamentary 
 forces and commander-in-chief. He is represented as standing, in 
 a swaggering attitude, with his left hand upon his hip and his right 
 holding a baton, before a kind of niche with semi-circular head. 
 His armour is a demi-suit, consisting of a skirted cuirass, large 
 pauldrons, elbow-pieces, and laminar cuissarts continued right down 
 to the tops of his boots. His wife, in a very plain gown and veil, 
 stands in a similar niche. 
 
 Adam Beaumont, Esq., at Kirkheaton, was Assheton's son-in- 
 law, having married his eldest daughter Elizabeth. He and his wife 
 are small 14-inch figures and very poorly engraved. His armour is 
 of the same type ; at his right hand kneels his infant son. The lady 
 carries a baby in her arms, and is attended by her elder daughter. 
 Beaumont was, no doubt, also a good Puritan, and " dyed in y^ Lord 
 17° g^'^ 1655. & of his age 25." A shield above the figures bears 
 {Gules) a lion rampa7it {argent) armed a?id langued {azure) withm an 
 orle of crescents {of the seco?id) for Beaumont, impaling {Argent) on a 
 mullet {sable) an annulet {or), for Ashton. 
 
 From 1660 to the end of the century the following brasses have 
 been recorded : — 
 
 Milton, Cambs., 1660, John Harris and wife. 
 
 Llanrwst, Denbigh, 1660, 1669, 1671, Sir Owen Wynne, Kath. Lewis, 
 
 and Dame Sarah Wynne. 
 Bawburgh, Norfolk, 1660, Philip Tenison, S.T.P., in shroud. 
 St. Mary's, Bedford, 1663, Mary Thorne and three daughters. 
 St. Mary Norbury, Staffs., 1667, John Skrymsher, qd. pi. 
 Great Bookham, Surrey, 1668, Robt. Shiers, Esq. 
 Thornton Watlass, Yorks., 1669, Shrouded effigy on tomb. 
 Long Itchington, Warw., 1674, John Bosworth, yeoman, and two wives, 
 
 qd. pi. 
 Great Chart, Kent, 1680, Nich. Toke, Esq., and three daughters, kn. 
 Marsworth, Bucks., 168 1, Edm. West, serjeant-at-law, in armour, and 
 
 wife, qd. pi. 
 Little Wittenham, Berks., 1683, Ann Dunch, child, qd. pi. 
 Bassingbourn, Cambs., 1683, Edw. Turpin, gent., and wife. 
 Pimperne, Dorset, 1694, Dorothy Williams, qd. pi.
 
 THE LAST FEW BRASSES 303 
 
 The Llanrwst brasses are part of an interesting series of six, all 
 being lozenge-shaped plates now framed and glazed, and most of 
 them showing only the busts of the persons commemorated. The 
 first is Sir John Wynne, 1620, the next his wife, 1632, the third his 
 eldest daughter Lady Mary Mostyn, 1658, and the others as in the 
 above list. 
 
 The brass at St. Mary's, Bedford, once more introduces us to 
 history. It is one of three rectangular plates, an inscription to 
 William Thorne, 1640, Mary Thorne and three daughters, 1663, which 
 is the only one on which figures are engraved, and a shield with 
 inscription to " Giles Thorne D' in Divinity chaplaine in Ordinary 
 to King Charls y" 2'^ Arch Deacon of Buckingham and Rector of St 
 Maries and St Peters heare in Bedford who Deceased June y'' 23. 
 1671." In 1642 the Justices of the Peace and inhabitants of Bedford 
 petitioned for his removal "as a turbulent and profane person." On 
 September 10 of that year he "spoke in favour of Confession," and 
 was committed to the Fleet on the evidence of one witness only. 
 He remained in prison five years, and was discharged in August, 
 1647. 
 
 Robert Shiers, of Great Bookham, who is illustrated, is fairly 
 typical of the style of the period. 
 
 At Long Itchington, Warw., beneath the kneeling figures of John 
 Bosworth and his wives, drawn in debased style upon a plate about 
 2 feet 2 inches square, there is a lengthy inscription recording gifts of 
 lands and the foundation of several charities. It ends with four 
 verses particularly characteristic in their closing words of the self- 
 righteousness of pious persons of that age. 
 
 " All you that passe mee by 
 As you are now soe once was I \ 
 
 As I am now soe shall you bee 
 Remember the poore & imitate mee." 
 
 Nicholas Toke of Great Chart, 1680, is shown kneeling on a 
 cushion, and in Jacobean armour with tassets, but with a falling collar 
 and long hair. His figure was, perhaps, copied from an earlier 
 brass, for his three daughters, on a separate plate, are evidently of 
 very late work ; they kneel upon cushions, and hold books in their 
 hands, together with a rose, a lily-stem, and a palm-branch.
 
 ROBERT SHIERS, ESQ., 1668 
 GREAT BOOKHAM, SURREY
 
 THE LAST FEW BRASSES 305 
 
 The eighteenth century apparently has but four brasses, as 
 follows : — 
 
 Leigh, Essex, 1709, John Price, Naval Commander, and wife. 
 St. Peter's, Leeds, Yorks,, 1709, John ALassie and family. 
 Newark, Notts., 17 15, Thos. Lund, mayor. 
 
 St. Mary Cray, Kent, 1773, Benjamin Greenwood, Esq., qd. pi., and 
 Philadelphia Greenwood, qd. pi. 
 
 John Price was born at Cardiff, and became a commander of 
 several ships of war under William III. The Leeds brass of the 
 same date is a plate having in the upper part the effigies of seven 
 children. The figures are very rudely engraved, and range in height 
 from 5 to i;j inches. In the centre is a shield of arms, with helmet 
 crest and mantling. The inscription sets out very fully the exact 
 ages of the children, together with the day of birth and day of death. 
 The whole is enclosed in a floriated border, with cherubs' heads at 
 the corners. 
 
 The Nottinghamshire mayor is accompanied by a skeleton, an 
 hourglass, and other devices. 
 
 The last two brasses stand quite by themselves, and are small 
 rectangular plates upon separate gravestones. They were evidently 
 engraved at the same time, and each has a pair of cherubs in the 
 upper corners. Benjamin Greenwood died in 1773, and wears the 
 Georgian costume of knee-breeches, long figured waistcoat, and a 
 coat with open skirts. His right hand points to a three-masted ship, 
 and his left to a skull. His wife died in 1747, and has a plain gown 
 and a veil. Both are but feebly scratched upon the metal.
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 
 CONCLUSION 
 
 BRASSES AND DESPOILED SLABS 
 
 THE lamentable destruction of brasses at the period of 
 the suppression of the monasteries and during the 
 years which followed has already been considered in 
 the tenth chapter, and it was pointed out that the parish 
 churches did not escape the ravages caused by the greed and 
 bigotry of those times. Two illustrations will now suffice. 
 
 In Nightingale's CImrch Plate of Wiltshire the following 
 note is cited from the churchwardens' accounts of the church of 
 St. Thomas the Martyr at Salisbury. "1547-8. Item, for 
 brasse which was upon graves and tombes of brasse and a 
 laver of brasse altogether weynge 1 1 c at xviii the hundred 
 S'ma xxxvi s." 
 
 Very similarly at Thame in Oxfordshire, where there are 
 still eleven brasses of great interest, there is sufficient evidence 
 that many more have been lost in the past. In the church- 
 wardens' accounts for 1550 the following significant entry may 
 be found : — " It'm for Ixxxi" of Brasse and lattayns sold to 
 Young the Brasyer after the rat of i id. p' pound xiiij-. vi^^." 
 
 These are of the early spoliations, and instances might be 
 
 easily multiplied. Haines has mentioned a great many in the 
 
 closing pages of his Introductory volume, and it is unnecessary 
 
 to repeat what he has said already. Nearly every other writer 
 
 upon the subject has also a number of pitiable instances of 
 
 spoliation and loss, 
 
 306
 
 CONCLUSION ^^o-j 
 
 Nor was it confined to the age of the Reformation. A 
 further wave of fanatical destruction swept over the churches 
 during the Civil War and the Commonwealth, when com- 
 missioners were appointed by the Parliament in every county 
 to " reform " the parish churches. The excuse generally made 
 for destroying brasses was that they included " Superstitious 
 inscriptions," and it is therefore a common matter to find the 
 opening and closing clauses, which contain prayers for the 
 soul, often to have been wholly or partially erased by friends 
 or descendants of the persons commemorated, in order to save 
 them from the hands of the commissioners. This is particularly 
 the case in London and its neighbourhood. There was also 
 much loss of brasses throughout the eighteenth century, chiefly 
 through carelessness and neglect, utter ignorance of the value 
 of such memorials, and lack of consideration for all sacred 
 things. 
 
 Again two or three instances must suffice. Durham 
 Cathedral, like most of the other cathedrals of England, is 
 now totally despoiled of its brasses, though formerly it could 
 boast a large and beautiful series. Three times it has suffered 
 spoliation. The first was by the iconoclastic zeal of William 
 Whittingham, who held the Deanery from 1563 to 1579. 
 Wood, in his A thence Oxoniensis, vol. i. p. 154, says of him : 
 " He also defaced all such stones as had any picture of brass 
 or other imagery work, or chalices wrought upon them, and 
 the residue he took away, and employed them to his own use 
 and did make a washing house of them." The Rites of 
 Durham, 1593, Surtees Soc, vol. xv., also contains an account 
 of the destruction wrought by him. 
 
 Such of the monuments as had escaped the reforming dean 
 were mutilated in 1640 by the Scots, when they invaded 
 England after the repulse of the Royal army at Stella I laugh ; 
 when, with poetic justice, the inscription on a brass over the 
 grave of Dean Whittingham was torn away. Ten years later 
 the tombs again suffered, being defaced by the Scotch prisoners
 
 3o8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 confined in the cathedral after the battle of Dunbar. To the 
 destruction wrought by war and rebellion there was added also 
 the Vandalism of ignorant " restoration," for in the repairing of 
 the cathedral, which was carried out during the seventeenth 
 century, many of the interesting matrices perished, only three 
 now remaining. 
 
 The final destruction of the brasses, however, took place in 
 1799, and is recorded in Fordyce's History of Durham, vol. i. 
 p. 283 ; the Chapter House then " was held to be too large, 
 and doomed to destruction, for no other purpose than to make 
 a comfortable room. Accordingly a man was suspended by 
 tackle above the groining, and knocked out the keystone, 
 when the whole fell, and crushed the paved floor, rich with 
 gravestones, and brasses of the bishops and priors, not one of 
 the inscriptions of which had been copied or preserved in any 
 form." 
 
 Of Lincoln Cathedral, Evelyn writes in 1654 that "The 
 soldiers had lately knocked off most of the brasses from the 
 gravestones ; they went in with axes and hammers, and shut 
 themseh^es in till they had rent and torn off some barge-loads 
 of metal." This was simply for plunder, and in a later tablet 
 on the wall of the west porch the men are referred to as 
 " Cromwellii flagitiosus grex." The antiquary Browne Willis, 
 in A Survey of the Cathedrals of Lincoln, Ely, Oxford, and 
 Peterbord, says that in 17 18 he counted "about 207 matrices." 
 He also states that the epitaphs as they remained in 1641 were 
 near 1 50, nearly a third more than were in Old St. Paul's, and 
 more than were in York. In 1782 the repaving of the 
 cathedral was begun ; and before 1791 all the matrices had 
 disappeared, or were removed into the choir aisles and cloisters, 
 where a large number still remain. 
 
 A single parish church, that of St. Margaret's, King's Lynn, 
 shall supply a further example of eighteenth-century loss. In 
 1738 a list of the brasses was published in Mackerell's History 
 of Lynn. There were eleven figure-brasses and twenty-three
 
 CONCLUSION 309 
 
 inscriptions, of which there are now left only the two great 
 foreign plates of Walsokne and Braunche, and three inscriptions. 
 In 1 74 1 the beautiful spire of the church, 244 feet in height, 
 was blown down on to the roof of the nave in a dreadful storm. 
 This caused a complete rebuilding of the nave. On June 17, 
 1742, it was "resolved that eighteen pence be paid to the con- 
 tractors for every grave stone they have taken up." On May 
 16, 1746, "it was ordered that the Old Brass and Old Iron be 
 immediately sold by the Churchwardens," and in the November 
 following " that no grave stones be laid down in any part of the 
 Church." The Walsokne and Braunche brasses were then in 
 the choir, and thus happily escaped. The equally magnificent 
 brass of Robert Attelath and his wife, 1376, was also still 
 preserved in 1780, when an impression of part of it, now in 
 the British Museum, was taken by Craven Ord. A few years 
 later it was " given out of the church by the churchwardens to 
 a person who sold it for five shillings to a brass-founder." 
 One more brass survived till the year 1800, when it was stolen 
 by a sexton, who was charged with his fault, and threatened 
 with the loss of his place ; in consequence of this he hanged 
 himself in the belfry. 
 
 The fate of most stolen brasses was to be melted down by 
 tinkers and brasiers, but occasionally they were used for alien 
 purposes. Thus, at York Minster a turret which had been 
 erected upon the lantern tower in 1666 was demolished in 
 1803. It was surmounted by a weathercock, and this was 
 found to have been entirely constructed out of a large brass 
 inscription, which is now preserved in the vestry. 
 
 Another inscription at Royston, Herts., was found in 1891 
 doing duty as the door-scraper of a house, and was removed to 
 the Archaeological Museum at Cambridge. A third brass, 
 part of a foreign plate, had been made into a sundial, and was 
 exhibited at the Bristol meeting of the Archaeological Institute 
 in 185 1, though its whereabouts is now unknown. And, once 
 again, the Surrey Archajological Society possesses an interesting
 
 3IO THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 quadrangular brass to a knight and lady of the Compton 
 family, c. 1500, and bearing their badge and motto several 
 times repeated, a fire-beacon, and the words, " So have I 
 cause," which came originally from Netley Abbey, Hants., and 
 was found in a cottage at the back of a fireplace, blackened, 
 but uninjured. 
 
 After such repeated losses, and especially the systematic 
 destruction of the Protestant and Puritan iconoclasms of the 
 sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the marvel is that so 
 many brasses should still remain. 
 
 Mr. Belcher has illustrated more than seven hundred in 
 Kent alone, and Mr. Farrer has recorded over one thousand 
 for Norfolk. These numbers, of course, include inscriptions, 
 which in the Norfolk list are in a proportion of about three 
 to one to figure-brasses, the county being practically complete. 
 It is interesting to notice how brasses are distributed through- 
 out England. In the first place, it is in the country churches 
 that they are chiefly, indeed, almost exclusively, found, simply 
 because it was the out-of-the-way places that escaped the 
 Protestant fury. At the same time the general distribution 
 of brasses has been found to follow marked geographical lines. 
 They are most numerous in the country round London, and 
 to the north and west of the metropolis, the eastern counties 
 coming next. Taking the number of square miles in each 
 county in relation to the number of existing brasses, Middlesex, 
 Herts., Bedford, Buckingham, and Oxford will come first. 
 They are followed by the three counties nearest to London 
 on the south, Kent, Surrey, and Berkshire ; then the counties 
 of Essex and Suffolk, and then Norfolk, Cambridge, and 
 Northamptonshire, counties lying at some distance from 
 London and on the outskirts of the main group. After these 
 we have a group of counties which form a complete semi- 
 circle round the first, and then the further from London the 
 fewer the brasses. Cornwall is a partial exception, apparently 
 because it escaped a good deal of the spoliation, being
 
 CONCLUSION 311 
 
 essentially Catholic in the early days, and loyal to church and 
 king in the seventeenth century. 
 
 Of individual counties, Kent on the one hand, and Norfolk, 
 Suffolk, and Essex on the other, have actually the largest 
 number of brasses, but in each case the area is considerable. 
 Oxford and Buckingham follow, and then Hertfordshire, 
 small in size, but rich in brasses. 
 
 Besides brasses, there still remain a very great number of 
 despoiled slabs, which are often of the highest value. In both 
 the earlier spoliations, except where entire churches were 
 destroyed, as were those of the monasteries, the gravestones, 
 robbed of their brasses, were still themselves left in their 
 places. And thus they still fulfilled a primary object of their 
 existence, which was to cover and mark the resting-places of 
 the dead. In fact, it may be said that it was the stone which 
 was of the first importance, the essence of the memorial, while 
 the brass-work was only its accident. Apart from the stone, 
 the brass was almost meaningless, and therefore most early 
 inscriptions began with the words " Hie jacet," or " Gist ici." 
 The irreparable destruction of the gravestones was reserved 
 for more modern times, beginning with the eighteenth century, 
 and, unhappily, continuing in some degree to the present 
 time ; for in these latter days the opposite tendency has 
 greatly prevailed, to " preserve " the brasses, and to destroy 
 the stones in which they were set, and without which they 
 often lose half their value and most of their meaning. Strange 
 though it may seem, a large responsibility must be laid at the 
 door of the revival of Gothic architecture, and the too great 
 zeal for what is called " thorough restoration " which accom- 
 panied it. The architects and clergy of the last two genera- 
 tions have unfortunately wrought much havoc amongst the 
 art and antiquities of the times whose memory they wished 
 to preserve ; and it is the more surprising when we remember 
 that the engraving and setting of monumental brasses was 
 just one of those arts which were most closely connected
 
 312 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 with the rise and fall of ancient Gothic architecture in 
 England. 
 
 The value of brasses and slabs alike, separately or in 
 combination, was too often altogether unrecognized. They 
 were allowed to go the way of high-backed deal pews, church-, 
 warden wood-mullioned windows, obstructive galleries, or bed- 
 post communion rails. A conventional flooring of pretty 
 tiles, the insertion of a heating apparatus, the building of an 
 organ in a side aisle or chapel instead of in a proper chamber, 
 the undue raising of an altar ; any excuse has been deemed 
 sufficient, and valuable — nay, priceless — memorials have been 
 cast out into churchyards or broken up for building purposes, 
 treated as things of no worth. 
 
 Even when the brasses, or fragments of them, received by 
 chance a little grudging recognition, they were often incon- 
 tinently nailed or cemented to some neighbouring wall, where, 
 being usually out of place, they cease even to be objects of 
 beauty. An entire set would rarely be preserved, though it 
 might include canopies, labels, shields-of-arms, and other 
 most precious and instructive accessories. Moreover, the place 
 chosen would as likely as not be some dark vestry, as at 
 Camberwell, under Sir Gilbert Scott ; or beneath an organ 
 loft, as at St. John's College, Cambridge, under the same 
 architect ; or hidden away in a crypt, as very recently at 
 Truro Cathedral, under no less modern an architect than Mr. 
 Pearson. 
 
 But times are again changing, and we begin to know the 
 worth even of our despoiled slabs. It is not too late to mend. 
 Those that remain are like ancient rings which have lost their 
 jewels, but should be prized for the value of their settings. 
 But it is still very necessary for antiquaries to continue to 
 strive after an improved public opinion in the matter, especially 
 amongst clergy and architects. The process is slow, and it 
 is necessary at once to stop, if possible, the tearing up of 
 brasses to be nailed upon walls, or otherwise misused, and
 
 CONCLUSION 313 
 
 the destruction of the gravestones to which they belong. 
 Many shibs are of great antiquity, and some are unique. 
 They also are still fairly abundant, in a proportion of at least 
 three to two in regard to existing brasses. 
 
 A considerable number of the despoiled slabs of England 
 are still uncatalogued and practically unknown, while others 
 are beginning to receive the attention they deserve. Matrices 
 of early cross-legged knights, for instance, are recorded at 
 Emneth, Norfolk, c. 1290, with a canopy like that of Margarete 
 de Camoys (cf. p. 28), but surmounted by a fine tabernacle 
 at the finial, at Hawton, Notts., 1308, and at Aston Rowant, 
 Oxon., 1 3 14. Another cross-legged knight, only 28 inches in 
 length, and upon a bracket, is indented upon a slab at Lynwode, 
 in Lincolnshire. A unique series of extremely large cross 
 brasses, with shrines at the foot, and kneeling figures, can still 
 be traced in Ely Cathedral. Two very early bishops, of the 
 years 1247 and 1256, are recorded at Salisbury, The first is 
 Robert Bingham, and his brass occupied a raised tomb in the 
 north aisle of the choir, surmounted by a rich architectural 
 canopy. His stone slab retains the outline of a large floriated 
 cross, bearing at the intersection of its limbs the demi- 
 figure of a bishop, surrounded by four lozenges, on which 
 were probably the evangelistic symbols. The whole of the 
 crozier is introduced, arranged in an almost parallel line 
 with the stem of the cross. Bingham's successor, William of 
 York, has a similar tomb upon the opposite side of the 
 choir, with a demi- figure and crozier indented in the stone, 
 but no cross. 
 
 And finally — and a description of this matrix, taken from 
 an article by the Rev. H. E. Field in the Transactions of the 
 Monnmetital Brass Society, may well form a fitting conclusion 
 to a volume upon the brasses of England — there is the glorious 
 slab at Durham, which once contained the brass of Bishop 
 Beaumont, larger and perhaps more beautiful than anything 
 which now survives. Its size is more than 15 feet in length
 
 
 DESPOILED SLAB OF BISHOP BEAUMONT 
 DURHAM CATHEDRAL
 
 CONCLUSION 315 
 
 by nearly 10 feet in breadth, and the superb matrix, still lying 
 in the choir of the cathedral, is in excellent preservation, and 
 carefully protected by a thick carpet, though every fragment 
 of the brass is gone. It is minutely described in The Rites of 
 Durham, a book written apparently towards the end of the 
 sixteenth century by one who had been an inmate of the 
 monastery : — 
 
 "Ludovick de Bellomonte, Bishopp of Durham, lyeth buried 
 before the High Altar in the Quire, beneath the steppes that goe upp 
 to the said High Altar, under a most curious and sumptuous marble 
 stonn, which hee prepared for himselfe before hee dyed, beinge 
 adorned with most excellent workmanshipp of brasse, wherein he was 
 most excellently and lively pictured, as hee was accustomed to singe 
 or say masse, with his mitre on his head and his crosiers stafte in his 
 hand, with two angells very finely pictured, one of the one side of 
 his head and the other on the other side, with censors in theire hands 
 sensinge him, conteining most exquisite pictures and images of the 
 twelve Aposdes devided and bordered of either side of him, and next 
 them is bordered on either side of the twelve Apostles in another 
 border the pictures of his ancestors in theire coat armour, beinge of 
 the bloud royale of France and his owne armes of France, beinge a 
 white lyon placed uppon the breast of his vestment, beneath his verses 
 of his breast, with flower de luces about the lyon, two lyons pictured 
 one under the one foote of him and another under the other of him, 
 supportinge and holdinge up his crosier's staffe, his feete adjoyninge 
 and standinge uppon the said lyons, and other two lyons beneath 
 them in the nethermost border of all, beinge most artificially wrought 
 and sett forth all in brasse. Marvellously beautifyinge the said 
 through of marble : wherein was engraven in brasse such divine and 
 celestiall sayinge of the Scripture which he had peculiarly selected 
 for his spirituall consolation, at such time as it should please God to 
 call him out of his mortalitie." 
 
 To this description the lines on the matrix exactly corre- 
 spond. Bishop Beaumont was elected in 13 17 and died in 
 1333, and was one of the most unfit persons for the office of
 
 3i6 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 a bishop that ever held the See of Durham. In person he 
 was a maimed cripple, and his mental capacity was con- 
 temi^tible. He seems to have been determined to outshine 
 all his predecessors by the magnificence of his grave, however 
 unequal he might have been to them while living.
 
 INDEX OF PLACES 
 
 Every brass mentioned in the preceding pages is indexed under its county and place- 
 name, and with its known or approximate date. The index is thus also a guide to 
 the most interesting brasses in each county. 
 
 Bedfordshire— 
 Ampthill, 1450, 167 ; 1520, 233 
 Aspley Guise, 1410, 124; 1490, 194 
 Bedford, St. Mary, 1663, 302, 303 
 
 St. Paul, 3, 4 ; 1573, 276 
 Biddenham, 1530, 214 
 Broniham, 1435, 152, 266 
 Cardington, 1540, 231 ; 1638, 296 
 Cople, 1410, 161, 180 ; 1415, 163 ; 
 
 1520, 225 ; 1544, 178, 231 ; 1556, 
 
 239 ; 1563, 180 
 Dean, 1501, 116 
 
 Dunstable, 1450, 163, 167 ; 1640, 246 
 Eaton Socon, 1400, 161 
 Elstow, 1525, 131, 133 
 Ey worth, 1624, 280, 281 
 Flitton, 1545, 225 
 Ilohvell, 1515, 204 
 Houghton Conquest, 1493, 220, 222 ; 
 
 1500, 221 
 Houghton Regis, 1506. 106 
 Luton, 1510, 116; 1513, 225 
 Marston Morteyne, 1451, 157 
 Northill, io32, 225 
 Pottesgrove, 1563, 258 
 Shillington, 14O0, 120 
 Sutton, i5i6, 82 
 Tilhrook, 1400, 161 
 Totternhoe, io24, 106 
 Turvey, 1500, Ii6 
 Winiington, 1391, 58, 167, 171 ; 
 
 i430^ 147. 152 ; 1510, 106 
 Veklen, 1434, 105 ; iCir, 287 
 
 Berkshire — 
 
 Abingdon, 1501, 140 
 Appleton, 151S, 214 
 Ashbury, 1360, 56 ; i409, 120 ; 1448, 
 122 
 
 Berkshire — continued. 
 Binfield, 155S, 131, 256 
 Bisham, 253 
 Blewbury, 1496, 105 ; 1523, 230 ; 
 
 1548, 240 
 Bray, 1378, 8, 52, 55, 75; 1475, 
 
 176; i600, 286 
 Brightwell, 150/7, 106 
 Childrey, i444, 44, 192 ; 1480, 105 ; 
 1490, 105 ; i507, 213, 234 ; 1514, 
 234; 1520, 214, 234; i.529, 141 
 Cookham, 1577, 259 
 Denchworth, io62, 253 
 Farringdon, 1471, 173, 198; 1547, 240 
 Hanney, W., i570, 75; 1557, 239; 
 
 i599, 277 
 Hurst, 1600, 284 
 Lambourn, i455, 230 
 Reading, St. Laurence, 1538, 254 
 
 St. Mary, 1416, 82 
 Shottesbrooke, 1370, 58, 104, 126; 
 
 1^1, 163 ; Joli, 223 
 Sparsholt, 1360, 79, 80, 104 
 Swallovvfiehl, 1554, 239 
 Tidmarsh, ioOO, 230 
 Tilehurst, 1469, 200 
 Wantage, 1320, 14, 32 ; J4i4, 150 ; 
 
 1510, 140 
 Welford, 1490, 140 
 Windsor Castle, 275 ; St. George's 
 
 Chapel, 1475, 192, 194 ; 1522, 73, 
 
 118, 218, 219; 1630, 298, 301; 
 
 1633, 298 
 Wittenham, Little, 1433, 105 ; J4.^4, 
 
 200 ; 1472, 198 ; J4S5, 200 ; 1585, 
 
 277, 278 ; 1683, 302 
 
 Buckinghamshire — 
 Amersham, 1439, \(iZ
 
 3i8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Buckinghamsliire — continued. 
 Aylesbur}', 255 
 liletchley, 1616, 287, 288 
 Caversfield, 1533, 207 
 Chalfont St. Peter, 1M6, 162 ; loio, 
 
 106, 267 
 Chenies, 1469, 200 ; 1510, 210, 227 
 Chesham Bois, 1520, 228 ; 1552, 239 
 Chicheley, 155S, 168, 171 ; 1560, 215 
 Claydon, Middle, 1542, 225 
 Clilton Reynes, 1500, 213 
 Crawley, North, 1589, 286 
 Dachet, i595, 244 
 Denham, 284 ; 1440, 131, 133 ; 1540, 
 
 131, 133 ; 1545, 255 
 Dinton, iooi, 239 ; 1628, 296 
 Drayton Beauchamp, 1368, 52, 53, 
 
 54 
 Emberton, 1410, 105 
 
 Eton College, 1489, 116 ; i505, 116 ; 
 
 1522, 123; i525, 141 ; 1535, 106; 
 
 i540, 124; 1545, 141 
 Iladdenham, i420, 105 
 Halton, 1553, 180 
 Hampden, Great, 1525, 225 ; i555, 
 
 239 
 Haversham, 1605, 215 
 Hedgerley, i540, 235, 254 
 Hitcham, 1551, 239 
 Hitchendon, 1493, 105 
 Ilorvvood, Great, 14S7, 140 
 Iver, ioOS, 222 
 
 Lillingstone Dayrell, 1491, 222 
 Linford, Great, 1473, 200 
 Marsworth, i6SJ, 302 
 Milton Keynes, 1427, 105 
 Penn, 1540, 214; i638, 296; 1641, 
 
 296 
 Quainton, i360, 55 ; 1422, 122 ; i4So, 
 
 122 
 Risborough, Monks, 1431, 105 
 Shalton, 1540, 131 
 Taplow, i550, 47, 79, 80 ; 1455, 
 
 211 ; 1540, 225, 256 
 Thornton, 1472, 72, 180, 184, 185, 
 
 188, 195 
 Tingewick, 1608, 287, 292 
 Turweston, 1450, 105 
 Twyford, 1550, 239 
 Upton, i472, 211 ; 1517, 225 ; 1599, 
 
 277 
 Waddesdon, Jo4S, 214, 238 
 Whaddon, 1519, 180 
 Winchendon, Over, 1515, 131, 133 
 Wooburn, 1519, 123 ; i520, 214, 
 
 234. 247 
 
 Cambridgeshire — 
 
 Balsham, 1401, yi, 120, 127, 128 ; 
 
 1462, 70, 122, 185 
 Bassingbourn, 1683, 302 
 Burwell, 1542, 108, 131, 132, 238, 
 
 265 _ 
 Cambridge — 
 
 Archaeological Museum, 309 
 Fitzwilliam Museum, 50 
 Christ's College, 1540, 141 
 King's College, 1496, 137, 140 ; 
 1507, 137, 140 ; 1528, 1 18 ; 1558, 
 118 
 Queens' College, 1535, 141 
 St. John's College, 312 ; 1410, 139 
 Trinity Hall, 1517, 123, 127; 
 
 1530, 141 
 St. Benet, 1432, 137, 139 
 St. Mary-the-Less, 1440, 140 ; 
 1480, 140 
 Croxton, i5S9, 286, 287 
 Ely Cathedral, 71, 78, 313; 1554, 
 
 112, 239; J6i4, 287, 288 
 Fulbourn, 1391, 69, 120, 126; 1477, 
 
 105 
 Girton, 1492, 122 ; i497, 122 
 Hildersham, 1379, 79, 80, 81 ; i^6, 
 
 187, 190 ; 1530, 214 
 Hinxlon, 1416, 152 
 Horseheath, iSS2, 52 
 Impington. ^505, 230 
 Isleham, 1484, 1S5, 18S 
 March, i.5i7, 230, 235 
 Milton, 1553, 180 ; 1660, 302 
 Quy, i465, 187, 192 
 Sawston, 1500, 213 
 Shelford, Great, 1418, 122, 127 
 Shelford, Little, 1480, 140 
 Stapleford, 1617, 287 
 Trumpington, i2S9, 14, 18, 22 
 VVestley Waterless, 1325, 14, 23, 24, 
 
 25. 33 
 Wilbraham, Little, 1521, 136, 141 
 Wilburton, 1477, 122 
 Wimpole, io'^i, 123 
 Wood Ditton, 1393, 54 
 
 Cheshire — 
 
 Chester, Holy Trinity, 1545, 154, 256 
 Macclesfield, 1506, 233 
 Over, 1510, 223 
 Wilmslow, 1400, 187, 190 
 Wybunbury, J5i,?, 225 
 
 Cornwall- 
 Anthony, East, 1420, 158
 
 INDEX OF PLACES 
 
 319 
 
 Cornwall — continued. 
 Blisland, UIO, 106 
 Callington, 1465, 176 
 Cardynham, 14f)0, 124 
 St. Columb Major, loio, 226 ; IQBO, 
 
 296 ; i6.S'5, 296 
 Constantine, 1574, 259 
 Crowan, 1420, 162 
 Illogan, 1603, 277 
 St. Just, -Z5j30, 123 
 Lanherne Nunnery, 263 
 Lanteglos - by - Fowey, 1440, 156; 
 
 1525, 225 
 Launceston, J630, 298, 299 
 Mawgan-in-Pyder, 263 
 St. Alellion, 1551, 239 
 St. Michael Penkevil, 1497, 222; 
 
 1515, 141 ; 1&4{), 296 
 Quethiock, :747i, 200; 1^1, 297 
 Stratton, i5(ji, 276 
 Truro Cathedral, 312 
 Wendron, 15H5, 123 
 
 Cumberland — 
 
 Carlisle Cathedral, 149G, 112 ; IdlQ, 
 
 73, no, 290 
 Crosthwaite, 1527 , 225 
 Edenhall, 14oS, 192 
 Greystoke, i.o26, 118 
 
 Derbyshire — 
 
 Ashbourn, 153S, 217, 231 
 Ashover, 15(y7 , 222 ; 1510, 106, 205 
 Chesterfield, i.529, 231 
 Barley, 1654, 34 
 Dronfield, 1399, 106 
 Etwall, Joi2, 234 ; 1557, 240 
 Ilathersage, i4C3, 187; 1500, 230; 
 
 1560, 240 
 Kedleston, 1496, 222 
 Morley, i450, 166 ; 1470, 188, 190, 
 
 191, 193 ; 1558, 270, 271 
 Mugginton, 1475, 188, 194 
 Norbury, 1538, 178, 254 
 Sawley, 1478, 200 
 
 Tideswell, J4S.9, 200 ; 1579, 112, 290 
 Walton-on-Trent, 1490, 106 
 Wilnc, ioiS, 230 
 
 Devonshire — 
 
 Athcrington, 1540, 225 
 Praunton, 1548, 256 
 Chittlchampton, i-180, 200 
 Clovelly, 1540, 225 ; 1655, 300 
 Dartmouth, /JOS, 150 
 Exeter Cathedral, 1409, 147, 154; 
 1413, 120 
 
 Devonshire — continncd. 
 
 Haccombe, 1586, 276 ; i6o6, 300 
 Shillingford, 1516, 230 
 Stoke Fleming, 1391, 55, 58 
 Stoke-in-Teignhead, 1370, 104 
 Thorncombe, -/437, 160 
 Tiverton, 1529, 234 
 Yealmpton, ioOS, 222 ; 1580, 259, 
 261, 262 
 
 Dorsetshire — 
 
 Evershot, 1524, 106 
 Knowle, 1572, 276 
 Lytchett Matravers, 1470, 211 
 Melbury Sampford, 1562, 240 
 Milton Abbey, i.-JSo, 182, 240 
 Pimperne, 1694, 35, 302 
 Puddlehinton, 1617, 287 
 Puddletown, 1524, 230 
 Purse Caundle, io56, 103, 106 
 Sherborne, 114 
 
 Sturminster Marshall, 1581, 286 
 Yetminster, 1531, 225 
 
 Durham — 
 
 Billingham, 1480, 116 
 Brancepath, 1456, 140 
 Durham Cathedral, 69, 307, 313, 314 
 Sedgefield, 1470, 211 
 
 Essex — 
 
 Arkesden, 1440, 156 
 
 Aveley, i370, 52, 84, 94, 257 ; 1583, 
 
 228 ; 1584, 260 
 Barking, 135 ; 1480, 140 
 Bentley, Little, 1490, 194 
 Booking, i420, 152 
 Bowers Gifford, 1348, 47, 50 
 Braxted, Little, 1503, 222 
 Brightlingsea, 1400, 75 
 Bromley, Great, 1432, 105 
 Chesterford, Great, iSOO, 228 
 Chigwell, 1631, 1 10, 295 
 Chrishall, 1370, 52, 69 
 Dagenham, 1479, 131, 176, 17S, 196, 
 
 197 
 Easlon, Little, 1420, 105 ; 1483, 154, 
 
 195 
 
 Elmstead, 1500, 207 
 
 Elsenham, J6/6, 2S7 
 Finchingfield, 1523, 230 
 Fryerning, 1560, 257 
 Gosfield, i-^59, I So 
 Halstead, 1409, 144 
 Harlow, /(JSC, 296 
 Hempstead, 1518, 1S2
 
 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Essex — continued, 
 
 Horkesley, Little, 14:12^ 147-150 ; 
 
 1502, 2.\-i,; 154'J, 240 
 Ingrave, 1457, 197 ; 1500, 230 
 Laindon, 1480, 105 ; 1510, 108 
 Lambourne, 1546, 244 
 Latton, 1467, 176 ; 1485, 222 ; 1520, 
 
 106 
 Leigh, 1453, 200 ; 1709, 305 
 Littlebury, 1510, 106 
 Loughton, 1637, 296 
 Ockendon, South, 1400, 71 
 Pebmarsh, 1320, 14, 21, 22 
 Roydon, 1521, 230 
 St. Osyth's, 1640, 34 
 Sandon, io^O, 244 ; 1580, 286 
 Shopland, 1371, 52 
 Stebbing, i390, 56 
 Stifford, 1375, 126 ; i4S0, 210, 212 
 Stondon Massey, 1570, 247 ; 1573, 
 
 259 
 
 Strethall, 1480, 140 
 Thaxted, i450, 140 
 Theydon Gernon, 1458, 122 
 Tiltey Abbey, 1520, 225 
 Tolleshunt Darcy, 1535, 131 ; iOt^O, 
 
 225, 256, 258 
 Upminster, 1455, 198; io40, 131, 
 
 256 ; 1545, 258, 260 
 Walthamstow, 1543, 244 
 Wimbish, 259 ; 1347, 47, 50, 79, 80 
 Wyvenhoe, 1507, 217, 222; 1535, 
 
 106 ; i537, 227, 231 
 
 Gloucestershire — 
 
 Berkeley, 1526, 210 
 
 Bristol— ' 
 
 St. John, 1478, 200 
 St. Mary Redcliff, 1439, 173, 175 ; 
 1475, 192, 194; 1480, 200 ; 
 1522, 180 
 St. Peter, J46i, 105 
 Temple, 1396, 58 ; 1460, 264 
 Trinity Almshouses, J4ii, 162 
 
 Campden, Chipping, 1401, 162, 167, 
 168 ; 1467, 200 
 
 Cheltenham, 1513, 178 
 
 Cirencester, J458, 156; 1440, 163, 
 167, 168 ; 1442, 163 ; ii62, 187, 
 188 ; 1478, 105 ; 1480, 124 
 
 Clifford Chambers, 1583, 276 
 
 Deerhurst, i4lW, 40, 71, 160, 173, 174 
 
 Dowdeswell, 1520, 123 
 
 Dyrham, 1401, 148 
 
 Eastington, 1518, 230 
 
 Fairford, i.oOO, 222 ; 1534, 231 
 
 Gloucestershire— c07itinned. 
 
 Gloucester, St. Mary do Crypt, 1529, 
 
 131 
 
 Lechlade, 1450, 167 
 
 Minchinhampton, 1510, 131, 213 
 
 Newland, 1445, 156 
 
 Northleach, i400, 167, 168 ; 1U7 , 
 167, 168 ; 1458, 72, 163, 167-169, 
 185 ; 1485, 167 ; 1490, 168, 170 ; 
 1526, 72, 168, 170 ; 1530, 124 
 
 Quinton, J4S0, 131 
 
 Kodmarton, 14:61, 200 
 
 Winterbourne, J370, 55 
 
 Wormington, 1605, 284, 285 
 
 Wootton-under-Edge, 1392, 54 
 
 Hampshire — 
 
 Crondall, 1370, 104, 126; iG3i, 215 
 
 Dunmore, 1591, 256 
 
 Eversley, 1502, 82 
 
 Havant, i4i3, 120, 127, 128 
 
 Kimpton, 1522, 225 
 
 Netley Abbey, 310 
 
 Odiham, 1540, 256 ; 1636, 228 
 
 Ringwood, 1416, 120, 127 
 
 Sherborne St. John, 1360, 56 ; J4SS, 
 
 230 ; 1492, 234 
 Somborne, Kings, 1380, 58, 59 
 Southampton, 1500, 123 
 Stoke Charity, i4S2, 238 
 Thruxton, 1425, 72, 150-152 
 Wallop, Nether, 1436, 131 
 Winchester College, 1413, 116; i4o0, 
 
 122, 126; 1524, 141; i.'J4S, 123, 
 
 239, 256 
 
 St. Cross, 1382, 120; 1518, 106 
 Isle of Wight— 
 
 Arreton, 1430, 162, 166 
 
 Calbourne, 1380, 52 ; i6o2, 300 
 
 Freshwater, 1370, 52 
 
 Shorwell, 1518, 124 
 
 Herefordshire — 
 
 Hereford Cathedral, 25 ; 1360, 69, 
 
 112; 1390, 79, 80; MV.^, 122; 
 
 1435, 156; io24, 235, 236; 1529, 
 
 72, 123 
 Ledbury, 1410, 139 
 Ludford, i5.'T4, 239 
 Marden, 1614, 282, 2S3 
 
 Hertfordshire — 
 Aldbury, 1546, 231 
 Aldenham, 1547, 214 
 Amwell, Great, jf40tl, 104 
 Aspenden, 1508, 230
 
 INDEX OF PLACES 
 
 321 
 
 Hertfordshire — continued. 
 Baldock, U80, 212 
 Barkway, liGl, 200 
 Barley, 1621, 287 
 Bayford, 15i5, 258, 260 
 Bennington, lioO, 124 
 Berkhamstead, Great, 1S5Q, 55, 56 ; 
 
 13Q5, 52 ; U70, 55 ; 1520, 214 
 Broxbourne, M70, 105 ; H73, 37, 
 
 192, 194, 195 ; 1510, 141 ; 1531, 
 
 225 
 Buckland, 1478, 122 
 Cheshunt, U49, 162 ; i453, 197 
 Clothall, liOi, 106 ; 1510, 106, 234 ; 
 
 i54i, 123, 127 ; m02, 2.%-j 
 Diyswell, lil5, 147, 157 ; 14Si, 
 
 212 ; lid5, 243 
 Flamstead, lili, 120 
 Hadham, Great, i420, 139 ; 1582, 
 
 244 
 Hemel Hempstead, lAOO, 163 
 Hertford, i4.35, 164 
 Hinxworth, 1487, 243 
 Hitchin, U52, 167 ; i4S0, 212 ; 
 
 1485, 212 ; 1490, 212 ; 1498, 122, 
 
 123 
 Hunsdon, i495, 212 
 Kelshall, 1435, 162, 166 
 Knebworth, 1414, 120, 127, I47 ; 
 
 1582, 276 
 Langley, King's, iS/'S, 259 
 Lelchworth, 1475, 105, 210 
 Mimms, North, 1360, 75, 84, 93, 
 
 104, 202 ; 1488, 222 ; 1560, 276 
 Royston, 309 ; 1432, 139 ; 1500, 82 
 St. Albans — 
 
 Abbey, 1360, 84, 90-93, 103, 1 10, 
 112; 14O0, 265; 1401, 112; 
 i4ii, 167 ; 1450, 131 ; i45I, 
 71, 133, 142 ; 1470, 131, 210 ; 
 1480, 18S, 190; i5i9, 168; 
 1521, 131 
 St. Michael, 1380, 52, 58 ; itIOO, 
 
 79. So 
 St. Stephen, i4S2, 200 
 Sawbridgeworth, 1433, 156; i470, 
 
 200 ; 1484, 210, 212 ; 1527, 230 ; 
 
 i600, 277 
 Standon, 1477, 167, 170 
 Stevenage, 1500, 123 
 Walkern, i5S3, 260 
 Ware, 1454, 197 
 Watford, J390, 56; 1415, 173 
 Watton, i36i, 52 ; i370, 132 
 Willian, 1446, 105, 210 
 Wormley, i479, 200 ; 1400, 234 
 
 Y 
 
 Huntingdonshire — 
 
 Offord Darcy, 1530, 141 
 Saw try, 1404, 148 
 Somersham, 1530, 108 
 
 Kent — 
 
 Addins^ton, 14/09, 148 ; j(470, 188 
 Ash, U60, 197, 198; i602, 277 j 
 
 1642, 296 
 Ashford, J37o, 55, 56 
 Aylesford, 1426, 152; 1545, 258 
 Beckenham, i5.52, 240, 241 
 Bethersden, 1459, 200 
 Birchington, 1523, 106 ; i533, 228 
 Birling, 206 
 Bobbing, 1420, 152 
 Borden, 1490, 116 
 Boughton Malherbe, 1529, 225 
 Boughton-under-Blean, i5S7, 275 
 Boxley, 1451, 140 
 Brabourn, i434, 152 
 Bredgar, 1518, 141 
 Canterbury Cathedral, 63 
 
 St. Alphege, 1523, 11, 141 
 
 St. George, 1438, 122 
 
 St. Margaret, 1470, 200 
 
 St. Martin, 1591, 276 
 
 St. Mary Northgate, 1540, 231 
 Chart, Great, 1470, 182 ; 75i3, 225 ; 
 
 1680, 302, 303 
 Chartham, 1306, 14, 19, 20, 22, ^ ; 
 
 1454, 122, 126 ; 1508, 116 
 Chelsfield, 1417, 82 
 Cheriton, i474, 140 
 Chevening, 1596, 286 
 Clifte, i6.32, 300 
 Cobham, 69 ; 1320, 14, 27, 68, 233 ; 
 
 1354, 52 ; 1365, 52 ; 1367, 52 ; 
 
 i375, 55, 56 ; 1380, 56 ; 1395, 56 ; 
 
 i40;3, 162; 1405, 71, 148; i407, 
 
 71, 148; 1418, 116; i420, 76; 
 
 i433, 158 ; i447, 79, 80 ; 1506, 72, 
 
 227 ; 1529, 225 
 Cranbrook, 1520, 228 
 Cray, St. Mary, 1773, 305 
 Cuxton, i54.5, 256 
 Dartford, 1402, 71, 15S, 159; 1454, 
 
 197 
 Deal, Upper, i606, 228 
 Dover — 
 
 St. James, 1590, 286 
 
 St. Martin, 102 
 Downe, 16iy7 , 279 
 Eastry, 1590, 275 
 Erith, 1435, \b2. ; 1470, 198; 1471, 
 
 173; J574, 259
 
 322 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Kent — cotitinued. 
 
 Favershani, 1414, 245 ; 14S0, 122 ; 
 1533, 71, 231, 232, 245; 1580, 
 245 ; 1610, 245 
 Goodnestone, 1507, 234 
 Graveney, 1370, 58 ; 1381, 52 ; 1436, 
 
 173. 175. 2IO 
 Hailing, 1587, 282 
 Halstow, High, 1618, 287 
 Hardres, Upper, 1M)5, 73-75, 139 
 Heme, 1420, 152 ; 1450, 140 ; i470, 
 
 198 
 Hever, 1419, 158; ioSO, 82; 1538, 
 
 154, 155,225 
 Hoo St. Werbuigh, 1412, 104, 105 
 Horsmonden, 1340, 33, 104, 126 
 Ightham, 1528, 230 
 Kemsing, i320, 14, 32, 126 
 Lee, 1582, 259 
 Leigh, 1580, 215 
 Lullingstone, i487, 222 
 Lydd, 1420, 139 ; 1429, 162 
 Mailing, East, i522, 118 
 Margate, St. John, 1431, 158 ; 1433, 
 
 205 ; 1441, 162 ; i445, 211, 212 ; 
 
 1582, 259, 264 
 Merevvorth, 206 ; 1371, 52 ; 1479, 244 
 Milton-next-Sittingbourne, i496', 230 
 Minster-in-Sheppey, 1330, 14, 21, 
 
 25-27. 30. 33 
 Newington-juxta-Hythe, 1541, 211, 
 
 214 ; 1630, 296 
 Northfleet, 1375, 104, 125 
 Orpington, 1511, 123 
 Olterden, i408, 150 
 Penshurst, 1520, 82 
 Preston-by-Faversham. i459, 187 
 Rochester, St. Marg., 204 ; 1465, 265 
 Saltwood, 1496, 207 
 Seal, 1395, 54 
 Sheldvvich, 1394, 54, 69 ; iiSi, 210- 
 
 212 
 Shorne, 1519, 204 
 Southfleet, 1414, 76; i.^SO, 214 
 Stone, 14U8, 79, 80 ; 1574, 244 
 Stourmouth, i473, 140 
 Sutton, East, 1638, 35, 296 
 Teynham, 1639, 296 
 Thannington, i485, 222 
 Upchurch, 1340, 56 
 Westerham, 1563, 258 ; J567, 284 
 Wickham, East, 1325, 14, 29, 79, ^o 
 Wickham, West, 1407, 104 
 Woodchurch, 1320, 14, 29, 31, 78, 79 
 Wrotham, 1512, 223; 1525, 230; 
 
 i6Ji, 277 
 
 Lancashire — 
 
 Eccleston, 1485, 122 
 
 Manchester Cathedral, 1458, 116; 
 
 i.5io, 112 ; 1548, 256 
 Middleton, i522, 108 ; 1650, 300 
 Ormskirk, ^500, 230 ; 1661, 34 
 Sefton, 1568, 276 
 Winwick, i492, 217, 230 
 
 Leicestershire — 
 
 Aylestone, 1594, 2S6 
 Barwell, 1614, 287 ; 1659, 300 
 Bosworth, Husbands, i6^, 295 
 Bottesford, 1404, 40, 71, 120, 121, 
 
 127 ; 1440, 122 
 Bovvden, Great, 1403, 257 
 Castle Donington, 1458, 185, 187, 188 
 Leicester, Wigston's Hospital, 1543, 
 
 214 
 Loughborough, 1480, 200 
 Lutterworth, 1418, 161 
 Melton Mowbray, i543, 207 
 Sibson, 1532, 118 
 Stanford-on-Soar, 1400, 104 
 Stokerston, J46'7, 188 
 Swithland, 1455, 197 
 Thurcaston, i425, 122 
 Wanlip, 1393, 39, 54, 55 
 
 Lincolnshire — 
 
 Algarkirk, 1498, 168 
 
 Althorpe, 1370, 104 
 
 Barrowby, 1479, 200 ; J50S, 230 
 
 Barton-on-Humber, 1380, 56 ; .Zf^5, 
 
 161 
 Bigby, 1632, 295 
 Boston, 1398, 58, 70; -/400, 75, 120, 
 
 127 ; 1657, 300 
 Broughton, 1370, 52, 210 
 Buslingthorpe, 1290, 14, 16, 17, 38, 
 
 208 
 Cotes, Great, 1503, 131, 235 
 Croft, 1300, 14, 16 
 Edenham, 1500, 112, 1 15 
 Gedney, 1390, 56 
 Grainthorpe, 1380, 80, 82 
 Grantham, 67 
 Gunby, i400, 71, 148, 149; 1419, 
 
 72, 173, 175; 1552, 267 
 Halton Holgate, 1658, 300 
 Harrington, J4S0, 198 ; 1585, 276 
 Horncastle, J.5i9, 214, 258 
 Irnham, 1390, 54 
 Langton, 1400, 148 ; i.549, 267 
 I Lincoln Cathedral, 63, 104 
 i St. Mary-le-Wigford, 1469, 82
 
 INDEX OF PLACES 
 
 0^0 
 
 Lincolnshire — continued. 
 
 Lynwode, 4, 313 ; UIO, 72, 167, 
 
 170; 1421, 167, 170 
 Norton Disney, 68 ; 1580, 259, 
 
 263 
 Rauceby, 1536, 123 
 Scrivelsby, loAo, 226 
 Spilsby, 1391, 56 ; lilO, 144 
 Stallingborouijh, 1541, 231 
 Stamford — • 
 
 All Saints, 1460, 167, 171, 172; 
 1471, 198 ; 1508, 123 
 
 St. John, 14\)7, 105 
 Stoke Rochford, 1470, 188 
 t Tattershail, 1411, 161 ; i4.55, 154, 
 
 185 ; 1456, 105 ; 1479, 185 ; i497, 
 
 185 ; 1510, 123, 127 ; 1519, 106 
 \Vinthorpe, iot'o, 168 
 Wrangle, 1504, 173 
 
 Middlesex — 
 
 Chelsea, 1555, 240 
 
 Clerkenwell, St. James, 1556, 112, 
 
 115. 239 
 Ealing, 1490, 168, 171 
 Edgeware, 1599, 228 
 Enfield, 1470, 185, 198, 199 
 Finchley, 1610, 244 
 Fulham, 1529, 95, 97, 214 
 Greenford, Great, 1515, 106 
 Hackney, 1527, 123 ; i54o, 226, 258 ; 
 
 1618, 287, 288 
 Harefield, 15^), 225 
 Harrow, i.370, 52, 75 ; 1390, 54 ; 
 1442, 122 ; i460, 140; 1468, 122, 
 127 ; 1574, 259, 264 
 Hayes, J370, 104 ; 1450, 157 ; i.576', 
 
 276 
 Heston, 1581, 282 
 Hillingdon, 1509, 72, 217, 223, 224 
 Hornsey, 1530, 214 
 Isleworth, 269; 1450, 157; 1544, 
 
 258 ; 1561, 131, 133 ; i.575, 259 
 Kilburn, St. Mary, 1380, 132 
 London — 
 
 All Hallows Barking, J4.37, 167, 
 171 ; i48.9, 168; 1510, 235; 
 ioJS, 168 ; 1535, 95, 97, 246 ; 
 1546, 226, 256 ; 1592, 247, 248 
 Great St. Helen, 1482, 140 ; ioOO, 
 140, 245 ; 1510, 223 ; 1514, 225 ; 
 io3.5, 231 
 St. Andrew Undershaft, 1539, 168, 
 
 171 
 St. Barlholomew-the-Less, 1439, 
 162 
 
 M idd lesex — contimied. 
 London — continued. 
 
 St. Catherine, Regent's Park, 
 
 1599, 245 
 St. Olave, Hart Street, 1516, 170, 
 
 244 
 Temple Church, 21, 27 
 Westminster Abbey, 4, 23, 37, 50, 
 60, 66, 67, 71, 80, 101, 114; 
 1395, 70, 112; 73.97, 69, 107, 
 112, 135; 1399, 40. 56, 57, 69; 
 1437, 114, 152; 1483, 188; J4yi*, 
 72, 103, 112, 113; 1505, 222 ; 
 1561, 141, 284; 1661, 296 
 British Museum, 95, 309 ; 1473, 
 
 258 ; 1550, 240 ; io7y, 259 
 South Kensington Museum, 99 
 Mimms, South, 1448, 157 
 Northolt, 1560, 257 ; 1610, 287 
 Pinner, 1580, 22S, 259 
 Willesdon, J492, 182; 1517, 123 
 
 Monmouthshire — 
 
 Abergavenny, 1631, 295 
 
 Norfolk— 
 
 Acle, 1627, 295 
 Antingham, J56"^, 243 
 Attlebridge, 1486, 207 ; J525, 203 
 Aylsham, 1490, 116; 14^9, 212: 
 
 15(77, 213 
 Barton Turf, 1497, 203 
 Bawburgh, 150.5, 213; 1531, 203, 
 
 204; 16(50, 215, 302 
 Beachamwell St. Mary, 1385, 104 
 Bintry, 1510, 203 
 Blickling, 136-0, 58 ; 1401, 148; 1458, 
 
 197 ; 1512, 228 
 Brampton, 1468, 211 
 Brancaster, 1485, 207 
 Brisley, 1531, 108 
 Buckenham, Old, 1520, 203 
 Burgh St. xMargaret, 1608, 287 
 Burlingham, South, 1540, 203 
 Burnham Thorpe, 1420, 152 
 Buxton, 1508, 203 
 Bylaugh, 1471, 11, 18S ; 1.J08, 203 
 Cley, 1.J12, 213; 1520, 124, 141 ; 
 
 1578, 259 
 Clippesby, 1.594, 277 
 Colney, 1502, 203 
 Creake, North, 150<\ 124 
 Creake, South, 1509, 132 
 Cressingham, Great, 1518, nS 
 Croslwight, 1497, 203 
 Dunston, 1649, 215
 
 3^4 
 
 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 N(.)ifolk — continueJ. 
 Eleing, lBi7 , 47, 49 
 Enineth, 68, 313 
 Erpingham, i4i5, 152 
 P'akenham, 1500, 207 
 Felbrigg, 1380, 52, 58; U16, 147, 
 
 152, 153; 1608, 277 
 Felniingham, Ibdl, 257 
 Fincham, 1520, 214 
 Fransham, Great, i;^i4, 150; 1500, 
 
 213 
 Frenze, J5i9, 131 ; i520, 214 
 Frettenham, 1420, 166 
 Guestwick, WOi, 203 
 Halvergate, 1540, 131, 256 
 Marling, West, U79, 105 ; i490, 222 
 Hedenham, 1502, 203 
 Heigham, i630, 297 
 Helbroughton, 145^0, 207 
 Hellesden, 1S70, 58, 233 
 Hindolvestone, i53i, 203 
 Holme-next-the-Sea, li05, 161, 165 ; 
 
 1582, 259 
 Hunstanton, i506, 44, 45, 72, 76, 217, 
 
 230 
 Ingoldisthorpe, 1Q08, 287 
 Itteringham, i4Si, 207 
 Ketteringham, i499, 230; 1530, 214 
 Kirby Bedon, i450, 205 ; 1505, 213 
 Loddon, 1462, 2<yj ; i546, 214 ; 15&1, 
 
 240 
 Ludham, 1635, 207 
 Lynn, St. Margaret, 308 ; 1349, 84, 
 
 86, 88, 89 ; 1364, 84, 85, 87-90 
 Lynn, West, 1503, 108 
 Martham, 1487, 207 
 Mattishall, 1507, 168 
 Merton, 1474, 206 ; 1520, 230 
 Methwold, i367, 52, 69 
 Metton, 1562, 257 
 Morston, 1596, 286 
 Narburgh, 154-5, 235 ; 1556, 180, 
 
 256 ; 1561, 182, 276 ; 158i, 276 
 Necton, 1372, 55, 56 ; 13S3, 56 
 Newton Flotman, 1571, 276 
 Northwold, 1531, 203 
 Norwich — 
 
 St. Andrew, 1527, 243 
 
 St. Ethelred, 1487, 105 
 
 St, George Colegate, 1472, 76 
 
 St. Giles, 1432, 158 ; 1499, 203 
 
 St. John Maddermarket, 1430, 
 166 ; 1472, 200 ; 1524, 76, 242 ; 
 1525, 76, 243 ; 15^, 131 ; 155S, 
 76, 131, 255 
 
 St, John Sepulchre, 1527, 274 
 
 Norfolk — continued. 
 Nor wich^-continueJ. 
 
 St. Laurence, 1425, 162 ; 1436, 
 161, 162; 1437, 76, 131, 132; 
 1452, 211, 212 
 St. Michael-at-PIea, 1588, 215 
 St. Michael Coslany, 1515, 203, 
 
 213 
 
 St. Peter Mancroft, 1568, 258, 263 
 Ormesby, Great, 1446, 206, 210; 
 
 1529, 225 ; 1538, 267 
 Paston, 1580, 259 
 Plumstead, Little, 1565, 276 
 Rainham, East, 1522, 141 
 Randworth, 1540, 206 
 Raveningham, 14S3, 191, 198 
 Reepham, 1391, 54, 69 
 Ringstead, Great, 1485, 106 
 Rougham, 1470, 176, 177 ; 1510, 228 
 Sail, 1440, 162; 1454, 211, 212; 
 
 1480, 257 ; 1482, 203 
 Salthouse, 1519, 203 
 Scoltovv, 1520, 203 
 Sculthorpe, 1470, 182 
 Sharington, 1486, 105 
 Shernborne, 1458, 187, 189, 190 
 Shotesham, 1528, 225 
 Sloley, 1500, 203 ; 1503, 203 
 Southacre, 1384, 42, 54 ; 1454, 207, 
 
 258 
 Sparham, 1490, 106 
 Stokesby, 1488, 222 ; 1506, 140 
 Strumpshaw, 1500, 203 
 Surlingham, 1460, 140 ; 1513, 203 
 Thwaite, 1469, 200 
 Trunch, 258 ; 1500, 203 ; 1530, 205 
 Upwell, 1428, 122, 123; 1435, 103, 
 
 123 
 Walpole St. Peter, 1537, 203 
 Walsham, North, 1519, 203; 1520, 
 
 203 ; 1625, 244 
 Walsingham, Little, 1520, 203 ; 1532, 
 
 203 
 Witlon, 1500, 131 
 Wiveton, 1512, 108; 1540, 214 
 Wiggenhall, 1450, 205 
 Wood Bailing, 1465, 105 ; 1510, 203 
 
 Northamptonshire — 
 
 Addington, Great, 1519, 106 
 Aldwinckle, 1463, 200 
 Ashby, Castle, 1401, 120, 127 
 Ashby St. Legers, 1494, 217, 230; 
 1500, 230 ; 1505, 11 ; 1510, 140 
 I Barton, Earls, 1512, 182 
 I Blakesley, 1416, 147, 152
 
 INDEX OF PLACES 
 
 325 
 
 Northamptonshire — continned. 
 Blatherwycke, 1548, 239 
 Blisworth, 1503, 222 
 Boddington, 1G27 , 295 
 Brampton, Church, 1585, 215 
 Brington, Great, 134D, 75, 139 
 Burton Latimer, 1500, 213 
 Chacomb, 154B, 234, 244 
 Charwelton, 1541, 225, 267 
 Cotterstock, 1420, 76, 122, 127 
 Easton Neston, 1552, 167, 168, 171, 
 
 239 
 Fawsley, 1495, 223 ; 1516, 208, 209, 
 
 230 ; 1557, 239 
 Floore, 1498, 222 ; 1510, 234 ; 1537, 
 
 82 
 Green's Norton, 1462, 1S7, 190 
 Harrowden, Great, 1433, 76, 152 
 Higham Ferrers, 1337, 70, loi, 104 ; 
 
 14m, 80 ; 1425, 165 ; 1498, 106 ; 
 
 1504, 244 ; ioJO, 207 ; 1523, 123 
 Kettering, i63i, 296 
 Lowick, 1467 , 192, 194 
 Marholm, 1534, 231 
 Newton-by-Geddington, i^OO, 78, 79 
 Newton Bromshold, 142Q, 106 
 Northampton, St. Sepulchre, IG^, 
 
 296 
 Peterborough, 102 
 Preston Deanery, U22, 277 
 Rothwell, 1301, 120 
 Stoke Bruerne, 1625, 287, 295 
 Sudborough, 1415, 102, 161 
 Tansor, 144D, 105 
 Wappenham, i4S/, 176, 178 
 Wark worth, 1420, 163 
 Woodford-by-Thrapstone, 1580, 276 
 Woodford-cum-Mcmbris, J42.'J, 105 
 
 Northumberland — 
 
 Newcastle, All Saints, 1429, 95 
 
 Nottinghamshire — 
 Hawton, 313 
 Hickling, 1521, 106 
 Markham, East, 1419, 157 
 Newark, 1375, 84, 91, 92 ; 1447, 173 ; 
 
 1715, 305 
 Ossington, i5.57, 258, 260 
 Strelley, 14'S7 , 222 
 
 Oxfordshire — 
 
 Aston Rowant, 313 
 Bampton, i420, 116 
 Bright well Baldwin, 1370, 39 ; 1439, 
 173. 176 
 
 Oxfordshire — continued. 
 Broughton, 1414, 158 
 Burford, 1437, 73, 76, 166 
 Cassington, 1414, 82 ; 1590, 215 
 Chalgrove, i442, 156 
 Charlton-on-Otmoor, 1475, 122 
 Checkendon, J404, 71, 179, 180 
 Chinnor, 1320, 14, 29, 30, 78 ; 1381, 
 
 139; 1385, 51, 54. 55; ^-^6^^. 54; 
 1390, 56 ; i.T(92, 54 ; 1410, 161 
 Deddington, 1370, 58 ; J660, 35 
 Dorchester, 1510, 131, 133 
 Eweime, 1436, 152 ; J460, 140 ; 1494, 
 
 257 ; i5i7, 141 ; 1518. 225 
 Hampton Poyle, 1424, 156 
 1 1 and borough, i56V, 215 
 Haseley, Great, 1494, 116 ; 1497, 212 
 Ileythorpe, i52J, 225 
 Ijisden, 1525, 265 
 Lewknor, 1370, 126; i3S0, 58 
 Lillingstone Lovell, 141Q, 207 
 Mapledurham, 7395, 69 
 Noke, J5.%\ 180 
 Northleigh, 1415, 152 
 Northstoke, 7370, 124 
 Norton, Chipping, 1450, 161 ; 1451, 
 
 167 
 Nuffield, i360, 58 
 Oddington, 1500, 213, 214 
 Oxford- 
 All Souls College, J490, 140 ; 1510, 
 
 136, 140 
 Christ Church Cathedra), 1460, 
 
 200 ; 1557 , 118, 239 
 Corpus Christi College, 1530, 214 
 Magdalen College, 1478, 140 ; 
 i480, 122 ; J500, 140 ; 1501, 136, 
 140; 1502, 140; i575, 118; 
 J523, 136, 141 ; 1558, 239 
 Merton College, 1310, 14, 29, 78, 
 126; 1372, 79, 139; 1420, 76, 
 77, 136, 139; -^445, 140; 7477, 
 122, 127 ; 7.579, 141 
 New College, 7403, 120, 126 ; 7477, 
 72, 112 ; 7427, 139; 7447, 137, 
 140 ; 7447, 140 ; 7457, 140 ; 
 7468, 140; 7472, 212 ; 747S, 
 140 ; 7479, 140 ; 7494, 122, 126 ; 
 7.508, 136, 140 ; 7570, 182 ; 7527, 
 123 ; 7525, 112 
 Queen's College, 1518, 118, 119, 
 123 ; 7676, 73, no, iii, 287, 
 290, 291 
 Holywell Church, 7622, 284 
 St. Mary Magdalen, 1574, 259 
 St. Mary-the-Virgin, 7507, 116
 
 326 
 
 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Oxfordshire — continued. 
 Oxford — continued. 
 St. Peter-in-the-East, io74, 259, 
 260 
 RoUright, Great, 1522, 106 
 Rotherfield-Greys, 1387, 54 
 Shipton-under-Wychwood, J54>9, 215, 
 
 255 
 Shirburn, 1493, 234 
 
 Somerton, 15n2, 182, 239 
 
 Soulderne, I'yOS, 106 
 
 Stanton Harcourt, J460, 200 ; 1519, 
 
 106 
 
 Stoke Lyne, 1535, 238 
 
 Stokenchurch, lilO, 163 ; 14:12, 163 
 
 Swinbrook, 1510, 230 
 
 Tew, Great, 1410, 72, 150; 1500, 
 
 234 
 Thame, 306; J460, 1S7, 188; J502, 
 
 168, 170; 1539, 231 
 Waterperry, i370, 55, 56 ; J.>27, 267 
 Watlington, 1501, 213 
 Whitchurch, J4.56, 105 ; Jf670, 287 
 Witney, 1500, 168, 170, 234 
 Woodstock, 1441, 161 
 
 Rutland— 
 
 Casterton, Little, 1410, 148, 149 
 Liddington, ioSO, 225 
 
 Shropshire — 
 
 Acton Burnell, 1382, 54, 69 
 Adderley, J390, 112, 115 ; 15Q0, 276 
 Burford, 206 ; 1370, 56 
 Edgmond, 1533, 214 
 Tong, M67, 188, 190; 1510, 116; 
 
 ioiZ, 141, 204 
 
 Upton Cressett, 1640, 34 
 Withington, 1530, 123 
 
 Somersetshire — ■ 
 Cheddar, 1460, 198 
 Chedzoy, 1490, 222 
 Churchill, 7572, 276 
 Cossington, 1524, 225 
 Ilminster, 7440, 156 ; 1618, 272, 273 
 Ilton, 1508, 213 
 Petherton, South, 7450, 152 
 St. Decumans, 7596, 277 
 Shepton Mallett, 1649, 296 
 Swainswick, 7459, 162 
 Wed more, 7650, 207 
 Wells Cathedral, 4 ; 7465, 1 16 ; 7626, 
 
 296 
 Yeovil, 7460, 131 
 
 Staffordshire — 
 Audley, 7585, 54 
 
 Clifton Campviile, 7560, 55, 75, 265 
 Croxden Abbey. 254, 255 
 Elford, 7627, 287 
 Ilanbury, 7480, 122 
 Kinver, 7528, 225 
 Norbury, 7550, 55 ; 7667, 302 
 Okeover, 7447, 72, 267 
 
 Suffolk- 
 Acton, 7502, 14, 18, 22 
 Ampton, 7490, 265 
 Barningham, 7499, 140 
 Barsham, 7475, 152 
 Benhali, 7677, 277 
 Bradley, Little, 7584, 247 
 Braiseworth, 7569, 276 
 . Brundish, 7560, 104 ; 7560, 276 
 Burgale, 7409, 71, 148 
 Bury St. Edmund's, 254 ; 7480, 200 ; 
 7.574, 116, 117 
 . Campsey Ash, 7.504, 106 
 Denham, 7574, 259 
 Easton, 7584, 276 
 Eyke, 7450, 173, 175; 1619, 2S7 
 Gazeley, 7.550, 204 
 Gorleston, 7.920, 14, 21-23 
 Hadleigh, 7560, 258, 260 
 Halesworth, 7.587, 259 
 Ipswich — 
 
 St. Mary Quay, 7525, 95-97, 163, 
 
 246 
 St. Mary Tower, 7475, 181, 182; 
 
 1506, 182, 244 
 St. Nicholas, 7475, 200 
 
 Kenton, 7.524, 230 
 
 Lavenham, 7486, 212, 213 ; 7650, 228 
 
 Letheringham, 7589, 54 ; 7400, 42 
 
 Lowestoft, 7.500, 213 
 
 Melford, Long, 7480, 198 
 
 Monewden, 7595, 286. 288 
 
 Orford, 7,580, 259 
 
 Oulton, 125 
 
 Pakeficld, 7477, 161 ; 74.57, 140 
 
 Play ford, 7400, 42, 148 
 
 Polstead, 7440, 105 
 
 Rendham, 7525, 204 
 
 Rougham, 7405, 148 
 
 Sotterley, 7479, 188 ; 7650, 296 
 
 Stonham Aspall, 1606, 287 
 
 Stowmarket, 7638, 215 
 
 Thurlow, Great, 7460, 188 
 
 Ufford, 7.598, 215, 244 
 
 Walton, 74.59, 200 
 
 Wenham, Little, 7574, 217, 225
 
 INDEX OF PLACES 
 
 327 
 
 Suffolk — continued. 
 
 Wrentham, lodS, 277 
 . Yoxford, 1428, 152 ; 148a, 211, 212 ; 
 
 mi3, 279 
 
 Surrey — 
 
 Addiiigtoii, U40, 225 
 
 Albury, 1440, 156 
 
 Beddington, U2ri, 82 ; 14?^2, 162 
 
 Betchworth, 1533, 106 
 
 Bookham, Great, IQOS, 302, 304 
 
 Byfleet, 14S9, 116 
 
 Camberwell, 312 ; lo82, 260 
 
 Carshalton, 1490, 222 
 
 Charlwood, loHS, 239 
 
 Cheam, 1370, 58 ; 1542, 234, 256 
 
 Cobham, JoOO, 235 ; 1550, 256 
 
 Cranley, 1503, 235, 237 
 
 Crowhiirst, 7450, 157 
 
 Croydon. 1512, 123 
 
 Ewell, 1519, 2:50 
 
 Horley, 7420, 72, 157 ; 1516, 267 
 
 Horsell, 1619, 247 
 
 Horsley, East, 747S, 109, 112 
 
 Kingston-on-Thames, 1437, 162 
 
 Lambeth, St. Mary, 1535, 231 ; 1545, 
 
 226 
 Lingfield, 7.970, 55, 56; 7405, 150; 
 
 1420, 1 58 ; 74C9, 105 ; 1503, 106 
 Merstham, 7498, 222 
 Molesey, West, 7570, 213 
 Ockham, 7360, 126 
 Oxted, 74SO, 198 
 Pepper Harrow, 74S7, 82, 234 
 Puttenham, 74.37, 705 
 Richmond, 759/, 278 
 Shere, 7472, 105 
 Stoke d'Abernon, 7277, 14, 15, 37, 
 
 38 ; 1327, 14, 23 ; 1464, 198 ; 7576, 
 
 213, 228 
 Thorpe, 75S5, 244 
 Walton-on-Thames, 75'S7, 266 
 Weybridge, 7520, 214 
 Wonersh, 7578, 259 
 
 Sussex — 
 
 Amberley, 7424, 42, 43, 192 
 
 Ardingley, 7504, 217, 222 
 
 Arundel, 7479, 1 16 ; 7445, 105 ; 7465, 
 
 187 
 Battle, 7426, 152 ; 7430, 105 ; 7675, 
 
 287, 289 
 Bodiam, 7360, 52 ; 7573, 213 
 Broadwater, 7432, 122, 126, 147; 
 
 7445, 82 
 Buxted, 7408, 78, 79 ; 7450, 166 
 
 .Sussex — continued. 
 
 Clapham, 7526, 228-230, 234 
 Cowfold, 7433, 71, 131, 133, 134, 142 
 Etchinghani, 7388, 54 ; 7444, 72, 157 ; 
 
 7480, 198 
 Firle, West, 7638, 215 
 Fletching, 7380, 52 ; 7395, 42 ; 7450, 
 
 161 
 (Jrinstead, East, 7505, 222 
 Ilnrsham, 74/7, 120, 123, 126; 7430, 
 
 103 
 Ilurstmonceux, W^2, 148, 163, 233 
 I den, 7427, 105 
 Ifield, 23 
 Isfield, 7579, 276 
 Ore, 7400, 75, 161 
 
 Pulljorough, 7423, 72, 122 ; 7452, 162 
 Rusper, 7.370, 58 
 Slaugham, 7547, 235, 239 
 Stopham, 7460, 201 ; 7478, 201 ; 7674, 
 
 277 
 Storrington, 7597, 286 
 Ticehurst, 7370, 52 ; 7.T46, 267 
 Trotton, 7370, 14, 27, 28, 37, 68 ; 
 
 7479, 33, 72, 144, 145, 154 
 Warbleton, 7456, 72, 122, 127 
 Warminghurst, 7554, 241 
 Wiston,"7426, 41, 152, 153 
 
 Warwickshire — 
 Aston, 7545, 180 
 Baginton, 7407, 42, 148 
 Barcheston, 7530, 141 
 Coleshill, 7.500, 107 ; 7566, 286 
 Compton ^'erney, 7.556, 225 ; 7630, 
 
 296 
 Coughton, 7570, 223 
 Exhall, 1566, 276 
 Haseley, 7573, 259, 276 
 Itchington, Long, 7674, 302, 303 
 Merevale, 7472, 144 
 Middleton, 7476, 176 
 Shuckborough Superior, 7.549, 239 
 Upton, 7.587, 286, 287 
 Warwick — 
 
 St. Mary, 64, 187 ; ^407, 42, 143 
 
 St. Nicholas, 7424, 105 
 Wellesbourne. 7426, 147, 152 
 Whichford, 7582, 285. 
 Wixfovd, 7477, 150, 153 
 Wolford, 31 
 Wootton Wawen, 7505, 222 
 
 Westmoreland — 
 Moriand, 7.562, 257 
 .Musgrave, Great, 1500, 106
 
 128 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Wiltshire— 
 
 Aldbournc, 150S, lo6, 204 
 Bromham, 1516, 225 ; 1578, 276 
 , Clyffe I'ypard, 1380, 52 
 
 Dauntsey, 1514, 225 ; 1535, 234 
 Draycot Cerne, 1394, 54 
 Fovant, 1492, 140, 234 
 Lavington, West, 1570, 258, 263 
 Laycock, 206 ; 1501, 230 
 Mere, 1395, 54 
 Newnton, Long, 1503, 108 
 Ramsbury, 206 
 Salisbury — 
 Cathedral, 4, 206, 313 ; 1375, 112 ; 
 
 1578, 290 
 St. Thomas, 306 
 Tisbury, 1590, 25 1 
 
 Wardour Castle, 263 ; 1573, 258 ; 
 1577, 259 ; 15S6, 260 
 
 Worcestershire — 
 
 Alvechurch, 1524, 225 
 
 IMockley, 1488, 140, 204 ; 1500, 108 
 
 Bredon, 1650, 296 
 
 Fladbury, 1445, 147 ; i4oS, 126 ; 
 
 1504, 106 
 Kidderminster, J4i5, 72, 152, 157,164 
 Strensham, 1390, 54 ; 1405, 14S ; 
 
 J562, 240 
 Tredington, 1427, 122, 126; U82, 
 
 116 
 
 Yorkshire — 
 
 Aldborough, 1360, 42, 52, 210 
 
 Aughton, 1466, 188 
 
 Bainton, i429, 105 
 
 Bedale, 21, 27 ; 1681, 35 
 
 Beeford, 1472, 122, 123 
 
 Birstall, iGcJ2, 215 
 
 Bolton-by-Bolland, 1509, 230 
 
 Bradfield, 1640, 34 
 
 Brandsburton, ^364, 75; 1397, 11, 
 
 54, 210 
 Burton, Bishop, 1460, 202 
 Catterick, i49^, 222 
 Cottingham, 1383, 69, 120 
 Cowthorpe, 1494, 176, 178 
 Fountains Abbey, 109 
 Hampsthwaite, 1380, 58 
 Harpham, 1445, 156 
 Ilelm-lev, i67i, 34 
 Hornby,' i4S9, 131 
 Howden, 1621, 257 
 Hull, Holy Trinity, 1451, 163 
 Ingleby Arncliffe, 1674, 35 
 Kirby Wharfe, 1480, 122 
 
 Yorkshire — coittinued. 
 
 Kirkheaton, 1665, 300, 302 
 
 Kirkleatham, 1631, 2i,(i 
 
 Leeds, St. Peter, 1459, 188; i469, 
 202 ; 1709, 305 
 
 Lowthorpe, 1669, 34 
 
 Normanton, i668, 34 
 
 Nunkeeling, 1629, 34 
 
 Owston, J409, 161, 163 
 
 I^ipley, 1429, 202 
 
 Routh, 1410, 150, 152, 157 
 
 Rudstone, 1677, 35 
 
 Sessay, J5o0, 123, 127, 239, 256 
 
 Sheriff Hutton, 1657, 300 
 
 Sprotborough, 147/4, 18S 
 
 Thornton Watlass, 1669, 302 
 
 Topcliffe, 1391, 84, 94, 258 
 
 Wath, 1420, 173 
 
 Wensley, J360, 84, 93, 103, 104, 202 
 
 Winestead, 1540, 258 
 
 York- 
 All Saints, 1642, 294 
 Minster, 309 ; 1315, 14, 32, 109, 
 
 112; 1595, 293, 294 
 St. Cross Parish Room, 1597 , 294 
 St. Michael Spurriergate, 1466, 
 
 202 ; 1681, 35 
 St. Michael-le-Belfry, 1680, 35 ; 
 
 1&83, 35 
 St. Sampson, 1680, 35 
 
 Wales 
 
 Beaumaris, Anglesea, 1530, 234 
 Bettws, Montgom., 1531, 106 
 Haverfordwest, Pemb., i6.54, 300 
 Llanrwst, Denbigh, 303 ; 1658, 35, 300; 
 
 1671, 35, 302 
 Swansea, Glam., 1500, 222, 235 
 
 Scotland 
 Aberdeen, 1613, li, 95, 97, 98, 294 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Dublin, St. Patrick, 1528, 118, 218 
 1537, 118, 218 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Antwerp, 12, 97, 99 
 Bruges, 83, 92 
 Brussels, 83, 97
 
 INDEX OF PLACES 
 
 ,29 
 
 Ghent, 83, 257 
 Ypres, 92, 264 
 
 Holland 
 
 Middleburgh, 263 
 
 Denmark 
 Ringstead, 83, 90, 91 
 
 Germany 
 
 Cologne, 2, 92, 99 
 Hamburg, 92 
 Hildesheim, 13, 83 
 Lubeck, 83, 90-92 
 Schwerin, 83, 90-92 
 Stralsund, 83, 92 
 Thorn, 83, 88 
 Verden, 13, 83
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 Adoration, the, 235 
 
 Agincourt, Battle of, 144, 146, 153 
 
 Agnus Dei, the, 90, no, 162 
 
 Aileward, Thos., 128 
 
 Airay, Dr., 290, 291 
 
 Allen, Dr., 249 
 
 Alphonsus' Clericalis Discipliiia, 64 
 
 Andrews, Mr., 213 
 
 Anelace, the, 60, 124, 168, 175, 177, 
 
 199 
 Anne of Bohemia, 60, 143 
 Annunciation, the, lor, 234 
 Antiquarian Repertory, the, 266 
 Antiquaries, Society of, 175 
 Antwerp, Siege of, 208 
 Archaological yoiirnal, the, lO, 249 
 Arderne, Sir Peter, 176 
 Argentein, Dr., 137, 138 
 Armourers, Milanese, 65, 187 
 Asger, John, 161 
 Asheton, Nich., 285 
 Ask with, Robt., 294 
 Assheton, Ralph, 300 
 Atkinson, Thos., 294 
 Attelath, Robt., 309 
 Aumberdene, Nichole de, 47, 58 
 
 Bache, Canon, 147 
 Bacon, John, 171, 208 
 Badges. See Heraldry. 
 Bailby, Rich., 161 
 Ballett, Rich., 244 
 Barnet, Battle of, 186 
 Bartelot, John, 201 
 Barton, \\' alter, 254 
 Baxter, Rich., 158 
 Beauchamp, Rich., 64, 187 
 Beauchamp, Sir Simon de, 4 
 Beauchamp, Thos. de, 42, 143 
 Beaumont, Adam, 302 
 Beaumont, Bishop, 70, 313, 314 
 Beaumont, Lord, 223, 227 
 
 Beauver, Robt., 132 
 
 Bedstead brasses, 2S2 
 
 Belcher, Mr. H. G., 310 
 
 Bell, Bishop John, 115, 239 
 
 Bell, Bishop Rich., 112, 115 
 
 Berkeley, Marquis, 234 
 
 Berkyng, Rich, de, 4 
 
 Bertlot, Rich., 201 
 
 Berwick, capitulation of, 254 
 
 Bewfforeste, Abbot, 133 
 
 Bill, Dean, 284 
 
 Billingford, Dr., 137 
 
 BiUyng, Judge, 178 
 
 Bingham, Bishop, 4, 313 
 
 Black Book, the, 250 
 
 Black Death, the, 46 
 
 Black Prince, tomb of, 63, 64, 71 
 
 Bladigdone, John, 29 
 
 Blakwey, Wm., 136 
 
 Blodwell, Dr., 70, 129, 185 
 
 Blomfield's N'orfolk, 205 
 
 Bloxham, John, 76, 136 
 
 Bohun, Alianore de, 57, 67, 69, 135 
 
 Bohun, Humphrey de, 23 
 
 Boselyngthorpe, Sir John de, 17, 38 
 
 Bosworth, Battle of,"i83, 21S 
 
 Bosworth, John, 303 
 
 Bourchier, Lord Treasurer, 154 
 
 Bourgchier, Lord, 144 
 
 Boutell, the Rev. Chas., 84, 109, 149, 
 
 168 
 Bownell, Constance, 282 
 Bowthe, Bishop, 115 
 Bradshawe, Hen., 180 
 Braunche, Robt., 5, 84, 85 
 Braybrok, Sir Reg., 71 
 Brewys, Sir John de, 41, 153 
 Brook, Sir Thos., 160 
 Brooke, Sir John, 227 
 Brooke, Sir Thos., 226 
 Brounflet, Sir Thos., 147 
 Browne, John, 274 
 
 330
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 "> n 1 
 
 Browne, Wm., 171, 172 
 
 Brystowe, Hugh, 238 
 BuUen, Sir Thos., 154, 155 
 Bulowe, Bishops de, 90, 91 
 Bulstrode, Marg., 254 
 Bures, Sir Robt. de, 16, 18 
 Bushe, Thos., 170 
 Byngham, Sir Rich., 176 
 
 Caerlaverock, Siege of, 21 
 
 Calais, Staple of, 166, 170, 171, 173 
 
 Calthorp, Rich., 243 
 
 Camoys, Margarete de, 27, 28, 37 
 
 Camoys, Lord Thos., 144, 145, 154 
 
 Canteys, Mich., 158 
 
 Carre, John, 247 
 
 Cassy, Sir John, 173, 174 
 
 Castle in a brass, 114 
 
 Castyll, Marg., 191 
 
 Catisby, Wm., 11 
 
 Chains of office, 226 
 
 Chantries, suppression of, 251, 256 
 
 Chapman, Robt., 204 
 
 Charterhouse, dissolution of, 250 
 
 Chaucer, 6, 39, 46 
 
 Chetwode, John, 163 
 
 Cheyne, Thos., 54 
 
 Chichele, Wm., 165 
 
 Chingenberg, John, 84 
 
 Chiverton, Rich., 297 
 
 Chrysom children, 227, 228 
 
 Chute, Marg., 2S2, 283 
 
 Cinquentenaire, Palais de, 97 
 
 Cinque Ports, the, 245 
 
 Clark, John, 243 
 
 Clopton, Margery, 199 
 
 Coats-of-arms. Se-e HERALDRY. 
 
 Cobham, Joan de, 27, 68 
 
 Cobham, John, the Founder, 68 
 
 Cobham, John, the Host, 69 
 
 Cobham, Marg., 68 
 
 Cod, Thos., 265 
 
 Codryngtoun, Preb., 118, 121 
 
 Coffin chalices, 201 
 
 Cole, Canon, 239 
 
 Coles, Geo., 296 
 
 Colet, Dean, 216 
 
 Collar of SS., 148-150, 152, 157, 160, 
 194, 266 
 
 Collar of Suns and Roses, 176, 194, 195 
 
 Colwell, Rich., 245 
 
 Conquest, Elizih., 226 
 
 Conquest, Rich., 221 
 
 Cooke, Anth., 279 
 
 Cooke, Robt., Clarencieux, 245 
 
 Coorthopp, Dean, 239 
 
 Copleston, Isabella, 261, 262 
 
 Copperplate engraving, 34 
 
 Cornwayle, Edm., 206 
 
 Corp, John, 60 
 
 Corteville, Sire Louis, 99 
 
 Cotman's Norfolk and Suffolk Brasses, 
 
 87, 160, 175, 212 
 Cotrel, Jas., 293, 294 
 Cotton, Robt., 279 
 Cottusmore, Chief Justice, 176 
 Cotyng, Wm., 207 
 Coulthirst, Robt., 246 
 Courtenay, Sir Peter, 147, 154 
 Cradle brasses, 298 
 Cranley, Archbishop, 112, 115 
 Crecy, Battle of, 50 
 Credo, the, 127 
 
 Creeny's Cofiiituntal Brasses, 83 
 Creke, Lady, 254 
 Crests. See Heraldry. 
 Crokker, Sir John, 226 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 302 
 Cromwell, Lord Treasurer, Ralph, 154, 
 
 185 
 Cromwell, Thos., Compertn, 130, 250 
 Cross-legged effigies, 22 
 Crozier, the, 109 
 Crucifix, the, 82, 115 
 Cruwe, Thos. de, 153 
 Cullen plates, 2, 64 
 Curson, Sir John, 11 
 Curteys, John, 58, 60, 171 
 
 Daubernoun, Sir John, 4, 15, 16, 37, 
 
 38,41 
 Davis, Mr. C. T., 11 
 Daye, John, 247 
 Deacons, brasses of, 108, 265 
 Delamere, Abliot, 5, 90, 114 
 Dely, Marg., 133 
 Dencourt, Elizth., 198 
 Denot, Peter, 161 
 Destruction of brasses, 130, 160, 178, 
 
 251, 252, 306 ; of slabs, 22, 311 
 Dignitaries of the Church, 118 
 Dogs, named pet, 160, 175 
 Dunbar, Bailie of, 308 
 Dunche, Wm., 277, 278 
 Dye, Wm., 284 
 Dyve, Sir John, 267 
 
 Edmonds, Thos., 247 
 Edward HI., tomb of, 62, 71 
 Mikon Basilike, the, 290 
 Elijah and Elisha, 292 
 Eleanor, tomb of Queen, 62, 67
 
 332 
 
 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Eltham, John of, 23 
 
 Emblems, 290, 292, 297 
 
 Enamelled shields, 27, 37, 62, 64 
 
 Englysche, Thos., 265 
 
 Engravers of book illustrations, 290 
 
 Engravers, provincial, 34, 78, 106, 132, 
 
 202, 203, 213, 231, 263, 297 
 Eric Menved, King, 83, 90, 92 
 I'^rmyn, \Vm., 127 
 Esmey, Abbot, 103, 112-I14 
 Etampes, Charles d', 25 
 Evangelistic symbols, 41, 82, 102, 226, 
 
 245 
 Evelyn the diarist, 308 
 
 Evyngar, Andrew, 97, 246 
 
 Eyer, John, 182 
 
 Farrer, Mr. E., 310 
 
 Felbrig, Symond de, 60 
 
 Felbrygge, Sir Symon, 147, 153 
 
 Fenton, John, 286 
 
 Fermor, Thos., 10 
 
 Fermoure, Wm., 182 
 
 Feme, Bishop, 296 
 
 Ferrers of Chartley, Lord, 144 
 
 Field, Rev. H. E., 313 
 
 Fienlez, Sir Wm., 163 
 
 Finiquerra, Maza, 34 
 
 Fitz-Alan, Brian, Lord, 21 
 
 Fitzherbert, Sir Anth., 254 
 
 Fitzwilliam Museum, 50 
 
 Fleming, Alan, 5, 92 
 
 Fordyce's History of Diir/ia»i, 308 
 
 Fortey, John, 163, 168, 169, 185 
 
 Foster's Feudal Coats, 36 
 
 Fox, Myghell, 244 
 
 Foxley, Sir John, 8 
 
 Franklin, Eliza, 284 
 
 Franks, Sir W. , 255 
 
 Frekylton, Hen., 204 
 
 Frilende, Walter, 126 
 
 French characteristics, 25, 33 
 
 Fyche, Geoff., 218 
 
 Fylfot cross, 125, 126 
 
 Fynche, Rich., 246 
 
 Fynderne, Wm., 44, 192 
 
 Fynexs, Archdeacon, 116, 117 
 
 Gadburye, Rich., 280, 281 
 
 Gage, Mr. John, 21 
 
 Gardner, Mr. Starkie, 220, 275 
 
 Garter, Order of the. Knights, 65, 144, 
 
 145. 153. 154, 185, 195 ; Canons, 
 
 123, 239. 
 Gasquet's English Monastic Life, 130 
 
 Geoffrey of Anjou, 36 
 Geographical distribution, 310 
 Geste, 13ishop, 290 
 Gloves, pair of, 161 
 Golden Legend, the, 233 
 Goldsmiths' work, 198, 214 
 Goldwell, Nich., 136 
 Goodryke, Bishop, 115, 239 
 Gosebourne, Robt., 11 
 Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, 84 
 Graa, Thos., 11 
 Greenwood, Benj., 305 
 Gregorian Calendar, 94 
 Grenefeld, Archbishop, 32 
 Grevel, Wm., 168 
 Grey, Sir Anth., 194 
 Grocyn, 216 
 Guardian angel, 130 
 Gyll, Rich., 226 
 Gypciere, the, 231 
 
 Haines, Rev. Herbert, 109, 182, 205, 
 
 269, 306 
 Hakebech, Sir Adam de, 68 
 Ilakeboiirne, Rich, de, 29 
 Halberd, the, 237 
 Hanseatic League, the, 84, 92, 161 
 Hansart, Anth., 235 
 Hanson, Robt., 267 
 Hardyng, Robt., 237 
 Harison, Alice, 284 
 Harleston, Alice, 199 
 Harpedon, Sir John, 114 
 Harsnett, Archbishop, iio, 295 
 Harsyck, Sir John, 42 
 Harsyk, Sir Roger, 258 
 Harwedon, John, 76 
 Hastings, Sir Hugh, 48, 49 
 Hatche, Henry, 231, 232, 245 
 Hatche, Joan, 227 
 Hautryve, Ur., 137 
 Hawberk, Sir Nich., 71 
 Hawkins, Thos., 275 
 Haywarde, John, 245 
 Heere, John and Gerard de, 97 
 Henry IH., tomb of, 62 
 Henry VH., tomb of, 66 
 Heraldry — 
 
 Coats-of-arms — 
 
 Ashton, 302 
 
 Bacon, 21 
 
 Bagot, 148 
 
 Beauchamp, 42, 143 
 
 Beaumont, 302 
 
 Bohemia, 153 
 
 Brewers Company, 247
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 000 
 
 Heraldry — continued. 
 
 Coa.\.i-o{-siims— continued. 
 Bures, 19 
 
 Carpenters Company, 247 
 Chiverton, 298 
 Clothworkers Company, 247 
 Creke, 25 
 
 Daubernoun, 15, 41 
 Drapers Company, 244 
 Dyve, 267 
 
 East Land Company, 245 
 Edward the Confessor, 153 
 Ely, Deanery of, 289 
 Ely, See of, 128 
 England, 128 
 Ermyn, 127 
 Felbrigg, 148 
 Ferrers, 42, 143 
 Fishmongers Company, 247 
 Flanders, 128 
 France (Old), 128 
 Fulburne, 127 
 Fynderne, 44, 192 
 Gestingthorpe, 42 
 Giffard, 50 
 
 Goldsmiths Company, 244 
 Grocers Company, 244 
 Haberdashers Company, 245 
 
 Hainault, 128 
 Harsyck, 42 
 
 Hastings, 50 
 
 Holland, 128 
 
 Holland, Lord, 199 
 
 Holy Roman Empire, 153 
 
 Ironmongers Company, 247 
 
 King, 300 
 
 Mercers Company, 242 
 
 Merchant Adventurers, 242 
 
 Merchant Tailors Company, 245 
 
 Norwich, City of, 242 
 
 Powis, 199 
 
 Queens' College, 289 
 
 Rugge, 243 
 
 Salters Company, 246 
 
 Say, 194 
 
 Setvans, 41 
 
 Skinners Company, 244 
 
 Staple of Calais, 170 
 
 Stationers Company, 247 
 
 Trumpington, 18, 41 
 
 Valence, 37 
 
 Vintners Company, 247 
 
 Wantele, 42 
 Crests and badges — 
 
 Bear and Ragged Staff for War- 
 wick, 40, 65, 143 
 
 Heraldry — continued. 
 
 Crests and Ijadges — continued. 
 
 Boar's Head for Bacon, 22; for 
 
 Vernon, 191 
 Broomscods for Plantagenet, 61 
 Dolphin for a fishmonger, 80 
 Elephant for Beaumont, 80, 223 
 Fox for Foxley, 75 
 ISIaple-leaf for Mapylton, J26 
 Miner for Baynham, 156 
 Portcullis for Beaufort, 194 
 Ram for wool-staplers, 171 
 Stork for Stokke, 171 
 Swan for Bohun, 40, 157 
 Turkey's Feathers for Harsyck, 42 
 Well for Colwell, 245 
 Whealsheaf for Aileward, 127 
 White Hart for Richard IL, 61 
 
 Herwy, Abbess, 133 
 
 Heylesdone, Rich, de, 60 
 
 Hodges, Captain, 208 
 
 Holl, Thos., 297 
 
 Holme, Thos., Clarencicux, 245 
 
 Holte, Thos., 180 
 
 Honywode, Archdeacon, 73, 218, 219 
 
 Home, Elizth., 255 
 
 Hornebolt, Marg., 97 
 
 Hovener, Albert, 84 
 
 Hudson's Brasses ojf Northamptonshire, 
 
 165 
 Hundred \ ears' War, the, 6, 146, 183 
 Hurst, Leonard, 284 
 Hyde, Laurence, 251 
 Hyde, Wm., 253 
 
 Ifield, Sir John d', 23 
 Ingeborg, Queen, 83, 90 
 Ingylton, Robt., 180, 184, 1S5, 222 
 Initials on brasses, 126, 163 
 Instruments of the Passion, 227 
 Invocations, 40, 166, 191 
 Iseni, Sir Wm. d', 68 
 Iso von Wilpe, 13 
 
 Jeanne Dare, 146 
 Jocelyn, Bishop, 4 
 Johnson, Hugh, 28S 
 Juyn, Sir John, 175 
 
 Keriell, Jane, 198 
 Kervile, Sir Robt., 205 
 Kidwelly, David, 200 
 King, Dorothy, 298, 30I 
 Knyghlley, Thos., 208, 209 
 Knyghtleye, Sir Edm., 223
 
 -I -> f 
 
 00- 
 
 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Lace, 297 
 Lake, Bishop, 296 
 Laken, Sir Wm., 176 
 Lambarde, Silvester, 282 
 Langton, Dr., 118, 119 
 Langlon, Wm., 202 
 Lawrence, Abbot, 132 
 Lee, Henry, 257 
 Leeds, Edw., 287 
 Legh, Roger, 233 
 Leland, 171 
 
 Le Strange, Lord, 223, 224 
 Le Strange, Sir Roger, 44, 45 
 Le Straunge, Sir Thos., 147 
 Leventhorp, John, 226 
 Liddel, Dr., 11, 97, 98, 294 
 Limoges enamels, 36, 37 
 Lloyd, David, 136 
 Lodyngton, Wm. de, 175 
 London, John, 136 
 Longespe, Bishop, 206 
 Lost brasses, 22 
 Luke, Nich., 180 
 Luke, Sir Waller, 180 
 Lupton, Dr., 124 
 Lysle, Sir John, 151 
 
 Mackerell's History of Lynn, 308 
 
 Magewik, Alice, 256 
 
 Magnus, Thos., 239 
 
 Malory's Morte Darthur, 63 
 
 Malyns, Reg. de, 55 
 
 Manning, Mr. Percy, 292 
 
 Manufacture of brass in England, 8, 269 
 
 Mapylton, John, 147 
 
 Mareys, Joan, 212 
 
 Marsham, John, 243 
 
 Martyn, Judge, 175, 210 
 
 Martyn, Rich., 158, 159 
 
 Mason, Thos., 136 
 
 Mass of St. Gregory, 233 
 
 Merchants' marks, 7, 162, 168, 170, 
 
 215, 242 
 Merton, 13ishop de, 37 
 Metal-workers, 61, 62, 64, 253 
 Mitre brasses, 296 
 Monasteries, dissolution of, 130 
 Monograms on brasses, 163, 244 
 Monox, Sir Geo., 244 
 Montagu, Sir Wm. de, 254 
 Monumental Brass Society, 9, II, 99, 
 
 252, 288, 313 
 Mordant, Wm., 182 
 Mordon, Thos., 126 
 More, Gauwyn, 200 
 Mortimer's Cross, Battle of, 194 
 
 Mosaic-work, 80 
 Mostyn, Lady Mary, 303 
 Motley's Dutch Republic, 252 
 Mottoes, 170, 171 
 Mul, Bishop de, 90 
 Mural brasses, use of, 270 
 Muscote, John, 182 
 Muston, Anne, 207 
 
 Nelond, Prior, 71, 133, 134, 142 
 
 Neville, Sir Thos., 206 
 
 Nevynson, Thos., 275 
 
 Nichols, Mr. J. B., 115 
 
 Nightingale's Church Plate of Wiltshire, 
 
 306 
 Northwode, Sir John de, 21, 25 
 Norton, John, 132 
 Notingham, Henry, 165 
 Number of brasses, 33 
 
 Oker, Humphrey, 267 
 Omission of stole, 106 
 Ord, Mr. Craven, 21, 309 
 Orleans, relief of, 146 
 Oskens, Henry, 99 
 Otterbourne, Battle of, 146 
 Otto de Brunswick, 13 
 Oxford University Brass - Rubbing 
 Society, 253, 292 
 
 Page, Robt., 168 
 
 Pardons and indulgences, 38, 233 
 
 Parker, Petronilla, 173 
 
 Parkers, Roger, 124 
 
 Patesle, Thos., 127 
 
 Peacock Feast, the, 87 
 
 Pearson, Mr., 312 
 
 Peasant Revolt, 39 
 
 Peckham, Amphillis, 135, 255 
 
 Pemberton, Hugh, 245 
 
 Peryent, Sir Thos., 147 
 
 Pescod, Walter, 58, 70 
 
 Peyton, Thos., 185 
 
 Phelip, Anne, 227 
 
 Phelip, Christine, 198 
 
 Phelip, Sir John, 153 
 
 Pictorial brasses, 3 
 
 Pilgrimage of Grace, 250 
 
 Pincorain, Siege of, 25 
 
 Planche's Cyclopipdia of Costume, 36 
 
 Poitiers, Battle of, 50 
 
 Popham, Sir John, 254 
 
 Porter, Wm., 235 
 
 Portraits, 3 
 
 Post-Reformation clergy, 238 
 
 Pownder, Thos., 96, 97, 163, 242, 246
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 ') ') c 
 
 Price, John, 305 
 Piideaux, Bishop, 296 
 Pugin, Mr. A. W., 95 
 Pursglove, Bishop, 290 
 Pyke, John, 255 
 
 Rebus on a brass, 126 
 
 Recovery of lost brasses, 21, 69 
 
 Rede, Geo., 234 
 
 Rede, John, 179, 180 
 
 Rede, Peter, 263 
 
 Reed, John, 173 
 
 Restoration of missing parts, 29 
 
 Resurrection, the, 235, 237, 254 
 
 Reve, Thos., 2b8 
 
 Richard I., heart of, 206 
 
 Richard II., tomb of, 60-62, 71, 143 
 
 Kites of Durham, the, 307, 315 
 
 Robert, \\ m., 212 
 
 Robins, Wm., 200 
 
 Robinson, Bishop, 73, 1 10, III, 290 
 
 Rochester, Roht., 226 
 
 Rolf, Thos., 180 
 
 Ros, Wm., Lord de, 21 
 
 Rosar>', 124, 176, 199, 231 
 
 Roses, Wars of the, 6 
 
 Rouclyff, Brian, 178 
 
 Routh, Sir John, 152 
 
 Rugge, Robt., 131, 243 
 
 Rymer's FaJera, 61 
 
 Sacheverell, Sir Hen,, 270, 271 
 
 St. Albans, Battle of, 183 
 
 St. Denis, royal catacombs at, 25 
 
 St. Leger, Sir Thos., 194 
 
 St. Maur, Laurence de, 70, loi 
 
 St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society, 137, 
 
 288 
 St. Quintin, Sir John de, il 
 Saints in brasses — 
 
 St. Andrew, loi, 129 
 
 St. Anne, 175, 191 
 
 St. Asaph, 129 
 
 St. Bridget, 129 
 
 St. Candidus, 186 
 
 St. Catherine, 120, 129, 130, 21S 
 
 St. Christopher, lot, 191 
 
 St. Etheldreda, 129 
 
 St. Faith, 79 
 
 Si. Gabriel, loi, 129, 235 
 
 St. CJeorge, 50. 186 
 
 St. James the Great, 1 20, 261 
 
 St. John Bapt., 76, 101, 120, 129, 
 
 St. John Evang., 82, 120, 129 
 St. Laurence, loi, 108 
 
 Saints in brasses — conlmued. 
 
 St. Margaret, 120, 129, 130, 191 
 
 St. Mary Magdalen, loi, 129 
 
 St. Mary the Blessed Virgin, 68, 71, 
 
 73, 82, 120, 129, 133, 175, 192, 
 
 204, 218, 234, 261 
 St. Matthew, 102 
 St. Maur, loi 
 St. Maurice, i86 
 St. Michael, 129 
 St. Nicholas, 129 
 St. Pancras, 71, 133 
 St. Paul, 73, loi, 120, 129, 264 
 St. Peter, 73, loi, 120, 129, 1S6 
 St. Philip, 108 
 St. Stephen, loi, 108 
 St. Thomas, 101 
 St. Thomas of Canterbury, 71, 115, 
 
 133 
 
 St. Wilfrid, 129 
 
 St. Winifred, 129 
 Salter, Thos., 9 
 Saracen soldier, 238 
 Savage, Anne, 285 
 Say, Sir John, 37, 194, 195 
 Scott, Sir Gilbert, 312 
 Scott-Hall, Rev. W. E., 175 
 Scrolls, 41, 153, 166, 171, 178, 191, 
 
 208, 214, 227, 233, 289 
 Sculptor, Torrigiano, 66 
 Sculptured stone effigies, 21, 23, 25, 27 
 Selwyn, John, 266 
 Seman, Simon, 161 
 Serken, Bishop de, 90 
 Setvans, Sir Robt. de, 20, 41 
 Shakespeare, 56, 144, 145, 148 
 Shelley, PLdw., 241 
 Shelley, Elizth., 227 
 Shelley, John, 228, 229 
 Shernborne, Sir Thus., 189, 190 
 Shiers, Robt., 303, 304 
 Shosmyth, Wm., 244 
 Shrewsbury, Battle of, 146 
 Shrines. See Tabernacles. 
 Signatures on brasses, 34, 292 
 Sleford, John ile, 128 
 Smith, Mr. J. Challenor, 9 
 Smyth, Thos., 205 
 Spelman, Sir John, 180 
 Spryng, Thos., 213 
 Spycer, John, 75 
 Siapleton, Sir Bryan de, 160 
 Stathum, Sir Thus., 191, 193, 195, 
 
 222 
 Staunton, Robt., 185 
 Stavcrton, John, 175
 
 336 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND 
 
 Stephenson, Mr. Mill, 99, 252, 258, 
 
 264, 28S, 294 
 Stoke, Abbot, 133, 142 
 Stokes, John, 16 1 
 
 Stothard's Monumental Effigies, 36, 64 
 Stowe's Suri'ey of London, 254 
 Strete, John, 73, 74 
 Style, Sir Humphrey, 241 
 Sunday Letter, 94 
 Sundial made from a brass, 309 
 Surrey Archa;ological Society, 309 
 Surtees Society, 307 
 Sutton, Robt.,'218 
 Swetenham, Matth., 147 
 Swynborne, Sir Thos., 147, 150 
 
 Tabernacles and shrines, 71, 73, 76, 
 
 12S, 133 
 Taillor, Rowland, 260 
 Taylour, John, 170 
 Tendryng, Tomesina, 211 
 Tenison, Philipp, 215 
 Terri, John, 242 
 Tewkesbury, Battle of, 186 
 Thockmorton, John, 147 
 Thome, Dr. Giles, 303 
 Thornton, Roger, 95 
 Tiptoft, Joyce, Lady, 185, 199 
 Todenham, John, 166 
 Toke, Nich., 303 
 Tomb-makers, 10, 61, 64 
 Tong, Seman, 245 
 Tonson, Crystofer, 208 
 Torryngton, Rich., 60 
 Totyngton, Abbot, 254 
 Trade heraldry, 162 
 Tregonwell, Sir John, 182 
 Trilleck, Bishop, 5, 69, 112 
 Trinity, the Holy, 80, 120, 127, 128, 
 
 194, 207, 227, 230, 234 
 Troyes, Treaty of, 146 
 Trumpington, Sir Roger de, 16, 18, 41 
 Tucker, Mr. Stephen, 115 
 Turner, Mr. Dawson, 21 
 Tyndall, Dean, 288 
 
 Ughtred, Sir Thos., il 
 
 Urswyk, Sir Thos., 178, 196, 197 
 
 Valence, Aymer de, 37, 50 
 Valence, Wm. de, 37 
 ^'erdun, Matilda de, 255 
 
 Vernon, Arthur, 204 
 
 Vernon, Sir Wm., 190 
 
 Verzelini, Jacob, 279 
 
 Vintners, brasses to, 161 
 
 Vision of Piers the Ploughman, 39 
 
 Wadham, Dorothie, 280 
 Wadham, Nich., 272, 273 
 Wakefield, Battle of, 186 
 Waldeby, Archbishop, 112, 1 14 
 Waller, Messrs. J. G. and L. A. B., 79, 
 
 178 
 ^^alsch, Sir Thos., 39 
 Walsham, Bishop, 70 
 Waltham, Bishop de, 5, 112 
 Walsokne, Adam de, 5, 84 
 Wantele, John, 42, 43, 192 
 Wardeboys, Abbot, 265 
 Way, Mr. Albert, 249 
 Weathercock from a brass, 309 
 Weepers, 37, 62, 64, 65, 88, 91 
 Wenslagh, Simon de, 202 
 White, Bishop, 238 
 Whitecoumbe, Robt., 173 
 Whittingham, Dean, 307 
 Whvtton, John, 76 
 Wideville, Thos., 267 
 Willesden, Bart., 182 
 William of Vork, 4, 313 
 Williams, Erasmus, 292 
 Williams, Mr. J. F., 288 
 Willis, Browne, 308 
 Willoughby d'Eresby, Lord, 144 
 Windsor, canons of, 123, 124 
 Wine-casks, 161 
 Wode, Emma, 173 
 Wolsey, Cardinal, 249 
 Wolstonton, Wm., 257 
 Wood's AthencE Oxoniensis, 307 
 Worthyn, Philip, 204 
 W^cliffe, 6, 39, 46 
 Wykeham, Wm. of, statutes, 137 
 Wymbyll, Robt., 182 
 Wynne, Sir John, 303 
 Wythines, Dean, 289 
 Wyvil, Bishop, 5, 114 
 
 Yelverton, Sir Wm., 176, 177 
 Yorkshire Archccological Journal, 294 
 
 Zoest, John and Marg., 84, 86 
 Zouch, Wm., Lord, 267 
 
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 12 
 
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 34 
 
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 Fiction 
 
 35 
 
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 FIndlater (Jane H.). A DAUGHTER OF 
 
 STRIFE. 
 Findlater (Mary). OVER THE HILLS. 
 Fitzstephen (Q.). MORE KIN THAN 
 
 KIND. 
 Fletcher (J. S.). DAVID MARCH. 
 LUCAN THE DREAMER. 
 Forrest (R. E.). THE SWORD OK 
 
 AZRAEL. 
 Francis (M. E.). MISS ERIN. 
 Qallon (Tom). RICKERHY'S FOLLY. 
 Gerard (Dorothea). THINGS THAT 
 
 HAVE HAPPENED. 
 THE CONQUEST OF LONDON. 
 THE SUPREME CRIME. 
 QiIchrist(R. Murray). WILLOWBRAKE 
 Qlanville (Ernest). THE DESPATCH 
 
 RIDER. 
 THE LOST REGIMENT. 
 THE KLOOF BRIDE. 
 THE INCA'S TREASURE. 
 Gordon (Julian). MRS. CLYDE. 
 WORLDS PEOPLE. 
 Qoss (C. F.). THE REDEMPTION OF 
 
 DAVID CORSON. 
 Gray (E. M 'Queen). MY STEWARD- 
 SHIP. 
 Hales (A. G.). JAIR THE APOSTATE. 
 Hamilton (Lord Ernest). MARY HAMIL- 
 TON. 
 Harrison (Mrs. Burton). A PRINCESS 
 
 OF THE HILLS. Illustrated. 
 Hooper (I.). THE SINGER OF MARLY. 
 Hough (Emerson). THE MISSISSIPPI 
 
 BUBBLE. 
 'Iota' (Mrs. Caffyn). ANNE MAULE- 
 
 VERER. 
 Jepson (Edgrar). THE KEEPERS OF 
 
 THE PEOPLE. 
 Keary (C. F.). THE JOURNALIST. 
 Kelly (Florence Finch). WITH HOOPS 
 
 OF STEEL. 
 Langbridge (V.) and Bourne (C. H.). 
 
 THE VALLEY OF INHERITANCE. 
 Lawless (Hon. Emily). MAELCHO. 
 Linden (Annie). A WOMAN OF SENTI- 
 MENT. 
 Lorimer (Norma). JOSIAH'S WIFE. 
 Lush (Charles K.). THE AUTOCRATS. 
 Macdonell (Anne). THE STORY OF 
 
 TERESA. 
 Macgrath (Harold). THE PUPPET 
 
 CROWN. 
 Maclcie (Pauline Bradford). THE VOICE 
 
 IN THE DESERT. 
 Marsh (Richard). THE SEEN AND 
 
 THE UNSEEN. 
 GARNERED. 
 A METAMORPHOSIS. 
 MARVELS AND MYSTERIES. 
 BOTH SIDES OF THE VEIL. 
 
 Mayall (J. W.). THE CYNIC AND THE 
 
 SYREN. 
 
 Meade (L. T.). RESURGAM. 
 Monkhouse (Allan). LOVE IN A LIFE. 
 Moore (Arthur). THE KNIGHT PUNC- 
 TILIOUS. 
 
 NesWt, E. (Mrs. Bland). THE LITER- 
 ARY SENSE. 
 
 Norri8(W. E.). AN OCTAVE. 
 
 MATTHEW AUSTIN. 
 
 THE DESPOTIC LADY. 
 
 Oliphant (Mrs.), THE LADY'S WALK. 
 
 SIR ROBERT'S FORTUNE. 
 
 THE TWO MARY'.S. 
 
 Rendered (M. L.). AN ENGLISHMAN. 
 
 Penny (Mrs. Frank). A MIXED MAR- 
 AGE. 
 
 Phillpotts (Eden). THE STRIKING 
 HOURS. 
 
 FANCY FREE. 
 
 Pryce (Richard). TIME AND THE 
 WOMAN. 
 
 Randall (John). AUNT BETHIA'S 
 BUTTON 
 
 Raymond (Walter). FORTUNE'S DAR- 
 LING. 
 
 Rayner (Olive Pratt). ROSALBA. 
 
 Rhys (Grace). THE DIVERTED VIL- 
 LAGE. 
 
 Rickert (Edith). OUT OF THE CYPRESS 
 SWAMP. 
 
 Roberton(M. H.). A GALLANT QUAKER. 
 Russell, (W. Clark). ABANDONED. 
 Saunders (Marshall). ROSE A CHAR. 
 LiTTE. 
 
 Sergeant (Adeline). ACCUSED AND 
 
 ACCUSER. 
 BARBARA'S MONEY. 
 THE ENTHUSIAST. 
 A GREAT LADY. 
 THE LOVE THAT OVERCAME. 
 THE MASTER OF BEECHWOOD. 
 UNDER SUSPICION. 
 THE YELLOW DIAMOND. 
 THE MYSTERY OF THE MOAT. 
 THE PROGRESS OF RACHAEL. 
 Shannon (W. F.). JIM TWELVES. 
 Stephens (R. N.). AN ENEMY OF THE 
 
 KING. 
 Strain (E. H.). ELMSLIE'SDRAG NET. 
 Stringer (Arthur). THE SILVER POPPY. 
 Stuart (Esmfe). CHRISTALLA. 
 A WOMAN OF FORTY. 
 Sutherland (Duchess of). ONE HOUR 
 
 AND THE NEXT. 
 Swan (Annie). LOVE GROWN COLD. 
 Swift (Benjamin). SORDON. 
 SIREN CITY. 
 Tanqueray (Mrs. B. M.). THE ROYAL 
 
 QUAKER. 
 Thompson (Vance). SPINNERS OF 
 
 LIFE. 
 Trafford-Taunton (Mrs. E.W.). SILENT 
 
 DOMINION. 
 Upward (Allen). ATHELSTANE FORD. 
 
 Waineman (Paul). A HEROINE FROM 
 
 FINLAND. 
 BY A FINNISH LAKE. 
 Watson (H. B. Marriott). THE SKIRTS 
 
 OF HAPPY CHANCE. 
 'Zack.' TALES OF DUNSTABLE WEIR.
 
 Fiction 
 
 39 
 
 Books for Boys and Girls 
 
 Illustrated. Croivn Svo. ^s. dd. 
 
 The Getting Well of Dorothy. By Mrs. 
 
 W. K. Clifford. Second Edition. 
 Only a Guard-Room Dog. By Edith E. 
 
 /:uthell. 
 The Doctor of the Juliet. By Harry 
 
 Collingwood. 
 Little Peter. By Lucas Malet. Second 
 
 Edition. 
 Master Rockafellar's Voyage. By W. 
 
 Clark Russell. Third haition. 
 The Secret of Madam k de Monluc. By 
 
 the Author of " Mdlle. Mori." 
 
 Syd Belton : Or, the Boy who would not go 
 
 to Sea. By G. Manville Fenn. 
 The Red Gkanoe. By Mrs. Molesworth. 
 A Girl of the People. By L. T. Meade. 
 
 Second Edition. 
 Hkpsy Gii'SY. By L. T. Meade, is. (>d. 
 The Honourable Miss. By L. T. Meade. 
 
 Second Edition, 
 There was once a Prince. By Mrs. M. E. 
 
 Mann. 
 When Arnold comes Home. By Mrs. M. E. 
 
 Mann. 
 
 Act6. 
 
 The Adyenturks of Captain PAMniiLE. 
 
 A.MAUKY. 
 
 The Bird of Fate. 
 
 The Black Tulip. 
 
 The Castle of Eppstein. 
 
 Catherine Blum. 
 
 Cecile. 
 
 The Chevalier D'Harmental. Double 
 
 volume. 
 Conscience 
 The Convict's Son. 
 The Corsican Brothers ; and Gtuo the 
 
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 Crop-Eared Jacquot. 
 The Fencing Master. 
 Fernande. 
 Gabriel Lambert. 
 Georges. 
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 of Queen Margot. 
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 Twenty Years After. Double volume. 
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 Being the first part of 
 Being the second part 
 
 Methuen's Sixpenny Books 
 
 LOVE AND LOUISA. 
 PRIDE AND PRE- 
 
 Albanesi (E. M.). 
 Austen (Jane). 
 
 JUDICE. 
 Bagot (Richard). A ROMAN MYSTERY. 
 Balfour (Andrew). BY STROKE OF 
 
 SWORD. 
 Baring-Gould (S.). FURZE BLOOM. 
 CHEAP JACK ZITA. 
 KITTY ALONE. 
 URITH 
 
 THE BROOM SQUIRE. 
 IN THE ROAR OF THE SEA. 
 NOEMI. 
 
 A BOOK OF FAIRY TALES. Illustrated. 
 LITTLE TU'PENNY. 
 THE FROBISHERS. 
 WINEFRED. 
 Barr (Robert). JENNIE BAXTER, 
 
 JOURNALIST. 
 IN THE MIDST OF ALAR.MS. 
 THE COUNTESS TEKLA. 
 
 I THE MUTABLE MANY. 
 
 I Benson (E. F.). DODO. 
 
 ' Bronte (Charlotte). SHIRLEY. 
 
 Brownell (C. L.). THE HEART OF 
 1 JAPAN. 
 Burton (J. Bloundelle). ACROSS THE 
 
 SALT SEAS. 
 Caffyn (Mrs)., (' Iota ). ANNE MAULE- 
 
 VERER. 
 Capes (Bernard). THE LAKE OF 
 
 WINE. 
 Clifford (Mrs. 'W. K.). A FLASH OF 
 
 SUMMER. 
 MRS. KEITH'S CRIME. 
 Connell (F. Norreys). THE NIGGER 
 
 KNIGHTS. 
 Corbett (Julian). A BUSINESS IX 
 
 CREAT WATERS. 
 Croker (Mrs. B. M.). PEGGY OF THE 
 
 I'.AR'I'ONS. 
 A STATE SECRET.
 
 40 
 
 Messrs. Methuen's Catalogue 
 
 ANGEL. 
 
 JOHANNA. 
 
 Dante (AUghleri). THE VISION OF 
 DANTE (Gary). 
 
 Doyle (A. Conan). ROUND THE RED 
 LAMP. 
 
 Duncan (Sara Jeaanette). A VOYAGE 
 OF CONSOLATION 
 
 THOSE DELIGHTFUL AMERICANS. 
 
 Eliot (Qeorge). THE MILL ON THE 
 FLOSS. 
 
 Flndlater (Jane H.). THE GREEN 
 GRAVES OF BALGOWRIE. 
 
 Gallon (Tom). RICKERBVS FOLLY. 
 
 GaskelKMrs.). CRANFORD. 
 
 MARY BARTON. 
 
 NORTH AND SOUTH. 
 
 Gerard (Dorothea). HOLY MATRI- 
 MONY. 
 
 THE CONQUEST OF LONDON. 
 
 MADE OF MONEY. 
 
 Qlssing (George). THE TOWN TRAVEL- 
 LER. 
 
 THE CROWN OF LIFE. 
 
 Glanville (Ernest). THE INCA S 
 TREASURE. 
 
 THE KLOOF BRIDE. 
 
 Gleig (Charles). HUNTER'S CRUISE. 
 
 Grimm (The Brothers). GRIMMS 
 FAIRY TALES. Illustrated. 
 
 Hope (Anthony). A MAN OF MARK. 
 
 A CHANGE OF AIR. 
 
 THE CHRONICLES OF COUNT 
 ANTONIO. 
 
 PHROSO. 
 
 THE DOLLY DIALOGUES. 
 
 Hornung (E. W.). DEAD MEN TELL 
 NO TALES. 
 
 Ingraham (J. H.). THE THRONE OF 
 DAVID. 
 
 LeQueux(W.). THE HUNCHBACK OF 
 WESTMINSTER. 
 
 Levett- Yeats (S. K.). THE TRAITORS 
 WAY. 
 
 Clnton (E. Lynn). THE TRUE HIS- 
 TORY OF JOSHUA DAVIDSON. 
 
 Lyall(Edna). DERRICK VAUGHAN. 
 
 Malet(Lucas). THE CARISSIMA. 
 
 A COUNSEL OF PERFECTION. 
 
 Mann (Mrs. M. E.). MRS. PETER 
 HOWARD. 
 
 A LOST ESTATE. 
 
 THE CEDAR STAR. 
 
 ONE ANOTHER'S BURDENS. 
 
 Marchmont (A. W.). MISER HOAD- 
 LEY'S SECRET. 
 
 A MOMENT'S ERROR. 
 
 Marryat (Captain). PETER SIMPLE. 
 
 JACOB FAITHFUL. 
 
 Marsh (Richard). THE TWICKENHAM 
 PEERAGE. 
 
 THE GODDESS. 
 
 THE JOSS. 
 
 A METAMORPHOSIS. 
 
 Mason (A. E. W.). CLEMENTINA. 
 
 Mathers (Helen). HONEY. 
 
 GRIFF OF GRIFFITHSCOURT. 
 
 SAM'S SWEETHEART 
 
 Meade (Mrs. L. T.). DRIFT. 
 
 Mitford (Bertram). THE SIGN OF THl 
 
 SPIDER. 
 Montresor (F. P.). THE ALIEN. 
 Moore (Arthur). THE GAY DECEIVERS 
 Morrison (Arthur). THE HOLE II 
 
 THE WALL. 
 Nesblt(E.). THE RED HOUSE. 
 Norri8(W. E.). HIS GRACE. 
 GILES INGILBY. 
 THE CREDIT OF THE COUNTY. 
 LORD LEONARD. 
 MATTHEW AUSTIN. 
 CLARISSA FURIOSA. 
 Ollphant (Mrs. ). THE LADY'S WALK. 
 SIR ROBERT'S FORTUNE. 
 THE PRODIGALS. 
 Oppenheim (E. Phillips). MASTER O 
 
 MEN. 
 Parker (Gilbert). THE POMP OF THl 
 
 LAVILETTES. 
 WHEN VALMOND CAME TO PONTI AC 
 THE TRAIL OF THE SWORD. 
 Pemberton (Max). THE FOOTSTEP: 
 
 OF A THRONE. 
 I CROWN THEE KING. 
 Phillpotts (Eden). THE HUMAN BOV 
 CHILDREN OF THE MIST. 
 *'Q.' THE WHITE AVOLF. 
 Ridge (W. Pett). A SON OF THE STATE 
 LOST PROPERTY. 
 GEORGE AND THE GENERAL. 
 Russell (W. Clark). A MARRIAGE A' 
 
 SEA. 
 ABANDONED. 
 
 MY DANISH SWEETHEART. 
 HIS ISLAND PRINCESS. 
 Sergeant (Adeline). THE MASTER 01 
 
 BEECHWOOD. 
 BARBARA'S MONEY. 
 THE YELLOW DIAMOND. 
 THE LOVE THAT OVERCAME 
 Surtees (R. S.). HANDLEY CROSS 
 
 Illustrated. 
 MR. SPONGE'S SPORTING TOUR 
 
 Illustrated. 
 ASK MAMMA. Illustrated. 
 Valentine (Major E. S.). VELDT ANl 
 
 LAAGER. 
 Walford(Mrs. L. B.). MR. SMITH. 
 COUSINS. 
 
 THE BABY'S GRANDMOTHER. 
 Wallace (General Lew). BEN-HUR. 
 THE FAIR GOD. 
 Watson (H. B. Marriot). THE ADVEN 
 
 TURERS. 
 Weekes (A. B.). PRISONERS OF WAR 
 Wells (H.G.). THE STOLEN BACILLUS 
 White (Percy). A PASS ION ATI 
 
 PILGRIM.
 
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