J C PC-NRLF Naturalization in Athenian Law and Practice A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY ALBERT 'BILLHEIMER EXCHANGE Naturalization in Athenian Law and Practice A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY ALBERT BILLHEIMER M PREFACE During the years which have passed since I entered into the active enjoyment of teaching I have come to ap- preciate more and more deeply my indebtedness to all my teachers at Princeton. This indebtedness I wish to ac- knowledge gratefully. In connection with this disserta- tion my thanks are due especially to Professor Edward Capps for his constant inspiration and to Professor A. C. Johnson for his invaluable aid and thorough criticism. At the same time I reserve to myself the responsibility for all errors. ALBERT BILLHEIMER. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania August 23, 1922 529072 CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER I. QUALIFICATIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP... 9 CHAPTER II. FORMULA OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP 12 CHAPTER III. REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 24 CHAPTER IV. PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZEN- SHIP 87 CHAPTER V. POETS OF FOREIGN NATIONALITY AT ATTIC FESTIVALS 102 CONCLUSION 109 APPENDIX LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS.. ..110 ERRATA Page 19, note 30: for 11 read 13. Page 25, note 6: for 22 read 24. Page 26, note 18: for 22 read 24. Page 31, note 42: for 27 read 29. Page 35, note 63: for 14 read 16. CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER I. QUALIFICATIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP... 9 CHAPTER II. FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP 12 CHAPTER III. REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 24 CHAPTER IV. PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZEN- SHIP 87 CHAPTER V. POETS OF FOREIGN NATIONALITY AT ATTIC FESTIVALS 102 CONCLUSION 109 APPENDIX LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS.. .110 INTRODUCTION The laws which governed admission to the Athenian citizen-body on the basis of qualifications of birth have been discussed frequently, but the laws which regulated the admission of aliens have received only casual treat- ment. 1 This study was undertaken for the purpose of further investigating the reasons for which the Athe- nians granted citizenship to aliens. Its present form is due to a statement made by Szanto 2 that the Solonian law which provided for the admission of exiles and per- manent settlers was applied, at least to exiles, in De- mosthenes' time. In the first chapter the history of the qualifications for citizenship on the basis of birth is considered. The second chapter deals with the various formulae found in decrees which grant citizenship to aliens. The third chapter is devoted to the discussion and application of the laws which state the reasons for which citizenship was granted to aliens. The pre-Solonian laws are considered first. The information here is scanty and our conclu- sions necessarily indefinite. Then the laws from the time of Solon to 100 B. C. are taken up and their respec- tive chronological limits are determined by the evidence of individual instances of grants of citizenship. In the light of the conclusions thus reached the possible reasons for grants to a special class of persons, i. e., to literary men, are discussed in order to learn their relation to the general law. In the fourth chapter we consider the pur- pose which actuated the state in granting citizenship upon the conditions stipulated in the general law, the effect of this policy upon the value of the grant, the de- gree to which the purpose of the state was realized, and 1 A. Westermann, De publicis Atheniensium honoribus ac prae- miis, 30-39; E. Szanto, Untersuchungen uber das attische Burger- recht, 26-31; Das griechische Biirgerrecht, 46-50. 2 Untersuch. u. d. att. Burgerr., 30. 8 INTRODUCTION the effect of nominal citizenship upon its realization. In the fifth chapter evidence is presented on the question whether a poet of foreign nationality was permitted to compete at the Dionysiac festivals in Athens. The ap- pendix contains an alphabetical list of the names of naturalized Athenians, together with such facts as are pertinent to the time and reason of their naturalization. The list aims to be complete down to 100 B. C. CHAPTER I QUALIFICATIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP At the beginning of his discussion of the rcoXts Aris- totle 1 raises the question, TC'S 6 TCOX(TYJS SJTJ; giving as his reason, YJ yap rcoXcs TuoX&T&v TC TuXrjOos eaTiv. Residence does not make a citizen, for metics and slaves also reside in the state ; neither do the advantages of common jurisdiction, for these belong to the parties to a commercial treaty. But a citizen is characterized T$ [ASTSXSIV xptoreos Y.acr] Oat e auiov /.at ^[{Jtou x.at ^paiptai;] YJ<; av pouXirjiae. Having been admitted into the state the new citizen exercised all the rights and enjoyed all the privileges of native Athenians with a few exceptions. In the speech Against Neaera (92) the disabilities placed upon new citizens are mentioned: "The law expressly declares that, when citizens have been created by the people of Athens, they shall not be eligible to the offices of the nine archons, or to hold any priesthood ; though their descend- ants are allowed by the people to share all civic rights with this condition, that their mothers must be women of Athenian birth and affianced according to law." APPENDIX TO CHAPTER II There are two 22 inscriptions in which the formulae, as usually restored, do not conform to the above types. The first is 7G, I, 59 (410/09 B. C.), the earliest extant decree of citizenship. The body of the decree is written CTOIX^^OV with thirty-six letters to the line. Lines 15-17, which contain the formula, appear as follows: [TAMEN AAAAKAOA II EPTEIBO AEI] EIN AIAEOPAST ........................ AI$PATPIASHO ........................ NKAITAAAATAE 22 IG, IP, 3366 is not an original grant, but a renewal. If IG, IP, 472+169 is correctly restored by Wilhelm (MAI, XXXIX [1914], 285 ff.), it may not be an original grant. FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP 17 The first five letters of line 16 should conclude the name paaugoXos, in whose honor the decree was passed. Either foXov or goXot must be supplied. Next, the word PATPIASHO Dittenberger 23 thus restores it. But this restoration, while officially correct, is open to the obvious criticism of giving the line thirty-eight instead of thirty-six letters. To meet this difficulty Velsen and Kirchoff 24 suggest is elvas, reading as follows: [T AMEN AA AAK A6 A II EPTEIBOAEI] BIN AI AE8P AST [BOAOIfcTAESTEENAIKAIAEMOK] AISPATPIASHO But this formula is open to the criticism of being ano- malous and of giving thirty-seven letters to line 16 if we read EINAI instead of ENAI. There is yet another possibility, i. e., that the decree represents a confirmation of a previous grant, and not an original grant. Three choices are therefore open: to accept Dittenberger's restoration involving a disregard of the aTOOTSov arrangement, which is elsewhere in the decree uniformly followed ; to adopt some formula which, like Kirchoff's, has no analogy ; or to conclude that the de- cree represents the confirmation of a previous grant. The last view seems most reasonable, especially as the ethnicon and the phrase v.uXYjs. The inscription is written aiotx^ov with pos- sibly eighty-five letters to the line. The honor conferred stood at the end of the fifth and in the first half of the 25 In this inscription the aspirate is written at least twelve times and omitted at least three times. 26 This view of the case differs from that of Valeton (Hermes, XLIII [1908], 481-99). He accepts Dittenberger's restoration and makes this decree the original grant of citizenship. For other dis- cussions of the decree see Gilbert, Beitrdge zur innern Geschichte Athens, 346 ff.; Szanto, Untersuch. ii. d. att. Burg err., 13 ff.; Rohl, Hermes, XI (1876), 378 ff.; Foucart, BCH, XIII (1889), 266; Hartel, "Beitrage zum attischen Staatsrecht und Urkundenwesen," Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften, XCII (1878), 181 ff.; Wilhelm, Arch. Epigr. Mitt, aus Oesterreich, XVII (1894), 37 ff.; H. Beurmann, JCPh, Suppl. Bd. X (1878-79), 350. 27 Korte, MAI, XXV (1900), 392 ff. FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP 19 sixth line. Ziebarth 28 restores it as follows: 'A0Y]vacoc<; slvat auTO&<; x,ai SX.YOV[OC<; auT&v y.ai tai ey,YOv[o&<; KoXitctav /.at ^uXYJt; y.ai TOU ^{JLOU xai cppaTpcas YJ<; av gouXwviac] . However, this restoration does not better the case, for the use of the word icoXiiei'a in citizenship decrees does not occur until the second half of the third century. 30 With regard to the restoration of IG, IP, 33 as a decree of citizenship by inserting the word TuoXiTsia Wilhelm 31 remarks: "Gegen die Zuerken- nung des Biirgerrechtes liessen sich auch sonst Bedenken, zumal der Form wegen, geltend machen." If the use of the word luoXtTsia in this construction is anomalous for the period of this decree (ca. 385 B. C.), it would be much more so in the time of the decree under consideration (401/0 B.C.). Why is the effort so persistent to restore this inscrip- tion as a decree of citizenship when the evidence of the formula contradicts such an interpretation? First, many of the names inscribed upon the reverse side of the stone are foreign, and, says von Prott, 32 "Gemeint konnen damit nur Metoken sein und diesen Metoken kann nur das Btirgerrecht verliehen worden sein. Denn die auf der Riickseite verzeichneten Manner unzweifel- haft dieselben, von denen das Psephisma handelte sind nach Phylen geordnet, also Burger." 33 Second, there seems to be some connection between this document and the honors paid to the heroes of Phyle. 34 28 MAI, XXIII (1898), 28. 29 MAI, XXV (1900), 35; Ditt., Syll.* t 120. 30 See p. 11. 31 Er. Vin., 245. 32 Op. cit., 38. 33 Cf. Korte, op. cit., 393. 34 Aeschines 3. 187; Ziebarth, op. cit., 30 ff.; H. von Prott, op. cit., 36 ff.; S. B. Franklin, TrAPhA, XXXII (1901), 72 ff. 20 FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP These arguments prove nothing. In the first place, Aeschines makes no reference to any grant of citizenship in this connection, while the only reward promised by the democrats was caoieXsca. Xenophon 35 says: wpiv Ss qpepac exa feveaOat, Triaia Bovie?, otTtve? sopwcoXepiiqwav, x.at el 2-svoi elev, cjoieXetav eoreaOai, s^YJaav rcoXXol i/iv OTuXtiat, woXXoi 8s Y^VYJTS?. In the second place, the arrangement of metics by tribes does not make the assumption of citizenship necessary. Indeed, if we were dealing with a group of newly-made citizens and the inscription were intended to indicate that fact, the arrangement should be, not by tribes, but by denies, for a citizen is officially designated as such by his deme-name. We have some information about the arrangement of names by tribes. From the earliest times the Athenians observed the custom of bury- ing the citizens who fell in battle in the public burying ground of the Ceramicus. Over the graves stelai were erected, bearing the names of the dead arranged by tribes. And it was only in the case of citizens who died in battle that names were inscribed in the official order of the tribes so far as our information goes. This was due to the fact that the Athenian military organiza- tion was composed of tribal units. An Athenian army was but an aggregate of ten tribes of citizen soldiers. Even the ephebi were divided for mess into ten divisions according to tribes. The tribal arrangement has a mili- tary significance. If a decree were passed in honor of a large number of citizen soldiers, is it not possible that their names would be arranged according to the divisions of the organization in connection with which they were honored, i. e., by tribes? Now, metics formed part of the same military unit as the citizens and were likewise enrolled in the tribal contingents. The persons men- tioned in this inscription are apparently metics who shared in the military operations which followed the oc- cupation of Phyle. 30 There is, therefore, the possibility that this arrangement by tribes does not indicate a posi- 35 Hell. ii. 4. 25. 36 Clerc, Les Meteques Atheniens, 429. FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP 21 tion in the citizen-body which was acquired by this de- cree, but rather indicates the military divisions in which they had rendered the services for which they are being honored. True, when named together with citizens in burial inscriptions metics are called sfrpaqw; the omis- sion of this designation might be due to the fact that only metics are mentioned. Lastly, the successful opposition to Thrasybulus' motions to grant citizenship to Lysias and to all who had come along back from Piraeus indicates the existence of a strong conservative sentiment which should make us hesitate to interpret this as a decree con- ferring citizenship. 37 Several other inscriptions require special mention here because they have been called decrees of citizenship either incorrectly or without sufficient evidence. Ac- cording to Kirchner 7G, II 2 , 706, 719, 720 all dated the beginning of the third century B. C. are decrees of citi- zenship. With these compare IG, II 2 , 732 (dated the be- ginning of the third century B. C.), 801 (dated the mid- dle of the third century B. C.), 802 (dated after the mid- dle of the third century B.C.), 810 (dated about 230 B. C.). It is clear that Kirchner is correct in not call- ing Nos. 732, 801, 802, 810 decrees of citizenship, but it is not clear why he does so designate Nos. 706, 719, 720, which are very similar to them. It may be due to the presence of the clause containing the instructions to the thesmothetae. Kirchner apparently believes that at the time Nos. 706, 719, 720 were written the scrutiny clause is found only in decrees of citizenship, while at the time of Nos. 732, 801, 802, 810 it may be found in connection with grants of either citizenship or Iwrepis. In the first place, Kirchner's chronological arrangement 37 Since the above was written three discussions of this in- scription have appeared: P. Cloche, La restauration democratique a Athenes en 403 avant J.-C., 459-69; "Le decret de 401/0 en F hon- neur des meteques revenus de Phyle," REG, XXX (1917), 384- 408; P. Foucart, "Un decret Athenien relatif aux combattants de Phyle," Mem. de V Acad. Inscr. et Belles-Lettres, XLII, 323 ff. Cloche accepts the restoration TCoXiieiov in 1. 5. I have not been able to see Foucart's article. 22 FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP is too uncertain to support such a conclusion. The date assigned by him to No. 706 is too early, for, according to Johnson, 38 "the value of the amount of property is never given before the last half of the [third] century." Con- sequently No. 706 is to be dated in the last half of the third century, or about 232 B. C., 39 and, therefore, the scrutiny clause may apply to e-puYjai? as well as to citi- zenship. Further, regardless of the exact date of No. 706 the scrutiny clause may apply to I-pmjcns, for syKT-rjats is explicitly granted and the value of the amount of prop- erty is mentioned, and the clause of scrutiny in connection with eY*Tij ^ ffiaaet nueiKtov 'A0tjva(ou ol SuvaTcoiaToi 6>s (3s@acov ov ave^wpouv, x,at yiyv6[JLvot suOu? diuo TuaXatou |M(^tt sit sTuodrjaav TuXYjOet a TYJV 7:6Xtv. Theseus in his desire to enlarge the city is said to have invited foreigners to Athens. 10 References are made to definite instances of the reception of foreigners. 6 See p. 22. 7 S. v. rieptOotSac. 8 Diodor. xiii. 97. 9 1. 2. 10 Plut. Thes. 25. 26 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP The Thessalians, especially, were welcomed by Theseus. 11 Philaeus and Eurysaces, sons of Ajax, on being made Athenian citizens gave the island of Salamis to the Athe- nians. 12 Anaphlystus and Sphettus, the sons of Troezen, migrated to Attica and two demes were named after them. 13 Pityreus, a descendant of Ion, surrendered Epi- dauria to the Argives and migrated to Athens. 14 The descendants of Nestor having been expelled from Messe- nia went to Athens, where they gave their names to the houses of the Paeonids and Alcmaeonids. Melanthus even became king of the Athenians. 15 The Gephyraeans, who had come to Boeotia with Cadmus, were expelled by the Boeotians. They went to Athens and received citi- zenship there. 16 Whatever may be the value of these specific instances, they at least serve to indicate the char- acter of the general practice. The Athenians granted citizenship freely in early times. Although we cannot determine whether the grants were based upon any ex- act conditions, yet the statement of Thucydides 17 leads to the inference that very many of the persons who received citizenship in early times were exiled Greeks who settled permanently at Athens. Solon's law 18 provided for the granting of citizenship only to exiles and permanent settlers. The law was re- strictive and narrowed the circle of eligible persons. The phrasing of the law shows this. First, the statement of the law is negative, not positive, and thus implies a limi- tation of the preceding custom yeveaOat luoXitas ou B&caai xXqv Tots pieBe^siv TYJS woXiteias, x,ai a[/-a 11 Suid. loc. cit. 12 Paus. i. 35. 2. 13 Paus. ii. 30. 9. 14 Paus. ii. 26. 2. 15 Paus. ii. 18. 7; Strabo ix. 1. 7. 16 Her. v. 57; Westermaim, op. cit., 30 f. 17 1. 2. 18 See p. 22. REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 27 vopu^ovia TOUS [liv aTCo(3s(2XY)x,6Tas TYjv eauTs ^p66u[x6? euTt rcotstv o Tt SuvaTat ayaOov, is used synonymously with the clause, cb? afaOos sait av-qp, and in IG, II 2 , 448 apfiT-q is synonymous with fiufipfeata. So avSpaYaOta iupo TOV SYJIAOV was more than mere sentiment; it was manifested by an act of public service. We shall now examine all the specific reasons which are given in either inscriptional or literary sources for grants of citizenship from the earliest times to 100 B. C., in order to determine whether these reasons are UpY (3a<7iXet,oux, e , av TI? aiuoxTeevf) nep8r/.y,av, & (SaatXeu? 6 Hepacov Ti^a? a7us5eostx.TO, aXXa TuoXnecav S&CDXOV [JLOVOV. In another passage 33 the statement is made that Perdiccas was granted aTsXeta only. Because of this discrepancy and the fact that Alexander (498-454 B. C.), and not his son Perdiccas, was the king of Macedonia at the time of these events, the view is held that the names of Alexander and Perdiccas have been interchanged in this passage and that the reference to a grant of citizenship is an error on the part of Demosthenes. 34 However, F. A. Wolf 33 accepts the reading rcoXnretav on the ground that the speech De re publica ordinanda is not genuine. 36 And the view is held that the Perdiccas referred to may have been a Macedonian prince, vassal of King Alexander. 37 There- fore, although the identity of Perdiccas cannot be deter- mined, the arguments against a grant of citizenship are not sufficient to reject it. MENON. Menon of Pharsalus in Thessaly was granted citizenship about 476 B. C. 38 The grant and the reason for it are stated in Dem. 23. 199: SKSIVOI ['AOY)vatot] Msvcovc TW $ap<7aXt(j), 8(oSex,a [JLSV TaXavr' apyuptou 56vrt rcp6<; TOV STU' 'Htovt Tfl Ttpo? 'AjjicpixoXst TuoXejjLOv, Tpta7,ocrtoi<; ' t7U7ueu @Y]9S((p xofi T$ ovaxet'c fftv aXXot TS x,ai 'Api[jL(ov sv TCO Tuspt Ypav /.ai 'I6j2a<; sv TOI? rcspi Ypa^tT.^?. 45 As Cimon was ostracized in 461 B. C., the grant should be placed between 463 and 461 B. C. CARYSTION. In 440 B. C. war broke out between the Samians and the Milesians over the possession of Priene. When the Samians proved victorious, the Mile- sians appealed to Athens to settle the case by arbitration. However, the Samians refused to comply with the award ; so the Athenians sent an expedition to the island, estab- lished a democratic government, and left a garrison. Then some of the Samians, who had fled to the mainland and had applied to the Persians for aid, crossed with seven hundred mercenaries to Samos by night, overthrew the Samian democracy and the Athenian garrison, and proclaimed open revolt against Athens. The Athenians immediately despatched a fleet to put down the revolt. As a Phoenician fleet was expected to come to the assist- 42 Menon's services are referred to in another passage ([Dem.] 13. 23), where the statement is made that he was re- warded with aTsXeta, not woXneta. For an explanation of this discrepancy see the case of Perdiccas on p. 27. 43 Gardner, Ancient Athens, 383 f. 44 De Phidiae vita, 7. 45 Harpoc. s. v. HoXuVonos. Cf. Suid. s. v. 32 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP ance of the Samians, Pericles sent part of his fleet to keep watch off the coast of Caria, while with the remaining forty-four ships he attacked and defeated the Samian fleet of seventy ships. He then blocked up the harbor and invested the city. Again, when apparently accurate news of the approach of the Phoenician fleet was received, Pericles sent half of his force to intercept it. The Phoe- nicians never appeared, but, while the Athenian fleet was thus divided, the Samians sailed out of the harbor and defeated the blockading squadron. Carystion's connection with these events is given in the scholium to Aristophanes* Vesp. 283, as follows: TOUTO jiaOovTS?, Sapuot [/.Y^av-qv Ttva x,aTeax.suaaav /.ai' auT&v, TSS 'AOYjvatot UTCO TCVOS KapuaTcwvo? p(a y.ac 6 Nui&$6$cd Sa8o7,ov TOV utov auTOu 'A0Y)vatov TOV Te erci pay.Yji; ^oXepiov u 46 Cf. the "Phoenicians" in Thuc. i. 116. 47 Busolt, Griech. Gesch., Ill, 1, 544, n. 7. 48 Schol. Aristoph. Vesp. 283. REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 33 0pa/,tav 'A6Y)va(oc<; tmueav TS xat PLATAEANS. Two years after the beginning of the Peloponnesian war the Lacedaemonians invaded the ter- ritory of Plataea and summoned the city to surrender. But the Plataeans refused to break their alliance with Athens, and thereupon Archidamus laid siege to the city. After several months of vain endeavor to capture the place, the Lacedaemonians resorted to the slow process of starvation. After the city had been blockaded for more than a year and supplies had begun to fail, half of the garrison determined to make a break for liberty, a feat which they accomplished by scaling the walls of cir- cumvallation under cover of darkness, piercing the lines of the enemy, and making good their escape to Athens. 50 The two hundred and twelve survivors of this heroic dash for liberty were granted Athenian citizenship in 428/7 B. C. The grant is mentioned in the speech Against Neaera, 104: iocs ouv OUT[v], and the details are given fully by Thucy- dides, 00 Lysias, 61 Lycurgus, 62 and Plutarch. 63 EVAGORAS. Evagoras, king of Salamis, was granted citizenship 04 before 405 B. C., for Isocrates, 65 after re- lating the flight of Conon to Cyprus, his meeting with Evagoras, and the warm friendship and community of interest which arose between them, states that both Conon and Evagoras felt very keenly the disaster at Aegospotami and that this feeling was natural, T$ [K6vo)vt] [j,ev yap fy TOV [At]a6[ov 6]ao[jL7Up7Upu[(7c]v Ifepe. 89 Somewhat later, in 390/89 B. C., Sthorus is mentioned, in connection with an embassy from Thasos, in a decree 90 which deals with the restoration of the alliance between Thasos and Athens. STRABAX and POLYSTRATUS. Aristotle 91 quotes the statement of Theodectas that Strabax was granted citizenship. As Polystratus was honored with Strabax, 92 he very probably received the same distinction. Both were honored 8 id TYJV iui(x,iav, 93 and, as they were honored on the recommendation of Iphicrates, their services were of a military character. Polystratus is mentioned by Demosthenes 94 as a commander of mercenary troops in 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 Andoc. 1. 149. Busolt, Miiller, Hdb. IG, II 2 , 17. Ibid., 11. 26-28. IG, IP, 24. Rhet. 13996 2. Dem. 20. 84. Aristot. loc. tit. 4. 24. d. kl Altertumswiss., IV, 1, 1, 199. REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 41 the Corinthian war. And concerning Strabax, F. A. Wolf says : 95 "Strabax et ipse de commendatione Iphicratis or- natus videri potest Iphicratis in eodem bello adiutor fuisse." The year when Strabax and Polystratus were granted citizenship may have been 390 B. C., when a bronze statue was erected in honor of Iphicrates as a re- ward for his services in annihilating a Spartan mora at Corinth. 96 PASION and APOLLODORUS. Pasion, a banker and resident of Athens, was admitted to citizenship between 390 and 370 B. C., 8i T<; euepYecri'as Ta<; el? TYJV rcoXcv. 97 His services to the state are summed up by his son Apollodo- rus, when he says to the Athenian jury: ou^o? u XiXia? e&cwev asxt'Sas, x,ac xoXXa XP^fr'PW atao TUSVTS [Tpc^pscs] sOsXovTYjs e78ou? KQK rcap' iauToG TptY]pap5(Y](7 TptY]pap)j(a?. 98 The good services for which he was enfranchised took the form of contributions to the state. He was quite able to do this for he was a man of means. His landed property was valued at twenty tal- ents, and in addition to that he had money of his own lent at interest, amounting to more than fifty talents. 99 ARCHIPPUS and HIPPARCHUS. In IG, IP, 25 (390/89-387/6 B.C.) citizenship is granted to two brothers, Archippus and Hipparchus, natives of Thasos. They were honored ovSpayaOias ev[e*a] TYJS s<; 'AOrjvatou?. The specific service rendered by them at this time can- not be determined, but it was probably of a political character, if one may judge from a previous decree passed in their honor. 100 This decree relates to the restora- tion of the alliance between the Athenians and the Tha- sians. In 389 B. C. Thrasybulus settled matters in Thrace and the Hellespont, and in 388 B. C. Thasos was 95 Ad Dem. loc. cit. 96 Xen. Hell. iv. 5. 10 if.; [Dem.] 13. 22; Aeschines 3. 243. 97 Kirchner, Pros. Att., II, No. 11672; [Dem.] 59. 2; 46. 15; Dem. 36. 47. 98 Dem. 45. 85. 99 Dem. 36. 5, 43, 44. 100 IG, IP, 24 (390/89 B.C.). 42 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP under Athenian control. 101 From mention of an embassy of the Thasians in the decree 102 it seems that Archippus and Hipparchus were leaders of the embassy which ne- gotiated the alliance at Athens. COTYS. Cotys, king of Thrace, received Athenian citizenship SyjXov w? XQJT' e^etvov TOV ^povov euvouv Yjyoupievot x,at <; susp^e-cY]?. 125 As a mercenary general in Thrace Charidemus was often in the service of Athens, being especially prominent in the relations between Athens and the Thracian princes. After the death of Cotys Cersobleptes was opposed by two aspi- rants for shares in the kingdom, Berisades and Amado- cus. After several years of unsuccessful effort on the part of Athens to bring the rival claimants to an agree- ment, the Athenians sent out a mercenary force which finally brought the recalcitrant princes to terms. IG, IP, 126 records this agreement of 357/6 B. C. The de- cree deals with the relations of the Greek states on the Thracian coasts to the Thracian princes and to Athens. The kingdom of Thrace was divided among the three princes, Cersobleptes, Berisades, and Amadocus. The Athenians apparently bound themselves to see that the Thracian princes regularly received the tribute of certain states due them; while the Thracian princes promised help to the Athenians in case the states leagued with them, to whom, in accordance with the agreement of alli- ance of 378 B. C., freedom and independence were as- sured, should fall away from the Athenian league. 126 In carrying out this agreement Charidemus, who was in the service of Cersobleptes, surrendered to Athens the Cher- sonese, including Sestus. It was very probably in con- 124 Aristot. loc. cit. 125 Dem. 23. 145. 126 Hock, Hermes, XXVI (1891), 105. 48 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP nection with these events that the Athenians honored Cersobleptes, Charidemus, and Euderces. ORONTES. Orontes, satrap of Mysia, was granted citizenship in 349/8 B. C, 127 An exchange of embassies is mentioned in the decree. The friendly attitude of Orontes at the present time and in the past is given as the reason for the grant, while references are made to money for grain, support for armies, and agreements between Athens and Orontes. In 354 B. C., when there was talk of a Persian invasion of Greece, the Athenians resolved, in case of any aggression on the part of the King, to invite Philip and the other Greeks to oppose him 128 Since then the situation had changed essentially. Philip, not Persia, threatened Athens. He began the siege of Olynthus in 350 B. C. At this critical time Athens sought aid in the East. Orontes, who had re- volted from the King in 362/1 B. C., had again become reconciled to him. The Athenians concluded an agree- ment with Orontes about their mutual relations, and at the same time granted him citizenship. SPARTOCUS III and PAERISADES I. A decree of 347/6 B. C. 129 grants to Spartocus and Paerisades, sons of Leucon, T[psi]as Bt&oaaiv 'A0Y3vato&[<; aajwep S[a<]u[p]o<; xai Aeuxwv e&oaav, 181 especially for favors 127 7G, II 2 , 207. 128 Ep. Phil. 8. 129 IG, II 2 , 212. 130 Ibid., 11. 53-55. 131 Ibid. t 11. 20-22. REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 49 shown in connection with the grain trade: OTC s7u[a*f]vXXovTGa TW Srjpuo [T]W 'A[0] Y)v[a] (G> TYJS s/. [TU] O^TUYJS TOU [CT](T[O]U /.aOaiusp 6 Tuai^p auiaiv y,at O[TC] Y]pTY3<7iv 7upo6u|A(0<; OTOU av 6 BYJ[JL[O<;] 8[eY)]Ta[{]- 132 CALLIAS and TAUROSTHENES. The brothers Cal- lias and Taurosthenes, Chalcidians, received citizenship upon the motion of Demosthenes. 133 The grant was made after 343/2 B. C., the time of the alliance between Athens and Chalcis, 134 and before 340 B. G!, the date of Philip's letter to the Athenians. In 341 B. C. Euboea was divided in its sympathy to- ward Philip and Athens, Oreus and Eretria being in the hands of Philip's friends, while Chalcis, through the in- fluence of Callias and Taurosthenes, had formed an alli- ance with Athens. After an Athenian embassy had ar- ranged a plan of campaign with the Chalcidians, a mili- tary expedition was sent to Euboea against Oreus and Eretria. 135 The expedition was successful in liberating both cities. In the campaign against Oreus, especially, Callias and Taurosthenes took a leading part. 136 Later a Euboic synod in alliance with Athens was established, with headquarters at Chalcis. Callias was the most im- portant man in this synod, taking the lead both as a friend of Athens and as an enemy of Philip. He went so far as to cross the strait to the Bay of Pagasae, where he captured a number of towns and vessels, selling the crews of the latter into slavery. "On account of these services," says Philip to the Athenians, "you praised him frequently in your decrees." 137 Citizenship was probably one of the honors then conferred upon Callias and his brother. 138 132 Ibid., 11. 13-17. 133 Aeschines 3. 85; Din. 1. 44; Hyper. 5. 20. 134 Schaefer, Dem. u. s. Zeit*, II, 423. 135 Dem. 18. 79. 136 Schaefer, op. cit., II, 491, n. 1. 137 Ep. Phil 5. 138 Schol. Aeschines 3. 85: xote yap Tfl aXY)9eia xoXiTa*; auiou*; ot 'AOirjvatoi 8ca TO TTJV Eugotav TuoiifcaaOai 69' sai)To6<;. 50 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP PHILIP. Plutarch, 139 in commenting on the impro- priety of the joy manifested by the Athenians at the news of Philip's death, disapproves of their conduct for this reason : 7up6<; f^P T

vy.p(j> y.ac icaicdvc^eiv, (oaTuep OCUTOU? Demades 140 says : eypa^a x.at ^iXf-oxd w\Lv, w? O'JTOC aXX' 6 xaipo T T ^ v vevtx,Y]y,6T(i)v aOXov (79aXei(jt TupoaSsis. This passage refers to the events which followed Chaeronea. Athens was filled with con- sternation. The Athenians knew what to expect from such a man as Philip, and the punishment which he meted out to Thebes seemed to presage the realization of their worst expectations. However Philip surprised them by agreeing to peace and making the concessions which De- mades enumerates. Plutarch speaks of Philip's treat- ment of the Athenians as lenient, and Polybus 141 praises Philip's magnanimity in these words : "When he had de- feated the Athenians in the fight of Chaeronea, Philip obtained much more by his humane and gentle conduct after the victory, than he had gained by his arms. For by these he subdued indeed the enemies that were in arms against him; but by his gentleness and moderation he vanquished all the Athenians, and forced Athens itself to receive his laws. Instead of making his resentment the rule and means of his conquests, he, on the contrary, 139 Dem. 22. 140 1. 9. Cf. Anab. i. 1. 3; Clement Alex. Admonit. ad Gent. 366. 141 v. 10. Cf. Diodor. fr. lib. xxxii. REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 51 pursued his victories no longer than till he had found a fair occasion to display his clemency and his love of virtue." 142 ALEXANDER. Alexander, the son of Philip, was also admitted to citizenship upon the occasion referred to above. The reason which applied to Philip's case ap- plies here also : y-aiaTuoXspnquavTO;; 'ASiqvatou; sv $tXiKK0u, 7up<7(3sc<; Trap' OCUTOU 'AO-rjva^s YJX6ov Tuep 66sv Y) TuoXis eSeSaio [TY]V etpqvqv] /.at TOV utov OCUTOU, 'AXe|av- Spov, et<; TCoXiias eveypatpev. 143 After Chaeronea, when the bones of the dead were carried back to Athens, Alexander went along as one of Philip's representatives to treat with Athens concerning peace. 144 CARPHINAS and PHORMIO. A decree of the year 338/7 B. C. 145 renewed, in the case of two Acarnanian brothers, Carphinas and Phormio, a grant of citizenship which had formerly been made to their grandfather Phormio. The reason is given as follows : srcet&Y) 'A0Y)vai<>v y,at STut]pLS- T[vtaT /.al avaypa^at TOU? XatpscpfXou TOU -rapt^owtoXou uioo?. Chae- rephilus and his sons were merchants at Athens, and famous as importers of salt fish from the Pontus. The statement that they were enfranchised because the Athe- nians were so fond of salt fish is to be explained by the fact that at a time when there was great scarcity at Athens (326/5 B.C.) 153 Chaerephilus had made large distributions of salt fish. HARPALUS. Harpalus, the Macedonian treasurer of Alexander, was granted citizenship shortly before 325/4 B. C. 154 Harpalus had given to Charicles, the son- in-law of Phocion, the contract for erecting in Attica a monument in honor of Pythionica, his mistress, together 147 Schaefer, op. cit., Ill, 51. 148 IG, IP, 350. 149 Ferguson, Athenian Secretaries, 40. 150 Din. 1. 43. 151 IG, IP, 417, 1152; II, 773. 152 iii. 119/. 153 Schaefer, op. cit., Ill, 296. 154 Kirchner, op. cit., I, No. 2251. REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 53 with a large sum of money for the purpose. 155 The graft from this contract immediately won Charicles' good-will. The friendship of other Athenian public men, also, was secured by means of presents. 156 Yet, in spite of the fact that much of Harpalus' popularity was due to the bribery of public men, the author of the satyric drama, Agen, states that he was made a citizen because he had sent to Athens large presents of grain : caouv xat vuv Y]y.(j>v TOU YJ[Jiot> [T]OU Stx,uV rcoXe^] toi 'A6Y]va(v [TCPCI>]T[Y)]V [TCOV sv II eXoTuovv] ^cj(j> - . IG, II 2 , 398 (ca. 320/19 B. C.) records a grant of citizenship which was made for the following rea- sons: . . .9v[Y]]<; 7ca[Tpty.Y)v i'^wv euvotav 7up]o TOV YJ[AO[V TOV sf<; TY;V 'Acr([av TY? s vaufjLaxta]? TYJS ev ' 8{|j[(i)6YJvai [/.at %TX0tv auTOu? /.]{ <77cav(.)<; YVO{AVY)<; TOV (jJlTOV TOV V ['EXXYjdWOVTtj) ir(TTl] XfiV (jt,[e5c(ivoy<; . . . 'AOViva^] ^avfipav %o[t(ov TY)V ^poq TOV 9tXoTtpt[(av]. The naval battle in the Hellespont, referred to in line 7, was fought in 323/2 B. C. during the Lamian war. "When reinforcements were in motion to join Anti- pater, a Greek fleet under the command of the Athenian admiral Evetion was in position near Abydus. It was, however, defeated disastrously in a battle in the straits, doubtless by the hundred and ten ships of Antipater, and 163 IG, II 2 , 360. Cf. Schaefer, op. cit., Ill, 295, n. 3. 164 IG, IP, 448, REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 55 only part of it succeeded in reaching the Piraeus in safety." 165 ARISTONICUS. Aristonicus of Carystus, the ball- player of Alexander, was granted citizenship in 319/8 B, C. 1 ' 06 Unfortunately the general motivation, as well as the specific, is missing, but perhaps the phrase TCJ> 'A0Y]va:o)v 167 is part of the general statement of In Athenaeus 168 we are told that Aristonicus was granted citizenship and voted a statue because of his skill as a ballplayer: cm 'ApcorTovwov, TOV KapusTtov, TOV 'AXe?avpou , 'AOiqvatot icoXtttjv 7uotYJcravTO 8ta TY)V TS^VYJV y,ac EVENOR. Evenor, a physician, was granted citizen- ship between 318 and 307 B.C. 170 The reason is as follows: Etrqvcop 6 t]Tpo? Tupoispov TS iu[aaav euvotav OITCO- TW S^pLcp /.at [xp^t^ov iautov 7ua]pa/^v xaTa TYJV ;] T03[JL TUOXtTWV X.aj TO)V i vuv &t[$&ttKs TaX[avTov apYupcou]. Though we cannot learn the exact connection in which Evenor's services were ren- dered, we are told that he had contributed to the state a talent of silver and that he had offered his services as a physician to the people of Athens. 171 - NEAEUS. Neaeus was granted citizenship about 307 B. C. 172 Although the part of the decree which contains the specific reason is mutilated, it included contributions for military purposes: STI 7upoVpYoGv]Ts[<;] x,al x.otv[^] is xal KOJT' tStav 'AO^vatcov ey,[a<7TOt?]. 175 His services were of a financial and political character. The grant was made "under the Democracy/' and the decree was moved by the prominent democrat Stratocles. 176 NICON. Nicon of Abydus was granted citizenship in 303/2 B. C. 177 The reason is as follows : ewe 18*1 N(X.G>V 'AGuSiqvo? ex. TCOVTC? TOU ^povou euvou? cov StaisXet 19 8qm> T$ 'A0Y]va((ov xat TOU? i^ncvoujicvw^ 'AOvjvaitoV st? "A^uSov tS(a TS eu TCOIWV StaTsXec /.at Y3[xoa(a TupaiKOV ayaOov o Tt Suvaiai TYJ? rcoXsfcx;, x,ai STCC TOU iroXs^ou TOU Tupoiepou TWV sx, T^ TuoXXoui; T(5v 7:oXtT(5v ffuvSteaqio-ev x,al e^oSia Sou? aTueaTeiXev si? TYJV TuoXtv. The naval battle referred to was fought in 323/2 B. C. between the Athenian and Macedonian fleets near Abydus. The Athenians were disastrously de- feated as the inscription implies. 178 ALCAEUS. Alcaeus was granted citizenship in 303/2 B.C. 179 The reason given is: eirsc&Y) 'AXxatos 'Hpa([o]u Atvto? Staiptgcov xapa TCO paV] paacXecov :upoa&pjt [/.at TYJ TO>]V 'EXXVjvcov sXeuSspta. 181 The exact ser- vice which he had rendered is not given, but the decree states what he was expected to do after the grant : OTUWS av TTcpiY)pivo<; UTCO TOW $Y)[j!,ou [iu] paTTfl x,ai uiuep T&V ITUTUSCOV T&V OV ax; av u^ep luoXiT&v 6 it av uiuoXa^pavo p[os vuv Tp(](p a^aOov o TJ Suvaiat [7upTTt ^oivfj] TS uiufip TYJ? v aet TO[U t? Ol] TC[A ^jjxp S'K; TO Xa6YJvas T^V] TS v. 186 The im- mediate service for which Herodorus was honored occur- red when Athens was besieged by Demetrius. Lachares the tyrant having defended the city until further opposi- tion was useless disguised himself and made his escape. The people joyfully admitted Demetrius and sent an em- 180 IG, IP, 558. 181 Ibid., 11. 12-14. 182 Ibid., 11. 31-36. 183 Wilhelm, op. cit., 274; IG, II 2 , 496+507. 184 Ibid., 11. 10-17. 185 7G, II s , 646. 186 Ibid., 11. 8-23. 58 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP bassy to arrange terms of peace with him. Demetrius was very lenient, for, having assembled the citizens in the theater, he appointed magistrates who were particularly pleasing to the people. Also, in order to relieve the want caused by the siege, he presented the people with one hundred thousand medimni of grain. 187 Herodorus was instrumental in securing these favorable terms for the Athenians. 188 AESCHRON. Aeschron was granted citizenship in 288/7 B, C. 189 for the following reason : Ofi TOO <7V /.at TWV d'XXcov 'A|ji OTI iut] Ato/.X0'.><; ap^o[vTO<; 'A6r;vat(dv Ttvaiv fsXOs [vi6)v 7rpo06pi(i)<; S^T] ifaaTO (xsi TOO TWV A{T6)Xo)v aipaTYjYoO] /.at aXXou? TWV sauT[ou ^t'Xwv iuapa- sj^taaaio TOO? :uapav[o[jLOuvTa<; /.at eTuatr^aev TOO? <7G)6YJvat /.at [ia ^pTQpiaTa T ap7ua 5^(0 ef<; TYJV eXeuBepiav [xa]i eOeio T<* oirXa [Asia TYJ<; -juoXeoi? ot6|j.vo? Bstv pir, vcty[T]aaOat TO) T^? xoXeto? uupKpepoVTi aXXa auvatTto? Tfl a(i)TY)pta, ffuveTcoXtopy-et Se %ai TO Moi)(j[st]ov (JieTa [TO]U x.]at V T 1 TOU JLOU uvoa, X.a I TOU ? -?)[v luepi TOV SYJ^LOV x,at] dr oua irapaYYXXot 6 aTpaTY]]y6<; y,[at 200 el? TO Xotiuov fiT] at XpsldiC wap?v st)qj XiTs a6po(ouaav, aXXa TY)V TO fevos T<5v e? apxfc ^T* oixtaravTtov piaXXov T&V aXXcov Scaaco^ouuav. The law of ia, therefore, was a measure of protection. How- ever, this law brought not only a negative, but also a positive advantage. Its introduction seems to mark the beginning of the importance of the metic class. 234 As before the class of metics contributed to the industrial progress of Athens and to her military strength, but now they formed an appreciable source of revenue, for each permanent settler was subject to an annual tax which went into the Athenian treasury. We do not know when the metic tax was instituted, but it is certain that the metics were not of importance as a source of revenue un- til they ceased to be taken into the citizen-body regularly. In view of the character of the results attending the intro- duction of the law of avSpayaeta, might it not be assigned to the period immediately following the expulsion of Da- masias, when the fact that two archons were chosen from the Demiurgi shows that the industrial class had gained a position of power in the government? Grants of Citizenship to Literary Men One class of grants requires special consideration be- cause at first glance it appears difficult to explain them 231 Szanto, op. cit., 8. 232 O. Muller, op. cit., 858. 233 8. 89. 234 See Clerc, op. cit., 329-35 for a different view. 70 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP under the law of avSpa^aOca, or public service. The per- sons who are honored in these grants belong to the do- main of literature. Unfortunately our task is made more difficult by the scarcity of the material and by the untrustworthy character of much of the evidence which we possess. In the first place there is no extant Attic de- cree in which citizenship is bestowed upon a person whose chief occupation was of a literary character. Further- more, we lack any reference to such an event in any classical author, and are dependent upon the lexicograph- ers and combinations of separate references. Evidence of the latter kind is furnished by the application, in dif- ferent sources, of different ethnica to the same person. A combination of these ethnica will sometimes show that the person concerned had been admitted to citizenship. The evidence for the enfranchisement of foreign literary men follows, in chronological arrangement. DIONYSIUS. A decree 235 of 368 B. C. made Diony- sius, king of Sicily, an Athenian. He competed at least three times in the tragic contests at Athens. However, this is not a typical case of the enfranchisement of a poet, for Dionysius was primarily a ruler, not a poet, and, as we have seen, 236 the motive of the grant was purely po- litical. ANTIPHANES. The comic poet Antiphanes, accord- ing to Suidas, 237 was a native of Ceos, Smyrna, or Rhodes, or, according to Anonym. De com., 238 of Larissa in Thes- saly. The latter authority also states that he was made an Athenian citizen through the agency of Demosthenes. This statement is perfectly possible, whether we assign to Antiphanes the dates 408/5-334/1 B. C., 239 or preferably 388/5-314/0 B. C. 240 235 7G, IP, 103. Cf. Ep. Phil 10. 236 P. 42. 237 S. v. 'AvTivo<; Supax.6<7io<; (Anonym. De com,., Kaibel, 9); <5. Supa/.6<7co<; uto<; Aa^wvo? (Suid. s. v. c&tXqpuov) ; <. Aapico- vo? S-jpaxoffios (IG, XIV, 1221). 244 Strabo xiv. 67. 245 Cf. Dietze, De Phil com., 4, n. 6. 246 IG, II, 1289 (307/6 B.C.); IG, III, 948 (333 B.C.); Anonym. De com., Kaibel, 9. 247 Meineke, Hist. Grit., 462; Kaibel, Pauly-Wiss., I, 2, 2852, s. v. Apollodoros; Capps, op. cit., 45 ff.; Krause, De Apollodoris comicis. 248 Suid. s. v. 'AiuoXXoSopos. 249 Ibid. 250 Suid. s. v. <7TCOu5a 3>iXuXapxos, 'AOtjvato? Y) Nau- [following Athenaeus ] ol 8s Stx.oviov, aXXot 8e TCOV (Suid. s. v. ^uXap^o?). 324 Meineke, op. tit., 475. 325 Pauly-Wiss., I, 2, 1506, s. v. Alkaios. 326 Meineke, op. tit., 496. 327 Op. tit., 48. REAASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 81 Athens followed the practice of smaller states in thus re- warding the poetical effusions of a eulogistic character, either in the fifth and fourth centuries, or in this later period, we do not know absolutely. It is not at all likely that such a practice existed in the earlier period at any rate. Indeed, a precedent like this, once established by Athens, could not have failed to call forth a grand out- burst of praise, and either the practice or the persons benefited by it would certainly have been lashed by the caustic tongue of some comic poet. What, then, was the reason for these grants of citizen- ship? The facts which bear on this question are of three different classes and furnish three possible answers. When Aristodemus the actor, who was in Philip's good graces, was about to depart for Macedonia to participate in the Olympic festival there, the Athenians commis- sioned him to treat with Philip for the release of the cap- tives taken at Olynthus in 348 B. C. Upon his return to Athens in 347 he reported to both the senate and the as- sembly the kind feeling of Philip toward the Athenians and his desire for peace. He was even credited with be- ing the originator of the peace. For the successful exe- cution of his mission Demosthenes moved to crown Aris- todemus. 328 He was then chosen a member of the em- bassy sent to arrange terms of peace with Philip, and a special measure was passed to prevent his suffering finan- cial loss through the breaking of professional engage- ments. Cicero 329 refers to the great political influence of Aristodemus: Aristodemum, tragicum item actorem, maximis de rebus pacis et belli legatum ad Philippum Athenienses saepe miserunt. The comic poet Philippides was praised and voted a golden crown and a bronze statue in recognition of his many political services to the Athenians. The motiva- tion of these honors shows how varied and long continued these services were. As an intimate of King Lysimachus he was of particular value to the Athenian government 328 Aeschines 2. 17. 329 De re pub. iv. 11. 82 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP in its relations with Thrace. His services include such things as a gift of grain to the people in 299/8 B. C., at his own expense burying Athenians killed in battle, ob- taining the release of prisoners of war, securing enrol- ment in divisions of the army for those who wished to enter military service and providing clothing and travel- ing expenses for those who preferred to depart, service to the cause of Athenian freedom, giving his personal in- terest and financial aid to the religious festivals, sacri- fices, and games, and assisting every Athenian who ap- pealed to him. 330 Aristodemus and Philippides were not exceptional cases. Actors and poets did not surrender themselves to their art. Neoptolemus was sent by Philip along with Aristodemus to the Athenians with declarations of friendship, and he too was influential in bringing about the peace with Philip. Ischander, who had friends in Arcadia, "was brought by Aeschines before the Athenian senate and ecclesia to present certain political proposals from them." Sophocles took an active part in public life ; Theognis was one of the Thirty ; and Morsimus strove to improve the physical, as well as to entertain the aesthetic, side of man. Such instances might be multiplied. In fact, literary men occupied a unique position as regards their ability to render public service. They were mem- bers of a privileged class whose profession was a pass- port which secured for them freedom of travel during time of peace or war. They were favorably received even at the court of their nation's enemy. 331 They were no stay-at-homes, for the duties of their profession called them from city to city. Of course they were familiar figures at Athens, possessed a thorough knowledge of Athenian life, both public and private, rubbed elbows with the common Athenian on the street, talked politics with the politicians, and discussed governmental policies with the leading magistrates. And yet they often main- tained the closest relations with their native countries, in 330 7G, IP, 657 (287/6 B. C. or 285/4 B. C.). 331 Hypothesis II. 2 to Dem. 19; Dem. 5. 6. REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 83 some cases continuing to reside there, or at least divid- ing the year between Athens and their own cities. And they were among the most distinguished men of their re- spective nations. Ion is ranked as one of the greatest of the Chians. It was quite natural that men so eminently fitted should be chosen to perform some ambassadorial function. They may have been commissioned by the Athenians to attend to sundry matters connected with their respective states, or they themselves may have made such good use of their advantageous position to ren- der public service as to win the gratitude of the Athe- nians. Since this gratitude found expression in the be- stowal of other honors, there is every reason to believe that members of this class were as eligible as any others to receive citizenship in recognition of public service in the political, field. The second set of facts bearing on the reason for grants of citizenship to literary men affects actors and poets especially. In /G, IP, 223J5, 11. 7-8 (343/2 B. C.) the senate is commended and crowned sirsiStj - - x,aXw<; K TW ^YJpKp TW 'AO[Y)vat(ov /.a]t vuv /.at sv Ttj> 7uap[Xy)- XuOo]Tt ^povo), and ap[TYJ<; evxa /.at t/,]atoauv[Y)(;]. Al- though the motivation -con tains no reference to the Diony- sia, the fact that the crown was to be of ivy implies such a connection. 336 If that is true, it is fair to assume that his services were rendered in the line of his profession. Since the services of the senate, flute-players, chorus-trainers, priests, and actors in connection with the Dionysia were recognized by the state as evidence of their avSpayaOt'a, it 332 Cf. 7G, II 2 , 354 (328/7 B. C.). 333 O'Connor, op. cit., p. 126, No. 396; Wilhelm, op. cit., 219. 334 Wilhelm, op. cit., 221; O'Connor, loc. cit. 335 Wilhelm, MAI, XV (1890), 219. 336 Ibid., 221; Urk. Dram., 59. REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 85 would have been strange indeed, if such recognition had not been given to poets, whose dramas contributed more than anything else to the glory of the festival. Can we go so far as to say that this recognition took the form of a grant of citizenship? The case of Aristonicus will show that we can. Aristonicus, the Carystian ball-player of the time of Alexander the Great, was granted citizenship and voted a statue *cV [jirjSe Kpoffedexeofa (jiiqSeva T<; 7Uptopav Trap' ipot<; [ASTOtx-ouvTa?. Isocrates seems to refer to a general practice when he says that the rest of the Greeks admit to citizenship those who are distin- guished in T /.aXa TCiTYj$U[AaTa. And being an Athenian he would naturally use an Athenian custom as an ex- ample. This practice may appear inconsistent with a qualification of past service. It was, in so far as any tangible service is concerned. But, indirectly, persons who were distinguished in "the fine arts" did render some service to the state. As Isocrates 340 says : . 7 For the same purpose the honors were proclaimed at the Dionysia, 8 and the decree was published [OTTO? 8' av scScoat *ai] ot aXXot [O]TC xC^P tTa< S a*o&i&*Miv 6 SYJ^O? [T]OI? e[a]u- T[OV euepYSTOuat d$i'a$]. 9 That the state hoped to arouse emulation on the part of others by thus conferring honors and advertising the fact is expressed more pointedly in a 4 See p. 36. 5 See p. 39. 6 Szanto, Untersuch. u. d. att. Burgerr., 30. 7 LI. 11-16. 8 Dem. 18. 120. 9 7G, IP, 391, 11. 10-12 (321/0-319/8 B. C.). PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP 89 formula which occurs first, in one form, in IG, II 2 , 553 (ca. 307 B. C.) : OIKDS av y,[at] oc aXXot TC[OVTS<; 9tXoTipuov]Tat TOV StjplOV TOV ['A0Y]Va((OV SCOOTS!? OTC X^P 5 ] T [ a ]? aUT [ot] Persons who received minor honors were often urged to render further services in the hope of receiving fur- ther honors. Citizenship was thus promised in a general way. Sometimes a definite service was stipulated upon the fulfilment of which specific rewards were promised, as in IG, IP, 791 (ca. 232/1 B. C.) : TOUS po'jXo[wvoo TCO[V TuoXtT&v y,at TV OMOUVTCDV sv Tfj -jcoXst TTJV <7G)TY]pta]v TYJS TCoXsto? x,ac TYJV /.aOoTt av ?) a5t]o<; auiwv. 11 In the same way before the battle of Arginusae citizenship was promised to all metics and other foreigners who should volunteer to enlist in the Athenian forces. 12 And frequently the person to whom citizenship was granted was invited to strive for further honors by a continuance of his good works: elvai 8s a[ui y,ac si? TOV i/,s]Ta Tau-ra ^povov 8caTY]pouvu[t TY)V OJUTYJV atp]s)vi]cik'fi- 41 This is certainly true in ihe case of Spartocus IV, who is called BocTuopto? in the same decree in which it is stated that he had previously been made a citizen. 42 Since the decrees for Euphron and Alcimachus were passed in 318/7 B. C. and 321/0-319/8 B. C. respec- tively, the official usage seems to have employed both forms of expression at the same period. In literary references either ethnicon is given to the new citizen, generally however his original one. Thus Thucydides 43 speaks of Sa8o/,ov TOV fSYevr^svov 'AOyjvaiov, but Xenophon 44 calls Philiscus 'Apu$Yjv6<;, Lysias 45 calls Apollodorus 6 Me^a- peus, and Aeschines 46 calls Callias 6 XaX*i8eus. The fact that a new citizen might not utilize his grant immediately did not invalidate it, for if at some later time circumstances made it desirable for him to become an Athenian citizen de facto he could do so. In such cases a decree was passed confirming the previous grant, as [e!v]at 'AXy-c^a^ty ' AX [/.t^a^ou 'ATuoXXow] GCTY; x-upiav TYJV 7c[oXtTe(av YJV 6 SYJ{J.O]<; Idaxev auicp y,a[t ey-yovot*; eici Nt7,o]y,pa- 41 IG, II 2 , 391. 42 IG, IP, 653. Philonides is called a Laodicean in a decree in which it is stated that he and his two sons had received citizenship (7G, IP, 1236 200-150 B. C.). 43 ii. 67. 2. 44 Hell vii. 1. 27. 45 7. 4. 46 3. 86, 89, 94. 47 IG, II 2 , 391. Cf. IG, IP, 226, 3366, 448. A grant to Aryb- bas was also confirmed at a later date, but IG, IP, 226, in which reference is made to it, is not the decree of confirmation, but a sub- sequent one: [eTuet&Y] --- Y) 7:0X11] e(a Y) o6[ei]ff3[Ttp Tuaipl 7.a]l T

xai TOI? ex,Yovo[t]<; x.a( elct x,uptai. PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP 101 A grant of citizenship included not only the individual honored, but also his descendants (xai TOI? SKYOVOIS). Even if the grant was allowed to lie unused till after the death of the recipient, his descendants were admitted to citizen- ship by a renewal of the grant. This hereditary claim, as well as their own good services, was mentioned in the motivation, as in the case of Carphinas and Phormio: e $op [[A] c'cova TOV v[t /,]a[l] Kap- x,]ev 6 BYJ[[A]O? $op|ji((j)vc TW TuaTTTrca [alufTJcov; 48 and also in the case of Archippus: [sTustS-r) Ss y.at 6 TuaTYjp] auioG 'A6Y]va[to)v 91X05 YJV xat e$oicv au-r](p 6 BriiAoCi; TYJV TcoXc~efav, eivat /.as auT]6v " Ap [%] eiu [n:ov /.at TOU<; ex.f6vou<; A0Y]vato]u<;. 49 Since the grant remained valid even though the new citizen postponed its exercise, it follows that, whether he intended to reside at Athens or not, no difference was made in the form of the grant. The full formula was preserved, even to the clause providing for enrolment into tribe, deme, and phratry. Besides, while in other states proxenia and politeia, the functions of which could not be exercised simultaneously, were conferred in the same decree, thus showing that these names had practically become mere titles of distinction; yet at Athens their original meaning was kept in mind so carefully that they are nowhere found granted together. 50 Each grant of citizenship was potential. Therefore it is impossible to determine from the form of the decree whether the new citizen exercised his grant or not. It is obvious, how- ever, that under ordinary circumstances such persons as foreign rulers, public officials, and representatives of for- eign governments did not do so. 48 7G, IP, 237, 11. 15-21; cf. 212. 49 IG, II 2 , 336a, 11. 15-19. 50 Szanto, Griech. Burgerr., 22. CHAPTER V POETS OF FOREIGN NATIONALITY AT ATTIC FESTIVALS In assigning a reason why dramatic poets were admit- ted to citizenship it was assumed that they were permit- ted to produce plays at Athens. This is the view of Bergk: 1 "Ebenso wenig ist die Ansicht Neuerer gerecht- f ertigt, Auslander hatten keinen Chor erhalten : wie man lyrische Dichter ohne alle Ausnahme zuliess, so auch dra- matische." Wilhelm 2 concurs in this view. Meineke 3 presents the opposite opinion: "Peregrinis autem, ante- quam civitati adscripti essent, in publicis Bacchicorum sacrorum solemnibus fabulas in certamen committendi potestatem factam esse, nullis puto argumentis doceri potest." Van Leeuwen's 4 view is a compromise: "Dix- eris igitur liberum etiam poetis peregrinis ad certamina publica fuisse aditum, ea tamen lege ut docerent quidem suas fabulas vel carmina, sed non ipsi in se reciperent histrionis vel cantoris officium. Primitus igitur, cum primas in suis dramatis partes ipsi poetae solebant agere, a certaminibus publicis peregrines fuisse exclusos, dein vero, cum actoribus rem permittere solerent, per leges nihil obstitisse quominus cum poetis civibus certarent." This view is based upon the assumption that "histriones cives fuisse," 5 which O'Connor 6 has shown to be incorrect. This question may be settled most easily by a review of the individual cases. It should be stated first that of the other participants in dramatic contests foreigners were admitted as choregi and actors, but were excluded from the chorus. 7 Following is a list of dramatic poets, 1 Griech. Litt. Gesch., Ill, 51, n. 169. 2 Urk. Dram., 57. 3 Hist. Grit., 308. 4 Proleg. ad Aristoph., 42 f. 5 Ibid. 6 Chapters in the History of Actors and Acting in Ancient Greece, p. 72. 7 Plut. Phoc. 30. Cf. Dem. 21. 56; Andoc. 4. 20; Aristoph. Ran. 729. 102 POETS OF FOREIGN NATIONALITY AT ATTIC FESTIVALS 103 chronologically arranged, who produced plays at Athens, but were of foreign birth and, so far as our information goes, never received Athenian citizenship. Pratinas gained one victory and contended against Aeschylus and Choerilus. Yet he was a citizen of Phlius 8 and died such, for his son is called XtacXiOTrou Max.eSfc>v. Ca. 338 B. C. Schol. Aristid. Panath. 178, 16. See p. 51. 'AXe^av&po? MuXXeou or MuXXeva Max.eS(i>v If Bepota;. IG, IP, 710 (288-280 or 267-262 B.C.). Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 433. Wilhelm, WSt, XXXIV (1912), 427. Kirchner, No. 526. 'AXeavSpo<; KaXXtaTpaiou OsTTaXo?. IG, II 2 , 850 (ca. 200 B.C.). Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 298. Kirchner, No. 525. See p. 61. 110 LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS 111 t "AXs?c ? 6o6pto<; (?) Kv)pos, axouSa^o), ipwdji^(l)ffOfa0ati. Capps, AJPh, XXI (1900), 45 ff. Kirchner, No. 1383. See p. 71. T^Vog s$ Otou. Before 90 B. C. Strabo xiii. 54. Posidon. apud Athen. v. 214d. 7G, II, 1049. Kirchner, No. 1343. 'A7uoXXo>v(SY]<; 'OXuvOto?. Ca. 349 B. C. Dem. 9. 56, 66. [Dem.] 59. 91. Kirchner, No. 1504. Deprived of citizenship by court. See p. 65. J AwoXXtovi8q<; XapOTio? Heipateu?. Before 7G, IP, 492 (303/2 B.C.). Aeuy.ovo<; BoaTuopto*;. Before 355/4 B. C. Dem. 20. 30. 'AptapaOrji; V 'AptapaOou IV Kainua8ox,o<; SuTCaX^iTto*;. Cd. 178 B. C. 7G, II, 1406. Ferguson, Klio, VIII (1908), 353. Kirchner, No. 1608. LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS 113 'ApcapaOoj V Ka7iira8o7.o? SurcaXiqTTios (?). Ca, 132/1 B.C. Kirchner, ZN, XXI (1898), 84 ff., 92 f. Ferguson CPh, II (1907), 401-5. Dtirr- bach, ECU, XXIX (1905), 227. Kirchner, No. 1608. 'AruaXou II (?) KairaaSoKO? Su^aXqTTios (?). Ca. 128/7 B.C. Sundwall, jKZio, VII (1907), 454 f. Ferguson, Klio, VIII (1908), 353-55. Sundwall s.v. 'AptapaO?)?. 'AptapaOiqg 'Apiopap^avoo I KaiuTua^ox-oi; SuTcaX-rJTTCos. Cct. 80 B. C. 7G, IP, 1039. Ferguson, XZto, VIII (1908), 353. Satrap of Phrygia. Ca. 368/7 B. C. Dem. 23. 141, 202. Kirchner, No. 1621. II 'Apco(3apavou I Ca. 80 B. C. IG, IP, 1039. Ferguson, Klio, VIII (1908), 353. Kirchner, No. 1621a. 'ApiVcaxo? 'Hpax-XefSoj TapavTtvo? (?). 7G, IP, 979 (168- 129 B. C.). Wilhelm, WSt, XXXIV (1912), 424 ff. See p. 62, n. 208. f 'ApicT6Yj[AO<; MsTanrovTtvos. Before 346 B. C. Hypothe- sis II. 2 to Dem. 19. Aeschines 2. 15 if. Schaefer, Dem. u. s. Zeit 2 , I, 246. See pp. 76, 81. 'Apru6Xa. 7G, IP, 643 (299/8 B. C.). KapuaTto?. 7G, IP, 385 (319/8 B. C.). Athen. i. 19a. Suid. s. vv. Kirchner, No. 2033a. See pp. 55, 63, n. 211, 85. . 405 B. C. Xen. Hell. ii. 2. 1; i. 3. 18. May^cov. Before 325/4 B. C. Athen. xiii. 586d, 5966. Kirchner, No. 2251. See p. 52. 'ATcoXXoacopou. 7G, IP, 662, 663 (288/7 B. C.). Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 430. Seep. 58. 'AXxeiou MoXocraco?. Before 7G, IP, 226 (343/2 B.C.). Seep. 100, n. 47. 114 LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS vipato? XoXXefotjs. 426 B. C. IG, I, 423- 427. Hiller von Gaertringen, Die archaische Kul- tur der Insel Thera, 33. Kirchner, No. 2328. (?) Oacuoc. IG, IP, 25 (390/89-387/6 B. C.). See Kirchner, No. 2564. See p. 41. t - Oaaios (?). Before IG, IP, 336a (334/3 B. C.). Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 269. See Kirchner, No. 2564. Probably either identical with or the son of the preceding. Ap X t -- Baatoc; (?). IG, IP, 336a (334/3 B.C.). Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 269. See Kirchner, No. 2564. Renewal of grant to his father. 'A^covcx; Maxs&wv. IG, IP, 450 (314/3 B. C.). Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 262. AeXiXXtav. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v. See pp. 18 ff. 525-500 B. C. 7G, I, 477. Paus. i. 26. 4. Kirchner, No. 4706. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v. See pp. 18 ff. Keto? (Kap6ateu<;). 7G, IP, 978 (ca. 130 B. C.). Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 307 ff. Ca. 325 B. C. Din. 1. 43. Kirchner, No. 4782. 'E7u6v 35, 93. * EuaOXos. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff. Eu5epy,Y]g. Ca. 357/6 B. C. Dem. 23. 203. See p. 46. wp Euqicio-j 'Apfetos. 7G, IP, 374 (318-307 B.C.). Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 425. See p. 55. LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS 117 $cXoxXeous (?) Tptv^eieu?. After 403 B. C. IG, IP, 145 (1st part ca. 403/2 B. C., 2nd part 368-353 B.C.). 7G, IP, 678 (276/5 B.C.). 7G, IP, 972 (ca. 140 B.C.). IG, IP, 848 (ca. 209/8 B.C.). Kirchner, No. 5732. See p. 39. Eux,Xrj<;. IG, IP, 387 (319/8 B. C.). * Eix.oX(po. Kirchner, No. 6407. 'Hpax,Xst'SYjs KXa^svtos. 403-391 B. C. Kohler, Her- mes, XXVII (1892), 76. Wilamowitz, Aristot. u. Athen, I, 188, n. 4. 7G, IP, 8 (ca. 403-395 B. C.) . Kirchner, No. 6489. See p. 38. Amos. Ca. 360 B. C. Dem. 23. 119. Kirch- ner, No. 6488. See pp. 44, 64, 91. 'Hpa*Xe(ar]? (?). 7G, IP, 394 (321/0-319/8 B. C.). 113 LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS Aiwvos 'Apysto?. 272-269 B. C. SGDI, 2563, 1. 39 (272 B. C.) ; 2566, 1. 51 (269 B. C.). Kirch- ner, No. 6492. See p. 72. f Hp65(opo<; $ ............ x/rjvo?. /G, IP, 646 (295/4 B. C.). Kirchner, No. 6532. See p. 57. apptka? MoXoeacos. Granted citizenship during the Peloponnesian war. Justin xvii. 3. 9-13. Plut. Pyrrh. 1. /G, IP, 226 (343/2 B. C.). paaugouXos KaXu86vio. /G, I, 59 (410/09 B.C.). Ly- sias 13. 71. Kirchner, No. 7311. See pp. 16 ff., 34. pasuXXo? 'Hpayopou Santos Krjcptateu^. /G, II, 5. 21756 (uncertain date) . Kirchner, No. 7344. Mr;TpoS(opou 'Ep(ov OsTiaXo?. Ca. 352 B. C. Aristot. Rhet. 1410a 18. Probably deprived of citizenship by court. M^a?. 186-146 B. C. Kirchner, No. 9650. MeXovOog 'AvSpoTuopiTco'j MsaaiQvio?. Paus. ii. 18. 7. Strabo ix. 1. 7. See p. 26. 120 LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS t MsXYjTO? pa HtTOsu?. Schol. Plato Apol. 18&. Diog. Laert ii. 40. Plato Euthyphr. 26. Kirchner, No. 9829. See p. 75. MsveaOsu? 'AwoXXwview McXfcto ? . 7G, IP, 982 (150-129 B.C.). Wilhelm, WSt, XXXIV (1912), 423. $apaaXto<;. Ca. 476 B. C. Dem. 23. 199. See p. 30. t MsTavsvYj?. Contemporary with Aristophanes. Suid. s. v. MeTayevY]?. Kirchner, No. 10087. See p. 74. * MA. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff. Nsaio?. 7G, IP, 553 (ca. 307 B.C.). Kirchner, No. 10615. See p. 55. f NsoTUToXeiAO? Sxupios. Ca. 350 B. C. Schol. Dem. 5. 6. Schaefer, Dem. u. s. Zeit 2 , I, 246. O'Connor, Chapters in the History of Actors and Acting in Ancient Greece, p. 72, and p. 119, No. 359. Kirch- ner, No. 10647. See pp. 76, 82. f Nty.6sJt.axo? 'AXs^avSpeuc; TYJS Tp(oty,YJs. Ca. 425 B. C. Suid. s. v. Nwwjjiaxos- Meineke, Hist. Grit., 496. Kirch- ner, No. 10932. See pp. 75, 79. Nfoov Ntx.o<7TpaTou 'Apu8i]v6?. /G, IP, 493+518 (303/2 B.C.). Johnson, AJA, XVII (1913), 506-19. Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 271 ff. See p. 56. * 'OVCJ.IJLYK. /G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff. '05uOs[j.t; 'iTUTcoaTpaiou Aaptaato?. 7G, II 2 , 558 (ca. 303/2 B. C.) . Kirchner, No. 11484. See pp. 56, 89. Satrap of Mysia. 7G, IP, 207 (349/8 B. C.). Kirchner, No. 11490. See p. 48. SstX^vou Ma*e&cov. Before 308 B.C. Diodor. xx. 40. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v. IIa(Siy.o<;. See pp. 18 ff. LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS 121 I ASUKOVOS Boorrcoptos. /G, IP, 212 (347/6 B. C.) . Dem. 20. 29 f . See p. 48. S AIYUTCTIOS. Suid. s. V. TlaXa^aTO?. ItatpcftXou Zlatavtsu?. Ca. 325 B. C. Din. 1. 43. Athen. iii. 119/. Kirchner, No. 11555. See p. 52. 'A^apveu?. 390-370 B.C. [Dem.] 59. 2; 46. 15. Dem. 36. 47; 45. 85. 7G, II, 1238. Kirch- ner, No. 11672. See p. 41. 3>tXo<7TpaTou HepYa^vos. /G, II 2 , 954 (168- 159 B.C.). Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 305 f. /G, II, 1386. Kirchner, Nos. 11737 and 11738. See p. 62, n. 208. Ca. 352 B.C. [Dem.] 59. 91. Aristot. Rhet. 1410a 17. Deprived of citizenship by court. Kirchner, No. 11762. See p. 65. nsiatOst'Sou A^Xso?. /G, IP, 222 (ca. 331 B. C.). Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 424. See p. 64. MaxeSwv. Ca. 479 B. C. Dem. 23. 200. See p. 29. "Icovo? 'E7utaupto<;. Paus. ii. 26. 2. See p. 26. IToXe^wv EUYJYSTOU 'IXtsu?, Sajjuos, or S5x,uwvcoq. 200-180 B. C. Suid. s. v. HoXspuov. Athen. vi. 234d. See p. 73. Xao^wvTO.; aaco?. 463-461 B.C. Harpoc. s. v. IIoXuYVWTOi;. Suid. s. i>. IIoXuYvcoToq. See p. 31. Ca. 363 B.C. Dem. 23. 202. IIoXuc7TpaTO<;. Ca. 390 B. C. Dem. 20. 84; 4. 24. Suid. s. v. IIoXu<7TpaTO. Kirchner, No. 12070. See p, 40. 7G, IP, 1 (403/2 B. C.). See p. 38. Ca. 224/3 B.C. Ferguson, Klio, VIII (1908), 344. 122 LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS ov A'wo?. Ca. 360 B.C. Dem. 23. 119. Kirch- ner, No. 12479. See pp. 44, 64, 91, 94. AYIIJLSOU. 7G, IP, 712 (267-262 B. C.). Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 433. Cf. Tarn, JHSt, XL (1920), 143-59. Kirchner, No. 12466. Xaptx-Xeous AtyivqTY]? Souvteu?. Ca. 318-315 B. C. Plut. Dem. 28. Luc. Necyom. 16. Kirchner, No. 12526. See p. 71. StTaXxou pa?. 431 B. C. Thuc. ii. 29. Kirch- ner, No. 12546. See pp. 32, 63, 94, 100. f Sa-rupos I STuapiottou II Boaxopto?. 407-387 B. C. 7G, IP, 212 (347/6 B. C.) . See p. 48. t SOevvis 'HpoSwpou 'OXuvOto? Atopeieu;. After 348 B. C. Benndorf, ZoGy, XXVI (1875), 740-43. Kirch- ner, No. 12641. Baato?. 7G, IP, 17 (394/3 B. C.). See p. 40. StVtXacos AiavTO? 2aXa,uu'vcos