J C
PC-NRLF
Naturalization in Athenian Law
and Practice
A DISSERTATION
PRESENTED TO THE
FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE
OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
BY
ALBERT 'BILLHEIMER
EXCHANGE
Naturalization in Athenian Law
and Practice
A DISSERTATION
PRESENTED TO THE
FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE
OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
BY
ALBERT BILLHEIMER
M
PREFACE
During the years which have passed since I entered
into the active enjoyment of teaching I have come to ap-
preciate more and more deeply my indebtedness to all my
teachers at Princeton. This indebtedness I wish to ac-
knowledge gratefully. In connection with this disserta-
tion my thanks are due especially to Professor Edward
Capps for his constant inspiration and to Professor A. C.
Johnson for his invaluable aid and thorough criticism.
At the same time I reserve to myself the responsibility
for all errors.
ALBERT BILLHEIMER.
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
August 23, 1922
529072
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 7
CHAPTER I. QUALIFICATIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP... 9
CHAPTER II. FORMULA OF ATTIC DECREES OF
CITIZENSHIP 12
CHAPTER III. REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 24
CHAPTER IV. PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZEN-
SHIP 87
CHAPTER V. POETS OF FOREIGN NATIONALITY AT
ATTIC FESTIVALS 102
CONCLUSION 109
APPENDIX LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS.. ..110
ERRATA
Page 19, note 30: for 11 read 13.
Page 25, note 6: for 22 read 24.
Page 26, note 18: for 22 read 24.
Page 31, note 42: for 27 read 29.
Page 35, note 63: for 14 read 16.
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 7
CHAPTER I. QUALIFICATIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP... 9
CHAPTER II. FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF
CITIZENSHIP 12
CHAPTER III. REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 24
CHAPTER IV. PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZEN-
SHIP 87
CHAPTER V. POETS OF FOREIGN NATIONALITY AT
ATTIC FESTIVALS 102
CONCLUSION 109
APPENDIX LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS.. .110
INTRODUCTION
The laws which governed admission to the Athenian
citizen-body on the basis of qualifications of birth have
been discussed frequently, but the laws which regulated
the admission of aliens have received only casual treat-
ment. 1 This study was undertaken for the purpose of
further investigating the reasons for which the Athe-
nians granted citizenship to aliens. Its present form is
due to a statement made by Szanto 2 that the Solonian
law which provided for the admission of exiles and per-
manent settlers was applied, at least to exiles, in De-
mosthenes' time.
In the first chapter the history of the qualifications for
citizenship on the basis of birth is considered. The
second chapter deals with the various formulae found in
decrees which grant citizenship to aliens. The third
chapter is devoted to the discussion and application of the
laws which state the reasons for which citizenship was
granted to aliens. The pre-Solonian laws are considered
first. The information here is scanty and our conclu-
sions necessarily indefinite. Then the laws from the
time of Solon to 100 B. C. are taken up and their respec-
tive chronological limits are determined by the evidence
of individual instances of grants of citizenship. In the
light of the conclusions thus reached the possible reasons
for grants to a special class of persons, i. e., to literary
men, are discussed in order to learn their relation to the
general law. In the fourth chapter we consider the pur-
pose which actuated the state in granting citizenship
upon the conditions stipulated in the general law, the
effect of this policy upon the value of the grant, the de-
gree to which the purpose of the state was realized, and
1 A. Westermann, De publicis Atheniensium honoribus ac prae-
miis, 30-39; E. Szanto, Untersuchungen uber das attische Burger-
recht, 26-31; Das griechische Biirgerrecht, 46-50.
2 Untersuch. u. d. att. Burgerr., 30.
8 INTRODUCTION
the effect of nominal citizenship upon its realization. In
the fifth chapter evidence is presented on the question
whether a poet of foreign nationality was permitted to
compete at the Dionysiac festivals in Athens. The ap-
pendix contains an alphabetical list of the names of
naturalized Athenians, together with such facts as are
pertinent to the time and reason of their naturalization.
The list aims to be complete down to 100 B. C.
CHAPTER I
QUALIFICATIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP
At the beginning of his discussion of the rcoXts Aris-
totle 1 raises the question, TC'S 6 TCOX(TYJS SJTJ; giving as his
reason, YJ yap rcoXcs TuoX&T&v TC TuXrjOos eaTiv. Residence does
not make a citizen, for metics and slaves also reside in the
state ; neither do the advantages of common jurisdiction,
for these belong to the parties to a commercial treaty.
But a citizen is characterized T$ [ASTSXSIV xptoreos Y.<X\ apxYJs-
Aristotle then quotes the popular definition which de-
scribes a citizen as TOV e ap^o-repcov TuoXtT&v and makes the
objection that this definition could not be applied to the
first founders or inhabitants of states, and that it would
cause great uncertainty in the case of those who were
enfranchised after a change of government, as hap-
pened at Athens under Clisthenes. The first definition
involves merely an investigation of fact, namely, whether
an individual is actually exercising certain functions;
the second bases citizenship upon descent and involves a
question of right, namely, whether an individual is quali-
fied to exercise those functions. The one is theoretical
(7upo<; TYJV fvcoaiv) ; it can be applied only to a citizen-body
which is unchanging, or be used merely to determine who
are exercising the functions of citizenship at any par-
ticular time. The other is practical (wpo? TYJV yprjcrtv), and
must be used where the citizen-body is constantly chang-
ing and receiving accessions, for the legislator must de-
termine, not only who are citizens, but also who are
qualified for admission to citizenship.
In so far as the qualifications for Athenian citizenship
were based upon birth, only children born in legitimate
wedlock were eligible. 2 However, the legal definition of
legitimate wedlock differed at various periods of Athe-
1 Pol. iii. 1275a 1.
2 O. Muller, "Untersuch. zur Gesch. d. att. Burger- und Ehe-
rechts," JCPh, Suppl. Bd. XXV (1899), 663-865.
9
10 QUALIFICATION FOR CITIZENSHIP
nian history. These differences followed political
changes. "Die oligarchische Partei ist geneigt, die
Auslanderinnen zur Ehe zuzulassen, die Teilnahme am
apxstv aber auf eine geringe Zahl von "Biirgern" zu
beschranken. Die Demokratie gewahrt moglichst voiles
Recht, beschrankt aber den Kreis der Burger auf die
Kinder von Burger und Biirgerin." The requirement
that the father be an Athenian citizen was strictly ad-
hered to, but the requirement concerning the nationality
of the mother underwent changes. In the days of the
aristocracy marriage was based upon class distinctions.
The nobility married members of the nobility, whether
Athenian or foreign; common people married free com-
mon people, whether Athenian or foreign. In the time
of Draco and of Solon the children of a union between an
Athenian and an alien were not Athenian citizens. Solon
believed in the principle, " Athens only for the Athe-
nians." 3 Damasias (ca. 582 B. C.) admitted the chil-
dren of a citizen and an alien to citizenship in order to
gain supporters for his tyranny. This situation con-
tinued until the time of Isagoras (508/7 B.C.), who
again restricted citizenship to the children of Athenian
parents. Clisthenes again secured the admission of chil-
dren of alien mothers as a reward for their support
against his rival Isagoras. This regulation continued in
force until the middle of the fifth century. In 451 B. C.
citizenship was again limited to the children of Athenian
parents, when on the motion of Pericles it was voted
(JLY) {ATX' V tviS TcoXew? oc av \w\ e a^oiv aaiotv ysyovcix;. 4
In 445/4 B. C., upon the occasion of a distribution of
grain, the law of Pericles was made retroactive. 5 In 414
3 A. Ledl (WSt, XXX [1909], 213 f.) opposes this view in the
following words: "Somit hat seit den Tagen des griechischen
Mittelalters bis zum Jahre 451 in Athen der Satz gegolten: die
Ehe mit einer Auslanderin ist giiltig, die Kinder aus einer solchen
Verbindung sind yviqaiot seit dem Bestand des ef?UY)9t-Ge-
setzes natiirlich nur unter der Voraussetzung, das die Ehe durch
SYfUY) eingegangen war."
4 Aristot. Ath. Pol 26. Cf. Plut. Per. 37; Aelian Var. hist.
vi. 10.
5 Plut. Per. 37; Schol. Aristoph. Vesp. 718.
QUALIFICATION FOR CITIZENSHIP 11
B. C. the sons of alien women were still excluded from
citizenship, 6 but in 411/0 B. C. they were admitted. 7 It
was undoubtedly due to the terrible loss of life in the
Sicilian disaster and the immediate necessity of increas-
ing the number of citizens that the qualification of birth
was relaxed at this time. 8 At the close of the war in the
archonship of Euclides a law was passed that o? av w s
acTY]? ysvYjiai v60ov elvas. 9 That this law might not be
retroactive in its effect, it was amended so as to exempt
from its provisions those who had exercised citizenship
before Euclides. 10 This law, according to which only
children born in wedlock of an Athenian father and an
Athenian mother could be admitted into citizenship, re-
mained the qualification of birth for citizenship, at least
until the year 328/7 B. C. 11
6 Aristoph. Av. 1641 ff.
7 [Plut.] Vita Antiph. ed. Westermann, 29.
8 According to Muller (loc. cit.) union with a foreign woman
was permitted by law between 411 and 403 B. C., while Ledl (loc.
cit.) believes that the violation of the Periclean law was winked at.
9 Athen. xiii. 5776.
10 Schol. Aeschines 1. 39.
11 Aristot. Ath. Pol. 42.
CHAPTER II
FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP
Aliens could obtain Athenian citizenship by a grant of
the people. The practice of admitting aliens can be
traced back into very early times and was continued be-
yond the year 100 B. C., the limit of this study. Athens
became very liberal with her grants. As compared with
her, Aegina, Megara, Sparta, and Oreus are said to have
been much more conservative. When finally the Athe-
nians sold the privilege of citizenship for money, Au-
gustus put an end to this method of grant. 1
The grant of the people took the form of a decree
passed by the senate and the assembly. When the grant
was made to an individual his name was given in the de-
cree. The ethnicon was also given ; in only three inscrip-
tions is it certainly missing. 2 The name of the father
first appears in 331/0 B. C. 3 That it is not found earlier
in decrees of citizenship is perhaps due to chance, for it
is given in other honorary decrees of a somewhat earlier
date (before 357/6 B. C.), and there is no apparent rea-
son for a difference in usage. After 331/0 B. C. both the
father's name and the ethnicon were regularly given.
However, in only three of the inscriptions under con-
sideration here are the name of the recipient, the name
of the father, and the ethnicon placed in the clause which
confers citizenship. A vote of thanks and a crown are
nearly always conferred in connection with citizenship,
and, as they precede the latter, they contain the name,
father, and ethnicon of the recipient, unless these have
been given already in the introductory clause of the de-
cree.
The motion to grant citizenship consisted of several
1 Cassius Dio liv. 7: dcTCYJYOpsuus <j<pi<jt ['A6v]vatot;] [XY]sva
jv apYUpiou TcoieicOat (21 B.C.).
2 IG, 1,59; IF, 405, 666.
3 IG, IF, 350; cf. II 2 , 336 (334/3 B. C.).
12
FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP 13
parts, the grant proper and subsidiary motions indicating
the various steps in the legal procedure, thus: (1) grant
proper, (2) enrolment, (3) second vote, (4) judicial
scrutiny. IG, IP, 507 (303/2 B. C.) gives the formula
in full: (1) elvai MUTOV 'AO-qvaiov x,at SYYOVOU? auTo[G],
(2) /.at ypa^aaOac tyuXYJs x.at B^piou *a[lj?patpt'a$ YJS av gouXYjia:
TOV VOJAOV, (3) Souvat Se /.at TY]V tprjcpov Tueps [a]uiou TOU?
t<; rfjv Tuptonqv exuXvjcrtav, (4) /.at TOU<; 6sapio6sTa<;
Iv Tto MsTaYeiTvtwvt [AY]vt. In considering these four parts
of the motion to grant citizenship we shall take them in
their natural order, grant proper, second vote, judicial
scrutiny, and enrolment.
Two forms of the formula of the grant proper are
found in the inscriptions :
A. slvac auiov
B.
A is the older form, appearing first in IG, II 2 , 1 (405/4
B. C.). This is the regular form found in inscriptions
earlier than 230 B. C. /G, II 2 , 851, in which formula B
appears, should be dated before 224/3 B. C. according to
Ferguson, 4 but Wilhelm 5 places the date after the middle
of the second century. At all events formula A has given
way to formula B in 7G, II 2 , 850, which belongs to the last
years of the third century, and in IG, II 2 , 856, which is
not much older than the second century. 6
Against a decree of citizenship it was possible for any
Athenian to introduce a ypa?^ luapavo^wv. 7 In the fourth
century the process became still more strict in form.
After the passage of the decree it was again voted upon
by secret ballot in a subsequent assembly in which more
4 Klio, VIII (1908), 339 f.
5 MAI, XXXIX (1914), 300.
6 Ibid., 298.
7 Busolt, Muller, Hdb. d. kl Alter tumswiss., IV, 1, 1, 200.
14 FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP
than six thousand citizens voted. 8 The first reference in
inscriptions to the second assembly is found in IG, IP, 103
(369/8 B. C.) . After the decree had been passed by both
assemblies a fpa^Y] rcapavo^tov might still be brought. 9 In
the second half of the fourth century the optional ypo^Y)
7uapav6[x(ov was replaced by a regular judicial examination
before the public court (Sox,ipia(j(a). 10 This process had
not yet been introduced at the time of the speech Against
Neaera (ca. 340), but had come into use by 334/3 B. C. 11 -
The formula as it first appears complete in IG, II 2 , 398
(ca. 320/19 B.C.) runs as follows: [TOU?
So] KijAaaai TY)V TCo[XtTe(av oiav i:pto]TOV xp&vi
The fact that the provisions for the second vote and the
judicial scrutiny do not appear consistently in the decrees
after the date of their introduction has caused some di-
vergence of opinion regarding the periods of the exist-
ence of those procedures. The clause providing for the
second vote had been dropped by the end of the third cen-
tury. 12 According to Johnson 13 the scrutiny before the
public courts seems to have been abandoned about 332
B. C., was required once in the years 321-319 B. C., and
does not occur again until 303/2 B. C., when it was again
introduced. The usage from 301 to 296 B. C. is un-
known, but in 295/4 B. C. the regulation appears, and
we may assume that its use was constant at least until
the Nationalists were displaced by the pro-Macedonian
party ca. 280 B. C. 14 The presence or absence of the
formula points to the existence or non-existence of the
8 [Dem.] 59. 89.
9 Ibid.
10 Szanto, Untersuch. u. d. att. Burg err., 19.
11 IG, II 2 , 336; Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 440; AJA, XVIII
(1914), 178; but see Wilhelm, op. cit., 266 on the uncertainty of
the restoration.
12 IG, IP, 850, 856; Wilhelm, op. cit., 300.
13 AJA, XVIII (1914), 178 f.
14 Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 265 f. Tarn (JHSt, XL [1920],
158) dates this change of government in 282/1 B. C.
FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP 15
practice, and changes in the practice follow changes in
the government. 15
Having successfully passed the judicial examination
new citizens were admitted into a tribe, deme, and phra-
try. Until after 334/3 B.C. 13 their choice was unre-
stricted, 17 the Samians excepted, or freedom of choice
was expressly granted by adding the clause, ?<AY)v *at
YJULOV x.ac <ppaTp(av eXluOat YJVTCV' av (SouXwvTaL 18 During the
second half of the fourth century this freedom of enrol-
ment was restricted and a limiting phrase or clause was
added to the motion. The first datable example of such
a restriction occurs in 331/0 B. C., 19 where the phrase
XT TOV VOJAOV is used. 20 "In the third century the varia-
tions in the formulae and requirements of enrolment are
most complicated. For the most part they seem to fol-
low political changes." 21
As has been noted on page thirteen, the following was
the original order in which the various parts of a motion
15 Johnson, op. cit., 440. On the other hand Wilhelm (op. tit.,
283 f., 301) believes that the presence or absence of such subsidi-
ary motions as those providing for a second vote and a scrutiny
signifies nothing as to the actual existence or non-existence of
those requirements. It was essential to record on the stone only
the main motion, for that in itself set the legal machinery moving,
and the motions which affected the details of the procedure of na-
turalization followed automatically in an order arranged by law.
"Mit vollem Recht," he says (op. cit., 282), "hat sich aber auch W.
Larfeld gegen die Versuche gewendet, aus der bald grosseren bald
geringeren Vollstandigkeit der Formeln weitgehende Folgerungen
auf Wandlungen der athenischen Gesetzgebung abzuleiten."
16 IG, II 2 , 336.
17 IG, IF, 17, 19.
18 IG, IP, 25.
19 IG, II 2 , 350.
20 Johnson, op. cit., 424; AJA, XVIII (1914), 174 f. Wilhelm
(WSt, XXIX [1907], 1) explains this restriction as follows:
"Augenscheinlich soil verhiitet werden, dass der Burger der Nach-
barstadt ein Grundstuck erwirbt, das mit deren Gebiet raiimlich
zusammenhangt und so nicht nur ein bedenklicher Stiitzpunkt
fremder Macht im eigenen Lande, sondern auch Anlass einer Ver-
schiebung der Grenze werden kann, ja eine solche in gewissem
Sinne schon bedeutet."
21 Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 440.
16 FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP
to grant citizenship were stated: (1) grant proper, (2)
enrolment, (3) second vote, (4) judicial scrutiny. By the
end of the third century this order had been abandoned
and in its place had been substituted the order in which
the various parts of the motion would naturally follow
one another in the execution of the whole motion, as fol-
lows: (1) grant proper, to which is now and then added
a provision for judicial scrutiny, or a general expression
that the proceeding be conducted according to law, (2)
judicial scrutiny, (3) enrolment. Thus IG, II 2 , 856 runs
as follows: [8s6aOat 5e G?UTCD] y.at 7uoXtT[e(av Sox.tpiaa6svTc /.aia
TOV VO][JLOV, TOU? s Oeqji [oBeia? oiav TuXrjpwat cy,a<7TY3pt]a et{ sva
ai'] av x,ai Souvai wspe auiou T[Y}V tyrjipov, Ypatj>acr] Oat e auiov
/.at ^[{Jtou x.at ^paiptai;] YJ<; av pouXirjiae.
Having been admitted into the state the new citizen
exercised all the rights and enjoyed all the privileges of
native Athenians with a few exceptions. In the speech
Against Neaera (92) the disabilities placed upon new
citizens are mentioned: "The law expressly declares
that, when citizens have been created by the people of
Athens, they shall not be eligible to the offices of the nine
archons, or to hold any priesthood ; though their descend-
ants are allowed by the people to share all civic rights
with this condition, that their mothers must be women
of Athenian birth and affianced according to law."
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER II
There are two 22 inscriptions in which the formulae, as
usually restored, do not conform to the above types. The
first is 7G, I, 59 (410/09 B. C.), the earliest extant decree
of citizenship. The body of the decree is written CTOIX^^OV
with thirty-six letters to the line. Lines 15-17, which
contain the formula, appear as follows:
[TAMEN AAAAKAOA II EPTEIBO AEI] EIN AIAEOPAST
........................ AI$PATPIASHO
........................ NKAITAAAATAE
22 IG, IP, 3366 is not an original grant, but a renewal. If IG,
IP, 472+169 is correctly restored by Wilhelm (MAI, XXXIX
[1914], 285 ff.), it may not be an original grant.
FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP 17
The first five letters of line 16 should conclude the name
paaugoXos, in whose honor the decree was passed. Either
foXov or goXot must be supplied. Next, the word <ppaTp(a<;
evidently concludes the regular phrase yu\ri$ *i 8-qjxou *<x\
cppaipfac;, which is common to all decrees of citizenship.
This leaves six letters to be restored after the proper
name. A comparison with the usage of this period sug-
gests 'A0Y]vaio<; as the word to be supplied. Lines 15 and
16 would then run as follows :
[TAMENAAAAKA6 A II EPTEIBOAEI] EINAIAE6PAST
[BOAONA0ENAION$YAEKAIAEMOK]AJ<I>PATPIASHO
Dittenberger 23 thus restores it. But this restoration,
while officially correct, is open to the obvious criticism
of giving the line thirty-eight instead of thirty-six letters.
To meet this difficulty Velsen and Kirchoff 24 suggest
is elvas, reading as follows:
[T AMEN AA AAK A6 A II EPTEIBOAEI] BIN AI AE8P AST
[BOAOIfcTAESTEENAIKAIAEMOK] AISPATPIASHO
But this formula is open to the criticism of being ano-
malous and of giving thirty-seven letters to line 16 if we
read EINAI instead of ENAI.
There is yet another possibility, i. e., that the decree
represents a confirmation of a previous grant, and not an
original grant. Three choices are therefore open: to
accept Dittenberger's restoration involving a disregard
of the aTOOTSov arrangement, which is elsewhere in the
decree uniformly followed ; to adopt some formula which,
like Kirchoff's, has no analogy ; or to conclude that the de-
cree represents the confirmation of a previous grant.
The last view seems most reasonable, especially as the
ethnicon and the phrase v.<x\ ex-fovous, which are regularly
23 Ditt., Syll*, 108.
24 Monatsberichte der Academic, (1861), 1, 601 ff.
18 FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP
present in decrees of citizenship, are missing. The whole
passage might then be restored as follows:
[T AMEN AAAAK ABA U EPTEIBO AEI] E I N A I AE OP AST
[BOAONEKONTA^T AE SKAIAEMOK] AI$PATPIASHO
[NANBOAETAIHOSONTAA6ENAIO]NKAITAAAATAE
The restoration, Yj'xovTa, 25 exactly fills the lacuna, as also
does (o? ovia 'AO-qvatov in line 17. Dittenberger's aiuofpa-
9<yapivov in place of the latter has one letter too few for
the lacuna.
Having previously been made an Athenian, but having
failed to come to Athens to be enrolled, provision is now
made for his reception into the citizen-body. Reference
is made to the previous decree in his honor in lines 17-18 :
KAITAAAATAE
[$SE $ISMEN ATOIAEMOIKTPI AE] N AIBP ASTBO AO 26
The other decree whose form is uncertain is IG, II 2 , 10.
It was passed in 401/0 B. C. 27 in honor of oaot <ruvx.aTYJX6ov
owo 3>uXYjs. The inscription is written aiotx^ov with pos-
sibly eighty-five letters to the line. The honor conferred
stood at the end of the fifth and in the first half of the
25 In this inscription the aspirate is written at least twelve
times and omitted at least three times.
26 This view of the case differs from that of Valeton (Hermes,
XLIII [1908], 481-99). He accepts Dittenberger's restoration and
makes this decree the original grant of citizenship. For other dis-
cussions of the decree see Gilbert, Beitrdge zur innern Geschichte
Athens, 346 ff.; Szanto, Untersuch. ii. d. att. Burg err., 13 ff.;
Rohl, Hermes, XI (1876), 378 ff.; Foucart, BCH, XIII (1889), 266;
Hartel, "Beitrage zum attischen Staatsrecht und Urkundenwesen,"
Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften, XCII (1878),
181 ff.; Wilhelm, Arch. Epigr. Mitt, aus Oesterreich, XVII (1894),
37 ff.; H. Beurmann, JCPh, Suppl. Bd. X (1878-79), 350.
27 Korte, MAI, XXV (1900), 392 ff.
FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP 19
sixth line. Ziebarth 28 restores it as follows:
'A0Y]vacoc<; slvat auTO&<; x,ai SX.YOV[OC<; auT&v y.ai <puXYJ<; /.at
y,at qjpaTpfas fc av pouXomac] . The objection to this resto-
ration is the fact that the use of slvae with the dative in
this type of formula is anomalous.
Recognizing the objection to Ziebarth's restoration H.
von Prott 29 has suggested the following : e^iaOat 'A8Yjva-
015* slvac auioc? >tai ey,YOv[o&<; KoXitctav /.at ^uXYJt; y.ai TOU ^{JLOU
xai cppaTpcas YJ<; av gouXwviac] . However, this restoration
does not better the case, for the use of the word icoXiiei'a
in citizenship decrees does not occur until the second half
of the third century. 30 With regard to the restoration
of IG, IP, 33 as a decree of citizenship by inserting the
word TuoXiTsia Wilhelm 31 remarks: "Gegen die Zuerken-
nung des Biirgerrechtes liessen sich auch sonst Bedenken,
zumal der Form wegen, geltend machen." If the use of
the word luoXtTsia in this construction is anomalous for the
period of this decree (ca. 385 B. C.), it would be much
more so in the time of the decree under consideration
(401/0 B.C.).
Why is the effort so persistent to restore this inscrip-
tion as a decree of citizenship when the evidence of the
formula contradicts such an interpretation? First,
many of the names inscribed upon the reverse side of
the stone are foreign, and, says von Prott, 32 "Gemeint
konnen damit nur Metoken sein und diesen Metoken kann
nur das Btirgerrecht verliehen worden sein. Denn die
auf der Riickseite verzeichneten Manner unzweifel-
haft dieselben, von denen das Psephisma handelte sind
nach Phylen geordnet, also Burger." 33 Second, there
seems to be some connection between this document and
the honors paid to the heroes of Phyle. 34
28 MAI, XXIII (1898), 28.
29 MAI, XXV (1900), 35; Ditt., Syll.* t 120.
30 See p. 11.
31 Er. Vin., 245.
32 Op. cit., 38.
33 Cf. Korte, op. cit., 393.
34 Aeschines 3. 187; Ziebarth, op. cit., 30 ff.; H. von Prott,
op. cit., 36 ff.; S. B. Franklin, TrAPhA, XXXII (1901), 72 ff.
20 FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP
These arguments prove nothing. In the first place,
Aeschines makes no reference to any grant of citizenship
in this connection, while the only reward promised by the
democrats was caoieXsca. Xenophon 35 says: wpiv Ss qpepac
exa feveaOat, Triaia Bovie?, otTtve? sopwcoXepiiqwav, x.at el 2-svoi
elev, cjoieXetav eoreaOai, s^YJaav rcoXXol i/iv OTuXtiat, woXXoi 8s
Y^VYJTS?. In the second place, the arrangement of metics
by tribes does not make the assumption of citizenship
necessary. Indeed, if we were dealing with a group of
newly-made citizens and the inscription were intended
to indicate that fact, the arrangement should be, not by
tribes, but by denies, for a citizen is officially designated
as such by his deme-name. We have some information
about the arrangement of names by tribes. From the
earliest times the Athenians observed the custom of bury-
ing the citizens who fell in battle in the public burying
ground of the Ceramicus. Over the graves stelai were
erected, bearing the names of the dead arranged by
tribes. And it was only in the case of citizens who died
in battle that names were inscribed in the official order
of the tribes so far as our information goes. This
was due to the fact that the Athenian military organiza-
tion was composed of tribal units. An Athenian army
was but an aggregate of ten tribes of citizen soldiers.
Even the ephebi were divided for mess into ten divisions
according to tribes. The tribal arrangement has a mili-
tary significance. If a decree were passed in honor of a
large number of citizen soldiers, is it not possible that
their names would be arranged according to the divisions
of the organization in connection with which they were
honored, i. e., by tribes? Now, metics formed part of
the same military unit as the citizens and were likewise
enrolled in the tribal contingents. The persons men-
tioned in this inscription are apparently metics who
shared in the military operations which followed the oc-
cupation of Phyle. 30 There is, therefore, the possibility
that this arrangement by tribes does not indicate a posi-
35 Hell. ii. 4. 25.
36 Clerc, Les Meteques Atheniens, 429.
FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP 21
tion in the citizen-body which was acquired by this de-
cree, but rather indicates the military divisions in which
they had rendered the services for which they are being
honored. True, when named together with citizens in
burial inscriptions metics are called sfrpaqw; the omis-
sion of this designation might be due to the fact that only
metics are mentioned. Lastly, the successful opposition
to Thrasybulus' motions to grant citizenship to Lysias and
to all who had come along back from Piraeus indicates
the existence of a strong conservative sentiment which
should make us hesitate to interpret this as a decree con-
ferring citizenship. 37
Several other inscriptions require special mention
here because they have been called decrees of citizenship
either incorrectly or without sufficient evidence. Ac-
cording to Kirchner 7G, II 2 , 706, 719, 720 all dated the
beginning of the third century B. C. are decrees of citi-
zenship. With these compare IG, II 2 , 732 (dated the be-
ginning of the third century B. C.), 801 (dated the mid-
dle of the third century B. C.), 802 (dated after the mid-
dle of the third century B.C.), 810 (dated about 230
B. C.). It is clear that Kirchner is correct in not call-
ing Nos. 732, 801, 802, 810 decrees of citizenship, but it
is not clear why he does so designate Nos. 706, 719, 720,
which are very similar to them. It may be due to the
presence of the clause containing the instructions to the
thesmothetae. Kirchner apparently believes that at the
time Nos. 706, 719, 720 were written the scrutiny clause
is found only in decrees of citizenship, while at the time
of Nos. 732, 801, 802, 810 it may be found in connection
with grants of either citizenship or Iwrepis.
In the first place, Kirchner's chronological arrangement
37 Since the above was written three discussions of this in-
scription have appeared: P. Cloche, La restauration democratique
a Athenes en 403 avant J.-C., 459-69; "Le decret de 401/0 en F hon-
neur des meteques revenus de Phyle," REG, XXX (1917), 384-
408; P. Foucart, "Un decret Athenien relatif aux combattants de
Phyle," Mem. de V Acad. Inscr. et Belles-Lettres, XLII, 323 ff.
Cloche accepts the restoration TCoXiieiov in 1. 5. I have not been
able to see Foucart's article.
22 FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP
is too uncertain to support such a conclusion. The date
assigned by him to No. 706 is too early, for, according to
Johnson, 38 "the value of the amount of property is never
given before the last half of the [third] century." Con-
sequently No. 706 is to be dated in the last half of the
third century, or about 232 B. C., 39 and, therefore, the
scrutiny clause may apply to e-puYjai? as well as to citi-
zenship. Further, regardless of the exact date of No.
706 the scrutiny clause may apply to I-pmjcns, for syKT-rjats
is explicitly granted and the value of the amount of prop-
erty is mentioned, and the clause of scrutiny in connection
with eY*Tij<ji appears first and regularly when the value
of the amount of property is given. Finally, citizenship
cannot be granted in No. 706. Citizenship and SY*^*?
are not granted together in Athenian decrees because the
right of IYKTYJCTIS is included in citizenship. "Dagegen
gibt es kein Burgerrechtsdiplom der reinen Form, d. h.
ohne gleichzeitige Verleihung der Proxenie, welches die
sY%TY]<ris verliehe." 40 "So hat man es in Athen verstanden,
die Politic von der Proxenie rein zu erhalten." 41
The only reason for mentioning e'YXTtjais in an Athenian
decree of citizenship would be to limit, not to grant, the
right of ownership. Ferguson 42 seems to refer to the
existence of such a practice in these words: "A revi-
sion of the laws was also made, and it appears that altera-
tions were effected in the law of property by which the
old prohibition against immigrants owning land within
a certain distance of the frontier was extended, and a
maximum was imposed upon the value of real estate
which a naturalized foreigner might acquire in Attica.
It differed in different cases, on what principle we can-
not ascertain. In one instance the amount fixed was two
talents, in another one thousand drachmae only, and in
still another three thousand drachmae for house and two
talents for land. Conceivably the state granted simply
38 Op. cit., 433.
39 Ibid.
40 Szanto, Griech. Biirgerr., 25.
41 Ibid., 22.
42 Hellen. Ath., 245.
FORMULAE OF ATTIC DECREES OF CITIZENSHIP 23
the request which accompanied each petition for citizen-
ship, and no longer gave carte blanche for future acqui-
sitions." Not one of the documents on which Ferguson
seems to base this statement is a decree of citizenship;
neither does there appear to be any decree of citizenship
in which the right to own property is limited by the state-
ment of a definite value. Therefore Ferguson's expres-
sion "naturalized foreigner" seems to be incorrectly used
for "resident foreigner." Of course in the case of resi-
dent foreigners a grant of S'YKTYJJK; about this time (232
B. C.) was limited by a statement of the maximum value
of the property which they might own or acquire.
It seems possible that Nos. 719 and 720 also might be
dated later. If so, they may, or may not, be decrees of
citizenship.
CHAPTER III
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
Szanto 1 cites three classes of foreigners upon whom
citizenship could be conferred by law, i. e., exiles, perma-
nent settlers, and benefactors of the state. The first two
classes are mentioned in Plutarch's Solon, 24: luape^et 8'
awopiav /.at 6 TWV SYJPLOTUOC^TWV vopio? OTS ysvsaOat woXiTa; ou
St'S coat TuX-qv TO!? (peufouatv asc^ia T *) v sauTWV YJ Tuavscritot;
eici TS^VY). TOUTO 5s TuotYJaac <paacv ataov
aXXou; <d ^aTa^aXou^svo
TOUTOU? eici Pegatfp TW [xeOs^etv T^? xoXtTSca?, y,at a^a
TOU? [Aev qwofepXtjxorac ^ v sauT^v 8ta TYJV
5' aTuoXeXotTcoia? Sta TYJV YVW[JLY]V. The third class is
mentioned in the speech Against Neaera, 89 : TCPWTOV piev
ov av '[AY) Sc' avSpayaOtav si; TOV SYJ[JIOV TOV 'AOYjvatov a^iov TJ
aOat TuoXiiYjv. 2
The periods during which these laws were in operation
are given by Szanto 3 as follows: The law concerning
exiles and permanent settlers appeared as part of the
legislation of Solon and was in force, with regard to ex-
iles at least, in Demosthenes' time. The latter date is
fixed by the fact that the law was applied in the case of
Pytho in 360/59 B.C. The reference is as follows:
IIuOwvouTOcrt, DTI [xev KOTUV eu6u<; aweT-TOVox; OUT, aa^aXet; YjYefa 7
aTusXOetv OTUOC TU^OC, -rjXOev w; 0[Aa<; y,at TcoXtTStav YJTYjae. 4 The
law concerning benefactors of the state existed before
Euclides, for the formula of motivation for the grant in
IG, I, 59 shows that as early as 410/09 B. C. citizenship
was granted 81' avSpafftOt'ov wept TOV SYJPLOV. Andocides 5 says
that citizenship was granted to those ot av 6{Aa<; ['A0Yjva(ous]
1 Untersuch. u. d. att. Burgerr., 26-31.
2 Cf. Andoc. 2. 28.
3 LOG. tit.
4 Dem. 23. 127.
5 2. 23.
24
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 25
TuotouvTs? TC ayaOov. That this law was in force in
Demosthenes' time is shown by the passage in the speech
Against Neaera. 6 Szanto's summary of the reasons for
which the Athenians granted citizenship is incomplete
and in some respects misleading. A new examination
of the reasons for which citizenship was granted and
their chronological limits is necessary.
Pre-Solonian Period
There are two passages which obviously refer to very
early times. The scholium to Thucydides i. 2 states that
ot 'AO-qvaToc TO TuaXatov euOu? {isTeSiBoaav xoXtTscas, uaTspov Ss
' OUXSTI. Suidas 7 says : vopto? 8' YJV 'A0^vY)<jc $evou? etaSl^saOat
TOU? (3ouXo[Asvou<; TCOV 'EXXY)V(ov. There is also a statement
in the scholium to Aristophanes' Ranae, 419 as follows:
VO;JLO<; yap rjv TOU<; ? XXo8aiuYJs 'AB^VYjat KOfTOixeTv eOsXovuas si?
TuoXua? svTaGOa ^povov 6X(yov 8taTp(^avTa<; syypa^eaOat. It is
very doubtful whether this measure, which is characteriz-
ed as a v6[jLog, not a ^ifotqjia, was really in force in 405 B. C.
The fact that metics, or permanent settlers, who enlisted
in the Athenian navy before the battle of Arginusae in
406 B. C. were admitted to citizenship 8 indicates that this
law was not in operation at that time, for if it had been,
then the honor accorded the metics would have lacked
significance. This reference also appears to refer to an
early practice. Thucydides 9 attributes Attica's remark-
able increase in population to the following reason:
sx, yap TYJS aXXiq<; 'EXXaSo? ol iuoXe|ji<j> ^ ffiaaet nueiKtov
'A0tjva(ou ol SuvaTcoiaToi 6>s (3s@acov ov ave^wpouv, x,at
yiyv6[JLvot suOu? diuo TuaXatou |M(^tt sit sTuodrjaav TuXYjOet a
TYJV 7:6Xtv. Theseus in his desire to enlarge the city is said
to have invited foreigners to Athens. 10 References are
made to definite instances of the reception of foreigners.
6 See p. 22.
7 S. v. rieptOotSac.
8 Diodor. xiii. 97.
9 1. 2.
10 Plut. Thes. 25.
26 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
The Thessalians, especially, were welcomed by Theseus. 11
Philaeus and Eurysaces, sons of Ajax, on being made
Athenian citizens gave the island of Salamis to the Athe-
nians. 12 Anaphlystus and Sphettus, the sons of Troezen,
migrated to Attica and two demes were named after
them. 13 Pityreus, a descendant of Ion, surrendered Epi-
dauria to the Argives and migrated to Athens. 14 The
descendants of Nestor having been expelled from Messe-
nia went to Athens, where they gave their names to the
houses of the Paeonids and Alcmaeonids. Melanthus
even became king of the Athenians. 15 The Gephyraeans,
who had come to Boeotia with Cadmus, were expelled by
the Boeotians. They went to Athens and received citi-
zenship there. 16 Whatever may be the value of these
specific instances, they at least serve to indicate the char-
acter of the general practice. The Athenians granted
citizenship freely in early times. Although we cannot
determine whether the grants were based upon any ex-
act conditions, yet the statement of Thucydides 17 leads to
the inference that very many of the persons who received
citizenship in early times were exiled Greeks who settled
permanently at Athens.
Solon's law 18 provided for the granting of citizenship
only to exiles and permanent settlers. The law was re-
strictive and narrowed the circle of eligible persons. The
phrasing of the law shows this. First, the statement of
the law is negative, not positive, and thus implies a limi-
tation of the preceding custom yeveaOat luoXitas ou B&caai
xXqv Tots <puvou<rtv y/uX. Second, Plutarch adds this expla-
nation to his statement of the regulation : TOUTO 5e TCOIYJCTOH
<pa<jcv auTOv ou^ OUTCO? aTceXauvovia TOU? aXXou? w? x.aTax,aXoupi,Vov
'AOiQva^e TOUTOD? em (teftatcp TG> pieBe^siv TYJS woXiteias, x,ai a[/-a
11 Suid. loc. cit.
12 Paus. i. 35. 2.
13 Paus. ii. 30. 9.
14 Paus. ii. 26. 2.
15 Paus. ii. 18. 7; Strabo ix. 1. 7.
16 Her. v. 57; Westermaim, op. cit., 30 f.
17 1. 2.
18 See p. 22.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 27
vopu^ovia TOUS [liv aTCo(3s(2XY)x,6Tas TYjv eauT<ov dea TYJV
TOU? 8' arcoXeXowuoTas 8ia TYJV YVWJJLIQV. The explana-
tion that Solon did not intend to drive away the others
implies that his regulation may have given that impres-
sion. Such an effect could have been produced only by
the restriction of a previously existing custom. The law
which preceded the Solonian was, therefore, a more gen-
eral one. The ineligible ol a'XXoc of Solon's law, who were
neither exiles nor permanent settlers, had been eligible
under the previous law. As has been seen, under the
pre-Solonian laws of very early times others than exiles
and permanent settlers were eligible. Consequently, in
the absence of evidence to the contrary, we may assume
that the practice of early times continued to be followed
until the time of Solon. In introducing a restrictive
qualification, which admitted to citizenship only those
aliens who, either through necessity or choice, were un-
attached to any country and who would, therefore, be-
come adapted most quickly to Athenian institutions,
Solon acted altogether in harmony with his policy of en-
forcing, in the case of the natives themselves, the law
requiring Athenian birth on both the father's and the
mother's side.
Post-Solonian Period
The law which was introduced by Solon has already
been discussed. 19 There are also the following references
to another law: (1) xat yap TOC TOTS (ca. 479 and 476 B. C.)
(jiev ouTto Tt'puov ^v Tuaortv avOptorcon; TO Y^veaOac TuoXfaats icap' u^cv
(oaO' uTuep TOU TUXS'V TOUTOU TYjXt/.aOO' upias af<^' "oOsXov Tuotetv; 20
(2) 6p(o 5e upias 7uoXXa/,t<; xas SouXoi? avOpcorcots /.al evot<; iravTO-
5a7ucu<; xoXtTstav TS StSoviai; x,ac ec yffi^ata [isyaXai; Scapeta^, ot
av 5[Aas fafoavtoti irotouvTsq Tt a-^aOov; 21 - (3) xat so5sxTY3<; sv T$
vojjKi) (after 368 B. C.) OTC woXiia? [isv TuotetaOe TOU?
pou?, olov STpagaxa x,al Xapi8r)ji,ov, Sea TYJV siutetx-etav ; 22 (4)
TOV [iev yap v6[AO<; SCTTC T$ ^(jLtp xscVsvo?, (XY) e^sevai
19 See p. 26.
20 Dem. 23. 200.
21 Andoc. 2. 23 (410 B. C.).
22 Aristot. Rhet. 13996 2.
28 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
'AOrjvatov ov av [XYJ 81' avBpava9(av el? TOV SY)[JLOV TOV 'A0Y)vat(ov
atov Y] yevejQac woXtTYjv ; 23 (5) TtiA-qaavToq auTOV TOU &ifa,ou TOO
y,at Tat? aXXat? T^aT? al? rcpoaifcet TOUS
x,ac eYfovoix; Sta TS TYJV OCUTOU apei-qv x,at $ta
T5 TOW TCpofovov euepYeatas. 24 The preceding references
show that after the time of Solon various laws existed,
by which citizenship was granted for three reasons, i. e.,
exile, permanent settlement to practice a trade, and
ovSporfaOfa si? TOV SYJJAOV.
We shall next proceed to determine, as closely as pos-
sible, the chronological limits of these laws, using for this
purpose all the evidence found in decrees of citizenship
and in literary references to individual grants.
In the first place evidence of a general character is fur-
nished by the formulae of motivation in decrees of citi-
zenship. These formulae contain references in general,
as well as in specific, terms to the reasons for the admis-
sion of the new citizens. An examination of the general
expressions of motivation found in decrees of citizenship
from the earliest to 100 B. C. makes clear the general
character of the reasons for which citizenship was
granted during this period, for, while these formulae
vary in phraseology, all the decrees which contain a gen-
eral motivation give as the reason for the grant the fact
that the individual honored has manifested toward the
state a quality which is variously designated as apsTf^,
euvoea, <ptXoTepua, <ptXia, and avSpayaOta. As these words
appear to be used with no distinction of meaning, it fol-
lows that all the extant decrees of citizenship from the
earliest (410/09 B. C.) to 100 B. C., in which a general
reason is given, fall under the law of
23 [Dem.] 59. 89 (340 B. C.).
24 IG, IF, 448, U. 56-60 (318/7 B. C.). Cf. 7G, II 2 , 653 (287/6
B. C.).
25 The statement of the reason is not found, as a rule, in the
clause which confers citizenship, yet it modifies it. Other honors,
such as a vote of thanks or a crown, are generally granted to-
gether with citizenship and precede it in the statement of the mo-
tions ; indeed the grant of citizenship is often contained in an
amendment. As the reason is the same for all the honors con-
ferred, it is stated either in the preamble to the motion or in the
early part of the motion.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 29
In many of the decrees the clause, o>s ^p66u[x6? euTt rcotstv
o Tt SuvaTat ayaOov, is used synonymously with the clause,
cb? afaOos sait av-qp, and in IG, II 2 , 448 apfiT-q is synonymous
with fiufipfeata. So avSpaYaOta iupo TOV SYJIAOV was more than
mere sentiment; it was manifested by an act of public
service. We shall now examine all the specific reasons
which are given in either inscriptional or literary sources
for grants of citizenship from the earliest times to 100
B. C., in order to determine whether these reasons are
UpY<jtat Tupo? TOV SYJJJIOV and whether or not they should be
classed under the law of avSpayaOta.
PLATAEANS. Toward the end of the sixth century
B. C. the Plataeans, who were suffering at the hands of
the Thebans, appealed for aid to Cleomenes and the Lace-
daemonians, who happened to be in the neighborhood.
Cleomenes refused aid and counseled them to turn to the
Athenians. This the Plataeans did, and thus their
friendship with Athens was established. 26 At the same
time that the Athenians made the alliance with the Pla-
taeans they granted them citizenship: (1) /.at yap SXSIVOR
['A6r;vatot] s^oVjOouv YJ^IV [IIXaTatu<jtv] evavTta Y$acot<; OTS
[Aa/Bat[Ji6vtot] cnctoxvefTf, /.at TcpoBouvat auTOu? OUXSTI YJV
ov, aXXto? TS /.at ou? su rcaOtov Tt<; [Yjpiet?] /.at auicx;
^u^a/oui; /.at uoXtTStai; ^eTsXa^ev; 27 (2) e
STC! T f ?j Yj|jLTpa Ttpiwpta, ax; ^aTs, 'AO^vatcov
%u /at xoXtTat. 28 The date of this grant of citizenship was
519 B. C. according to Thucydides 29 and Meyer, 30 or 509
B. C. according to Grote 31 and Macan. 32
PERDICCAS. Perdiccas, king(?) of Macedonia, was
granted citizenship about 479 B. C. The grant and the
reason for it are stated in Dem. 23. 200 : /.at rcaXtv II ep-
5t/./a TO) /.aTa TYJV TOU ^ap^apou XOT' IxtaTpaTetav pacrtXeuovTt
Ma/eovta<;, TOU? ava/copouvTai; /. HXaTatcliv TCOV gap^aptov ta-
26 Her. vi. 108; Thuc. iii. 55.
27 Thuc. iii. 55.
28 Ibid., 63.
29 Ibid., 58.
30 Gesch. d. Alterth., II, p. 780, sec. 478, n.
31 History of Greece (1869), IV, 94, n. 1.
32 Macan, Herodotus vi. 108, n.
30 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
xac TeXetov vck^^ca Tuot-qaavut Ttj> (3a<7iXet,oux, e
, av TI? aiuoxTeevf) nep8r/.y,av, & (SaatXeu? 6 Hepacov
Ti^a? a7us5eostx.TO, aXXa TuoXnecav S&CDXOV [JLOVOV. In
another passage 33 the statement is made that Perdiccas
was granted aTsXeta only. Because of this discrepancy
and the fact that Alexander (498-454 B. C.), and not his
son Perdiccas, was the king of Macedonia at the time of
these events, the view is held that the names of Alexander
and Perdiccas have been interchanged in this passage
and that the reference to a grant of citizenship is an error
on the part of Demosthenes. 34 However, F. A. Wolf 33
accepts the reading rcoXnretav on the ground that the speech
De re publica ordinanda is not genuine. 36 And the view
is held that the Perdiccas referred to may have been a
Macedonian prince, vassal of King Alexander. 37 There-
fore, although the identity of Perdiccas cannot be deter-
mined, the arguments against a grant of citizenship are
not sufficient to reject it.
MENON. Menon of Pharsalus in Thessaly was
granted citizenship about 476 B. C. 38 The grant and the
reason for it are stated in Dem. 23. 199: SKSIVOI ['AOY)vatot]
Msvcovc TW $ap<7aXt(j), 8(oSex,a [JLSV TaXavr' apyuptou 56vrt rcp6<; TOV
STU' 'Htovt Tfl Ttpo? 'AjjicpixoXst TuoXejjLOv, Tpta7,ocrtoi<; ' t7U7ueu<j&
tScot? (3oY]6ifcavTi, oux, s^Y)<p((javT', auTOV av TI? a
slvat, dXXa TuoXcietav eSoaav x.al TauTYjv tx.avY)v
gavov elvat TYJV TIJJLIQV. The services here mentioned were
rendered in connection with the siege and capture of Eion
on the Strymon. 39 This enterprise was the first military
success of the Confederacy of Delos and it filled the Athe-
nians with a justifiable feeling of self-confidence. 40 Hero-
dotus 41 describes the brave defense made by the Persian
33 [Dem.] 13. 24.
34 Pauly-Wiss., I, 2, 1411, s. v. Alexandros.
35 Proleg. ad Lept., p. Ixxiv, n. 51.
36 Cf. Westermann, op. cit., 36, n. 26.
37 H. Weil, Les Harangues de Demosthene, 453, ad 11. 11 f.
38 Beloch, Griech. Gesch. 2 , II, 1, 65.
39 Weissenborn, Hellenica, 141, n. 22.
40 Beloch, loc. cit.; Thuc. i. 98; Plut. dm. 7.
41 vii. 107.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 31
commandant Boges and his final tragic self-destruction. 42
POLYGNOTUS. "It has been conjectured with great
probability that during his campaigns on the coast of
Asia Minor Cimon had fallen under the influence of Ion-
ian culture and artistic tendencies ; and that when he had
an opportunity for beautifying Athens with new build-
ings, he summoned artists from Ionia to his assistance
chief among them the painter Polygnotus." 43 If the
opinion of M tiller 44 is correct that the time of the arrival
of Polygnotus at Athens is connected with the reduction
of his native island Thasos, then he came to Athens in
463 B. C. After that he executed paintings in various
public buildings which are assigned to Cimon. Because
he did this work gratuitously Polygnotus was made an
Athenian citizen: YJTOJ STUS& TY^V rioix,(XY]v aioav I
Y) <b<; sispos, Ta$ sv TO> @Y]9S((p xofi T$ ovaxet'c
fftv aXXot TS x,ai 'Api[jL(ov sv TCO Tuspt <i>Ypa<p(i>v /.ai 'I6j2a<; sv TOI?
rcspi Ypa^tT.^?. 45 As Cimon was ostracized in 461 B. C.,
the grant should be placed between 463 and 461 B. C.
CARYSTION. In 440 B. C. war broke out between
the Samians and the Milesians over the possession of
Priene. When the Samians proved victorious, the Mile-
sians appealed to Athens to settle the case by arbitration.
However, the Samians refused to comply with the award ;
so the Athenians sent an expedition to the island, estab-
lished a democratic government, and left a garrison.
Then some of the Samians, who had fled to the mainland
and had applied to the Persians for aid, crossed with
seven hundred mercenaries to Samos by night, overthrew
the Samian democracy and the Athenian garrison, and
proclaimed open revolt against Athens. The Athenians
immediately despatched a fleet to put down the revolt.
As a Phoenician fleet was expected to come to the assist-
42 Menon's services are referred to in another passage
([Dem.] 13. 23), where the statement is made that he was re-
warded with aTsXeta, not woXneta. For an explanation of this
discrepancy see the case of Perdiccas on p. 27.
43 Gardner, Ancient Athens, 383 f.
44 De Phidiae vita, 7.
45 Harpoc. s. v. HoXuVonos. Cf. Suid. s. v.
32 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
ance of the Samians, Pericles sent part of his fleet to keep
watch off the coast of Caria, while with the remaining
forty-four ships he attacked and defeated the Samian
fleet of seventy ships. He then blocked up the harbor
and invested the city. Again, when apparently accurate
news of the approach of the Phoenician fleet was received,
Pericles sent half of his force to intercept it. The Phoe-
nicians never appeared, but, while the Athenian fleet
was thus divided, the Samians sailed out of the harbor
and defeated the blockading squadron.
Carystion's connection with these events is given in
the scholium to Aristophanes* Vesp. 283, as follows:
TOUTO jiaOovTS?, Sapuot [/.Y^av-qv Ttva x,aTeax.suaaav /.ai' auT&v,
TSS 'AOYjvatot UTCO TCVOS KapuaTcwvo? <pi)Xa5avTO, K<X\
i/iv x.<mo<; 8cs6T]-/.av. The Samians, having learned
that Pericles had detached part of his force to attack
the King, 46 planned a stratagem against the Athenians.
The latter, being put on their guard by Carystion, worsted
the Samians. Judging from the outcome of the en-
counter, the information of Carystion may be connected
with the former of the two engagements mentioned
above. 47 As a reward, besides other honors, citizenship
was granted to Carystion: TOV Ss Kapixrcfova
['AOtjvaTot] <jcp6$pa [JLeia TOU fevotx;, /.at TYJ
SADOCUS. In 431 B. C. the Athenians, desiring to
make an alliance with Sitalces king of Thrace, sent for
Nymphodorus, a citizen of Abdera, who was a brother-
in-law of Sitalces and had great influence with him.
Nymphodorus came to Athens and conducted the negotia-
tions. In connection with the alliance he secured Athe-
nian citizenship for Sadocus, the son of Sitalces: TOV
ol 'AOYjvatoc 6|A[jia5ov ercotouvTO, pouXopievoi a<pi'at Ta iwt
^a>p(a y.ac
6 Nui&$6$cd
Sa8o7,ov TOV utov auTOu 'A0Y)vatov TOV Te erci pay.Yji; ^oXepiov u
46 Cf. the "Phoenicians" in Thuc. i. 116.
47 Busolt, Griech. Gesch., Ill, 1, 544, n. 7.
48 Schol. Aristoph. Vesp. 283.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 33
0pa/,tav
'A6Y)va(oc<; tmueav TS xat
PLATAEANS. Two years after the beginning of the
Peloponnesian war the Lacedaemonians invaded the ter-
ritory of Plataea and summoned the city to surrender.
But the Plataeans refused to break their alliance with
Athens, and thereupon Archidamus laid siege to the city.
After several months of vain endeavor to capture the
place, the Lacedaemonians resorted to the slow process
of starvation. After the city had been blockaded for
more than a year and supplies had begun to fail, half of
the garrison determined to make a break for liberty, a
feat which they accomplished by scaling the walls of cir-
cumvallation under cover of darkness, piercing the lines
of the enemy, and making good their escape to Athens. 50
The two hundred and twelve survivors of this heroic dash
for liberty were granted Athenian citizenship in 428/7
B. C. The grant is mentioned in the speech Against
Neaera, 104: iocs ouv OUT<O 9avspo)<; sv&s&erfjjievoK; rfjv euvoiav
auiwv x.al rcat&as y.al -pvafaas,
TYJ? icoXrtt(a : $. Although the
Thebans destroyed the city and the fugitive Plataeans
were without a native land, yet it is well to note that this
fact was only the occasion, and not the reason, for the
bestowal of citizenship upon them. The reason for their
enfranchisement, as well as the cause of their banish-
ment, was their suvota toward the Athenian State, which
was manifested by their act of giving up all that was dear
to them rather than forsake the Athenians. Each Plataean
had to prove el [euTt] T&V ^tXcov TWV TYJS TuoXsox;, 51 and the
speaker declares that they had shown themselves 6^0X0700-
[ievG) apiVuou? T&V 'EXX^vcov el? TYJV rcoXcv. 52 The Plataeans
were the only Greek people who had come to the assist-
ance of Athens at Marathon; when Xerxes invaded
Greece they had refused to abandon the Athenian alli-
49 Thuc. ii. 29.
50 Thuc. iii. 20-24.
51 [Dem.] 59. 105.
52 Ibid., 107.
34 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
ance, half -of them falling at Thermopylae, and half par-
ticipating in the sea-fights at Artemisium and Salamis;
they had fought against Mardonius in the battle of Pla-
taea for the liberation of Greece; and they had brought
suit successfully before the Amphictyonic Council against
the Lacedaemonians for their presumption in inscribing
upon the tripod at Delphi, which commemorated the joint
victory of the confederate Greeks at Plataea and Sala-
mis, verses which attributed this achievement to Pausa-
nias, king of the Lacedaemonians, alone. 53
CORINTHUS. In what is probably one of the earli-
est decrees of citizenship 54 a man by the name of Corin-
thus (?) is made and Athenian. 55 The reason given is : [OTS
avY)p dvaSos] eaTtv 7c[spt 'AOqvatous rcot&v o Tt Suva?] at afa66[v
TY;V TuoXtv /.at TYJV (TTpaitav T] YJV 'AOrjvat [o)v /.at avO' (bv euepYSTYj-
KSV] . Corinthus' services seem to have been of a military
character, but it is impossible to determine exactly what
they were. Kirchoff holds the view, accepted by Meyer, 56
that there is some connection between this decree and the
statement of Thucydides 57 that in 421 B. C. the Corin-
thians, through the agency of the Boeotians, tried in
vain to obtain for themselves the same truce with the
Athenians which Athens had granted to Boeotia. How-
ever, this view is not probable, nor does the inscription
offer anything in its favor. 58
THRASYBULUS and APOLLODORUS. About Sep-
tember, 411 B. C., Phrynichus, one of the Four Hun-
dred, was assassinated in the market-place not far
from the senate-house. For their service to the Democ-
racy the perpetrators, Thrasybulus a Calydonian and
Apollodorus a Megarian, were made Athenians in 410/09
B. C. 59 The reason, as given in the decree for Thrasy-
bulus, is: aVTt d)V SU 1U7UO[CYJ/.SV TT^V TS (^OuXYJv] XOH TOV 5Y)[|Jt.o]v
53 Ibid., 94 ff.
54 IG, I, Suppl. 46a.
55 Wilhelm, Melanges Nicole, 597 if.
56 Op. tit., IV, p. 478, sec. 636.
57 v. 32.
58 Wilhelm, op. tit., 598.
59 IG, I, 59.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 35
TOV 'A6Y]vafa>[v], and the details are given fully by Thucy-
dides, 00 Lysias, 61 Lycurgus, 62 and Plutarch. 63
EVAGORAS. Evagoras, king of Salamis, was granted
citizenship 04 before 405 B. C., for Isocrates, 65 after re-
lating the flight of Conon to Cyprus, his meeting with
Evagoras, and the warm friendship and community of
interest which arose between them, states that both
Conon and Evagoras felt very keenly the disaster at
Aegospotami and that this feeling was natural, T$
[K6vo)vt] [j,ev yap fy <p6<jt fcatpic ['AOrjvai], TOV Se [Euayopav]
xai pic^aXa? suepfeacai; vo^co luoXiTYjv STCSICOIIQVTO
As Evagoras established himself in Cyprus
about 410 B. C., the grant falls between that date and
405 B. C. IG, I, 64, to which Wilhelm 66 joins IG, I, Suppl.
116w, probably records this grant. Unfortunately the
inscription is so badly broken that the exact services for
which Evagoras was honored cannot be determined, al-
though their general character is clear. The clause,
e la [it avqp ayaOcx; rcept TOV SYJ[AOV Euaf6pa] 6 Sa-
[s %ai 7:p60u[io? cov SsatsXei TUOCSIV o T]{ Suvcnrai ayaOtov],
shows that he used his political power to the advantage
of Athens, and Isocrates 67 states that the services thus
rendered were woXXa? *ae ^aXa?. His services during the
early part of his reign must have been similar in charac-
ter to those rendered between Aegospotami and Cnidus,
which are better known. In general, the administration
of Evagoras was characterized by leniency and modera-
tion, and by remarkable material and intellectual prog-
ress. Athenian immigrants were invited to Salamis and
60 viii. 92.
61 13. 71 ff.
62 In Leocr. 112 ff.
63 Ale. 25. Several scholars (Szanto, Rohl, and Kirchoff)
suppose that Apollodorus was deprived of his grant by a YP a ?"n
7uapav6[JL(Ov, but their arguments are not conclusive. Cf. Valeton,
Hermes, XLIII (1908), 481-99. For further discussion of this
case see pp. 14 ff.
64 Ep. Phil 10.
65 9. 54.
66 BphW, XXII (1902), 1100.
67 Loc. tit.
36 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
Greek arts taught, so that in a few years great strides
had been made. Furthermore, Evagoras endeavored to
introduce Greek culture and naturally turned to Athens
as its native source. Thus his relations with the Athe-
nians became very intimate. The words TCOV d^ixvoupievtov 68
are probably part of a statement of the welcome accorded
to Athenians who came to Evagoras' realm. Besides
artisans, many Athenian refugees found an asylum in
Cyprus from the time of the Sicilian disaster to the end
of the war. 69 The King and Tissaphernes are also men-
tioned in the decree. At a later period Evagoras proved
influential in securing the Persian aid which gained the
battle of Cnidus. Before the date of our decree, also, he
may have used his good offices in the interest of Athens
at the court of the king of Persia.
- . In 406 B. C., after Conon had been de-
feated by the Spartan admiral Callicratides, he was
blockaded in the harbor of Mytilene. As the city was
in no condition to withstand a siege, Conon sent
in all haste to Athens for relief. The Athenians,
fully realizing the seriousness of the situation, voted
to send out one hundred and ten ships and to man
them with all the slaves and freemen of military age.
As a reward for enlisting, citizenship was given to metics
and foreigners : 'AO-qvatot [/iv x-aia TO auvs^e? eXaTTWpiaai
TUSpCTUtTUTOVTS? STUOCYJjaVTO BOXttOf TOU? [ttTOtXOUt /.at TG)V aXX(OV
SAMIANS. In 405 B. C. the Samians were made
Athenians dvit <bv eu wexoi^xoaiv 'Adtjyatoo^ /.at vuv wepi TuoXXou
TCOtoGvTat xai ea^ouvTac ayaOa. 72 The reason assigned is
their present and past good services and proposals. The
date of the decree enables us to determine the nature of
these services. It was passed shortly after the battle of
Aegospotami, when Lysander was reducing the cities of
the Hellespont and adjacent islands. Every city sub-
68 IG, I, 64, 1. 6.
69 Cf. Isoc. 9. 51.
70 Paus. i. 3. 1 ; Wilhelm, Melanges Nicole, 602.
71 Diodor. xiii. 97.
72 IG, II 2 , 1, 11. 11 f.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 37
mitted except Samos. The Samians had already sent an
embassy to Athens, and at the time of this decree another
was present, having come with proposals of alliance be-
tween the two states.
The former services of Samos were also probably con-
nected with the Peloponnesian war. The great disaster
which befell Athenian arms at Syracuse afforded her
allies an admirable opportunity to assert their independ-
ence. Euboea, Lesbos, and Chios opened negotiations
with Sparta; Miletus and other cities joined the move-
ment. The King and Tissaphernes concluded an alliance
with the Lacedaemonians and their allies. At this dark
period of Athenian affairs Samos proved an invaluable
friend. The people of that island overthrew the ruling
oligarchy, which contemplated joining the revolt, and be-
came faithful allies of the Athenians. 73 Throughout the
rest of the war Samos was of the utmost importance to
Athens as a naval base in her operations in Ionia and the
Asiatic side of the Aegean Sea. The service of the
Samian demos to the cause of democracy during the re-
gime of the Four Hundred is well known. When news
of the revolution at Athens reached the Athenian arament
at Samos, a great democratic assembly was convened, at
which Thrasybulus and Thrasyllus bound over all the
soldiers, and especially those who had previously been ad-
herents of the oligarchical party, to maintain a demo-
cratic government, to live in harmony, to push the war
against the Peloponnesians energetically, to be enemies
of the Four Hundred, and to enter into no friendly com-
munication with them. Furthermore, all the Samians of
military age took the same oath and henceforth united
with the Athenians of the fleet for whatever issue, feel-
ing a common danger from the Four Hundred at Athens
and the enemy at Miletus. 74 The services of the Samians
were, therefore, of a political and military character.
EUMACHUS. In the decree granting citizenship to
the Samians Eumachus, one of the Samian ambassadors,
73 Thuc. viii. 21; IG, 1,56.
74 Thuc. viii. 75.
38 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
is praised by name, together with the other members of
the embassy collectively, ox; ouatv ovSpaatv [afaSots rcepi ^ous
'A6Y}va(ous] , 75 He was, of course, included in the grant of
citizenship, as is shown by the phrase, [xaXeaat 8' Eupi] a^ov
l[Vc 8]giicvov <; TO xpuTavstov [s<; aupcov]. 76 He was made an
Athenian for the same general reason which applied to
the rest of the Samians, and he was specially mentioned
because he was the bearer of proposals of alliance with
Athens.
POSES. In a subsequent decree 77 for the Samians
Poses is individually honored. Like Eumachus Poses
had been included in the former grant of citizenship to
the Samians; in confirmation it is here decreed that
[x,upia elvai T i^^fttqjuba rcpoTs] pov UTUO TOU 8-qjiou TOU 'AOY)va((ov,
Poses is called an avfjp ayaOcx; -rcepi 'ASqvaious and high
honors are voted him av6' &v [su TCSTCOIYJXS TOV SYJIAOV] . The
specific services of Poses are not known, but he may have
been connected with the Samian embassy which is men-
tioned in this connection as requesting the co-operation
of the Athenians in a mission to Sparta.
HERACLIDES. About 423 B. C. Epilycus, the uncle
of Andocides, as ambassador of Athens made a treaty
with Darius II. The embassy, having returned to Ath-
ens, reported that Heraclides, a Clazomenian, had co-
operated heartily with them and had aided materially in
securing the truce with the King. He was voted many
honors for his general friendliness toward the Athenian
State and for his services to the Athenian ambassadors :
[s7uecY] eu sTCOtYja] ev T$ 'A0Y]vai'co [v Kpf0ji*t3{ xat sv Tuajt a]viQp
eciTi (rfa6[o<; el? TOV SYJJJIOV TOV 'AOrjlvacwv. --- s[iuecSY) SI
oi Tusascs 05
l<; T a]XXo 6 TI TCaff[Xtav]. 78 Heraclides then moved
to Athens where he was granted citizenship after 403
75 IG, IF, 1 (405/4 B. C.), 11. 36 f.
76 Ibid., 11. 37 f .
77 IG, II 2 , 1 (403/2 B.C.).
78 IG, II 2 , 8; Kohler, Hermes, XXVII (1892), 77.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 39
B. C., 79 and not long before 391 B. C. 80 This last recog-
nition he owed to his former services and also to the fact
that he, like other strangers, actively supported the
Democratic party against the Thirty. 81
EUCLES. 7G, IP, 678 (276/5 B.C.) contains the
clause, STuatveuat Ss /.at TOV /,YJpu/.a TYJ (SouXYJ? /.at TOU o^piou
EuttXYJ[v] <tXo/,Xeous Tptvspieta. The presence of the deme-
name shows that the Eucles here mentioned was an Athe-
nian citizen. His great-great-grandfather, Eucles, was
honored by a decree passed after the restoration of the
Democracy in 403 B. C. 82 A grant of TupoaoSo? in this de-
cree shows that at that time Eucles was not an Athenian
citizen. 83 Therefore one of the family received a grant of
citizenship. We have cited this case under the name of
Eucles the elder, because, whichever one of the family
received the grant of citizenship, it was based upon his
services. Eucles the elder was made herald of the sen-
ate and granted other honors, dvSpafaStas [eve/a /.at TcpoOu-
[j.(a;], sTuetS-rj avrjp ayaOo? svefveio rcspt TOV SYJ^OV T]OV 'AO-qvatov
/.at TY)Y /.a6[o5ov TOU STQJJLOU TOU 'ASqv] atwv /.at TT;V sXeu0ept[av], 84
and later, when his son Philocles was appointed herald
of the senate, one reason given was, e^etS [Y)] avrjp aYaOo?
[sysvsTO 6 TcaTYjp TOU $] sXoy,Xsou? icspi T[O]V YJPLO[V TOV 'A6Y]va(-
(ov /.at T] YJY xaOoSov TOU SiQjjLou. 85 In recognition of the servi-
ces of Eucles the elder toward the restoration of the De-
mocracy, either Eucles himself or one of his descendants
received Athenian citizenship, and was admitted to the
deme Tptve^eta.
THESSALIANS and ANDRIANS. In 399 B. C. An-
docides defended himself on a charge of impiety. In
making his final plea, when contrasting the penalty which
his accusers wished to impose upon him, a native Athe-
nian, with the honors which the Athenians bestowed
79 Kohler, op. cit., 76.
80 Wilamowitz, Aristot. u. Athen, I, 188, n. 4.
81 Kohler, loc. cit.
82 7G, IP, 145.
83 Ditt. Syll\ 117, n. 1.
84 7G, IF, 145, 11. 4-8.
85 Ibid., 11. 14-16.
40 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
upon persons who had no claim upon the state, he says:
TTaXous *ac 'AvSpt'oix; woXiTa? TuotetaOai 8t 7 dwoptav
, TOU? 5e ovia? woXiTa? 6[ioXoYOU[JLev(o?, of?
<TIV dfaOoit; elvat xai (2o'jX6[/.voc SuvqcrovTae, TOUTOU?
The scarcity of men which is given as the reason for the
enfranchisement of Thessalians and Andrians was the re-
sult of losses suffered during the Peloponnesian war.
At the close of this war there were at least fifteen thou-
sand fewer citizens than at its beginning, 87 and many new
citizens were admitted to increase the number.
STHORUS. Sthorus, a Thasian seer, was granted
citizenship in 394/3 B. C. 88 The part of the inscription
which contains what appears to be the specific reason is
damaged, but reference is made to the battle of Cnidus;
and in the decree of the senate providing for the erection
of two stelai the statement is made, [OTI rcpoOujjio] ? earn
Tcoteiv o Tt Suvaiat [cfyaOov TY)V aTponriav] . That he had fur-
nished money for military purposes may be inferred from
the motion, TOU? 5e [<TT] pai^oix; TOU? [ev6]a8e a7uoouva[c auT(j>
TOV [At]a6[ov 6]ao[jL7Up7Upu[(7c]v Ifepe. 89 Somewhat later, in
390/89 B. C., Sthorus is mentioned, in connection with an
embassy from Thasos, in a decree 90 which deals with the
restoration of the alliance between Thasos and Athens.
STRABAX and POLYSTRATUS. Aristotle 91 quotes
the statement of Theodectas that Strabax was granted
citizenship. As Polystratus was honored with Strabax, 92
he very probably received the same distinction. Both
were honored 8 id TYJV iui(x,iav, 93 and, as they were honored
on the recommendation of Iphicrates, their services were
of a military character. Polystratus is mentioned by
Demosthenes 94 as a commander of mercenary troops in
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
Andoc. 1. 149.
Busolt, Miiller, Hdb.
IG, II 2 , 17.
Ibid., 11. 26-28.
IG, IP, 24.
Rhet. 13996 2.
Dem. 20. 84.
Aristot. loc. tit.
4. 24.
d. kl Altertumswiss., IV, 1, 1, 199.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 41
the Corinthian war. And concerning Strabax, F. A. Wolf
says : 95 "Strabax et ipse de commendatione Iphicratis or-
natus videri potest Iphicratis in eodem bello adiutor
fuisse." The year when Strabax and Polystratus were
granted citizenship may have been 390 B. C., when a
bronze statue was erected in honor of Iphicrates as a re-
ward for his services in annihilating a Spartan mora at
Corinth. 96
PASION and APOLLODORUS. Pasion, a banker and
resident of Athens, was admitted to citizenship between
390 and 370 B. C., 8i T<; euepYecri'as Ta<; el? TYJV rcoXcv. 97 His
services to the state are summed up by his son Apollodo-
rus, when he says to the Athenian jury: ou^o? u
XiXia? e&cwev asxt'Sas, x,ac xoXXa XP^fr'PW atao
TUSVTS [Tpc^pscs] sOsXovTYjs e78ou? KQK rcap' iauToG
TptY]pap5(Y](7 TptY]pap)j(a?. 98 The good services for which he
was enfranchised took the form of contributions to the
state. He was quite able to do this for he was a man of
means. His landed property was valued at twenty tal-
ents, and in addition to that he had money of his own lent
at interest, amounting to more than fifty talents. 99
ARCHIPPUS and HIPPARCHUS. In IG, IP, 25
(390/89-387/6 B.C.) citizenship is granted to two
brothers, Archippus and Hipparchus, natives of Thasos.
They were honored ovSpayaOias ev[e*a] TYJS s<; 'AOrjvatou?.
The specific service rendered by them at this time can-
not be determined, but it was probably of a political
character, if one may judge from a previous decree
passed in their honor. 100 This decree relates to the restora-
tion of the alliance between the Athenians and the Tha-
sians. In 389 B. C. Thrasybulus settled matters in
Thrace and the Hellespont, and in 388 B. C. Thasos was
95 Ad Dem. loc. cit.
96 Xen. Hell. iv. 5. 10 if.; [Dem.] 13. 22; Aeschines 3. 243.
97 Kirchner, Pros. Att., II, No. 11672; [Dem.] 59. 2; 46. 15;
Dem. 36. 47.
98 Dem. 45. 85.
99 Dem. 36. 5, 43, 44.
100 IG, IP, 24 (390/89 B.C.).
42 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
under Athenian control. 101 From mention of an embassy
of the Thasians in the decree 102 it seems that Archippus
and Hipparchus were leaders of the embassy which ne-
gotiated the alliance at Athens.
COTYS. Cotys, king of Thrace, received Athenian
citizenship SyjXov w? XQJT' e^etvov TOV ^povov euvouv Yjyoupievot x,at
<p(Xov. 103 The grant must have been made between 382
B. C., the year of the accession of Cotys to the throne,
and 365 B.C., after which year he became an open
enemy of Athens. He was honored probably for giving
the Athenians political and commercial favors, and per-
haps for allowing them territorial privileges. During
this period the Athenian general Iphicrates was in the
service of Cotys and attained great distinction among
the Thracians, receiving the king's daughter in marriage
and being granted a seaport village near the mouth of
the Hebrus, where he established a Greek colony. Iphi-
crates was in an excellent position to make Cotys a
friend of Athens.
DIONYSIUS I and his sons DIONYSIUS and HER-
MOCRITUS. Dionysius, the king of Sicily, and his two
sons were granted citizenship by a decree passed in 369/8
B. C. 1 - 04 They were thus honored cm e[i<riv ayaSot av8pe<;]
[ic]ept TOV S-rjpiov TOV ['A0Yjvatwv x,ac] TOU? <ru[jifjia5(ou<; xat
SoY]0[ouatv TYJ (3aa] cXsox; t[pY)]vY] YJV eTuonrjua [VTO 'AOiqvaTot] x,at
Aax.Satpi6vio[c] x.[a]t [ot aXXoi "EXXYjvsg]. Although Diony-
sius had formerly taken the side of the Spartans, since
the alliance between the latter and the Athenians against
the Thebans in 370/69 B. C. he had become reconciled to
the Athenians. 105 An embassy had come to Athens bear-
ing a letter which dealt with: (1) the rebuilding of the
temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been thrown down
by an earthquake in 373 B. C. ; (2) the peace. Xeno-
101 Xen. Hell v. 1. 7.
102 Fr. a, 1. 12 and b, 1. 16.
103 Dem. 23. 118.
104 7G, II 2 , 103.
105 Xen. Hell. vii. 1. 20, 28; Diodor. xv. 20.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 43
phon 106 says that in the summer of 368 B. C. the The-
bans, the allies, and the Lacedaemonians assembled at
Delphi to consider means of restoring peace. 107 Xeno-
phon and Diodorus both represent Philiscus of Abydus
as the originator of the convention, the former repre-
senting him as the agent of Ariobarzanes, the latter of
Artaxerxes. It appears from this inscription, however,
that Dionysius also was instrumental in promoting meas-
ures of peace. The motivation of the grant takes into con-
sideration Dionysius' present efforts to restore peace on
the basis of the King's Peace, and his proposals concern-
ing the rebuilding of the temple at Delphi.
ASTYCRATES. Astycrates, a Delphian, was granted
citizenship in 363/2 B. C. 108 The reason assigned is as
follows : [s7:et^] 'Av8p6vt*os 6 ei-raXo?
TOU? v6jjiou<; TWV
ST' auiou] x,at Ta
In 363 B. C. Thebes was supreme in Northern Greece,
At the spring meeting of the Amphictyonic Council cer-
tain motions were introduced, apparently by the mem-
bers of the Boeotian league, which were disadvantageous
to the Phocians. It is very probable that the Thebans
attempted to make the Amphictyonic Council subserve
their own political purposes. The Phocians were de-
cidedly opposed to the supremacy of Thebes and it may
be that they declined to follow the Boeotians against
Alexander of Pherae. 109 At any rate the Phocians were
supported by the minority of the Council, represented by
Astycrates and his ten associates, who became so unruly
that the Council banished them. They sought refuge at
Athens, where they were kindly received. Citizenship
was granted to Astycrates. 110
PHORMIO. Phormio, a freedman of Pasion the
banker and a resident of Athens, was made an Athenian
106 Hell. vii. 1. 27.
107 Cf. Diodor. xv. 70.
108 /G, II 2 , 109.
109 Pomtow, Kilo, VI (1906), 95.
110 Ibid., 94.
44 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
citizen in 361/0 B. C. 11 - 1 In Dem. 36. 56 the defendant
calls upon the clerk to read oaa ^pLoata xpfc^os T^J rcoXei
ysyov' ouioat [<op^ju<ov] , and in Dem. 45. 81 Apollodorus
charges Phormio with roXtv in TWV YjjjLSTepwv <ratncp xTvpapie-
vog. Phormio's wealth had enabled him to acquire citi-
zenship by making contributions to the state. Apollo-
dorus explains 112 how his father Pasion had taught Phor-
mio reading and writing, instructed him in his trade, and
put a large property under his management, so that he
became wealthy. The hard times which prevailed before
362/1 B. C. may have given Phormio his opportunity. As
the result of maritime disasters the stock of grain was
becoming short and the price was rising, not merely at
Athens, but at many islands in the Aegean, and at Byzan-
tium and other places. Great competition arose in im-
portation. The Byzantines, Chalcedonians, and Cyzi-
cenes had already begun to detain the passing grain ships
for the supply of their own markets. Convoys out of the
Euxine were necessary. Then in 361/0 B. C. Cotys sur-
prised Sestus and established toll-gatherers. 133 As Phor-
mio was engaged in trade with the Hellespont, perhaps
his services were rendered in connection with the grain
scarcity of this period.
PYTHO and HERACLIDES. Pytho and Heraclides
of Aenus were granted citizenship about 360 B. C. 114 for
the following reason: aXX' Spcog, erceiBf) Tuovqpcx; XOK Oeot?
YJV [KOTU?] xat p.ef<&X' 6jjia<; qStxtt, TOU?
II66(i)va /.at f Hpax,Xs(SY]v, TOU<; Atvc'oix;,
ax; euspYeTai; x,ai ^puaoti; <jT9avoc<; Ea^avwaaie. 11 ' 5 Having
assassinated Cotys, Pytho, at least, fled to Athens OTS . . .
oux, a<y<paXe<; ^yeu' arcfiXOfitv OTCOI TU^OC, and asked for citizen-
ship. 116 It was safe to go to Athens because there he
could expect to receive protection and honor in return
for his service.
111 [Dem.] 46. 13.
112 Dem. 45. 72.
113 Dem. 23. 136, 211.
114 Beloch, op. cit., II, 303.
115 Dem. 23. 119.
116 Ibid., 127.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 45
LEUCON. Leucon (387-347 B.C.), the first of the
line of Bosporic princes to whom it is certain that citi-
zenship was granted, was made an Athenian before 355/4
B. C./ 17 the year of Demosthenes' speech Against Lep-
tines. Demosthenes, immediately after mentioning the
grant, recounts the services of Leucon to Athens, services
upon which his grant of citizenship, as well as his other
honors, was based. "Now, whilst our other benefactors
have each made themselves useful to us for a particular
period, Leucon, as you will find, never ceases to confer
benefits upon us, and such benefits as our country stands
most in need of. You are of course aware that we con-
sume more foreign grain than any people in the world.
But the grain which comes in from the Euxine equals
the whole quantity that comes from other markets; and
no wonder, not only because that district has an abund-
ance of grain, but because Leucon, who reigns there, has
granted exemption from duty to those who export to
Athens, and issues an order that merchants bound for
our port shall load their vessels first. Having the ex-
emption for himself and his children, he has given it to
all of you. Observe what an important thing it is. He
takes a thirtieth from all who export grain from his do-
minions. Now, the measures of grain that come from
his country are about four hundred thousand, as one may
see from the entry kept by the grain importers. There-
fore, for the three hundred thousand he gives ten thou-
sand and for the one hundred thousand about three thou-
sand. And so far is he from depriving our common-
wealth of this boon, that when he made a new harbor at
Theodosia, which the mariners say is not at all inferior
to Bosporus, he gave us the exemption there also. Many
other instances which I could mention of benefits con-
ferred upon you by this prince and his ancestors I pass
by; but the year before last, when there was a scarcity
among all men, he sent you not only a plentiful supply of
117 Dem. 20. 30.
46 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
grain, but at such a price that there was a surplus of
fifteen talents in the hands of Callisthenes." 118
This grant is one of a number which are connected
with commercial treaties and are based upon economic
reasons. Most important among them are grants to per-
sons who lived in the neighborhood of the Hellespont.
They show us how necessary it was for the grain supply
of Athens that this avenue of commerce be kept open and
that friendly relations be maintained with the nations
which inhabited grain-producing countries. The Tauric
Chersonese was one of the chief granaries of Athens.
This region had been opened up to Greek trade by the
Milesians, who planted colonies on both sides of the Eux-
ine Sea. At the time of the maritime supremacy of
Athens her merchants gained control of the trade with
the Pontus. In exchange for wines, and manufactures
such as armor, cloth, leather, hardware, earthenware,
sculpture, jewelry, etc., the Athenians brought back
grain, salt fish, honey, wax, wool, hides, fleeces, timber,
and slaves. The relations between Athens and the
princes who ruled this territory covered many years and
were of the most friendly character.
CERSOBLEPTES, TERES, CHARIDEMUS, and EU-
DERCES. In his letter 119 to the Athenians Philip states
that decrees have been passed commanding him to let
Teres and Cersobleptes rule in Thrace because they are
Athenians. There are numerous references to the citi-
zenship of Charidemus. 120 Demosthenes 121 connects the
citizenship of Charidemus with Cersobleptes: u;jieTs ercoiiQ-
jacO' Iv Ttat vtotipoT? xac XP VOE ? 'Apto(3ap,avY)v woXmjv X.OH 81'
metvov $fXi<ntov, waTuep vuv 5&a Kepao^XeTUTYjv XaptetflAOV, and
again, 122 referring to the honors of Cersobleptes, De-
mosthenes states that both Charidemus and Euderces 123
were associated with him in these honors: "And on this
118 Quotations in English from Demosthenes are taken from
Kennedy's translation.
119 Ep. Phil. 8.
120 Dem. 23. 65, 145, 151; Aristot. Rhet. 13996 2-3.
121 23. 141.
122 Ibid., 203.
123 Of Euderces nothing further is known.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 47
last occasion, when they were for giving such honors as
they thought fit to Cersobleptes, and were intent upon
that object, they associate with him two persons, one of
whom has done all the mischief that you have heard, and
the other, a man named Euderces, no one knows anything
about." All three were granted citizenship in connec-
tion with the same events. The time of the grant to
Cersobleptes falls between 360 B. C., the year in which
Cersobleptes succeeded his father, and 352 B. C., the year
of Demosthenes' speech Against Aristocrates. Charide-
mus was honored 8i TYJV sTu&ewsiav 124 and <!><; susp^e-cY]?. 125 As
a mercenary general in Thrace Charidemus was often in
the service of Athens, being especially prominent in the
relations between Athens and the Thracian princes. After
the death of Cotys Cersobleptes was opposed by two aspi-
rants for shares in the kingdom, Berisades and Amado-
cus. After several years of unsuccessful effort on the
part of Athens to bring the rival claimants to an agree-
ment, the Athenians sent out a mercenary force which
finally brought the recalcitrant princes to terms. IG,
IP, 126 records this agreement of 357/6 B. C. The de-
cree deals with the relations of the Greek states on the
Thracian coasts to the Thracian princes and to Athens.
The kingdom of Thrace was divided among the three
princes, Cersobleptes, Berisades, and Amadocus. The
Athenians apparently bound themselves to see that the
Thracian princes regularly received the tribute of certain
states due them; while the Thracian princes promised
help to the Athenians in case the states leagued with
them, to whom, in accordance with the agreement of alli-
ance of 378 B. C., freedom and independence were as-
sured, should fall away from the Athenian league. 126 In
carrying out this agreement Charidemus, who was in the
service of Cersobleptes, surrendered to Athens the Cher-
sonese, including Sestus. It was very probably in con-
124 Aristot. loc. cit.
125 Dem. 23. 145.
126 Hock, Hermes, XXVI (1891), 105.
48 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
nection with these events that the Athenians honored
Cersobleptes, Charidemus, and Euderces.
ORONTES. Orontes, satrap of Mysia, was granted
citizenship in 349/8 B. C, 127 An exchange of embassies
is mentioned in the decree. The friendly attitude of
Orontes at the present time and in the past is given as
the reason for the grant, while references are made to
money for grain, support for armies, and agreements
between Athens and Orontes. In 354 B. C., when there
was talk of a Persian invasion of Greece, the Athenians
resolved, in case of any aggression on the part of the
King, to invite Philip and the other Greeks to oppose
him 128 Since then the situation had changed essentially.
Philip, not Persia, threatened Athens. He began the
siege of Olynthus in 350 B. C. At this critical time
Athens sought aid in the East. Orontes, who had re-
volted from the King in 362/1 B. C., had again become
reconciled to him. The Athenians concluded an agree-
ment with Orontes about their mutual relations, and at
the same time granted him citizenship.
SPARTOCUS III and PAERISADES I. A decree of
347/6 B. C. 129 grants to Spartocus and Paerisades, sons
of Leucon, T<X<; Swpeta? a? [6 8^|j,]o? IScoxe SaTuptp K<X\ Asuxoavt.
As citizenship was one of the gifts which Leucon, and
incidentally his sons, had received, it must be included in
the honors voted specifically to his sons in this decree
upon their own merit. In 347 B. C., shortly before this
time, Spartocus and Paerisades had succeeded to the
kingdom of their father Leucon. They then sent ambas-
sadors to Athens to arrange for the settlement of a debt
owed them by the Athenians, and to enlist at Athens men
to man their ships. 130 It was upon this occasion that the
decree was passed. Citizenship was granted to them,
[e7u][c]Y) 5s [ia]? <i>[psi]as Bt&oaaiv 'A0Y3vato&[<; aajwep
S[a<]u[p]o<; xai Aeuxwv e&oaav, 181 especially for favors
127 7G, II 2 , 207.
128 Ep. Phil. 8.
129 IG, II 2 , 212.
130 Ibid., 11. 53-55.
131 Ibid. t 11. 20-22.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 49
shown in connection with the grain trade: OTC
s7u[a*f]vXXovTGa TW Srjpuo [T]W 'A[0] Y)v[a] (G>
TYJS s/. [TU] O^TUYJS TOU [CT](T[O]U /.aOaiusp 6 Tuai^p auiaiv
y,at O[TC] Y]pTY3<7iv 7upo6u|A(0<; OTOU av 6 BYJ[JL[O<;] 8[eY)]Ta[{]- 132
CALLIAS and TAUROSTHENES. The brothers Cal-
lias and Taurosthenes, Chalcidians, received citizenship
upon the motion of Demosthenes. 133 The grant was
made after 343/2 B. C., the time of the alliance between
Athens and Chalcis, 134 and before 340 B. G!, the date of
Philip's letter to the Athenians.
In 341 B. C. Euboea was divided in its sympathy to-
ward Philip and Athens, Oreus and Eretria being in the
hands of Philip's friends, while Chalcis, through the in-
fluence of Callias and Taurosthenes, had formed an alli-
ance with Athens. After an Athenian embassy had ar-
ranged a plan of campaign with the Chalcidians, a mili-
tary expedition was sent to Euboea against Oreus and
Eretria. 135 The expedition was successful in liberating
both cities. In the campaign against Oreus, especially,
Callias and Taurosthenes took a leading part. 136 Later
a Euboic synod in alliance with Athens was established,
with headquarters at Chalcis. Callias was the most im-
portant man in this synod, taking the lead both as a
friend of Athens and as an enemy of Philip. He went so
far as to cross the strait to the Bay of Pagasae, where he
captured a number of towns and vessels, selling the crews
of the latter into slavery. "On account of these services,"
says Philip to the Athenians, "you praised him frequently
in your decrees." 137 Citizenship was probably one of the
honors then conferred upon Callias and his brother. 138
132 Ibid., 11. 13-17.
133 Aeschines 3. 85; Din. 1. 44; Hyper. 5. 20.
134 Schaefer, Dem. u. s. Zeit*, II, 423.
135 Dem. 18. 79.
136 Schaefer, op. cit., II, 491, n. 1.
137 Ep. Phil 5.
138 Schol. Aeschines 3. 85: xote yap Tfl aXY)9eia xoXiTa*; auiou*;
ot 'AOirjvatoi 8ca TO TTJV Eugotav TuoiifcaaOai 69' sai)To6<;.
50 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
PHILIP. Plutarch, 139 in commenting on the impro-
priety of the joy manifested by the Athenians at the news
of Philip's death, disapproves of their conduct for this
reason : 7up6<; f^P T <p ve^saYjico y,at a^ewes, &vTa l^ev Ttpiav y,at
icoXiTiqv, XSJOVTO? 5' 69' STSpou piY) cpepecv TYJV x^P ^ ^ s ~
, aXX' ejcujvctp-rav T> vy.p(j> y.ac icaicdvc^eiv, (oaTuep OCUTOU?
Demades 140 says : eypa^a x.at ^iXf-oxd w\L<xq-
oux, dpvoujjiai. The honors proposed by Demades probably
included the grant of citizenship. The reason he assigns
fixes the occasion: i<jx t ^ ou s Y<*P ofypti&'W*G vsu XuTp<ov /.at
vt'Xta xoXtToiv awjjiaTa /wpti; /.^puxo? x.at TOV 'Qpcoxov avsu
Xagwv UJJLCV TOSUT' e'fpa^a. swetXijiTTO Se TYJ?
^ Y) (opo8o%(a TWV Maxe86va>v, w? O'JTOC
aXX' 6 xaipo<g x,at YJ xp st ' a ^ a ' T T ^
xai Y) TOU pacrtXeax; tptXavOpcoxia. eX9a)v yap eiut TOV y.(v5uvov
v 91X0? X G) P c/(7 ^' ir )> T T ^ v vevtx,Y]y,6T(i)v aOXov
(79aXei(jt TupoaSsis. This passage refers to the events
which followed Chaeronea. Athens was filled with con-
sternation. The Athenians knew what to expect from
such a man as Philip, and the punishment which he meted
out to Thebes seemed to presage the realization of their
worst expectations. However Philip surprised them by
agreeing to peace and making the concessions which De-
mades enumerates. Plutarch speaks of Philip's treat-
ment of the Athenians as lenient, and Polybus 141 praises
Philip's magnanimity in these words : "When he had de-
feated the Athenians in the fight of Chaeronea, Philip
obtained much more by his humane and gentle conduct
after the victory, than he had gained by his arms. For
by these he subdued indeed the enemies that were in arms
against him; but by his gentleness and moderation he
vanquished all the Athenians, and forced Athens itself
to receive his laws. Instead of making his resentment
the rule and means of his conquests, he, on the contrary,
139 Dem. 22.
140 1. 9. Cf. Anab. i. 1. 3; Clement Alex. Admonit. ad Gent.
366.
141 v. 10. Cf. Diodor. fr. lib. xxxii.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 51
pursued his victories no longer than till he had found a
fair occasion to display his clemency and his love of
virtue." 142
ALEXANDER. Alexander, the son of Philip, was
also admitted to citizenship upon the occasion referred
to above. The reason which applied to Philip's case ap-
plies here also : y-aiaTuoXspnquavTO;; 'ASiqvatou; sv
$tXiKK0u, 7up<7(3sc<; Trap' OCUTOU 'AO-rjva^s YJX6ov Tuep
66sv Y) TuoXis eSeSaio [TY]V etpqvqv] /.at TOV utov OCUTOU, 'AXe|av-
Spov, et<; TCoXiias eveypatpev. 143 After Chaeronea, when the
bones of the dead were carried back to Athens, Alexander
went along as one of Philip's representatives to treat
with Athens concerning peace. 144
CARPHINAS and PHORMIO. A decree of the year
338/7 B. C. 145 renewed, in the case of two Acarnanian
brothers, Carphinas and Phormio, a grant of citizenship
which had formerly been made to their grandfather
Phormio. The reason is given as follows : srcet&Y) <Pop[/,(<av
OVTS? 7uaTp6[6V <p(X]ot TOU qpiou TOU
[TYJV eu]votav rp ol xpOYOVOt OCUTOI? irapsSoaav
[TOV S]YJ[JLOV TOV 'AOYjvaccov /.at vuvi po^B^aavTle? jx]sTa 5
{jijeox; (7'jvx.aTSTaTTOVTO [ASTa 'A6Y)va((o[v] y,[a6]oTC 6 [<IT
YO<; TCapaYYe[X]XoL The Acarnanians had been faithful
allies of the Athenians since the conclusion of an alliance
between them at the beginning of the Peloponnesian
war. 146 The battle of Chaeronea (Aug. 338) had been
fought only a half year before the passing of this decree
(May 337). The military services of Carphinas and
Phormio to Athens were no doubt rendered in this en-
gagement. Acarnania did not send a force, but indi-
viduals, friends of the Athenians, seem to have come
voluntarily to their aid. After the battle of Chaeronea
Philip subdued Acarnania and banished the partisans of
142 Hampton's translation.
143 Schol. Aristid. Panath. p. 178, 16. Cf. Schaefer, op. cit.,
Ill, 32, n. 1.
144 Justin ix. 4. 5.
145 IG, II 2 , 237.
146 Thuc. ii. 68.
52 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
Athens. 147 Carphinas and Phormio then came to Athens
for safety and were admitted to citizenship.
. Two persons whose names are un-
known, an Epidamnian and an Apollonian, were granted
citizenship in 331/0 B. C. 148 The reason given is:
'A]f?ivo 'ETCtSa[Ji[vio<; /.at
caTY5<; euvot ei<jc]v i(p YJIJI<P T[(J> 'A0Y)vai<>v y,at STut]pLS-
T[<DV a9t/,vou[ji,ev(j)v 'A6]iQVY)9sv x,ac rc[epuatv ]
io, T[ Tuspicp] Osvia UTUO 'A7u[oXX<j>vtaT<ov STUI
Ta<;] vaus T<; 'AO-rjv [ascov] . "The decree refers to the re-
ception accorded certain ambassadors from Athens at
Epidamnus and Apollonia, and commends the good-will
shown them by two citizens, one of Epidamnus, and the
other of Apollonia." 149
CHAEREPHILUS, PHIDON, PAMPHILUS, and
PHIDIPPUS. Chaerephilus and his three sons were
granted citizenship about 325 B. C. 150 and enrolled in the
deme Paeania. 151 The reason is given by Athenaeus : 152
' 'AOirjvatoi aTuouB^v STUO&OUVTO Tuepi TO Tapi^os, o> /.al
avaypa^at TOU? XatpscpfXou TOU -rapt^owtoXou uioo?. Chae-
rephilus and his sons were merchants at Athens, and
famous as importers of salt fish from the Pontus. The
statement that they were enfranchised because the Athe-
nians were so fond of salt fish is to be explained by the
fact that at a time when there was great scarcity at
Athens (326/5 B.C.) 153 Chaerephilus had made large
distributions of salt fish.
HARPALUS. Harpalus, the Macedonian treasurer
of Alexander, was granted citizenship shortly before
325/4 B. C. 154 Harpalus had given to Charicles, the son-
in-law of Phocion, the contract for erecting in Attica a
monument in honor of Pythionica, his mistress, together
147 Schaefer, op. cit., Ill, 51.
148 IG, IP, 350.
149 Ferguson, Athenian Secretaries, 40.
150 Din. 1. 43.
151 IG, IP, 417, 1152; II, 773.
152 iii. 119/.
153 Schaefer, op. cit., Ill, 296.
154 Kirchner, op. cit., I, No. 2251.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 53
with a large sum of money for the purpose. 155 The graft
from this contract immediately won Charicles' good-will.
The friendship of other Athenian public men, also,
was secured by means of presents. 156 Yet, in spite of the
fact that much of Harpalus' popularity was due to the
bribery of public men, the author of the satyric drama,
Agen, states that he was made a citizen because he had
sent to Athens large presents of grain :
caou<D [xuptaSa? TOV "AprcaXov
T(5v 'AfYJvoi; OUT, e
CTITOU Tuaparce^ai y,ac
rXu/,pa<; 6 <JITO<; OUTOS fy m
oXsOpou x-ou^ eTa(pa<; appajiwv.
This grant is to be explained by the same reason which
accounts for the honors paid to many other persons dur-
ing the years immediately preceding. 158 Before 330
B. C. Athens began to feel the effects of a scarcity of
grain. 159 In 330 B. C. Demosthenes 160 says that in war
time the necessaries of life had been cheaper and more
plentiful than under the existing peace. This want be-
came severe in 330 B. C. and continued until 325 B. C. 161 -
A special fund for the purchase of grain was begun and
voluntary contributions invited. Demosthenes as one of
the administrators of the fund contributed a talent. The
complainant in the speech Against Phormio 2 points to
the fact that he has imported and sold at a moderate price
ten thousand medimni of grain, and on a second occasion
contributed a talent to purchase grain for the people.
These two occasions were 330/29 B. C. and 328/7 B. C.
155 Flirt. Phoc. 22; Paus. i. 37. 4; Dicearch. fr. 72, ed. Didot.
156 Athen. xiii. 595c2 ff.
157 Ibid., 586d.
158 Schaefer, loc. cit.
159 Cf. IG, II 2 , 342 in which certain Tyrians are thanked for
shipments of grain to Athens.
160 18. 89.
161 Koehler, MAI, VIII (1883), 221.
162 39.
54 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
The Athenians honored Heraclides, a Salaminian, for
having sent three thousand medimni of grain at five
drachmae each (330/29 B.C.), and later for having con-
tributed to the demos three thousand drachmae for the
purchase of grain (328/7 B. C.). 163
EUPHRON. Euphron of Sicyon, the leader of the
national party in his native city, was granted citizenship
in 323/2 B. C. 164 Some years before 323 B.C. he had
been banished, but he returned before the Lamian war
and drove out the Macedonian garrison. Through his
efforts Sicyon was the first Peloponnesian state to join
Athens in the war against Antipater after the death of
Alexander. He himself announced this as ambassador,
These circumstances are given as the reason for granting
him citizenship: eTueiSY) Eu^pcov 'A8e Sty.uc(wo<; av[r)p
drfajOos &v wept TOV SYJIAOV TOV 'A6Y)va([(j>v xat vuv Y]y.(j>v
TOU YJ[Jiot> [T]OU Stx,u<dvc<i)v 7c[aY]f [eXXeTac TYJV
<TU|jL[jLa^ov [o'ja]av [ajj,uvetv(?) /.aia TG>V rcoXe^] toi
'A6Y]va(<i>v [TCPCI>]T[Y)]V [TCOV sv II eXoTuovv] ^cj(j>
- . IG, II 2 , 398 (ca. 320/19 B. C.) records a grant
of citizenship which was made for the following rea-
sons: . . .9v[Y]]<; 7ca[Tpty.Y)v i'^wv euvotav 7up]o TOV YJ[AO[V TOV
sf<; TY;V 'Acr([av
TY? s vaufjLaxta]? TYJS ev '
8{|j[(i)<TV y,at e^oSta Sou]? a7rs(jTiXe[v x,at atTio<;
VTO T]OU <jfa>6YJvai [/.at %TX0tv auTOu? /.]{ <77cav(.)<;
YVO{AVY)<; TOV (jJlTOV TOV V ['EXXYjdWOVTtj) ir(TTl] XfiV
(jt,[e5c(ivoy<; . . . 'AOViva^] ^avfipav %o[t(ov TY)V ^poq TOV
9tXoTtpt[(av]. The naval battle in the Hellespont, referred
to in line 7, was fought in 323/2 B. C. during the Lamian
war. "When reinforcements were in motion to join Anti-
pater, a Greek fleet under the command of the Athenian
admiral Evetion was in position near Abydus. It was,
however, defeated disastrously in a battle in the straits,
doubtless by the hundred and ten ships of Antipater, and
163 IG, II 2 , 360. Cf. Schaefer, op. cit., Ill, 295, n. 3.
164 IG, IP, 448,
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 55
only part of it succeeded in reaching the Piraeus in
safety." 165
ARISTONICUS. Aristonicus of Carystus, the ball-
player of Alexander, was granted citizenship in 319/8
B, C. 1 ' 06 Unfortunately the general motivation, as well as
the specific, is missing, but perhaps the phrase TCJ>
'A0Y]va:o)v 167 is part of the general statement of
In Athenaeus 168 we are told that Aristonicus was granted
citizenship and voted a statue because of his skill as a
ballplayer: cm 'ApcorTovwov, TOV KapusTtov, TOV 'AXe?avpou
, 'AOiqvatot icoXtttjv 7uotYJcravTO 8ta TY)V TS^VYJV y,ac
EVENOR. Evenor, a physician, was granted citizen-
ship between 318 and 307 B.C. 170 The reason is as follows:
Etrqvcop 6 t]Tpo? Tupoispov TS iu[aaav euvotav OITCO-
TW S^pLcp /.at [xp^t^ov iautov 7ua]pa/^v xaTa TYJV
;] T03[JL TUOXtTWV X.aj TO)V
i vuv &t[$&ttKs
TaX[avTov apYupcou]. Though we cannot learn the
exact connection in which Evenor's services were ren-
dered, we are told that he had contributed to the state a
talent of silver and that he had offered his services as a
physician to the people of Athens. 171 -
NEAEUS. Neaeus was granted citizenship about 307
B. C. 172 Although the part of the decree which contains
the specific reason is mutilated, it included contributions
for military purposes: STI 7upo<j7uecox, Neat[o<;] TCO
Srjf^G) ...... ] Ic, TOV TuoXqjiov. 173
- . An ancestor of Telesias of Troezen was
granted citizenship in 307-301 or 294/3 B. C. 174 The rea-
165 Ferguson, Hellen. Ath., 16 f.
166 7G, II 2 , 385.
167 Fr. b, 1. 3.
168 i. 19a.
169 See p. 85.
170 7G, IP, 374.
171 Cf. IG, IP, 483 (304/3 B. C.).
172 IG, IP, 553.
173 Ibid., 11. 9 f .
174 Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 314.
56 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
son is stated as follows: &IOTI tSta oi TeXeaiou rcpo-
xoXXa? xat [/,efa[Xa? *ap]0xi)V?at XP c ' a S V
,atp[ot? <7i>VpYoGv]Ts[<;] x,al x.otv[^] is
xal KOJT' tStav 'AO^vatcov ey,[a<7TOt?]. 175 His services were of
a financial and political character. The grant was made
"under the Democracy/' and the decree was moved by the
prominent democrat Stratocles. 176
NICON. Nicon of Abydus was granted citizenship in
303/2 B. C. 177 The reason is as follows : ewe 18*1 N(X.G>V
'AGuSiqvo? ex. TCOVTC? TOU ^povou euvou? cov StaisXet 19 8qm> T$
'A0Y]va((ov xat TOU? i^ncvoujicvw^ 'AOvjvaitoV st? "A^uSov tS(a TS
eu TCOIWV StaTsXec /.at Y3[xoa(a TupaiKOV ayaOov o Tt Suvaiai
TYJ? rcoXsfcx;, x,ai STCC TOU iroXs^ou TOU Tupoiepou TWV sx, T^
TuoXXoui; T(5v 7:oXtT(5v ffuvSteaqio-ev x,al e^oSia Sou? aTueaTeiXev si?
TYJV TuoXtv. The naval battle referred to was fought in
323/2 B. C. between the Athenian and Macedonian fleets
near Abydus. The Athenians were disastrously de-
feated as the inscription implies. 178
ALCAEUS. Alcaeus was granted citizenship in 303/2
B.C. 179 The reason given is: eirsc&Y) 'AXxatos 'Hpa([o]u
Atvto? Staiptgcov xapa TCO pa<rtX[e]t Ar^YjTpco StaieXet
6 it Suvaiat x,al Xoyoi y,at epTt^ w]epi TS TOU?
t^ta ['A0Y]]va((ov Tupo? TOV paaiXeta x,at x.ot[v(j] xept TOV
SYJJJLOV TOV 'AO^vatwv. In 305 B. C. Demetrius laid siege to
Rhodes. During this siege (304 B. C.) his camp was
visited by an embassy composed of more than fifty envoys
sent by Athens and other Greek states to induce him to
make peace with the Rhodians. In 304 B. C. Demetrius
returned to Athens and drove out the forces of Cassander.
During the winter of 304 he remained in Athens, and in
303 he marched into the Peloponnesus. During this
period Alcaeus made himself of service to Athens at the
court of Demetrius.
OXYTHEMIS. Oxythemis of Larisa was granted
175 7G, II 1 , 971, 11. 13-18.
176 Ibid., 1. 21.
177 7G, II 2 , 493+518; Wilhelm, op. tit., 271 ff.
178 Johnson, AJA, XVII (1913), 506-19.
179 7G, II 2 , 495.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 57
citizenship about 303/2 B. C. 180 The general reason is :
apTYJ<; evs[x,V TYJ<; Tcpo? TOU (3]aacXt<; x,at TO[V BY){JLOV TOV 'AOirj-
va] uov. He was a favorite of Demetrius and used his in-
fluence [<7uvaYcov(](70ac a7cpocpa<7i<jTG)[<; Tfl TS TG>V] paacXecov
:upoa&pjt [/.at TYJ TO>]V 'EXXVjvcov sXeuSspta. 181 The exact ser-
vice which he had rendered is not given, but the decree
states what he was expected to do after the grant : OTUWS
av TTcpiY)pivo<; UTCO TOW $Y)[j!,ou [iu] paTTfl x,ai uiuep T&V ITUTUSCOV T&V
OV ax; av u^ep luoXiT&v 6 it av uiuoXa^pavo <jupL9ep(s)tv
<T6)TY]ptaV. 182
SOLON. Solon of Bargylia was granted citizenship
in 303/2 B. C. 183 The general character of the services
which he had performed is shown by the motivation:
]v irapa T[CJ)
it
T TOU? (X^ixvciO(MVOU^ tSta
TOV ^a](7tXa x,[a]t y-otVY] [:upi T]OV SYJPLOV TOV
HERODORUS. Herodorus was granted citizenship in
295/4 B. C. 185 for the following reason: erce<8j) 'Hp6S&>p[os
vuv
Tp(](p a^aOov o TJ Suvaiat [7upTTt ^oivfj] TS uiufip TYJ?
v aet TO[U
t? Ol] TC[A<p0VT
TO]V paaiX^a Avj^Tptov a[uvaY(ovt(jaa0a]i T(j> ^jjxp S'K; TO
Xa6YJvas T^V] TS <?tX(av TY^V i:po? TOV [(taacXsa Avj^Tptov
xat OTUGX; av 6 &YJ[IO[S dhcaXXopfeig TO]U woXepiou TTJV Ta^taTC^v x.at
/.opita-apLfijvo? TO a'a 5Y][xoy,paT[(av Sta-usX^ ex](>v. 186 The im-
mediate service for which Herodorus was honored occur-
red when Athens was besieged by Demetrius. Lachares
the tyrant having defended the city until further opposi-
tion was useless disguised himself and made his escape.
The people joyfully admitted Demetrius and sent an em-
180 IG, IP, 558.
181 Ibid., 11. 12-14.
182 Ibid., 11. 31-36.
183 Wilhelm, op. cit., 274; IG, II 2 , 496+507.
184 Ibid., 11. 10-17.
185 7G, II s , 646.
186 Ibid., 11. 8-23.
58 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
bassy to arrange terms of peace with him. Demetrius
was very lenient, for, having assembled the citizens in the
theater, he appointed magistrates who were particularly
pleasing to the people. Also, in order to relieve the want
caused by the siege, he presented the people with one
hundred thousand medimni of grain. 187 Herodorus was
instrumental in securing these favorable terms for the
Athenians. 188
AESCHRON. Aeschron was granted citizenship in
288/7 B, C. 189 for the following reason : Ofi TOO
<7<OTYjp(a [<jovaY(ovt6{Jivo<; feiatfetiXexev /.at] vov TO>V
/.at TWV d'XXcov 'A|ji<pt/,Ti6v<!)v] T&V ev AeX<po[t<; 0:7109 a tvovTcov TC$>
OTI iut] Ato/.X0'.><; ap^o[vTO<; 'A6r;vat(dv Ttvaiv
fsXOs [vi6)v 7rpo06pi(i)<; S^T] ifaaTO (xsi
TOO TWV A{T6)Xo)v aipaTYjYoO] /.at aXXou? TWV sauT[ou ^t'Xwv iuapa-
sj^taaaio TOO? :uapav[o[jLOuvTa<; /.at eTuatr^aev TOO?
<7G)6YJvat /.at [ia ^pTQpiaTa T ap7ua<r9svTa] a::o/.aTS-
auio[t? gsgata [ASTO: TuaaYj? da9a]Xia<;. 1&0 The events
here narrated took place in 290 B. C. Delphi had fallen
into Aetolian hands and in the summer of this year the
Aetolians excluded all adherents of Demetrius, including
the Athenians, from the Pythian games. Certain Athe-
nians at Delphi were seized and their property taken.
Through the efforts of Aeschron and his friends these
Athenians were liberated and their possessions were re-
turned.
ARTEMIDORUS. Artemidorus was granted citizen-
ship in 288/7 B. C. 191 The reason given is as follows :
Y] 'ApT[Ato)po<; ......... epL TutdTsi /.at <ptXt'a cov ^aatXeox;
/,at aTuotTTeXXojjisvos OTCO TOO (SacrtXed)? Aoatpid^ou 7up6<;
TOV Y]PLOV /.aid Ta<; repeals] fa? [euvotav evBetavoiat
xat TO) BiQ[jL9 TC^ 'A0]Y)vatG)v xat [ ......... ? TOV
epi, x[av]Tt /.at[p(p ................. ] UTuep TOO
187 Plut. Demetr. 34.
188 Ferguson, Cornell Studies, X, 4; Hellen. Ath., 134 f.; Plut.
Zoc. cit.
189 Tarn, Antigonos Gonatas, 418 ff.
190 7G, II 2 , 652, 11. 3-14.
191 Johnson, AJA, XVIII (1914), 173, 184; IG, IP, 662, 663.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 59
o TI av $uvY)T]ac y.at iaiq TCpsa(3e[(at<; TONS aiuooTs] XXo[A-
vatc 7upo<; T.OV [(3a<rtXsa crttva*fttv(()}et<X( elg 6 it av auT[6v rcapa-
/.aXwacv] , 192 After the Macedonian garrison had been
driven out of the Museum the newly-established National-
ist government sent out various embassies to solicit aid
for Athens in view of the expected siege by Demetrius.
"Philippides went up to the court of Lysimachus in 299/8
B. C., when he secured a gift of corn for Athens and also
a mast and sail for the Panathenaic procession (7G, IP,
657). It is uncertain whether these gifts were obtained
as a result of one or more visits. Demochares went at
least twice to the same court, receiving at one time thirty,
and at another one hundred talents of silver. . . . The em-
bassies of Demochares were sent apparently ca. 288/7
B. C., not long after his restoration (Tarn, Antigonos
Gonatas, pp. 92 ff., 416 ff.)." 193 These embassies are
probably the ones referred to in the decree, 194 in connec-
tion with which services were rendered by Artemidorus
to Athens.
AUDOLEON. Audoleon, king of the Paeonians, re-
ceived Athenian citizenhsip in 287/6 B. C. 195 The reason
given is as follows: sC^st]^ 6 Ilatovov g[a(j]iXsu<; [A]u8<o-
X[r<j)]v iv. TCOV e[jL [TU] poaOs ^povcov e[uv]ou<; S<JTIV TC
[T]OU Si^[o]o TO
t [v] vo^(^<ov elvat
7ua[p]' e
8s
Scopsav
<T(OU<;
TOU? TYJS x6Xe(0<;, STuCalvyeXXsTat 8s /.at stq TO Xoix6[v]
[s]t? TS TYJV TOU Hstpatsox; xo{JLtS[-r)]v
x,at TY^V TYJ<; iu6Xs<o<; IXsuOsp([a]v. 196 Besides his general
192 Johnson's restoration.
193 Johnson, op. cit., 171 f.
194 LI. 2, 7.
195 7G, II 2 , 654.
196 Ibid., 11. 11-35.
60 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
attitude of friendliness toward the Athenian State, his
pleasure at hearing that the Macedonian garrison had
been driven out and that the Nationalist government was
in power, and his good treatment of the Athenians who
lived at his court or happened into his country, the dis-
tinction conferred upon him is chiefly based upon the
seventy-five hundred medimni of grain which he hur-
riedly despatched to Athens after the revolt of the city
from Demetrius. 197
STROMBICHUS. Strombichus received citizenship
in 280/79 B. C. 198 or 282/1 B. C. 199 In this decree the
reason is given in greater detail than in any other:
<JTpaTu6u.Vos rcpOTpo[v] rcapa A-rj^TpiCi) xat
a<JTt [AST [TCt]vOapou, Xapov-uc? TOU ST^OU TO?
oirXa UTcep TYJ<; eXeuO[spt]a? /.at -juapa7.aXoG[v]TO? v.<x\ TOUS <7Tpa-
Tt<dTa<; TtOsaOaCt Tu]po<; TY)|X TuoXiv Wjxouaev TG> 5^(0 ef<; TYJV
eXeuBepiav [xa]i eOeio T<* oirXa [Asia TYJ<; -juoXeoi? ot6|j.vo? Bstv pir,
vcty[T]aaOat TO) T^? xoXeto? uupKpepoVTi aXXa auvatTto?
Tfl a(i)TY)pta, ffuveTcoXtopy-et Se %ai TO Moi)(j[st]ov (JieTa [TO]U
x.]at
V T 1 TOU JLOU uvoa, X.a I TOU
? -?)[v luepi TOV SYJ^LOV x,at] dr
oua irapaYYXXot 6 aTpaTY]]y6<; y,[at 200 el? TO Xotiuov
fiT] at XpsldiC wap?<j[0at TW ^JJLCO TW 'AO^vatcov] . The
specific service for which Strombichus was honored was
his assistance in storming the Museum in 288 B. C. In
the spring of that year Demetrius had marched north to
meet his opponents, Lysimachus and Pyrrhus, in Mace-
donia, having left a garrison in the Museum to control
Athens. Upon the arrival of an Egyptian squadron the
Nationalist party rose and overthrew the Macedonian
garrison in an engagement which is described by Pausa-
nias: 201 "Some time afterwards a few men, bethinking
them of their forefathers, and of what a change had come
over the glory of Athens, without more ado put them-
197 Ferguson, Hellen. Ath., 147; Tarn, op. cit., 101.
198 IG, IP, 666, 667; Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 277.
199 Tarn, JHSt, XL (1920), 158.
200 Thus far from 666, the rest from 667.
201 i. 26. 1 f.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 61
selves under the command of Olympiodorus. He led
them, old men and striplings alike, against the Macedo-
nians, looking for victory rather to stout hearts than
strong arms. When the Macedonians marched out to
meet him he defeated them : they fled to the Museum, and
he took the place. Thus Athens was freed from the
Macedonians. All the Athenians fought memorably, but
Leocritus, son of Protarchus, is said to have been the
boldest in the action. For he was the first to mount the
wall and the first to leap into the Museum. He fell in
the fight and among other marks of honor which the
Athenians bestowed on him they engraved his name and
his exploit on his shield, and dedicated it to Zeus of Free-
dom/' 202 Strombichus, who was an officer of the Mace-
donian garrison, turned traitor to Demetrius and joined
the Athenians in storming the Museum. 203
. In 7G, IP, 717 (262-230 B.C.) citizenship
was granted because [-tot? JASV aiuocisXXoiJLevot? u]iuo TOU
S[YJ[JIOO aet Xsfwv x.at Tupaiicov T ffOpfcpovT] a TCJ) 8iq[A<p x,at [sv
xavtc x-atpcp TYJ? rcoXsox; TCS9p6vT] EX.SV, TOI? 5s XP t ' a< 5 [waps^o^e-
vof; ceo* auTOV 7:apY.aX] e<jav a i ju[o]Ssc7,vuiJLv[o<; TYJV TS <ptXoTt[jt,(av
x.ai TY]V sovo] '.av YJV ly&t ^po<; TYJV ic[6Xiv]. If the word aTUOUTeX-
Xofjisvoi? is correctly restored, the person here honored,
probably an official at a foreign court, had cared for the
representatives of Athens and had aided them in attain-
ing the object of their mission.
ALEXANDER. Alexander, son of Callistratus, a
Thessalian, was granted citizenship at the end of the
third century B.C. 204 The reason assigned is: ewetSt)
U7pY](7TOv eauTOv TU a p aay.su a^et x.at xotvjj y.<x\ tSctjt TO!<;
TOV TuoXtTtov. In 210 B. C. the Athenians joined
in an embassy to Philip V, who was at Phalara on the
Malian Gulf. Probably Alexander was a Macedonian
official and won the gratitude of the Athenians by his
hospitality and by furthering the interests of Athens at
court.
202 Frazer's translation.
203 Tarn, Antigonos Gonatas, 96; Ferguson, op. clt., 144 ff.
204 IG, II 2 , 850; Wilhelm, op. cit., 298.
62 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
RHODIANS. In 200 B.C. Attalus and Roman and
Rhodian envoys met at Athens to try to persuade the
Athenians to join in an alliance with them against Philip
of Macedonia. At an ecclesia summoned for the purpose
Attalus and the Rhodians presented their arguments in
such a convincing manner that the Athenians immedi-
ately decreed war against Philip. "They gave the Rho-
dians also a magnificent reception, and honored their
state with a crown of valour," y,ac rcaai 'PoSiois taoTuoXtietav 205
TO xaxeivotx; auiot? x<opt; v a^wv ia? TS vau<;
ia? afyP 105 ^ 100 ? T V0 ^va<; y.at TOUS avpa<;. 208
This seizure of Athenian warships and their crews was
made by the Macedonian fleet in 201 B. C., at about the
time when the raid of the Acarnanians and Macedonians
into Attica occurred. 207
PHILONIDES and his sons PHILONIDES and DI-
CAEARCHUS. Sometime before the date of 7G, II 2 , 1236
(200-150 B. C.) Philonides and his two sons, natives of
Laodicea, were granted citizenship. The reason is only
partly preserved : [v.<xl TOI? waporfsvojtevoe? ::] apa TOU S-^JJLOU
TOU? (ta<7tXe[i<; TupeagsuTat? <joviqpYt pisTa aTcou&YJs] %ai dta
y.<x\ Tag aXXa? euepY$(rtiX{ a? TUO[CWV ScaTSTsXey-e TOV SYJ^OV
6 SYJIJLOC TcoXtTeca auTOv TS x,aj TOU? uou? au[Toa]. 208
It will be admitted at once that nearly all of these
grants were made for public service and fall under the
law of av5paYa0(a. 209 That such cases as the Plataeans in
205 Szanto, Griech. Biirgerr., 68 f., 79.
206 Polyb. xvi. 28; Ferguson, op. tit., 272.
207 Ferguson, op. cit., 268, n. 4.
208 In the following decrees citizenship was granted for a
similar reason: IG, IP, 889 (ca. 190 B.C.), 893 (ca. 188/7 B.C.),
922 (200-168 B.C.), 954 (168-159 B.C.), 979 (168-129 B.C.).
209 Public service, or service to the state, did not always
mean service to the existing government or to the party in power.
This is most strikingly illustrated by the honors conferred upon
Thrasybulus, Apollodorus, and Eucles. Philip of Macedon was
honored after the battle of Chaeronea, when the Macedonian party
in Athens gained control of affairs through the reaction of feeling
produced by Philip's unexpected generosity. Furthermore, one
political party sometimes canceled the honors which the party pre-
viously in power had granted on the ground of public service (cf.
IG, IP, 6, 9, 52, 448). Public service, therefore, must be under-
stood as a relative term.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 63
519 B. C. and Sadocus in 431 B. C., in which the grant
was made to the people or the ruler with whom Athens
contracted an alliance, also come under the law of avSpa-
7a0ta is certain. For there are many cases in which the
grant is made explicitly under this law to subordinate
officials who merely conducted the negotiations for the
parties to the alliance. And Euphron of Sicyon, who led
his city into an alliance with Athens in 323 B. C., was
granted citizenship under the law of avSpayaOia. When
an alliance was formed with a foreign nation citizenship
was sometimes granted to the people en masse, as in the
case of a democracy, or to the ruler, as in the case of a
monarchy. Accordingly, the law of av8paya6(a was in
existence throughout the period covered by the foregoing
grants, i. e., from 519 B. C. to the second century B. C. 210
Having determined the period during which the opera-
tion of the law of avSpa-f a0c'a is proved by actual instances,
our next inquiry is whether there is any evidence of the
existence of any other law during this period, especially
of the Solonian law concerning exiles and permanent
settlers. 211
Only the case of Astycrates 212 invites further consider-
ation. The decree makes no direct reference to av&pa-fa-
6ta, but states in the motivation the fact that Astycrates
has been exiled. Is this an example of the application
of the law concerning exiles which was introduced by
Solon ? First let us look at the decree itself. The reason
given is that Astycrates ivas exiled, not that he is an ex-
ile. Further, the motion immediately following the mo-
tivation annuls the actions brought against Astycrates at
the time of his banishment: Taq i/iv [Sc'x-aq Ta? x]a-ua 'AJTU-
xai TWV [AST' [auiou Y T e l VYj^sva? ev 'ApfiXTittrcv [TS-
efvai] , 213 The Athenians voted against the opponents
of Astycrates because he had been exiled rcapa TOUS
210 Beyond this point evidence is lacking.
211 The cases of the Thessalians and Andrians (p. 39) and of
Aristonicus (p. 55) are only apparent exceptions to the lav/ of
avSpayaS&a, as will be shown elsewhere (pp. 85, 88).
212 IG, IP, 109 (363/2 B. C.). See p. 43.
213 Ibid., 11. 22-25.
64 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
TCDV 'AM^CtK'novcDv xi] TOU? AsX^wv. 21 - 4 It was not the
fact that Astycrates was an exile which enlisted the sup-
port of the Athenians, but the reason for which he had
been exiled, and this reason must have affected Athenian
interests. The reason has already been given 215 and its
connection with Athenian interests seems simple. Alex-
ander of Pherae was an ally of Athens, and when the
Phocians refused to follow the Thebans against him their
action worked to the advantage of Athens. So Asty-
crates and his ten associates supported the Phocians "im
sicheren Gefiihl der Ruckendeckung durch Athen und
Sparta, vielleicht auch auf deren Veranlassung, gegen
die phokerfeindliche, mit Boeotien und Thessalien sym-
pathisierende Hauptmasse der delphischen Biirger." 216
Perhaps the clause, wept &v Xefei 'A<jTu*p [aiir;<; 6 AsX<p6] $ x,a,
01 [xei 7 auTou, 217 recounted his services to Athens in this
connection. Thus the case of Astycrates can be explained
easily under the law of avSpayaOca.
Other evidence indicates that this is the correct inter-
pretation. First, all other grants of citizenship to ex-
iles, in which a reason is given, were made under the law
of avSpayaOfa: Plataeans, 427 B.C.; Pytho and Heracli-
des, 360 B. C. ; Phormio and Carphinas, 338/7 B. C. ; and
Pisithides, ca. 331 B. C. The grant to Pytho and Hera-
elides was made within three years of that to Astycrates.
Second, many exiles who sought refuge at Athens were
honored, but did not receive citizenship. Decrees of this
class are 7G, II 2 , 12, 33, 37, 81, 109, 211, 218, 226, 237,
245, 254, 435, 545. Also, the Byzantians who betrayed
their city to Athens in 389 B. C., when later expelled
from their country, found an asylum at Athens, but did
not receive citizenship. 218 Even Astycrates' ten compan-
ions in exile were not granted citizenship. Third, in al-
most all decrees in which any honors are granted to ex-
iles explicit reference is made to their ovSpayaOfa. These
214 Ibid., 11. 17 f.
215 See p. 43.
216 Pomtow, op. cit., 94.
217 7G, IP, 109, 11. 8 f.
218 Dem. 20. 60.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 65
facts show that banishment in itself was not sufficient to
secure a grant of citizenship, while Mg<x^M<x was essen-
tial for all honors. The motivation of IG, II 2 , 545, in
which aTeXsat? TOU [/,TO(X,OO was granted to Thessalian ex-
iles, is an excellent example of this: [STUSC]^ sTiaXos ?tXoc
O[VT<; TOU S-rjpiou TOU 'A9Yjva(<ov 9 [SUYOUTW ? @TTaX[ia<;]. And
Demosthenes, 219 in reference to the Byzantians who were
exiled after 389 B.C., says: &v, & av8pe$ 'AOqvaTot,
upia<; 7upo<7YJy., rcpo$sviav, euepYsai'av, aifiXfitav aicavtav. Further,
the experience of two exiles, Apollonides an Olynthian,
and Pitholaus a Thessalian, makes this point clear. They
were granted citizenship, but were deprived of that privi-
lege afterwards. Yet they had not been recalled to their
native cities ; they still remained exiles- They lost their
distinction because it was proved that they had not
earned it 81' avSpa-faOtav. 220 Though banishment was the
occasion of the grant of citizenship or other honor, yet
the Mp<xfM<x of the exile was the reason, and, as in the
case of Astycrates and his companions, the honor be-
stowed was proportionate to the value of the service ren-
dered.
The foregoing evidence shows clearly that the case of
Astycrates must be classified under the law of avSpayaOca.
There is, therefore, no positive evidence of the applica-
tion of the law for exiles in post-Solonian times ; and the
fact that in numerous cases, where the law for exiles
would have been applied if it had been in use, honors
were granted to exiles for their avpafa0(a suggests that
ihe law for exiles was never used after the introduction of
the law of avSpa^aOta, which was already in operation in
519 B. C.
Likewise, there is no positive evidence of the applica-
tion of the law for permanent settlers during this period.
Instances of the admission of metics are few in compari-
son with the total number living at Athens, 221 - and those
219 Loc. tit.
220 [Dem.] 59. 91; Dem. 9. 56; Aristot. Rhet. UWa 17.
221 Clerc, Les Meteques Atheniens, 224.
66 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
who were admitted were taken in on the ground of
ovSpafaOja. Furthermore, various statements point to
the conclusion that this law also was never used after the
introduction of the law of avSpayaOta. Lycurgus 222 speaks
of a motion to make svoc Athenians in such terms of re-
proach as would scarcely have been used, had such a
practice been a regular usage. Xenophon, writing On
Revenues about the year 353 B. C., recommends various
ways of attracting foreigners to settle in Athens, and
suggests various privileges and immunities which might
be granted to them in order that the state might receive
an income from the tax imposed on aliens. His sugges-
tion would be of no value, if permanent settlers, as such,
were admitted to citizenship. The statement of Diodo-
rus that permanent settlers, or metics, who enlisted in
the navy before the battle of Arginusae in 406 B. C., were
admitted to citizenship makes it appear improbable that
this law was in operation at that time. Also, note that
"Themistocles persuaded the people to grant the resident
aliens and the craftsmen immunity from special bur-
dens [not citizenship], so that many people might come
to the city from all parts and they might easily establish
more crafts." 223 And lastly the statement of Aristotle 224
that Clisthenes enrolled in the tribes many $evou<; y.<z\
SouXous juTofoous shows that already at that time the ad-
mission of permanent settlers had ceased to be a regular
practice.
The evidence has led to the inference that the Solonian
law concerning exiles and permanent settlers was not in
operation after the introduction of the law of avSpayaOia.
The wording of the latter law confirms this conclusion.
The law reads as follows : (IYJ e^sivat rconqaaaSat 'AOqvaVov ov
av {AY] t' dv8paYa6(av e't TOV SYJIIOV TOV 'ABrjvaioiv a$cov -f) fevsaOat
xoXtTY)v "that it be not permitted to make anyone an
Athenian unless he shall be worthy to become a citizen
on account of his good services to the state." 225 Since no
222 In Leocr. 41 (330 B. C.).
223 Diodor. xi. 43. 3.
224 Pol. iii. 12756 37.
225 [Dem.] 59. 89.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 67
one could be made an Athenian unless he was a benefac-
tor of the state, obviously an exile or permanent settler,
as such, could not be granted citizenship, but only an
exile or permanent settler who had proved himself a
friend of the Athenian State.
It has been shown that by 519 B. C. the law of avSporfa-
6(a was in operation and the Solonian law had ceased to
be applied. When we come to inquire at what time in the
sixth century and by what steps the transition occurred,
we are treading upon very uncertain ground. We have
seen that the law of Mporfaftia is restrictive. Further,
this law is not confined to exiles and permanent settlers,
yet there is no reference in it to any change in the class
of persons affected. It seems reasonable to conclude
from this that the law of avSpayaOea placed a limitation,
not upon the Solonian law, but upon a subsequent law or
practice, perhaps a reaction to the ante-Solonian practice.
Whether it was by custom or by legislation that a more
liberal policy came into existence after the time of Solon
is impossible to determine. Solon restricted citizenship
by birth to children of Athenian parents and limited
citizenship by grant to foreigners who adopted Athens
as their future residence, believing in "Athens only for
the Athenians." About the time of Damasias the laws
concerning admission by birth were relaxed, and perhaps
during the years of disturbance which followed Solon the
law concerning admission by grant felt the same ten-
dency. Then, too, the qualification of "permanent settler"
might easily be abused. If Damasias admitted v69oc to
gain supporters, 220 the admission of aliens may have been
resorted to in a similar way for political purposes. Fol-
lowing this broadening of the Solonian law the law of
avSpayaOta may have been introduced, without limitation
of residence, but with a qualification of service.
The introduction of the law of avSpcrfcKh'a marks a dis-
tinct change of policy, and that change must have been to
the advantage of the Athenians. An idea of this change
in conditions may be gathered from the essential differ-
226 O. Miiller, op. cit., 844.
68 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
ences between the Solonian law and the law of a
First, the privileges of citizenship were again thrown
open to others besides exiles and permanent settlers. This
may have been done for economic reasons, for many of
the industrial and commercial leaders whose business
was essential to Athens did not reside there permanently.
Among them were "the aliens" who, contrary to Solon's
intention when he issued his restriction, may have been
driven away by such discriminations as the rule that "it
is not lawful for any alien to traffic in the market" with-
out paying the aliens' toll. 227 It was politic, at least, to
retain their favor by making them eligible to the privi-
leges of citizenship, which would be useful as well as
honorary, and thus to place them on a more equal basis
with permanent settlers. Second, the substitution of
avSpafaOca for banishment or permanent settlement as the
condition of admission to citizenship and the refusal any
longer to receive exiles and permanent settlers, as such,
is a very significant fact. We cannot assert that under
the Solonian law all permanent settlers were admitted to
citizenship, yet, as no further condition is stated, we
assume that the proportion was large. 228 Under the law
of av8p<rra6(a instances of the admission of metics are few
in comparison with the total number living at Athens. 229
Yet the commercial and industrial opportunities which
Athens offered to enterprising foreigners drew them
thither in increasing numbers. The Athenians continued
to welcome them and sometimes offered them special in-
ducements to come, but as a class they were excluded
from the citizen-body. This fact has a double significance.
Solon excluded aliens from trafficking in the market in
order that business might not pass entirely into the hands
of foreigners. 230 Now, from one point of view, the ad-
mission of permanent settlers by Solon's law violated the
spirit of this principle, but it affected the Athenians in a
still more sensitive spot, i. e., their political rights. "In-
227 Dem. 57. 31, 34.
228 See Clerc, op. tit., 322 f. for contrary view.
229 Ibid., 224.
230 Ibid., 334.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 69
soferne als die Erweiterung der Zahl der Entscheiden-
den die Macht des Einzelnen naturgemass einschrankt,
ist jede Verleihung zugleich eine Selbsteinschrankung
der Burger." 231 The regular application of such a law
as Solon's, which evidently placed the new citizen on a
level with the old, was certainly not pleasing to the demo-
cratic element in a small citizen-body, 232 and might have
become a menace to their political power. Isocrates, 233
after lamenting the fact that aliens are taking the place
of the Athenians lost in war, utters this principle: KCHTOI
r TroXtv [xev e&atftovfctv JJLY) TYJV 15 ororovTtoV av6pcoTCG>v st)qj
XiTs a6po(ouaav, aXXa TY)V TO fevos T<5v e? apxfc ^T*
oixtaravTtov piaXXov T&V aXXcov Scaaco^ouuav. The law of
ia, therefore, was a measure of protection. How-
ever, this law brought not only a negative, but also a
positive advantage. Its introduction seems to mark the
beginning of the importance of the metic class. 234 As
before the class of metics contributed to the industrial
progress of Athens and to her military strength, but now
they formed an appreciable source of revenue, for each
permanent settler was subject to an annual tax which
went into the Athenian treasury. We do not know when
the metic tax was instituted, but it is certain that the
metics were not of importance as a source of revenue un-
til they ceased to be taken into the citizen-body regularly.
In view of the character of the results attending the intro-
duction of the law of avSpayaeta, might it not be assigned
to the period immediately following the expulsion of Da-
masias, when the fact that two archons were chosen from
the Demiurgi shows that the industrial class had gained
a position of power in the government?
Grants of Citizenship to Literary Men
One class of grants requires special consideration be-
cause at first glance it appears difficult to explain them
231 Szanto, op. cit., 8.
232 O. Muller, op. cit., 858.
233 8. 89.
234 See Clerc, op. cit., 329-35 for a different view.
70 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
under the law of avSpa^aOca, or public service. The per-
sons who are honored in these grants belong to the do-
main of literature. Unfortunately our task is made
more difficult by the scarcity of the material and by the
untrustworthy character of much of the evidence which
we possess. In the first place there is no extant Attic de-
cree in which citizenship is bestowed upon a person whose
chief occupation was of a literary character. Further-
more, we lack any reference to such an event in any
classical author, and are dependent upon the lexicograph-
ers and combinations of separate references. Evidence
of the latter kind is furnished by the application, in dif-
ferent sources, of different ethnica to the same person.
A combination of these ethnica will sometimes show that
the person concerned had been admitted to citizenship.
The evidence for the enfranchisement of foreign literary
men follows, in chronological arrangement.
DIONYSIUS. A decree 235 of 368 B. C. made Diony-
sius, king of Sicily, an Athenian. He competed at least
three times in the tragic contests at Athens. However,
this is not a typical case of the enfranchisement of a poet,
for Dionysius was primarily a ruler, not a poet, and, as
we have seen, 236 the motive of the grant was purely po-
litical.
ANTIPHANES. The comic poet Antiphanes, accord-
ing to Suidas, 237 was a native of Ceos, Smyrna, or Rhodes,
or, according to Anonym. De com., 238 of Larissa in Thes-
saly. The latter authority also states that he was made
an Athenian citizen through the agency of Demosthenes.
This statement is perfectly possible, whether we assign to
Antiphanes the dates 408/5-334/1 B. C., 239 or preferably
388/5-314/0 B. C. 240
235 7G, IP, 103. Cf. Ep. Phil 10.
236 P. 42.
237 S. v. 'AvTi<pVY)S.
238 Kaibel, 9.
239 According to Suidas and Anonym. De com.
240 Capps, AJPh, XXI (1900), 58; Wilhelm, Urkunden Dra-
matischer Auffuhrungen in Athen, 55 ff.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 71
POLUS. The tragic actor Polus was an Aeginetan. 241
He was admitted to Athenian citizenship as a Sunian
about 318-315 B. C. 242
PHILEMON. The comic poet Philemon was born
abroad, but later moved to Athens and there received
citizenship before 307/6 B. C. His birthplace is vari-
ously given as Syracuse, 243 or Soli in Cilicia. 244 The
nature of the evidence favors Syracuse. 245 The fact of
his enfranchisement is attested by three sources, in two
of which he is enrolled in the deme Diomeia. 246
APOLLODORUS. The case of the Apollodori is dif-
ficult and much discussion has not cleared it up entirely. 247
Three poets named Apollodorus are mentioned in litera-
ture, an Athenian, 248 a Geloan, 249 and a Carystian. 250
Meineke 251 says that there were two Apollodori, Kaibel 252
reduces the number to one, and Capps 253 has brought
proof from the inscriptions in support of Meineke's
opinion. The view that there were two Apollodori is the
more reasonable. Which two are to be identified?
Chronological considerations make it clear that the Ge-
loan and the Carystian were different persons. 254 The
241 Plut. Dem. 28.
242 riwXos XapwXeous (Luc. Necyom. 16); O'Connor, Chap-
ters in the History of Actors and Acting in Ancient Greece, p. 128,
No. 421. But cf. Schaefer, op. cit., I, 244.
243 <p. {JLSV oOv Aa{XG>vo<; Supax.6<7io<; (Anonym. De com,., Kaibel,
9); <5. Supa/.6<7co<; uto<; Aa^wvo? (Suid. s. v. c&tXqpuov) ; <. Aapico-
vo? S-jpaxoffios (IG, XIV, 1221).
244 Strabo xiv. 67.
245 Cf. Dietze, De Phil com., 4, n. 6.
246 IG, II, 1289 (307/6 B.C.); IG, III, 948 (333 B.C.);
Anonym. De com., Kaibel, 9.
247 Meineke, Hist. Grit., 462; Kaibel, Pauly-Wiss., I, 2, 2852,
s. v. Apollodoros; Capps, op. cit., 45 ff.; Krause, De Apollodoris
comicis.
248 Suid. s. v. 'AiuoXXoSopos.
249 Ibid.
250 Suid. s. v. <7TCOu5a<o. Cf. Athen. iii. 125a; vii. 280cZ.
251 Loc. cit.
252 Loc. cit.
253 Op. cit., 49.
254 Ibid.
72 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
fragments quoted from the Athenian poet show that he
was either the Geloan or the Carystian. Therefore, one
or the other received Athenian citizenship. The articles
in Suidas, 255 as well as the greater reputation of the Cary-
stian, suggest that the Athenian and the Carystian are
identical. 256
DIODORUS. The comic poet Diodorus, a native of
Sinope, is called an Athenian in Auctor Lex. Hermann.,
324. 257 In a sepulchral inscription 258 the deme-name
SYjuax&ifjs is attached to the name AtoBwpo?, while the eth-
nic appellation Stvurceus is attached to the names of his
father Dio and his brother Diphilus. The identity of
Diodorus and Diphilus with the comic poets of those
names is very probable. Considerations of time and na-
tionality support it. 259 If Diodorus is identical with the
Diodorus StvoTceu? who appeared as *(0|ji(d$6<; at Delos in
the years 286 and 282 B. C., possibly he did not receive
his grant of citizenship until after the latter date. 260
HERACLITUS. The tragic actor Heraclitus is called
'ApYeios in SGDI, 2563, 1. 39 (272 B.C.), and 'AOyjvatos
in SGDI, 2566, 1. 51 (269 B.C.). In each case the
father's name is Dio. 261
CHRYSIPPUS. The Stoic philosopher Chrysippus of
Soli, son of Apollonius of Tarsus, went to Athens about
260 B. C., where he became the pupil of Cleanthes. After
the death of Cleanthes in 232/1 B. C. he succeeded him as
head of the school. At some time between his arrival at
Athens and his death in 208/4 B. C. he was admitted to
citizenship. 262
255 S. vv. 'ArcoXXoSopos 'AO-qvatcx; and 'AxoXXoScopos
256 Capps, loc. cit.
257 Robinson, Ancient Sinope, 270 f.j Capps, AJA, IV (1900),
83, n. Cf. Wilhelm, op. cit., 60 f.
258 IG, II, 3343.
259 Wilhelm, loc. cit.
260 Capps, op. cit., 83; BCH, VII (1883), 104, 106; Robinson,
AJPh, XXV (1904), 184 if.; Ancient Sinope, 270.
261 Preuner, Delph. Weihgeschenk, 76; O'Connor, op. cit. t p.
99, No. 218.
262 Plut. De Stoic, rep. 1034a; Pauly-Wiss., Ill, 2, 2502, s. v.
Chrysippos.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 73
POLEMON. Polemon, a Stoic philosopher and a
noted grammarian, lived at the beginning of the second
century B. C. He was a native of Samos or Sicyon ac-
cording to Athenaeus, 263 or of Ilium according to Sui-
das. 264 He received Athenian citizenship. 265
CARNEADES. The philosopher Carneades was a na-
tive of Gyrene 266 and lived from 214/3 to 129/8 B. C. He
early came to Athens, where he attended the lectures of
the Stoics. He attached himself to the Academy and
upon the death of Hegesinus he became head of the school.
Between 178 and 175 B, C. Attalus and Ariarathes dedi-
cated to Carneades a statue which bears the inscription,
KapvsaSyjv 'A^vcsa. 267 As Carneades was enrolled in the
deme Azenia he had been admitted to Athenian citizen-
ship. He became head of the school about 180 B. C. The
grant occurred between this date and 178-175 B. C. 268
DIOMEDES. "The comic poet Diomedes, whose
statue was set up in the theatre (7G, III, 952), is found
in an inscription from Magnesia on the Meander (MAI,
XIX, 96) as A. 'A6Y)vo&<opou nspYa^vo?; but in a dedication
in his honor found at Epidaurus ('9. 'Ap^. 1883, 27) we
have A. 'AOyjvoScopou 'A0Y]vato?." 269 His Athenian citizen-
ship is also shown by the fact that as a tragic actor he
was a representative of the Athenian guild of technitae
at Delphi in 106 B. C. 270
CAPITO. In a dedicatory inscription 271 found in the
Athenian theatre the poet Quintus Pompeius Capito is
called both nepya^vos and 'AS-qvato?. It is very proba-
ble that Capito was granted Athenian citizenship. 272
263 vi. 234d.
264 S. v. IIoXq/,<av.
265 Ibid.
266 Diog. Laert. iv. 62; Suid. s. v. KapveaSr;?.
267 IG, II, 1406.
268 Ferguson, Klio, VIII (1908), 352.
269 Capps, AJPh, XXI (1900), 47, n. 2.
270 BCH, XXX (1906), p. 288, No. 50, 1. 34; O'Connor, op.
cit., p. 72 and p. 92, No. 145.
271 7G, III, 769.
272 Capps, loc. cit.
74 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
There remain a number of cases in which, although the
circumstances have suggested a grant of citizenship, yet
the evidence is not sufficiently strong to be accepted as
conclusive.
ARISTOPHANES. Suidas 273 calls Aristophanes a
Rhodian or Lydian, and cites others as authority for
Egyptian or Camirean, adding that he was enrolled in
the citizen-body. Heliodorus 274 says that he was born at
Naucratis. Furthermore, lines 646-654 of the Acharn-
ians indicate that there was some connection between
Aristophanes and Aegina. 275 On the other hand IG, II 2 .
865 gives his name under the deme KuSaO^vatov, and CIG,
6030 gives 'A. ^tXt^irtSou 'AO^vato?. Both the character
and the weight of the evidence make Aristophanes a
native Athenian. 276
In only one case is it possible to discern the source of
the opinion that Aristophanes was not a native Athenian,
namely, that which assigns, him to Aegina. Kaibel 277 ad-
vocates the view, restated by Kent 278 that "the most prob-
able explanation derived from the scholia is that
either he or his father was a cleruch in the division of the
island amongst Athenian settlers in 431." Van Leeu-
wen 279 believes that Philip, the father of Aristophanes,
was one of the Aeginetans who emigrated to Athens and
there received citizenship a generation before the begin-
ning of the Peloponnesian war.
METAGENES. Metagenes, a comic poet contempo-
rary with Aristophanes, was the son of a slave and also
an Athenian, according to Suidas. 280
273 S. v. 'Apcc7TO?avY)<;.
274 Athen. vi. 229e.
275 Cf. Schol. Achar. 653 f.; Vita Aristoph. in Schol. Aristoph.,
Diibner, xxvii, 11. 32 ff.; Schol. Plato Apol. 19c.
276 'A. $tX(icTCOu, TO Be ysvo? 'A0Y]vato?, T<DV S-^JKOV KuBaS-r;-
vateu<;, Ilctv&tovtdo? <puXYJ<; (Vita Aristoph. in Schol. Aristoph.,
Diibner, xxvii, 11. 1-3) ; 'A. <{Xt7U7UOO, 'A0Y)vaio? (Anonym. De
com., Kaibel, 8).
277 Pauly-Wiss., II, 1, 971, s. v. Aristophanes.
278 CR, XIX (1905), 155.
279 Proleg. ad Aristoph., 39.
280 S. v.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 75
NICOMACHUS. Suidas 281 cites two different persons
named Nicomachus, one an Alexandrian, the other an
Athenian. The two are to be identified as one. 282 So we
are dealing with a Nicomachus 'AXe$av5peu? TYJS TP<OCX,YJS q
DIOCLES. Diocles, the comic poet of the fifth cen-
tury, bears the double ethnicon 'AO-qvatos ^ $Xia<jto<;. 284
MELETUS. Meletus, the father of Socrates' accuser,
is called pa? fevo?. 283 But his son is called IIcT0e6<; by
Diogenes Laertius 286 and Plato. 287 From these state-
ments we can conclude nothing as to the enfranchisement
of Meletus himself, although his family may have been of
Thracian origin.
ALEXIS. Suidas 288 states two facts concerning
Alexis' nationality: (1) he was a Thurian; (2) he was
the uncle of Menander. Menander was an Athenian citi-
zen, the son of Diopithes, of the deme Cephisia. 289 If
both these statements are true, then Alexis may have been
an Athenian by grant. But the second point, that Alexis
was Menander's uncle, is questionable. It may have
arisen from the fact that Menander was the pupil of
Alexis. 290 But, even granting the relationship between
Alexis and Menander, we cannot make out a clear case of
citizenship by grant. We have no information that Dio-
pithes was other than a native Athenian. If the family
was of Italian origin, it was probably the father of Dio-
pithes and Alexis who was made an Athenian. He emi-
grated to Athens and received citizenship soon after
281 S. v.
282 Meineke, op. tit., 496.
283 Krause, op. tit., 11.
284 Suid. s. v. AtOY.XY)<;.
285 Schol. Plato Apol. 186.
286 ii. 40.
287 Euthyphr. 26.
288 S. v. "AXe?c$.
289 GIG, 6084.
290 Kaibel, Pauly-Wiss., I, 2, 1468, s. v. Alexis; Kirchner, op.
tit., I, No. 549. Suidas confuses Alexis with Antiphanes, assign-
ing Stephanus, the son of Antiphanes, to Alexis. (Anonym. De
com., Kaibel, 9).
76 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
Dionysius crushed Thurii in 390 B. C. As the children
are also included in the grant, Diopithes 291 and Alexis 292
would have been enrolled in the deme of their father as
Athenian citizens. Then the ethnicon Ooupto? used by
Suidas could be given no official significance, and not even
a personal application. Again, if we suppose that Dio-
pithes himself was granted citizenship an act which is
nowhere alluded to we have no evidence whatever to
prove that Alexis also received citizenship. Therefore,
for lack of evidence, Alexis must be left out of the list of
ARISTODEMUS. The actor Aristodemus was born
at Metapontum in Italy : MsuaTrovTcvo? 8' YJV TO fsvoq. 294 He
was a member of the Athenian embassy to Philip in 346
B. C. 295 This fact is regarded as conclusive proof but
perhaps hastily that he had received Athenian citizen-
ship. 296
NEOPTOLEMUS. The actor Neoptolemus was a na-
tive of Scyros : 6 NsoxToXe^o? S/.upto? yjv. 297 He was active in
political life, being sent by Philip, together with Aristo-
demus, to the Athenians with declarations of friendship.
O'Connor 298 thinks it probable that he was made an Athe-
nian citizen in view of his influence in bringing the Athe-
nians to accept the peace with Philip. Kirchner 299 states
the possibility that Neoptolemus was made an Athenian,
on the ground of Schaefer's 300 assertion that only Athe-
nian actors might appear on the stage at Athens. How-
291 Born in 385/4 B. C. (Kirchner, op. cit., I, No. 4319).
292 Born in 376 B. C. (Capps, op. cit., 59).
293 Whether the Alexis 'AXs?i8o<; e? Oio-u referred to by Steph.
Byz. (s. v. OIov) is Alexis the poet we cannot say. Of course
they can be identical only in case Alexis is not the uncle of Me-
nander.
294 Schol. Aeschines 2. 15.
295 Hypothesis II. 2 to Dem. 19.
296 Schaefer, op. cit., I, 246; Judeich, Pauly-Wiss., II, 1, 923,
s. v. Aristodemos; O'Connor, op. cit., p. 82, No. 62.
297 Schol. Dem. 5. 6.
298 Op. cit., p. 119, No. 359.
299 Op. cit., II, No. 10647.
300 Op. cit., I, 246. Cf. Van Leeuwen, op. cit., 42.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 77
ever, this assumption is groundless, for the Athenian
victors'-lists show that many members of the Athenian
guild were not Athenians. 301 Kirchner's 302 suggestion
of a relationship between Neoptolemus of Scyros 303 and
Neoptolemus the Athenian 304 is also problematical. There
is no conclusive evidence that Neoptolemus was granted
citizenship.
AMPHIS. In a decree of the year 332/1 B.C. 305
Amphis is called an Andrian : "Avcpts At ...... "AvSpto?.
The name "Api<pcs is not Attic. 306 Suidas 307 calls him an
Athenian. We cannot include Amphis in the list of
SYJULOTCOIYJTOC unless we are certain that Suidas used the eth-
nicon in its official sense.
DIPHILUS. Diphilus was a native of Sinope. 308 On
the other hand Auctor Lex. Hermann., 324 makes him
a member of the Athenian deme Stjpiax&ai. Evidently
the latter was deceived by the fact that Diphilus lived at
Athens, for on his grave-stone he still bore the ethnicon
SOSITHEUS. Sositheus, a tragic poet of the time of
Ptolemy II, bears three ethnica: Supax,ouaio? Y) 'AOY]vato?,
[xaXXov Se 'AXe^avSpeu? TYJS Tpocx-YJs 'AXe^avpSeca?. 310
HEDYLUS. Hedylus, a poet of the third century
B. C., is designated as 6 Sajuo? ^ 'AOqvatoq by Athenaeus. 311
Besides those cases which must be dismissed because
the evidence is not conclusive, the cases of Metagenes,
Nicomachus, Diocles, Alexis, Amphis, Sositheus, and
Hedylus raise a question which must be answered in the
affirmative before a grant of citizenship may be assumed.
301 O'Connor, op. tit., p. 72.
302 LOG. cit.
303 O'Connor, op. cit., p. 119, No. 359.
304 Ibid., p. 120, No. 360.
305 IG, IP, 347.
306 Kirchner, op. cit., I, No. 785.
307 S. v. "A|A<pi.
308 Strabo xii. 3. 11; Anonym. De com., Kaibel, 10.
309 IG, II, 3343. Cf. Diodorus on p. 72.
310 Suid. s. v. S<ocri6sos.
311 vii. 297a.
78 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
Do the lexicographers, particularly Suidas, use ethnica
consistently in their official sense to denote citizenship in
the places mentioned?
This plurality of ethnica arose from the fact that Sui-
das used several sources, in which he found different na-
tionalities attributed to the same person. How did this
difference arise in the sources, and do the ethnica there
imply citizenship ? In some instances it is apparent that
there was general agreement as to the region from which
a person had come, the difference resulting from the
necessity of choosing one of a number of places closely
situated to one another. Thus Stesichorus is said to
come from Sicily or Italy; Simonides from Carystus or
Euboea ; Choerilus from Samos, lasus, or Halicarnassus ;
and Mimnermus from Colophon, Smyrna, or Astypalaea.
But a more prolific source of the plurality of ethnica is
to. be found in the fact that poets were in the habit of
traveling from place to place to exhibit their productions.
Aeschylus, Ion, Alexis, Antiphanes, Diphilus, Diodorus,
Pratinas, Aristias, Apollodorus, Aristarchus, Achaeus,
and others changed their place of residence at one time or
another. In some cases this fact was known and noted ; 312
in others the lexicographer confused birthplace and later
residence, and hence various nationalities were attributed
to the same person. Thus the Athenian Carcinus was in
one of the sources of Suidas called Carcinus of Agrigen-
tum, probably because he spent a great part of his life at
the court of Dionysius II. 313 Phylarchus, called Naux,pa-
T(TYJS in one of the sources of Athenaeus, was an Athenian
who lived for a time at Naucratis. 314
As Athens was the center of the literary world and as
it must have been the aim of every ambitious poet to win
a victory at the Dionysia, foreign poets gathered there in
greater numbers than in any other place; and conse-
quently it was but natural that some of them should be
mistaken for Athenians, especially as the didascalic
312 Cf. Suid. s. v.
313 Diog. Laert. ii. 63.
314 Koehler, RhMPh, LIII (1898), 491, n. 1.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 79
records gave no hint as to their nationality. So the
statement that Sositheus of Alexandria was an Athenian
may very well have arisen from the fact that he lived at
Athens and was buried there. 315 Nicomachus of Alexan-
dria Troas received the ethnicon 'AO-qvaTos for the same
reason. 316 And Auctor Lex. Hermann. 317 makes a palpa-
ble error when he calls Diphilus an Athenian. 338 Like-
wise Suidas 319 calls Diogenes the Cynic an Athenian,
though he was in fact a citizen of Sinope. The authority
from whom Suidas drew his information had evidently
been misled by the fact that Diogenes moved to Athens. 320
Since Suidas found the ethnica employed in several
senses in his sources, we must determine whether he in-
terpreted and used them correctly. In some instances
he did so. He tells us that Polygnotus was a Thasian by
birth and an Athenian by adoption, and that Neophron
was a Sicyonian by birth and a Macedonian by residence.
But in many cases he adds no explanation. The accuracy
of usage in such instances must be determined by his
methods in general. In the first place, Suidas was care-
less in copying from his sources, sometimes not even
taking the trouble to note the nationality which he found
there. For instance, under Diodorus he cites Athenaeus
for the names of the plays, but makes no reference to the
nationality of the poet, although Athenaeus 321 states that
he was a citizen of Sinope. Again, in copying the eth-
nica, Suidas sometimes gives his source, 322 and occasion-
ally gives us his own judgment, influenced either by an
agreement between a number of the sources or by the
315 Welcker, Griech. Tragod., Ill, 1254 f.
316 Meineke, op. cit., 498.
317 324.
318 IG, II, 3343.
319 S. v. AtoysVY]?.
320 Krause, op. cit., 9.
321 x. 431c.
322 E. g., $iX{<JT(<ov Hpouaasus, ^ d> 3>iX<ov SapBavo? (Suid.
80 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
trustworthiness of a particular source. 323 Errors of
judgment often led Suidas to incorrect conclusions. When
several sources gave the same name, but different facts,
he sometimes grouped all the statements under one
lemma, thus erroneously identifying two distinct persons,
as in the case of Hegesippus, 324 and of Alcaeus. 325 On
the other hand, when different authorities noted both
different facts and different nationalities for the same
person, he sometimes erred by making two persons out of
one, as happened in the case of Nicomachus. 326 There-
fore, since we have found individual instances in which
plurality of ethnica did not mean plurality of citizenship,
and since we have found that Suidas' general methods
are careless, we must conclude that Suidas does not use
ethnica consistently in their official sense to denote citi-
zenship in the places mentioned ; and when we meet cases
involving plurality of ethnica about which we possess no
further information, we are not justified in going so far
as to assume plurality of citizenship.
We have found several instances in which citizenship
was granted to literary men. Can the reason be ex-
plained under the law of ovSpavaOta ? Non-Attic inscrip-
tions furnish some information with regard to poets.
Szanto 327 cites three instances of grants of citizenship to
poets. Dioscurides was thus honored by Cnossus, Dymas
by Samothrace, and a poetess of Smyrna by Lamia, be-
cause they glorified these states in verse. These inscrip-
tions are late and, as Szanto adds, this political recogni-
tion of poetical services was in general a product of the
time after Alexander, for states in the period of their
decline were more susceptible to flattery. Whether
323 Cf. 'QXrjv, Aujiaio? TJ Tweppopetos $ Auxios, [AaXXov Be
Auy.toq arco EavOou, <b? SiqXoT KaXXtpLa/o? x.at 6 IloXucWdp ev
wepi Auxt'as (Suid. s. v. 'QXiqv) ; 3>uXapxos, 'AOtjvato? Y) Nau-
[following Athenaeus ] ol 8s Stx.o<i>viov, aXXot 8e
TCOV (Suid. s. v. ^uXap^o?).
324 Meineke, op. tit., 475.
325 Pauly-Wiss., I, 2, 1506, s. v. Alkaios.
326 Meineke, op. tit., 496.
327 Op. tit., 48.
REAASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 81
Athens followed the practice of smaller states in thus re-
warding the poetical effusions of a eulogistic character,
either in the fifth and fourth centuries, or in this later
period, we do not know absolutely. It is not at all likely
that such a practice existed in the earlier period at any
rate. Indeed, a precedent like this, once established by
Athens, could not have failed to call forth a grand out-
burst of praise, and either the practice or the persons
benefited by it would certainly have been lashed by the
caustic tongue of some comic poet.
What, then, was the reason for these grants of citizen-
ship? The facts which bear on this question are of
three different classes and furnish three possible answers.
When Aristodemus the actor, who was in Philip's good
graces, was about to depart for Macedonia to participate
in the Olympic festival there, the Athenians commis-
sioned him to treat with Philip for the release of the cap-
tives taken at Olynthus in 348 B. C. Upon his return to
Athens in 347 he reported to both the senate and the as-
sembly the kind feeling of Philip toward the Athenians
and his desire for peace. He was even credited with be-
ing the originator of the peace. For the successful exe-
cution of his mission Demosthenes moved to crown Aris-
todemus. 328 He was then chosen a member of the em-
bassy sent to arrange terms of peace with Philip, and a
special measure was passed to prevent his suffering finan-
cial loss through the breaking of professional engage-
ments. Cicero 329 refers to the great political influence
of Aristodemus: Aristodemum, tragicum item actorem,
maximis de rebus pacis et belli legatum ad Philippum
Athenienses saepe miserunt.
The comic poet Philippides was praised and voted a
golden crown and a bronze statue in recognition of his
many political services to the Athenians. The motiva-
tion of these honors shows how varied and long continued
these services were. As an intimate of King Lysimachus
he was of particular value to the Athenian government
328 Aeschines 2. 17.
329 De re pub. iv. 11.
82 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
in its relations with Thrace. His services include such
things as a gift of grain to the people in 299/8 B. C., at
his own expense burying Athenians killed in battle, ob-
taining the release of prisoners of war, securing enrol-
ment in divisions of the army for those who wished to
enter military service and providing clothing and travel-
ing expenses for those who preferred to depart, service
to the cause of Athenian freedom, giving his personal in-
terest and financial aid to the religious festivals, sacri-
fices, and games, and assisting every Athenian who ap-
pealed to him. 330
Aristodemus and Philippides were not exceptional
cases. Actors and poets did not surrender themselves to
their art. Neoptolemus was sent by Philip along with
Aristodemus to the Athenians with declarations of
friendship, and he too was influential in bringing about
the peace with Philip. Ischander, who had friends in
Arcadia, "was brought by Aeschines before the Athenian
senate and ecclesia to present certain political proposals
from them." Sophocles took an active part in public life ;
Theognis was one of the Thirty ; and Morsimus strove to
improve the physical, as well as to entertain the aesthetic,
side of man. Such instances might be multiplied. In
fact, literary men occupied a unique position as regards
their ability to render public service. They were mem-
bers of a privileged class whose profession was a pass-
port which secured for them freedom of travel during
time of peace or war. They were favorably received
even at the court of their nation's enemy. 331 They were
no stay-at-homes, for the duties of their profession called
them from city to city. Of course they were familiar
figures at Athens, possessed a thorough knowledge of
Athenian life, both public and private, rubbed elbows
with the common Athenian on the street, talked politics
with the politicians, and discussed governmental policies
with the leading magistrates. And yet they often main-
tained the closest relations with their native countries, in
330 7G, IP, 657 (287/6 B. C. or 285/4 B. C.).
331 Hypothesis II. 2 to Dem. 19; Dem. 5. 6.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 83
some cases continuing to reside there, or at least divid-
ing the year between Athens and their own cities. And
they were among the most distinguished men of their re-
spective nations. Ion is ranked as one of the greatest of
the Chians. It was quite natural that men so eminently
fitted should be chosen to perform some ambassadorial
function. They may have been commissioned by the
Athenians to attend to sundry matters connected with
their respective states, or they themselves may have
made such good use of their advantageous position to ren-
der public service as to win the gratitude of the Athe-
nians. Since this gratitude found expression in the be-
stowal of other honors, there is every reason to believe
that members of this class were as eligible as any others
to receive citizenship in recognition of public service in
the political, field.
The second set of facts bearing on the reason for grants
of citizenship to literary men affects actors and poets
especially.
In /G, IP, 223J5, 11. 7-8 (343/2 B. C.) the senate is
commended and crowned sirsiStj - - x,aXw<; K<X\ dtxat'ug
STUS [[/.eX-rj] 0Y} [T]YJ<; euKOqiias TOU OeaTpou. In IG, IP, 551
(before 309/8 B,C.) a flute-player is praised and crowned
NcxouTp] aToq StaieXet iusp[t TOV aywva TOV Ai]ovuauov
x.al rasps T]YJV auToG eirtfAsXecafv /.at TOt^opY}Yo]5<;
TOC? atsi )(OpY]Yo[G<jiv TupoOujAox; 6]7UY]pTO)v Ta wept TOU[? Osou?].
Honors were granted in these two cases for services ren-
dered to the gods.
In IG, IP, 1186 (ca. 450 B. C.) Damasias, a Theban
schoolmaster at Eleusis, is praised and crowned s7us[iY)]
- ot[y.Y]o i ]a 'EXeuatvt /.cantos TS to[v] 5taTT[sX]s/,e xai
cp{Xav6pco7U6)<; e^si wpo? 7uavT[a]? TOU? sv
[UT]O<; Kt ol pLaOrjiat auiou, y,at Atovua[ta 7u
vtcov s<J7uouSaa-[v xjat eqptXoTt^OY] Tupo? TOU? 6sou? x,[at T]OV
TOV
SUO, TOV [JLSV TUai8<OV, TOV $ av[S]pWV TCS56)X.V T 1 ?) A^[JLY]Tp{ [Y] ^"(3
K6pj xat TO) Atovuaw. In 7G, IP, 410 (ca. 330 B. C.) the
priests of Dionysus are honored foriiuX*tas [Ivx.a] TYJ? wepi
T Upa. In the former decree Damasias* ambition to see
84 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
the Dionysia as splendid as possible and his contribution
of money and effort to make the festival such were con-
sidered a service not only to the gods (rcpos TOU? Oeou?),
but also to the state (rcpos TOV SYJIXOV TOV 'Ae-qvatav). In the
second decree the service which was rendered by the
priests in connection with the sacrifices to the gods was
similarly regarded as a service to the state, for the sacri-
fices were offered u-rcsp TYJS (iouXYJs /.at TOU S^ou TOU. 'AOYjvattov.
So the honor was granted not only for service to the gods
but also apsTtjs tvexa /.at Stxatoauvt}^ TYJ<; si? TYJV pouXYjv /.at TOV
BYJJJLOV TOV 'AS-qvat'tov. 332
To come to the cases under consideration, we find that
actors also were honored for their services at the Diony-
sia. In IG, IP, 348 (331/0 B. C.) an actor is praised
exet^Y] [TOCS TS Atovuatot<; uTC/,p]tvaT[o fiXoTqA&c sv TS
T0t<; aXXots e]aTt[v avTjp ayaOo? Tuept 'A0r)vatou<;] , 333 In 7G, II 2 ,
429 (after 336/5 B. C.) an actor is praised
u]ape[x6jJt.vo<; TOI?
x.at] U7uo/.ptvo[[ivo? T
TOV] aYWva TOV A[iovuc((ov ats( Tt Tuotjet ayaOov [y.al
/.at epYtp /.at] /.otv-r [/.at tta TOV TS SYJJJIOV TOV] 'A0Y)[v]a-
[ttov]. The exact restoration is doubtful, but the connec-
tion with the Dionysia is certain. 334 Here again service
rendered to the gods is regarded as a service to the state.
In IG, IP, 347 (332/1 B. C.) 335 the comic poet Amphis is
praised and crowned [e]7Ci8Y) 5taTXt s[uvou? cov
<to]v> TW ^YJpKp TW 'AO[Y)vat(ov /.a]t vuv /.at sv Ttj> 7uap[Xy)-
XuOo]Tt ^povo), and ap[TYJ<; evxa /.at t/,]atoauv[Y)(;]. Al-
though the motivation -con tains no reference to the Diony-
sia, the fact that the crown was to be of ivy implies such a
connection. 336 If that is true, it is fair to assume that his
services were rendered in the line of his profession. Since
the services of the senate, flute-players, chorus-trainers,
priests, and actors in connection with the Dionysia were
recognized by the state as evidence of their avSpayaOt'a, it
332 Cf. 7G, II 2 , 354 (328/7 B. C.).
333 O'Connor, op. cit., p. 126, No. 396; Wilhelm, op. cit., 219.
334 Wilhelm, op. cit., 221; O'Connor, loc. cit.
335 Wilhelm, MAI, XV (1890), 219.
336 Ibid., 221; Urk. Dram., 59.
REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP 85
would have been strange indeed, if such recognition had
not been given to poets, whose dramas contributed more
than anything else to the glory of the festival. Can we go
so far as to say that this recognition took the form of a
grant of citizenship? The case of Aristonicus will show
that we can. Aristonicus, the Carystian ball-player of the
time of Alexander the Great, was granted citizenship and
voted a statue *c<x TYJV le^v. 337 7G, IP, 385 (319/8 B. C.)
records this grant of citizenship. 338 Although the stone
is so badly mutilated that the specific service cannot be
determined, yet there is enough left to show that it con-
tained a general reference to the avSpayaOta of Aristoni-
cus. But in what way did the state regard his skilful
ball-playing as an evidence of his av&payaOfa, or as a pub-
lic service? Manifestly because he displayed his skill at
some public exhibition, and the only public exhibition
which meets the conditions is a national festival. Aris-
tonicus performed at the Panathenaea, perhaps, where
exhibitions of physical skill and strength played a promi-
nent part. By his skilful performance he entertained
the people assembled and contributed to the success of
the festival. Thus he rendered a public service for which
he received citizenship. Therefore, we can readily be-
lieve that poets and actors were granted citizenship like-
wise 8i TY]V T)(VY]v in connection with a national festival.
A third reason, probably a development of the preced-
ing and a product of the fourth century, is suggested by
the following incident. About 350 B. C. the oligarchs
overthrew the democracy at Mytilene and exiled many of
the democrats. Some time later they magnanimously
recalled most of the exiles. Agenor, a distinguished
musician and formerly the instructor of Isocrates' grand-
sons, was an exile, but was not recalled. So Isocrates, at
the urgent request of his grandsons, wrote a letter to the
government of Mytilene begging for the recall of Agenor.
After commending the moderation of the Mytilenean
government toward the exiles, Isocrates 339 continues with
337 Athen. i. 19a.
338 See p. 55.
339 Ep. 8. 4.
86 REASONS FOR GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
his argument thus : ou IJLYJV aXX' el x,at [JLY^SV ujxiv e8o5e TOUTG>V
[jirjSe Kpoffedexeofa (jiiqSeva T<OV (puya&wv, TOUTOU? ye vopu'^co
pstv &H.TV x-aTayecv. ata^pov yap TYJV JASV icoXcv UJJLWV 6x6
slvat x,ai TOU? ovo^aaTOTaTOu*; sv
icpos^ovTa TWV vuv OV
TYJV taioptav T^? TuatSeta? TauTY]<; ^suYetv ex. T 1 ^? TOtauTY]<;
/.at TOU? {isv aXXou<; f 'EXXY]va<; TOU<; Sta<ppovTa<; we pi TC
y,av [jLYjSsv wpojijx(i)(j
aXXot?
<pua(i><; 7Uptopav Trap' ipot<; [ASTOtx-ouvTa?. Isocrates seems
to refer to a general practice when he says that the rest
of the Greeks admit to citizenship those who are distin-
guished in T /.aXa TCiTYj$U[AaTa. And being an Athenian
he would naturally use an Athenian custom as an ex-
ample. This practice may appear inconsistent with a
qualification of past service. It was, in so far as any
tangible service is concerned. But, indirectly, persons
who were distinguished in "the fine arts" did render
some service to the state. As Isocrates 340 says : <bv [1-
vouv e^ovia? wept
<; TOU?
' a7uavi(; yap (Off7Cp Je^fpiOtTt Tot? TOtouTOt? ^pw^svoi y,at
a'XXou<; TOU? au^TuoXtTfiuo^fivoui; 6[Ao(ou<; tvat TOUTOCI; vopitCoo-
acv. This third reason may have been applied to such
cases as Carneades, where the grant of citizenship prob-
ably was not based upon any definite act of public service.
Grants based upon this reason, like all the others, would
give the ov8 payola of the new citizen as the motivation.
340 Ep. 8. 6. !
CHAPTER IV
PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP
el? TOV SYJPIOV was the officially recognized
basis for granting citizenship in the cases reviewed, and
dvSpavaGc'a was shown by specific services of various kinds.
From the viewpoint of the individual they were the re-
quirements which he was compelled to satisfy in order
to be eligible for citizenship. Now in the case of the en-
franchisement of Thessalians and Andrians, 1 referred to
by Andocides, 2 the reason assigned, 81' dxopiov dvSpwv, obvi-
ously does not refer to any condition which was fulfilled
by the individuals. Rather, Andocides is giving the rea-
son for the grant as seen from the viewpoint of the state.
Let us consider this side of the question next, i. e., the
purpose of the state in admitting aliens to citizenship on
the condition of dvSpafaQca.
Two motives, which operated under different condi-
tions, actuated the state in granting citizenship to large
masses of people who already dwelt within its borders.
Enrolment of citizens en masse was sometimes used as
the solution of social and economic problems which arose
as the principles of democracy spread and the life of the
nation broadened. Such a general grant of citizenship
was made by Clisthenes. 3
Again, this method was used as a remedy when the
number of the citizen-body had diminished greatly (81*
(kopc'av dvSpwv). There is a certain minimum below
which the number of citizens may not fall, if the func-
tions of government are to be administered properly.
This minimum is often reached during the course of a
long and bloody war. At such times the granting of
citizenship to aliens may become of the utmost import-
ance as affording a means by which the decimated citi-
zen-body may be increased and brought up to a number
1 See p. 39.
2 i. 149.
3 Aristot. Pol. Hi. 12756 37; Ath. Pol. 21.
87
88 PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP
adequate to continue the various functions of the state.
Thus toward the close of the Peloponnesian war, when
battle and disease had so thinned the ranks of citizens
that Athens was no longer able to continue the operations
of war on a large scale, metics and foreigners were en-
franchised in order to secure enough men to man the
fleet before the battle of Arginusae. 4 And after the fall
of Athens vacancies caused by war were filled by the
creation of new citizens. Andocides refers to this prac-
tice in connection with the Thessalians and Andrians. 5
In the latter instance it is certainly true, as Szanto 6 says,
that the official motivation of the grant was avSpcq-aOta
Tupoc TOV 8rjpt,ov.
Grants to individuals, however, were looked upon in a
different light. That they were not made to augment a
decimated citizen-body is shown by the fact that no law
required the recipient to become a citizen de facto, or in
any way to change his relation to his native state.
The purpose of the state in conferring citizenship in
such cases bears a close relation to the conditions which
made its acquisition possible. Public service was the
officially recognized requirement for citizenship, and the
state held out its franchise as a reward in order to gain
such service. This purpose is first expressed, in a decree
of citizenship, in 7G, II 2 , 222 of the year 331 B. C. or later,
where citizenship is granted [OTUCDS a]v eiSfiaiv arcavTMs Sti
6 yj{JLO<; [6 'AO] Y]vat(ov dnuoSiScofftv ^aptTa? [jt, [ey] aXa<; TOI? euepfs-
Touacv s!auio[v /.at] Sca^evouatv siui TYJ? suvoia[<; TO]U SiQ[Jioi>. 7
For the same purpose the honors were proclaimed at the
Dionysia, 8 and the decree was published [OTTO? 8' av scScoat
*ai] ot aXXot [O]TC xC^P tTa< S a*o&i&*Miv 6 SYJ^O? [T]OI? e[a]u-
T[OV euepYSTOuat d$i'a$]. 9 That the state hoped to arouse
emulation on the part of others by thus conferring honors
and advertising the fact is expressed more pointedly in a
4 See p. 36.
5 See p. 39.
6 Szanto, Untersuch. u. d. att. Burgerr., 30.
7 LI. 11-16.
8 Dem. 18. 120.
9 7G, IP, 391, 11. 10-12 (321/0-319/8 B. C.).
PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP 89
formula which occurs first, in one form, in IG, II 2 , 553
(ca. 307 B. C.) : OIKDS av y,[at] oc aXXot TC[OVTS<; 9tXoTipuov]Tat
TOV StjplOV TOV ['A0Y]Va((OV SCOOTS!? OTC X^P 5 ] T [ a ]? aUT [ot]
Persons who received minor honors were often urged
to render further services in the hope of receiving fur-
ther honors. Citizenship was thus promised in a general
way. Sometimes a definite service was stipulated upon
the fulfilment of which specific rewards were promised,
as in IG, IP, 791 (ca. 232/1 B. C.) : TOUS po'jXo[wvoo TCO[V
TuoXtT&v y,at T<OV aX]X<ov TO>V OMOUVTCDV sv Tfj -jcoXst
TTJV <7G)TY]pta]v TYJS TCoXsto? x,ac TYJV <puXa7.Y)v TYJ
XaaOac T^ PJouX'jj fj 7upo<; TOU? (TTpaTY]YOU(; a7UOYpa^a[ir6ac SVTCX;
juvt^twvoi;' PLY) s^saTO Se {AYjSsvt 7ut5ouva[j TcXeov HH
{jLYj8 J iXaTiov fv* slvat 3s TOC<; eiccSouarc [aTs^avwOYjvac TS
t[AY)0Y]vat 67:6 TOU YJ[/.[(X> /.aOoTt av ?) a5t]o<;
auiwv. 11 In the same way before the battle of
Arginusae citizenship was promised to all metics and
other foreigners who should volunteer to enlist in the
Athenian forces. 12 And frequently the person to whom
citizenship was granted was invited to strive for further
honors by a continuance of his good works: elvai 8s a[ui
y,ac si? TOV i/,s]Ta Tau-ra ^povov 8caTY]pouvu[t TY)V OJUTYJV atp]s<ycv
supeaOat Tuapa TYJ? [Po]^^[^? x-^ TOU 81^] ou /.at aXXo aYa6ov,
OTO'j a[v] So/.['() aco<; slvott]. 13
Not only did the state promise citizenship on condition
of the performance of a certain service, but it went even
further and granted citizenship at least partly upon the
promise of future services. This is the case with Oxy-
themis, whose honor is based not only upon past services,
but also upon the expectation of others in the future:
U7UO TOU 8AOU ft aTT X,ac UTCS TCOV
T(v apiacoTCiiv 6) av urcsp TuotTwv o Tt av u
p(s) tv auToi? si? cr(OTYjp(av. 14 And during the fourth century
10 LI. 18-20.
11 LI. 15-22.
12 Diodor. xiii. 97.
13 IG, IP, 856, 11. 8-11.
14 IG, 11% 558, 11. 31-36 (ca. 303/2 B. C.).
90 PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP
frequent literary references are made to the practice of
granting citizenship to persons who had performed no
marked service toward the state, but whose influence
was so great that their co-operation would be of great
benefit if their friendship could be secured. More than
that, even men who had formerly been enemies of the
state were honored with citizenship. In speaking of
Charidemus Demosthenes 15 says: "All other men who
have ever obtained a grant from you have been honored
for services rendered ; this is the only one of all who has
been honored for abortive attempts to injure you." Cer-
tainly the act for which Charidemus was made a citizen
was not a hostile one, yet it seems to be true that he had
been guilty of acting against the interests of the Athe-
nian State. Again Demosthenes 16 says : "I did not see
that any tremendous evil would befall you if you forgave
a man all his offenses and invited him to render you ser-
vices in the future, for in your crowning him and making
him a citizen both these things were involved." 17 The
grant was held out to the recipient as a sop. It was ex-
pected that, like Sadocus, he would henceforth regard
himself as an Athenian and the rest of the Athenians as
his fellow citizens, and that in consequence he would be
ever active and zealous to promote the interests of
Athens.
In granting citizenship, therefore, the Athenians were
not actuated by an altruistic desire to share with foreign-
ers the rights and privileges which they themselves en-
joyed. The Solonian law had aimed to supply the local
need of business men and industrial workers. It had, it
is true, admitted these men to citizenship, but from selfish
motives ; for the admission of each new citizen made the
privileges of the former ones less, a result which of
course would be more noticeable in a small citizen-body.
Likewise in establishing avSpa-faBta as the condition of
citizenship the motive of the state was a selfish one, to
15 23. 185.
16 23. 188.
17 Cf. [Dem.] 13. 24.
PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP 91
profit by the service rendered before the grant, and also
to secure the continual good-will of the new citizen and
to incite others to imitate him.
The result of this policy was that the state over-
reached itself. While avSpa^aOia continued to be recog-
nized officially as the condition of citizenship, the spirit
of the law was lost. The qualification of public service
became less and less strictly enforced as the motive of
the grant, i. e., the hope of future benefit, assumed
greater importance than the requirement of past service.
This led to the admission of persons who had done no
particular service to the state, and also of those who,
though they had performed some service, had done so in-
cidentally and in the furtherance of their own interests,
as did Pytho and Heraclides, who slew Cotys, not to rid
Athens of a relentless foe, but to avenge their father. 18
Laxity in the application of the rule was accompanied
by practices which steadily depreciated the value of the
grant. Demosthenes 19 contrasts its worthlessness in his
day with its value in the early part of the fifth century,
when men were willing to render important services in
order to acquire it. The increase in the frequency of
grants was one of the factors which contributed to this
result. Isocrates 20 says : "It is our pride and boast that
we are of nobler descent than others, but we are more
ready to share this distinction with any who desire it than
the Triballians or Leucanians are to share their ignoble
origin." This prodigality lessened the value of the grant
because, as the number of individuals who received the
honor increased, the significance which each attached to
the distinction became less. 21 The value of the grant was
depreciated also by the corrupt practices which grew up
in connection with the introduction and passing of de-
crees of citizenship, and which made bribery a more ef-
fective means of securing the grant than good services.
18 Aristot. Pol. v. 13116 20-22; Schaefer, Dem. u. s. Zeit\ I,
157.
19 23. 200.
20 8. 50.
21 Schoeman, Griech. Alterth., I, 374.
92 PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP
Thus Demosthenes 22 declares that "not only has the gift
of the commonwealth become vile and contemptible, but
all have become so through the wickedness of the detest-
able orators who draw up these decrees without scruple,
who have carried their disgraceful cupidity to such an
excess that, like men who put up wretched trumpery for
auction, they sell your honors and rewards at the cheapest
prices, drawing for a number of people on the same
terms any decree they like to have." Again he says: 23
"Now, my countrymen, it [citizenship] is exposed for
common sale ; the most abandoned of mankind, the slaves
of slaves, are permitted to pay down the price and at once
obtain it." 24 The mercenary general Charidemus seems
to have kept paid agents at Athens to propose honorary
votes in his favor. 25 When through corrupt practices
men of worthless character were admitted, the offer of
citizenship became a questionable honor.
Entire faith cannot be placed in the charges brought
by one litigant against another, yet it is no doubt true
that persons obtained citizenship by bribery. In this re-
spect the custom of granting citizenship and other honors
in return for contributions to the state exercised an un-
wholesome influence. Citizenship was granted for gifts
of war materials, grain, etc., to the state, and also for
contributions toward the purchase of such necessities.
The earliest extant decree of citizenship which refers to
this practice was passed in 321/0-319/8 B. C., 26 but there
is earlier inscriptional evidence of the existence of this
practice in connection with other honors, and there are
literary notices of its earlier existence in connection with
grants of citizenship. The heavy expense and trouble
which were met by those who sought the gift of citizen-
ship are referred to in the speech Against Neaera. 27 Un-
scrupulous men who had charge of such funds or the ob-
22 23. 200.
23 Ibid., 196.
24 Cf. [Dem.] 13. 24; Andoc. 2. 23.
25 Dem. 23. 185 f.
26 /G, IP, 391.
27 13.
PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP 93
jects for which they were contributed undoubtedly found
an opportunity for private gain or party advancement.
With such purposes in view corrupt men pushed through
certain cases of citizenship. Outright illegal purchase
of citizenship by paying a member of the assembly or
senate to champion one's case represents the last and
most unvarnished phase in the development of bribery in
connection with grants of citizenship.
We have seen that the motive of the state in granting
citizenship was a purely selfish one, that it led to laxity
in the application of the rule, and that the consequent
frequency of the grant and corrupt practices depreciated
the value of the grant. Let us next consider to what de-
gree the purpose of the state was realized.
In so far as citizenship was granted to persons who had
already served the state because of their attachment to
it, particularly if they affiliated themselves with it, the
purpose of the grant was realized. Evagoras is a strik-
ing example of a man who remained true to his adoptive
state even through the period of its greatest misfortunes.
After the disastrous outcome of the battle of Aegospo-
tami Conon fled to Evagoras for refuge, "selecting him
out of all because he thought that, by taking refuge with
him, he would find the greatest personal security, and at
the same time the most speedy assistance for the city." 28
For seven years Conon remained at the court of Eva-
goras, which by this time had become a general place of
asylum for Greeks who found conditions in their home
cities intolerable. It was largely through his influence
at the Persian court that the King provided money for
the equipment of the fleet which won the great victory of
Cnidus over the Lacedaemonians in 394 B. C. "While it
took place under the command of Conon, it was Evagoras
who made it possible and provided the greater part of
the forces." In return for these further services the
Athenians conferred the highest honors upon him, set-
ting up his statue in the same place where the statue of
Zeus the Preserver stood.
28 Isoc. 9. 52. Cf. Xen. Hell. ii. 1. 29; Diodor. xiii. 106.
94 PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP
Persons who, before they were made Athenians, had
shown no particular favor toward Athens afterwards be-
came loyal to the state. At the beginning of the Pelo-
ponnesian war Sadocus, son of Sitalces, was made an
Athenian in connection with the conclusion of an alliance
between Athens and Thrace. Later, when Lacedaemo-
nian ambassadors went to Sitalces to persuade him to
leave the Athenian alliance and to aid Potidaea which
was being besieged by the Athenians, Sadocus was in-
duced by the Athenian representatives to surrender the
Spartans to them on the ground that, as he had become
an Athenian citizen, it was now his patriotic duty to pre-
vent the Lacedaemonian ambassadors from securing fur-
ther aid against his adoptive state.
Even men who had formerly been enemies of Athens
rendered her valuable services, once they had been
honored with citizenship. In 349 B. C., when Phocion
had crossed over into Euboea to co-operate with the trai-
torous Plutarch, Callias the leader of the Chalcidians de-
clared war against Athens, and aided by a Macedonian
force placed Phocion in a most precarious position, from
which he was rescued only by the intrepidity of his men,
Callias then took refuge with Philip. But in 341/0 B. C.,
after Callias had become the ally of Athens and had re-
ceived citizenship, he assisted Athenians under Phocion
in liberating Oreus and Eretria. In the Euboic synod
which was then established Callias was the champion of
Athens and the enemy of Philip. He canvassed the Pelo-
ponnesus in an effort to organize a confederacy against
Philip. The latter in his letter to the Athenians called
him their general and complained of his aggressions. In
such cases as this it is evident that the change of attitude
of the recipient of citizenship was not caused by the
grant itself, but by a change of the direction in which his
own interests lay ; of this change of interest the grant is
merely the indication. However the state intended the
grant to bind securely the newly-made ties of friendship.
On the other hand the purpose of the state was not
always realized, for it is easy to find instances of subse-
quent disloyalty on the part of new citizens. Pytho of
PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP 95
Aenus who slew Cotys king of Thrace, an enemy of the
Athenians, fled to Athens and received citizenship; yet
he afterwards went over to her enemy, Philip of Mace-
don.
About 367 B. C. Philiscus of Abydus was granted citi-
zenship in connection with Ariobarzanes whose lieuten-
ant he was. After that he seems to have aided the Athe-
nians in the Hellespont and to have given pay to the
mercenaries in Perinthus, but according to Demosthe-
nes 29 he later changed his attitude, got possession of
Greek cities, took up his quarters in them, and committed
such outrages that he was finally slain by two citizens of
Lampsacus. The assasins fled to Lesbos where they
were left undisturbed by the Athenians because Philiscus,
although he had been made an Athenian, had become the
enemy of Athens.
Cotys, king of Thrace, furnishes a still more striking
example of disloyalty. He was made an Athenian some-
time prior to 365 B. C. How well his subsequent conduct
harmonized with his early professions is shown clearly
by Demosthenes 30 who says: "Cotys, whenever he was
engaged in quarrels, sent ambassadors and was ready to
do anything and perceived then how contrary to his in-
terest it was to go to war with Athens ; but as soon as he
was master of Thrace, then he would attack cities and
encroach upon us, then he would vent his drunken fury
upon himself first and us next, then he was for conquer-
ing the whole country." We might be inclined to regard
Demosthenes' description as too exaggerated, were it not
for the fact that, when Cotys showed himself to be an
impious reprobate and loaded the Athenians with in-
juries, they made his assassins citizens and bestowed
crowns of gold upon them as benefactors.
In this connection mention should be made of Charide-
mus, the mercenary general of Thrace. After having
received Athenian citizenship he crossed into Asia, where
he soon got into trouble with the satrap Artabazus. He
29 23. 141.
30 23. 114.
96 PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP
then sent the Athenians a letter in which he promised to
recover the Chersonese for them, if they should send him
ships to enable him to escape from Asia. But, having
been released unexpectedly by Artabazus, so far from
fulfilling his promise or respecting his position as an
Athenian citizen, he again entered the service of Cotys
and laid siege to the Athenian strongholds Crithote and
Elaeus. Demosthenes claims that even his letter was not
sincere, but calculated to deceive the Athenians, and that
the Abydenes and Sestians, enemies of Athens, were
aware of his schemes; for, had they really thought that
his overtures to Athens were made in sincerity, they
would never have received him and permitted his passage
across the Hellespont. After the death of Cotys, instead
of co-operating with the Athenian general Cephisodotus,
he continued to make war upon Athens for seven months.
He attacked an Athenian force which had landed in the
harbor of Perinthus, and afterwards, when Cephisodotus
had sailed to the Chersonese to clear the promontory of
Alopeconnesus of the pirates who infested it, Charidemus
marched down upon the Athenians and forced Cephiso-
dotus into a convention which was repudiated immedi-
ately at Athens. He then captured Miltocythes, who
was friendly to Athens, and delivered him and his son to
the Cardians, who put them to a horrible death. Having
thus aroused his enemies to more aggressive action he
was finally drawn into an agreement with Athenodorus.
But when the latter disbanded his forces Charidemus
broke his agreement and forced Chabrias to accept even
more disgraceful terms than he had imposed upon Cephi-
sodotus. It was only when Chares was sent out with a
mercenary force that Charidemus was brought to terms.
"Since then," continues Demosthenes, "as long as your
force was in the Hellespont, he has continued to flatter
and amuse you; but no sooner did he find the Hellespont
freed from the presence of a force, than he set himself to
destroy and dethrone the two princes and get the whole
kingdom into his own power, knowing by experience that,
until he expels them, it is not possible to break any part
of his compact with you." After making all due allow-
PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP 97
ance for the exaggeration of an accuser, the facts show
clearly that Charidemus held the tie of citizenship very
lightly.
Such new citizens did not have the welfare of Athens
at heart and their attitude toward their adoptive state
was therefore determined by their own advantage. The
result was as Demosthenes 31 says : "Those who have no
love or admiration for your institutions, but regard only
the advantage which they get by appearing to be honored
by you, they, I expect, or rather I am quite certain, when-
ever they spy a hope of greater advantage elsewhere, will
run after that without troubling themselves in the least
about you." And in another connection he declares to
the Athenians that their adopted citizens have done them
more mischief than open enemies, 32 which shows that
"these distinctions are no longer sufficient, but unless you
guard the persons of each of these men, there is no
thanks, it would seem, for what you have done before ," 33
Even a foreigner, Philip of Macedon, noticed this situa-
tion and commented upon it in his letter to the Athenians,
saying that "of the persons who received such gifts [as
citizenship] none have the least regard for your laws and
decrees." 34
But the new citizens should not receive all the blame
for this condition. The Athenians themselves had de-
generated and the fourth century found them Jacking in
many of the qualities which had contributed to the glory
of their ancestors. The impassioned but ineffective ap-
peals of Demosthenes bear sad testimony to a great de-
cline in spirit. The author of the Fourth Philippic ex-
presses his view when he says: "Your interests are sold
on every favorable opportunity ; you partake of the idle-
ness and ease under the charm whereof you resent not
your wrongs, while other persons get the reward." 35 It
was no uncommon thing to find that even Athenian citi-
31 23. 126.
32 Ibid., 200.
33 Ibid., 203.
34 Ep. Phil. 10.
35 [Dem.] 10. 54.
98 PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP
zens themselves looked upon loyalty to their own state as
an elastic quality. Public men at home were in the ser-
vice of Philip, and commanders in the field were guilty of
disobedience. Philocrates sold himself and the interests
of Athens to Macedon; Iphicrates, commander of the
forces in Thrace, though he not only was an Athenian
citizen by birth, but also had been honored with a bronze
statue, maintenance in the prytaneum, and other distinc-
tions, yet dared to fight in defense of Cotys against Athe-
nian commanders at sea. In the fourth century men's
vision, like that of Isocrates, broadened out beyond the
limits of their own little states; their interests were no
longer always identical with those of their own cities;
the citizen no longer felt himself indissolubly bound to
his country. 36 When the local patriotism of Athenians
themselves was declining, a similar tendency on the part
of new citizens is not to be wondered at.
The most practical reason why many of the persons
who were honored with citizenship showed no loyalty to-
ward their adoptive state was the fact that they did not
come to Athens to live and consequently were not enrolled
in the citizen-body. In Solon's time citizenship was
granted only to persons who had severed relations with
their own states through banishment or voluntary migra-
tion and had settled permanently at Athens. So long as
new citizens moved to Athens and affiliated themselves
with the Athenian State, their permanent allegiance was
assured. The law of av8pYaO(a, however, sought to honor
not only those who assisted in the local development of
Athens, but also those who helped to promote her foreign
interests, which were becoming more and more import-
ant. Thus Perdiccas the Macedonian and Menon the
Pharsalian were granted citizenship because of valuable
military services rendered to Athens abroad. Neither
ruler is known to have moved to Athens to exercise his
new privilege. In these instances, the earliest recorded
grants of citizenship to individuals in historical times,
the new citizens did not exercise the privileges of citizen-
ship. In such cases citizenship was largely nominal and
36 Cf. Diog. Laert. ii. 7; Plut. De exilio 5; Cic. Tusc. v. 37.
PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP 99
the grant was a mark of distinction carrying with it an
honorary title. Honorary citizens did not feel the bond
of personal touch with Athenian life which Demosthenes
deemed so essential when he said : "I consider, Athe-
nians, that all persons who desire to become citizens out
of love for our customs and our laws, on being admitted
to these would at the same time settle among us and par-
take of the benefits which they coveted." 37
Although honorary citizens did not affiliate themselves
with the state, they were nevertheless called xoXt-uat, not
?svoi, and were officially regarded as such. Demosthe-
nes 38 argues that Charidemus should be treated as a citi-
zen : "You must look what is the position of the man in
whose favor the decree has been moved ; whether he is an
alien, or a resident alien, or a citizen. If we call him a
resident alien, we shall not be speaking the truth; if an
alien, we shall not be acting justly; for the people's grant,
by which he has become a citizen, ought to stand good.
We must treat him, therefore, in argument, it seems, as
a citizen." There is also inscriptional evidence in sup-
port of this view. Euphron of Sicyon, who was honored
with citizenship in 323 B. C., did not exercise the grant,
for he remained leader of the democratic party in Sicyon.
After his death his son was taken under the guardianship
of the Athenian State, just as the children of Athenian
citizens who fell in battle: /.at vuv Se /.[aOoTi s7ut[A]sXetav
e&x^ev 6 Srjpio<; TOU iuai8foy TOU Eu<ppov[os] , 39 The two decrees
passed in honor of Euphron afford the best illustration.
In the grant he is called Eu^pwv 'A5ea Stxucdvio?, while in
the decree passed after his death we find Eucpp<ov 6 'A5sa TOU
SiKucDvfou. From the fact that in the first inscription the
ethnicon agrees with Euphron and in the second with
Adeas Wilamowitz 40 draws the conclusion that "da er nie
von seinem burgerrechte gebrauch gemacht hatte, besass
er kein demotikon, aber ein Sykionier war er f iir die Athe-
ner rechtlich auch nicht mehr." Although Wilamowitz
may be correct in his interpretation, yet the Athenians
37 Dem. 23. 126.
38 23. 23.
39 7G, II 2 , 448, 11. 77 f.
40 Aristot. u. Athen, II, 175.
100 PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP
were certainly not consistent in observing this distinction
in the application of ethnica in inscriptions. When the
Samians were made Athenians in 405 B. C. they retained
citizenship in their own state and were still called Sa^ioi,
as were also Eumachus and Poses who as ambassadors
were included in the grant. And it seems very probable
that the original nationality of Alcimachus is given in a
decree which was passed in his honor over ten years after
he had received citizenship: [slv]at 'AX^a^ 'AX[*tpiaxou
'AToXXc>)vi]cik'fi- 41 This is certainly true in ihe case of
Spartocus IV, who is called BocTuopto? in the same decree
in which it is stated that he had previously been made a
citizen. 42 Since the decrees for Euphron and Alcimachus
were passed in 318/7 B. C. and 321/0-319/8 B. C. respec-
tively, the official usage seems to have employed both
forms of expression at the same period. In literary
references either ethnicon is given to the new citizen,
generally however his original one. Thus Thucydides 43
speaks of Sa8o/,ov TOV fSYevr^svov 'AOyjvaiov, but Xenophon 44
calls Philiscus 'Apu$Yjv6<;, Lysias 45 calls Apollodorus 6 Me^a-
peus, and Aeschines 46 calls Callias 6 XaX*i8eus.
The fact that a new citizen might not utilize his grant
immediately did not invalidate it, for if at some later
time circumstances made it desirable for him to become
an Athenian citizen de facto he could do so. In such
cases a decree was passed confirming the previous grant,
as [e!v]at 'AXy-c^a^ty ' AX [/.t^a^ou 'ATuoXXow] GCTY; x-upiav TYJV
7c[oXtTe(av YJV 6 SYJ{J.O]<; Idaxev auicp y,a[t ey-yovot*; eici Nt7,o]y,pa-
41 IG, II 2 , 391.
42 IG, IP, 653. Philonides is called a Laodicean in a decree in
which it is stated that he and his two sons had received citizenship
(7G, IP, 1236 200-150 B. C.).
43 ii. 67. 2.
44 Hell vii. 1. 27.
45 7. 4.
46 3. 86, 89, 94.
47 IG, II 2 , 391. Cf. IG, IP, 226, 3366, 448. A grant to Aryb-
bas was also confirmed at a later date, but IG, IP, 226, in which
reference is made to it, is not the decree of confirmation, but a sub-
sequent one: [eTuet&Y] --- Y) 7:0X11] e(a Y) o6[ei]ff3[Ttp Tuaipl 7.a]l
T<p Tuamua) x.a[i at aXXai 8kopsaiu7capx[]' J(T [ t * a ' a]uicj> xai TOI?
ex,Yovo[t]<; x.a( elct x,uptai.
PURPOSE OF THE GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP 101
A grant of citizenship included not only the individual
honored, but also his descendants (xai TOI? SKYOVOIS). Even
if the grant was allowed to lie unused till after the death
of the recipient, his descendants were admitted to citizen-
ship by a renewal of the grant. This hereditary claim,
as well as their own good services, was mentioned in the
motivation, as in the case of Carphinas and Phormio:
e $op [[A] c'cova TOV <Joppucovo<; x,at Kap[<p](v[a iuaiuiuo]v
'AG^vatov 6 SYJ^CX; 6 'AOYjvafcov x.[ac T]OU[<;] e/,stvou
x.at TO <j;Tq<pcqjia x,aO' o Y) [Vlo(r)[<jt]<; IYSVSTO ava-
ev dxpoiuoXei, el [vat] $op[[A](a>v[t /,]a[l] Kap-
<pt[va] /.at Tot's ix-fovots auT&v /,up(a[v TYJ]V [S(0pt]av TQV
[&<i>x,]ev 6 BYJ[[A]O? $op|ji((j)vc TW TuaTTTrca [alufTJcov; 48 and also
in the case of Archippus: [sTustS-r) Ss y.at 6 TuaTYjp] auioG
'A6Y]va[to)v 91X05 YJV xat e$oicv au-r](p 6 BriiAoCi; TYJV TcoXc~efav,
eivat /.as auT]6v " Ap [%] eiu [n:ov /.at TOU<; ex.f6vou<; A0Y]vato]u<;. 49
Since the grant remained valid even though the new
citizen postponed its exercise, it follows that, whether he
intended to reside at Athens or not, no difference was
made in the form of the grant. The full formula was
preserved, even to the clause providing for enrolment into
tribe, deme, and phratry. Besides, while in other states
proxenia and politeia, the functions of which could not
be exercised simultaneously, were conferred in the same
decree, thus showing that these names had practically
become mere titles of distinction; yet at Athens their
original meaning was kept in mind so carefully that they
are nowhere found granted together. 50 Each grant of
citizenship was potential. Therefore it is impossible to
determine from the form of the decree whether the new
citizen exercised his grant or not. It is obvious, how-
ever, that under ordinary circumstances such persons as
foreign rulers, public officials, and representatives of for-
eign governments did not do so.
48 7G, IP, 237, 11. 15-21; cf. 212.
49 IG, II 2 , 336a, 11. 15-19.
50 Szanto, Griech. Burgerr., 22.
CHAPTER V
POETS OF FOREIGN NATIONALITY AT ATTIC FESTIVALS
In assigning a reason why dramatic poets were admit-
ted to citizenship it was assumed that they were permit-
ted to produce plays at Athens. This is the view of
Bergk: 1 "Ebenso wenig ist die Ansicht Neuerer gerecht-
f ertigt, Auslander hatten keinen Chor erhalten : wie man
lyrische Dichter ohne alle Ausnahme zuliess, so auch dra-
matische." Wilhelm 2 concurs in this view. Meineke 3
presents the opposite opinion: "Peregrinis autem, ante-
quam civitati adscripti essent, in publicis Bacchicorum
sacrorum solemnibus fabulas in certamen committendi
potestatem factam esse, nullis puto argumentis doceri
potest." Van Leeuwen's 4 view is a compromise: "Dix-
eris igitur liberum etiam poetis peregrinis ad certamina
publica fuisse aditum, ea tamen lege ut docerent quidem
suas fabulas vel carmina, sed non ipsi in se reciperent
histrionis vel cantoris officium. Primitus igitur, cum
primas in suis dramatis partes ipsi poetae solebant agere,
a certaminibus publicis peregrines fuisse exclusos, dein
vero, cum actoribus rem permittere solerent, per leges
nihil obstitisse quominus cum poetis civibus certarent."
This view is based upon the assumption that "histriones
cives fuisse," 5 which O'Connor 6 has shown to be incorrect.
This question may be settled most easily by a review
of the individual cases. It should be stated first that of
the other participants in dramatic contests foreigners
were admitted as choregi and actors, but were excluded
from the chorus. 7 Following is a list of dramatic poets,
1 Griech. Litt. Gesch., Ill, 51, n. 169.
2 Urk. Dram., 57.
3 Hist. Grit., 308.
4 Proleg. ad Aristoph., 42 f.
5 Ibid.
6 Chapters in the History of Actors and Acting in Ancient
Greece, p. 72.
7 Plut. Phoc. 30. Cf. Dem. 21. 56; Andoc. 4. 20; Aristoph.
Ran. 729.
102
POETS OF FOREIGN NATIONALITY AT ATTIC FESTIVALS 103
chronologically arranged, who produced plays at Athens,
but were of foreign birth and, so far as our information
goes, never received Athenian citizenship.
Pratinas gained one victory and contended against
Aeschylus and Choerilus. Yet he was a citizen of Phlius 8
and died such, for his son is called <Xta<no<; by Athenaeus. 9
Aristias, besides being a Phliasian, was buried at
Phlius. 10 He took second prize in the contest with
Aeschylus and Polyphrasmon in 467 B. C., 11 and com-
peted with Sophocles. 12 The name Aristias is also re-
stored in the list of victors at the City Dionysia. 13
Aristarchus, a contemporary of Euripides, was a native
of Tegea. 14 His tragedies twice took first prize. 15
Ion, the son of Orthomenes, was a Chian. 18 An Attic
inscription in the Ionic dialect, which records a dedication
to Artemis, bears the name Ion and is to be referred to a
foreigner. 17 Ion came to Athens when still a young man 18
and began to exhibit about the middle of the fifth century.
When Sophocles was sailing to Lesbos as general in 440
B. C, he stopped off at Chios, where he was entertained by
Hermesilaus. Ion was invited to meet Sophocles. So it ap-
pears that after he had contended at Athens he kept up
his relations with his native country and perhaps con-
tinued to reside there for part of the year. Strabo 19
mentions him among the famous men of Chios. At a
later date, 428 B. C., he won third place in competition
8 <|>Xta<jcos (Suid. s. v. II paTiva? ; Athen. xiv. 6176).
9 xv. 686a.
10 Paus. ii. 3. 5.
11 Argum. Aeschylus Septem.
12 Vita Soph. ed. Westermann, 131.
13 7G, II, 977a; Wilhelm, op. tit., 100, 103.
14 Schol. Soph. Oed. Col. 1320; Suid. s. v. 'ApfffTap^OS.
15 Suid. loc. cit.
16 Athen. x. 449d; xi. 496c; Plut. Thes. 20; Paus. v. 14. 9;
Schol. Aristoph. Pax 830; Suid. s. v. "lov.
17 Ditt., Syll.\ 13.
18 Plut. dm. 9.
19 xiv. 1. 35.
104 POETS OF FOREIGN NATIONALITY AT ATTIC FESTIVALS
with Euripides and lophon, 20 and on one occasion cap-
tured the first prize. 21
Achaeus, one of the five great tragic poets in the early
canon, was a native of Eretria. 22 As a writer of Satyric
dramas he was considered inferior only to Aeschylus. He
matched his plays against those of Euripides and Sopho-
cles, but won only one victory.
Hegemon, a poet who flourished during the Peloponne-
sian war, was a Thasian. 23 Though he went to Athens
he maintained his relations with Thasos, which he called
his home. 24 Chameleon of Pontus relates that after He-
gemon had returned from Athens to Thasos he was sum-
moned back to the former place to answer a legal charge.
That this incident occurred after his literary career had
begun is evidenced by the fact that he took along to court
all the workmen of the theater, with whom he had become
acquainted when he had been exhibiting previously at
Athens. 25
Anaxandrides the comic poet was a foreigner, a Rho-
dian from Camirus according to Chameleon of Heraclea, 29
a Colophonian according to others. 27 He exhibited his
plays at Athens and won ten victories in all, 28 seven at
the Dionysia and three at the Lenaea. 29 The Marmor
Parium records a victory of Anaxandrides in 377/6
B. C. 30
Theodectas, who lived about 390-350 B.C., 31 was a
native of Phaselis in Pamphylia. 32 He passed the greater
20 Argum. Eur. Hippol.
21 Schol. Aristoph. Pax 835; Suid. s. v. 'AO^vaco?.
22 Athen. ix. 376a; iv. 173c; Suid. s. v. 'A^ato?.
23 Aristot. Poet. 1448a 12; Athen. ix. 406e; xv. 698c; Suid. s. v.
24 Athen. xv. 698c.
25 Athen. ix. 4076.
26 Athen. ix. 374a. Cf. Suid. s. v. 'Ava$av8p 181)5.
27 Suid. loc. cit.
28 Suid. loc. cit.; Wilhelm, op. cit., 126.
29 7G, II, 977.
30 7G, XIV, 1098; II, 971c; AJPh, XXVIII (1907), 182.
31 Capps. AJPh, XXI (1900), 40 f.
32 Suid. s. v. eoSex/cY)? ; Steph. Byz. s. v. $a<7Y]Xi<; ; p l ut -
17; Athen. x. 451e, 454d.
POETS OF FOREIGN NATIONALITY AT ATTIC FESTIVALS 105
part of his life at Athens and was buried there. 33 Ste-
phanus of Byzantium 34 has preserved the epitaph of four
verses which was carved on his tomb. Theodectas there
bears the ethnicon <Pa<jY]X(Tiq<;. 35 His son also was a citi-
zen of Phaselis. 30 Theodectas brought out plays at
Athens. In thirteen contests he carried off the highest
honor eight times, 37 and the didascalic list gives him
seven victories at the City Dionysia. 38
Apollodorus, a tragic poet of the second half of the
fourth century, was a native of Tarsus. 39 He won five
victories at the Lenaea. 40
Achaeus, a tragic poet, was a native of Syracuse. 41 He
won a Lenaean victory about 335 or 330 B. C. 42
Phanostratus, the son of Heraclides, came from Hali-
carnassus. 43 He won the tragic prize at the Lenaea in
307/6 B. C. 44 In the same inscription which records
this victory Phanostratus is called 'AXty.apvaaceu?. 45
Posidippus came from Cassandreia in Macedonia. 46 He
began to exhibit in the third year after the death of Me-
nander. 47 The list of comic poets who won at the City
Dionysia credits him with four victories. 48
Diphilus was a native of Sinope and is so called on his
tombstone. 49 He brought out plays at Athens and won
three victories. 50
33 Paus. i. 37. 4.
34 LOG. cit.
35 Cf. [Plut.] Vitae X Orat. 837c.
36 Suid. loc. cit.
37 Steph. Byz. loc. tit.
38 IG, II, 9776.
39 Suid. s. v. *AftoXX68apO$.
40 Reisch, WSt, XXXIV (1912), 339.
41 Suid. s. v. 'A/ato?.
42 Reisch. op. cit., 340.
43 BCH, II (1878), 394.
44 Wilhelm, op. cit., 210.
45 IG, II, 1289.
46 Suid. s. v. HoaetSciCTUOs; Eudocia Viol. 359; Steph. Byz. s. v.
47 Suid. loc. cit.
48 IG, II, 977fe; Wilhelm. op. cit., 177 f.
49 See p. 77.
50 IG, II,
106 POETS OF FOREIGN NATIONALITY AT ATTIC FESTIVALS
Diodorus, the brother of Diphilus, bears the Athenian
deme-name SrjLiorx^s upon his tombstone. 51 He con-
tended at the Lenaea in 288 B. C. 52 However, in two
Delian inscriptions of the years 286 and 282 B. C. he is
called StvoMreu?. 53 We should conclude from these facts
that he did not receive Athenian citizenship until after
his appearance at Delos in 282 B. C. and that he was,
therefore, a foreigner when he exhibited at Athens in
288 B. C. But considerations of a political character
weaken this conclusion. In 314 B. C. the Delians freed
themselves from the control of Athens. They conducted
their own affairs, including the administration of the
temple of Apollo. All contracts made by the Amphicty-
ons with Athenian citizens were canceled and Athenian
citizens were probably expelled altogether. 54 Under
these circumstances Diodorus would not have advertised
his Athenian citizenship, even if he had already re-
ceived it.
Phoenicides was a Megarian. 55 He exhibited at Athens
and ridiculed the league of Antigonus and Pyrrhus. 56 In
287/6 B. C. he won fourth prize at the Lenaea with his
Poet, 51 and two victories are assigned to him at the City
Dionysia. 58
Lynceus came from Samos. 59 We can be certain of his
presence at Athens for he describes banquets which he
attended there, one given by a certain Lamia to King
Demetrius, another by Antigonus when he celebrated the
Aphrodisian festival at Athens, 60 and a third by
Ptolemy. 61 He also ridicules Attic banquets in his Cen-
51 See p. 72.
52 IG, II, 972.
53 BCH, VII (1883), 105.
54 Ferguson, Hellen. Ath., 50 f.
55 Hesych. s. v. Suvauac atcoTuav.
56 Ibid.
57 IG, II, 972.
58 7G, II, 977fr; Wilhelm, op. cit., 52, 118.
59 Athen. vi. 248d; x. 434d
60 Tarn, Antigonos Gonatas, 248, n. 94.
61 Athen. iv. 128a.
POETS OF FOREIGN NATIONALITY AT ATTIC FESTIVALS 107
taur. G2 Eudocia 63 records the fact that he was victorious
in the dramatic contests.
Sosiphanes came from Syracuse to Athens, where he
was victorious seven times. 64
Euphantes was an Olynthian and a teacher of King
Antigonus. His tragedies were well received at the
Athenian contests. 65
To sum up the evidence so far submitted. It is possi-
ble, but not probable, that all the above-mentioned foreign
poets received Athenian citizenship. And even if they
did receive it for service in connection with one of the
festivals, the grant would not have been made before
they brought out their plays, because that would have
contradicted the principle that the grant should be based
upon past service. Again, Diphilus and Theodectas ap-
pear to have spent the greater part of their lives at
Athens and each bears a foreign ethnicon upon his tomb-
stone. And yet each, "if he resided permanently in
Athens and had received the citizenship, would call him-
self by preference an Athenian." 66 Lastly, granting that
citizenship was a necessary qualification for the produc-
tion of plays at Athens, it is scarcely conceivable that
Phanostratus would be called ' AXtxapvaa<7su<; in a document
recording a victory which was made possible only by the
fact that he was then 'AOqvato*;.
Although these considerations furnish strong evidence,
it is not sufficient unless it can be supported by a conclu-
sive instance. Such we find in Dionysius, king of Sicily.
Dionysius was made an Athenian in 368 B. C. 67 In 367
B. C. he won the first prize in tragedy. 68 This victory oc-
curred after he had received Athenian citizenship. But
62 Athen. iv. 131/.
63 Viol. 253.
64 Suid. s. v. Scddi^avY]?.
65 Diog. Laert. ii. 10; Tarn, op. cit., 25.
66 Capps, op. cit., 47, n. 2.
67 /G, II 1 , 103. See p. 42.
68 Diodor. xv. 74. 1; Tzet. Chti. 178-81.
108 POETS OF FOREIGN NATIONALITY AT ATTIC FESTIVALS
Dionysius brought out many plays at Athens, once taking
second place, at another time third :
OUTO? 6 Aiov6aco<; rcoXXas ji,ev
ev Tac? 'A6YJva&s avafvou?,
ee^ XuTpa Se TOU "Ey/ropo? /.aXou^svov TC
svtxYjae Tuavia? sv Tat?
Now since Dionysius died in 367 B. C., the year in which
he was victorious, all his other plays must have been
brought out before that date. Taking into consideration
only the two appearances on which he won second and
third prizes we get 369 B. C. as the latest possible date
for Dionysius' first appearance. Since the decree which
grants Dionysius citizenship is dated in the tenth prytany
of the year 369/8 B. C., i. e., after the Dionysia, we have a
record of at least two contests in which he participated
prior to his enfranchisement. If any qualification of citi-
zenship had existed, the Athenians certainly would have
met it by making Dionysius an Athenian when he first ex-
pressed a desire to exhibit plays at Athens, for they hon-
ored him at various times and had good reasons for doing
so. 7C This conclusive case, together with the preceding evi-
dence, proves that during the fifth, fourth, and third cen-
turies B. C. foreign poets were permitted to compete at
the Dionysiac festivals in Athens.
69 Tzet. loc. cit.
70 IG, II 2 , 18.
CONCLUSION
It has been shown that the law of avSpayaOia was al-
ready in operation in 519 B. C. ; that it was the basis for
grants of citizenship from that date to 100 B. C. at least ;
and that the Solonian law concerning exiles and perma-
nent settlers was not applied in the period during which
the law of avSpayaOca was in force. Three possible rea-
sons have been suggested for which literary men could
receive citizenship under the law of Mp erf Mot: for public
service in the ordinary sense; for public service in con-
nection with state festivals ; or, by a loose interpretation
of the law, for eminence in their profession. It has been
shown that the purpose of the state in granting citizen-
ship was self-interested, i. e., to secure the services of
foreigners to the state. The spirit of the law was lost
and laxity in the application of the rule followed. The
consequent increased frequency of grants and corrupt
practices depreciated the value of the grant. Grants of
citizenship failed as a means of securing the continued
loyalty of new citizens, and this was largely due to the
fact that in many cases citizenship was only nominal.
Lastly, it has been proved conclusively that poets of for-
eign nationality were permitted to compete at the Diony-
siac festivals in Athens.
109
APPENDIX
LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS
After the name of each naturalized Athenian in the
following list will be found, wherever possible, his
father's name, ethnicon, deme-name, the date of the
grant, references bearing on the fact of the grant, and
page references to discussion of the case in the text. Be-
sides giving the names of foreigners who certainly re-
ceived citizenship, this list includes also the names of for-
eigners whose Athenian citizenship has been assumed
incorrectly (marked *), or whose naturalization, while
not certain, is either possible or probable (marked f).
* '
IG, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff.
* '
'Apu&Y)vo?. Ca. 367 B. C. Dem. 23. 202. Kirch-
ner, No. 108.
AOY)vo T do)v. IG, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff.
IIpo?vou. IG, IP, 652 (288/7 B.C.). Tarn,
Antigonos Gonatas, 418 ff. Kirchner, No. 396.
See p. 58.
ripoevou. IG, II 2 , 845 (229-200 B. C.). Prob-
ably a grandson of the preceding.
EusXOovTOS HaTapeu?. IG, IP, 988 (150-129
B.C.). Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 305.
'AXe?av5po<; 3>cXiOTrou Max.eSfc>v. Ca. 338 B. C. Schol.
Aristid. Panath. 178, 16. See p. 51.
'AXe^av&po? MuXXeou or MuXXeva Max.eS(i>v If Bepota;. IG,
IP, 710 (288-280 or 267-262 B.C.). Johnson,
CPh, IX (1914), 433. Wilhelm, WSt, XXXIV
(1912), 427. Kirchner, No. 526.
'AXeavSpo<; KaXXtaTpaiou OsTTaXo?. IG, II 2 , 850 (ca. 200
B.C.). Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 298.
Kirchner, No. 525. See p. 61.
110
LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS 111
t "AXs?c ? 6o6pto<; (?) Kv)<pc<jteug (?). 376-270 B.C. Suid.
s. v. "AXe?c<;. Kirchner, No. 549. See p. 75.
'AXxatos 'Hpatou Aivto?. 7G, IP, 495 (303/2 B.C.).
Kirchner, No. 577. See p. 56.
'AXx.sTa<; Bapumcw MoXoaatos. Ca. 375 B. C. Diodor. xv.
36. 5. IG, IP, 226 (343/2 B. C.).
jpiaxo 'AfaOoxXou Max-eScov. Ca. 337/6 B. C. 7G,
IP, 239 (337/6 B.C.). Harpoc. s.v. '
Kirchner, No. 626.
333/2 B. C. 1G,
IP, 391 (321/0-319/8 B. C.). See pp. 92, 100.
Si'XXou Mea^vto?. Paus. ii. 18. 7.
. /G, IP, 405 (335/4-330/29 B.C.).
Kirchner, No. 750.
At ...... "AvSptos. After 332/1 B. C. Suid.
s. v. "A W s. 7G, IP, 347 (332/1 B.C.). Kirch-
ner, No. 785. See pp. 77, 84.
405 B. C. Xen. Hell. ii. 2. 1 ;
i. 3. 18.
Bu^avcto?. 405 B. C. Xen. Hell. ii. 2. 1 ; i.
3. 18 f .
'AvacpXujTo? Tpo^YJvo? Tpot^vto? 'Ava^Xuaito?. Paus. ii.
30. 9. See p. 26.
Tvoupou Sx-uSY)?. Ca. 583 B. C. Luc. Scyth.
5, 8. Diog. Laert. i. 101.
Ssvapou McX-fato?. /G, II 2 , 472+169 (306/5
B.C.). Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 285 ff.
Euseb. i. 206. Kirchner, No. 970.
$tXt7C7uou McaeBwv. Ca. 307/6 B. C. Keil, HZ,
LII (1902), 485. Diodor. xx. 46. Kirchner, No.
1012a. s
axo? Xto?. Before 7G, II 2 , 40 (ca. 383/2 B. C.).
7G, II, 791. Wilhelm, WSt, XXXIV (1912), 416 if.
112 LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS
IV 'AvTtoxou III Svpio?. Ca. 176 B. C. Fergu-
son, Hellen. Ath., 302. Kirchner, No. 1160.
'loXXa Ma*e5(Dv. Ca. 337/6 B. C. Harpoc.
s. v. 'AvTiwaTpos. Justin ix. 4. 5. Kirchner, No.
1180.
Sis^avou Kcavos, SptupvaTos, 'P68io?, or dico
ex, Aapiwqs. 388/5-314/0 B. C. Suid. s. v.
Anonym. 7)e com., Kaibel, 9. Capps,
, XXI (1900), 58. Kirchner, No. 1219. See
p. 70.
, M. Roman triumvir. Ca. 39 B. C. Plut.
Ant. 57, 33. App. v. 76.
Meyapeus. 7G, I, 59 (410/09 B.C.). Ly-
sias 13. 71 ; 7. 4. See p. 34.
Ilaauovos 'Ayapveuq. 390-370 B. C. [Dem.]
59. 2; 46. 15. Dem. 36. 47; 45. 46, 78, 79. [Dem.]
53. 18. /G, II, 1238. Kirchner, No. 1411. See
p. 41.
KapuaTios. Generation after Menander.
Suid. s. vv. 'AxoXX6$<j>pos, axouSa^o), ipwdji^(l)ffOfa0ati.
Capps, AJPh, XXI (1900), 45 ff. Kirchner, No.
1383. See p. 71.
T^Vog s$ Otou. Before 90 B. C. Strabo xiii. 54.
Posidon. apud Athen. v. 214d. 7G, II, 1049.
Kirchner, No. 1343.
'A7uoXXo>v(SY]<; 'OXuvOto?. Ca. 349 B. C. Dem. 9. 56, 66.
[Dem.] 59. 91. Kirchner, No. 1504. Deprived of
citizenship by court. See p. 65.
J AwoXXtovi8q<; XapOTio? Heipateu?. Before 7G, IP, 492
(303/2 B.C.).
Aeuy.ovo<; BoaTuopto*;. Before 355/4 B. C.
Dem. 20. 30.
'AptapaOrji; V 'AptapaOou IV Kainua8ox,o<; SuTCaX^iTto*;. Cd.
178 B. C. 7G, II, 1406. Ferguson, Klio, VIII
(1908), 353. Kirchner, No. 1608.
LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS 113
'ApcapaOoj V Ka7iira8o7.o? SurcaXiqTTios (?). Ca,
132/1 B.C. Kirchner, ZN, XXI (1898), 84 ff.,
92 f. Ferguson CPh, II (1907), 401-5. Dtirr-
bach, ECU, XXIX (1905), 227. Kirchner, No.
1608.
'AruaXou II (?) KairaaSoKO? Su^aXqTTios (?). Ca.
128/7 B.C. Sundwall, jKZio, VII (1907), 454 f.
Ferguson, Klio, VIII (1908), 353-55. Sundwall s.v.
'AptapaO?)?.
'AptapaOiqg 'Apiopap^avoo I KaiuTua^ox-oi; SuTcaX-rJTTCos. Cct.
80 B. C. 7G, IP, 1039. Ferguson, XZto, VIII
(1908), 353.
Satrap of Phrygia. Ca. 368/7 B. C.
Dem. 23. 141, 202. Kirchner, No. 1621.
II 'Apco(3apavou I
Ca. 80 B. C. IG, IP, 1039. Ferguson, Klio, VIII
(1908), 353. Kirchner, No. 1621a.
'ApiVcaxo? 'Hpax-XefSoj TapavTtvo? (?). 7G, IP, 979 (168-
129 B. C.). Wilhelm, WSt, XXXIV (1912), 424 ff.
See p. 62, n. 208.
f 'ApicT6Yj[AO<; MsTanrovTtvos. Before 346 B. C. Hypothe-
sis II. 2 to Dem. 19. Aeschines 2. 15 if. Schaefer,
Dem. u. s. Zeit 2 , I, 246. See pp. 76, 81.
'Apru6Xa. 7G, IP, 643 (299/8 B. C.).
KapuaTto?. 7G, IP, 385 (319/8
B. C.). Athen. i. 19a. Suid. s. vv.
Kirchner, No. 2033a. See pp. 55, 63, n. 211, 85.
. 405 B. C. Xen. Hell. ii. 2. 1; i. 3. 18.
May^cov. Before 325/4 B. C. Athen.
xiii. 586d, 5966. Kirchner, No. 2251. See p. 52.
'ATcoXXoacopou. 7G, IP, 662, 663 (288/7
B. C.). Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 430. Seep. 58.
'AXxeiou MoXocraco?. Before 7G, IP, 226 (343/2
B.C.). Seep. 100, n. 47.
114 LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS
vipato? XoXXefotjs. 426 B. C. IG, I, 423-
427. Hiller von Gaertringen, Die archaische Kul-
tur der Insel Thera, 33. Kirchner, No. 2328.
(?) Oacuoc. IG, IP, 25 (390/89-387/6 B. C.).
See Kirchner, No. 2564. See p. 41.
t - Oaaios (?). Before IG, IP, 336a (334/3
B. C.). Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 269. See
Kirchner, No. 2564. Probably either identical
with or the son of the preceding.
Ap X t -- Baatoc; (?). IG, IP, 336a (334/3
B.C.). Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 269.
See Kirchner, No. 2564. Renewal of grant to his
father.
'A^covcx; Maxs&wv. IG, IP, 450 (314/3 B. C.).
Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 262.
AeX<p6s. 7G, IP, 109 (363/2 B. C.). Kirch-
ner, No. 2654. See p. 43.
I 'AiTaXau nepYa^vo?. Ca. 200 B.C. Polyb.
xvi. 25. Livy xxxi. 47.
II 'AiTaXou I nspYap.Y)vos SuTcaX^Tito?. Ca. 178
B.C. IG, II, 1406. Ferguson, Klio, VIII (1908),
353. Kirchner, No. 2692.
Atticus, T. Pomponius. 85-65 B.C. Cor. Nep. Att.
3. Cic. Ad Att. i. 16. 4. He refused the grant.
'AfTtvas 'HpcaXst'&ou Ku[iaio? (?) $Xus6?. 7G, II, 1008, 1.
126 (118/7 B. C.) ; II, 863. IGS, I, 417 (100-75
B.C.). Kirchner, No. 2693. Ancestor received
citizenship.
AOSuXswv naipaou Hacwv. IG, IP, 654 (287/6 B.C.).
Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 277. Kirchner, No.
2696. See p. 59.
BsvSc^avYjg. IG, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
See pp. 18 ff.
LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS 115
Btavcop Opai 359-356 B. C. Dem. 23. 12. Kirchner,
No. 2850.
B(6u<; KXscovo? Aixjijjiaxsus. 7G, IP, 808 (ca. 303/2 B. C.).
Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 438. Kirchner, No.
2851.
Ca. 350 B. C. 7G, II, 5. 1305&. Clem. Alex.
Protr. iv. 48. Robert, Pauly-Wiss., Ill, 1, 916, s. v.
Bryaxis. Kirchner, No. 2930.
7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
See pp. 18 ff.
/G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.) Sundwall s. v.
See pp. 18 ff.
'AvTcyovou May.eStov. Ca. 307/6 B. C. Keil,
HZ, LII (1902), 485. Diodor. xx. 46. Plut. 7)0-
metr. 10. Kirchner, No. 3461a.
Aieoix; Tupcos. Ca. 110 B.C. C#, XV (1891),
255 ff.; XXIX (1905), 229 ff. Ferguson, Klio,
VII (1907), 223. Kirchner, No. 3768. Sundwall
s. v.
<J>iX<ovt'8ou Aao$i7.eu<;. Before 7G, IP, 1236
(200-150 B.C.).
Ma/,s(ov. Before 235 B. C. 7G, II, 1386.
Ferguson, Hellen. Ath., 201.
AtoScopo? Aecovo? SivwTTsu? St)^ax(5Y)<;. Possibly after 282
B. C. 7G, II, 3343. Auctor Lex. Hermann., 324.
Kirchner, No. 3959. See pp. 72, 106.
t Atoy-Xyj? <J>Xta<no<;. 500-400 B. C. Suid. s. v. AC
Kirchner, No. 3985. See p. 75.
'AeY]vo8wpou riepYa^vo?. Before 106 B.C.
MAI, XIX (1894), 97. 'E<p. 'A PX . (1883), 27.
O'Connor, Chapters in the History of Actors and
Acting in Ancient Greece, p. 72 and p. 92, No. 145.
Kirchner, No. 4071. See p. 73.
116 LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS
7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff.
Acovuatog I 'Epjjio*p(TOu<; Supcaoatos. IG, IP, 103 (369/8
B. C.). See Kirchner, No. 4269. See pp. 42, 70,
107.
Atovuaiog II Aiovufffoo I Supaxoato?. 7G, IP, 103 (369/8
B. C.). See Kirchner, No. 4269. See p. 42.
Atavos Stvtorceu^ Ca. 300 B. C. 7G, II, 3343.
Auctor Le#. Hermann., 324. See pp. 77, 79, 105.
* "Empale. /G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
"Eyepfft?. See pp. 18 ff.
* J E|i,wopfo>v. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
See pp. 18 ff.
525-500 B. C. 7G, I, 477. Paus. i. 26. 4.
Kirchner, No. 4706.
7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
See pp. 18 ff.
Keto? (Kap6ateu<;). 7G, IP, 978 (ca. 130 B. C.).
Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 307 ff.
Ca. 325 B. C. Din. 1. 43. Kirchner, No.
4782.
'E7u6v<pYj<; MiiXios KuO^ppto?. 416-404 B. C. 7G, XII,
1187. Thuc. v. 116. Kirchner, No. 5019.
'Eppi6y.piTO<; Aiovuai'ou I Supa^oato?. 7G, IP, 103 (369/8
B. C.). See Kirchner, No. 4269. See p. 42.
Eua^opa? SaXajw'vio?. 410-405 B. C. 7G, I, 64+Suppl.
116^. Wilhelm, BPhW, XXII (1902), 1100; MAI,
XXXIX (1914), 290. Isoc. 9. 54. Ep. Phil. 10.
Kirchner, No. 5235b. See pp> 35, 93.
* EuaOXos. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff.
Eu5epy,Y]g. Ca. 357/6 B. C. Dem. 23. 203. See p. 46.
wp Euqicio-j 'Apfetos. 7G, IP, 374 (318-307 B.C.).
Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 425. See p. 55.
LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS 117
$cXoxXeous (?) Tptv^eieu?. After 403 B. C. IG,
IP, 145 (1st part ca. 403/2 B. C., 2nd part 368-353
B.C.). 7G, IP, 678 (276/5 B.C.). 7G, IP, 972
(ca. 140 B.C.). IG, IP, 848 (ca. 209/8 B.C.).
Kirchner, No. 5732. See p. 39.
Eux,Xrj<;. IG, IP, 387 (319/8 B. C.).
* Eix.oX(<ov. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
EikoXuov. See pp. 18 ff.
7G, IP, 1 (405/4 B. C.) . See p. 37.
7G, IP, 486 (304/3 B. C.).
Eupuaay,Y]S AIOVTO? SaXa^wos MsXtTeu?. Plut. Sol. 10.
Paus. i. 35. 2. See p. 26.
* E6 W uov. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
See pp. 18 ff.
Eu<ppcov 'ASsa Scxucovco?. 7G, IP, 448 (323/2 B.C.).
Kirchner, No. 6126. See pp. 54, 63, 99.
7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). Sundwall s. v.
See pp. 18 ff.
* ZcofXoc;. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
See pp, 18 ff.
t 'HSuXo? Sd^toc. 300-200 B. C. Athen. vii. 297a. Kirch-
ner, No. 6388. See p. 77.
Acsous Tupto?. Ca. 110 B. C. BCH, XV
(1891), 255 ff.; XXIX (1905), 229 ff. Ferguson,
Klio, VII (1907), 223. Sundwall s. v. f HXt68fi>po.
Kirchner, No. 6407.
'Hpax,Xst'SYjs KXa^svtos. 403-391 B. C. Kohler, Her-
mes, XXVII (1892), 76. Wilamowitz, Aristot.
u. Athen, I, 188, n. 4. 7G, IP, 8 (ca. 403-395
B. C.) . Kirchner, No. 6489. See p. 38.
Amos. Ca. 360 B. C. Dem. 23. 119. Kirch-
ner, No. 6488. See pp. 44, 64, 91.
'Hpa*Xe(ar]? (?). 7G, IP, 394 (321/0-319/8 B. C.).
113 LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS
Aiwvos 'Apysto?. 272-269 B. C. SGDI, 2563,
1. 39 (272 B. C.) ; 2566, 1. 51 (269 B. C.). Kirch-
ner, No. 6492. See p. 72.
f Hp65(opo<; $ ............ x/rjvo?. /G, IP, 646 (295/4
B. C.). Kirchner, No. 6532. See p. 57.
apptka? MoXoeacos. Granted citizenship during the
Peloponnesian war. Justin xvii. 3. 9-13. Plut.
Pyrrh. 1. /G, IP, 226 (343/2 B. C.).
paaugouXos KaXu86vio. /G, I, 59 (410/09 B.C.). Ly-
sias 13. 71. Kirchner, No. 7311. See pp. 16 ff., 34.
pasuXXo? 'Hpayopou Santos Krjcptateu^. /G, II, 5. 21756
(uncertain date) . Kirchner, No. 7344.
Mr;TpoS(opou 'E<?e<jio. 7G, IP, 922 (200-168
B.C.). Wilhelm, 'E<?. 'Ap*. (1912), 248; MA7,
XXXIX (1914), 304. See p. 62, n. 208.
/G, IP, 25 (390/89-387/6 B.C.).
Kirchner, No. 7602. See p. 41.
pou 2api,to<; KY)<ptatu<;. /G, II, 5. 2175&
(uncertain date). Kirchner, No. 7636.
* KaXX(a?. /G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
See pp. 18 ff.
KaXX(a? Mv-rjaap^ou XaXx-tSeu?. 343/2-340 B. C. Aes-
chines 3. 85. Din. 1. 44. Hyper. 5. 20. Schaefer,
Dem. u. s. Zeit 2 , II, 423. Kirchner, No. 7898.
See pp. 49, 94.
, KotVTO? IIoiJL^tOf;, KOJVTOU nspYapi.Y]v6<;. 7G, III,
769. See p. 73.
$tXox,(ojxou KupYjvaTo? 'A^vtsu?. 180-
175 B. C. Diog. Laert. iv. 62. 7G, II, 1406 (178-
175 B.C.). Ferguson, Klio, VIII (1908), 352.
Kirchner, No. 8257. See pp. 73, 86.
Kapucmcov. 440 B. C. Schol. Aristoph. Vesp. 283.
Kirchner, No. 8259a. See p. 31.
LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS 119
Kp<piva<; 'A*apvav. 7G, IP, 237 (338/7 B.C.). Kirch-
ner, No. 8261. See pp. 51, 64, 101.
Suid, s. v. Kex.po^.
0pa. Ca. 357/6 B. C. #p. Phil.
8. See p. 46.
* K-rjcpcffoScopos. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). Sundwall s. v.
. See pp. 18 ff.
HOVTCKOS ('HpcwXscoTY^). Ca. 363/2 B. C.
Suid. s. v. KXeapxo?. Dem. 20. 84. Kirchner, No.
8485.
KXeapxo? T- E -. 7G, IP, 889 (ca. 190 B. C.),
See p. 62, n. 208.
Kovwv. Ca. 325 B. C. Din. 1. 43. Kirchner, No. 8700.
K6piv8os (?). /G, I, Suppl. 46a (500-400 B.C.). Wil-
helm, Melanges Nicole, 597 ff . See p. 34.
KOTUS Opai 382-365 B. C. Dem. 23. 118. See pp. 42, 95.
KuScov Bu&mio?. 405 B. C. Xen. Hell. ii. 2. 1; i. 3. 18.
Aeo . 7G, IP, 924 (200-168 B.C.). Wilhelm,
MAI, XXXIX (1914), 304.
. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
. See pp. 18 ff .
SaTupou Boaiuopto?. Before 355/4 B. C. Dem.
20. 30. See p. 45.
* A^vatoq. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
A^vaios. See pp. 18 ff.
* AIXII . 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff.
AuKoupfo? Bu^avTto?. 405 B.C. Xen. Hell. ii. 2. 1; i.
3. 18.
Auy,6<j>p(ov OsTiaXo?. Ca. 352 B. C. Aristot. Rhet. 1410a
18. Probably deprived of citizenship by court.
M^a?. 186-146 B. C. Kirchner, No. 9650.
MeXovOog 'AvSpoTuopiTco'j MsaaiQvio?. Paus. ii. 18. 7. Strabo
ix. 1. 7. See p. 26.
120 LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS
t MsXYjTO? pa HtTOsu?. Schol. Plato Apol. 18&. Diog.
Laert ii. 40. Plato Euthyphr. 26. Kirchner, No.
9829. See p. 75.
MsveaOsu? 'AwoXXwview McXfcto ? . 7G, IP, 982 (150-129
B.C.). Wilhelm, WSt, XXXIV (1912), 423.
$apaaXto<;. Ca. 476 B. C. Dem. 23. 199. See
p. 30.
t MsTavsvYj?. Contemporary with Aristophanes. Suid.
s. v. MeTayevY]?. Kirchner, No. 10087. See p. 74.
* MA. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff.
Nsaio?. 7G, IP, 553 (ca. 307 B.C.). Kirchner, No.
10615. See p. 55.
f NsoTUToXeiAO? Sxupios. Ca. 350 B. C. Schol. Dem. 5. 6.
Schaefer, Dem. u. s. Zeit 2 , I, 246. O'Connor,
Chapters in the History of Actors and Acting in
Ancient Greece, p. 72, and p. 119, No. 359. Kirch-
ner, No. 10647. See pp. 76, 82.
f Nty.6sJt.axo? 'AXs^avSpeuc; TYJS Tp(oty,YJs. Ca. 425 B. C. Suid.
s. v. Nwwjjiaxos- Meineke, Hist. Grit., 496. Kirch-
ner, No. 10932. See pp. 75, 79.
Nfoov Ntx.o<7TpaTou 'Apu8i]v6?. /G, IP, 493+518 (303/2
B.C.). Johnson, AJA, XVII (1913), 506-19.
Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 271 ff. See p. 56.
* 'OVCJ.IJLYK. /G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff.
7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff.
'05uOs[j.t; 'iTUTcoaTpaiou Aaptaato?. 7G, II 2 , 558 (ca. 303/2
B. C.) . Kirchner, No. 11484. See pp. 56, 89.
Satrap of Mysia. 7G, IP, 207 (349/8 B. C.).
Kirchner, No. 11490. See p. 48.
SstX^vou Ma*e&cov. Before 308 B.C. Diodor.
xx. 40.
7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
IIa(Siy.o<;. See pp. 18 ff.
LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS 121
I ASUKOVOS Boorrcoptos. /G, IP, 212 (347/6
B. C.) . Dem. 20. 29 f . See p. 48.
S AIYUTCTIOS. Suid. s. V. TlaXa^aTO?.
ItatpcftXou Zlatavtsu?. Ca. 325 B. C. Din. 1.
43. Athen. iii. 119/. Kirchner, No. 11555. See
p. 52.
'A^apveu?. 390-370 B.C. [Dem.] 59. 2; 46.
15. Dem. 36. 47; 45. 85. 7G, II, 1238. Kirch-
ner, No. 11672. See p. 41.
3>tXo<7TpaTou HepYa^vos. /G, II 2 , 954 (168-
159 B.C.). Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914),
305 f. /G, II, 1386. Kirchner, Nos. 11737 and
11738. See p. 62, n. 208.
Ca. 352 B.C. [Dem.] 59. 91.
Aristot. Rhet. 1410a 17. Deprived of citizenship
by court. Kirchner, No. 11762. See p. 65.
nsiatOst'Sou A^Xso?. /G, IP, 222 (ca. 331
B. C.). Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 424. See p. 64.
MaxeSwv. Ca. 479 B. C. Dem. 23. 200. See
p. 29.
"Icovo? 'E7utaupto<;. Paus. ii. 26. 2. See p. 26.
IToXe^wv EUYJYSTOU 'IXtsu?, Sajjuos, or S5x,uwvcoq. 200-180
B. C. Suid. s. v. HoXspuov. Athen. vi. 234d. See
p. 73.
Xao^wvTO.; aaco?. 463-461 B.C. Harpoc.
s. v. IIoXuYVWTOi;. Suid. s. i>. IIoXuYvcoToq. See p. 31.
Ca. 363 B.C. Dem. 23. 202.
IIoXuc7TpaTO<;. Ca. 390 B. C. Dem. 20. 84; 4. 24. Suid.
s. v. IIoXu<7TpaTO. Kirchner, No. 12070. See p, 40.
7G, IP, 1 (403/2 B. C.). See p. 38.
Ca. 224/3 B.C. Ferguson, Klio, VIII (1908),
344.
122 LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS
ov A'wo?. Ca. 360 B.C. Dem. 23. 119. Kirch-
ner, No. 12479. See pp. 44, 64, 91, 94.
AYIIJLSOU. 7G, IP, 712 (267-262 B. C.). Johnson,
CPh, IX (1914), 433. Cf. Tarn, JHSt, XL (1920),
143-59. Kirchner, No. 12466.
Xaptx-Xeous AtyivqTY]? Souvteu?. Ca. 318-315 B. C.
Plut. Dem. 28. Luc. Necyom. 16. Kirchner, No.
12526. See p. 71.
StTaXxou pa?. 431 B. C. Thuc. ii. 29. Kirch-
ner, No. 12546. See pp. 32, 63, 94, 100.
f Sa-rupos I STuapiottou II Boaxopto?. 407-387 B. C. 7G,
IP, 212 (347/6 B. C.) . See p. 48.
t SOevvis 'HpoSwpou 'OXuvOto? Atopeieu;. After 348 B. C.
Benndorf, ZoGy, XXVI (1875), 740-43. Kirch-
ner, No. 12641.
Baato?. 7G, IP, 17 (394/3 B. C.). See p. 40.
StV<ov 6pa?. 359-356 B. C. Dem. 23. 12. Kirchner,
No. i2709.
. Before 340 B. C. Either an unknown Sital-
ces or confused with Cotys.
SoXwv STpdhruvos BapYuXt^Tr^. 7G, IP, 496+507 (303/2
B. C.). Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 274. See
p. 57.
III ASUKOVOS BoaTuopto?. 7G, IP, 212 (347/6
B. C.) . Dem. 20. 29 f . See p. 48.
IV Eu^Xou Bocnuopco?. Before 7G, II 2 , 653
(287/6 B.C.). Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 277.
See p. 100.
Ca. 390 B. C. Aristot. Rhet. 1399& 2. Dem.
20. 84. Kirchner, No. 12911. See p. 40.
7G, II 2 , 666, 667 (280/79 B. C. or 282/1
B. C.). Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 277. Tarn,
JHSt, XL (1920), 158. Kirchner, No. 13024.
See p. 60.
LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS 123
Tpo^YJvos Tpo&^vios S^TTio?. Paus. ii. 30. 9.
See p. 26.
s ToBco?. Before 250 B. C. Kirch-
ner, No. 13126.
7G, IP, 387 (319/8 B. C.) .
* Scoriae. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall *.
See pp. 18 ff.
'AXsav-
8peia<;. Ca. 280 B. C. Suid. s. v. Scwfoeo?. See
p. 77.
7G, IP, 643 (299/8 B. C.).
TaupoaOevYj? Mvvjaapxou XaXxtSeu?. 343/2-340 B. C. Aes-
chines 3. 85. Din. 1. 44. Hyper. 5. 20. Schaefer,
Dem. u. s. Zeit\ II, 423. Kirchner, No. 13435.
See p. 49.
t TsXeaea? Tpo^vto?. 7G, IP, 971 (140/39 B.C.). Wil-
helm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 314.
?. Ca. 357/6 B.C. Ep. Phil. 8. See p. 46.
7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
?. See pp. 18 ff.
7G, IP, 394 (321/0-319/8 B.C.).
MapcovcTYj'i; TQ MapaO^ato? ^ MapaOyjvoi;. 7G, II 2 ,
854 (229-200 B.C.). Wilhelm, WSt, XXXIV
(1912), 424. Kirchner, No. 13859.
T6?apc<; Sx.^. 594-583 B. C. Luc. Scyth. 1, 4.
$auXXo<; ^covtsu?. Ca. 352 B. C. Dem. 23. 124.
Xatps9tXou Hatavteu?. Ca. 325 B. C. Din. 1. 43.
Athen. iii. 119/. Kirchner, No. 14163. See p. 52.
Xatps<p(Xou Hacavteus. Ca. 325 B.C. Din. 1. 43.
Athen. iii. 119/. Kirchner, No. 14184. See p. 52.
124 LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS
<E>tXacos AiavTO? 2aXa,uu'vcos <tXa(&YjS. Plut. Sol. 10. Paus.
i. 35. 2. See p. 26.
<cXeTacpog 'ATiaXoo I IlepYa^Yjvci? SuTuaX^TTto?. Ca. 175/4
B. C. 7G, IP, 905 (ca. 175/4 B. C.). Ditt., Syll. 3 ,
641, n. 2. Kirchner, No. 14254.
AapLwvo? Supax,6atos Atopietsu?. Before 7G, II,
1289 (307/6 B.C.). IG, III, 948. Anonym. De
com., Kaibel, 9. Kirchner, No. 14277. See p. 71.
'AIAUVTOO MaKsSwv. Ca. 338 B. C. Plut. Dem.
22. Din. 1. 43. See p. 50.
$tX(ay.o<; 'Au&Y]v6s. Ca. 367 B. C. Dem. 23. 141, 202,
Kirchner, No. 14430. See pp. 43, 95.
aoStKsus. Before 7G, IP, 1236 (200-150
B.C.).
t'8Y]s $iXcov(8ou Aao8txeo. Before 7G, IP, 1236 (200-
150 B. C.). Son of the preceding.
. /G, IP, 19 (394/3 B. C.).
'Axapvav. Ca. 400 (?) B.C. 7G, IP, 237
(338/7 B.C.). Kirchner, No. 14961. See p. 51.
$op[A(<dv. 361/0 B.C. [Dem.] 46. 13. Kirchner,
No. 14951. See p. 43.
'Ax,apvav. IG, IP, 237 (338/7 B.C.). See
Kirchner, No. 14961. See pp. 51, 64, 101.
'Ava^XuaTto.; (?). Ca. 363 B.C. Dem. 23.
202; 20. 84. [Dem.] 49. 43; 50. 41. Kirchner,
No. 14976.
* $ P 6vixo<5. /G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
$puvixo?. See pp. 18 ff.
$6uvo<; EuaXttou Msyapeu? AtjjjiYjTptaSo?. After 307 B. C.
7GS, I, 1-7 (306-287 B.C.). 7G, IP, 766 (270/69
B.C.). Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 434. Kirch-
ner, No. 15072.
LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS 125
* Xaipe&t]|io<;. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
XacpsS-rpos. See pp. 18 ff.
Xatps?cXo? Ilacavieus. Ca. 325 B.C. Din. 1. 43. Athen.
iii. 119/. Kirchner, No. 15187. See p. 52.
$cXo?svou 'Qpeinqc 'A^apveu?. Ca. 357/6 B. C.
Dem. 23. 23, 65, 141, 145, 151, 213. Aristot.
Rhet. 13996 2 f. 7G, II, Add. 741. Kirchner, No.
15380. See pp. 46, 95.
'AwoXXwvfou SoXeu?. 260-208/4 B. C. Strabo
xiv. 671. Plut. De Stoic, rep. 1034a. Kirchner,
No. 15582. See p. 72.
...... SaXoyiivio?. 7G, IP, 716 (400-300 B. C.).
7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B.C.). Sundwall s. v.
See pp. 18 ff.
7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff.
aT __. /G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.) . See pp. 18 ff .
.apxo? 'EpeTpieus. 7G, IP, 893 (ca. 188/7 B.C.).
Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 295 ff. See p. 62,
n. 208.
'ArcsXXou Atyvfatjs. 7G, IP, 981 (168-129
B.C.).
HCICO . 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff.
. . x __. /G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff.
S 'HpomXefoou Tapavijvo? (?). 7G, IP, 979 (168-129
B.C.). Wilhelm, WSt, XXXIV (1912), 424 ff.
See p. 62, n. 208.
* . .u<j(a?. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff.
* . . . .<ov. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff.
* . . .COTUOS. 7G, IP, 10 (401/0 B. C.). See pp. 18 ff.
'AfYJvo^ 'E7uca(Avto<;. 7G, IP, 350 (331/0
B.C.). Seep. 52.
126 LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS
i (?). 7G, IP, 538 (ca. 334-831 B. C.).
Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 428. Wilhelm, MAI,
XXXIX (1914), 269.
Euayopou SaX|vioi. 7G, IP, 716 (400-300 B. C.).
.. 'HfeXoxou 'ArcoXXuvtaTY)?. 7G, IP, 350 (331/0
B.C.). Seep. 52.
KaXXtxXeous. 7G, IP, 392 (321/0-319/8 B. C.).
Mt6pagfeou 'ApcapaOsus. 7G, IP, 980 (168-129
B.C.).
Hafovo? Msaaqvcot. Paus. ii. 18. 7. Toepffer,
Attische Genealogie, 225 ff . See p. 26.
"AvSptot. Ca. 399 B. C. Andoc. 1. 149. See pp.
39, 63, n. 211, 87 f.
(?). 7G, IP, 718 (300-250 B. C.).
($o(vtxs?). Her. v. 57. Toepffer, At-
tische Genealogie, 293 ff. See p. 26.
'E<pe<no (?). 7G, IP, 853 (229-200 B. C.). Wil-
helm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 310 ff.
BeTTaXoi IlepiSotSat. Time of Theseus. Suid.
s. v. rispieot&at. Plut. Thes. 25. See p. 26.
TTaXo(. Ca. 399 B. C. Andoc. 1. 149. See
pp. 39, 63, n. 211, 87 f.
MuTtXY)vaio?. Before 7G, IP, 40 (ca. 383/2
B. C.) ; Wilhelm, WSt, XXXIV (1912), 416 ff.
'OXuvOcoi. After 348 B. C. Suid. s. v. Kapavo?.
519 and 428/7 B. C. Thuc. iii. 55,
63. [Dem.] 59. 104. See pp. 29, 33, 62, 64.
Tippet?. 7G, IP, 566+unpub. fr. (307/6 B. C.).
Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX (1914), 281.
T68iot. 200 B. C. Polyb. xvi. 26. Szanto,
Griech. Bilrgerr., 68 f ., 79. See p. 62.
Sa^toc. 7G, IP, 1 (405/4 B. C.). See pp. 36,
100.
LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS 127
307-301 or 294/3 B. C. 7G, IP.
971 (140/39 B.C.). Wilhelm, MAI, XXXIX
(1914), 314.
-sue. IG, IP, 508 (318-300 B. C.).
. 508/7 B. C. Aristot. Pol. iii. 12756 37; Ath.
Pol. 21. See pp. 66, 87.
-. 406 B. C. Diodor. xiii. 97. See pp. 36, 66, 88.
-. IG, IP, 185 (400-353/2 B. C).
. IG, IP, 578 (400-300 B.C.).
. IG, IP, 251 (352-336 B. C.).
-. IG, IP, 282 (352-336 B. C.) .
-. IG, IP, 297 (352-336 B. C.).
-. IG, IP, 301 (352-336 B. C.).
. IG, IP, 511 (350-331 B. C.). Johnson, CPU,
IX (1914), 428.
. IG, IP, 438 (332-300 B. C.). Johnson, CPh,
IX (1914), 426.
. IG, IP, 393 (321/0-319/8 B. C.).
IG, IP, 394 (321/0-319/8 B. C.).
. IG, IP, 395 (321/0-319/8 B. C.).
-. IG, IP, 398 (ca. 320/19 B. C.). See p. 54.
. IG, IP, 541 (318-302 B. C.).
. IG, IP, 575 (318-300 B. C.).
-. IG, IP, 576 (318-300 B. C.).
. IG, IP, 577 (318-300 B. C.).
. 7G, IP, 519 (307-301 B. C.).
. IG, IP, 696 (ca. 306-303 B.C.). Johnson,
CPh, IX (1914), 432.
. IG, IP, 719 (300-250 B. C.). See pp. 21 ff.
128 LIST OF NATURALIZED ATHENIANS
t 1G, IP, 720 (300-250 B. C.) . See pp. 21 ff.
. 7G, IP, 804 (300-250 B. C.). Johnson, CPh,
IX (1914), 438.
. 7G, IP, 805 (300-250 B. C.). Johnson, CPh,
IX (1914), 438.
. 7G, IP, 643 (299/8 B. C.) .
. 7G, II 2 , 707 (ea. 295 B. C.). Johnson, CPh,
IX (1914), 433.
. /G, II 2 , 648 (ca. 295/4 B. C.).
. 7G, IP, 570 (294-288, 279-269, or 256-232
B. C.). Johnson, CPh, IX (1914), 428. Cf. Tarn,
JHSt, XL (1920), 143-59.
. 7G, IP, 721 (279-268 B. C.). Johnson, CPh,
IX (1914), 433. Cf. Tarn, JHSt, XL (1920),
143-59.
. 7G, IP, 717 (262-230 B. C.). Johnson, CPh,
IX (1914), 433. Seep. 61.
f . 7G, IP, 734 (250/49 B.C.). Johnson, CPh,
IX (1914), 433.
* . 7G, II 2 , 706 (ca. 232 B.C.). Johnson, CPh,
IX (1914), 433. See pp. 21 ff.
. . 7G, IP, 806 (ca. 230 B. C.) .
. 7G, IP, 851 (229-223 B. C.). Wilhelm, MAI,
XXXIX (1914), 298-302.
. 7G, IP, 845 (229-200 B. C.).
. 7G, IP, 855 (229-200 B. C.). Wilhelm, MAI,
XXXIX (1914), 298.
. 7G, II 2 , 856 (229-200 B. C.) . Wilhelm, MAI,
XXXIX (1914), 298.
. 7G, IP, 923 (200-168 B. C.).
. 7G, IP, 925 (200-168 B. C.). Wilhelm, MAI,
XXXIX (1914), 3061
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