690 THE OF ART THE LIBRARY [HE UNIVERSITY OF CAL [FORNIA LOS ANGELES EDITED BY SELWYN BRINTON, M.A. THE LANGHAM SERIES OF ART MONOGRAPHS EDITED BY SELWYN BRINTON, M.A. Vol. I. BARTOLOZZI AND HIS PUPILS IN ENGLAND. By S. BRINTON, M.A. With Col. Frontispiece and 1 6 full- page Illus- trations (xvi + 96) VOL. II. COLOUR-PRINTS OF JAPAN. By E. F. STRANGE. With two Coloured and numerous full-page Illustrations (xii + 85) VOL. III. THE ILLUSTRATORS OF MONT- MARTRE. By F. L. EMANUEL. With two Coloured and numerous full-page Illustrations (viii + 85) VOL. IV. AUGUSTE RODIN. By RUDOLF DIRCKS. With two Photogravures and eleven full-page Illustrations (viii + 72) VOL. V. VENICE AS AN ART CITY. By A. ZACHER. With two Photogravures and full-page Illustrations (viii + 88) VOL. VI. LONDON AS AN ART CITY. By Mrs. STEUART ERSKINE. With one Etching and sixteen full-page Illustra- tions (viii + 95) VOL. VII. NUREMBERG. 'By H. UHDE- BERNAYS. With two Col. and full-page Illustrations (viii + 85) VOL. VIII. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY IN ENGLISH CARICATURE. By S, BRINTON, M.A. With two Col. and sixteen full- page Illustrations (viii + 96) VOL. IX. ITALIAN ARCHITECTURE. By ]. WOOD BROWN, M.A. With numerous full-page Illustrations (viii + 88) VOL. X. ROME AS AN ART CITY. By A. ZACHER. With numerous full-page Illustrations (viii + 95) VOL. XL J. F. MILLET. By R. MUTHER. With two Photogravures and ten full-page Illustrations (viii + 72) VOL. XII. J. M. WHISTLER. By H. W. SINGER. With one Photogravure and full-page Illustrations (viii + 83} VOL. XIII. F. de GOYA. By R. MUTHER. With one Photogravure and full-page Illustrations (viii + 64; VOL. XIV. DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI. By H. W. SINGER. With thirteen full-page Illustrations. (viii + 73) VOL. XV. MOORISH CITIES IN SPAIN. By C. GASQUOINE HARTLEY, With full-page and numerous Illustrations in the text (viii + 99) VOL. XVI. OXFORD. By H. J. L. J. MASSE. With full-page and numerous Illustrations in the text (viii +112) VOL. XVII. HOKUSAI. By E. F. STRANGE. With Col. Frontispiece and numerous full-page Illustrations In Preparation POMPEII. By E. MAYER. Other Volumti to fellow. OXFORD H. J. L. J. MASSE, M.A. Author Oj "GLOUCESTER," "TEWKESBURY," "BRISTOL," "CHARTRES, "MONT s. MICHEL," "PEWTER PLATE" SIEGLE, HILL & CO. 2 LANGHAM PLACE, LONDON, W. I 906 AU rights rttetved CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY THE TOWN THE UNIVERSITY THE COLLEGES THE CHURCHES ART TREASURES Page 1 10 . 16 33 73 83 ARMS OF WADUAM COLLEGE 968934 ILLUSTRATIONS CHRIST CHURCH, THE HALL OUTDOOR PULPIT, MAGDALEN COLLEGE AGAS' MAP . . . . SEAL OF THE TOWN . THE UNIVERSITY CHEST . ARMS OF THE UNIVERSITY .... THE BOAR'S HEAD CAROL MAGDALEN TOWER ..... STATUE OF ST. MARY MAGDALEN CHRIST CHURCH, THE CHAPTER HOUSE MAY-DAY HYMN, AS SUNG AT MAGDALEN . FRONT OF WADHAM COLLEGE . THE OCTAGON HOUSE .... ROSE PLACE, OXFORD .... MERTON LIBRARY Frontispiece Facing page 4 ,, 8 .Page 15 Facing page 1 6 ... . Page 32 Facing page 3 2 48 54 62 . Page 65 Facing page 66 70 Si INTRODUCTORY IT has been well remarked that there always remains in the mind some colour impression of any particular place or scene. Mr. J. H. M. Abbott says,* "Think of Oxford, if you have been there even for ever so short a time. Does not the old city shape itself out of a greyness and a greenness that are its background of charm, the grey of its ancient walls, and the green of its beautiful trees, and gardens, and walks, and fields ? Afterwards come the winding streets, the window gardens in the quads, the towns and spires, the halls and chapels, the young fresh faces, the placid water- ways. But always and for ever they stand out from amidst a lovely setting of grey and of green. And always the grey seems to symbolise great age and the wisdom of the centuries ; and the green the eternal freshness and beauty of the springtime of life, and the promise of years to come." Colour in Oxford as a rule is indeed but sparingly seen, except when the chrysanthemums are at their best. To represent the sombre old place, as has been done by some illustrators, with reds and purple * Vide The Spectator, Sept. 23, 1905. A 2 OXFORD browns, bright blues and gaudy tints of yellow is grotesquely wrong. Mr. Abbott speaks further of the charm of Oxford, saying, " It is indeed a despair to see Oxford and to fail to realise its meaning, as almost inevitably must those who run to it hastily for a day and come away again. Ten hours might do for a dockyard, an arsenal or a manufacturing centre ; but ten years would hardly teach a newcomer that which is to be learned from the stones of Oxford. In a day he is only just able to realise how little he realises of it." The ten years may seem a long time to allow for this lesson, but Nathaniel Hawthorne aptly wrote that " the world surely has not another place like Oxford ; it is a despair to see such a place and ever to leave it, for it would take a lifetime, and more than one, to comprehend and enjoy it satisfactorily." To the thoughtful visitor who wishes to realise in some way the old Oxford of bygone years it may be suggested that there are several points of vantage for this interesting study. Of the street views not much can be said except of those in the High Street, and even there it is the whole that must be studied rather than buildings in detail. Perhaps the best views are obtained to the east, from Carfax, a few yards down the High Street, and to the west, from a point just below the New Schools. Another good view can be had to the north from the Martyrs' Memorial. Broad Street gives us a fine view to the south-east from the INTRODUCTORY gateway of Trinity ; and close by are the views east down Holywell Street, and up Park Street from the south corner of the front of Wadham. Turning round south, towards St. Mary's a good view of the Bodleian pile can be obtained from a point outside the Octagon House. The old Schools Quadrangle is well worth studying, in spite of the fact that it has been restored and re-faced in parts. All Souls, in its front quadrangle, though changed in small details, could be easily recognised by its founder. No important structural alterations have been made. From the east side of the great quadrangle a view, mainly of eighteenth-century Oxford, will be obtained. The quadrangle of New College, with the exception of the sash windows and added top floor, is much as William of Wykeham left it ; so, too, the cloisters and the bell-tower. From the gardens the old walls of the town can be viewed at close quarters, and there is a fine view from the garden of the Church of St. Peter in the East. Merton Street gives us an excellent view of the choir of the College Chapel. The Mob quadrangle with the Library on the south and west sides is of great interest, the windows in the roof being the chief addition to the fourteenth-century work. Beyond the Fellows' Quadrangle is the Fellows' garden, from which good views of Magdalen and Christ Church are to be had. From the Merton Fields, the College and its buildings group well together, the picture, however, being marred by the buildings erected in 1864. The quadrangle at 4 OXFORD Oriel is another point of vantage from which to get a view, including the oriel window of the Hall, with Merton Tower in the background. Magdalen is so entirely charming from every point that the selection of a point of view is difficult. Perhaps the best views are that of the Founder's Tower seen from the opposite side of the cloisters, and that of the matchless tower from the small court which contains the outdoor pulpit. There are no English cloisters anywhere, save at Gloucester, to compare with these, and few towers surpass that of the chapel. From the garden walks and from the Cherwell's banks ever-varying views are to be seen. The front of Wadham, the quadrangle, and the chapel from the gardens, are of peculiar beauty, and ought not to be missed. While at Worcester the old monastic buildings are well worth seeing, both from the garden side, and from the north, i.e., the chapel end of the colonnade. The garden front of St. John's is another of Oxford's gems. There is nothing in Oxford of the same date with which it may be compared. A good view of Wadham front can be obtained from the gardens of Trinity. Christ Church is interesting from many points of view, particularly from the cloisters towards the spire. From Merton Fields it should be studied from any point that does not include the new buildings of Christ Church and those of Merton near the Grove. The interior of the Cathedral has been much OUTDOOR PULPIT AT MAGDALEN COLLEGE. FROM A PENCIL DRAWING BY E. P. WARREN. INTRODUCTORY restored and altered, but a view from the second bay of the Lady Chapel, or from the first bay of the Latin Chapel, across the space under the tower towards the nave, will enable one practically to avoid seeing what has been done in the way of struc- tural change. The vista from west to east, even though it has only been possible for thirty years, is worth observing and comparing with the same view as shown in engravings of ninety years ago. Oxford is well provided with open spaces, though these spaces mostly take the form of College gardens. One of the chief "lungs" is the large area consisting of the gardens of Trinity, and St. John's, with the Gardens on the other side of the road belonging respectively to the Warden and to the Fellows of Wad ham College. Close by are the beautiful gardens of New College, and within easy distance are those of Magdalen College, with the adjoining Heer-park and river walks. In the High Street, near to Magdalen, is the Botanical Garden ; and close to it are the gardens of Merton, Merton Fields and Christ Church Meadow. Loggan in his " Oxonia Illustrata " represents most of these gardens as laid out in the formal fashion known so generally as Dutch, with the trees and shrubs clipped and shaped in many a fantastic device. Trinity Garden with its lime-walk, Merton and New College Gardens seem to have taken their present form in the eighteenth century. Wadham Garden was laid out under Dr. Wills (Warden 1783-1806), and Worcester Gardens 6 OXFORD were laid out early in the nineteenth century. Even the College quadrangles were laid out in quaint devices that at Brasenose with hedges and trees (shown in Loggan) of which Hearne said that "it was a delightful and pleasant shade in summer time." This was all removed in 1727. New College Gardens in Loggan's time must have looked rather quaint. The mound near the old wall was terraced, with a flight of steps facing the garden gate. The garden space between the mound and the gate was divided into four sections, one of which seems to have contained the royal arms of England, another the arms of the College, and a third a curious sundial set out with grass, gravel walks and box edging. Old traditions have died hard in Oxford. St. John's used to have a masque and other festivities at Christmas, so too had Trinity. St. John's too used to feast upon frumenty in mid-Lent. Old customs were formerly kept up at New College, such as the summoning of the Fellows to dinner and supper by a choir boy, who went from the chapel door to the garden-gate calling, "A manger tous seigneurs," and the singing of the Mirabilia Mundi on special occasions. The Fellows are still summoned to College meetings by blows of a wooden mallet on the foot of the staircase. At All Souls' twice yearly, viz., on All Souls' Day and at the Bursar's Gaudy, is sung the Song of the Mallard, with its chorus : INTRODUCTORY " Oh, by the blood of King Edward It was a swapping, swapping Mallard." The song commemorates the finding of a very large mallard in a drain when the foundations of part of the College were being made. The traditional form of the air is given in the MS. of Hannibal Baskerville (MS. Rawl. D. 810), and a modernised form in vol. xxii. of the publications of the Oxford Historical Society. At Queen's College annually at 5 P.M. on Christmas Day a boar's head is brought in procession from the kitchen to the Hall, and the celebrated old English carol is sung by a Precentor ; the chorus in Latin is sung by the choir. The music in its present form is given on page 32. On New Year's Day another quaint custom is kept up in College. The Bursar gives to each per- son present at the dinner on that day a needle and a thread of silk (i.e., aiguille et fil) as a far-fetched punning reference to the founder Robert Eglesfield, saying as he makes the gift, " Take this and be thrifty." The colour of the silk varies according to the degree of the receiver of the gift. Magdalen College annually, on May I, celebrates the pretty custom of singing a Latin hymn to the Trinity from the top of the Tower. The origin of the custom is not definitely known, but the music, composed in 1685 by Dr. Rogers, the College organist, is particularly charming. The hymn is given on page 65. For nearly seventy years a Christmas festival 8 OXFORD has been observed in this College, and may now be said to have become a custom. On Christmas Eve selections from Handel's Messiah are sung in the Hall, together with several carols,* among them a modern setting of " In dulci Jubilo." Shortly before midnight " Adeste Fideles" is sung, then silence is kept, and at the hour " Gloria in excelsis " (Pergolesi) is sung. The College bells then clang out their greetings to all on Christmas morn, while the guests before depart- ing drink from the silver grace cup the toast of the season. So ends the Magdalen Choristers' " Heilige Nacht." For the study of the topography of the city, and the various early alterations in the Colleges and Halls there is no more interesting book than " The Topography of Oxford," by H. Hurst, being vol. xxxix. of the publications of the Oxford Architectural and Historical Society. Agas' Map is reproduced as a frontispiece. To a stranger it may appear' too antiquated, but to any one in- terested in tracing the growth of Oxford from Elizabethan times it is full of interest. Loggan's"Oxonia Illustrata," published in 1675, has folio engravings of all the then existing Colleges and Halls, and, in spite of a few errors in architec- tural detail, is full of interest. The Oxford Almanacs, which began to be pub- lished towards the end of the seventeenth century, * The old English " God rest you merry, Gentlemen," " The First Nowell," and the plaintive " Coventry Carol." - - .' wt' -. & ^mw ; - m% " * ^^-^l^^^j ^j&s M*'' _, _ INTRODUCTORY form an interesting record of the various College buildings at different times, and often from points of view not generally accessible. They have cer- tainly deteriorated in artistic merit, as may be seen by comparing the beautiful drawings of F. Macken- zie with the recent prints from cheap and nasty process-blocks. Anthony & Wood will, though often inaccurate, always be a mine of reference, and is always quaintly interesting to read. Of modern guide-books, Parker's Handbook has not been recently reissued ; Alden's is perhaps the best for a visitor with but little time to spare, and it is always brought up to date, apparently annually. To any one who, like the writer, remembers Oxford of the early eighties, it usefully points out the chief changes that have been made. Mr. J. Wells' "Oxford and its Colleges," even apart from Mr. E. H. New's drawings, must for long be the best of guide-books. ARMS OF BALLIOL COLLEGE THE TOWN THE Early History of the town of Oxford is much involved with myths, as might be expected j but it seems clear that the place was not a Roman station, though the Roman road to Dorchester from Alcester passed in the neighbourhood of Headington. Under the Britons there was a settlement, for after being destroyed by the Saxons in the middle of the fifth century, it was rebuilt by Vortigern. There was undoubtedly a Saxon church on the site of the present Cathedral, for portions of it still remain. This was the Saxon church of the nunnery of St. Frideswide. Alfred, with his sons ^Edward and jEthelward, resided in Oxford towards the end of the ninth century. Edward the Elder, King of the West Saxons, in 912, took possession of and occupied London and Oxford and all the lands which thereto belonged ; and with this fact our documentary knowledge of the town has to begin. His son Athelstan is supposed to have set up a mint in Oxford in 925. Edmund Ironsides was trea- cherously slain there in 1017, and Cnut was thus THE TOWN ii left master of the position. At a Witan held in Oxford in 1018 the " laws of Edgar " were adopted. St. Martin's Church was granted by Cnut to the monks of the Abbey at Abingdon. Harold Hare- foot was crowned at Oxford in 1036 ; but his reign was short, and his successor Harthacnut reigned but for two years. Hatred for rulers such as these had led men to call to the throne Edward the Confessor, who had been in exile in Normandy. In his reign Oxford flourished, judging by the Domesday survey of Oxfordshire. The references to " wall-mansions " show that the town was forti- fied ; the reference to " mills " shows that the population was considerable, and the mention of " tolls " shows that it was a market-town. At the Conquest Oxford had grown to some size, as there were over 700 houses therein, and at least seven churches. From 1066-1150, Oxford was subject to a hard taskmaster in Robert D'Oilgi, the Constable ap- pointed by the Conqueror, a man, however, who did the work of strengthening the town thoroughly, who is credited with repairs to the damaged churches, and whose successor and nephew undertook the building of the first Abbey at Oseney in 1129. The town played its part too in the Civil \Var in Stephen's time, and the Empress Matilda's escape from the Castle in winter is one of the facts which form a landmark in our early study of history. By 1161 the town was of sufficient importance to have its rights and privileges acknowledged by a Charter of Henry II. 12 OXFORD In the reign of Henry III. Simon de Montfort and his faction forced upon the King the Provisions of Oxford, 1256. From this date the town is of less importance as a town than as the seat of the University. In pro- portion as the University gradually grew stronger, so the power of the town was slowly lessened. Agas' Map, published in 1578, and since reprinted by the Oxford Historical Society, shows clearly the city walls as a perfect enceinte, and they existed as such for many years subsequently. Oxford becamean important national centre in the Civil War that ended so disastrously for Charles I. During this troubled time the city was fortified by additional lines, the then existing walls being very rightly considered as too weak to be of any real use. Roughly it may be said that these lines extended from St. Giles's Church to Holy Well, from thence to Folly Bridge, from thence to a point to the west of St. Thomas' Church, and from thence to St. Giles's. Portions of these lines remained in various gardens and enclosed parts of the town till recent times, some still survive. Bits of the old city wall may be seen still in the gardens of New College, in Longwall Street, and in the garden at Merton, or better from Merton Fields. The south side of Broad Street is built to the north of the old wall, and portions remain hidden or occasionally incor- porated in buildings. Under the early Hanoverian dynasty Oxford was practically the Jacobite headquarters, if not capital ; but by the accession of George III. Jacobitism had almost ceased to exist. THE TOWN 13 Oxford and its Colleges have had many escapes in the past, it is true. The Great Western Railway very nearly chose the place as the site for the vast engineering works now located at Swindon. It does not need a very vivid imagination to picture Oxford with Swindon appended as a western suburb. There is much ugliness as it is, in the extension of the town between Carfax and the station. Every kind of monstrosity in building may here be seen in the rows of pretentious houses and villas with which the town is overrun. Some few improvements may be noted as in the widening of Magdalen Bridge and of George Street, which was quite inadequate for the traffic to and from the station. Carfax must have been an awkward corner at all times, especially in the days when there was a bull-ring there ; and the conduit of Otho Nicholson, though convenient as a water supply, was a hindrance to traffic. With the advent of the trams the congestion became acute. St. Martin's Church has had to go (and no one has missed it) ; but the chance for making something out of a fine site has been lost, for our time at any rate, by the erection of the two shops in the Cornmarket Street, next to where the church once stood. There is not a redeeming feature in the block, in which plate-glass windows seem to support the weight of the upper floors. At the opposite corner vulgarity reigns supreme, the climax being reached in Lloyds Bank Buildings. How could any Municipal Council, except by a snapped vote in vacation time, sanction the erection of such a monumental horror ? Imagine similar H OXFORD blocks of stonework at the two remaining corners of Carfax. A site like this, placed under the control of an architect with an atom of respect for his art, or any love for the traditions of the place, might have been made into something that all men might have admired and praised ; as it is, poor Carfax is a laughing-stock to those who love their Oxford, and a terrible warning as to what should not be done. The town lost in dignity what it gained in convenience by the introduction of the tramways, but it is to be hoped that the day is far distant when the High Street's beauty will be marred by any system of cast-iron standards and overhead wires for electric trams. The electric-lamp standards are in themselves a blemish in the streets. It must always be a matter of surprise how such crude pieces of workmanship came to be designed, and still more how the design came to be accepted as the best for the purpose, by some one in authority. One of these cast-iron abominations has been deliberately set up to mark the supposed site of a martyr's death in the Broad Street. It is a matter of great regret that so many of the old names of streets have been changed with- out any apparent good reason. The Cornmarket Street was North Gate Street, St. Aldate's was Fish Street, Market Street was Cheney Lane, Ship Street was Sommers Street, Brasenose Lane was St. Mildred's Street, as the Churchyard of St. Mildred was near the site of the present lane. St. Catharine's Street, was, as it ought to be now, Cat Street, Merton Street was St. John's Street, taking its name from the then parish church of THE TOWN St. John ; Oriel Street was Schydyard Street, Grove Street was Grope Lane, Pembroke Street was Pennyfarthing Street, Queen Street was Great Bailey, New Inn Hall Street in 1530 was North Bailey, later Seven Deadly Sins Lane, and the present St. Michael Street was Bedford Lane ; Broad Street was Horsemonger Street. A most interesting plan of Oxford in 1530 is given in Maxwell Lyte's History of the University of Oxford. THE UNIVERSITY THE University of Oxford is a corporate body, consisting of "the Chancellor, masters and scholars of the University of Oxford," and it was so constituted by Stat. 13 Elizabeth, c. 20, in 1571. Of these the Chancellor is the official head of the University. He is unpaid, and is appointed for life by the House of Convocation. As a rule the Chancellor, by some peculiar rule of etiquette, does not visit the University except to receive a member of the Royal family or on very special occasions. For the transaction of public business, of which there is no lack, there are various assemblies, such as the ancient House of Congregation of the Univer- sity of Oxford, and the House of Convocation. The first of these is concerned chiefly with the granting of degrees, while the second has functions purely legislative. The House of Convocation confirms or rejects proposals of the Congregation, and elects to all offices in the gift of the University. As early as Archbishop Laud's time, 1631, a committee composed of the Heads of Houses and the Proctors and convened by the Vice-Chancellor THE UNIVERSITY 17 began to meet on Mondays. From being originally a private deliberative body it by degrees secured the initiative in all University legislation. The name of this Hebdomadal Board was changed by 17 & 1 8 Viet. c. 8 1, to Hebdomadal Council, but its powers, privileges and functions were retained. This Council is now elected by the Congregation of the University of Oxford. To further facilitate the transaction of much routine business, Convocation sometimes appoints various sub-committees called Delegates. There are standing Delegates of the University Press and of Privileges. Of late years other Delegates have been appointed, such as Delegates of the Museums, Delegates of Local Examinations. As the Chancellor is rarely present in Oxford, he nominates a deputy as V ice-Chancellor (chosen from the Heads of Houses in rotation), who as a rule holds his office for four years in all. The Vice-Chancellor holds the chief executive power in the University, assisted by the two Proctors, who are concerned mainly with the disciplinary regula- tions affecting the undergraduate members of the University. The word "university " is somewhat difficult to explain even to those who understand that it is a corporation, as there is nothing in the nature of an outward and visible sign to represent the University. A youth of eighteen or nineteen selects his College, which is also a corporation, and after passing an examination school such as that of the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board, or else B i8 OXFORD Responsions, or the Examination in lieu of Respon- sions at Oxford, is, as a rule, accepted by the College without further examination and when presented to the Vice-Chancellor is, on payment of a fee, matriculated as a member of the University. He is then bound by its rules and statutes until he becomes a graduate, when the greater part of them cease to apply to him. The University then, as we know it, is a large body corporate, consisting of twenty smaller independent corporations, with for the most part similar regulations. There is no space in a booklet such as this either to mention at any length or to discuss the many interesting myths (for they are nothing else) which connect the founding of the University in general, and University College in particular, with Alfred the Great. He was born at Wantage, and undoubtedly visited Oxford, as he visited other places which, like Oxford, were not in his own kingdom. Other legends ascribe an early existence to the University ; but it must be remembered that even as late as the eleventh century the whole of England was generally in a state so unsettled and so poor, that anything approximating the idea of a University was almost an impossibility. At the time of the Crusades, the contact of the Eastern and Western nations led to a distinct im- provement of the West. This is seen by the im- provement in morals and in manners ; by the improvements in the art of building, specimens of which, in modified forms certainly, have come THE UNIVERSITY 19 down to our own time ; and by the impetus given to intellectual activity, and the imparting of know- ledge by those who had it to those who had it not. Theobaldus Stampensis, or Thibaud d'Estampes, in or before 1120, seems to have had under him a certain number of students. Henry I., who well deserved his name of Beauclerc, was frequently at Oxford in his palace of Beaumont, which was built in 1132. In the following year there were lectures given in Oxford by Robert Pullen or Pullein on the Scriptures, and in 1149 one Vacarius taught Roman Law for a time. Perhaps a greater impetus to learning and a necessity for proper teaching was given in 1167, when foreign students were expelled from France, and Henry II. ordered all clerks with revenues in England to return at once to England. By the time that Giraldus Cambrensis (1184 1 1 86) offered to read the various parts of his "Topography of Wales" on three separate days, viz., on the first day to the poor, on the second to the doctors and leading students, and on the third to the other scholars and the knights and burgesses, we may fairly assume that some system of studia on some considerable scale was in working order in Oxford. There is no evidence to show that any studium or school had grown out of any cloister-school in connection with the church of St. Frideswide, on the lines of the studium that developed from the cloister-school of Notre Dame in Paris. As a 20 OXFORD matter of fact the Oxford studio seem to have de- veloped independently of, rather than in connection with, the existing religious foundations. Much of the early history of the scholars con- sists of accounts of brawling, and frequently of down-right righting, with the town and with the gown, also with resisting external authority such as that of the Church and the King. With the townsmen there was the inevitable friction caused by the overcharging, a defect which still exists in some quarters, for the scholars had no Colleges nor Halls till the end of the thirteenth century, and lodged with the townspeople. There was bound to be friction too from the fact that the scholars, as clerks, claimed exemption from the ordinary legal tribunals. Fighting with fellow students in the middle ages had keener attraction at a time when men from the northern shires felt an innate hatred for the dwellers in the south. As at Paris, the faculty of Arts was divided into four Nations, viz., France, Picardy, Normandy and England, so at Oxford the scholars divided themselves into two Nations,* though, as far as personal animosity went, Irishmen and Welshmen might well have been added as two other Nations. The celebrated riots of 1209 led to the definite establishment of the jurisdiction of the Chancellor, who was nominated by the Bishop of Lincoln, in which diocese Oxford then was situate. * From these two nations the Proctors up to 1540 represented respectively the North and the South. THE UNIVERSITY 21 In fighting against external authority, the main- spring for action seems to have been the love of freedom. This was itself developed quite early by the footing of equality upon which the scholars met, independently of their social position. The advent of the various orders of friars too, had contributed largely to this universal desire for personal free- dom, and stimulated the mental activity of the place, until they had built themselves permanent buildings and fallen away from their original ideals. These friars took the keenest interest in learning themselves; and at one time, early in the fourteenth century, the University was compelled to legislate with the object of keeping the control of the education of its students in its own power, To the influence of the conventual schools is due the fact that the University produced in the thirteenth century such famous men as Grossete'te, Bishop of Lincoln, Adam de Marisco, and that indomitable philosopher Roger Bacon. At the end of the thirteenth century we get the parent group of secular Colleges, based primarily on the conventual foundations, Merton, Balliol and University, which were the type of similar founda- tions in the next few years, viz., Exeter and Oriel. The founders of Merton and Exeter openly ex- pressed their dislike of the friars' ways, and they distinctly discouraged the study of theology. Oriel, on the other hand, was founded for Bachelor Fellows, who were to study Theology and Logic. Queen's was designed clearly as a copy of the Merton idea in every way, though New College 22 OXFORD forty years later (1379) was, owing to William of Wykeham's genius, its more perfect realisation. It was the finished and working model, followed by the founders of Lincoln, All Souls, Magdalen, Brasenose, Corpus, and later of Christ Church. Wyclif, the "morning star of the Reformation," was the last of the series of mediaeval doctors, in fact with him the greatness of mediaeval Oxford may be said to have culminated, if it did not come to an end. The support that was given to him in the University was not so much founded on deep religious feeling, as on the steadily growing national dislike felt for the papal power, against which Parliament had made its strong protest. In the fifteenth century the University entered upon a period of almost general decline. It was a century of fighting rather than of learning, yet in it were produced three Colleges, which still survive mainly in their original form (Lincoln, All Souls, and Magdalen), the Divinity School, and, later, the library of Duke Humfrey, the nucleus of the still greater gift of Sir Thomas Bodley. Two ordinances, the far-reaching importance of which was not then foreseen, were passed in the reign of Henry V. All scholars and their servants were to be under the government of Principals, able and prudent men, lawfully approved and admitted by the Chancellor and Regents, and on no account were they to have their chambers in the houses of laymen, under various pains and penalties. A few years later the University passed a statute which required all scholars of the THE UNIVERSITY 23 University to dwell in a Hall or College, and where commons were provided, under pain of imprisonment. These enactments secured the predominance of the Colleges, which became absolute under Elizabeth and the early Stuarts, and the suppression of unattached students, who were not allowed till 1868. The Renaissance for a time forced the University into public notice, and was the means of gaining for it distinguished patronage and support. William Grocyn, a Fellow of New College, who completed his study of Greek in Florence, taught it, after his return, to students in Exeter College. Linacre on his return from Florence became physician to Henry VIII. John Colet, the founder of St. Paul's School, lectured on the Epistles of St. Paul, and with Sir Thomas More may be considered to have given a religious turn to the new learning that was slowly but surely spreading in England. They and their friends hoped that the Church might be reformed from within rather than from without, but their hopes were not fulfilled. Erasmus learned Greek in Oxford, though he was eventually to teach it in the sister University. The mother of Henry VII. founded the Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity in 1497. Brasenose was founded in 1509, and Corpus in 1513 ; and its founder, abandoning his original idea of a monastery, founded it for the increase of learning, and appointed Readers for Latin, Greek and Theology, who were to lecture for the students of the whole University. 24 OXFORD Oxford suffered enormously in its buildings by the dissolution of the monasteries, as Oseney Abbey, Rewley Abbey, the friaries of the Augus- tinian, Cistercian, Dominican, Benedictine and Carmelite monks, and the monastic foundations of Durham, St. Bernard's, and Canterbury Colleges were suppressed, and passed into other hands, some of them to reappear later on with different names. Wolsey's own glorious foundation of Cardinal's College was suppressed at his fall, and converted later into the " Dean and Chapter of the Cathedral Church of Christ in Oxford of the Foundation of King Henry VIII." The University Library was pillaged and ruined under the Commissioners of Edward VI. Two of the suppressed monastic colleges, Durham and St. Bernard's, re-appear in Mary's reign as Trinity and St. John's, both founded by zealous Roman Catholics. Under Elizabeth, Jesus College, the first Pro- testant College, was founded in 1571. Under the early Stuarts a period of almost general stagnation set in, noteworthy, however, for the building of Wadham 1613, and Pembroke in 1624. Laud, who had been President of St. John's from 1 6 1 1 to 1 62 1 , was Vice-Chancellor in 1 630. He set his mark on the University by taking in hand that which Wolsey had wished to do a century before, the systematising and codifying of the University Statutes. The Laudian Statutes took practically the form in which they were used up to 1856, and there are still some in the Statute Book, dealing THE UNIVERSITY 25 with matters which have not required any con- siderable alteration. Others dealing with the respect to be shown to senior members of the University, walking about in the suburbs, frequent- ing the taverns or houses of residents in the town, going to public meetings in the town, hunting, hawking, carrying bombarding instruments, or arms other than bows and arrows, smoking, driving, riding, &c., in time, no doubt, will disappear from the Statute Book, most of them being practically disregarded and not enforced. With the outbreak of the Civil War, the University, as a believer in the Divine right of kings, sided with Charles I., and for some time Oxford was the royal headquarters. No real work could be expected of the students while the Court was in the town, still less before a threatened or an actual siege, or when all available hands were at work on fortifications ; but soon after 1649 students began to reassemble as before the War, and disci- pline was restored by slow degrees. With the Restoration came, in many cases, the undoing of the evils of the ejection that had been general under Puritan rule, and the University was freed from the tyrannical oversight of Boards of Visitors ; but the evil effects of the dissolute morals of the Court of Charles II. were reflected in Oxford, and were increased when that Court came to Oxford for months at a time, and displaced the members of the Colleges which were selected as Royal residences. The earlier part of the eighteenth century saw 26 OXFORD Oxford University almost stagnant educationally, though Worcester College was founded in 1714, and its buildings finished in 1784. Oxford was partly Tory and partly Whig ; and each side spent much of its energy, literary and otherwise, in reviling, and occasionally, if occasion offered, in attacking, the other. Manners as a rule were rough, though a certain section seems to have tried to copy the manners of the gay roysterers of London and of Bath. Of the Colleges that stand out conspicuous in a dull century are Trinity at the beginning, Corpus in the middle, and Christ Church ; while certain of the rest, such as Balliol, Merton, New College, Magdalen, were sufferingfrom thegeneral stagnation. During the latter part of the eighteenth century, steady work, owing to the fact that strong men were in command, was being done at some of the Colleges. Oriel flourished under Dr. Eveleigh (1781-1814), and Corpus under Dr. Cooke (1783- 1823), while Wadham prospered under Dr. Wills (1783-1806), and Christ Church did so under Cyril Jackson (1783-1809), who, as Dean and Vice-Chancellor, with Dr. Parsons, Master of Balliol (1793-1819), may be looked upon as the guiding spirits in crystallising into definite shape the plans for revivifying Oxford. With men like these at the head of Colleges the revival was bound to be real, and its effect has proved permanent. As in the previous revivals of learning, part of the energy produced was to be expended later in the direction of religious activity, and to take THE UNIVERSITY 27 various forms. Oriel was the centre of the Anglican movement, Wadham was the head- quarters of Evangelicalism under Dr. Symons, though curiously, later, it was to produce church- men of a very different stamp. Much of the revival energy was directed to art matters, and led to the blind revival of mediaeval forms, the mediaeval spirit and feeling being abso- lutely dead. To the Gothic revivalists we do not owe unmixed gratitude. Their sweeping changes were too sweeping, and Oxford, later on, paid the penalty in the loss of the chapels at Exeter and at Balliol, and the restoration of that at Wadham. Ruskin's teaching led to the disastrous attempt to build Venetian Gothic in the Museum and at Christ Church, followed by Domestic Gothic at Balliol and elsewhere. By an Act of Parliament (1871), the Test Act was repealed and subscription to the 39 Articles of the Church of England is in no case required by any of the Colleges, with the exception of Keble, from any member at his entrance; and the University requires no such subscription except from those who graduate as Bachelors, and, later, as Doctors of Divinity. The official religion at Oxford remains that of the Church of England, and its position seems stronger now than it was before the passing of the Test Act. Two Colleges, Mansfield and Manchester, have been transferred to Oxford, the one in 1886 and the other in 1889 ; Mansfield was established by the Congregational Churches chiefly for the training of 28 OXFORD their ministry ; at Manchester College the guiding principle is to teach theology without insisting that particular doctrines should be adopted. Roman Catholic students since 1897 nave usec ' an upper room in the* house opposite Tom Tower in St. Aldate's as a chapel, and have a resident chaplain. Pope's Hall is the present name of a Roman Catholic Hall, founded in 1896 in memory of Edmund Campion, formerly Fellow of John's, the distinguished Jesuit. A large piece of ground in Holywell, comprising the site of the present Racquet Courts has been bought by the Duke of Norfolk with a view to the future building of a Benedictine House. The system of public examinations at Oxford has now been in operation for over a century. It was intended to afford able candidates a practical means of obtaining distinction in strong contrast to the formal exercises previously required from those who presented themselves for the degree of B.A. Many changes have been made, naturally, in this time, and the examinations have been extended to include Natural Science, Law, Modem History, Theology, Oriental studies, English Language and Literature. The system of four classes has been retained since 1830. Oxford is said to have set a highly pernicious example in formulating and arranging its examina- tion system ; but this is a wide subject, and a fruitful source for much discussion, for which there is here no opportunity. Science too, which had been privately followed THE UNIVERSITY 29 in the seventeenth century, was officially recognised as a subject in the Schools in 1853, certainly at first with discouraging results as far as Class Lists were concerned. The teaching of Science gene- rally has till quite lately been, owing to the necessity of expensive apparatus and special instructors, mainly in the hands of University lecturers and demonstrators. Balliol, however, with Trinity, Christ Church and Magdalen, have now properly fitted laboratories and lecture rooms, and Jesus College has recently begun to provide the necessary scientific accommodation. Another development of the examination system has been that known as " University Extension," advocated as early as 1850 by William Sewell. The plan, though excellent, was premature, and it was not till 1879 that Oxford followed the lead of Cambridge and of London. Since 1885 the work has expanded enormously, and is still being developed, particularly by the summer meetings at Oxford or Cambridge during the Long Vacation. It is impossible to estimate the advantages to be obtained from some of these courses of lectures, if properly supplemented by real private study ; but there is a tendency to overrate these advantages, as is evidenced by the desire that some sort of a degree should be obtainable for these students who have attended the lectures and passed examinations on the subject-matter. In the progress of modern Oxford it may be noted that the number of Professorships and Readerships has increased from 63 in 1883 to 105 3 o OXFORD in 1905. During the same length of time the number of College Fellowships, excluding those which are Honorary, has decreased from 322 to 307 ; and the number of College Scholarships has increased from 498 to 512. One of the distinguishing features of modern Oxford life has been the partial recognition of the claim of women to utilise to the full the same educational advantages that are open to men. The movement began with the foundation of Somerville Hall, in memory of Mrs. Somerville, some nine or ten years later than Girton and Newnham Colleges at Cambridge. Soon after the opening in 1879 it was seen that the buildings were insufficient, and two years later they were enlarged. An additional block of buildings was required by 1886 ; and again, a few years later, new buildings on a far more extensive scale showed the increasing educa- tional usefulness of what had been at first but tentative. Quite recently the College, for such it is now, has had built a library, with accommoda- tion for 30,000 volumes. Lady Margaret Hall, which was founded in the same year, is intended for those who profess the principles of the Church of England. Additional accommodation was provided for the Hall in 1896 by the erection of the Wordsworth Building. Further extensions of the movement have been the opening of St. Hugh's Hall in 1886, and St. Hilda's Hall in 1893, founded and controlled by Miss D. Beale, of Cheltenham. The question of allowing the women who have THE UNIVERSITY 31 worked for the examinations to take the degrees to which they are equitably entitled must be surely only a question of time. What is allowed to the students at London and other more recently founded Universities, will one day be granted to the women students at our oldest University. Had it not been for the opposition, obstinate and unreasoning as it always seemed, of a few, the disabilities must long ago have ceased to exist. The students (on payment of a fee) may now take a degree at Trinity College, Dublin, on the strength of examinations passed at Oxford, and some have availed themselves of the permission. This seems a most important step towards the granting of degrees to women at Oxford. Another extension, of which it is at present difficult to see the material outcome, is the opening of Ruskin Hall in 1899, now (since its removal to temporary premises in Worcester Place) Ruskin College. The warmest admirers of Mr. Ruskin's theories in social ethics may pause before committing themselves to unqualified approval of a scheme which ostensibly provides for working men the means of studying the great social and political problems of the day. The prospectus aims at teaching the students to raise, but not to rise out of, the class to which they belong, either by residence at Oxford for a year, or by means of correspondence classes. Mere residence in Oxford as an educational centre may do much for the inmates of this College ; but it is at present in Oxford without being of it, 32 OXFORD and from the particular standpoint of the founda- tion might just as well, if not better, have been established in a more distinctly commercial centre, where the problems might be studied at first-hand from concrete example, rather than in the abstract. The remembrance of Ruskin's mud-puddle road still survives in Oxford, and it is to be hoped that the future of Ruskin College will not disappoint its founder and its pupils. ARMS OF THE UNIVERSITY, FROM A BOSS IN THE OLD SCHOOLS THE COLLEGES THE Colleges are each private corporations quite distinct from the corporate body which we know as the University, and with the power of making their own rules and regulations, and enforcing them upon their members. Every member of the University must belong to a College or Hall or be one of the members of Non- Collegiate Students, and by ceasing to belong to one of these smaller bodies he ceases ipso facto to be a member of the University. The idea of a College as we know it originated towards the end of the thirteenth century, and the earliest probably was Merton 1264, or perhaps Balliol. At first, judging from the various statutes, the discipline, by contrast with the almost complete absence of it in the Halls, was perhaps too paternal, but by slow degrees it relaxed, and in so doing in most cases improved, though there are exceptions. In fact it may be said that the discipline of the Colleges remained paternal in character till the system of public schools was firmly established. The Laudian Statutes of the University dealt with many minute points of detail, which are not now c 34 OXFORD the subjects of especial rules, and the mention of the Proctors' Black Book, and of impositions still remains in the Statute Book of to-day to remind us that times are always changing. The College libraries suffered terribly at the hands of the Visitors of Edward VI. ; the reredos at New College was defaced by Elizabeth's instruc- tions; that at All Souls, which was wrecked in 1549, was concealed with plaster and incongruous frescoes till 1876. Most of the College Chapels suffered if not in the time of Edward VI. at any rate under the Commonwealth, some at both times, and many ot them'since. The College authorities are in a measure trustees of most interesting buildings, that have been handed down as a rule with care, from a respectable antiquity, and they should be very jealous in behalf of their trust. In most cases they are, but at times there seems need for some external controlling authority, with a power of veto, to step in and bid them pause a while before taking any step, the results of which may prove irremediable. It must be recognised, as a necessary incident in their growth, that Colleges may require enlarge- ment and repair, but the enlarging or the repair should not be done without due consideration for the past, the present, and the future. Halls were at an early date founded for the reception of students, and they were so numerous that Mr. Green's remark that the University found Oxford a busy prosperous borough and reduced it to a cluster of lodging-houses is confirmed. These THE COLLEGES 35 Halls took their names from peculiarities in the buildings themselves : e.g., White Hall in Castle Street, various Black Halls, Broadgates Hall (1420), which eventually became Pembroke College ; Angle Hall, Sand Hall, Water Hall, Stone Hall, Thatched Hall, Glazen Hall, Leden Hall. Others took the names of their owners or founders : e.g., Kempe Hall in High Street, Stapeldon Hall in 1314, the original Exeter College, Hertford Hall in 1282. Others again were named after places : Drowda Hall, Merton Hall, Amsterdam Hall, Hamburg Hall, Gloucester Hall in 1283, now Worcester College ; Coventry Hall, where the Roebuck Hotel now stands ; Burwaldscote Hall was on the site of the present " Mitre." Others again from Saints or from their proximity to churches ; St. Mary Hall, given as a manse for the rector of the Church of St. Mary the Virgin in 1239. Some of these early foundations were called Inns, as Peckwater's Inn, later on merged into Christ Church, and giving its name to one Quadrangle. St. Albarfs Hall, founded in 1230, was united to Merton in 1882, and at the present time the greater part of the buildings have been pulled down to make room for new sets of rooms. They had been built in 1600 by Sir Henry Savile ; though pic- turesque externally, they were certainly not suited for the more luxurious undergraduates of our time. St. Mary Hall, Oriel Street, founded in 1333, has lately (1896) been incorporated with the parent College. It remains to be seen how much 36 OXFORD of the Hall will be left standing when Oriel, under the magnificent Rhodes bequest, is extended north- wards into the High Street. St. Edmund's Hall, in Queen's Lane, was founded in the thirteenth century, though none of the present buildings are earlier than the end of the eighteenth century. It will eventually be united with Queen's College. New Inn Hall, which had been founded earlier as Trilleck's Inn, was bought by William of Wykeham in 1369, with other adjoining property, and conveyed to New College. Being rebuilt in 1460, it was known subsequently as New Inn Hall. During the Civil War the Hall was used as a ^ Mint for coining the plate contributed by the various Colleges and Halls. The separate existence of this Hall came to an end in 1887. Part of the more recent buildings on the site were incorporated in 1897 into the Memorial Hall called after Bishop Hannington, and it may be considered the head- quarters of missionary endeavour in Oxford. University College takes its name from the fact that the endowment given by William of Durham in 1249 was m tne hands of the University as trustee. The institution thus managed was called in 1366 the Magna Aula Universitatis, or Great or Mickle University Hall ; and a century or so later the various masters, who profited by the bequest of William of Durham, followed the example of Walter de Merton's foundation, and the University Hall became known as the University College. Though the foundation is old, the buildings, as THE COLLEGES 37 we see them, were mainly built in the reigns of Charles I. and Charles II., though with many modern additions and alterations. The front of 1635 was rebuilt and altered in 1800, and restored in 1877. In the large quadrangle there is on the south side the Chapel ( 1639-65), wainscoted in cedar, and with an oak screen. The side windows were painted in 1641 by Van Ling the younger, and are excellent specimens of his craftsmanship. The east window was inserted by Sir G. Scott in 1862. The Library was built by Sir G. G. Scott in the early sixties, the old library of 1669 having been converted into extra sets of rooms for under- graduates. A Mausoleum was built in 1892 to receive the beautiful Shelley memorial by the late E. Onslow Ford ; but the building somehow or other is not satisfactory. The Hall, which in 1640 was built on the site of an older refectory, was mutilated in 1766 by the addition of a plaster roof. Quite recently the Hall has been carried out towards the west, and improved by the removal of the plaster roof (1903-04). The Gothic panelling at the dai's end of the Hall, with its seven panels, each with a gabled top with crockets and finials, gives a curiously chapel-like effect to the interior. The College, in the reign of James II., was the headquarters of those who wished to Romanise Oxford ; in fact, the statue of James II., on the south side of the tower in .the large quadrangle, was presented by the then Master, Dr. Obadiah Walker. The gables in the quadrangle are oddly 38 OXFORD shaped, and will not bear comparison with those at Oriel. Balliol College, though one of the earliest of the Colleges in point of its foundation, is, in point of its actual buildings, almost entirely modern. Much more might have been made of such a splendid site, and, as it is, the buildings are unequal even in their lack of interest. The Brakenbury buildings facing Broad Street and Trinity (built in 1867-69 by Mr. Waterhouse) are restless, lacking in dignity, and rather overweighted with expanse of roof. In many parts the incised ornament only serves to irritate the eye of the beholder. To the west of this front is the Master's Lodging, in- corporating part of the fifteenth-century buildings, and still further west Fisher Buildings (1769). As Balliol gradually expanded in numbers in the nineteenth century, new buildings were found necessary, and the block facing St. Mary Mag- dalen's Church was built in 1825 by Basevi. In 1855 the block facing Beaumont Street was added by Salvin. Further extensions were made in 1876-7. Not satisfied with these changes, the authorities consented to the wanton destruction of the Chapel a fine building of sixteenth-century work* by Mr. Butterfield. This, the third Chapel of the College, is the least interesting, except as regards the remains of the old stained glass. The old Hall (1432) has been converted into an Undergraduates' Library. It contains some-of the * It is engraved in Parker's " Handbook for Visitors to Oxford," 1 847. THE COLLEGES 39 glass from the old Chapel. The Library is some forty years later than this old Hall. The Hall was built (1875-1877) by Mr. Waterhouse. It stands by itself more or less, considerably above the ground level ; in fact, it loses in dignity by its approach up a narrow flight of steps. The roof is good, and does not interfere with the excellent acoustic pro- perties of the Hall. In the west end is an un- satisfactory window. Though the statutes date from 1282, the College was really founded earlier by John de Balliol. He had students established in Old Balliol Hall in 1266. His widow, the Lady Devorguilla of Gal- loway, carried out his intentions, and must rank as co-foundress. She bought Mary Hall for the students in 1284, which, to distinguish it from the other Balliol Hall, was known as New Balliol Hall. Merton College, the oldest in Oxford, is still, though it has suffered much from restorers, one of the places to linger in, if any good idea of what Oxford once was is to be recalled to one's mind. Founded at Maldon in 1264 by Walter de Merton, and transferred to Oxford in 1274, this, the mother of Colleges, marked the beginning of a great change in the University life of students ; and the statutes of the founder were the model of many other collegiate foundations both at Oxford and at Cam- bridge. Up to the time of the foundation, students had led a more or less roystering and noisy life in lodgings in the town, or in some of the countless Halls which existed in Oxford, in which discipline was practically unknown. The Hall, Library and 40 OXFORD other buildings are, unlike the later Colleges, grouped in an irregular manner, as though everything was tentative. "Mob" Quadrangle is the old quadrangle of the original foundation. On the south side is the Library, established in 1376 by William Rede, Bishop of Chichester. Though roofed in 1502 and fitted with Jacobean dormer windows, the in- terior is one of the most interesting libraries in existence. It is difficult to explain why it is known to so few. The Chapel, formerly the Parish Church of St. John the Baptist, was bought by the founder from Reading Abbey. It is of various dates, the choir being a particularly fine example of Early Decorated work with geometrical tracery. The variety in the tracery of the side windows should be noted as well as the east window, with its elaborate wheel. In this window the glass in the lower lights is quite unworthy of the window. A wooden vaulted roof seems to have been the original intention of the builders. The present roof was painted by the late J. Hungerford Pollen, 1850-1851. In the Ante-chapel, in reality the transept of the unfinished building, the lower arches are early fourteenth century, and the transept was finished as far as it is now in 1424, the projected nave and aisles having been abandoned. The Tower is an excellent example of Perpendicular work, was finished in 1450, about forty years before Magdalen Tower was begun. Situated in a comparatively out-of-the-way street the Tower and the Chapel', in fact the College generally, is often overlooked. THE COLLEGES 41 Of other early parts of the College the Muniment Room, which may have been the first library, is probably the oldest. Its high pitched roof of stone will be noted between the front and the Mob Quadrangles. The Sacristy was a little later (1311), and for many years was used as a brewhouse. It has been recently restored. Of the Hall the chief remains are the walls and the door, with its intricate smithwork in iron. Most of the present Hall dates from 1872. The substructure of the Hall is interesting early work. The Fellows' Quadrangle is to the south of the front quadrangle, and was built (1608-1610), it is thought, by the same architect Thomas Holt, of York who planned the Schools Tower. This quadrangle bears a family likeness to the quadrangle of Wadham, which was being built at the same time. The Warden's Lodging, under part of which is the Tudor archway, is a century earlier in point of date. In the vaulting of the arch are the arms of Henry VII. At the present time a house is being built for the Warden out of College. It is a curious coincidence that the College first founded should be the first to arrange for its responsible head to live elsewhere than on the premises. To the south of the Mob Quadrangle is an incongruous block of buildings, erected in 1864 by Mr. Butterfield. It is said that the College had intended to pull down the south side, of the Mob Quadrangle, including a part of the Library, and replace what was interesting by something dull and commonplace. Fortunately the intention 42 OXFORD was not fulfilled. In justice to Mr. Butterfield it should be noted that he was compelled by the College authorities to make the buildings one storey higher than he originally intended. Viewed from the fields the addition mars the effect of the rest of the buildings. New buildings on the eastern portion of the site, designed by Mr. B. Champneys, are now in progress. Exeter College^ though first founded as Staple- don Hall in 1314 by Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, who lost his life as a supporter of the ill-fated Edward II., was to all intents and purposes refounded again in 1565 by Sir William Petre, the father of the foundress of Wadham. It was originally founded for laymen, not for clerks nor for those who wished to study theology ; yet in looking at the list of famous men who have been at the College, one cannot help noting that the greater part have been eminent divines. Of the oldest part of the buildings only a portion remains of the old Tower gateway of 1432, and this is incorporated in the Rector's lodgings. The Hall was built in 1618 by Sir John Acland, and after partial restorations in 1818, and 1872, has again been recently restored, new chimney-pieces having been added. It is one of the fine Halls, and contains some interesting portraits. The Chapel, which is a graceful study of La Sainte Chapelle in Paris, was built (1856-1859) for no other reason, apparently, than that the previous Chapel had been built in 1623. The canopied stalls, added in 1884 (Bodley), THE COLLEGES 43 have enriched what was formerly rather a bare interior ; and the fine tapestry work representing the Adoration of the Magi, designed by the late Sir E. Burne-Jones, and executed under the supervision of the late William Morris, is a later addition (1890). All the buildings at Exeter are thus practically modern the Turl front dating from 1834, and that in the Broad Street mainly from 1854, the Library 1855-1856, and the Chapel 1856-1859. The Fellows' Garden, with the excellent view of the buildings of the Bodleian Library, should not be missed. Oriel College, or, as it was intended to be called by its founder Adam de Brome, St. Mary's College, or the House of the Blessed St. Mary, sometimes too known as King's College, from its Royal patron and visitor Edward II., or Aula Regalis,was founded in a small house in the High Street in 1326. Three years later a property, " La Oriole," on the site of the present College, having been con- veyed to it, the new name began to come into common use, and has superseded the longer title. Of Adam de Brome's buildings nothing, save some parts of the east wall, towards Grove Street, remains. The front quadrangle was rebuilt from 1619 to 1642 ; and it is interesting to compare it with University College, which was built at the same time, and with Wad ham, which is slightly earlier. The Hall and Chapel side of the quad- rangle (1637) is particularly fine, in spite of the necessary repairs that have been done. Too much 44 OXFORD prominence is now given to the REGNANTE CAROLO over the portico on the top of the steps. The ill- fated Edward II. seems unduly ignored. Charles I. is honoured too in the fan vaulting of the entrance gateway. The ogee gables are a distinctive feature of the front quadrangle. There is a good oak root in the Hall (1637), which is an excellent specimen of the architecture of its time. The northern or garden quadrangle is a century later than the other, as the east side was built in 1719, that on the west in 1730, and the south side still later in 1817. The Library (1788) was built in the Ionic style by Wyatt, who also built the entrance to Canter- bury Quadrangle at Christchurch. An original library of 1444 had been removed in 1637, when other building was in progress. A new east window was placed in the Chapel in 1884-5 m memory of the late Provost Edward Hawkins, after the enlargement of the Chapel. Oriel will in the future benefit by the munifi- cence of Mr. Cecil Rhodes, under whose will the College receives a large sum to be devoted to the extension of the College buildings to the High Street. St. Mary Hall, originally a manse for the Rector of St. Mary-le- Virgin in 1229, was conveyed by Edward II. to Oriel College in 1325, and it became an academical Hall in 1333. The Hall, in the south-east corner of the quadrangle, is now a Junior Common Room for Oriel ; above it is the Chapel finished in 1640, but with modern panelling. THE COLLEGES 45 This foundation was, on the retirement of the last Principal in 1896, merged into that of Oriel. Queen's College was originally founded in 1340 by Robert de Eglesfield, Chaplain to Philippa, Queen of Edward III., as Aula Scholarium Regime ; and the College has been under the protection since then of other Queens, as Elizabeth, Henrietta Maria, Caroline and Charlotte. Eglesfield's chief idea was, besides endowing a certain number of students of Theology and Civil Law, to provide for the education of several "poor boys," the antetype of the later scholarship holders and exhibitions ; the benefits of such education were to be confined especially to natives of Cum- berland and Westmoreland. As part of the same system the fellowships were confined to men from the north country. At the present time the Hastings Exhibitioners are primarily restricted to students from certain north-country schools. The fondness of the founder for symbolism is seen in his limiting the number of Fellows to twelve, as the number of the Apostles, and that of the " poor boys" to seventy, as that of the disciples. Of Eglesfield's buildings nothing remains to us. The College up to the beginning of the eighteenth century was hidden by house property in the High Street, and had its main entrance almost opposite the Church of St. Peter in the East. The earliest portion of the present range of buildings is in the back quadrangle (eastern side), which was begun in 1672, and completed by the Library, one of fhe finest and best equipped in the town, in 1696. 46 OXFORD On no account should the view of the garden front be missed. The Hall, which is nearly 30 feet shorter than the Chapel, is a good specimen of Sir Christopher Wren's work, but the scheme of decoration was designed by Mr. C. E. Kempe. There is an inter- esting series of portraits of benefactors on the walls. The Chapel (1714-1719), also by Wren, contains some of the stained glass from the older chapel of Eglesfield, dated 1518. Most of the other windows are a century later, and restored in 1717 at the time they were inserted in their present position. On the ceiling is an Ascension by Sir James Thornhill, lately cleaned and restored. The altar- piece is a copy of Correggio's La Notte. Some brasses of early Provosts have recently been brought from the crypt to the Ante-chapel. As in many College Chapels the organ here is built on a scale too large (and too loud) for the Chapel. It is a remarkably fine instrument. The front quadrangle was the latest addition to the buildings. Part of it, the western side and the cloister, was finished by 1710, the rest by 1730, and the High Street front 1750-1756. The architect was Hawksmoor, a pupil of Wren. The Library is a room of noble proportions, designed by Wren, with a good facade on the garden side. New College, which once was the New College in Oxford, is now perhaps the best example to show what a College was like five hundred years ago. It was founded as St. Mary of Winchester THE COLLEGES 47 in Oxford in 1379, and opened seven years later. William of Wykeham, the founder, was also the architect, and his design has been the model to other founders of Colleges, both at Oxford and at the sister University. Considering the lapse of time that the buildings have been in use it is wonderful that they have escaped the hands of the restorer. Wykeham would hardly approve of the tampering with the height of the Hall, the addition of a storey to the front quadrangle, and some of the new buildings in Holywell Street ; but after viewing Oxford as a whole he might well be surprised at the mercy shown to his glorious foundation. The Entrance Gateway in New College Lane, with the exception of the insertion of sash- windows ; and the great quadrangle with the ex- ception of the upper storey added in 1674, and the insertion of sash-windows are practically as Wyke- ham designed them. In 1682-4 tne Garden Quadrangle was added, and the gardens laid out in an elaborate system of carpet-bedding shown in Loggan's engraving, but this has now fortunately been replaced by soft and even turf. The Hall, one of the noblest in Oxford (1386), 78 feet by 35, and originally 40 feet high, remained untouched till 1540-50, when Archbishop Warham presented the screen and the linen-fold panelling. The Hall had a particularly fine timber roof, as shown in Loggan's engraving made in 1675. Later on a flat plaster roof was added, which remained till Sir G. Scott in 1866 restored the Hall, and for 48 OXFORD some reason decided to raise the roof 10 feet, and so ruined the proportions calculated by one of the cleverest men England has ever produced. The windows are best admired from the outside, as the eye is not then distracted by the stained glass. Above the screen is An Adoration of the Shepherds^ of the Carracci school, formerly in the Chapel. The Cloisters are interesting both for their archi- tecture and for the curiously wrought roof. The view across the garth towards the bell-tower and the Chapel is one of the best architectural views of the College. The Ante-chapel is of graceful proportions, and with a roof supported by two slender staff-moulded pillars. Some of the brasses of the earlier Wardens are well worthy of notice. Many were restored in 1802, having been mutilated in the Civil War. In the Ante-chapel are several fourteenth-century windows, some of the most interesting in Oxford. They are apparently contemporary with the Chapel, which was finished by 1386. The great west window was painted by Jervais in 1777, from cartoons by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Artistic taste was then at a low ebb, and the mullions of the windows were mutilated to make room for the glass. This Ante-chapel, as was also that at All Souls, was intended to be used for disputations and other secular purposes. The Chapel contains in the small lights in the window-heads much of the original fourteenth- century glass. In the south windows the glass is Flemish, repaired in 1 740 ; on the north side the . rAj ;V^_._-. THE COLLEGES 49 windows were painted by Peckett (of York) in 1765 and 1744. Access to the Hall is given by a staircase in the Muniment Tower. The Chapel, perhaps the finest in Oxford, has also suffered at the hands of fanatics and would- be improvers, and in consequence has had to be "restored." A good view of the Chapel before the restoration is given in Foster's " Oxford Men and their Colleges." We are told that Wykeham did "all that piety could dictate, or affection and taste effect," and we may well believe it. It was Wyatt who tampered with the roof and who re- stored the reredos, fragments of which were dis- covered in 1789. The roof was apparently unsafe, but Wyatt was the last person to restore in a con- servative way. In 1872-80 Sir G. Scott took the Chapel in hand, the College meantime using the Church of St. Peter in the East. Wyatt's plaster ceiling was removed, and an oak roof substituted. The stalls were for the most part cleaned and renewed, as a study of them will clearly show. The plain panel- ling and the cornice above it are all new, and so is the greater portion of the organ screen, which now carries a new organ (1875). New sedilia were inserted after the earlier model, and the reredos again in part restored. The sculptures were added by Mr. Pearson in 1894. The fine alto-relievo panels above the communion table, representing The Salutation, The Nativity, The Descent from the Cross, The Resurrection, and The Ascension, are by Westmacott. Mr. Pearson was responsible D 50 OXFORD for the figures in the canopied niches, which re- present the Te Deum. Wykeham's Pastoral Staff (cf. p. 91) is in a recess on the north side of the sanctuary. Lincoln College was founded for a Rector and seven Fellows by Richard Fleming, Bishop of Lincoln, in 1426, as " the College of the Blessed Virgin and of All Saints, Lincoln, in the University of Oxford." The founder had formerly been a keen supporter of Wyclif, but, having changed his mind, decided to found Lincoln College for the special purpose of training ecclesiastics to refute the " pernicious doctrines of Wyclif." The College was licensed in 1427, but the progress with the buildings was slow. The Hall was built in 1436, restored and panelled in 1701, its roof hidden by a plaster ceiling, as such was then the fashion. Further alterations were made in 1835 ; but in our own day, 1891, the Hall has been restored to its original form by Mr. T. G. Jackson. A Chapel was built in 1436 by Dean Forest, but the present building was built in 1631 by Dr. Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, and Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. The woodwork of the roof and the panelling is in cedar. In the windows is some good Flemish glass, said to have been brought from Italy by Dr. Williams. So far the hand of the restorer has let the Chapel alone. Long may it be so left ! The Library was originally on the west side of the buildings, and built by Dean Forest. It was restored in 1590, but after the present Chapel was THE COLLEGES 51 built, 1631, the old oratory was fitted up as a library to accommodate the books presented by Dr. Gilbert Watts. At the present time a new Library is being built in the garden to the south of the College. Interesting as all the buildings are at Lincoln, the insertion of sash windows in Dr. Tatham's time is a sad blot, and quite spoils the general effect. All Souls College was founded by Archbishop Chichele, primarily as a Chantry, in which prayers might be said for Henry VI. and the founder during their lifetime as well as after their death, and also on behalf of " the souls of all the faithful de- parted " (" Omnium animarum fidelium defunct- orum"). The site was bought in 1437, and early in the following year the foundations were begun, and four years later the buildings were in use, the Chapel having been consecrated in 1442. Much of the cost of building was defrayed from the revenues of some of the smaller religious foundations sup- pressed by Henry V. The College is unique in that it is a foundation for Fellows, and the legal bent of the founder is shown in his direction that sixteen of the Fellows were to study law, while the rest were to devote themselves to philosophy, theology and the arts. Chichele died soon after the completion of the building. Of the three quadrangles it may be said that the first remains practically as Chichele himself left it. The chief artistic glory of the College is the Late Perpendicular Chapel (1442), with its fine simple 52 OXFORD roof, and its reredos by Sir G. Scott, on the lines of the original work, which had been mutilated in 1549, and plastered up in 1664. Streater painted the Last Judgment upon it, and the roof was also hidden with lath and plaster and painted. Later the Chapel was Italianised, 1717, and the classic screen of Sir J. Thornhill no doubt looked well in such surroundings. In 1769 Mengs' Noli me tangere was placed as the altar-piece. It is now in the Ante-chapel.* Chichele procured by papal bull the exemption of the College from the jurisdiction of the diocesan, at that time the Bishop of Lincoln, and also, by giving a consideration, made the College extra- parochial as far as concerned the parish of St. Mary the Virgin. The Hall is a spacious room designed by Dr. Clarke and begun in 1729, a few years later than the Library, now called the Codrington, which with its reading-room attached is a great boon to, and much appreciated by, those who have the entree to it. Magdalen College^ though founded in 1456, was not built till some years later. Its founder, William Patten, usually known as William of Waynflete, secured the site of St. John the Baptist Hospital, and built most of the present buildings between 1472-1480, the President and Fellows being accommodated in Magdalen Hall, an earlier * A view of the Chapel with the previous ornately painted reredos is given in Foster's " Oxford Men and their Colleges." THE COLLEGES 53 foundation, till the new buildings should be ready. This Magdalen Hall was burned down early in last century, but the Grammar Hall still survives. The Hall, approached by a staircase in the south alley of the cloisters, is a fine room (73 feet by 30 feet), with a good Jacobean screen. The walls are panelled in oak, enriched with armorial bearings. Mr. Bodley in 1903 removed Wyatt's sham gothic vaulting in plaster, which had long been an eyesore, and substituted the present oak roof. The spacious kitchen, which stands out from the rest of the buildings here, is supposed to be a part of the old St. John the Baptist Hospital. The Cloisters (1473) are perhaps, with the exception of those at Gloucester Cathedral, the most perfect in existence. From whichever point they are viewed the effect is good. On the buttresses in the garth, the grotesque hieroglyphics (of the early sixteenth century restored 1820) should be noticed. The west door of the Chapel is a most graceful piece of architecture, with its fine figures of St. Mary Magdalen, St. John, St. Swithun, and the founder. A detached or flying moulding, parallel with the lines of the arch of the recessed door, is quite unique. The Chapel had suffered so much at many times that it was necessary to restore it thoroughly in 1832-1833, as the restorations made in the second half of the seventeenth century were in poor taste. In 1740 the Ante-chapel windows (by Greenbury, 1635) were brought into the choir, but in 1860 54 OXFORD they were taken back to the Ante-chapel to make room for the present glass by Hardman. The large west window was restored in 1 794, having been damaged by a storm of wind some years before. It is by some attributed to Green- bury, the painter of the other windows now in this Chapel : the subject is the Last Judgment, after Christopher Schwartz, the Raphael of Germany, who died in 1594. The fine organ, removed from Magdalen by Cromwell to Hampton Court, was restored to Magdalen in 1660, and in 1737 removed to Tewkesbury Abbey. The Chapel is lighted with the dim religious light of candles, and is thus a strong contrast to the garish illumination of the Ante-chapel. At the east end there is a group by Chantrey, representing Christ appearing to Alary Magdalen in the Garden ; the figure-work above in the reredos was added 1864-1865. The altar-piece, subject Christ bear- ing His Cross, has been attributed to various Spanish Masters, e.g., Valdez Leal, Ribalta, Morales, Murillo. One of the chief beauties of Oxford, and for- merly the first that was seen by those who approached the town by the road from Henley and by that from Wycombe, is the Tower, 150 feet high, a grand specimen of Perpendicular work, finished in 1507. The lower storeys are quite plain, all ornament being reserved for the windows, the parapet and the pinnacles. In this way the Tower gains in chaste dignity, and dominates the * * THE COLLEGES 55 whole block of buildings in which it is placed. It can be admired from many points notably from the small quadrangle of St. John the Baptist, from the north side of the cloisters, from the Water Walks, from the Cher well, and from Merton Fields, or, better, from the Fellows' Garden at Merton. Every year on May I a Latin Hymn to the Trinity is sung by the choir on the top of the tower at sunrise ; the music having been com- posed by Dr. Rogers, the Chapel organist, in 1685. Before that time madrigals and other secular music was performed. The words and music will be found on page 65. With the exception of the buildings erected in the deer park in 1735, Magdalen has been fortu- nate in its later additions, especially in the new block known as St. Swithun's buildings and the President's Lodgings. Brasenote College was founded in 1509 by William Smyth, Bishop of Lincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton. The Charter of Henry VIII. mentions the "King's Hall and College of Brasenose," a name derived from one of the eight smaller Halls on the site. Brasenose buildings, like those of many other Colleges, have been much altered and rebuilt. Both the present Library and Chapel have been attributed to Sir Christopher Wren, and if so are specimens of his earliest work. The Chapel was begun in 1656 and finished ten years later, but some of its fan-vaulted roof is said to have been brought from the Chapel of St. Mary's College, of which a doorway remains in New Inn Hall Street. 56 OXFORD On the whole it is a clever combination of the Gothic and the Italian styles of architecture. Its new appearance is due to the restoration of 1874. The Library was finished some three or four years before the Chapel. From the Old Quadrangle to which the dormer windows were added early in the seventeenth century, to light the recently added top storey the Entrance Gateway looks far better than it does from the east front in Radcliffe Square. Within the last few years many changes, con- templated as long ago as 1736, have been made at Brasenose. The College has extended itself south- wards to the High Street, and westwards by the new front in the High Street. This new front contains an imposing Entrance Gateway and Tower, the Principal's Lodging, and various sets of rooms. In this extension of the College the architect has given us a very fine piece of work, different entirely from much of his other designs as carried out in Oxford. The stone carving seems too delicate for the material, and it will be interesting to note how it stands the climate, as already it appears to show signs of weathering. Corpus Christi College was founded in 1516 by Richard Foxe, Bishop of Winchester and Lord Privy Seal to Henry VII. and Henry VIII. The founder's original idea was to devote the College as a seminary for a few monks from St. Swithun's Priory at Winchester and a few secular scholars ; but he was dissuaded by Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, who contributed liberally to the cost of THE COLLEGES 57 building the College, and endowed it with landed property. The founder made provision for definite instruc- tion in Latin and Greek by ordering that two Readers should give lectures, open to the whole University, on those languages. This idea was many years in advance of the time; and the Corpus Christi Professorships of Jurisprudence, and of the Latin Language and Literature, were the tardy outcome. There is nothing very striking in the exterior of the buildings. The front quadrangle was marred by the addition of another floor to two of its sides in 1737. In 1706 the Fellows' buildings were begun by President Turner, and take their name from him. The Chapel, although much restored in 1843, is interesting, and has an elaborately painted panelled roor, stalls and screen of carved- cedar. Bishop Foxe's Pastoral Staff should by no means be missed, and the lectern is worthy of notice and comparison with modern work. The altar-piece, representing The Adoration^ by Rubens, was given in 1804 by Sir Richard Worsley. Though small, the Hall (1516) is of perfect proportions, and has a good Perpendicular roof. It is rather overburdened with large pictures. Corpus Library, on the south side of the quad- rangle, is one of the most interesting apartments in Oxford, and is especially rich in MSS. and early printed books. New buildings were erected on the north side of 58 OXFORD Merton Street in 1885, from designs by Mr. T. G. Jackson. Trinity College, founded, like St. John's, in Mary's reign, and also on the site of an earlier religious house, which, as Durham College, had been founded for monks from Durham in the thirteenth century. Suppressed at the dissolution of monasteries, the property, after belonging to the Archdeacon of Oxford, vested in the Crown, and then passed to Dr. Owen of Godstow, and again by purchase to Sir Thomas Pope, who put the buildings into repair and founded the College in 1555, with a dedication to the " Holy and Undivided Trinity." The front quadrangle, as at present seen from Broad Street, contains the new buildings (1884- 1887) designed by Mr. T. G. Jackson, the part nearest the Chapel being the Lodging for the President. At the north of the present open space is the Chapel, built by Dr. Bathurst and finished in 1694 from designs by Dean Aldrich, assisted by Wren ; but with more probability designed by Wren, who had much to do, architecturally, with Trinity. The interior is fragrant with its panelling of cedar. Gibbons' carvings in lime-wood seem now to draw too much attention, owing to their bleached appearance. In the north-east is the Founder's tomb in a glazed recess, with two recumbent effigies, in excellent order, of Sir T. Pope and his third wife, Lady Elizabeth Poulet. Modern glass (by Powell) was presented in 1885 by the then President, Dr. Woods. The small quadrangle to the north of the Chapel THE COLLEGES 59 contains on the east side the low little building which was the first College Library in Oxford. It was founded by Richard de Bury, Bishop of Durham. This quadrangle, with the Hall, was much altered in 1618-1620. Of the garden quadrangle, which is the latest in date of the earlier buildings, the north wing dates from 1665-1667, having been designed by Wren ; the west front from 1682, the south wing from 1728. St. John's College was founded in Queen Mary's reign (1555) by Sir Thomas White. There had been originally on this site St. Bernard's College, established by Archbishop Chichele in 1436 for Cistercian monks under a Prior. Henry VIII. at the dissolution granted the site of St. Bernard's to his new College of Christ Church, and it was then sold to Sir Thomas White. Through the old gateway, still retaining its statue of St. Bernard, finding our way into the quadrangle, we have on the south and also on the gateway side parts of the older foundation. On the north side is the Hall, built as the refectory of St. Bernard's in 1502, but completely changed in the eighteenth century. East of the Hall, but on the same side of the quadrangle, is the Chapel, 1530. Considering that the Founder was a Roman Catholic, and that Laud had been President of the College, it is amazing to find that the Puritans spared the Chapel and its organ. The Chapel was altered in 1634, again in 16601662, and the fan-vaulting was restored by 60 OXFORD Mr. Blore in 1843. T ne decoration was done in 1872-1873, and the stained glass at the east end is modern. The little Chapel in the north-east corner, added in 1662, was restored in 1897. The east side of this quadrangle was added in 1597. The President's Lodging, between the two quadrangles, was enlarged in 1631, and the south side of the second quadrangle was formally opened as a Library in 1639. To Archbishop Laud and his architect are due the colonnades, the completion of the second quadrangle (1635), and the inimitable front, which overlooks the most lovely gardens in Oxford. The Library consists of two rooms, one of 1596, the second dating from 1631. It contains a Pastoral Staff (found in a garret at the President's Lodging, and often wrongly said to be that of Archbishop Laud) and many other genuine Laudian relics, together with rare vestments and tapestry, an early Caxton, and the curious portrait of Charles I. in fine lines of Hebrew writing. The block known as Cook's buildings, on the north of the old gateway, was built in 1613. To the north of them is the new front planned by Mr. G. O. Scott, and the last addition was carried out by Mr. E. P. Warren in 1900-1901. Jesus College was founded in 1571 on the site of White Hall, which belonged to the Priory of St. Frideswide, and of Elm Hall, by Dr. Hugh Price, the nominal Founder being Queen Eliza- beth. The Turl front, which was first built, was altered in 1573 an d re-fronted again by Buckler 6i in 1856, when the gateway shown by Loggan was removed. The Hall was built between 1615 and 1620, the Chapel a year later, though it was enlarged and a new east window added in 1636 ; the front quadrangle was finished by 1630. As the endow- ment was small the progress in building was neces- sarily slow. A library was finished in 1626, but was de- molished in 1636, not to be replaced till 1677, when Sir Leoline Jenkins, the second Founder, furnished the money. The second quadrangle was begun about the same time, but not finally com- pleted till early in the eighteenth century. In the Hall of Jesus College is a portrait of Charles I. by Vandyk ; one, too, of Charles II., and one of Queen Elizabeth. Another portrait of Queen Elizabeth by Zucchero, in the second Common- room, is an excellent piece of work. The buildings of Jesus College, with those of Wadham and Oriel, are of special interest as ex- amples of the later Gothic. At the present moment on the north side of the College is being built a range of new buildings, which will extend the north front of the College from the Turl as far as St. Michael's Church. The architect, Mr. England, provides two staircases on the east, with rooms for undergraduates ; an undergraduates' library on the ground floor of the tower, with a lecture-room above, and then, to the west, chemical, physical, and physiological labora- tories, together with a large lecture-room. 62 OXFORD It will be an important step in the development of scientific teaching when the Colleges make the provision of laboratories more general than af present. Christ Church was originally founded by Cardinal Wolsey as Cardinal College on a very magnificent scale in 1525, and before he lost the favour of Henry VIII. in 1529, saw the Hall and kitchen finished, and practically in its present condition, with parts of the west front in St. Aldate's, together with the south and east sides of the Great Quadrangle. Wolsey died in 1530, and the work of build- ing was stayed for a while. In 1532 the King, having been petitioned by the University, refounded the College under the name of King Henry the Eighth's College, a purely ecclesiastical foundation for a Dean and twelve Canons, as compared with Wolsey's grand scheme designed for a Dean and sixty Canons, six Public Professors, forty Petty Canons, thirteen Chaplains, twelve Clerks, sixteen Choristers, and a teacher of music. In 1546, thirteen years later, after the re-distribution of Sees, the foundation was once more suppressed ; and was founded as the " Dean and Chapter of the Cathedral Church of Christ in Oxford of the Foundation of King Henry the Eighth." The Chapel of the largest College in the University is therefore also the Cathedral Church of the diocese of Oxford, a fusion as unique as it is anomalous. The north side was mainly taken up with the proposed Chapel, the walls of which had only been THE COLLEGES 63 carried up a few feet high from the foundation. Nothing much was done before Dean Fell's time, but the Civil War prevented him from carrying out his plan of finishing the north side. We, however, owe to him the fan-vaulting over the staircase leading to the Hall, which is almost the last piece of Gothic vaulting of the kind in Oxford. Archi- tects have said that the section of the mould-ings shows bad taste and other faults, but the effect, notwithstanding, is remarkably good. The same architect did not design the staircase, which is some of Wyatt's work. The Great Quadrangle, usually known as " Tom Quad " from the big bell in Wren's Tower over the gateway, was begun by Wolsey with the magnificent Tudor Hall, approached by a fine staircase with a fan vault added by Dr. S. Fell in 1640. Dr. Fell also nearly finished the north side of the quadrangle, Wolsey having only finished the east, south, and part of its western side. He also finished the Great Quadrangle, including the northern or unfinished part of the west front in St. Aldate's, and in 1682 commissioned Sir C. Wren, who had been more or less busy in Oxford since 1656, to finish the Gateway Tower, since known generally as Tom Tower, from the big bell from Oseney Abbey, which was hung there after being re-cast in 1680. The tower was finished in 1684. The bell is known as Great Tom, and is rung daily at 9.5 P.M. as the signal for College gates to be closed officially for the night. The belfry near the Hall was designed by Mr. Bodley, and in 64 OXFORD 1879 carried out in part ; the design contemplates a wooden staging above the present masonry. This quadrangle has been restored in our own day by Mr. Bodley, who, under the late Dean Liddell, rebuilt the Bell Tower in the south-east corner, restored the parapet and the pinnacles of the Hall, and added the rib-mouldings and the line of the arches, as though it were contemplated to com- plete the cloister. The Hall, certainly the finest in Oxford if not in England, measuring 115 feet by 40 feet and 50 feet high, was finished in 1529. It is panelled as far as the sills of the windows, and bears the arms of Henry VIII. and Wolsey in alternate escutcheons. The portraits on the whole are the finest College collection in Oxford, and should be seen.* Another Dean of Christ Church (Dr. Aldrich), himself designed Peckwater Quadrangle in 1705 in the Classical style, on the site of Peckwether's or Peckwater's Inn. The south side is much later, for though begun in 1716 it was not finished till 1761. Canterbury Quadrangle, which also takes its name from an older foundation, Canterbury College, founded in 1363 by Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, was rebuilt on the north and east sides in 1775, and on the south in 1783. The gateway was built by Wyatt in 1778. Wadham College was built 1610-1613 on the site of a suppressed monastery of Augustinians, by Dorothy Wadham, of Meri field, Somerset, in fulfil- * Vide p. 9 1 . or * X i& 5 *g> ' < * e ' 10 i^ . / &'&Utt7 k/a- ^ ? il~ ? j.^ ^ ^^t __ ^ &2 1_ r I r I ^ 4- I gy <^ j^u*n z rrr *- tt Ce S^/"* uht tram 15 ^ TV7 JLV Saittk^ auchn* cto&ny?, O vim Je litjaua canitnuj * THE COLLEGES 65 ment of her late husband's expressed intention to build a College in Oxford. It is one of the most regular in plan, owing to the fact that the site was quite a. clear one, being just outside the then city walls, and, notwithstanding the date, a fine example of the so-called " debased " Gothic.* The front, since the removal of the wall and the formal gardens, and the posts that blocked the road- way, all shown in Loggan's engraving of 1675, may very well rank as one of the best proportioned of any, and it has the merit of not having been restored. In fact the College as a whole has been singularly fortunate in this respect. The entrance gateway, with a groined roof of some merit, gives access to a regular quadrangle of 130 feet square, with the Hall and Ante-Chapel on the east side. Over the steps to the Hall are statues of Nicholas Wadham and Dorothy his wife and of James I., and a tablet commemorating the foundation of the College. This doorway is a weak point in an other- wise interesting quadrangle. The Hall, which is considered by some as the finest after that at Christ Church, is a finely-propor- tioned room, 83 feet by 35 feet, and 37 feet in height. An open-timber roof improves the effect. The oak-screen is a very good specimen of Jacobean carving. The Chapel unfortunately has not come down to us in its original form. It was paved with marble * In Hollar's Map, 1643, this is called New College, and New College is named Saint Mary's College. B 66 OXFORD in 1677, and in 1832 the Gothic revivalists, under the superintendence of Dr. Symons, the Warden, re-roofed it, copying a portion of the roof in Crosby Hall, Bishopsgate Street, renewed the stalls, and set up the reredos and tabernacle work, of which the less said the better. The Communion Table was brought here from the parish church of Ilminster, a place connected with the Founder's family. The windows of the Chapel were built in the Perpendicular style prevailing almost exactly a cen- tury earlier than their actual date, and it is thought that the masons worked according to their west- country tradition in so doing. This is interesting, and has given rise to absurd theories as to the real date of the Chapel, or to legends that the Chapel was part of the Augustinian foundation that was once on the site of the College. At the so-called restoration the windows were allowed by the College to be re-arranged. The gardens, which contain as boundaries some traces of the old Priory walls, were laid out by Dr. Wills, Warden from 1783-1806, superseding the elaborate and formal Dutch garden shown in Loggan. From them the garden front with its triangular gables, much more interesting than the battlements in the quadrangle, the Chapel, and the Library with its diminutive windows, may be seen. Pembroke College was founded in 1624 on the site of Broadgates Hall, by Thomas Tesdale and Richard Wightwick, as a "Perpetual College of Divinity, Civil and Canon Law, Arts, Medicines, and other Sciences," and takes its name from the THE COLLEGES 67 then Chancellor, William Herbert, Earl of Pem- broke. Of Broadgates Hall the only trace left is the refectory, now used as a library. It has been fitted with a gallery to take the Chandler bequest. The College was many years in building (1624- 1694), and has been much modified at intervals since then, and extended by the new buildings in the second quadrangle (1854-1856). The present Hall, which was built in 1848 by Hay ward, is worth viewing, as a specimen of modern Gothic. The Chapel was consecrated in 1732. It was decorated 1884-1885, and is now as bright and cheerful looking as before it was plain and dull. Like the Chapels at Trinity and at Queen's, it is unfortunate in respect of its organ, which is too large, and too powerful for the work it has to do. Previously to 1732 the College had used Duck- lington's Chapel, which had belonged to Broadgates Hall. This chapel was part of the south aisle of St. Aldate's Church. On the upper floor above this Chapel was the Law Library, also belonging to Broadgates, which had a separate entrance in the south-west corner. This was restored away in 1842. The street front was transformed in 1829-30, and restored in 1879. Worcester College is the modern name of a very old foundation Gloucester Hall which was founded in 1283 for monks from the Benedictine monastery of Gloucester by John Giffard. The plan was soon extended so as to include monks from other Benedictine foundations. On some of the old buildings on the left-hand side of the 68 OXFORD quadrangle the arms of Malmesbury (a griffin) and of Norwich (a cross) can still be traced. On another the rebus of W. Compton (W. with a comb and a tun). At the suppression of the monasteries the Hall was transferred by Henry VIII. to the new see of Oxford, but for a time only. In Elizabeth's reign the property passed to William Dodington, and was by him sold in 1560 to Sir Thomas White, and reopened as St. John the Baptist Hall in 1561. After flourishing till 1642, its fortunes waned till Sir Thomas Cooke's trustees bought the property and founded Worcester College in 1714. The north side of the quadrangle, with the Hall, Chapel and Library, were built in 1760. Worcester College Chapel, interesting in itself from the internal decoration by Burges (1864-70), contains an alabaster lectern to hold the Bible, bound in two volumes with covers in repouss silver, of Scripture subjects, the Adoration of the Magi, and the Baptism in the 'Jordan. It is best seen in the afternoon, owing to the fact that it is one of the darkest interiors in Oxford. The front is not particularly interesting, except for the remains of Gloucester Hall to the north, with the entrance doorway into what is now the Fellows' Garden. It is evident from Loggan's etching in 1675 that the buildings were in a ruinous condition in many parts. In 1740 the land where the garden is was acquired. Much of it was from its situation swampy, and this fact, no doubt, suggested the THE COLLEGES 69 forming of the very charming lake. Recently another low-lying portion of the College ground has been raised, drained, and converted into a cricket ground. Hertford College^ originally Hart or Hertford Hall, or Aula Cervina^ was founded in 1284 by Elias de Hertford. From the first it was not a suc- cess, and the Founder of Exeter used the foundation as a nursery for his own Hall, now Exeter College. Whether he bought it or not seems to be uncertain, but the Rectors of Exeter claimed and exercised the right to nominate the Principals of Hart Hall. William of Wykeham used the Hall, too, in the same way as Walter de Stapledon, while New College was being developed. A Principal of the Hall, in 1740, Dr. Newton, obtained a charter by which to incorporate the Hall as Hertford College ; but from lack of endow- ment, and a set of unworkable statutes, the founda- tion was dissolved in 1805. The buildings soon fell into decay, and in part fell down. When old Magdalen Hall, established by William of Wayne- flete in 1488, was burned down in 1820, the foundation was removed to the buildings erected on part of the site of Hertford College, built in 1820-22 from Mr. Garbett's designs, and the College was renamed Magdalen Hall. It so re- mained till 1874, when by Act of Parliament the old name of Hertford College was restored. Though endowment was not lacking this time, the College preferred modifying the existing build- ings to embarking on the erection of an entirely 70 OXFORD new building, and the blocks built in 1822, plain and poor though they were, have been knit together (1889) by the master hand of Mr. T. G. Jackson into one. This new portion gives a new entrance to the College, which was much needed, and in the block there is a new Hall. A further extension on the other side of New College Street was finished in 1904, and the new buildings when com- plete will incorporate the Octagon House, or " the Chapel of the Annunciation of Our Lady by Smith Gate " (which is now visible from Catha- rine Street) as part of the Porter's Lodge. The architect's design for these new buildings shows a bridge across New College Street. This proposal was much disliked by a former Warden of New College, and was for a time dropped. It has lately been revived, and vehemently opposed by the civic authorities, who seem to favour the substitution of a subway. The objection does not come well from a body which has allowed buildings such as Lloyds Bank at ^Carfax, and other similar mon- strosities, to be erected. The fear that the view of the Bell Tower at New College may be spoiled by the proposed bridge is mainly imaginary.* An exactly similar argu- ment made by private residents in Broad Street might have delayed, but could never have prevented, the erection of the Clarendon Building in the eighteenth century. There are still some remains of the old Hart Hall, viz., part of the refectory ** There is, of course, a point of view from which very little of the Bell Tower could be seen at all. Tlie Octagon ffouse, said to be the oldest house in Oxford. It will eventually form part of the porter s lodge at Hertford College. Block kindly lent by the Holywell Press. THE COLLEGES 71 and the buttery. The old buildings may be studied in Loggan's " Oxonia Illustrata." Keble College was founded in memory of the Rev. John Keble, formerly Fellow and Tutor of Oriel and Professor of Poetry in the University of Oxford. The College was the outcome of a memorial to the authorities in 1845, that there was a distinct need for academical education on a cheaper scale and on definite Church lines. This outcome was some- what tardy, for the idea of the College was not revived vigorously until twenty years had elapsed. The name of Keble College was chosen in honour of John Keble, who had recently died. In the Charter it is said to be " founded and constituted with the especial object and intent of providing persons desirous of academical education, and willing to live economically, with a College wherein sober living and high culture of the mind may be combined with Christian training based upon the principles of the Church of England." The chief economy if it be one at all is that the College, by requiring the terminal charges to be paid in advance, foregoes the payment of caution- money. (This, however, may be done at two other Colleges.) A peculiarity of the College as at present constituted is that there are no Fellows. The architecture of the College is gorgeous in its colour, and in parts lavishly elaborate, as in the Chapel ; but the whole block strikes a sadly dis- cordant note in the otherwise harmonious colour scheme of Oxford. Mr. Butterfield was a consum- mate architect, and his London Churches, notably 72 OXFORD All Saints, Margaret Street, and St. Mary Magda- lene, Paddington, do credit to his skill in planning; but the colour that was suited for a grimy metropolis was, and is, distinctly out of place in Oxford. The whole arrangement of coloured bricks as insets in patterns in a ground of red is alien to the spirit of the place, and everything seems to jar most un- pleasantly upon the colour sense. Lapse of time has done nothing to tone down the violent colour of the walls. Every one will admire the proportions of the lofty Chapel, even if the decorative scheme be thought somewhat too lavish. As to the planning of the College, no doubt the architect was in the hands of his committee, and theirs must be the credit or the blame for the corridor arrangements, which savour rather of a large public school. ARMS OF CHRIST CHURCH ARMS OF VNIVERSITY COLLEGE THE CHURCHES THE Cathedral as such dates only from 1546 ; but the building, mutilated as it was by Wolsey and subsequent restorers, takes us back to the time of St. Frideswide, who died in the eighth century. The Conventual Church and the Priory were burned down in 1002. Prior Robert, after the Secular Canons had been superseded, began to build a monastery for men about the middle of the twelfth century, and used whatever portions of the then existing Church were found suitable. By 1180 the work seems to have been finished, as St. Frideswide's relics were trans- lated in that year. The Spire and Chapter House are Early English work the Norman door of the latter showing signs of fire, probably that of 1190. The Lady Chapel was altered and vaulted by 1289. The so-called Latin Chapel is fourteenth-century work, and a very beautiful extension of a smaller 74 OXFORD Chapel. Of the east window of the choir inserted at this period nothing remains. It had five lights,* reduced to three in the seventeenth-century restor- ations, and it was demolished entirely by Sir G. Scott. In the fifteenth century the windows of the nave and north transept aisles were altered to Per- pendicular, and the clerestory was altered to accom- modate the vaulted roof, before 1480. After the suppression of the monastery and its bestowal on Wolsey, the west end of the nave, with part of the cloister, was removed to make room for the Hall of Cardinal College, and the foundations were laid and the building begun of a new Chapel. This work was interrupted by Wolsey's fall, and the foundations rooted out in 1671. It was intended to form the north side of the Great Quadrangle. The Church was made a Cathedral in 1545, but it seems to have been left alone until the restoration carried out by Dean Duppa in 1630. Most of the windows were mutilated for the easier inser- tion of stained glass ; most of the old glass was deliberately broken up, and new glass by Van Linge was inserted, only one window of which now survives. Dean Duppa pewed the Cathedral with hideous pews, mutilating the bases of the pillars where necessary, and screened the Chapels from the tran- septs with more hideous screens, having a cut-out * It is shown in Storer's "Cathedrals of Great Britain," vol. iii., with the two lights blocked up with masonry. THE CHURCHES 75 circular top, the moulding of which formed a circle with the Norman vaulting overhead. These may be seen engraved in Storer's " Cathedrals of Great Britain," vol. iii., and in Prior's "Cathedral Builders in England." The pulpit and the organ screen are both Jacobean (1635), and good specimens of wood carving. Some restoration was done in 1856, but the great restoration, in many cases rather too drastic, was carried out in 1870-1874 by Sir G. Scott. The east end is a reconstruction in the Norrnan style, a proceeding quite in a line with the general type of so-called restoration. That it is well done is to the credit of the architect ; that it was well to do it is open to much question. The west end was lengthened by one bay, and an entrance door was contrived, giving access from the Great Quadrangle. St. Mary's or the Church of St. Mary the Virgin is an integral part of the University life at Oxford, although the building (which is in part only the property of the University) is in reality a Parish Church, but a Parish Church with associations with which those of few other Churches can attempt to compare. The stately, though simple, tower which domi- nates the High Street, if not the town, from almost any point of view, was built on the site of an earlier Church, mainly in the thirteenth century, 1280-1290 (restored in 1861, and rebuilt 1896), with later work (1310) blossoming with ball-flowers all over the window-lights, turrets and canopies that 76 OXFORD cluster round its base. The present statues are recent (1895-6), and the pinnacles are of the same date. The porch on the south front was added in 1637 ty Dr. Morgan Owen, Chaplain to Arch- bishop Laud, the then Chancellor of the Univer- sity. It was obnoxious to many bigots on account of the figure of the Virgin and Child, and was mutilated by Puritan troopers in 1642. It was obnoxious too to the Gothic revivalists, who wished to remove it in 1862 ; but in spite of restorations it remains to show the taste in architecture of the time when it was added to the Church. The porch which preceded it had a parvise over it, access to which was gained by a narrow staircase to the left inside the church door. The ironwork of the gate and railings is much later than the porch. Loggan shows in 1675 a very humble wooden fence and gate. He also shows on the churchyard wall nearer to All Souls a curious sundial which had been erected not long after the rebuilding of the Church from the design of Nicolas Kratzer, who was Reader in Mathematics in 1520. The nave was rebuilt from 1490-1503, and was restored and refitted in 1828, to make more room for the audiences wishing to attend University sermons. The chancel was rebuilt in 1462 ; but the reredos was sadly mutilated at the east end by the insertion of oak panelling in 1673. Most of the other woodwork is original fifteenth century. THE CHURCHES 77 The original Lady Chapel now called Adam de Brome's Chapel was built in 1320 ; but in its present form this is not clearly to be seen. Per- pendicular windows were inserted on the north side in 1510, and in 1733 the arches opening into the nave were blocked to prevent draughts and to provide a meeting room for the Vice-Chancellor and his procession to form before entering the church. In the Chapel is the tomb minus its brasses, which were stolen in the reign of James I. of Adam de Brome, the Founder of Oriel. Up to 1646 the Chancellor's Court was held in this Chapel. On the north side of the Church stands a two- storeyed building, built, according to Hearne, in the year 1000, according to others by St. Hugh of Lincoln in 1147, but more probably about 1320. This building is hardly distinguishable from the rest of the Church on the north side ; but its original form is best seen from the south, where there is a narrow courtyard, which separates it from the chancel. Of the two storeys that it contains, that on the ground floor is the Old Congregation House, one of the most historically interesting spots in Oxford. It was at an early date bought from Oriel College as a congregation house for the scholars of the University, and in it the chief business of the University was transacted till 1480. In later times, after being turned to various base uses, it was made to serve as a Chapel for the Non-collegiate 78 OXFORD students. At present it is the resting-place of the architectural relics and the statues that had to be removed from the tower at the last restoration. On the upper floor is a room, almost as in- teresting as the room above mentioned, which was up to 1480 the original library of the Univer- sity. At that date the room was re-decorated, and used for Convocation up to 1638. In our own time it has been used as a lecture-room for the Vinerian Professor of Law. It is now rented from the Univer- sity, and practically serves as a Church-room. Previous to the building of the Sheldonian Theatre, the Church was used for all University purposes, even for such secular meetings as the Encasnia. As survivals of the older times it may be in- teresting to note, that before the beginning of every term, the Litany and the Holy Communion are celebrated, and a sermon preached in Latin in the chancel, either by the Vice-Chancellor or by some one in his behalf. Another quaint custom survives at St. Mary's, viz., that at mid-day celebrations the desks in the chancel are covered with fair linen housel-cloths, and that the sacred elements are brought round to the communicants, who remain in their several places, all kneeling. The building is of interest to us now more from its association, for nearly three hundred years, with the religious growth of Oxford, or rather of England. For here, where Wyclif 's followers preached against the errors of the Church of Rome and the wide- THE CHURCHES 79 spread abuses of his time, Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer were brought to a solemn Convocation before the farce was gone through of hearing dis- putations. Here, a few months later, Cranmer bravely recanted the recantations that had been wrung from him. Here then was doomed the chance of any Catholic reaction. Of the other Churches in Oxford, that of All Saints, in the High Street, is the successor of a building presented as " All Hallowes " to the Canons of St. Frideswide in 1122. By 1190 it was a Vicarage. In 1327 it was granted to the Bishop of Lincoln by Edward II., and Bishop Fleming, the Founder of Lincoln College, settled it on his new college, to which it still belongs. The old Church was destroyed in 1699 by the fall of the spire, and a new one was designed by Dean Aldrich, and finished in 1708. It has been considerably restored and altered inside ; and the present spire, which dates from 1872-1874, was restored, with the street front, in 1890. On the demolition of St. Martin's, the City Church at Carfax, in 1896, the parish and living were united with that of All Saints, and this latter is now the City Church. The Church of St. Mary Magdalen has under- gone many changes in its time. A Church was certainly in existence here at the time of the Con- quest, and it was presented to the College of St. George in the Castle by D'Oilgi's nephew and later transferred to Osney Abbey. In 1194 the original north and south aisles were 8o OXFORD built by Bishop Hugh of Lincoln, but the south aisle was altered and finally completed in the reign of the ill-fated Edward II., c. 1335. The Lady Chapel was in this aisle. For some years previous to 1293 the north aisle was used by the Balliol students as a Chapel. At the dissolution of Rewley Abbey much of the stone was used in building the Church tower (1511-1531), which has been recently "thoroughly" restored. In our own day the Martyrs' Memorial aisle, to the north, was added in 1842 by Sir G. G. Scott. The aisle contains the door of the old Bocardo Prison cell. St. Giles's Church was rebuilt in the thirteenth century on the site of a previous Church, which was in existence early in the twelfth century, and the advowson was vested in the nunnery at God- stow. A Vicar was first instituted by Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln. Of the Church as it is, making allowance for * restoration," the chancel, nave and north aisle are, of the period 1200-20. The Chapel in the south aisle is perhaps forty or fifty years later. Some parts of the tower are Transitional Norman work, and the " plate " tracery is interesting. The font is Early English. After the dissolution of monasteries in 1542 the Church was purchased by Sir Thomas White for St. John's College, which he founded in 1555. The Church of St. Peter in the East is very little visited as a rule, but it is one of the most interest- ing survivors of the early Churches in Oxford. The THE CHURCHES 81 crypt, which is architecturally famous, is now entered only by a door on the south side of the chancel. It measures 36 feet in length by 20 feet in width and 10 feet in height, and is usually called " Grimbald's Crypt." This crypt still shows traces of the processional staircases that gave access to the body of the Church, and the central western access seems to be of an earlier date than the rest. The short piers, some with carved capitals, are specially interesting. The fine late Norman chancel, with its chain moulding, is worthy of study ; so, too, is the Norman south door, deeply set in the Perpendicular porch with its parvise overhead. The tower is Decorated (Early) and the north aisle windows date from 1350. In the church there is a good Early English arcade separating the north aisle from the nave. The chancel was restored in 1882, and the reredos was erected in 1888. The Church of St. Thomas the Martyr was founded in 1141, and dedicated to St. Nicolas, Bishop of Myra, but in 1172 re-dedicated to St. Thomas in memory of the murdered Archbishop Becket. The greater part of the Church has been rebuilt. The Church of St. Cross, Holy well, has an in- teresting chancel arch of Norman work (c. 1150) ; but this is all that remains of the older Church, except some portions of the walls and of the tower. The city Church of St. Martin, situated in the heart of the city at Carfax, was removed in 1896 to relieve the congestion of traffic, always acute at F 82 OXFORD that spot. No one misses the commonplace builder's Gothic buildings of 1820; but all must regret that the Church, reputed to be founded by a son of King Alfred, and granted by Knut in 1034 to the Abbot of Abingdon, has not come down to us. St. Aldatis Church was first built in 1066. The south aisle was built in 1335, but the chief part of the present Church was built in 1862-3, and the tower in 1873. Above the south aisle was formerly a library for the students of old Broadgates Hall, with a separate entrance in the south-west corner. St. Michael's, formerly St. Michael's by the North Gate, is one of the four Oxford Churches mentioned in Domesday Book, and probably existed long before the Conquest. It seems to have been repaired and altered by Robert D'Oilgi, and the tower brought within the line of early fortifications. The Church was apparently pulled down in the thirteenth century and rebuilt. A south aisle was built in 1260, and a Chantry Chapel probably the North Chapel was added in 1342. The last re- storation on a large scale was entrusted to Mr. Street in 1855. Up to 1771 the North Gate adjoined the Church, and the prints of that date give an idea of the narrowness of the street, and of the picturesqueness which it has now almost entirely lost. ARMS OF NEW COLLEGE ART TREASURES UNDER this comprehensive title are grouped the Bodleian Library, the various College Libraries, the Museum, and the University Galleries, the pictures, plate of some of the Colleges, and the stained glass windows, though not all of them are worthy of the name of treasures. LIBRARIES Bishop Cobham had bequeathed before 1327 to the University a small collection of books, but these were for ten years in the library at Oriel College instead, Adam de Brome having taken them out of pledge to that end. In intention, however, the Bishop was the Founder of the first University 84 OXFORD Library, just as Bishop Bury seems to have been the first to establish a College Library at Durham College. While the School of Divinity, which was begun in 1424, was being finished after many delays, the University authorities would seem to have wished to move the books they had in St. Mary's (they had then regained possession of Bishop Cobham's gift) to some part of the new building. A new place for books was necessary, for Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester, the Good Duke, had begun his mag- nificent series of gifts of books to the University. The death of this benefactor in 1447 was a blow to the University, for his promised contribution to the Library building fund was not paid. Other benefactors, such as the Earl of Worcester, and Kemp, Bishop of London, came forward, and to the generosity of the latter the completion of the University Library on the floor above the Divinity School in 1478 was due. The books were finally installed in 1488. The Library, however, was soon to fall upon evil days, for in 1550 the Edwardian Commissioners dispersed the volumes with reckless hand, and six years or so later the University broke up and sold the readers' desks and benches. But the Library was forty years later to rise again under the foster- ing care of Sir Thomas Bodley, a former Fellow of Merton, a diplomatist of note under Elizabeth, who supervised the revival, secured gifts of books from others, and endowed it liberally himself. Opened in 1603, the year that Elizabeth died, with about ART TREASURES 85 2OOO books and 250 MSS., the Library was so far increased that in 1610 12 the east wing was added, a cross-piece addition to the base of the T, thus forming one side of the quadrangle as we now see it. Sir Thomas Bodley died in 1613, just before the completion of the work, but not before he could contemplate the establishment of one of the best libraries in the world, and the largest and most celebrated library attached to a University. The building of the quadrangle progressed by degrees, being practically finished in the time of James I., but the whole building has by now been absorbed into the Library. The whole block of buildings is a fair specimen of Perpendicular architecture, with, here and there, later additions. The Quadrangle, with its Tower of Five Orders, is one of those features which will remain definitely fixed in the mind when the recollection of other parts of Oxford has, perhaps, become bedimmed ; while a finer view is to be got from the Fellows' Garden in Exeter College, where we see the massive buttresses, inserted at the advice of Sir Christopher Wren, to strengthen the bulging walls. It says much for the reverential care bestowed on the Library that the oldest portion, with its gorgeous roof altered and restored by Sir Thomas Bodley, and its outlook on the pleasant greenery of Exeter College, still remains practically in its original condition many of the books being still in their original positions on the shelves. It says much, too, for the reverence paid to the 86 OXFORD place that, in spite of the inherent difficulty of efficient supervision, the loss of and damage done to books and MSS. has been of trifling amount. The Library passed unscathed through the troubled times of 1642-1646. Another point, too, is noteworthy : the Librarian is referred to in the Statutes as Bodley's Librarian, just as though the personality of the Founder were still present in the place. After the Museum was opened in 1860, the scientific library of the Radcliffe was transferred to it, and the Radcliffe became available as a reading- room in connection with the Bodleian. Since then the Bodleian, ever growing day by day and week by week, has by statute been granted the use of parts of the basement of the Ashmolean Building, of the Sheldonian Theatre, and of the New Schools. In spite of this more room is wanted, and will eventually have to be found. Many plans and many suggestions have been made, among others that All Souls College should be absorbed, or affiliated, as a College of Librarians. Communica- tion, not by means of a bridge, could, it is said, be easily arranged, and the fine library at All Souls would become a not inconsiderable part of the greater Bodleian. Bodley's Library has grown gradually by virtue of an arrangement made by Bodley with the Stationers' Company, steadily all through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, by the merging of the arrangement in the Copyright Act, by which the Bodleian is entitled to a copy of all books after ART TREASURES 87 publication. Occasionally the steady increase has had a sudden impetus by donations and bequests duly chronicled in the Register, such as those of Clarendon, one of the University's greatest bene- factors, Dr. Rawlinson, Gough, and Douce. A walk through the portion that is shown to the public gives but a poor idea of the whole, as the interesting objects in the cases, and many of the curiosities that still remain, must detract from the general impression of grandeur and of peaceful retirement. For those interested in the many unique speci- mens of binding in the Library, reference may be made to a monograph on Historic Bindings in the Bodleian by W. S. Brassington. The coloured reproductions are numerous and excellently done. To a bond fide student the place as a library in summer time is a paradise, because it is not to be equalled by any other library. Apart from the Bodleian Library, with its unique collection of books, MSS., relics, and pictures, there are many art treasures preserved in other Galleries, College Libraries, the Museums, and else- where. It is not, however, possible in the space here at command to particularise; but the University Picture Galleries now housed in the Taylorian Institution contain the Fox - Strangways Col- lection, composed of many specimens of the earliest masters of the Florentine School ; the Penrose Collection, consisting mainly of works by Reynolds, Hogarth, Morland, Gainsborough ; etchings by Rembrandt, Vandyck j prints by 88 OXFORD Albert Durer, and miniatures in the Bentinck Hawkins Collection. In 1894 several works by Millais, Holman Hunt, D. G. Rossetti, were bequeathed by Mrs. Combe. The galleries also contain original shetches by Michel Angelo, and one hundred and sixty-two by Raphael. No other gallery can show such a collection. The University was indebted to the Earl of Eldon for more than half of the purchase-money. To students of old Oxford, the excellent drawings of Oxford made by De Windt, J. M. W. Turner, and F. Mackenzie, will be particularly interesting. Mr. Ruskin endowed the Drawing School called after him, and presented a collection of the works of J. M. W. Turner. Here, too, are the Douce Collection of early prints, and the Chambers-Hall Collection of Rembrandt and other etchings. In the Museum portion of the galleries, the antiquarian part of the original collection of Elias Ashmole is now properly displayed. The Museum buildings also contain the Fortnum Collection chiefly consisting of Italian renaissance work, a valuable collection of nearly three hundred finger- rings, and the late Professor Westwood's fictile ivories. Anglo-Saxon art is well represented, and here is King Alfred's Jewel, found near Athelney in 1673, and presented in 1718. The Egyptian collection is particularly rich in exhibits from the earliest dynasties, secured by Pro- fessor W. Flinders Petrie, and the Museum has been enriched with many objects from Greece and Crete, presented by its present Keeper. ART TREASURES The Arundel and the Pomfret marbles are shown on the ground floor. One of the most recent developments is the classified collection of casts from the antique organised by Professor E. Gardner. All the natural history portion of the Ashmole Collection is now safely housed in the Museum in the Park, after being for many years comparatively ignored and neglected. The range of buildings in the Parks devoted to scientific pursuits are nume- rous, and have been erected at great expense. If the various scientific donations and benefactions could have been united, and if one symmetrical block of buildings had been the outcome, Oxford architecture would have been as much the gainer thereby as would the science students. In the old schools in the Schola Musical was a collection of portraits of English composers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. These are now hung in the Examination Schools in the High Street. In the old Natural Philosophy School is the Hope Collection of Portraits, which contains some 200,000 engravings, together with some books. Merton Library, built in 1376 by William Rede, the then Bishop of Chichester, is one of the most interesting libraries in Oxford, both from the histo- rical and also from the architectural point of view ; yet in spite of this, it is unknown to many, even to many graduate members of the University. Its old- world charm still survives, though it has been altered slightly in the matter of the roof and the dormer windows, and the chains of the books removed. 90 OXFORD In the Library at Christ Church there is a collection of some two hundred and fifty pictures, comprising the bequests of General Guise (1765), the Hon. W. T. H. Fox-Strangways (1828) and Mr. Savage Landor. The Madonna and Child by Piero della Francesca, a Nativity by Titian, and The Butcher's Shop by A. Caracci, should be carefully noted, together with a sketch of a horseman by Vandyck, a portrait by Tintoretto, a centaur by Filippino Lippi. Some of the early Italian pictures in tempera are of great interest. On the upper floor is a remarkable collection of books, manuscripts, coins, and historic curiosities. In the Hall, a fine room of noble proportions, built by Cardinal Wolsey in 1529, is a collection of portraits of former members of the foundation. Perhaps among the best are John King (My tens), that of Henry Vlll^ John Wedey (Romney), Strange (Shee), Skynner (Gainsborough), Gladstone (Sir J. Millais), and Dean Liddell (G. F. Watts). Most of the College Halls contain pictures of varying merit, but interesting to the particular foundations, as portraits of Founders, Benefactors, and illustrious men of present and bygone times. The portraits at Christ Church, Magdalen, Wadham, Balliol, All Souls, Exeter, Jesus, ought certainly to be seen, but the afternoon, when the Halls are, as a rule, not being used, is not always the best time to see the pictures. The Colleges are especially rich in specimens of plate of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Perhaps the earliest in date and one of the most ART TREASURES 91 interesting is the Wassail Horn at Queen's College, said to have been a gift of the Foundress, Queen Philippa. Whether it was made from the horn by which the members of the foundation were sum- moned to assemble at dinner is now only a matter of conjecture ; but it may be noted that the cover, with its eagle (for Eaglesneld) is the work of a later date. The buffalo horn is twenty-five inches long, with three broad bands of silver gilt, each with the word " wacceyl" twice repeated in Gothic letters. It stands about nineteen inches high on massive eagle's feet ; and the point of the tip is finished by the addition of a grotesque head.* New College is rich in possessing the pastoral staff of William of Wykeham, its Founder. The goldsmith's work is amazing in its delicacy and beauty. The same College possesses a standing-cup and cover (c. 1480), in silver-gilt, repouss6 with pine- apple pattern. Its stem, which is detachable, is trumpet-shaped, ornamented with a Gothic trefoil cresting round the base. Similar cresting decks the cover, which is surmounted by a finial con- sisting of fruit and flowers. Another piece of plate, given to the College in 1493, is an hourglass salt of silver-gilt, with pyra- midal cover, divided into panels by crocketed ribs as frames for triangular pieces of glass. Three courses of foliage in pierced work set with pearls * Electrotyped copies of the chief specimens of Oxford and Cambridge College Plate can be seen in the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. 92 OXFORD accentuate the beauty of the spiral gadroon work. Round the base is an inscription in Gothic lettering, " Super W A montes TER stabant HIL aque M." New College has also specimens of cups made from cocoanuts, at a time when such nuts were uncommon. One with silver mount is in the form of a tree growing within a palisade, the branches of which enclose the bowl. Round the bottom of the cup is a nest of wattlework of silver wire. The stand is of open-worked crocketing formed of Lombardic characters. A giant salt-cellar of the fifteenth century is preserved at All Souls' College, and is usually considered to have been given by the Founder, Archbishop Chichele, some time before his death in 1443. The bowl is of crystal, borne on the head of a huntsman, who stands upon the base. Colour has been added in several places, notably in the finial of the lid, which resembles an artichoke, in the small figures of animals, dogs and men, represented on the base, and on the face and hands of the huntsman. The base is surrounded by a battle- ment with eight circular turrets. All Souls' College has also a set of bowls or mazers, made of maple, with a deep rim of silver- gilt ; these date from 1450, and are as a set quite unique. Bishop Carpenter's cup and stand, given to Oriel in 1470, are noteworthy specimens. The cup is formed of a cocoa-nut shell, and the stand of part of a gourd, mounted in silver-gilt. Corpus Christi College possesses a very fine salt, ART TREASURES 93 given by the Founder, Bishop Foxe. Though some- what later in point of date than the salt at New College it may claim from the beauty of its arabesque and foliage work to rank as high in point of merit. Of plate of a later date there are sixteenth-century cocoa-nut cups at New College, 1584, at Exeter College, and at Queen's. Of plate early in the sixteenth century, the best specimens are the chalice of Bishop Foxe, given to Corpus Christi College in 1507. A little later than this in date is a silver-gilt tazza cup and cover, gadrooned and ornamented with stamped pattern (1515), and an urn-shaped jar with cover (1533). The whole is repouss6, and chased with good scroll work. Trinity College possesses a chalice with a paten ( 1 527), given by Sir Thomas Pope. In this chalice, as in that at Corpus Christi', the edges of the stem are enriched with fine cable-moulding. This chalice is said to have come from the Abbey at St. Alban's. All Souls' College has a mazer on stem (1529), but the ornament on the bowl is far superior to that on the foot and the stem. Oriel College possesses a cup given by the Foundress. At Jesus College is a large silver-gilt punch-bowl, 62 inches in circumference and 12 inches in height, weighing nearly 24 pounds, which was presented to the College by Sir Watkin Williams Wynn. Queen's possesses a large tankard in silver repouss6 and gilt. The body is ornamented with strapwork encircling fish, fruit and flowers. It was given to 94 OXFORD the College by Christopher Potter. The workman- ship is English, and the date 1637. At Exeter there is an ostrich egg mounted in silver gilt, of good workmanship. Date 1610. At Magdalen, in the suite of apartments in the Founder's Tower, are two pieces of old Arras tapestry, which are said to have been designed by Holbein. One represents The Betrothal of Prince Arthur , eldest son of Henry V11L, to Katharine, of Arragon y the other represents the parable of The Labourers in the Vineyard. The pall of Henry VII., a magnificent piece of gold brocade, 1 1 feet 8 inches by 8 feet, is to be seen in the Long Gallery at the Bodleian Library. Of modern tapestry Exeter possesses a very fine specimen, designed by Sir Edward Burne-Jones, and executed by William Morris, of which the subject is The Adoration of the Magi. ARMS OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE ART TREASURES 95 ARMS OF ST. JOHN S COLLEGE CITY PLATE The Corporation insignia are fully described by Mr. W. H. St. John Hope in his book on Corpora- tion Plate, but it may be noted that the Corporation has four maces : i. The great mace, 5 ft. 4^ in. long, of a late type dating from the mayoralty of John Cambe, 1659-1660. 2. A bailiffs mace, 1 1 in., with the arms of James I. and date, 1606. 3, 4. In imita- tion of an earlier pair in silver, with plain shafts and globular heads, temp. Charles II. The mayor's chain is quite modern (1884), but, as Mr. Hope well says, it is a more reasonable design than most modern examples. The seal is of the seventeenth century, and some- what poor in execution, the elephant being too cramped in his position. 9 6 OXFORD ARMS OF MERTON COLLEGE STAINED GLASS It is only possible here to catalogue the various windows according to their date. The whole subject of the Oxford glass is so large that those interested in it are referred to Mr. Winston's writings,* and to Mr. Westlake's book for any further information. THIRTEENTH CENTURY (LATE), AND FOURTEENTH CENTURY (EARLY). (Merlon Chapel. North and south windows, and tracery lights of east window of choir. (Restored by Messrs. Powell.) * Arch. Journ., vol. ix. ART TREASURES 97 St. {MichaeTs Church. Four small panels set in modern glass. FOURTEENTH CENTURY. New College (Ante-Chapel). Seven windows exclud- ing the great west window. (13801386.) In Trinity Library are fragments from the old College Chapel (1330), including figures of the Four Evangelists, Edward III. and Queen Philippa, St. Cuthbert of Durham, St. Thomas of Canterbury, in this instance not mutilated. Cathedral. Three windows on north side of the Latin Chapel, (c. 1 3 50 or later.) East window in south transept, Becket window, (c. 1350.) Balllol. In the Chapel some few remains exist of fourteenth-century glass. FIFTEENTH CENTURY. All Souls. In the Ante-Chapel, the four east window* contain the original glass (1442). In the north and west windows the glass was brought from the ante- library, and set in modern canopy work. The tracery glass is quite modern. FOURTEENTH CENTURY. fMerton. In the Library are seven small lancet windows carelessly repaired and releaded. (Early Per- pendicular.) FIFTEENTH CENTURY. Trinity. In the Library is some fifteenth-century glass with some, probably earlier, taken from the old. Chapel of Durham College. 98 OXFORD SIXTEENTH CENTURY. St. Peter-ln-the-East. The large west and south "windows were inserted in 1501 ; the north window has fragments of painted glass inserted, 1433, by the then Vicar, Vincent Wyking. Trinity. In the oriel window in the Hall are nine small panels of glass, which are said to have come from a window in the Cathedral at Basel. They bear dates from 1522 10-1595, and one of 1627. They were inserted here in 1877. iMerton. In the east window of the Library there are twelve panels of Flemish glass, dated 1598, but set in modern glass. Cathedral. Large window in north transept. Queen's. In the Chapel in the two windows on either -side of the entrance is old glass preserved from the old Chapel, painted in 151 8, placed in position here in 1717. Balliol. In the reading-room (formerly the Old Hall) are some fragments of old glass dated 1533 ; in the Chapel and Library are remains of windows which in 1529-1530 were painted for the old Chapel. The windows are not in their original form, and the subjects have been jumbled together. Wadham. In the third and fourth windows from the ast, on the south side, are two windows containing Flemish glass from Louvain. Both are much earlier in date than the Chapel. Cathedral. Window in west end of the north aisle of the nave, A. Van Linge, 1603. SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Lincoln. The nine windows in the Chapel, Flemish glass, 1629-1631 on north, and are sometimes attributed to Bernard Van Linge. ART TREASURES 99 Magdalen {Ante-ChapeF). Windows south end, about 1 635 (Greenbury). West window, 1635 repaired, 1 795, by Egginton. New College (Chapel). North, Flemish glass ; south side, Flemish glass (repaired 1740) by W. Price. Queen's Chapel. Most of the windows by A. Van Linge, 1635 ; restored by J. Price, 1717. Balliol. In the Chapel are two windows, originally in the old Chapel, presented by Peter Wentworth, 1637. A. Van Linge. University College Chapel. Seven windows by A. Van Linge, painted by 1641, but not placed in situ until after the Restoration. East window (1687), Henry Giles of York ; removed by Sir G. Scott, 1862. Wadham Chapel. The east window in the Chapel, Bernard Van Linge (1622). The side windows of the Choir are slightly earlier, 1616. They were rearranged in 1832 in wrong order. Queen's. The east window in the Chapel by Joshua Price, 1717. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Merton. The lower lights in east window of the Chapel were glazed by W. Price (1702). Nea> College Chapel. The windows on the north side of the Chapel (1765-1774), by Peckett of York. These windows are not to be compared with those on the south side. The old glass in the Ante-Chapel was partly restored in 1775 by Richard Fleming and William Curtice in 1777. Oriel. In the Ante-Chapel is a window (removed from the Chapel), painted by W. Peckett in 1767. Wadham. The Ante-Chapel windows were inserted in 1836 ; four later ones in 1838. (Evans of Shrews- bury.) ioo OXFORD St. Peter-in-the-East. East lancet windows, 1839. Christ Church. Windows in Hall on the right of the dais, 1859-1868. (Powell and Sons.) All Souls. The great west window of the Ante-Chapel, 1862. (Hardman.) University. The east window of the Chapel, inserted by Sir G. Scott, 1862. Worcester. The Chapel windows, 1864-1870. (H. Holiday.) NINETEENTH CENTURY. Magdakn. The present windows in the Chapel were inserted in 1857-1860. (Hardman.) Jesus College. East window of the Chapel, 1855. (Powell.) Exeter. The various memorial windows in the Chapel, of various dates. (Clayton and Bell.) Oriel. Chapel windows from designs by H. Ellis Wooldridge, 1884. (Powell and Sons.) Trinity. Chapel windows, 1885. (Powell and Sons.) Brasenose. Chapel east windows (Kempe) ; Cradock Memorial window, 1887 (Powell and Sons) ; bay- window (heraldic), designed by T. G. Jackson, 1889. (Powell and Sons.) St. John's. East window in the Chapel, 1891. (Kempe.) All Souls. Window in the Hall, 1892-1897. (Powell and Sons.) St. Cross, Holjivell. Stainer memorial window. (Powell and Sons.) Lincoln.- Window in the Hall designed by T. G. Jackson, 1893. (Powell and Sons.) Trinity. Hall, small memorial window, 1903. (Powell and Sons.) ART TREASURES 101 Sf. Michael's. Queen Victoria memorial window, 1 904, in south aisle. (Powell and Sons.) University College. Three windows in the Hall, 1905. (Powell and Sons.) Queen's. Side window in the Hall, 1905. (Powell and Sons.) Cathedral. East window in the Lady Chapel, 1859 ; east window in Latin Chapel, from design by Sir E. Burne-Jones (Powell and Sons) ; east window in north aisle of choir, St. Cecilia, 1874-1875, designed by Sir E. Burne-Jones (W. Morris) ; east window in the choir (Clayton and Bell) ; east window in south aisle of the choir, St. Catharine, designed by Sir E. Burne-Jones (W. Morris) ; west window in south aisle, Sir E. Burne- Jones ; north window in north transept, 1876 (Clayton and Bell) ; south window in south transept, 1894. St. Mary the fit-gin. Great west window, Dean Burgon Memorial, 1891. (C. E. Kempe.) Manchester New College. Windows in the Chapel, designed by Sir E. Burne-Jones. (Morris and Co.) New College. Ante-Chapel windows, restored 1898. (Powell and Sons.) Exeter. Window in the Hall, by R. T. Blomfield, 1905-1906. (Powell and Sons.) 102 OXFORD ARCHITECTURE The architecture in Oxford is of all periods, as is to be expected from the history of the town and of the University. Much has been ruthlessly destroyed, much has been as ruthlessly altered. In the following list of dates of the building it will be seen that though at all times there seems to have been some building in progress, there was a short lull during the years between the out- break of the Civil War and the Restoration. At almost all other times the building has been continuous, though it has from various reasons varied in amount. It may be said without exaggeration that the building and rebuilding in connection with the Colleges and allied institutions undertaken and com- pleted and projected during the last twenty-five years exceeds in amount the total carried out in the century and a half or the two centuries immediately preceding. Balliol and Keblt just miss inclusion in the twenty-five years, all the great changes in the buildings having been finished by 1877-1878. In the case of Trinity ', there is much to chronicle. The new front quadrangle was finished in 1887, comprising a new house for the President on the north, and a wing on the east. The belfry at Christ Churchy which is still un- finished, was built 1878-1880, to take the "bonny Christ Church Bells," which were considered too ART TREASURES 103 heary for the Cathedral belfry. The architect was Mr. Bodley, who also designed the reredos in the Cathedral choir. Brasenosfj between 1881 and 1889, has been enlarged by Mr. T. G. Jackson by the addition of a new quadrangle, with increased accommodation: for undergraduates, a new lodging for the Principal and the ornate front in the High Street. At Hertford the same architect has given the College a New Hall and Bursary, 1887, a range of new buildings on the north side of the quad- rangle (1889), and further new buildings in New College Street (1902-1903), which are not yet finished. At St. John's a new front, continuing the original front of the College northwards, was begun in 1880 from designs by Mr. G. Oldred Scott, and were finished in 1901. A further extension not visible from the road has lately been completed. The extensive restoration works in New College Chapel were completed in 1880 by Sir Gilbert Scott. An examination of the oak work will show how carefully the old wood was preserved and incorporated with the new carving. The organ screen and loft is practically new, so too is much of the organ. Mr. Pearson in 1894 finished the restoration of the reredos, which had been mutilated by Queen Elizabeth's orders. Oriel underwent some small restorations Jin the Chapel in 1884-5, and in the quaint portico over the Hall steps in 1897 a ^ carried out by Mr. T. G. Jackson. io 4 OXFORD St. Mary's Hal^ so long intimately connected with Orie/j has at last been merged in the parent foundation, and under the terms of Cecil Rhodes' bequest of 100,000, new buildings, to include a front in the High Street, are shortly to be under- taken. At Corpus the buildings erected in 1885 by Mr. T. G. Jackson were on the opposite side of Merton Street, at the corner of Grove Street. The President's Lodging is being enlarged at the present time (1905) from designs by the President. Merton was enlarged by the incorporation of St. Albarfs Hall by a statute made in 1 88 1. At the moment of writing this note the quadrangle, which had been altered in 1863 and 1866, is being demolished to make room for new buildings designed by Mr. Basil Champneys. The rooms formerly occupied as Warden's Lodgings, dating from the early sixteenth century, and situated partly over the gateway leading from the front into the Fellows' Quadrangle, mutilated later after the Stuart Restoration, are now being dismantled and altered. A new lodging for the Warden is being built on the north side of Merton Street, an interesting old house being demolished at the corner of Logic Lane. Jesus College at the present time is partly in the architect's hands, as new buildings, to consist of rooms, a library, and a chemical laboratory, will take up the south side of Ship Street from the President's Garden almost to St. Michael's Chambers. ART TREASURES 105 At Lincoln, too, a new library has been begun in the Fellows' Garden, parallel with the new buildings at Brasenose. Magdalen has gone through many changes. St. Swithun's buildings, which face the High Street, were the work of Messrs. Bodley and Garner (1882-1884), who seem to have caught something of the spirit of the place, and the President's Lodgings, which adjoin the Founder's Tower, were designed by the same architects, 1888-1889. The statue of St. Mary in the Chapel tower is the work of Mr. Conrad Dressier. Of buildings belonging to the University, the New Examination Schools, begun in 1877, were opened in 1882. Six years later the Offices for the Delegacy for Non-Collegiate students was added. All these buildings were designed by Mr. T. G. Jackson. The Science Department has not been neglected. In 1885 a Physiological Laboratory was added, followed in 1893 by the equipment of the Human Anatomy Department, the Morphological and Pathological Laboratory in 1901, and the building of the Radcliffe Library, 1898-1901. Mansfield College^ though not a College for undergraduates, was transferred to Oxford from Birmingham in 1886, and opened in 1889. Mr. Champneys was the architect. Manchester College was opened in 1893, having been designed by Messrs. Worthington and Son. The Colleges have had their spasmodic attacks of Vandalism too. Wolsey began with his wholesale io6 OXFORD clearance of older work before he could begin with Cardinal College. Dean Duppa worked his will with the Cathedral in 1634. Magdalen and Worcester suffered from incipient reconstruction in 1733 and 1753 ; Balliol escaped this in 1742, but has suffered more acutely since. Wyatt was turned loose at Magdalen, Balliol and Merton, and was followed by the Gothic revivalists. Exeter Chapel was ruthlessly demolished by Sir G. Scott because it was Jacobean, and in the same spirit Balliol Chapel was destroyed by Mr. Butterfield. SAXON WORK. The wall at the east end of the choir in the Cathe- dral. Possibly the westernmost portion of the crypt at St. Peter's-in-the-East. NORMAN. The remaining tower in the Castle, 1071. ... The tower of St. Michael at the north gate : part, 1074; part later, 1150. Chancel arch in Holywell Church, 1 1 60. Door of Chapter House in Cathedral Cloister (damaged by fire in 1190). St. Giles's Church, base of tower, 1138. The nave of the Cathedral (1140-1180). Clerestory in transept, 1 1 80. Crypt of St. Peter's-in-the-East, part of the chancel, south doorway, corbel table, 1 1 70. [Iffley Church, with its recessed arches, zig-zag and other mouldings, t. 1160, should be visited by any student of English Architecture.] TRANSITIONAL. Original north and south aisles of St. Mary Mag- dalen, c. 1194. St. Giles's (very late, 1200). ART TREASURES 107 EARLY ENGLISH. The well-chamber in the mound in the County Gaol precincts. St. Giles** Chunk, south aisle, 1260. Arcade in nave of St. Peter's-in-the-East, c. 1160. The C*//Wr*/. Spire. Chapter House (1220). Lady Chapel (to the north of the choir). Existing fragments of St. Frideswide's Shrine, 1289. St. Mary the Virgin Church. The tower, 1280-1290.. DECORATED. Merton. Chapel, 1277. Hall, the original, 1274. Ironwork on door, 1 320. Library, 1376 (Bishop Rede). St. Mary-le-Virgin. The spire completed, 1310. Adam de Brome's Chapel, 1320. Cathedral. Latin Chapel, 1350. St. Aldate't. South aisle, 1336. St. Mary Magdalen's Church. Original parapet on south front, 1335. St. Peter~in-the-East. North aisle windows, 1350. PERPENDICULAR. New College, 1379-1386. Chapel, T386 ; Hall, 1386; Cloisters, 1400; Bell Tower, 1400; Quad- rangle, third storey added, 1 674. {Merton. Ante-Chapel, 1330-1414. Ealliol. Old Library, 1430. {Merton. Entrance Gateway, 1416 ; Tower com- pleted, 1424-1450 (Bishop Kempe ?) Lincoln. Tower ; Front Quadrangle, 1431; Hall> 1436. A II Souls. College, 1437 ; Chapel, 1442. Divinity School, 1445-1480 ; slightly altered, 1669 (Sir C. Wren) ; panelled buttresses, 1450. io8 OXFORD Old Schools. Built originally, 1439. Cathedral. Vaulting of choir, 1480 et teq. St. {Mary the Virgin. Nave, 1490-1503 (Sir R. Bray). The windows in the north side of Adam de Brome's Chapel, 1510. Brasenose. Buildings begun 1 509. Third storey added to front quadrangle about a century later. St. Mary Magdalen Church. Tower completed, 1530. Magdalen, 1475-1481. Founder's Quadrangle ; Cloisters, 1473 ; Chapel, 1480 ; Chapel Tower, 1492- 1505. Corpus Christi, 1 5 1 3. Hall finished, 1516; Chapel, 1517. Christ Church. Part of the Great (Tom) Quadrangle ; Hall, 1528-1530. JACOBEAN. Jesus College. 1621-1626; Chapel, 1621. St. John 1 !. Cook's Buildings, 1613 ; enlarged, 1638. Merton. Dormer windows in Mob Quadrangle, 1603-1625 ; Fellows' Quadrangle, 1608-1610. Wadbam, 16101613. Bodley's Library. East wing, 1610-1613 (Holt). Trinity. The Hall, 1618-1620. Botanical Gardent. Entrance Gateway, 1632 (Inigo Jones). Schools Quadrangle, rebuilt 1613-1618 ; Convocation House, 1634-1639 (Laud). St. Mary's Church. Porch, 1637. Lincoln. The Chapel consecrated, 1631. University. 1634-1675; First Quadrangle, 1634; Chapel, 1639-1665 ; Hall, 1640-1657. Oriel Chapel rebuilt. South and west sides of quad- rangle, 1620; Hall, 1637; Chapel, 1640-1642. Christ Church. Vaulting over the staircase to the Hall, 1 640 (Smith). ART TREASURES 109 Si. Mary Ha!!. Hall, 1632-1644* ; Chapel, 1640. 'Brasenose. Library, 1663 (Sir C. Wren) ; Chapel, 1668 (Sir C. Wren). St. John's. Laud's Quadrangle, 1661-1635 J Library, addition by Laud, 1631 (often attributed tolnigo Jones). St. Mary's Church. South Porch, 1637. Sheldonian Theatre (Italian), 1664-1669 (Sir C. Wren). Trinity. North wing of the Garden Quadrangle, 1665 (Sir C. Wren). Christ Church. Completion of Great Quadrangle, 1 665 . New College. Garden Quadrangle finished, 1684. St. Edmund Hall. Chapel and Library, 1680-1682. Ashmolean (Old} Museum, 1679-1683 (Thos. Wood, sometimes attributed to Sir C. Wren). Christ Church. Tom Tower, upper portion of, 1682- 1684 (Sir C. Wren). Trinity. Chapel, 1691-1694 (Dean Aldrich and Sir C. Wren). All Saints' Church. 1700-1708 (Dean Aldrich), 1713. Corpus Christi College. Turner's Buildings, 1706 (Dean Aldrich ?) Oriel. Garden Quadrangle, east side, 1719; west side, 1730. Clarendon Building. (Vanbrugh ? Hawkesmoor). Queen's College. Front, in High Street, 1750-1756 (Wren ?) ; Front Quadrangle, 1710 (Hawkesmoor) ; Chapel, 1714-1719 ; Hall, 1704-1714 (Sir C. Wren). Christ Church. Peckwater Quadrangle, 1705 (Dean Aldrich); Library, 1716-1761 (Dr. G. Clerke). All Souls. The Twin Towers, 1720 (Hawkesmoor) ; Codrington Library, 1720-1760; Hall and Buttery,. 1729 (Dr. Clarke) ; Cloister, 1734. Radclijfe Library. 1737-1749 (J. Gibbs). * Now a Junior Common Room for Oriel College. no OXFORD Magdalen New Buildings. 1733-1735 (Holdsworth). Worcester. Chapel and Hall, 1784; Front, 1760; New Buildings, north side of quadrangle, 17531773. Christ Church. Canterbury Gate, 1778 (Wyatt) ; Canterbury Quadrangle, 1775-1783; staircase to Hall altered (Wyatt), Oriel. Library, 1788 (Wyatt). Lincoln. New Buildings in the M Grove," 1759. Merton. Hall ruined, 1800 (Wyatt). Balliol. Broad Street Buildings at the west end, 1 769 ; restored 1882 (Keene). University. Refronted 1800 (Dr. Griffiths). Hertford. Portions of the east front, 1820 (Garbett). Balliol. Buildings opposite St. Mary Magdalen, 1825 (Basevi) ; buildings opposite the Taylor Institution, formerly called Caesar's Buildings, 1855 (Salvin). All Souls. Refronted 1830 (D. Robertson). St. Mary Hall. North side of quadrangle, 1833-1848. University Press. 1826-1830 (D. Robertson). University. New buildings in High Street (west), 1841-1845 (Barry). Taylor B uildings. 1845-1848 (C. R. Cockerell). Jesus College. South front restored, 1853 (Buckler). Merton. Chapel restored, 1854 (Butterfield). 'Balliol. Chapel (Lombardic Gothic), 1856-1857