^ A N D B O O K 
 
 YORK MUSEUM, 
 
 
 
 JOHN SAMPSON, YORK. 
 
 PRICE ONE SHILLING.
 
 .' 

 
 A HAND-BOOK 
 
 ANTIQUITIES 
 
 IN THE GROUNDS AND MUSEUM 
 
 YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 BY THE LATE 
 
 REV. CHARLES WELLBELOVED, 
 
 LARGE ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS BY HIS SUCCESSORS IN THE OFFICE 
 OF CCRATOB OF ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 SEVENTH EDITION. 
 
 YORK : 
 JOHN SAMPSON. PUBLISHED, CONEY STEEET. 
 
 1881.
 
 ' 
 
 * *> I 
 * + ( 
 
 
 * > 4 
 
 * + < 
 
 A 
 
 -> * < 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 > 4 
 
 PLAI\: UT T:I:I>: C , l'!ii>VTPAL PART 
 
 DF T.l;l:B
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 A COMPARISON of this edition of the Hand-book to the York 
 Museum, etc., with its immediate predecessors will show the 
 great importance and variety of the additions that have been 
 made during the last ten years. The Museum is now more 
 worthy than it was of the ancient city which it illustrates, 
 and of the great county of which that city is the capital. 
 It is visited every year by strangers from all parts of the 
 world, and the Council of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society 
 appeal to all natives of the county to enable them to make 
 the York Museum the best existing representation of what 
 York and Yorkshire were in bygone days. 
 
 1029056
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 SECTION I. ANTIQUITIES IN THE GROUNDS OF THE 
 
 YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY 5 
 
 SECTION II. ANTIQUITIES IN THE LOWER ROOM OF 
 
 THE HOSPITIUM 27 
 
 SECTION III. ANTIQUITIES IN THE UPPER ROOM OF 
 
 THE HOSPITIUM 81 
 
 SECTION IV. ANTIQUITIES IN THE HALL AND THEATRE 
 
 OF THE MUSEUM 140 
 
 SECTION V. ANTIQUITIES IN THE UPPER, OR ETHNO- 
 LOGICAL, ROOM OF THE MUSEUM ... 148
 
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 
 
 P. 55. Under the coffin of Theodorianus, and helping to 
 support it, is a portion of a rude and almost defaced Roman 
 inscription, which can only be detected in a peculiar light. 
 Parts of three lines of letters may be traced. The middle line 
 begins with the letters civi. 
 
 P. 98. . The figure, here supposed to be that of Atys, 
 seems to hold an apple in his hand, and Dr. Hiibner suggests 
 that Paris is represented, and that he is holding out the 
 meed of beauty.
 
 I. 
 
 ANTIQUITIES IN THE GROUNDS OF THE 
 YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 THE grounds in which the Museum of the Yorkshire 
 Philosophical Society stands occupy above one-half of the 
 ancient Close of the Benedictine Abbey of St. Maiy ; with a 
 small portion of the moat of the city wall, and of the enclosure 
 within which the Hospital of St. Leonard formerly stood. 
 
 The Visitor, upon his first entrance into these grounds, 
 will observe, on his right hand, the remains of the ancient 
 Hospital of St. Leonard ; but he is advised to pass over these 
 for the present, and to direct his attention, first of all, to the 
 remains of a much older date immediately adjoining those of 
 the Hospital, a portion of THE FORTIFICATIONS OF THE ROMAN 
 STATION OF EBURACUM, the capital of Roman Britain ; erected, 
 it is probable, toward the close of the first century cf the 
 Christian era. These remains, consisting of a part of the 
 wall and an angle-tower, are in a remarkably good state of 
 preservation, considering their great age, and the dangers to 
 which they have been exposed amidst the various vicissitudes 
 which the city of York has experienced, during the long and 
 often much troubled period that has elapsed since Britain was 
 abandoned by the Romans. The exterior of the angle-tower 
 has suffered most, but the original work, which remains un- 
 changed, may at once be distinguished from -the rude repairs 
 it has received in later times, and from the portion raised 
 upon it, when it was made a part of the wall of York in 
 mediaeval times. 
 
 B
 
 6 
 
 The masonry of the exterior surface of the Roman wall, and 
 of the whole breadth of the wall of the tower, consists of 
 regular courses of small ashlar stones, with a string of large 
 Roman tiles, five in depth, inserted between the nineteenth 
 and twentieth courses of the stones from the foundation. 
 Turning by the tower to the right hand, and passing through 
 a doorway in the present city wall joining the tower, the 
 visitor will come upon another portion of the Roman wall 
 connected with the angle-tower and proceeding from it in a 
 north-easterly direction, at nearly a right angle. This has 
 been traced, as far as the city gate called Bootham Bar, where 
 the foundations, and some interesting fragments of the old 
 Roman gate were discovered. Several of these fragments are in 
 the Museum. In 1876, some farther remains of the gate were 
 found, with a large portion of a pillar, showing that the 
 structure was somewhat similar to the arch of Severus at 
 Rome. Between the angle-tower and this gate, portions of 
 two wall towers, and one entire small chamber, have been 
 found buried with the wall in the modern rampart.* These 
 towers and the wall immediately connected with them were 
 removed, with the exception of a small portion in the garden 
 of the last house in St. Leonard's Place, when that entrance 
 into the city was formed. 
 
 The masonry of the interior of the angle-tower, reaching 
 very nearly, it is probable, to its original height, is remark- 
 ably fresh and perfect, owing to its having been concealed 
 during many ages by an accumulation of soil which was 
 removed soon after the building came into the possession of 
 the Society, in 1831. The tower has been divided by a wall, 
 a small part of which is still remaining, into two equal portions. 
 At the height of about five feet there seems to have been 
 originally a timber floor; and above this, at the height of 
 
 * See "Eburacum, or York under the Romans," p. 52.
 
 about nine feet, another floor. The lower compartments had 
 a mortar floor laid upon sand ; and having no light hut from 
 the entrances, may have been used as depositories for stores 
 or arms. The two apartments above these were probably 
 guard-rooms ; each of them having a narrow window or 
 aperture, so placed as to enable those within to observe what 
 was passing without, along the line of each wall. The opening 
 of these apertures externally was not more than six inches in 
 width ; but within, it expanded to about five feet ; their height, 
 owing to the change that has been made in the upper part of 
 
 the tower, cannot be exactly ascertained. The annexed wood- 
 cut will exhibit a clear view of the arrangement of this part of
 
 8 
 
 the ancient fortification. The diameter of the interior at the 
 base or floor, is ahout 33 feet 6 inches : the plan consists of 
 ten sides of a nearly regular thirteen- sided figure, forming 
 nine very obtuse angles : whence it has obtained the name of 
 THE MULTANGULAR TOWER. 
 
 a. a. a. The multangular wall of the tower. 
 
 b. The wall of the Roman station proceeding from the tower 
 in the direction of Lendal and Coney- street. 
 
 c. The wall proceeding in the direction of Bootham Bar. 
 
 d. The wall dividing the tower into two portions. 
 
 e. e. The wall at the entrance into the tower. Traces of 
 another similar wall have been seen at i. 
 
 f. /. Walls built for the purpose of supporting the interior 
 ramparts. 
 
 g. g. The apertures in the upper rooms of the tower, which 
 commanded a view of the exterior of the walls. 
 
 h. The modern city wall. 
 
 The stone coffins deposited in the tower were found in 
 different Roman burial places in the immediate neighbourhood 
 of York. They are rudely formed of a coarse grit stone, and 
 are without inscriptions. In that which is marked by the 
 letters H. F., discovered in 1831 in Heslington field, about a 
 mile from York, were some few remains of a female which had 
 been covered with plaster (gypsum) in a liquid state. This 
 plaster, exhibiting a cast of the body, together with some 
 trinkets imbedded in it, may be seen in the upper room of the 
 Hospitium, in the case marked I. 
 
 The multangular tower with the wall adjoining it is 
 the chief portion of the fortifications of Eburacum or Roman 
 York, existing above ground. But in excavating for sewers 
 and other purposes, various portions of the foundations of such 
 fortifications have been found ; by means of which the exact 
 extent of one side, and the direction of the other sides of the
 
 9 
 
 Roman Station have been ascertained with tolerable accuracy. 
 The East side runs from Market Street to the Multangular 
 Tower in the Museum Gardens ; the North from this tower, 
 along the line of the City Wall, to the corner of Gillygate and 
 Lord Mayor's Walk ; the West, follows the City Wall through 
 Mr. Gray's garden (where it was discovered in 1861) past 
 Monk Bar, (where a considerable portion of it may be seen in 
 the inner rampart,) to a point not very far distant, near the 
 site of the old church of St. Helen on the Walls. As to the 
 shape of the South side there is some doubt. By drawing a 
 straight line from the site of St. Helen's Church to Market 
 Street, the wall would pass through Church Street and 
 Parliament Street, but a portion of the wall recently discovered 
 in Aldwark crossed that street at so sharp an angle that if the 
 line were carried out the greater part of the Shambles and 
 Parliament Street would be brought within the limits of the 
 camp. It may be that want of space obliged the Romans to 
 break up the earlier arrangement of the walls, and to take in 
 more room, thus destroying the original square. It appears, 
 however, that Roman York occupied a comparatively small 
 portion of the site of modern York, and that it was entirely on 
 the north side of the River Ouse ; the south side being 
 occupied, as recent discoveries have shewn, by extensive baths, 
 temples, villas, and places of burial, on the road leading from 
 Eburacum to Calcaria (Tadcaster), the next station towards the 
 south. It has been hitherto conjectured that the Roman Station 
 of Eburacum was of a rectangular form, of about 536 yards, 
 by about 470 ; having four principal gates or entrances; four 
 principal angle-towers; and a series of minor towers, or turrets, 
 from twenty-five to thirty in number. It is more probable, I 
 think, that the camp was five-sided, and had a larger area. 
 
 The first of the plates facing the title-page represents what 
 was considered to be the position and extent of Eburacum, and
 
 10 
 
 the situation and extent of the modern city, within the limits 
 of its walls. 
 
 From the interior of the Multangular Tower, the visitor 
 may pass to the remains of a religious establishment, next in 
 point of antiquity to those of the Roman Station ; and forming 
 a part of THE HOSPITAL OF ST. LEONARD. The foundation 
 of this religious house is ascribed to the Anglo-Saxon King 
 Athelstan ; who, returning from a successful expedition against 
 the Scots, in the year 836, and finding in the Cathedral church 
 of York some poor religious persons, called Colidei or Culdees, 
 devoting themselves to works of charity and piety, granted 
 them a piece of ground near the Cathedral, on which they 
 might erect a Hospital; adding, for the support of it, one 
 thrave of corn out of every carucate of land in the bishoprick 
 of York. William the Conqueror confirmed this grant. William 
 Rufus enlarged the site of their Hospital, and built for them a 
 Church, which was dedicated, as the Hospital had been, to St. 
 Peter. Henry I. still farther enlarged the Close of the 
 establishment, extending it to the banks of the river ; con- 
 firming their privileges, and granting them additional lands. 
 Stephen re-built the Hospital, and dedicated it to St. Leonard, 
 and henceforth it was, probably, independent of the Minster. 
 All its privileges and possessions were confirmed and enlarged 
 by successive kings, and additional grants were made from 
 time to time by the wealthy and devout, so that it became one 
 of the largest and best endowed foundations of the kind in the 
 North of England. Mr. Drake, in his History of York, says 
 that the number of persons constantly maintained in this 
 Hospital, besides those relieved elsewhere from its funds, was 
 90 ; including a master or warden, 13 brethren, 8 sisters, 4 
 secular priests, 80 choristers, 2 school-masters, 26 bedemen, 
 and 6 servitors. The Hospital was surrendered in the year 
 1589, at the dissolution of religious houses, when the clear
 
 11 
 
 yearly rental was stated to be 362 11s. l(Hd., equal, it is 
 probable, to 5000 at the present time. 
 
 Of the first portion of the remains of this large establishment 
 which presents itself to the notice of the visitor, immediately 
 upon leaving the Multangular Tower, no satisfactory account 
 can be given. It consists merely of the bases of four pillars, 
 small portions of two shafts, and one capital, evidently parts 
 of two rows of pillars of very unequal dimensions, ranged 
 parallel to the Roman wall. It is highly probable that there 
 are the remains of corresponding pillars in the ground not 
 occupied by the Society ; and that the ground plan of the 
 structure to which they belonged may be truly represented by 
 the annexed wood-cut : a. a. a. a. denoting the bases now 
 seen. 
 
 m 
 
 If this be correct, this part of the building consisted of three 
 compartments, separated by rows of pillars. But of the 
 character of the superstructure, and the purpose of the 
 building, it is in vain to form any conjecture. 
 
 Leaving these, the visitor will proceed to the more inter- 
 esting remains of what in all probability were the Ambulatory 
 and Chapel of the Infirmary of St. Leonard's Hospital, which 
 was leased to the Society by the Corporation in 1841. The 
 covered cloister or Ambulatory appears to have consisted of
 
 12 
 
 five, or perhaps six aisles, in two of which was a large fire- 
 place ; for the benefit, no doubt, of the infirm and sickly, for 
 whose use the Ambulatory was designed. The exterior aisle, 
 on the side towards the Multangular Tower, was most probably 
 inclosed by a wall. Above the Ambulatory were the chambers 
 or wards of the infirmary ; adjoining to which is the beautiful, 
 small chapel, opening to the chamber, so that the sick persons 
 who were confined to their beds, might have the comfort of 
 hearing the celebration of the divine offices. The eastern end 
 of the chapel indicates the period of its erection ; the style of 
 the architecture being that of the early part of the 13th 
 century, aud it is no doubt the work of John Bomanus, 
 Treasurer of the Minster, and the builder of the North 
 Transept, who is said to have restored the Hospital of St. 
 Leonard. The Ambulatory belongs to rather an earlier age. 
 How access was obtained to the chamber and the chapel, does 
 not clearly appear ; there being no remains of a staircase. 
 Adjoining the Ambulatory is the ancient entrance into the 
 Hospital from the river ; on the banks of which was a staith 
 or wharf, appropriated to the Hospital, called St. Leonard's 
 landing. 
 
 On the left hand, as you go beneath the arch, is a large 
 stone coffiu, boldly cut, with a label for an inscription which 
 has never been put on it. The label ends with peltce, 
 resembling the letter E. This coffin was found in 1874, near 
 the Scarbro' Railway Bridge, lying north and south, and 
 immediately in front of it, a skeleton (probably that of some 
 servant of the deceased) was discovered, buried 'bolt upright.' 
 The two sarcophagi next to this are a pair, and were found in 
 the year 1813, in Clifton, at a place called One Tree Hill, 
 in the grounds of Mr. David Russell (now the property of 
 Mr. Thomlinson-Walker.) There are some slight traces on 
 these coffins of effaced inscriptions, showing that they have
 
 18 
 
 been used at least twice. These were deposited here by the 
 Dean and Chapter in 1862. * The fourth sarcophagus on the 
 same side is carefully finished for an inscription, but one of 
 the corners has been damaged, and on that account the tomb 
 was probably bought cheap out of a Roman stonemason's 
 yard. On the right side is another large coffin which has 
 probably been used more than once, as there are some traces 
 of a defaced label and inscription. The only letters remaining 
 are the usual D. M. upon the lid. This was found in the New 
 Railway Station in 1873. Near this coffin are two side stones 
 of a Roman well, discovered in Tanner Row, at the end of 
 Barker Lane. A large British coffin is near, hollowed out of 
 a single oak tree, and containing, when discovered, several 
 skeletons. It was found near Sunderlandwick, in the East 
 Riding, and was presented by Mr. E. H. Reynard in 1856. 
 Appended to the wall as you enter the archway, on the right 
 hand, is an inscription recording the building of the Market 
 Cross in Pavement in 1671-2, by Marmaduke Rawdon. f The 
 cross was removed in 1813, and this inscription was presented 
 to the Museum in 1835 by Mr. J. Smith. On the stone is 
 the following additional record, placed immediately below the 
 arms of the city : " The above inscription, part of the Market 
 Cross taken down in 1813, was restored and placed here with 
 the sanction of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society by W. F. 
 Rawdon, M.D." The hand of the restorer is again needed. 
 
 Outside, with their heads towards the street, are six stone 
 coffins, very coarsely wrought, discovered during the excava- 
 tions in 1872-3. 
 
 * These are figured in Mr. Wellbeloved's Eboracum, p. 104, and Wright's 
 Celt, Roman, and Saxon, and are a good sample of these ponderous sarcophagi 
 which have been found in great numbers around York. There are between 
 thirty and forty of them in the grounds of the Society. 
 
 t The inscription may be found in Drake's Eboracum; and in the preface to 
 Mr. Davies' Life of Marmaduke Rawdon p 38. 
 B2
 
 14 
 
 Adjoining to this entrance, on the site of the present street, 
 there was another aisle, the use of which is not known. The 
 staircase leading to the Infirmary and the Chapel may have 
 been at the northern end of it. Of the use to which the room 
 under the Chapel was applied, no satisfactory account can be 
 given. 
 
 The huge Roman tomb, composed of ten large slabs of grit 
 stone, deposited in this room, marked I., was discovered in 
 the year 1848, not far from the entrance to the North Eastern 
 Railway Station, through the ramparts of the city wall. It 
 contained the remains of a body which had been placed in a 
 cofiin of cedar, and covered with gypsum. The coffin had 
 entirely perished, with the exception of a few very small 
 fragments : but the gypsum remained, exhibiting a cast of the 
 body over which it had been poured. This cast is deposited 
 in the upper room of the Hospitium, in the case marked Q. b. 
 
 The Roman cofiin marked II., was discovered in July, 
 1851, about three feet below the surface, near Skeldergate 
 Postern, by the side of the road leading to Bishopthorpe. 
 It contained a cast of the bodies of a female and a child, 
 deposited in the upper room of the Hospitium, in the case 
 marked E. 
 
 The Roman cofiin marked III., was found in the garden of 
 the late Mr. John Prest, without Micklegate Bar. It con- 
 tained a few bones, and a jet ring. Mr. J. W. Graves. 
 
 The cofiin marked IV., was found at the Mount. Mr. W. 
 Driffield. 
 
 In the Larger Vaulted Room are some Mediaeval remains. 
 () A portion of the stone figure of St. Leonard, the patron 
 of the Hospital. (b) Many of the stones of an arch found 
 in the excavation for St. Leonard's Place, and a part, no doubt, 
 of the ancient Hospital. (o) Part of a sepulchral slab 
 removed from Christ-Church when it was restored. It
 
 15 
 
 probably commemorates John Towthorp, butcher, and Margery 
 his wife, who were buried there in the 15th century. 
 
 Returning by the Multangular Tower, the visitor passes 
 again over what was formerly the moat of the city wall, and 
 enters on the precincts of the ABBEY OF ST. MARY. 
 
 The original foundation of this once large and opulent 
 establishment ascends to a period prior to the Norman Con- 
 quest. About the year 1050, Siward, a noble Dane, and Earl 
 of Northumberland, began to erect a minster or church here, 
 which he dedicated to St. Olave, and in which he is said to have 
 been buried. Six years after the Conquest, three zealous monks, 
 Aldwine, Elfwiue, and Reinfrid, from the Abbey of Evesham, 
 came into the North with the view of reviving monastic life 
 there, almost extinct through the long continued violence of 
 the Danish invaders. Having been very successful in their 
 mission on the banks of the Tyne, Reinfrid came southwards 
 to Streaneshalh (Whitby), where still remained the ruins of a 
 Saxon convent founded by St. Hilda. Here he was allowed 
 by Earl Perci, to whom this fee belonged, to build a Priory 
 and was soon joined by several who had devoted themselves to 
 a monastic life. Among these was one named Stephen, to 
 whom the government of the priory was committed. But 
 having made himself obnoxious to the Earl, he was driven 
 from the priory, and retired to Lastingham on the eastern 
 moors, where a religious house had been established in the 
 Saxon times. This he refounded, but was shortly driven 
 thence also by his powerful adversary. Under the protection 
 of Alan of Brittany, Earl of Richmond, to whom the Church 
 of St. Olave founded by Siward belonged, Stephen, in the year 
 1087, came to York ; and having received from his new 
 patron the grant of the Church, and of four acres of land 
 adjoining it, he proceeded, with the approbation and aid of the 
 king, to convert it into a monastery. Eleven years afterwards,
 
 16 
 
 William Rufus enlarged the grant of Alan, and laid the 
 foundation of a new and larger church which he dedicated 
 to the Blessed Virgin Mary. There is evidence in what yet 
 remains of the entrance to the Chapter House, and in many 
 of the carved fragments which have been disinterred, that 
 the buildings of the monastery were not completed prior to 
 the reign of Stephen : perhaps not so early. Gervase of 
 Canterbury records the burning of the Minster and Abbey 
 during that reign : but if either of these buildings suffered 
 from fire at that time, the injury, it is probable, was of no 
 great extent. Nearly 200 years after its first foundation by 
 the second William, the celebrated Abbat, Simon de Warwick, 
 who governed the Abbey between the years 1259 and 1299, 
 laid the foundation of a new large choir in 1271, and lived to 
 see it completed. The rebuilding of the other portions of the 
 Church followed, no doubt ; but few records remain to inform 
 us by whom the work was carried on. In 1278 Archbishop 
 Giffard granted an indulgence to those who contributed to the 
 building of the tower. This was struck by lightning in 1376 
 and was burned to the ground. It was surmounted, probably, 
 by a spire of wood, covered with lead. Simon de Warwick is 
 said also to have built, in 1266, the wall and towers surrounding 
 the Close of the Abbey ; the rampart of earth, by which it had 
 been previously enclosed, not being sufficient to protect it 
 from the hostile attacks of the citizens, between whom and 
 the monks frequent quarrels are recorded to have arisen. 
 It may also have been found necessary to have a better 
 defence against the incursions of the Scots. In the year 
 1540, the Monastery of St. Mary shared the fate of other 
 monastic houses, and was surrendered to the King by William 
 Dent, the last Abbat ; the clear annual rental at that time 
 being 1650 Os. 7d. At the dissolution there were 50 
 Monks in the establishment, including the Abbat, the Prior,
 
 17 
 
 and Sub-Prior; to whom may be added 150 servants; 
 supposing them to bear the same proportion to the number 
 of Monks and the dignity of the Abbat as we find in other 
 religious houses. 
 
 The Abbat of St. Mary's enjoyed the dignity of the mitre, 
 and was summoned to parliament. The Mitred Abbeys, at 
 the Dissolution were for the most part granted by the king to 
 noble or wealthy families, in consideration of past services, of 
 exchange of lands, or of the payment of a sum of money. The 
 Monastery of St. Mary was retained by the Crown. 
 
 The Churches of some of the greater Monasteries were at 
 the Dissolution converted into Episcopal Churches ; but York 
 had its Cathedral long before the foundation of the Abbey of 
 St. Mary ; and the neighbouring parish of St. Olave possessed 
 a church fully adequate to its wants, adjoining the Abbey, on 
 the site, it is probable, of Earl Siward's church. The Abbey 
 church therefore was doomed to destruction : and the monastic 
 buildings were partially destroyed, to provide a site and materials 
 for a royal palace. The site chosen adjoined the south tran- 
 sept of the church, the buildings of the Monastery extending 
 from the transept nearly to the wall of the Abbey Close ; 
 including the Chapter house with its vestibule, the Library, 
 the Scriptorium, and several other rooms. 
 
 About the close of the year 1822, the Yorkshire Philo- 
 sophical Society was founded ; and in the year 1827 it 
 obtained a grant from the Crown of nearly three acres of 
 ground within the ancient precincts cf the Monastery, in- 
 cluding the remains of the Abbey church, with the exception 
 of the choir, as a site for buildings appropriated to the 
 purposes of science.* The spot selected by the society 
 
 * In 1836, the Society was enabled, by the liberal bequest of Dr. Beckwith, to 
 purchase from the Crown all that part of the Manor Shore which lay between 
 the Waterworks and Marygate, and between the Museum garden and the Ouse.
 
 18 
 
 happened to be that on which a Royal Palace appears to 
 have been erected after the Dissolution ; a small portion of 
 which, a wall with a large fire-place, Avas still remaining ; 
 forming the boundary, in that part, of the ground granted to 
 the society."' From the appearance of the surface it was 
 conjectured that the ground would be found full of the ruins 
 of the later, if not of the more ancient structure, perhaps of 
 both edifices ; but the first opening of the ground discovered, 
 not mere heaps of mutilated stones, but considerable portions 
 of the lower apartments of the Monastery, of spacious and 
 elegant door-ways, of octagonal columns rising to the height 
 of five or six feet, standing as they had stood before the 
 dissolution of the Abbey, intersected by the foundations of 
 the Palace ; while in the intervening spaces were scattered 
 numerous fragments consisting of richly carved capitals, 
 mouldings, and elegant tracery work. Of similar remains, 
 much of which appeared to have belonged to the once large 
 and magnificent chapter-house, the foundation walls of the 
 palace, when broken up, were found to consist. The octagonal 
 pillars, removed only a few inches from their original position, 
 may be seen in one of the lower rooms of the Museum, under 
 the Zoological Room ; the most interesting of the sculptured 
 remains are deposited in the Hospitium. These discoveries 
 led to farther excavations ; nearly every part of the ground 
 granted to the Society was explored ; and although the result 
 was not so satisfactory as could have been desired, nothing 
 more than the bases or the rough foundations of pillars, and 
 the mere rudiments of walls in many places being traced, yet 
 the situation and extent of the principal portions of this 
 splendid monastic establishment were ascertained ; and thus 
 the ichnography of another great Abbey was obtained, for 
 
 * See the plate at page 574 of Drake's Eboraeum, and the Report of Com- 
 munications to the Monthly Meetings for 1858 p. 21.
 
 19 
 
 the gratification and instruction of those to whom the economy 
 of monastic structures is an interesting subject of inquiry. 
 
 By means of the plate already given, the visitor, it is hoped, 
 will he enabled to form some idea of the arrangement and situ- 
 ation of the buildings which formed the Abbey. The shaded 
 part shows the position of the Museum. 
 
 AA. The Church of the Monastery, remarkable for the 
 great length of the choir, the site of which was not included 
 in the government grant to the society.* About half way 
 from the western entrance to the central tower, between the 
 fifth and sixth windows of the nave, the floor of the church 
 appears to have been raised by one step, about seven inches 
 in height : the floor of the tower and the transepts appears 
 also to have had a farther elevation of about seventeen inches, 
 to which there must have been an ascent of three steps between 
 the western pillars of the tower and the last intercolumni- 
 ations of the nave. 
 
 a a. The Transepts, b. A vestry; or a side chapel. 
 
 The nave and choir had two side-aisles ; the transepts had 
 only one aisle, on the eastern side. 
 
 There was only one entrance to the nave at the western 
 end ; on the northern side was another doorway, the beautiful 
 mouldings of which can be seen only from the adjoining church 
 yard: on the southern side, near the transept, was an entrance 
 from the quadrangle, and probably there was another near the 
 western end, from the dormitory. 
 
 The remains of semicircular processes or apses, towards the 
 east, appear in the north transept ; and similar remains were 
 discovered, when the eastern side of the north transept was 
 excavated. In these, no doubt, were the windows of the 
 
 * By an arrangement with the Governors of the Wilberforce School for the 
 Blind, it is now included in the grounds of the Society (1869). The Society also 
 acquired in 1879 an acre of ground to the north of the chancel of the Abbey, a 
 portion of the old Bowling-green of the King's Manor.
 
 20 
 
 transepts on that side. An apsis of much larger dimensions, 
 a few feet within the site of the choir, has since been observed, 
 which appears to have been the eastern termination of the 
 church built by the Abbat Stephen. 
 
 It appears that in the rebuilding of the church by Abbat 
 Simon, many portions of the old fabric of coarse grit stone 
 were suffered to remain, being encased by the new work of 
 limestone. This may be seen in the remaining pier or 
 buttress, in the north-east corner of the north transept : 
 and yet more extensively in the south transept. 
 
 B. The great Quadrangle; in its usual situation, on the 
 south side of the nave. It had, probably, a pent-house 
 cloister, on every side. The level of the quadrangle near 
 the transept was 3 feet 9 inches below the level of the 
 church, the entrance to which, by the door before men- 
 tioned, was consequently by steps, one of which may now be 
 seen. 
 
 c. A narrow passage from the quadrangle leading to the 
 space between the Choir and the Chapter House : perhaps to 
 the vestry and the Abbat's residence. 
 
 c. The Chapter House. Of this important part of the 
 monastery nothing remains but the lowest portions of the 
 foundations of grit stone. All above this seems to have been 
 removed to make room for the Palace, and the spacious cellars, 
 the walls of which, still remaining entire in the grounds 
 belonging to the School for the Blind, contain many of the 
 finely sculptured stones that once adorned the entrance and 
 the interior of this large and magnificent apartment. The 
 approach to the Chapter House from the quadrangle was 
 through a beautiful vestibule (rf), supported by two rows of 
 pillars forming three aisles. The richly sculptured piers, part 
 of the portal of the Chapter House, one of which, nearly 
 perfect, remains, are said to have been crowned by the
 
 21 
 
 beautiful arch which is preserved in the Hospitium, but 
 this is a matter of doubt. 
 
 D. An apartment divided into three parts by three octagonal 
 pillars, from which the vaulting sprung. These pillars are 
 still standing in the lower apartments of the Museum ; but not 
 exactly in their original situation. To what use this room in 
 the monastery was appropriated cannot be ascertained. If 
 there were no apartments above it, (which however, is not 
 very probable), it may have been the Library or Scriptorium, 
 or both. The principal entrance was from the passage (c). It 
 had also an entrance from the Abbat's Court. 
 
 E. Another apartment of a similar character, 78 feet in 
 length ; the use of which is also unknown. The entrance was 
 from the passage. It was connected also with another of the 
 monastic buildings at its south-east corner, which was, pro- 
 bably, the Infirmary. 
 
 F. An apartment which, if all the finely worked bosses found 
 buried in it had originally adorned its vaultings, must have 
 been a splendid room. It had a large ornamented fire-place, 
 guarded by a stone fender. The level of the floor was from 
 two to three feet below that of the quadrangle to which it 
 adjoined, and the entrance was at (/), from a court on the 
 south side. The room was divided into three equal parts by 
 elegant moulded pillars, and furnished with a stone seat on 
 every side. This is thought to have been the parlour; or 
 perhaps the "common house," which is described as being 
 usually on the right hand on going out of the cloisters to the 
 Infirmary, and as "having a fire constantly by day in winter 
 for the use of the monks who were allowed no other fire.* 
 The fire-place is still remaining as it was found, in the lower 
 part of the Museum, beneath the Hall. The beautiful bosses 
 or ceiling knots found in this room, seem to have been most 
 
 * See Fosbroke's British Monachism, p. 69.
 
 22 
 
 carefully preserved by the builders of the palace, as if they 
 had foreseen their future exhumation by those who would 
 appreciate them more justly than they did, who doomed this 
 once splendid apartment to destruction. Several of these 
 bosses may now be seen, among other beautiful remains of 
 the monastery, in the lower room of the Hospitium. 
 
 G. The site of the Refectory. 82 feet long, and 37 feet 
 wide. This room was longitudinally divided into three parts 
 by two rows of octangular pillars, five in each row, and 
 separated from the apartment F by a wall only 12 in. thick. 
 The entrance was not, as usual, from the quadrangle, but 
 from the western end, by a large double doorway. On the left 
 of the entrance at (Ji), were found the lower steps of a spacious 
 stone staircase, leading perhaps to the dormitory. A recess at 
 (i), just within the apartment, had a pavement of plain glazed 
 tiles, 9 in. square, purple and yellow alternately. 
 
 H. The great Kitchen of the Abbey. 
 
 i. A room adjoining to the kitchen, but not connected with 
 it : perhaps the office of the Cellarer. 
 
 K. A passage from the quadrangle leading to the court in 
 which was the entrance to the Refectory. 
 
 L. The Ambulatory or Cloister under the dormitory; very 
 small when compared with that of Jervaux, or Kirkstall, and, 
 especially, of Fountains. The dormitory may have extended 
 over a part of the refectory. This cloister was on a lower 
 level than that of the quadrangle, the access to which was 
 by steps at (ni). In this part of the quadrangle the monks 
 held their school for the instruction of children sent to them 
 from the neighbourhood ; and two glazed tiles, on which was 
 painted the alphabet in capital letters of the 15th century, to 
 be read, with the exception of one line, from right to left, 
 were found in the excavation of that part. The Lavatory at 
 which the monks washed themselves, was probably on that
 
 28 
 
 side of the quadrangle ; if not, it may have been, as at Wor- 
 cester, on the western side of the ambulatory. 
 
 M. Apparently a passage between the ambulatory and the 
 church : connecting, it is probable, a staircase from the dormi- 
 tory with au entrance into the church near the western end of 
 the nave. A passage of this kind may be observed at 
 Fountains, Kirkstall, and other abbeys; and it was judi- 
 ciously contrived, in order that the monks "might pass to 
 their late or early devotions with the least possible exposure 
 to the outer air." 
 
 N. The passage from the apartment F, from the Infirmary 
 and other buildings of the monastery, and also from the 
 abbat's residence, to the quadrangle, and thus to the Chapter 
 House and the Church. Doors appear to have been placed at 
 the entrance to the quadrangle, and at the end (e) of the 
 passage from the abbat's court. 
 
 o. The site of the Abbat's House, which was called the 
 King's Manor, and made the residence of the Lord Presidents 
 of the North, the Koyal Palace, built after the Dissolution, 
 having been speedily dismantled. It appears to have under- 
 gone much alteration in the beginning of the reign of James 
 I., who intended to make it his occasional residence; and 
 afterwards in the reign of Charles I., under the direction of 
 the Earl of Strafford. Nearly the whole of the King's Manor 
 is now occupied by the Wilberforce School for the Blind. 
 
 Of other parts of the domestic buildings of the monastery 
 the foundations were traced ; but the remains were too small 
 and imperfect to afford any indication of the purposes to which 
 they had been appropriated. 
 
 Before the visitor leaves the church he should not fail to 
 notice a striking peculiarity in the structure of the windows, 
 the lights and tracery of which varied alternately in a very 
 remarkable manner. The window nearest to the western front
 
 24 
 
 was divided by one mullion into two trefoil-headed lights, 
 above which, in the head of the arch, was a six-foil light. 
 The next window was divided by two rnullions into 
 three trefoil-headed lights, above which were placed three 
 quatre-foil lights; and thus alternately along the whole of 
 the nave. 
 
 Contemplating the Western front of the church, on his way 
 to the Hospitium, which stands in the lower part of the 
 grounds, and in which some of the most interesting fragments 
 of the sculptured decorations of the abbey are deposited, the 
 visitor will easily imagine how beautiful it must have been in 
 its perfect state, crowned with turrets or spires, and crocketed 
 pinnacles. The ornaments about the doorway must have been 
 singularly elegant. In a deep hollow moulding between every 
 column was figured the shoot of a vine, rising from the bottom, 
 and at the top leaving its retreat, to pass in front of the head 
 of the nearest column, so as to form a foliated capital. Nothing 
 can be conceived more chaste or graceful. 
 
 On the right of the path leading to the Hospitium may be 
 seen the arch of the gateway, which formed the principal 
 entrance to the monastery. The arch and arcade belong to 
 the Norman period ; but the building attached to them, a part 
 only of the gatehouse, the portion above the archway on the 
 other side of it being destroyed, is evidently of a later date. 
 The porter resided in the gatehouse. The lower part of the 
 portion still standing appears to havo been the prison of the 
 abbey, in which debtors to the abbat, in the extensive liberty 
 of St. Mary, and perhaps others subject to his power, were 
 confined. * The upper part was probably the room in which 
 the abbat held courts. This building, and that which corres- 
 ponded to it on the other side of the archway, in which was a 
 
 * The abbat of St. Mary had a gallows, not far from the site of the mill in 
 Burton-stone Lane.
 
 25 
 
 chapel dedicated to the Virgin, called "The chapel of our 
 Lady at the gate," must have been added to the ancient gate, 
 in the latter half of the fifteenth century. * 
 
 By the side of the walk at the north end of the Hospitium, 
 are two stones, one of which was discovered near the gateway, 
 at a considerable depth. They are, probably, cippi, which 
 often marked Roman graves. During the Bail way excavations 
 of 1872-3 some stones which no doubt served this purpose, 
 resembling these somewhat in shape, were discovered. They 
 are now laid against the south wall of the Hospitium within 
 the archway. 
 
 Opposite to these cippi, are two stone coffins, placed in the 
 position in which they were found under the new Station Hotel 
 in 1874. One contained the bones of a lady, under whose 
 head a single jet hair-pin was found. By the side of this 
 coffin, with the head resting against the foot, was a skeleton, 
 under the back of which were the remains of a wooden box, 
 containing six glass vessels and several ornaments. These, 
 which were unhappily much broken, may be seen in CASE 
 C, upstairs. In the other coffin were the bones of two young 
 girls. At the head of this coffin, two food dishes of coarse 
 pottery, and two drinking vessels of glass, were found, 
 intended no doubt for the use of the departed. These are 
 also preserved in CASE N, upstairs. 
 
 Beneath the staircase to the upper room was preserved for 
 a long time the portcullis, which formerly did service at 
 Micklegate Bar. This has been removed to the Museum for 
 protection. 
 
 There is no documentary or traditionary evidence respecting 
 either the age of the building now called the HOSPITIUM or the 
 uses to which it was applied. It is conjectured that it had 
 been erected for the entertainment of those strangers who 
 
 * There is an account of this chapel in the Transactions for 1879.
 
 26 
 
 were not admitted to the principal apartments of the monas- 
 tery ; the lower room having been the refectory, and the upper, 
 originally of the same extent, the dormitory. The position ot 
 this building, near one of the entrances to the monastery, and 
 the correspondence of the plan of the lower room with that of 
 the refectory for the monks, tend to confirm that conjecture. 
 The portion of the lower apartment on the left of the doorway, 
 lighted by five narrow windows, was originally separated by a 
 cross wall from the other portion, forming perhaps a store- 
 room or buttery. 
 
 If this building was originally constructed partly of stone 
 and partly of timber and plaster, it must have been one of the 
 later structures belonging to the monastery. Yet it cannot 
 have been the latest; for the manner in which the adjoining 
 archway is attached to it, indicates that this archway was 
 subsequently erected. And this is evidently of the same age 
 as the building adjoining the ancient abbey-gate. This arch- 
 way appears to have been the entrance into the interior of the 
 abbey-close from the river, and may be termed the Water- 
 gate. Between it and the river was a wall, built by abbat 
 Thomas de Malton, in 1334, which was standing in a dilapi- 
 dated condition when Drake published his Eboracum, as may 
 be seen in the plate, at page 331 of that work. The apart- 
 ments attached to this gateway may have been the residence 
 not only of the gate-keeper, but also of those whose duty it 
 was to attend to the strangers who were received into the 
 Hospitium. 
 
 On the sides of the door as you enter the Hospitium are 
 the basin of a Roman well and a squared gritstone found in 
 Micklegate in 1853, near St. Martin's Church. This is 
 probably one of the basement stones of a Temple on which a 
 column has rested.
 
 27 
 
 Seal of i the Abbey of St. Mary's, York, from a cast taken from a seal among 
 the Records of the Duchy of Lancaster. * 
 
 II. 
 
 ANTIQUITIES CHIEFLY IN THE 
 LOWER APARTMENT OF THE HOSPITIUM. 
 
 The Antiquities in this apartment belong to the Roman, the 
 Anglo-Saxon, the Anglo-Norman, and the Mediaeval periods. 
 With very few exceptions, they have all heen found in York, 
 or the immediate neighbourhood: the Mediaeval are chiefly 
 remains of the Abbey. 
 
 1. ROMAN. 
 
 The first object of attention in this apartment is a ROMAN 
 TESSELLATED PAVEMENT, fourteen feet three inches square. 
 
 * See Proceedings of Y. P. S., May 4, 1858, for notice of an alleged seal of 
 St. Mary's Abbey. A betttr impression of the seal represented above is pre- 
 served among the deeds of the Company of Merchant Adventurers, York.
 
 28 
 
 When perfect, the pattern was composed chiefly of the com- 
 mon labyrinthine fret, and five heads ; one iu the centre, 
 representing the head of Medusa, which has been too much 
 injured to admit of reparation; and four symbolical represen- 
 tations of the Seasons. The head nearest the entrance, 
 representing Autumn with a bunch of grapes, having been 
 much injured, partly in the removal and partly by two inun- 
 dations of the river, has been repaired with modern materials ; 
 the next head nearer to the window, with a bird on the 
 shoulder, represents Spring ; the third, with a dead branch, 
 Winter ; and the fourth, with a rake, Summer. The whole 
 pavement was taken up and relaid at a higher level in the 
 year 1868. 
 
 This paA r ement was discovered in the year of 1853, in Toft 
 Green, near Micklegate Bar, about fourteen feet below the 
 present surface, with portions of another, and the border of a 
 third now in the possession of the Society. Immediately 
 beneath it were found an empty urn, covered with a square 
 tile ; a coin, first-brass, of Hadrian ; and a third-brass coin of 
 Claudius Gothicus, with the legend Divo Claudio on the 
 obverse ; proving that this pavement was not laid down before 
 A.D. 270, the year in which Claudius died. About twelve or 
 fourteen inches below this pavement, a floor composed of 
 cement was found on which were scattered many tessellse, 
 finished and unfinished, and a piece of iron conjectured to be 
 a tool used in shaping them. The Corporation of York, 1853. 
 
 The raised Platform, at the upper end of the room, is 
 formed chiefly of red sandstone, which is seen in abundance 
 at Aldborough, and out of which the floor of one of the 
 Roman baths, which were discovered in 1839, was composed. 
 On this many of the inscribed stones are placed. 
 
 The order pursued in this list is much the same as that 
 adopted by Dr. Hiibner in his Roman Inscriptions of Britain.
 
 29 
 
 A classification of the sculptured stones has been attempted, 
 precedence being given to the divinities. It has been 
 thought advisable also to give notices of the Roman sculptures 
 found in York, which are either in other museums, or are lost. 
 The inscriptions are given in ordinary type, and no notice 
 "is taken of peculiar lettering, owing to the difficulty in 
 representing it. 
 
 No. 1. The greater part of a figure with a fragmentary 
 inscription beneath its feet, 24 in. high, by 13 in width. 
 
 The inscription is as follows : 
 
 D VOL. IRE .... 
 ARIMA.NIV. . . . 
 
 the remainder of the label having been broken off. Pro- 
 fessor Hiibner proposes to restore this, and to read Deo 
 jEvo, Vohisii, Irena'iis ct Arimanius, posnerunt. Thus 
 the name Volusius is common to two brothers, Irenaeus 
 and Arimanius. 
 
 The figure is supposed to represent Time, ^Eon or ^Evum. 
 The head, which is missing, is believed to have been that of a 
 lion, as symbolizing strength. The so-called belt around the 
 waist, is probably a snake representing eternity. The right 
 hand holds a rod, with which time was measured ; the left a 
 bunch of keys reminding us of the opening and closing of all 
 things. There is in the Museum at Bonn the upper part of a 
 figure showing the lion's head and the measuring rod. :;: This 
 remarkable sculpture was found under the City Wall, near the 
 New Railway Station, in June, 1874, and is placed in the 
 Entrance Hall of the Museum. The Directors N.E. Railway 
 Company, 1874. 
 
 * cf. Dr. Hiibner's Paper in the Transactions of the Archaeological Society at 
 Bonn, pp. 148 15-1, where the York stone is engraved, cf. also the Transactions 
 of the York Philosophical Society for 1877. 
 
 C
 
 30 
 
 No. 2. A small altar, 2 feet by 1, with letters elegantly 
 cut, found in 1846 in the rubble foundation under one of the 
 pillars of the church of St. Denis, in York. It is inscribed : 
 
 DEO 
 
 A R C I A C O N 
 ET N. AVGSI 
 MAT. VITALIS 
 
 ORD. V. S. L. M. 
 
 This inscription, which can be properly represented only by 
 an engraving/'' has been variously interpreted. In the previous 
 editions of the Catalogue, it has been read Deo Arciacon et 
 Numini Autjusti Siinatius Vitalis Ordovix Votiun Solvit Libens 
 Merito, Ordovix being interpreted as one of the Ordovices, a 
 tribe which inhabited the northern part of Wales. 
 
 The latter part of the reading of Dr. Hiibner is to be 
 preferred : Deo Arciaconi f et Numini Auyusti 3Iaternius (?) 
 Vitalis. Ordo, etc,, the word Ordo being equivalent to Cen- 
 turio. Purchased, 1848. 
 
 '' ::;: A base or pedestal of grit stone, 2 feet 10 inches broad, on 
 which a statue had rested. It bore the following inscription : 
 
 BRITANNIA 
 
 SANCT^E 
 
 P. NIKOMEDES 
 
 AVGG. NN. 
 
 LIBERTVS. 
 
 Showing that it was a votive statue to the genius of Britain, 
 set up by Publius Nicomedes, a freedman of the Emperors, 
 probably Severus and Caracalla. This stone, which is now lost, 
 was found near Micklegate in 1740. There is a sketch of it 
 among the letters of Dr. Stukeley, which will shortly be edited 
 for the Surtees Society. 
 
 * Engraved in Journal Arch. Association, ii. 248, and in the Gloucester volume, 
 p. 151. 
 
 t It has been suggested that the name Areiacon may have been derived from 
 Artiaca, (Arcis-sur-Aube) in Gaul.
 
 31 
 
 No. 3. An altar, 2ft. 3-^-in. by 1ft. 3|in., found in the 
 Roman baths, when excavating the site of the old Railway 
 
 Station, and inscribed : 
 
 DEAE 
 FORTVXAK 
 
 SOS1A 
 
 IVNCINA 
 Q. AXTOXI 
 
 ISAVRICI 
 LEG. AVG. 
 
 From which it appears that it was dedicated to the goddess 
 Fortune," by Sosia Juncina, the wife of Quintus Antonius 
 Isauricus, legate of the Emperor. Isauricus may have been 
 legate of the province of Britain, or of the Sixth Legion. Dr. 
 McCaul and Dr. Hiibner prefer the latter. The Directors of 
 the North Eastern Railway, 1839. 
 
 No. 4. A portion of a base or pedestal on which a figure of 
 Fortune has stood, the feet of which still remain. It is Tin. 
 high and 3iin. broad. Part of the statue itself, Tin. high, was 
 found with it, but is not in the museum. The letters are rudely 
 cut, and are as follows, the right side of the stone being 
 wanting. This stone is in the Entrance Hall of the Museum : 
 
 BAIL F(ORTVNAE) 
 
 PRO SA. P. 
 
 AVSPICA 
 
 MAIIS IM 
 
 I.D.D. LI 
 
 METROS 
 
 M.I. M. 
 
 This is probably part of a votive inscription to Fortune, for the 
 safety of some one whose name has perished. Dae Fortunae 
 is found on an altar at Bowes, and ii for e is a common 
 substitution.! Found near the Multangular Tower, which 
 was cleared out in 1831. 
 
 * This goddess was specially worshipped in connection with baths, and inscrip- 
 tions have been found to her under the title of FORTUKA BALNBABIS. See Orelli 
 Inscrr. 5796 7. This altar is figured in Mr. Wellbeloved's Eburacum, p. 87. 
 
 t Wi llbeloved, Eburacum, p. 96. The name of the dedicator may have been 
 Metrobianus, which occurs in Griiter; or Metrobalus, a Dacian name.
 
 32 
 
 No. 5. A small altar, 19in. high by 12in. wide, found 
 under the New Eailway Station, bearing the following inscrip- 
 tion : 
 
 D. E. o. 
 G E N i o 
 
 LO. CI 
 V. S. L. M. 
 
 The meaning is obvious. It is very rarely however that the 
 words Genio loci have been found preceded by Deo. The 
 Genius was a protecting spirit, or guardian angel of a person 
 or place. The Directors of the North Eastern Eailway, 1875. 
 No. 6. A Votive tablet, 21in. long by lOin. in height, 
 ascribed by Dr. Hiibner to the first century. It was found in 
 Coney Street, in 1702. 
 
 GENIO LOCI 
 FELICITER 
 
 Like the inscription which immediately follows, this stone was 
 probably affixed to a Roman house, and expresses the wish 
 that the Genius of the place may take charge of it. The 
 Corporation of York, 1838. 
 
 '--' A stone, 13in. long by Sin. high, found in 1814, when 
 excavating for the new church at Norton, near Maltou. The 
 inscription is within a tablet or label, and is roughly cut : 
 
 FELICITER SIT 
 GENIO LOCI 
 SERVVLE. VTERE 
 FELIX TABERN 
 AM AVRIFI 
 CINAM. 
 
 It is a votive inscription to the Genius of the place, and was 
 probably affixed to the goldsmith's house to which it alludes. 
 There is a hint also to the slave, who had so much in his 
 charge, to take due care of his master's property. Deposited 
 by Mr. W. Walker, of Malton, 1875. 
 
 No. 7. A marble tablet, 12in. high by 7|in., representing 
 a figure offering a libation to the local Genius, under the form
 
 33 
 
 of a serpent coiled around an altar. It is said to have been 
 found near the Roman wall in Northumberland. (In case J 
 upstairs.) Rev. John Graham, of York, 1823. 
 
 No. 8. A portion of a tablet, 21in. by 16iin., which 
 records the restoration of a temple dedicated to Hercules. It 
 was found at the corner of Ousegate and Nessgate in 1843, 
 under the present Yorkshire Bank. The inscription runs : 
 HERCVL. . . 
 
 T. PERPET. . 
 AETER. . . . 
 EBVR .... 
 RES 
 
 Dr. Hiibner extends this, exempli gratia, merely : Herculi 
 Terentii Peiyetuus et Aeternus (7 ) Eburacenses restituerunt. 
 It might also be Titus Perpetuus JEternus Eburacensis res- 
 tituit, or the letter T. might stand for Tarenti, one of the 
 titles of Hercules. * The Hargrove Collection, 1847. 
 
 No. 9. A fragment of a small, nearly nude figure, 4in. 
 high, without head or feet, wearing a rough cloak. It 
 probably represented Hercules. Found near Micklegate Bar 
 in 1854. (In Case J upstairs.) The Cook Collection, 1872. 
 
 ::::: An altar found on Bishophill in 1638, and presented in the 
 following year to Charles I. It was afterwards in the house 
 of the Fairfaxes, on Bishophill, and was given by the Duke of 
 Buckingham, who married the heiress of that family, to the 
 University of Oxford, where it now is.f The inscription, 
 however, has disappeared, with the exception of the first three 
 
 lines. It ran thus : 
 
 i. o. M. 
 
 DIS. DEABVSQVE 
 HOSPITALIBVS . PE 
 NATIBVSQ. OB CON 
 SERVATAM SALVTEM 
 
 * See Eburacum, Pref. p. vi. ; and the Gloucester vol. Arch. Ass. p. 149. 
 t All the York Antiquarians believed that this altar was lost. It is engraved in 
 the Marmora Oxoniensia.
 
 34 
 
 SVAM. SVORVMQ 
 P. AEL. MARCIAN 
 VS . PRAEF. COH. 
 ARAM. SAC . P. NC. D 
 
 It is a thank offering to Jupiter, and all the friendly and 
 household gods and goddesses, by Publius ^lius Marcianus, 
 a prefect, for the preservation of the health of himself and his 
 family. As to the interpretation of the last line there is 
 considerable doubt. 
 
 No. 10. A small altar, 19in. by lOin., found in Mr. 
 Bearpark's garden, the site of the present Fine Art Exhibition 
 Building. There is a wreath on one side. Traces of letters 
 in a bold character have been recently detected on it,* and 
 the first line seems to contain the name 
 
 MARTI 
 
 Beyond this, and this is somewhat doubtful, it is impossible 
 to go. 
 
 No. 11. An altar, 13in. high by 8in., of coarse sandstone, 
 found in the garden of St. Mary's Convent, October, 1880. 
 It is inscribed : 
 
 DEO MARTI. C 
 A G R I V S . 
 A R VS P E X. 
 V. S. L. M. 
 
 The names of the dedicator are found in inscriptions abroad. 
 This is the first time that the word Aruspex has occurred in 
 Britain. The two first letters in the word are ligulate. The 
 Sujjerioress of St. Mary's Convent, York, 1881. 
 
 No. 12. A fine statue, probably representing the youthful 
 Mars, found with the last-mentioned altar, and placed in a con- 
 spicuous position in the Entrance Hall of the Museum. It is 
 carved in light coloured grit, probably by a local artist who has 
 chosen as his model a marble statue. The figure, defective 
 unfortunately in the feet and right arm, is 5ft. lOin. high, and 
 
 * By Mr. W. T. Watkin.
 
 35 
 
 represents a martial personage in helmet, breastplate, and 
 greaves, with the left hand resting upon a large oval shield. 
 In the right hand, which has been in two parts, was, no doubt 
 a lofty spear of wood or metal. The hair is arranged in fillets 
 and the face is beautifully cut. This is the finest statue that 
 has been found in Britain.* The Superioress of St. Mary's 
 Convent, 1881. 
 
 No. 13. An altar, 24in. high and 16in. in breadth, found 
 in excavating for the North Eastern Railway, near the bridge 
 in Holgate Lane. It has no inscription, but was probably 
 dedicated to the Dece Matres, or Matrons, female deities, three 
 in number, and supposed to have been introduced into Britain 
 by the German auxiliaries. They are represented on the front 
 of the altar, sitting in a recess. On the right side of the altar 
 is a single male figure, and on the left two male figures.! On 
 the fourth side, which is much defaced, there seems to have 
 been the representation of an altar, and an animal, apparently 
 a swine, standing before it. The Directors of the North 
 Eastern Railway, 1837. 
 
 No. 14. An altar, 2ft. 5in. high by 14in. wide, found at 
 Doncaster (Dauurn) in 1781. It bears the following inscrip- 
 tion : 
 
 MATRIBVS 
 
 M. NAN 
 TONIVS 
 ORBIOTAL. 
 V. S. L. M. 
 
 On one side is cut a vase filled with flowers, on the other a 
 pitcher. The inscription states that the altar was dedicated 
 
 * The figure may be compared with a much smaller one found at Housesteads, on 
 the Roman wall, and figured in the Lapidarium Septentrionale, p. 121. It is 
 probable that this too represents Mars to whom there are many altars inscribed 
 in the same district. 
 
 t Such figures are of usual occurrence on these altars. See Mr. C. R. Smith's 
 Roman London, p. 36. This altar is figured in Mr. Wellbeloved's Eburacum, 
 p. 87.
 
 36 
 
 to the Dese Matres by M. Nantonius Orbiotalis.* Deposited 
 by M. G. J. Jarratt, 1856. 
 
 No. 15. A very pretty altar, 17in. high, which can only 
 be represented by an engraving. The sides are fluted, as if 
 made of reeds, and retain traces of colour, and the whole altar 
 
 is richly ornamented. 
 
 c. IVLIVS 
 
 CRESCENS 
 
 MATRI 
 
 BVS DO 
 MESTICIS 
 V. S. M. L. 
 
 Thej: name of the divinity is placed after that of the dedica- 
 cator of the altar. He is styled Caius Julius Crescens, and 
 may be perhaps identified with the Julius Crescens who dedi- 
 cated an altar to Mercury at Birrens in Scotland. The 
 Matres Domestics were the goddesses of the house and home 
 and are commemorated in Britain by two altars, discovered in 
 the neighbourhood of Carlisle. This altar was found in the 
 garden of the Convent in Oct. 1880. The Sitjjerioress of 
 St. Mary's Convent, 1881. 
 
 No. 16. A very small altar, lOin. by 5Jin., found in 
 Micklegate in 1752, with several others which were uninscribed, 
 and presented in 1785 to the Dean and Chapter of York. t It 
 is now in the Entrance Hall of the Museum. 
 
 MAT. AF. IT A. GA. 
 M. MINV. MVDE 
 MIL. LEG. VI. VIC 
 GVBER. LEG. VI 
 V. S. L. L. M. 
 
 The inscription has been thus extended. Matribus Afri- 
 canis, Italicis, Gallicis, Marcus Minucius Mudenus, miles 
 
 * There is an account of this altar in the Arehseologia. vii. pp. 409 and 420, 
 where the inscription is correctly read with the exception of the word Orliotalis. 
 It is engraved in Hunter's South Yorkshire, and C. R. Smith's Collectanea, iv. 
 53 i. 
 
 t tf. Smith's Collectanea, iv. -134.
 
 37 
 
 Ifgionis m. victricis, gubernator leyionis sexto;, rotum solvit 
 libens, Lctus, merito. According to this reading Mudenus is 
 regarded as the pilot of the Sixth Legion. Dr. Hiihner con- 
 jectures that guber. is intended for ijubernatricibus, assigning to 
 the Deas Matres the charge of the Sixth Legion. The only 
 objection to this is the interpolation of the two preceding lines. 
 On the other hand it must be said that it is extremely unlikely 
 that the sculptor would mention the legion in two contiguous 
 lines in connection with the same person. Deposited by the 
 Dean and Chapter, 1862. 
 
 No. 17. An imperfect altar, 8in. by 7in., with very rude 
 letters, found in 1850, in Park Place, Monkgate. The two 
 first letters are missing : 
 
 MATEIBVS 
 SVIS. MABCVS 
 RVSTIVS. V. S. L. 
 MASSA. L. M. 
 
 The name of the dedicator is Marcus Bustius Massa, but, 
 instead of placing these names in a continuous line, the 
 engraver breaks off after Ru&tius, Massa, in the line below, 
 filling up the vacant space with the votive formula. Matribus 
 suu, means the Deo; Matres of the dedicator's own country. 
 Mr. Wm. Thompson, 1871. 
 
 No. 18. The upper part of a rudely sculptured stone, dis- 
 covered many years ago in the wall of the churchyard of 
 St. Lawrence, facing the street, and since fastened to the 
 wall of the nave. It is similar to the figures of Mercury at 
 Aldborough and on the Wall of Hadrian, and probably repre- 
 sents that god. Rev. George Wade, Vicar of St. Lawrence, 
 York, 1881. 
 
 No. 19. A sculptured tablet, 2ft. Sin. high by 22in. wide, 
 in the Entrance Hall of the Museum, representing the sacri- 
 fice and mysteries of Mithras ; found in 1747, in digging for 
 a cellar in a house in Micklegate, opposite to St. Martin's 
 c2
 
 38 
 
 church. Mithras is a Greek form of the Persian word signi- 
 fying the sun, the chief object of worship among the Persians. 
 But long before Mithraic rites were adopted by the Romans, 
 the ancient religious principles and practices of the Persians 
 had been greatly changed by the theological doctrines of 
 Zoroaster, and the introduction of the psychological opinions, 
 and the ascetic usages of the Indians. In simple inscriptions, 
 Mithras is identified with the sun, and acknowledged as the 
 invincible god. But in the sculptured tablets he appears in a 
 different character, as the first of the celestial beings, called 
 Izeds, or good genii, the source of light, and the dispenser of 
 fertility. 
 
 In this tablet, Mithras is the principal figure. He is 
 represented as a young man, clothed with a tunic, a mantle, 
 and trowsers, having on his head a Phrygian bonnet. He is 
 kneeling firmly on a prostrate bull, which he holds with his 
 left hand by the nostrils, while with his right hand, he plunges 
 a short sword or dagger into its neck. A dog and some other 
 animals are generally introduced, either licking up the blood 
 that flows from the wound, or attacking the belly of the bull, 
 but they are wanting in this tablet. Above these principal 
 figures are three busts ; one on the left wealing a radiated 
 crown, the symbol of the sun ; two on the right, much 
 mutilated, but one of them evidently adorned with a crescent, 
 the symbol of the moon. These luminaries being thus repre- 
 sented in this tablet, Mithras is not here the sun, nor the bull 
 the moon, of which it is sometimes the emblem ; but the bull 
 is to be considered as symbolical of the generative and 
 renovating principle, and Mithras as the powerful and beneficent 
 Ized, by whose agency (symbolized by his seizing the bull and 
 shedding its blood) that principle is diffused through all the 
 kingdoms of nature. On each side of the principal group is 
 an attendant bearing a torch, the torch of one being inverted,
 
 89 
 
 having the flame downwards, the torch of the other (not seen 
 in this tahlet, in consequence of its mutilated condition) erect, 
 with the flame upwards : the former denoting the descent of 
 the souls of men from the lunar region to the earth ; the other 
 their ascent, when regenerated and purified, to their celestial 
 and eternal abode. This course of purification is briefly 
 indicated by the group in the lower part of the tablet ; where 
 we see first, the mystagogue or spiritual director, wearing a 
 mantle, initiating the aspirant by pouring water on his head. 
 The aspirant next appears, standing in a vessel supposed to 
 be filled with snow or cinders, attended by his guide. This 
 was one of several painful austerities to which the aspirant 
 submitted ; but there being no room in the tablet for the 
 representation of all of them, this is to be considered as 
 representing the whole series. Having, as it must be supposed, 
 passed through all the trials by means of which the soul was 
 to be regenerated, the aspirant is seen in the last portion of 
 the group, conducted by the mystagogue to the chariot, in 
 which he is to ascend, by way of the moon, to a state of 
 immortal felicity. 
 
 The sacrifice of Mithras is represented as being performed 
 in a cave ; and such, either natural or artificial, was the scene 
 in which the Mithraic rites were celebrated. It is probable 
 that an artificial cave or crypt had been formed, for the worship 
 of Mithras, where this tablet was discovered ; but no appear- 
 ance of such a structure is recorded.* Deposited in the 
 Museum by the Dean and Chapter of York, 1844. 
 
 No. 20. A headless figure t in white marble, finely cut, 
 representing, probably, the Muse of Tragedy, Bin. high, 
 
 * This is figured in Wellbeloved's Ebaracam, p. 75. 
 
 t In the Catalogue of the Jlatcmau Collection, p. 261, is "A mutilated figure of 
 a female, covered with drapery, resting against a Cippus ; 18in. high ; of Roman 
 work, well cui in sandstone. Found in excavating for the Railway Station, York, 
 1841."
 
 40 
 
 holding a mask in her right hand. Found in 1845, near the 
 entrance through the City Wall into the old Goods Station. 
 (In case J upstairs.) The Cook Collection, 1872. 
 
 No. 21. A fragment of a dedicatory tablet, 3ft. broad by 
 15in. high. The building to which it was affixed appears to 
 have been dedicated to the deities of a reigning emperor, and 
 a goddess, whose name or title is lost. The inscription is late 
 in date ; and of the name of the person by whom it was 
 dedicated, the termination sius only remains. Perhaps we 
 have in it the cognomen Numisius ? 
 
 KVMINIB AVG ET DEAE IOV. . . 
 SIVS AEDEM PRO PARTE D. . . 
 
 This fragment was found in 1843 with No. 9, under the 
 Yorkshire Bank in High Ousegate. The Hargrove Collection, 
 1847. 
 
 No. 22. A dedicatory tablet, 3ft. lin. wide, by 2ft. lin. 
 high, found in digging a cellar in Tanner-Row, in 1770, 
 bearing the following inscription : 
 
 DEO -SANCTO 
 
 SERAPI 
 TEMPLVM. A SO 
 
 LO FECIT 
 CL. HIERONY 
 MIANVS. LEG. 
 LEG. VI. VIC 
 
 On each side of the inscription are two caducei, a moon-shaped 
 shield and a star.* The temple of Serapis is supposed to have 
 stood near the old North Eastern Railway Hotel. A 
 portion of a pavement from that site is in the Upper Room 
 of the Hospitium. The name Hieronymianus occurs on an 
 inscription found some years ago at Northallerton. The 
 Corporation of York, 1833. 
 
 * Figured in Wellbeloved's Eburacura, p. 75, where there is an interesting 
 account of the fortunes of this tablet.
 
 41 
 
 Xo. 23. A small, badly-wrought, altar, llin. by 6in., 
 found at the Station of Magna (Caervoran) on the Roman 
 
 Wall in Northumberland." It is inscribed : 
 DEO VETE 
 
 EI. NEO 
 ALA MIL 
 V. S. L. M. 
 
 Several altars dedicated to this divinity have been found at 
 Caervoran, and many others on the line of the Roman Wall. 
 They are now considered to refer to the ancient god or gods, 
 as if a struggle had begun between the worship of the old 
 deities and the new. 
 
 Ala mil. are supposed by Mr. Wellbeloved to denote ala 
 milliaria, or millenaria, a squadron of double the usual 
 number, which was 500. This reading is very questionable. 
 Dr. Bruc"e considers that in the letters we have the names of 
 the dedicator of the altar. An animal is rudely cut on the 
 side, which Mr. Wellbeloved considers to be a horse, Dr. 
 Bruce, probably, the sacrificial ox. Mr. Edwin Smith of 
 Acomb, 1846. 
 
 No. 24. A small altar, llin. high by 4^in., found in the 
 garden of St. Mary's Convent, Oct., 1880. It is thus 
 
 inscribed : 
 
 DEO VE 
 
 TERI 
 PEIMVL 
 VS VOL. 
 M. 
 
 This is dedicated to the same deity as No. 23, by a person of 
 the name of Primulus Volusianus, or Volusius. The last 
 letter may, perhaps, be an abbreviation for Merito, but this 
 is very doubtful, indeed it may perhaps be an addition of a 
 later date. This altar is placed in the Hall of the Museum. 
 The Superioress of St. Mary's Convent, York, Feb. 1881. 
 
 * Engraved in Dr. Bruee's Lapidarium, p. 162 ; also in the Journal Arch. Assn., 
 iii. 12-1, from a drawing sent by Mr. Wellbeloved.
 
 42 
 
 No. 25. A large altar, 2ft. 8in. high by 1ft. 4in. wide, 
 found in Jan. 1874, under the archway leading from the Old 
 to the New Station. It has no inscription but bears a garland 
 on one side and a sacrificial axe on the other. The Directors, 
 N. E. Railway Corn-pan]}, 1874. 
 
 No. 26. A plain hut finely cut altar of limestone, found in 
 1840, on the line of Railway near Holgate Bridge. It is 
 20in. high by about 12in. wide. The Hargrove Collection, 
 1847. 
 
 No. 27. An altar, 19in. high by 12|-in. wide, found at 
 Wyke near Harewood. It has an ornament like a wheel on 
 one side, and a sacrificial knife on the other. Edward Hail- 
 stone, F.S.A., 1864. 
 
 No. 28. A small altar, 16in. by 9|in., found under the 
 donor's house in Bootham. J. H. Gibson, M.D., 1875. 
 
 No. 29. A part of a small but highly-ornamented altar, 
 lOin. by llin. in height, found in 1872, near the City Wall 
 on the road towards the new Coal Depot. On one side is a 
 simpulum, on the other what seems to have been a vase. The 
 inscription has perished through the decay of the stone. The 
 Directors, N. E. Raihctiy, 1872. 
 
 No. 30. A plain altar, 18in. high by llin. in width, found 
 at Temple Hill, near Bishopthorpe. Mr. Calvert, Bishop- 
 thorpe, 1865. 
 
 No. 81. A small altar,* 14in. high by Sin. in breadth, 
 found in 1851 by a person digging for sand on the South side 
 of Dunningtoa Common, near York. On one side are cut an 
 axe and a knife. W. Procter, M.D., 1851. 
 
 No. 32. The greater part of a large inscribed tablet of 
 limestone, 3ft. 9in. by 3ft. 4in., discovered in 1854 by some 
 workmen whilst digging a drain in King's Square (the old 
 Curia Regis) at a depth of about 28ft. The inscription is 
 
 * Engraved in Bowman's Keliquise Eboracenses, p. 86.
 
 43 
 
 arranged in six lines : the letters, beautifully cut, vary in 
 height, from 6in. to 3jin. In its perfect state the inscription 
 was probably as follows, the missing letters being supplied in 
 italics : 
 
 IMP CAESA2Z Din 
 2VERVAE. FIL. NERVA TEA 
 X4NVS. AVG. GER.lf. DAC. 
 PONTIFEX MAXIMVS TRIBVN. 
 POTESTATIS XII. IMP. VI. COS V. P.P, 
 PER. LEG. VIIII. HI-SP. 
 
 Which may be thus rendered : 
 
 " The Emperor Csesar Nerva Trajan, son of the deified 
 Nerva, Augustus, Germanicus, Dacicus, Chief Pontiff, invested 
 the twelfth time with the Tribunitian Powers, Consul the fifth 
 time, Father of his country, caused this to be performed by 
 the Ninth Legion (called) the Spanish." 
 
 What the work was that the Ninth Legion performed by 
 order of the Emperor cannot be ascertained ; but from the 
 character of the tablet it may be inferred that it was of 
 magnitude and importance. As it was found in the old Curia 
 Regis, it is quite possible that it recorded the erection of the 
 Imperial Palace. 
 
 This is one of the most ancient of Roman inscriptions in 
 Britain ; the circumstances in the history of Trajan mentioned 
 on the tablet synchronizing with the years 108 109 of the 
 Christian era. At that time the Ninth Legion came to York 
 and immediately set to work at the Emperor's bidding. This 
 tablet assures to Eburacum an earlier foundation than used to 
 be ascribed to it. It is evident that in A.D. 108 109 it was a 
 walled city and a place of importance in the empire, probably 
 even then the capital of Britain. It may be assumed, therefore, 
 that it owed its origin, some forty years before the date of this 
 tablet, to the genius of Agricola.* The Corporation of York, 
 1854. 
 
 * cf. Dr. Hiibner's valuable note in his Inscrr. Brit. p. 64; Proc. of Y. P. S., i. 
 282, etc. ; where this inscription is figured.
 
 44 
 
 No. 38. A fragment of an inscription on limestone, lOin. 
 by 6in., in beautiful characters, found in 1879, at the North 
 end of the building for the Fine Art Exhibition : 
 
 TRAI 
 VG. P 
 
 These few letters seem to be a part of the usual formula 
 observable in the inscriptions of Hadrian, which probably, 
 when complete, ran as follows in an extended form : Imperatori 
 Ctcsari divi Traiani Parthicifilio, dim Nervanepoti, Traiano, 
 Hadriano Augusta, pontifici maxima, tribunitia potestate . . 
 consule . . , patri patric then came, probably, the title of 
 the dedicator, a person, or a military body. It is much to be 
 desired that some other portions of this inscription may be 
 discovered. The Committee of the Fine Art Exhibition, 1879. 
 
 No. 34. A stone, 9in. long by 4in. high, with the letter A 
 upon it, in relief; from the Roman Wall near the Multan- 
 gular Tower on the N.W. 
 
 When this Tower was cleared out in 1831, nine other 
 inscriptions were found, but they were, for the most part, rude 
 scratchings, indicating the presence of the soldiers of the Sixth 
 Legion. In one instance, a centurion of the name of Antonius 
 was mentioned. These inscriptions are recorded in Mr. Well- 
 beloved's Eboracum, from which work Dr. Hiibner has taken 
 them. They have long since disappeared through exposure to 
 the weather. It is impossible to represent them in this 
 Catalogue except by an engraving. 
 
 No. 35. A large monumental stone, 6ft. 2in. high by 2ft. 
 2in. wide, on which is the figure of a Standard-bearer, in an 
 arched recess. In his right hand he holds the Standard or 
 Signum of the cohort, ending in an open hand, in his left an 
 object about which there has been some doubt. It has been 
 considered by Horsley and others that it represents the vessel 
 used in measuring the corn, which was part of the Roman
 
 45 
 
 soldiers' pay ;* but Dr. Hiibner and Mr. Price have shown 
 satisfactorily that it is a collection of tablets or the wooden box 
 which contained them.f The following is the inscription : 
 
 L. DVCCIVS 
 
 L. VOLTKVFI 
 
 NVS. VIEN 
 
 SIGNIF. LEG. VIIII 
 
 AN. XXIIX 
 
 H. S. E. 
 
 which may be read : Lucius Duccius, Lucii (filius), Voltinia 
 (Tribu), Riifinus, Viennensis, signifer legionis nona, annorum 
 viginti octo, hie situs est : i.e. Lucius Duccius RiiJInus, son of 
 Lucius, of the Voltinian tribe, of Vienna, (in Gaul,) standard- 
 bearer of the Ninth Legion, aged twenty -eight, is buried here. 
 
 This stone was found about the year 1686, probably where 
 it had been originally placed, in Trinity Gardens, Micklegate, 
 and was for a long time inserted in the church yard wall : J 
 afterwards it was removed to Ribston Hall, the residence of the 
 Goodrickes, where it continued in the garden wall, exposed to the 
 weather until 1847. Dr. Hiibner thinks that this is a monument 
 of the first century. Mr. Joseph Dent, of Ribston Hall, 1847. 
 
 ::: ' : A portion of a monumental tablet, 1ft. lOin. wide by about 
 1ft., found without Micklegate Bar, circa 1840, and now lost. 
 It represented the middle portion of the figure of a man holding 
 an object similar to that in the hand of the Standard-bearer. 
 Mr. John Browne, very fortunately, took a sketch of the 
 fragment of which there is a lithograph in Mr. Wellbeloved's 
 Eburacum, p. 115. 
 
 * See Mr. Price's Excavations in Camomile Street, Bishopsgate, pp. 45 7. 
 
 t A similar monument, on which the Standard-bearer is represented with the 
 same object in his left hand, was found in Camomile Street, London, and has 
 been described and illustrated by Mr. Price in the Transactions of the London 
 and Middlesex Archaeological Society. The York monument has been engraved as 
 an illustration, and a copy of it is hung in the Upper Room of the Hospitium. 
 
 J <f. MS. Drake, xvi. 1. 2. in the York.Mjnster Library. See also Thoresby's 
 Ducatus Leodicnsis, 2nd ed., App. iij. Dr. Hiibner (Inscrr. Brit. 64) shows that 
 this monument is known throughout Europe,
 
 46 
 
 No. 36. A portion of a monumental tablet, 2ft. Sin. high 
 by 2ft. oin. wide, found on the Mount, in 1852, and thus 
 inscribed. Some letters are added in italics. 
 
 O-C-FIL 
 
 JHOVABIA 
 
 MIL-LEG JX HISP'HEEK 
 DES ET LIB PATROXO 
 
 EENE lf.EB.EXT I FECEEVXT. 
 
 In the second line Dr. Hubner suggests the reading Claud. 
 Novaria, as Novara was assigned to the Claudian Tribe. On 
 the other hand the missing word may be a name, as in a 
 similar inscription at Rome: " C. Livius, C. F.; Justus, 
 Novaria, Mil. Cho. Ill I, etc. Novare or Novara is a town 
 near Milan. The Driffield Collection, 1860. 
 
 No. 37. The upper part of a large sepulchral monument, 
 representing a full-length figure in a recess, in high relief and 
 finely carved, 4ft. high by 2ft. Tin. On the rim above the 
 head of the figure, is the head of an ox. Dr. Hubner con- 
 siders that it is the representation of a centurion, and that he 
 holds in his right hand some vine twigs, and a book or roll in 
 his left. It is much to be regretted that the inscription is 
 missing which would give an account of the names and office of 
 the deceased. This stone was found on the Mount in 1852. 
 The Driffield Collection, 1860. 
 
 No. 38. A funereal stone, of which two parts only out of 
 four are preserved, 30in. long by 26in. wide. They were 
 probably a part of the Driffield collection and were found, 
 therefore, on the Mount. The inscription runs thus : 
 
 M. 
 LIVS 
 
 CEESCES 
 A. VET 
 LEG. (VI.) VIC. 
 
 CA 
 
 FBI 
 
 ETM .
 
 47 
 
 It is evident that the monument is to . . Manlius Cresce(n)s, 
 a veteran of the Sixth Legion, and that it was set up by his 
 heirs, to one of whom Dr. Hiibner tentatively gives the names 
 of Caecilius Primitivus. In the missing part of the third and 
 fourth lines the name of the father of the deceased may have 
 been given with his tribe. The Driffiehl Collection, 1860. 
 
 No. 39. A large tablet, 5ft. 8in. high and 3ft. broad, 
 found in use as a cover to the sarcophagus of ^llia Severa 
 (No. 47). The upper part of the slab shows the figures of 
 a father and mother an.l two children. The inscription is 
 faint, and, as far as it ca.i be read, is as follows : 
 
 D. M. FLAVI/E 
 VIXIT. AN. XXXVIIII. M. VII. D. XI. FILIVS 
 . VS .AVGSTINVS. VIXIT. AN. I. D III 
 ..... VIXIT. AN. I. M VIIII. D V.C. JERESIVS 
 .... MIL. LEG. VI. VIC. CONIVGI. CAR 
 FILIIS. ET. SIBI. F. C. 
 
 It appears that C. ^Eresius* . . . . , a soldier of the Sixth 
 Legion victorious, raised this memorial to his wife, Flavia 
 Augustiua, who lived thirty-nine years, seven months, and 
 eleven days ; to his son . . . Augustinus, who lived one year 
 and three days ; and to a daughter, who lived one year, nine 
 months, and five days ; providing at the same time a memorial 
 for himself. It is probable that the missing name of the son 
 was Flavius. The stone was found on the Mount. Mr. John 
 Jones, 1859. 
 
 No. 40. A finely-wrought coffin, 4ft. by 2ft., found in the 
 excavation for the N.E. Railway, near Holgate Bridge. It 
 bears the following beautifully simple inscription : 
 
 D.M. SIMPLICIAE FLORENTINE 
 ANIME INNOCENTISSIME 
 QVE VIXIT MENSES DECEM 
 FELICIVS. SIMPLEX. PATER. FECIT 
 L E G. VI. V. 
 
 * cf. Dr. Me Caul's Britanno-Romau Inscriptions, pp. 217 19.
 
 48 
 
 " To the Gods, the Manes. To Simplioia Florentina, a most 
 innocent being, who lived ten months, Felicius Simplex her 
 father, of the Sixth Letjion Victorious, dedicated this." No 
 mother's name appears ; a circumstance which suggests the 
 probability of the birth of this darling child having been 
 marked by a lamentable event that gives still greater interest 
 to this tribute of paternal affection. It is remarkable also 
 that the words " anime innocentissime " are found on the 
 Christian tombs in the Catacombs, a fact which opens out a 
 most interesting field of thought. The Directors of the N.E. 
 Railway, 1837. 
 
 No. 41. A large coffin of coarse grit, 7|ft. long by 2ft. 
 llin., found whilst excavating the Castle Yard, in 1835, and 
 thus inscribed in a panel : 
 
 D. M. 
 
 AYR. SVPEEO. CENT 
 LEG. VI. QVIVIXITANIS 
 XXXVIII. MIIII. DXIII. AVRE 
 LIA. CENSORINA. CONIVNX 
 MEMORIAM. POSSVIT. 
 
 " To the Gods, the Manes.* To Aurelius Superus, a 
 Centurion of the Sixth Letjion, who lived thirty-eight years, 
 four months, and thirteen days, Aurelia Censorina, his wife, 
 set up this memorial." 
 
 Another coffin, found by the side of this, is in the Multan- 
 gular Tower. Two skulls found in them are in the possession 
 of the Society. The Magistrates of the North Ridiny of 
 Yorkshire, 1839. 
 
 No. 42. A fragment of a sepulchral tablet, 12in. high by 
 
 16in., found on the Mount and thus inscribed : 
 SECVN 
 
 L. VOCO 
 
 * The word Manet denotes the souls of the departed; "but as it is a natural 
 tendency to consider the souls of departed friends as blessed spirits, they were 
 called by the Romans Dii Manes, and were worshipped with divine honors." 
 
 The skull found in this coffin is preserved in the Museum.
 
 49 
 
 Mr. Thompson Watkin in a paper on the Roman forces in 
 Britain says, that the Ala Augusta Tocontiorum,* according 
 to an inscription found in Holland, was a cavalry force in the 
 army in Britain. In the second line of this inscription, Mr. 
 Watkin thinks that it is mentioned, and regards the L. as 
 the second letter of AL. or ALAE. This is probable enough. 
 The Title of Augusta is missing, but this is not always in- 
 serted. The name of deceased seems to have been Secundus 
 or Secundinus, an eques in the Vocontian Ala. Above the 
 inscription are two beasts seated, with a cub probably a 
 family of lions or leopards. The Driffield Collection, 1860. 
 
 No. 43. The sarcophagus of a Decurion of the Colony of 
 Eboracum, 7ft. long by 3ft. Gin. high, discovered in 1872, 
 near the Scarborough railway bridge, on a site where other 
 inscribed stones have been found, and more may be looked for. 
 The coffin, which by an unfortunate accident, was greatly 
 injured in the course of removal, bears an inscription in very 
 faint and late characters : 
 
 D. M. 
 
 FLAVI BELLATORIS DEC. COL. EBORACENS 
 
 VIXIT ANXIS XXVIIII. MEXS . 
 
 A third line is wholly illegible. This inscription is of great 
 importance, as it ascertains the fact that Eburacum was a 
 municipium, which was not previously known. The decurions 
 constituted a civic council or senate, to which the title of 
 splendidissimus ordo was applied.! A gold ring set with a 
 ruby was found upon the finger of the decurion, who was 
 a person of small stature j: The Directors of the N.E. Railway 
 Company, 1872. 
 
 * This Ala is mentioned in an inscription found in Scotland. <f. Hiibner, No. 
 1080. It is there styled Ala Augusta Vocontiorum. . 
 
 t See a paper by Mr. Kenriek in Proceedings of the Y.P.S., 8vo, 1355, pp. 52 66; 
 Griiter. DCIX. 3 ; Smith's Coll. Ant., V. p. 19. 
 
 J The skull found in the coffin is in the possession of the Society.
 
 50 
 
 ::|: A stone coffin, found in February, 1579-80, about a 
 quarter of a mile to the West of the Walls of York. In the 
 following century it was carried to Hull and was used as a 
 horse-trough at an inn called the Coach and Horses, in 
 Beverleygate. All traces of the coffin have disappeared. It 
 seems to have borne the following inscription : 
 
 M. VEREC. DIOGENES. IIIIIIVIR COL. 
 
 EBOR. IBIDEMQ. MORT. GIVES BITVRIX 
 
 CVBVS. HAEC SIBI. VIVVS FECIT. 
 
 In the inscription the word ibidem seems to have appeared in a 
 contracted form. Professor Hiibner* suggests the reading 
 itemq(ne) m(unicipii) Orit ( ) as if Diogenes had been 
 
 the Sevir of another municipality in addition to York. 
 Mr. Kenrickj follows Horsley in preferring the reading 
 ibidemque mortuus, as if the coffin had been prepared by Dio- 
 genes during his life, and the inscription cut by his heir 
 after his decease. I do not see, however, why the inscription 
 should not have been cut during the life of Diogenes, notwith- 
 standing the fact that the stone records the place of his 
 death ; especially as the presumption is that he prepared a 
 coffin for his wife while she was alive. An heir would have 
 put upon each coffin the age of the person interred in it. The 
 health of M. Diogenes, when he prepared the stone, may have 
 been such that he would know of a certainty that he never could 
 leave Eburacum alive. The Bituriges Cubi, of which people 
 M. Verec. Diogenes was a citizen, lived in Celtic Gaul. Their 
 chief town, Avaricum, or Bourges, was stormed by Cfesar, 
 who regarded it as one of the fairest cities in the country. 
 Diogenes was a Sevir, or Sexvir, of York. The Seviri formed 
 a college or legal corporation, the duties of which are still 
 very imperfectly known. They seem to have been taken from 
 
 * Inscrr. Brit. p. 65. 
 t Selection from Papers of the Y.P.S., pp. 5265.
 
 51 
 
 the more wealthy tradesmen, and to have had much to do 
 with public works of various kinds. In rank they were 
 inferior to the Decurions. 
 
 This was the first inscription from which it hecame known 
 that Eburacum was a Colonia. This fact and the correct- 
 ness in the main of the reading of this inscription, have been 
 placed beyond dispute by recent discoveries. There is a 
 drawing of this monument among the Stukeley Letters, which 
 will soon be published by the Surtees' Society. 
 
 No. 44. A large stone coffin, 7ft. long by 2ft. 4in. in 
 depth, with an inscription well and deeply cut ; discovered in 
 March, 1877, about a quarter-of-a-mile from the City Walls, 
 in the course of the excavation for the North Eastern Railway. 
 It was within a few yards of the coffin of Bellator the Decurion. 
 The inscription is as follows : 
 
 IVL. FORTVNATE . DOMO 
 
 SARDINIA . VEREC . DIG 
 
 GENI FIDA CONIVNCTA 
 
 MARITO. 
 
 There can be no doubt that we Lave here the tomb of the wife 
 of the Sevir of York, who has just been mentioned. Julia 
 Fortunata, was, it appears, a native of Sardinia, and it is 
 extremely probable, from the inscription itself, that this 
 memorial was prepared for her by her husband during her life. 
 The tomb contained the perfect skeleton of a somewhat tall 
 person. This is the finest, and in some respects the most 
 interesting sepulchral memorial that the Museum possesses. :|: 
 The Directors of the North Eastern Railway, 1877. 
 
 No. 45. The greater part of a striking monument, 3ft. 
 high by 2ft. Sin. wide, to commemorate a child. The father 
 and mother are represented sitting in an alcove. A young girl 
 stands at one end of the couch, and a tripod table, with a cake 
 or loaf of bread upon it, is in front. The right arm of the 
 
 * The skull found in this coffin is preserved in the Museum.
 
 52 
 
 husband is passed around the neck of the wife. She holds a 
 wine cup in her hand, and a small hooped wine-cask lies on 
 the floor. The hushand holds something in his hand re- 
 semhling a roll. Below is this inscription : 
 
 AELI/E ^ELIAN^E 
 VIX. AXN. 
 
 The fracture of the stone has destroyed the rest of the 
 inscription. The monument has been supposed to represent 
 a simple meal, as typical of domestic affection. It is remark- 
 able that the bronze shield of a soldier called ^Elius ^Elianus 
 was found some time ago in a moss near Thorsbjerg in 
 Schleswig. It is described in Engelhardt's Denmark in 
 the Early Iron Age, p. 49, plate 8. This stone was found in 
 the old Cricket field whilst excavating for the new Railway 
 Station. The Directors of the X.E. Railway, 1872. 
 
 No. 46. A fragment of a monumental stone, 2ft. wide by 
 1ft. 8in., on which a female is represented as reclining on a 
 couch, and holding a small cup in her left hand. This is 
 evidently a portion of a monument similar to that of JElia 
 ^Eliana. 
 
 No. 47. A large sarcophagus found on the Mount, 7ft. 4in. 
 long by 2ft. 4in. wide, and inscribed : 
 
 D. EL. SEVERE. HONESTE. FEMINE M 
 CONIVGI. CA C. RVFI. QVON1) 
 V.AX.XXVII.M.VIIirD-IIII. CISC 
 MVSICVS. LIB. EIVS. D. 
 
 It is dedicated to the Manes of ^Elia Severa, who died, aged 
 twenty-seven years, eight months, and four days, and had 
 once been the wife of Ca3cilius Rufus. Ca3cilius Musicus, her 
 freedman (her husband being dead) erected this monument to 
 her memory. It was common for slaves on their emancipation 
 to take the praenomen of their masters. When found the 
 letters were still filled with minium or red paint, and the 
 sarcophagus was covered by No. 39. The skeleton in it,
 
 53 
 
 which was laid in gypsum, appeared to be that of a male, so 
 that it is probable that coffin as well as cover had been 
 appropriated to some later interment. Mr. John Jones, 1 859. 
 No. 48. The larger portion of a small monumental stone, 
 8in. by 13in. wide, found in the road in front of the New 
 "Railway Station. It bears the following inscription, the 
 letters within brackets being supplied : 
 
 MEMORIAE. 
 
 BASSAEI. IVLI. 
 
 [ET. FE] LICIS. FILL SVI. 
 [D]VLCISSI[MI] 
 
 The names on this monument are common in epigraphy. The 
 Directors of the N.E. Railway, 1874. 
 
 No. 49. A sepulchral monument, 4ft. high by 2ft. wide, 
 discovered in 1861, on the Mount, on the left hand side of 
 the road to Tadcaster. It was erected by Q. Corellius Fortis 
 to the memory of his daughter Corellia Optata, who died at 
 the age of thirteen. When perfect, it had at the top a sculp- 
 tured figure, of which only the feet remain. The inscription, 
 extended, reads as follows : 
 
 (D.) M. 
 
 CORELLIA. OPTATA. AX. XIII. 
 
 SECRETI. MAXES. QVI. REGXA ACHERVSIA. DITIS. 
 IXCOLITIS. QVOS. PARVA. PETVXT POST LVMLXA. VITE. 
 EXIGVVS. CIX1S ET. SIMVLACRVM. CORPO[R]IS. VMBRA. 
 IXSOXTIS GXATE. GEXITOR. SPE. CAPTVS. IXIQVA 
 SVPREMVM. HVXC. NATE 3IISERAXDVS. DEFLEO FIXEH 
 Q. CORE. FORTIS. PAT. F.C. 
 
 A large glass vessel, containing the ashes of the young girl, 
 and some pottery were found with this stone. Is the father 
 the person whose name occurs on so many lamps ? They 
 certainly appear to be of local manufacture. Mr. John Rush, 
 1863.
 
 54 
 
 No. 50. The upper part of a monument, 1ft. 9in. wide by 
 1ft. lOin. high, found when deepening a cellar at St. Mary's 
 Convent. The top is ornamented with a small bust of the 
 deceased, with a basket filled with fruit on one side, and a 
 chaplet of laurel on the other : 
 
 D. M. 
 
 DECIMINAE. DE 
 CIMI FILIAJS. 
 
 The lower part of the stone probably contained the age of 
 Decirnina, with an expression of parental affection and regret. 
 The Superioress of St. Mary's Convent, York, 1860. 
 
 No. 51. Two small portions of a monument, 21in. broad 
 by 17in. high, which fit together, but do little more than reveal 
 one of the probable names of the deceased person, Gabinia : 
 
 1C. 
 
 .... ABINIA 
 
 Above the inscription, in a sunk panel, was some sculpture, 
 of which a fish is the sole remnant. Found on the Mount. 
 The Driffield Collection, 1860. 
 
 No. 52. A cippus, or monumental pillar, 4ft. 6in. in height 
 by 16in. in width, of a circular form, the upper part in front 
 having been cut away to give a smooth face for an inscription, 
 which was, unhappily, almost obliterated by the carelessness of 
 the finders. The cnly words that are legible are : 
 
 HYLLO 
 
 ALVUNO 
 
 CABISSIMO 
 
 r 
 
 It is remarkable that this monument corresponds in a very 
 singular manner, both in inscription and form, with another 
 discovered at Plumpton, in Cumberland, which is figured in 
 Dr. Bruce's Lapidarium Septentrionale, p. 409.* It is 
 
 * Dr. Hubner gives the inscription D. M. Ylae alumni Karitsimi. Vixit annii 
 XIII. Claudius Severus (pp. 79 and 113.)
 
 55 
 
 probable that the two commemorate two foster-children, Hyllus 
 and Hylas, of some officer or soldier quartered at York, one 
 of whom died at head-quarters, and the other at a distant 
 camp. The York monument was found in one of the docks in the 
 New Railway Station. The Directors N.E. Railway, 1875. 
 
 ** On a stone, now lost, formerly in a wall on the Mount, 
 was the following fragmentary inscription : 
 D. M. 
 
 MINNE. 
 
 The name occurs in inscriptions. This stone is mentioned by 
 Dean Gale and others, and there is a drawing of it among Dr. 
 Stukeley's correspondence. 
 
 No. 53. The remains of a coffin, 6ft. lOin. long, by 2ft. 
 3in., found about the beginning of the present century, in the 
 garden of Mr. Robert Driffield, on the Mount, bearing the 
 following inscription : 
 
 MKM. AL. THEODORI 
 ANI. FOMENT. VIXIT. ANN 
 XXXV. .M. VI. EMI. THEO 
 DORA. MATER. E. C. 
 
 The interpretation of Dr. Hiibner is the best that has been 
 given : Memorite Valeriani Theodoriani Nomentani. Vixit 
 annos XXXV menses VI. Emi Theodora mater ejus causa. 
 Theodorianus was a native of Nornentum, in Italy, and the coffin 
 which held his remains, was purchased* by his mother, 
 Theodora. The skull discovered in this coffin, which is of 
 noble proportions, is in the possession of Mr. W. Driffield, 
 of Huntington. The Driffield Collection, 1860. 
 
 No. 54. A fragment (about one third) of a sepulchral 
 inscription, 25in. high by 17in., much decayed, removed in 
 1867 from the south wall of the Parish Church of All Saints, 
 North Street, where it was observed in 1682. It appears to 
 have been a memorial of affection by a Roman of the name of 
 
 * ef. McCanl's Britanno-Roman Inscriptions, pp. 21315.
 
 56 
 
 Antonius to his wife. The following are all the letters that 
 can be made out, the first is defective : 
 . . . M. 
 
 . . . AE. AN 
 ... 8. SEC. 
 . . . ENTE M 
 ... I. ANTO 
 . . . CONIVGI 
 
 An Antonius, a prefect of the soldiers, was mentioned in a rude 
 inscription in the Multangular Tower. On each side of the 
 inscription there has been a winged figure. Rev. G. W. Guest, 
 Rector of All Saints, North Street, 1867. 
 
 No. 55. A part of a small monument, lOin. high by 16in. 
 broad, found in a heap of stones at Clementhorpe by Mr. R. 
 H. Skaife, where it had been some time in use as a building- 
 stone. The first line of the inscription has been squared off 
 by some mediaeval mason : 
 
 FIL. v. AN. xni. 
 
 VITELLIA PBO 
 
 CVLA MATER 
 
 P. P. F. 
 
 The three letters at the end were read by Mr. Kenrick, P.P.F., 
 i.e., 2)ropria pecunia , or pro pietate, fecit. Dr. Hiibner thinks 
 they may have been F.^.F., filial piisswite, fecit. In a corner 
 of the stone are two mediaeval letters, A(ve) M(aria), designed, 
 no doubt, to take away any evil influences which might result 
 from the heathen inscription. Mr. John Braddock, 1865. 
 
 No. 56. A fragment of a monumental inscription found on 
 the Mount, 21in. broad by 15in. : 
 
 M. 
 
 . . . VIVS FE 
 . . . . VS 
 
 The M. is imperfect. The person may have been called Julius 
 or Salvius Felix, or some such names. The Driffield Col- 
 lection, 1860.
 
 57 
 
 No. 57. Two fragments of what must have been an 
 important inscription. They fit together and are 20in. hroad 
 by 11 in. high, and are cut on smooth limestone in beautiful 
 letters, not later in date than the end of the second century. 
 . They were found in 1843, at the corner of High Ousegate and 
 Nessgate, under the present Yorkshire Bank : 
 
 o 
 
 i. P.P. SVB. . . 
 
 . . . . RI. ET. M. COSS 
 
 The two last lines would have given some valuable information, 
 including, most probably, the names of a Roman legate. The 
 last words may have been after this fashion, Sub euro, 
 Julii Severi et Marci Cossutii . . . The Hargrove Col- 
 lection, 1847. 
 
 No. 58. A fragment of a monument found in the new 
 road from the Mount to Clementhorpe in 1877. It is well cut 
 in limestone, 9in. square, and is of the time of Trajan or 
 Hadrian. The portion preserved gives the end of the last 
 two lines : 
 
 CVR 
 D.S.P. 
 
 In an extended form, perhaps, the letters may be read (fieri) 
 curarit de sua pecunia. The D however may be an 0. The 
 Corporation of York, 1877. 
 
 No. 59. The upper part of a sepulchral monument, 2ft. 
 6in. wide by 3ft. lin high, found in 1839 under the City 
 Wall in excavating for the Eailway. It represents, probably, 
 a father and a son. The man holds a staff in his right hand, 
 and a book (?) in his left. The child has hold of his father's 
 dress with one hand and has a basket in the other. :;: In one 
 corner the letter M, for Manibus, remains, and nothing more. 
 The Directors of the N.E. Railway, 1839. 
 
 * In the base of the tower of the church of St. Martin in Micklegate, on the West 
 side, is a portion of a sepulchral memorial, representing the lower part of three 
 figuresi two adults and a child. Other Roman sculptured stones are near it.
 
 58 
 
 No. 60. A very peculiar stone, 2ft. high, representing a 
 head with long hair. Below, on a double face, angle-wise, are 
 
 the letters : 
 
 DM CE. 
 
 The stone perhaps stood at one of the corners of a large 
 square tomb, the principal inscription being in the centre 
 below. It is to be presumed that D.M. may be expanded 
 into Diis Manibus. Do C.E. refer to the names of the de- 
 funct, or can they represent Cives Eburacenses, or, Colonia 
 Eburacensis ? The head is probably that of one of the 
 Deities or Genii of the lower world. This curious stone was 
 found at the bottom of an old wall in Castlegate in 1879.' 
 Purchased, 1879. 
 
 No. 61. A number of fragments of a large inscription 
 found in the garden in front of the New Station Hotel, in 
 1878. The inscription seems to have been on the sides of a 
 square block, above which was a figure, of which all that 
 remains is a hand resting on a cushion. On one fragment is 
 the word AVG. On another, at the end of the uppermost 
 line, are the letters ISIV., which may be compared with 
 No. 21. We perhaps have in these letters the cognomen, 
 Numisius. The Directors of the N.E. Railway, 1878. 
 
 No. 62. A large coarse boulder stone, 3ft. by 2ffc. broad, 
 found circa 1810, in the foundation of a wall at Hazlehead 
 near Whitby. On the side of it is an inscription in rough, 
 tall letters, the upper part of which has shaled off, rendering 
 the letters illegible. There is an engraving of the stone 
 in Young's History of Whitby, p. 703, who connects it with 
 the Sixth Legion. Mr. Alfred Foster of Egton, 1876. 
 
 No. 63. A sculptured stone, representing a smith, holding 
 in his right hand a hammer, and in his left a pair of tongs, 
 with which he lays a piece of iron on an anvil. It was found 
 at Dringhouses, near the Roman road to Calcaria (Tadcaster),
 
 59 
 
 and probably was the memorial of an armourer of one of the 
 legions quartered at York. Dr. Eason Wilkinson, 1860. 
 
 No. 64. Three small stone cists or coffins for children, 
 found whilst excavating for the New Railway Station. They 
 average about 3ft. in length. An impression in gypsum of the 
 body of one of the children is preserved in the upper room. 
 The Directors of the N.E. Raihvay, 1873, etc. 
 
 No. 65. A very large and ponderous stone coffin, nearly 
 8ft. long by 3ft. in height, found in 1877, in one of the 
 docks in the New Raihvay Station. A glass lid has been placed 
 on the coffin to show the skeleton which is laid in gypsum. Some 
 portions of the linen in which the corpse was wrapped were 
 found adhering to the gypsum, and are exhibited in the upper 
 room of the Hospitium. The coffin has been wrought by a 
 left-handed mason, a fact which was discovered by a brother 
 in the same craft labouring under a similar infirmity, when he 
 was fastening the wooden frame to the stone. The Directors 
 of the N.E. Railway, 1877. 
 
 No. 66. A stone coffin, 7ft. 2in. long, found in 1875 
 under the Booking Office of the New Railway Station. It 
 contains a coffin of lead, 6ft. long, with a corded pattern 
 impressed upon it. Inside this, imbedded in gypsum, were 
 the remains of a lady, whose hair containing two jet pins was 
 most fortunately preserved."'" This is exhibited in the upper 
 room. The Directors of the N.E. Raihcay, 1875. 
 
 No. 67. A large coffin of lead, 6ft. 7in. long, with the 
 skeleton in it, discovered during the excavations for the Old 
 Railway Station, circa 1840. The end of the coffin is rolled 
 over the skull. The Directors of the N.E. Railway. 
 
 * For an account of this remarkable discovery, cf. the Transactions of the 
 Y.P.S. for 1875. The ornamented lid of the lead coffin is figured in Mr. C. R 
 Smith's Collectanea, vii., pt. iii., p. 178. cf. Journal Arch. Assn. ii., 297, and xiv. 
 337. Smith's Collectanea, iii. 4362. A valuable paper by Dr. Procter on the 
 Metallurgy of Lead is in the Transactions of the Society.
 
 60 
 
 No. 68. A large lead coffin, 6ft. 4in. long, enclosed originally 
 in a shell of wood, found on the site of the New Railway 
 Station. Portions of the iron tire which hound the wood and 
 lead together are preserved in the Museum. The Directors of 
 the North Eastern Railway, 1873. 
 
 No. 69. The remains of a coffin, 6ft. 2in. long, and 21in. 
 wide, originally of wood lined with thin sheets of lead, bound 
 together with strong clasps and hars of iron. The wooden 
 coffin has heen restored, hut with a glass lid to show the 
 skeleton and the leaden lining, and over all have been placed 
 the iron hands in the position in which they were found. The 
 coffin was found in 1875 under the New Railway Station, and 
 is figured in Mr. C. R. Smith's Collectanea, vii. pt. iii. p. 179. 
 The Directors of the North Eastern Bail way, 1875. 
 
 No. 70. A Roman tomb, made of bricks and covered with 
 tiles, found under the New Railway Station in 1875. The 
 dimensions are 7ft. 4in. in length, 3ft. lin. in breadth, and 
 1ft. 6in. in height. In the interior were some remains of a 
 coffin of wood, containing the bones of an aged person. The 
 tomb is very carefully set up with the old materials, the mortar 
 alone being new, but it is made of the same material as the 
 old, and is of the same thickness. The covering tiles bear the 
 mark of their maker, and have been impressed by the feet of a 
 dog and its puppies which had run over the tiles when they 
 were wet."' ;: The Directors of the North Eastern Railway, 
 1875. 
 
 * Under the houses on the Mount now occupied by Messrs. Flower and Milner, 
 is a large domed vault of brick, 8ft. long, 5ft. broad, and 6ft. high, containing a 
 beautifully wrought coffin of stone. This was discovered in 1807, and has often 
 been visited by the curious. A great portion of the vault must have been originally 
 above the surface of the ground, cf. Archseologia, xvi, 340, and Wellbeloved's 
 Eburacum, p. 107. 
 
 A brick tomb, somewhat similar to that now preserved in the Museum, was 
 found in 1840, during the excavations for the Railway. It was 8ft. 6in. long and 
 4ft. Gin. wide, with a domed roof. It contained the skeleton of a female laid in
 
 61 
 
 No. 71. The greater part of a tomb, 5ft. long, composed 
 of twelve tiles, found in 1840, when excavating for the 
 Railway, outside the city walls. The tiles are stamped LEG. 
 ix. HISP.,* so that it is probable that the tomb covered a 
 soldier of the Ninth, or Spanish Legion. The Hargrove 
 Collection, 1847. 
 
 No. 72. A tomb, composed of 18 tiles, 7ft. Gin. long, 
 discovered in 1883, near Dringhouses, on the road to Tadcaster, 
 formed of roof- tiles (tegul} and ridge-tiles (imbrices), which 
 bear the impress of the Sixth Legion,! 
 
 LEG. VI. VI. 
 
 erected, it is probable, over the ashes of a soldier of that legion. 
 Nothing was found in it but a layer of the remains of a funeral 
 pile, consisting of charcoal and bones, about six inches in 
 thickness, with several iron nails. Mr. Eshelby, 1838. 
 
 No. 73. A portion of another tomb made of ten tiles, 5ft. 
 Sin. long, found during the Railway Excavations in 1874, It 
 is remarkable for having something like a cupola or turret at 
 the head. Two plain urns were found at one end. The 
 Directors of the North Eastern Railway, 1874. 
 
 gypsum, with her hair preserved. The tomb was transferred to the garden of 
 Mr. Hargrove's house in Blossom Street, and was set up as it was found, but all 
 traces of it have disappeared. 
 
 * In the Archjeologia, vol. ii., there is an account by Dr. White, of York, of the 
 discovery of the tomb of some one connected with the same legion which contained 
 several urns. In engraving of the tomb is appended to the wall of the Upper room. 
 
 t Another tomb, bearing the stamp, LEG. VI. VIT. P. F, and composed of 
 twenty-one tiles was found during the Railway excavations at York, in September, 
 1845, and is now with the Bateman Collection, in the Sheffield Museum (Catalogue, 
 p. 128) " The tiles were placed, as is usual, with the upper ends inclining together 
 so as to leave a drain-like space, within which the skeleton was deposited with the 
 head resting upon a semi-circular tile, inscribed like the others. When found, it 
 was full of water which had percolated from the surface, a depth of about three 
 feet." cf. Journal Archaeological Association, i. 191-2. 
 
 A similar tomb was discovered during the Excavations for the New Railway 
 Station, in 1873. The tiles, all of which were broken, bore the stamp of the Sixth 
 Legion. In the tomb were found eight or ten glass vessels, two of which are in 
 the Museum. 
 
 D2
 
 62 
 
 No. 74. A laureated head, 18in. high, found in excavating 
 for a drain in Stonegate. The first Roman sculpture that the 
 Society acquired. Mr. James Atkinson, 1823. 
 
 No. 75. The head of a large statue, and a portion of a 
 second, from the Driffield Collection. A third, the largest of 
 the three and very rude, was found near the New Railway 
 Station Hotel, in 1874. 
 
 No. 76. A small head of a marble figure, discovered on 
 Toft Green in 1875. A foot was found at the same time. 
 (In Case L upstairs). Purchased, 1878. 
 
 No. 77. A fragment of a sculptured slab, representing part 
 of a man's leg, and a foot with a sandal. The Driffield 
 Collection, 1860, 
 
 No. 78. Several Phallic sculptures discovered during the 
 late Railway Excavations, and at other times. 
 
 No. 79. Four Cones of the Pine. The pine was sacred to 
 the Phrygian goddess Cybele. The cone represented on funeral 
 monuments is supposed to allude to the use of resinous wood 
 in burning the body. The cone marked a is from the Driffield 
 Collection ; another marked d, was found in 1873, near the 
 new Coal Depot of the North Eastern Railway Company ; the 
 largest of the five was found at Dringhouses, in 1878, and was 
 acquired by purchase in 1881. 
 
 No. 80. A mutilated figure of a lion, 2ft. Sin. long, in act 
 to spring, found in 1878, on the site of the New Railway 
 Station. Such figures are considered to be Mithraic emblems.* 
 The Directors of the North Eastern Railway, 1873. 
 
 No. 81. The head of a similar animal, 1ft. 4in. long. 
 
 No. 82. A large stone, 3ft. long by 1ft. wide, with the 
 head of a dog in rude relief, found under the City Wall 
 in 1839. The Directors of the North Eastern Railway, 1839. 
 
 * tf, Mr. Price's Account of the Excavations in Camomile Street, pp. 6065.
 
 63 
 
 No. S3. Part of the tail of the figure of a sea-horse, or of 
 some other imaginary marine monster, 2ft. 5in. long. From 
 the Drifneld Collection, 1860. 
 
 No. 8-i. Figure of a Harpy, nearly entire, found on the 
 Mount in 1852, and 2ft. 6in. high. From the Driffield 
 Collection, 1860. 
 
 No. 85. A Gorgon's head, 21in. square, vigorously but 
 coarsely cut. 
 
 No. 86. Large fragments of sculptures, which probably 
 formed part of the pediment of the Roman gateway, on the 
 N.W. side ofEburacum; or of some public building near it. 
 They were found near Bootham Bar, where the foundations of 
 the Roman gateway were discovered. One is a rude repre- 
 sentation of a quadriga or chariot drawn by four horses : 
 another of a Triton blowing his concha or shell trumpet : a 
 third, a portion of an ornamented frieze : and a fourth, the 
 figure of a sphinx or some imaginary animal. The base of a 
 pier, found at the same place, probably belonged to the gate- 
 way.* Mr. Tilney, 1835. 
 
 No. 87. A portion of a frieze, 18in. by 12in., showing a 
 Cupid. Found near Micklegate Bar, in 1860. The Cook 
 Collection, 1872. 
 
 No. 88. A fragment found with many other Roman remains 
 below one of the piers at the south end of the old bridge over 
 the Ouse, in 1818. When perfect, it represented an eagle, 
 with a wreath about the neck, within a wreath of laurel. It 
 was obtained by Mr. B. Brooksbank, and placed in the hall of 
 his mansion at Healaugh ; after his death it was presented to 
 the Yorkshire Philosophical Seciety, by his son Mr. Stamp 
 Brooksbank, in 1852. 
 
 * Some fragments of pillars were discovered here in 1877. There is some reason 
 to believe that Bootham Bar is in its core a Roman gate.
 
 64 
 
 No. 89. Fragment of a slab, 2ft. lOin. long, on which is 
 the figure of an eagle. 
 
 No. 90. A portion of the architrave of a Roman doorway, 
 3ffc. long, found below one of the piers of the old bridge, with 
 manj similar remains, which it was thought not desirable to 
 remove. Mr. George Toda, 1823. 
 
 No. 91. Fragments of pillars, one of which is 4ft. high, 
 found in excavating for a drain in Micklegate, belonging, 
 probably, to a Roman temple, or some other public building. 
 Several other sculptured stones are preserved in the basement 
 of the tower of the neighbouring church of St. Martin. The 
 Corporation of York, 1853. 
 
 No. 92. A fragment of a pillar, 2ft. 8in. high, ornamented 
 with human heads, and basket work, over which a man is 
 climbing. Found on the hill near the New Goods Station. 
 The Directors of the North Eastern Railway, 1876. 
 
 No. 93. A small capital of a pillar representing a man 
 attacked by two lions. Found near the New Railway Station, 
 in 1874. The Directors of the North Eastern Raihcay, 1874. 
 
 No. 94. A small pillar-shaped stone, 1ft. 4in. high, found 
 in 1848, under the Yorkshire Bank. It is a prop for a hypo- 
 caust. The Hargrove Collection, 1847. 
 
 No. 95. The front part of the fire-place of a hypocaust as 
 it was found amidst the foundations of the Roman baths, 3ft. 
 7in. high, and 4ft. 4in. wide at the top. The Directors of the 
 North Eastern Railway, 1839. 
 
 No. 96. Leaden pipes, found in the same place. The 
 Directors of the North Eastern Rail if ay, 1839. 
 
 No. 97. Two large pipes of lead, one of which is 9ft. long, 
 found in Church Street, opposite Patrick Pool, in 1854. The 
 Corporation of York, 1854. 
 
 No. 98. Short pillars (pilae), used in supporting the floors 
 of the hot or vapour baths, with fragments of the plaster floor,
 
 65 
 
 discovered in excavating for the Old Railway Station. The 
 Directors of the North Eastern Railway, 1839. 
 
 No. 99. A piece of flooring from the Roman baths. The 
 Directors of the North Eastern Railway, 1839. 
 
 No. 100. A large piece of flooring, probably from the same 
 source, found in December, 1873, under the City Wall, when 
 the road was being made from the Old to the New Railway 
 Station. The Directors of the North Eastern Railway, 1873. 
 
 No. 101. A thick slab of concrete, 7ft. long, by 2ft. broad, 
 with raised edges, and a groove in one corner. It is the bottom 
 of a bath found in a Roman villa, at Dalton Parlours, near 
 Collingham, which was excavated by the Society in 1854. * The 
 pillars of the hypocaust are beside it in one of the lower rooms 
 in the Museum. A tessellated pavement from the same place 
 is shown in the upper room in the Hospitium. The Trustees 
 of Lady Betty Hastings' Charity, 1854. 
 
 No. 102. Part of a drain, 18in. square, found on the site 
 of the Yorkshire Insurance Company, amongst the foundations 
 of buildings supposed to have been attached to the gateway 
 near the river, in the south-western wall of the Roman Station. 
 This fragment is an interesting specimen of Roman sewerage, 
 and at the same time illustrates the Roman method of con- 
 structing walls by alternate courses of brick and stone. The 
 Yorkshire Insurance Company, 1847. 
 
 II. ANGLO-SAXON. 
 
 Although the Angles, or Anglo-Saxons, had possession of 
 York for more than four hundred years, comparatively few 
 remains of their work have been discovered. They occupied, 
 it is presumed, the buildings which the Romans and their 
 immediate successors had used, and these, from various 
 causes, have entirely disappeared. The principal edifice 
 
 * For an account of these Excavations, cf. a Selection of Papers of Y. P, S., 270.
 
 66 
 
 erected during the Anglian period in the city was the 
 Minster, which was begun in the seventh century, and rebuilt 
 and enlarged by Archbishop Albert in the eighth. Some 
 remains of this may be seen in the crypts beneath the choir 
 of the present cathedral. In four only of the York churches 
 have any remains of Anglo-Saxon work been discovered, 
 although there is much, no doubt, beneath the soil, and built 
 up in the walls. We know from undoubted authority that 
 Eoferwic was one of the greatest cities in the country, and for 
 a long time the capital of the island. Within the last few 
 years a great cemetery of the Anglian period has been 
 discovered in the vicinity of the city, and many farther traces 
 of the Anglo-Saxon lords of Eoferwic will, no doubt, be found. 
 There is a still greater paucity of memorials of the Danish 
 occupation of York, which extended from the ninth century to 
 the eleventh. The Danish carving, however, cannot easily 
 be distinguished from the Anglo-Saxon, and among the 
 sculptured stones which we are about to describe, there are 
 some, no doubt, which belong to this period. 
 
 No. 1. Fragment of a pillar or cross, found in St. Leonard's 
 Place, near the site of the ancient Hospital of St. Peter, 
 having the following imperfect inscription : 
 
 ADM. 
 MORI 
 
 AM 
 SCO 
 
 RVM 
 
 which may be read thus, AD MEMORIAM SANCTORUM. 
 
 No. 2. A curiously ornamented stone, found in the 
 excavations preparatory to the building of St. Leonard's 
 Place, near the site of the Hospital of St. Peter. It is the 
 fragment of a Saxon cross or pillar, having the figure of two 
 grotesque animals implicated in the slender spirally-disposed
 
 67 
 
 branches of a tree or a shrub on one side, and common Saxon 
 ornaments on the other sides. 
 
 No. 3. A fragment exhibiting a kind of fretted work, and 
 an animal supposed to represent a dragon. 
 
 No. 4. A portion of a Saxon cross or pillar, found with 
 several rude wooden coffins* and some other Saxon remains, 
 in excavating for the New Market, or Parliament Street. It 
 is ornamented on three sides with the usual Saxon interlaced 
 ribbon, with a bead-moulding. The fourth side being plain, 
 appears to indicate that it had been placed against a wall. 
 
 No. 5. Two sepulchral stones, each bearing a rude cross, 
 found in the excavations preparatory to the building of 
 Parliament Street. 
 
 No. 6. A coped and curiously ornamented lid of a Saxon 
 coffin, found buried close to the south wall of what had been 
 the nave of the church of St. Denis, Walmgate. The sculpture 
 is so much defaced, as to render it difficult to trace the whole 
 of the original design. On one side of the coping, near the 
 centre, in the midst of much interlacing, the figure of a bird 
 may be perceived, with the body of a reptile, or a part of the 
 interlacing, in its beak ; and on the left of it, the head of 
 some animal biting a sword. On the other side, two animals, 
 resembling bears, standing on their hind legs ; two groups of 
 monsters ; a representation of the wolf and twins (the reverse 
 of some of the late coins of the Romans, found also on Saxon 
 coins f), and a human figure standing near them. A spiral, 
 cord-like moulding, runs along the ridge and the sides, 
 forming the angle of the coping at each end. Purchased, 1848. 
 
 No. 7. An imperfect lid of a Saxon coffin, exhibiting in 
 two compartments, extending along its whole length, the common 
 
 * Some of these coffins were discovered in 1S78, under Messrs. Makins and Bean's 
 shop. The place marks the site of an ancient cemetery, 
 t Ruding, i., 101, 115. Haigh, Coins of E. Anglia, p. 4.
 
 68 
 
 interlacing ornament, formed of the convolutions of the bodies 
 of two, or probably of four winged serpents. This also was 
 found buried in the church-yard of St. Denis. 
 
 No. 8. One half of a large tombstone of the full length of 
 the grave, ornamented with rude scrolls and battlemented 
 work. Found in the wall of the church of St. Mary, Bishop- 
 hill, Junior. The Rev. C. J. Buncombe, Vicar, 1861. 
 
 No. 9. A portion of the shaft of a cross, ornamented with 
 scroll-work and figures in high relief. Found during the 
 restoration of the church of St. Mary, Bishophill, Junior.* 
 Purchased, 1877. 
 
 No. 10. A portion of the head of a fine cross of late 
 Saxon work, probably of the eleventh century, discovered 
 whilst rebuilding the church of St. Mary, Castlegate.f The 
 Hector and Churchwardens, 1871. 
 
 No. 11. The base of a cross, rudely and curiously orna- 
 mented ; also the head of another cross (perhaps the same) 
 found under the city wall, in the archway leading from the Old 
 Station to the New. The Directors, N.E. Railway, 1874. 
 
 No. 12. The centre of a cross -head, which has been 
 painted red. On one side is an ornamental flower ; on the 
 other, the following inscription in very early characters, the 
 whole forming a pentameter line, applicable, probably, to our 
 Blessed Lord. There have been inscriptions also on the arms 
 
 of the cross : 
 
 SALVE P 
 R0 MERITIS 
 
 PRS ALME 
 TVIS. 
 
 i.e., Salve pro mentis, presbyter aline, Tuis. Probably found 
 at York. 
 
 * A coffin-lid of the Saxon period is built into the wall of the neighbouring 
 church of St. Mary, Bishophill, Senior, where it is going slowly to decay. 
 
 t The dedication stone |was found at the same time and is carefully preserved. 
 See Report for 1870, p. 53, where a photograph of this curious stone is given.
 
 69 
 
 No. 13. A very interesting fragment of an early Saxon 
 cross, found some years ago at Ripon, near the site of the 
 old monastery. It is inscribed 
 
 + ADHVSE 
 
 PRB 
 
 i.e., Adliuse presbyter, a name which occurs in the Liher 
 Vitae of Durham cathedral. Purchased of Mr. Sharpin of 
 Ripon, 1872. 
 
 No. 14. The shaft and a portion of the head of a large 
 cross, more than 5ft. high, richly ornamented with scroll-work 
 on three sides. It was discovered at Wakefield, constituting 
 the step to a barber's shop, by the feet of whose customers 
 the sculpture on the fourth side has been completely worn 
 down. Obtained for the Society in 1870 by Mr. Fairless 
 Barber. 
 
 No. 15. A small coped tombstone of a child, with a cross 
 under the end or gable ; also a part of one of the arms of a 
 cross, with interlacing work. Found at Ingleby Arncliffe. 
 Rev. R. J. Steele, Vicar of Inylely, 1879. 
 
 No. 16. The original font of the church of Hutton 
 Cranswick, discarded at the recent restoration of the church, 
 and recovered from a rockery and reconstructed. It seems to 
 be of early eleventh century work. Around the font in ten 
 panels is a series of subjects, among which are bell-ringing, 
 wrestling, shooting with the bow, the Holy Lamb, the Tree of 
 Life, and several uncouth figures. This font resembles that 
 at Belton in Lincolnshire. Rev. C. D. Pudsey, Vicar of 
 Hutton Cransu-ick, 1880. 
 
 III. ANGLO-NOKMAN. 
 
 Under this head are comprised some specimens of the 
 architecture which prevailed in this country from the Conquest 
 to the end of the 12th century. The greater part of them are
 
 70 
 
 remains of the first Abbey of St. Mary. In the churches of 
 York and its neighbourhood, as well as in the crypt of the 
 Minster, this style of architecture is richly exemplified. 
 
 No. 1. Capitals, gurgoyles, and other remains of the 
 abbey erected by Stephen, the first abbat, in the reign of 
 William Rufus. :;: 
 
 No. 2. Sculptured stones discovered in the foundations of 
 a house in Micklegate, and probably belonging to the Priory 
 church of the Holy Trinity, near which they were found. 
 Among them is a stone representing the Flight into Egypt. 
 Mr. Pulleyn. 
 
 No. 3. A curious sculpture which must originally have 
 occupied the tympanum of a door, representing the soul 
 leaving the body of a dying man, aud being seized by evil 
 spirits. It was found reversed in the dungeon of a building 
 near the N.W. tower of the Minster. Deposited by the Dean 
 and Chapter, 1862. 
 
 No. 4. The remains of a fine Norman door from St. Mary's 
 Abbey, with a double dog-tooth moulding, boldly and finely 
 cut. 
 
 No. 5. A portion of a very fine and lofty arch of Norman 
 work from the same place. 
 
 No. 6. A portion of the arch of the door-way at the en- 
 trance to St. William's Chapel, which stood at the south-west 
 end of the old bridge over the Ouse, and was removed prepara- 
 tory to the erection of the new bridge, in 1810. There is a 
 fine engraving of this door-way in Halfpenny's Fragmenta 
 Vetusta. 
 
 No. 7. A single arch of the arcade inside the same chapel, 
 fixed to the wall in a position similar to that which it origin- 
 ally occupied ; upon it is laid a single stone of the richly - 
 
 * It must be understood that the sculptured stones to which no different locality 
 is assigned were found among the ruins of St. Mary's Abbey.
 
 71 
 
 carved string-course which ran above. The arcade is (brawn 
 and etched in Cave's Antiquities of York. 
 
 No. 8. Several Norman fragments taken out of the wall of 
 the Will Office at the restoration of the South Transept of the 
 Minster, and probably a portion of the choir which was built 
 by Archbishop Roger (A.D. 1154 1181). Dean and Chapter 
 of York, 1877. 
 
 No. 9. An imperfect arch of Transitional work which formed 
 a part of the beautiful chapter-house of St. Mary's Abbey. It 
 can scarcely have belonged to the pier which still remains in 
 its original position, but, wherever it stood, it has the honor of 
 having been regarded by the late Sir Gilbert Scott :;: as the 
 noblest doorway in England. The remains on the floor, under 
 the arch, are all of similar work, and probably belonged to the 
 chapter-house. 
 
 No. 10. Appended to the wall is the west window of the 
 old church of St. Maurice,! York, of Transitional work. It is 
 one of the earliest approaches to tracery, and is of two lights, 
 round-headed, with a plain, small circle over them in the head. 
 It is engraved by Mr. J. H. Parker, in his Architectural Notes 
 on the York Churches. The Rector and Churchwardens of 
 St. Maurice, 1875. 
 
 No. 11. A portion of an arch of Transitional work found 
 in St. Leonard's Place, and no doubt a part of the buildings of 
 St. Leonard's Hospital. The remainining portion of this arch 
 is alluded to on page 14. The City Commissioners, 1835. 
 
 No. 12. Capital of a pillar of Transitional work found in 
 Gillygate. Mr. G. Bell, 1872. 
 
 * See a paper, with drawings, by him in the Transactions of the Institute 
 of British Architects. 
 
 t The Norman door of this church, which bore traces of colour when found, is 
 set up in the gardens of the late Mr. Joseph Buckle, in Moukgate.
 
 72 
 
 IV. EARLY ENGLISH, DECORATED, AND PERPENDICULAR. 
 
 Under this head come the remaining specimens of Mediaeval 
 sculpture, which the Society possesses. The greater part of 
 them, it will be seen, belonged to St. Mary's Abbey, and were 
 wrought in the grounds now occupied by these gardens, in 
 which they have always continued, being parts of the church 
 which was built by Abbat Simon de Warwick, in the latter 
 half of the thirteenth century. 
 
 The Visitor will observe an endless variety of Early English 
 and Decorated sculpture in beautiful profusion. There is so 
 much that it is impossible to give a minute description of it. 
 We may mention however : 
 
 No. 1. Several portions of a noble door-way, in which the 
 hollow of the arch has been ornamented by groups of figures 
 in high relief and exquisitely sculptured. 
 
 No. 2. The greater part of a grand capital of richly 
 clustering foliage, from the entrance to the vestibule of the 
 Chapter-house from the Cloister. 
 
 No. 3. A number of beautiful bosses, of a very large size, 
 from a room marked F. in the Ground-plan. One of these (a) 
 represents the Holy Lamb surrounded by maple leaves, a 
 staple and ring being still inserted in the stone from which a 
 lamp was originally suspended, b. Another large boss repre- 
 sents the Virgin Mary in the midst of vine-branches, c. A 
 third shows a monk playing on an instrument resembling the 
 modern violin. 
 
 No. 4. A fine series of thirteen smaller bosses, some from 
 the room F., others from different parts of the abbey, as 
 shown by Mr. Wellbeloved in his Account of the Excavations. 
 They consist of representations of leaves and animals. 
 
 No. 5. Fragments of two large figures representing the 
 coronation of the Blessed Virgin.
 
 73 
 
 No. 6. A specimen of the lower walling and of the but- 
 tresses in the Cloister, removed from its place on the north-east 
 side of the cloister, near the vestibule of the Chapter-house. 
 
 No. 7. A large mutilated figure of the Virgin and Child. 
 
 No. 8. Another imperfect statue of Maria Salome, the 
 wife of Zebedee, and mother of SS. James and John. 
 
 No. 9. A small mutilated effigy in chain armour, with 
 a surcoat, found near the site of the innermost of the walls of 
 the Abbey, between the Hospitium and the river. It has 
 stood, no doubt, on the outside of a gateway, upon the battle- 
 ment, as may still be seen at Alnwick castle. 
 
 No. 10. Ten Statues fixed against the pillars of the room. 
 These statues are a portion of a series which, it is probable, 
 adorned the Triforium of the Abbey Church built by Simon de 
 Warwick. They were discovered in the south aisle of the 
 nave of the church, at the depth of about 8ft., lying with the 
 faces downward, under a mass of stones composed chiefly of 
 the tracery-work of the windows of the church, cemented 
 together with the mortar used in building the palace of 
 Henry Till. (See p. 22.) The drapery of all had been 
 painted and gilded ; but the colours and the gilding soon 
 faded upon being exposed to the light and air. Of these 
 statues, so carefully concealed by some one whose good taste 
 and feeling had not been overpowered by religious zeal, three 
 are manifestly designed to represent aged Jews ; the remaining 
 four, supposing those which are headless to have been similar 
 to those which are perfect, have nothing of a Jewish character, 
 and are youthful in their appearance. Of how many statues, 
 the series, when complete, consisted, cannot now be known. 
 Some may have been wantonly destroyed ; some were certainly 
 carried away. One of these having long formed part of the 
 arch of the bridge at Clifton, has been restored,* in a sadly 
 
 * By the Overseers of Clifton in 1838.
 
 74 
 
 weather- worn state, to its fellows ; and two others, undoubtedly 
 belonging to the series, after having long served as coping- 
 stones to the wall of the church-yard of St. Lawrence, without 
 Walmgate Bar,* and having been subsequently fixed on each 
 side of the north doorway, have also been placed in the Museum. 
 Such a series must have had some meaning, historical, 
 legendary, or emblematical. Imperfect as the series is, 
 enough, perhaps, is left to indicate what it may have been 
 designed to represent. Of the three Jewish figures, one is 
 evidently the representation of Moses. It bears his usual 
 emblems the two tables of stone, the rod with the serpent, 
 and the horns on forehead.! The two other Jewish figures 
 have nothing to fix their designation. J Of the two figures 
 removed from the church-yard of St. Lawrence, one is that of 
 St. John the Baptist, with his distinguishing emblem, the 
 Holy Lamb, on his arm. Supposing that there were originally 
 no more than three Jewish figures in the series, the intro- 
 duction of St. John the Baptist appears to offer the clue to the 
 interpretation of the whole. Moses may be supposed to be 
 emblematical of "the Law;" the two other Jewish figures 
 may represent " the Prophets ; " the more youthful figures, 
 "the Apostles or preachers of the Gospel," the newer or 
 younger dispensation. The statue of the Baptist being placed 
 between these and the former, the whole series would artisti- 
 
 * Given in 1838. 
 
 t The sculptor, either following preceding artists, or misled by understanding 
 literally the figurative epithet " flying," given to the fiery serpent by the prophet 
 Isaiah, has added to the serpent in the hand of Moses the body and wings of a bird. 
 In making Moses appear horned, he has followed the Vulgate Latin Version of 
 Exod. xxxiv. 30; where, instead of " the face of Moses shone," as in our authorised 
 version, the Vulgate has, " videntes cornutam Moysi faciem," seeing that the face 
 of Moses was horned. 
 
 J Perhaps the red colour of the drapery of the second of these figures may indi- 
 cate Elijah, the most eminent of the prophets, and his translation in a chariot of 
 fire, 2 Kings, ii. 16. As the forerunner of the Messiah, his statue would appro- 
 priately precede the Baptist and the Christian series. [J. K.]
 
 75 
 
 cally represent the words of our Lord, as recorded by the 
 Evangelist Luke : " The Law and the Prophets were until 
 John ; since that time the kingdom of God is preached." 
 Ch. xvi. 16. 
 
 No. 11. Bases and pillars of Petworth or Purheck marble, with 
 several other sculptured stones from the South Transept of the 
 Minster, erected hy Archbishop Gray, circa 1240. Among 
 them is the only original capital that was found on the South 
 front. The Dean and Chapter of York, 1876. 
 
 No. 12. A number of beautiful sculptures in Derbyshire 
 marble, in Perpendicular work, which have originally formed 
 part of a series of stalls. They may, perhaps, have been 
 taken from St. Sepulchre's chapel, or from some other part of 
 the Minster, probably from the former place. They have been 
 found on several occasions " inclosed between two walls in a 
 private house," or otherwise concealed, as if there was at least 
 the hope that they might be again utilized if a change in 
 religion should be made. They found their way to various 
 parts of the city, having been, as Thoresby says, " sold by 
 parcels to statuaries, and others, for common use." Many of 
 these sculptures are now collected in the Museum, and others 
 may still be seen in gardens and walls in the city. The 
 greater part of these sculptures which the Society possesses 
 were found in Precentor's Court, in 1835, and were presented 
 to the Museum in 1835 and 1861, by Mr. and Mrs. Swineard, 
 on whose premises they were found. Another portion, removed 
 from the North-east side of Clifford's Tower, to which 
 it had long been affixed, was given by the High Sheriff and 
 Magistrates of the county ; a third piece, showing the sculpture 
 between the niches and the cornice, from the garden of Mr. 
 Robert Driffield, on the Mount, was presented by Mr. Wm. 
 Driffield, in 1853. The head of a stall found buried in a 
 cellar in Lawrence Street, and deposited for some time in St.
 
 76 
 
 Lawrence church-yard, was given in 1876, by the Rev. George 
 Wade, Vicar of St. Lawrence, York.* 
 
 No, 13. A portion of a fine door-way, beautifully wrought. 
 Two figures are represented as attending an aged person. 
 This sculpture was found in Mr. Swiueard's house, but it is of 
 an earlier date than the carving which has just been described. 
 
 No. 14. Several very fine and delicately carved fragments 
 of the same date as the door-way with which they were found. 
 They are parts of stalls and canopies. 
 
 No. 15. A finely wrought shield, slung in the centre of a 
 quatrefoil, and found near the Guildhall. Purchased, 1878. 
 
 No. 16. A bracket (appended to the wall) supported on 
 the shoulders of an angel, found in a house in High Petergate. 
 Mr. W. D. Lund, 1879. 
 
 No. 17. A cast from a crucifix, which was found, some 
 years ago, in the ruins of a small chapel dedicated to St Mary, 
 on the south-east side of Sherburn Church. i On one side 
 are figures of the Saviour, the Virgin, and St. John ; on 
 medallions, at the ends of the transverse limb, are the sword 
 and the lantern, and the purse or bag of money ; and on a 
 shield at the end of the upright limb, the seamless coat and 
 the dice. On the other side are the same figures ; and on 
 the corresponding medallions and shield are the reed and the 
 sponge, the hammer, nails, and pincers ; the heart, the hands, 
 and the feet. On one extremity of the transverse limb is a 
 rude representation of an ear. The date of the original is sup- 
 posed to be towards the end of the fifteenth century. The 
 recent history of the original is remarkable. Upon being 
 discovered, it was taken by the churchwarden to adorn the 
 
 * cf. Thoresby's Ducatus Leodiensis, 2nd ed., app. 115 ; Hunter's Account of 
 Henry the Eighth's progress in Yorkshire ; Browne's York Minster, i. 132-3 ; 
 Cave's Antiquities of York, plate 36. 
 
 t Engraved in Whitaker's Loidis and Elmete, p. 150, and in Braylcy's Graphic 
 Illustrator, p. 136.
 
 77 
 
 Hall of Steeton, near Sherburn, where he resided. This act was 
 resented by the parishioners; and, after much contention, it was 
 agreed that the stone should be divided between the Hall and 
 the church. Accordingly it was sawn vertically into two equal 
 portions ; one of which was retained at the Hall, and the 
 other the portion first described above was restored to the 
 church, where it may now be seen. Mr. G. Foicler Jones, 1846. 
 
 No. 18. A large holy-water stoup, from St. Mary's Abbey. 
 It is placed close to the entrance door. 
 
 No. 19. A small and prettily-ornamented holy-water stoup, 
 found at Whorlton, in Cleveland. Rev. J. W. Darnbrow/h, 
 Vicar of South Otterinf/ton, 1872. 
 
 No. 20. A stone, with a plain cross in relief, brought from 
 the Castle Mills, destroyed in 1856. These mills originally 
 belonged to the Knights Templar. The chapel, over the 
 doorway of which this stone was placed, belonged to the Guild 
 of St. George. The Corporation of York, 1856. 
 
 No. 21. Two stones, from the ruins of the Abbey, in 
 which holes, round or otherwise, are cut. Some similar 
 objects have been recently engraved in the Transactions of the 
 Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian Society. From 
 the "Rites of Durham," we learn that 'in either end of the 
 Dorter (Domitory), was a four-square stone, wherein was a 
 dozen cressets wrought, being ever filled and supplied by the 
 cooke as they needed, to give light to the monks and novices, 
 when they rose to theire mattins at midnight, and for their 
 other necessarye uses.' 
 
 No. 22. Three fragments of terra-cotta moulding found 
 among the ruins of the Abbey. 
 
 No. 28. Part of a gravestone with DE : HARPHAM upon 
 it in early letters. A Robert de Harpham was abbat 
 between 1184 and 1189, and another member of his family 
 was a benefactor to the house.
 
 78 
 
 No. 24. The greater part of a coffin lid, charged with a 
 cross, and inscribed : 
 
 HIC JACET EMMA DE BEN .... 
 
 Emnia de Benfield, widow of Adam de Benfield of Marton-in- 
 Cleveland, was a benefactress to the Abbey of St. Mary, and, 
 in token of gratitude, was no doubt interred in the church in 
 which her monument was found. The stone is probably of 
 the latter half of the 13th century. 
 
 No. 25. A lai'ge portion of a marble slab, bearing the 
 matrix of a brass, which probably commemorated some abbat 
 towards the close of the 13th century. 
 
 No. 26. Part of a marble coffin-lid, with the beginning of 
 an inscription, HIC JACET, etc., in noble letters from 7 to llin. 
 high. From the Abbey. 
 
 No. 27. An imperfect sepulchral slab, showing part of an 
 incised cross, and the following remains of an inscription in 
 letters filled with lead : 
 
 ME RE : GIST : 1CI : ANNAIS : FV : LA FILGE : PEKIS . . . 
 
 This stone was found among the ruins of the Abbey. 
 
 No. 28. A large portion of an early coffin-lid, used as a 
 walling-stone in the church of St. Helen, bearing a cross with 
 the following inscription on the edge : + ANNAIS : DE : GRAN- 
 THAM : GIST : ici : DEV : the remainder contained the usual 
 petition for mercy. A William de Grantham founded a 
 chantry in St. Helen's in 1371. 3/r. Robert Weatherley, 1878. 
 
 No. 29. A large and fine monumental effigy in chain- 
 armour, which served as a boundary mark of the parish of 
 St. Margaret, in Walmgate ; being half-buried in the ground 
 against a wall on the east side of Newtgate. The anus on 
 the shield are those of the family of Vescy, and as the shield 
 has a bar sinister across it, we have probably the monument 
 of a rather celebrated personage in his day, Sir John de Vescy,
 
 79 
 
 illegitimate son of William cle Vescy, lord of Alnwick, who 
 died in the beginning of the 14th century, to which period this 
 figure belongs. On the widening of Newtgate (now called 
 St. George's Street) this effigy was removed. The City Com- 
 -missioners. 
 
 No. 80. A mutilated effigy, which during a long period 
 was placed, with the lower half buried in the ground, at the 
 end of the village of Clifton, near York, by the side of the 
 turnpike road leading to Easingwold. It is too much defaced 
 to afford the slightest indication of the knight it was intended 
 to represent. This figure used popularly to be called 
 " Mother Shipton's " stone, from the tradition that she was 
 burnt to death by its side. Mr. David Russell, 1851. 
 
 Xo. 31. Part of a coffin-lid, 14th century, from the floor 
 of the church of St. Mary, Bishophill, Junior, bearing the 
 head of a cross flory. Rev. C. J. Buncombe, 1861. 
 
 No. 32. A sepulchral slab found buried in the church- 
 yard of St. Denis, bearing a cross flory. On one side of the 
 shaft is a three-legged melting-pot or caldron, on the other a 
 bell, showing that the person commemorated had been a bell- 
 founder. Purchased, 1848. 
 
 No. 33. The heads of two coffin-lids bearing incised crosses, 
 from the church-yard of St. Denis. Purchased, 1848. 
 
 No. 34. The greater part of the head of an incised cross 
 found under the Bonded Warehouse in Skeldergate. Pur- 
 chased, 1880. 
 
 No. 35. The greater part of a coffin-lid bearing a plain 
 cross, found in York. Rev. Geor;/e Howe, 1881. 
 
 No. 36. This large sepulchral slab was found at the 
 western end of the Hospitium, amongst the foundations of 
 some buildings, of a date later than the dissolution of the 
 Abbey, from the church or cloister of which it had probably 
 been removed. It bears an incised cross flory, and an
 
 80 
 
 inscription in the writing characteristic of the beginning of 
 the fifteenth century, which may be read thus : 
 
 Hie jacentf rates Willielmus mayister et dominus Johannes 
 Hewyk capellanus, quondam Jilii Johannis et Agnetis Hewyk.* 
 
 Beneath the inscription appear the incised outlines, now 
 nearly obliterated, of the bust of these brothers, one on each 
 side of the shaft of the cross, with their hands raised on the 
 breast in the attitude of devotion. 
 
 No. 37. Part of the tomb of Archbishop Rotherham, who 
 died in the year 1500, erected on the north side of the Lady 
 Chapel, in the Minster, and nearly destroyed in the fire of 
 1829. Deposited by the Dean and Chapter of York, 1862. 
 
 No. 88. Numerous fragments of sepulchral slabs, chiefly 
 of a late date, found among the ruins of the Abbey, too im- 
 perfect to indicate of whom they were the memorials. 
 
 No. 39. Portions of a sculptured monument removed from 
 the City Wall, near Fishergate Bar, commemorating the repair 
 of sixty yards of the wall in the mayoralty of Sir William Tod, 
 knight, in 1487. Mr. Robert Sunter, 1858. 
 
 No. 40. A tablet which had been built into the wall of the 
 house which formerly stood at the corner of St. Saviourgate 
 and Colliergate, bearing the following inscription : 
 
 " Here stood the image of Yorke and remeved [removed] f 
 in the year of our Lord God, A.M.VC.I. (1501), unto the 
 Common Hall in the time of the mairalty of John Stockdale." 
 
 The image is supposed to have been that of Ebraucus, 
 whom Geoffrey of Monmouth imagined to have been the 
 founder of York. In 1738 a restored figure of Ebraucus was 
 ordered to be fixed in a niche in Bootham Bar. Mr. Osicald 
 Allen, 1839. 
 
 * A family of some note of the name of Hewyk was at that time settled in 
 Cleveland. See Test. Ebor. ii. p. 247. 
 
 t "He hath retrieved the sottie 
 
 Of that unwise fantaisie." Gower Conf. Am. Lib. 8.
 
 81 
 
 No. 41. Fragments of a stone inscribed in large letters, 
 CIVITATI, which stood in the old entrance to York castle from 
 Castlegate, and marked the limits of the jurisdiction of the 
 city. Given to the Dean and Chapter by Mr. George Todd. 
 Deposited by the Dean and Chapter, 1862. 
 
 III. 
 
 ANTIQUITIES IN THE UPPER ROOM OF THE 
 HOSPITIUM. 
 
 With the exception of a long case filled with mediaeval and 
 more recent pottery and tiles, this room is now entirely 
 devoted to Roman remains which have been discovered in 
 York. 
 
 I. ROMAN. 
 
 A. 
 
 No. 1. The centre of the room is occupied by two Roman 
 tessellated pavements. The largest of these was removed in 
 1857, by permission of Sir George Wombwell, from his estate 
 at Oulston, near Easingwold. Its present length is 28ft., but 
 it had originally extended to 3Gft. , and had evidently been the 
 floor of a corridor in a Roman villa. Its most remarkable 
 peculiarity is the semicircular apse, originally raised between 
 seven and eight inches above the level of the pavement, and 
 containing the figure of a vase within a labyrinth border. It 
 is not improbable that it supported a statue, or a bust, as it 
 appears to have stood near the entrance. Nothing was 
 discovered by which the age of the pavement could be 
 ascertained.
 
 82 
 
 No. 2. The same enclosed space contains a portion of the 
 Roman pavement which was discovered in 1854, on an estate 
 at Dalton Parlours, near Collingham, belonging to Lady Betty 
 Hastings' Charity, and was removed thence by permission of 
 her trustees.* It is a part of a semicircular termination of 
 an apartment in a Roman villa, occupied, it is probable, by an 
 officer of the Sixth Legion, its stamp having been found on 
 one of the tiles of the hypocaust. The head is that of Medusa, 
 or a Gorgon. 
 
 No. 8. A portion of a tessellated pavement, 5ft. 6in. square, 
 found in Tanner Row in 1846, a few yards above the entrance 
 to Barker Lane, in excavating for the York and North Midland 
 Railway. The remaining portion is probably still buried beneath 
 the street. The figure represented in the design is that of an 
 imaginary sea monster, having the head and forelegs of a bull, 
 and the body and tail of a fish. Above, on the wall, is a 
 coloured sketch of the pavement prepared for the late Mr. 
 Hargrove. From Mr. Hargrove's Collection, 1847. 
 
 No. 4. A portion of the border of a large pavement, 
 originally 18 feet square, found on Toft Green in 1853. Some 
 other pieces of it are in the basement story of the Museum. 
 
 No. 5. One of the corners of a third pavement discovered 
 at the same time and place. A coloured drawing of this 
 pavement, as it was found, hangs against the wall, and some 
 other portions are in the basement story of the Museum. 
 
 No. 6. Another pavement was discoved in 1881, on Cherry 
 Hill, in Clementhorpe, and for one reason or another is still 
 in the ground, although promised to the Society. A portion 
 of it only, lift, by 8ft., was uncovered. There is a description 
 of the pavement in the York Herald for the time, and a 
 
 * See a paper by Dr. Procter, in the Proceedings of the Yorkshire Philosophical 
 Society, p. 270, PI. 7, where a position of the Pavement is represented, which it was 
 impossible to remove.
 
 83 
 
 drawing of it was made by Mr. Plows. In one angle was a 
 heart, in another a tulip or a hell. The pavement had been 
 much injured. 
 
 No. 7. Some fragments of a very fine pavement, the 
 "remainder of which still lies under the rampart of the city 
 wall, close to Micklegate Bar, are preserved in the basement 
 of the Museum. It was found in 1814. The pavement had 
 been ruined by curiosity-hunters before any attempt was made 
 to take it up. Happily, a beautifully coloured drawing of it 
 was made by Mr. Fowler, of Winterton, a copy of which is 
 appended to the wall at the upper end of the room. From it 
 the design of the original may be pretty accurately made out. 
 
 The recent restoration of the church of St. Mary, in Castle- 
 gate, showed that the buttress on the left side of the entrance 
 door was resting upon a Roman pavement, the greater part 
 of which must necessarily have been destroyed. A careful 
 rubbing of it was made on which the colours were inserted, 
 and this is in the possession of the Society. 
 
 There is also a fine pavement in the village of Acomb, near 
 York, of which some fragments are in the Museum ; and 
 several others are known to exist. But the Curator prefers to 
 keep this knowledge to himself until due provision can be 
 made for their removal. To disclose the secret would only 
 result in their inevitable destruction. 
 
 At the upper part of the room is a series of drawings of the 
 already known Yorkshire pavements, including those at 
 Hovingham and Aldborougb. Among those of the latter 
 place is an original sketch of a pavement which does not 
 correspond with any existing remains. 
 
 CASE B. 
 
 A noble collection of several hundred specimens of Romano- 
 British ware, the work of Roman potters settled in Britain,
 
 84 
 
 and discovered at York. Vestiges of Roman potteries have 
 been traced at Middlethorpe, Castle Howard, and Holme- 
 on-Spalding-Moor. There is every reason to believe that 
 much of the pottery in this Museum was made at York itself, 
 and the time has arrived when a new nomenclature for the 
 various wares might be advantageously adopted. Undoubted 
 remains of kilns have been discovered in Staffordshire, in the 
 district to which, in modern times, science and art have given 
 such just celebrity ; in Oxfordshire, also, and in various other 
 parts of Britain. But the most extensive and remarkable remains 
 of Roman potteries have been found in Northamptonshire, in 
 the neighbourhood of the ancient Roman station Durobrivae 
 (now Caistor, near Peterborough.) On the banks of the Nen 
 and its tributaries, the late Mr. Artis traced, through the 
 extent of twenty miles, the kilns and works of Roman potters, 
 in which he computed that no less than 2000 hands may have 
 been employed. Similar works have been discovered on the 
 banks and along the creeks of the Medway, and in other 
 parts of Kent. On the top of this case are the remains of 
 four large amphorai, two of which are nearly perfect. One of 
 these has been cut in two, and has been used, probably for 
 sepulchral purposes. The smallest of the four was found at 
 Kertch, in the Crimea, and was brought from the Museum 
 there by the Rev. J. J. Harrison, and presented to this 
 Society. Some notice of this curious class of vessels will be 
 given subsequently. 
 
 I II. B. Cinerary urns of various shapes and sizes. 
 When found, they contained fragments of bones and ashes. 
 The bluish-black colour of these vessels is not the natural 
 colour of the clay, but the effect of their being baked in what 
 Mr. Artis denominated " smother-kilns," kilns so constructed 
 that the fire was suffocated by the smoke of vegetable sub- 
 stances, when the contents of the kiln had acquired a sufficient
 
 85 
 
 degree of heat to insure uniformity of colour. In some 
 instances vessels have been discovered in the York Cemeteries 
 which have been artificially coloured to make them suitable for 
 their melancholy office. 
 
 On the tops of the Cases in the room, a large number of 
 Cinerary urns of various sizes and colours are arranged. Lids 
 of pot have been sometimes found with them. Some of these 
 may be seen in Case H. 
 
 Ill IV V. B. Smaller vessels of dark clay of various 
 shapes and sizes. The greater part have been found in graves, 
 having been placed there with food or liquid for the use of the 
 deceased. 
 
 In IV. B. is a vessel, marked a, which was found at Boston, 
 on the Wharfe, about three miles from Tadcaster (the Roman 
 station Calcaria), in the year 1848, in digging for the found- 
 ation of a house. It contained Roman silver coins, many of 
 them belonging to the Consular and Family series, much 
 worn ; the rest to the series of Imperial denarii ; the latest 
 being coins of Hadrian, during whose reign, it is probable, 
 the treasure was concealed. The coins of Nerva, Trajan, and 
 Hadrian are in excellent preservation.* The whole find, 
 consisting of 172 coins, was purchased by the Society in 
 1880. 
 
 VI. B. A series of jugs of various shapes and colours, 
 including three yutturnia, and examples of other rare forms. 
 The yutturnium had its mouth compressed, so as to lessen the 
 stream which flowed from the interior. 
 
 VII. B. On this shelf are several double-handled ampulla, 
 two or three of which were probably carried by means of a 
 cord slung through the handles. 
 
 * cf. Journal Arch. Assn.. v. 89. The Museum possesses a careful catalogue of 
 these coins, drawn up by Mr. Wellbeloved. 
 E 2
 
 86 
 
 a. A fine vessel, found in 1876, when excavating for the 
 New Railway Station. 
 
 b. A smaller vessel of the same character, found, with 
 numerous fragments of pottery, at Scoreby, near York, on the 
 bank of the Derwent, between Kexby and Stamford Bridge, 
 not far, perhaps, from a Roman post or station. Mr. John 
 Wood, 1847. 
 
 c. A large vessel, with a cover of red ware, found in 1872 
 on the site of the depots for the New Railway Station. It was 
 filled with fragments of bones. When softened with warm 
 water to allow them to be removed, a fragrant smell was 
 perceptible, arising from the pungent oils with which the 
 bones had been originally drenched. Some particles of 
 glutinous matter, like gum, were detached from them. 
 
 VIII. B. Several vessels of a singular pattern, called by 
 Mr. Thomas Wright, the " frilled pattern," supposed to be 
 formed " by moulding thin lamina of clay on a previously 
 formed vase." :;: As vessels of this description have not been 
 found at any of the Southern or Northern stations in Britain, 
 or in the extensive kilns of Northamptonshire or Kent, it has 
 been conjectured that they were exclusively manufactured in 
 the potteries of Eburacum. 
 
 IX. B. Vessels of variously coloured clays, with slightly 
 indented pattems on the sides. Several of them have been 
 coloured black for funereal purposes. This colour can be easily 
 washed off. 
 
 In the centre is a beautiful vase with arms, made evidently 
 after a Greek model, but in a coarse clay. It was found in 
 1872, under the Railway bridge at the entrance into the New 
 Station. Near it are several vessels of pale red ware, orna- 
 mented with white. Among them is a vessel of white ware, 
 
 * Rivers, Mountains, and Sea Coasts of Yorkshire, by J. Phillips, F.R.S., p. 290. 
 Two of these vessels are figured in Meteyard's Life of Josiah Wedgwood, i. 13.
 
 87 
 
 so delicately thin as to resemble almost the modern egg shell 
 china, but lacking its transparency. It was discovered during 
 the Railway excavations of 1872. 
 
 X. B. On the shelves are some vessels of dark clay, 
 ornamented with white lines or scrolls. Two of them have the 
 following inscriptions running around them : 
 
 MI : CEMI 
 
 AXSASI 
 
 Below, in the centre, is a fine two-handled vessel of pale 
 red ware, with several remarkable specimens of pottery near. 
 Among these are two triplets of urns linked together, such as 
 are still in use for flowers. 
 
 At the sides are a number of vessels of white clay, orna- 
 mented with red lines and patterns. 
 
 XI. B. A number of bottles of dark clay. In the centre 
 is a two-handled ampulla found on the Mount, and remarkable 
 for having a double frill running round the neck. 
 
 XII. B. Some urns and an ampulla of red ware. Also 
 several handsome vessels of dark clay, with fluted hollows in 
 their sides, which were formed when the vessel was in a 
 pliable state, soon after its removal from the lathe. Mr. 
 Artis found a quantity of this pottery in the course of his 
 excavations in Northamptonshire. 
 
 XIII. B. A large collection of these fluted vessels, some 
 of great beauty in colour and form. 
 
 XIV. B. A number of fine vessels with ornaments in 
 relief, some representing hunting scenes, another pease stalks 
 and flowers, and others, twisted scroll-work. 
 
 The hunting subjects were laid on, according to Mr. Artis, 
 by means of sharp and blunt skewer-instruments after the 
 vessel had been thrown on the wheel : the vessel was then 
 dipped in the glaze, and placed in the kiln. Vessels of this
 
 88 
 
 description appear to have been manufactured very extensively 
 in the potteries of the Durobrivian district. 
 
 XV. B. A quantity of exquisitely shaped vessels with a 
 glaze of shining black. One of these, () a beautiful ampulla, 
 was found during the recent Railway excavations. In a 
 portion of a similar vessel, (/>) were found in the year 1840, 
 on the site of the house erected for the residence of the 
 secretary of the North Eastern Railway, upwards of 200 -'- 
 Roman silver coins, now in the possession of the Yorkshire 
 Philosophical Society. Five of them are of the Consular or 
 Family series, much worn and illegible ; eighteen are denarii 
 of some of the early emperors ; the rest range from Septimius 
 Severus to M. Jul. Philippus. Many belonging to the later 
 emperor appear to have been cast in moulds, and not to have 
 been in circulation. The Hargrove Collection. 
 
 XVI. B. A large collection of small finger cups of various 
 colours and sizes, principally, no doubt, intended for unguents 
 and perfumes, and the usual accompaniments of a lady's 
 toilet table. 
 
 The three little red cups were found during the Railway 
 excavations in 1872, and retained traces of some glutinous 
 substance. 
 
 XVII. B. A number of jugs, red and black. 
 
 CASE C. 
 
 This case contains most of the specimens of Roman glass 
 which the Museum possesses. 
 
 Few glass vessels in an entire state have been found in 
 York ; but fragments of such vessels have frequently been 
 met with. A collection of these serves to show the state of 
 
 * Another find of about 200 denarii was made near the Foss Islands about 1868, 
 but the coins were unhappily dispersed. The number 200 would appear to have 
 been a numerut receptas.
 
 89 
 
 perfection which the manufacture of glass had attained in 
 ancient times, and the taste and skill of the artists engaged in 
 it. Few vestiges of Roman glass-works have heen traced in 
 Britain ; it is probahle, therefore, that most of the glass 
 -vessels discovered in Roman stations and hurial places in this 
 country were imported from Gaul, where, as we learn from 
 Pliny, such vessels were fabricated in his time. 
 
 ON THE STAND IN THE CENTRE OF THE CASE. 
 
 a. Several minute bottles about lin. in height. 
 
 b. Two small bottles of white glass, and two other vessels 
 of the same material, and nearly of the same size, which were 
 placed, inverted, on the top of the former, found together with 
 a cinerary urn, or ossuariitin, of lead (in case M) in a lead 
 coffin in 1840. They probably contained unguents, balsam, or 
 some other funeral offerings.* From Mr. Han/rove's Col- 
 lection, 1847. 
 
 c. Two large unguent bottles, out of a number found 
 under a tomb of tiles, which bore the mark of the Sixth 
 Legion, under the new Railway Station in 1873. These 
 vessels used to be called lachrymatories, from the idle fancy 
 that they held the tears of the mourners at the funeral. The 
 Directors, N.E. Railway, 1873. 
 
 d. A small bottle, slightly imperfect, with miniature 
 handles. The Directors, N.E. Railway, 1874. 
 
 e. The greater part of a bowl, like a modern finger-glass, 
 with an incised pattern. 
 
 /. Two small vessels, one an unguent bottle, the other a 
 cup with fluted sides, found in a stone coffin, The Cook 
 Collection, 1872. 
 
 (j. A choice jug of bluish-green glass, found with a black 
 vase in a stone coffin at Clementhorpe. MrJ. Braddock, 1868. 
 
 * For an account of this find, with engravings of the glass and the ossuarium, 
 cf, Coll. Antiqua, vii., pp. 17-t 6.
 
 90 
 
 h. A very prettily shaped bottle, on a stand, found with a 
 bronze lamp. The Directors, N.E. Railway, 1874. 
 
 i. Several conical pieces of glass, hollowed, one of them 
 ornamented with two small beaded studs of blue glass, which 
 seem to have been appended to the sides of vases. 
 
 j. The neck of a vessel of white glass ornamented with a 
 spiral cord of fine blue. Found on Toft Green. Purchased. 
 
 k. A vessel shaped like a modern tumbler, from a stone 
 coffin on the Mount. The Cook Collection, 1872. 
 
 I. A number of small unguent bottles. On the base of 
 one of them (from the Cook Collection) is the maker's name 
 PATEI. M. 
 
 ON THE FLOOR OF THE CASE. 
 
 . A large jug, 12iu. high, much injured, around which 
 are arranged fragments of other jugs, etc. 
 
 b. A similar vessel found in a barrow near Wharrain-le- 
 Street in 1820. Eer. E. W. Stillingfl-eet, 1865. 
 
 c. A fine unguent bottle, 15in. long, set in a stand. From 
 the recent Railway excavations, 1874. 
 
 d. A vessel with a broken rim, with a beautiful patina on 
 it, found in a stone coffin on the site of the New Railway 
 Station, close to the face of a female. The Directors N.E. 
 Railway, 1873. 
 
 e. Studs and portions of pins of glass.* The head of one 
 of these is in the shape of a white bird, the wings being tipped 
 with blue. This was found under the City Wall in 1872. 
 
 /. Roundlets of coloured glass, probably, to set in brooches. 
 From the Railway excavations, 1874 5. 
 
 y. A large number of beads of various sizes and colours.! 
 
 * See Journal Arch. Inst., xxii. 386, for a notice of some glass pins found at 
 Dorchester. 
 
 fSee Journal Arch. Inst. viii. 351, etc., for a Paper by Prof. Buckmau, on 
 the Composition of British and Roman beads.
 
 91 
 
 h. A small ring of green glass, ornamented with blue and 
 white lines. Found in an urn during the Railway excavations 
 in 1873. A larger one of dark blue, striped with white and 
 purple, found in Holgate Lane in 1878. Fragments of others. 
 
 i. Fragments of richly coloured vessels. 
 
 j. Pieces of pillared* glass bowls, green and dark blue in 
 colour, found under the Exhibition building in 1878. 
 
 k. A number of partially fused unguent bottles, found in an 
 urn, under the War Offices in Fishergate, in 1876, having 
 been taken with the ashes from the funeral pyre. 
 
 I. Two bottles, similarly fused, from the recent Railway 
 excavations. 
 
 m. The contents of the trinket box of a Roman lady, 
 which was interred with her, found in 1874 under the new 
 Railway Station. They consist, with the tire and lock of the 
 box, of four large jet bracelets, three jet pins, and two curious 
 glass vessels, one of which is in the shape of a hollow ring. 
 Exhibited by Mr. Carlell. 
 
 II. The contents of a similar box, found during the Railway 
 excavations, in 1873, laid under the back of a skeleton, which 
 was found by the side of a stone coffin (See p. 25). 
 
 In the box were at least six glass vessels and a large silver 
 ring. The brass tire of the box is remarkably fine. 
 
 o. A fine unguent bottle, with fluted sides, from the R.E. 
 of 18721 Exhibited by Mr. E. Bean. 
 
 2). Fragments of coarse window glass. 
 
 q. A number of handles of vessels, some exceedingly fine. 
 
 r. Bases of vessels, rounded off by Roman children to 
 play with. 
 
 s. Fragments of vessels, principally of cut-glass, some of 
 which must have been of great beauty. One of them is a 
 
 * cf. Isca Silurum, ed. 1862, plate xxvii. and C. R. Smith's London, pp. 1213. 
 f It is exactly similar to one found near Bath in 1840, and now at Alnwick. 
 Aqv.<K Solig, pi. xlv.
 
 92 
 
 fragment of a small bluish- green glass vase, on the rim of 
 which has been represented a chariot race in the Circus. On 
 this portion of the rim is seen a <jnadri<ja with the charioteer, 
 and part of the fore-legs of the horses of another quadri/ja 
 following ; and between these the column bearing the seven 
 ova, by means of which the spectators could count the number 
 of rounds in the course which had been run ; one of the ova 
 being taken down at the completion of each course.! 
 
 Under Case C, is a small lead coffin, found during the R.E. 
 
 circa 1840. 
 
 CASK D. 
 
 This, and the next case, contain vessels and numerous 
 fragments of the beautiful fictile ware, usually called SAMIAN, 
 from the Greek island Samos, where a manufactory of such 
 ware was established at a very early period. It is distinguished 
 by its compact texture, and its red or coral-colour glaze. 
 It was held in great esteem by the Romans, and extensively 
 used by them at table, and for other domestic purposes. The 
 manufactory of such ware was not confined to Samos. It 
 extended to Italy, Spain, and Gaul, whence, it is probable, 
 and specially from Gaul, it was imported into Britain. 
 It was made also in the potteries in this country, although 
 probably of an inferior class. A portion of a mould for 
 making Samian vessels has been found in York. There is 
 a ware still 'made at Talavera, and other places in Spain, 
 which is very similar to Samian. 
 
 Vessels of this ware are of two kinds, embossed and plain. 
 The former are commonly in the shape of bowls, or drinking 
 cups, of various sizes. They are generally ornamented with 
 a festoon and tassel-border, and, below that, with elegant 
 scrolls of foliage, flowers, and fruit, or with a variety of 
 
 t See Diet. Gr.[and Rom. Antiq. CIKCVS . . C. R. Smith's London, p. 121 ; 
 and Cat. ol'his Museum, p. 48.
 
 93 
 
 designs, representing divinities and their emblems, sacrificial 
 ceremonies, bacchanalian processions, gladiatorial combats, 
 the chase of wild animals (venatio,) which formed part of the 
 sports of the arena, and other subjects connected with ancient 
 customs. 
 
 The plain or unembossed vessels of this ware are generally 
 of a smaller size, and of a great variety of form. Some are 
 ornamented with a simple ivy-leaf scroll on the rim ; and 
 others with a pattern, resembling the engine-turned work of 
 modern watch cases. 
 
 I. D. a. The greater part of a bowl, nearly 9in. in 
 diameter, ornamented with lions, boars, wolves, etc. From 
 the recent Railway excavations." Mr. F. Leak, 1872. 
 
 b. A bowl, nearly perfect, Tin. in diameter, of coarse ware, 
 showing a mending of lead. It was found at Clifton, and is 
 ornamented with figures and stags' heads. Mr. J. F. Walker, 
 1872. 
 
 c. A small, very coarse, and English-made bowl, 7in. in 
 diameter, adorned with deer and dogs. It was found in 
 Priory Street. Purchased, 1878. 
 
 d. A bowl, Sin. in diameter, found in Grove Terrace in 1875, 
 and ornamented with game cocks and lions. Purchased, 1875. 
 
 II. D. a. A fine bowl, 9in. in diameter, showing a 
 pattern and a hunter shooting at a lion. Found at Malton, 
 and Exhibited by Mrs. Sellers of York. 
 
 b. Another fine bowl, found in York circa 1840, and 
 formerly in the possession of Mr. Wardell of Leeds. It 
 is in. 8in diameter, and exhibits an armed soldier and other 
 figures with the maker's name, Divixti, on the outside.! 
 Mr. John Holmes of Round Juiy, 1881. 
 
 * Two embossed bowls from York are in the Bateman Collection, now in the 
 Sheffield Museum, 
 t Figured in Bowman's Reliquise Eboracenses, p.p. 11 12.
 
 94 
 
 c. One half of a fine bowl, 9iu. in diameter, found in York, 
 with the festoon and tassel border, and, below, a scroll of a 
 vine-branch, with birds pecking at the fruit. Mr. I. Tuke 
 Holmes, 1817. 
 
 d. A beautiful bowl, 9^in. in diameter, found on the 
 Mount, and covered with animals and birds, human figures 
 and deities, among whom is Diana with her bow and fawn. 
 Purchased, circa 1840. 
 
 III. D. This compartment contains specimens of the richly 
 embossed and glazed pottery of the first century, which is so 
 rarely met with. The greater part of it was found in an 
 ancient midden-heap, on the site of the Fine Art Exhibition, 
 and was admirably mended by the late Dr. Gibson. 
 
 a. Part of a bowl with foliage and stags. Found under 
 the donor's house in Bootham. Dr. Gibson, 1879. 
 
 b. A noble bowl, 9|in. in diameter, ornamented with scrolls 
 and leaves and with a brilliant glaze. Found under the 
 Exhibition building. The Exhibition Committee, 1878. 
 
 c. Parts of two other bowls of a similar character and 
 from the same place. 
 
 d. A great part of another bowl found in Blossom Street. 
 Purchased, 1876. 
 
 e. A portion of a low, deep bowl ornamented with leaves 
 and borders of great beauty. Found under the new Entrance 
 Lodge, in 1874. 
 
 /. Another large bowl, from the Exhibition grounds, of 
 beautiful glaze and design, 9in. in diameter. The Exhibition 
 Committee, 1878. 
 
 IV. D. a. Part of a large bowl, lOin. in diameter, with 
 ivy-leaves. Found near the Mount. The Cook Collection, 
 1872. 
 
 b. A part of a bowl, ornamented with scrolls of ivy and 
 medallions, with various animals.
 
 95 
 
 c. The greater part of a bowl, 9iin. in diameter, decorated 
 with a string of captives chained together by the neck. 
 From the Hallway Excavations, 1873. 
 
 d. A bowl, 9in. in diameter, found in East Mount Road, 
 in 1872, and ornamented with figures. Eev. J. Eaine, 1872. 
 
 V. D. a. The greater part of a bowl, found in Grove 
 Terrrace in 1878, covered with a hunting scene, boars, lions, 
 etc. 
 
 b. Half of a very fine bowl, with leaves and figures, found 
 in Stonegate in 1879. 
 
 c. Portions of a beautiful bowl, on which Diana with her 
 bow and fawn is a prominent feature. From the Railu-a;/ 
 Excavations, 1873. 
 
 (L Part of a bowl with medallions and gladiators. Found 
 near Hulyate Briclje, 1876. 
 
 e. Part of a bowl, representing love-scenes. From Hol- 
 gate Bridge, 1876. 
 
 /. Part of a bowl covered with a hunting- scene. Found 
 in Priory Street, 1874. 
 
 VI. D. A large number of bases of Samian vessels, many 
 of which exhibit parts of the pattern. 
 
 VII. D. Portions of Samian bowls. 
 
 a. Part of a bowl, found in Bootham, showing incidents in 
 the life of Hercules. Dr. Gibson, 1879. 
 
 b. A great part of a bowl, found in East Mount Road in 
 1872, ornamented with ivy-leaves and figures. Rev. J. Eaine, 
 1872. 
 
 c. Part of a bowl with wild animals on it. 
 
 rf. A large fragment of a finely glazed bowl, covered with 
 leaves and figures. Found near the Mount. The Cook Col- 
 lection, 1872. 
 
 e. Part of a small bowl, with mounted hunters and wild 
 beasts. Found under the City wall, 1874.
 
 96 
 
 /. A part of a large bowl, with medallions and figures. 
 Raihcay Excavations, 1873. 
 
 g. Part of a large bowl, with a military figure and a single 
 vine-leaf, alternately. 
 
 VIII. D. A series of covered cups or bowls, plain, with a 
 protecting rim. 
 
 IX. D. Jugs, infant's feeding bottles, cups, and salt- 
 cellars. 
 
 X. D. Vessels of graduated sizes, round and fluted, said 
 to have been for vinegar and other uses, and richly glazed. 
 
 XI. 1). . A cup, ornamented with ivy-leaves, given by 
 Dr. Gibson in 1878, and other beautiful examples of the same 
 decoration. 
 
 b. Two cups, and many pieces of Samian ware, with 
 incised patterns. * 
 
 XII. D. Vessels, and many fragments, with the lotus leaf 
 and flower upon the rim, in very beautiful variety. 
 
 XIII. D. Fragments of pottery, embossed with the fol- 
 lowing subjects, i.e., wolf-hunting, game-cocks, ostriches, 
 porpoises, sea-horses, etc. 
 
 XIV. D. A beautiful collection of pieces, ornamented with 
 branches and leaves. 
 
 XV. and XVI. D. A large collection of scrolls and borders, 
 arranged so as to show the charming designs used by the 
 potters, which cannot easily be surpassed. 
 
 XVII. D. Parts of lofty, upright bowls or cups, some of 
 which are most choice. 
 
 XVIII. D. Numerous fragments of embossed vessels. 
 
 CASE E. 
 
 This Case contains an example of a peculiar mode of 
 sepulture in very common use at Eburacurn. The body was 
 
 * cf. Mr. C. K. Smith's London, p. 93.
 
 97 
 
 laid in a coffin in which liquified gypsum had been poured, 
 and was then covered with it to a certain height. This 
 practice was probably desirable for sanitary purposes. The 
 material also, as it hardened, retained an impression of 
 the body. The remains in this Case are those of a female 
 and a child ; the body of the latter having been placed, as the 
 impression in the plaster represents it, between the legs of 
 the former, who was most probably its mother. The garments 
 in which they were buried appeared to have been ornamented 
 with crimson or purple stripes,* of a texture of something like 
 velvet or plush ; portions of the coloured fibre being found 
 adhering to the lime. The stone coffin containing these 
 remains was discovered in July, 1851, about three feet 
 below the surface, near Skeldergate Postern, by the side of 
 the road leading to Bishopthorpe. It is deposited in the 
 ruins of St. Leonard's Hospital (marked II), with the tomb 
 mentioned in the next article. 
 
 The lead coffin below this stand contained the body of a 
 child, and was found in 1872, in the road leading from the 
 City to the new Coal Depots. 
 
 CASE F. 
 
 I. F. In this Case there is a continuation of the Collection 
 of Samian ware. We have in the first compartment Cupids 
 and Deities. 
 
 II. F. Hunting scenes. The ibex ; deer ; wild-boar ; 
 bear. 
 
 III. F. Fragments of vessels, which very rarely occur. 
 Among them are pieces of pottery turned on the wheel with 
 incised patterns ; specimens with white slip f ; examples of 
 
 * Isidore Hisp. xi. i. 123. Purpurse vestes mortuis praebentur. 
 t tf. Lee's Isca Silurum, ed. 1862, plate xlvii.
 
 98 
 
 handles of vessels ; and pieces with raised figures. Among 
 the latter are 
 
 a. A figure, remarkable for its high relief and superior 
 execution. It is supposed to represent Atys, the Phrygian 
 shepherd and priest of Cybele, with his staff in one hand, and 
 a castanet in the other, and, instead of being stamped on the 
 vessel, has been separately moulded, and then carefully affixed 
 by a graving tool. Specimens of this mode of ornamentation 
 are very rare.f 
 
 b. A portion of the rim of a mortar decorated with figures 
 in high relief. A figure of a river-god, or Silenus, is laid 
 asleep, with the mouth or vent of the mortar under his left 
 arm. Before him is a bird settling on a basket of fruit, which 
 a Cupid is trying to capture. Found in Blossom Street. 
 Mr. E. Swaine, 1874. 
 
 c. A portion of a red deer in high relief. Found in the 
 Kailway Excavations, 1873. 
 
 d. Fragments of two other vessels, one found at Clifton, 
 the other near the new Railway Station. 
 
 IV. F. Hunting the lion ; and lioness ; combats with the 
 unts or wild-bull. 
 
 V. F. Chariot-races ; gladiators ; hares and rabbits. 
 
 VI. F. Parts of vessels selected to shew their size and 
 thickness. 
 
 VII. and VIII. F. Parts of large -patera; and dishes. 
 
 IX. F. A perfect mortar (murtarium), used for culinary 
 purposes. The surface of the interior is thickly studded with 
 particles of silicious stone or quartz, to aid the process of 
 trituration. The rim is furnished with an ornamental opening 
 through which mixtures in a liquid state were poured. The 
 opening was in the shape of the head of a lion or bat, of 
 
 t Sec Mr. C. R. Smith, Journal of the Archaeological Association, vol. iv. p. 11, 
 and the Catalogue of his Museum of London Antiquities, p. 30.
 
 99 
 
 which this compartment presents numerous examples. Other 
 portions of mortars more or less complete. 
 
 X. F. A large fragment of a moulded bowl, with other 
 examples. Patenc. One from Lincoln, presented by Mrs. 
 Button, 1848. 
 
 XI. F. Bowls and patera', several very fine and perfect. 
 
 XII. F. Very numerous fragments of dishes and patera. 
 
 XIII. and XIV. F. Specimens of black ware cast in 
 Samian moulds. Many fragments with letters and other 
 marks roughly scatched upon them, generally called Graffiti. 
 
 XV. F. A large collection of potters' marks. Some of a 
 peculiar kind in the form of ornaments, etc. Others occurring 
 on the outsides of the vessels among the foliage and figures. 
 On several there is a double name, as if the master and fore- 
 man of the pottery had distinct marks. 
 
 In the drawers of Case K is preserved a collection of the 
 marks of between 400 and 500 potters, all found in York 
 and stamped across the bottoms of Samian vessels. The kilns 
 in which many of these vessels were made are being discovered 
 abroad, with some of the original stamps and moulds used by 
 the potters. We are thus enabled to discover whence the 
 Romans derived much of the pottery which was in use in 
 Britain. It came from the great manufactories in France and 
 Germany. 
 
 XVI. F. A large variety of pieces of base Samian ware, 
 probably manufactured in England in imitation of the genuine 
 pottery. The difference in execution and glaze is very observ- 
 able. On a patent the maker has forged the name of a well- 
 known potter, Severianus. A piece of Severianus' handiwork 
 is placed beside the forgery to shew the contrast. 
 
 XVII. F. Specimens of the mode of rivetting pieces of 
 fractured Samian vessels with lead. Examples of the mending 
 of ordinary vessels with the same material.
 
 100 
 
 XVIII. F. a. A cast from a pig of lead, found with 
 another on Hayshaw Moor, near Pateley Bridge, in 1734, and 
 bequeathed by Sir Wm. Ingilby, Bart., to the British Museum, 
 to which it came in 1772. It bears the following inscription : 
 
 IMP'CAES'DOMITIANO'AVG'COS'VII. 
 
 denoting that the original was cast in the seventh consulship 
 of the Emperor Domitian ; i.e. A.D. 80 or 81. Another, 
 found at the same time, is preserved in the muniment room at 
 Ripley castle.* The Archaeological Institute, 1846. 
 
 b. A leaden mortar found in Park Street ; a spoon of lead, 
 and other objects of the same metal. Several crucibles. 
 
 CASE G. 
 
 This case contains the remains and the impression of the 
 body which had been deposited in the large tomb (marked I.) 
 placed in the room under the chapel of the infirmary of 
 St. Leonard's Hospital (see p. 14). The body appears to have 
 been placed in a coffin of wood, which was then filled with 
 gypsum. The coffin had perished, so that upon opening the 
 tomb nothing appeared but the hardened gypsum, containing the 
 skull and a few bones, and a distinct impression of the body. 
 Minute portions of coffin, supposed to be cedar, are imbedded 
 in the gypsum ; and a few small fragments were found in the 
 tomb, in one of which is enclosed an iron nail. 
 
 Below this case is a small coffin of lead for a child, 
 discovered during the excavations for the first Railway 
 Station. 
 
 I. H. Three bowls, and other specimens of light brown 
 ware, with minute patterns impressed upon them. 
 
 II. H. Fragments of so-called Durobrivian ware, consisting 
 of a beautiful variety of dogs, and other animals. Also, many 
 specimens of scroll-work. 
 
 * cf. Hiibncr's Inscrr. Brit., 223.
 
 101 
 
 III. H. Pieces of bright, black, glazed ware, several of 
 which have letters upon them. A beautiful variety. 
 
 IV. H. Examples of patterns turned upon the wheel ; 
 white colours upon red ; red-painting upon straw-colour. 
 Parts of a noble vessel with handles, and heads and fir-cones 
 alternately. Part of a cup with a double border, with circles 
 and stars. A fragment of a vessel with pink lines over a 
 dark ground. 
 
 V. H. Numerous examples of red colouring upon white 
 ware. Necks of jugs ornamented with female heads.* Heads 
 of cocks. 
 
 VI. H. Specimens of pottery over which sand seems to 
 have been sprinkled when it was soft. 
 
 VII. H. A series of urns and bowls of red ware. One is 
 fluted like the pottery in XIV. B. 
 
 VIII. H. A large number of small vessels of red and white 
 ware of a peculiar shape. Several lids of vessels. 
 
 IX. H. Vessels with a frill around the edge. One is of 
 white ware with a double frill. Possibly they were flower 
 vases. t 
 
 X. H. Some elegant vessels of light brown ware, which 
 have been turned on a wheel . The large lid behind them was 
 found near the Yorkshire Bank. 
 
 XI. H. A number of shallow, round bowls. Two have 
 been painted. That in the centre (from the Cook Collection) 
 is coloured to resemble wood. 
 
 XII. H. Three vessels in the shape of a human head. 
 One was found in Blossom Street, presented by Mr E. Swaine. 
 b. From Priory Street, 1874. c. A small specimen, from 
 Fishergate, presented by Mr. Ralph Weatherley, 1855. There 
 are fragments of some twenty other vessels of a like kind. 
 
 * cf. Mr. C. R. Smith's Catalogue of his Museum, p. 19 ; and his London, p. 86. 
 t cf. Journal. Arch. Assocn., xiv., 337 ; C. B. Smith's London, 83. 
 F
 
 102 
 
 XIII. H. Necks of Ampulla, or jugs, many of them of 
 choice and rare kinds. 
 
 XIV. XVIII. H. A large collection of culinary vessels 
 in grey and black ware, consisting of pots, colanders, mortars, 
 and dishes of various kinds. 
 
 CASE I. 
 
 This Case contains the impression of the body of a female. 
 The texture of the garment in which the body was clothed may 
 be clearly perceived in the impression. The feet, which had 
 been crossed, had sandals on them, as is evident from the 
 marks of the nails of the soles. The nails themselves, No. 1, 
 were found in the coffin. A very small portion of the bones 
 remained ; but all the teeth, No. 2, excepting one, were found 
 with the enamel undecayed. Just above the left shoulder, a 
 small portion of a gold ring appeared ; and the plaster sur- 
 rounding it being carefully removed, various ornaments were 
 brought to light, consisting of fragments of large jet rings ; 
 two ear-rings of fine gold ; two bracelets ; several bronze 
 rings, Nos. 3, 4 ; three finger-rings, No. 5 ; and two neck- 
 laces, No. 6. One of the necklaces is formed of glass, yellow 
 and green ; the other of small beads of coral and blue glass. 
 The beads in both instances had been strung on very fine 
 twisted silver wire, which had almost entirely perished. A 
 fragment is preserved in No. 7. The rude coffin which con- 
 tained the body was found in Heslington Field. It is placed in 
 the Multangular tower, and marked H. F. Mr.N. E. Yarburgh, 
 1831. 
 
 In the same Case is the cast of another body, found in the 
 garden of the new Station Hotel in 1877. 
 
 Against the wall is hung a cast of a portion of a skeleton, 
 ound in 1828, in a stone coffin at Arentsburgh* in Holland. 
 
 cf. Archaeologia, xxvii., pp. 399, 400.
 
 103 
 
 It represents a Roman, disposed for burial, with fibula and 
 bracelets, and illustrates the system of interment which 
 prevailed at Eburacum. Tke Society of Antiquaries, London, 
 1875. 
 
 CASE J. 
 
 In the centre is the impression of the body of an infant in 
 gypsum, found in a small stone coffin during the Railway 
 Excavations in 1876. 
 
 In the same case are the following curiosities : 
 
 a. Portions of statuettes of Venus in white clay, found on 
 the Mount and in the Railway Excavations. These figures 
 are found in great numbers in France." 
 
 b. One half of a finely polished tablet of green-stone or 
 slate, which seems to have been set in a frame.! The name 
 CANDIDUS is scratched upon it. Discovered in 1868 near the 
 Scarbro' Railway bridge. Rev. Win. Greenicell, 1872. 
 
 c. Fragments of pottery. One inscribed QVRIO, from Mr. 
 F. Calvert. Another, MEKC, from the Railway Excavations. 
 Two Samian fragments, with names on them, which seem to 
 be in Greek characters,! both from York. 
 
 d. About one third of a mould for making a Samian bowl, 
 in fine preservation, and the only specimen as yet found in 
 Britain. Railway Excavations, 1874. 
 
 e. The greater part of an alabaster vase, used by the 
 Romans for embalming. Found in Priory Street in 1874. 
 
 Roman coin moulds, found at Lingwell-gate, near Wakefield. 
 Such moulds have been discovered in other parts of England, 
 near ancient Roman roads and stations. Mr. Artis found a 
 great number of them, with the apparatus for casting coins, in 
 
 * See Mr. C. R. Smith's London, 109 10; and his Collectanea, vi. 68, etc. 
 t A similar object has been found at Wroxetcr, cf Journal Arch. Assocn., xv., 326. 
 t See a paper by Mr. C. R. Smith, in Journal of Arch. Assocn., iv. 19 20, with 
 an engraving; also his London, p. 108.
 
 104 
 
 the extensive potteries of Durobrivae, in Northamptonshire. 
 In France also, especially near Lyons, they have been met 
 with in great abundance. They are formed of clay, hardened 
 by fire to the consistency of brick. Each tablet, with the 
 exception of those intended to be placed at the ends of the 
 pile in the process of casting, has two impressions of a minted 
 coin, taken when the clay was moist, the obverse being on one 
 side, the reverse on the other ; but the tablets placed at the 
 ends of the pile have only one impression. A small notch is 
 cut on the edge of each tablet, by which, when the piles were 
 made, and arranged either two or three together, the melted 
 metal passed into the mould. It has been supposed that these 
 moulds ' ' were used by the Eoman armies for the purpose of 
 paying the soldiers when they were at a distance from home, 
 and when there was a deficiency in the military chest." But 
 another opinion is, that they were tools of counterfeiters 
 of the lawful currency. All the moulds discovered bear 
 the heads of Sept. Severus and his successors, down to 
 Posthumus. :;c The obverses of the moulds here exhibited are 
 all those of the family of Severus. Rev. W. V. Harcourt, 
 1823 ; Mrs. Davies, 1825 ; Mr. Pett of Huddersfield, 1846. 
 
 /. Seven lead seals found at Brough in Westmorland, six 
 of which were given by the Rev. Dr. Simpson of Kirkby 
 Stephen, in 1880. Very large quantities of them have been 
 found there. They are stamped on both sides with letters, 
 and are supposed to have been given to recruits. 
 
 y. A large cinerary urn, found in front of the New Station 
 Hotel in 1878. The ashes are preserved, with a stone with 
 which the urn was covered. 
 
 h. Another cinerary urn, exhibited as it was found on the 
 Mount in 1877. It is laid, in a reversed position, on a flat 
 
 * See Numism. Journal, ii., p. 567 ; Numism, Chron., i., p. 47, et seq. Archceo- 
 logia, xxiv., 349 ; Bowman's Reliquiaj Ebor., 41 1 ; Thoresbj's Catalogue of his 
 Museum, ed. Whitaker, 1078.
 
 105 
 
 stone, and surrounded, for protection, by three others. The 
 mouth of the urn was hermetically sealed up with lead, which 
 is still preserved. 
 
 i. Several Roman urns, and other curiosities, from the 
 -Museum at Kertch* in the Crimea, given by the Rev. J. J. 
 Harrison, in 1856. An amphora from the same place is on 
 the top of Case B. 
 
 j. Two Roman jugs and a lamp from Kolea in Algeria, 
 given by Mrs. Norcliffe in 1869. 
 
 Under this Case are placed a number of querns for grinding 
 corn, several of which are probably of the Roman era. 
 
 CASE K. 
 
 This is a large Case constructed in 1872-3, to hold the 
 specimens of Roman Metal Work, Implements, and Ornaments 
 of Bone, Jet, &c. 
 
 I. K. a. i. A cock in bronze, found in the Multangular 
 Tower. This was the badge of the Fourth Cohort of Gauls, 
 which was stationed at Little Chesters on the Roman Wall.f 
 ii. An eagle within a double circle in which has been an 
 inscription in excised letters, of which one letter only remains. 
 It seems to have been similar to one found at High Rochester 
 in Northumberland. J iii. An ostrich, from the Cook Collection. 
 iv. A peacock, from the R. E., 1875, and other birds. 
 
 b. i. A bovine head in bronze, found at Aldborough|| in 1794. 
 A similar relic has been found, with Roman remains, at North 
 Waltham, Hants. Dr. Murray, of Scarbro', 1828. ii. A 
 toad in bronze. 
 
 * cf. Journal Arch. Assocn. vi., 259 ; xiii., 299, etc. 
 t cf. Lapidarium Septcntrionale, 248, 270, 649. 
 J qf. Ibid., p. 303. 
 
 II Engraved in Ecroyd Smith's Isnrium, pi. xxv. a. 
 
 Altars with toads carved upon them have been found at Cheaters & Lanchester. 
 cf. Lapid. Septent. Nos. 115, 693-6.
 
 106 
 
 c. A small tablet of bronze, Sin. long by 2in. broad, 
 originally coated with silver, to the back of which another of 
 the same form, but of a smaller size, is adhering : found in 
 the Excavation for the Old Railway Station, circa 1840. On 
 each plate is a Greek inscription in punctured uncial letters : 
 
 i. EOic 
 
 TOIC TOY HFE 
 MONIKOY nPAI 
 TfiPlOY CKPIB. 
 
 AH(M)HTPIOC 
 
 ii. HKEANfll 
 
 KAI TH0YI 
 AHMHTPI. . 
 That is, 
 
 I. tots roff rov viytyioiiiKw vpacirufiov Zx//3. 
 
 II. flxsavu KO.I TyQvi 
 
 The tablets are votive offerings appended to shrines by a 
 person called Scribonius Demetrius. The first is dedicated to 
 the Gods of the General's Praetorium which contained altars 
 to the heathen deities ;* the second, to Oceanus and Tethys, 
 marine divinities whom a voyager would be anxious to pro- 
 pitiate. A valuable paper on these inscriptions by the Rev. S. S. 
 Lewis, of Cambridge, appears in the Transactions of the 
 Society. The Directors of the North Eastern Railway. 
 
 d. A small gold earring, out of which the stone has dropped. 
 Found in a stone coffin on the Mount. The Cook Collection, 
 1872. 
 
 * This, as Mr. Kenrick remarked, explains the unwillingness of the Jews to 
 enter into Pilate's Praetorium, especially at Passover-tide, lest they should be 
 defiled by the heathen deities who were represented there. These tablets have 
 been engraved and serve as an illustration to Farrar's Life of Christ, under S. John 
 xviii. 28. cf. Transactions of Y. P. S., 1376, pp. 106-110.
 
 107 
 
 e. A thin plate of pure gold, measuring about lin. by Jin., 
 bearing an inscription in two lines, rudely and slightly formed. 
 To what system of writing the characters in the upper line 
 belong, or what is their meaning, is altogether uncertain ; but 
 the lower line being in Greek characters, is sufficiently legible : 
 4>NEBENNOY0. Though expressed in Greek characters, the 
 word is probably Coptic ; and the interpretation of it, " Lord 
 of the Gods ; " but to whom this title was meant to be applied 
 it is not easy to decide.* It was found in the excavations for 
 the Old Railway Station, and was probably an amulet or spell, 
 belonging to a disciple of one of the Egyptian sects of Gnostics 
 which prevailed during the second and third centuries of the 
 Christian era. This relic of ancient superstition may have 
 been brought to York from Egypt in the reign of Septimius 
 Severus, who was much devoted to Egyptian superstition.! 
 Mr. Thomas Allis, 1848. 
 
 /. On a small stand, a series of finger-rings of various 
 metals, and engraved stones. Among which are : i. A large, 
 hollow gold ring, found near the White House, in 1880, and 
 set with a carnelian, bearing a bird. Purchased, ii. Another 
 gold ring, found on the Mount, set with a Niccolo, on which a 
 stork is engraved, which was adopted by the gens Csecilia as 
 a symbol of piety. Bequeathed by Miss Widdoicson, 1877. 
 iii. A small hexagonal gold ring,} found whilst making the 
 Old Railway Station . Mr. Thos. Allis, 1848. iv. A ring of 
 
 * See Proceedings of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, vol. i., p. 100. 
 
 t Spartian, c. 17. 
 
 + A ring, similar to this, has been found in Northumberland, cf. Lapidarium 
 Septentr., and at Barton in Oxfordshire, cf. Arch. Journal, vi. 290. 
 
 A gold ring, set with an intaglio on ribbon onyx, and found in a stone coffin at 
 York, is in the Museum at Audley End. cf. Journal Arch. Inst. vii. 195. 
 
 A Roman gold ring, found in Tanner Row, was exhibited in 1846, by Rev. D. R. 
 Currer, at the meeting of the Arch. Tnst. at York. 
 
 Two other Roman gold rings, found recently in the City, are now in the hands of 
 a private collector ; one, set with a fine ruby, was taken from the finger of Flavius
 
 108 
 
 gold, wreathed and twisted at the end, found under the City 
 Wall near the Old Eailway Station. Rev. 0. Wellbeloved. 
 v. A piece of ornamental work in gold, with a bead of green 
 glass, probably part of a bracelet, or ear-ring, vi. A large 
 silver ring, found in 1875 on Barker Hill, and inscribed Deo 
 Sucelo, a Deity hitherto unknown. Purchased, vii. Another 
 ring of silver, from the New Railway Excavations, found in 
 1875, and inscribed TOT. viii. A carnelian, with a Victory 
 on it driving a biija, found in Church Street in 1878. Purchased. 
 ix. The rape of Cassandra, on a similar stone, found in a garden 
 in Blossom Street in 1878. Mr. A. Valentine, x. An onyx 
 bearing a marriage type, i.e. two doves, a cornucopias, two 
 wheat ears, and a poppy head. Bought of Mr. J. Browne's 
 Exors., 1877. xi. Jupiter Serapis in blue paste, helmeted 
 and throned, with a lance in left hand and an eagle in his 
 right, from the Railway excavations of 1873. The Directors 
 of the N.E. Eailway. 
 
 g. A thin plate of gold, about 2in. long by l^in. broad, 
 with a small hole at each end, found close to a skull in the 
 Roman cemetery. A similar plate was discovered a few years 
 since in a marble tomb at Athens, which had been fixed 
 in a head-dress as an ornament. In the mouth of the lady, 
 to whom our gold plate belonged, was a denarius of Severus, 
 FORTUNA AUG. The Directors of the N.E. Railway, 1872. 
 
 h. Oil a large stand, a very fine collection of fibultc and 
 specimens of enamelling. 
 
 i. A great number of fibula;. The most frequent use of 
 the fibula was to fasten together parts of the loose dress 
 called the amictiis, or shawl, over the right shoulder. Among 
 
 Bellator, the Decurion ; the other, which is curiously ornamented, has an onyx 
 with a kneeling archer, bending his bow. 
 
 A magnificent cameo, representing the head of a youthful fawn, of the finest 
 period of art, was found in 1828, in the garden of Mr. E. Davies, in St. Leonard's 
 Place, and is now in the possession of his nephew, Rev. A. S. Porter.
 
 109 
 
 these there are as many as eight of silver, one of which has 
 been finely enamelled. Two are in the shape of serpents. 
 
 ii. A large collection of enamelled ornaments, some of 
 great beauty in colour and design, consisting of fibulae, scent 
 boxes, studs, clasps, &c. One fibula is in the shape of a 
 horse, another of a cock, others of dolphins, and an eagle. 
 Among them is the finest boutton that has been discovered in 
 England. It was found in front of the Station Hotel * in 
 1878. 
 
 i. An ear-drop of garnet, found under the City Wall in 
 1874. Part of an amber ring, from Malton. An ear-ring of 
 amber, exhibited by Mr. E. Bean. Two amber beads. Three 
 small jet bracelets, from the Railway Excavations, 1875. 
 
 j. A series of jet ornaments, unexampled in number and 
 beauty. The Eomans soon utilized the jet which they would 
 find at Whitby. All of these ornaments are from York, and 
 have been chiefly discovered during the Railway Excavations. 
 
 i. A series of bangles, or armlets of jet or Kirnmeridge 
 coal, one of large size, 4in. in diameter. It has been 
 suggested that these may have formed part of the head-gear. 
 
 ii. Two armlets found on the arms of a skeleton, on the 
 Mount, in 1824. The Hargrove Collection, 1847. 
 
 iii. A beautifully carved head of Medusa in jet, which may 
 have been worn as a bulln or drop to a necklace, or a magical 
 amulet. i Found in York. Mr. M. Carr, 1841. 
 
 iv. A bulla or drop, pierced for a string, with two heads 
 on it, a man and a woman. Another, smaller, with a man's 
 head. A third, found in the Railway Excavations in 1874, 
 representing a large, coiled snake. A fourth, of coarse 
 material, with heads of man, woman, and child. 
 
 * </. Isca Silurum, cd. 1862, p. 28 ; see also Cat. of Museum of Arch. Inst. at 
 York, in 1846; several of these ornaments are engraved in Wellbeloved' s 
 Eburacum. 
 
 t cf. Collect. Antiqua, i., 174. 
 F2
 
 110 
 
 v. A large plain bangle, with a beautiful polish, from the 
 Railway Excavations, 1876. A workman brought it out of 
 the ground on the point of his pick-axe. 
 
 vi. A bracelet, composed of many pieces put together, 
 4in. in diameter, of great beauty and fine workmanship. Found 
 on the Mount. 
 
 vii. Another bracelet from the Mount, worked in grooves. 
 Mm Atkinson. 
 
 viii. A number of miscellaneous fragments, a scarabfeus, 
 beads, etc., etc. 
 
 ix. A set of twelve beads, a beautifully cut bangle (from 
 the Hargrove Collection), and a seal-ring with a curious 
 Eastern device upon it. All these were found together in a 
 stone coffin, in 1840. With them were found the extraordinary 
 number of fourteen jet pins with plain round heads, and two 
 broken implements of bone, which had probably been used 
 for netting. 
 
 x. Finger rings and a fibula. 
 
 xi. A very fine series of pins, more than thirty in number, 
 some of them with beautifully carved heads. 
 
 k. i. Three jet hair pins found in the E. E. 1874, in a stone 
 coffin under the head of a lady. One is more than 7in. long and 
 has run through the back hair. It is perforated at the lower 
 end, and a piece of wood or metal must have been inserted, 
 fastened on to a nut or roundlet of jet (which lies by the pins) 
 to prevent the pin from slipping. ii. The greater part 
 of a similar pin, 5^in. long, of a cable pattern, used, no doubt, 
 for the same purpose. Mr. F. Nelson, 1877. 
 
 1. i. Two fine hair pins of jet, from a lady's grave. 
 Railway Excavations, 1877. ii. Four jet bracelets with 
 beads, &c., from another grave. Railway Excavations, 1876. 
 iii. Four pins of jet and two of bone, taken from below the 
 feet of a corpse in a stone coffin. One of the pins is cut for
 
 Ill 
 
 the admission of a stone on each face. Railway Excavations, 
 1876. 
 
 m, A very finely cut bangle, a fine finger ring, parts of 
 chain necklace, all of jet, and a grand pin and needle of ivory, 
 and 6i inch long. All from one grave. Railway Excavations, 
 1874. 
 
 it. A suite of ornaments taken from a stone coffin found 
 at the corner of the garden of the New Station Hotel, in which 
 a lady was interred, consisting of a small glass bottle, placed 
 at the top of the coffin, above the head ; two bangles from 
 below the feet of the corpse, one on either side ; parts of 
 another bangle, carved, and of some bone armlets from the 
 right wrist. These bone armlets were not cut out of one solid 
 piece, but out of several, which were united by bindings of 
 lead or copper. Railway Excavations, 1874. 
 
 o. Fragments of pins, bangles, and other ornaments of jet 
 and Kimmeridge coal. 
 
 p. Three pieces of Kimmeridge coal from which rings or 
 bangles have been cast, and bearing the holes by which they 
 have been fixed to the lathe. This coal, or very coarse jet, 
 takes its name from a place called Kimmeridge on the coast 
 of Dorsetshire, where it has been worked in very large 
 quantities.''' Dr. Smart, of Northiam, 1859. 
 
 q. Several blocks of jet in the rough, and some pieces 
 partially prepared for pins, found in the Railway excavations, 
 1873, &c. Jet was highly esteemed by the ancients on 
 account of the medicinal and supernatural powers it was 
 supposed to possess.! 
 
 * cf. Journal Arch. Ass., i. 325. 
 
 t Other ornaments in jet, &e., were found during the two Railway Excavations, 
 which although they were assigned with the other products of the diggings to 
 the Museum have been withheld, in some instances by persons who ought to 
 have known better. Among these objects the Curator may mention a necklace of 
 large beads with a central drop in the form of a rose.
 
 112 
 
 II. K. A large and very fine series of implements and orna- 
 ments in bone and ivory, found in York. 
 
 a, b, c. Three stands of combs of various shapes ; one of 
 them was found adhering to the head of a lady with a large 
 hair-pin. 
 
 d. A tablet of bone, 2in. long by fin. broad, with the 
 following incised inscription : 
 
 DOMINE VICTOR 
 VINCAS FELIX. 
 
 It was found in the Railway excavations in 1873, at the breast 
 of a skeleton, and probably belonged to a gladiator. The 
 letters are probably of the third or fourth century.* 
 
 e. Two remarkable instruments of ivory, 12in. long, shaped 
 like half a boat with a long spike or handle at the end. They 
 were found in a stone coffin during the Railway excavations, 
 in 1874, on the left side of a Roman lady, and were perhaps the 
 handles of fans. The cavity may have held the quills of the 
 feathers of peacocks or some other bird, and have been padded 
 or quilted over 
 
 /. A portion of what seems to have been a circus ticket, 
 with an inscription. It has been split and little more than a 
 third- of it remains. 
 
 g. A large stand covered with implements in bone and 
 ivory, consisting of needles and skewers ; counters or buttons ; 
 instruments for netting or knitting ; implements used by 
 potters ; and many other objects which it is impossible to 
 describe. Those marked C. are from the Cook Collection 
 which was bought and presented to the Museum in 1872, by 
 the Rev. J. Kenrick, Curator of Antiquities. 
 
 h. A collection of large hair-pins on a stand, with orna- 
 mented ends. Two of them terminate with a cross. 
 
 * Felix potest gladiator fuisse, cui tessera victoriam auguratur iii Victoria 
 nomine ludens. Domini appellatio eo tempore communis jam facta erat. 
 (Hiibner. Inscriptiones Britannia; Christiana?, 85.)
 
 113 
 
 i. On another stand is a small collection of choice pins and 
 needles exhibited by Mr. E. Bean. On the same stand is a 
 very curious instrument, of which examples have been found 
 among British as well as Roman remains. It is perforated 
 horizontally as well as diagonally, and when cleaning it several 
 little pins or wedges of bone were discovered inside. Its use 
 is as yet conjectural. Another example is on stand marked n. 
 
 j. On the floor of the Case are several miscellaneous objects. 
 A boar's tusk which (with another) has made a torque for the 
 neck ;* parts of bangles of ivory ; handles of bone for whips ; 
 and lengths of ivory fastened together with lead, and resembling 
 the frame or bands of a modern parasol. 
 
 k. i. Several curious spoons ; the bowl of one is dyed dark 
 green, ii. Several spoon-shapedj^iu/tf by which the two sides 
 of the toga have been fastened together in front. 
 
 /. A small collection of pins and needles from Colchester, 
 for comparison. One of them has a gold head. Mr. W. 
 Whincupp, 1847. 
 
 m. A large stand covered with some hundreds of pins of 
 bone and ivory, of every shape and variety. Among them is 
 one with a siher head, and three with heads of agate. 
 
 n. A stand covered with handles of knives, one retaining 
 the blade. One in the shape of a sphinx is beautifully carved. 
 
 o. On a stand, the pommel of a sword ; several spindle- 
 whorls, and an ornamented counter. I 
 
 l>. One half of a hollowed instrument of ivory for shaping 
 pins. The pin near it fits the groove, and was found with it. 
 Railway Excavations, 1873. On the same stand is a large 
 hair-pin only partially wrought. 
 
 q. Deers' horn cut into lengths for the use of the maker 
 of pins ; and a pin found with them. We are thus able to 
 
 * C. R. Smith's Richborough, p. 110. 
 
 t cf. Lee's Isca Silurum, p. 30; Catalogue of the Edinburgh Museum.
 
 114 
 
 illustrate the manufacture of these objects. Railway Excav- 
 ations, 1873. 
 
 III. K. This side of the Case is occupied chiefly by objects 
 in bronze. 
 
 a. A bronze bas-relief, of fine workmanship, representing 
 Victory rewarding a conqueror. It is said, on the back, to 
 have been found at Aldborough (Isurium), but it is more 
 probably of Cinque-Cento work. From the collection of John 
 Croft, F.S.A. Rev. R. Croft, 1824. 
 
 b. Several curious objects of bronze discovered in the 
 Roman Cemetery in 1872, by the side of a skeleton. They 
 consist of a small bust of a deity ; a beautifully modelled vase 
 which contained several coriander seeds ; a rough piece of 
 copper, and fragments of handles. Chains were also dis- 
 covered, but they fell into pieces. It is conjectured that these 
 remarkable objects were votive offering for a child. 
 
 c. A pair of compasses, the branches of which have been 
 broken ; remarkable for the construction of the joint. 
 
 Also a regula, or foot-rule of bronze. The graduations 
 have almost entirely disappeared ; but when extended it 
 corresponds with the Roman foot 11.604 inches. The stay at 
 the back, turning upon a pivot, is imperfect, but the studs on 
 the opposite limb, which it was designed to receive in corres- 
 ponding notches, for the purpose of keeping the rule straight 
 when fully opened, still remain. A similar instrument has 
 been discovered at Caerleon.* 
 
 With these are two or three fragments of other rules, 
 discovered in the excavations of 1872, with the graduations 
 marked upon them. One of them bears the Christian 
 monogram, f 
 
 * Isca Silumin, by J. E. Lee, p. 69. Arch. Journal, viii., 160. 
 t cf. Hvibner's Inscr. Brit. Christianas, p. 80.
 
 115 
 
 d. A statuette of a female having a patera (or perhaps a 
 cymhal) in her right hand ; found near the Multangular Tower. 
 Mr. G. Thorp. A small bronze figure of Hercules with 
 his club on his shoulder. The Cook Collection. A statuette 
 of Cupid, holding a bird in one hand, and apparently a bunch 
 of grapes in the other. A small head found under the City 
 wall at the entrance to the Old Railway Station. A small foot 
 of bronze. 
 
 e. Scale-beams, entire or fragmentary. The arms of one 
 of them have been formed to move on joints near the axis. 
 On the same stand is a weight belonging to a statera, or 
 Roman steel-yard, representing a head covered with a cap or 
 casque. Other weights. 
 
 /. On a stand. A large collection of bronze articles found 
 on Fremingtou Hagg, near Reeth, in Swaledale. They have 
 probably formed the stock-in-trade of some travelling artizan. 
 They consist of horse-harness, plated with silver, and 
 ornamented with engraved patterns. The other articles on 
 the stand, of which there is a great variety, are such as are 
 usually found in Roman Stations. Captain H art and. 
 
 g. A number of Roman locks, found in 1874-5 ; also an 
 iron key found in 1867 in a lead coffin, on the breast of a 
 young man. 
 
 h. Several pieces of bronze from the recent Railway 
 excavations, of doubtful use. 
 
 i. The point of a scabbard of a sword ; a vessel for filling 
 lamps with oil ; and several other things. 
 
 j. Several handles in bronze, one terminating in the head 
 of a swan. 
 
 k. A large stand covered with objects of a most miscellan- 
 eous character, such as bosses, keys, ring-keys, &c., &c. A 
 ring-key served the purpose, not only of a key, but also of a 
 signet ring, an impression of the wards being made on the
 
 116 
 
 wax, placed on the mouth of vessels containing household 
 stores to secure them from being pillaged by slaves. 
 
 I. Two boxes of lead and bronze ; a lead nail ; a small 
 square of pot, found in a lead coffin, in 1873. 
 
 m. A foot and two legs in bronze and iron. They are 
 probably votive offerings, a custom adopted afterwards by the 
 Christian church. One leg was discovered near Micklegate 
 Bar, in 1868; the other in the Railway excavations, 1872. 
 
 n. Cochlearia, or spoons, having one end pointed for the 
 purpose of taking snails (cochleae) out of their shells and 
 eating them. With the other end, which is generally broad 
 and hollow, eggs, &c., were eaten. The large snail, now 
 called Helix Pomatia, is yet used as food in several parts of 
 Europe. It was reckoned a great delicacy by the ancient 
 Romans,* and was fattened by them for the table. A snail- 
 shell, from the recent Railway excavations, is laid near the 
 spoons. 
 
 o. A number of liyula;, or smaller spoons, with long stems, 
 supposed to have been used " for taking ointment and prepared 
 oils from long-necked bottles."! It is possible that some of 
 the spoons on this stand may have been used for surgical 
 purposes. 
 
 IV. K. a. Several bells upon a stand ; one is of silver, 
 and another retains its clapper. 
 
 b. Parts of a glass bottle ; bone and bronze armlets and 
 chains ; a coin of Crispus ; and a fragment of ornamented 
 bone with a shell attached to it. Railway Excavations, 1874. 
 
 c. A small chain-bracelet from Colchester. 
 
 d. On a large stand, a collection of bronze ornaments. 
 
 * See Da Costa's Brit. Conchol. p. 67. The pointed end may have served 
 another purpose. The Romans were accustomed, when they had eaten an eg, 
 a snail, or a shell-fish, to pierce or break the shell. PLIH., N. H., xxviii., 4. 
 
 t C. B. Smith's Richborough, p. 103.
 
 117 
 
 i. Pins. Two are of silver, and two have glass heads, ii. 
 Keepers or holdfasts, iii. Cocks of vessels, iv. The handle 
 of a knife in bronze, representing a leopard issuing from foliage, 
 spotted with inlaid studs of silver.* v. Part of a silver 
 mirror, and several ear-rings, vi. Styli or gravers. The 
 stylus was an instrument used for writing upon waxed tablets ; 
 one end being pointed for marking the letters ; the other, flat for 
 the purpose of making the wax smooth, and of effacing what has 
 been written, vii. Bronze needles and bodkins of various kinds. 
 
 e. On a stand. A pair of bracelets from the arm-bones of 
 a skeleton. Two other pairs from the Railway excavations, 
 1874, 1876. 
 
 /. A silver necklet. From the Railway excavations, 1874. 
 
 //. Fragments of bronze chains. A chain of beads, that 
 in the centre taking the form of a shell of a crab. 
 
 h. A number of what are believed to be surgical instru- 
 ments. They consist of a pair of nippers with a sliding ring, 
 called tenaculum ; a knife, resembling the modern scalpel. 
 The others are probes, &c. 
 
 i. A beautiful and perfect chain of bronze, with a smaller 
 one of beads of amber and blue glass. With these were found 
 a number of fragments of ivory bracelets, &c. Railway 
 Excavations, 1874. 
 
 j. On a large stand. A great number of bronze armlets, 
 of various patterns and sizes. 
 
 k. Four bronze armlets, prettily engraved, found in the 
 Roman Cemetery in 1872. 
 
 I. A pair of fine bracelets, found on the Mount in 1874. 
 
 m. Another pair, one being of jet. R/tiiway Excavations, 
 1874. 
 
 . A chain of bronze, beads, bracelets, &c., belonging to a 
 child. All found together in the Railway excavations, 1875. 
 
 * cf. Isea Silurum, ed. 1S62, p. 33.
 
 118 
 
 o. The contents of a small box buried with a child, found 
 on the Mount in 1874, consisting of chains, ear-rings, bracelets, 
 &c., of bronze and jet. 
 
 2). q. Two pairs of children's bracelets, one of them with 
 a coin of Constantine. Railway Excavations, 1874. 
 
 r. A large number of bronze rings of various sizes. It is 
 not known to what purpose they were applied, but they were 
 certainly not worn on the fingers. 
 
 Below, in the drawers of this Case, is i. a miscellaneous 
 collection of Roman ornaments and implements of iron for 
 domestic and military use. ii. A number of fragments of 
 deers' horn, tusks of boars, &c. iii. A number of heads 
 and bones of animals of the Roman era, are preserved in 
 the Museum, with many other objects illustrating the domestic 
 life of that period. 
 
 CASE L. 
 
 In this Case is a model of the remains of the Roman baths 
 which were discovered in excavating for the Old Railway 
 Station, executed by Mr. Baines, sometime sub-curator of the 
 Museum. There are also specimens of the flooring of the 
 baths ; two of them composed of lime and shreds of tiles ; the 
 third of red sand stone. A leaden pipe belonging to the 
 baths- is placed in the lower room of the Hospitium. 
 Presented bij Mr. Baines, in 1841. 
 
 In this Case are several inscribed and sculptured stones, 
 which, although described among the contents of the lower 
 room, are deposited here for security. They consist of three 
 portions of figures (Nos. 9, 20, 7G), a tablet representing 
 a sacrifice to the Local Genius (No. 7) ; and some fragments 
 of an inscription found in the garden of the New Station Hotel, 
 (No. 61.) 
 
 * For a long account of these Baths see Wellbeloved's Eburacum.
 
 The Case holds besides : Four tablets, lately in the 
 Campana Collection, from a catacomb in Rome, thus inscribed : 
 
 i. FVRIA . A . . L 
 
 THAIS. 
 
 ii. OEHKOAfJI 
 
 MOAECTOC 
 
 iii. CALP VRN1A I. 0. L. HILA. 
 
 VIX. AN. XXXII. 
 
 J'A. PETRONIVS. AL. ALEXANDER 
 
 ANATIARIVS. SIBI. ET. CONIVGI 
 
 SVAE. FECIT. CVM. QVA. CONCORDITER VIXIT. 
 
 iv. MATVTINVS 
 
 ITALIAE 
 CONTVBERNALI SVAE. 
 
 These stones, small in size, and neatly cut, are very common 
 at Rome, and show the character of funereal inscriptions 
 in a catacomb. They were fixed in a frame underneath 
 an orifice which contained the bones, or the ashes of the 
 deceased. Purchased, 1881. 
 
 The Case also contains the following pieces of sculpture in 
 white marble. 
 
 a. A head supposed to be that of Bacchus. H. Y. 
 Whijtehead, M.D., of Easingwold, 1838. 
 
 b. A fine head of some unknown person. Mr. C. Raivson, 
 1833. 
 
 c. A fragment of a hand and part of a bow. Found at 
 Rome.* From the Croft Collection, 1824. 
 
 At one end of the Case is a stand or rack, holding six cadi, 
 or stone bottles, with portions of two amphora. 
 
 At the other end is a most interesting object, in a glass 
 case specially made for it the back hair of a Roman lady, 
 taken out of a lead coffin, enclosed in one of stone. (See p. 
 59.) The hair, which still retains its beautiful auburn 
 
 * Under this Case, upon the floor, are several Roman querns.
 
 120 
 
 colour and shape, has two fine jet pins in it, in their original 
 position , 
 
 By the side of the hair are some sections of a cast of gypsum, 
 taken out of a stone coffin, showing portions of the cloth* and 
 fine linen in which the corpse was dressed. (See p. 59.) 
 
 CASE M. 
 
 Some playthings of Roman children : 
 
 a. A photograph of the contents of a child's grave found 
 at Cologne, and now in the Mayer Collection at Liverpool, 
 showing its doll, and little pots and pans, &c., for messing and 
 cooking. Mr. John Holmes, of Roundhay. 
 
 b. A child's whistle. Exhibited by Mr. E. Bean. c. The 
 core of a ball, found in Bootham. Dr. Gibson, 1872. 
 
 d. A die of jet, unevenly cut, so that it would only be used 
 by a child. Found in Market Street, 1873. 
 
 e. The base of a Samian vessel which a child has used as 
 a paint pot. It still has in it some minium, or red paint. 
 Railway Excavations, 1873. 
 
 /. Bases of glass and Samian vessels rounded off by child- 
 ren, to play with at a game rasembling our hop-scotch. Their 
 colour enabled them to be easily seen in the grass. They are 
 found in great numbers, and we are indebted to these children 
 for preserving so many potters' marks. 
 
 </. Several shells brought to Eburacum from the sea- side 
 by Roman children. 
 
 h. Some fragments of an egg-shell, preserved in the bottom 
 of a small vessel. 
 
 * In the National Museum at Edinburgh, is a piece of cloth, presented by Dr. 
 Hibbert Ware, and taken out of a stone coffin found near Micklegate Bar, in 
 1838. Mr. Anderson, the curator, thus describes the cloth. " It is about two 
 feet in length and looks as if it were part of a sleeve or stocking. In colour it 
 is a dark brown and the material is woollen."
 
 121 
 
 i. Several feeding-bottles of children. They were buried 
 with them, and were probably filled with milk intended for 
 their use. 
 
 j. A large bronze bowl 14in. in diameter, found at Malton 
 in' 1878. Exhibited by Mrs. Sellers. 
 
 k. Two bronze lamps from York. The finest of them was 
 found during the Railway excavations in 1876. 
 
 I. A small, elegantly-shaped, bronze vase, much corroded. 
 
 m. A pan or skillet of bronze, supposed to be a culinary 
 vessel. Several vessels of this kind, found at Stittenham, are 
 now preserved at Castle Howard." From the Croft Collection, 
 1824. 
 
 n. A part of another skillet found under the Exhibition 
 Building, 1878. 
 
 o. A perforated, colander- shaped vessel found at Marston 
 Moor. Mr. F. Bell, 1860. 
 
 p. i. The sole of a Roman shoe. Railway Excavations, 
 1875. ii. Sandal nails found in a stone coffin. Railway 
 E.rcavations, 1873. 
 
 q. A fine sandal, and a part of the stocking (?) of a Roman, 
 of woollen, found among peat on a Moor near Ripon. 
 Purchased at the sale of Mr. Stubbs, of Ripon, 1878. 
 
 CASE N. 
 
 a. The boss of a Roman shield dredged up near the mouth 
 of the river Tyne, 12in. long by lOin. broad, with a circular 
 knob in the centre. The material is bronze coated with tin, 
 and the figures, &c., have been made by scraping off the tin. 
 On the central knob is carved the Roman eagle with a branch 
 in its mouth. "In the corners we have representations of 
 
 * Two others were found at Swinton, near Maaham. Engraved in Journal 
 Arch. Inst. vi. 45-8. For an account of the vessels at Castle Howard, cf. Arch., 
 xli. 325, &c.
 
 122 
 
 the four seasons. Spring, in the upper left hand corner, is 
 figured as a youth vainly striving, despite the winds of March, 
 to gather his garments around him. A snake is seen at his 
 feet, emerging from the ground, to indicate a renewal of vital 
 energy in the lower creatures. Summer is represented in the 
 opposite angle by a husbandman who grasps a scythe. Beneath 
 the emblem of Spring we have the legend LEG. vin., and 
 beneath that of Summer, AVG., the eighth legion having the 
 name of Augusta. Below, we have Autumn, as a winged 
 genius holding a huge bunch of grapes in the right hand, and 
 a basket of corn or other fruits in the left. Winter, in the 
 remaining corner, is clad in fur ; the robe which hangs upon 
 his arm is, as in the case of the Spring, made the sport of the 
 winds." 
 
 " In the upper central compartment of the boss is a warrior 
 in the attitude of attack, probably intended to represent Mars. 
 In the corresponding compartment below, is a bull very 
 spiritedly drawn. Above the bull is a crescent. The bull 
 seems to have been the badge of the eighth legion." 
 
 " On the left hand margin of the plate is an inscription in 
 punctured characters : which seems to be o. IVL MAGNI IVNI 
 DVBITATI ; the owners of the shield being iu this case, 
 Junius Dubitatus, of the century of Julius Magnus."" 
 
 The eighth legion was never in Britain, but Dubitatus, for 
 some cause or other, seems to have visited this country, and 
 probably lost his life in the Tyne. A portion of a helmet was 
 found near the shield. 
 
 This is one of the choicest specimens of Britanno- Roman 
 work in the country. Eev. William Greenwell, 1876. 
 
 b. A large collection of bronze vessels, found near 
 Knaresbrough, by some drainers ; they consist of a large urn, 
 
 * Dr. Brace's Lapidarium Septentrionale, 58-9, where there is a fine plate o 
 the shield, of which a copy is exhibited by its side.
 
 123 
 
 12in. high ; one capacious dish, 19in. in diameter, which has 
 a hole in the centre for a pivot or screw ; six basins of 
 graduated sizes ; a deep howl with a crimped edge ; a dish to 
 which a long handle has heen affixed ; portions of seven 
 colanders perforated in patterns ; a round plate ; the dish of a 
 small scale heam, with its rings for the chain ; four axe heads ; 
 a spur ; and five large bronze rings. A number of other 
 vessels and implements were found at the same time, but were 
 unfortunately melted down without the cognizance of their 
 owner ; A bronze cup is still in the possession of the farmer 
 on whose land the discovery was made.* Mr. Thomas Gott, 
 of Knaresbrough, 1864 and 1876. 
 
 CASE 0. 
 
 The contents of this case consist chiefly of fragments of 
 white stone -ware morturia and amphora. The entire vessels 
 of the first are bason or pan-shaped, of various capacity, 
 from one pint to a gallon, having the surface of the interior 
 studded like those of Samian ware, with small particles of 
 flint or quartz. One part of the rim is formed into a spout, 
 near which is generally stamped the name of the potter. Two 
 of these vessels are placed against the wall, which were found 
 in 1878 under the Exhibition. In each case the pestle has 
 at last found its way through. One of these mortars was 
 found on a Roman midden, and is stained by leaves and grass. 
 
 I. 0. Handles, and curious fragments of vessels ; part of 
 an urn with the head of a fawn on the side, similar to one in 
 the British Museum. 
 
 II. 0. Fragments of vessels of white clay ; frilled edges 
 of bowls ; bases of vessels showing how they were fitted on to 
 the body ; handles. 
 
 * Under this Case is a lead coffin, much decayed, found during the Railway 
 excavations.
 
 124 
 
 III. 0. Parts of marble mortars ; pottery impressed with 
 wooden stamps. 
 
 IV. VI. 0. Parts of mortarifi, of white or red ware, many 
 of them showing the maker's name upon the edge. 
 
 Various parts of amphora. Amphora were vessels used 
 for holding olives, oil, honey, but especially wine : varying in 
 size from six inches to three or four feet in height ; sometimes 
 of a round shape, but generally tapering to a point or knob, 
 so that it was necessary to place the bottom in a circular 
 stand, or in sand, or some other yielding substance. They 
 are furnished with a short neck with two handles, whence 
 their name is derived, on which, or on the rim of the neck, the 
 maker's name was usually stamped. 
 
 VII. XI. 0. Portions of the necks of large amphora, 
 one of marble, and another from Lincoln with an inscription 
 upon it in ink. 
 
 XII. XVII. 0. Portions of amphora arranged to shew 
 rims, handles, vases, potters' marks and necks. On the rim 
 is frequently scratched the number of layena., or gallons, which 
 the vessel contained ; an inscription in a cursive character 
 upon the body of a vessel ; part of another inscription in 
 deeply incised letters. 
 
 CASE P. 
 
 it. A round ossuarium-''- of lead, lO^in. broad and Gin. high, 
 with a little cupola with a handle on the top. It is filled with 
 burnt bones, and was found near the Holgate Railway Bridge. 
 The Cook Collection, 1872. 
 
 b. The cupola and part of the body of another ossuarium, 
 shaped like a Stilton cheese, Sin. high and Gin. wide. It was 
 found during the Railway excavations of 1846, in a large lead 
 
 * Engraved with the two following Ossuaria in C. R. Smith's Collect. Antiq. 
 vii., pp. 1726.
 
 125 
 
 coffin, containing a skeleton. We may assume that the child 
 had died first, and that its burnt bones were laid in its parent's 
 coffin. With it were four fine vessels of glass. The Hargrove 
 Collection, 1847. 
 
 " c. A large ossuariuin, loin, high by lOin., found in 1875, 
 under the New Railway Station. It is unique in having the 
 following inscription cut on it by a sharp-pointed tool 
 
 D. M. 
 
 V(LP)IAE FELICISSIMAE 
 
 QVAE ' VIXIT AXXIS. 
 
 III ' 1IEXSES XI DIES. 
 
 F .... NT . VLPIVS . FELIX. 
 
 . . . ANDROXICA. 
 
 P. . . XTES. 
 
 The following are the contents of various Roman graves, 
 kept apart by themselves. 
 
 d. A red, barrel-shaped cinerary urn, a small Samian cup 
 with the lotus leaf on the rim, and a child's feeding bottle. 
 Railway Excavations, 1875. 
 
 e . A large Samian patera, with the lotus on the edge, and 
 a dark fluted vessel. Railway Excavations, 1872. 
 
 /. Two bowl- shaped vessels, a perfect one of glass, and 
 another broken. Found at the head (outside) of a stone coffin, 
 which contained the skeletons of two young girls. Railway 
 Excavations, 1873. 
 
 //. Two jugs and a large red lamp, out of which the wick* 
 fell when it was being cleaned. It is of linen, and is exhibited. 
 Railway Excavations, 1875. 
 
 /(. A black cinerary urn, with a small cup from the inside. 
 Railway Excavations, 1874. 
 
 i. A large red cinerary um, with a lamp from the inside. 
 Railway Excavations, 1874. 
 
 * A bronze lamp with a wick in it was found at the Bartlow Hills, in 1840. cf. 
 Arch. ixix. 4.
 
 126 
 
 j. A black cinerary urn, fractured, preserved to show 
 the collocation of the bones and ashes inside. The Mount, 
 1874. 
 
 k. A large red jug and a black cinerary urn. Raihvay 
 Excavations, 1874. 
 
 Z. A black cinerary urn. Inside it was a small black 
 cup, a middle brass coin of Trajan, two enamelled fibulae, in 
 the shape of ducks, and a fragment of a chain. Railway 
 Excavations. 
 
 m. A Samian bowl, and a black vessel with a cover, con- 
 taining the bones of a dog.* 
 
 n. A fine black cinerary urn, and two beautiful vessels ; a 
 small glass jug, and a little black glazed cup with DAMI on 
 it in white slip. 
 
 0. A small food vessel and a feeding bottle, from a child's 
 grave. 
 
 p. A little brown cup found with three others, in a stone 
 coffin near Severus' Place, on the Acomb Road. The Cook 
 Collection, 1872. t 
 
 CASE Q. 
 
 1. Q. a. A small piece of stucco from Tusculum. b. 
 Stucco from Pompeii. Mr. Meynell, 1823 ; Mrs. Nordiffe. 
 c. Stucco from Aldborough. 
 
 II. V. Q. Fragments of stucco, or wall plaster, found in 
 1831, near the interior of the Multangular Tower, and in 
 1873-6, during the Eailway excavations. In one portion of 
 the Roman cemetery a great quantity of plaster was found. It 
 had evidently being carted thither out of the city. 
 
 VI. Q. Fragments of tessellated pavements found in York, 
 chiefly from Toft Green. One or two pieces are from Acomb. 
 
 * The bones of a bird have been several times found in a food vessel at York, 
 t Under this Case is a small lead coffin of a child from the recent Eailway excav- 
 ations. The lid seems to have been a wooden board.
 
 127 
 
 VII. Q. Portions of floor grouting, found under the City 
 Wall, and in Aldwark. 
 
 VIII. Q. A stone ball, and the lid of a pot of red stone- 
 ware. 
 
 IX. Q. Perforated stones and pottery, and spindle whorls. 
 
 X. Q. Roundlets or discs of stone, probably children's 
 playthings ; whet-stones. 
 
 XI, XII. Q. Stone weights of various sizes, which have 
 been slung on a cord or halter. Many of these have been 
 found opposite St. Martin's Church in Micklegate. Two very 
 large perforated stones are on the floor outside. Mr. E. 
 Sicaine, The Cook Collection, dc. 
 
 XIII. XIX. Q. A large series of bricks and tiles of the 
 Ninth Legion, inscribed LEG ix HISP. (Legio nona Hispana). 
 This Legion came into Britain with the Emperor Claudius, 
 A.D. 44. In the beginning of the reign of Nero, it was nearly 
 destroyed at Camulodunum (Colchester) by the forces of the 
 British Queen Boadicea. It accompanied Agricola into the 
 north, and there suffered greatly from the Caledonians. 
 Returning southwards, it was stationed at York, where, in the 
 reign of the Emperor Trajan, it was employed in the work 
 commemorated by the tablet in the lower room of the Hospi- 
 tium. On the arrival of the sixth legion, being reduced to the 
 state of a weak legion, it is said to have been incorporated 
 with it. This is more than doubtful, as the majority of the 
 tiles exhibited here are long subsequent to the reign of Hadrian. 
 
 In XIV. Q. are the following stamped tiles 
 
 a. Inscribed OPVS DOLIABE EX PEED. DOMINI AVG. denoting 
 that the brick was made on a farm of the Emperor. In the 
 centre is the brickmaker's mark, apparently a wolf. 
 
 b. Inscribed EXPEDPFLVCILLAE ODOL FEC MAPE LAEL CAES n 
 
 P COEL BALBN COS ] i.e. EX PEffiDIO DOMITI^E PUBLII FILLE 
 LUCILLE OPUS DOLIARE FECIT M. APEE LUCIO ^L. OSES. II P.
 
 128 
 
 COEL. BALBIN. coNSULiBus), denoting that the brick was made 
 by Marcus Aper, on the farm of Domitia Lucilla, daughter of 
 Publius, in the second consulship of Lucius Aelius (Verus) 
 and the first consulship of Publius Coelius Balbinus, corres- 
 ponding with A.D. 187. Domitia Lucilla was the daughter of 
 Publius Calvisius Tullus. She was the wife of Annius Verus, 
 and mother of the Emperor M. Aurelius.* The letters cos 
 are in the centre, and above them a small palm branch, the 
 maker's mark. Mr. Arthur Strickland, 1843. 
 
 c. A fragment of a tile found at Slack, near Huddersfield, 
 being a portion of a tile tomb, inscribed COH in BEE. The last 
 word is variously interpreted, Professor Hiibner considering it 
 to be an abbreviation of Bretonum, i.e. Britons. Mr. Fairless 
 Barber, 1869. Another specimen of this stamp, also from, 
 Slack. Mr. T. W. U. Robinson, 1879. 
 
 CASE E. 
 
 A glass case filled with lamps, candlesticks, &c., found in 
 York, and probably made there. No relics of ancient art are 
 more numerous than lamps. They were used not only for 
 domestic purposes, but in funeral solemnities. They were 
 buried with the dead, and sometimes placed by relatives and 
 friends on their tombs. From the situation in which the 
 greater part of this collection was found, it is evident that they 
 are sepulchral lamps. Lamps of terra-cotta are generally 
 plain ; but they have occasionally figures on the top in bas- 
 relief ; and the names of the makers are often stamped on the 
 bottom. They are usually of an oval or of a round form, and 
 those intended for domestic use are furnished with one or 
 more nostrils, according to the number of wicks burned in 
 them. 
 
 * Borghesi O. Epigr. i. 35.
 
 129 
 
 Among these may be specially mentioned 
 
 a. Two large lamps of brown ware, said to have been 
 found at Lincoln, but probably foreign. Mrs. Hatton, 1848. 
 
 b. Two lamps, one with a female figure bearing a chaplet 
 in her hand, near a column ; and another with a figure of a 
 crocodile, on which Typhon (it is probable) the evil genius of 
 the Egyptian mythology, is represented as standing. These 
 two were found at Colchester. Mr. W. Whincopp, 1847. 
 
 c. A lamp with three nostrils, found in the Roman baths 
 at York. If;-. H. P. Cholmeleij, 1840. 
 
 d. Fragments of Candelabra. 
 
 e. A number of candlesticks of earthenware, of various 
 shapes. 
 
 /. Several stands of lead and pot for holding lamps. Those 
 of lead were generally suspended from the wall. 
 
 Under this Case is a lead coffin. It was found in 1868, 
 near the Scarbro' Railway Bridge. A key was found upon the 
 breast of the skeleton. 
 
 CASE S. 
 
 I. VII. S. Bricks and tiles of the sixth legion ; inscribed 
 LEG vi v. LEG vi VF. LEG vi v P F (Legio sexta victrix. Legio 
 sexta victrix fidelis. Legio sexta victrix pia fidelis.) There 
 are a few other unusual forms of inscription, which are 
 probably instances of carelessness. The sixth legion came 
 from Germany into Britain with the Emperor Hadrian, 
 and after having been employed on his wall and that of 
 Antoninus in Scotland, was stationed at York, which continued 
 to be its head quarters as long as the Romans remained in 
 Britain. 
 
 In I. S. are a number of small pipes of red clay, discovered 
 in the Roman baths circa 1840, and connected, no doubt, with 
 flues. Two or three round vessels of pot, with a small hole in
 
 130 
 
 them, probably intended to be filled with hot water, to warm 
 the hands. 
 
 VIII. XII. S. In these compartments are a few specimens 
 of figured tiles called Antefixa ; used in ornamenting the 
 exterior of dwelling-houses. They are of rude workmanship, 
 and of very rare occurrence. Here are also two caps of flues, 
 perforated as it were with windows ; and several objects of 
 baked clay, the use of which it is not easy to conjecture. 
 
 XIII. XVIII. S. These shelves exhibit a number of 
 Eoman bricks, one inscribed VK. svs, the two first letters 
 being ligulate and reversed ; others have patterns roughly 
 scored on them ; flue-tiles, used in conveying heated air to 
 baths and other rooms ; draining-tiles, which fit into one 
 another in a very effective way. Against the wall are 
 numerous other tiles and bricks, scored with dogs' feet, &c. 
 One has the impressions produced by a heavy shower of hail 
 which fell upon it when it was wet and unbaked. 
 
 CASE T. 
 
 I. T. a. Two tiles from Wells cathedral, 14th century. 
 Rev. Greville Chester, 1858. 
 
 b. Moorish tiles from Sidi Ben Medin, and Mansourah, 
 near Tlemen in Algeria. Rev. C. B. Norcliffe, 1878. 
 
 c. A large and richly ornamented tile from the Alhambra. 
 Mr. W. Atkinson, 1880. 
 
 d. A smaller tile from the same place with an inscription 
 in Arabic. Rev. W. J . Waddilove. 
 
 II. T. a. Four large tiles said to have come from the 
 plateau of the high altar at Byland Abbey. The Hargrove 
 Collection, 1847. 
 
 b. Two tiles from a pavement which used to lie before the 
 altar of St. Nicholas in York Minster. A small part of this
 
 131 
 
 pavement is now preserved in the vestry of the Minster, but 
 most of the tiles found their way into Lincolnshire. An 
 engraving of this pavement by Mr. W. Fowler, of Winterton, 
 and presented in 1881 by his grandson, Rev. J. T. Fowler of 
 Durham, is hanging on the wall. 
 
 c. Two late tiles from Watton Priory, E.R.Y. Purchased, 
 1878. 
 
 d. Two plain tiles from the Priory of the Holy Trinity, 
 Micklegate. 
 
 e. A tile from Gisborough Priory, bearing the arms of 
 Kyme. Admiral Chaloner, 1878. 
 
 /. Two tiles from Bridlington Priory, bearing the arms of 
 Gilbert de Gaunt, the founder, with Bridlington around them. 
 
 III. T. a. Several small early tiles from Newminster 
 Abbey, near Morpeth. The Excavation Committee, 1878. 
 
 b. Two early tiles from Meaux Abbey, Holderness, one 
 bearing a fleur-de-lis. 
 
 c. Eight tiles from Salley Abbey in Craven. On one of 
 them the words Joke's Sallay abbas xps ihu, have been written 
 with a sharp pointed instrument when the clay was soft. On 
 another is a large W enfiled by a crosier, commemorating 
 another abbat. From the Walbran Collection, 1870. 
 
 IV. T. Twenty-two tiles from Fountains Abbey, compris- 
 ing, among others, many of those figured by Mr. Walbran 
 in his description of the Excavations there. Among these is 
 a. a compartment of plain tiles from the high-altar of thirteenth 
 century work, if not earlier. From the sale of Mr. Stubbs of 
 Ripon, 1877. b. Six ornamented tiles set in a frame ; the 
 kiln in which they were made was discovered near the abbey. 
 c. The device of Marmaduke Huby, abbot, saec. xv., consist- 
 ing of a mitre pierced by a crozier, with the letters M. H. on 
 the dexter side. Huby's motto Soli Deo honor et gloria runs 
 around the shield. From Mr. Walbran's Collection, 1870.
 
 132 
 
 V. T. Three large ridge-tiles, formerly used on roofs. 
 From St. Mary's Abbey. 
 
 VI. T. a. A number of pieces of tiles, found in York, 
 and ornamented with blue and yellow. Probably made in the 
 sixteenth century. 
 
 b. A compartment of four tiles, set in a frame, and 
 ornamented with oak leaves and acorns. Bought in York, 
 1874. 
 
 VII. T. a. Tiles found in York. The Cook Collection, 
 1872. 
 
 b. Four large tiles from St. Mary's Abbey. 
 
 VIII. T. Tiles from St. Mary's Abbey of various kinds, 
 among these is a pattern of four tiles, each inscribed Ave 
 Maria. 
 
 IX. T. a. Other tiles from St. Mary's chiefly of the 14th 
 century, with several beautiful patterns. 
 
 b. A number of armorial tiles from St. Mary's Abbey. 
 Among them are : a. A lion rampant crowned, Darell. b. 
 France and England quarterly, c. or a plain cross sable, 
 Aton. d. Chequy, Warren, e. Seven mascles, 3, 3, and 1, 
 conjoined, Quincy. f. Two bars in chief three plates, Colvill. 
 <j. A fess between six cross crosslets, Beauchamp. h. A cross 
 between four quatrefoils. 
 
 X. T. Some choice tiles from St. Mary's, many of which 
 bear letters of the name of the patroness. There are also 
 
 a. A tile found iu the cloister of St. Mary's Abbey, having 
 the alphabet in old English capitals inscribed upon it, and, 
 with the exception of the second line, so arranged as to be 
 read from right to left. Two fragments of similar tiles. 
 
 b. A tile of remarkable character, most probably one of a 
 series representing the signs of the zodiac. It exhibits the 
 figure of a ram, with the inscription, 
 
 SOL IN ARIETE (The sun in Aries).
 
 133 
 
 From a more perfect specimen of one with the same device, 
 and evidently formed by the same stamp, found in the ruins of 
 Ulverscroft Priory in Charnwood Forest, it appears that the 
 letters MAR were in the angles, denoting the month of March, 
 in- which the sun enters into that sign. It is supposed to have 
 been fabricated in the fourteenth century.* 
 
 c. A tile bearing the following inscription in small Old 
 English letters : 
 
 tntmre 
 
 nnto=t!)t'8?rtur-(executor's) turf 
 anU(an i. e. if) eb*f)tt=abaiI=tJ)e (thee) 
 Ijtt-ts*but*abenture 
 
 This remarkable tile is supposed to be one of the varieties of 
 the tiles fabricated at Malvern. An engraved representation. 
 of it, but not a perfect fac-sirnile, was given by Dr. Nash, in 
 his History of Worcestershire. ( 
 
 d. A number of tiles found at Rossington, near Doncaster, 
 in a place supposed to have been a domestic chapel of the 
 Lords de Mauley, who are said to have resided there. Their 
 date is probably the fourteenth century. Among them are 
 these heraldic bearings. 
 
 a. On a bend sinister, three eagles displayed. Mauley. 
 b. A fess dancette between ten billets. Deincourt. c. A 
 fess vaire between three fleurs de lis. Cantilupe. d. Seven 
 mascles, 3, 3, and 1, conjoined. Quincy. e. Lozengy. 
 Fitzwilliam. Mr. Henry Boiver, of Doncaster, 1839. J 
 
 * c./. Arch. Journal ii. 89 ; and a paper by Mr. James Fowler, in the Archscologia 
 where this tile is engraved. 
 t See also Gent. Mag. for October, 1833, p. 301. 
 J cf. Journal, Arch. Ass., iv. 203. 
 G 2
 
 134 
 
 XI. T. a. Four large wall tiles, ornamented with 
 geometrical figures and foliage, found during the building of 
 Parliament Street. Two of them have been filled originally 
 with a white composition. The Hargrove Collection, 1847. 
 b. Several other tiles found in York. 
 
 XII. T. A number of tiles generally supposed to have 
 been made in Holland, and largely used in fire places in 
 England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some 
 of them are arranged in compartments of four each. 
 Purchased in York. 
 
 With the next compartment begins a remarkable collection of 
 English earthenware vessels, of which the Society possesses a 
 considerable number, and these very important and interesting 
 in themselves. Nearly the whole of them have been discovered 
 in York, and were purchased as they were found. As works 
 of art they are very inferior to the fictile vessels of the Romano- 
 British period, but they are of greater rarity. Being of little 
 intrinsic value, and in constant daily use, comparatively few 
 have escaped destruction. They are formed of a light-coloured, 
 coarse clay, and are often covered, partially or entirely, with 
 a green glaze. This was the popular colour for pottery in 
 York, from the twelfth century to the eighteenth, and the 
 ware was made in the city and its neighbourhood. It differs 
 materially from the pottery found in London. North of York 
 Medieval vessels of this character are very rarely found. Cups 
 and plates of wood, and pots and jugs of metal, must have 
 taken their place, and the latter are often discovered. 
 
 A close examination of these vessels with the aid of 
 Mediaeval Inventories and Household Books, may perhaps 
 ascertain most of the names which were ascribed to them. 
 This work, however, has still to be done." 
 
 * cf. Journal Arch. Inst. iii. 62, Ac.; and the Lincoln Volume of the Institute 
 xliii. ; Journal Arch. Assoc., v. 22, &c. ; C. R. Smith's Catalogue of his Museum,
 
 135 
 
 On the top of the case is a large metal pot, with three legs, 
 made about 1450, and purchased in York in 1877. Near it 
 are some tall green-glazed vessels with holes in them for taps, 
 and used probably for distilling. The large three-handled pot 
 was found in the Bedern in 1873. The others are from, 
 villages near the city. 
 
 XIII. T. Some early jugs and vessels. One of them is a 
 costrel, with a projection or ear on each side, through which a 
 cord was passed, so that the vessel might be slung over the 
 neck of the person who carried it, or suspended on a staff. 
 The Museum contains other examples. 
 
 XIV. T. Several jugs with a glaze of light yellow, 
 powdered with lead-coloured drops ; probably made in the 
 thirteenth century. 
 
 XV. T. A large number of plain unglazed jugs, of a 
 reddish ware, of frequent occurrence in York, and anterior, 
 probably, to the fourteenth century. 
 
 XVI. T. Several large and very early jugs. One has four 
 medallions or stamps on the sides, representing a man in 
 combat with a dragon, a wheel near him, and a branch of a 
 tree. We may ascribe this at least to the twelfth century. A 
 very interesting jug, powdered with flowers, is near it. Near 
 them are several stamps from the sides of vessels, resembling 
 seals and a deer. 
 
 XVII. T. Cups, jugs, &c., of the fourteenth and fifteenth 
 centuries. Among them is a brazier for burning charcoal, 
 found at Lincoln. Conspicuous among its neighbours is a 
 mutilated figure of St. Anthony and his pig, found in St. 
 Mary's in 1858. 
 
 113, <Scc. In the Catalogue of the Bateman Museum are notices of some inter- 
 esting vessels in it, which were found in York. 
 
 In every instance when the facts can be ascertained, the locality in which each 
 piece of pottery in this case was found, and the date of its acquisition, is 
 appended to it.
 
 136 
 
 Two jugs of a bright green glaze, with a series of little 
 handles around them, with medallions or stamps, some of 
 which resemble Medieval seals. The large jug in the centre 
 was found at the bottom of a well, and was presented by Lady 
 Macdonald in 1883. Near them are the mouths of some 
 vessels in the shape of the heads of grotesque animals, and the 
 handle of a vessel formed by two uncouth figures fastened to 
 the rim. The piece of pottery with the figure of a Saint 
 embossed upon it, was brought from Treves, by Miss H. 
 Crompton, and presented in 1874. 
 
 XVIII. T. Several rudely formed candlesticks. 
 
 XIX. T. A large jug and several tall narrow water vessels, 
 of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, all covered with 
 green glaze. 
 
 XX. T. A number of small jugs not later than the seven- 
 teenth century. 
 
 XXI. T. Three round vessels, found in the Multangular 
 Tower, and of a peculiar character. In the centre of one of 
 them there is a pillar on which is a dog's head ; in another 
 the head of a stag. These were drinking vessels, and the 
 circumference is divided into separate compartments, so that 
 when the cups were passed round the table each person might 
 have a distinct place from which to drink. On the head in the 
 centre was the crab or toast. Specimens of this kind of vessel 
 in silver are preserved in one or two of the colleges at Oxford. 
 
 XXII. T. A number of large and coarse vessels, among 
 which are some salt cellars ; a jug embossed with leaves ; a 
 pitcher with a frill around the rim and a hole for a tap ; and 
 a large vessel caught up from the bed of the Ouse off Bishop- 
 thorpe, at a depth of twenty feet, by a man who was creeping 
 for eels. 
 
 XXIII. T. A collection of jugs of various sizes, often 
 called Bellarmines, in derision of the Cardinal of that name.
 
 137 
 
 They are covered with a mottled glaze ; on the necks is a 
 rudely bearded face ; below this, very frequently, the arms of 
 some town in Germany or Holland, where they were usually 
 made. They were much used in England in the seventeenth 
 eentury. Three of these were found in the Minster Yard in 
 1881, with the corks still in them. 
 
 A large yellow jug of Flemish or German work, ssee. xvi., 
 with figures of Venus and Cupid embossed on it. Purchased 
 at Harrogate. Mr. J. F. Walker, 1872. 
 
 A brown German pitcher, dated 1581, and found in Clifton. 
 The story of Susanna and the Elders is represented on it. 
 Mr. V. Kitcldngman, 1832. 
 
 The greater part of a fine jug, saec. 16th, ornamented with 
 medallions, and with this inscription surrounding it : Wein 
 Got icil, so eist mein sil. 
 
 On the top of the case are some smooth, unornamented 
 vessels of the same class, which were in use in England after 
 the Bellarmines. 
 
 XXIV. T. A number of costrels with a brown or black 
 glaze, found in George Street in 1878, part of a large hoard 
 laid three deep in a wooden rack or bin. With them were 
 three small jugs of grey ware, and one or two others, with a 
 portion of a plate. The date of these vessels must be between 
 1580 and 1610. The specimens from this find are kept 
 together. Purchased, 1878. 
 
 A number of small black cups or pots, some with two or 
 more handles. They were used in the sixteenth and seven- 
 teenth centuries, and some of them are ornamented with 
 yellow slip. They are frequently found in York in a 
 fractured state. It is presumed that these are the vessels 
 which in the reign of Elizabeth were called " black 
 cruses," in the accounts of the Churchwardens of All 
 Saints', Pavement.
 
 188 
 
 Below are some fragments of chargers of tortoise shell ware 
 which were in common use in the seventeenth century. There 
 is a perfect specimen from York in the Bateman Museum at 
 Sheffield. 
 
 XXV. T. A number of small vessels of various shapes, 
 found in York, and made in the seventeenth and eighteenth 
 centuries. Among them are two tygs, vessels surrounded with 
 diminutive handles, more for ornament than for use. 
 
 XXVI. T. Jugs of green or brown ware made in or near 
 York in the beginning of the last century. With them are two 
 net- weights of baked clay, taken from the bed of the Ouse. 
 
 Under the centre of this long Case is a large collection of 
 vessels in stone, or stone ware, consisting chiefly of mortars 
 and creeing troughs, from the fourteenth century downwards, 
 several of which are dated. There are also crucibles of stone 
 and pots of various shapes and sizes. 
 
 XXVII. XXXII. T. In these compartments and on the 
 top of the Case is a continuation of the pottery which has been 
 already described. The series extends from the sixteenth to 
 the eighteenth century, and contains some interesting 
 specimens. Among them are examples of what is called 
 Fulham ware, two of which were presented in 1873, by Mr. J. 
 F. Walker. Of early white ware there are several examples, 
 including a triplet of flower cups, probably of the date of 
 Charles I. A white jug for claret, dated 1644. A small cup 
 bought at Ripon in 1878, which bears the head of Charles II ; 
 and several two-handled vessels for distilling herbs. A pipkin 
 of early French work, was presented by Dr. Sykes, of 
 Doncaster, in 1874. Of brown ware, ornamented with yellow 
 or plain, there are several specimens, especially puzzle jugs. 
 There are some early chargers, about 14in. in diameter, on 
 one of which is a youth with a spear, resembling Prince Henry, 
 brother of Charles I, bought at Beverley, in 1880. On
 
 139 
 
 another, of early Staffordshire work, are St. George arid the 
 Dragon. These vessels were usually the decorations of old 
 oak chests or cabinets. Upon each vessel is a label stating 
 where it was acquired. 
 
 XXXIII. XXXVII. T. A representative collection of 
 drinking glasses and bottles, the contents of the three upper 
 shelves being a loan from a private collector, with the exception 
 of a bottle from Whixley manor house, ssec. 17, of Dutch work, 
 with this inscription : Concerning Constancy It is a hidden 
 treasure. This bottle was shown in 1857, at the Manchester 
 Exhibition. 
 
 The glasses with white stalks were largely used in this 
 country do\vu to the beginning of the present century. They 
 were made chiefly in Holland, or by Dutch glass-makers, who 
 settled in England, especially at Newcastle-on-Tyne. The art 
 of making them has been recently recovered and revived. 
 
 On the two lower shelves is a collection of glass bottles of 
 various shapes and sizes, made in the seventeenth and 
 eighteenth centuries, all of them from the neighbourhood of 
 York. It was customary to affix to the side of the bottle a 
 little roundlet of glass bearing the owner's name, or arms. Of 
 this practice we have several examples. One bottle, found in 
 York, and from the Hargrove collection, has ^j- stamped upon 
 it ; another has the arms of Peirson, of Lowthorpe, in the 
 East Fading ; a third, Castle Howard, 1753. 
 
 In the windows are placed specimens of the glass-painting 
 of Giles and Peckitt, two famous glaziers in York, in the 
 seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
 
 140 
 
 IV. 
 
 ANTIQUITIES IN THE HALL, THEATRE, AND 
 UPPER ROOM OF THE MUSEUM. 
 
 The Hall contains, besides antiquities, two modern busts ; 
 one, by Chantrey, of the Rev. Win. V. Harcourt, the first 
 President of the Society ; the other, by Leyland, of Halifax, 
 of the late Stephen Beckwith, M.D., to whom the Society is 
 indebted for a munificent legacy often thousand pounds.* 
 
 No. I. On the left hand side entering. This case contains 
 two pieces of Egyptian sculpture. The uppermost is a stele, 
 or funeral tablet, of the sandstone of Upper Egypt. It 
 represents " PETAMON, a distributor of libations," performing 
 a proscyncma, or act of adoration, to Osiris Pethempamentb.es, 
 Lord of Abydos. Osiris, wearing the royal cap of Upper 
 Egypt, is standing on a square base, and holding his usual 
 emblems, the hook and flail or scourge. Before him is an 
 altar, on which stands a water- vase and the flower of a water- 
 plant. Petamou is in an attitude of adoration ; on his arm 
 hangs a bag, supposed to be a seed-bag, and, like the hoe 
 and flail, to have a reference to the employment of the 
 deceased in the Elysian Fields. The hieroglyphics at the 
 base record a peace-offering made to Osiris, including flesh of 
 geese and oxen, linen, incense, and wax. Over the heads of 
 the figures is the winged disc of the sun, and below it six 
 columns of hieroglyphics, which are an abridgment of the 
 inscription at the base. 
 
 In the lower part of this case are contained fragments of 
 sandstone, on which the names of the gods Osiris Pethem- 
 pamenthes, Ra (the solar disc) and Athom or Atmoo are 
 
 * Mr. Hareourt's bust was set up in 1835; Dr. Beckwith's in 1844.
 
 141 
 
 inscribed : but its original purpose cannot be ascertained. 
 Col. Vernon Harcourt, 1830. 
 
 No. II. A cast of an Assyrian tablet cut upon the face of 
 a rock on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, on the south 
 side of the mount of the Nahr-el-Kelb, near Beyrout. It is 
 one of ten ancient monuments sculptured on the rock at 
 different heights, and at various periods. The most ancient 
 are three Egyptian ; the next in antiquity are five Assyrian or 
 Chaldaean, the highest and most perfect of which is represented 
 in this cast, taken under the direction of Mr. Joseph Bonomi. 
 It exhibits the figure of a man in the dress of the eastern 
 nations, with a large beard curiously plaited, holding in his 
 right hand something like a fan, or, as Mr. Landseer supposes, 
 a dove ; " and in his left hand a stick," or staff-sceptre. 
 Nearly the whole of the background and dress of the figure is 
 covered with an inscription in Assyrian cuneiform characters, 
 in some places well preserved, but generally very indistinct. 
 This tablet represents Esarhaddon, who invaded Egypt and 
 Ethiopia, B. c. 673, and inscribed the rock on his return.* 
 Mr. Joseph Bononii, 1837. 
 
 No. III. A stele of the limestone of Lower Egypt. It 
 consists of three compartments. In the uppermost the 
 deceased, a royal scribe, performs a proscynema to Osiris, who 
 is seated, Isis and Nephthys standing behind him. The 
 deceased offers incense and pours a libation to the god ; on the 
 table before him are a cake and the flower of a water plant. 
 
 In the second compartment, the deceased appears seated 
 between his parents ; before them is a conventional represent- 
 ation of trees, the emblem of Ammon-Khem. His son and 
 widow are making offerings ; the latter has the funeral cone 
 (see p. 45, No. 66) on her head. 
 
 * Trans, of the Royal Soc. of Lit., 4to., vol. ii., p. 105. Journal of Royal Asiatic 
 Soc., vol. x., pt. 1, p. 27.
 
 142 
 
 In the third compartment, the deceased and his wife are 
 seated together, receiving the homage of their children, a son 
 and two daughters. A table before them has on it a cake and 
 flowers ; the son offers incense. This sculpture is from 
 Mr. Salt's Collection. 3Jr. John R. Mills, 1835. 
 
 No. IV. On the floor is a cast, made by Mr. Joseph Bonomi, 
 of one of the great obelisks at Karnak, the eastern part 
 of Thebes, erected by Arnense, sister to Thothmes II., in the 
 name of her husband Amenenthituot, whose shield is seen near 
 the bottom. On the apex or pyramidion Ammon Ra seated, 
 places his hand, as a sign of inauguration, on the head of the 
 king. The central line of hieroglyphics records that Amen- 
 enthituot had erected two obelisks before the gate of Ammon.* 
 The sculptures in the eight compartments besides the central 
 line represent the god Ammon Ra receiving various offerings ; 
 in the uppermost he is embracing the sovereign. The other 
 three sides of the obelisk are covered with sculptures and 
 inscriptions similar to this. George Goldie, M.T). 
 
 No. V. A cast of the famous black obelisk from Nimroud, 
 discovered by Mr. Layard, and now in the British Museum. 
 Eev. J. Kenrick, 1870. 
 
 No. VI. The mortar of the Infirmary of the Abbey of St. 
 Mary. It is of bell-metal, weight seventy-six pounds, and 
 bears the following inscription : On the upper rim, 
 
 The lower+JFE. 
 JIEfflOT. is. 
 
 * Bosellini Mon. Stor. 3, 1, 152. 
 
 t Mortarium Sancti Johannis Evangelistse de Infirmaria Beat* Maria Ebor. 
 Frater Willielmus de Touthorp (a village near York) me fecit, Ao. D. MCCCV1II
 
 148 
 
 Of the history of this beautiful specimen of mediaeval art, 
 during nearly two centuries after the dissolution of the Abbey, 
 nothing is known. The earliest notice we have of it occurs in 
 an anonymous letter to Gent, published by him in his History 
 of Hull, and dated 1734 ; from which it appears that, after 
 having been long in the possession of the Fairfax family, it 
 had passed into the hands of Mr. Smith, a bell-founder in 
 York, by whom it had been sold to Mr. A. Addington, in the 
 custody of whose son, a confectioner (Drake says Eboracum, 
 p. 583 a perfumer) in the Minster Yard, it was seen by the 
 writer of the letter. Gough, in the translation of Camden's 
 Britannia, published in 1789, says, (vol. iii. p. 66,) " it was 
 lately in the hands of an apothecary at Selby ; after whose 
 death all traces of it were lost." In the year 1811, it was 
 discovered by Mr. Rudder, a bell-founder at Birmingham, 
 amidst a large quantity of old metal, which he had probably 
 purchased from York or the neighbourhood. Unwilling to
 
 144 
 
 commit so beautiful a relic to the furnace, he put it aside year 
 after year, and finally presented it to his antiquarian friend 
 Mr. Blount, an eminent surgeon in Birmingham. After his 
 death it was sold hy auction, in the year 1835, and purchased 
 at a considerable price by Mr. S. Kenrick, who restored it to 
 its proper place among the remains of the religious establish- 
 ment to which it originally belonged. 
 
 The stand is formed* of oak, taken from the roof of the 
 North Transept of the Minster, when undergoing repair, 
 after a pattern in one of the centre bosses of the vaulting 
 of the Nave, representing the Annunciation, destroyed 
 in the last fire.f The vaulting of the North Transept, and 
 the carving of the boss, were nearly coeval with the casting of 
 the mortar. 
 
 On the other side are some Koman sculptures which have 
 been already described among the contents of the Lower Koom 
 in the Hospitium, to which the visitor must refer. They 
 consist of the fine statue attributed to Mars, but which Mr. 
 W. T. Watkin conceives may represent Britannia, (No. 12, in 
 the Catalogue) ; the sarcophagus of Julia Fortunata (No. 44) ; 
 the Mithraic sculpture (No. 19) ; the figure of Eternity (No. 
 1) ; the monument of ^lia Mliana (No. 45) ; and altars to 
 Mars (No. 11) ; the Matres Domestic (No. 15) ; and the 
 Deus Vetus (No. 24). On another ledge are small altars 
 dedicated to Fortune (No. 4) ; the Deae Matres (No. 16) ; and 
 another inscription to the Deus Vetus (No. 23). 
 
 IN THE THEATRE. The Case on the right hand contains 
 some portions of plate and chain armour, swords, and other 
 weapons, &c. Here also are deposited the singular fetters 
 which were formerly exhibited at York Castle, consisting of 
 those worn by Nevison and Dick Turpin, the famous Highway- 
 
 * By the direction and at the expense of the Rev. C. Wellbelovcd. 
 
 t See Browne's History of the Metropolitan Ch. of St. Peter, York, plate xcvi.
 
 145 
 
 men ; a set found in the Castle Moat on the legs of a skeleton, 
 discovered in 1773, and supposed to be a prisoner of the name 
 of William Thompson, who had been missing for twenty years ; 
 also a sample of the fetters which, until the beginning of this 
 century, were placed upon every criminal committed to gaol, 
 the weight of the shackles corresponding to the heinousness of 
 the offence charged against him. The branding iron is also 
 here, and the thumb screw as well. In a comer is one of 
 those murderous weapons, a spring-gun, bought in 1881, from 
 Knaresbrough ; and appended to the wall, is a brank, the old 
 punishment for scolding women, given by Lady Mary 
 Thompson, late of Sheriff- Hutton Park, in 1880. 
 
 The Case on the left hand of the door is filled with a 
 collection of pottery, &c., from Cyprus and Crete, deposited 
 for exhibition by Mr. T. B. Sandwith, C.B., Her Majesty's 
 Consul in Crete. 
 
 The three tapestry maps upon the walls of the Theatre, 
 formerly lined the Hall at Westou, in Warwickshire, the seat 
 of W. Sheldon, Esq., who introduced tapestry weaving into 
 England, of which these maps, executed in 1579, are the first 
 specimens. They contain a section of the centre of the kingdom, 
 including Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Worcester- 
 shire, Warwickshire, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, and part of 
 Berkshire. They were purchased by the Earl of Orford, 
 (Horace Walpole,") and given by him to Earl Harcourt.* On 
 his death they came into the possession of Archbishop Vernon 
 Harcourt, by whom they were presented to the Yorkshire 
 Philosophical Society, in the year 1827. 
 
 The COINS in the possession of the Society are placed in the 
 Council Room. Shortly after the establishment of the Society, 
 a collection of about 1200 Roman and English coins was 
 
 * See Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, vol. viii. 2nd Series, p. 686. Several others of 
 the same series are in the Bodleian library.
 
 146 
 
 purchased of the late Mr. Henwood, of York, chiefly by means 
 of a liberal private subscription. A considerable number was 
 added by the purchase of the late Mr. Hargrove's collection, 
 and other purchases have been occasionally made of coins 
 found in York or the neighbourhood. Some, not previously 
 possessed by the Society, have been added from the recent 
 Railway excavations. Donations of varied extent and value 
 have also been presented to the Society. In a collection thus 
 formed there must be many repetitions, and many deficiencies. 
 It contains, however, much that is curious and valuable. It 
 consists chiefly of Roman denarii, consular and imperial ; of 
 Roman brass of three sizes ; and of English coins, in silver 
 and copper of all denominations. Of Greek coins there are 
 very few ; of Roman aurei very few ; and the number of 
 English gold coins is not large. Of ancient British and Saxon 
 coins there are several rare and interesting examples. The 
 most extensive and complete portion of the collection is a series 
 of Northumbrian stycas, consisting of about 4,000 of the hoard 
 found in St. Leonard's Place, York, in 1842, and of about 
 2,000 of that which was discovered in 1847, near Bolton 
 Percy.* 
 
 The Society possess also a considerable number of modern 
 foreign coins, in silver and copper ; and some tradesmen's 
 tokens ; some jettons and Nuremberg counters : some medals, 
 foreign and English ; and numerous impressions of seals, in 
 plaster, sulphur, and wax. 
 
 This portion of the Museum is necessarily kept under lock 
 and key ; but it may be inspected by any member of the 
 Society, or any visitor introduced by a member, on application 
 to the Curator of the Antiquities. 
 
 * The remainder of the coins in this find was purchased for Mr. Thus. Bateman, 
 by Mr. Robert Cook.
 
 147 
 
 THE STAIKCASE. 
 
 On the wall, as you pass towards the Ethnological Room, 
 are several portraits, the majority of which have been recently 
 removed from the Entrance Hall to escape the damaging effect 
 of the light and dust. At the foot of the staircase are the 
 portraits of three York musicians, Dr. Camidge, the organist 
 of the Minster, in crayons ; and Philip Knapton, senior and 
 junior ; two of which were placed here on the dissolution of 
 the York Musical Society. As you climb the stairs you 
 see a cluster of portraits, all representing men of note in the 
 antiquarian world, or gratefully remembered by the Society. 
 The series begins with a small, indifferent picture of Francis 
 Drake, the historian of York, presented by Mr. Richard 
 Roundell, in 1830 ; next in sequence comes Thomas Beckwith, 
 F.S.A., painter and antiquary, delineated by himself; after 
 him is a likeness of John Phillips, F.R.S., the first keeper of 
 the Museum, and a man whom, whether in life or death, the 
 Society has been proud to honour, this picture was presented 
 by Mr. R. Davies, in 1874 ; next, we have James Atkinson, 
 one of the founders of the Society, painted by Etty, and 
 presented in 1857, by his daughter, Lady Chatterton ; another 
 specimen of Etty's skill is near, in the faithful likeness of John 
 Brook, attoruey-at-law, which belonged to the York Musical 
 Society ; the series ends with the portraits of two distinguished 
 scholars, related in tastes and kinship, to whom the Society is 
 greatly indebted ; Charles Wellbeloved, curator of antiquities 
 from 1823 to 1858 ; and John Kenrick, his learned son-in-law, 
 who took up his relative's post, and died in 1877 at the great 
 age of 89. Mr. Wellbeloved' s likeness is by Lonsdale, and 
 was presented in 1859 ; the painter of Mr. Kenrick's portrait 
 was George Patten. It came to the Society in 1880, through 
 the bequest of his widow. In the Council room is a fine bust
 
 148 
 
 in lead, of Thomas, Lord Fairfax, which was acquired by the 
 Society by purchase in 1879. It had been long preserved in 
 the family of Thompson, at Sheriff-Hutton Park, having prob- 
 ably belonged to the Ingrains, the earlier possessors of that 
 estate, who were connected by marriage with the great 
 Parliamentary General. 
 
 V. THE ETHNOLOGICAL ROOM IN THE MUSEUM. 
 
 In this room are deposited the British and Anglian anti- 
 quities which the Society possesses, together with a large 
 miscellaneous collection of English curiosities of a compara- 
 tively recent date. This room will also contain a small 
 collection of Egyptian antiquities which has hitherto been 
 placed in the Hospitium, but is not yet properly classified. 
 
 The objects in flint and stone are for the most part the 
 collection of the late Mr. Charles Monkman, of Malton, which 
 the Society acquired by purchase in 1875. These implements 
 and weapons are divided according to their antiquity into 
 Palaeolithic and Neolithic. 
 
 CASE A. 
 
 I. A. i. A small set of casts of implements of carved 
 bone discovered in the Dordogne caves, representing inter 
 alia the deer and the mammoth. The Trustees of the Christ;/ 
 Collection, 1867. ii. A few flints and bones from the same 
 source. 
 
 II. IV. A. Numerous wrought flints collected by the 
 Eev. W. Greenwell, from the Drift gravel pits at Icklingham, 
 Warren Hill, Santon-Downham, &c., in Suffolk.
 
 149 
 
 V. A. A few flints from the Drift gravel in the valleys of 
 the Somme and Seine." M. Boucher de Perthes, 1860, &c. 
 
 VI. X. A. A number of Neolithic implements in flint 
 and stone from Denmark and Sweden. Many of those from 
 ^weden were the gift of Rev. J. Raine, in 1875. 
 
 XI. XX. A. A very large collection of axes, adzes, axe- 
 hammers,! pounders, knives, arrow-heads, scrapers, &c., &c., 
 almost entirely from the Yorkshire Wolds, and gathered 
 together for the most part by Mr. Monkmaa.$ 
 
 Among these, in XVII. A., is a small hoard of flint and 
 stone axes and knives found in 1868, in sand, near the Gas 
 Works of the North Eastern Railway.] Some of these were 
 the gift of Mr. E. Allen, in 1870. In XII. A. is a magnificent 
 round flint knife, found near Catton. 
 
 XXI. V. A. Numerous flint and stone implements, &c., 
 from Antrim, Toome, and Lough Neagh, in Ireland, acquired 
 by purchase, and from the Monkman Collection. 
 
 XXVI. A. A small collection of implements and weapons 
 in obsidian from Mexico, said to have been used by the Aztecs. 
 Presented by a donor ii'Jio Irishes to be nameless, 1880. 
 
 XXVII. A. Some fine weapons, &c., from New Zealand, 
 several of them in jade. 
 
 XXVIII. IX. A. A collection of stone axes, pounders, 
 knives, arrow-heads, &c., from North America. The smaller 
 
 * cf. Archaeologia, xxxviii., 280, &c. 
 
 t The best work of reference on this subject is that by Mr. John Evans, F.S.A. 
 
 A few of the flints in the Museum were found near Bridlington, and were pre- 
 sented by Mr. Barugh, in 1869. 
 
 J In the drawers in the Hospitium are some admirable counterfeits of these 
 implements, made by Flint Jack, whicu are well worthy of preservation. Several 
 specimens of these forgeries were presented by Mr. Ruddock, of Whitby, in 1857 ; 
 and by Mr. T. M. Kendal, of Pickering. 
 
 || cf. Journal of Yorkshire Topographical and Archreological Society, part i. 
 pp. 4751. 
 
 cf. Archoeologia, xli., 397, &e. 
 H
 
 150 
 
 objects were chiefly presented by Mr. Joseph Clark, of Cin- 
 cinnati, in 1851. 
 
 XXX. A. Some cores and flakes of flint, of the Palaeolithic 
 period, from Pressigny in France.* Mr. John Evans, F.S.A., 
 1865. 
 
 On the floor of the large Case, below, are four coffins of 
 wood, formed by splitting the trunks of oaks longitudinally, 
 and very rudely shaped. They are of the Anglian, or Anglo- 
 Saxon period, and were used by persons in a humble position 
 of life. 
 
 i. This was found in excavating for the foundation of Salem 
 Chapel, in St. Saviourgate, and seems to have contained the 
 body of a fisherman or boatman, a portion of a paddle having 
 been found in the coffin, where it still remains. The coffin 
 appears to have been fastened together by wooden pegs. The 
 bottom of the coffin was in great decay and was replaced by 
 another more perfect found in Parliament Street.! The 
 Hargrove Collection, 1847. 
 
 ii. A coffin of a similar character, but more rude, enclosing 
 the skeleton of a female, and found in the Church Hill, Selby, 
 not far from the Ouse, some eight feet below the present 
 surface, with many others. The coloured beads represented 
 in the drawing were discovered in it. \ On the summit of the 
 skull is a small round hole, apparently drilled, which has not 
 up to this time been satisfactorily explained. The same thing 
 has been observed in a Koman skull, discovered during the 
 recent Railway Excavations. Mr. C. T. Neicstead, 1861. 
 
 * cf. Arehscologia, xl., 381, &c., for a paper by Mr. Evans, on these flint. 
 
 t In November, 1878, several roughly shaped coffins of oak were found in 
 Parliament Street, under the shop of Messrs. Makins and Bean, some twelve feet 
 below the level of the street. They were broken up by the workmen, and only 
 a single skull was brought to the Museum. There has been no cemetery in this 
 place during historic times. 
 
 $ These have been unfortunately destroyed. They were given to a child who 
 ground them down upon the kitchen floor.
 
 151 
 
 iii. iv. Two similar coffins found with many others at the 
 same place in 1876. A long account of this find is given in 
 the Report of the Society for that year. At the head of one 
 of these coffins was found a stout head post of oak, which 
 stands in the Case as it was found. In hoth of these coffins 
 rods and branches of hazel were discovered, some fragments 
 of which are exhibited. They were probably intended to serve 
 as charms. Messrs, Morrell, Atkinson, and Woods, 1876. 
 
 On the top of the Case is an ancient British canoe, dug up 
 in 1838, from the bed of the Calder, at Stanley Ferry, near 
 Wakefield. It was found at the depth of 18ft. 6in. below the 
 present surface of the ground, and about 6 feet below the 
 ordinary bed of the river. Its dimensions were about 17ft. 
 9in. in length, and, in its widest part, 8ft. lOin., inward 
 measure. It is formed entirely out of one tree, and without 
 any appearance of iron about it.* Many large oak trees, 
 quite black and sound, were found near it. Mr. George 
 Banhes, 1840. 
 
 CASE B. 
 
 I. B. A small collection of British pottery. The British 
 urns are of rude workmanship, being formed by the hand, 
 without the aid of the wheel or lathe ; and being merely sun- 
 baked, or slightly reddened by fire on the outside, are very 
 fragile. They are found chiefly in barrows. They are 
 generally divided into cinerary urns, food vessels, and incense 
 cups. Among these may be noted. 
 
 i. A cinerary urn, 19in. high, the finest that has been 
 found in Yorkshire, discovered in the centre of a barrow at 
 Bishop Burton, near Beverley, about two feet below the surface 
 of the adjoining ground, with the mouth upwards, and filled 
 
 * There is a notice of it, with a cut, in Bowman's Reliquiae Ebor., p. 40. rf. Arch, 
 xxvi., 257, &c., for an account of a similar canoe found at North Stoke.
 
 152 
 
 with earth above the ashes. Some armlets were found with it. 
 Dr. Hull, of Beverley, 1827. 
 
 ii. A fine drinking cup, found in Bootham in 1840, when 
 the York and Scarbro' Railway was being made. 
 
 iii. A prettily ornamented food vessel, with a stone axe, 
 found at Norton, near Malton. 
 
 iv. A remarkable, cup-shaped vessel with a large handle, 
 found at Danes Graves, near Pocklington, and presented by 
 Mr. Thomas Smith, of Huntington Hall, in 1825. 
 
 The remaining vessels, with the exception of one found at 
 Rigg, and presented by Mr. G. H. Seymour, in 1844, were 
 disinterred by the York Antiquarian Club, and presented to 
 the Society in 1849. A minute account of these excavations 
 is preserved in the Council room,* in the Register of the 
 Antiquarian Club which was drawn up by its Secretary, Dr. 
 Procter. 
 
 II. B. This compartment contains a very remarkable 
 series of articles of the Early Iron and Late Celtic period, 
 discovered by the Rev. E. W. Stillingfleet, in the barrows at 
 Arras and Hessleskew on the Wolds, consisting of a portion 
 of an urn and jet necklace belonging, probably, to the Bronze 
 period ; tires of wheels, a bridle-bit, parts of horse trappings, 
 armlets, fibulte, rings, and other ornaments and implements of 
 iron and bronze, belonging to the Early Iron period ;f beads 
 of white and blue, and green and white glass, of the same 
 period. 
 
 Mr. Stillingfleet and a friend made these explorations and 
 unfortunately divided the results. They discovered, among 
 others, two interments in which the chief had been interred 
 with his war chariot, of these each discoverer took a wheel. 
 
 * cf. Journal Arch. Assn., v. 369 370 ; Bowman's Reliquiae Antiquse, 3839. 
 t In the Archseologia, xvi., 348, is a description with plates of some antiquities 
 found at Hagbourn Hill, Berks, some of which are very similar to these.
 
 158 
 
 The many interesting objects found were severed in the same 
 ruthless manner. Mr. Stillingfleet ensured the safety of his 
 share by presenting it to this Museum, in 1865. The other 
 half has been missing until recently, when it most unhappily 
 came into the possession of the British Museum. The 
 interest of the collection is thereby entirely destroyed. The 
 two odd chariot wheels which the British Museum has acquired 
 are exhibited as if they came from one place, which is not the 
 case. 
 
 III. B. A small collection of bronze implements and 
 weapons, in which most of the usual forms are represented.* 
 Among these are the early flat axe, socketed celts, paalstabs, 
 chisels, gouges, swords, daggers, and spears. A few may be 
 mentioned. 
 
 i. Four bronze swords found in Holderness. The Monkman 
 Collection, 1875. 
 
 ii. A part of a large hoard of celts, found at Westow, near 
 Malton, and purchased in 1845. 
 
 iii. Some chisels and gouges found in Lincolnshire. 
 
 iv. With these is a piece of coarse woollen cloth discovered 
 by Mr. Stillingfleet, in a barrow on Skipwith Common, in 1817. 
 
 The locality in which each implement was found is carefully 
 appended to the object, whenever it is known, but in many 
 instances this information is unfortunately missing. f 
 
 IV. B. This compartment contains a typical collection of 
 the objects found in various places in Switzerland, which 
 
 * cf. Arch. Journal, iv., 1, 327; vi., 363; Journal Arch. Assn., iii., p. 58; and, 
 above all, Mr. John Evans's recent work on the subject. 
 
 t The following extracts from the Liber Donorum show how the advent of these 
 curiosities was recorded : 1823, a celt from the Isle of Axholme, presented by 
 Rev. J, Graham ; 1823, a celt found at Stittenham, presented by Mr. E. Take ; 
 1827, a celt, presented by Lieut.-General Sharpe ; 1830, a celt from Kudgate, pres. 
 by R. Brogden, Esq. ; 1838, an antique brass spear-head, found near Whitestone 
 Cliff, presented by C. H. Elsley, Esq.; 1844, a celt, presented by Dowager Duchess 
 of Leeds ; 1847, five celts, presented by Mr. Whincopp.
 
 154 
 
 either are or have been lakes, such as Waugen, Moringeu, 
 Locraz, Sutz, and the Lake of Bienne. They are the relics 
 of Celtic tribes which occupied houses of wood built upon 
 large wooden frames, a little above the level of the lakes- 
 These peculiar residences were chosen to ensure protection 
 from foes. The floor of the lake below became gradually 
 strewn with various objects which had fallen from above. 
 Some traces of these remarkable dwellings* have been found 
 in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Purchased, 1876, etc. 
 
 CASE C. 
 
 I. C. a. A large and miscellaneous collection of Anglian 
 ornaments and weapons, some of which were found at Kilham 
 and presented by the Rev. E. W. Stillingfleet in 1865 ; 
 others are from a mound at Driffield, which was opened by 
 Mr. R. Jennings, f and the York Antiquarian Club in 1845 ; 
 a few are from an Anglian cemetery at Londesbrougb, and 
 were presented by Lord Londesbrough in 1880. The fibula 
 and beads are worthy of special observation. 
 
 b. A large umbo and handle of a shield, | etc., found in a 
 tumulus at Sowerby, near Thirsk, with a quantity of Roman 
 pottery (which is preserved in a drawer in the Hospitium) by 
 the York Antiquarian Club. Lady Frankland Russell, 1855. 
 
 c. A very remarkable collection of ornaments, implements, 
 and weapons, found in a grave-mound at Uncleby, in the 
 parish of Kirkby Underdale, E.R.Y. Among them are 
 brooches and. fibula of gold and silver ; also a lady's box]j con- 
 
 * The best ace-cunt of them is in " The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland and other 
 parts of Europe, by Dr. Ferdinand Keller. Translated by John Edward Lee. 
 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1878." 
 
 t There is an account of Mr. Jennings's discoveries in the Journal of the Arch. 
 Assn., ii. 55 6, Many of the objects are figured in Akerman's Pagan Saxondom. 
 
 J Mr. C. B. Smith's Inventorium Sepulchrale, pi. xv. 
 
 || Similar objects may be seen in the Inventorium Sepulchrale, pi. 13.
 
 155 
 
 taining the thread, undecayed, and some fine swords and iron 
 implements. Rev. W. Greemcell, 1874. 
 
 d. A finely fluted glass bowl, found on the Mount, where 
 there was an Anglian cemetery. 
 
 e. A cup or basin formed of two thin plates of metal, one 
 silver, the other copper, both gilded. The exterior, or silver 
 plate, is ornamented with a pattern, in relief, of foliage and 
 fruit, which birds are devouring. On the rim, which is of 
 curious work, have been four beads of coloured glass or paste, 
 one of which is remaining. The interior, or gilded copper 
 plate, is plain ; but to the bottom an elegant circular piece of 
 work is affixed, of about in. in thickness, and 2 in. in 
 diameter, in which have been four bosses or studs of coloured 
 glass or paste, which appear to have been surrounded by a 
 circle of sixteen pearls, one of which is remaining. Between 
 the four bosses is an interlaced pattern of gilded wire, 
 delicately marked, so as to resemble rope work. A similar 
 interlaced pattern, in relief and plain, is seen on the outside 
 of the bowl, between four short feet on which it is supported. 
 This noble relic, one of the finest known specimens of Anglo- 
 Saxon workmanship, was found in the churchyard of Ormeside, 
 in Westmerland. Mr. John Bland, of OrmsiJe L-.nlye, 1823. 
 
 /'. A silver armlet, found in a field at Flaxton,* near Lobster- 
 house, on the road to Malton. Probably found in 1807. 
 From the Collection of Mr. John Croft. Rev. R. Croft, 1824. 
 
 (I. A silver fibula, enclosing within a series of concentric 
 circles, a cast of a silver coin of the Emperor Valeutinian. 
 From the Croft Collection. LV0. R. Croft, 1824. 
 
 h. A gold coin of the Emperor Arcadius with a loop affixed 
 
 * This is very similar in shape and design to some ornaments found at Cuerdale, 
 which are figured in the Journal Arch. Inst., iii. 116, which arc supposed to date 
 from the year 900. They are Eastern in character. See also the Catalogue of the 
 National Museum at Kdinburgli, pp. 110 11. A number of St. Peter's pennies, 
 etc., were found at Flaxton at the same time. rf. Gent. Mag. for the year.
 
 15G 
 
 to it, and used as a pendant. It was found near Newbuilding. 
 Mr. C. H. Elsley, 1838. 
 
 i. A small Anglian fibula in lead, found in York, and 
 engraved in the Journal of the Arch. Association, ii. 812. 
 The Hargrove Collection, 1847.* A small mould in stone for 
 making these fibula, is beside it. It was recently found in York. 
 
 j. An oval seal (?) of copper, engraved like a bracteate, 
 with horses heads and other ornamentation, but obscured by 
 encrustation. Found in College Street. Tempest Anderson, 
 M.D., 1881. A small Danish seal of brass with a head and 
 legend, an imitation of a Saxon coin. The Hcmjrove Col- 
 lection, 1847. 
 
 k. A set of amber beads from Exning, near Newmarket. 
 Mr. W. Whincopp, 1847. 
 
 I. A bead, and a piece of bronze plating, found with the 
 coffins of wood at Selby. 
 
 in. Various objects discovered in York, among which are 
 a girdle-hanger,! and a fine bronze pin. 
 
 n. A copper dish, with patches, found in digging a drain 
 in St. Saviourgate. Rev. John Graham, 1885. 
 
 o. Another copper dish, of the same period, with inter- 
 lacing work, found in excavating for the Gaol in the Castle 
 Yard. Mr. W. Fenton Scott, 1829.J 
 
 p. Several small objects ; i., a small pendant cross, orna- 
 mented with circles, found in Pavement, 1879 ; ii., an orna- 
 ment for holding a knitting needle, of deer's horn, found near 
 Micklegate Bar, 1881 ; iii. and iv., two small, prettily carved 
 brooches, one found in York in 1877, the other at Naburn in 
 the same year and presented by Mr. G. Kidd. 
 
 + bimilar objects arc described and engraved in Mr. C. K. Smith s Account ot 
 the Faussett Collection. 
 
 || In Bowman's Reliquiae Antiquse, p. 9, there is a cut of a curiously ornamented 
 object in bone from York, now in the Bateman Collection.
 
 157 
 
 q. A large and fine series of Anglian or Danish combs, 
 buckles, etc., from York, several having interlacing ornaments 
 upon them. One of these is a comb- case, on which there is 
 the beginning of the only Runic inscription that has been 
 found in York.* Another is a fragment of bone, presented by 
 Mr. B. Davies, and found in his garden, on which an English 
 carver seems to have modelled some of his ornaments.! 
 
 r. Several Anglian or Danish swords and spears. One of 
 them was found in the bed of the Ouse, near Kelfield, and 
 was presented by Mr. Wm. Gray. 
 
 s. Six Anglian urns and a small bottle, J found on the 
 Mount, filled with burnt bones. Mr. F. C divert and Mr. E. 
 Eooke, 185960. 
 
 t. Several similar urns, said to have been found at 
 Broughton, near Malton, circa 1802, and to have been 
 bought by Sir Mark Masterman Sykes. Rev. Chr. Sykes, 
 1823. 
 
 CASE D. 
 
 The upper part of this Case is entirely filled with a large 
 series of Anglian urns, discovered in 1878, a little to the 
 East of York, near the suburb of Heworth. They are 
 funereal, and contained ashes and burnt bones, and were laid 
 in rows athwart a ridge of ploughed land, some two feet apart. 
 Several of them contained beads fused by heat ; one, a pair of 
 fine bronze tweezers ; another, some buttons. When found, 
 they were in many pieces, but the skill and patience of the 
 late Dr. Gibson made them what they are. This is the 
 
 * This is figured and described by Professor Stephens of Copenhagen, in the 
 Illustreret Tidende, and will also appear in the forthcoming Volume of his Runic 
 Monuments. 
 
 t Compare these with plate xv. in the Inventorium Sepulchrale of the Faussett 
 Collection and with Akerman's Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxxi. 
 
 I cf. Inventorium Sepulchrale, pref. xv. ; and Journal Arch. Assn., where there 
 is a cut of an exactly similar vessel found in Warwickshire. 
 H2
 
 158 
 
 largest series of Anglian vessels hitherto found in any one place. 
 They may probahly he ascribed to the 5th or 6th century. 
 
 I. D. a. Ancient skates, formed of the leg-hones of horses, 
 polished on one side. They are frequently found in York, as 
 at London and Lincoln, and were probably introduced into 
 England by the Danes. * They are mentioned in a description 
 of the sports of the citizens of London, by a writer in the time 
 of Henry II. 
 
 b. A pair of skates of a much later date, found in 1879, in 
 an old house in Coppergate. They are nearer to the skates 
 of the present day, but the steel is much longer. 
 
 c. A number of bone implements sharpened at one end, 
 resembling awls or prickers. Their age and use are unknown. 
 These were found in the Old Malton culvert, others have 
 occurred in York. The Monkman Collection, 1875. 
 
 d. Some curiously carved bones found near Heworth in 
 1879. Another has since been found in York. Several 
 similar bones may be seen in the Guildhall Museum, London. 
 
 e. A large number of curious objects found under a house 
 in Goodramgate in 1878, and probably Danish. They consist 
 of fragments of pottery, spindle-whorls, implements in iron, 
 bone, and stone. 
 
 /. A series of axe-heads of various ages upon a stand. 
 
 g. A large stand covered with articles in iron of various 
 kinds and periods, found in York, such as knives, shears, 
 spears, etc., etc. 
 
 h. Horse-shoes from Roman times downwards. 
 
 i A hammer dredged from the river, 1879 ; a mason's 
 mallet found under the Bird in Hand Inn, 1878 ; two boat- 
 anchors from the river Derwent at Malton, 1875, etc. 
 
 ,;'. Two boxes of gold-weights, of German work, 16th 
 century. 
 
 * cf. Coll. Antiqua, i. 167; also the Lincoln Vol. of the Arch, Inst. xxviii. xxsii.
 
 159 
 
 k. Small lockets, or money-boxes of brass. One of them 
 was dredged from the river in 1879, and contains a half- 
 penny of Henry V,, which was found in it. 
 
 I. Two larger brass money-boxes. One was found near 
 the City Wall in 1874, and contained a silver penny of Edward 
 IV. and a copper French coin, which were found in it. 
 
 m. A small pendant with the arms of England upon it, 
 and several similar objects. 
 
 n. An iron marking iron, found at Salley Abbey, with the 
 arms of the borough of Ripon upon it, and RIPON. Mr. Wai- 
 bran's Collection, 1872. 
 
 II. D. ft. Knives and forks of various ages. A knife 
 and fork, carried originally in a case and used when travelling, 
 with ivory handles veined with silver, etc. Mr. Thos. Smith, 
 Huntitigton Hall, 1825. A small handle beautifully orna- 
 mented. Mr. Dauby, 1841. Two pairs of silver handled 
 knives and forks, bought in York, 1881. 
 
 ft. Knives, etc., of various ages, found in York. 
 
 c. A number of spoons from York, of brass or pewter, 
 with deep wide bowls, saecc. xvi., xvii. The end of one is cut 
 obliquely off, or slipped ; others are ornamented with acorns, 
 trefoils, etc. At the end of one is a print, like a wheel, used 
 for cutting and crimping pastry. Among them is an Apostle 
 spoon of silver, with St. Andrew on the top. A set of these 
 twelve spoons is very rarely to be met with and is of great 
 value. Rev. 7?. Croft, 1824. 
 
 d. Iron hinges of doors from York and Ripon ; a door- 
 handle plate from Ripon. 
 
 e. A very large collection of keys from early times down- 
 wards. Some of these are probably Roman, as it is almost 
 impossible to distinguish them from those which are more 
 recent. 
 
 /. Brass tire from an old chest.
 
 160 
 
 <j. Brass tobacco boxes of Dutch manufacture, with em- 
 bossed figures, made in the 17th century. One presented by 
 Mr. Baker in 1839 ; another bought in Selby, 1873 ; two 
 others purchased in York, 1880-1. 
 
 7i. Tobacco pipes and bowls, with the maker's name 
 stamped thereon, all found in York, where they are very 
 common, and of the 17th and 18th centuries.* 
 
 i. "Wig-curlers ; little round implements of white, baked clay, 
 used for curling hair and wigs.f They are common in York. 
 
 j. Two snuff- graters of wood ; instruments for making 
 snuff. Bought in York, 1879. 
 
 k. Cork-screws of various shapes, in use in the last century. 
 Bought in York, 1879. 
 
 I. Nut-crackers, used in the last century. 
 
 m. i. The framework of an aulmoniere or pouch, which 
 was worn as an appendage to the girdle during the reigns of 
 Henry VII. and VIII. The pouch was of leather, velvet, or 
 ornamented silk, and was fastened to the framework and worn 
 on a girdle, from which it was suspended by a ring. The bar, 
 of brass, is inscribed Ave Maria grcia pie (sic), on the shield 
 in the centre, His, and on the other side, Domimts tecum, with 
 the letter W. in the centre. Rev. W. V. Harcourt, 1823. 
 ii. Part of a similar framework, quite plain. 
 
 n. Clasps, etc., and other brass work used in binding 
 MSS. and protecting the sides from injury, used in the library 
 of the Prior and Convent of Durham. Rev. J. Raine, 1881. 
 
 o. A circular brooch of silver, with a knight in enamel, 
 dimidiated. A penny of Henry III. was found with it in 1874, 
 near the New Goods Station. 
 
 j?. i. A handle of a spoon, in lead, with a crest, a six- 
 pointed star surmounted by a coronet, ii. A small object in 
 
 * cf Journal Arch. Assn., xl. 75 
 t rf. Journal Arch. Inst., vii. 397.
 
 161 
 
 lead like the handle of a spoon, found in the river in 1879, 
 and stamped if. 
 
 r. Several clasps frona boxes or coffers found in York. 
 
 s. Several small baskets on a stand, from the Hargrove 
 Collection. 
 
 t. Several bells, for horses or dogs. 
 
 . A small cup of cinque cento work. The Cook Col- 
 lection, 1872. 
 
 v. A charger of latten, lacquered, with St. George and the 
 Dragon upon it, and an illegible inscription. These chargers 
 have frequently been used for alms dishes. The Hargrove 
 Collection, 1847. 
 
 iv. A large brass horn, probably that with which one of 
 the four Serjeants of the Sheriffs of York used to blow the 
 Youle yirthe (Christmas feast) at the four bars of the City, on 
 St. Thomas's Day. E. H. Roper and William North, 
 Sheri/s of York, 1839. 
 
 x. An ivory horn, the history of which is unknown. It is 
 certainly as early as the 16th century, and has upon it various, 
 almost defaced initials, as if it had belonged to some public 
 body, or had been the yearly prize of some company of archers, 
 each person who became the keeper leaving upon it his 
 initials. 
 
 III. D. a. Several specimens of fine carving in stone or 
 alabaster, deposited here for security. Two heads of a king 
 and queen found in the Bedern in 1853. Purchased, ii. Two 
 figures in alabaster from the river near St. Mary's Abbey, 
 The Hargrove Collection, 1847. iii. A figure of an angel 
 found in Coney-street in 1880. Purchased, iv. A small 
 font, and a curious head. v. Part of an imperfect alabaster 
 figure, found near Ouse Bridge, in the river. The Hargrove 
 Collection, 1847. vi. A singularly beautiful figure of the 
 Virgin and child, seated on a leaf, cut in Derbyshire marble,
 
 162 
 
 and found near the Foss in 1879. vii. Part of a curious stone 
 found in Petergate in 1879, which has prohably been used by 
 a sculptor to assist him in forming mediaeval letters. 
 
 III. D. b. On a large stand are the following specimens 
 of Christian art. i. A very fine enamelled plate of Limoges 
 work, lO^in. by 5in., of the 12th or 13th century, which 
 has served probably as a cover to a copy of the Four Gospels. 
 It represents the Saviour seated on a rain-bow and surrounded 
 by an aureole. The usual symbols of the Evangelists are at 
 the corners. These figures are in relief and are formed of 
 several pieces of metal, richly gilt and affixed to the plate : 
 the eyes are made of enamel. Mr. James Atkinson, 1823. 
 
 ii. A similar plate, 8^in. by 4in., representing the Saviour 
 on the cross, with His Mother and St. John. Below is a 
 prostrate figure in the act of prayer ; above are two angels ; 
 and on the upper limb of the cross the monograms XPS. ms. 
 Rev. Benedict Rayment, 1826. 
 
 iii. A figure of our Lord in ivory, of 17th century work, 
 found at Sculcoates. Purchased, 1873. 
 
 iv. An enamelled cross of Byzantine design and covered 
 with inscriptions and monograms. Mr. J. Barber, 1834. 
 
 v. A small plaque representing the Crucifixion, found near 
 Tang Hall. Mr. T. S. Noble, 1875. 
 
 vi. A larger plaque, representing the visit of the Angels 
 to Abraham and Sarah. 
 
 vii. Several small and very early figures in bronze ; one 
 is the Virgin and Child. 
 
 viii. A silver brooch found in the church of St. Mary the 
 Less, Durham, and inscribed IESVS NAZARENVS KEY. Of 
 14th century work. Her. J. Raine. A similar brooch, 
 with a doubtful inscription, from York, is near. The Browne 
 Collection, 1878. A small, inscribed gold brooch, found at 
 Fylingdales. Mr. G. W. J. Farsyde, 1857.
 
 168 
 
 ix. A leaden ampulla, one of the various signs or tokens 
 given or sold to those who in the middle ages made pilgrim- 
 ages to the shrines of saints, and worn by them on the hat, 
 or some part of their garments, as testimonials of their 
 devotion, and partly perhaps as charms. The pilgrim to 
 whom this belonged had visited the shrine of Thomas a Becket, 
 at Canterbury ; who is represented here as wearing his mitre, 
 holding his pastoral staff, and standing beneath a canopy, or 
 perhaps a representation of his shrine at Canterbury. On a 
 thin band, attached to the ampulla, is inscribed OPTIMUS 
 EGRORUM MEDICVS FIT THOMA BONORVM. " Thomas is made 
 the best physician of the virtuous sick." On the other side, 
 of which an etching is exhibited in the case, are represented 
 two priests attending a sick person in bed. In other speci- 
 mens the murder of Becket by the four knights is represented.* 
 The date of this relic is assigned to the first half of the 13th 
 century. f 
 
 x. Beside this curious object is another, bearing the letter 
 T. for Thomas upon it. The Browne Collection, 1878. 
 
 xi. A flask of St. Menas, in pottery, \ found in York. The 
 shrine of this Saint was near Alexandria. 
 
 Another pilgrim's bottle, of lead. From the Hargrove 
 Collection, 1847. 
 
 xii. Several pilgrim's signs. a. small silver horn, sur- 
 rounding a disk, on which is the legend of St. Hubert, b. A 
 tiny equestrian figure of a knight, enamelled. Rev. R. Croft, 
 1824. c. A small roundlet of lead, bearing a cross, found in 
 the York Cemetery. 
 
 xiii. On the same stand is part of the handle of a knife 
 carved in ivory, SBDC. xv., representing St. John holding the 
 
 * Forgeais, Plombs Histories, p. 140. 
 
 tSse C. R. Smith's Collect. Antiq. i, p. 81; ii. 43, etc. Journal of Archseol. 
 Assoc., i. 200, and v. 125, etc., with an engraving, 
 t cf. Smith's Christian Antiquities sub voce Pottery.
 
 164 
 
 poisoned cup, with the eagle at his feet. The Cook Collection, 
 1872. A small piece of metal work, found in Durham, 
 inscribed Pense lien. 
 
 c. A ventilator of lead, in the shape of a diamond, with 
 elegant tracery, inserted sometime in the window of a church, 
 probably the Minster. Mr. Browne's Collection, 1878. 
 
 d. A curious amulet or magical square in silver, with an 
 inscription in Hebrew, found in 1829, on the removal of 
 Layerthorpe bridge, close to the ancient Jewish cemetery. *- 
 Mr. W. W. Han/rove, 1866. 
 
 e. Some fragments of the vestments of an Ecclesiastic, in 
 cloth of gold, taken from a tomb in the north wall of the nave 
 of York Minster, close to the door of St. Sepulchre Chapel. 
 This tomb has been traditionally ascribed to Archbishop 
 Roger, who died in 1181, but is certainly of a far more recent 
 date. From Mr. Browne's Collection, 1878. 
 
 /. A jewelled tag or pendant to a dress soec. xvi., and one 
 or two smaller objects. 
 
 //. A chalice of latten, which has been buried with some 
 Ecclesiastic. 
 
 h. A leaden bulla of Antonius Grimanus, Doge of Venice, 
 found in York in 1858. On the obverse is a figure of St. Mark 
 with S. M. Venet, and also, the Doge, with Ant. Griman. 
 Dux. On the reverse, is the Doge's title, Antonius Grimanus 
 Dei f/ra Dux. Venetiar, etc. 
 
 i. A number of the bulhc or leaden seals appended by the 
 Popes to their most important official documents. On the 
 obverse are the heads of SS. Peter and Paul. The following 
 Popes are represented in the series : Gregory VIII. (1187). 
 Found at Cawood. Eev. W. V. Harcourt, 1823. Innocent 
 
 * Engraved and described in Margoliouth's History of the Jews in Britain, i. 298. 
 See also, the Translations of the Y.P.S., and Notes and Queries, 6th S. i., June 
 12th, 1880, p. 482.
 
 165 
 
 III. (1198 1216). Mr. J. Browne's Collection, 1877. 
 Honorius in. (12161227). Found in a coffin in Market 
 Street, having been probably attached to an indulgence. The 
 Hnnjrove Collection, 1847. Gregory XI. (122741). Alex- 
 ander IV. (125461). Found at Bishopthorpe. Eev. W. 
 V. Harcourt, 1823. Gregory X. (1271 6). Mr. J. 
 Browne's Collection, 1877. Innocent V. Found at Helperby. 
 Bowjht in York, 1878. Nicolas III. (1277 81). Mr. 
 Butter, York, 1840. Nicolas IV. (128892). Found in 
 York. Mr. E. Swain f, 1876. John XXII. (131634). 
 Found in the river Wear at Durham. Rev. J. Raine, 1876. 
 
 /. A leaden weight dredged up from the Ouse, 1879, 
 showing a crowned fleur-de-lis. 
 
 k. A number of matrices of seals, chiefly Ecclesiastical, 
 with impressions in wax. i. A small oval seal bearing two 
 hawks dos a dos, and inscribed s. EOBEKTI LE VEINER. Found 
 in York. Mr. J. Browne's Collection, 1877. ii. A similar 
 seal, with a lion passant, and s. IOH'IS DE CVNINGISTV'. Found 
 in York. From the same Collection, iii. Another, with two 
 birds, and SIGILLVM SECRET', iv. An oval seal, with a hawk 
 and a hand, and s. RIG' FIL' IOH' POTAGE. v. A small seal 
 found in Micklegate in 1876 and inscribed s. HUGONIS DE SELBI. 
 A Hugh de Selby was mayor of York in 1230. vi. The seal 
 of the Collegiate Church of Hemingbrough, near Selby, repre- 
 senting a master seated and a scholar sub ferula. The legend 
 is s. CAPITVLI DE HEMiGBVRGH. Mr. Joseph Hunter, F.S.A., 
 1826. vii. A large, round seal, showing the Virgin and 
 Child, and the legend VIRGO PVDICA, PIA, NOSTRI MISERERE, 
 MARIA. This has been ascribed to St. Mary's abbey, and 
 also to Meaux abbey in Holderness. This seal was given by 
 Samuel Smith, of York, to Thoresby the antiquary ; out of 
 his museum it went to Dr. Burton, and from him to Francis 
 Smith, F.S.A., of Newbuilding. Given to the Musem in
 
 166 
 
 1824 by Mr. R. Dalton. viii. An impression in lead of the 
 conventual seal of Hayles abbey, found at Acaster Malbys. It 
 shows the Virgin and Child and is inscribed SIGILLV' FRATER- 
 NITAT' MONASTICS BEATE MARIE DE HAYLES. Mr. Hether- 
 iiir/ton, 1860. ix. Another lead seal of an abbey in Germany, 
 with a bishop holding a crozier aud book, and inscribed 
 
 S. CONVENTVS ECCL SCI MAETINI IN MOXSTAT. Rev. J. Rdilic. 
 
 x. and xi. Two small oval seals with the pelican in her piety, 
 exactly the same. The legend is SVM PELLICANVS DEI. One 
 of these was found in Blossom Street, and was presented by 
 Mr. John Prest in 1847 ; the other is from the Hargrove 
 Collection, 1847. xii. A pretty, oval seal, showing our 
 Saviour bearing the cross, and inscribed IHESUS MARIA. Mr. 
 Joseph Hunter, F.S.A., 1826 ? xiii. A seal bearing the 
 emblems of the Trinity, and inscribed s. ECC. TRINITATIS DE 
 WALCVBYNO. Found in Bolton priory in Craven. Rev. Wm. 
 Can: xiv. A seal with figures and canopies and s. CAPITULI 
 BEATE MARIE DE SANCTO spHAio. Found at Skelton, near 
 York. Mr. Charles Robinson, of Rydale, 1823. 
 
 /. A small stand with seals of arms, and monograms, etc. 
 Among the coats of arms is that of Sir Hugh Smithson, Duke 
 of Northumberland, from the Collection of Mr. E. Davies. 
 Two steel seals of arms of the families of Haydock of Phea- 
 sant Ford, in Lancashire and Cawthorne, presented by Dr. 
 Gibson, in 1878. Two silver seals of arms, Carleton and 
 Baildon (?), bought in York, 1879 ; another with the bearing 
 of Goateley, also bought in York, 1876 ; another with a 
 double-headed eagle, and several other seals, some with 
 initial and merchants' marks. 
 
 m. A mould or cast in copper of the obverse of a large 
 medal of Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England, who 
 married Frederick V., Count Palatine. The inscription has 
 been Elizabetha HI. J(t. Re. Mcif/. Brit. Fra. et Hi. ux.
 
 167 
 
 Prin. Fre. V. Com. Pal. EL Du. Ba., i.e., Elizabeth, 
 daughter of James King of Great Britain, France and Ire- 
 land, wife of Prince Frederick V., Count Palatine, Elector, 
 Duke of Bavaria. This medal, in silver, is in the British 
 Museum. Mr. John Set/nwur, 1851. 
 
 h. A small Collection of finger and signet rings, in various 
 metals. Among these are several betrothal rings. One of 
 gold found in York in 1873 and given by Mr. H. Oakeley, 
 with the posy Ami vostre amur me lie ; one of silver, inscribed 
 Friendship ; a third, Let Vertue guide us, found near Ripon, 
 and purchased 1873 ; a guard ring, with Amor in raised panels, 
 found in Walmgate in 1876. 
 
 A fine gold ring, ssec. xv., with St. Anne and the Blessed 
 Virgin in Niello, found in St. George's Fields, 1881. Another 
 gold ring set with a crystal, found under the new War Office 
 buiclings, 1877. 
 
 Signet rings of various kinds one inscribed i.s., was found 
 in St. Leonard's Place in 1834. Mr. R. Davies. Another, 
 bearing the letter r, of 15th century work, comes from Foun- 
 tains abbey, and was perhaps the signet of Abbat John de 
 Ripon. Purchased, 1873. 
 
 A small prayer-ring, saac. xvi., with an inscription to the 
 Blessed Virgin, found at Knapton, near Malton. Mr. Robert 
 Tuke, 1831. A pretty jet ring, inscribed Now or never. 
 
 o. A stand covered with matrices, or impressions of seals. 
 Among the latter is one of the Great Seal of Henry VII., 
 given by Mr. J. Brookbank in 1834 ; and one of the fine seal 
 of Ferdinand III., Emperor of Germany, given by the Rev. J. 
 Raine. Among the matrices is a fine armorial seal of Gorge 
 Rygmayden, showing over the shield of arms a maiden, rigged 
 out. ::: This seal was found at Southwell, and was presented 
 by Archbishop Harcourt in J829. An armorial seal of Thomas 
 
 * cf. Arch. Journal, ii. 188.
 
 168 
 
 Bolde, bought in Durham and presented by Rev. J. Raine in 
 1878. Another fine armorial seal, which belonged to the late 
 Mr. Davies ; the surname of the owner is illegible. A jet 
 seal of Almond de Bowes, which is probably a forgery.* A 
 small seal of Richard de Bristou, or Bristol, with a merchant's 
 mark, presented by Mr. T. S. Noble in 1873. Several small 
 personal seals from Mr. Hargrove's Collection, 1847. 
 
 2>. A skippet, or ancient box for deeds, made of leather, 
 softened in hot water and then stamped, called cuir-bouilli. It 
 is ornamented with animals and foliage, and is supposed by 
 the late Sir S. R. Meyrick to be of the time of Edward II. 
 The dotted ground-work appears to have been filled in with 
 red colour.! The Hargrove Collection, 1847. A similar 
 skippet, plain, and much more recent. 
 
 q. A round box or case, probably to hold the pens, etc. of 
 a scribe, prettily stamped, and bearing the following inscrip- 
 tion : Edivard Hawke : Love God thy Maker : 1605 : Disce 
 mori mundo, vivere disce Deo. Mr. T. S. Noble, 1881. 
 
 r. On a large stand are exhibited a number of ancient 
 deeds and seals, as specimens, chiefly, of writing from the 12th 
 to the 15th centuries, principally bequeathed to the Society by 
 Mr. Eustathius Strickland. Among these, are grants, under 
 seal, from Adam and Peter de Brus to the priories of Gis- 
 borough and Rievaulx, Adam de Newmarch, Sir Alexander 
 Percy of Ormsby, and Maude Countess of Cambridge. The 
 document in the centre is an award made in 1226, in a dis- 
 pute between the prior and convent of Gisborough and the 
 prior and convent of Watton. 
 
 IV. D. a. On another large stand are more specimens 
 of ancient writing, and impressions of seals. In the centre 
 
 * cf. Journal Arch. Assn., xiv. 335, for a notice of forged jet seals, 
 t Engraved and described in Journal Arch. Assn. iii. 123 ; and cf. Journal Arch. 
 Inst. xxviii. 141, etc.
 
 169 
 
 is a fine document called a Jesse Roll, an abridged history 
 of the world, brought from Italy by Mr. Taylor How, of 
 Stondon Place, Essex.* Rev. E. W. Stillingfleet, 1865. 
 A grant of free warren in Brayton, South Duffield, and Barley 
 from Edward III. to Wm. Basset, with a part of the great 
 seal. 3//'. Thomas Barstoic of Gar row Hill, 1829. Another 
 deed, with the seal of Richard III., and another with the great 
 seal of Elizabeth. A deed with the later seal of the Merchant 
 Adventurers, York. A most delicately written and illuminated 
 roll in Sanscrit. Colonel J\larkham, Becca Hall, 1834. 
 
 b. Various candlesticks, etc. Among these are : i. Two 
 prick candlesticks, ssec. xiv., finely enamelled with coats of 
 arms, found in 1859, under the floor of the church of St. Mary, 
 Bishophill Senior. Purchased, ii. A smaller candlestick of 
 the same kind, found under the new Bank buildings in Market 
 Street. Purchased, 1873. iii. A bronze candlestick, found 
 whilst draining at Benningbrough. Hon. Payan Daw nay, 
 1858. iv. A brass candlestick and snuffers. At the top of the 
 snuffers is a female figure, armed with a sword and shield and 
 bearing a cross ; and above the head two cherubs holding a 
 wreath. This is probably of early 16th century work. Rev. 
 Ii. Croft, 1824. v. Various other candlesticks, snuffers, 
 tinder-boxes, a lantern used in the minster last century, and 
 a large link bought in York in 1880. 
 
 c. A pewter alms-dish, silvered, inscribed : St. Mcutin-le- 
 Grand. Ex dono John Yeates gen. 1675. Purchased in 
 York, 1879. 
 
 d. Two staves or maces, borne in state before a sheriff, 
 and richly carved and coloured, i. This has on it the arms 
 of Langley of Wykeham abbey, and may have been used either 
 
 * This is a document of some historical interest. There is a letter about it from 
 Mr. Taj lor How to Thomas Gray the poet, in Mason's Life of Gray (1st ed.) p. 380, 
 and, with enlargements, in Mitford's edn. of Gray's Works, ii. pp. 4219.
 
 170. 
 
 by Boyntou Langley, who was High-Sheriff in 1763 ; or by 
 his son, Richard Langley, who filled the same office in 1786. 
 This staff belonged to Mr. Davies. Rev. A. S. Porter, 1880. 
 ii. A smaller staff, bearing the arms of Ellis, and probably 
 used by William Ellis, who was one of the Sheriffs of the city 
 in 1796. 
 
 e. A brass coffin-plate, purchased by the late Mr. Charles 
 Monkman at Ganton, near Scarbro', bearing the following 
 inscription : " Here hjeth the body of Mrs. Eliz. Wharton, 
 wife to ye Honed. Phillip Wharton, Esq., daughter and 
 heiresse to Richd. Hutton, Esq., icho departed this life on ye 
 30th day of March, in ye 29th yeare of her aye, Anno Dom. 
 1684." This is said to have been taken from some church 
 near Malton. It is more probable that it came from Edlington, 
 u ear Doncaster, where the Whartons lived, and where the 
 husband of the lady thus recorded was buried. The Monk- 
 man Collection, 1875. 
 
 /. Two sheaths for knives of stamped leather, or cuir 
 boailli, found in 1873 under the new Bank buildings in 
 Market Street, and the top of a small box, of the same 
 material, from the Croft Collection. 
 
 fj. Early combs. That imbedded in lime was taken out 
 of a wall adjacent to the King's Manor, and was probably 
 dropped into the wet mortar out of the pocket of some early 
 mason. A similar comb dredged from the river, 1879. The 
 handle of a walking stick, of horn, shaped like a bird. 
 
 h. Several pairs of shoe-buckles of the last century, etc. 
 
 i. On a stand. An incident in the life of King David in 
 tapestry work. Exhibited by Mrs. Norclife. An old sampler 
 made by Mary Field in 1716. Purchased in York, 1871. 
 
 j. A very finely chased watch of copper-gilt made in 1640, 
 with the motto, Xescis qua hora, viyila. Rev. R. Croft, 1824. 
 ii. A similar watch, richly enamelled, and probably of French
 
 171 
 
 manufacture, of the age of Louis the XIV. Mr. W. Eudston- 
 Eeud, 1875. A silver-gilt scent-bottle with a medal of Wil- 
 liam and Mary let into the side. The same donor. 
 
 k. A number of articles of ladies' dress, etc., during the 
 last century, such as fans, high-heeled shoes, purses, waist- 
 buckles, a necklace and earrings given by Dr. Gibson in 1878. 
 Among them is a fine miniature of a gentleman, which has 
 long been in the possession of the Society. 
 
 Pins, needles, thimbles, an old ticket to the York Grand 
 Stand from Sheriff Hutton Park, and various other curiosities. 
 
 On the wall of the room, in a frame, is a square of ancient 
 tapestry, representing the arms of Scrope, surrounded by 
 what was called a trail of leaves and flowers. This is a frag- 
 ment of a set of hangings originally used in the choir of the 
 Minster, and given by the Scrope family in the 15th century. 
 They were removed in the last century and placed in the old 
 Deanery. This fragment had got into lay hands and was 
 saved from destruction a few years ago : another fragment is 
 in the vestry of the Minster. 
 
 .1. SAMPSON, PRINTER, CONEY-STREET, TORK

 
 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 A 000 087 058 4
 
 H A N D B OOK 
 
 c 
 
 
 JOHN SAMPSON, YORK.