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 MANUAL OF STYLE 
 
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A CONCISE 
 
 MANUAL OF STYLE 
 
 REVISED EDITION 
 By 
 
 H. Allan' reed 
 
 COMPILED FOR USE IN THE PRINTING HOUSE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AMERICAN BAPTIST PUBLICATION SOCIETY 
 
 ' FRANK A. GODARD, Superintendent 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 1920 
 
POINT 
 
 SYSTEM 
 
 3>4 point, 
 
 Brilliant. 
 
 4K^ 
 
 point, 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 5 
 
 point, 
 
 Pearl. 
 
 5>^ point, 
 
 Agate. 
 
 •; .^ 
 
 point, 
 
 Nonpareil. 
 
 '"'f 
 
 point. 
 
 Minion. 
 
 '/''^'^ 
 
 {pbint. 
 
 Brevier. 
 
 9 
 
 point. 
 
 Bourgeois. 
 
 10 
 
 point, 
 
 Long Primer. 
 
 11 
 
 point, 
 
 Small Pica. 
 
 12 
 
 point, 
 
 Pica. 
 
 1mm 
 
 SCHOOL 
 
 Copyright, 1920, by H. ALLAN REED 
 
CONTENTS LiD^ARY 
 
 SCHOOL 
 INTRODUCTORY „ „.-- 7 
 
 I. GENERAL RULES 9-11 
 
 Compositors and Operators. Temporary headlines. 
 Untimely criticism. Illustrations. Maps. Poetical 
 and other extracts. Proof-readers. Editorial Assis- 
 tance. 
 
 II. ABBREVIATIONS _ 12-15 
 
 Addresses. Apocrypha. Associations, Societies, 
 Unions. Books of the Bible. Christian Names. 
 Clock Time. Contractions. Dates. Degrees. Firm 
 Names. Geographical (names). Latin Words. 
 Months. MS. and P. S. Numbers. Railroads. Ref- 
 erences (Scripture). Revised Version. Saints. Sov- 
 ereigns. States (names of). Temperature. Titles. 
 
 III. CAPITALIZATION 15-24 
 
 A B C's. Adjectives and Verbs from foreign lan- 
 guages. Ages and Periods (geological and histori- 
 cal). Appendix. Associations, Conventions, Socie- 
 ties, and Unions. Books of the Bible. Captions. 
 Chapter. Church. City. Committee. Common- 
 wealth. Confession. Deity. Derived Names and 
 Nicknames. Ecclesiastical. Epistolary Addresses. 
 Flag. Foreign Names. Geographical (names). Gov- 
 ernment. Historical (epochs, documents, etc.). Holi- 
 days. Honorary Degrees and Titles. Hymns. In- 
 itials. Inscriptions (under illustrations). Legislative 
 Bodies. Lesson Studies. Nations and States. O and 
 Oh. Organizations (corporate bodies). Personifica- 
 tion. Political Parties. President. Proper Nouns 
 used as Adjectives. Public Buildings. Race Designa- 
 tions. Roman Numerals. Scientific Names (natural 
 order, genus, etc.). School. Scripture Names and 
 Terms. Seasons. Signatures (to documents). State. 
 
 456532 
 
Contents 
 
 Street. Sunday school and Teacher-training. S. S. 
 Departments. "The" (as part of name). Time. 
 Titles. U. S. Service and Departments. War. 
 
 IV. CONSOLIDATION AND HYPHENATION „...24-43 
 
 Explanation of method used. Several words com- 
 pounded to form an adjective. Indian names. Ad- 
 verbs in " ly." Emphasis a guide. Alphabetical list 
 of words that should be consolidated. Alphabetical 
 list of words that take the hyphen when com- 
 pounded. List of words that should not be com- 
 pounded. 
 
 V. CREDITS 43, 44 
 
 Style to be used in periodicals. Style to be used In 
 books. 
 
 VI. DIVISIONS 44-49 
 
 General rules. Suffixes. List of eight hundred 
 sample words divided, alphabetically arranged. 
 
 VII. FIGURES _ _ _.. 49-52 
 
 " General " versus " Statistical " matter. Decimals. 
 Degrees. Dimensions, Distances, and Measures. 
 Footnotes. Fractions. Time. 
 
 VIII. FOOTNOTES _ 52, 53 
 
 Abbreviations. Capitalization. Superior figures. Au- 
 thor's, Editor's, and Translator's Notes. 
 
 IX. FOREIGN LANGUAGES 53-55 
 
 French: accents; adjectives; elisions; capitalization; 
 divisions. Italian: accents; elisions; adjectives; divi- 
 sions; diphthongs. Spanish: mark of interrogation; 
 exclamation-point; dieresis; fi a member of the al- 
 phabet; acute accent; adjectives; ch, 11, and rr single 
 consonants; divisions; diphthongs; ordinals. 
 
 X. INITIALS 55-58 
 
 Marked in copy for books. Not used in editorials 
 
 of periodicals. Spacing for initials. Key to spacing. 
 
Contents 
 
 XI. ITALIC 58-60 
 
 Excessive use. Foreign Words. Foreign sentences. 
 Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Foreign words and 
 phrases followed by translation. Foreign personal 
 appellations. Italic punctuation-marks. Responsive 
 and Dramatic Readings. Titles (following signa- 
 tures). 
 
 XII. NOTATION 60 
 
 Numerals used as adjectives, as nouns, and as ad- 
 verbs of time. Order of notation. 
 
 XIII. PROOF-READER'S MARKS 61,62 
 
 Sample page. Key to Proof-reader's Marks. 
 
 XIV. PUNCTUATION 63-69 
 
 What punctuation is for. Accents. Apostrophe: 
 
 A B C's; P's and Q's; omission of "s" in singular 
 possessive; "printer's ink"; "state rights"; "state's 
 evidence"; "somebody's else"; "oneself." Brack- 
 ets: use restricted; useful in dramatic readings. 
 Colon: when demanded; addresses; references. 
 Comma: with conjunction "and"; in connection with 
 " again," " also," " beside," " for," " however," " now," 
 " of course," " oh," " so," " still," " therefore," " too," 
 "verily," and "why"; omit in "Oh dear!" and 
 "Mother dear"; with adverbs and verbs; preceding 
 short quotations; demanded at times by common 
 sense. Dash: Cobbett's opinion; De Vinne on 
 comma-dash and colon-dash; with initials; two-em 
 dash; en dash in place of hyphen. Exclamation- 
 point: sentences should be really exclamatory; fre- 
 quently misused. Hyphen: after adjectives; refer- 
 ences; dates; cooperation, preempt, reelect, etc.; 
 Palestinian names. Parentheses: references; notes; 
 interpolations. Period: after Roman numerals; on 
 title-pages; display matter; elisions of words and 
 passages; elisions of lines of poetry; omit in nick- 
 names. Quotation-marks: nicknames; animals; 
 boats; cars; ships; quotations within quotations; out- 
 side of punctuation; Golden Texts; Memory Verses; 
 extracts; book and article mentioned together; cred- 
 its; Bible, Homer, Virgil, Caesar, Vedas, and en- 
 
Contents 
 
 cyclopedias. References: simple; composite; chap- 
 ters only; proof-readers not expected to verify. 
 Scripture Selections: must conform literally to ver- 
 sion used as copy; Revised version. Semicolon: in 
 simple sentences; where phrases are nearly or quite 
 complete in themselves; in references. 
 
 XV. SIGNATURING 69 
 
 Methods employed. 1. Figures. 2. Letters. 
 
 XVI. SPACING 69-71 
 
 Elisions. Em-quadrats. Single Letter Abbrevi- 
 ations. Poetry. Quotations. References. 
 
 XVII. SPELLING 71-73 
 
 A and An. Accents. Afterward, Backward, For- 
 ward, Toward. Awhile. Beside. Bible Names. 
 Chemicals, Formulae. Diphthong. " Ei " and " ie." 
 Farther, Further. Foreign Words, Latin form in 
 plurals of English words. " Ful " and " fuls." Geo- 
 graphical. Illiterate Phraseology and Slang. Mis- 
 cellaneous. Phonetic Spelling. 
 
 XVIII. SAMPLE INDICES _._ 73 
 
 Half-measure. Broad measure. Samples. Titles in 
 index work. 
 
 XIX. SAMPLES, BIBLIOGRAPHY 74 
 
 Plain style. Elaborate style, useful at end of chap- 
 ters or sections of a book. 
 
 XX. SAMPLE LIST OF CHARACTERS 74 
 
 XXI. SAMPLE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 74 
 
 XXII. SAMPLES, TABLE OF CONTENTS 74, 75 
 
 Style frequently employed. Style showing general 
 divisions of a book. An elaborate form. Plain style 
 for pamphlets. 
 
INTRODUCTORY 
 
 There is no one final authority that may be appealed to by 
 the printer in disputed points of capitalization, punctuation, 
 spelling, and the compounding and division of words. The 
 teaching of the special treatises on these subjects is so widely 
 divergent that an attempt has been made here to put in con- 
 crete form a number of rules that will assist in preserving 
 uniformity of style in typographical composition. It is need- 
 less to say that this embodiment of rules is not exhaustive, 
 and that much has been left to the judgment and experience 
 of the compositor and proof-reader. As a convenient start- 
 ing-point, the rulings of the Standard Dictionary have been 
 followed generally, although office decisions frequently differ 
 from that authority. 
 
 The specimen words found under the captions "Consolida- 
 tion," " Hyphenation," and " Division " will be found useful 
 in indicating the treatment of words of similar construction 
 not mentioned in these lists. 
 
 It must be clearly understood that while the rules given in 
 this Manual are to be generally observed, cases are bound to 
 occur where it may be considered necessary to deviate from 
 the rule. So far as possible, in such cases, special instruc- 
 tions will accompany copy. Sometimes, however, the proof 
 will convey the notice of temporary change of procedure. 
 Such exceptional departures from the usual style must not be 
 considered as a precedent or as invalidating any rule herein 
 given. Every doubtful point that may arise cannot be spe- 
 cifically treated here, but it is believed that the rules laid 
 down will serve as a guide in the majority of such cases. 
 
I. GENERAL RULES 
 
 Compositors and Operators. Operators must not take 
 proofs of slugs they set, renovate old matrices, nor attempt 
 to repair their machines. 
 
 All accidents, irregularities of action, breakage, etc., should 
 at once be reported to the machinist, whose duty it is to rec- 
 tify such troubles. 
 
 A clean proof is one mark of superior workmanship. See 
 that a new error is not made while correcting an old one. 
 This is especially important in correcting proofs for press or 
 foundry. 
 
 Proofs should be corrected promptly. 
 
 When corrections are needed for forms that are being 
 made ready for press or foundry it will be the duty of any 
 operator having on his machine the font and measure re- 
 quired, to make such corrections at once on request of the 
 hand engaged on the work. 
 
 When an operator has a number of proofs of the same 
 book or periodical to correct at one time, a proof of the cor- 
 rected slugs should be taken to the proof-room. When the 
 corrections are few in number, the operator should take time 
 to see that his slugs are free from errors before allowing 
 them to leave his hands, and the stone-hand receiving the 
 slugs should examine them, and if an error is detected a true 
 slug should be cast at onc'e. 
 
 In correcting page and double-galley proofs, operators 
 should correct errors in one page or columji, seriatim, before 
 commencing on the next. 
 
 Operators must not ignore the reader's correction of tem- 
 porary headlines. When errors are not corrected they are 
 liable to reappear in the permanent head. 
 
 Untimely criticism of and trivial debates on a proof-reader's 
 markings are worse than useless. Correct the proofs. The 
 reader is responsible. 
 
 Compositors and operators must not mark or make era- 
 sures on proofs. When doubt arises on points not treated 
 here, advice must be sought in the proof-room, and except 
 where further information is genuinely needed, the reader's 
 marks corrected without question. 
 
JO " • ' ' • '''.' -. ' 'Genfe^al Rules 
 
 After correcting a proof the stone-hand should carefully 
 revise his work before pulling another proof. 
 
 In making up, stone-hands must not allow a paragraph to 
 end at the top of a column or page of a book, even if spaced 
 to full measure. Book pages should not go long or short, if 
 editor is willing to amend the text. 
 
 Full-page illustrations and maps that are too wide to be 
 regularly placed should be made up with head to outside of 
 page. Where two such cuts occur, the one on an even folio 
 and the other on the following page, the head of the second 
 should be made up with head to the inner margin of the page. 
 
 Proof-readers. Readers will remember that it often re- 
 quires as good judgment to know when not to make a mark 
 as when to make it, and arbitrary changes of punctuation, 
 etc., that involve trouble and expense, should be avoided. 
 Punctuation should be changed only where the sense is made 
 clearer thereby, or where in the same article a lack of 
 consistency is apparent. In a proof showing unimportant de- 
 viations from office style, corrections involving a great deal 
 of labor should not be made without consulting the foreman. 
 
 It is the proof-reader's first duty to correct typographical 
 errors, not to pass on a writer's crudities or infelicities of 
 style. So far as the latter are concerned, in the absence of 
 obvious errors the proof-reader must see that copy is fol- 
 lowed. Should a palpable anachronism or misstatement or 
 ambiguous passage occur in copy, a query should be ad- 
 dressed to the editor by the proof-reader, calling attention to 
 the item, such query being plainly but briefly written on the 
 proof, and it will be the duty of the reviser to copy such 
 query on the editor's or author's proof. If this is not feasi- 
 ble, as in the case of some periodical proofs, a brief mem- 
 orandum, giving name of article and subject of query, should 
 be handed to the foreman for transmission to the editor. 
 
 The reader must at once inform an operator of T;he dis- 
 covery of imperfect or wrong-font matrices. 
 
 For office convenience, proof-readers will keep on file all 
 proofs and copy until several months after publication. 
 
 Editorial Assistance. There are several ways in which 
 editors may help the printer — such help generally resulting 
 in a better typography and a reduction of expenses. Here 
 are a few suggestions: 
 
General Rules 1 1 
 
 1. Cutting Out Excess Matter. If several lines are to be ex- 
 cised, the least expensive way is to cut out a small paragraph 
 bodily, or, if this is not advisable, to make the cut as near the 
 end of a paragraph as possible. To cut a word here and 
 there generally means the resetting of entire paragraphs. 
 
 2. Alterations and Adding New Lines. Count the words. Any 
 other way is only guesswork. E. g., if the words in a certain 
 work average say twelve per line, and three additional lines 
 are needed, write thirty-six words. And thus, also, in replac- 
 ing words and sentences. If five words are removed, the 
 substitution of five words will be the only economical method. 
 So far as alterations are concerned, editing the copy rather 
 than the proof means economy. Where alterations must be 
 made, the changes preferably should be marked on the gal- 
 ley proofs. If, however, they are required in pages already 
 made up, to avoid laborious overrunning of paragraphs and 
 remaking of pages the number of words deleted should be 
 counted and, where possible, the same number of words 
 supplied in the new matter. In furnishing copy to produce 
 an article or pamphlet of a given size, the number of words 
 required should be ascertained and the MS. limited to that number. 
 
 3. Placing of Illustrative Cuts. In making up dummies for 
 periodicals, where a cut is pasted, see that room is left on the 
 page for the matter displaced by the cut. This procedure 
 seems so obvious as to make mention of it useless, yet it is 
 often forgotten, or the matter to be displaced incorrectly 
 measured. So far as possible, cuts should be placed either 
 above or below the fold of the page. This is especially true 
 of dark or fine-screen half-tones — otherwise there is a risk 
 that, in passing through the folding machine, an offset may 
 occur that will blur both the picture and the page folded on it. 
 
 4. Changing Location of Cuts. Where matter is run around 
 cuts, a change of location always means a resetting of all 
 lines touching the cut, and frequently many more. Where 
 there are numerous cuts, many changes may involve the re- 
 setting of the entire work, and the remaking of all the pages, 
 thus doubling the original cost. 
 
 5. Foundry Proofs. A proof marked " Foundry," or simply 
 " fy," means that a plate of the matter has been made and 
 that corrections will be laborious and expensive. All unnec- 
 essary changes should be avoided and only errors marked for 
 correction. 
 
12 Abbreviations 
 
 II. ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 Addresses. John Jones, Colorado; John Jones, Goldburg, 
 Colo. Where the city or town is given the state name should 
 be abbreviated, not otherwise. Omit Rev. when used with 
 D. D., as Wayland Hoyt, D. D. This applies only to D. D., 
 as Rev. Dr. Wayland Hoyt and Rev. James White, Ph. D., 
 are appropriate. Use Esq. for esquire; Jr. and Sr. for junior 
 and senior; James M. Wilson, 3d, not "third." 
 
 Apocrypha. 1 Esdras, 2 Esdras, Tobit, Judith, Esther, Wis- 
 dom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, Song of the Three 
 Holy Children, History of Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, 
 Manasses, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees. These are best spelled 
 out, with the exception of Ecclus. (Ecclesiasticus), 1 Mace, 
 and 2 Mace. 
 
 Associations and Unions. Except where otherwise di- 
 rected, in general matter, when names of well-known organi- 
 zations are abbreviated in copy, as B. Y. P. U. and Y. M. 
 C. A., these should be spelled out; but follow copy in lesson 
 papers, or where used very frequently or colloquially, and 
 where there seems to be a special reason for abbreviation. 
 See III. 
 
 Books of the Bible. When necessary to abbreviate, as in 
 references, use the following method: Gen., Exod., Lev., 
 Num., Deut., Josh., Judg., 1 and 2 Sam., 1 and 2 Chron., Neh., 
 Ps., Prov., Eccl., Isa., Jer., Lam., Ezek., Dan., Obad., Hab., 
 Zeph., Hag., Zech., Mai, Matt., Rom., 1 and 2 Cor., Gal., Eph., 
 Phil., Col., 1 and 2 Thess., 1 and 2 Tim., Philem., Heb., Rev. 
 Do not abbreviate Ruth, Kings, Ezra, Esther, Job, Song of 
 Solomon, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Jonah, Micah, and Nahum, in 
 the Old Testament, and Mark, Luke, John, Acts, Titus, 
 James, Peter, and Jude in the New Testament. 
 
 Christian Names. Abbreviations are only allowable in sig- 
 natures. Do not use apostrophe, but set thus: Edwd., Thos., 
 etc. 
 
 Clock Time. 10 a. m., 12 ra., 2.30 p. m.; 8.45 to 11 a. m.; 
 5 to 10.30 p. m.; 12 midnight. When a. m. and p. m. are not 
 used, spell out, as " two-thirty," " six twenty-five," etc. See 
 HI and VII, "Time," and XIV, "Hyphen." 
 
Abbreviations 13 
 
 Contractions. Omit space before apostrophe in such words 
 as it's, they're, you'll. Omit space in the colloquialisms aren't 
 (not "aren't"), 'twas (not "'twas"), 'twill (not "'twill"). 
 The origin of these contractions is so obvious as to render 
 the use of a space superfluous. See XIV, " Apostrophe." 
 
 Dates. Set as follows: November 3, not 3d; on the third 
 of November, not on the 3d of Nov. Where it is desired to 
 express the century date in roman numerals, use a simple 
 form, as MCM for 1900. Except where a condensed com- 
 mercial-letter form is demanded, spell out ultimo, instant, 
 proximo, as well as the numeral: sixth instant, not 6th inst. 
 " In the year 1540, A. D." is tautological. Set " In A. D. 
 1540." See III, "Time." 
 
 Degrees. Honorary degrees are always abbreviated when 
 preceded by a name, as B. D., D. D., M. D., LL. D., Ph. D., 
 D. C. L., etc. See III. 
 
 Figures.. See VII. 
 
 Firm Names. J. Jones & Co., Inc.; Jones & Bros., Lim., 
 but Jones Brothers; Atlantic and Pacific Salt Company; 
 Reading Flour and Feed Company; Powell & Co., but Powell 
 Company. In literary and musical companionships use 
 " and," as Gilbert and Sullivan. 
 
 Geographical. In names of places abbreviate Saint: St. 
 Louis, St. Paul. Spell out Fort and Mount, as Fort Wayne, 
 Mount Vernon, except where it i^ necessary to economize 
 space. Allusions to cities in the Dominion of Canada, when 
 followed by name of province, may be set thus: Winnipeg, 
 Man.; Toronto, Ont. (or Can.); Vancouver, B. C; Halifax, 
 N. S. Spell out all other foreign addresses, as Melbourne, 
 Australia; Calais, France. 
 
 Latin Words. Abbreviate and set in roman as follows: 
 e. g. for exempli gratia; f. for " following " ^ (to distinguish 
 from ff., for fecerunt, etc.) ; ibid, for ibidem; i. e. for id est; 
 loc. cit. for loco citato; N. B. for nota bene; op. cit. for opere 
 citato; vs. for versus; pro tem (omit period, as this term is 
 practically anglicized) for pro tempore; seq. (not sq.) for 
 sequentes; per cent (omit period) ; viz. ior videlicet. Spell out 
 ex officio and vice versa. See XI, " Foreign Words." 
 
 Months. If necessary to abbreviate, use Jan., Feb., Mar., 
 Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec. June and July are best 
 not abbreviated; March and April seldom. 
 
14 Abbreviations 
 
 MS. and P. S. When the words " manuscript " and " post 
 scriptiim" are abbreviated, set thus: MS., MSS. (plural), and 
 P. S. 
 
 Numbers. Use No. when preceding a serial number, as 
 File No, 421. In lines of caps where No. occurs before fig- 
 ures, invariably small-cap the " o." 
 
 Railroads. In ordinary matter, unless otherwise instructed, 
 spell out names of railroads, using & where " and " is called 
 for. When abbreviated, use R. R. for railroad and Ry. for 
 railway. The abbreviated form is permissible when used very 
 frequently or colloquially in an article or a book: " I am go- 
 ing by the D. L, & W," 
 
 References. Scripture references that accompany lesson- 
 topic headlines should be abbreviated according to the sched- 
 ule given under "Books of the Bible," e, g,, 1 Cor, 3:1; 
 Exod, 2:4; 9 : 17; with the exception that when the chapter 
 only is given, the name of book should be spelled out, as 
 Jeremiah 6 (not Jeremiah, chapter 6, unless by editorial di- 
 rection). Spell out also when book, chapter, and verse actu- 
 ally form part of a sentence, as " This is plainly taught in 
 Isaiah 40 : 1," " We find these words in verses 4-6." In ordi- 
 nary references, however, "Isaiah," "verses," etc., would be 
 abbreviated, ver. for both verse and verses, not vs. and vss. 
 See XIV, "References.". Set in roman " f,," with period, 
 " Margin " may be abbreviated " Marg.," if so systematically 
 written in copy. References other than biblical may be set 
 as indicated in VIII, In references and citations where 
 abbreviations are required, use art. or arts, for article and 
 articles; fig. or figs, for figure or figures; p. or pp, for page or 
 pages; vol. or vols, for volume or volumes. 
 
 Revised Version. When used as a reference or part of a 
 reference, abbreviate thus: R. V.; but when occurring as part 
 of an ordinary sentence, spell out, Revised version. 
 
 Saints. Except rarely, in very narrow measures, spell out 
 when applied to persons, churches, and religious institutions, 
 as Saint James, Saint Veronica, the persons; Saint Paul's, 
 Saint Peter's, the cathedrals; Convent of Saint Ursula, Saint 
 Luke's Sunday School, etc. Abbreviate in such names as 
 Hotel St, Denis, St. Regis Academy, St. Mary's College, St. 
 Valentine's Day, See " Geographical." 
 
Capitalization 1 5 
 
 Sovereigns. Names of sovereigns are usually best set with 
 ronian numerals without period, Edward VI, Charles I; but 
 Edward the Sixth and Charles the First, etc., may be used if 
 an author spells out the names consistently. The style should 
 not vary in any one article. 
 
 States. Abbreviate states, territories, and dependencies as 
 follows: Ala., Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D, C, Fla., 
 Ga., 111., Kans., Ky., La., Me., Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., 
 Miss., Mo., Mont., Neb., Nev., N. H., N. J., N. Mex., N. Y., 
 N. C, N. Dak., Okla., Oreg., Pa., P. I. (Philippine Islands), 
 P. R. (Porto Rico), R. I., S. C, S. Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., 
 Va., Wash., W. Va., Wis., Wyo. Do not abbreviate Alaska, 
 Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Ohio, Samoa, and Utah if it can 
 be avoided. 
 
 Temperature. 20° F., 4° R., for twenty degrees Fahrenheit 
 and four degrees Reaumur, etc. 
 
 Titles. Abbreviate Doctor, Professor, Reverend, General, 
 Colonel, Major, Captain, and Lieutenant when first name or 
 initials are given. As a rule other military and naval titles 
 than those mentioned should always be spelled out. Presi- 
 dent, Secretary, Treasurer, vSenator, Representative, and simi- 
 lar civic titles should not be abbreviated unless economy of 
 space is demanded. Set Right Hon. and Right Rev. See III. 
 Omit " Mr." unless otherwise instructed, in lists of officers in 
 reports and minutes. 
 
 III. CAPITALIZATION 
 
 A B C's. Set in caps without commas. See XIV, " Apos- 
 trophe." 
 
 Adjectives and Verbs ending in " ed," " ify," " ing," " ize " 
 are lower-cased: "anglicized," " frenchified," " romanized," 
 " latinized," and other words of similar construction. So 
 also " roman " and " italic," referring to type. See " Proper 
 Nouns." 
 
 Ages and Periods. Capitalize adjectives only in geological 
 ages and periods: Silurian age. Stone age, Carboniferous, 
 Eocene, and Tertiary periods. So with such expressions as 
 Elizabethan age. Apostolic age, Tudor period, etc., but capi- 
 talize both adjective and noun in Dark Ages and Middle Ages. 
 
 Appendix. Capitalize Appendtx, Appendix A, Appendix I, 
 etc., when these refer to a portion of a book. 
 
1 6 Capitalization 
 
 Associations, Conventions, Societies, and Unions. Capital- 
 ize only when full name is given; lower-case in casual refer- 
 ence, " the association," etc. 
 
 Books of the Bible. Set Epistles of Peter, Book of Isaiah, 
 and others (used as full title of the work). In casual refer- 
 ence, such as " In the book of Job," lower-case book, and so 
 generally, as " this book," " books of the Bible," " this epis- 
 tle," etc. To distinguish " Gospel," the book, from " gospel " 
 in the general sense, the former is always capitalized. 
 
 Captions. In setting titles of books and headlines of arti- 
 cles, only the most important words should be capitalized. 
 Articles, conjunctions, and prepositions may be safely lower- 
 cased in most instances. When the definite article is used 
 and is known to be a part of the title of a periodical, it is 
 capitalized. 
 
 Chapter. Capitalize in footnote references. " See Chap, 
 (or Chapter) VI." Also in specific designation, as " The fol- 
 lowing outlines given in Chapter VI." Lower-case in such 
 expressions as, " In every chapter of the book," etc. See 
 " Roman Numerals." 
 
 Church. Capitalize the word church only when a particu- 
 lar building, congregation, or denomination is in question, as 
 First Church, Anglican Church, Church of Rome (corporate 
 bodies), Epiphany Church, Church of the Redeemer (the 
 buildings). 
 
 City. Capitalize New York City and Washington City. 
 Lower-case such allusions as " the city of Boston " and " the 
 holy city." 
 
 Committee. In minutes, reports, etc., where the full com- 
 mittee name is given, capitalize, as Nominating Committee, 
 Committee on Finance. Lower-case when standing alone, as 
 " your committee," " the committee reported." 
 
 Commonwealth. Capitalize when used as synonym of 
 state: "the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania." 
 
 Confession. Capitalize even when standing alone, if refer- 
 ence is had'to some Confession of Faith. 
 
 Deity. All direct allusions to Deity should be capitalized 
 as in list given on page 17, but lower-case pronouns following 
 
Capitalization 17 
 
 such names. When pronouns occur that refer to but are not 
 preceded by direct mention of Deity, the first one must be 
 capitaHzed and others following lower-cased. List: Almighty, 
 Almighty God, Bread of Life, Christ-Child, Divine Being, 
 Godhead, Good Shepherd, Great Physician, Providence, heav- 
 enly Father, Holy One, Holy Ghost, Holy Spirit, Messiah 
 and Messianic, Prince of Peace, Son of man. Son of God, 
 Spirit of God, Supreme Being, Word (referring to Christ), 
 but word (referring to Bible). 
 
 Do not capitalize " child," referring to Jesus, if the name 
 Jesus has previously been mentioned. Lower-case " boy," 
 " youth," and similar words in such expressions as " the boy 
 Jesus." When the word God is used as a prefix set as fol- 
 lows: godfather, godlike, godmother, godsend, godspeed. 
 
 Derived Names and Nicknames. Capitalize Grecian, Ox- 
 onian, Virginian, etc. Capitalize nicknames derived from and 
 used as proper names. Lower-case " granny," " auntie," etc., 
 unless followed by a name. Lower-case such expressions as 
 " mother dear," " ma," " mom," " dad," " daddy," " pa," " pop," 
 etc.; but when " mom," " ma," " mother," " pop," etc., are used 
 as nicknames, such as " Pop Wilson," " Mother Jones," they 
 should be capitalized. 
 
 Ecclesiastical. Lower-case " disciple " and " apostle." Capi- 
 talize Doxology, the Twelve, Christian, Jew, Mohammedan, 
 Protestant, and names of all sects and denominations; also 
 such titles as Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Harrisburg. 
 Lower-case " apostolic fathers " and " fathers " (referring 
 to early church writers). Lower-case rabbi unless pre- 
 ceding a name. Do not capitalize " prophet," and similar 
 designations, in such phrases as " the prophet Malachi says." 
 Capitalize Advent, Epiphany, and similar words when used as 
 ecclesiastical dates, as " Prior to Advent," " After Epiphany." 
 Also when standing alone and expressing historical facts, 
 " the Advent," " the Epiphany "; but lower-case when used as 
 follows: "After Christ's advent," "the epiphany of our 
 Lord." In commentaries and works on scriptural subjects, 
 capitalize the reference " Margin." See II, " References." 
 
 Epistolary Addresses. In the absence of special instruc- 
 tions the following capitalization may be used: Dear Betsey, 
 My dear Betsey, Betsey dear, Betsey girl, My dear friend Bet- 
 sey, My dear Friend, Dear Miss Betsey, My dear Miss Betsey. 
 
 Flag. Capitalize Stars and btripes. Old Glory, and Star 
 Spangled Banner. 
 
1 8 Capitalization 
 
 Foreign Names. The prepositions " de " (or d'), "da," 
 "del," "della" (or dell'), " di," "van," "von," occurring in 
 foreign names, should be lower-cased when preceded by a 
 title or name, as Maurice de Maupret, M. d'Artagnan, Count 
 del Ferice, Prince von Bulow. If not preceded by name or 
 title, capitalize, as D'Aubigne, Von Moltke, Di Cesnola. This 
 does not include names occurring in works or extracts in 
 foreign languages. There copy must be followed. See IX. 
 
 Geographical. Arctic Ocean, etc.. Bay of Biscay, Canal 
 Zone, Continent and Continental (referring to Europe), Ches- 
 ter County, delta of the Nile, Eastern Hemisphere, Eastern 
 States, equator. Frigid Zone, Greater New York, Gulf of 
 Mexico, Gulf Stream, Great Lakes, Isle of Wight, Missis- 
 sippi Valley, New World, Niagara Falls, North Pole, Occi- 
 dent, Occidental, Old World, Orient, Oriental, Pacific Coast, 
 Peninsula of Michigan, Sea of Galilee. " Central," " north- 
 ern," etc., when applied to sections that have no definite 
 boundaries, should not be capitalized: central Illinois, eastern 
 Ohio, southern California, lower Egypt, middle West, north 
 China, south India, and others. Capitalize South Africa, de- 
 fined as territory- south of the Zambezi, and others where 
 boundaries are clearly understood, as Eastern, Middle, South- 
 ern, and Western States (U. S.). When referring to sections 
 of the United States, capitalize North, East, South, West, 
 Northwest, Southwest; also Northerner, Southerner; but 
 north, east, south, west, referring to points of compass, must 
 be lower-cased. The brook Kedron, the river Jordan, Mis- 
 sissippi River, but the Mississippi and Arkansas rivers, etc.; 
 Low Countries (the Netherlands). Such words as " bay," 
 " falls," " gulf," and " isthmus " should be lower-cased when 
 standing alone, full name having been previously mentioned. 
 For a list of geographical words used adjectively, see 
 " Proper Nouns." 
 
 Government. U. S. Government, the English Government, 
 etc., but lower-case when full name is not given and when 
 used as an adjective, as " The government may intervene," 
 " government ownership." 
 
 Historical. Capitalize Colonial (pre-Revolution), Consti- 
 tution (of U. S.), Constitutional Convention (U. S., 1787), 
 Continental (soldiers). Deluge, Dispersion (Jewish), Dutch 
 Republic, French Revolution, Inquisition, Magna Charta, 
 Pharaoh, Pharaonic, Reformation, Renaissance, Restoration, 
 Revolution and Revolutionary (American), Reign of Terror 
 
Capitalization 19 
 
 and The Terror (French), Second Annual Convention of the 
 Bar Association, etc., but lower-case casual allusions, e. g., 
 the Prohibition national convention. Capitalize noted days, 
 such as Black Friday. Lower-case captivity and exile 
 (Jewish). 
 
 Holidays. New Year's Day, Lincoln's Birthday, Washing- 
 ton's Birthday, Good Friday, Easter Sunday, Memorial or 
 Decoration Day, Independence Day or Fourth of July, Labor 
 Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day. 
 
 Honorary Degrees and Titles. These are always capital- 
 ized when preceded b}"^ a name: B. D., D. D., D. C. L., F, R. S. 
 and K. C. B. (England), LL. D., M. A., M. D., Ph. D., Th. D. 
 (lower-case the "h"), V. C. (England), etc. When standing 
 alone, the American degrees should be spelled out and set in 
 lower-case: " He received the degree of doctor of divinity." 
 Follow copy, however, if an author prefers to use this style: 
 "He received his D. D. in 1901." Knight Commander of 
 Bath, Victoria Cross, Legion of Honor, and other foreign 
 honorary titles should be capitalized when spelled out. See 
 n and XVL 
 
 Hymns. In order to avoid confusion and inconsistency, 
 the titles of hymns, including those where first lines are used 
 as captions, should be capitalized in the same manner as the 
 titles of articles in general. 
 
 Initials. (1) In articles beginning with an initial letter the 
 first word should be set in caps, whether the initial is part of 
 the first word or not. (2) When the initial is part of a name, 
 or of a title preceding a name, as Stephen Ellicott, Capt. John 
 Smith, the entire name should be set in caps. See X. 
 
 Inscriptions. In setting inscriptions to be placed under 
 illustrations, as a rule capitalize only proper nouns. 
 
 Legislative Bodies. Capitalize Congress, but lower-case 
 congressional; capitalize Parliament, House of Commons, 
 House of Lords, Senate of the United States, House of Rep- 
 resentatives, the Pennsylvania Legislature, and other state 
 legislatures. Lower-case senator, congressman, representa- 
 tive, etc., unless these precede a name, as Senator White. 
 
 Lesson Studies. When the International Sunday School 
 Lessons and Graded Courses are referred to, capitalize, as 
 International Lessons, Uniform Lessons, Keystone Interna- 
 
20 Capitalization 
 
 tional Graded Lessons, Graded Courses, Graded Series, Inter- 
 mediate Course, etc. 
 
 Nations and States. French Republic, Dominion of Can- 
 ada, Province of Ontario, State of New York, New York 
 State, New England States, and other state names; Roman 
 Empire, etc. Lower-case such references as duchy of Or- 
 leans, kingdom of Spain, principality of Wales, and republic 
 of Mexico. In books, by preference of book editor, " State " 
 and " Province " should be capitalized even when standing 
 alone, but in periodicals they should be lower-cased. Senti- 
 mental names of states should be capitalized: Empire State, 
 Keystone State, etc. 
 
 O and Oh. In the absence of special directions, a suffi- 
 ciently satisfactory method of using " O " and " Oh " when 
 these precede the name of a person or a thing, is to employ 
 " O " only in those cases that are purely vocative, where a 
 person or a thing is directly addressed, or where the name is 
 essential to the sense of the sentence. E. g., ''How zvonder- 
 ful are thy zvorks, Lord " ; " O Religion, how many crimes 
 have been committed in thy name!'' "Oh" may be used in 
 those purely exclamatory sentences where the name of per- 
 son or thing can be omitted without destroying the sense. 
 E. g., " Oh, James, you must not do it! " " Oh, Hilda, you 
 know that is not true!'' Both of these sentences are complete 
 with the name omitted, as " Oh, you must not do it! " " Oh, 
 you know that is not true! " 
 
 Organizations. When full name is given, capitalize. When 
 referred to but the name is not given — for example, the uni- 
 versity, the society, the committee — these words should not 
 be capitalized. This includes churches, colleges, schools, 
 unions, and societies. Capitalize National Guard of Pennsyl- 
 vania, New York Militia, etc., but lower-case in casual refer- 
 ence, as " the militia," " the national guard." 
 
 Personification. When seasons, qualities, and other com- 
 mon nouns are personified and systematicall}^ capitalized in 
 any article or book, follow cop)^ 
 
 Political Parties. Capitalize People's party, Republican 
 party, and others. A Democrat, a Prohibitionist, a Socialist, 
 a Populist, a Tory, a Conservative; but prohibition, socialism, 
 democracy, republicanism. 
 
Capitalization 21 
 
 President. Of United States, capitalize, also any synony- 
 mous title referring to the President, as Chief Magistrate, 
 Executive, His Excellency. 
 
 Proper Nouns as Adjectives. The more commonly em- 
 ployed of this class of words may be set as follows: 
 Lower-case: bologna sausage, britannia ware, brussels 
 sprouts, Canada balsam, Carolina pink, castile soap, china 
 aster, cologne water, epsom salt, hamburg steak, hessian fly, 
 honiton lace, india ink, india rubber, indian corn, levant 
 (leather), lisle thread, manila paper, manila rope, mansard 
 roof, mocha coffee, morocco (leather), osage orange, paris 
 green, plaster of paris, rochelle salt, turkey red, tyrian pur- 
 ple. Capitalize others. 
 
 Public Buildings. The Capitol at Washington, Philadelphia 
 Mint, Corn Exchange Building, and others. 
 
 Race Designations. Capitalize " Creole," referring to 
 French and Spanish Creoles in Louisiana. Lower-case col- 
 ored (applied to African race), gipsy, mulatto, negro, quad- 
 roon, etc. 
 
 Roman Numerals. Capitalize words used with Roman nu- 
 merals as titles, Chapter XII, Section VI, etc. 
 
 Scientific Names. Capitalize order or family and genus, 
 but lower-case species. The seventeen-year locust, Cicada sep- 
 tendecim, family CicadidcB. Cicada is the genus, septendecim 
 the species. So Algacece (the natural order), to which belongs 
 Chondrus crispus (Irish moss). Chondrus the genus, crispus 
 the species. In botany, however, names of species derived from 
 proper nouns are capitalized: Rhododendron Calif ornicuni; but 
 usually this does not hold in zoological terms, e. g., Lepus ameri- 
 canus, where the second element is not capitalized. 
 
 School. Bible school, Sunday school. These words are not 
 to be hyphenized when used as compound adjectives. 
 
 Scripture Names and Terms. Capitalize or lower-case 
 thus: the apostle Paul (and so with others), the Beatitudes, 
 Decalogue, day of Atonement, day of Pentecost, Exodus (the 
 book), and " the Exodus," the First Epistle of John, feast of 
 Tabernacles, Gentile, First Gospel (the book), but "preach- 
 ing the gospel," Garden of Eaen, Garden of Gethsemane, 
 Golden Rule, (jreat Commission, Holy Bible (but biblical), 
 
V 
 
 22 Capitalization 
 
 holy of holies, Holy Land, holy place, Holy Scriptures (but 
 scriptural), Holy Writ, Lord's Day, Lord's Prayer, Lord's 
 Supper, Mount Olivet, Mount of Olives, Mount of Transfig- 
 uration, the new Jerusalem, Passion week, the Passover (but 
 lower-case paschal lamb and paschal supper), Pharisee, the 
 prophet Isaiah, etc., Sabbath Day, Sadducee, Sanhedrin, 
 scribes. Sermon on the Mount, Shepherd Psalm, Sun of 
 righteousness, Syro-phoenician, the Commandments, refer- 
 ring to the tables as a whole, but first commandment, etc.. 
 Ten Commandments, Twenty-third Psalm, Wise-men. Titles 
 of rniracles are lower-cased, as " healing of the paralytic," but 
 capitalize titles of parables: the Lost Coin, the Prodigal Son. 
 Lower-case devil, hades, hell, paradise, purgatory, and sheol, 
 but capitalize Satan, Beelzebub, and Evil One. 
 
 Seasons. Lower-case spring," summer, fall, autumn, and 
 winter. See " Personification." 
 
 Signatures. Set as follows: 
 
 Fred Brown, 
 William W. Smith, 
 E. S. Willis, Chairman. 
 
 If the word " committee " or " commission " is added, set 
 chairman," or other official designation, in roman: 
 
 W. G. Howell, Chairman, 
 C. R. Tones, 
 C. A. Woodson, 
 
 Committee. 
 
 When it is necessary to economize space, set thus: 
 
 S. P. Boffin, Chairman, Wm. Coleman, 
 
 Frank Pattison, C. R. Powell, 
 
 L. W. Rawson, Edward Hayne, 
 
 George Galpin, Henry Bush, 
 
 States. See " Nations. 
 
 Commission. 
 
 Street. Market Street, Third Street, Tenth Street; but 
 Tenth and Eleventh streets. 
 
 Sunday school and Teacher-training. " School " and " train- 
 ing," for purposes of display, may be capitalized in jobs and 
 on title-pages, omitting the hyphen in Sunday school. In 
 reading matter always lower-case. 
 
Capitalization 23 
 
 S. S. Departments. Capitalize names of all the depart- 
 ments of the Sunday school, e. g., Cradle Roll, Beginners' 
 Department, Primary Department, and so with Junior, Inter- 
 mediate, Senior, Young People's, Adult, and Home. 
 
 " The." Capitalize when part of a name, as The Hague, 
 The Dalles, but the Netherlands. 
 
 Time. A. D. and B. C. are capitalized and set A. D. 1900 
 and 200 B. C. Capitalize " Eastern time " and " Standard 
 time." See II, " Dates." 
 
 Titles. 1. Lower-case titles used in the following manner: 
 " You will surely hear from the captain," " The doctor waits," 
 " The seiiorita is expected," referring to a captain, a doctor, 
 and a miss already mentioned by name. Lower-case also in 
 the direct address, as " You too, general," " your excellency," 
 " your majesty." 
 
 2. Lower-case titles of official position, such as president, 
 when standing alone. Where the name follows title, capital- 
 ize, as President B, Short, Secretary O. Jones, District At- 
 torney White. Capitalize the title or office also where name 
 precedes it in signatures to letters, documents, and minutes, 
 as Joseph Smith, Treasurer ; but in casual use lower-case title, 
 as " George White, district attorney, was the next speaker." 
 See XI. 
 
 3. In constitutions of organized bodies, in those articles 
 treating of an officer, the title of said officer must always be 
 capitalized. 
 
 4. Other titles are capitalized as follows: King of England, 
 Queen of Spain, Emperor of Japan, Viceroy of India, Prince 
 of Wales, Duke of Connaught, Marquis of Bute, Count of 
 Toulouse, Baron of Rothsay, President of Mexico, the Em- 
 press Catherine, the Emperor Tiberius, Duchess Maud, Queen 
 of Sheba, and others. When, however, there is simply a ref- 
 erence such as, "The queen is in good health," "The em- 
 peror is hunting," etc., lower-case queen, emperor, and all 
 the others. 
 
 5. Lower-case temporary titles when unaccompanied by 
 name, as governor of New York, mayor of Boston, the sec- 
 retary of state, attorney-general, and other cabinet officers, 
 sheriff of Boggs County; also, lieutenant-governor of Oudh, 
 chief secretary for Ireland, and .other similar English titles; 
 but Governor Brooks, Mayor Lowe, Sheriff White, Attorney- 
 General Wood, etc. 
 
24 Consolidation and Hyphenation 
 
 6. Aunt, cousin, father, grandfather, grandma, grand- 
 mother, grandpop, great-aunt, mother, and uncle, when fol- 
 lowed by a proper name, should be capitalized; e. g.. Aunt 
 Carrie, Cousin John, Grandpop Morris, Alother Webb, etc. 
 With rare exceptions sister and brother should be lower- 
 cased. (1) When, however, either of these terms is con- 
 sistently used with and as a part of a proper name to desig- 
 nate a character in a narrative, it should be capitalized; e. g.. 
 Brother Ben and Sister Sue may be 'characters that appear 
 chiefly or only under that appellation. (2) These terms 
 should be capitalized when reference is had to a member of a 
 religious order, as Sister Veronica, Brother Ignatius. 
 
 .V , U. S. Service and Departments. Capitalize United States 
 Army and United States Navy, Army of the Potomac (and 
 others), Department of Interior, War Department, etc. 
 
 War. As an exception, capitalize Civil War (American), 
 and World War, but of others capitalize only the adjec- 
 tives: Revolutionary war, war of the Revolution, war of 1812, 
 Boer war, Crimean war, war of the Roses, Thirty Years' war, 
 war of the Rebellion (American). 
 
 IV. CONSOLIDATION AND HYPHENA- 
 TION 
 
 Under the subheads " Consolidate " and " Separate," it will 
 be understood that the hyphen is used only to divide a word 
 at the end of a line and has no other significance. The 
 phrase " one word," sometimes used in this list, means that 
 all compounds with the immediately preceding word in bold- 
 face letter are to be consolidated; and when "all take hy- 
 phen " occurs, that compounds with preceding word must be 
 hj'phenized. So far as possible in such a limited list, excep- 
 tions are noted. The bracketed letters [adj] adjective, [n] 
 noun, etc., denote more than one form of treatment. For ex- 
 ample, " a backdown " [n] is naturally one word, whereas in 
 the expression " to back down " the verb and adverb are 
 separated. The letters " sh " (see " Hyphenize ") and " ss " 
 (see " Separate ") indicate additional combinations. 
 
 Most words combined to form an adjective may be hyphen- 
 ized, as " ill-advised speech," " stout-chested boy." The hy- 
 phen may also be used, adjectively only, in such Latin forms 
 
Consolidation and Hyphenation 25 
 
 as " ante-bellum days," " ex-officio member," and " prima- 
 facie evidence." In compounding several words to make an 
 adjective, only those terse or epigrammatic phrases should 
 be selected that tend to coalesce, as " cut-and-dried philos- 
 ophy," " get-rich-quick methods," " out-of-the-way haunts," 
 " two-year-old colt," " up-to-date edition," etc. Such natural 
 phrases as " light and airy manner," and " none too gentle 
 hand " should not be hyphenized. 
 
 Do not hyphenate such expressions as " clear blue," " dark 
 brown," " dirty gray," and " yellowish green," unless the ex- 
 pression, as a compound adjective, immediately precedes a 
 noun, as " yellowish-green fumes." 
 
 Indian names of more than two words and expressing an 
 idea take the hyphen, as " Rain-in-the-face," etc. 
 
 Do not compound adverbs ending in " ly " with adjectives 
 they qualify, as " newly wedded couple," " only begotten 
 Son." Do not compound two capitalized words to make an 
 adjective. Set New Testament history, North American In- 
 dian, etc.; but New-Englander [n], New-Yorker [n]. 
 
 In compounding, care must be taken not to confuse simple 
 adjectives and nouns with those forms that naturally coa- 
 lesce. For example, " a starving man " is a man that starves, 
 but " a dining-room " is not a room that dines. The empha- 
 sis on "dining" shows its irresistible tendency to form one 
 word with " room." There is usually no such tendency ob- 
 servable in simple adjectives and nouns. For instance, " a 
 white hat" is a hat that is white; "a black bass" a bass that 
 is black ; but " a bird-catcher " is not a catcher that is a bird, 
 " a bone-setter " is not a setter that is of bone. Note the em- 
 phasis on hat, bass, bird, bone. Emphasis will generally indi- 
 cate consolidation or the use of the hyphen, but not always. 
 
 Consolidate: aboveboard, ache (eara., heada., tootha., etc.), 
 addle (brain, head [n] ; but addle-brained, addle-headed 
 [adjs]), aforetime, after (clap, glow, math, noon, thought, sh), 
 aglow, airship, alms (all one word), along (shore, side), 
 anglophobe, ante (all one word), anti (generally all one 
 word, but it takes hyphen when followed by capital letter, as 
 anti-German; except antichrist and antichristian), any (all 
 one word, except when used as an adjective, as "any one of 
 the four"), arm (chair, hole, pjt), ashimmer, ashine, auto 
 (dynamic, hypnotic, infection, intoxication, kinetic, mor- 
 phism), awestruck, axletree. 
 
26 Consolidation and Hyphenation 
 
 Hyphenize: able (all take hyphen), a-fishing, after (with 
 exceptions given all take hyphen), air-tight, all (nearly 
 all take hyphen, ss), altar-piece, ant-hill, apple-sauce, armor- 
 (bearer, plate). 
 
 Separate: account day, after all, all (along, hail, hollow, in 
 all, told), apple (butter, dumpling, pie, pudding, tart, tree), 
 ami's length, auld lang syne, auto da fe. 
 
 B 
 
 Consolidate: back (ache, bar, bite, board, down [n], gam- 
 mon, ground, log, staff, stroke, wash, water, woods, ss), 
 baldhead (but bald-headed [adj]), band (box, master), bare 
 (nearly all one word), barleycorn, base (ball, born), bath 
 (robe, tub), battle (dore, field, ship, sh), beadwork, bed 
 (chamber, fast, room, sore, time, sh), bird (blackb., blueb., 
 catb., songb., etc. Consolidate all compounds of " bird " 
 with a one-syllable prefix, sh), birth (all one word), bit- 
 tersweet, black (ball [v], berry, board, fish, guard, leg, list 
 [v], mail, smith, snake, thorn, sh), blood (letting, thirsty, 
 sh), blue (berry, bottle, coat, fish, jacket, nose, stone, sh), 
 boat (man; catb., ferryb., houseb., lifeb., rowb., steamb., tugb., 
 sh), bonbon, bond (folk, holder, maid, man, woman, sh), 
 book (binder, case, mark, shelf, shop; nearly all one; handb., 
 sh), boot (black, jack, maker), bow (brace, line, sprit, string), 
 box (berry, keeper, wood, sh), brakeman, brazenface (but 
 brazen-faced [adj]), bread (fruit, meal, nut, root, stuff, win- 
 ner, sh), break (bones, down [n], fast, neck, water), breast 
 (plate, weed, work), brick (bat, layer, maker, work, sh), 
 broad (axe, brim, cast, cloth, side, sword), buck (board, eye, 
 skin, tail, wheat), bull (dog, frog, nose), bush (man, ranger, 
 whacker, woman), bushelman, busybody, butter (ball, cup, 
 fly, milk, nut, scotch, sh), button (hole, wood, sh), by (gone, 
 path, play, road, stander, way, word, sh). 
 
 Hyphenize: bandy-legged, bank- (bill, note), bargain- 
 (counter, day, sale), barley (all take hyphen except corn), 
 barn- (door, yard), basket (nearly all take hyphen), bas- 
 relief, battle (nearly all take hyphen), bed- (rock, spring), 
 bee- (culture, garden, hunter, veil), before- (hand, time), bell 
 (call-b., church-b., door-b., fire-b.), bel-esprit, belles-lettres, 
 between-decks, Bible-woman, bird (as a prefix, " bird " al- 
 ways takes hyphen, as bird-catcher, bird-seed, except bird- 
 lime; hyphenize also when it is preceded by a prefix of more 
 than one syllable), bird's- (eye [adj], nesting), black- (ash. 
 
Consolidation and Hyphenation 27 
 
 beetle, browed, draft, eyed, jack, ss), blanc-mange, blood- 
 (and-thunder, guilty, heat, horse, money), blossom (with pre- 
 fix takes hyphen), blue- (black, disease, eyed, grass, laws, 
 print, stocking, ss), board (splash-b., spring-b.), boarding- 
 (house, school), boat- (club, house, race, song), bond- (paper, 
 servant, service, slave, stone, ss), bone-setter, book (bill-b., 
 cash-b., chap-b., day-b., horn-b., hymn-b., note-b., prayer-b., 
 school-b., scrap-b., sketch-b., story-b., text-b., year-b.), box- 
 (office; cigar-b., hat-b., etc.), boy (bell-b., breaker-b., camel- 
 b.), brand-new, bread-dough, breakfast-table, breech-loader, 
 bric-a-brac, brick-kiln, brush (blacking-b., finger-b., hair-b., 
 paint-b., tooth-b.), bull-fight, bull's-eye, butter (with excep- 
 tions given all take hyphen), button-hook, by (with excep- 
 tions given nearly all take hyphen, ss). 
 
 Separate: back (parlor, stairs, etc.), barn floor, bath brick, 
 beau ideal, Bible school, black (and blue, art, bass, lead), 
 blank book, blind man, blue (jay, ointm,ent, ribbon), bond 
 (debenture b., straw b.), by (and by, the bye). 
 
 Consolidate: calfskin, candlestick, canvasback, cardboard, 
 car (fare, ful, load, ss), care (taker, worn), carpetbagger, cat 
 (call, fish, gut, head, mint, nip), chapfallen, chinaware, circum 
 (all one word), cis (all one word), claptrap, church (goer, 
 going, man, warden, yard, sh), class (fellow, mate, rootn, sh), 
 clear (starch, story), clothes (horse, line, pin, press), co (all 
 one word), copper (head, plate, smith), corkscrew, counter 
 (balance, bore, brace, charge, charm, check, feit, gauge, mand, 
 march, move, pane, part, plead, plot, poise, sign, sh), country 
 (man, side), cowpox, crisscross, cross (bill, bow, cut, patch, 
 piece, roads, tree, ways, wise, sh), currycomb. 
 
 Hyphenize: cabinet-maker, camel-backed, candle- (light, 
 snuffer), cane-brake, canker-worm, cap-a-pie, car (all take 
 hyphen with exceptions given above and below), card- (rack, 
 receiver), carpet-bag, case-harden, chef-d'oeuvre, cherry- 
 (blight, colored, gum, laurel, stone, ss), chicken-hearted, 
 child-wife, chimney (all take hyphen), Christ- (Child, life), 
 church- (house, member, ss), cider-mill, class- (leader, meet- 
 ing, member, ss), clean- (cut, handed), clear- (cut, eyed, 
 headed, sighted), close (all take hyphen), collar-bone, copy- 
 holder, corn- (cob, field, flour, meal, stalk, ss), corner-stone, 
 counter (with exceptions given nearly all take hyphen). 
 
28 Consolidation and Hyphenation 
 
 com C- (House, martial [v], plaster, ss), cow-lick, cross (with 
 exceptions given all take hyphen), cry-baby, cure-all. 
 
 Separate: camel's hair, car (aerial c, chapel c, electric c, 
 flat c, gondola c, platform c, postal c, trolley c, tubular c), 
 carpenter shop, cast iron, cherry (cordial, pie, pudding, tart, 
 tree), church (invisible, militant, register, service, trium- 
 phant), civil service, class (roll, work), coat of arms, col- 
 porter wagon, committee (joint c, standing c), corn (bread, 
 fritter, laws). Court (House, when used as a geographical 
 name, as Cape May Court House), martial [n], cousin ger- 
 man, cozy corner, curtain lecture. 
 
 Consolidate: dairymaid, dashboard, day (break, dawn, light, 
 spring, time, sh), dead (head [v], lock, sh), demi (god, 
 John, quaver, semiquaver, tone, sh), dewdrop, dingdong, din- 
 nertime, sh, dish (washer, washing), dogfish, sh, door 
 (keeper, way, yard, sh), dovetail, down (pour, right, sh), 
 dressmaker, dustpan, dyestuff. 
 
 Hyphenize: dark-red [adj], day- (dream, laborer, long, 
 nurse, nursery, school, star; fast-d., feast-d., wedding-d.), 
 dead- (beat, head, latch or lock, letter [adj], line, march, 
 reckoning, weight, ss), deaf-mute, death- (bed, blow, rate, 
 trap), deckle-edged, demi (with exceptions given, all take 
 hyphen), devil-fish, die-sinker, dilly-dally, diner-out, dinner- 
 (bell, hour, party, table), dish- (cloth, holder, rag, towel, 
 water), do-all, dog- (collar, days, fancier, Latin, shark, 
 watch), do-nothing, door- (bell, handle, jamb, key, knob, 
 latch, plate, post, sill, step), dove- (color, cot or cote), down- 
 (grade, hill, stairs, town, ss), dram- (seller, shop), dress- 
 (circle, goods, ss), dressing- (case, room), drop-light, drug- 
 store, dry-goods, dumb- (bell, waiter), dust-brush, dwelling- 
 place. 
 
 Separate: dare say, day (every d., some d.), dead (language, 
 letter [n], ripe, set, shot, wire), double entry, down train, 
 dress (coat, parade, suit). 
 
 E 
 
 Consolidate: earthenware, Easter (tide, time), eaves- 
 dropper, eggplant, electro (motor, plate, scope, tint, type, 
 typer, sh), else (all one word), evensong, ever (glade, green, 
 lasting, more, sh), every (body, one — except when used as an 
 
Consolidation and Hyphenation 29 
 
 adjective, as "every one of these pictures" — thing, where), 
 extra (with few exceptions one word, but usually takes hy- 
 phen when joined to word beginning with vowel), eye (ball, 
 brow, lash, lid, sight, sore, sh). 
 
 Hyphenize: ear- (bone, cap, cornet, drop, drum, lap, lobe, 
 mark, muff, ring, shot, splitting, trumpet, wax), easy-going, 
 egg- (boiler, cup, glass, laying, shaped, shell, tester), elbow- 
 (grease, room), electro- (bronze, cautery, engraving, etching, 
 massage), empty-handed, ever- (living; adjs. take hyphen), 
 every-day [adj], evil-doing, ex- (governor, mayor, president, 
 etc.), eye- (cup, doctor, glass, shade, tooth, water, witness). 
 
 Separate: easy chair, ex (prep.; officio, parte, post facto), 
 extension table. 
 
 F 
 
 Consolidate: facsimile, faultfinder, fearnaught, feather 
 (bone, head), fellowship, fire (arms, brand, bug, cracker, fly, 
 light, place, side, works, sh), firstborn, fish (with one-syllable 
 prefix all one, sh), flat (boat, foot, sh), flimflam, flowers 
 (bluebell, goldenrod, heartsease, sh), flyaway, fold (one word, 
 twof., fourf., etc.), folk (land, mote, sh), folkething, foot 
 (ball, gear, hill, hold, lights, mark, note, pad, print, sore, 
 step, stool, worn, sh), for (asmuch, ever, evermore), forth 
 (all one word), fountainhead, free (hooter, hold, man, mason, 
 masonry, stone, thinker, sh), freed (man, woman). 
 
 Hyphenize: fag-end, faint-hearted, fancy-free, far- (away, 
 fetched, gone, off, reaching, seeing, sighted), father-in-law, 
 feeble-minded, feeding-ground, fellow-feeling, field- (glass, 
 marshal, mouse, work; coal-f., corn-f., grain-f., hay-f., oil-f., 
 wheat-f.), finger-tips, fire- (alarm, bell, boat, brick, brigade, 
 bucket, damp, drill, eater, engine, extinguisher, insurance, 
 ladder, plug, proof, ship, shovel, wood, worship, ss), firing- 
 (iron, line, party), first- (fruits, named, ss), fish (takes hy- 
 phen with prefix of more than one syllable), fishing- (boat, 
 station), flat- (bottomed, footed, iron), flower- (bed,' pot), 
 flowers (corn-f., fleur-de-lis, forget-me-not, four-o'clock, jack- 
 in-the-pulpit, johnny-jump-up, lily-of-the-valley, sweet-wil- 
 liam. Do not compound such names as " scarlet sage," " wild 
 rose," etc., where simple adjectives indicate color or habit), 
 folk- (lore, song, story, tale; men-f., women-f.), foot- (pace, 
 soldier), foster- (brother, sister, etc.), fractions (one-fifth, 
 ninety-six one-hundredths, three one-hundred-and-forty-fifths, 
 etc. See VII), franc-tireur, fret- (born, hand, hearted, soil, 
 spoken, trader, will [adj], ss), freight-train, frost- (^bite. 
 
30 Consolidation and Hyphenation 
 
 nipped), fruit- (basket, cake, car, knife), full- (back, blown, 
 faced, fed, pledged, tide, ss). 
 
 Separate: fee simple, fellow (citizen, creature, man, mem- 
 ber), felo de se, field practice, fire (department, up; quick f., 
 running f.), first (base, bass, floor, mate, officer), foot rule, 
 free (agent, grace, list, love, thought, trade, will [n]), front 
 (door, room, yard), full (dress, point, stop). 
 
 Consolidate: gad (about, fly), gain (all one word), gallnut, 
 gamekeeper, gang (plank, way), gas (light, olier, ometer, sh), 
 gate (keeper, way), gentle (folk, man, woman), ginger 
 (bread, snap), glass (ware, work, sh), glowworm, goat (herd, 
 skin), god (child, daughter, father, like, mother, send, son, 
 speed, sh), Godhead, gold (bug, fish, smith, stone, sh), good- 
 wife, grapefruit, grasshopper, grave (stone, yard, sh), gray 
 (beard, head), green (back, grocer, horn, house, room, sward, 
 wood), greyhound, gridiron, grindstone, gripsack, grooms- 
 man, groundwork, grubworm, guesswork. 
 
 Hyphenize: gall- (apple, duct, fly, wasp), game- (bird, law, 
 preserve), garden-seat, gas- (bracket, burner, fitting, fixture, 
 generator, governor, jet, machine, meter, pipe, plant, range, 
 register, retort, stove, tank, works; coal-g., water-g.), gilt- 
 edged, give-and-take, glass- (blower, etching, furnace, house; 
 window-g.), glue- (pot, size), go-between, God- (fearing, for- 
 saken), gold- (bearing, beater, beetle, cure, digger, dust, field, 
 leaf, miner, note, paint, size, ss), good- (bye, conditioned, 
 fellowship, for-nothing, humored, looking, tempered, will 
 [adj], also as noun, referring to a commercial transaction, as 
 the "good-will" of a business, ss), goody-goody, grape- 
 (shot, sugar, vine), grass- (cutter, grown, plot), grave- 
 (clothes, digger), great- (aunt, grandfather, etc.), green-eyed, 
 griddle-cake, grist-mill, grog-shop, ground- (hog, ivy, plan, 
 rent), growing-pains, grown-up ([n and adj], "He is a 
 grown-up," " A grown-up lad," ss), grub-stake, guard- (house, 
 pin, ring, room, ship), guest-chamber, guide- (book, post), 
 gutta-percha. 
 
 Separate: gas company, German silver, gilt edges, God's 
 acre, glass (Bohemian g., cut g., plate g., spun g.), gold 
 (plate; rolled g.), good (breeding, day, evening, faith, fellow, 
 folk, humor, luck, morning, night, order, sooth, speed. 
 Templar, will [n]), grand stand, ground floor, grown over, 
 grown up (adverbially, " He has grown up "). 
 
Consolidation and Hyphenation 31 
 
 H 
 
 Consolidate: hair (breadth, cloth, pin, work, sh), half- 
 penny, hand (ball, bill, book, breadth, clasp, cuff, kerchief, 
 maid, maiden, work, writing, sh), hangdog, haphazard, hard 
 (tack, ware, wood, sh), hare (bell, brained, foot, hp), hay 
 (cock, maker, rick, stack, sh), head (ache, cheese, land, light, 
 quarters, stone, strong, way, sh), hearsay, heart (ache, burn, 
 felt, rending, sore, worn, sh), hearthstone, hedge (hog, row), 
 heirloom, help (mate, meet), hemstitch, hen (bane, peck, sh), 
 hence (forth, forward), here (about, after), heyday, hide- 
 bound, high (binder, way), hill (side, top), hoarfrost, hob 
 (goblin, nailed, nob), home (sick, spun, stead, sh), honey 
 (bee, comb, moon, suckle, sh), horn (bill, blende, fish, pipe, 
 sh), horse (back, hair, radish, shoe, shoer, whip, woman, sh), 
 hot (bed, foot, head, sh), hotchpotch, house (breaker, clean- 
 ing, holder, keeper, keeping, maid, mother, top, warming, 
 wife, work; farmh., poorh., schoolh., storeh., wareh., workh., 
 sh), hum (bug, drum), bumblebee, hunchback, hundred (fold, 
 weight, sh, ss). 
 
 Hyphenize: hail-fellow, hair- (dresser, follicle, splitter, 
 spring, trigger), half- (and-half, back, baked, bound, bred, 
 breed, brother, caste, dollar, hearted, holiday, hose, hour, 
 mast, pay, primed, seas-over, shell, tide, time, title, tone, 
 truth, way, wit, yearly, ss), hall-mark, hand- (bag, car, 
 glass, grenade, made, press, pump, saw, sewed, shaking; 
 first-h., second-h. [adjs]), hara-kiri, harbor-master, hard- 
 (boiled, earned, featured, fisted, fought, headed, hearted, pan, 
 shell, visaged), harum-scarum, harvest-home, hay- (cold, cut- 
 ter, fever, field, fork, loft, market, mow, press, rack, rake, 
 seed, tedder), head- (band, dress, gear, hunter, line, rest, 
 work, ss), heart- (break, breaking, broken, disease, free), 
 helter-skelter, hen- (coop, house, roost), herring-bone, High- 
 ( church, churchman), high (with adjectives generally takes 
 hyphen), hill-tribes, hobby-horse, hocus-pocus, hoity-toity, 
 home- (born, bound, coming, made, maker, stretch, ss), 
 honey- (locust, tongued), hook-nosed, hoop- (iron, skirt), hop- 
 (garden, pole, raising, vine, yard), horn- (blower, of-plenty), 
 horny-handed, horror-struck, horse- (boot, breaker, car, 
 chestnut, fly, guard, laugh, leech, play, pond, power, racing, 
 trainer), hot- (blooded, headed, press, shot, tempered), hotel- 
 de-ville, hotel-dieu, house- (agent, boat, fly, raising; apart- 
 ment-h., bath-h.. bird-h., boarding-h., boat-h., carriage-h., 
 chapter-h., church-h., club-h., connting-h., court-h., custom-h., 
 guard-h., idol-h., market-h., meeting-h., packing-h., pest-h.. 
 
32 Consolidation and Hyphenation 
 
 powcr-h., sugar-h., summer-h., wash-h., ss), humble-pie, hum- 
 ming-bird, hundred-legs, hunting- (box, dog, knife, lodge, 
 season, watch), hurdy-gurd}^ hurly-burly, hurry-scurry. 
 
 Separate: half (dazed, dead, dozen, hidden, hundred, moon, 
 note, past four, etc.; price, ticket), hand (in hand, over 
 hand), hand's breadth, at first hand, at second hand, hard 
 (after, cash, upon), hare and hounds, head (foremost, mas- 
 ter), high (life, mass, priest, seas, tide, water), home (circle, 
 field, rule, run, work), hop (cushion, pillow), house (physi- 
 cian, surgeon; printing h., public h., publishing h., state h.), 
 hundred (one hundred and twenty-third time, etc.). 
 
 Consolidate: iceberg, in (all one word), infra (all one, but 
 hyphenate if followed by a vowel), ink (horn, stand, well, 
 sh), innkeeper, inter (all one word), intra (all one, but hy- 
 phenate if followed by a vowel), iron (clad [vessel], master, 
 sides, smith, ware, sh), ivory (nut, type). 
 
 Hyphenize: ice- (axe, bag, boat, bound, box, cold, creeper, 
 cutter, drift, floe, hook, hut, mountain, pack, pick, pitcher, 
 plant, plow, tongs, water, ss), ihlang-ihlang, ill- (takes hy- 
 phen with participles; treat [v], wisher, ss), ink- (ball, bottle, 
 fountain; marking-i., printing-i., ss), iron- (bound, foundry, 
 rust, scale, stain, worker, ss), ivory-black. 
 
 Separate: Ice age, ice cream, i' faith, ill (blood, humor, luck, 
 nature, temper, turn, will), ink (indelible i., india i.), Indian 
 meal, india rubber, iron (cast i., wrought i.), vegetable ivory. 
 
 Consolidate t jack (adandy, anapes, ass, daw, stone, straw, 
 sh), jailbird, jayhawker, jellyfish. 
 
 Hyphenize: jack- (in-the-pulpit, knife, o'-lantern, plane, pot, 
 rabbit, screw, ss), Janus- (faced, headed), jet-black, Jew- 
 baiting, John-a-dreams, johnny-cake, jolly-boat, journey- 
 work, jury- (box, rigged). 
 
 Separate: jack of all trades, joint (heir, stock). 
 
 K 
 
 Consolidate: keepsake, key (board, hole, note, stone, word), 
 kingfisher, kinsfolk, knickknack, kohlrabi. 
 
Consolidation and Hyphenation 33 
 
 Hyphenize: kettle-drum, kind-hearted, kitchen-maid, kite- 
 flier, king- (pin, snake), knee- (cap, deep, high, joint, wor- 
 ship), knife- (edge, grinder, handle; bread-k., butcher-k., etc.), 
 knight-errant, knock- (about, down, knee, out), knot-hole, 
 know- (all, nothing), kow-tow. 
 
 Separate: king's (counsel, evil), knight baronet, Knights 
 Templar. 
 
 Consolidate: lacemaker, lackaday, lady (bird [insect], bug), 
 lakeside, lampblack, land (holder, lady, locked, lord, lubber, 
 mark, owner, scape, slide; fatherl., homel., sh), latticework, 
 laundryman, law (breaker, giver, maker, suit), lazy (bones, 
 boots), leapfrog, leaseholder, letterpress, light (house, 
 weight), like (when "like" is used to express resemblance to 
 persons or things, consolidate with words of one syllable, 
 and some others, as womanlike. Thus, barnlike, birdlike, 
 childlike, godlike, except where the noun qualified ends in 
 " 1," where, to save an awkward appearance, the hyphen 
 may be used: shell-like, girl-like, etc. In some cases, how- 
 ever, where such words as girllike and boylike come into 
 apposition, to prevent an apparent inconsistency, the hyphen 
 may be omitted, sh), limestone, linchpin, lineman, livelong, 
 liveryman, lock (jaw, man, out, smith, up, sh), lode (star, 
 stone), long (boat, bow, legs, shoreman, sh), lukewarm. 
 
 Hyphenize: lake-dweller, lamb's-wool, lamp- (light, wick), 
 land- (agent, breeze, grabber, leaguer, poor, tortoise, ss), 
 lantern-jawed, lap- (board, dog), laughing-stock, leaf (ba- 
 nana-1., palm-1., rose-1.), lean-faced, leave-taking, left-handed, 
 letter-writer, life- (blood, buoy, guard, insurance, interest, 
 line, principle, saving, service, size, station, story, work, ss), 
 like (amber-1., prison-1., and with most other words of more 
 than one syllable, ss), linsey-woolsey, lion- (hearted, hunter), 
 lip-service, lock- (keeper, stitch), lodging-house, log-book, 
 long- (clothes, drawn, eared, headed, winded, ss), looking- 
 glass, lotus- (berry, eater), loud- (mouthed, voiced), love- 
 (affair, feast, knot, letter, match, song), Joving-cup, Low- 
 (church, churchman), low- (born, down, lived,- spirited), 
 lower-case [v], lozenge-shaped, lumber- (camp, room, yard), 
 lynx-eyed. 
 
 Separate: labor (bureau, union). Labor Day, lake shore, 
 land (league, of nod), lantern (Chinese 1., dark 1.), life (ani- 
 mal 1., boy 1., plant 1.), like (separate when used colloquially, 
 
34 Consolidation and Hyphenation , 
 
 as " continuous like," " humble like," " peaceful like " " such 
 like"), lincrusta Walton, locomotor ataxia, long (division, 
 primer). Lord's Day, low pressure. 
 
 M 
 
 Consolidate: mad (cap, house), manslaughter, marshmal- 
 low, master (piece, work, sh), matchlock, maulstick, maybe, 
 mayflower, mealymouth, merry (making, thought, sh), me- 
 seems, mezzotint, mid (air, day, land, night, ship, shipman, 
 stream, summer, way, week, sh), milk (maid, man, sop, 
 weed, sh), mill (board, stone, wright, sh), minutemen, moon 
 (beam, fern, flower, light, shine, stone, struck, sh), moss 
 (back, bunker, sh), motorcycle, mountain (side, top, sh), 
 mouthpiece, multi (all one word), musk (melon, rat). 
 
 Hyphenize: maiden-hair, make- (believe, up), maker (with 
 exception of haymaker, shoemaker, sailmaker, and watch- 
 maker, all take hyphen), man-of-war, many-sided, market- 
 (basket, day, house, place, town, ss), marrow-bone, master- 
 (key, stroke), match- (box, maker, safe), matter-of-course 
 [adj only], matter-of-fact [adj only]. May- (apple, day, lady, 
 pole, queen), mean- (born, spirited), meeting- (house, place; 
 camp-m., mass-m., prayer-m., ss), mercy-seat, merry- (an- 
 drew, go-round), mid- (channel, ocean), mile-post, milk- 
 (pail, pan), mill- (dam, pond, race; cider-m., flour-m., grist-m., 
 powder-m., rolling-m., woolen-m.), mob-cap, monkey-wrench, 
 moon- (eye, face), morning-glory, moss- (agate, trooper), 
 mother- (in-law, wit), motor- (car, man), mountain- (lion, 
 sheep, ss), mouse-trap, mowing-machine, muck-rake, mud- 
 (flat, hen, hole, lark, scow, turtle), dummy-cloth, muscle- 
 bound, music- (book, box, hall, type), mustard-seed, muzzle- 
 loader. 
 
 Separate: maid servant, man (child, milliner, servant), 
 mare's nest, market (price, value), marriage portion, mean 
 distance, meeting (church m., committee m., covenant m.), 
 mezzo soprano, mineral water, morning star, mother (bird, 
 church, country, tongue), motive power, mountain (chain, 
 peak, range, system). 
 
 " ' N 
 
 Consolidate: namesake, neck (lace, tie, wear, sh), needle 
 (woman, work, sh), neo (all one, but hyphenate if followed 
 by capital letter), never (more, theless), new (comer, fangled, 
 sh), news (boy, monger, paper, sh), nickname, night (cap, 
 clothes, fall, gown, mare, shade, shirt, sh), Nonconformist, 
 
Consolidation and Hyphenation 35 
 
 nonentity, nonesuch, no (way, where), noon (day, tide, time), 
 north (all one word), nose (bleed, gay), nowadays, nurse 
 (girl, maid), nut (cracker, hatch, pick, shell). 
 
 Hyphenize: nail- (brush, extractor; picture-n., etc.), namby- 
 pamby, narrow (all take hyphen), nature- (myth, worship), 
 near- (by, sighted), neck- (band, chain, cloth, handkerchief, 
 yoke), needle- (book, point, threader), nerve- (cell, fiber), 
 nettle-fish, never-ending, new- (born, fledged), news- 
 (agency, dealer, letter, writer), New-Yorker, night- (dress, 
 hawk, school, watch), non (all take hyphen except Noncon- 
 formist), note- (head, paper), north-northeast, etc. 
 
 Separate: New Year's, night bell. 
 
 o 
 
 Consolidate: oat (cake, meal), off (hand, scouring, set, 
 shoot, spring, ss), ofttimes, oil (cloth, stone, sh), olivewood, 
 on (coming, looker, set, slaught), oneself, openwork, Orange- 
 man, out (nearly all one, except where prefix is followed by 
 a capital letter, as "This out-Herods Herod," sh), over (with 
 few exceptions all one word), ox (eye, hide). 
 
 Hyphenize: oak- (bark, gall), odd- (looking; forty-odd peo- 
 ple, etc., but one hundred and odd men), Odd-Fellow, offer- 
 ing (all take hyphen), oil- (can, color, stove), old (with adjs 
 takes hyphen), one-sided, open- (handed, hearted, minded, 
 ss), opium- (pipe, poisoning, poppy), orange- (blossom, 
 flower, skin), orang-outang, order-book, organ- (bench, 
 blower, coupler, grinder, stop), out- (and-out, of-doors [adj 
 and n], of-the-way [adj], patient). 
 
 Separate: oak (black o., quartered o., white o.), off (and 
 on, color, season, side), olla podrida, open (house, sesame), 
 order (close o., monastic o.). 
 
 Consolidate: packhorse, paleface, pan (all one, but hy- 
 phenate if followed by capital letter), pass (port, word), 
 patchwork, pater (familias, noster), pathfinder, pathway, pa- 
 trolman, pawnbroker, paymaster, pea (cock, fowl, hen, nut), 
 peachblow, peephole, penholder, peppercorn, pick (aback, 
 aninny, axe, pocket), piecemeal, pig (skin, sty, tail, sh), pin 
 (cushion, hole, wheel, sh), pineapple, pinkeye, play (bill, fel- 
 low, goer, ground, house, mate, wright), plow (boy, man, 
 
36 Consolidation and Hyphenation 
 
 share), pocketbook, pockmark, pointblank, pole (axe, cat), 
 poorhouse, post (boy, graduate, man, mark, master, meridian, 
 millenarian, millennial, mistress, paid, prandial, script, 
 sh), pot (hook, pie, pourri), pre (nearly all one word, as 
 preeniinence, preempt, preexistence), press (man, room, work, 
 sh), priest (craft, ridden), puffball, pumpkinseed [fish]. 
 
 Hyphenize: pace-maker, pack-saddle, packing- (box, 
 house), paddle- (box, wheel), pale-faced, pall-bearer, palm- 
 oil, pampas-grass, panic-stricken, paper- (book [legal], box 
 [to contain paper], clip, cutter, hanger, holder, knife, mill, 
 weight), papier-mache, parti-color, party- (line, wall), pass- 
 book, passe-partout, passer-by, passion- (flower, music, play), 
 pastry-cook, pattern-maker, patty-cake, pawn- (shop, ticket), 
 pay- (day, rock, roll), pea-jacket, peach-blossom, pear-shaped, 
 pearl-fisher, pebble-stone, pencil- (case, sharpener), pen- 
 feather, penny- (a-liner, wise), pepper- (box, pot, sauce), per- 
 cussion-cap, piano-stool, picture- (frame, gallery), piece- 
 (hand, work; gold-p., silver-p.), pig- (headed, iron), pigeon- 
 (breast, hearted, toed), pile-driver, pilot-house, pin- (feather, 
 money), pine- (cone, knot, needle), pipe- (clay, organ, stem), 
 place (takes hyphen when compounded with words ending in 
 "ing"), plain-spoken, play-actor, pocket- (handkerchief, 
 knife), point-lace, poison- (ivy, oak), policy-shop, poor- (box, 
 laws, spirited), pop- (corn, gun), pork-butcher, porte- (co- 
 chere, monnaie), post- (apostolic, bag, box, card, chaise, 
 haste, hole, horn, house, mortem [medical], obit, office. Plio- 
 cene, etc.; rank, rider, route, stamp, town, trader, ss), poul- 
 try- (house, yard), pound- (cake, foolish, keeper), powder- 
 (flask, horn, magazine, mill, mine, monkey), power- (house, 
 press), prairie-dog, prayer- (book, meeting, wheel), praying- 
 machine, presence-chamber, press- (agent, gang, proof; 
 cheese-p., cotton-p., printing-p., etc.), print-shop, prison- 
 (bars, house), prize- (fight, money), proof- (reader, room), 
 public- (minded, spirited), pug-dog, purse-proud, push- (but- 
 ton, cart). 
 
 Separate: paper box [made of paper], party (dinner p., 
 wedding p., and others), paschal (lamb, supper), Passion 
 week, patent (office, right), peach (pie, pudding, tree), per 
 cent, petty juror, plate (armor, glass), plum pudding, pocket 
 (borough, edition), point system, police (court, station), poor 
 folk, post (factum, mortem [after death]), postal (card, note, 
 order. Union), pound weight, public (credit, debt, house, 
 lands, stores, works). 
 
Consolidation and Hyphenation 37 
 
 Q 
 
 Consolidate: quarryman, quarter (foil, master), quick (lime, 
 sand, silver, step, sh), quitclaim. 
 
 Hyphenize: quadrant-compass, quarry-slave, quarter- (back, 
 day, deck, post, sawed, section, session), quasi (all take hy- 
 phen), question-mark, quick- (eyed, march, witted), quill- 
 driver, quince-seed, quiz- (class, master), quotation-mark. 
 
 Separate: queen (bee, consort, dowager, mother, of May, 
 regent, regnant), queen's ware, quo warranto. 
 
 R 
 
 Consolidate: rag (man, picker, time), rain (bow, coat, drop, 
 fall, sh), rattle (brain [but rattle-brained], pate, snake, trap), 
 razorback, re (all one word), red (consolidate nearly all com- 
 pounds with emphasis on "red"; breast, coat, eye, fish, head, 
 skin, wood, etc., sh), reedbird, rififrafT, rifleman, ringbone, 
 road (side, stead, way, sh), rockfish, rooftree, room (mate; 
 anter., bathr., bedr., schoolr., storer., workr., sh), rose (bud, 
 wood), roughshod, round (about, head), roustabout, row 
 (boat, lock), rubadub, runaway. 
 
 Hyphenize: race- (course, horse, track), rack- (rent; 
 card-r., hat-r., music-r., etc.), rag- (bag, tag), ragged- (robin, 
 school), rail- (guard, splitter), railroad- (car, switch, train), 
 rain- (proof, storm, tight, water), reading- (chair, desk, 
 room), ready-made, red- (haired, hot, ss), relief-map, repair- 
 shop, ridge-pole, riding- (habit, school, skirt, whip), rifle- 
 (ball, range, shell, shot), right- (about, about-face, angled, 
 handed, minded), ring- (dove, shaped), river- (bank, basin), 
 road- (bed, maker), robber-chief, robe- (de-chambre, maker), 
 rock- (candy, ribbed, trout), rocking- (chair, horse), roll-call, 
 roller-skate, rolling- (mill, pin), roly-poly, roof-garden, room 
 (cloak-r., counting-r.. engine-r., guest-r., lecture-r., lumber-r., 
 proof-r., show-r., tea-r. Hyphenize also with words ending 
 in " ing," as dining-room, etc.), rope- (dancer, maker, walk; 
 tow-r.), rope's-end, rose- (bush, cold, colored, festival, gera- 
 nium, hued, leaf, water), rouge-et-noir, rough- (and-ready, 
 dry, Iiew, rider), round-up, rudder- (band, brace, chain), 
 running-gear. 
 
 Separate: rag carpet, rail fence, red (book, chalk, coral, 
 fire, lead, man, oak, tape; and* always when "red" is used 
 as a simple adjective), right (along, angle, ofif, of way), robin 
 
38 Consolidation and Hyphenation 
 
 redbreast, rose diamond, round (robin, table), Royal Worces- 
 ter, rule absolute. 
 
 S 
 
 Consolidate: sackcloth, saddleback [n], sh, sail (boat, 
 maker), sales (girl, man, room, woman), salt (cellar, petre), 
 sanbenito, sand (man, paper, piper, stone, sh), sandalwood, 
 sauce (box, pan), scape (goat, grace), school (boy, craft, 
 fellow, girl, house, man, ma'am, master, mate, room, time, 
 sh), score (twoscore, etc.), sea (board, coast, faring, going, 
 port, shore, sick, side, weed, worthy, sh), seed (cottons., 
 sh), seesaw, selfsame, semi (all one word; but if fol- 
 lowed by a capital letter, takes hyphen), s,etback, share- 
 holder, sharpshooter, sheepfold, ship (board, master, mate, 
 shape, wreck, wright, yard; airs., battles., steams., wars., sh), 
 shoe (black, maker, sh), shop (keeper, lifter), short (cake, 
 hand, horn, sh), shotgun, show (bread, man, room), shuttle- 
 cock, side (board, long, wise, sh), sightseer, silkworm, silver 
 (smith, ware), singletree, singsong, six (fold, pence), skin 
 (flint; bears., calfs., seals., sheeps., etc., ss), sky (lark, light, 
 sh), slapjack, slaveholder, sleepyhead, sluiceway, smallpox, 
 snapdragon, snow (ball, bird, drop, fall, flake, flower, slide, 
 sh), snubnose, soap (bark, stone, sh), some (one, thing, time, 
 times, way, what, where), soothsayer, south (bound, down, 
 east, etc.; land, ward), sparerib, spearmint, speechmaker, 
 spellbinder, spindlelegs, spoilsman, spring (tide, time, sh), 
 staghound, stair (case, way), stand (by, point), star (board, 
 fish, sh), steam (boat, ship, sh), step (brother, child, mother, 
 etc.), stockholder, store (house, keeper, room), stovepipe, 
 stowaway, straightforward, sub (all one word), summertime, 
 sun (beam, bonnet, burn, burst, fish, flower, light, rise, set, 
 shine, stroke, sh), super (all one word), swallowtail, swash- 
 buckler, sweet (bread, brier), swingletree, switchback, sword- 
 fish. 
 
 Hyphenize: sachet-powder, sack-race, sad-iron, saddle- 
 (backed, bags, cloth, horse, tree), safe- (conduct, deposit, 
 keeping), safety- (lamp, match, razor, switch), sage- (brush, 
 grouse, hen), sago-palm, sail-loft, sailing-master, saloon- 
 keeper, salt- (mine, rheum, spoon, ss), sand- (bank, bar, bur, 
 drift, dune, fly, glass, hill, viper), sang-froid, save-all, scarf- 
 pin, scatter-brained, scene- (painter, shifter), scent-bag, 
 school- (book, miss, ship, teacher, teaching; boarding-s., 
 dav-s., night-s.), score-card, scrap- (book, heap, iron), screw- 
 driver, sea- (bass, biscuit, breeze, dog, girt, green, gull, shell), 
 search- (light, warrant), second- (class, hand [adjs], ss). 
 
Consolidation and Hyphenation 39 
 
 seed- (corn, pearl; apple-s., bird-s., melon-s., mustard-s., 
 qiiince-s., etc.), seek-no-further, self- (all but " selfsame " 
 take hyphen), sentry-box, sergeant- (at-arms, major), serio- 
 comic, set- (down, to, up), sewing-machine, shad- (roe, 
 seine), shade-tree, shallow- (brained, hearted), sharp- (cut, 
 featured, witted), sheep- (dog, faced, shears), sheet-anchor, 
 shell- (fish, proof), shield-bearer, shilly-shally, ship- (builder, 
 canal, captain, carpenter, load), shirt- (sleeve, waist), shock- 
 headed, shoe- (buckle, horn, lace, leather, polish, shop, 
 string), shooting- (box, gallery, iron, lodge), shop-worn, 
 short- (haired, handed, lived, sighted, spoken, stop, winded, 
 ss), shot-tower, shoulder- (blade, brace, joint, knot, strap), 
 show-card, sick- (bed, headache, leave, list, room), side- 
 (arms, dish, light, line, path, saddle, show, step, track), 
 sign- (board, post), silk- (spinner, stocking), silver- (king, 
 plated), simon-pure, simple-minded, sin- (offering, polluted, 
 stricken), single- (foot, stick), sketch- (block, book), skin- 
 (deep, grafting, tight, whole), skull-cap, sky- (blue, gazer, 
 high, parlor), slab-sided, slam-bang, slap-dash, slate-colored, 
 slaughter-house, slave- (driver, trade), sleep-walker, sleigh- 
 (bcll. ride), sleuth-hound, slip-knot, slop-shop, slow- (coach, 
 paced, poke, etc.; as compound adjective takes hyphen), sly- 
 boots, small- (clothes, minded, ss), smear-case, smoke- (con- 
 sumer, house, stack), smooth (all take hyphen), snail-paced, 
 snake-charmer, sneak-boat, snip-snap, snow- (bank, blind, 
 bound, capped, clad, drift, plow, shed, shoe, storm, sweeper, 
 white, ss), snuff- (box, colored, dipping, mill), so- (and-so, 
 called [adj], so, ss), soap- (boiler, bubble, fat, maker, pow- 
 der, suds, ss), sober-minded, soda- (mint, water; washing-s.), 
 soft- (headed, hearted; with adjectives takes hyphen), song- 
 (book; drinking-s.), son-in-law, soul- (destroying, entrancing, 
 hardened, liberty, winning), sound- (wave; as adjective takes 
 hyphen), sounding-board, sparrow-grass, speak-easy, special- 
 delivery [adj], sperm-whale, spice- (box, cake, mill), spindle- 
 (as adjective takes hyphen), spinning-wheel, spiritual- 
 minded, spread-eagle, spring- (bed, board, house), spy-glass, 
 square-rigged, stage- (coach, driver, struck), stalking-horse, 
 stamp-collector, stand-pipe, standard-bearer, star- (chamber, 
 dust, gazer), steam- (engine, yacht), stem-winder, step-ladder, 
 stepping-stone, stern- (chase, sheets, wheeler), stew-pan, 
 sticking-plaster, stiff- (with adjectives takes hyphen), stock- 
 (breeder, broker, jobber, market, ranch, taking), stone- 
 (blind, bruise, coal, color, crusher, cutter, hand, mason, 
 quarry, yard), stool-pigeon, stop- (cock, over, watch), stor- 
 
40 Consolidation and Hyphenation 
 
 age- (battery, warehouse), store (book-s., shoe-s., etc.), 
 storm- (area, beaten, bound, cloud, coat, proof, tossed), story- 
 (book, teller, writer), stout-hearted, stove-polish, straight- 
 out, strait- (jacket, laced), street- (door, railway, sprinkler), 
 strong-minded, stuck-up, stumbling-block, subject-matter, 
 sugar- (cane, coated, house, loaf, refinery, tongs), summer- 
 house, sun- (bath, dial, dried, glass, god, worship), sure- 
 footed, swan's-down, sweat-shop, sweet-william, swimming- 
 school, switch-board, sword- (bearer, dance). 
 
 Separate: sal ammoniac, salt (epsom s., neutral s., ro- 
 chelle s., rock s.). Salt River, sans souci, school (board, 
 building, commission, days, district, fund, inspection; Bible s., 
 common s., high s.. Sabbath s., Sunday s., and so with nor- 
 mal, parochial, primary, public, and others, but " common- 
 school education," etc.), screw propeller, second (cabin, floor, 
 sight; "At second hand," "It was second best"), sheet iron, 
 shell cameo, short (commons, meter), side (by side, cut, 
 glance, table, view), single entry, skeleton key, skin (alli- 
 gator s., tiger s., etc.; separate when animal's name con- 
 sists of more than one syllable), sleight of hand, small (fry, 
 talk), snow (house, hut), soap (liniment; soft s.), so called 
 ("If it could be so called"; but "so-called argument," etc.), 
 special agent, spectrum analysis, spick and span, spoils sys- 
 tem, stamp act, star (route, wheel; fixed s., shooting s.), 
 state (house, prison, rights), state's evidence, still life, stirrup 
 oil, stock exchange, street arab, strong box, sugar (candy, of 
 milk). 
 
 T 
 
 Consolidate: table (spoon, spoonful, sh), talebearer, task- 
 master, tea (berry, cup, kettle, pot, poy, sh), teammate, tell- 
 tale, tenderfoot, ten (fold, penny, pin), thence (forth, for- 
 ward), thimblerigger, thorough (bred, fare, going), thumb- 
 screw, thunder (bolt, clap, sh), tidbit, tiddledewinks, tide 
 (Christmast., Eastert., springt., and other words ending with 
 "tide"), time (keeper, piece; bedt., Christmast., mealt., 
 springt., and other words ending with "time," sh), tin 
 (smith, type, ware, sh), to (day, morrow, night), toadstool, 
 tollhouse, tombstone, tooth (ache, pick), top (knot, lofty, 
 mast, sail), topsyturvy, torchlight, touchstone, towboat, 
 townspeople, trackmaster, tradespeople, trans (all one word), 
 treadmill, treetop, tricolor, tugboat, tumblebug, turn (buckle, 
 coat, key, pike, stile, table), turtleback, twelvemonth, two 
 (fold, pence), type (setter, writer). 
 
Consolidation and Hyphenation 41 
 
 •Hyphenize: tabby-cat, table- (board, cloth, land, linen, rap- 
 ping, talk; breakfast-t., center-t., dinner-t.), tack- (claw, ham- 
 mer), tag-end, tail-piece, take-off, tallow-faced, tar-paper, 
 tax-collector, tea- (biscuit, garden, gown, plant, rose, things, 
 tray), teacher-training, team-work, telegraph- (line, operator, 
 pole), tender-hearted, ten-pounder, tenter-hook, tent-maker, 
 terror-stricken, test- (paper, tube), thank- (offering, you- 
 ma'am [colloquial]), thick- (and-thin [adj, ss], lipped, 
 skulled, etc.), thief-catcher, thin-skinned, thole-pin, thorough- 
 bass, thumb-stall, thunder- (blast, cloud, gust, peal, shower, 
 storm), ticket- (agent, chopper, scalper, ss), tick-tack, tide- 
 water, tiger-lily, time^ (being, check, clock, honored, saving, 
 serving, table, work), tin- (foil, plate), tip-top, tithing-man, 
 title-page, tittle-tattle, toad-eater, toasting-fork, toll- (col- 
 lector, gate), tomato-plant, tom-tom, tongue- (lashing, tied), 
 top- (coat, dressing, heavy), torch-bearer, torpedo- (boat, 
 net), tortoise-shell, toss-up, totem-post, touch- (down, me- 
 not), tow- (headed, line, path, rope), toy-shop, tracing-paper, 
 track-walker, trade- (mark, school, wind), traffic-manager, 
 train-despatcher, trap-door, treasure-trove, tree- (calf, frog, 
 sorrel, ss), trestle-work, troop-ship, truce-breaker, truck- 
 (farm, patch, pedler), true- (blue, hearted), trumpet-tongued, 
 trundle-bed, truth-lover, tu- (whit, whoo [owl]), tuft-hunter, 
 turtle-dove, tutti-frutti. Twelfth- (day, night), twice-told, 
 twin- (cjdinder, screw), two- (bladed, edged, headed, masted, 
 sided, etc.), t3'pe-founder. 
 
 Separate: table d'hote, tape line, third rate, "through thick 
 and thin," ticket (of leave; excursion t., mileage t., etc.), tidal 
 wave, to and fro, tout ensemble, town (clerk, crier, hall, 
 meeting, talk), trade (dollar, union), tree (apple t., cherry t., 
 etc.), trust deed, tug of war. 
 
 U 
 
 Consolidate: ultra (one word unless followed by capital 
 letter, when it takes hyphen), un (one word unless followed 
 by capital letter, when it takes hyphen), under (with few 
 exceptions one word, sh), up (bear, build, hold, lift, root, 
 set, sh). 
 
 Hyphenize: under- (age [adj], garment, officer), up- (end, 
 grade, hill, stairs, stream, to-date, town, wind). 
 
 Separate: Ultima Thule, upper ten thousand, upside down. 
 
42 Consolidation and Hyphenation 
 
 Consolidate: vainglorious, vanguard, vestryman, vice (ge- 
 rent, regal, sh), vine3^ard. 
 
 Hyphenize: vice (with a few exceptions all take hyphen), 
 vine- (clad, culture, dresser), vinegar-cruet, violet-blue, vis-a- 
 vis, voting-machine, v-shaped. 
 
 Separate: vice versa. 
 
 W 
 
 Consolidate: wagonful, waist (band, coat, sh), walk (out, 
 over), war (craft, ship, sh)', wardrobe, washout, watch 
 (maker, man, word, sh), water (course, cress, fall, melon, 
 proof, shed, sh), waxworks, way (farer, side), weathercock, 
 wellada}^ westbound, whalebone, wheel (barrow, wright), 
 whippoorwill, wholesale, wildcat, wildflower, wind (fall, 
 flower, mill), wintergreen, wirework, wobegone, wolfhound, 
 woman (kind, like), woodwork, woolsack, work (aday, fel- 
 low, man, woman, sh), wristband, wryneck. 
 
 Hyphenize: waffle-irons, wage- (earner, worker), wagon- 
 (jack, load, train), waist- (deep, high), wake-robin, walking- 
 (dress, papers, stick, ticket), wall- (eyed, paper), war- 
 (beaten, bonnet, chief, cloud, club, cry, dance, god, horse, 
 lord, paint, path, plume, song, whoop, worn), ward-room, 
 warm- (blooded, hearted), warming-pan, warrant-officer, 
 wash- (board, boiler, bowl, cloth, day, house, leather, stand, 
 tub), waste-basket, watch- (case, chain, dog, fire, glass, guard, 
 meeting, pocket, spring, tower), water- (bag, bottle, bug, 
 butt, cart, color, cracker, cure, lily, logged, rnark, power, 
 snake, tower, wheel, works; ice-w., rain-w., soda-w.), 
 weather- (beaten, board, bound, breeder, proof, tight, wise), 
 wedding- (cake, day, dress, feast, march, party, ring), week- 
 day, well- (being, conditioned, doer, nigh, off, spring, to-do, 
 wisher; nearly all take hyphen), West-Indian, wet- (cup- 
 ping, nurse), whale-boat, wharf-rat, what-not, whip- (cord, 
 handle, stitch), whipper- (in, snapper), whole-souled, wide- 
 (all take hyphen), wig-maker, will-o'-the-wisp, willy-nilly, 
 wind-storm, window- (garden, pane, sill, trimmer), wine- 
 (bibber, glass), wire- (puller, worker). Wise-men, wish-bone, 
 witch-hazel, witness-box, wonder-worker, wood- (cutter, en- 
 graver, knife, lark, lily, lot), wool- (gathering, grower), 
 woolly-headed, word- (book, painting, picture), work- (bas- 
 ket, bench, box, day, people, table, ss), working-day, world- 
 wide, worldly- (minded, wise), worm-eaten, worn-out [adj], 
 
Credits 43 
 
 would-be [adj], writing- (master, paper, table), wrong- (do- 
 ing, timed). 
 
 Separate: war measures, ware (Delft w., Doulton w., 
 Wedgwood w., etc.), wear and tear, weather bureau, woman 
 (English w., Scotch w., etc.), work (art w., class w., ham- 
 mered w.), working man, wrought iron. 
 
 X 
 
 Consolidate: xantho (all one word), xeno (all one word), 
 xylo (all one word). 
 
 Hyphenize: X-ray. 
 
 Y 
 
 Consolidate : yard (master, stick; barny., churchy., courty,, 
 docky., doory., gravey., schooly., shipy., sh), yester (day, eve, 
 evening, morning), yokefellow, Yuletide. 
 
 Hyphenize: yard- (arm, rope, sling; brick-y., coal-y., 
 lumber-y., navy-y., tan-y., topsail-yards, etc.), yawl-rigged, 
 year-book. 
 
 Separate: yard (back y., front y., prison y., stable y.). Yule 
 log. 
 
 Z 
 Consolidate: zigzag. 
 Separate: Zend Avesta. 
 
 V. CREDITS 
 
 Periodicals. When a periodical uses its own name in an 
 article, set in caps and small caps; when other journals are 
 alluded to, italicize. The name ot a book, a journal, or a per- 
 sonal name appended as a credit to borrowed articles, is set 
 in italic, with a dash; if a book, quote. When the name of 
 an author and journal, or book, are given together, set thus: 
 — Doctor Brooks, in Independent, or — Longfellow, "Evan- 
 geline." The same rule holds in similar credits to extracts 
 occurring in the body of an original article, which is rare. 
 When a credit occurs at the end of a sentence in the body of 
 a paragraph, enclose it in parentheses with period inside; 
 and if a personal name, set in roman. An en quadrat or a 
 spaceband only should separate it from period at end of 
 sentence. When occurring withia a sentence, credits should 
 be treated as anj^ other interpolation. 
 
44 Divisions 
 
 Books. At the end of extracts in smaller type, set credits 
 in italic with dash. If a book, quote. If credit consists of 
 name of author and journal, or book, set as indicated under 
 " Periodicals." Credits within paragraphs and at end of para- 
 graphs, not in smaller type, are set in roman enclosed in 
 parentheses, period inside, with names of books and journals 
 quoted; as (Lange.) or (" Creed and Dogma."). 
 
 VI. DIVISIONS 
 
 With few exceptions the words here listed are from the 
 Standard Dictionary, and are divided on the system of that 
 authority, which has the merit of being readily adapted to all 
 classes of words and of furnishing an easy guide to pronun- 
 ciation. 
 
 General Rules. (1) Observe that while the two-letter divi- 
 sions shown in the following list sometimes may be neces- 
 sary, they should be employed sparingly in any but narrow 
 measures. (2) If possible, avoid divisions of a word on last 
 line of column or page of book. (3) Avoid division of words 
 in display lines and on title-pages. (4) Do not attempt to 
 divide such words as a-dult, a-sleep, doub-le, drear-y, etc. 
 (5) E'.xcept in rare cases, divide compound words only at 
 compounding hyphen. (6) Divisions should not occur at end 
 of more than three consecutive lines, except in very narrow 
 measures. In difficult cases it may be preferable to letter- 
 space a word or two. (7) If it is necessary to divide a word 
 on the last line of a paragraph, see that at least four letters 
 go over. (8) In dividing Scripture references, do not drive 
 over one figure, and if divided at the colon the latter must 
 not go to the next line. 
 
 SufBxes. A recent edition of the Standard Dictionary gives 
 this rule: "Rule IV. Purely English suffixes (-ed, -er, -eth, 
 -ing, -ish, -y) are always kept distinct (except where the 
 terminal letter of the primitive word is repeated, as in 
 compel-ling) ; as heat-ed, hat-ed, bak-er, speak-er, speak-est, 
 wak-eth, hast-ing, freak-ish." 
 
 A 
 
 Abe-lard abun-dance ac-cep-tance ac-cli-ma-tize acet-yl-ene 
 ac-knowl-edg-ment acous-tic ac-quain-tance ac-qui-es-cence 
 ac-tress ad-e-noid ad-ven-tur-ous Ag-as-siz ag-gran-dize-ment 
 ag-gres-sive Al-pine al-u-min-i-um ami-ca-ble anach-ro-nism 
 
Divisions 45 
 
 anath-e-nia-lize an-es-lhet-ic an-tago-nize an-tici-pa-tion ar- 
 chi-tec-tural Ar-is-totle Ar-thii-rian as-a-fet-i-da as-cen-dent 
 as-ceti-cism as-phalt as-sur-ance as-ter-isk at-mos-phere at- 
 ten-dant at-trac-tive Au-du-bon aus-pi-cious au-then-tic 
 awak-en 
 
 B 
 
 bak-shish Bar-me-cide ba-rome-ter bar-o-met-ric ba-sal ba- 
 sil-i-ca ba-tra-chi-an bay-o-net bay-ou beau-te-ous Be-el-ze- 
 biib be-go-nia be-ha-vior Be-lial bel-lig-er-ent be-nevo-lence 
 be-nig-nant beni-son bit-ing blas-phe-mous Bod-lei-an bra- 
 va-do bra-zen bri-gade brig-and Brob-ding-nag-ian buc- 
 ca-neer bu-cepha-lus Bud-dhist budg-et bun-ga-low bur-glar 
 bus-tling butch-er 
 
 C 
 
 caf-fe-ine Ca-glios-tro cai-tif ca-liph cal-lig-ra-phy cal-li-o-pe 
 cal-lis-then-ics ca-lyx Camp-bel-lite caf-a-van-sa-ry car-bu- 
 ret-er ca-ress-ing cari-ca-ture ca-rou-sal car-ou-sel, cary-atid 
 cas-ing cas-u-ist-ry ca-tas-tro-phe cen-tu-ri-on cha-grin cham- 
 ois chap-er-on chas-ing chi-ca-nery chi-gnon chi-me-ra 
 chi-rog-ra-phy cho-ral Chris-tol-o-gy chron-o-log-i-cal chro- 
 nol-o-gy ci-pher clan-gor cleans-ing cl9s-ing co-her-ent colo- 
 nel col-o-nize col-por-tage com-nienc-ing con-nois-seur con- 
 tempt-i-ble con-temp-tu-oiis con-ve-nient cor-ralled cor- 
 rc-spon-dencc cor-robo-ra-tive cor-us-cated cou-ra-geous 
 crit-i-cal cu-ra-Qoa cii-ri-ous cy-clo-pe-an cy-no-sure cza-ri-na 
 
 D 
 
 da-guerre-o-type dal-li-ance danc-ing Dan-ish Da-ri-us debo- 
 nair dcc-ade de-ca-dence de-cid-u-ous dc-ci-sive dec-li-na-tion 
 de-col-le-te de-duc-tive de-li-cious deli-ques-cence de-mesne 
 de-mo-bil-ize de-mone-tize de-mon-strate dem-on-stra-tion 
 de-par-ture de-pen-dent dep-re-ca-tory de-ri-sive de-sir-ous 
 de-spair des-patch de-spon-dent des-ue-tude di-abo-lism di- 
 lap-i-dat-ed dil-et-tan-te diph-the-ria di-plo-macy dip-lo-mat 
 dir-i-gi-ble dis-ha-bille di-shev-eled dis-in-fec-tant dis-tinc- 
 tion dis-tinc-tive dis-trib-ute dis-tri-bu-tion dis-tur-bance 
 di-vi-sion drag-on dra-goon dra-per-ies driv-er drunk-ard 
 diidg-eon du-pli-cate dup-lic-i-ty du-rance du-ress dwin-dling 
 dy-na-mite dy-nas-ty 
 
 s 
 
 ear-nest East-er ec-cen-tric eco-«iom-i-cal econ-o-mist ec-sta- 
 sy ef-fec-tive ef-fec-tu-al ef-fi-cient ef-flo-res-cent ef-flu-vi-um 
 
46 
 
 Divisions 
 
 ef-fu-sive ego-tism eg-ret eight-een elee-mosy-nary el-e-gi-ac 
 elic-it eli-gi-ble Elo-him Elys-i-um Em-man-u-el emol-li-ent 
 em-per-or eni-po-ri-um en-clo-sure en-co-ini-um en-deav-or 
 en-fi-lade Eng-land Eng-lish en-vel-ope en-vi-ron Eph-e-sian 
 epiph-a-ny epis-tle epi-the-li-um eq-iier-ry eq-ui-page eq-ui-ty 
 eq-ui-voque eru-dite esoph-a-giis es-pe-cial-ly es-thet-ic es- 
 tu-ary eu-gen-ic eu-phe-mism Eur-a-sian eu-tha-na-sia evap- 
 o-rate eve-ning (close of day), even-ing (making even), 
 ex-ci-sion exe-ge-sis exe-unt ex-hil-a-rate ex-pec-tancy ex- 
 press-ing ex-pres-sion ex-pres-sive ex-traor-di-nary 
 
 F 
 
 fa-Qade fac-et fac-ing fac-sim-i-le fall-en fan-ta-sia fan-tas- 
 ti-cal fash-ion fast-en fa-ther fat-u-ous fa-vor fe-lic-i-tous 
 fe-lo-ni-ous fe-ro-cioiis fe-roc-ity fer-ru-gi-nous fet-id fe-tor 
 fig-ur-a-tive fi-nesse fi-nis flag-el-la-tion flage-o-let flag-on fluc- 
 tu-ate for-ma-tion form-a-tive for-mer (previous), form-er 
 (maker), for-mu-la frig-ate frig-id fri-gid-ity fri-vol-ity friv-o- 
 lous fro-zen fru-i-tion ful-mi-nate fu-ne-re-al 
 
 gai-e-ty ga-losh gal-van-ic gal-va-nize gan-gre-nous gaol-er 
 Gem-i-ni gen-e-a-log-i-cal gen-e-al-ogy gen-u-flec-tion geor- 
 gic ges-ture gir-an-dole glanc-ing glis-ten glyc-er-in gor- 
 geous gram-ma-ri-an graph-i-cal graph-ite griev-ous guard- 
 ian gu-ber-na-to-ri-al guin-ea gui-tar gus-ta-tory gut-tur-al 
 gym-na-si-um g3^-ra-tion 
 
 H 
 
 hab-it ha-bit-u-ate hal-cy-on ha-rangue har-ass ha-rem har- 
 mo-nize har-vest hast-ily ha-ven heark-en hea-then heath-er 
 heav-en heb-dom-a-dal heg-i-ra He-lo-ise hem-or-rhage herb- 
 al her-ba-ri-um he-red-i-tary her-e-tic he-ret-i-cal her-me- 
 neu-tic hi-er-arch-i-eal hi-er-o-glyph-ic ho-mo-ge-ne-ous 
 ho-ri-zon hor-o-scope hor-ta-tory ho-san-na hos-pi-ta-ble 
 hos-tler hust-ings hus-tle hy-brid hy-men-e-al hyp-no-tize 
 hyp-o-chon-dri-ac hy-poc-ri-sy hyp-o-crit-i-cal hy-poth-e-nuse 
 hy-poth-e-sis 
 
 I 
 
 ide-al-ize ig-nor-a-ble ig-no-ra-mus ig-no-rance il-lu-mi-nat- 
 ing il-lus-tra-tive im-age-ry im*bro-glio im-ma-te-ri-al im-mu- 
 ta-bil-i-ty im-pe-cu-ni-ous im-pre-sa-rio im-pri-ma-tur in-cal- 
 cu-la-ble in-can-des-cent in-ca-pac-i-tate in-ci-sion in-ci-sive 
 
Divisions 47 
 
 in-ci-vil-i-ty in-con-sis-ten-cy in-cor-ri-gi-ble in-cor-rupt-i-ble 
 in-cre-dii-li-ty in-de-co-rons in-de-pcn-dencc in-duc-tive in-fan- 
 tile in-fe-ri-or in-ge-nious in-ge-nu-i-ty in-gen-u-ous in-gra-ti- 
 ate in-gre-di-cnt in-her-ent in-her-it-ance in-iq-ui-ty in-ju-ri- 
 ous in-ner-vate in-ner-va-tion in-nu-mer-ablc in-qui-si-tion 
 in-quis-i-tive in-solv-en-cy in-spi-ra-tion in-spir-a-to-ry in- 
 stinc-tive in-struc-tive in-ter-loc-u-tor in-tol-er-ant in-vo- 
 lu-tion ir-i-des-cent ir-rel-e-vant ir-ri-ga-ble Isa-iah is-land 
 isth-mi-an ivo-ry 
 
 jack-et Jac-o-bin jag-uar Ja-pan Jap-a-nese jave-lin je-june 
 jeop-ard jer-kin Jes-u-it-i-cal jo-cose joc-und join-ture ju-bi- 
 lant ju-bi-late ju-bi-lee judg-ment ju-di-ca-to-ry ju-di-ci-a-ry 
 ju-gu-lar ju-nior jun-ket ju-rid-i-cal ju-ris-dic-tion ju-ris-pru- 
 dence ju-rist ju-ror jus-ti-ci-a[-ry Jus-tin-i-an ju-ve-nile ju-ve- 
 nil-ity jux-ta-po-si-tion 
 
 K 
 
 ka-lei-do-scope kan-ga-roo khe-dive kin-drcd ki-ne-to-graph 
 kitch-en kna-very kna-vish knowl-edge ko-dak koh-i-noor 
 kohl-ra-bi Ko-ran ko-sher Kron-os ku-miss 
 
 L 
 
 la-bi-al lab-o-ra-to-ry lab-y-rinth lack-ey la-con-ic lac-qucr 
 la-cu-na la-drone la-goon lam-en-ta-ble la-ment-ed lam-i-na 
 lan-ce-o-late lan-giiage lan-guor La-oc-o-on La-od-i-ce-an 
 lap-i-da-ry lar-i-at lar-yn-ge-al laii-da-num laud-a-to-ry lau- 
 re-ate lau-rel leg-ate leg-end lei-sure le-ni-ent leop-ard less-en 
 Ics-son le-vant Le-vite lex-i-cog-ra-phcr lex-i-co-graph-i-cal 
 li-ai-son li-bret-to li-cen-ti-ate li-chen log-a-rithm lo-gi-cian 
 lu-cid lu-cu-bra-tion lu-mi-na-ry lu-mi-nif-er-ous lu-na-tic ly- 
 on-naise 
 
 M 
 
 nia-che-te Mach-i-a-vel-li-an Ma-fia ma-lign ma-lig-nan-cy ma- 
 ncu-ver ma-no-ri-al Ma-ri-ol-a-try mar-i-o-nette ma-tu-ri-ty 
 mau-so-le-iim me-chan-i-cal mech-a-ni-cian me-ringue mi- 
 i^non-ette mi-nu-tiae mi-rac-u-loiis mi-rage mis-ogy-nist Mo- 
 ham-me-dan moi-ety moi-re mo-les-ta-tion mon-ar-chi-cal 
 mo-nop-o-list mo-rose mor-tu-ary mo-sa-ic moth-er mu-si- 
 cian mys-te-ri-ous mys-ti-cal-ly mys-ti-cism myth-o-log-i-cal 
 my-thol-o-gy 
 
 N 
 
 Na-iad na-"ive-te naph-tha Na-p»-le-on nat-u-ral-ly nau-seous 
 nau-ti-lus nav-i-ga-ble nec-es-sa-ry ne-ces-si-tate ne-crol-o-gy 
 
48 
 
 Divisions 
 
 nec-ro-man-cy ne-fa-ri-ous neg-lect nep-o-tism no-mad-ic 
 non-cha-lance Non-con-form-ist non-pa-reil noth-ing no-to- 
 ri-ous nu-ga-to-ry nu-mer-i-cal nu-mis-mat-ic nun-ci-a-ture 
 nu-tri-ment 
 
 O 
 
 obei-sance ob-li-ga-to-ry ob-liq-ui-ty ob-se-qui-ous ob-tru- 
 sive oc-cult-ism oc-ta-gon oft-en oli-gar-chy Olym-pi-ad 
 om-nis-cient om-niv-o-rous op-a-del-doc opal-es-cence oph- 
 thal-mic op-por-tu-nist op-pro-bri-ous op-ti-mism or-chid 
 or-di-na-ri-ly or-gie ori-flamme orig-i-nate or-ni-tho-log-ical 
 or-tho-dox 
 
 P 
 
 pal-mis-try pa-pier-ma-che pa-py-rus par-ab-o-la par-he-li-on 
 pa-rish-ion-er pa-ro-chi-al pas-quin-ade pe-nu-ri-ous per-spi- 
 cac-i-ty pes-si-mism phi-lan-thro-py Phi-lis-tine Phoe-ni-cian 
 phthi-sis phys-i-cal phy-si-cian pir-ou-ette plac-id pla-gi-a- 
 rize plea-sure pleas-ant Plei-a-des po-ta-ble prec-e-dent prej- 
 u-dice pri-me-val pro-bos-cis pro-gress [v] prog-ress [n] pro- 
 le-ta-ri-at pro-nounc-ing Prot-es-tant Ptol-e-ma-ic pto-maine 
 puer-ile pul-ver-ize pu-sil-lan-i-mous pu-ta-tive py-ram-i-dal 
 py-ri-tes Py-thag-o-re-an 
 
 Q 
 
 quad-ra-ture qua-drille quad-ru-ma-nous quak-ing quan-da-ry 
 quat-rain qua-ver que-ry quin-tes-sence Qui-ri-nal quiv-er 
 quiz-zi-cal quod-li-bet quo-rum quo-tid-i-an 
 
 R 
 
 ra-di-a-tion rec-i-proc-i-ty rec-on-noi-ter ref-er-able ref-or- 
 ma-tion re-gime rel-e-gat-ing re-lig-ion re-luc-tant rem-i-nis- 
 cent ren-dez-vous re-nais-sance rep-re-sen-ta-tive req-ui-site 
 re-spect-a-ble re-spec-tive re-spon-dent re-veil-le rev-er-ie ric- 
 o-chet ri-der rig-ging rig-or ris-ing ri-val-ing rogu-ish ro- 
 tun-di-ty ru-mor 
 
 S 
 
 sac-ri-le-gious safe-ty sa-gac-i-ty sa-la-ble salm-on Sa-mar-i- 
 tan sanc-ti-mo-ni-ous San-he-drin San-skrit sa-pi-ent sar-cas- 
 ti-cal-ly sa-vant Sav-iour self-ish Sem-it-ic se-nior ser-vant 
 ses-a-me Se-vres shad-ow shoul-der sim-i-an sim-i-le sof-ten 
 sold-er so-no-rous so-phis-ti-cal sov-er-eign spe-cial star-tling 
 sto-lid-ity strid-ing strik-ing stro-phe stu-pen-dous sub-urb 
 sug-ges-tive su-pine Swe-den-bor-gi-an sym-po-si-um syn- 
 chro-nous syn-o-vi-al sy-rin-ga sys-tem-a-tize sys-to-le 
 
I>ivtsions 49 
 
 T 
 
 ta-bleau tac-ti-cian tak-ing ta-ma-ble tan-ta-lize ta-ran-tu-la 
 tar-pau-lin tast-ing te-leg-ra-pher te-nac-ity ten-den-cy ten-u- 
 ity ter-ti-a-ry tes-ta-ment tex-ture the-oc-ra-cy Ther-mopy-lae 
 Thes-sa-lo-ni-an thou-sand to-pog-ra-phy top-o-graph-i-cal 
 tran-scen-dent tran-si-tive trav-el-er trav-erse tre-men-dous 
 treph-ine tri-bu-nal trib-une trib-ute tri-um-vi-rate trou-ba- 
 dour troub-led trump-ery trum-pet Tii-bing-en 
 
 U 
 
 ubiq-ui-ty ul-te-ri-or ul-tra-mon-ta-nism una-nim-ity un-de- 
 ci-ded un-guent un-ion Uni-ta-ri-an un-mit-i-gat-ed un-nec- 
 es-sa-ry un-sus-pi-cious ur-chin usa-ble usu-al usu-fruct usu- 
 ri-ous util-i-ta-ri-an util-ize Uto-pi-an uvu-la ux-o-ri-ous 
 
 vac-ci-na-tion vac-il-la-tion vacu-um Va-len-ci-ennes va-lise 
 val-or va-por va-rie-gated Vat-i-can veg-e-ta-ri-an ve-he-ment 
 ve-hi-cle ve-loc-i-ty vel-vet-een ve-neer Ve-ne-tian ven- 
 geance ve-ni-al ven-tur-ous ve-rac-i-ty ver-di-gris veri-si-mil- 
 i-tude ver-i-ta-ble vi-cious vi-cis-si-tude vict-uals vi-gnette vi- 
 o-lon-cel-lo vi-ril-ity vot-ing vo-tive voy-a-geur vul-can-ite 
 vul-ga-ri-an 
 
 W 
 
 Wag-ne-ri-an wak-ing wast-ing weap-on weath-er whin-ing 
 whis-per whis-tling wid-en Wil-liam wres-tling writ-ing Wy- 
 an-dotte Wyc-liff-ite 
 
 X 
 
 Xan-tip-pe Xav-i-er Xen-o-phon Xe-res Xerx-es xy-lo-phone 
 
 Y 
 Ya-ma Yan-kee yearn-ing yo-del yo-kel yok-ing 
 
 Z 
 
 zems-tvo zen-a-na ze-nith zeph-yr zinn-ia zo-di-ac zo-o-log- 
 i-cal zo-ol-o-gy Zwin-gli-an zy-mot-ic 
 
so Figures 
 
 VII. FIGURES 
 
 General Matter. 1. In most books, and in periodical 
 publications (other than reports, proceedings, year-books, 
 minutes, etc.) where groups of figures are occasionally em- 
 ployed, such matter cannot properly be classified as " sta- 
 tistics "; therefore these groups will be subject to rules gov- 
 erning ordinary reading matter. (1) In periodicals amounts 
 expressed by less than four units should be spelled out, and 
 all others set in figures, e. g., " In the course of ten weeks 
 two hundred and ninety houses were visited and 4,560 pages 
 of tracts distributed." (2) When one or more " round num- 
 bers " are to be expressed, i. e., such amounts as " four thou- 
 sand," " ten millions," etc., they should only be spelled out 
 zuhen standing alone, i. e., when no mixed numbers occur in 
 the series of numbers; but when they form a group with 
 mixed numbers, figures must be used, should the said round 
 and mixed numbers consist of four or more units. " About 
 10,000 men were in line, divided into groups of twenty and 
 fifty each, aggregating 6,350 on foot and 3,500 horsemen. 
 These were officered by one hundred and fifty prominent 
 citizens." 
 
 2. In books of a general character all numbers other than 
 money values should be spelled out, except in footnotes. 
 
 3. Monetary amounts of less than four units should be 
 spelled out, larger amounts expressed in figures, e. g., " One 
 hundred roubles," "$56.12," "1,650 roubles," "three hundred 
 and seventy-five dollars," " $5,670," " one hundred pounds," 
 " £10, Ss, 6d." The rule as to " round " and " complex " num- 
 bers already given, applies also to monetary amounts, e. g., 
 "This house cost $10,000; that brought only $6,500; Winslow 
 paid $4,000 for his, and White still less, $2,580." 
 
 4. W^herever it is possible to do so with consistency, spell 
 out, in books and periodicals alike, large even numbers re- 
 quiring for their expression several ciphers, as ten millions, 
 three billions, etc. 
 
 5. Do not add ciphers (.00) to statement of even dollars 
 exceeding $9.00, except that the ciphers must be used in such 
 a case as this: "These will cost from $5.00 to $20.00," not 
 $5.00 to $20. Set $1.50, not $150.00. This does not apply to 
 tabular matter. 
 
 6. In setting Scripture references, whether in parentheses 
 or not, use figures. 
 
Figures 51 
 
 7. Always spell out amounts when beginning a sentence or 
 immediately following a colon, except figures that occur in 
 the regular notation. In spelling out amounts over one thou- 
 sand, set thus: "one thousand six hundred and forty men," 
 not " sixteen hundred and forty men." An exception is al- 
 lowed when dates are written out, as " nineteen hundred and 
 fourteen," or centuries expressed, as " sixteen hundred years," 
 i. e., sixteen centuries. 
 
 8. " Five to ten dollars " is permissible, but repeat the 
 dollar-mark if figures are used: "$8.00 to $10.00." 
 
 Decimals are expressed by figures. Use cipher if no unit 
 is given in copy: 0.163, 7.9658. Specific gravity, 2:50; 39.5 per 
 cent. 
 
 Degrees. Longitude 75° 06' 08", or spell out: Longitude 
 sevent3^-five degrees six minutes eight seconds (without 
 commas). The use of figures is preferable when occurring 
 frequently or in scientific matter. Degrees of temperature, 
 70° F., 60.5°, 10° Centigrade, 37° Reaumur. Usually single 
 figures are better spelled out, as " six degrees below zero." 
 
 Dimensions, Distances, Measures. Spell out unless other- 
 wise instructed, as eight by ten inches; four miles and ten 
 furlongs; thirty centimeters; five feet six inches; in articles 
 of a technical character, feet and inches are sometimes ex- 
 pressed thus: 6' 3", and may stand if so written in copy; 
 twenty-five six-inch guns; one hundred bushels; forty gal- 
 lons; fifty pounds; three hundred weight; eight hundred to 
 one thousand tons; five to seven pints, etc. In scientific or 
 semiscientific articles, figures may be used as follows: 4 
 ounces, 2 drams, 3 scruples, 20 grains. In catalogue work, 
 book notices, and generally, set sizes of books as follows: 
 8vo, 12mo, 16mo, 24mo, etc. In casual reference, in ordinary 
 reading matter, " octavo " and " duodecimo " may be used. 
 Unless otherwise directed avoid " twenty-fourmo," " thirty- 
 twomo," etc. 
 
 Footnotes. Superior figures, with rare exceptions, are to 
 be used to indicate footnotes. 
 
 Fractions. In ordinary reading matter, spell out. Three 
 seven-eighths-inch boards, one-fourth (or one-quarter), two- 
 thirds. 
 
 Time. 10.15 a. m., but four o'clock, half past ten, " the 
 nine thirty-five train," etc. "^t was an eight-hours' task." 
 See II, "Clock Time." 
 
52 Footnotes — Foreign Languages 
 
 VIII. FOOTNOTES 
 
 Unless otherwise instructed, follow copy regarding abbrevi- 
 ations of names of books and the use of " Volume," " Book," 
 " Chapter," etc. It is not the printer's function to amend an 
 author's notes. For example, " German Literature," Vol. II, 
 p. 14. If written " German Lit.," II, 14, follow copy. Where 
 fif. occurs use one f., roman with period, as See p. 450f. Set 
 ibid., seq., and cf. in roman. See II, " Latin Words." When 
 an author systematically writes cf. never change it to comp. 
 or compare, and if the latter form is used in copy do not 
 change to cf. Use p. and pp. for page and pages, chap, for 
 chapter and chapters, sec. for section and sections, vol. for 
 volume and volumes. When followed by roman numerals 
 these and similar words should be capitalized. For example, 
 See chap. 3, but Chap. Ill; fig. 4, but Fig. IV; part 5, but 
 Part V; sec. 6, but Sec. VI; vol. 2, but Vol. II, etc. 
 
 In the body of a book or article use superior figures, close 
 up, to designate footnotes, and in books set the latter in six- 
 point. The notes in each chapter should be consecutively 
 numbered to end of chapter. 
 
 Proof-readers are not expected to verify references in foot- 
 notes. If there seems to be an error, the sentence may be 
 queried. 
 
 Author's, Editor's, and Translator's Notes. Set in small 
 caps the introductory word " Note " (if used), and the signa- 
 tures, " Editor," etc., spelled out or abbreviated as in copy. 
 Do not use dash before signature. When the note precedes 
 or follows the article, it may be set in same type or 
 smaller, as ma}^ be specially designated. When the note oc- 
 curs within the body of a paragraph it should be enclosed in 
 parentheses. 
 
 IX. FOREIGN LANGUAGES 
 
 French. The accents used in the French language are es- 
 sential to correct spelling and pronunciation. 
 
 Hyphenize geographical names, such as £tats-Unis, Sud- 
 Amerique, Port-au-Prince. Adjectives derived from names 
 of nations are not capitalized: americain, anglais, frangais, 
 italien, etc. Omit space after apostrophe used to denote 
 
Foreign Languages 53 
 
 elision of a vowel, as in aujourd'hui, d'autres, d'un, c'est, 
 entr'acte, qu'il. Preceding a name, monsieur, mademoiselle, 
 and sometimes madame, are abbreviated: M., Mile., Mme. 
 Frequently madame, and sometimes mademoiselle, are 
 spelled out when preceding a name; in such a case they are 
 not capitalized unless they begin a sentence: madame de 
 Chevreuse, mademoiselle de Montpensier. So with other 
 titles: le general marquis de la Veyle, le docteur Rousseau, 
 I'abbe Rouquart. (This applies only to articles entirely in 
 French.) 
 
 In dividing French words observe the following rules: 
 When a single consonant stands between two vowels it fol- 
 lows the hyphen: ame-ner, heu-reuse-ment, d'a-vance, I'e-cart, 
 ils eprou-vent, je re-di-sais. Except (1) "x" must not be 
 separated from prefix to which it belongs; ex-alter, deuxie- 
 me, sixie-me. (2) Words beginning with the prefixes des, in, 
 and sub must be divided on the prefix: des-honneur, des- 
 obeir, in-ofTensif, sub-alterne. 
 
 Double consonants may be divided: bon-homme, cares-ses, 
 tran-quil-le-ment; except that the following double conso- 
 nants must go with the vowel that follows: bl, br, ch, chl, 
 chr, cl, cr, dl, dr, fl, fr, gl, gn, ph, phi, pi, pr, qu, rh, th, thl, 
 thr, tr, vr, as in ou-bli, tran-chant, re-gle, espie-glerie, sei- 
 gneur, per-plexite, poi-trine, jus-que, etc. 
 
 Many words pronoimced as one syllable may be divided if 
 necessary, as bon-ne, cha-que, Char-les, char-me, etc., the 
 divisions being subject to above rules. 
 
 Italian. The grave accent, so frequently used in Italian, is 
 essential to good spelling and pronunciation. The acute ac- 
 cent is less frequently employed. Some authors use it (1) 
 over "i" in words ending in ia and io, e. g., pazzia, addio. 
 (2) In words that have a double signification, e. g., tenere, 
 to hold, and tenere, tender; ancora, again, and ancora, an 
 anchor. 
 
 K, w, X, and y are not found in the Italian alphabet. 
 
 The apostrophe that marks the elision of a vowel should 
 be separated from the following word by a thin space, as 
 deir altare, ch' era. 
 
 Adjectives derived from names of countries are not capi- 
 talized: americano, inglese, etc. . 
 
 In words composed of alternate single vowels and conso- 
 nants, divide on the vowel: co-lo-ro, sta-tu-ra. 
 
54 Foreign Languages 
 
 Two or more consonants may be divided: accioc-che al-tri- 
 menti, cin-tura, cor-po, del-la, dis-se, pron-te-menti, quan-do, 
 stes-sa, tor-nare. 
 
 When standing- together these consonants always follow 
 the hyphen: br, ch, gh, gl, gn, gr, pr, sc, sp, st, tr; as leb- 
 bro-si, an-che, pia-ghe, de-gli, re-gno, rin-graziare, so-pra, 
 di-sce-poli, ri-spon-dendo, pa-store, in-trante. 
 
 Do not separate diphthongs and triphthongs: gior-no, 
 fi-gliuo-li, fan-ciul-la, qualun-que, mae-stro. 
 
 One-letter divisions are permissible when preceded by a 
 word with elided vowel, as ch' e-gli, etc. 
 
 Signore drops the " e " when followed by a proper noun 
 beginning with any other letter than " s." 
 
 Spanish. The letters " k " and " w " are not found in the 
 Spanish alphabet, while on the other hand it contains several 
 consonants peculiar to the language, viz., ch., 11, fi, and rr. 
 
 The question-mark is not only used at the end, but is also 
 placed, inverted, at the beginning of a question: "iQue ha 
 hecho Vd.?" The exclamation-point is used in the same 
 manner: " ; Hola! " 
 
 The dieresis is only used over the " u " of ue and ui when 
 the " u " is to be sounded. 
 
 The accented n is one of the letters of the alphabet. 
 
 The acute accent is commonly placed over that vowel on 
 which stress is laid in pronouncing, but it has other impor- 
 tant uses: (1) To distinguish words that are spelled alike, 
 but have a different meaning, as el (he, him) and el (the); 
 si (yes) and si (if), and others. (2) To denote certain tenses 
 of the verbs. (3) The vowels a, e, 6, u are always accented 
 when used as prepositions or conjunctions. 
 
 Adjectives derived from names of nations are not capital- 
 ized: americano, cubano, espafiol, frances. 
 
 A consonant standing between two vowels belongs to the 
 vowel that follows it: se-fio-ra, lle-var, se-gun-do. As ch, 
 11, fi, and rr are regarded as single consonants, the foregoing 
 rule applies to them: no-che, mu-cha-cho, ca-lle, ma-na-na, 
 ci-ga-rro. 
 
 When 1 and r are preceded by any consonant except s, do 
 not separate them from the consonant: do-blarse, cam-brara, 
 pu-drir. Exceptions are found in the prefix "sub": sub- 
 lunar, sub-rayar, and in the words at-leta and at-lante. 
 
Initials 55 
 
 Two consonants coming between two vowels may be di- 
 vided: al-guna, her-mana, mar-tir. 
 
 When " s " stands between, or is followed by, two conso- 
 nants, it precedes the hyphen: abs-tener, cons-truir, pers- 
 picaz, nues-tros, etc. 
 
 Two vowels coming together may be separated: le-er, pi- 
 isimo, co-operar. 
 
 Four consonants coming between two vowels are equally 
 divided, as trans-cribir, etc. 
 
 Diphthongs and triphthongs must not be separated: cau-sa, 
 gra-cio-so, iqual-mente, te-niais. 
 
 Set ordinals thus: 1" (primo), 2" (segundo), in arable fig- 
 ures with superior " "." 
 
 X. INITIALS 
 
 Initials, when called for, will be marked in copy of books. 
 In periodicals, initials are not used in editorial matter. As 
 a rule, subject of course to editorial decision, only original 
 articles that make at least four inches, and reprint articles 
 that make eight inches of type matter take initials. 
 
 The first line accompanying initial letters (other than F, 
 P, T, V, W, and Y) should be set flush, and the following 
 lines, so far as afifected by the initials, should be given an en 
 indention. This when the initjal forms part of a word. 
 
 MORE than twenty-four thousand rides have been given 
 to the aged, afflicted, and the children of Harrisburg, 
 Pa., by the "Boyer Joy-giving Car, which was purchased 
 by the subscriptions of at least ten thousand men, women, and 
 children from Sunday schools, Bible classes, Christian Endeavor 
 
 EARLY in Hfe we begin to follow ideals. We pick out the 
 greatest men of history and science, music and art, and 
 resolve within our hearts to pattern our Hves like unto 
 theirs. In our ambitious moments we think how great it would 
 be to go down on history's page as a renowned figure, a man 
 
 COLUMN, halt ! Right face ! Salute ! " The long column, 
 the Boy Scouts and band in lead, was swinging down the 
 street. Following, some in automobiles and some afoot, 
 were the veterans of '61 and '98, e^orting the boys returned from 
 the World War. 
 
56 
 
 Initials 
 
 Against the initials F, P, T, V, W, and Y all the lines 
 should be set flush. 
 
 FOR many centuries the ceremony of the Holy Fire has been 
 observed in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher on the 
 Saturday preceding the Oriental Easter. Pilgrims have 
 flocked from all parts of Christendom to witness this " mir- 
 acle," to the minds of the masses a veritable descent of fire 
 from God. 
 
 PAUL showed the two letters to his mother next morning, 
 for he had not told her of the investigations he was mak- 
 ing. She seemed to be favorably inclined to the idea, and 
 Mr. Rodney thought that it might perhaps make a good base of 
 operations during the summer, especially as little Ruth was 
 
 THE great reason why baseball is so much liked in our 
 country is because of its being full of quick, exciting action, 
 and most of all because the games are always played on 
 the square. People going to see them know there'll be no swin- 
 dling; that each player will do his best. And so, win or lose, 
 
 VERNA asked old Dr. William Ashmore, when he had come 
 home after fifty years of strenuous and successful mis- 
 sionary service in China, " What are the chief qualifica- 
 tions that go to the making of a good missionary? Does it 
 require years of hard study and application to become suc- 
 cessful, or is a person a born missionary?" 
 
 WHAT do you think ! " cried George Halstead, bursting 
 into the office. " Our new neighbor up the river is a 
 missionary. Just fancy! And he seemed such a pleas- 
 ant sort of chap. Another one of those chaps who stir up 
 the natives and give them set-up ideas about themselves." 
 
 YOU are not employed now, are you, Miss Clay? I wonder 
 if you wouldn't like to come and help us with our rum- 
 mage sale next week. Several girls from your class are 
 going to help. And really you get more fun than work out of it. 
 It will be down on Nineteenth Street, you know, and some of the 
 
 When A, I, and C) are used as words, all lines affected by 
 the initial should be set flush. 
 
Initials 
 
 57 
 
 A BOY who owns a dog should know something about how 
 to treat and care for him properly. A dog on the farm 
 looks out for himself largely, if he is fed once a day and 
 has a comfortable place to sleep in winter. But the town dogs 
 lead a more or less unnatural life and must be assisted in caring 
 
 The following table will serve as a guide in spacing initials: 
 
 YOUNG PEOPLE 
 Three lines, two lines one en more 
 
 A— 3— 0—0 
 B— 2— 1— 
 C— 2— 1— 
 D— 3— 0— 
 E— 2— 1— 1 
 F— 2— 1— 
 G— 3— 0— 
 H— 3— 0— 1 
 I— 1— 1— 
 
 J-1-1-1 
 K— 2— 1— 1 
 L— 2— 1— 1 
 M— 3— 1— 
 N— 3— 0— 1 
 O— 3— 0— 1 
 P— 2— 1— 
 Q-3-0-1 
 R— 2— 1— 1 
 
 GIRL'S WORLD, 
 
 YOUTH'S WORLD, and 
 
 JUNIOR WORLD 
 
 Three lines, two lines one en more 
 
 A— 2— 0—1 
 B— 2— 0— 
 C_2— 0— 1 
 D_2— 0— 
 E— 1— 1— 1 
 F— 1— 1— 1 
 G— 2— 1— 
 H— 2— 0— 1 
 I_0_1_1 
 
 J— 1— 0— 1 
 K— 2— 0— 1 
 L— 1— 1— 1 
 M— 2— 1— 
 N— 2— 0— 1 
 O— 2— 1— 
 P— 2— 0— 
 Q-2-li^O 
 R— 2— 0— 
 
 S— 1— 1— 1 
 T_l_l_l 
 U— 2— 0— 1 
 V— 2— 0— 1 
 W— 2— 1— 1 
 X— 2— 0— 
 Y— 2— 0— 
 
 Z— 2— 0— 
 
S8 Italic 
 
 OUR LITTLE ONES 
 
 Three-line initial. Two lines en indention 
 
 A— 2— 1—0 J_l_0_l S— 1— 1— 1 
 
 B— 2— 0— K— 2— 1— T— 2— 0— 1 
 
 C— 2— 0— 1 L— 2— 0— U— 2— 1— 
 
 D— 2— 1— M— 2— 1— 1 V— 2— 1— 
 
 E— 2— 0— N— 2— 0— 1 W— 3— 0— 1 
 
 F— 1— 1— 1 O— 2— 1— X— 2— 1— 
 
 G— 2— 1— p_2— 0— Y— 2— 1— 
 
 H— 2— 1— Q_2— 1— 1 z— 2— 0— 1 
 
 I_0_l_l R_2— 0— 1 
 
 XL ITALIC 
 
 The excessive use of italic is a typographical blemish. In 
 ordinary sentences it is only when a word or phrase de- 
 mands especial emphasis that italic should be used, and un- 
 less directions are given to the contrary, underscoring in 
 copy may be ignored with the above exception. This of 
 course does not include those books and articles where italic 
 is used for a special purpose. 
 
 Foreign Words. 1. Isolated phrases and sentences from 
 modern foreign languages may be set in italic unless they occur 
 frequently in an article or book, when they should be set in 
 roman. Single words may be set in roman unless directions 
 are given to the contrary. (See 3 for exception.) The itali- 
 cizing of unimportant foreign words such as " mio," " pesos," 
 " lieber," " mon ami," " canon," and the like,- is unsightly in 
 the ratio of its frequency. As italics shed no light on the 
 rneaning of such words, it seems like empty affectation to so 
 distinguish them. - Practically anglicized foreign words 
 should retain the accents. Here is a partial list, including 
 some Latin words that should be setjn roman: addenda, ad 
 valorem, alias, ante bellum, attacKe, cafe, cafion, carte 
 blanche, charge d'affaires, confrere, debris, debut, denoue- 
 ment, dramatis personse, eclat, entree, et al, expose, fagade, 
 fete, habitue, in memoriam, matinee, musicale (no accent), 
 naive, naivete, nee, per annum, per capita, per cent, per se, 
 prima facie, pro rata, protege, protegee (fcm.), regime, resume, 
 role, soiree, the Benedictus, the Magnificat, the Nunc Di- 
 mittis, versus, via, vice versa, vide, viz. 
 
Italic 59 
 
 2. Italicize Latin form of botanical, entomological, and zo- 
 ological names, and Latin words generally, except those 
 listed in preceding paragraph; also words from the Hebrew 
 and ancient Greek. Abbreviated Latin terms such as ibid., 
 etc., set in roman. See II, " Latin Words." 
 
 3. When foreign words and phrases are immediately fol- 
 lowed by translation, the former are to be italicized and the 
 translation set in roman and enclosed in parentheses, as 
 " Here kolakeia (flattery) is the better expression." " C'est un 
 fait accompli (That is a thing already done)." 
 
 4. In books, set names of foreign books and journals in 
 roman, quoted. In periodicals set names of journals in italic, 
 without quotes, and of books in roman, quoted. 
 
 5. Herr, Frau, Fraulein, mademoiselle, senor, seiiora, sefiorita, 
 signore, and other foreign appellations come under rule given 
 (page 58), and should not be set in italic when preceding a 
 name or used in place of it. 
 
 Punctuation Marks. The following rules may be observed 
 in the use of points of punctuation in mixed roman and italic 
 sentences and small-cap lines: 
 
 L Quotation-marks. Italic quotes should be used only when 
 the entire phrase or sentence quoted is in italic. The fact that 
 the first or the last word is in italic does not call for the use 
 of italic quotes. 
 
 2. Other Points. When the last word of a phrase is in 
 italic, and is followed by a comma, colon, semicolon, excla- 
 mation, or interrogation point, the point should be in italic. 
 When parens enclose one or several italic words the parens 
 may be set in roman, unless the entire sentence is in italic. 
 
 3. Small- cap Lines. Roman quotes and punctuation marks 
 should invariably be used. Italic punctuation in a small-cap 
 line is bad typog"raph3^ 
 
 Responsive and Dramatic Readings. Set in italic with pe- 
 riod such words as "Teachers," "Scholars," "All," etc., pre- 
 ceding alternate readings. Italicize and enclose in brackets 
 all side-directions in dialogues, recitations, and dramatic 
 pieces. See XIV, " Brackets." 
 
 Titles following signatures to letters, minutes, and reports 
 should be set in italic : Joseph James, Secretary. The same 
 holds true when several name* are given and the word 
 "Committee" follows. See II and III. 
 
6o Notation 
 
 XII. NOTATION 
 
 1. Numerals may be employed (1) as adjectives: Parts 1, 
 2, 3; or " the first man," " the third tier." (2) As nouns: " He 
 is a good second." (3) As adverbs of the order of time: 
 First (not firstly), secondly, thirdly, etc. " First, concentrate 
 your attention," " Secondly, consider another phase." When 
 the adverbial form is used the character of the sentence will 
 determine whether a comma or a period must follow the ad- 
 verb. This form is not often really demanded by the text, 
 and its indiscriminate use should be avoided. As a rule fol- 
 low copy. 
 
 2. Use the following order of notation: I, 1, (1), (a), (aa), the 
 letters being italic, but not the parentheses. In hand composi- 
 tion an en quad follows the notation, on linotype machines use 
 a spaceband only. 
 
 3. If the regular order of notation is not required, and yet 
 within a paragraph figures are employed to mark several di- 
 visions of a subject, set in arable numerals enclosed in paren- 
 theses, without the period, as (1) (2) (3). It is obvious that 
 this cannot apply when a fuller notation is desired, hence its 
 use is limited. 
 
I 
 
 Proof-reader's Marks 6i 
 
 XIII. PROOF-READER'S MARKS 
 
 PLAYING the^ GAME QaAo 
 
 X f^ Rob/rt Louis Stevenson tells of an old game in which 
 
 each of ^ the contestants was given^ lighted ^''^candle. Y 
 _^The gaine"was to reach the goal with the^andle still -^C-. 
 ^ burning, "l^oever did this was a winner, whether he , 
 got there first or ^ las^ ^ O 
 
 We are all given a lighted candle. Men call our con- 
 V^science the * candle of the Lord.'\Jt is our job to /7 
 go through hfe with that candle still burning . And^^S^ 
 .^^i^^whoever reaches the goal with c onjcience alight wins 2 
 th e game, -p ^ 
 ^^^^^^obody need lose ; allmay win. ^ / fK^ 
 
 Sometimes we are tempted to run too fast, living for 
 wron g things or stru ggling after money; and we get into ^1 
 /^y/ the winds of te mptation. Then we must slow up or the 
 
 candle will go out. Sorrow comes and we have to walk z:^ y 
 softly or stand in silence for a time. But it is better xq^^-^-^^'^ 
 I'f^^o slowly sometimes than to g^^so fast that the winds ol I—/ 
 
 ^ the world blow our candle out and leave ^he "light 
 ^Hc/- that us darkness." C V I / 
 
 M^e^,^y ^^^_^^^ John Doe. ^.c, 
 
 /— / ^ -, 1, 
 
 _, >- INDORSED ^ J 
 
 t>^ " My husband (awa^V^^ He has sent me this check, 
 and I want to get it cashed,^said a young wife to v^ 
 a clerk at the bank, according to an exchange though/._L/ 
 yy<Th^^ is hard to believe the heroine was an up-to-date Cali- -V 
 rZT lornia woman. (_^'Yes, madam," was the clerk's reply, 
 t^ ' but it isnt indorsed. Sign it on the back, please, and 
 your husband will know that we paid it to you." 
 ^y^e*x-?tThe young woman to the desk and in a moment- camc^ ' S lSCl. 
 /'Oback with the check indorsed thus/ "Your loving wife, 
 Sophia." • 
 
62 
 
 Proof-reader's Marks 
 
 
 Key to Proof-reader's Marks 
 
 /A. 
 
 Capital letters 
 
 ^ Paragraph 
 
 Small caps 
 
 ^^ No paragraph 
 
 UU 
 
 Italics 
 
 7m. Transpose 
 
 Aom 
 
 Roman 
 
 '^ Raise 
 
 X 
 
 Broken letter 
 
 i — f- Lower 
 
 £«^ 
 
 Lower case 
 
 Let it stand 
 
 V 
 
 Even spacing 
 
 <^^^^^ Let it stand 
 
 _L 
 
 Push down space 
 
 ^ Straighten lines 
 
 K 
 
 Insert space 
 
 Q Period 
 
 v^ 
 
 Less space 
 
 ^ / Comma 
 
 .^^ 
 
 Close up 
 
 (p Colon 
 
 a 
 
 Em quad space 
 
 J^ Semicolon 
 
 ^ 
 
 Turn over 
 
 -/ Hyphen 
 
 ^ 
 
 Dele (take out) 
 
 \/ Apostrophe 
 
 A 
 
 Insert 
 
 "^ Quotation 
 
 ^ 
 
 ► 
 
 Query 
 
 /--^Z One-em dash 
 
 1^1 
 
 Move to left or right 
 
 /.-^^ Two-em dash 
 
 (^^^A 
 
 : Out, see copy 
 
 \y Superior figure 
 
 M^ 
 
 Wrong font 
 
 /?V Inferior figure 
 
Punctuation 63 
 
 XIV. PUNCTUATION 
 
 Avoid very close punctuation, care being taken not to 
 go to the other extreme. The true sense of a sentence 
 should be made clear. Beyond this, punctuation is practi- 
 cally superfluous. 
 
 When a sentence is so plain as to leave no doubt as to its 
 meaning, it is worse than useless to change the punctuation. 
 This is especially true of revises and final proofs, or where a 
 proof has passed the scrutiny of another reader. Foundry 
 proofs should rarely need such correction. Where the sense 
 cannot be made unmistakably clearer thereby, any change of 
 punctuation should be scrupulously avoided as a wanton 
 waste of time and, necessarily, of money. 
 
 Accents. In setting lesson selections for the quarterlies, 
 use the Pronouncing Bible furnished for the purpose, and 
 follow punctuation literally. Insert all accents as employed 
 there, always omitting, however, accents in the words Jesus, 
 Holy Ghost, and Hol}^ Spirit. See IX and XI for accents 
 generally treated. 
 
 Apostrophe. As a convenience an apostrophe may be used 
 in such expressions as " dot your i's," " cross your t's," " A 
 B C's " and " P's and Q's." Omit apostrophe in " bus," 
 " phone," and " squire." An " s " is not necessary, as a rule, 
 after the apostrophe with words in the singular possessive 
 ending in " s " or " z," as " James' hat," " Jones' cane," 
 " Jesus' words," " Jabez' peril." There are exceptions, how- 
 ever, where euphony demands the " s," as " Puss's antics," 
 and in the plural, " The Joneses' party," etc. Omit the " s " 
 also in " conscience' sake " and " righteousness' sake." Use 
 singular form in such expressions as " Mother's Day," " print- 
 er's ink," and omit apostrophe and " s " in " state rights " 
 and " state prison," but " state's evidence." In setting the 
 disputed " somebody else's " or " somebody's else," use the 
 latter form, and set oneself, not one's self. See XVII, " Mis- 
 cellaneous." 
 
 Brackets. Brackets are now little used in the average book 
 or periodical. In order to show clearly that the added words 
 are not the author's, it is proper to enclose in brackets any 
 interpolation that is injected ftito the text of an article. 
 Brackets may also be used to enclose introductory notes, 
 
64 
 
 Punctuation 
 
 although parentheses generally serve better. Brackets should 
 be used to enclose directions in w^ritings of a dramatic char- 
 acter, such as [All Sing], [Exit], etc. See XI, "Responsive 
 Readings." 
 
 Colon. A colon may usually precede a run-in quotation of 
 a score or more v^^ords. For smaller quotations a comma is 
 suflicient, unless the extract is introduced by an expression 
 actually demanding a colon, such as "Listen to this:" "It 
 ran thus:" "As follows:" etc. Use after introductory ad- 
 dress in letters and reports, as Dear Sir: To the Northern 
 Convention: and in Scripture references, as Ps. 5 : 16. 
 
 Comma. " The great enemies to understanding anything 
 printed in our language are the commas." (Alford.) 
 
 The conjunction makes the use of commas superfluous in 
 such sentences as this: "These were quiet and modest and 
 sensible." This does not imply, however, that a comma 
 should never precede the conjunction " and." It may be used 
 as in these examples: "The first, second, and third trials," 
 " Some novel, striking, suggestive, and startling features." 
 
 In connection with " again," " besides," " for," " however," 
 " now," " of course," " so," " still," " therefore," " too," " also," 
 " verily," " oh," and " why," the use or omission of commas 
 is largely determined by the manner in which these words 
 are to be used. Commas are demanded in such phrases as 
 these: "Again, let us consider." "Besides, such action is 
 unnecessary." " For, after all, that is just." " This result, 
 however, was unexpected." " Now, I would rather not do 
 it." " So, you see, we won the prize." " Still, it is not al- 
 ways true." " Why, j^ou promised me." " It is not, there- 
 fore, probable." " Of course, considering," etc. Sometimes 
 commas can be omitted: "Therefore it has been resolved." 
 "Verily (or truly) that is astounding." " Now let us see 
 what will occur." "Why John!" "Of course it does," etc. 
 The comma may be omitted in such phrases as " consider 
 too," "this also"; not "consider, too," "this, also." A con- 
 venient rule on commas and " too " is given in " Script and 
 Print": "When it is followed by some other word than a 
 verb omit the comma preceding 'too'; when it is imme- 
 diately followed by a verb omit both." Example: "And this 
 too (or also) means that," etc. "Call the men and women 
 too, (or also,) that every one may hear." In the common 
 expression "Oh dear!" the comma is unnecessary, while in 
 a fuller phrase it is often called for, as " Oh, I remember 
 now," " Oh, how delightfully the band played," etc. 
 
Punctuation 65 
 
 Omit comma after " entitled " and " called " in such sen- 
 tences as these: "The book was entitled 'Winning His 
 Way,' " " Stories called ' Yellowstone Nights.' " 
 
 Omit comma in phrases like " rejoined James cheerfully." 
 When a verb takes the place of the adverb use the comma, 
 as " responded William, smiling." Omit also in phrases like 
 these: "John the Baptist," "Herod the king," "Mary the 
 mother of Jesus," " Paul the apostle," " Henry of Navarre," 
 " Mother dear," etc. But " Paul, the apostle to the Gen- 
 tiles,". " Joseph Smith, of Lancaster, Pa." 
 
 The comma is preferable to the colon in introducing short 
 quotations, consisting of less than a score of words. See 
 " Colon." 
 
 There are cases where commas are demanded by common 
 sense. This, for example: "The professor said the boot- 
 black was a learned man." The sense becomes different 
 when commas are used: "The professor, said the bootblack, 
 was a learned man." So when the objective precedes the 
 nominative: "To the good, old age is a time of content." 
 " To the timid, horses of spirit are a terror." There are, 
 however, many sentences of this character where the comma 
 is entirely unnecessary. For use of comma with signatures, 
 see HI, " Signatures." 
 
 Dash. " The dash is a cover for ignorance as to the use of 
 points, and it can answer no other purpose." (Cobbett.) 
 This may be sweeping, but it is true that the dash is spar- 
 ingly used by accomplished writers and printers. A phrase 
 summing up the gist of a sentence consisting of several 
 members may conveniently be preceded by an em dash. The 
 em dash is also of value in a long or involved sentence to 
 enclose a phrase where parentheses are not used, and where 
 commas would be too weak to carry the meaning clearly. 
 " There is seldom any need of the comma, semicolon, or 
 colon before the dash." (De Vinirc.) It may be said that if 
 the dash is used, the addition of a comma can scarcely add 
 anything to its real value as a mark of punctuation. The 
 " comma-dash," indeed, presents the anomaly of two points 
 of punctuation being used in one place without gaining the 
 slightest practical advantage thereby. A two-em dash should 
 be used to denote a sudden break or cut-of¥ in an unfinished 
 sentence, whether conversational or didactic, and if quotes 
 are called for they follow the dash. Use two-em dash with 
 
 initials representing surnamee, thus: Mrs. B , Colonel 
 
 W , Doctor S . Use an en dash instead of a hyphen 
 
66 Punctuation 
 
 in compounding words in lines consisting of capital letters. 
 Do not use a dash after addresses such as Dear Sir: a colon 
 is sufficient. 
 
 Exclamation-point. Be careful that the sentence is really 
 exclamatory, as " Flee for your lives! " " Fire! Fire!! " Sen- 
 tences followed by such expressions as " he cried," " she ex- 
 claimed," " was shouted," etc., or in which such stress is im- 
 plied, naturally take an exclamation-point, but to use this 
 point in such mild sentences as the following is of doubtful 
 propriety: " How careful he is," "Think of the effect of such 
 deeds." 
 
 Hyphen. Use hyphen after first adjective in such cases as 
 " gun- and rifle-firing," " corn- and wheat-producing coun- 
 try," etc. 
 
 Use to connect verses of Scripture in references, as John 
 
 14 : 1-6, also other references, as Canto IV, lines 10-20. Do 
 not employ the hyphen when parts of two chapters are to 
 be connected; set thus: John 14 : 10 to 15 : 6, not 14 : 10- 
 
 15 : 6. See "References." In dates use hyphen thus: Jan- 
 uary 1-10; but January 1, 2. Where numbers occur in un- 
 broken order use comma instead of hyphen, as follows: April 
 10, 11, not 10-11; but April 12-15, etc. In the same manner, 
 1856, 1857; 1855-1859. In spelled-out colloquial allusions to 
 time, where the noun is left out, hyphenize the adjective as 
 though the noun were given, as " We start promptly at nine- 
 thirty," but omit hyphen in such an expression as " three 
 forty-five" ("o'clock" being implied). Omit hyphen in such 
 words as cooperation, coordination, preeminence, preempt, 
 reelect, etc., also in such names as Fairfax Court House. 
 Follow copy as to hyphenation of Palestinian names begin- 
 ning with " el," " tel," and " wady," with the exception of 
 Tel el-Amarna. Omit hyphen in such expressions as 
 " twelve per cent interest," " two per cent solution," etc. 
 
 Parentheses. Use m,ainly to enclose references and notes. 
 In the majority of instances parentheses should replace 
 brackets in enclosing introductory notes and explanatory in- 
 terpolations to the text, as " He (Jesus) said," etc. See 
 " References." 
 
 Period. Omit period after roman numerals when used in 
 such cases as Chapter I, Henry IV, Part VIII, etc. In most 
 cases the period may be omitted at end of lines on title- 
 pages and display matter. Elisions of words or lines are 
 indicated by three periods; or by a comma or other point 
 
Punctuation 67 
 
 and two periods, thus ... ; . . ! . . ? . . In poetry, to in- 
 dicate that lines are omitted, use a line of periods, seven in 
 number, properly centered and separated by two-em quad- 
 rats. Such nicknames as Alex, Ben, Em, Fred, and Will do 
 not take the period. 
 
 Quotation-marks. Nicknames are not quoted: the Little 
 Corporal, the Nutmeg State. Neither are names of animals, 
 boats, chapel cars, and ships: Black Beauty, Sea Bird, Evan- 
 gel, Lusitania. 
 
 Quote as a rule anything preceded by such words as 
 " Termed," " entitled," " known as." 
 
 Quotes wuthin quotes are sometimes necessary. " Yes," 
 replied Willie, " I met Mr. Smith, and asked him, ' Did you 
 get my letter? ' and he said, ' I did; but unfortunately I cannot 
 let you have the book entitled " How to Get a Dollar," be- 
 cause I have loaned it to Teddy Wilson.' " 
 
 Punctuation should be outside the quotation-marks unless 
 it is a part of the quotation, when it should be within the 
 quotation-marks. Examples: (1) Have you read "King 
 Lear"? (2) The following is from' "Old Curiosity Shop"; 
 (3) The subject discussed was, " Is honesty the best policy? " 
 An exception is made in regard to comma and period. 
 These should always be placed within the quote. See XI 
 and XVI. 
 
 When a passage of Scripture is freely rendered in collo- 
 quial phraseology, quotation-marks may be used. For ex- 
 ample: "Suffer the little children to come unto me, and for- 
 bid them not." These are the words of Jesus, a direct quo- 
 tation from Scripture. In describing the scene a writer uses 
 these words: "To the disciples he (Jesus) said, ' Never again 
 keep the children from me,' " To quote " never again," etc., 
 is not likely to give a false impression, although not an exact 
 quotation. 
 
 Omit quotes in Golden Texts and Memory Verses in lesson 
 periodicals, and quotations in smaller type at head of chap- 
 ters in books when reference or credit is given. When 
 poetry and biblical or other extracts occur in the body of an 
 article, and are set in smaller type than the text, quotation- 
 marks are not needed; but if not set in smaller type they 
 must always be quoted, whether accompanied by reference or 
 not. In Scripture quotations making each a paragraph in a 
 special department, quotes rtKiy be omitted if reference is 
 given. 
 
68 Punctuation 
 
 In departments of periodicals made up of selections, some 
 of which are original and some reprint, follow copy if the 
 editor of the department uses quotation-marks at beginning 
 and end of an item or article, but do not use quotes if the 
 editor has omitted them, and never if formal credit is given 
 at end of item or article. 
 
 When the name of a book and an article or chapter in the 
 book are mentioned together, quote the book, but not the 
 article: "History of France," chapter on The Edict of 
 Nantes. Omit quotes in such general references as: Ency- 
 clopedias, article Eschatology. There are books whose an- 
 tiquity or universal use renders the employment of quotation- 
 marks superfluous. Among these are the Bible, the works 
 of Homer, Virgil, and Caesar, the Vedas, and various encyclo- 
 pedias and dictionaries, as the Iliad, the ^neid, Caesar's 
 Commentaries, the Rig-Veda, Encyclopedia Britannica, the 
 Century Dictionar}', etc. 
 
 References of a simple character occurring at the end of a 
 Scripture sentence are enclosed in parentheses, the period 
 following the parenthesis, as " Whether we be bond or free " 
 (1 Cor. 12 : 13). In the case of composite references, where 
 words of direction accompany the references, make the com- 
 bination an independent sentence, placing the period inside 
 the parenthesis and using an en quadrat or spaceband before 
 the reference: "Covet earnestly the best gifts." (Read Job 
 6 : 14.) Or, (Compare carefully 2 Cor. 16 : 11.) When a 
 reference includes parts of two chapters set thus: (12 : 5 to 
 13 : 10). Use comma and hyphen as follows: Rom. 5 : 1, 2, 
 not 1-2; but iRom. 5 : 1-10. When a reference consists of 
 chapters onl}'^, use the preposition to emphasize the fact, as 
 Rom. 1 to 8; Acts 6 to 12, but Acts 6 and 7. When a biblical 
 reference is preceded by a non-scriptural sentence with or 
 without quotation-marks, end the sentence with period, and 
 treat the reference as an ordinary sentence enclosed in paren- 
 theses: (John 14 : 20.) Proof-readers are not expected to 
 verify Scripture references. Follow copy unless there is 
 reason to believe an error has been made, when the item 
 may be queried. 
 
 Scripture Selections. The punctuation, capitalization, etc., 
 of Scripture selections used in lesson periodicals should con- 
 form to that of the version authorized by the editor. In set- 
 ting selections from the Revised version use the American 
 Standard, unless otherwise directed. 
 
Signaturing — Spacing 69 
 
 Semicolon. Use to divide simple sentences where the 
 comma will not keep the meaning sufficiently distinct, as in 
 this example: "As I walk along these cliffs and hear the 
 Atlantic breakers pounding against their base, far below; as 
 I watch the sea-gulls circling around on their strong white 
 wings; as I realize the strength, the force, the liberty in na- 
 ture; the growth and progress that accompany life — I feel I 
 have never really lived." One of its most important uses is 
 in sentences where each member is nearly or quite complete 
 in itself: " In the regions inhabited by angelic natures, un- 
 mingled felicity forever blooms; joy flows there with a per- 
 petual and abundant stream." 
 
 Use to separate references, as John 4 : 20; Acts 1 : 10. 
 
 XV. SIGNATURING 
 
 Various methods of signaturing a book are employed. 
 
 1. Figures. When the folios are at the top of the page, 
 figures may be used. These should be slightly smaller than 
 the folio figures. When folios are set at bottom of page, 
 some other method should be adopted. 
 
 2. Letters. Capital letters. A, B, C, etc., may be used. 
 When a book exceeds four hundred pages the alphabet may 
 be repeated in a number of ways, e. g., A, 2A, or Al, A*, 
 and so on ad infinitum, it being a matter of taste which form 
 is used, so that the various forms can be accurately as- 
 sembled for binding. 
 
 XVI. SPACING 
 
 Elisions. In using the French " de " and " le " or " la," 
 when the " e " is elided there should be no space between 
 the apostrophe and the noun, as D'Orsay, I'histoire. This 
 does not hold true in Italian, however, as dell' Evangelo, 
 r uomo, where a thin space should separate the apostrophe 
 and noun. 
 
 Em Quadrat. (1) In separating sentences the em quadrat is 
 not always essential. In medium-spaced lines it should al- 
 ways be used; but when it is necessary to thin-space or wide- 
 space a line, the space between sentences occurring in such 
 
70 Spacing 
 
 lines may be slightly modified so as to preserve the relative 
 proportions, slightly more than an em in a wide-spaced and 
 slightly less in a thin-spaced line. (2) An em quadrat sepa- 
 rating short, sharp exclamlations looks awkward. An en 
 quadrat is better. E. g., "Fire! Fire!" "Quick! Help!" 
 Where a single word exclamation is followed by another 
 consisting of two or- more words, each may be treated as 
 an independent sentence, unless both occur as part of and 
 within a sentence, as " He shouted ' Danger! Look out there! ' 
 and saved himself." In such a case an em quadrat after 
 "Danger!" w^ould cut the sentence into halves. 
 
 Single Letter Abbreviations. In spacing out a line do not 
 drive over one letter of A. D., B. C, D. D., M. A., a. m., 
 p. m., etc. If necessary, rather omit space between such 
 letters. Wide spacing between the letters of these and simi- 
 lar abbreviations is always to be avoided. 
 
 Poetry. When a line of poetry does not run over there is 
 no excuse for its being wide-spaced. The runover of a line 
 is indented two ems more than the line it completes. Poems 
 having several lines of greater length than the average must 
 be centered by running over the long lines. The following 
 items may be useful for reference: (1) An iambic foot con- 
 sists of a short syllable followed by a long one. (2) A long- 
 meter verse may consist of four, six, or eight lines, each of 
 foyr iambic feet. (3) Common meter: four, six, or eight 
 lines alternately of four and three feet. (4) Short meter: 
 the first two lines have three feet, the third line four feet, 
 and the fourth line three feet. In verses written in either 
 of the meters mentioned, or in others coinmonly used, lines 
 that rhyme may receive the same indention; but in poems of 
 unusual or peculiar meter the safe course will be to follow 
 copy. 
 
 Quotation. Quotation-marks, when used merely to show 
 that a poem is not original, should be set outside the inden- 
 tion, but all quotation-marks that belong to and are a part of 
 the poem itself must be set within the indention. 
 
 References. When a reference commences a sentence, 
 where in hand composition it has been the custom to use an 
 en quadrat, linotype operators should employ a spaceband 
 only. In linotype composition, when setting references con- 
 sisting of chapter and verse, as John 14 : 1, use thin space 
 before the colon and en quadrat after it, in order to preserve 
 
spelling 71 
 
 the visual equality of space before and after the colon, ex- 
 cept in narrow measures or closely spaced lines, where the 
 thin space may be omitted and the en quadrat be replaced by 
 a thin space. 
 
 XVII. SPELLING 
 
 A and An. " A eulogy," " a European," " a ewe " (and 
 other nouns having the initial "y" sound), "a heroic," "a 
 historical," "a hope," "a. hospital," "a hotel," "a humble"; 
 but " An heirloom," " an honest," " an hour-glass." " A " is 
 used (1) before a consonant, or (2) consonant sound, or (3) 
 a vowel preceded by a decided aspirate. "An" is used (1) 
 before a vowel sound, or (2) where an initial " h " is silent. 
 
 Accents. In setting ancient Greek and the modern lan- 
 guages the accents must not be omitted. Use the accents 
 also in partially anglicized French words; also in Santa Fe, 
 San Jose, and in poetical use of beloved and blessed. Omit 
 the dieresis in aerate, aerial, cooperate, reexamine, zoology, 
 and the accent in the anglicized words employee and neg- 
 ligee, See IX. 
 
 Afterward, Backward, Forward, Toward. In these words 
 
 do not use " s." 
 
 I 
 Awhile. One word, as " Rest awhile," except when pre- 
 ceded by a preposition, as " Once in a while." 
 
 Beside. So used when referring to place or condition, " He 
 sat beside her," " He was beside himself," Add the " s " 
 when num.ber or quantity is expressed, as " Besides women 
 and children," " So much besides." 
 
 Bible Names. In comments accompanying lesson texts, set 
 Bible names in style used in the text, except that, unless 
 otherwise desired by author or editor, the diphthong may be 
 omitted in such words as Judsea, Perasa, Judaean, Galilsean, 
 etc. See " Diphthong " below. Where the text of both Au- 
 thorized and Revised versions accompany comments, the 
 author's spelling should be accepted, providing it agrees 
 with one of the versions. Proof-readers will note that, as the 
 several versions do not always agree in this respect, when 
 the text does not accompany articles wherein Bible names 
 occur, the style authorized by Schaff's or Smith's Bible 
 
72 Spelling 
 
 Dictionary may be adopted, except in books or articles of a 
 scholarly character, where copy should be followed. 
 
 Chemicals. Chloride, iodide, oxide, and sulphide, not 
 chlorid, oxid, sulfid, etc, CaflFeine, morphine, strychnine; but 
 in some preparations the final " e " is omitted, as in glycerin, 
 lanolin, lupulin. In setting chemical formulae follow copy 
 literally. 
 
 Diphthong. Omit in commonly used words such as anes- 
 thetic, esthetic, Judea, maneuver, medieval, P.erea; but use in 
 dramatis personae, and in Latin quotations. 
 
 " Ei " and " ie." When these have the long " e " sound 
 after " c," the combination is " ei," as ceiling, perceive; but 
 after any other letter, the combination is " ie," as achieve, 
 grieve, siege. " Leisure " and " seize " are exceptions. When 
 " ei " has the sound of " a " in late, it may follow any con- 
 sonant, as neighbor, sleigh, veiling, etc. 
 
 Farther, Further. "Script and Print" gives this rule: 
 " The one means distance, the other means addition to a 
 thing already stated or done. For example, ' I said further, 
 that on no condition would I go farther than two miles with 
 him.' " 
 
 Foreign Words. Retain Latin form in plural of appendix, 
 formula, index, memorandum, etc., but set in roman: appen- 
 dices, formulae, indices, memoranda. The Italian " signore " 
 drops the " e " when preceding a noun commencing with any 
 other letter than " s." , 
 
 " Ful " and " fuls." A bucketful, two bucketfuls; a spoon- 
 ful, two spoonfuls, etc. Not two buckets full, two spoons 
 frll, unless there are two buckets or two spoons. So with 
 other nouns when used in the sense of a measure. 
 
 Geographic. Buenos Aires, Tokyo. 
 
 Illiterate Phraseology and Slang. Jn aren't, 're (are),bein' 
 (and others where "g" only is omitted), can't, don't, 
 shouldn't, weren't, won't, wouldn't, the spelling is plain. In 
 words where more than one letter is elided use apostrophes 
 to indicate the contraction: 'a' (have), 'n' (and), sha'n't, etc. 
 The diversity of style used by various authors in writing 
 slang makes it impossible to formulate any satisfactory 
 working rule as to spelling. Follow copy in the absence of 
 special instructions. 
 
Sample Indices - 73 
 
 Miscellaneous. Set the following words as here given: 
 beaux, Cortez, despatch, dike, diskus, egret, employee, en- 
 close, entrust, Eskimo, eyrie, gourmand, gruesome, indorse, 
 insure, Michelangelo, Mohammed and Mohammedan, Nazi- 
 rite, partisan, Pittsburgh (Pa.), but all others Pittsburg, 
 practice [n], practise [v], program, reenforce, skeptic, skilful, 
 tableaux, traveler, woe, woful, Shakespeare, Shakespearian 
 (not " ean "), Thomias a Kempis, Tolstoy, Wycliffe. Omit 
 apostrophe in beeswax, jewsharp, oneself, ratsbane, and 
 townspeople. Retain it in bird's-eye and bird's-nest [adjs], 
 lamb's-wool, and swan's-down. 
 
 Phonetic Spelling. Fantasy may be so spelled, but avoid: 
 aline, brusk, fantom, fonetic, furor, gage, gantlet, hav, raja, 
 rime, sulfur, Tatar, thru, etc. Exception must be made when 
 such spelling is technically demanded or directions for its use 
 are given. 
 
 XVIII. SAMPLE INDICES 
 
 Unless otherwise instructed set in six-point solid, half- 
 measure, allowing one pica em between columns. 
 
 Munzer, Thomas: at Zwickau, 67 Murton, John, an associate of 
 seq.; at Prague and Alstedt, 69; Helwys, 388, 389. 
 
 preaching against the princes, jy; 
 at Muhlhausen, 79f. ; at Niim- 
 berg, 80. 
 
 When set in broa»d measure, use leaders with figures flush 
 at right of page: 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Problem of Fiscal Years 113, 114 
 
 Petition as to Young People's Work 92 
 
 Question, An Important 112 
 
 Recommendations: 
 
 On Report of Northern Faptist Convention 64 
 
 On Baptist World's Alliance 61 
 
 In index work, names with titles should be set thus: Wil- 
 son, J. C, Sr.; Holmes, James H., D. D.; not Wilson, Sr., 
 J. C; Holmes, D. D., James H. 
 
74 Samples, Bibliography 
 
 XIX. SAMPLES, BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 1. Plain style, frequently used: 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Henderson. Social Studies from the Christian Point of 
 Vie\y. University of Chicago Press, 1909. A brief text-book 
 admirably arranged. 
 
 2. A more elaborate style, appropriately used at end of 
 chapters or sections of a book: 
 
 Literature : Oehler's edition of Tertullian ; English translation 
 in " Ante-Nicene Fathers " ; Neander, " Anti-gnosticus, Spirit of 
 Tertullian," and " Ch. History." 
 
 XX. SAMPLE LIST OF CHARACTERS 
 
 This form of dramatis personae may be used unless otherwise 
 instructed : 
 
 CHARACTERS 
 Robert Harold Gordon, Jr. 1 tv/t- • 
 Robert Harold Gordon, Sr. I ^*"^"^ engmeers. 
 Robert Harold Gordon, 3d, or " Rob." 
 John Alexander Christian, mining engineer. 
 
 XXI. SAMPLE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS page 
 
 In the Jaws of Death — Frontispiece 
 
 ^'Gordon took a sealed letter from the pocket referred to ". . . 70 
 " Mashinsky drew his~ dagger " 85 
 
 XXII. SAMPLES, TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 1. A style frequently required: 
 
 CHAPTER CONTENTS page 
 
 I. Robert Harold Gordon, Jr 11 
 
 II. Robert Harold Gordon, Sr 24 
 
 III. Gordon and Pete Taken Captives by Danites ^7 
 
Samples, TablcSof GbntVii?s-*M ' ^ 75 
 
 2. Table showing the general divisions of a book : 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I. General Principles page 
 
 I. The Worth of a Man 11 
 
 II. The Message of the Kingdom 18 
 
 III. The Basic Social Principles of the Gospel 24 
 
 II. The Family 
 
 IV. Marriage 35 
 
 V. Divorce 41 
 
 3. A more elaborate form: 
 
 CONTENTS page 
 
 Foreword vii 
 
 Chapter One. Theological Evolution 1 
 
 Progress. I. Truth and Theology. II. Evolution Marked 
 
 by Change in Point of Attention. 
 
 4. A useful style for pamphlets without chapters : 
 
 CONTENTS page 
 
 Introduction 5 
 
 Explanation of terms and their relationship 8 
 
 The forms given are those most frequently employed. In minor 
 particulars slight variations may be necessary for certain books. 
 The tables should be set in same type as body of book. 
 
Note? 
 
Notes 
 
Notes