LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class ^TiiSu tM^fr -i.^7- -J <^. \ _ ^^^ ii-w^a v m IRM INLY ENGLISH PROCLAMATION OF HENRY III., ^18 OCTOBER 1258, KATtfxT BY FORMER EDITORS AND TRANSLATORS, R)NSIDERED AXD ILLUSTRATED; TO WHICH A. R E ADDED EDITIONS OP THE CUCKOO SOXG AND THE PRISONER'S PRAYER, LYHJCS OF THE XIII TH CENTURY; ALEXANDER J. ELLIS, F.B.S., PBLLOW OP TUB CAMBRIDGE ^HILO^OPHICAL SOCIETY; MEMBER OF THE LONDON MA.THHM VTrOAI, SOCIETY; MEMBER OF THE COUNCIL OP THB PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY; FORMERLY SCHOLAR OP TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, B.A., 1837. REPRINTED FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY FOR 1863. LONDON: ASHER AND CO., 13, BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN, AND 11 UNTER DEN LINDEN, BERLIN. Price Four Shilling*. ASHER & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. ASHER, A. THE ITINERARY OF RABBI BENJAMIN OF Tudela. The Hebrew Text, with an Eriiil ; sh Translation. Two vols. 8vo. .1. 4s. ABULFEDA. GEOGRAPHIK IV ISRAEL AliUL-FEDA EN Arabe. 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ELLIS, F.B.S., FELLOW OF THH CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; MEMBER OF THE LONDON MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY; MEMBEB OF THE COUNCIL OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY; FOBMEELY SCHOLAR OF TBINITY COLLEGE, CAMBBIDGE, B.A., 1837. REPRINTED FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY FOR 1868. UNIVERSITY J \ LONDON: ASHER AND CO., 13, BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN, AND 11 UNTER DEN LINDEN, BERLIN. ^ < B\ I I P> CONTENTS. MA//VJ I. HISTORY OF THE PROCLAMATION ........ 1 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENT . . . . 9 III. THE PRESENT EDITION OF THE PROCLAMATION ... 16 Palaootype described, p. 17. Old Ejffich Version, pp. 18, 20, 22. Old English Version, pp. 19, 21, 23. Modern English Translation of Old English Version, 18, 20, 22. ijectured Pronunciation of Old English Version, pp. 19, 21, 23. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS OF THE PROCLAMATION 24 Duplicate of the French Version, p. 25. 1. W. Somner, p. 27. 9. Tho. Eymer, p. 41. 2. J. Tyrrel, p. 30. 10. George L. Craik, p. 42. 3. George Lord Lyttelton, p. 32. 11. Dr. Keinhold Pauli, p. 43. 4. Eob. Henry, p. 33. 12. Haupt's Zeitschrift (Eegel), p. 45. 5. K. G. Latham, p. 35. 13. G. P. Marsh, p. 48. 6. C. Fr. Koch, p. 35. 14. A. J. Ellis, p. 50. 7. Tho. Hearne, p. 36. 15. E. G. Latham, p. 51. 8. Sam. Henshall, p. 38. 16. A. J. Ellis, p. 51. T. Astle. Facsimile of a Fragment of the Proclamation, p. 51. V. INTERLINEAR COMPARISON OF ELEVEN EDITIONS OF THE PROCLAMATION, WITH THE ORIGINAL 55 VI. ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION OF THE OLD ENGLISH VERSION 71 VII. DIALECT AND GRAMMAR OF THE PROCLAMATION .... 75 VIII. PRESENT AND FORMER TRANSLATIONS CONSIDERED, WITH ILLUSTRATIVE EEMARKS 78 IX. CONTEMPORARY SONGS 97 Corrections in Prisoner's Prayer, p. 99. Obsolete Words in Cuckoo Song and Prisoner's Prayer, p. 101. The Cuckoo Song, p. 103. The Prisoner's Prayer, p. 104. X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX 108 Postscript. PHOTOZINCOGRAPH EDITION OF THE PROCLAMATION 128 113133 * ON THE ONLY ENGLISH PROCLAMATION OF EENBY HI. THE only English proclamation issued by Henry III. of England, of which we have any record, which was also the first English proclamation, so far as we know, that was published by any of our Norman kings, is an historical, philological, and literary curiosity, which seems to deserve more attention than has hitherto been bestowed upon it in this country where it ought to be best appreciated. It is probably the oldest piece of English, as distinguished from Anglo-Saxon, of which we have an indisputably contem- porary manuscript. 1 I. History of the Proclamation . The quarrels between Henry and his barons are well known. The nobles and lieges of the kingdom were summoned to Westminster fourteen days after Easter, that is, on Sunday, 7 April, 1258, for the dispatch of important business, and this ended with Henry's submitting to a council of twenty- four nobles, twelve to be chosen by himself and twelve by the nobles, 2 or as they are termed in the docu- ments of the time, the commonalty of the kingdom. This 1 The Harl. MS. 978, containing the Cuckoo Song, is supposed to have been \mtten in 1240. The MS. of Genesis and Exodus, which was composed about 1250, is supposed not to have been written before the close of the century. 2 In the Annales de Burton (1004-1263) printed in the Annales Monastici edited by H. R. Luard 1864, vol. i. p. 447 (henceforth cited as Ann. Mon.), we have the following list of twenty-three out of the twenty-four nobles thus ap- pointed. The English notes are those of the editor. For (*) see next footnote. Electi ex parte domini regis. & Dominus Londoniensis episcopus.b Dominus Wintoniensis electus. Dorainus H[enricus] filius regis Aleraaniae. Dominus 1 Z I. HISTORY OF THE PROCLAMATION. li council was to institute a great reform in the government of the country, and both the king and his eldest son swore to obey its behests, or rather the decisions of a majority of the council. 1 Upon its appointment the parliament was sum- moned to meet at Oxford, a month after Whitsuntide, that is, on Tuesday, 11 June, 1258, ostensibly on account of the Welsh troubles, and the uncertain truce with France. The council of Twenty-four then selected four of their number to appoint a committee of Fifteen to form the royal council or cabinet, and in this the barons succeeded in having ten of their own party and only five of the king's. Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, 2 a Frenchman, who had asserted his right to the earldom and married Henry's sister, was the principal nobleman in this committee that was opposed to the king. J[ohannes] comes Warennae. Dominus Guido de Lysinan. Dominus W[il- lelmus] de Valentia. *Dominus J[ohannes] comes "Warewici. Dominus Johannes Mansel. Frater J[ohannes] de Derlington. Abbas "Westmonasterii.a Dominus H[enricus] de Hengbam. Electi ex parte comitum et baronum. Dominus "Wygornensis episcopus. 6 * Dominus Symon comes Leycestrensis. * Dominus Ricardus comes Glovernise. *Dominus Humfridus comes Herefordiae. *Dominus Rogerus Marescallus. Domi- nus Rogerus de Mortuo Mari. *Dominus J[obannes] films Galfridi. *Dominus Hugo le Bigot. Dominus Ricardus de Gray. Dominus W[illelmus] Bardulf. *Dominus P[etrus] de Monte Forti. Dominus Hugo Dispensarius. Et si contingat aliquem istorum necessitate interesse non posse, reliqui istorum eligant quern voluerint, scilicet alium necessarium loco absentis ad istud negotium prosequendum. EDITOR'S NOTES. a Only eleven are given on tbe king's side. b Fulk Basset. c Aymer de Lusignan. d Ricbard de Crokeslye. e "Walter de Cantilupe. 1 Rymer, i. 373. Letter of tbe Commons to tbe Pope. " Caeterum praefatus dominus Rex . . . . ut de procerum et magnatum consilio .... dicta refor- matio proveniret. Hoc videlicet modo, ut duodecim ex parte ipsius electi, et alii totidem ex parte communitatis nominati, disponerent, statuerent ac etiam ordinarent super melioratione et reformatione regni Angliae, et ipsum regnum contingentibus, prout eis melius expediens videretur : Promittentes tarn ipse, quam dominus Edwardus primogenitus suus, et affirmantes propriis juramentis, quod per prsedictos viginti quatuor, vel majorem partem eorum ordinatum existeret, inviolabiliter observarent." Signed by tbe Earl of Albemarle, Peter of Savoy, James Audley, and tbe eigbt of tbe Council marked * in tbe previous footnote, " vice totius communitatis." 2 Tbe life of tbis nobleman has been lately made the subject of an historical essay by Reinhold Pauli, under tbe title of " Simon von Montfort, Graf von Leicester, der Schb'pfer des Hauses der Gemeinen," Tubingen, 1867, to which, as also to the same author's " Gescbichte von England," vol. 3, Hamburg, 1853, I am much indebted. I. HISTORY OF THE PROCLAMATION. 3 In the Eoyal Letters 1 vol. 2, p. 127, there is the following letter which shows that the Four who had to choose the Fifteen were Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, and his brother Hugo Bigod, the Earl of Warwick, and John Mansell; and in Ann. Mon. i. 449, against the first two names is written "Les duze de par le rei unt eslu les duze de par le commun," and against the second two, " E la partie yer le commun ad eslu des duze ke sunt de par le rei," and it is added : " E ces quatre unt poer a eslire le cunseil le rei, et quant il unt eslu, il les mustrunt as vint et quatre ; et la u la greinure partie de ces assente, seit tenu." The king's letter is given at length as it illustrates many expressions in the proclamation. It is printed in the Royal Letters 2, 127, from Rot. Pat. 42, Hen. III., memb. 6, and the present copy has been compared with the original : " Rex Johanni Mansell, thesaurario Eboracensi, salutem. " Cum nuper concesserimus proceribus et magnatibus regni nostri, juramento firmato in animam nostram, ut 3 per duodecim fideles de consilio nostro jam electos, de quibus vos estis unus, et per alios duodecim fideles nostros electos ex parte ipsorum procerum, fiat reformatio et ordinatio status regni nostri, ad honorem Dei, fidem nostram, et utilitatem regni nostri, secundum quod melius viderint expedire ; et nihilominus promiserimus prsedictis proceribus et magnatibus nostris quod reformationem et ordinationem per prsedictos viginti et quatuor vel majorem partem eorum faciendam ratam habebimus et firmam, et ipsam faciemus teneri et inviolabiliter observari ; vobis mandamus, in fide et dilectione quibus nobis tene- mini et sub debito juramenti nobis praestiti, quatenus ad reforma- tionem et ordinationem praedictas procedere non omittatis indilate cum aliis, sicut volueritis nostram et nostrorum heredum indigna- tionem vitare in perpetuum. " Praeterea cum vos una cum comite de Warrewico, Rogero le Bygod, comite Norfolchise et marescallo nostro Angliae, et Hugoni le Bigod, fratre suo, electi sitis a praedictis viginti quatuor ad nominan- dum illos qui de nostro esse debent consilio, et postmodum ad illos in quos vos quatuor vel tres vestrum concordaveritis aliis coordinatoribus nostris prsesentandos, ut vos omnes simul vel major pars vestrum ipsos ad 1 The full title of this work is " Rerum Britannicarum medii aevi scriptores, or Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages. Royal and other Historical Letters illustrative of the Reign of Henry III., from the originals in the Puhlic Record Office, selected and edited by the Rev. Walter Waddington Shirley, D.D., published by the authority of the Lords Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury, under the direction of the Master of the Rolls." a et," MS. 4 I. HISTORY OF THE PROCLAMATION. nostrum consilium deputandos confirmetis vel infirmetis ; vobis prse- cipiinus, firmiter injungentes in tide qua nobis tenemini, quatenus una cum dictis coruitibus et Hugone praedicto ad praedictum consilium nostrum sicut superius est expressum nominandum, prout Dominus vobis inspiraverit, indilate procedatis, sicut nostram et heredum nostrorum vitare volueritis indignationem pro 1 perpetuo. Nos enim firmiter vobis promittimus pro nobis et heredibus nostris quod si ad hujusmodi ordinationem et reformationem et consilii nostri nomina- tionem, sicut superius est expressum, processeritis, in nullo nos vel heredes nostri contra vos vel vestros futuris temporibus movebimur, sed nos et prsedicti heredes nostri in hac parte vos conservabimus indemnes. In cujus, etc. Teste me ipso apud Oxoniam, vicesimo sexto die Junii." Pauli, in Ms Geschichte von England, 1853, (3, 717,) gives as the names of the Fifteen the whole of those whose names are appended to the French version of the proclamation (infra p. 15), with the exception of the Earl of Albe marie ; citing however only that very document, whence it is not clear why the Earl of Albemarle was omitted. The names of the Fifteen are given in Ann. Mon. 1, 449, as follows, and among them is found the name of the Earl of Albemarle. From the names appended to the French proclamation are omitted the names of the Earl of Winchester and Hugo Spenser, while the name of John Mansel is inserted. "Ceo sunt ceus ke sunt jurez del conseil le rei. Archiepiscopus Cantuariensis. Episcopus Wygornensis. Comes Leycestrensis. Comes Glovernensis. Comes Marscallus. Petrus de Sabaudia. Comes Alber- marlisG. Comes Warewik. Comes Herefordensis. Johannes Mansel. Johannes films Galfridi. Petrus de Monte Forti. Bicardus de Gray. Kogerus de Mortuo Mari. Jacobus de Aldithelege." Pauli says that the five of the king's party out of these Fifteen, were, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earls of Warwick and Winchester, Peter of Savoy, and James Audley. As the Earl of Winchester did not belong to the Fifteen, pro- bably John Mansell was the fifth of the royal party. The powers of these fifteen are thus described in Ann. Mon. 1, 452. " Quinze serrunt nomez par ces quatre, . . . les queus serrunt de conseil le rei. E serrunt cunfermez par les avant dit xxiv. u par la greinure partie de els. E averunt poer del rei conseiler en bone fei del governe- ment del reaume, et de totes choses ke al rei u al reaume pertenent. 1 "firo," MS., i.e., "noetro." I. HISTORY OF THE PROCLAMATION. E pur amender et adrescer totes les choses ke il verrunt ke facent a adrescer et amender. E su le haute justice, et sur totes autres genz. E si il ne poent tuz estre, ceo ke la greinure partie fra, serra ferm et estable. In confirmation of these arrangements Henry issued the following proclamation in the form of letters patent on 4 Aug. 1258, Rot. Pat. 42 Hen. III. memb. 4, which is here reprinted from Royal Letters 1, 129, (compared with the original) as it illustrates the subsequent proclamation. " Henri, par la grace Deu rei de Engleterre, etc., a tous ceus, etc. Sachiez qe pur le profit de nostre reaume, e a la requeste de nos hauz hommes et prodes hommes e du comun de nostre reaume otreyames, qe vinte quatre de nos hommes eusent poer qe qe tout ce q'il ordene- raient del estat de nostre reaume fust ferm e estable, e ce feimes jurer en nostre alme, et donames de ce nos lettres overtes. Et ce meosmes jurra Eadward nostre fieuz einzne, e de ce dona ses lettres overtes. Les queus vinte quatre desus nomez eslurent quatre, is queus quatre il donerent leur poer de eslire nostre conseil des prodes hommes de nostre terre. Le quel conseil nos avum promis et promettuns craire al adrescement e al amendment de toutes les besoignes qe apartiegnent a nos e a nostre reaume. Et nos voluns qe lavant dit conseil ou la greinure partie puissent eslire prodehomme ou prodeshommes qe saient en lui de celi ou de ceus qui defauderunt. Et nos averum ferm e estable quanqe lavant dit conseil ou la greinure partie fera. E comandum fermement qe touz nos feaus e nos hommes ausi laient e saient tenuz fermement garder touz les establissemenz, les queus il ferunt al honur de Deu e nostre foi, e au profist de nostre reaume. Et en tesmoign de ceste chose nos avum fet mettre nostre seel a ceste presente lettre. Ceste chose fu fete a Lundres le dimainge prochein apres la Gaulehaust, en Ian de nostre corounment quarante secund. Ceste lettre est doublee e livere al cunte le Marescal par le rei e sun conseil." Under the superintendence of the council and committee were framed the celebrated " Provisions of Oxford." 1 Among other ordinances, a parliament was summoned regularly for 6 October, 2 February, and 1 June in each year, at which only the committee of fifteen, and a further committee of twelve magnates (prodes homes) were to appear. The fol- 1 Called, in the award of the king of France, 22 January, 1263 (Rymer's Foadera, 1816, vol. i., p. 434), " provisiones, ordinationes, statuta et obligationea Oxonienses," and referred to afterwards simply as provisions, " ante tempus provisionum ipsarum." In Rymer, i. 411, 7 December, 1261, they are termed " ordeinemens purv eances e establissemens fez a Oxinford." 6 I. HISTORY OF THE PROCLAMATION. lowing is the order for the assembling of the parliaments given in Ann. Mon. 1, 452. " Des parlemenz, quanz serrunt tenuz per an et coment. II fet a remembrer ke les xxiv. unt ordene ke treis parlemenz seient par an. Le premerein as utaves de Sein Michel. Le secund le demein de la Chandelur. Le terz le premer jor de June, ceo est a saver, treis sememes devant le Seint John. A ces treis parlemenz vendrunt les cimseilers le rei esluz, tut ne seient il pas mandez pur ver le estat del reaume, et pur treter les cummuns bosoingues del reaume et del rei ensement. E autre fez ensement quant mester serra per le mande- ment le rei. "Si fet a remembrer ke le commun eslise xii. prodes homes, ke vendrunt as parlemenz et autre fez quant mester serra, quant le rei u sun cunseil les mandera pur treter de bosoingnes le rei et del reaume. E ke le comun tendra pur estable ceo ke ces xii. frunt. E ceo serra fet pur esparnier le cust del commun." The names of the first twelve thus elected are given in Ann. Mon. 1, 449, as follows : "Ces sunt les duze ke sunt eslu par les baruns a treter a treis parlemenz per an oveke le cunseil le rei pur tut le comun de la terre de commun bosoine. Episcopus Londoniensis. Comes Wintoniensis. Comes Herefordensis. Philippus Basset. Johannes de Bailol. Johannes de Verdun. Johannes de Gray. Rogerus de Sumery. Rogerus de de Monte Alto. Hugo Dispensarius. Thomas de Gresley. JEgidius de Argenten." It was apparently at the meeting of this so-called parlia- ment at Westminster in October 1258, that the proclamation now under consideration was issued. The object of this proclamation was to bind every man in the kingdom to obey the council of Twenty-four. The people were not only to keep the ordinances of the majority of the council, but to swear to keep them, as the king and prince had already done. The king nominally, the committee of council actually, ordered every one in the country in virtue of his oath, to take part in supporting these ordinances, against all others, " doing and receiving justice." No one was to make use of any land or other possessions to the detriment of the ordinances, and those who opposed them were to be held mortal enemies of the people. This proclamation was issued in the form of letters patent, and sent into every county to be preserved among the archives, and also into Ireland. I. HISTORY OF THE PROCLAMATION. 7 The Council itself was first sworn, in the following terms, Ann. Mon. 1, 448. " Ceo est le serment a vint e quatre. Chescun jura sur seintes Euuangeles, ke il al honur de Deu, e a la fei le rei, e al profit del reaume, ordenera e tretera ovekes les avant dit jures sur le refurme- ment e le amendemeiit del estat del reaume. E ke ne lerra pur dun, ne pur preniesse, pur amur, ne pur hange, ne pur pour de nulli, ne pur gain, ne pur perte, ke leaument ne face solum la tenur de la lettre, ke le rei ad sur ceo done et sun fez ensement." And then the oath administered to the Commons at Oxford, and hence probably the oath which every one was to take ac- cording to this proclamation was as follows, Ann. Mon. 1, 447: " Ceo jura le commun de Engleterre a Oxeneford. Nus tels et tels fesum a saver a tute genz, ke mis avum jure sur seintes Euuangeles, e sumus tenuz ensemble par tel serment, e promettuns en bone fei, ke chesun de nus e tuz ensemble nus entre eiderums, e nus e les nos cuntre tute genz, dreit fesant, et rens pernant ke nus ne purrum sanz nief fere, salve la fei le rei e de la corune. E premettuns sur meinie le serment, ke nus de nus ja ren ne prendra de tere ne de moeble, par que cest serment purra estre desturbe, u en nule ren empeyre. E si nul fet encontre ceo, nus le tendrums a enemi mortel. To be effective this proclamation had to be made intelligible to the whole community, both gentle and simple, lay and clerical. Hence appears to have arisen the conception that it should be couched in the language of the nobles, and the language of the people, in Norman French and English. 1 The French was addressed in general terms, " A tuz ses feaus Clers et Lays." The English was directed to particular counties, and the copy preserved is that written, " To alle hise holde ilaerde and ileawede on Huntendon'schir'." 2 This 1 I can find no mention of any but the English and French versions in the Calendar of the Patent Rolls of 42 and 43 Henry ; but in Ann. Mon. 1, 453, it is stated that the proclamation was also written in Latin, and that it had to be read by the sheriffs. The words are : " Eodem tempore de communi domini regis et communitatis consilio factse sunt chartse domini regis subsequentes, et scriptse Latine, Gallice, et Anglice, et per totum regnum Anglise ad omnes comitatus transmissse, ut ibidem per vicecomites lectaB, et intellectse firmiter ab omnibus in posterum observarentur illsesae." 2 Mr. Maule, the clerk to the magistrates of Huntingdonshire, at my request, obligingly made a search to see if any record of this letter patent existed in the archives of the county, but he found none. It is most probable that other copies may still exist in some of the county archives, and any gentleman who could find them would be conferring a benefit upon our Early English Literature, as no 8 I. HISTORY OF THE PROCLAMATION. proclamation is therefore historically the first appeal to the people on record, the first in which the people were made to feel that they were worth addressing. Half of the council, whose ordinances are to be defended, is expressly stated to have been elected by the people of the country, " furj J>aet loandes folk." And the assistance of the people is invoked to protect the governing power of this council, which was thus supposed to be half of their own choice. There can be little doubt that this direct appeal to the people was made by the popular leader, Simon de Montfort, himself a foreigner, whose object was to enlist the sympathies of the people on his side against the other foreigners who were of the royal faction, and this object he sought especially to promote by issuing a proclamation in the language of the people them- selves. The regnal years of Henry III. commence on 28 October, 1216, on the feast of St. Simon and St. Jude, the day of his coronation or " making," according to Robert of Gloucester. 1 Hence Friday, 18 October, 1258, was towards the close of the 42nd year of his reign. The French version of the procla- mation is duly preserved in the patent roll of the forty-second year in the Public Record Office, Fetter Lane, London ; but singularly enough the English version, though bearing the same date, is in the patent roll of the forty- third year. To this must be probably attributed the fact that the French version, although printed in the Record Commissioners' edi- tion of Rymer's Foedera, has been overlooked by most corn- doubt various readings and spellings may be found. In Ann. Mon. 1, 455, there is another copy of the French Version, which presents great differences of ortho- graphy and one or two different words, as will be seen hereafter. There is no importance to be attributed to the fact that the copy preserved in the Patent Rolls is addressed to the people of Huntingdonshire. This is precisely similar to the important letter patent entitled " Henry III. to the Men of Rutlandshire, Rot. Pat. 42 Henry III. memb. 1 " (that is in the same skin as the French version of the present proclamation), printed in Royal Letters 2, 130, and also in Ann. Mon. 1, 453, from another copy. Also we have the letter already quoted (supra p. 3) to John Mansel, which is only one of four actually issued, one to each of the four appointers of the Fifteen. 1 " Henry was king imad, after is fader Jon, A Sein Simondes day and Sein Jude at Gloucestre anon." as cited by St. Harris Nicholas, Chronology of History, p. 291. II. DESCRIPTION OF THE ORIGINAL MS. 9 xnentators, 1 which is unfortunate, as it might have served to prevent the extraordinary blunders which have been made in transcribing and translating the English version. II. Description of the Original Document. The present publication of this proclamation will form the sixteenth, at least, which has appeared, and yet it is the only one which faithfully reproduces the original. It is this cir- cumstance which makes this proclamation a curiosity of literature. Here was a public document, preserved among our records, and easily accessible, 2 which has been published by Somner, Tyrrel, Lyttelton, Henry, Latham, Koch; Hearne; Henshall; the Record Commission, Craik, Pauli, Regel, Marsh ; Ellis, and Latham again, either as a specimen of early English, or as an historical document; and not one of the versions agrees with any other ; and, moreover, all, without exception, contain grave mistakes, which not only present false forms of words, but in most editions, false words, entirely obscuring and perverting the sense of the original. It seems worth while, as the document is not lengthy, to print all these editions in a manner which will allow them to be readily compared word for word, in order that we may see what blunders have been committed in editing a very simple, easy, and straightforward monument of our language, by men whose names would lead us to expect correctness, and thus feel the value of the labours of those who endeavour to give us manuscripts as they are, with diplo- matic accuracy. The errors committed by the previous editors of this proclamation are of all kinds of atrocity, from simple mispelling, to glaringly false, or absolutely non- sensical, expressions, with altogether unwarranted alterations and transpositions, and with conjectural insertions that have no grammatical connection with the following words. The 1 In Kymer it commences on the preceding page, so that a person consulting the work for the English version might readily overlook it. This seems to have been the case with Craik, who took his version from Rymer. Pauli is the only editor who seems to have observed the French version. 2 Any one may now go to the Search-room of the Public Record Office, Fetter Lane, and examine the Rolls, gratuitously. 10 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE ORIGINAL MS. versions which have been given also deserve consideration, for they read us a very important lesson. They shew how when one word has been misunderstood in a sentence, even men who are looked upon as trustworthy teachers will deliberately pervert the meaning of perfectly clear and distinct words, neglect all grammatical relations, and all traditions as to the existence of words, to try and force a meaning out of the meaningless. When we consider how, in attempting to restore the lost meaning of a word as in the modern attempts to read the Assyrian and the Egyptian we give it a signification to suit what we suppose to be the context, let the versions of this simple English proclamation rise up in judgment against us, and shew how apt we are to alter the meaning of the known words to suit our precon- ceived notions of the unknown, so that the properly hard context becomes plastic in our hands, or else how the igno- rance of the meaning of a single word leads us to misconceive that of all its neighbours. How much better is it to confess ignorance than by pretending knowledge to mislead disciples ! The two original versions of the proclamation are contained on rolls of parchment of the usual form. The Patent Roll of 43 Henry III., which contains the English version, consists of fifteen skins of parchment, of which the 15th is the first in order of date, loosely stitched together, with a thicker skin 12 inches long, cemented over three inches of the first skin, forming the outer cover. It is fourteen inches wide, and its whole length is 28 feet 11 inches. The lines, about twelve inches long, run across the roll, so that there is a margin of about two inches on the left hand, and none at all on the right hand. It is closely written on both sides, with a few oc- casional blanks; thus there are 3 inches blank in the 10th, and 10 inches in the llth, and 9 inches in the first skin on front side. The strong cover only contains the title. The English proclamation begins 11 inches below the top of the 15th or last skin, on the 42nd line. About one inch above the commencement of the writing on the 15th skin is the following title : " Patentes de Anno regni reg' Henr' filii reg' Joh'ns Anno xliij." II. DESCRIPTION OF THE ORIGINAL MS. 11 In the margin of the English version there is the Latin title " Carta in Idiomate Anglico missa ad singulos Comitss AngP." There is no title to the French. In the Kalendar, or written index to the patent rolls in the Search Room of the Public Record Office, the English proclamation is re- ferred to thus : " Yicecomitibus. Carta in Idiomate An- glico," without a date. But the French is referred to thus : " Omnibus. Quod omne quod per consilium sit ordinatum firmum sit, &c. London, Oct. xij." 1258. Here the day of the month is wrong, and neither title conveys the idea that the object of the proclamation was to make every one swear to obey the Council of Twenty-four. The French and English versions were transcribed by different copyists. The writing of the English is very different from that of the other documents in the same roll, leading to the conclusion that a special scribe, and evidently a very prac- tised and careful writer, was employed for the English, so that we can feel greater confidence in the accuracy of the orthography. Probably it was written by a person familiar with the language, and not by one of the usual French and Latin copyists. Both versions of the proclamation are written in remark- ably clear and distinct courthand, into which the Anglo- Saxon letters )>, 5, se, are introduced in the English version. The letter t is written like t as usual, and the long f is generally written at the end of words; this use of long f rarely occurs in manuscripts later than the xmth century. The y is dotted thus y, and the i undotted thus i, as is usual in old manuscripts. But the letter i occasionally bears a curved stroke above it, sloping to the right, which may be repre- sented by an acute accent, thus: nime. This flourish is generally placed over an i which comes next to m, n, r ; but it is also occasionally used over an i which lies next b, h, and seems to have been intended as a mark of distinction, to prevent the confusion that would arise from the use of the simple i as in " mme." The a, se are formed like the Roman letters, not like the italic a, ce. The ink is brown, and in a few places indistinct, and the 12 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE ORIGINAL MS. thin vellum on which it is written is much crumpled, so that some few difficulties occur. The following remarks may assist any future consulter of the original. The words will in this place, and hereafter in this paper, be referred to by the number of the line in the patent roll original in which they occur, as marked in the following copy, and if the same word occurs more than once in a line the letters a, b, c, etc. will be annexed to the number to shew whether the first, second, third, etc. occurrence of the word is referred to. French version. Line 5, viegnent, the italic e is inter- lined in the MS., and its place is marked by A . Line 5, chose, the e is extremely indistinct, being nearly worn away by rubbing the outer edge of the roll. Line 6, e n u e o n s, the initial e n have a false appearance of Gri, dissipated by a reference to other words beginning with Gr and with en, eu, em, but sufficient to deceive the Record Commissioners, and, for some time, the present writer. Careful examination establishes en, which obviates the great linguistic difficulty of Griueons, and makes this version agree with the Burton version e m v e i m s, on p. 25, last line, and with the English version fen den. English version. Line 2, "tee," the italics point out that this word was interlined in the MS., and its place is marked by A . Line 6, heat en, the italics show that this word is written over an erasure, some other word of apparently the same length having previously occupied the space. These interlineations and this erasure shew that the whole manu- script was re-read with great care, so that we may feel sure that we have the best copy that a contemporary scribe, who was not quite so fastidious as a modern printer 's reader, could furnish. Line 1, A n * i o w, the inverted period may be a mere accident, h o 1 d e, the o in the manuscript seems to have been made by first drawing the left side thus c, and then drawing the right side ; but in doing so the right side is often made rather straight, and frequently does not fit on exactly to the terminations of the first stroke, the result being like d, which may be readily mistaken for a. Thus the Record Commission has h a 1 d e, and in my first printed II. DESCRIPTION OF THE ORIGINAL MS. 13 copy I also read the word thus. A very careful examination and comparison of the forms of unmistakable o's throughout the MS., have convinced me that h o 1 d e is the correct reading. As h a 1 d e was supposed by Hegel to be a new word, and as such a word is not known elsewhere, this result has some philological value. Line 3, redefmen, the second e is mixed up with the d so as to require some care in recognizing it. a b u t e n, the a is joined on to the b without any break at all, so that there is no reason to suppose that the writer meant a but en, as Hegel writes. Line 4, h e a 1 d e n, the a is very indistinct, the lower part being scarcely more than indicated. w e r i e n, the nourish, here printed as an accent (p. 11), is high above the letter and removed from it. Line 5. R i 5 t, the capital B, is at first sight not unlike an 0, but a comparison of the initial R in R i c ', lines 9 and 10, and R o g', line 9, will shew that it can be none other but R. The written form of the is like ^, and when the top stroke is extended to the left, so as to join the i, the combination 17; has something of the effect of a written g, but it is not at all like the written g used in this MS., as for example, king, igretinge, line 1. Hence R n; t has a false look of g t, which Somner and the Record Commissioners exhibit as the word, n i m e, the flourish, printed as an accent (p. 11), is here quite distinct and almost touches the stem of the i, so that it would seem impossible to misread mine, with Somner and the Record Commissioners. Line 6, onie wife, here the flourish, printed as an accent (p. 11), ascends obliquely in the usual way, and is distinct throughout, but inoj^er onie, the base of the flourish is very faint, and further disguised by a crumple in the parchment, with an indentation in the middle of it. On my recent examination of the roll I was obliged to use a strong magnifying glass before I could distinctly trace the flourish from its base throughout. Add to this that the mark is rather longer than usual, and terminates horizontally instead of obliquely, and it will be evident that onie will take the 14 IT. DESCRIPTION OF THE ORIGINAL MS. appearance of o n i e. Hence on my original examination (1859) I considered that the true reading was o n i e n, which would have given an abnormal form to the plural. There is no doubt that the real reading is o n i e. deadliche ifoan, the words are really quite distinct, but there is more flourish than usual about the f, so that the top loop descends to the o. The mode in which o is made in the MS. has been explained under h o 1 d e. It seems as if the commencing stroke c were nearly the same for o, b, e, so that the character of the letter depended chiefly on the obliquity of the second stroke, the shape of the stroke being nearly the same in all the letters. A slight carelessness will make any one letter very like the other. Thus in i f o a n the "fo" have a false air of ft, and hence Somner and the Record Commissioners, who do not seem to have examined the text with much care, read i f t a n, and as this is no word, they joined it on to the preceding, to which the letters are approximate in MS., though clearly separated from it. Line 7, a manges, the a is quite separated from the manges, but this may have been unintentional, i n e h o r d, the e is at about equal distances from n and h, almost like in e hord, so that it may have been an error for in )>e hord, but as the form i n e is used, i n e hord may have been meant. Line 9, Hurtford, the u is quite distinct, bearing no resemblance to an a. The pronunciation Hartford belongs to the xvn th century, and hence Somner, who belonged to that period, was misled. The u was sounded as (i) or (e) most probably, being an alteration of (y). The French has Hertford. Northfolk, the mark represented by the apostrophe (') has much the appearance of an unfinished e. Line 10, Fort, the capital is likej^, as usual. The original French version is contained in ten lines, of which the last is incomplete. The English version is also in ten lines, of which the last is incomplete, but the two do not correspond line for line, and there is an eleventh line appended to the English version, which forms no part of the proclamation, but is merely a note, stating that exact copies of this procla- mation had been sent to every other English shire besides II. DESCRIPTION OF THE ORIGINAL MS. 15 Huntingdon, and also into Ireland. There are sixteen names attached to the French, and only thirteen to the English ver- sion, the order being the same, with the exception of the omitted names. The following is the French list ; the names in Italics are omitted in the English version, and those with a star (*) before them are omitted in the Burton copy of the French version in Ann. Mon. 1, 455, given below, p. 25 : Archbishop of Canterbury, Bishop of "Worcester, Earls of Leicester, Gloucester, *Northfolk, and * Hereford; Peter of Savoy ; Earls of Albemarle, Warwick, and Winchester; Fitz- Geoffrey, Peter de Montfort, de Grey, de Mortimer, Audley, and Spenser. At the end of the English list are however appended the words, and cetforen ofire mo^e, which Somner translates "et coram aliis pluribus," or in his English translation, " and before others rnoe." There is no corresponding French expression. Whence Somner derived his notion that mo%e could mean several, more, it is difficult to say. He surely could not have confused it with moche, which would not have been written with 5. The word seems to be the plural of mog, which occurs in Genesis and Exodus, 1761 (min mog, min nene, and felage, my rela- tion, my nephew, and companion), a poem of nearly the same date (about 1250) with which therefore this proclamation may be properly compared. The Anglo-Saxon would then be mceg, which seems to be a general word for kinsman, so that mcege> is used for a family, or clan, magscipe, relationship, and many compounds. 1 Now, as noblemen are termed the sovereign's cousins or kinsmen, and as the proclamation is issued in the name of the king, it is probable that these words should be translated " and in the presence of other kinsmen," meaning nobles. Eegel translates " in gegenwart andrer edlen" and Marsh "before other nobles [?]." 1 See Diefenbach, Goth. "Wort. ii. 3, d. In Middle High German occurs the form mac, pi. mugen for relations, and in the Straszb. Stat. a. 1429 (quoted in A. Zie- mann's Mittelhochdeutsches Worterbuch), the relations included under this term are defined as brothers and sisters and their children, uncles and aunts and their children, children of male and female cousins and all nearer relations ; diz tint die m&ge : bruoder, etc. 16 III. PRESENT EDITION OF THE PROCLAMATION. Who were the persons whose names are attached to the proclamation ? They are all denominated sworn councillors, isworene redesmen, in the English version, but they have no designation in the French. The Archbishop of Canterbury? Peter of Savoy, the Earl of Albemarle, and James Audley, whose names are in the English version, and the Earl of Winchester, whose name is in the French version only, do not occur among the twenty-three names of the Twenty-four given in the Ann. Mon. The Earl of Winchester and Hugo Spenser, whose names occur in the French only, were not of the Fifteen. But they were among the Twelve appointed to assist the royal council of Fifteen as representatives of the commons in parliament, and all such persons were no doubt included under the general name of sworn councillors. The conclusion seems to be that this proclamation was ap- proved by the whole parliament, consisting of the Fifteen and the Twelve, and that it was signed by some of each in the French, but that only thirteen members of the Fifteen signed the English version, the approval of the other two and of the Twelve being indicated by the final words : and cetforen opre mo-ge. III. The Present Edition of the Proclamation. Struck with the diversity of the versions I had seen and with the incomprehensibility of many words, I proceeded to the Public Record Office, and made tracings of the two ver- sions of the proclamation, 1 which I transcribed and then set in type with my own hands, and after revising the proof by my tracing, took it to the Public Record Office and revised it by the original. Notwithstanding this care in two or three places I found that I had left an ordinary Roman g in place of the Anglo-Saxon 5, whereas the original MS. used both g and 3 at different times and in different senses, and I had also printed halde, onien for holde, onie. Infra, p. 50. The following copies have been most carefully re-read with the originals, letter by letter, and the original writing has been viewed frequently under a strong magnifying glass. 1 These tracings were shewn to the Philological Society when this paper was read. III. PRESENT EDITION OF THE PROCLAMATION. 17 In the present sixteenth edition I give at one opening, on the left-hand page, first the French version, and below it a modern English translation from the Old English text ; and on the right-hand page, the English version, and below it the pronunciation, in palaeotype, as nearly as I can con- jecture, according to the principles explained in my previous paper on Early English Pronunciation. 1 The figures in brackets in the old versions mark the commencement of the lines in the original manuscript. The contractions are gene- rally not extended, being marked simply by an apostrophe, an exception is however made in favour of the stroke for final n, and the contraction for et in the French version. The italic n, et mark these extended contractions. In the following copy and in the Interlinear Comparison given p. 52, the ordinary court-hand letters will be repre- sented by Roman characters, but ]>, g, 33, i, i, y, f, s, will be all distinguished. In citing the passages hereafter, the i, y, s alone will be used in place of i, i, y, f, s, but the letters )>, g, 33 will be preserved. 1 Transactions of the Phil. Soc. for 1867 Supplement, Parts I. and II. To save the trouble of referring to the complete account of palaeotype, I annex an explanation of so much of the system as is used in this exhibition of the pro- nunciation. The consonants (b, d, f, k, 1, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, z) have their usual English meanings. The letter (g) always has its hard sound, as in go, get, and (q) is used for the sound of ng in sing. The letters (h, j ) have no indepen- dent meaning but only serve to modify the value of the preceding consonant, thus, (dh, gh, kh, sh, th, zh) are sounded as the italic letters in thej, German tauyen and tauten, shoe, thin, vision, and (#h, &h) as in German ei^en, eicAen. Hence (tsh, dsh) are the English sounds at the beginning of c/*est, jest. The small capitals (H, j) represent the English Aot, yacht. (Lh) is a whispered (1), the breath escaping on both sides of the tongue, whereas in the Welsh U it escapes on the right side only. The vowels (a, e, i, o, u) have their German sounds, which, when long, are represented by (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu) as in English father, thare, machme, ore, pool. And (a, i} have the deep sounds of the French age, and English pm. The French u, eu, German ii, o are represented by (y, ce). Hence (ai, au, eu) are true diphthongs, the first two as in German ham, has ; the last as in Italian .EWropa. The reader should be careful not to pronounce them as in modern English. The apostrophe denotes a faint indistinct vowel sound, as heard sometimes before I as in stableing in three syllables, for stabling in two syllables. The position of the accent is marked by an inverted period placed after the vowel or following consonant belonging to the accented syllable. Single letters and isolated words in the palaeotypic writing are inclosed in ( ), as above. 18 III. PRESENT EDITION OF THE PROCLAMATION. OLD FRENCH VERSION. Patent Roll, 42 Henry III. m. 1, n. 1. [1] Henri par la grace deu Rey de Englet're Sire de Irlande. Due de Normandie de Aqui'en et Cunte de Angou. a Tuz fes feaus Clers et Lays saluz. Sachez ke nuf uolons et otnons ke ce ke noftre conseil [2] v la greignure partie de eus ki est esluz par nuf et par le co'mun de noftre Reaume a fet v fera al honur de deu et noftre fei et pur le p'fit de noftre Reaume ficum il ordenera r 7 feit ferm et eftable [3] en tuttef chosef a tuz iurz. Et comandons et enioinons a tuz noz feaus et leaus en la fei kil nus deiuent kil fermement teignent et {urgent a tenir et a maintenir les eftabliffemenz [4] ke funt fet v funt a fere par lauant dit Cunseil v la Modern English Translation of Old English Version. [1] Henry, by the grace of Grod, king of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy, of Aquitaine, and Earl of Anjou, sends greetings to all his lieges, clerical and lay, in Huntingdonshire. [2] That know ye well all, that we will and grant that that which our councillors, all or the greater part of them, that have been chosen by us, and by the people of the country of our kingdom, have done, and shall [3] do, to the glory of Grod, and in fur- therance of our allegiance, for the benefit of the country, by the provision of the aforesaid councillors, be stedfast and lasting in all things ever without end. And we call upon [4] all our lieges in the allegiance that they owe us, that they stedfastly hold and swear to hold and to defend the acts that have been passed, or shall be passed by the aforesaid councillors, [5] or by the III. PRESENT EDITION OF THE PROCLAMATION. 19 OLD ENGLISH VERSION. Patent Roll, 43 Henry III. m. 15., n. 40. [1] H Henr' jmrj; godef fultume king on Engleneloande. Lhoauerd on Yrloand'. Duk on Norm' on Aquitain' and eorl on An'iow Send igretinge to alle hife holde ilserde and ileawede on Huntendon'fchir* [2] J>aet witen je wel alle }>set we willen and vnnew J?aet. J?aet vre reedef- men alle o)>er ]?e moare dael of heom }>a3t beo)? icho- fen j^urj uf and furj Jaet loandef folk on vre kuneriche. habbej? idon and fchullerc [3] don in )>e worjmefle of gode and on vre treowje. for J?e freme of )>e loande. Jmrj J?e befigte of )>an to forenifeide redefmen J . beo ftedefaeft and ileftmde in alle J^inge abuten aende. And we hoaten [4] alle vre treowe in ]?e treow)?e ]?8et heo vf ojen. fast heo ftedefaaftliche healden and fwerien to healden and to werien ])o ifetnefTef ]?83t beon imakede and beon to makien J>urj )?an to foren ifeide rsedefmen [5] o]?er Conjectured Pronunciation of Old English Version. [1] Hen'rai thur&h God'es ful'tume kq on Eq-leneln*de, Ihaverd on liriande, Dyyk on Normandai, on Akitanre and ee'rl on Andzhuir, send igreet'/qe to al'e H/s'e nold'e ileer'de and ilee'wede on Hmrtendooneshirre. [2] Dhet wii'ten Je wel al'e, dhet we wz'l'en and un'en dhet, dhet uu're ree'des- men al'e odli'er dhe m*re deel of Heum, dhet beuth itshoo'- zen thur^h us, und thur^h dhet land'es folk on uu're km'eriitshe, nab'eth idoon* and shul'en [3] doon, in dhe worth 'nese of God'e and on uu're treuth'e, for dhe free'me of dhe l^nd'e, thur&h dhe bes^h'te of than to foo'renisaide ree'desmen, beu stee'defest and iles'tmde in al'e th/q'e abuut'en en'de. And we H'ten [4] al'e uu're treu'e m dhe treuth'e dhet Heu us oogh'en, dhet Heu stee'defestlitshe nee'ld'en and swee'rien to neeld'en and to weerien dho iset'neses dhet beun imaa'kede and beun to maak'ien thur/^h dhan to foo'ren isaid'e ree'desmen, [5] odh'er thurA;h dhe 20 III. PRESENT EDITION OF THE PROCLAMATION. Old French Version. (Continued.) greignure partie de eus. en la maniere kil est dit defuz. et kil fentreeident a ce fere par meifmes tel s'ment cunt' tutte genz [5] dreit fefant et p'nant. et ke mil ne preigne de t're ne de moeble par quei cefte purueance puifTe eftre defturbee v empiree en nule manere. et fe mil v nus viegnent encunt' cefte chose [6] nuf uolons et comandons ke tuz nof feaus et leaus le teignent a enemi mortel. et pur ce ke nus volons ke ceste chose feit ferme et eftable 1 nof enueons nof lettres ou'tes feelees de n're [7] seel en chefcun Cunte a demorer la entrefor. Tesmoin Meimeifmes a Londres le Difutime lur de Octobre Ian de noftre regne Q'raunte fecund. Et cefte chose fu fete deuant Boneface Arce[8]eueske de Cantrebur'. Gaut' de Cantelou. Eueske de Wyreceftr'. Simo^ de Montfort. Cunte de Leyceftr'. Richard de Clare Cunte de Glouceftr' et de Hertford. Hog' Modern English Translation of Old English Version. (Con.) greater part of them, as it has been before said. And that each help the other so to do by that same oath, against all men, doing and receiving justice. And let no man take any land or [6] chattel, whereby this provision may be let or impaired in any wise. And if any person or persons oppose this provision, we will and enjoin that all our lieges hold them as mortal enemies. And because [7] we will that this should be stedfast and lasting, we send you this letter patent signed with our seal, to hold among you in the treasury. Witnesses ourselves at London, the eigh- teenth day of the month [8] of October, in the two and fortieth year of our reign. And this was done in the presence of our sworn councillors, Boneface, archbishop of Canterbury ; Walter of Cantelow, bishop of Worcester ; [9] Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester ; Eichard of Clare, earl of Gloucester and Hertford; Roger III. PRESENT EDITION OF THE PROCLAMATION. 21 Old English Version. (Continued.) moare dsel of heom alfwo alfe hit if biforen ifeid. And ]?3et aehc ojer helpe feet for to done bi J?an ilche o]?e ajenef alle men. Rijt for to done and to foangen. And noan ne nime of loande ne of [6] ejte. wherfurj J>if befigte muje beon ilet o]?er iwerfed on onie wife. And jif oni ofer onie cumen her onjenef^ we willen and hoaten ]?et alle vre treowe heom healden deadhche ifoan. And for J?aet [7] we willen ]?8et ]?if beo ftedefaeft and leftmde ^ we fenden jew ]?if writ open ifeined wi]? vre feel, to halden a mangef jew inehord. WitnefTe vf feluen set Lunden'. ]?ane Ejtetenje day. on )>e Mon)?e [8] of Octobr' In ]?e TwoandfowertijJ>e jeare of vre cruninge. And ]?if wef idon aetforen vre ifworene redefmen. Bonefac' Archebifchop on Kant'- bur\ Walt' of Cantelow. Bifchop on Wirecheftr'. [9] Sim' of Muntfort. Eorl on Leircheftr'. Eic' of Clar' eorl on Glowchestr' and on Hurtford.' Conjectured Pronunciation of Old English Version. (Con.) deel of Heum al'swo als'e H^t ^z bifoo'ren isaid*. And dhet eetsh odh'er nelp'e dhet for to doon*e bai dhaan el'tshe ooth'e ajee*nes al'e men, n'ht for to doon'e and to faq'en. And naan ne nirme of land'e ne of [6] e/cht'e, wheerthur^h* dh^s bes^ht'e muugh'e beun ilet' odh'er iwers'ed on on'ie wiis'e. And jtf on'ai odh'er onie kum'en neer onjee'nes, we wel'en and H^a'ten dhet al'e uure treu'e Heum neeld'en deed'1/tshe ifaan*. And for dhet [7] we w*l*en dhet dhs beu stee'defest and lest'mde, we send'en jeu dh's writ oop'en isain'ed with uu're seel, to nald'en amaq'es jeu m'e Hoord. WttTiese us selven et Lmrdeene, dhaan'e e^ht'etenthe dai, on dhe moonth'e [8] of Oktoo'ber m dhe twoo and foour'tiA'hthe jeeVe of uu're kruun'/qe. And dh's wes idoon' etfoo'ren uu're iswoo'reneree'desmen,Bon'efaase,Ar'tshebz'sh'op onKan'- terber'ai; Walt'er of Kan'teloou, b^sh'op on Wii'retshester; [9] Sii'moon of Munt'fort, ee'rl on Lair'tshester ; Rii'tshard of Klaa're, ee'rl on Grloou'tshester and on Hert'ford ; Kodzh'er 22 III. PRESENT EDITION OF THE PROCLAMATION. Old French Version. (Continued.) le Bigod Cunte de [9] Norf et Marefchal de Englet're Humfrey de Bohun Cunte de Hereford. Piere de Saueye. Guilame de fort. Cunte de Aubemarle. lohan de Plesseiz Cunte de Warrewyka. Rog' de Quency [10] Cunte de Wynceftr'. lohan le Fiz Geffrey. Piere de Muntfort. Richard de Grey Rog' de Mortemer lames de Audithel. et Hug' le Despens'. Modern English Translation of Old English Version. (Con.) Bigod, earl of Norfolk and Marshal of England : Peter of Savoy; William de Fort, earl of Albemarle; [10] John de Plessis, earl of Warwick ; John Fitz Geoffrey ; Peter de Montfort ; Richard de Grey ; Roger de Mortimer ; James Audley, and in the presence of other kinsmen. [11] And in exactly the same words it has been sent into every other shire throughout the kingdom of England and also in till Ireland. III. PRESENT EDITION OF THE PROCLAMATION. 23 Old English Version. (Continued.) Bigod eorl on Northfolk' and Marefcal on Engleneloand/ Perref of Sauueye. "Will' of Fort eorl on Aubem'. [10] loh' of PlefTeiz. eorl on Warewik' loh' Geffreef fune. Perref of Muntfort. Bio* of Grey. Bog' of Mortemer. lamef of Aldithel and setforen ofre moge. [11 JU And al on }>o ilche worden if ifend in to seunh.ce o]?re shcire ouer al j?aere kuneriche on Engleneloande. and ek in tel Irelonde. Conjectured Pronunciation of Old English Version. (Con.) Bii-god, ee'rl on North'folke and Maa'reskal on Eqieneknd'e. Per-es of Savai'e ; "WVl'Helm of Fort, ee'rl on Au'bemarle ; [10] Dzhoon of Ples'aiz, ee'rl on Waa'rewiike ; Dzhoon Dzhef'rees suun'e; Per'es of Munt'fort; Bii'tshard of Grai; Bodzh'er of Mor'temer ; Dzhaam'ez of ATdithel, and etfoo'ren odli're moogh'e. [11] And al on dho t'Hshe word'en is isend* m to evntshe odh're shii're oo'ver al dhee're km'eriitslie on Eq'lenelflnde, and eek en til liriande. 24 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. TV. The Former Editions and Translations of the Proclamation. The various editions of this proclamation are as follows, so far as I have been able to discover. They are not arranged in chronological order, but in the natural groups into which they fall. First comes the second copy of the French version given in the Annales de Burton, in which those words which are entirely different from the corresponding words in the patent roll are italicized. Then follows the edition of Somner, 1659, with his Latin and English trans- lations. This seems to be the oldest printed edition, and has had many followers. Tyrrell intended to follow it exactly, though his copy abounds with errors. Lyttelton transcribed Tyrrell, and Henry only made a few changes. Latham transcribed Henry with a few variations, and Koch seems to have depended on Latham. Henry, Latham, and Koch do not name their authorities. This forms the first group. Hearne and Henshall are the sole representatives of the second and third groups, for they seem to have had no followers. The Record Commissioners' Edition of Rymer gave rise to Craik's copy, and also to Pauli's, who however corrected it by the French ; Regel followed Pauli almost exactly, and Marsh transcribed Regel. The fifth group is due to my efforts to give the proclamation correctly, first in a privately printed edition, followed by Latham in his Dictionary, and lastly in the present paper, which must be considered as an independent edition because it has been corrected by the original documents. A fragment facsimiled by Astle closes the li *. The only persons who have consulted the original are Somner, Hearne, Henshall, the Record Commissioners, Astle, and myself. The rest are all copies, continuing old errors and committing new, and none of the editions except the present reproduces the original with sufficient exactness. After the account of each edition, with the translations they contain, the texts of (1) Somner, (2) Tyrrell, (4) Henry, (5) Latham, (6) Koch; (7) Hearne; (8) Henshall; (9) Rymer, (10) Craik, (11) Pauli, (12) Regel, will be arranged interlinearly under a copy of the present IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 25 version, and in groups, so as to shew the relations of one to the other, and the cruel way in which this piece of English has been treated. (3) Lyttelton and (13) Marsh are such exact reproductions of (2) Tyrell and (12) Eegel that they need not be reproduced. The differences of (14) my first edition and (15) Latham's copy of it, from the original are slight and will be sufficiently indicated below. Duplicate of the French Version. In Ann. Mon. 1, 455, occurs the following version. The orthography is very different from that in the patent roll, but agrees with that of the other French documents in Ann. Mon. already cited. The italicized words are those which differ otherwise than orthagraphically from the French version already given. The word [feus] seems to have been supplied by the editor. " Cart a domini regis. " Henri par la grace, etc., a tuz ses feus, clers et lais, saluz. Sachez ke nus volumz et otriumz ke co ke nostre conseil ou la greinore partie de eus, ke est eslu par nus ou par la commune de nostre reaume, a fet et fra al honur de Deu et de nostre fei et pur profit de nostre reaume, si come il le ordenera, seit ferm et estable en tutes choses a tuz jurs. E comandums et amonestums a tuz [feus] et leaus en la fei ke nus deivent, ke il fermement tengent, et j urgent a tenir et a meintenir, les establissemenz ke sunt fet ou sunt a fere pur le avant dit conseil ou par la greinure partie de eus, en la manere fee est dit de sus. E ke il se entremettent a co fere par memes cest serment encuntre totes genz dun 1 fesant et per- nant. E ke nul ne prenge de tere ne de moble, par quei ceste purveance pusse estre dest r j ou empeire en nule manere. E si nul ou mils vengent encontre ceste chose, nus volums et comandums 2 nos feus et leus kes tengent nostre enemi mortel. E pur co ke nus volums ke ceste chose seit ferm et estable, nus emveims nos lettres overtes aselez de 1 This is clearly a mistake for dreit, but whether made by the old or modern copyist cannot be determined without consulting the original, to which I have not access. The passage is nonsense as it stands, as is well shewn by Mr. Luard's translation, which follows. 2 The words ke tut here occur in the other copy. 26 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. nostre sel en chescun cunte a demorer la en tresor. Test- moigne memes apud Londonias, xviii. die Octobris, anno regni nostri xlii. " E ceste chose fu fite devant Boneface archiepiscopo Cantuariensi, Waltero de Cantelupo episcopo Wigornensi, Simone de Munfort comite Leycestriae, Ricardo de Clare comite Gloverniae, 1 Petro de Sauve, Willelmo de Fortibus comite Albemarliae, Johanne Plesiz comite Warewik, Rogero de Quenci comite Wintoniae, Johanne filio Galfridi, Petro de Munfort, Ricardo de Gfray, Rogero de Mortemer, James de Aldithel, Hugone Dispensario." The following is Mr. Luard's translation of this French document, Ann. Mon. 1, 507. The italicised words corres- pond with those in the French copy just given. " Charter of the King. "Henry by the grace of God, &c., to all his subjects, clerk and lay, health. Know that we will and grant that that which our council, or the majority of them, which is elected by us or by the commonalty of our realm, has done and shall do to the honour of God and of our faith, and for the profit of our realm, as it shall ordain, shall be firm and established in all things for ever. And we command and admonish to all our faithful and loyal subjects in the faith which they owe us, that they firmly hold and swear to hold and to maintain the ordinances which are made or are to be made by the aforesaid council, or by the majority of them, in the manner which is mentioned above. And that they take upon them- selves to do this by this same oath against all persons giving and taking a bribe. And that no one take land or moveables by which this provision can be disturbed or impaired in any way. And if any person or persons go against this, we will and command our faithful and loyal subjects that they hold them as our mortal enemies. And for that we will that this thing be firm and established, we send our letters patent, 1 The second title of the Earl of Gloucester, viz. Earl of Hertford is omitted, as also the signatures of the Earls of Northfolk and Hereford. The signatures and date are here latinized, but this is not likely to have been the case in the original proclamation. IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 27 sealed with our seal, in each county, to remain there in the treasury. Witness ourselves in London, Oct. 18th, the 42nd year of our reign. And this thing was done before Boniface, archbishop of Canterbury, etc." 1. W. Somner. Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum. Oxon. 1659. " Unnan. Dare, donare, concedere, indulgere, to give, to grant, to bestow, to give leave or license, to permit. Yerbum est purum putum Anglo - Saxonicum ; Anglo -Normannis autem eorem expugnatoribus, transmissum, et in horum monumentis post aliquot secula aevo scil. Henrici Regis Anglo-Normannici, istius nominis tertii, inter ejusmodi multa, repertum. Eotul. Paten, de anno 43, Hen. 3, membrana 15. J>aer piten je )>e alle pe pillen "j unnen Jaet ]>8et une paebej-men, etc. In eorum gratiam qui cum linguae turn historiae et politicae gentis nostrae sunt studiosi, chartam integram, sive literas (quas ita vocant) patentes, publici juris facere, et Latine interpretari, non pigebit." He then gives the version marked (1.) in the following interlinear comparison, the whole being printed in the Anglo- Saxon character, 1 which would convey the notion that the document was written in that character, but, as has been already pointed out, this was not the case. It will be seen that this edition contains some remarkable errors, which led Somner into extraordinary flights of translation. In line 3, we find "freine" foxfreme; in line 5, we have "]?am" for pan ; the insertion, after " alle men" of the words "paucula qucedam Me deesse videntur hcec scilicet aut similia, in alle Jinge J?aet," the necessity for which arose from his reading "ogt" for Rigt; and again "mine" for nime. In line 6, we find " egtephaer J^urg" for egte ivherpurg, and " deadlichei- j-tan" for deadliche ifoan. In line 8, the name "Cantelop" is printed for Cantelow, and this error is repeated in his Latin, but corrected in his English translation. He concludes his notice of the word unnan with the follow- ing conjecture : " Yerbum autem (unnan) licet a Saxonibus 1 The Roman letters C, G, e are regularly used instead of the corresponding Anglo-Saxon characters, and i is occasionally misprinted for i. 28 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. et Normannis usurpatum, fortasse tamen originitus Latinum, et EI verbo annuo, ni fallor, oriundum." This is an example of how etymological relations used to be assumed from a mere fortuitous resemblance of sound and sense. The word is strictly German ; the Gothic form is ansts, modern high German g-unst, favour. See Dieff. Goth. Wort, i., 52, and the references there given. 1 Bopp refers the word to the Sanscrit root an, to breathe. The following is the Latin translation annexed to Somner's edition of the proclamation in his Dictionary. The pecu- liarities of this and the following translations will be con- sidered hereafter. The original is in italics, the names being in roman letters ; this peculiarity has been neglected as un- important. " Henricus Dei adjutorio Rex Angliae, Dominus Hiberniae, Dux Normanniae, Aquitaniae, et Comes Andegaviae, Salutem mittit (i. dicit) omnibus fidelibus suis, clericis et laicis in Comitatu Huntindoniae. Yobis omnibus notum facimus, quod volumus et concedimus ut quod Consiliarii nostri omnes, sive major eorum pars, qui fuerint electi a nobis et a gentis plebe in Regno nostro, fecerint et facturi sint (i. decreverint) in honorem Dei, et fidelitatis qua nobis obligantur intuitu, pro bono gentis, per consilium antedictorum consiliariorum, (eo nomine scilicet) firmum sit et stabile per omnia in per- petuum. Et praecipimus omnibus fidelibus nostris, per fidem (vel, fidelitatem) quam nobis debent, ut firmiter observent et observare (vel, observaturos se) jurent et tueri, consulta quae ab antedictis Consiliariis, sive a majori ipsorum parte, facta et facienda sunt, sicut praedictum est. Et quod unus- quisque, vigor e ejusdem juramenti, contra omnes homines, in omnibus turn faciendis, turn recipiendis, ut id ita fiat et observetur, alter alteri sint auxilio. Et (quod) nullus sive de terra (vel, gente) mea, sive quacunque alia, per consilium hujusmodi (hujus scil. consilii obeundi causa) impediatur, sive damnum patiatur, ullo modo. Et si quis, sive vir sive faemina, huic (edicto) contravenerit, volumus et mandamus ut omnes fideles nostri eos habeant infensissimos. Et quia 1 The reference to Pott's list of roots should be 215* not 220*. IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 29 volumus ut hoc firmum sit et stabile, mittimus vobis hoc scriptum patens, sigillo nostro signatum, penes vos in archivo reponendum. Teste nobis ipsis Londini decimo octavo die mensis Octobris anno Coronationis nostrsB (vel, regni nosiri) quadragesimo secundo. Hoc autem gestum fuit coram juratis consiliariis nostris, Bonifacio, Archiepiscopo Cantua- riensi, Waltero de Cantilupo, Episcopo Wigorniensi, Simone de Monteforti, Comite Leicestrensi, Richardo de Clare, Comite Glocestrensi et Harfordiensi, Rogero Bigod, Comite JN"or- folciensi et AngliaB Marescallo, Petro de Sabaudia, Willielmo de Fort, Comite Albermarlise, Johannis Plessiz, Comite Warwicensi, Johanne filio Galfridi, Petro de Monteforti, Richardo de Grey, Rogero de Mortuomari, Jacobo de Al- dithel. et coram aliis pluribus. Et omnino eisdem (vel totidem) verbis missum est in unumquemque per universum regnum Anglise Comitatum, ac etiam usque in Hiberniam." In Tyrrel's History of England, vol. 2, appendix, p. 26, (see next page,) there is given the following English trans- lation by the same hand. "HENRYty God's help, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy, and of Aquitain, and Earl of Anjoy, Greeting to all his faithful Clerks and Laics of Huntingdon- shire : This know ye all well, that we "Will and Grant, 1 that which our Counfellors all, or the moft part of them that be chofen by us, and the People 2 (or Commons) of our Land, have done, and fhall do, for the Honour of God, and of their Allegiance to us, for the Benefit 3 (or Amendment) of the Land, by the Advice or Confideration of our forefaid Coun- fellors, be ftedfast and performed in every thing for ever. And we Command all our Liege People in the Fealty that they owe us, that they stedfastly hold, and fwear to hold [or keep] and to defend [or maintain] the Statutes [or Pro- vifions] which be made, and fhall be made, by thofe aforefaid Counfellors, or by the more part of them, also as it is before- faid; and that they each other aflist the fame to perform, 1 "Vnneii." 2 " Loandeffolke fignifies the Common People, called by us Folk at this day. Vid. Dr. JBrady's Com. Hist. p. 68." 3 " Freme." 30 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. according to that fame Oath, againft all Men, both for to do, and caufe to be done : And none neither of my Land, neither from elfewhere may for this be hindered, or damnified in any wife : and if any Man or Woman oppofe them againft, we Will and Command that all our Liege People them hold for deadly Enemies ; and because we will, that this be fted- faft and lafting, we fend you this Writ open, figned with your 1 Seal to be kept amongft you in Store; 2 witnefs our felf at London the l&th day of the Month of October, in the two and fortieth Year of our Coronation ; and this was done before our fworn Counfellors, Boniface Archbifhop of Canter- bury, Walter of Cantelow Bifhop of Worcejler, Simon Montfort Earl of Leicefler, Richard of Clare Earl of Gloucejler and of Hartford, Roger Bigot Earl of Norfolk and Marefchal of England, Peter of Savoy, William of Fort Earl of Aiibemarle, John of Ple/eiz Earl of Warwick, John Gefferi/fon, Peter of Montfort, Richard of Grey, Roger of Mortimer, James Aldithly, and before others moe. " AND all in thefe fame words is fent into every other Shire over the Kingdom of England and alfo into Ireland" 2. J. tyrrel.The General History of England both Ec- clesiastical and Civil, from the Beginning of the Reign of King William I (Commonly called the Conqueror) to the End of the Reign of King Henry the Third. Taken from the most Antient Records, Manuscripts & Printed Historians, 1696-1704, 3 vols folio. (Title to the Second Yolume.) Yol. 2. A.D. 1700. Appendix, p. 25. Here is given the edition marked No. 2 in the Interlinear Comparison. It is headed, " A Charter of King Henry the Third, in the old English of that Time, inforcing the late Provisions of Oxon. Rot. Pat. 43. H. 3. M. 15. n. 40." With the following marginal note : " You may see this also in Somner's Saxon Dictionary, sub verbo unnan, to give or grant. It is written in Saxon Characters, and should have bin so here, but that it would have rendred it difficult to be read by most ordinary Headers." It is evident from this that the text is meant to be a transcription of Somner's. It gives all Sonmer's errors, 1 An evident misprint for our. 2 " Hord." TV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATE and makes the same insertion, introduced by the same words, "paucula quaedam hie deesse videntur, haec scilicet aut similia: in alle thinge thcet" But this version is also full of other and most extraordinary errors, whether of the press or the transcriber it is impossible to say, which have been more or less carefully repeated by Lyttelton, Henry, Latham, and Koch. Subjoined to this is the English translation by Somner given in the preceding number, p. 29. In the body of his history (vol. 2, p. 990) Tyrrel says : " But I cannot omit another memorable old English Record in Saxon Characters of this year 1 which Dr. Brady hath either carelesly or else wilfully passed by, as perhaps not liking the Contents of it, being the King's Charter or De- claration to the Clergy and Laiety of Hunting tonshire" and then he proceeds to abstract the proclamation, intro- ducing the mistaken clause " that no Person whatsoever should be damnified in any wise on this account," which has therefore, through the error of Somner, crept into the history of our country. 2 At the conclusion of this abstract Tyrrel makes the following important remarks : " There is also a Clause at the end of this Record, whereby it appears, 1 "Rot. Pat. 42. H. 3, M. 3. M. 15. Vid. Somner's Saxon Dictionary, Verb. Tnnan." 2 There is an important mistake in the translations of 34 Ed. 3, c. 1, pointed out in J. B. Sharpe, An Inquiry into the Origin of the Office and Title of the Justice of the Peace, 1841, p. 164, which is comparable to the above, because the translation also says exactly the reverse of the original, and the error has become part of the legal history of our country. The clause in the Royal Edition of the Statutes at large is, according to the work cited : " Et de prendre et arester touz ceux qils purront trover par enditement ou par suspecion et les mettre en prisone, et de prendre de touz ceux qi sont de bone fame ou ils serront trovez suffisant seurete et meinprise de lour bon port devers le Roi et son poeple, et les autres duement punir." The sense is here clear ; all suspects are to be arrested, those having good characters are to give security, and the others are to be punished. But the translation orders "to take of all them that be NOT of good fame, sufficient surety, etc., and THE OTHER duly to punish," that is, those of bad fame are to give security, and those of good fame are to be punished ! Leaving out the latter nonsense, the practice of taking surety from those " not of good fame " is said to be founded on this statute. Mr. Sharpe observes that "in the royal edition ... the word not in the English version is printed within brackets, with a note upon it stating * all translations read thus,' " and also says that Rastall inserts the ne in French, but Cay omits it. 32 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. that the same was sent into every Shire of England, and also into Ireland; which is a plain proof, that that part of it which was then under the English Government, was obliged by the Laws made by the King and his Parliament of England, without the Consent of the Parliament there. This Writ or Charter, as appears by the Date, was made by the King and his new Counsellors, to confirm and reinforce the late Provisions made at Oxford ; and since it is therein ex- press' d, that these Counsellors were chosen by the Folk or People of the Land, it seems, that the Commons (as we now call them) had also a hand in the making of them." 3. George Lord Lyttelton. The History of the life of King Henry the Second, and of the age in which he lived, in five books, etc., 2nd ed. 1767. In the Second Book, vol. 2, p. 320, he says : " Ingulphus tells us/ that, in the reign of William the Conqueror, children were taught their first rudiments, not in the English but French language. Yet the desire, which, he says, was shewn by the Normans, to abolish the use of the English was never effected : but on the contrary, from the intermixture of the two nations a language was formed, in which the Saxon was much more prevalent than the Norman or French. We have a charter of King Henry the Third in the English of that time, which, as it is curious to see how near the language then written approached to that of the present century, I have given, with a translation of it into modern English, in the Appendix to this book, from Mr. Tyrrel's Appendix to the third 2 volume of his history of England. No small part of the difference between the original and the translation appears to be in the comparative length of the words, which we have now abridged, by leaving out some of the vowels then inserted, and omitting the syllable en at the end of many verbs ; as, for example, writing land instead of loande, and send instead of senden : an alteration which has not added to the harmony of the tongue." 1 " Gale's edit. p. 71." 3 The reference should have been to the Appendix to the second volume, p. 25. IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 33 In a note on this passage, vol. 4, p. 130, he quotes the lines Ure fadyr in heaven rich Thy name be halyed ever lich, etc., from Camden's Remains, p. 24, where they are asserted to have been sent in the time of Henry II. to Pope Adrian, an Englishman, but says that they appear to him to be more like the English of Lord Lyttelton's time than that of the Charter of Henry III. In vol. 4, p. 253, being the N- xxii. of the appendix to the third 1 book, is the copy of this proclamation. It is iden- tically the same with the version in Tyrrel, No. 2 in the Interlinear Comparison, with the following trifling excep- tions, the Italics being Lyttelton's and the Roman letters Tyrrel's words ; ivorthness worthnes, that heo thet heo, foangen foangen, witness witnes, egtetenth egtetenthe, War- wick Warwik, inter intel ; which are of course all misprints. It has therefore not been given as a separate edition in the Interlinear Comparison. Then follows Somner's English translation, already given, as exhibited by Tyrrel. 4. Rob. Henry. History of Great Britain from the first invasion of it by the Romans, under Julius Caesar. "Written on a New Plan. Six vols. 4to. Edinburgh, 1781-1793. Vol. 4, p. 584. "The Anglo-Saxon that was spoken in England about two hundred years after the conquest was surprisingly pure, with very little mixture of Latin, French, or any other language. Of this the reader will be convinced, by perusing the specimen of that language which he will find in the Appendix, with a translation into modern English interlined." Then in vol. 4, App. 4, p. 625 (wrongly referred to as App. 3), he gives the version marked (4) below, which he calls " A charter of Henry III., A.D. 1258, in the vulgar English of that time," without any indication of the source whence he derived it, but it is evidently taken from Tyrrel, as it reproduces Tyrrel's principal errors, and intro- 1 The marginal note says : " This was omitted in the Appendix to the Second Book, where it ought to have been placed as referring to p. 320 of that book," an error which made the discovery of the document rather difficult. 3 34 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. duces a few more, so that his version represents no state of the language which could have been spoken. Henry has adopted the Roman type throughout, using the g in all cases, but retaining ae. He does not give the signatures or the following remarks. The inserted words in alle thet heo are slightly different from those in Tyrrel in alle thing e that, which were taken from Somner, and no notice of their not forming part of the original is appended. The translation, which is original, and does not follow Somner 's English translation as given by Tyrrel, 1 is in many places a remark- able instance of " forcing a construe," as they say at school. Reserving the consideration of its principal absurdities, the complete translation runs thus : " Henry, through God's support, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy, of Acquitain, Earl of Anjou, sends greeting, to all his subjects, learned and unlearned 2 of Huntington-shire. This know ye well all, that we will and grant, what our counsellors all or the more part of them, that be chosen through us and through the land-folk of our kingdom, have done, and shall do, to the honour of God, and our allegiance, for the good of the land, through the determination of those before said counsellors, be stedfast and permanent in all things without end, and we enjoin all our lieges, by the allegiance that they us owe, that they stedfastly hold and swear to hold and to maintain the ordinances that be made and be to be made, through the before said counsellors, or through the more part of them also, as it is before said. And that each other help that for to do by them each other, against all men, in all that they ought for to do, and to promote. And none either of my land, nor of elsewhere, through this business, may be im- peded or damaged in any way. And if any man or any woman cometh them against, we will and enjoin, that all our lieges them hold deadly foes. And for that we will that 1 Tyrrel printed his copy of Somner's English version at the back of his page containing the text, and with no indication on the preceding page (which is not full) that the translation followed. Hence Henry may have overlooked it. 2 " Clergy and Laity." IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 35 this be stedfast and lasting, we send you this writ open, sealed with our seal, to keep amongst you in store. Wit- ness ourself at London, the eighteenth day of the month of October, in the two and fortieth year of our crowning." 5. It. Gi. Latham. The English Language. First Edition, 1841. 4th edition, 1855, vol. 1, p. 314. "The following extract from Henry s History, (vol. viii. 1 append, iv.) is the proclama- tion of Henry III. to the people of Huntingdonshire, A.D. 1258. It currently passes for the earliest specimen of English." Then follows version (5) below, which, however, varies from Henry's in many minor points, and especially in a bold transposition of the words " mine of" a mistake in Henry for " nime of" into " of mine," by which the transla- tion of Henry was apparently sought to be justified. The translation given by Dr. Latham is a verbatim transcript of Henry's, and he has not added a word of comment. 6. C. Fr. Koch Historische Grammatik der Englischen Sprache, 1863. In vol. 1, p. 15, footnote, there is a copy of this proclama- tion, source unstated, and a translation. On comparing this edition with the other published texts, it seems to have been taken mainly from Dr. Latham's transcript of Henry's, with a few conjectural corrections and an attempt, not always consistently carried out, to restore ]? $ g on theoretical grounds. The translation that follows seems however to have been taken from Regel or from the French, as it does not translate Koch's text. It is certainly strange that the learned author of this valuable grammar should have allowed so faulty and incorrect a text to receive the sanction of his name. It has been printed as No. 6 immediately below Dr. Latham's in the interlinear comparison. The translation is as follows : " Heinrich, durch Gottes Gnade Konig in England, Herr in Irland, Herzog in der Normandie und in Aquitanien 1 Vol. iv. of the 4to. edition. I have not seen any other edition. It is possible that there may he a more recent one, and that the variations of Latham's text from Henry's may be due to the misprints in that later edition. 36 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. sendet Grusz an alle seine Getreuen, gelehrte und ungelehrte, in Huntingdonshire. Das wiszet alle wohl, dasz wir wollen und wiinschen, dasz alles, was unsere Bathe alle oder die Majoritat derselben, welche durch uns und clurch diese Landesgemeine gewahlt worden sind, zur Ehre Gottes und in der Treue gegen uns durch die Verordnungen der vorge- nannten Rathe zum besten des Landes gethan haben oder noch thun werden, immer und ohne Ende fest und bleibend sein sollen in alien Dingen ; und wir gebieten alien unseren Getreuen bei der Treue, die sie uns schuldig sind, dasz sie die Gesetze, welche durch die oben genannten Rathe oder die Majoritat derselben, so wie es zuvor gesagt ist, gemacht sind oder noch gemacht werden, bestandig halten und sie zu halten und zu schirmen schworen, und dasz jeder dem anderen helfe nach demselben Eide gegen alle zu handeln, Recht zu iiben und zu empfangen, und dasz keiner an Land und sonstiger Habe etwas nehme, wodurch diese Yerordnung auf irgend eine Weise gehindert oder entwerthet werde, und wenn sich einer oder einige hiergegen vergehen, so wollen und gebieten wir, dasz alle unsere Getreuen sie als Todfeinde betrachten. Und weil wir wollen, dasz dies fest und bleibend sei, senden wir euch diesen Brief offen, mit unserem Siegel bedruckt, bei euch im Schatze aufzubewahren. Dessen sind wir selbst Zeuge zu London am 18. October im 42. Jahre unserer Kronung." Koch gives no explanations, but merely remarks that as there is no French element in the language of this proclama- tion, it is not properly English, but Anglo-Saxon with with degraded forms (mit abgeschwachten Formen). This completes the Somner group of editions, which, starting from one incorrect transcription, has gradually become extremely different from the original. 7. Tho. Hearne. Textus Roffensis. Accedunt, Professionum antiquorum Angliae Episcoporum Formulae, de Canonica obedi- entia Archiepiscopis Cantuariensibus praestanda, et Leonardi Hutteni Dissertatio anglice conscripta, de antiquitatibus Oxoniensibus. E codicibus MSS. descripsit ediditque T. H. Oxonii e theatro Sheldoniano, 1720. IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 37 Preface, p. xxiii. 8. " Quinimmo et ipsi Anglici codices, quorum vis ingens exstat, post Normannorum in Lane insulam introitum, usque ad coenobiorum dissolutionem, Codicum Anglo- Saxonicorum adeo similes sunt, ut saepissime tarn verba, quam et ipsos characteres Anglo- Saxonum re- tineant. Atque id genus est Charta quaodam, Anglice scripta, Henrici tertii, quam e pugillaribus nostris ad calcem operis hujus subnexui, quippe e qua et res gestae tune temporis in publico regni ordinum conventu illustrari queant." Appendix, Num. VI., p. 391, " E CoU. nostris MSS. vol. Ixxxviii., p. 49. Pat. 43, H. 3, no' 40. m' 15. Intus." With the marginal title, "Carta in idiomate Anglico missa ad singulos Comitatus Angliae." Then follows the version marked (7) below, in a curious mixture of Roman and Anglo-Saxon characters. Thus the Anglo-Saxon t p. 5, are almost, not quite, invariably used for t, r, g, and no other Anglo-Saxon characters are employed. As Hearne has not pursued the same plan in other parts of his book, 1 this very singular appli- cation of Anglo-Saxon letters joined to the expression "ipsos characteres Anglo- Saxonum retineant," would naturally lead the reader to suppose that it was an imitation of the original MS., which, however, never employs n, but does employ J>, a letter that Hearne never uses. There will be found a large number of minor errors of orthography, but the gross blunders of Somner are generally corrected. Hearne had only printed from his own notes, and either these were inaccurate, or he had not corrected the proofs perfectly enough. Two strange errors, ileamede near the beginning and and And near the end, have a footnote with 'sic' attached ; but they are not in the MS. Still the many errors here found make one feel doubtful as to the correctness of Hearne's numerous other publications in early English. After giving the proclamation, he adds : " Indorsed by Dr. Barlow : Rot. Pa. de Anno 43'. Hen. 3. in Turri Londin. In confir- 1 At least as regards old English or Anglo-Saxon, but in Appendix V. p. 387, Hearne has printed portions of a Latin MS., the original of which, he says, was " in a sort of Longobardic character " in the same way. In the body of the work, pp. 1 and 110, he prints Anglo-Saxon in the complete Anglo-Saxon alphabet. 38 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. mation of what the Parliament had done or should doe." This endorsement is erroneous; the proclamation does not relate to the Parliament, but to the council of twenty-four nobles. The apostrophe used in the present transcription of Hearne's edition represents his line over the preceding letter. No subsequent editor seems to have followed Hearne. 8. Sam. Henshall. The Saxon and English Languages reciprocally illustrative of each other ; the impracticability of acquiring an accurate knowledge of Saxon literature, through the medium of Latin Phraseology, exemplified in the errors of Hickes, Wilkins, Gibson, and other scholars, and a new mode suggested of radically studying the Saxon and English Languages, by S. H., M.A., Fellow of Brazen- nose College, Oxford, and Author of Specimens and Parts of the History of South-Britain. 4to. 1798. This curious book, for a knowledge of which I am indebted to Mr. Payne, of the Philological Society, has the following introductory remarks : "The Study of the Anglo-Saxon Language has certainly engaged the attention of able Scholars and learned Divines. The ancient Eecords of this realm have been collected with laudable assiduity, many of them have been printed with a Version, and more liberally trans- lated. To assert that no correct idea can be collected from the laborious exertions of a Hickes, a Gibson, or a "Wilkins ; to affirm that their Latin interpretations are of little autho- rity, unintelligible, and delusory ; argues certainly a daring Challenger, or a Champion conscious of the merits of his cause, and therefore not easily intimidated. The present in- vestigator relies little on his own knowledge, but is confident in the errors of his opponents ; he is better acquainted with antient Latin Records than Saxon Documents, but having been compelled, in the course of his investigations, to con- sult the Thesaurus of Hickes, the Leges Saxonicse of Wilkins, &c. and finding it impossible to form any certain inference from their Latin jargon, he was necessitated to examine the Original, in its vernacular idiom. Of the result of this inves- tigation let others judge ; but before condemnation is passed, let the evidence be candidly weighed by the judgment of a IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 39 discerning jury. For this purpose we shall submit the Original in Saxon Characters, with the Version and Inter- pretation of the Editor's in one page; the Original, in Roman Characters, with the literal verbatim Rendering, in italics, on the other, that a just verdict 1 of their merits may be returned by an honest and impartial juryman." It might seem scarcely worth while to give the edition and translation of this extremely ignorant and confident writer. But he had actually examined the original of the proclama- tion, and he does amend some of the grossest errors of Somner, although he makes at the same time most extra- vagant errors of his own, some of them being conjectural emendations ! It was therefore necessary to print his edition in the interlinear comparison of all known editions, and to annex his translation, which is a curiosity of litera- ture. The following are the principal peculiarities of his edition, the italic representing his words. King ou Englene- loande, king on Engleneloande ; and throughout the title ou for on ; 2 hoi theilcerde? holde ilaerde, uune vnnew, othe other, beoh beo]>, freime freme, besighte besigte, thantsforen iseide j>an to foreniseide, mine of loande nime of loande, egte-wh&r, thurg his besigte, egte, wherjurg Jis besigte, deadliche. If than, deadliche ifoan, wi selven, vs seluen. He has given Somner's edition in Anglo-saxon characters 4 and translation in Latin. His own version with the footnotes is as follows ; the words which he supposes he translates have been here occasionally annexed in italics. His complete text forms No. 8 in the interlinear comparison. He introduces it thus : " The next Specimen we shall exhibit is an antient Proclamation of 1 "Vere-dictum." 2 " In Bibliotheca Astleiana uniformly ou not on." Henshall's book is dedi- cated to Thomas Astle, F.E.S., and this note apparently refers to a MS. in Mr. Astle's private collection, as I cannot find any notice of such a work as Biblio- theca Astleiana, although it is again quoted by Henshall on p. 30, for his extracts from King Alfred's "Will, which was published as a separate work by Mr. Astle. But see Astle's Fragment, infra, p. 51. 3 " A different division of letters is adopted." Henshall. He does not notice that he has also written th for d. 4 This transcript is generally correct, even to Somner's erroneous freine for freme, whence perhaps Henshall's own freime, but exhibits Hewed, his writ for Somner's iltewed, J?w writ. 40 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. Henry the third, which Somner considers a Saxon Record, Lord Lyttleton an Old-english Document. Som. Diet, ad verbum unnan" The allusion to Lyttelton must be to his heading, after Tyrrel, "A Charter in the old English of that time," see above No. 2 and No. 3, pp. 31 and 32. " Henry, through God's fultume, 1 King of Englandsland, Lord 2 of Ireland, Duke of Normandy, of Aquitain, and Earl of Anjou, send I greeting (send igretinge) to all his whole (hoi) servants of the Lord 3 (theilaerde), and allowed 4 (ileivede) of Huntingdon Shire, that ween 5 (witen} ye well all, that we will and wull, 6 that that our Head-men 7 all, or the more Deal of them, that be chosen thorough us, and thorough that Lands- folk 8 in our King's Reach (Kyneriche), haveth done and shall do, in the Worthiness of God, and in our Truth, for the Freemen (Freime) of the Land, thorough the sight (besighte) of the heretofore said Read-men, be stedfast and lasting, in all things without end. And we ordain 9 all our true (men) 1 " Fultume, or Fulture, from Fultura, Support." 2 " Lif -erth Life-earth Source of Life, or of Bread, Loaf, hence Bread is the Stuf, or Staff, of Life." 3 "From theow Servants, hence modern thief, and the Provincialism, 'Do you thou me, i.e. call me a slave?' in Lancashire Dialect still theow." 4 "Allowed, lawful Pacem Regis habentes in the Law neither Villains or Thiefs hence Alloy, or Allay lawful money with a proportion of lawful base Metal." 5 " The true Derivation of Words will so easily and naturally appear, from these Sources, that it will be frequently unnecessary to comment on them." 6 " Somner gives this Charter in his Dictionarium Saxonico-latino-anglicum, under the Verb unnan, a word no where found but in this passage, according to his conception of the passage. The Original is abbreviated thus, wune, and from the common expression in Lancashire, * I will and wull,' we have little doubt that our Interpretation is correct -Lye is subject to this error." [Henshall prints mine in his text and wune in the note; the word is distinctly vnne in the original.] 7 " Men of Letters Reading Wi tens or Wisemen." 8 "The Folk of that County Knights of that County Communitas- for similar "Writs were directed to each Shire of England and Ireland TyrrePs Common People is ridiculous, for there never was a Knight from an Irish Election, a Representative to an English Parliament but of this in our History." [This allusion to Tyrrel is evidently to the note to Somner's English translation on the words Loandes folJce, supra p. 29, note 2. It was this allusion which led me to discover Tyrrel's edition.] 9 " Higt, to command Skinner hence English ordain heaten, a thing ordained." IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 41 in the Truth that they us owe, that they stedfastlike holden, and swearen to holden, and to warden, the settinesses 10 that bin maked and bin to make, thorough the heretofore said Read-men, or thorough the more deal of them, also as it is beforsaid. And that each other help that for to do by their ilk 11 Oath, against all men right for to do, and to fang. 12 And none nor of mine Land, not of oughtwhere, 13 thorough his setting (besigte) may be lett, or worsed in any wise. And if ony 14 or any come here against, we will and ordain that all our truemen them holden deadly. 15 If then, and for that we will that this be stedfast and lasting, we send you this Writ open signed with our Seal 'to hold amongst you in Herd. 16 Witness ourselves at London the eighteenth Day in the Month of October, in the two and fortieth year of our crowning. And this was done afore our sworn Read-men Boniface Archbishop of Canterbury, Walter of Cantilupe Bishop of Worcester, Simon of Montfort Earl of Leicester." 9. Tho. Rymer. Foedera, Conventiones, Litterse, . . . ab. A.D. 1066 ad nostra usque tempora habita aut tractata. Accuran- tibus A. Clarke, et Fred. Holbrooke, 1816-30. (Published by the Record Commission.) The French version, not quite correctly printed, 1 and 10 " Setnesses, things set at the Sitting, what was determined at the Sitting or Sessions, synonymous to Assize Assia. Hence behest, he sit, or set what ordained at the Session." u " Ilk, Spencer the same." 12 "Destruction fang Mankind Shakespeare, Timon. We still have Dogs- fangs, Teeth, the Holders, consequently hold." [The passage in Shakspere, is Timon, Act 4, Sc. 3, v. 23 ; in the folio 1623, it is spelled " Destruction phang mankinde."] 13 " Any where a Lancashire provincialism." 14 " Ony, Lancashire for any. Here oni and onie are the masculine and feminine gender, Man or Woman." 15 " In the language of that age, wolf-headed, gerentes caput-lupinum." 16 "In Congregation a Number assembled." 1 The following are the principal errors, the numbers refer to the lines of the original French MS. Rymer. Original. Rymer. Original. 1 le grace. la grace. Giueons. enueons. Aquitien. Aqui'en. 7 checun. chescun. ke se ke. ke ce ke. testmoin. tesmoin. 3 establemenz. establissemenz. arceveske. arceeueske. 4 s'entreeident. sentreeident. 9 Forz. fort. 5 purveaunce. purueance. Warrewyk. de Warrewyka. 6 ea us. feaus. 42 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. with the uniform substitution of 0, j, for the consonant, and u, i for the vowel, is contained in vol. 1, p. 377. The con- tractions are all extended. Yol. i. p. 378, exhibits the Old English version. This copy contains the principal blunders of Somner, which had been avoided by Hearne, and is disgraceful in a work issued by Government, and professing to give a copy of a public record. The errors are not merely philological or orthogra- phical, but seriously affect the signification of the document. This Old English version is printed in the Anglo-Saxon character throughout, with, therefore, no distinction between th ]> and g 5, and with the contraction *j for and. The signa- tures are appended, and are arranged in a column. No translation is given. It is entitled : " Carta Regis in idiomate Anglico, ad singulos comitatus Angliae et Hiberniee, super reformatione status regni, per proceres ejusdem regni," which is not quite a correct description. This is the version marked (9) below. 10. George L. Craik. Outlines of the History of the English Language, for the use of the Junior Classes in Colleges and the Higher Classses in Schools. London, 1851, by Gr. L. C., Professor of History and English Literature in Queen's College, Belfast. On p. 125 Prof. Craik gives this proclamation, professedly copied from the Record Commission edition of Rymer's Feeder a, as in No. 9. Prof. Craik has, however, adopted the Roman character throughout, using th, ae for ]?, se, and some- times g, sometimes gh,y for 5. He has corrected one error in Rymer, tneop ope in line 6 for treowe alone. But he has been induced by the stupid mistake in Rymer of ojc for Rijt, to insert the words in alle thaet heo, inserted without comment by Henry as a correction of Somner, saying : " These words are not in the copy here followed, but seem to be required by the sense," although the extraordinary false grammar heo o%t for heo o^en, which they introduce, ought to have shewn a professor of English literature that the words could not have formed part of the original. He has not given the signatures or subsequent remarks, but he has added a translation IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 43 (chiefly from Henry, and indeed following him in one in- stance where his own text differed from Henry's, viz., in having U tham ikhe othe, line 5, for Henry's Utham ikhe other), which may be taken as a warning to those who would trans- late the untranslateable. This is the following version (10). Craik's translation is as follows: "Henry, through God's help, King in England, Lord in Ireland, Duke in Normandy, in Aquitain, and Earl in Anjou, sends greeting to all his subjects, learned and lay, in Huntingdonshire. This know ye well all that we will and grant that that our counsellors, all or the more part of them, that be chosen through us and through the land's folk in our kingdom, have done and shall do, in the honour of God and in our truth (allegiance), for the good of the land, through the business (act) of those toforesaid counsellors, be steadfast and lasting in all things but (without) end. And we enjoin all our lieges, in the truth (allegiance) that they us owe, that they steadfastly hold, and swear to hold and to defend the ordinances that be made and be to make through the to- foresaid counsellors, or through the more part of them, also as it is before said. And that each other help that for to do, by them (to) each other against all men (in all that they) ought for to do and to promote. And none, nor of my land nor elsewhere, through this business may be let (hindered) or damaged in any wise. And if any man or any woman come them against, we will and enjoin that all our lieges them hold deadly foes. And, for that we will that this be steadfast and lasting, we send you this writ open, signed with our seal, to hold amongst you in hoard (store). Witness ourselves at London, this eighteenth day in the month of October, in the two and fortieth year of our crowning." 11. Dr. Reinhold Pauli, Geschichte von England, mit einem Yorworte von J. M. Lappenberg, vol. iii. Hamburg, 1853. On p. 909-11, Dr. Pauli gives the French and English version of the proclamation from Rymer. In the French version the contractions are extended, the u, i consonants are printed ?, /, the v vowel is printed u, and 44 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. the capitals are modernised. A few variations both, from Rymer and the original, which the author had clearly never seen, occur. As compared with the original we may note the following, where the italics represent Dr. Pauli's words (merely extended contractions are not noticed) : estabkmenz establissemenz ; s' entreeident sentreeident ; purveaunce pur- ueance ; Giueons enueons ; checun chescun ; en tresor entresor ; Testmoin tesmoin ; Wyrcestr Wyrecestr' ; de Forz de Fort ; Warreivyk de Warrewyka. The English version is evidently a conjectural restoration from Rymer's text, which he says truly is arg verstummelt, oruelly mutilated. By the help of the French Pauli has been able to avoid all the serious errors which make nonsense of the passages in which they occur. He adopts the Roman character with the exception of ]?, and he rightly uses th in Northfolk and Aldithel. But he does not employ 5 in any part of the proclamation. The u, i consonants are made into v, /, and v vowel into u. The contractions are not generally extended. This version, although conjectural, comes so close to the original that it will be interesting to mark the differences, in addition to those depending on the use of g for both 5 and g, the use of u, v, i, /, punctuation, capitals, and extended contractions. The italics represent Pauli's words : Irloand Yrloand' ; toforeniseide to foreniseide ; \e isetnesses }?o isetnesses ; toforeniseide to foren iseide ; wherepurg wher- jmrz; ; or oj?er ; gif onie o\er onie gif oni ojer onie ; amanges a manges ; ine hord inehord ; usseluen vs seluen ; two and fowertigpe Twoandfowertijjje ; Cantelop Cantelow ; l Engleneloand Engleneloand' ; Geffreessune Greffrees sune. An accidental omission, either in copying or in printing, makes Pauli read in line 9, Witt 9 of Fort eorl on Warewik', for, Will' of Fort eorl on Aubem' ; Joh' of Plesseiz, eorl on 1 The Bishop of Worcester's name is generally Cantelupe. But in the English version it is very distinctly Cantelow, and in the French Gantelou. Somner and Rymer give Cantelop, with a distinct p, not the Anglo-Saxon p, hut Somner has Cantelow in his English Version ; the letters p p are easily confused, but in the original MS. w and not p is used. If the copy of the Burton version of the French in the Ann. Mon. (supra p. 26) is to be trusted, that copyist gave the name as de Cantilupo. IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 45 Warewik'. This is certainly far superior to the other ver- sions which had appeared, but it had not the authority of the original document, with which it had never been com- pared. The only serious errors are f>e for ]?o, wherepurg for wherjmrg, or for o]?er, and Cantelop for Cantelow, and these would not alter the meaning. Pauli gives no translation. 12. Haupt's Zeitschrift fur deutsches Alterthum. Leipzig. In vol. xi., pp. 294-358, published in 1856, there is an article headed " Der offene brief konig Heinrichs III. vom 18. October 1258," signed Karl Regel, and dated Gotha. The contents of these sixty-four pages are as follows : Account of the versions in Rymer, and the historical circumstances which gave rise to the issue of the proclamation, p. 294. The English text, after Pauli (see JSTo. 11 above) with con- jectural emendations, p. 297 ; German translation of the same, p. 299. Consideration of the words of foreign origin, Aquitain', Anioiv, Muntfort, Sauveye, Plesseiz, Grey, Mortemer, duk, marescal, bischop, archebishop, ilaewede, iseined, seel, cruninge, as he writes them, p. 300. Observations on the words, as he writes them (1) a buten aende; (2) fultume ; (3) halde; (4) unnen; (5) moge ; (6) ilet ; (7) other; (8)ilche, aehc, aeurihce; (9) aetforen, to for en, biforen ; (10) agenes, ongenes, amanges ; (11) in to, in tel, (12) alswo, alse ; (13) al ; (14) ek, gif, for thaet, ne, nimen, egte, freme, besigte, p. 303. Relation of the orthography to the Anglo-Saxon, a, u, i, e, ae, ea, eo, o, oa, 5, ch, he, Ik, p. 326. Consideration of the inflexions, p. 354. Conclusion, p. 358. Regel concludes that the language is "decidedly semi- Saxon," being nearest to Layamon, but in respect to its efforts to be orderly, closer to the Ormulum, while it sur- passes both in particular archaisms, but shows traces of transition to a later form. The copy which Regel gives uses only Roman letters, employing th, g, ae, throughout, for ]>, 5, ae. The v vowel is made u, and u consonant is written v. The capitals and punctuation are changed. Taking no notice of these, cer- tainly important and arbitrary alterations, there will be found the following variations from the original MS., Regel's words 46 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. being in italics : Irloand Yrloand', ilaewede ileawede, a buten abuten, the isetnesses J?o isetnesses, amanges a manges, ine hord inehord, Cantelop Cantelow, Aubern' Aubem', Roger of Mor- temer Hog' of Mortemer. These changes, after allowing for the ae, u, v, t/i, g, are with the exception of f>e, Cantelop, Aubern,' for fio, Cantelow, Aubem,' utterly insignificant. The alterations ilaetvede, a buten, for ileawede, abuten, have been made on theoretical grounds. Hegel's text is given as No. 12 in the Interlinear Comparison. The following is Eegel's translation: "Heinrich, durch gottes 1 gnade konig in England, herr in Irland, herzog in der Normandie (und) in Aquitanien, und graf in Anjou, sendet griisse an alle seine getreuen, gelehrte und ungelehrte, in Huntingdonshire. Das wisset alle wohl dass wir wollen und verfiigen dass alles was die gesamtheit oder die majoritat unserer reichsrathe, welche durch. uns und durch diese landesgemeinde in unserem konigreich erwahlt worden sind, zur ehre gottes und in der treue gegen uns kraft der verordnungen der vorbesagten rathe zum besten des landes gethan haben und noch thun werden, fest und bleibend sein soil in alien stiicken immer and ohne ende; und wir ge- bieten alien unseren getreuen bei der treue welche sie uns schuldig sind dass sie die gesetze, welche durch die vorbe- sagten rathe oder durch die majoritat derselben in der art wie es vorher angegeben worden ist bereits abgefasst sind oder noch abzufassen sein mogen, bestandig halten und sie zu halten und zu schirmen schworen, und dass jeder dem andern kraft desselben eides gegen jedermanniglich helfe das zu vollbringen, recht zu thun und sein recht zu empfangen, und dass keiner weder an land noch an sonstiger habe etwas annehme wodurch diese verordnung auf irgend eine weise gehindert oder entkraftet werden konne, und wenn sich einer oder einige hiergegen vergehen, so wollen und gebieten wir dass alle unsere getreuen diese als todfeinde betrachten sollen; und weil wir wollen dass dies fest und dauernd sei, senden wir euch diesen brief offen mit unserem siegel be- 1 The article is printed in Roman type, and no capital letters are used for sub- stantives. The ss and sz are both printed " fs," for which ss only is here used. IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 47 zeichnet, bei euch im schatze aufzubewahren. Dessen sind wir selbst zeuge zu London am 18n October im 42sten jahre unserer kronung. und dies wurde vollzogen in gegenwart unserer geschworenen reichsrathe Bonifacius, erzbiscliof von Canterbury u. s. w. und in gegenwart andrer edlen, und wird in ganz gleicher wortfassung in jede andere grafschaft iiberall im konigreiche von England und auch bis nach Ireland geschickt." "With regard to the alteration a buten aende Regel cites, Ormulum 2228 And tatt him shollde hiss kinedom a lastenn butenn ende. and says that the full phrase is to be found in Orm. 2090 cefre a butenn ende. The simple formula a buten cende cor- responds to the Prayer Book translation, " We worship thy name ever world without end," of the Latin "laudamus nomen tuum in saeculum et in saeculum saeculi," in the Te Deum. But the proclamation writes abuten cende very dis- tinctly, so that probably the habitual recurrence of a, ever, in connection with buten cende had entirely obliterated the con- sciousness of its being anything but the common a prefix. As regards kuneriche which is here used as a feminine, ouer al pcere kuneriche, Regel remarks that it is neuter in Ormu- lum, J^att halge kineriche 17173, though feminine in La^a- mon, of J^essere kineriche 28755, to ]> issere kineriche 11217, 28777. No other editor has given so complete and careful an account of this document. It is a pity that he did not give the French original as well as the English, and that he should have committed the error of saying that Pauli pub- lished the text nach dem originate, after the original, citing a note of Pauli' s which only shews where the original was to be found. It is very evident that Pauli had never seen the original. 1 1 Regel says : " Ich lasse nun zunachst den text dieser urkunde folgen, und zwar wie ihn Pauli (gesch. v. England bd 3 s. 910, 911. vergl. s. 725 anm. 3 und 909 anm. 1) nach dem originate (Rotul. 43. Pat. 15) mit mehrfachen wichtigen berichtigungen des abdruckes in den Foederibus mittbeilt ; die abweichungen dieses letzteren werde ich unter dem texte hinzufugen." Regel however omits to 48 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 13. G. P. Marsh. The origin and history of the English Language and of the Early Literature it embodies. London, 1862. In Lecture 5, pp. 189-199, there is a long account of this proclamation. The writer acutely remarks that as the pro- clamation was sent into all counties, " the probability is strong, that this translation . . . was not written in the peculiar local dialect of any one district, but in the form which most truly corresponded to the general features of the popular speech, in order that it might be everywhere intelligible. It must then be considered the best evidence existing of the condition of English at any fixed period in the thirteenth century. 1 " He also combats the notion that the writing is antiquated because legal, inasmuch as no legal documents were written in Early English, and this is " the only public document known to have been promulgated in the native tongue during the whole of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries .... there were, then, at that time no ' established phrases of form' in the political dialect of the English language." The text which Mr. Marsh gives is an accurate transcript of Hegel's (No. 12 above), but Mr. Marsh attributes, it to Pauli ; from whose text it differs in the following words (the italics are Pauli's text) : duk duk' ; alle all ; abuten a buten ; or other ; gif onie gif oni ; usseluen usselven. Of these, all is erroneous, and other, oni are correct. Mr. Marsh justly observes that the changes of \ 5, into th g, " are as unjustifiable as it would be to substitute g for 7, or ch for % in printing a unique Greek manuscript." As regards gif oni other onie, as he reads, he says : "Begel supposes the e final in the latter example to be the sign of the plural; others have treated it as a feminine singular ending. The question cannot be determined by the syntax, for the plural [of the following verb cumen might] have been used after an alternative, but the distinction of the gram- name Rymer's error of ne mine of loande for ne nime of loande. He points out Pauli's slip by which Will of Fort is made Earl of Warwick, and attributes it to an error of the press. 1 In point of fact, it will be seen hereafter that the dialect is very mixed showing marked peculiarities of the Southern, Midland, and Northern uses. IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 49 matical gender was now so little regarded l that the e is, most probably, a plural sign. The original French of the procla- mation, which, unfortunately, my authority does not give, would decide the question." He translates " if any [sing.] or any [plural] transgress here against." The French se nul v nuz megnent of course decides the matter. As respects Hegel's orthographical remarks, Mr. Marsh says : " However ingenious may be his views, it appears to me that, in the excessive irregularity of all orthography at that period, we may find sufficient reason for doubting whether we are yet in possession of sufficient data to justify any positive conclusions on the relations between the spoken and the written tongue of England in the middle of the thirteenth century." It seems, on the contrary, that the orthography of any careful writer, not a mere copyist, at that time was wonderfully regular, considering the defective character of the alphabet, which obliged the scribe to form his own habits sometimes in the course of his work, and the individual and local differences of pronunciation. 2 But Regel makes little attempt to fix the pronunciation ; his only object is to shew the Anglo-Saxon spellings to which those in the proclamation correspond. The following is Mr. Marsh's translation : " Henry, by the grace of God, king in (of) England, lord in (of) Ireland, duke in (of) Normandy, in (of) Aquitaine, 1 Yet just before in this very proclamation we have " iwersed on onie wise/' where onie is feminine. 2 The following observations of Mr. Marsh will shew that he is not particularly well versed in phonetical considerations. He finds that "the combination hw, wh, is not only incapable of prolongation, but cannot be uttered at all without the aid of a third element namely, a vowel following," p. 172, note. Of course (wh) can be readily prolonged indefinitely. He goes on to say, " There are, however, a few sounds which may be indefinitely prolonged, and yet seem to be composed of two still more elementary articulations. I refer to those into which the y con- sonant appears to enter as a subordinate component. The English ch, sh, are very nearly t+y, and s-f y, and in some orthographies, the Swedish, for example, in which j corresponds to our y consonant, they are expressed accordingly, as tjader, in English spelling, chader, sjal, shall" etc. Here sA=(sh) is a simple sound, distinct though often derived from s+y = (sj), and cA = (tsh) is a compound sound, distinct though often derived from t+ y - (tj), and when ch is prolonged the only sound heard is (sh), which, being simple, can be prolonged indefinitely. 4 50 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. and earl in (of) Anjou, sends greeting to all his lieges, clerk and lay, in Huntingdonshire. This know ye well all, that we will and grant that what our councillors, all or the major part of them, who are chosen by us and by the land's people in our kingdom, have done and shall do, to the honour of God and in allegiance to us, for the good of the land, by the ordinance of the aforesaid councillors, be stedfast and permanent in all things, time without end, and we command all our lieges by the faith that they owe us, that they sted- fastly hold, and swear to hold and defend the regulations that are made and to be made by the aforesaid councillors, or by the major part of them, as is before said, and that each help others this to do, by the same oath, against all men, right to do and to receive, and that none take of land or goods, whereby this ordinance may be let or impaired in any wise, and if any [sing.] or any [plural] transgress here against, we will and command that all our lieges them hold as deadly foes, and because we will that this be stedfast and permanent, we send you these letters patent sealed with our seal, to keep among you in custody. Witness ourself at London the eighteenth day in the month of October in the two and fortieth year of our coronation. And this was done before our sworn councillors : [Signatures] and before other nobles [?] And all in the same words is sent into every other shire over all the kingdom in (of) England and also into Ireland." 14. A. J. Ellis, March, 1861, the privately printed copy of the proclamation already named. This edition does not distinguish the extended contractions, interlineations or era- sures, nor the differences i, i or f, s, nor does it mark y, or the commencement of the original lines. Though 5, g are usually distinguished, agenes, ongenes, Rigt are printed for agenef, ongenef, Rigt. The errors halde, omen, for /wide, onie also occur ; their origin is explained on p. 12 and 13. Both had been the result of an examination, but not of a sufficiently careful examination of the MS. It has not been considered necessary to give this or its transcript, No. 15, in the Interlinear Comparison. The same edition contains the IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 51 French Proclamation also with the errors enionions, GHueons, scelees, seel, for enioinons, enueons, seelees, seel. The correct readings were not ascertained till after repeated careful examination of the original manu- script, and comparison of various words containing the same combinations of letters. 15. E. G. Latham, Dec. 1866. This is a transcript of No. 14, in Dr. Latham's new edition of Johnson's Dictionary, preface, p. Ixxxiv, 1 in which all the errors in both versions mentioned under No. 14 occur, with the exception of Rv&t, which is correct. 16. A. J. Ellis, the edition in the present paper, which is as far as possible a correct reprint of the original manuscript. The proofs and the revised proofs of the English Version have been most carefully corrected by the original, every letter of which has been viewed through a strong glass for this purpose. To the above more or less complete editions, we may add the following : T. Astle. Facsimile of a Fragment of the Proclamation. Henshall, as we have seen (p. 39, note 2), refers to the Bibliotheca Astleiana, a work which I have not been able to find. But Thomas Astle, F.R.S., keeper of the Records in the Tower of London, and Cataloguer of the Harleian and Cottonian MSS., to whom Henshall dedicates his work, and to whose library he had access, wrote : The Origin and Progress of Writing as well Hieroglyphic as Elementary, illustrated by engravings taken from Marbles, Manuscripts, and Charters ancient and modern ; also some account of the Origin and Progress of Printing, 2nd ed. 1803, 4to. In this work, plate 20, No. 11, he gives what is intended to be a fac- 1 I had printed the two versions side by side, with the heading " French and English Proclamation of King Henry III., 18 Oct. A.D. 1258," the first four words happening to lie over the French Version which was placed on the left, and the last words over the English Version on the right, Dr. Latham has placed the English Version first (although the French stands first on the record,) and has headed it with the date "18 Oct. A.D. 1258," while over the French Version, which he has appended, without a word of explanation, remains the now incom- prehensible heading " French and English Proclamation." There seems to have been a fate against any accurate publication of this unhappy proclamation. 52 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. simile of the first four lines of the proclamation, those in which fewest errors have been commonly made. In this facsimile, which Mr. Astle from his position had peculiar opportunities of making, and should have had peculiar aptitude, or at least an acquired habit, for accurately correcting, reading, and trans- lating, I find the following errors: Line 1, halde very distinctly and unmistakably marked for holde. Line 2, after kuneriche, the point (r') instead of the period (.) ; and, strangely enough, i d e n for i d o n. Line 3, i n for i n, the flourish over the i is generally mistaken, either omitted, or made horizontal T, as if a contraction for in ; r o d e f m e n. for rede f m en:', J^inge for finge; haaten most dis- tinctly for h o a t e n. Line 4, heilden very distinctly for healden, sweren for swerien, and w e r i e n for we r i e n. We ought certainly to have expected better things in a facsimile. What trust can be reposed in any of Astle's engraved plates after such sins as the above ? On p. 143 we read : " Although the writing called the Law English is much like the modern Gothic, we shall mention it in this place, because the instruments written by the English lawyers, in the English language, from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century, are in characters very different from those used by our Ecclesiastics and Monks, which last is descended from the Saxon, as will presently appear under the head of Modern Gothic writing. The twentieth plate contains several specimens of this first kind of writing, The eleventh number in this plate is taken from the Patent Holl of the 43d of king Henry III. (M. 15,) and contains a curious specimen of the English language of that time, which is to be read : "'Henr thurg Godes fultume King on Engleneloande Lhoaverd on Yrland Duk on Norm, on Aquitain 7 Eorl on Aniow. send igretinge to alle hise holde ilaerde 7 ila6wedl on Huntendon Schir that witen ge wel alle that we willen and unnen that that ure rsedesmen alle other the moare del of heom that beoth ichosen thurg us and thurg thset loandes folk on ure kuneriche habbeth iden and schullen don in the worthnesse of Gode and on ure treowthe for the freine of the loande thurg the besigte of than to foren iseide radesmen beo IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. 53 stedefast and ilestinde in alle thinge abuten aende. And we haaten alle ure treowe in the treowthe that heo us ogen thset heo stedefastliche heilden and sweren to healden and to werien the isetnesses that beon i maked and beon to makien thurg than to-foren iseide rsedesmen.'" Here Mr. Astle differs in many places from his own fac- simile ! Leaving out of consideration the th, g, v, s, i, for }>, , u, f, i, we find, as compared with the facsimile, Y r 1 a n d for Y r 1 o a n d', N o r m. for N o r m', Aquitain for Aquitain', 7 twice for and, h o 1 d e for h a 1 d e, ileawedl for ileawede, Huntendon Schir for Huntendon'fchir,' that several times but not always for J? se t, del for d se 1, k u n e r i c h e without any point after it, freine for freme (for it is to be ob- served that the writer would have put a flourish over the i if he had meant in, thus freine, as in ifeined, which Hearne prints i f e m e d, and there is no such word as a f r eine,) r adesmen for rode fin en, stedefast for ftedefsest, the for t h o meaning \ o , i maked for i m a k e d e. Such a transliteration would certainly puzzle the reader of the facsimile. As regards the original, the alteration of h a 1 d e into h o 1 d e restores the proper reading, the use offreinefor freme introduces a fresh error, and radesmen for rodefmen, which should have been redefmen, is another form of error. The blunders i d e n, haaten, heilden, sweren, for idon, hoaten, healden, f w e r i e n, are faithful reproductions of his fac- simile, shewing that although he was actually the keeper of the original, he did not refer to it, but trusted to an ignorant facsimilist. Astle's translation is taken without acknowledgment from Somner's (supra p. 29), with these differences : the explana- tory or second translations inclosed in ( ) or [ ] in Somner are omitted ; Anjoy is corrected to Anjou, sendeth is inserted before greeting, owe to us is used for owe us, and the spelling, capitals, and punctuation have been slightly changed, so that the keeper of the Records did not venture to give his own translation of the ancient document he had so cruelly mis- represented. 54 IV. FORMER EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. This fragment (for a reference to which I am indebted to Mr. Payne) cannot be considered as an edition, and it will therefore not be necessary to take any further notice of it. But it is at any rate a warning. The above versions, with the exception of No. 3 (a mere transcript of No. 2), No. 13 (also a mere transcript of No. 12), No. 14 (which differs from No. 16 only in two letters, and in the mode of representing i, s, ?/), and No. 15 (which differs from No. 14 in one letter only), will now be given in an Interlinear Comparison, to shew their relations with one another and with No. 16, which, being regarded as the original, is placed first. The utmost care has been taken to make these versions accurate copies of the originals, with which the proofs have been diligently read, so that although sad experience shews the improbability of complete success in such an attempt, there is some reason to suppose that all errors, however fantastic, which the reader may discover in the following pages may be considered as existing in the originals. The punctuation and the long f of the originals have also been scrupulously followed. The numbers of the lines in the patent roll itself are inserted between brackets as before. It is very probable that many other transcripts of this proclamation may exist in treatises upon the English language which I have not seen, and these may contain many addi- tional errors. But those here furnished are more than enough to show the mode in which Anglo-Saxon and Early English scholars, as Somner and Hearne, or public function- aries, as the Record Commission and Astle, have ventured to edit a unique MS. of the greatest interest in the history of our language and our country; and how critical writers, as Latham and Koch, have been content to transcribe the blunders of uncritical historians, as Tyrrel and Henry ; and again, how other critical writers, as Pauli and Regel, have been able by sheer conjecture to effect a nearly perfect resto- ration of a sadly mutilated text. 55 V. INTERLINEAR COMPARISON OF ELEVEN EDITIONS or THE PROCLAMATION, WITH THE ORIGINAL. The first line is the accurate transcript of the original as previously given, the other versions are distinguished l>y numbers, (1) Somner, (2) Tyrrel, (4) Henry, (5) Latham, (6) Koch (7) Hearne(S) Hens/iall(9) Eymer, (10) Craik, (11) Pauli, (12) Regel. See the account of these versions given above under these numbers. Numbers 3, 13, 14, 15 are omitted for the reasons there given. The unnumbered line which stands first is a correct representation of the original document. All apparent errors and misprints in the other lines are faithful reproductions of the originals with which they have been carefully compared. [1] Henr' >ur^ godef fultume king on (1) Penp. >urig Gobej* pultrume King on (2) HENRY thurg Godes fultome King on (4) Henry, thurg Godes fultome, King on (5) Henry, thurg Godes fultome, King on (6) Henry Durg Godes fultume, king on (7) Henji' thung godef fulcume King on (8) Henr. thurg Godes fultume, King ou (9) ftenp' >un 5 Erode/- pulrume King on (10) Henr', thurg Godes fultume, King on (11) Henr', >urg Godes fultume King on (12) Henr', thurg Godes fultume King on Engleneloande. Lhoauerd on Yrloand'. (1) Gnglene loanbe. Lhoavenb on Yfilanb. (2) Engleneloande Lhoauerd on Yrloand (4) Engleneloande, Lhoauerd on Yrloand, (5) Engleneloande, Ihoaurd on Yrloand, (6) Engleneloande, Lhouard on Yrloand, (7) Engleneloande Lhoauend on Yjiloand, (8) Engleneloande, Lhoaverd ou Yrland, (9) Gngleneloanbe, Lhoaverib on Yjiloanb, (10) Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on Yrloand, (11) Engleneloande, Ihoaverd on Irloand, (12) Engleneloande, Ihoaverd on Irloand, 56 V. INTERLINEAR COMPARISON OF Duk on Norm.' on Aquitam' and (1) Duk on No jam. on Squitam -j (2) Duk on Normand. on Acquitain and (4) Duk on Normand, on Acquitain, (5) Duke on Normand, on Acquitain, (6) Duke on Normand, on Acquitain (7) Duk on Norm' on Aquitain and (8) Duk ou Norman, ou Aquitain, and (9) Duk on Nojim' on Xquitam' -j (10) Duk on Norm', on Aquitain', and (11) duk on Norm', on Aquitain' and (12) duk on Norm', on Aquitain', and eorl on (1) Gopl on (2) Eorl on (4) Eorl on (5) Eorl on (6) Eorl on (7) Eopl on (8) Earl ou (9) eonl on (10) Eorl on (11) eorl on (12) eorl on An 'iow Sniou. Anjou, Anjou, Anjou, Anjou, Aniow Anjou, Smou, Aniou, Aniow, Aniow, Send igretinge to alle j-enb fend fend send send fend fend j-enb send send send , greting greting, I greting, igreeting, igretinge ijjiecinje igretinge igretinge igretinge to alle to alle to alle to alle to alle to alle to alle to alle to alle to alle to alle hife holde ilserde and ileawede on (1) hife holbe ilseptbe *J ilaepeb on (2) hise holde ilaerde and ilewede on (4) hise holde, ilserde and ilewede on (5) hise holde, ilaerde & ilewerde on (6) hise holden, ilaerde and ilewerde on (7) hife holde ilajade and ileamede on (8) hife hoi theilaerde, and ilewede, ou (9) hife halbe ilaejibe *j ilaepeb on (10) hise halde, ilaerde and ilaewed, on (11) hise halde ilaerde and ileawede on (12) hise halde ilaerde and ilaewede on ELEVEN EDITIONS WITH THE ORIGINAL. 57 Huntendon'fchir' [2] )set witen ge wel alle (1) puntmdonn j-chiji. aet piten ge pe alle (2) Huntindonn-fchiere ; thset witen ge wel, alle (4) Huntindonn-fchiere. Tliaet witen ge wel alle, (5) Huntingdon- schiere. That witen ge well alle, (6) Huntingdonschiere. Dat witen ge wel alle, (7) Huntendon fchrft' That witen ge well alle (8) Huntendonn Schir, that witen ge well alle, (9) puntenbon'j-chin'. paet piten ge pel alle (10) Huntendon' schir'. Thaet witen ye wel alle (11) Huntendon' schir'. J?aet witen ge wel alle, (12) Huntendon' schir'. Thaet witen ge wel alle, j?aet we willen and vnnew J>aet. )>aet vre (1) }>aet pe pillen *j unnen J?aet faet ujie (2) thaet we willen and unnen, thaet ure (4) thaet we willen and unnen, thaet ure (5) thaet we willen & unnen thaet ure (6) j?aet we wellen and unnen J?aet ure (7) that we willen and vune' char, that vjve- (8) thaet we willen and uune, thaet thaet our (9) J?aet pe pillen *j unnen J>aet J?aet ufie (10) thaet we willen and unnen thaet thaet ure (11) J?aet we willen and unnen, )>aet J?aet ure (12) thaet we willen and unnen, thaet thaet ure raedefmen alle ofer ]>Q moare dael of heom (1) fiaebej-men alle. o]?en }>Q moane bael oj: heom (2) raedefmen alle other the moare del of heom, (4) raedefmen alle other the moare del of heom, (5) raedesmen alle other, the moare del of heom, (6) raedesmen alle o^er, )>e moare del of heom, (7) nebefmen alle otheji the moane del of heom (8) Raedefmen alle othe the moare Dael of heom, (9) fiaebej*men alle o)>en }>e moane bael oj: heom (10) raedesmen, alle other the moare dael of heom, (11) raedesmen alle o]?er )>e moare dael of heom, (12) raedesmen alle other the moare dael of heom, 58 V. INTERLINEAR COMPARISON OF J?aet beo]? ichofen Jmrj uf and Jmrj }>aet (1) >aet beoj? ichopen Jmji^ up -j Jmpij faet (2) thaet beoth ichofen thurg us and thurg thaet (4) thaet beoth jchofen thurg us and thurg thaet (5) thae beoth ichosen thurg us and thurg thaet (6) J>aet beo^ ichosen }>urg us and furg }>3et (7) that beof ichofen thujag vf and thuftg that (8) that beoh ichofen thurg us, and thurg thaet (9) J)36t beo]> ichopen J?ujig up -j J>uji J>aet (10) thaet beoth ichosen thurg us and thurg thaet (11) J)aet beoj) ichosen J>urg us and }>urg ])aet (12) thaet beoth ichosen thurg us and thurg thaet loandef folk on vre kunenche. habbe]? idon (1) loanbej" folk on ujie kunejuche hebbej? ibon (2) Loandes Folk, on ure Kuneriche habbeth idon, (4) loandes-folk on ure kuneriche, habbith idon, (5) loandes-folk on ure Kuneriche, habbith idon, (6) landesfolk on ure kuneriche, habbr8 idon, (7) loandes folk on vjie kunejriche habbef idon (8) Loandesfolk, on ure Kyneriche, habbeth idon (9) loanbej- polk on ujre kunejiiche habbe]? ibon (10) loandes folk on ure kuneriche, habbeth idon, (11) loandes folk on ure kuneriche, habbe]? idon (12) loandes folk on ure kuneriche, habbeth idon and fchulleft [3] don in )?e worjmefle of gode (1) *j j-chullen bon in ]?e J?ojiJ?nej-j-e op Gobe (2) and fchullen don in the worthnes of Gode, (4) and fchullen don, in the worthnes of God, (5) and schullen don, in the worthnes of God, (6) and schullen don, in )>e worSnes of God, (7) and fchullen don in the worthneffe of 5 ode (8) and fchullen don, in the Worthnefleof Gode, (9) *j j*chullen bon in Je pofij>nej-j-e op Irobe (10) and schullen don, in the worthnesse of Gode, (11) and schullen don in ]?e wor)>nesse of Gode (12) and schullen don in the worthnesse of Gode ELEVEN EDITIONS WITH THE ORIGINAL. 59 and on vre treowfe. for >e freme of >e (1) 1 on upe tpeopj?e pop >e ppeme op >e (2) and ure treowthe for the freme of the (4) and ure treowthe, for the freme of the (5) and ure threowthe, for the freme of the (6) and ure treow^e, for >e freme of >e (7) and vpe tpeowthe fop the fpeme of the (8) and on ure Treowthe, for the Freime of the (9) 1 on upe tpeopje pop >e ppeme op >e (10) and on ure treowthe, for the freme of the (11) and on ure treowj?e for >e freme of )>e (12) and on ure treowthe for the freme of the loande. ]?ur J?e befigte of ]?an to foremfeide (1) loanbe. J^upge J>e beprjte op J?an to jzojien ij-eibe (2) Loande, thurg the befigte of than to foren ifeide (4) loande, thurg the befigte of than toforen ifeide (5) loande, thurg the besigte of than toforen iseide (6) loande, )>urg J>e besi^te of J>an toforen iseide (7) loande, thujig the befijte of than fonem i feide (8) Loande, thurge the befighte of thantsforen ifeide (9) loanbe. J'ujij }?e beji^te oj: J?an to pojienrpeibe (10) loande, thurg the besigte of than to foreniseide (11) loande furg J)e besigte of ]?an toforeniseide (12) loande thurg the besigte of than toforeniseide redefmen r' beo ftedefseft and ileftinde in (1) (2) jiaebefmen raedefmen beo beo ptebepaej-t ftedefeft anb and ilej-tinbe ileftinde in in (4) raedefmen, beo ftedefeft and ileftinde in (5) raedesmen, beo stedfaest and ilestinde in (6) raedesmen, beo stedfaest and ilestinde in (7) jiedefmen, beo ftede feft and ileftinde in (8) Kaedefmen, beo ftedefseft and ileftinde, in (9) jiebepmen beo ptebepaept anb ileptmbe in (10) redesmen, beo stedefaest and ilestinde in (11) redesmen, beo stedefaest and ilestinde in (12) redesmen, beo stedefaest and ilestinde in 60 V. INTERLINEAR COMPARISON OF alle (1) aUe (2) aUe (4) alle (5) alle (6) alle (7) aUe (8) alle (9) alle (10) alle (11) alle (12) alle >inge thinge thinge thinge >inge thinge thinge thinge >inge thinge abuten abutan abutan abutan abutan a butan abuten abutan abuten abuten abuten a buten aende. aenbe. aende, aende, aende, aende, ende. aende. aenbe. aende. aande, aende, And Anb and and and and And And Snb And and and we hoaten pe heat en the heaten the heaten we heaten we heaten we hoaten we heaten pe hoaten we hoaten we hoaten we hoaten [4] alle vre treowe in (1) alle (2) alle (4) aUe (5) alle (6) alle uj\e tpeope in ure treowe in ure treowe, in ure treowe, in ure treowe, in >e >e treow)>e tneopfe the treowthe the treowthe the treowthe )?e treow^e the tjreowthe the Treowthe (7) alle vjie tpeowe in (8) alle ure treowe in (9) alle une tneope in J?e (10) alle ure treowe, in the treowthe (11) alle ure treowe in j?e treowfe, (12) alle ure treowe in the treowthe, j?aet heo vfojen. J>aet heo uy ojen. thet heo us ogen, thet heo us ogen, thast heo us ogen, j?aet heo us ogen, the heo vfozen, thaetheo us ogen, ]?8Dt heo uj- ojen thaet heo us ogen, )>8et heo us ogen, thaet heo us ogen, J?aet heo (1) j? heo (2) thet heo (4) thet heo (5) thet heo (6) >et heo (7) that heo (8) thaat heo (9) >aat heo (10) thaet heo (11) >83t heo (12) thaet heo ftedefaefthche healden and fwerien j*tebe-j:3ej"tliche healben ftede-feftliche healden ftede-feftliche healden stede feslliche healden stedefaestliche healden ftebfeftliche ftede-fasftlich healden healden, j"tebej:8ej"tliche healben stedefaesHche healden stedefaestliche healden stedefaestliche healden J j-penen and weren and weren & weren and sweren and fwejien and fweren 1 fpejuen and swerien and swerien and swerien ELEVEN EDITIONS WITH THE ORIGINAL. 61 to healden and to (1) to healben -J to (2) to healden and to (4) to healden and to (5) to healden & to (6) to healden and to (7) to hoilden and to (8) to healden, and to (9) to healben *j to (10) to healden and to (11) to healden and to (12) to healden and to werien fo ifetneffef fset penien fe ij-etnej-j-ej- faet fwerien the ifetneffes thset fwerien the ifetneffes thet swerien the isetnesses thet werien fe isetnesses, fet wejrien the ifetnefles thet werien, the ifetneffes that pejiien f e ifetnej-j-ej* fset werien the isetnesses thet werien fe isetnesses, fset werien the isetnesses, thaet beon imakede and (1) beon makebe *j (2) beon makede and (4) beon makede and (5) beon makede and (6) beon makede and (7) beon imakede and (8) beon maked and (9) beon imakede *j (10) beon imakede and (11) beon imakede and (12) beon imakede and beon to makien furj fan beon to makien fujig Jan beon to makien thurg than beo to makien, thurg than beo to makien, thurg than beon to makien, furg fan beon to makien thung than beon to makaen, thurg than beon to makien furg fan beo to makien, thurg than beon to makien furg fan beon to makien thurg than to foren ifeide raedefmen[5] ofer furj fe moare (1) to pojien ij-eibe (2) to foren ifeide 4) to foren ifeide 5) toforen iseide 6) toforen iseide (7) to fojien ifeide (8) to foren ifeide (9) to j:onen ij-eibe (10) to foren iseide (11) toforeniseide (12) toforeniseide jisedej-men. ofep fujij fe moane rsedefmen, other thurg the moare rsedefmen, other thurg the moare raedesmen, other thurg the moare raedesinen, o^er fur^ fe moare fiedefmen otheji thujrj the moane raedefmen, other thurg the moare naebej-men. of ep f unj f e moape raedesmen, other thurg the moare rsedesmen ofer furg fe moare raedesmen other thurg the moare 62 V. INTERLINEAR COMPARISON OF dsel of heom alfwo alfe hit if biforen (1) bael F heom alj-po alre hit y be ponen (2) dgel of heom alfwo, alfe hit is beforen W del of heom alfwo, alfe hit is biforefe (5) del of heom alswo, alse hit is before (6) del of heom alswo, alse hit is before (7) del of heom alfwo alfe hit is bifonen (8) dsel of heom, alfwo alfe hit is beforen (9) (10) bael dael op of heom heom, alj"po alswo alj"e alse hit hit 1 J is bijzonen biforen (11) dsel of heom alswo alse hit is biforen (12) dael of heom alswo alse hit is biforen ifeid. And fast aehc ojer helpe (1) ij*eib. (2) ifeid. (4) ifeide. (5) iseide. (6) iseide. (7) ifeid. (8) ifeid. (9) ijeib. (10) iseid. (11) iseid, (12) iseid, And And And And And And And and and J>aet aehc ojep. helpe thaet aehcother helpe thet sehcother helpe thet sehcother helpe ]?et aehc o^er helpe thet ech othep. helpe thaet aahc other helpe Jaet aehc o]?ep helpe thaet aehc other helpe J?aet aehc o)>er helpe thaet aehc other helpe Jaet for Jaet fop. thaet for thet for thet for Jet for thet fop thaet for ]?33t j:op thaet for J>aet for thaet for to done bi fan ilche oje ajenef alle men. (1) to bone bi }>am ilche oje agenej- alle men (2) to done bitham ilche other agenes aUe men (4) to done bitham ilche other, aganes alle men, (5) to done bitham ilche other, aganes alle men (6) to done bifam ilche o^e, aganes alle men (7) to done bi than ilche othe agenef alle men (8) to done bi them ilche othe, agenes aUe men (9) to bone bi Jam ilche oj?e ajenej- alle men (10) to done, bi tham ilche othe, agenes alle men (11) to done bi Jan ilche o]>e agenes alle men, (12) to done bi than ilche othe agenes alle men, ELEVEN EDITIONS WITH THE ORIGINAL. 63 Bigt for to done and (1) (m alle }>inge ]?9et) ogt pop to bone *j (2) [in alle thinge thaet) ogt for to done and (4) in alle thet heo ogt for to done, and (5) in alle thet heo ogt for to done, and (6) in alle fat heo 05 1 for to done, and (7) Rig t for to done and (8) rght for to done and (9) ogt pop to bone anb (10) [in alle thaet heo] oght for to done and (11) rigt for to done and (12) rigt for to done and to foangen. And noan ne nime of loande (1) to poangen. Snb noan ne mine op loanbe (2) to foangen. And noan ne mine of Loande (4) to foangen. And noan ne mine of loande (5) to foangen. And noan ne of mine loande, (6) to foangen. And none ne nime of loande, (7) to foangen And noan ne nime of loande (8) to foangen. And noan ne mine of loande, (9) to poangen. and noan ne mine op loanbe (10) to foangen. And noan ne mine of loande, (11) to foangen, and noan ne nime of loande (12) to foangen, and noan ne nime of loande ne of [6] egte. wher]?urg J)if befigte muge (1) ne op egtephsep. J'upg J>if beprgte muge (2) ne of egetewher thurg this befigte muge (4) ne of egetewher, thurg this befigte, muge (5) ne of egetewhere, thurg this besigte, muge (6) ne of egete, where]?urg ]?is besigte muge (7) ne of egte whenthupg this befigte muge (8) nor of egte-whser, thurg his befigte muge (9) ne op egteohseno Jmrg Jip bepigte muge (10) ne of eghteohaero, thurg his besigte, muge (11) ne of egte, wherejmrg Jis besigte muge (12) ne of egte, wherethurg this besigte muge 64 V. INTERLINEAR COMPARISON OF beon ilet o]?er iwerfed (1) beon ilet ofep. ipepj-eb (2) beon ilet other iwerfed (4) beon ilet other iwerfed (5) beon ilet other iwersed (6) beon ilet o^er iwersed (7) beon ilet othep. iwepfed (8) beon ilet, other iwerfed (9) beon ilet oj>ep. ipejaj-eb (10) beon ilet other iwersed (11) beon ilet or iwersed (12) beon ilet other iwersed on onie wife. And on ome prpe. on oniewife. on oniewife., on oniewise. on oniewise. in onie wife on onie wife. on ome pipe. on onie wise. on onie wise, on onie wise, And And And And And And And and and jif oni (1) jij: oni (2) gif oni (4) gif oni (5) gif oni (6) 2 " (7)3 (8) gif oni (9) ij: om (10) gif oni (11) gif onie (12) gif oni on on ojer onie o]?ep. onie ether onie ether onie ether onie o^Ser ni othep. onie other onie ome other onie o]?er onie other onie cumen cumen cumen cumen cumen cumen cumen cumen cumen cumen cumen cumen her onjenef^ we hen onjenej" pe her ongenes we her ongenes, we her ongenes, we her ongenes, we hep. ongenef, we her ongenes, we hep ongenej-, pe her ongenes WA her ongenes, her ongenes, we we we willen and hoaten J>aet alle j heaten ])aet alle and heaten, thaet alle and heaten, thaet alle & heaten, thaet alle and heaten, ]>at alle and hoacen that: alle and heaten thaet alle (1) pillen (2) willen (4) willen (5) willen (6) willen (7) willen (8) willen (9) pillen (10) willen (11) willen (12) wiUen vre treowe ure cjieope ure treowe ure treowe ure treowe ure treowe heom heom heom heom heom heom vpe tjieawe heom ure treowe heom j hoaten J>aet alle ure tpeop ope heom and hoaten, thaet alle ure treowe heom and hoaten, J>aet alle ure treowe heom and hoaten, thaet alle ure treowe heom ELEVEN EDITIONS WITH THE ORIGINAL. 65 healden (1) healben (2) healden (4) healden (5) healden (6) healden (7) healden (8) healden (9) healben (10) healden (11) healden (12) healden deadhche ifoan. And beablicheiptan. 7nb deadlichiftan. And deadlichistan. And deadlichistan. And deadliche ifoan. And deadliche ifoan. And deadliche. If than, and beablicheiptan. 7nb deadlicheistan. And deadliche ifoan, and deadliche ifoan, and for )aet poji >aet for that for thaet for that for )at fop thet for that i )aet br thaet for )aet for thaet [7] we (1) pe (2) we (4) we (5) we (6) we (7) we (8) we (9) pe (10) we (11) we (12) we willen )aet )if pillen )aet )ij* willen thet this willen thet this willen thaet this willen, )at this willen thet thif beo ftedefaeft and beo beo ftedefaeft beo ftedefaeft beo staedfast beo stedfaest beo ftedfeft 1 and and and and and willen thaet this beo ftedefefte and pillen J>aet J?if willen thaet this willen, ]?at \\s> willen, thaet this beo jrebepaej-t *j beo stedefaest and beo stedefaest and beo stedefaest and leftinde J . lejtmbe leftinde, leftinde, lestinde, lestinde, leftinde, leftinde, leptmbe lestinde, lestinde, lestinde, we (1) pe (2) we (4) we (5) we (6) we (7) we (8) we (9) pe (10) we (11) we (12) we fenden jew penben jep fenden gew fenden gew senden gew senden jew fenden jew fenden gew )if writ open ifeined penden senden yew senden gew senden gew this this this thif this )ij* this this Will) UJJCJJL J.1CJL.LLCU. W J.J/ pnit open ipeineb pi) Writ open ifeined with writ open, ifeined with writ open, iseined with writ open, iseined "'* wpit open ifemed with writ open ifeined with pjiit open ipeineb pi) writ open, iseined with writ open iseined wi) writ open isenied with 5 66 V. INTERLINEAR COMPARISON OF vre (1) ujie (2) lire (4) ure (5) ure (6) ure (7) vpe (8) ure (9) ujre (10) ure (11) ure (12) ure feel. r eel Seel feel, seel, seel, feel, feel feel seel, seel seel to halden to halben to halden to halden to halden to halden to halden to halden to halben to halden to halden to halden a mangef amanjej- J amanges gew amanges gew amanges gew amanges jew amangef amanges amanjej" amanges amanges amanges gew yew gew gew mehord. (1) me hojib. (2) ine Hord. (4) ine hord. (5) ine hord. (6) ine hord. (7) in e hond (8) ine hord. (9) me hojib (10) ine hord. (11) ine hord. (12) ine hord. Witnefle Witnes Witnes Witnes Witnes Witneffe Witnes vf feluen up peluen us feluen usfelven usselven usselven vf feluen wi felven set Lunden'. set Lunbsen. set Lundsenthane set Lundaenthane, set Lundsen, aet Lundaen, et Lunden', set Lundsen uj-j-eluen set Lunben' Witnesse usselven aet Lunden', Witnesse usseluen set Lunden' Witnesse usselven aet Lunden' Jane (1) >ane (2) (4) Egtetenje egteten)?e egtetenthe egtetenthe day. bay- day day (5) thsene egetetenthe day (6) J?aene egeteten^e day (7) thane egtetenthe day (8) thane egtetenthe Day (9) Jane egtetenje bay (10) thane eghtetenthe day (11) )?ane egteten]?e day (12) thane egtetenthe day on J>e on ]>Q on the on the on the on }>e on the Mon)e[8] of Octobr' mon]?e op Octobn. Monthe of Octobr, monthe of Octobr, monthe of Octobr, mon^e of October, monthe of Octobn' on the Monthe of Octobr, on ]?e monj?e oj: Octobji' on the monthe of Octobr', on ]?e monje of Octobr' on the monthe of Octobr' ELEVEN EDITIONS WITH THE ORIGINAL. 67 (1) In in >e >e Twoandfowertig)>e tpo -j popentig)e geare geane of op vre ure (2) in the two and fowertigthe geare of ure (4) in the two and fowertigthe geare of ure (5) in the two and fowertigthe geare of ure (6) in >e two and fowertig^e geare of ure (7) in the two and fowentithe geane of ure (8) in the two and fowertigthe geare of ure (9) in >e tpo 1 popentig>e geajre op une (10) in the two and fowertighthe yeare of ure (11) in >e two and fowertig)>e geare of ure (12) in the two and fowertigthe geare of ure cruninge. And j?if wef idon setforen (1) cnunnmge. (2) crunninge. (4) crunning. (5) crunning. (6) crunning. (7) cjiuninge. (8) crunninge. (9) cnunmge. (10) cruninge. (11) cruninge. (12) cruninge. And And And And And J>ij- pep ibon setponen thir wes idon setforen thif wef idon etfonen this wes idon aetforen J?ip pep ibon aetpojien ])is wes idon aetforen this wes idon aetforen vre ifworene redefmen. Bonefac' (1) une (2) ure (7) vne (8) ure (9) une (11) ure (12) ure ippopen ifworen ifwonne ifworen rpponene isworene isworene nsebepmen redefmen, jiedefmen E-sedefmen pebepmen, redesmen, redesmen : Bonepac. Bonefac. Bonefac' Bonefac Bonepac' Bonefac' Bonefac' Archebifchop anchebipchop Archebifcop Anchebifchop Archebifchop anchebipchop archebischop archebischop 68 V. INTERLINEAR COMPARISON OF on Kant'bur 7 . Walt 7 of Cantelow. Bifchop (1) on Kantenbun. paltep. op Cantrelop bipchop (2) on Kanterbur. Walter of Cantelop, Bifchop (7) on Kantenbupi 7 . Walt' of Cantelow Bifchop (8) on Canterbur, Walter of Cantelop Bifchop (9) on (11) on Kantejrbun'. Kanterbur 7 . palten op Walter of Lantelop Cantelop bipchop bischop (12) on Kanterbur'. Walter of Cantelop bischop on (1) on (2) of (7) on (8) on (9) on (11) on (12) on Wirecheftr 7 . [9] Sim' of pijiechejtn. Sim. of Wirechefter, Sim. of Wipecheftrn 7 , Sim' of Wirecheftr, Sim. of Sim' op Sim 7 of Sim' of Muntfort. Eorl on pinecheptn'. Wirechestr 7 . Wirechestr'. GQuntpont Montfort Muntfont Muntfort GDuntpont Muntfort Muntfort Gopl on Eorl on Eonl on Eorld on Gonl on eorl on eorl on Leircheftr*. Eic 7 of (1) Leincheftn. Eic. op (2) Leicheftre, Eich. of (7) Leipcheftn', Eic 7 of (8) Leircheftr, &c. (9) Leincheptn'. Eic' op (11) Leirchestr 7 . Eic' of (12) Leirchestr'. Eic' of Clar' eorl on Clan Gojil on Clare Eorl on Clajie Eojil on Elan 7 Gonl on Clar 7 eorl on Clar' eorl on Glowcheftr' (1) Glopcheptn. (2) Glochester (7) Glowcheptn' (9) Elopchej-tja' (11) Glowchestr' (12) Glowchestr' and on Hurtford'. j onHantponb. and on Hartford; and on Hujitfofid, j on and on Hurtford. and on Hurtford. Eog' Bigod Eogep. Bigod Eoger Bigod Eog' Bigod Eogep. Bigob Eoger Bigod Eoger Bigod ELEVEN EDITIONS WITH THE ORIGINAL. 69 eorl on Northfolk' and Marefcal (1) Gonl on Nojifpolk. *j GQajiej-cal (2) Eorl on Northfolk and Marefcal (7) Eopil on Nojithfolk and Mapefcal (9) Gojil on JSToji)>polk -j GQapepcal (11) eorl on Northfolk and marescal (12) eorl on Northfolk and marescal on on on on on on on Engleneloand'. Perref of Sauueye. (1) Gngle loanb. Pepnep op Sauueye. (2) Engleloand, Perres of Sauueye, (7) Engleneloand, Pejinef of Sauneye, (9) Engleneloanb. Pepnep op Sauveye. (11) Engleneloand. Perres of Sauveye. (12) Engleneloand. Perres of Sauveye. war pm. Will. Will' piir war Will' of Fort eorl on Aubem'. [10]Ioh' of Plefleiz. loh. Pleppiz John de Pleffe Job' of Plefleiz (1) op FOJTC Gojil on Subem. (2) of Fort Eorl on Aubem, (7) of Font Eojil on Aubem', (9) op Four Gonl on Subem'. loh' of Plerreiz (11) of Fort (12) of Fort eorl on Aubern*. Joh' of Plesseiz eorl on Warewik' loh' Geffreef fune. (1) Gonl on parepik. loh. Geppneeppune. (2) Eorl on Warwik, Joh. Geffer ees- fune (7) Eonl on Wanewik, Job' Geffneeflune, (9) Gopl on pajiepik'. loh' Ereppneeppune. (11) eorl on Warewik'. Job' Geffreessune. (12) eorl on Warewik'. Job' Geffreessune. Perref (1) Pepjiep (2) Perres (7) Penjief (9) Pejipep (11) Perres (12) Perres of Muntfort. op Muntpont. of Muntfort, of Muncefonr, op GOuntrfofit. of Muntfort. of Muntfort. of Grey. Ric, op Gney. Rich, of Grey, Eic* of Gney, Ric' op Einey. Ric' of Grey. Ric' of Grey. Rog' of Rojeji op Rog. of of Rojen op Roger of Roger of 70 V. INTERLINEAR COMPARISON. (1) (2) (7) (9) (11) (12) Mortemer. lamef of GQojatemep. lamep op Mortemer, lames of Mojitemen, Jamef of GQojitemejt. lamep op Mortemer. James of Mortemer. James of Aldithel Aldithel, Aldithel, Aldithel' Aldithel and setforen J setpofien and setforen and etfonen J aetponen and setforen and aetforen o]>re moge. [ll]And al on >o ilche (1) o)ne moge. Snd al on \Q ilche (2) othre moge. AND all on tho ilche (7) othpe moge. End al on tho ilche (9) o>ne moge. Snb al on \>Q ilche (11) ojre moge. And al on >0 ilche (12) othre moge. And al on tho ilche worden if ifend in to asunhce oj^re ehcire (1) pojiben ip ipenb into aujnchte o>jie p chine (2) worden is ifend in to aurichte othre Schire (7) wonden if ifend into eujiiche othpie fheine (9) (11) popiben worden ip ipend is isend in to in to aurihce oj>fie eeurihce o)?re phcine shcire (12) worden is isend in to aeurihce othre shcire ouer al J>8ere kuneriche (1) oueji al J?ap.e kunejiiche (2) ouer al thare Kuneriche (7) oueji al thejre Kuneniche (9) oueft al J?ajre kuneniche (11) ouer al faere kuneriche (12) ouer al thaere kuneriche on Engleneloande. on Gnjlene loanb. on Engleneloande on Engleneloande on Gngleneloanb on Engleneloande on Engleneloande And ek in tel Irelonde (1) 1 ek in tel Inelonbe. (2) and ek intel Irelonde. (?) and And ek in tel Inelonbe. (9) 1 ek in tel Ijrelonbe. (11) and ek in tel Irelonde. 12) and ek in tel Irelonde. 71 VI. Orthography and Pronunciation of the Old English Version. The Anglo-Saxon ]> is generally employed for the modern th, but th is found in Northfolk' 9 1 and Aldithel 10, both proper names. The Anglo-Saxon 5 is generally employed for the modern y> 9) ffh> but g is found in godes 1, igretinge 1, ^oo?e 3, GlowcJiestr* 9, ^o^' .Z%<9a? 9, Geffrees sum 10, 6rm/ 10, and also in the combination ng when representing (q) that is, ng in sing, as in Engleneloande 1, igretinge 1, fiinge 3, foangen 5, # manges 7, but as we have a-^enes 5, so we find on^enes 6. It is evident that this different use implies a different pro- nunciation. The g represented most probably (g), and 5 when final or medial (kh, &h, gh, gh) and when initial (j). The transcript of the proclamation either entirely into Roman or entirely into Anglo-Saxon characters, disguised this important difference. The diphthongal form se occurs in ilcerde 1, f>cet 2, dcel 2, stedefcest 3, stedefcestliche 4, cende 3, cehc 5, at 7, cetforen 8, cBurihce 11, pcere 11, and twice in rcedesmen 2, 4, which is also twice spelled redesmen 3, 8, implying apparently that ce was pronounced like e (e), as is natural in ilcerde, dcel, cende, cehc, ceurihce, rcedesmen, but seems affected in f>cet, stedefcest, stedefcestliche, cet, cetforen, f>cere, and similarly in the form wes for wees. These spellings may imply an affected thinness of utterance, which may have been more or less peculiar to the scribe. In the Cuckoo Song, we have the contrary tendency shewn in awe for ags. eawu, eowu, eaw, eow, modern ewe, nauer for never, and lomb for lamb. The form ae does not occur in the Cuckoo Song, Genesis and Exodus, or Hali Meidenhad. The following diphthongal forms occur, ea, eo, ew, oa. Ea is found in ileawede 1, healden 4, deadliche 6, "geare 8. The first word, as compared with the more usual lewede, shews that ea was occasionally used as (ee), that is, the 1 The numbers after any word or phrase refer to the original lines of the proclamation, as explained on p. 12. 72 VI. ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION modern ea in great, break, (see p. 17, note), a use which, became more common in later years. It may previously have been (eea) or (ee'), and perhaps the I in healden may have preserved the sound (ee'), thus (nee'lden). This divided vowel does not occur in the Cuckoo Song and seldom in Genesis and Exodus. It is not uncommon in Hali Meidenhad, which probably represents a Dorsetshire dialect. Thus eare, leare^, heaued, leaded, read, fcheawest, occur in the first page, against G. & E. eares, lere$, heued, lede$, rede, shewede. In these cases the spelling apparently indicates a different pronunciation. Eo and ew had probably both the same sound (eu) or (eeu), as in beo 3, beof> 2, beon 4, treowe 4, trcowfie 4, heo 4, heom 6, -^eiv 7. In eorl it may have been (ee'). As late as 1621, Dr. Gill (Logonomia, p. 15) says : "J2 raro preeponitur a nisi forte" sequatur r ; dicimus enim an Earl comes, ita vt a, aliquantulum audiatur .... (p. 16) earl mobilis ; apud alios enim diphthongus valet, hie erl" = (eerl), " auditur, illic erl" = (erl). Oa appears as a substitute for a as in loand-e-es 1, 2, noan 5, ifoan 6, Ihoauerd 1, moare 2, hoaten 6, foangen 5, which in several, but not all cases, became o. The orthography seems to indicate a transitional sound, which I assume to be (a) the broader sound of (a), which was ready to become (A) or (o), or else to revert to (a) in future times. Hond, lond are common forms in Chaucer and other writers of the four- teenth century, and it is shewn by their rhymes that they must have had the sounds (nond, lond), not (nand, knd). 1 The combination oa does not occur in the Cuckoo Song, nor in G. & E., nor in Hali Meidenhad apparently. It is possible that it may have represented a real diphthong, as it probably would have done at an earlier period. 1 Mr. Kichard Morris, editor of Alliterative Poems, Genesis and Exodus, Chaucer, etc., who has kindly favoured me with some remarks on the language of this document, ohserves here : " The oa seems to represent a sound between the Southern o (oo) and the Northern a (aa) = Anglo-Saxon a. E.g. Ihoauerd = Southern Ihouerd, Northern laverd. moare = ,, more, mare, hoaten hoten, haten. &c. = &c. &c. noan = non* ,, nun." \ OF THE OLD ENGLISH VERSIO: The combination ch occurs in ichosen 2, kuneriche 2, stede- fastliche 4, ilclie 5, deadliche 6, and the termination chestr 8, 9. There can be no doubt that it had its present sound (tsh). But it is spelled he in cehc 5, ceurihce 11, and as the termination of the second word is generally supposed to be a form of the first, it might be supposed that there was some reason for the transposition. That however it was mere accidental carelessness appears from comparing Hwttendon' schir' 1 with shcirell as sch bears the same relation to sc, that ch does to c, that is, the added h shews that the palatisation of simple c had generated (tsh), and of that of c preceded by s, or sc, had produced (sh), as in many English, German, and Italian words. Generally sch is used as in schutten 2, bischop 8. In the Prisoner's Prayer v. 4 we have also ihc. Dr. Gill gives (/tsh) as a South of England dialectic pro- nunciation of the pronoun I, in 1621, (ibid. p. 17.) The system of orthography employed is consequently simple and regular, and may with great probability be con- sidered as the normal orthography of the time (compare p. 11, 1. 18). Assuming the conclusions of my Early English Pronunciation, chap, v., the value of the letters will be nearly as follows : a long (aa), imakede, makien 4, rare; the Anglo-Saxon long a being generally written oa. Short (a), alle 1, common. CB long (ee), rcedesmen 2 ; short e, f>cet 2. c (k), cruninge, 8, rare, not found before e, i, being gener- ally replaced by ch. See ch, sch. ch (tsh), ichosen, 2. d (d) holde, 1. e long (ee), igretinge 1, redesmen 2 ; short (e), ilet 6 ; final, short (e), probably somewhat indistinctly pro- nounced, as in German meine erste liebtf, alle 1. ea long (ee), deadliche 6 ; diphthongal (ee') healden 4 ; possibly always diphthongal as (ea, eea). eo (eu), heo, beon 4, but possibly (eo). ew (eu), "^ew 7. f (f),freme3. 74 VI. ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION 9 (&) 9d e8 1 '> n t found before e, i ; see ng. 5 (gh) between vowels when following an accented vowel og en 4 ; (&h) after liquids (?) and before mutes, pur-^ 1, beside 3, 6 ; (j) beginning a syllable and fol- lowed by e, i, a^enes 5, ^eare 8. A (H) holde 1. Ac the same as ch. i vowel ; long (ii) witen 2, rare ; occasionally (ai), Henri 1, owe 6 where a c or has been absorbed ; short (i) king 1 ; consonant (dzh), loh* 10. j not used. (k) Duk 1, folk 2, rare. J (1) alle 1. /A (Ih) Ihoauerd 1. m (m) moare 2. n (n) pftftira 2 ; see w#. n^r (q) ^tw^r \, foangen 5 ; distinct from n% = n + 5- o long (oo), d!0w 3 ; short (o), Ao/^e 1, folk 2 ; written for oa in Irelonde 11. oa long (00), mo0r0 1 ; short (0) loandes 2, but possibly diphthongal, as (oa, ooa). P (p) bischop 8. (th) f>ur-& 1, treowpe 3, /m^e 3 ; (dh) feet 2, o/^r 2, fe 2, /, and one word occurs in both forms as vre rcedesmen poet beoj> ichosen 2, and po isetnesses pcet beon imakede and beon to makien 4. The imperative iviten ge 2, is remarkable. The Southern genitive plural in -ene occurs in the name of the country Engleneloande? The pronouns are nom. we 1, ge 2, heo 4, accusative and dative vs 7, -&ew 7 (not eow\ heom 6. The definite article is sing. nom. pe 2, dat. and ace. pan 5 ; dat. fern. f> cere 11, pi. nom. and acc./o 4, 11, dat. and acc./e would be written e%tete]>e, A. S. eahta-teo^e. In the Northern dialect achtetende, and in Midland e^tetenthe, compare our double forms tithe and tenth, A.S. teo]>e tenth." 2 Mr. Morris says : " In later works we have Engle and in Chaucer Engleland is a word of three syllables." And with regard to another Southern form, he observes : " The A.S. -lice = -liche. In the Northern dialects it is -like, -lik, or -ly Chaucer has -liche and -ly." And with respect to the plural hise, he adds, " In the Southern and Northern dialects, his has no plural when used adjectively." VII. DIALECT AND GRAMMAR. 77 junction, f>cet% stands for the modern that which or what, pcet is the relative plural, f>cet$ the neuter article. * The adverb in -e is shown in the phrase stedefcestliche healden 4. The adjectives have generally a definite form in -e, as f>e moare dcel 2, and also a feminine singular and a plural form in -e, as on onie wise 6, yf oni of>er onie 6, Old Fr. se nul v mis. The infinitive and gerund both generally end in -en, but to done, the full form, occurs twice in line 5. 1 The present participle has the southern form -inde, as lestinde. The i- prefix seems rather vaguely put in igretinge 1, ifoan 6. In ileaicede 1, the i seems to have been added by a sort of attraction from ilcerde. In ilestinde 3, the initial i appears to be an error, as the second time that this word occurs it is corrected into lestinde 7. In the phrase wherf)ur% pis besi^te mu^e beon ilet 6, mu-^e seems to be a subjunctive form. 2 For the etymological and grammatical relations, explana- tions of obsolete words, extensions of the contractions, and observations upon each word of the proclamation, see the Glossarial Index, X. 1 Mr. Morris says: "The gemndial form was retained as late as 1340 in tnaki-en-e. "We have it in to done, but not in tofoangen" 2 The following additional observations are due to Mr. Morris : "Ilcerde, ikawede 1 ; the final e as sign of plural is retained in the past participle of weak verbs as iseide 3, etc. In strong verbs it is sometimes omitted as in ichosen 2." [In which case the word is used predicatively, ] "It is retained in isworene 8," [where the word is used attributively, and in modern High German, the e would be used in the latter but not in the former case.] " Wor\nesse 3 fern., in and on govern accusative and dative. Of God-e 3, of governs dative, nom. God, com- pare of ]>e loande 3. Freme 3, A.S. freme, feminine, for governs dative and accusative. Of \e loande 3, loand is neuter ; of governs dative and we naturally expect of \an ( = of }>ain) loande, compare bi \an ilche o]>e 5, where t governs dative, and e in ilche represents an older -en for -urn; e in o]>e is the dative inflexion, nominative o]>, A.S. alp. Ine hord 7. This form of the preposition is used in the Ayenbite of Inwyt. Vs seluen 7 the dative used reflexively. Word is properly a neuter, and has word for the plural; warden 11, is properly a dative plural (en=um}. The article ]>o shews that worden is the accusative plural." 78 VIII. PRESENT AND FORMER TRANSLATIONS, VIII. Present and Former Translations considered, with Illustrative Remarks. I. 1 Henr* j>ur- godesfultume, Henry, by the grace of God; Old French, Henri par la grace deu. Somner, (Latin,} Hen- ricus Dei adjutorio, (English) Henry, by God's help. Henry, Henry through God's support. Craik, Henry through God's help. There seems no reason for altering the set phrase, Dei gratia, sanctioned by the French, and used by Marsh, Regel, and Koch. Hearne's fulcume is of course a misprint. Tyrrell's fiiltome is probably only a mistake, not a correction, though this form does occur as a Saxon word. 1. King on Engleneloande, king on or over Angles' land, i.e. king of England. Old French, Key de Englet're. Som- ner, (Latin) Rex Angliae, (English) King of England. Henry, king of England. Craik, Marsh, Hegel, and Koch prefer the unusual phrase "King in England." We have had many kings in England who were not kings of England. The French de shows the precise meaning of the English on in this place and afterwards. HenshalFs correction of the MS. on into ou, (p. 39, note 2) which he evidently reads as ov, that is of, is simply ludicrous. He indeed refers appa- rently to some paper in Mr. Thomas Astle's library, but he has evidently confused the written u, n, which are not usually distinct in old MSS. 1. Lhoauerd on Yrloand', Lord on or over Ireland, Lord of Ireland. Old French, Sire de Irlande. Craik, Marsh, Regel, and Koch again use in. Now Lord Palmerston was a lord in Ireland (not in England), but certainly was not lord of Ireland. Latham's Ihoaurd seems to be a clerical error. The initial Ih is not unfrequent at this time, and corresponds to ags. hi, hlaford. Similarly in the Cuckoo Song, Ihud, Ihoup correspond to ags. hlud, hlotcan. This initial was pro- bably (Ih) in ags. It may be doubtful whether the sound remained (Ih) in English, but it certainly was also (1) in parts of the country, as the form of the word is loiierd, lowered in Genesis and Exodus. Dr. Eapp assumes the 1 These numbers refer to the line or lines of the MS. in which the passages occur, as shewn by the bracketed numbers on pp. 19, 21, 23. WITH ILLUSTRATIVE REMARKS. 79 ags. form to have been (khl). The three forms (khl, Ih, 1) are precisely similar to the North Welsh (khwip) ; the South Welsh (whip) for chwip, the same as the general English (whzp) ; and the Southern or rather London (wip) for (wlup). For the oa see supra p. 72. The use of u or v for ags. / in this, as in other words, seems to indicate that this / between vowels was pronounced as (v) at an early period. The use of -erd for -ord, perhaps points to an early indistinct utterance of the final syllables in ags. 1. Duk on Norm 1 on Aquitairi and eorl on Anioiv, Duke of Normandy, of Aquitaine, and earl of Anjou. Old French, Due de Normandie, de Aqui'en, et Cunte de Angou. Here the French final -en for -aim in Aquitaine, is noteworthy as indicating a double pronunciation (ain, een) at this early period. The orthography of Anjou is remarkable ; Tyrrel gives the modern form, Somner and Rymer have Aniou, Somner, in his English translation, reads Anjoy, and the original is Anioiv, while the French gives Angou. Should then g in French words be occasionally pronounced dzh in English, even before a, o, u, as Angou (Aundzhuu) ? Simi- larly gayler in Chaucer (Knightes Tale, 206) ? At a later period e was inserted, or g became/. 1. Send igreetinge, sends greetings, Old French saluz, in the plural but without a verb ; Somner (Latin) salutem mittit (i.e., dicit) in the third person singular ; (English) Greeting, only, leaving send untranslated ; Henry who following Tyrrel reads most extravagantly send I greting, translates, sends greeting, as does Craik. As the preamble proceeds to use the third person singular we should have expected sendep. It is possible that sendep contracted into sendp, assimilated J> to t, as we know that J> was assimilated in the Orrmulum, (com- pare " and for)>edd te )>in wille," in the address to Walter,), and then on account of the difficulty of pronouncing sendt, altogether omitted, so that send represented the third person. Compare ilet for ileted line 6, and isend for isended in line 11, and the Anglo-Saxon form he sent. Marsh, Regel, Koch, all translate send as if it were the third person singular. It is only Henshall that ventures upon "send I greeting to 80 VIII. PRESENT AND FORMER TRANSLATIONS, all his, &c.," (p. 40). Igretinge would appear from the French to be a plural form, and the initial i seems super- fluous. At a later time -inge was the termination of the participle -inde, but the e was not properly added to the verbal noun in -ing. 1. to alle hise /wide ilcerde and ileawede on Huntendon' schir', to all his lieges, learned (i.e., clerical) and lay in Huntingdon Shire, Old French, a tuz ses feaus Clers et Lays, with no mention of the county. Somner, Hearne, and Henshall give the vowel in holde as o, but Rymer has halde. See p. 12, on the difficulty occasioned by the MS. letter. In place of ileawede, which is not a common form, Somner and Rymer give ilaepeb, omitting the inflection. Hearne's ileamede has an especial note " sic " placed against it, but it is distinctly wrong. Latham's ilewerde looks like a misprint, and as Koch has the same error, there seems to be no doubt that he followed Latham, trusting that the latter had critically re- vised the text. 2. fiat iciten ge wel alle ficet ive willen and vnnen }>cet. ficet we rcedesmen alle oper pe moare dcel of heom pazt beof> ichosen pur-^ us and pur&pcet loandesfolk on we kuneriche. hablep idon and sc/mllen don. That know ye well all, that we will and grant, that that which our councillors, all or the greater part of them, that have been chosen by us and by the people of the country of our kingdom, have done and shall do. Old French, Sachez ke nus uolons et otrions ke ce ke nostre con- seil v la greignure partie de eus ki est esluz par nus et par le co'mun de nostre Reaume a fet v fera. The Burton French version has " ke est eslu par nus ou par la commune," where the ou must be an error, as it would imply that the council had not been elected partly by the king and partly by the commons, but either by one or the other. Somner in his Latin version correctly translates vnnen feet, feet as " conce- dimus ut quod," but in his English he has "grant that which," and similarly, Henry, who omits the first p&t, has " grant, what." Regel has "verfiigen, dass alles was," where the alles is superfluous ; Marsh has more correctly, " grant that what." To leave out the that, is to make the king grant WITH ILLUSTRATIVE REMARKS. 81 what the council ordered, but the English will be really found defective in all those translations which omit that. As to the use of f>cet for that which, compare Matth. xx. 14, where the Anglo-Saxon version is, nim pcet pin ys, and the authorized version has, Take that thine is, though the elder Wycliffite version has Take that that is thine, with the variation Take thou the thing e that thine is, while the late "Wycliffite version has the variation Take thou that thing that is thine. The Douay, translating the vulgate, totte quod tuum est, has take what is thine. The full form, we willen . . . f>cet pcet pcet vre r cedes- men . . . habbep idon, using the word pcet three times in succession in three different senses, seems to have been too much even for such a document as this, pat beof) ichosen, should be " that have been chosen," as Regel and Koch give "welche erwahlt worden sind," although the icorden might have been omitted, as in the Old English. The old French " Ki est esluz" quite implies this. Somner's Latin quifuerint electi is correct, but his English " that be chosen," which is the phrase used by Henry and Craik, and Marsh's more dis- tinct " which are chosen," are incorrect for modern English. J3urg us, by us, has been translated " through us" by Henry and Craik, and Eegel and Koch also use durch ; the French however has distinctly " par nus," and there seems no reason for falsifying the modern expression in order to imitate the ancient, poet loandes folk, the old French gives simply le com'un, but Somner in his Latin has a gentis plebe, in his English "the People (or Commons)," with an explanatory note that he means " the Common People." (Supra, p. 29, note 2.) Henry gives land-folk, Craik land's folk, Marsh land's people, which are not translations at all, and the ideas which such expressions convey to modern ears, are incorrect. Regel and Koch have Landesgemeiw^e and Landesgemeiwe, neither of which seem to be quite correct. It is clear that the loandes folk meant all except the king. The nation con- sisted of two parts, the king and all others. These others were not merely the " common people" or gentis plebs as Somner calls them, although they included these. " Le Commun " comprised the nobility and gentry as well as the 6 82 VIII. PRESENT AND FORMER TRANSLATIONS, commonalty, and in fact consisted mainly of the nobility. In the letter of the Commons to the Pope, Rymer i., 373, partly quoted in p. 2, note 1, this "commun" is called : " Commu- nitas comitum, 1 procerum, magnatum, aliorumque regni," and in the king's letter to Mansell supra, p. 3, the second half of the Council is denominated " alios duodecim fideles nostros electos ex parte ipsorum procerum" and in the proclamation of the 4 Aug. 1258, supra p. 5, Henry is said to have consented to the appointment of the Twenty-four " a la requeste de nos hauz hommes et prodes hommes e du comun de nostre reaume," the last words giving the full translation of poet loandes folk on vre kuneriche, and we know that the plebs had nothing to do with this " request," as the stringent compul- sion is mildly termed. Hence it seems best to translate the phrase by one which embraces the whole of the people in the country with the exception of the sovereign. Regel translates pur~g pcet loandes folk by "durch diese landesgemeine," making pcet demonstrative, but the French, par le co'mun, shows that it was simply the definite article. 3. in pe worpnesse of gode and on vre treoivpe. for pe freme of pe loande, in or to the honour of God, and in furtherance of our allegiance, for the benefit of the country ; Old French, al honur de deu et nostre fei et pur le p' fit de nostre Reaume. Somner, (Latin,) in honorem Dei, and fidelitatis qua nobis obligantur intuitu, pro bono gentis ; (English,) for the honour of God and of their allegiance to us, for the benefit (or amendment) of the land. Henry, to the honour of God, and our allegiance [he omits the on before vre treowpe~\, for the good of the land. Craik, in the honour of God and in our truth (allegiance) for the good of the land. Marsh, to the honour of God and in allegiance to us, for the good of the land. Regel and Koch, zur Ehre Gottes und in der Treue gegen uns, zum besten des Landes. The prepositions in, on, for are varied, and I have tried to give the force of each in the translation. This saving clause was of importance. Henry agreed to obey the barons, provided they decreed 1 In the copy in the Annales de Theokesberia (Ann. Mon. p. 170), we have communitatum for comitum, which must he an error. WITH ILLUSTRATIVE REMARKS. 83 nothing contrary to religion (to secure the clergy), nothing which interfered with his own feudal power, and nothing which was not intended for the good of the kingdom in general. Hence the Twenty-four had to swear that they would decree " al honur de Deu, e a la fei le rei, e al profit del reaume" (see the oath, supra p. 7). Hence also the king in his letter to Mansel (supra p. 3), states that he had granted that there should be a reformation of the kingdom "ad honorem Dei, fidem nostram, et utilitatem regni nostri," and the proclamation of 4 Aug. 1258 (supra p. 5), talks of " les establissemenz, les queus il [lavant dit conseil] ferunt al honur de Deu e nostre fei e au profist de nostre reaume." Again, in Henry's letter to his brother the king of the Romans, asking him to take the oath, 4 Nov., 1258, Royal Letters, p 132, we have : " Yerum quia tantae necessitati ne- cessario convenit subvenire, providimus ut ad honorem Dei, necnon ad fidem nostram et regni nostri utilitatem, corri- gatur, melioretur et reformetur status regni nostri supra- dicti." By these passages the meaning of every word is established, worpnes, ags. weorSnes, was honour, not worthi- ness, so Chaucer's knight was "a worthy man/' i.e. an honourable man, Cant. Tales, 43. treowpe was the faith, fei, i.e. fidelity of the subject to the prince, allegiance, "our allegiance," meaning the fidelity due to us. freme was profit, utility, advantage generally. 3. ]pur% pe besi^te of pan to foreniseide redesmenl by the provision of the aforesaid councillors. Old French, sicum il (le conseil) ordenera. Somner, (Latin) per consilium ante- dictorum consiliariorum (eo nomine scilicet), which is not very intelligible ; (English,) by the advice or consideration of our aforesaid counsellors. Henry, through the determi- nation of those before said counsellors. Craik, through the business (act) of those toforesaid counsellors. See besi^te in the Glossarial Index. 3. beo stedefast and ilestinde in alle pinge abuten cende, be stedfast and lasting in all things ever without end. Old French, seit ferm et estable en tuttes choses a tuz iurz. The king had been often made to assert this eternity and invio- 84 VIII. PRESENT AND FORMER TRANSLATIONS, lability of the decrees of the Council, which his object was to defeat, and from which the king of France and the Pope finally freed him. Thus in the letter to Mansel (supra p. 3), he says : " Promiserimus .... quod reformationem et ordinationem . . . ratam habebimus et ipsam faciemus teneri et inviolabiliter observari." And in the proclamation of 4 Aug. (supra, p. 5), he says : " nos averum ferm e estable quanqe lavant dit conseil .... fera, et coman- dum fermement qe touz nos feaus e nos hommes ausi laient e saient tenuz fermement garder touz les establissemenz." The words abutan cende are written a butan cende by Regel, who, as well as Koch, translates, " immer and ohne Ende," and Marsh has, " time without end." See the remarks, supra, p. 47. Somner gives abutan cende as sine fine in his dictionary. The MS. writes the word abuten without any separation. 3, 4. And we hoaten alle we treowe in f>e treoivfie pcet heo vs o-gen, and we call upon all our lieges in the allegiance that they owe us. Old French, Et comandons et enionions 1 a tuz noz feaus et leaus en la fei kil nus deiuent. Somner, (Latin] et precipimus omnibus fidelibus nostris, per fidem (vel, fideli- tatem) quam nobis debent ; (English,} and we command all our liege people in the fealty that they owe us. Henry, and we enjoin all our lieges, by the allegiance that they us owe. Craik, And we enjoin all our lieges, in the truth (allegiance) that they us owe. The per fidem and by the allegiance (Marsh by the faith, Hegel and Koch bei der Treue) seem to be erroneous; the king does not conjure them by their alle- giance, but orders them, expecting them to obey, in conse- quence of their allegiance. In Henry's letter to the com- munity of the Island of Oleron, (at the mouth of the Charente, in Aquitaine,) which is the first document in the patent roll of 43 Henry III. he uses the same phrase, in Latin, Vobis mandamus, in fide qua nobis tenemini firmiter in- jungentes. Compare the old French enionions, and in the 1 The Burton version reads " comanduras e amonestums," command and ad- monish, instead of command and enjoin (supra p. 25), but the old English has only one word, hoaten , which may be translated, command or enjoin, at pleasure. WITH ILLUSTRATIVE REMARKS. 85 letter to Mansel (supra p. 3) vobis prcecipimm firmiter injun- gentes in fide qua nobis tenemini. 4. pcet heo stedefcestliche healden and swerien to healden and to werien po isetnesses pcet beon imakede and beon to makien pur-g pan to for en iseide rcedesmen oper pur^ f>e moare dcel of heom alswo alse hit is biforen iseid, that they stedfastly hold and swear to hold and to defend the acts that have been passed or shall be passed by the aforesaid councillors, or by the greater part of them, as it has been before said. Old French, kil fermement teignent et iurgent a tenir et a maintenir les establissemenz ke sunt fet v sunt a fere par lauant dit Cunseil v la greignure partie de eus. en la maniere kil est dit desuz. Somner, (Latin) ut firmiter observent et observare (vel, observaturos se) jurent et tueri, consulta quae ab ante- dictis Consiliaris, sive a majori ipsorum parte, facta et facienda sunt, sicut praedictum est ; (English), that they stedfastly hold, and swear to hold [or keep] and to defend [or maintain] the statutes [or provisions] which be made, or shall be made by those aforesaid Counsellors, or by the more part of them, also as it is before said. Henry ', that they steadfastly hold and swear (here he reads weren) to hold and to maintain (here he reads swerien) the ordinances that be made and be to be made, through the before said counsellors, or through the more part of them also, as it is before said. Cratk, that they steadfastly hold, and swear to hold and to defend the ordinances that be made and be to make through the toforesaid counsellors, or through the more part of them, also as it is before said, alswo alse means all so as, precisely as, en la maniere ke. Marsh, Eegel, and Koch are correct. Somner is right in his Latin and wrong in his English, Henry points the passage wrongly, and entirely misappre- hends the force of the alswo. Craik points correctly, but translates wrongly. Koch points wrongly, but his transla- tion often disagrees with his text, see p. 35. Henry follow- ing Tyrrel has interchanged swerien and werien, reading weren (also a mistake) and swerien, but translating rightly. Politically this was the important clause of the proclama- tion. The oath itself which they had to take has been given 86 VIII. PRESENT AND FORMER TRANSLATIONS, above, p. 7. It is alluded to clause by clause in the next lines of the proclamation, which have been thoroughly mis- understood by our English translators. Great virtue was and still is attached to these political oaths. Formerly the Pope had to be persuaded to annul an oath which it was inconve- nient to keep, and in this case he did absolve the king and his subjects from their oaths to obey the ordinances of the council (except so far as the interests of the church were concerned), by bulls dated 13 April and 7 May, 1261, Eymer i., 405, 406. In modern times, a new revolution, and " the force of circumstances " dispenses with the papal dispensation. Up to this point there was not much room for the trans- lators to go astray, as the copies, although full of minor errors, were sufficiently correct for them to divine the sense. The next few passages swarm with extravagant mistakes. 5. And f>cet cehc ofier helpe ficet for to done U pan ikhe ope a-genes alle men. Ri-^tfor to done and to foangenl and that each help the other so to do by that same oath, against all men, doing and receiving justice. Old French, et kil sentre- eident a ce fere par meismes tel s'rment cunt' tutte genz. dreit fesant et p'nant. In the words of the oath itself: Sumus tenuz ensemble par tel serment, e promettuns en bone fei, ke chesun de nus et tuz ensemble nus entre eiderums, e nus e les nos cuntre tute genz, dreit fesant, et rens pernant ke nus ne purrum sanz mef fere [= mefaire] salve la fei le rei et de la corune (supra p. 7). The king also orders Mansel to act " sub debito juramenti nobis praestiti " (supra p. 3). The sense is therefore clear. The whole people were to swear not merely to obey the council, but to assist each other to make the council obeyed, acting against 1 any that were refractory, and in doing so they would be doing what was right or the law of the land " dreit fesant," or, as the English has it, they were to act thus in order to do what was right, Ri-^t for to done. Then follows an expression which is slightly more difficult ; not only would they be might mean, respecting, towards, like the German gegen ; but the French cuntre, both in the proclamation and the oath, points to against as the proper meaning. WITH ILLUSTRATIVE REMARKS. 87 (fesant) but receiving (p'rnant, pernant, parnant, modern pre- nant) justice ; or, in the English, they should act thus not only to obey the law, but to receive their legal rights, JRi^t for to foangen ; meaning that it was only by so doing that they could fulfil their duties towards the sovereign, and therefore be under the protection of the law. This interpre- tation is confirmed by Henry's proclamation of 2 May, 1262, Rymer i. 419, after the final defeat of the barons, wherein he reassumes his sovereign power, and says : " Nos . . . tibi prsecipimus quod . . . scire facias universitati comitatus prae- dicti, quod cum omni securitate et confidential /ws^Vzm obti- nendi jus suum authoritate nostra prosequantur" The oath, however, varies this second phrase, and says, " and taking," or, as Mr. Luard translates pernant, undertaking, " nothing which we are not at liberty to take without violating our allegiance to the king and the crown." The Burton version (supra p. 25) here departs very widely from the two Patent Roll versions, " E ke il se entremettent a co fere par memes cest serment encuntre totes genz dun fesant et pernant," that is, and that they should interfere in doing this by that same oath against all people, doing and receiving gift ; and as this is nonsense, Mr. Luard translates " that they take upon them- selves," a new sense of sentremettre, " to do this, by this same oath, against all persons giving and taking a bribe," as if they were only to act against those who were bribed, a sense which the French will not bear, as fesant et pernant could not refer to totes genz. The Burton version is clearly cor- rupt, and has led its translator into a scrape. Pauli having conjecturally corrected his text by the French, Hegel and after him Koch and Marsh translate correctly ; thus, Hegel, recht zu thun und sein recht zu empfangen, Koch, Recht zu iiben und zu empfangen, Marsh, right to do and to receive. Even Henshall, who consulted the MS., reads " rght [sic] for to done and to foangen," and translates "right for to do and to fang." But Somner and the Record Commissioners having read " ogt;" for Rvgt were in great straits. The passage in Rymer, using Roman charac- ters, is : " And J?3et sehc o]?er helpe J?aet for to done, bi Jam 88 VIII. PRESENT AND FORMER TRANSLATIONS, ilche o]?e agenes alle men ogt for to done and to foangen." If this passage can have any meaning ogt must be a noun and must therefore represent the Anglo-Saxon oht, aht, meaning aught, anything, or the A.S. oht> fear ; and the passage might have been translated : " and that each help the other to do that, in virtue of that same oath, against all men, in order to do and to receive fear or anything \ " But the translators seeing o^en in line 4 thought of o^t for aht, preterit of agan, and considered it to be the same as the modern English ought. 1 Somner then reading ogt 2 could only think of helping himself out of the difficulty by sup- posing that some words were missing, and hence supplies in alle pinge feet, so that, his passage runs, And pcet cehc oper helpe pcet for to done U pom ilche ope agenes alle men in alle pinge pcet ogt for to done and to foangen, which, although untranslatable, he ventures to translate thus : "Et quod unusquisque, vigore ejusdem juramenti, contra omnes homines in omnibus turn faciendis, turn recipiendis, ut id ita fiat et observetur, alter alteri sint auxilio." Surely the writer of an Anglo-Saxon dictionary must have had great qualms of conscience before he could have ventured to translate, in alle 1 In Genesis and Exodus, line 1, we have Man off to luuen flat rimes ren, fte wisseft wel fte logede men, " one ought to love that verses sound, that teacheth well the lewed men." On which Mr. Morris says, " off, another form ofagh, =ow = ought." And again 197 And for hise sinne oc he to munen, Sat moste and leiste him ben benummen, " and for his sins he ought to remember, that greatest and least things have been taken away from him." Also 15, Christene men ogen ben so fagen so fueles arn quan he it sen dagen. " Christian men ought [to] be as glad, as birds are when they (he^ see it dawn." In 924 Mr. Morris in his Glossary makes bi-agt ought, should, but the passage seems corrupt, Abel primices first bi-gan, And decimas first abram ; Nu ist so boden and bitagt, Quo-so his alt him bi agt. " Abel first began first fruits, and Abram first tithes, now [it] is so ordered and taught, who so his . ..." a syllable is missing, and the line is unintelligible. Mr. Morris suggests halt holdeth for alt. 3 How it was possible to read Ogt for Ev&t has been already explained, p. 13. WITH ILLUSTRATIVE REMARKS. 89 fringe pcet ogt for to done and to foangen, as "in omnibus turn faciendis, turn recipiendis," that is to take feet ogt as the English that ought, and for to done as the English to be done, instead of to do. Somner's English version is still more mysterious than his Latin, for he says : " and that they each other assist the same to perform, according to that same oath, against all men, both for to do, and cause to be done," where ogt now seems to be taken as both, and foangen as to cause, the words to be done, being supplied "aus der Tiefe seines Bewusstseins," and what they were to do or cause to be done being enveloped in a mystery certainly unusual in stringent proclamations. Henry is if anything rather worse, for, not being satisfied with Somner's insertion, he reads, and thet cehcother helpe thet for to done bitham ilche other, aganes alle men in alle thet heo ogt for to done, and to foangen, having not only ogt for Ri'&t, but putting the plural heo as the nominative to the singular ogt, (which should have been 05 ufi. It required a bolder man than the one who first eat an oyster, to translate the result ; but the editors buckled themselves to the task, and this is the remarkable result. Somner's passage, in ordinary type, is, And noan ne mine of loande ne of egtewhcer purg pis besigte muge beon ilet oper iwersed on onie wise ; which he renders : Et (quod) nullus sive de terra (vel, gente) mea, sive quacunque alia per consilium hujus- modi (hujus scil. consilii obeundi causa) impediatur, sive damnum patiatur, ullo modo." Or in his English version : " and none neither of my land, neither from elsewhere may for this be hindered or damnified l in any wise.'* Most con- siderate of the king to say that no Englishman, or foreigner should be injured by obeying the council ; but certainly not very intelligible. Nor is it clear how egtewhcer could mean sive alia, from elsewhere, or why mine of loande, should mean of my land. So at any rate seems to have thought 1 This was the translation which misled Tyrrel. See supra p. 31, 1. 16, and n. 2. WITH ILLUSTRATIVE REMARKS. 91 Dr. Latham, as lie boldly reads of mine loande, without, however, giving any notice of this transposition. Henry, after Tyrrel, reads, And noan ne mine of loande ne of egete- wher, thury this besigte, muge beon ilet other iwersed, on onie- rvise, and translates : " And none either of my land, nor of elsewhere, through this business, may be impeded or damaged in any way/' putting interlinearly, ne either, mine of of my, loande land, ne nor, of of, egetewher elsewhere. One is re- minded of the theological student, who being required to trans- late word for word, and having only a knowledge of the au- thorized version, said, 0i?/M? there went out, ef?)X0e a fame of him (Luke iv. 14). Craik, going to the Record Commission, read, And noan ne mine of loande, ne of eghteohaero, thurg his besigte, muge beon ilet other iwersed on onie wise, and emulating Henry, translated : " And none, nor of my land nor elsewhere, through this 1 business may be let (hindered) or damaged in any wise." Of course when the i is undotted it is difficult to distinguish 'mine' and 'nime/ but all readers of MSS. are prepared for this, and will generally read correctly at a glance, and we have seen (supra p. 13, 1. 25) that there was not even this excuse in the present instance, as the manuscript has nime, with a distinctive flourish over the i Hearne has rightly 'nime,' but Hen- shall fell into mine. For the extraordinary forms e-^tewhcer pur^, e-^etewhere thurg, e-^teohcero fur%, I am unable to account, as the MS. is perfectly clear and distinct, and the separation of the words is in this particular case indicated by a period. Possibly the minds of the editors were so warped by the mistake mine for nime that these frightful forms, meaning nothing in any language under the sun, were con- jectural emendations (!) If so they should be a warning to all conjecturers. The French would have set all right, but only Pauli made use of it (see p. 9, note 1). It is strange that the translators should not have seen the utter absurdity of making the proclamation, which is, in reality, highly penal, declare that, first, no subject, and, secondly, that no foreigner, was to be damnified by it. 1 This translation shows that Craik's his besigte was a misprint for this besigte. 92 VIII. PRESENT AND FORMER TRANSLATIONS, 6. And yj oni opcr onie cumen her on-genes? we willen and hoaten ficet alle vre treowe heem healden deadliche ifoan. And if any person or persons oppose this provision, we will and enjoin that all lieges hold them as mortal enemies. Old Ft*ench, et se nul v mis viegnent encunt' ceste chose nus uolons et comandons ke tuz nos feaus et leaus le teignent a enemi mortel. Or, as the oath says (supra p. 7) : E si nul fet encuntre ceo, nus le tendrums a enemi mortel. And again referring to this portion of the oath, the king of France in his award, cancelling the provisions of Oxford, says, 22nd January, 1863, (Rymer i. 434) : " nee propter non observantiam praedictorum debeat aliquis alterius capitalis vel aliter inimicus haberi." Misled, perhaps, by onie wise at the end of the last sentence, the English translators were possessed with the idea that onie must be the feminine singular, and not the plural of all genders, which had of course the same form then as it still has in modern high German. Hence they conceived that the words oni oper onie must relate to any one in the masculine, or any one in the feminine, that is, any man or woman. They did not pause to consider the absurdity of the mention of women as having the least political significance in a proclamation 600 years old ! Having overcome the two preceding para- graphs, they were prepared to admit any nonsense under the hand and seal of a king, and approved by his governing council. Again the editors having calmly received the monstrosities egtewher, egetervhcere, e^teo/icero into our lan- guage, did not find it very terrible to admit another, equally strange, and so were satisfied, Somner and the Record Com- mission with beablicheij-tan, and Henry after Tyrrel with deadlichistan. They seem to have thought it a form of superlative ; barbarous indeed, but what could you expect in our language 600 years ago, when Anglo-Saxon was broken up, and we had only a corrupt jargon spoken by the peasantry ! We know better now, perhaps ; but then Somner read : And gif oni oper onie cumen her ongenes rce willen and hoaten pcet alle ure treowe heom healden deadli- cheistan, translating, " Et si quis, sive vir sive fremina, huic AVITH ILLUSTRATIVE REMARKS. 03 (edicto) contravenerit, volumus et mandamus ut omnes fideles nostri eos habeant infensissimos." Or in his English version : "If any man or woman oppose them against, we will and command that all our liege people them hold for deadly enemies." Henry, reading almost the same, translates : "And if any man or any woman cometh {cumen!} them (= her /) against, we will and enjoin that all our lieges them hold deadly foes." Craik has : " And if any man or any woman come them against, we will and enjoin that all our lieges them hold deadly foes." It is curious that the last words of Henry and Craik did not suggest the right reading deadliche ifoan, which is given by Hearne, and is, of course, correctly restored by Pauli from the French, so that Marsh, Regel and Koch have not made these extraordinary blunders. Henshall quietly puts a period at deadliche., and transforms ifoan into If than, which he places at the beginning of the next sentence. On the origin of the misreading istan for ifoan, see supra p. 14. In Somner's, Henry's, and Craik' s transla- tions, observe that her on-genes encunt' ceste chose, against this provision, besi^te, is translated " against them." This must clearly have referred in their minds to those who were not to be damnified by this decree ! Thus the sense, as the}'' seem to have conceived it, was : Every one is to assist each other against all men, and no one, whether English or foreign, is to be injured by this ordinance, but all who oppose them, are to be considered deadly enemies ! How astonished would be the bold and clever barons who concocted this pro- clamation, if they could only know that such utter nonsense had been seriously attributed to them ! 6, 7. And for feet ice willen jbcet pis beo stedefcest and lestinde i 7 we senden %ew f>is writ open iseined ivif> vre seel, to halden a manges "gew inehord. And because we will that this should be stedfast and lasting, we send you this letter patent signed with our seal, to hold among you in the treasury. Old French, et pur ce ke nus volons ke ceste chose seit ferme et estable i' nos enueous nos lettres ou'tes scelees de n're seel en chescun Cunte a demorer la entresor. Here the French introduces the fact, mentioned only in the note at the end 94 VIII. PRESENT AND FORMER TRANSLATIONS, of the English, that the proclamation was sent into each county. The Record Commission, followed by Pauli, who corrected the English by the French but did not venture to correct the French by the English, here exhibits nos GiueonSy a false Saxonism, the origin of which is explained on p. 12, 1. 14. Instead of scelees the Burton version has aselez, that is, both French versions read sealed instead of signed. Henry translates sealed, perhaps because he could only refer the word sign to writing a name, instead of merely making a distinctive mark. The ags. senian, segnian, was properly to mark with the sign of the cross, the common mark still used by those who cannot write ; the Latin signum (crucis) having penetrated with the Christian religion through the whole Germanic languages. The g therefore was lost thus early in English, giving rise to iseined = (isaured). In Dutch sein also exists. In high German Segen, segnen = (szee^lren, szeeylrnen) to bless, retain the g. Somner in his Latin has : " sigillo nostro signatum. ;" but in his English : " signed with your seal," an evident misprint. Ine hord seems to mean, in the muniment room or strong box, where the county archives or records were kept or were supposed to be kept ; see p. 7, n. 2. 7, 8. Witnesse vs seluen cet Lunden'. pane E-^tententfie day. on f>e Monpe of Octobr' In fie Twoandfoiverti^pe -^eare of vre cruninge. "Witnesses ourselves at London, the eighteenth day of the month of October, in the two and fortieth year of our reign. Coronation is employed, because the regnal years were reckoned from the day of coronation 28 Oct. 1216, and not from the death of King John, 19 Oct. 1216. Old French, Tesmoin Meimeismes a Londres le Disutime lur de Octobre Ian de nostre regne Q/raunte Secund. The form meismes is not plural, as we see by meismes tel s'rment above ; Burton version, memes cest serment, although a final s is not usual in this word, which Roquefort derives from maxime and Diez from a Latin semetipsimus for semetipsissimus, see Diez Rom. Gram. vol. ii. p. 421, 2nd ed. The common Latin form of attestation at the time was teste meipso. It is singular that the French version, written throughout in the WITH ILLUSTRATIVE REMARKS. 95 first person plural, should have here fallen suddenly to the first person singular, mei meismes. The old English, more consistent, gives the plural form, witnesse vs seluen, where witnesse seems to be meant as a plural, though isetnesses would have led us to expect witnesses. Witnesse is however also used as a singular, Stratman, p. 651. Henry, Witness ourself at London, the eighteenth day of the month of October, in the two and fortieth year of our crowning. It is observable that Henry, giving an interlinear version, and following a misprint of TyrreFs, makes Lundcenthane one word a remarkable form of London, and that he has there- fore had to supply the word the before eighteenth, without any original. Also he doubles the n in crunning, and omits the final e. "When such little care was taken to reproduce the old spelling no wonder that its meaning was not appre- ciated, and that it should have been stigmatized as irregular and confused terms, which applied in greater force to the printed than to the manuscript text. 8. And pis wes idon cetforen vre isworene redesmen 10, and cetforen of>re mo-^e, And this was done in the presence of our sworn councillors .... and in the presence of other kinsmen. Old French, Et ceste chose fu fete deuant .... here follow the names only, without any mention of their being the names of councillors, and without the epithet sworn, or the final remark. Somner (Latin), Hoc autem gestum fuit coram juratis consiliariis nostris . . . et coram aliis pluribus ; (English) and this was done before our sworn counsellors .... and before others moe. This aliis pluribus, "others moe," is Somner's last effort as a translator ; the passage has been already considered in reference to mo-^e, p. 15. The names appended have been shewn (p. 16,) to be partly those of the Council of Fifteen, and partly those of the Twelve sent to form a parliament with the Fifteen. From the expression sworn it is probable that they all took an oath resembling that of the Twenty- four, already given (supra p. 7.) 11. And al on f>o ilche warden is isend into ceurihce opre shcire ouer al f>cere kuneriche on Engleneloande. and ek in tel Irelonde. And in exactly the same words it has been sent 96 VIII. PRESENT AND FORMER TRANSLATIONS. into every other shire throughout the kingdom of England, and also in till Ireland. This addition, though evidently not a part of the proclamation, and introduced by a paragraph marked 5F> is in the same handwriting as the rest, and is placed in a line below the proclamation, not as a marginal note. See Tyrrel's remark upon it, supra, p. 31-2. It may appear, perhaps, that too much space has been devoted to exposing the extraordinary errors of our English translators. But it seems important that the degree of reliance which we can place upon such well-known editors of Anglo-Saxon and Early English, as Somner and Hearne, or upon such a work as the Record Commissioners' should be ascertained in a crucial instance, where proof is easy, brief, and crushing. It is also well to know how boldly (to use a mild term) translators venture upon impossibilities, and how content they are to publish nonsense as a translation, without any explanation or justification. Have we any reason to suppose that the editing of this proclamation has been excep- tionally bad ? It is only too much to be feared that the opposite is the fact ; that much of the older reprints of Early English manuscripts is only to be looked upon as an index, shewing us where we are to seek materials, and that those who attempt to build with the rotten bricks they furnish, will only waste time and thought in erecting an edifice which the first earthquake of accurate investigation will infallibly demolish. 1 Let us rejoice that editors, on whose work we can rely, now exist, and that the Early English Text Society has opened a channel for the diffusion of their labours. li cannot be too much insisted on that what is at present wanted in an edition of any Early English work, is not a conjectural text, however cleverly it may be formed, 2 1 See Rev. W. Skeat's remarks in the preface to his addition of "Lancelot of the Laik" upon the errors in Mr. Stevenson's edition. The following italics represent some of these errors, the roman letters giving the corrections: -fatil, fatit ; unarmyt, enarmyt ; can here, cam nere ; rendit, vondit ; refuse, reprefe ; felith, setith ; vyt, rye/it ; cumyng, cunyng ; ane desyne, medysyne ; born, lorn ; Hymene, hyme ; such, furth ; chichingis, thitbingis ; etc. 2 Pauli and Regel have heen, on the whole, happy in their conjectures, having had the guidance of a French translation, but Somner has utterly failed, and Henshall is purely ridiculous. IX. CONTEMPORARY SONGS. 97 but a diplomatically correct presentation of the best manu- script or manuscripts which exist 1 with conjectural emenda- tions relegated to the footnotes, or given in a separately printed text, as in Mr. Collyer's Shakspere, or the corrected text of the Pr isoner's Prayer (infra, p. 104) . Our editors and our critics are yet in the learning stage, and they have to complete their studies by careful examination of original documents. Hereafter the time may come, and, if the study of Early English, so well begun in our schools, prospers as we could wish, we shall not have to wait long, when school texts will be required which will give, not all the various forms from which the critic has laboriously to make his choice, but the one form of any dialect, which criticism has determined to be most probably correct. Then it will be proper to correct the errors of the original and to adopt a uniform orthography for each dialect and period. Till then we must strive to put the actual letters of our old writers into as many hands as possible in the clearest and most legible form. Any presentation of those ancient documents from which the forms of our language have to be acquired, that contains unnoticed or unexplained departures from the original, even if they only embrace extensions of contractions, alterations of orthography, or the correction of what the editor at the time believes to be manifest errors, is a literary fraud, which cannot be too severely reprobated. IX. Contemporary Songs. The question which has been raised as to whether the language of the proclamation was or was not older than the language used by the people at the time it was issued, al- though it might seem to be decided by the fact that the pro- clamation was meant for the people and would have entirely failed in its object, if, when the sheriffs read it out (p. 7, note 1 The source whence any text is derived should be carefully stated. It is strange that such a scholar as Koch, for example, should have given a copy of this proclamation without naming his authority. Henry, Latham, and Koch absolutely introduce a whole phrase into the text without hinting that it waa not in the original. 7 98 IX. CONTEMPORARY SONGS. 1), the people had not comprehended, yet is best answered by producing decidedly popular verse of nearly the same date. It will therefore not be out of place to exhibit here the well- known Cuckoo Song from the Harleian MS. 978, to which Sir F. Madden assigns a date anterior to 1240, and the Pri- soner's Prayer (from the Liber de Antiquis Legibus, Record Room, Town Clerk's Office, Guildhall,) which is probably earlier than 1274. 1 That the language of the Proclamation should be stiffer was to be expected, just as a royal proclama- tion now-a-days is stiffer than a pastoral song or a devotional lyric, but the language will be seen to be in all essential points the same. In the Cuckoo Song, we have one decidedly French word, u e r t, probably borrowed from the chace, the Norman's delight, and the words cuccu, stert are not found in Anglo-saxon, but the first is onomatopoetic, and the latter is Teutonic. The Prisoner's Prayer has prisun, which however, belongs to Anglo-saxon times, and i p e 1 1, a word of uncertain origin, but thoroughly Saxonized. Otherwise the whole language of both is Saxon, with the same final e answering all purposes of a final vowel. The Cuckoo Song was originally written in English, and the music is adapted to the English words ; it is, however, accompanied by a monkish Latin hymn, which perhaps gave it admission into a monk's common place book, as the Harl. MS. 978, may be described. The Latin has nothing to do 1 These songs will be considered with especial reference to their date and pro- nunciation in my Essay on Early English Pronunciation, chap. v. The hand- writing of the Prisoner's Prayer is precisely similar to that of the Cuckoo Song. The Cuckoo Song has been correctly printed by Bitson (Ancient Songs, first edition, 1760, p. 3), and incorrectly printed and translated by Hawkins (History of Music, 1786, vol. ii. p. 93), and Burney (History of Music, 1782, vol. ii. pp. 405-412). The two latter give interpretations of the music, which is the oldest catch or canon known. Mr. "William Chappell (to whom I am much indebted for information on this subject) has given a facsimile of the MS. as the frontispiece to his Popular Music of the Olden Time, together with Mr. G. A. Macfarren's setting of the same, and has many interesting remarks upon it. The Prisoner's Prayer has never been printed, and is not even mentioned by T. Stapleton in his transcript of the Liber de Antiquis Legibus for the Camden Society, 1846, nor by H. T. Eiley in his translation of the same (Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriffs of London, 1188 to 1274, London, 1863). The present edition is from a careful transcript made by myself, and the proof has been read with the original. IX. CONTEMPORARY SONGS. 99 with the English, and has no words corresponding to the Pes or Burden. In the following copy the Early English is printed strictly from the original, but is broken up into lines as indicated by the rhymes, and the conjectured pronuncia- tion 1 is given in an adjoining column. At the foot of the page are added a verbal translation, and the text of the Latin Hymn already named, in the old spelling, the lines being separated by dashes, with a verbal translation. The Prisoner's Prayer was originally written in French, and the musical notes were adapted to the French only. The English words are written under the French, but often spread beyond them, blank spaces being left in the music. The writing seems to have been left uncorrected, as not only are the final French words, et Jor et doint ioye certeyne, and the corresponding English, left without music, and in v. 39 of the French a word required for the metre has been erased, without any other being substituted for it, but several evident errors occur. Thus v. 4 s h o 1 y e, which is no word at all, has been written for t h o 1 y e, v. 6 of for of, and v. 31, 44 blifce for bliffe. This last error makes one almost suppose that the scribe was a Nor- man ; at any rate, the Norman French and Early English are in the same handwriting, and the other errors may arise from the scribe not being used to write English. Thus we have h a b b e t v. 13, for h a b b e t h, which stands for h a b b e }> , and possibly the use of t h, g h, or y h for }>, g is due to the same cause. The use of ct for gt, the omission of the h in w o f v. 23, w u v. 42, 2 and its occasional insertion in huf v. 37, 38, 40, 41, are found in other MSS., as is also the use of d for \ in v. 7 fod, v. 30 ded felled, v. 31 had, v. 34 lasted. In v. 13 the scribe wrote for othre habbet mif nome, thinking, probably, that he 1 In the Conjectured Pronunciation of the Cuckoo Song and Prisoner's Prayer (i) has been used in lieu of (i) which was employed in the proclamation, partly for convenience in printing, aud partly owing to the uncertainty which necessarily attends the determination of such minute shades of difference as that of (i, ). But my own opinion is that (i} always prevailed in England. 2 Wo for who occurs in R. Gloucester, p. 215, 1. 20, and in the Seven Sages, ed. T. Wright, Percy Society, 1845, 1. 1093, p. 38. 100 IX. CONTEMPORARY SONGS. had reached the end of the line, and then detecting the omission of the word ben which should have preceded, he subjoined it. That habbej? ben mifnume is the proper order appears from the metre and the rhyme to fume v. 11 ; at the same time the writer evidently forgot an and at the beginning of v. 14, which is wanted for grammatical con- struction, metre, and music. It appears to me that v. 9, thar ich in am, is a similar transposition of tharin i c h am, and probably also v. 30 should be dej> fellej? him, in place of ded him felled. In v. 34 buten on ftunde contains a syllable too much for the music, and so probably b u t e on should be used, the form b u t e occurring in the Ancren Riwle. In v. 4 we have i h c for the usual ich, a transposition also found in the Proclamation. Y. 42, in thof liue go wn fit. go., is evidently erroneous, whether we read w n or w u, which would be indis- tinguishable in the MS., and is difficult to correct. The first g o seems to be an error of the same kind as in v. 13, where the last word was written too soon and then the remainder of the line subjoined. This view is confirmed by the evidently erroneous period after fit, which shews that the writer thought he had reached the end of the line, and then dis- covering his mistake inserted the last word. But in thof liue wu fit go is nonsense, because fit is a sub- stantive and requires the preposition i n before it, see the passages cited sub syt in Mr. B. Morris's Glossary to the Alliterative Poems, published by the Early English Text Society. Hence I suppose wn to stand for wo in, so that the line may have been inthofe liue wo in fit go, which has a superfluous syllable, unless we omit the final e in liue, or read wo 'n. We might indeed suppose fit to be an error for fie, and then in would not be required, so that, in thof liue w u f i c go would fill all the required conditions. The use of w o or w u as the pure relative referring to h u f in the line before, is the earliest example of this use, being fully a century prior to the "Wicliffite versions, which contained the earliest instance formerly known. The occurrence of that IX. CONTEMPORARY SONGS. 101 in v. 43 as the apodosis to s w o in v. 41, would have ren- dered the intermediate use of that in v. 42 extremely awkward, and even embarrassing, and may have led to the employment of w u in the present case. Following the rule of diplomatic accuracy, the French and English texts are given below literatim as in the MS., with the exception of the extended and italicised contractions, but broken into verses as indicated by the rhymes, and into stanzas as pointed out by the paragraph marks. A cor- rected text is furnished in a third column, in which also ]? are restored, and the omission of the final e, when necessary for the metre, indicated by an apostrophe. A fourth column gives the conjectured pronunciation, and verbal translations of the French and English are subjoined at the foot of the pages. These verbal translations will supersede the necessity of any lengthened remarks on the language. In the Cuckoo Song, the only obsolete words are 10 uerteth apparently from French vert, feuille ou branche verte, Roquefort : " mettre des chevaux au vert," is still used for " to turn out horses to grass;" and 14 fwik ags. swican, to deceive, cease, offend. In the Prisoner's Prayer the list is longer. 3 f y c h e ags. sican, to sigh. 4 t h o 1 y e ags. J>olian, to suffer. 6 r i c h e ags. rice, a kingdom. 11 feren pi. of fere ags. fera, gefera, a companion. 11 fume ags. samod, somod, together. 13 mifnome, past part, of misnimen, ags. mis- and niman, to take, mifnume is a more usual form. 16 bale ags. balew, beal, balo, evil, misery, modern baleful. 17 hale ags. haelu health. 17 bote ags. bot, remedy! 19 woning ags. wonung, waning, decrease, injury; wana, deficiency and deficient. 24 i p e 1 1 for ipilt, ipult, cast, thrust, see pp. 14, 74, on the interchange of i, e, u short. Mr. Morris thinks the original form of the word was iput, thrust, cast, " the I being intrusive," and says that the verb put is found in this sense in the Homilies before A.D. 1200, gif ]?u me puttest in ]?et eje = if thou thrust est me in the eye. Muller (Etm. WT). d. Eng. Spr. sub put) also thinks that putte, pulte, are identical. Stratman (Diet. p. 444) gives examples of pulte, pilte, pelte. Gen. & Ex. 2214, $o bre^ere 102 IX. CONTEMPORARY SONGS. seckes hauen lie filt, And in euerilc ^e siluer pilt, they have filled the brothers sacks and put the silver in each. The origin of put, pult is uncertain. Danish putte to put, pulte to break in two, which Molbech (Dansk Ordbog) refers to pult a clod. No corresponding words in Icelandic or Swedish. 26 h i 1 1 e ags. hell, hyll, hell, grave. Mr. Morris prefers con- sidering h i 1 1 e to be the same as ille, evil, vile, with an erroneously prefixed h. As p r i s u n is masculine, he ob- serves, that if h i 1 1 e were the correct reading, we should require prisunes hille. He does not recollect the use of hille for grave in any early English author. 27 hope to have confidence in, ags. hopian to Gode, to trust in God. 28 biliue ags. belifan, to remain, ftighe ags. stigan, to ascend. 32 rathe ags. rse^e, quickly. 33 mid ags. mid, with. 33 i w i s s e ags. gewisse, certain, mid i w i s s e is used adverbially as to w i s s e, the dat. being used after the proposition. 34 b u t e n ags, butan, without, except. 37 rewfing ags. hreowsung, repentance, the re- pentance of God being mercy. 39 m i 1 s e ags. mildse, mercy. 42 fit is apparently the Old Norse sut, dolor, mcestitia, morbus, according to Biorn Haldorsen, who refers it to sott morbus, the verb is at syfo = dolere, angi; sit occurs in Ormin 4852, see Stratman sub sit ; it is of course difficult to distinguish from fie in most MSS. but in this, c, t are generally quite distinct; sik is used in the same sense in Genesis and Exodus, v. 1239. 43 ey and o, compare ever and o, Mapes, 340, ed. T. Wright. o is the same word* as a, ever, so that e y and o means for ever and ever. See Stratmann's Diet. p. 14. 44 eche ags. ece, eternal. In the amended text, v. 20, bring en is used for bring e be- cause all the other infinitives in the poem end in en, as manen 2, werchen 41, habben 44, although the n was often dropped, v. 5, pine swete name, would be the usual form. v. 24, 25. gilt, ipilt have been adopted as the best forms, Mr. Morris prefers gult, ipult, where u stands for ags. y or i. v. 26 Mr. Morris's ille has been adopted, v. 35, in bare the e is in- flectional, but is necessarily omitted for the metre. 103 THE CUCKOO SONG. From the Harleian MS. 978, fo. 10*. Early English Original. Svraer if icumen in. Lhude fing cuccu. Groweth fed and blowef med and fpringf ]?e wde nu. Sing cuccu Awe blete]? after lomb. Ihou]? after calue cu. Bulluc flerte>. bucke uertej? Murie fing cuccu. Cuccu cuccu Wei fingef }m cuccu ne fwik J>u nauer nu. Pes. Sing cuccu nu. Sing cuccu. Sing cuccu. Sing cuccu nu. Conjectured Pronunciation. Suu-mer is ikuirmen in. Lhmrde siq, kuk-kuu- ! Groou'eth seed, And bloou-eth meed, 5 And spriqth dhe uud-e nuu. Siq, kuk-kuu- ! Au-e bleet-eth af-ter lomb, Lhoouth af-ter kal-ve kuu. Bul-uuk stert-eth, 10 Buk-e vert-eth, Merie siq, kuk-kuu ! Kuk-kuu- ! kuk-kuu- ! Wei siq'es dhuu, kuk-kuu* ! Nee swik dhuu naver nuu. Pees. Siq, kuk-kuu-, nuu ! Siq, kuk- 15 kuu- ! Siq, kuk'kuu- ! Siq, kuk-kuu nuu! Verbal Translation of the Early English. Summer has come in, Loudly sing, cuckoo ! Grows seed, And blossoms mead, And springs the wood now. Sing, cuckoo ! Ewe bleats after lamb, Lows after (its) calf (the) cow. Bullock leaps, Buck verts (seeks the green), Merrily sing, cuckoo ! Cuckoo, cuckoo ! Well singest thou, cuckoo, Cease thou not never now. Burden. Sing, cuckoo, now ! sing, cuckoo ! Sing, cuckoo ! sing, cuckoo, now ! Latin Hymn to the same notes. Perfpice Xp'icola. que dignacio. celicus agricola pro uitif vicio. fiho non parcenf exposuit mortis exicio Qui captiuos femiuiuos a supphcio vite donat et secum coronat in cell folio. Verbal Translation of the Latin Hymn. Behold, Christ- Worshipper (Christi- cola) What condescension ! From heaven The husbandman For the fault of the vine, His son Not sparing has exposed To the destruction of death, Who the captives Half-alive From punishment Gives to life, And crowns with him In heaven's throne. 104 THE PRISONER'S PRAYER. From the Liber de Antiquis Legibus, Guildhall, London, fol. 160i. Norman French Original. I. Eynf ne foy ke pleynte fu ore pleyn danguffe treffu trop ai mal et contreyre Sanz decerte en prifun fui. car maydez trefpuif ih0/u. duz deuf et deboneyre. II. Ih<9/u crift veirf deu ueirf horn. prenge vuf de mei pite. Jetez mei de la prisun v le fui atort gete. lo e mi autre compaignun dens enfet la uente. tut pur autre mefprifun fumes a hunte liuere. 10 14 Early English Translation. I. Ar ne kuthe ich forghe non. nu ich mot manew miw mow. karful welfore ich fyche. Geltles ihc sholye muchele fchame help god for thiw fwete name kywg of heuene riche. II. Jefu crift fod god fod man louerd thu rew vponme of pnfun thar ich in am briwg me vt and makye fre. Jch and mine feren fume god wot ich ne lyghe noct for othre habbet mif nome ben in thyf prafuw ibroct. III. Sire d0uf ky af mortels ef de pardun ueine. fucurez dehuerez nuf de cefte peine. III. Al micti that wel lictli of bale 17 if hale and bote. heuene king of this woniwg 20 vt vs brmge mote. Verbal Translation of the Norman French. I. Once (I) knew not what affliction was, Now, full of anguish, tormented (tres sue), Too much (I) have (of) ill and misfortune. "Without guilt in prison am (I), "Wherefore help me right soon (tres puts) Jesus, Sweet God and gracious. II. Jesus Christ, true God, true man, Take you pity on me, Cast me from the prison, "Where I am wrongfully thrown. I and my other companion, God knows of it (en sait] the truth, All for other mistake (in mistake for others), Are delivered to shame. III. Sire God, Who to (aux) mortals art Of pardon source (veine), Help, Deliver Us from this paio. PRISONERS PRAYER. 105 Corrected Text. I. Ar ne kuj?' ich serge non, Nu ich mot manen min mon. Karful wel sor' ich siche. 3 Giltles, ich folie much'le schame. Help, God, for fin' swete name, King of hevene riche. 6 II. Jesu Crist, sof God, soj? man, Lhoverd, rew ]?u upon me ! Of prisun farin ich am, Bring me ut and makie fre ! 10 Ich and mine feren sume, (God wot, ich ne lige nogt,) For ofr' habbef ben misnume [And] in fis prisun ibrogt. 14 III. Almigti, fat Wligtliofbal' Is hal' and bote, 17 Hevne king ! Of fis woning Ut us bringen mote. 20 Conjectured Pronunciation. I. Aar ne kuuth itsh sorghe noon, Nuu itsh moot maa-nen miin moon. Kaarful- wel soor itsh siitsh-e. GilHes, itsh thoo'lie mutsh'le shaa-me. Help, God, for dhiin swee'te naa'me, Kiq of nee'vene riitslre. II. Dzhee'su Krist, sooth God, sooth man, Lhoverd, reu dhu upon- mee ! Of priisuun- dhaarin* itsh am, Briq me uut and maa-kie free ! Itsh and mirne fee'ren suu-me, (God wot, itsh ne lii-^he nokht,) For oo'dhr- -ab'eth been mis- nuu-me [And] in dhis priisuun* ibrokht'* III. Almi^h'ti, dhat Wel liflit-lai of baal Is naal and boo'te, Heevne king ! Of dhis woo'niq- Uut us briq-en moo-te. Verbal Translation of the Early English (corrected text}. I. Erst not knew I sorrow none, Now I must moan (ags. mcenari) my moan. Ful of care right sorely I sigh. Guiltless, I suffer much shame. Help, God, for thy sweet name, King of heaven's kingdom. II. Jesus Christ, true God, true man, Lord, rue thou (have mercy) upon me ! Of (the) prison wherein I am, Bring me out and make (me) free ! I and my companions (plural here, singular in the French) together (God knows, I not lie nought), Have been for others mistaken, i.e. wrongfully taken, [And] in (to) this prison brought. III. Almighty, that Well easily of harm Is healing and remedy, Heaven's king, Of this affliction May (he) bring us out. 106 PRISONER S PRAYER. Norman French. Pardonez. et affoylez. icel' gentil fire. 23 si te pleft par ki forfet nuf fuffruw tel mar tire. 26 IV. Foufeftkefeafie en cefte morten uie. ke tant nuf contralie. Et v nad fors boydie. 30 Ore eft hoem en leefle et ore eft en triftefce ore le ganft ore blefce fortune ke le guie. 34 Y. Virgme. et mere au fouerein. ke nuf leta de la mayn al maufe ki par euayn nuf ont treftuz en fun heim a grant dolur [et] peine. 39 Eequerez icel feigner ke il par fa grant dulcur nuf get de cefte dolur. v nuf fumus nuyt et Jor et doint loye certeyne. 44 Early English. Foryhef hem the wykke men god yhef it if thi wille for wof gelt we bed ipelt in thof pnfun hille. IY. Ne hope non to hif Hue her ne mai he biliue heghe thegh he stighe ded him felled to grunde. Nu had man wele and blifce rathe he ihal thar of mifle. worldes wele midywiffe ne lasted buten on ftunde. Y. Maiden that bare the heuen king bifech thin fone that fwete thing that he habbe of hus rewfing and bring hus of this woniwg for his Muchele milfe. He bring hus vt of this wo and huf tache werchen fwo in thof liue go wn fit. go. that we moten ey and o habben the eche blifce. Verbal Translation of the Norman French, continued. Pardon And absolve Him, gentle sire, If (it) thee please, By whose crime We suffer such martyrdom. IV. Mad is (he) that has confidence In this death in life (mort en vie,) Which afflicts (contralie = contrarie, Roquefort) us so much, And where (there) is nothing but deceit (et ou w'0=il n'y a, hors = q\ie, boydie = boisdie voisdie, from versutia). Now is man in joy, And now (he) is in sorrow, Now him heals (guerit], now wounds, Fortune who guides (guide] him. V. Virgin and mother to the sovereign Who cast us with his (la, lit. the as in modern French) hand To the devils (aux malfaits), who through Eve (Evairi) Have us right all (tres tous) on their hook (heim, haim, hain Latin hamus, modern hame$ori) In great grief and (supply et, wanted for the construction, metre, and music, the word originally written has been erased,) pain. Beseech that Lord, That he by his great sweet- ness (doucettr) May cast us from this grief, Where we are night and day, And give (donne) sure joy. PRISONER S PRAYER. 107 Corrected Text. Forgef hem pe wikke men, God, sifitisfi wille, 23 For whos gilt We beof ipilt In fis prisun ille. 26 IV. Ne hop' non to his live ! Her ne mag he bilive. Hege f e$ he stige, Def fellef him to grunde. 30 "Nil haf man wel' and blisse, Kaf ' he schal f arof misse. Worldes wele, mid iwisse, Ne lastef but' on stunde. 34 V. Magden, fat bar' \ e hev'ne king, Bisech fin son', fat swete fing, pat he habb' of us rewsing, And bring' us of this woning, For his muchele mildse. 39 He bring' us ut of this wo, And us tache werchen swo, In f is liv' who in sit' go, pat we moten, ag and o, Habben fe eche blisse. 44 Conjectured, "Pronunciation. Forjeef- Hem Dhe wik-e men, God, jif it is dhai wil'e, For whoos gilt "We beeuth ipilt' In dhis prii-suun il*e. IV. Ne Hoop noon too His lii've ! Heer nee mai nee bilirve. Heklre dheekh He stii-^he, Deeth fel-eth nim to grund-e. Nuu Hath man weel and blis'e Kaath ee shal dhaarof mis*e. World'es weel-e, mid iwis*e, Ne last'eth buut oon stund'e. V. Maid- en dhat baar dhe seevne kiq Biseetsh' dhiin soon dhat sweet'e thiq, Dhat He nab of us reusiq/, And briq us of dhis woo-niq; For nis mutsh-el'e mil'se. Hee briq us uut of dhis woo And us taatsh'e wertslren swoo, In dhis liiv who in siit goo, Dhat we moo-ten, ai and oo, Hab-en dhe eetsh-e blis'e. Verbal Translation of the Early English (corrected text), continued. Forgive them The wicked men, God, if it is thy will, For whose guilt "We (have) been thrust In (to) this vile prison. IV. Let none have trust in his life ! Here may he not remain. High though he rise, Death fells him to (the) ground. Now hath one weal and bliss, Suddenly he shall miss thereof. (The) world's weal, with certainty, Lasteth not but one hour. V. Maiden, that bare the heaven's king, Beseech thy son, that sweet thing, That he have of us pity, And bring us out of this affliction, For his great mercy. May he bring us out of this woe, And so to act teach us, "Who in this life walk in affliction, That we may, aye and ever Have the eternal bliss. 108 X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. X. Glossarial Index. The numbers after the words refer to the lines in the original MS. as shown by the bracketed numbers on pp. 19, 21, 23. The letters a, b, c, etc., after the numbers, refer to the first, second, third, etc., occurrence of the word in that line. The pronunciation in palaeotype is given on the same pages. For the obsolete words in the Cuckoo Song and Prisoner's Prayer, see p. 101. ABBREVIATIONS. ags. Anglo-Saxon. ofr. Old French Version, chr. Anglo-Saxon chronicles, orm. Ormulum. Ingram' s edition. p. page of this essay. Col. Coleridge's Glossarial Str. Stratmann's Dictionary ; Index. the number refers to ge. Genesis and Exodus. the page. A a, 7. probably a mere error of the scribe, being part of the following word manges, which see. p. 14. abuten, 3. = a buten, ags. orm. a ever, and ags. butan, orm. buttan, butenn without, Hegel therefore writes a buten, and translates immer und ohne, ever and without, p. 47. ofr. a tuz iurz. p. 13, 47, 84. Str. 14, sub a. SB when used, p. 71. sehc, 5, another way of writing ceck, p. 73, ags. celc, orm. ilk, ge. ilc, each, not to be confused with ilche, which see. In the phrase pcet cehc oper helpe, 5, cehc appears to be the nominative, and oper the dative, as in ge. God him helpe weli mot, may God help him richly, 2528 ; Hegel, dass jeder dem anderen helfe. modern, let them help each other, ofr. kil sentreeident. sende, 3. end, ags. cende, ende. orm. ende, the ae and e are often confused, compare rcedesmen, redesmen, below. Str. 178, sub ende. set, 7, at, ags. cet, ge. at. a northern dialetic form, p. 75. here constructed with the dative, cet Lundene. ofr. *z Londres. Str. 33, sub at. X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. 109 setforen, 8, 10, prep, in the presence of, ofr. deuant, ags. atforan coram ; a northern form, p. 76. Str. 33, sub atforen. aeurihce, 11 every, not in ags. nor orm. ; ge. euerik, euerilk. the orthography means the same as ceuriche, p. 73. the final e marks the ace. fern, agreeing with shcire. agenes, 5 prep, against, ofr. cuntre, ags. agen, ongen, ongean; p. 86, n. 1, ge. agen, agenes 538, 541. a gen. form whence our against with inorganic t like d in sound. Str. 25 sub on^aenes. al, 11 a. adv. entirely, precisely, altogether, al on fo ikhe warden, precisely in the same words ; ge. and wur'S ^is weder sone al stille, and this weather became soon entirely still, 3059. lib. adj. all, undeclined, used before the article and adjectives, otter al ficere kuneriche, over all the kingdom. There is a similar construction in modern high German. Aldifel, 10, ofr. Audithel, Rymer i. 373, Audel. p. 71. Modern Audley, in Staffordshire and Essex, and Audley Castle in Downshire: a Sir James Audley was one of the first knights of the garter. alle, adj. all, ofr. tuz 2 a, b, 6, nom. pi. 5, ace. pi. after to, in, hoaten. ge. 874, nom. pi. alle he ben ^Sor to gronde brogt, all they are there brought to ground, ruined; 895 dat. pi. Habram gaf him >e tig^e del Of alle is bigete, Abram gave him the tenth part of all his winnings, where is = his, is not declined as hise, 1. alse, 5, adv. as. See alswo. alswo, 5, adv. as ; alswo alse, just as, ofr. en la maniere ke ; ags. eallswa, celswa ; orm. allse, all se, alls, allswa, all swa ; ge. als, alse, also ; seldom = also, generally = so, as, gen. 1411 quan god haued it so bisen Alse he sendet, als it sal ben, when God has so provided it, just as he sends, so it shall be. p. 85. amanjes, see manges. and. 1 a, b. 2, a, b, c. 3 a, b, c. 4 a, b, c. 5 a, b, c. 6 a, b, c. 7, 8, 9 a, b. 10, 11 a, b. adv. and, ofr. et, ags. and. Aniow, ofr. Angou, chr. Angeow, Angcew, Angou, modern Anjou. In the letter to Oleron, Rymer i. 374, comes Andegaviae. The Andecavi or Andes were the original 110 X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. inhabitants, and their capital, Jubiomagus, is the modern capital Angers. See pp. 12, 79. Aquitain' for Aquitaine 1, ofr. Aqui'en, letter to Oleron Rymer i. 374, dux Aquitannise. The queen of Henry II. brought the title, together with all the old Aquitania (Guienne, Poitou, Gascony, Anjou, etc.) to the English kings. See p. 79. Archebischop, 8, archbishop, ofr. Arceeueske, ags. arce- bischop, cercebisceop, p. 75, n. 1. Aubem', 9. ofr. Aubemarle ; chr. Albemare, Albamar. The use of the initial Au shows that the word was taken as French, and the contraction must be extended accordingly, modern French, Aumale. p. 46. B beo, 3, 7, ofr. seit, subj. pres. 3 pers. sg. depending on willen, be ; ags. beo. beon 4 a, b, be; here beon may or may not be subj. ; if it is subj. it is the ags. form 3 p. pi. ; if it is indie, it is a midland form for beof>, which also occurs, p. 76. beon, 6, be, inf. mir^e beon ilet may be let, i.e. hindered. beo>, 2, are; ofr. est, pres. ind. 3 p. pi. southern form, p. 76, beop ichosen have been chosen, p. 81. besigte, 3, 6, provision; ofr. purveance pur-% fie besi-gte of pan to foreniseide rcedesmen 3, ace., ofr. sicum il ordenera ; wherpur-g pis besi^te mu-^e beon ilet 6, nom., ofr. par quei ceste purueance puisse estre desturbee. It is a substantive related to beseon, quasi to be-see, pourvoir, in the same way as gesiht is to seon, and must mean superintendence, provision, and hence ordinance. The Provisions of Oxford, p. 5, n. 1, were doubtless called besi-gten in the English of that time. Somner translates consilium in both cases in the Latin, and advice or consideration the first time, and simply this the second time, in his English translation ; but he has entirely mistaken the second passage as shewn on p. 90. Henry translates it determination the first time, and business the second time, both clearly random shots, the latter smack- ing of an imagined relation to biseg, busy, which is quite out X. GLOSS ART AL INDEX. Ill of the question. Craik seems to have been similarly misled as he translates the word by business in both cases, explaining the first as act. Koch and Regel have Verordnung and Marsh ordinance in both cases. Mr. Morris considers the word to be feminine, like all other nouns in -t derived from verbs, but pis besi^te seems to point it out as neuter, unless pis is feminine as it is occasionally in Lajamon, see Koch (Gram. 1, 477). Not in Col. or ge. Str. 61 only quotes this passage for its occurrence, p. 83. bi, 5, by ; ofr. par ; ags. be, bi, big ; ge. bi. here used with the dat. after it. biforen, 5, adv. before ; ofr. desuz ; ags. beforan ; ge. biforen. Bigod, 9 ; ofr. k Bigod, often written Bygod, Bigot. Bischop, 8, bishop ; ofr. eueske ; ags. bisceop, p. 75, n. 1. Bonefac' 8 ; ofr. Boneface, which probably explains the English contraction ; chr. Boniface. C Cantelow, 8 ; ofr. Cantelou, p. 27, p. 44, n. 1, p. 46. ch when used, p. 73. Clar' 9 ; ofr. Clare, which explains the contraction. cruninge, 8, crowning ; ofr. regne ; dat. after of ; ge. 2638 corune for crown preserves the French form, but here the ags. forms crunen, cruning, have been generated, and cruninge is a case of the last. In old high German the form was still corona, but in the verb gacoronon, it was thoroughly Germanized, in middle high German appear kronen, krcenen, p. 8, n. 1, p. 75, n. 1, p. 94. cumen, 6, come ; ofr. viegnent ; ags. cuman, ; it may be either indie, or subj. There are two nominatives to it, oni oper onie, and it agrees with the last only, pp. 48-9. D day, 7, day ; ace. case, ofr. iur ; ags. dceg ; ge. dai, day, day. dael, 2, 5, part ; ofr. partie ; ags. dcel ; orm. dcel, dale, del ; ge. del, compare modern, a great deal, to deal ; Str. 143. deadliche, 6, deadly, mortal ; ofr. mortel ; ags. deadlic, 112 X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. decfelic ; orm. deep, death ; ge. dead, death ; ace. pi. agreeing with ifoan, and in apposition with heom. pp. 14, 92. deadlicheistan, an error, pp. 14, 27, 92. don 3, do, inf. ; ags. don. done, 5, a, b, do ; gerund, dat. case after to> for to done, for the purpose of doing, pp. 77, 86, 89. duk, 1, duke ; ofr. due, p. 75, n. 1. E ea when used, p. 71. ek 11, eke, also; ags. eac; orm. ec\ Str. 172. egte 6, movable property, chattel, as distinguished from fixed or real property, land, in this passage, ofr. moeble, ags. ceht. In ge. it occurs frequently in the forms agt, agte. Abram tok loth wrS sarray Hise agte, and erue he ledde him bi. Abram took Lot with Sarah, His movables and cattle he led with him, 741. And gaf him lond, and agte, and fe And gave him land, and movables, and cattle, 783. Wifwes, and childre, and agte and srud, He ledden a-wei wrS herte prud, wives and children and movables and clothes he let away with proud heart, 857. In all these cases agte means especially such property as can be carried away, and in this sense it seems to be intended in all the other passages of ge. in which it occurs. In ags. however, it appears to have meant pro- perty generally. It is of course connected with agan, to own Col. eijte, eyghtis = goods, property ; Str. 17, sub. aehte. estetenfe 7, eighteenth ; ofr. disutime, p. 11. ace. definite form, p. 76, n. 1. egtewhaer, an error, p. 27, especially p. 90. Engleneloand' 9, contraction for Engleneloande ; dat. case after on. Engleneloande, 1, 11, England; ofr. Englet're; dat. case after on ; literally, land of Angles; Englene, gen. plural of Engel, Southern form, p. 76, n. 2. eo when used, p. 72. eorl, 1, 9 a, b, c, d. 10. earl ; ofr. cunte ; ags. eorl, erl, p. 72. ew when used, p. 72. X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. 113 foangen, 5, receive, take, the modern derivatives being fangs, fingers. The ags. infinitive was fon, and the past part, gefongen, gefangen. The modern high German infini- tive is fangen. See Dieff. Goth. "W. i. 343, under fahan. orm. fangenn ; Col. f anger = taker ; Str. 186, sub fangen ; in for to foanen, 5 ; ofr. p'nant, it is the inf. for gerund, pp. 77, 87, 89. folk, 2, people ; ags. folc ; orm. follc ; ge. folkes, gen. case, here ace. case after purg. The word has a general sense with no suspicion of plebeian, or the modern folk, p. 81. for, 3. 5 a, b. 6, for; ofr. pur; ags. for, indicating object, purpose, intention, in all these passages. foren, 4, probably the word should be joined to the pre- ceding to, thus, toforen, as in cetforen, Uforen, to form an adv., as in modern English, heretofore ; toforeniseide, afore- said ; lat. prwdicti, p. 3, 1. 24 ; ags. foran, prep, before ; ge. foren, prep, foren us 3541, foren hem 3866. foreniseide, 3 ; this should be joined to the preceding to, so that toforen is an adv., qualifying iseide, which see. Fort, 9; ofr. /or*, p. 14. freme, profit, advantage, translating the word utilitas in Henry's promise to obey the council, Rymer 1, 371, ofr. profit ; ags. freme profit, fremian to profit, fremman to frame, see Dieff. Goth. Wort, i, 354, 355 I, b, d, e. The word occurs several times in 'ge. under the forms fremen, frame, framen chiefly as a verb; as a substantive it occurs, $at newe burg was him to frame, Mad and cald of is owen name. That new city was of use to him, made 8f called after his own name, 1837. The construction "was him to frame" is similar to the modern German " war ihm zu Nutzen." Col. freme to perform; Str. 221, sub frame, compare 222 sub freme, p. 27. p. 77, n. 2. p. 83. fultume 1 is pure Anglo-Saxon, where it assumes the forms fultum, fultom, fultume, 1 fylst, gefylst according to 1 Mr. Morris says here : " Ipurp properly governs the accusative, as ' )>urg Tpcet loandes folk' (folk is neuter), and ' }>urg }>an ( = ]?a) to foren iseide rcedesmenj ')mrg ]>e (=j>a) besigte' (fern). In fultume it seems to govern a 8 114 X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. Bosworth, who translates it aid, assistance, favour. The corresponding word in ofr. is grace. The word occurs in ge. God says Of me sal fultuw ben ^e brogt, From me shall help be to thee brought, 2824, on which passage Mr. Morris quotes Lagamon ii. 264 J?a cristine IrSen after The Christians pursued after and heom on laeidew, and laid on them, & cleopeden Crist, godes sune, and called Christ, God's Son, beott heom a fultume. to be to them in aid. Again ge. 3929 it is said of Balaam Al was is fultuw and his sped Bi-luken ille, in fendes red, All was his helping fy his speed be- locked (i.e. concluded, determined, cf. German beschlossen) ill to enemy's rede (i.e. counsel, wish, assistance). Not in Col. Str. 226. See p. 78. G g distinct from g, p. 71. Geffrees, 10, Geoffrey's ; ofr. Geffrey ; lat. Galfridi, p. 75, n. 1, gen. case before sune. Glowchestr', 9, Gloucester ; ofr. Gloucestr' ; chr. Glew- cestre, the contraction shews the omission of an e final. gode, 3, God ; ofr. deu, dat. case after of, p. 77, n. 2. godes, 1, God's, gen. case before fultume. Grey, 10 ; ofr. Grey. g distinct from g, p. 71. 36, 2, ye ; ags. ge ; ge. ge, p. 76. jew, 7 a, b, you ; ags. eow ; orm. -&uw ; ge. gu. The form &ew is uncommon, p. 76. 7 a, dat. after senden. 7 b, dat. after amanges. geare, 8, year ; ofr. an ; ags. gear, ger ; ge. ger, both sg. and pi. Here dat. case after in ; nom. -^ear. gif, 6, if; ofr. se-, ags. gif t gyf\ orm. giff ; ge. gef ; ge. ffifis the imperative give. dative, the accusative being fultum." If Bosworth is right fultume is another form of the word, in which case it would he accusative, but in his more recent smaller dictionary he omits this form. It is difficult to imagine a dative case after ]>ur%. So that we may most probably assume that the final e in this case is a .clerical error. X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. 115 H habbej?, 2, have ; ags. habba^S, 3 p. pi. pres. ind. Southern form, from habben ; ge. hauen. The same nom. here relates to habbep and schullen, a southern and a midland form. The -ep and -en forms of the plural are confused also in Wycliffe and Chaucer, more than a century later, p, 76. halden, 7, hold, keep ; ags. healdan, see healden ; halden is here used in a physical sense, and healden in a meta- phorical, ge. holden. The ofr. does not translate this word, but for to halden a manges -ew, puts, a demorer. Str. 270. he when used, p. 73. healden, 4 a, b. 6. hold, observe ; ofr. tenir et maintenir ; ags. healdan, see halden. 4 a, 6 are subj., after hoaten. 4 b is the inf. for the gerund. See p. 13. helpe, 5, help; ags. helpan, subj. mood, after hoaten; ge. helpe in inf. 2528 ; Str. 285. Henr' 1, Henry ; ofr. Henri ; chr. Heanric, Heanrig, Heanri, Henri, Henry. Nothing as to the termination of the word can be inferred from the form of the contraction which is a flourish precisely similar to that in Kant' bur', Waif, Wirechestr 8, where it must have different meanings. The later forms in the Chronicle lead to Henrs as the com- plete word. heo, 4 a, b, they ; ags. hi, heo ; ge. he, nom. case, p. 76 ; Str. 281, sub he. heom, 2, 5, 6, them ; ags. heom ; ge. hem, 2. 5, dat. after o/; 6 ace. case after healden. Str. 281, sub he. her, 6, here ; ags. her ; ge. her. her on^enes 6, here against, contrary to this provision, pis beside, just named, p. 93. Str. 287. hise, 1, his, the gen. of ags. inflicted, p. 76, n. 2, in place of the old ags. sin ; here it is pi. agreeing with holde, and also dat. after to. In ge. his, hise are both used as singular, hise word 44, hise wise sune 46, and his pi., his quenied 86 = his saints. hit, 5, it ; ags. hit ; ge. it ; Str. 281, sub he. hoaten, 3, 6, call upon command ; ofr. comandons et 116 X. GLOSS ART AL INDEX. enionions ; ags. haten ; ge. het, promised, called ; hatte, called, heten (pi.) promised, pres. ind. 1 p. pi., p. 12. p. 84, n. 1. Str. 278, sub hat an. holde, 1, pi. of hold, Anglo-Saxon hold, faithful, true. So ge. 1389, For kindes luue he was hire hold For family love he was to her kind. So also 2704, and 3284 Wei hem mai ben $e god be^ hold ! Well to them may be, to whom God is kind ! but in these cases the relation expressed is that from a superior to an inferior, whereas it is here used for those who do homage to a superior, in the French version feaus, exactly synonymous with treowe as used afterwards. Com- pare the modern high German Huldigung homage, and see Dieff. Goth. Wort., ii. 519. In all these instances hold is an adjective. In Caedmon (p. 244, 1. 4, Thorpe's edition) the angel is called "heh-))egen and hold halgum metode," where Thorpe takes hold as an adjective, translating " the high and faithful minister of the holy Creator/' but it is more naturally a substantive in apposition to heh-pegen, implying a liegeman, as in the present instance. As a sub- stantive Bosworth cites the passages, Holdes and hehgerefan wergyld is iiij ]?usend }>rymsa, L. Lund, W. p. 71, 39, Agmund hold, Chr. 9111. He gesohte >a holdas, Chr. 918 ; and also the compounds, hold-a'S, Chr. 1086, hold-mod, hold- scipe, Chr. 1070, all pointing out to the present very general signification of liegeman, in which sense however the rela- tion to healden, part. pass, heold, quasi, one who is held, cannot be overlooked, and seems more natural than the adjective form hold which is used for the other relation of lord. See also the examples in Str. 226. See pp. 12, 80. hord, see inehord. Huntendon'schir', 1, Huntingdonshire ; chr. Huntendune, Huntendune, Huntendune port, Venatorum Mons, as the name of the town. The full word is probably, Huntendoneshire. Hurtford, 9, Hertford ; ofr. Hertford ; chr. Heortford, Heorotford. p. 14, and p. 74, sub u. I, J, Y. James, 10, James ; ofr. James ; chr. Jacobus. X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. 117 ich, I, used in xvi th century, p. 73. ichosen, 2, chosen, past part, used predicatively, and there- fore probably uninflected, p. 77, n. 2 ; ags. ceosan past part. gecoren. Koch (Hist. Gr. 1, 298) gives both icoren, ichosen, as in Lajamon, and orm. chosen, 9623 ; ge. chesen, inf. chosen, pret. pi. idon, 2, 8, done, past part. ; ags. gedon ; ge. don. ifoan, 6, foes; ags.fa,fah, gefah, not in ge. p. 14. Str. 315. igretinge, 1, greetings, ace. pi. ; ofr. saluz ; ags. greting, the i seems superfluous, p. 77, 80 ; Str. 248, sub. gr&tunge. ilserde, 1, learned, clerical ; ags. gelcered, past part, from Iceran, to teach ; properly, taught ; ge. lered, 4, dat. pi. agreeing with holde, the final e is inflexional. Str. 318, sub i leer en. ilche, 5, dat. sg., 11, dat. pi. same ; ags. ylc ; ge. ilk, ik ; Str. 329 sub ilke. ileawede, 1, lay ; ags. Icewd, lewed, . lewd, leawed, Icewede (Bosworth) ; ge, logede men, 2, dat. pi. The i seems super- fluous, p. 75, n. 1. pp. 77, 80. ilestinde, 3, form of lestinde (which see) with superfluous i, lasting ; ofr. estable, p. 77. ilet, 6, let, impeded ; ags. lettan ; orm. lettep, lets, hinders ; ge. letting hindrance. The vowel was short in this word, but long in ags. Icetan permit ; orm. letenn, Icetenn : ge. leten . ilet seems to be a contracted form for ileted; compare isend and send, p. 79. Str. 359, sub letten. imakede, 4, made ; ags. macian, p.p. gemacod ; orm. makenn, p.p. makedd; ge. maken, p.p. maked\ e is mark of pi. Str. 383, sub. makien. in, 3 a, b. 4. 8. 11 a. 6. in; ags. in. in fie worpnesse of gode 3 a, not contrary to, redounding to, advancing, the dignity of God ; in alle fringe, 3 b, in all respects ; in pe treowpe 4, according to, as implied by the allegiance, p. 84 ; in fie twoandfowerti-^pe -geare, during the 42nd year, in to 11 a, into, in tel 11 b, into, as far as, implying that it is beyond the usual limits. ine, 7, see inehord. inehord, 7, in treasury ; ofr. entresor. Probably the words 118 X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. were originally separate, and they may have been meant as two words, p. 14, or a f>e may have been omitted, thus in pe hord, or inehord like entresor, may have been taken as a single word, meaning simply in safety, safely ; or ine = ags. innan, inne ; orm. ine, inne. In Ayenbite of Inwyt, p. 203, a century later, we have, none euell ponies ne mo'ge bleue ine herte. Mr. Morris considers this the preferable expla- nation, p. 77, n. 2. hord, hoard ; ags. hord, treasury, p. 34 ; Str. 298. loh', 10 a, b, John ; ofr. lohan ; chr. lohan, which must have been the full name. In Chaucer, though generally spelled Johan, it was always a monosyllable, as now. Yrloand', 1, Ireland, for Yrloande, dat. case after on ; ofr. Irlande ; chr. Yrland, Iraland, Ireland ; see Irelonde. Irelonde, 11, Ireland, dat. case after in tel. This is the only example in which loand is spelled lond, as it often was in Chaucer ; probably it was an unintentional error of the scribe. is, 5, 11, is; ags. is. is iseid 5 has been said, is isend 11 has been sent. In the same way in modern high German ist geschickt has been sent, p. 81, 1. 13. iseid, 5, said; ags. secgan, p.p. gesced, scegd, seed; ge. inf. seigen, seien, p.p. seid. Str. 498, sub seggen. iseide, 4, said, p.p. pi. agreeing with redesmen, see iseid. iseined, 7, signed, marked, stamped, p.p. from semen. Str. 498, sub seinen. p. 75, n. 1 and especially p. 94. isend, 11, sent ; ags. sendan, p.p. sended, contracted form for isended, p. 79. Compare send, ilet ; orm. send, 97 ; Chaucer, Cant. Tales, 10458, he has send. Str. 501, sub senden. isetnesses, 4, acts, resolutions, arrangements, appointments, provisions ; ofr. establissemenz ; ags. setnis, settnes ; gesetednes, gesetenes, gesetnes, gesettednys, the only plural in es through- out the proclamation ; compare witnesse. Str. 503, sub zetnesse. isworene, 8, sworn, p. 16 ; ags. swerian, p.p. gesworen ; ge. sworen ; here declined, because used attributively, p. 77, n. 2. vre isworene redesmen 8, in dat. pi. X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. 119 iwersed, 6, participle from wersien, the ags. wyrsian, which lives in the form to worsen, although the past participle is now worsened; ofr. empiree, impaired; the phrase ilet oper iwersed seems to answer to the modern legal phrase let or hindered. Str. 664, sub pursien. K Kant'bur', 8, Canterbury ; ofr. Oantrebur' ; chr. Cantwara- byrig, Cantwaraburh, Cantwareberi ; probably Cantreburi would have been the full word. king, 1, king ; ofr. rey ; ags. cyning, cyng ; ge. king ; Str. 338. kuneriche, 2, 11, ags. cynerice, kingdom ; the orthography seems to be only an early instance of the use of u for y, pronounced (i), which we constantly find in early writers compare Hurtford, see p. 74, sub u. See also Hegel's remark, supra, p. 47 ; ofr. Reaume ; ge. kingeriches 2789 ; Col. kunrik mark of royalty, kyneriche kingdom. Str. 337, sub kinerlche. Leirchestr', 9, Leicester ; ofr. Leycestr' ; chr. Legerceaster, Legraceaster, Legoraceaster, Ligoraceaster, Lygraceaster ; the full word is Leirchestre, the i represents a lost g, as often. lestinde, 7, lasting ; ofr. estable ; ags. Iwstan, part. Icestande, kestende ; ge. lesten, inf. 12, pres. 4119. According to Morris ; ge. pref. xxviii., -ande is the Northumbrian, -ende the Mid- land, and -inde the Southern of the pres. part. Koch (Hist. Gram. 1, 342) shews that -ende, -inde occur in the older, and -inge in the later text of Lagamon ; orm. has only -ennde, the forms in -ing being all substantives. 1 This lestinde seems to be the corrected form, but ilestinde 3, may be justified by ags. gelc&stan, p. 77 ; Str. 341 sub laesten. 1 Mr. Morris remarks, that "in the literature of the xnth century -ende is the o^form, and -inde the modern; hence the two forms in La^amon. In the xiv th century -inde is a good mark of a Southern dialect, -ande occurs in the Northumbrian Gospel (Saxon period), and in the Cotton MS. Titus D. 18 (first half of the xmth century containing a version of the Ancren Riwle, Hali Meidenhad, &c.)" 120 X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. loande, 3, 5, land, country ; ofr. reaume 3, t're 5 ; ags. land, fond ; ge. fond, londe. In both places dat. case after of, p. 77, n. 2. In 3, the country, the kingdom, as in Engkiif- loandc 1. In 5, real property, possessions in land, as opposed to moveables, e^te. loandes, 2, gen. case of loand, see loande ; pcet loandes folk, the people of the country, generally, not the country people, p. 81. Ihoauerd, 1, lord ; ofr. sire ; ags. hlaford ; ge. louerd, louered, p. 78 ; Str. 343, sub Idferd. Lunden', 7, London ; ofr. Londres ; chr. Lundene, Lundonc, Lundune, Lundenbyrig, Lundenburh, Lundenwic, Lundawic, Lundenceastre. The full word would be Lundene, dat. case after cet. M manges, 7, mong ; ags. mcenigu, etc., a many ; gemang a mixture, and among ; orm. mang, amang, amanng among. In 7, the word is gen. case, and it is associated with a, which however is written separately, p. 14 ; probably we should read a manges as one word, amanges, and consider the whole as a prep, with the dat. -^ew after it. See many examples of separately written a and bi, in Str. 385, sub mang. makien, 4, make ; see imakede. Str. 383. marescal, 9, marshal ; ofr. mareschal ; p. 75, n. 1 . men, 5, men ; ofr. genz ; ags. mann, pi. menu ; ge. men, here dat. case after cr^enes. mine, an error for nime, which see, and see p. 91. moare, 2, 5, more, greater ; ofr. greigmire i.e. grandior, Roquefort gives as other forms of the ofr. graindier, graindre, graingneur, gregneur, gregnor, greigner, greigneur, greig- nor, gre"ignour, greindre, grennor, grenour, greygneur, grey- nur, griener, grigneour, grignor, grinieur, grinour, groig- net, sub graigneur ; and in the Burton version we have greinure ; ags. mara, f>cet mara the greater, fie moare dcel 2, 5 the majority. The e marks the definite adj., p. 77. moge, 10, cousins, kinsmen, nobles, p. 15, pi. of mo%. 1 J Mr. Morris thinks that the original sense is an adult, root tnah crescere. Graff 2, 629 queries the propriety of referring mag to this root. X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. 121 Regel remarks that the ags. maga is used in addressing young nobles, as junger held young hero, as in Andr. (Kemble, v. 1249, s. 37) maga mode rof, and hence easily passed into the sense of heroes or nobles ; ags. se maga, the powerful one. The word is not in Col., and seems to occur once only in ge. Lagamon, mage, mcege, and orm. meghe, as a female cousin only. Str. 381, 1. 20. sub md%e. Montfort, a hill between Paris and Chartres, bore the castle whence was derived the name of the family Montfort 1'Amaury, which claimed to be descended from Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, wife of ^3Ethelwolf of Wessex, 856, and then of his son ^thelbald, and finally of Baldwin bras-de-fer, Count of Flanders ; his great grandson William of Hennegau, son of Amaury L, became at the end of the x th century husband of the heiress of Montfort and Epernon, and founder of the house of Montfort TAmaury. Pauli, Simon von Montfort, 18. monfe, 7, month ; ags. monaft, mono%, mon^> ; orm. monef>f>, with long o ; ge. moned, e marks the dat. case after in. Str. 402, sub mone^S. Mortemer, 10, in Latin de Mortuo Man; fr. morte mer. muge, 6, may, subj. ; ags. magan inf., mage subj. ; orm. mu-ghe subj. 200, mu^henn 5502, "trotzdem ist es ohne zweifel eine ausartung," Koch (Hist. Gram. 1, 355) ; ge. mogen, he ne mogen figten agen 3228, they might not, were not able to fight against them. Eobert of Gloucester, mowe ; Str. 381, 1. 4. p. 77. Muntfort, 9, 10, another mode of writing Monffort, which see, but the ofr. has Montfort, 9 and Muntfort 10. N ne, 5 a, b, not, nor ; ofr. ne ; ags. ne ; ge, ne. nime, 5, take, ofr. preigne. A very common word in old writers; ags. niman. The modern representatives of the word are nimble, and numb, i.e. taken, viz. with paralysis. Str. 420. See p. 13, and especially 91. noan, 5, none ; ofr. nul ; ags. nan ; ge. non. 122 X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. Norm', 1, Normandy; ofr. Normandie; chr. Normandig, Normandi, probably the last form is here meant by the contraction. Northfolk, 9, Norfolk ; ofr. Norf ; chr. Nortfok, p. 14, 71. oa, when used, p. 72, where the combination oa is erro- neously stated not to occur in ge. The combination is very rare in ge. but we find, SrSen ghe brocte us to woa, Adam gaf hire name eua, After she brought us to ivoe, Adam gave her (the] name Eve, 237, where woa is a monosyllable and rhymes with a, which apparently confirms the view of the sound taken in p. 72, as we should apparently pronounce : (sidh'en Jee brokht us to waa, Aa'dam gaaf -ir naam Ee'vaa-). Octobr'. 8, October ; ags. winterfylle^ ; since ge. uses reke- iille for April, possibly this use of October must be con- sidered a Gallicism. of, 2, 3 a, b, c. 5 a, b, c. 8 a, b, c. 9 a, b, c, d. 10 a, b, c, d, e, of; ags. of. ogen, 4, owe; ofr. dement; ags. agan ; ge. ic og, I owe, p. 76 ; p. 88, n. 1. Str. 19 sub d%en. ogt, a mistake of Somner and Rymer, p. 13, 27, especially p. 88, and n. 1. on, 1, a, b, c, d, e. 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 a, b. 9 a, b, c, d, e. 10, 11 a, b, on, in, over ; ags, on, after titles, over, governing ; king on E. 1, king over E. ; now of, but of is never used in this sense in the text, compare Walt' OF Cantelow, Uschop ON Wirechestr', 8, p. 76, n. 1. p. 78. on H. 1 e, in, residing in, H. on vre treowpe 3, in furtherance of, directed towards. on onie wise 6, after, according to. on fe monf>e, 7, during the month, on f>o ilche warden, 11, in agreement with the same words. Str. 24, sub an. See Postscript, p. 130. onjenes, 6, against ; ofr. encunt' ; ags. ongean : see a-genes. oni, 6, any, sing. mas. ; ags. cenig ; here oni, onie are found, oni mas. sg. onie fern, sing., and pi. masc. ; in ge. ani king 2181, ani werldes 48, undeclined. Str. 30, sub dni%. onie, 6, a, b, any, sing. fern, and masc. pi. ; see oni. onie X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. 123 wise, 6 a, any wise, p. 13, 49, 77. j?/ oni oper onie 6 b, if any person or persons ; ofr. se nul v nuz, pp. 13, 48, 77. open, 7, open; ofr. ou'tes; ags. open; ge. apelike openly, opnede opened. It is here not declined, apparently because placed after its noun ; pis writ open, would have probably been pis opne writ, had writ been put last. This is modern high Grerman usage. Str. 427. ofe, 5, oath ; ofr. s'ment ; ags. d%>, dat. after be. Str. 35, sub dp p. 77, n. 2. p. 89. of er, 2, 5 a, 6 a, b, or ; ags. o^er, o>%e ; orm. op err ; ge. cfeer. 5 b, other ; ags. cf&er ; orm. operr ; ge. o>er. See opre. ofre, 10, 11, other ; see oper 5, 6. cetforen pore mo-ge 10, dat. pi., to wurihce opre schire, 11, dat. sg. fem. Str. 428, sub dfter. on, Henshall's mistake for on, pp. 39, 78, and Postscript, p. 130. oner, 11, over; ags. ofer; orm. of err ; ge. ouer. Str. 429. P Perres, 9, 10, Peter ; ofr. Piere ; chr. Peter, Petrus. Plesseiz, 10, lat. de Placeto. E raedesmen, 2, 4, councillors, counsellors, members of the reed or red, council as well as counsel, a double use which is also found in high German Rath. Under the form rede, the word is barely obsolete, and our modern read, riddle preserve derivatives. Col. red counsel, rede to counsel ; ge. read, red, reed, counsel, advice, instruction, device, plan, remedy, help. Str. 446, sub raed ; 447, sub. raeden ; 454, sub reden. redesmen, 3, 8, p. 13, same as rcedesmen, which see. Ric', 9, 10, Eichard; chr. Ricard, Ricardus. The full word was perhaps Eicard. rigt, 5, right, justice ; ags. riht ; orm. rihht ; ge. rigt, wf6 rigt and skil 52. ai was rigt and kire (purity) biforn, 451. pp. 13, 27. ri-^t for to done 5, p. 86. rv%t for to foangen 5, p. 87. Str. 461, sub riht. Hog', 9, 10, Eoger ; chr. Roger, which is therefore the com- plete word here. 124 X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. s Sauueye, 9, Savoy ; lat. Sabaudia. schullen, 2, shall, pres. pi. ; ags. sculon ; orm. shulenn ; sing, ags. sceal ; orm. shall, p. 76. Str. 482, sub schal. seel, 7, seal; ags. sigel; ultimately Latin, p. 75, n. 1. seluen, 7, selves ; ags. self; here dat. pi. p. 77, n. 2 ; Str. 499, sub self. send, If sends, 3 p. sg. ; ags. he sent, compare isend, ilet, etc., see p. 79 ; ge. sendet ; and as here send = sendep, so ge. sent, 2825 = sendet, imper. See isend. senden, 7, send, 1 p. pi. ; ags. we senden ; ofr. nos enueons, p. 12, p. 41, n. 1, p. 94 ; Str. 501. shcire, p. 73, shire, another mode of writing schire, p. 73 ; ags. scire, fern. ; see Huntendon' schir'. Str. 491. Sim', 9, ofr., chr. Simon, which is therefore the full writing. stedefaest, 3, 7, steadfast ; ags. stedfcest ; Str. 537, sub stedefast. stedefsestliche, 4, steadfastly ; the e alone is the mark of the adverb, not the lich, which is an adjective ending, p. 76, n. 2, and p. 77. swerien, 4, swear, 3 p. pi. subj. after hoaten ; ags. swerian inf., swerion subj. ; ge. sweren; p. 85. Str. 560. sune, 10, son ; ags. sunu ; ge. sune, Geffrees sum, p. 75, n. 1 ; Str. 554. T J) tel, 11, till; ags. til, a peculiarly Northern form, see p. 76, n. 1. th, distinct from ]>, p. 71. J distinct from th, p. 71. }?8Bt, 2 a, b, c, d, e, f. 4 a, b, c. 5 a, b. 6 a, b. 7, that ; ags. ficet ; orm. patt ; ge. ^at. Neut. def. art. 2 f. ; demonstr. pron. 2 a, 5 b, 6 b ; rel. pron. 2 e, 4 a, c ; conj. 2 b, c. 4 b, 5 a, 6 a, 7 ; demonst. and relative pron. = that which, 2 d. See p. 76, 80. Str. 592, sub/e. Jaere, 11, the, dat. fern, of def. art., after ouer ; ags. para, pcera, fern. gen. only ; Lagamon has gen. and dat. fern, pare, X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. 125 ficere, pere, fie ; orm. fie only ; ge. pe only, p. 76 ; Str. 593, sub f>e. )?an, 3, 4, 5, the ; of pan to foreniseide redesmen, 3, dat. pi. ; ags. pam f>cem ; pur&pan to foren iseide rcedesmen, 4, ace. pi., the dative form being used after pur~, which requires an ac- cusative ; probably an error ; bi pan ikhe ope, 5, dat. sg. ; ags. pam, p. 27 ; Lagamon, pan pon pane pone ponne peonne pen p e . p. 76. Str. 592, sub }>e. ]?ane, 7, the, ace. of the time ; ags. pane ; Lagamon, pene, pana pcene pen panne pon pe ; Str. 592, sub/e. ]?e, 2 a, b. 3 a, b, c, d. 4, 5, 7, 8, the, a form already used for all cases, genders, and numbers by Lagamon. p. 76. Str. 591. ]?is, 6, 7 a, b. 8, this ; pis besi^te, 6,nom. neut. or feminine (?), see besi-gte ; pis, 7 a, 8 = this thing, this writ, nom. neut. absolute ; ags. pis. pis writ open, 7 b, ace. mas. ; ags. pisne. p. 76. Str. 595, sub/es. finge, 3, things : ags. ping ; dat. pi. after in ; Str. 597. )>o, 1, the, ace. pi. ; ags. /#; Lagamon pa, po, peo. on po ilche worden, 11, should be dat. pi., in which case La^amon would have pon, and we have the same use in ge. of >o rekle- fates for wurSing Woren mad, and for muning Corunes at ^e altar of bras, of the incensepots for honour were made, and for reminding, crowns at the altar of brass, 3787, but there is no occasion to assume that worden is ace. 1 p. 77, n. 2, p. 76 ; Str. 593, sub pe. furg, 1, 2 a, b. 3, 4, 5, through, by, by means of; ags. purg. purg godes fultume, 1, by, owing to, God's grace, ace. case, p. 78, see fultume and note. fur% us und pur% pcet 1 Mr. Morris observes: "Mr. 'Cockayne rightly affirms that in the second period of our language, the prepositions frequently govern an ace., instead of a dat., so that ]>o may be ace., and as the Northumbrian gospels have nom. pi. tvorda, there may have been an ace. pi. worden. But as far as I have noted all A.S. neuters, having the pi. the same as the sing., conform to the masc. of the complex order, so that word in ace. pi. would be wordes. All neuters forming pi. in A.S. in -a, -o, -u, go into 1st 0, 2nd -en, 3rd -es, as cyrnlu, cyrnle, cyrnlen, cyrnles. On the other hand m or n in the second period of our language, falls off from the dat. sing, and pi., so that J?w becomes }>an and ]>, (whence j>o). In p. 15 of my Old English Homilies I find for ]>a . . . dome, where dome is masc. and dat. sing." 126 X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. loandes folk, 2 a, b, by us and by the people of the country, p. 81. fiur~g fie besi^te, 3, through, owing to, in consequence of the provision, fio isetnesses imakede fiur% pan, 4. fiur- fie moare dcel, 5, by, by means of the action of. Str. 604, sub fiurh. to, 1, 3, 4 a, b, c, d. 5 a, b, c. 7, 11 to ; ags. to ; Str. 575. treowe, 4, 6, true, faithful people, liegemen, lieges; ags. treow ; orm. trowwe ; ge. trewe, pi. we hoaten alle we treowe, 4, dat. case after hoaten, fiat alle we treowe heom healden 6, nom. pi. ; Str. 582. treowfe, 3, 4, truth, fidelity, fealty, allegiance ; ofr. fei ; ags. treowK ; orm. trowwfie ; ge. trew^e, 1269. p. 83. Str. 582. twoandfbwertisfe, 8, two-and-fortieth, three words con- sidered as one ; two ; ags. twa ; ge. two. and, which see ; foicerti-^fie ; ags. feowertige^a, feowertigo^a ; ge. fowerti forti. The e is definite after J?e. U Y vnnen, 2, to grant; ags. unnan, an, gean, fiu unne, we unnon ; ofr. otrions, which in the modern form would be octroyons. Octroyer is given by Boquefort in the forms " otreer, otrer, otrier, otroier, otroyer, ottroier : accorder, consentir, convenir, permettre ; en bas. lat. otreciare, otriare. Ces mots, pris substantivement, signifioient, permission, consentement que le seigneur donnoit a la vente d'un fonds qui relevoit de lui." Col. unne love ; to grant, allow, ic an. pp. 27, 28; Str. 615. vre, 2 a, b. 4, 6, 7, 8 a, b, our ; ags., orm., ge. ure ; we rcedesmen, 2 a, 8 b, vre. treowe, 4, 6, pi. vre seel, 7, vre cruninge, 8 a, dat. sg. ; Str. 617. us, 2, us ; ags. us, dat. and ace., p. 76 ; here ace. after fiur-& ; Str. 618. vs, 4, 7, same as us, p. 76, vs ogen, 4, dat. after the verb, vs seluen 7, dat. abs. p. 77, n. 2 ; Str. 618. W Walt', 8, Walter ; chr. Waldhere, Waltear, Walter, which last is the full writing. X. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. 127 Warewik', 10, Warwick ; chr. Wceringawic, Wceringwic ; ofr. Warreivyka, probably the complete form is Warewike. we, 2, 3, 6, 7 a, b, we ; ags. we, p. 76 ; Str. 632. wel, 2, well; ags. wet; Str. 634. werien, 4, to defend, ags. werian, which also means to wear clothes ; the modern weir or wear, a dam, i.e. defence against water. See Dieff. Groth. Wort. i. 202. Col. icere, iverge to defend ; ge. weren ; Str. 639, 1. 14. See p. 13, 85, 89. wes, 8, was; ags. wees; orm. wass; ge, was, p. 71; Str. 640, sub wesen. wherfurs, 6, wherethrough, whereby ; ags. hwcer, pur&. Wirechestr', 8, Worcester ; ofr. Wyrecestr* ; chr. Wigor- ceastre ; hence the full writing is Wirechestre. Will 1 , 9, William; ofr. Guilame ; chr. Wilhelm, Willelm, hence one of these will be the full writing. willen, 2, 6, 7, will ; ags. we willa* ; orra. we wilenn, im- plying long i (?), the inf. is written wllenn ; ge. wilen, but the doubled / here indicates a short vowel, p. 76. Str. 645, sub wile. wise, 6, wise, manner ; ags. orm. ge. wise ; Str. 649. witen, 2, know; ags. orm. ^e witen, in subj., and the Southern imp. form is witep, the Northern wites ; the present may be a Midland form, or the subjunctive used for the im- perative ; p. 76 ; the i was perhaps long. Str. 650, sub witen. witnesse, 7, witnesses ; ags. witnes ; orm. wittness ; ge. wit- nesse, witenesse, wittenesse. The word is here apparently plural, p. 95 ; but Str. 651 marks it as singular. wif , 7, with, pointing out the instrument ; ags. wfe ; orm. wipp ; Str. 651, sub wfS. worden, 11, words; ags. word; orm. word, with long o ; ge. wort. Here the dat. pi. for wordum, or the usual worde, p. 77, n. 2 ; Str. 655. See note on/o, p. 125. worfnesse, 3, honour, dignity ; ags. weor>nes, wuf^nes ; orm. wurrpfull honourable ; ge. worked honoured, p. 77, n. 2, p. 83 ; Str. 665, sub wur>, wur^Sschipe. writ, 7, Writ, writing, letter; ags. writ; orm. writt ; ge. writ ; Str. 659. 128 POSTSCEIPT. Photozincograph Edition of the Proclamation. Since the preceding pages were in print the author has found that the Master of the Rolls has lately caused a photo- zincograph copy of this proclamation to be made and pub- lished in connection with those of other national MSS., in the splendid work entitled : Facsimiles of National Manu- scripts from "William the Conqueror to Queen Anne selected under the direction of the Master of the Eolls and Photo- zincographed by command of her Majesty Queen Victoria by Colonel Sir Henry James, E.E. Director of the Ordnance Survey. Part I. With Translations and Notes published by the authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury under the direction of the Master of the Eolls Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton 1865. The following is the description given of Part I. No. xix. "Extract from Patent Eoll, 42 Henry III. The Patent Eolls extend in nearly unbroken succession from the 3rd year of King John's reign to the present time. The earlier of them contain documents of a most diversified nature, re- lating chiefly to prerogatives of the crown, to the revenue, and different branches of the judicature, to treaties, truces, negociations with foreign states, and many other matters, the whole of which are set out in Mr. Hardy's elaborate and learned " Introduction to the Patent Eolls." The present extract, which is the earliest specimen of English known on the Eolls, is styled in the margin " Carta in idiomate Anglico missa ad singulos comitatus Angliae," and is the enrolment of a writ patent addressed to the men of Huntingdonshire, charging and exhorting them to keep and observe the statutes 1 made by the king's redesmen or councillors "in the worthnesse of Gode and ov ure treowthe for the freme of the loande." Dated at London 18th October 1258. This writ is also ordered to be sent into Ireland." The photozincographed facsimile is a reduction of the original, the length of the lines being only ten inches in- 1 Rather enjoining them to wear to do so. POSTSCRIPT. 129 stead of twelve inches. When the closeness of the original hand-writing and the difficulty of distinguishing every stroke is remembered, it will be apparent that it would have been impossible to produce a critically correct copy from this photozincograph. The flourishes over the i's, represented by i in this edition have generally disappeared. 1 The mark of contraction for n in fchulle at the end of the second line, which was much rubbed, has also vanished, which might lead one to suppose that a careful scribe omitted the plural n, or would leave us in doubt whether an n or a \ had been lost, as habbe]? had just been used in the same sentence and to the same nominative. In the word swerien 4, the i is altogether difficult to decipher even when the reader knows what letter should be there. The punctuation is not always distinguishable. 2 The worn character of the letters due to the graining process of photozincography makes the letters peculiarly indistinct, and the finer parts of the strokes are constantly invisible. 3 Almost the whole plate is covered with fine black dots, due perhaps to the danger of " cleaning the plate" in such close writing. 4 Hence, although it is pleasant to know that an accessible facsimile exists, formed 1 The following is the result of a careful examination, in, 3 a, flourish gone, in, 3 b, flourish resolved into a dot over i and a horozontal line over n. in, 4, flourish resolved into an indistinct succession of dots, fwerien, werien, i m a k e d e, 4, flourishes quite gone, with the exception of the first, of which a small portion of the upper part remains, m a k i e n, 4, looks like niakien. hit, b if or en, nime, 5, flourishes gone, hence nime becomes ambiguous and might justify the error mine, b i, 5, flourish reduced to a dot. onie, 6 a, flourish gone, o n i , 6, flourish reduced to a dot, giving oni. onfe, 6b, flourish resolved into a dot over i and a horizontal line over e, thus onie, see p. 13, near bottom. writ, ifeined, inehord, "Witneffe, 7, cruninge, 8, in shcire, 11, flourishes gone. The flourish is distinctly preserved in in, 11 b. 2 The punctuation is lost, or nearly so, in treow^e., 3, Muntfort., Aubem'., 9, Pleffeiz., 10. 3 In and, 4 c, the second stroke of the n is nearly lost, and the word looks like ard. In for, 5 a, the or is very indistinct. In ]>set, 6 a, se is hardly distinct from a. Inmangef, 7, the g is indistinct. In Clar' 9, the a is bad. In B i g o d , 9, only a portion of the upper part of d is left. The word h o a t e n , 6, which in the original was written over an erasure, is scarcely legible. 4 To not cleaning away these dots, etc., we may attribute the following errors. After a 1 1 e 2, b, there is a well-marked period, and a thick stroke over the o 130 POSTSCRIPT. by an actino-chemical process, and therefore accurate so far as the solar light will produce a facsimile and the chemical process will reproduce it, yet the necessary shortcomings of hoth processes render even this facsimile not so perfect as the copy printed above. The facsimile is accompanied by a transcript and transla- tion, for which apparently Mr. William Basevi Sanders, " one of the assistant keepers of Her Majesty's Records, who has also revised the proofs of every sheet of the facsimiles before they were printed," 1 is responsible. These are as fol- lows, and the reader is requested to observe that Mr. Sanders has endorsed HenshaH's conception that on should be read ov in the titles, etc., adopted the modern use of u, v, i, j, s, and capitals, and employed th for )> in all cases, but has preserved the g. The original connection of the words is not always preserved. Independently of these intentional differences, there are the following unintentional mistakes, where the figures refer to the lines in the original, and the spaced letters give the correct reading : 3 thsen \ a n , 7 stedefast ftedefaest (a, se confused), 8 two and fowertithe Two- andfowertij]?e (3 omitted), 9 of on twice, JSTorthfolk Northfolk' (the contraction not being extended), 10 of o n , Muntefort Muntfort, Aldithele Aldithel (there being no mark of contraction), 11 Engleneloande and E n g- leneloande. And. The use of ov for o n in all cases but three (on oniewise 6, of Glowchestre, of Aubemarle 10,) and even in such plain phrases as, ov tire treowthe 3, al ov tho ilche worden 11, is a serious linguistic error. It is curious that it did not occur to the transcriber that o f is frequently used, in the following word o ]> e r. After a b u t e n , 3, there is an apparent period. After Ri 3 1 for, 5, there is a period. The a in hat den, 7, has a marked dot over it, thus a. After Will', 9, there is an apparent period. 1 The observations in the preceding notes shew that the revision of the proof of this facsimile was not conducted with sufficient care, while the fact that the proofs of the facsimiles had to be revised at all, shews that the process does not possess that absolutely immaculate character which persons, unaware of its mechanical difficulties, might be disposed to attribute to it. The MS. in question was in every respect ill adapted for the purpose of photozincography, and instead of being surprised at the shortcomings of the plate, we should rather admire the way in which the difficulties have been overcome. POSTSCRIPT. 131 and that o v would be an unheard of form of this preposition. Of course the modern pronunciation of the word of misled both him and Henshall, but of is pronounced with an / by- Smith 1568, and Bullokar 1580, and Gill, in 1621, says (Logonomia, preface, last page) "licet frequentius dicamus . . . ov . . . tamen . . . sequainur hie consuetudinem et aliqua ex parte derivationem in ... of . . . , idque quod docti aliqui viri sic legunt et aliquando loquuntur," and he always in- dicates the pronunciation as (of). In the xmth century (ov) is an impossibility. The MS. form of the single instance in which the transcriber writes on is the same as that in each of the other fourteen cases in which he writes ov, and the three cases in which he writes of. Transcription. 1 A Charter in the English \ [1] Henry thurj Godes fultume idiom sent to the several ( King ov Engleneloande, Lhoaverd counties of England. J O v Yrloande, Duk ov Normandie ov Aquitaine and Eorl ov Anjow send igretinge to alle hise holde ilserde and ileawede ov Huntendone schire [2] thaet witen je wel alle thaet We willen and unnen thaet thaet ure raedesmen alle other the moare dael of heom thaet beoth ichosen thurj Us and thurg thaet loandes folk ov ure kune- riche habbeth idon and schullen [3] don in the worthnesse of Gode and ov ure treowthe for the freme of the loande thurj the besigte of thaen to foreniseide redesmen beo stede- faest and ilestinde in alle thinge abuten aende. And we hoaten [4] alle ure treowe in the treowthe thset heo Us 05 en thaet heo stedefaestliche healden and swerien to healden and to werien the isetnesses thaet beon imakede and beon to makien thurg than to foren iseide rsedesmen [5] other thurg the moare dael of heom alswo alse hit is biforen iseid. And thaet aehc other helpe thaet for to done bi than ilche othe agenes alle men. Rigt for to done and to foangen. And noan ne nime of loande ne of [6] ejte. Wherthurg this besigte 1 The commencement of the lines in the original is here added for convenience of reference. 132 POSTSCRIPT. muje beon ilet other iwersed on onie wise. And gif oni other onie cumen her ongenes we willen and hoaten thaet alle ure treowe heom healden deadliche ifoan. And for thaet [7] We willen thaet this beo stedefast and lestinde, We senden jew this writ open iseined with ure seel to halden amanges jew ine hord. Witnesse Us selven at Lundene thane ejtetenthe day ov the monthe [8] of Octobre in the two and fowertithe jeare of ure cruninge. And this wes idon aetforen ure isworene redesmen Boneface, Archebischop ov Kanterbury, Walter of Cantelow, Bischop ov Wirechestre, [9] Simon of Muntfort, Eorl ov Leirchestre, Richard of Clare, Eorl of Glowchestre and ov Hurtford, Roger Bigod, Eorl ov Northfolk and Marescal ov Engleneloande, Perres of Sauveye, William of Fort, Eorl of Aubemarle, [10] John of Plesseiz, Eorl ov Warewik, John Geffreessune, Perres of Muntefort, Eichard of Grey, Roger of Mortemer, James of Aldithele and aetforen othre moje. [11] And al ov tho ilche worden is isend in to aevrihce other shcire over al thaere kuneriche ov Engleneloande and ek in tel Irelonde. Translation. Henry, through God's Grace, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy, of Aquitaine, and Earl of Anjou, sends greeting to all His subjects learned and un- learned 1 of Huntingdonshire that know ye well all that we will and charge 2 that that which Our counsellors, all or the majority of them that be chosen through 3 Us and through the land folk 3 of our kingdom, have done and shall do in the worthiness 4 of God and of 5 Our truth for the thrift 6 of the land through the provision of the aforesaid counsellors, be steadfast and enduring in all things for ever. And We charge all Our liegemen, in the fealty that they owe Us, that they 1 This is a secondary meaning of ileawede, the original sense lay is evidently here intended. 2 Not a recognized meaning of unnen. The same word is here also used to translate hoaten. 8 See p. 81. * Honour, p. 83. 6 As if the words meant, "in the worthiness of our truth," which is absurd. 6 Benefit p. 83, not thrift in any respect. POSTSCRIPT. - 133 steadfastly hold and swear to hold and observe the statutes that are made and shall be made through the aforesaid coun- sellors or the majority of them, in like manner as it is afore- said. And that each help the other to do that by the same oath against all men. To do and maintain l right. And let no one take either of land or property whereby this pro- vision may be hindered or abated in anywise. And if any other or others 2 come here against it 3 we will and charge that all our liegemen hold them deadly foes. And for that We will that this be steadfast and enduring We send you this writ open, signed with Our seal, to hold among you in keeping. 4 Witness Ourself at London the 18th day of the month of October in the 42nd year of Our crowning. And this was done before Our sworn counsellors, Boniface, Archbishop of Canterbury, Walter of Cantelow, Bishop of Worcester, Simon of Muntfort, Earl of Leicester, Eichard of Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford, Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk and Marshal of England, Piers of Savoy, William of Fort, Earl of Albemarle, John of Plesseiz, Earl of Warwick, John Geffreessune, Piers of Muntfort, Richard of Grey, Roger of Mortimer, James of Aldithele, and before many 5 others. And all of 6 the same words are 7 sent into every other shire over all the kingdom of England and also into Ireland. 1 This is erroneous, see p. 87. It would be a very forced meaning to put on foangen. 2 There is nothing in the original corresponding to other or others. 8 The use of both here and it, shews that the passage has been entirely misap- prehended ; one or the other must be omitted, see p. 93. 4 The word inehord which the transcriber writes ine hard indicate the place of keeping. "To hold in keeping," is tautological, at least "safe keeping" is necessary. 6 Somner's old mistake concerning mo-&e reproduced, see pp. 15, 95, and mo-^e in the Glossarial Index. 6 Error of translation induced by the error of transcription, ov for on. " By putting are for is the translator shews that he misunderstood the words to mean that " all documents having the same words were sent " &c. It is not the meaning of the original, which merely says that something, unnamed, but evidently a "writ open," in precisely the same words, has been sent, etc. In this case al is an adverb, not an adjective plural. 134 POSTSCRIPT. Considering that correct translations had been published by Hegel in 1856, and Marsh in 1862, the translator in 1865 might have easily avoided the errors pointed out in the pre- ceding notes. For errors committed in the translation of the Burton copy of the old French version, see p. 87. The original French of this proclamation is not given in Sir H. James's work. But immediately following the facsimile of the English version is the facsimile of the enrollment in the Close Roll, 49 Henry III., of the summons issued by Simon of Montfort in the king's name, for the first real English representative parliament to meet on the Octaves of St. Hilary, 20 Jan 1265. It is in Latin, addressed to Robert bishop of Worcester, and dated 14 Dec 1264. 1 The same work gives the charter of William the Conqueror to the City of London, and a grant of land from the same king to one Deorman, in Anglo-saxon characters, which may be here transcribed to shew the change in the language from William the Conqueror to Henry III. 2 Charter to the City of London. [1] WilTm kyng gret . 3 Will'm bifceop andgofhegft portirefan awcfealle }>aburhwarubinnan [2] londone frencifce andenglifce freondlice . andic kyde eow \at icwylle \at getbeon eallra J>aera [3] laga weorSe ]?egyt waeran on eadwerdef daege kynges. andic, wylle J^aet aelc cyld beo hif [4] feeder yrfnume. 3 sefter hif faederdaege. cw^icnellegejolian pat aenig man eow aenig wrang [5] beode. god eow gehealde. 4 1 A complete transcription of this document with the names of all the parties to whom, copies were addressed may be seen in Rymer i, 449, in which the words "plena securitate tronquillitatis et pacis" are wrongly transcribed "plena securitate et tranquillitate pacis." This document uses the phrase " ad honorem dei et vtilitatem totius regni nosfri" with the significant omission of " nostram fidem." 2 In the present transcription Roman characters are used, with the long f which is employed in the original in place of the ags. J" . The connections of the words, punctuation, and capitals are preserved. Italics mark extended con- tractions. 8 These periods are probably only photozincographic errors. 4 Translation. [1] "William, king, greets William, bishop, and Geoffrey, portreeve, and all the burgers within [2] London, French and English, POSTSCRIPT. 135 Grant to Deorman. [1] Will'm kyng gret wilTm "bisceop and swegn fcyrgerefan and ealle mine Jegnaf oneaft feaxan freondlice. [2] and ic ky'Se eow }>at ic habbe ge unnen deormanne minan man 1 Ja hide landef aet gyddefdune J?e hi [3] of geryden waef. #^icnellege)>olian frencifcan ne englifcan \at him aet aenigan J?ingan mif beode. 2 friendlily. And I inform you that I will that ye-two be of-all the [3] laws possessed which ye-two were on Edward the king's day. And I will that each child be his [4] father's inheritance-taker (heir) after his father's day. And I will-not suffer that any man to-you any wrong [5] offer. God keep you. In Sir H. James's work the dual forms yet, gyt are not noticed, and the words beon eallra ]>gera laga weorfte are translated, " be worthy all those laws," the meaning of which is not evident, but weorfte is used in a legal sense, as " folc-rihtes wyrfle, >agen-weres wyrfte," possessed of popular rights, liable to a thane's fine, see Bosworth sub voce. Observe gret greets, con- tracted form, like fend sends, in the proclamation. 1 The ' a ' in man is very indistinct. 2 Translation. [1] William, king, greets "William, bishop, and Sweyn, sheriff, and all my thanes in Essex, friendlily. [2] And I inform you that I have granted to Deorman, my man, the hide of land at Gyddesdun which from-him [3] was off- ridden. And I will-not suffer Frenchman nor Englishman that he misuse him in any thing. Observe the use of unnan to grant ; and the phrase him of geryden teas. The last letter m of him seems to have been worn off the parchment. In Bosworth geridan is explained, to ride, to ride through or over, to invade. Here it would seem to imply that Deorman had been deprived of the land by some raid, rather than by the Norman invasion. It is stated in the Introduction to Sir H. James's work that ''his name does not appear in Domesday Book among persons holding land in England previous to the Conquest, nor indeed among any of the tenants before or after in Essex." ASHER & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. LOQMAN LE SAGE. FABLES (ARABE ET FRANCAIS). Le text revu de nouveau sur les MSS., par I. DEKEMBOURG. r2rao. 2s. MAJOR, RICHARD HENRY, F.S.A. LIFE OF PRINCE HENRY of Portugal, surnamed the Navigator, and its Uesults. Comprising the Discovery, within one century, ot Half the World; with new facts in the Dis- covery of the Atlantic Islands ; a Refutation of French Claims to Priority in Discovery; Portuguese Knowledge (subsequently lost) of the Nile Lakes; and the History of the Naming of America. From authentic contemporary docu- ments. 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