ABBIDGEMEM OF PORTUGAL, BY JOH^ tixiv n ni in%, PHISICIAN AT THE MEDICAL COLLEGE IN MS- BON, PROFESSOR OF GEOGRAPHY, CHRONO- LOGY ANI> HISTORY >?T THE NATIONAL LY- CEUM IN THE SAME CITY, Cholera-raorbus : o artigo cholera da Cyclopedia Brilannica,tradim- do do inglez (1848) 240 . Chirurgomicroscopiatromachia (1849) 120 > colosso de Rhodes, uma das ma- ravilhas do mundo (1849) Na Assembled literaria Compendio dechorographia de Por- tugal, para uso das aulas de in- struccao primaria e secundaria rl. a edigao 1850, 2. a ed. 1851, 3. a eel. 1852, 4. a ed. 1853, 5." ed. 1854, G. a ed. 1855, 7. a ed. 1856, 8. a ed. 1S57, 9. a e 10.* eds. 1858, 11. a ed. 1859, 12. a e 13. a eds. 1860, 14. a e 15.*eds. 1861, 16. a ed. 1862, 17. a e 18. a eds. 1863, 19. a e 20. a eds. 1864, 21. a ed. 1865, 22. a e 23. a eds. 1866, 24. a e 25. a eds. 1867, 26. a e 27. a eds. 1868, 28. a e 29. a eds. 1869,30. a e31. a eds. 1870, 32. a ed. 1871, 33. a ed. 1873, 34. a o 35. a eds. 1874, 36. a ed. 1876) 240 5 Ill Kesufflo da hisloria de Portugal, pa- ra uso das anlas de geographia e hisloria elementares, compre- hendidas no 1. annodos lyceos nacionaesdel. 1 classe(l.*ediQao 1850, 2." ed. 1851, 3. a ed. 1853, 4. a ed. 1855, 5. a ed. 1858, 6.* ed. 1860, 7. a ed. 1864) 200 As primeiras cmco edicoes do pre- cedente opusculo sairao com este titulo Rcsunio da historia de Portugal, para uso das aulas de instruccao primaria. Systema do mnndo (1850) E lima collecfao de artigos, pu- blicados no terceirs volume da Re- vista Popular. Calendario (1850) E uma serie de artigos, inscr- tos no Alheneo. A expedicao dos argonaulas (1850). Sao artigos, publicados no pri~ meiro volume da Semana. areopago e a liga amphictyonica (1850; Sao artigos publicados noAthcneo IV * Anesljiesiacinirgica. These defen- dida, no dia dezaseis de oilubro de 1-851, na eschola medico-ci- rurgica de Lisboa (l. a edicao 1850, 2. a ed. 1851 *. .. 200 A primeira edicao fsi publicada, parte, no Jornal de pharmacia e sciencias accessorial, de Lis- boa, redigido pelos pharmaccuti- cos J. Tedeschi e V. Tedeschi: e parte, no Jornal de medicina <' sciencias accessorias, redigido pc- Ja sociedade Emulacao medico-ci- rurgica de Lisboa. A operagao da cataracta por extra- ccao (18501851; Artigos no Jornal da sociedade das sciencias medicos de Lisboa, e no Jornal de medicina e scien- cias acccssorias, redigido pela so- ciedade Emulacao medico cirur- f;ica de Lisboa. * Febre amarella: o artigo febre amerella da Cyclopedia Britanni- ca, traduzido do inglez (ISoi) 240 Compendio de chronologia, para uso das aulas de instruccao se- cundaria (l. a edigao 1851, 2.* ed. 1858, 3. a ed. 1864, 4. a ed. 1868, 5. a ed. 1875J 480 A reformaou a revoliiQao religiosa do seculo dezaseis (1851 ) Este opusculo consta de muitos artigus, publicados no quarto vo- lume da Revista Popular. A Lusitania (1851) Na Revista Popular, volume quarto. sonho de Galileo (1851) Na Revista Popular, volume quarto. Delphos e a Pyihoaissa (1851). . . Na Revista Universal Lisbonen* se, 2* serte, torn. 3. Terceiro relatorioannual,sobre a ef- ficacia therapeutica das cadeias galvano-electricas de Goldberg, na sua applica^ao contra as mo- lestias rheumaticas, gottosas e nervosas, de todas as especies ; traduzido do allemao (1852)... 120 Rudimentos de geometria, destina- dos, principalmente, para os alumnos, que frequenlao as aulas degeograpbia, chronologia e bis- l6ria (l. a edigao 1852, 2. a ed. 1858, 3. a ed. 1867) 240 Compendio de geographia.para uso das aulas do 4. 8 e 5. annos dos lyceosE.acionaes(l.*edicaol852 2. a ed. 1853, 3. a ed. 1858, 4. a ed. 1861, 5. a ed. 1863, 6. a ed. 1864, 7. a ed. 1868, 8. a ed. 1871, 9. a ed. 1874) 600 Compendio da historia sagrada, pa- ra uso das aulas de iuslruc^ao secundaria (l. a edicao 1852, 2. a ed. 1860, 3. a ed. 1861, 4. a ed. 1863) 360 Compendio da historia sagrada, pa- ra uso das aalas de geographia e historia elementares,comprehen- didas no 1. anno dos lyceos na- cionaes de l. a classe ; e taobern para uso das aulas de instruccao primaria (i. a edigao 1852, 2. a ed. 1859, 3/ ed. 1861, 4. a ed. 4862, 5. a ed. 1867).. 200 visionario (Der Geisterseher], ro- mance de Schiller, traduzido do allemao (1852) 400 Esta traducpao precedida da biographia de Schiller. Resumo da historia de Portugal, para uso das aulas de instrucg-5o primaria (i. a edicao 1853, 2.* ed. 1854, 3. a ed, -1837, 4. a ed. i860, 5. a ed. 1862J , 80 Este resumo lem 68 paginas. Rudimentos de arithmelica, para uso das aulas de arithmelica (as qua- tro operagoes, em numeros intei- ros e fraccionarios (comprehendi- das no \. anno dos lyceosnacio- naes de l. a classe; e taobem pa- ra uso das aulas de instrucc.5o primaria (l. a e 2. a edicoes 1853, 3. a ed. 1858, 4. a ed. 1863). . . . 200 A 1.* e 2. a edicdes d'este opus- cuio tinhao por titulo Rudi- mentos de ariihmetica accommo- dados aos programmas, que re- pulao os exames preparatories d'esla discip r na, em a eschola VIII polytechnica e no lyceo national de Lisboa. Para os exames do lyceo, serve a 4* edicao; para os da eschola polytechnica., ha jd outro pro- gramma. Abrege de 1'histoire de Por/ugal (1853) GOO Fabulas de Lessing, iraduzidas do allemao (1833;..- 300 * Esta traduccao & acompanhada do texto original e precedida da biographia de Lessing. Logica oa analyse do pensamento 1853) 400 Elementos de geometria, para uso dos lyceos (1834) 800 Estes elementos sao precedidos da hisltiria resumida da geometria. Abridgment of the history of Por- tugal (1854) 600 Chorographia do Brazil (1834).. . 600 Cyropedia (Kyroupaideia), ou histo- ria de Gyro, escripta em grego por Xenophonte, e traduzida do original (1834) GOO IX Esta traduccao 6 precedida da biographia de Xenophonte, emi- nenle histariador, phildsopho e general da antigttidade. Preceitos de civilidade, para uso das aulas de instrucgao primaria (l. a edigao 1856, 2.' ed. 1858, 3. a ed. 1861, 4. a ed. 1363, o. a ed. 1864, 6. a ed. 1865, 7. a ed. 1866, 8. a ed. 1867, 9.* ed. 1869, 10. a ed. 1870, ll. a ed. 1876.. 100 Vida dos capitaes illustres (De vila excellentium imperatornm) por Cornelio Nepote (as que se achao naselecta segunda) traduzidas do lalim (1856) 400 Esta Iraduccdo 6 precedida da biographia de Cornelio Nepote. Additamento a i.* edicao do com- pendio de geographia, acima in- dicado, para o adaptar ao pro- grarama, publicado pela eschola polylechnica, na parte, que diz respeito a geograpbia mathema* tica (1857) 100 > Additamento aoselementosdegeo- X metria, acima indicados, para ac- commodal-os ao programma, que regula os exames preparatorios de geometria elementar, na es- chola polytechnica (1859) 100 Compendio de geographia mathe- matica, accommodado ao pre- gramma, por que se regem os exames de mathematica elemen- tar nos lyceos nacionaes, na par- te que diz respeito a geographia mathematica; e accommodados taobem, ao programma, que re- gula, na eschola polytechnica, os exames de habilitagao nesta disci- plina (I. 3 ed.l858, 2. a ed.l86T). 500 Principles de moral e catecismo ou Compendio da doutrina cbristan, para uso das aulas de instruccao primaria, approvado pelo Emi- nentissimo Seohor Cardeal Pa- iriarcha (l. a ediQao 1858, 2. a ed. 1860,3. a ed. 18Ci.4. a ed. 1864, :i. a ed.l865,e. a ed.l868, 7. a ed. 1870,8. a ed. 1871, 9. a ed. 1873, 10. a ed. 1874,H. a ed.l875, 12. ed. 1876) 100 XI Mappa de Portugal, paraiutelligen- cia do compendio de chrorogra- phia portugueza, acima indicado (1858) 60 Mappa de Portugal, para intelligen- cia do mencionado compendio de ehorographia portugueza, em es- cala maior que o antecedenle (1858) 100 . Resumo da hisloria de Portugal, pelo methodo dialogal, para uso das aulas de instruccao primaria (1858) 80 Este resumo conlfon, exactissi- mamente, a matcria do resumo, acima indicado; a differenca es~ id somente no methodo. Epitome da historia sagrada, em ver- so rimado endecasyllabo (1858). 240 compendio da historia sagra- da, acima indicado, e o desen- volvimento, em prosa, d'este pe- gueno poema biblico. Diccionario aliemao portuguez epor- tuguez-allemao, Neues Deulsch- Portugiesisches und Portugiesisch- XH Deutsches Handwoerlerbuch , 2 vol 2bOO > D'esta obra, estd publicada a pri- meira parte (allemao-portuguez) aW a letra H. Priraeiro livro da historia dos gre- gos e dos persas por Herodoto, traduzido do grego (1859) 400 Este primeiro livro conttm,prin- cipalmente, a historia de Gyro, um dos maiores personagens da antiguidade. Compendio da historia de Franca, tirado textualmente dos Estudos Historicos de Chateaubriand, tra- duzido do francez (1859) 500 Historia da philosophia, traduzida do francez (1859) 300 Esta obra, bem como a anterior, nao estao completas. * Compendio de geographia ele- raentar, para uso das aulas de geographia e historia elementa- res, comprehendidas no 1. anno dos lyceos nacionaes de l. a clas- se; e taobera para uso das aulas XIH <1e instruccao priraaria (i. ed. I860, 2. a ed. 1SG1, 3. a ed. 1862) 200 A i.*edicdo deste opusculo linha par titulo Resumo de geogra- phia pliysica, politica e commer- cial, para uso das aulas de iu- struccao primaria. Apreciacao pliilosophica dos desco- brimentosdosporluguezes eda? razoes, que os determinarao. Seos effeitos sobre a civiliza^ao na Europa e no orierite. These de concurso para a quinta cadeira do curso superior de le- tras, suslentada perainte a aca- demia real das sciencias de.Lis- boa, no dia nove de fevereiro d 4860 (1880)...-. 240 Compendio de historia elemental', para uso das aulas de geographia e historia elementares, compre- hendidas no 1. anno dos lyceos nacionaes de i. a classe (i. a edi- cao 1861, 2. a ed. 1863) 200 * * Primeiras noQoes de desenho li- near, para uso dos ilumnos dos XIV lyceosnaeionaes v*. 3 edioao 1801, 2. !l ed. 1863, 3. a ed. 1864).... Os mysteiios de Eleusis (1862).. Annotacdo aos Fastos de Ovidio, traduzidos pdo sr. dr. Antonio Feliciano de C&stilho, tout. 2. pag. 658. Natureza e extensao do progresso, considerado como lei da huma- nidade. Applicagao d'esla lei as bellas arles. These de concurso, para a i>. a cadeira do curso superior de le- tras, sustentada peranle a acade- raia real das sciencias de Lisboa, nodialOdemarQodeiS63(1863) 200 > Historia 4a edade media, 2 vol. (1863 1866; i000 Primeiras linhas da grammatica portugueza. (1863) 200 * Compendio das materias de in- strucgao primaria, quefazemob- jecto do exame de admissao DOS lyceos nacionaes, accommodado ao programma, ultimamente pu- blicado pelo conselho geral de iastrucgao pubjica fl. a e 2, a edi- XV Coes 1864, 3. a ed. 1867) 000 Este livro, que esta, exaclamenle adaptado a todo o dido program- ma, de maneiraque o alumnodo instrucgSo priroaria nao precisa de nenhum outro livro, consta, como o programma, a que se refere, das seguintes paries : l. a parte. Rudimentos da gram- matica portugueza. 2. a pane. Doulrina christan. 3. a parte. Principios de civilida- de. 4. a parte. Elementos da historia de Portugal. 5. a parte. Nogoes de chrorogra- phia de Portugal. 6. a parte. Arithmetica. 7.* parte. Systema legal de pesos e medidas. 8. a parte. Problemas. Summula do sysUma legal de pe- sos e medidas (1864) 50 Principios de chymica, accommoda- dos ao programma, publicado pelo conselho geral de instrucgao XVI piibiica para uso doslyceos; e ao programme, adoplado pela e*- chola polytechnica, para regular os cxaines de habilitagao aesta scienda (1864) 600 Infroduc.Qao a histoiia natural, ao commodada ao piogramnaa, pu- blicado pelo conselho geral de instruceao ptsblica para uo dos lycens ; e ao programme, ado- ptado pela eschola polyteehnica, para regular os exames de babi- lilacao nesta disciplina (1864). . 600 Direito de visita. Em que casos e por que modo pode ser exerci- do. Podera cxercer-se sobrc na- vios ceraboiados? Em que casos e circumstaacias podem sr vi- sitados os narios, suspeitos de se empregarem no Irafico da es- cravatura? Direito convencional sobre a visita e captura d'esles navios. l. a ligao de coneurso, para a ca- deira de direito maritiaio inter- national da eschola naval, reciia- XVII da no dia 21 de septembro de 4864, perante o corpo cathedra- tico da mesraa eschola e escripta por tacliygraphos (1864) 200 Colonias, furuladas pelos inglezes, francezes e demais nagoes do nor- te da Europa : rivalidades colo- niaes e guerras marilimas, a que derao logarno seculo XVIII, tan- to estas rivalidades, corao as pre- tengoes insolilas de suprernacia maritime e senhorio dos mares. 2. a lic.5o de concurso, para a ca- dcira de direilo maritirao inter- nacional da eschola naval, reci- tada no dia 27 de septembro de 1864. peranle o corpo cathedra- lico da mesma eschola e escri- pla por tachygraphos (1864)... 200 Almanach do lavrador, para o anno de 1866, primeiro anno (1863). 200 Nesta obra collaborou o sr. Joao Ignacio Ferreira Lapti, lente do institute geral de agricuUura. PriBcipios de physica accommoda- dos ao programma, publicado 2 pelo conselho geral de iastruccao publica, para uso dos lyccos , e ao programraa, adoptado pela eschola polytechnica, para regu- lar os exames de habilitacao nes- la sciencia (1865) 800 arroz e os arrozaes., com relagao a agricultura e a hygiene. Ligao recilada pelo auclor, como alumno, na aula de agricultura geral do institato agricola deLis- boa, no dia 26 de marc.o de 1865 (1865) Sao differenles artigos, publica- dos tio tomo septimo do Archive Rural. llistoria geral do commercio, nave- gagao e indiistria, para uso dos alumnos da 2. a cadeira da escho- la do commercio de Lisboa, 2 vol. (18661867) l^uOO A peste bovina, traducgao do alle- mao(1866) Esla traduccao 6 parte do regula- mento sobre a policia sanitaria XIX voter inaria, publicado, em 1859, no imperio de Austria. Sao different es artigos, publica- dos nos volumes oitavo e nono do Archive Mural. Almanach dolavrador, para o anno tie 1867, segundo anno (l. a edi- cao 1866, 2. a 1867) 100 Nesla obra collaborou o sr. Joao Ignacio Ferreira Lapa, lente do instituto geral de agricultura. Juizo critico da dr. J. B. Ullersper- ger, sobre a memoria do dr. Pe- dro Francisco da Gosla Alvaren- ga : Aponlamentos acerca das eclocardias, a proposilo d'uma variedade nao descripta, a tro- chocardia. Este opusctilo e" unia traduccaa, publicada em os nu- meros 20 e 21 da Gazeta Medica de Lisboa, 1866, tfum extenso artigo, inserlo em os numeros 39 e 40 do jornal allemao Aerzlli- ches Intelligenz Blalt 1866. Algumas palavras sobre a queslao da grande e da pequena cultnra. These defendida no dia 26 de oi- tubro de 1866, no institute geral de agricultura (4866) Esta these foipublicada nos livre- tes de oitubro, novembro e dezem- bro do Archive Rural. Curso de physica, com suas princi- paes appUeagoes a meteorologia, as artes e a medicina; o tomos (1866). 2$500 As materias d'esta obra estao dis- tribuidas do seyuinte modo: \. tomo. Ponderaveis. 2. Luz. 3. Calor. 4. Electricidadeemagne- tismo. 5. 3 Atlas. Hisloria deRoma, para uso das es- cholas (!867) 600 Almanach do lavrador, para o anno de 1868, terceiro anno (1867). 100 i Nesta obra collaborou o sr. Jodo Ignacio Feweira Lapa, lente do institute geral de agricultura. Accao pathologica do acido carbooi- XXI co, em excesso, no sangue. ... Este interessante escriplo do dr. Herzog, de Pest, foi publicado-, em portuguez, na Gazeta Medi- ca de Lisboa, principiando no numero Id de 1861. Corapendio de geographia commer- cial e industrial, para uso dos alumnos da 2. a cadeirada escbo- la do commerciode Lisboa (1868J 1?200 Character dos doze Cesares, e ge- nero de merte, que tiverao (1868) Na Encyclopedia Popular, pu- blicada pelo sr. Joao Jose' de Souza Telles, n. Id e seguin- tes. Almanach do lavrador, para o an- no de 1809, quarto anno (1868) iOO Nesta obra collaborou o sr. Joao Ignacio Ferreira Lapa, lente do institute geral de agncultura. Almanach da saude, para o auno de 1869, 1. anno ^1869). ... 200 Nesta obra, foi collaborador ou- XXII tro medico, cujos artigos estao firmados com urn X. natal de Roma (il nalale di Roma) Disserlagao aoademica do senhor marechal duque de Saldanha, erabaixador extraordinario de Portugal, juncto da santa se; tra- duzida do ilaliano (1868). . Foi publicada em folhetim, no jornal politico a Nacao. paraiso perdido, poema de Mil- ton, traduzido do inglez pan portuguez, em verso branco en- decasyllabo (18681869) Publicou-se todo, em folhetins, no jornal politico, a Nacao. des- de o numero 6258 (2S de novem- bro de 1868) aU ao numero 6497 (21 de seplembro de 1869). E 1 a terceira traduccao em ver- so, completa, que se tern feiio, em portnguez, do grande poema de Milton. Aprimeirn ede Fran- cisco Ben to Maria Targini, vis- conde de S. Lourenco, publicada *m 1523; asegunda e do dr. An- XXIII tonio Jos6 de Lima Leitao, pit- blicada em 1840. Historia da Grecia, para uso das escholas (1869) 500 Os pontos capiiaes da doutrina so- bre a luberculose pulmonar, na aetualidade (1869) Este opusculo foi publicado pelo dr. J. B. Ullersperger (de Muni' ch) nojornal allemdo Aerztliches Intelligent Blatt, 1868, e repro- duzido, em portuguez, na Gaze- ta Medica de Lisboa. A raedicina e os medicos em Por- tugal (1869) Publicacao feita pelo dr. J. B. Ullersperger (de Munich) nojor- nal allemao Aertztiches Intelli- genz Blatt, 1868, evertidapara portuguez, na Gazeta Medica de Lisboa. Comperidio dos principles geraes de economia elegislaQao rural(1869) A publicacdo d'este compendia foi feita no Arcbivo Rural, co- nefando a pag. 379 do II, 9 an- XXIV no. Olivro manuscripto foi apre- sentado, pelo auctor, em .concur- so, aberio pelo governo; mas foi- fye prefer ido o compendia dosr. Luiz Augusta Rebello do. Silva. * Gompendio de historia universal, para uso dos lyceos : 3 tomos (1869) ... 2^230 Almanach do lavrador, para o an- no de 1870, quinto anno (1869) 100 Nesta obra collaborou o sr. Jodo Ignacio Ferreira Lapa, lente do institute geral de agricultural Compendio de historia moderna,, traduzido do inglez (1869) 50.0 paraiso perdido, poema de Mil- ton, traduzido em prosa, de in- glez para portuguez (1869-1870) Publicoii-se, todo, em folhetins no jornal politico, a Nacao, des~ de o numero 6505 (30 de septem- . bro de 1869) aU ao numero 6831 (20 de novembro de 1870) E' a primeira traduccdo portu- gueza, complete, em prosa, fei- ta directamtnte do original in XXV glez. A traduccdo do padre Amaro da Silca, publicada em 1789, e, com toda a evidencia, feita sobre umq traduccao fran- ceza, anonyma, cuja segunda edicao se publicara em 1757. Diagnose da syphilis cerebral. Dis- sertacao inaugural, apresentada a faculdade de medicina da uni- versidade .de Zurich, por Frede- rico Hess; traduzjda do allemao (1870) Foi publicada na Gazeta Medi- ca de Lisboa. Carlilha hygienica, para os cultiva- dores de arroz e habitantes de terras pantanosas. Memoria premiada pelo inslituto medico valenciano, no anniver- sario de 1865, com medalha de ouro e titulo de socio de meri- to, adjudicados a.o seo auc^or^ o dr. J. B. Ullersperger; Iraduzida dohespanhol(1870) Foi pubiicada na Gazeta Medica de Lisboa. XXVI Quadro da vida pastoril. Traducgao, em verso, das pri- meiras 22 estancias do canto VII do original italiano da Gerusa- lemme Liberata de Tasso (1870) No Archivo Rural, 12 anno. Duas palavras sobre a historia da agricultara na antiguidade (1870) No Archivo Rural 12. anno, Almanach do lavrador, para o anno de 1871, sexto anno (1870) 100 Nesta obra collaborou o sr. Joao Ignacio Ferreira Lapa, lente do institute geral de agricullura. Noc.oes elementares de agricultnra, para uso dos professores e dos alumnos de inslrucQao primaria, redigidas em conformidade com o programma publicado pelo go- verno (1870) 300 Principios fundamentaes de zoote- chnia geral (1870) No Archivo Rural, 13. anno. Estudo sobre a estatislica da cida- de de Munich, pelo dr. Carlos Wibmer; traduzido do allemao XXVii (1871) Na Gazeta Me'dica, 19. anno. Messias, epopeia de Klopstock, traduzida, em prosa, do original allemao para portuguez (1871). Estd saindo em folhetins no jor- nal politico, a Nacao, tendo co- mecado em o ntimero 6896. Juizo critico do dr. J. B. Ullersper- ger, sobre a memoria do dr. P. F. da Costa Alvarenga: Estudo so- bre as perforates cardiacas e em particular sobre as communica- coes entre as cavidades direitas e esquerdasdo coracao, a propo- silo d'um caso notavel de tera- tocardia; publicado na Pester me- dizinisch chirurgischePresse: tra- duzido do allemao (1871) Na Gazeta Mddica, 19. anno. Os effeitos pbysiologicos da pressao do sangue. Disserlagao de con- curso, recitada na faculdade de medicina de Leipzig pelo profes- sor C. Ludwig: traduzida do al- lemao (1871) Na Gazeta Mtdica, 19. anno. XXVIII Traducgao de todas as fabulas de Phedro, do original latino para porluguez, para ausilio dos estu- dantes de latim (1871) 300 Miscellanea rural (1871) 500 Nesta obra collaborou o sr. J. L Ferreira Lapa. enxerto epidermico; novo metho- do de curar as ulceras, pelo dr. J. B. Ullersperger: traduzido do allemao Na Gazeta MAdica, 20. anno. Da exisleticia e tractamenlo da fe- bre pelo dr. Lender, de Bedim: traduzido do allemao (1872). . . Na Gazeta Medica, ZO. 9 anno. Resumo da historia romana porEu* tropio, traduzido do original la- tino para portuguez, para auxilio dos estudantes de latim (1872). . 400 As eclogas de Virgilio, traduzidas, em verso, entjecasylabo, do la- tim para portuguez. (1872) .... No Archivo Rural, 14. anno. Esludo sobre a medigao das odes de Horacio, para uso das aulas (1873) 200 XXIX Peculio do orador pnrtuguez, ou collecQao de phrases portuguezas accommodadas a lodos os gene- ros de discursos oralorios, pre- cedida das regras praclicas d'es- tes discursos (1873; 800 Nesta obra encontrarao milhares de phrases, para adornar os seos discursos, os srs. deputados, pre- gadores, advogados, professores, etc. Compendio de percussao e auscul- cao, pelo dr. Paulo Niemeyer: traduzido do allemao (i874j. . . 500 Esta. obra foi revista pelo dr. P. F. da Costa Alvarenga, e publi- cada primeiro na Gazeta Medica, 21. e 22. amos. beriberi, considerado como doen- Ca e como epidemia, pelo dr. J. B. Ullersperger: traduzido do-al^ lemao (1874). Na Gazeta Medica, Z2. anno. ApplicaQao da dedaleira, nas puer- peras pelo dr. Winckel: trada- zido do allemao (1874), XXX Asgeorgicas de Virgilio. Iraduzidas do original, em verso endecasyl- labo, com annotacoes exclusiva- mente agronomicas e zootechni- cas (1875) 300 , Esta obra taobem foi publicada na Revista Agricola, 7. anno. Selecla porlugueza, anliga e mo- derna, era prosa e em verso, para uso das escholas f!87o) 600 Livro de leitura para as escbolas ruraes (1875) 200 Hygiene social por Eduardo Reich, trad, do allemao (1875) ? Esta obra principiou a publicar- se na Gazeta Medica, n. 9, do 23. anno. Grammatica ingleza para uso dos portuguezes ja versados na de seo idioraa (1875) 100 A Jerusalem libertada, poema de Torquato Tasso, traduzido do italiano para portuguez, em ver- so endecasyllabo, eslancia por eslancia (1875) ? Estao publicadas duas folhcu. XXXI Discurso, que noconselbo de guer- ra, onde foi julgado o general Antonio Pedro de Azevedo, de- via ser proferido por Joao Felix Pereira (i. a , 2. a , 3. a , 4. a e 5. a cd.) (-1873) Este discurso nao se expoz a venda, mas tem-se distribuido, gratnitamente, com a maior pro- fusao, para se tornar bem conhe- cido do publico csse famoso gene- ral, quepretendeu, por industrio- sos meios, apossar-se d'tnn lega- do da filha do auctor. Sobre o mcsmo assurnpto publi- cou-se tdobem o seguinte opuscu- lo Conselho de guerra no cas- lello de S. Jorge. Jalgamento do processo iutentado por Joao Fe- lix Pereira contra o general An- nio Pedro de Azevedo. Urna on cova? qual e raais util para a humanidade, pelo dr. Uilers- perger : trad, do allemao (1875 e 1876). PublicoU'Se taobem na Gazeta Medica, 23. e 24. anncf. XXXII A companhia do 6Uio vivo, drama original, em quatro ados e urn prologo (1876) 500 Tractado de maleria medica e de Iherapeutica, porNotbnagel, Ira- duzido do allemao (1876). ... Principiou a ser publicado na Gazeta Mftdtca, n. 3. As obras e os dias, trad, do origi- nal grego em verso endecasylla- bo : apreciagao d'este poema de Hesiodo, como livro de agri- cultura, com a traduccao dos versos, que se referem a esta sciencia (1876) ... No Archivo Rural. ANTONIO PEDRO DE AZEVEDO ou Conselhos aos paes de famllla ABRIDGEMENT 1 HI IHSTTiDlI OF PORTUGAL. OF PORTUGAL, BY JOB* FELIX. i'i;nr,mv JPHIS1CIAN AT THE MEDICAL COLLEGE IN LIS- BON, PROFESSOR OF GEOGRAPHY, CHRONO- LOGY AND HISTORY AT THE NATIONAL LY- CEUM IN THE SAME CITY, (fee., &C. REVISED BY A. V. Meireltes PROFESSOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. LISBOft PRINTED BY A. MARTINS, Travessa da Boa, Hora, n, 2. INTRODUCTION, (10501143). HENRY, TEREZA, AFONSO HENRIQUES. The state of the Peninsula before the arrival of Henry. Henry's Doming to the Peninsu- la. Origin of Portugal. Henry's going to Palestine. Quarrel between Henry andUr- raca his sister-in-law . Quarrel between Te- reza and Lrraca her sister. Afonso \ III en- ters Portugal. Stroke of fidelity of Egas Mo- niz. Afonso Henriques revolts against his mo- ther. \\ ar between Portugal and Leon. Leirii's loss. Battle of Ourique. Reflections upon the battle of Ourique. Battle of Ouri- que according to the portuguese chroniclers. The war against the kingdom of Leon renew- ed : peace of Sainora. JL he stale of the Peninsula before the arrival of Henry. About the middle of the eleventh century, a great part of the Spanish Peninsula already was under. L 2 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTU&. the dominion of Christian princes, who at the expense of much blood made them- selves masters of the lands that the moors possessed. Ferdinand, surnamed the Great, reigned in Castile, Leon and Galicia. Fer- dinand dying, left his states to his three sons, Sancho, Afonso and Garcia. Castile fell to Sancho's lot, Leon to Afonso's, Ga- licia to Garcia's. In Galicia was compri- sed a territory , called Portugal , which stretched from the river Minho to the Mon- dego. Great dissentions ensued amongst Ferdinand'sons, and Afonso succeeded in taking possession of the patrimony of his brothers. Afonso was a scourge of the mus- sulmans, for he until his death did not abstain from shedding their blood. Henry's coming to the Peninsula. In the reign of D. Afonso VI, two war- riors of the line of the french kings came lo Spain. Their names were Henry and l\ai- raundo. The first was ason of Henry duke of Burgundy , and grandson of Robert , who was brother to Henry, and son of Robert, kings of France. His mother, na- med Sibylla , was a sister to William count of Burgundy, who was the father of INTRODUCTION". Hoimundo. In order to reward the emi- nent sen ices performed to his crown by these two heros, Afonso gave to Raimun- do his daughter Urraca in marriage and O CJ the province of Galicia ; from which he soon after separated the lands of Portu- gal to Henry, to whom he also confered the titie of count, to which title were in this time annexed great authority and ex- tensive jurisdiction ; and he moreover of- fered him the hand of Tereza, his illegi- timate daughter. Origin of Portugal. With a great pro- bability of truth the government of Henry began either in t09i, or 1095. Thepor- tuguese territory then stretched from the river Minho to the banks of the Tagus. The rest, that now belongs to Portugal, was under the moors. The name, Portu- gal, is derived from Porlucale, a town on the south side of the river Douro, opposi- te to the city of Porto. Henry's going to Palestine. Henry.ear- nestly desiring to shed mahometan blood, and perceiving less active the war in Spain, directed himself like a cruzader to Pa- lestine in 1103, and there remained 1 * 4 ABRIDGE3IEJ.T OF THE HISTORY OF PORTCG- until 1 1 03, in which year he came back to the Peninsula. Henry settled his court at Guimaraes ; but he resided generally at Coimbra, and devoted himself to the government of his county, and reparation of the towns ruined by the obstinate war of the two enemy races. Quarrel between Henry and Urraca 7i/s sister-in-law. On the death of Raimundo (1107) and Afonso VI (1109), Urraca succeeded her father, upon condition, that Afonso Raimundes, son of Urraca, should be kingofGalicia, if his mother contracted a second marriage. Urraca was a woman of masculine spirit, who did not hesitate to place herself at the head of an army, and to assist at the spectacle of battles. Urraca rontracted a second marriage, and the count of Trava, Peter Froilaz, Raimundes' guardian , resolved to support , by force of arms , the right of his pupil. Both hus- band and wife full out. The portuguese count, that began to show wishes of be- coming independent, ambitiously attempted to take possession of so rich an inheritance, ad Confederated with Afonso. Matters Tor a long lime wore a very hostile aspect- Urraca and Afonio sometimes reconciled ihemselres, and sometimes fell out, when, Henry at one time united into confede- racy with Afonso, at another with Ur- raca. This war lasted until 1112 without any advantage to Henry. v J History does not know what the sove- reign count did from this time until the year 1114, in which he died. The ashes of this personage, who can, in some mea- sure, be regarded as the founder of the Portuguese nationality, were transfered to the cathedral at Braga. Quarrel between Tercza and Urraca her sister. Upon the death of Henry, Tereza began to assume sometimes the queen's title, till at length she took exclusively this title. Tereza had inherited the ambi- tion of her husband, and she determined to outstand in the work of independence commenced by him. She seemed, how- ever, to acknowledge Urraca's supremacy : which she clearly showed in 1115 at the cortes of Oviedo. But this submission was very temporary. The next year, Tereza entered into 6 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTTG. confederacy with Peter Froilaz. She placed herself at the head of her troops, and laid siege to the castle of Suberoso, where Urraca resided ; but she Mas defeated. It was perhaps while Tereza was in Galicia, that she contracted an illicit harmony with Ferdinand Peres, the son of the count of Trava; which was hereafter o\er troublesome to Portugal. Since that time Tereza kept the possession of some lands of Galicia, as Tuy and Orense. This made Urraca to invade Portugal (1121). Tere- za fell into the hands of her sister. But a peace was concluded between the two princesses, and (history does not know the reason) it was unfavourable to Ur- raca. Afonso VIII enters Portugal. On the accession of Afonso VIII. Urraca's son, to the throne of Leon, this monarch de- termined to oblige his aunt to homage him. In 1127 he rushed in'o Portugal with main strength, and besieged Guima- raes, where was Afonso Henriques, son of Tereza. In the beginning the portu- guese opposed him with great spirit ; but deprived of recourses to hold hand with ; . IXTHODtTCTION. the array of Leon, they promised to sub- mit themselves to Afonso VIII. Egas Mo- riiz was bail for Henriques. Afonso raised the siege, and after reducing Tereza to obedience, went back to his kingdom. Stroke of fidelity of Egas Moniz. In the ensuing year, Henriques, being alrea- dy master of Portugal, was not willing to agree with the pact of Guimaraes. Then, Egas Moniz, slave of his word, directed himself to the court of Leon, attended by his wife and children, all barefooted, and clad like criminals sen- tenced to death ; and he said to the kiog, that he desired to vindicate his honour with his death. The generous monarch, affected with so extraordinary a stroke of loyalty, granted a release. Afonso Henriques revolts agaimt his mother. The favour of Tereza towards the count of Trava reached the utmost degree, and Afonso Henriques was wholly excluded from government . This caused a civil \rar between her and her son. The young prince, who was already above seventeen years of age , endowed with too much honour to suffer a foreigner to S ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF FORTUG. be master of Portugal, revolted against his mother. Therefore, two parties were formed, and engaged on the plains of St. Mamede near Guimaraes. The troops of Tereza were routed and put to flight. She was made prisoner, and banished from Portugal together with Ferdinand Peres (11:28). It is probable that they both went to Galicia, and that Tereza lived there until the year 1130, in which she died. Her remains lay in state in the ca- thredral at Braga. War between Portugal and Leon. By the banishment of Tereza and the count of Trava, Afonso Henriques took possession of all the lands of Portugal. But the king of Leon looked upon Por- tugal as his own ; and the son of Tereza was regarded by him merely as a gover- nor. The remarkable events of 1128, being actually a great step in the way of the independence of Portugal, made a deep impression on the mind of Afonso VIII. War was declared, and near Cer- neja in Galicia was fought a battle, in which Henriques gained a victory (1137). This war terminated in this year ; and INTRODVCTION notwithstanding the victory the king of Portugal had just obtained, the treaty of peace, concluded in Tuy, was very unfa- vourable for him, because it showed hi* dependence on Afonso VIII. Leiria's loss. In the south Afonso \vas attacked by the mussulmans, who the same year took the important fortress of Leiria. Its valiant commander, Paio Gu- terres, defended himself to the last ; two hundred and forty soldiers died coura- geously. Guterres made his escape. Battle of Ourique. This misfortune was deeply impressed upon the restless mind ofHenriques, who was only waiting for a convenient opportunity of re- venging himself fully. This opportunity offered itself. Afonso VIII was besieging the important place of Cazorla, the civil war raged among the different moorish sects. These two circumstances excited his natural audacity. He resolved to enter, as far as it was possible, the moorish lands, and to avail himself of the discord of the infidels ; and boldly crossed the southern frontier (July 1139). Discourage ought to be great on the side of the ma- 10 ABRIDGEMENT 0* THE HISTORY OF PORTTJG^ hometans , that , deprived of recourses , could not oppose him, and saw at the same time the king of Leon within their territory. Different petty kings assembled their forces, and went to meet the enemy near Ourique. Battle was fought, the vi- ctory declared itself in favour of Henri- ques, and a great number of slain covered the field of battle. Jsmar , the more powerful king, flew. In this affair were many saracen women , who bravely died in behalf of their country. Reflections upon the battle of Ourique. Here is that to which we may perhaps reduce the marvellous , in which this battle is generally described, when we have recourse to the genuine sources, that may lead to know it. As it is, how- ever, an event, which has, in the course of ages, acquired a great importance in the history of Portugal, and some critics of distinction have been willing to show the truth of this marvellous, it ought not to be passed over in silence, in our opi- nion. We shall say with Mr. Castilho : Much has been written for and against Christ's INTRODUCTION, tl apparition to Afonso. As for us, we lay aside the question. We will relate this event in the following chapter ; but it is not because we consider it as true. The document of the oath of the king is acknowledged as apocryphal : nevertheless with regard to the tradition, we look upon it as very ancient. Lasllv, if the apparition was fabulous, this fable was mingled with the history, and the lasting belief gave to it a sort of truth. It imports, however, in our judgement, to make distinction between the tradition and the above mentioned document, which could be, and we believe so, forged in more recent times, thinking that the narration of the event ought not to be accused of not being contemporary or at ail events nearly contemporary ; to which arcuments have riot been brought out as C O yet , that may fully satisfy . It may be , that the document , being apocryphal, as the king's oath, is not false , as the tradi- tional history of the event. Battle of Ourique according to the por- tnguese chroniclers. Afonso Henriques resolved to drive out of the Peninsula the 12 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POUTrG. enemies of the cross. He collected an ar- ray of eleven thousand men, placed him- self at their head, crossed over the Ta- gus, and began to overrun the enemies' territory. Ismar, amazed by so great a ravage in his states, assembled a prodi- gious army, in which there were four ma- hometan kings besides Ismar. Afonso ap- peared by no means dejected, continued his march, and penetrated as farasOuri- que, where he pitched his camp. There was here an hermitage, in which Ihed an old hermit. So monstrous a disparity of strength began to affright the Christians. Afonso made a speech, that filled them with mar- tial ardour, and retired to his tent, where he took up the Bible, and reading the passage of Gedeon, fell asleep. He had scarcely closed his eyes, when he thought he saw a venerable old man , who as- sured him of victory. At this moment, his chamberlain came in, and, awaking Afonso, told him that a very elderly man was an- xious to speak with him. Afonso ordered that he might be admitted; but the mo- ment he made his appearance, Afonso INTRODUCTION. was wonderfully struck at the surprising resemblance he bore to the person he had seen in his dream. He was the hermit, whom we above spoke of , who said:* The Lord put his eyes of pity upon thce and thy descendence unto the sixteenth genera- tion , in which it shall be extinguished ; nevertheless He will look upon it. God Himself has ordered me to tell you, that, when you hear the bell of my hermi- tage chime, go out of your tent to see Him. Having thus spoken, he retired to his cell. Henriques gave himself over to fervorous prayers, in which he spent that night, till it length he heard the promised signal. He immediately w^ent out of his lent, and beheld a cross with Christ upon it : he prostrated himself on the ground, and ex- claimed : Why appeareth to me, Lord, who believeth in Thee ? Show Thyself, O Lord , to those inGdels , who knowelh Thee not, to abandon their errors. I appeared answered the Lord to encourage thee. I shall create in thy per- son and thy descendents a nation, "whose posterity will carry my name into the most distant climates. Afonso remained 14 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORT e G. absorbed in himself, and all disappeared. At the first dawn of day (25. th of July) the principal leaders had an inter- view with Afonso, saying that they were willing to give him the title ot'king, which he acceded to, what w r as soon given out through all the army, which repeated at the sound of trumpets and other instru- ments : Afonso is our king. The two armies then closed the one with the other, and the combat became general. After much contention, Ismar fled. Both ar- mies experienced a great loss, but that of the mahometans was incredible. The battle ' being finished, Afonso remained three days on the field of battle, when he returned in triumph to Coimbra. War against the kingdom of Leon re- newed: peace of Samora. Afonso, ela- ted with the victory of Ourique, infringed the peace of Tuy , crossing with an armed force the northern frontier. His passage was impeded, and Afonso him- self was wounded. Afonso VIII entered Portugal, and encamped near Valdevez. There was here a sort of tournament, where some eminent personages of Leon INTRODUCTIOK. were prisoners (1140). Afterwards it was agreed upon a suspension of arms, which was succeeded by a treaty of peace, that was concluded in Samora about the year 1 143 or 1 14 5-. Afonso VIII then acknow- ledged the title of king, which the son of Tereza had assumed. In this manner, Portugal remained ab- solutely independent, after so many strug- gle and so much spilt blood. To strengthen further this independence, Afonso solicited the protection of the court of Rome, to which he promised to pay yearly, he and his successors, four ounces of gold. 7 (1143 1385}. AFONSISH DYNASTY, (11431383). 1). AFONSO I, THE CONQUEROR, (11431185). Character of A fonso Henriques. Cortes of Lamego. Destruction of Leiria and Trancoso. Capture of Santarem. Capture of Lisbon and other places. Capture of Alcacer. Defeat of the christians. Taking of new places, and retaking of Evora and Beja. War against Ferdinand II of Leon. Siege of Santarem. Fuas Roupinho defends Por- todemoz. Maritime exploits of Fuas Roupi- nho. Last attempt of the moors against the christians during this reign. Descendence of Afonso I. haracter of Afonso Henriques. The long reign of Afonso was a seldom in- terrupted series of victories, gained over D. AF05SO I. 17 Jhe saracens. Pressed on all sides by ac- tive enemies, he showed a great spirit among them, sometimes facing one and sometimes the other. It is to so warlike a character, that Portugal owned her in- dependence. This hero, who never abandoned the works of war, in which he acquired an everlasting renown, showed likwise his piety in founding four magnificent mo- nasteries, St. Cruz of Coimbra, St. Mary of Alcobaga, St. John the Baptist of Ta- rouca, and St. Vincent de Fora. He admit- ted in Portugal the military order t)f St. John of Jerusalem, which was hereafter named the order of Malta, and institu- ted another military order, called after the order of Aviz. Cortes of Lamego.. Should it be true that the cortes of Lamego, which are said to have been assembled in 1147, and which were the fundamental law of the state in the two last centuries, it was easy to discover the first social pact of the Portuguese* the exercise of the nation's sovereignty, and to find the origin of the power granted to D. Afonso and his sue 18 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTVG. cessors ; but all gives place to think, that these cortes are supposed, and that their copy, found in the archive of Alcobac.a, was forged about the end of the sixteenth or the beginning of the seventeenth century (Mr. Coelho da Rocha). \ Destruction of Lelria and Trancoso. The misfortune of Ourique increased much the fury of Ismar against Christians. He resolved to revenge himself upon them. He went beyond the frontier, and im- mediately conquered Leiria, which the Christians had newly retaken. The bold commander Paio Guterres fell into the bands of the enemies , and the fortress was totally destroyed. Trancoso shared the same fate. The mahometans attempted to continue to destroy ; but Afonso Henri- ques defeated them. Capture of Santarem. Afonso, resol- ved to take the strong castle ofSantarem, and went to put the undertaking into execution. During night he approached the walls, without being perceived by the saracens: but seeing sentries at a place, in which it was not the custom, lie pitched his camp in the midst of D. AFOKSO I. 19 standing corn , till the sentries fell asleep. Some fearless portuguese scaled the wall, and raised upon it the Christian colours. Afterwards they broke open the doors from within, and the whole Christian army entered the fortress. The king, overjoyed, knelt at the entrance, and thanked Heaven for the easy possession of a place reputed impregnable (1147). Capture of Lisbon and other places. About this time a fleet of cruzaders en- tered the Tagus, and Afonso proposed to them to assist him in taking Lisbon. The king pitched his camp on the north- side ; the cruzaders were posted at the east and west, and shut the siege on the side of the river. The siege lasted a month, .and was terminated by a general assault. The saracens lost then their hopes, and surrendered upon terms. All the riches of the city were delivered to the cruza- ders : and such as prefered to remain in Portugal had lands given them , and Mere permitted to build several towns (11*7). Shortly after the taking of Lisbon, the Christians made themselves masters of 2 * 20 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORT OF PORTrff. Almada, Cintra and Palmela. The other towns, situated between the Tagus and sea, could not resist a long time. Capture of Alcacer, Evora and Beja. Palmela was a post of material importance in favour of Afonso's designs against Alcacer do Sal. For four different times he under- took its capture. He was wounded in the first assault, but succeeded in the fourth (1858). Afterwards Evora afcd Beja were also reduced under his dominion. Defeat of the Christians. Miramolim could not see quietly the growing ruin of the sectaries of the alkoran , which the arms of Afonso threatened with every destruction. In order to stop the progress of this unwearied warrior, he came to the Peninsula. Afonso went out to meet the infidels. Fortune was against him: six thousand Christians perished on the field of battle ; an infinite number were made prisoners ; the plunder was very rich. The lands, lately taken beyond the Tagus, fell also into the hands of the moors. These did not advance on the way, which their good fortune seemed to open to them. D. AFONSO I. 21 Taking of new places, and retaking of Evora and Beja. The portuguese, whose courage appeared to be increased by mis- fortunes continued their incursions beyond the Tagus, and took successively Beja, Evora, Serpa and Moura. The capture of Evora is used to be described -with cir- cumstances, that seem false ; but these are asserted by two very judicious por- tugtiese writers, Resende and Brandao. War against Ferdinand H of Leon. Forthwith a fresh war broke out between Afonso Henriques and his son-in-law Ferdinand II, successor of Afonso VIII, to the slates of Leon. History does not know the true cause of this war, and scarcely knpws, that Ciudad-Rodrigo ha- ving been built by Ferdinand, from whence troops were sent out , that ravaged the Portuguese territory, and Henriques des- patched an army, commanded by Sancho his son, in order to demolish tha,t recently built city. This army fought against the enemy and was overcome. Afonso entered Galicia, and took pos- session of Tuy. He continued his hostile march , made himself master of many 2-2 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OP PORTtG. castles, and, returned to Portugal. The leon- ish king , resolved to force away the Portuguese from G'alicia, laid siege to the rastle ofCedofeita, and obliged it to sub- mit to capitulation. It appears, however, that the victories of the king oI'Leon did not pass beyond this; still in 1169, a great number of castles in Galicia acknowledged D subjection to Afonso Henriques. Ferdinand was in Galicia willing to expel from thence the portuguese, and the king of Portugal entered the moorish lands, directing his forces against the very important city of Badajos. Badajos was subdued, but the garrison took refuge. in the castle. In the mean time Ferdinand appeared, and the portuguese passed from that of besiegers to besieged. They were attacked in the streets of the town on both sides, and there was a dreadful slaugh- ter , till at length the portuguese lied . Afonso, runing at full speed, in passing through the gate broke his leg, having struck it with violence against one of the bolts. He fell off his horse, having lost his senses ; he was carried far off, but even there he was taken prisoner (1169). D. AFONSO I. 23 Afonso Henriques, in the hands of the king of Leon , appeared to be overcome by adversity, and implored humbly his liber- ty , offering his kingdom in exchange. But the magnanimous Ferdinand gave to his father-in-law this generous answer: Keep the possession of your states : I wil! be satisfied with the castles, which you have taken from me. Siege of Santarem. In 1171 the moors possessed in the modern Portugal but the province , that we oall now Algarve. The misfortune of Badajos had weakened the boldness of Afonso Henri- ques, and Miramolim intended to annihi- late his states. For this purpose he came into Spain with a large army, and in- vested Santarem, the defenders of which took refuge in the castle. At last Miramo- lim received information, that the leonish king came to the relief of the place, aud challenged him to a duel. Miramolim accepted it , but he lost his senses , when he mounted on horseback. Three times he made efforts, and as many others fainted, and death took place. History is igi.or/int 24 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POBTtTS. f the cause of all this. This event terrified and dispersed the army (1184). Fuas Roupinho defends Porlodernoz. It is in the year 1180, that the por- tuguese chroniclers write the principal ex- ploits of the portuguese hero, Fuas Rou- pinlio, commander of Portodemoz. The mahometans resolved upon taking this fortress, and attacked it. Roupinho looked upon the garrison, that was very small, without growing daslardy. He left a part of it ia the caslle, went out with the remainder, and placed himself in ambush upon a nigh mountain, from whence he entreats the commander of Santarem for assistance. The auxiliaries were assem- bled, just as Portodemoz was strongly assaulted by the saracens. From the moun- tain the people observed this assault, and it was too difficult for Fuas to repress the impetuosity of his soldiers, who wished to march to assist their comrades of the .town. Night came on, and interrupted the operations of the infidels, who retired to their encampment , and took their rest. Tljen the valiant Fuas descends the moun- ^ timarchs in Border, enters unawares D. AFON80 I. 23 the lodgements of the moors , whom he routs \vith great slaughter , and forces to make a precipitate retreat. Maritime exploits of Fuas Roupinho. About this time a great fleet of moors infested the coast of Portugal. Fuas Rou- pinho was appointed to combat against the enemies. The portuguese were little skilled in the art af navigation ; for they hitherto had given themselves up to ter- restrial combats; but their native boldness supplied their inexperience. Fuas Roupinho quitted the Tagus, and \vent out to meet the mussulmanish fleet near the cape of Espichel. The moors fought for a while with great spirit ; but the death of their admiral threw them into confusion, and obliged them to sur- render. Fuas Roupinho, thus victorious in the first sea-fight of the portuguese, was received at Lisbon with all public demonstrations of joy. Fuas set sail again, and, as he did not find moorish vessels in all the coast, put into the harbour of Ceuta. He attacked the ships, which were there anchored, took them, and returned to Lisbon. 26 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OP PORTIG^ In 1182 Faas set sail again for Ceuta, where he had to combat against a great mussulmanish fleet. Fuas valiantly fought, and perished covered with wounds. The death of the admiral drew the fightings into confusion, and the fear surpassed their courage. Eleven ships were taken, some were sent to the bottom, and the remainder reached the Tagus with the sorrowful tidings. Last attempt of the moors against the Christians during this reign. The ha- tred of the moors against the Christians was not over. Soon after the siege of Santarem a powerful fleet came into the Tagus, and assaulted Lisbon. Among the several ships there was one, the height of which made easy the entry into the adarves. Such a machine was to be fear- ed. A daring portuguese, however, de- termined to destroy it. During night-time he approached the vessel , and made so great a leak, that W 7 ater utterly des- troved ft. Bv break of day the moors J J > * saw such a loss, and after landing and taking prisoners some Christians, retired. Descendence of D. Afonso I. D. D. AFOMSO I. 27 Afonso I had by D. Mafalda daughter of Amadeo earl of Maurianna : D. Sancho, successor to his father, being born at Coirabra in lloi. D. Urraca, wife of Ferdinand II of Leon. D. Mafalda and D. Tereza. D. SANCHO I, THE PEOPLER AXD THE FARMER, (1185 1211), Character of D. Sancho I. Capture of Silves. Entrances of Miramolitn into Portugal Mis- fortunes that Portugal underwent during this regn. Retaking f Torres Novas. End of the reign of D. Sancho. DescendenceofD. San- cho I. ofD. Sancho L After D. Afonso Henriques ascended the throne his son D. Sancho I, who, so valiant as his father, was also inclined to peace. He thought that so long a reign, as the preceding, totally spent in warlike works, ought to be followed by another , in which, although these works should not be interrupted ? the welfare of the peo- ple should be also promoted. This monarch endeavoured zealously to people the territories depopulated by war and to encourage agriculture. He might have succeeded in this, without doubt, D. SA5CHO T. 29 rendering his states very flourising, had he not to struggle with great adversities, which, in the course of his reign, vexed Portugal. He took some steps, however, in the glorious way, that he had begun to beat ; >\hich procured him the honour- able surnames of the peopler , the far- mer. As soon as D. Sancho commenced to reign, he turned his eare to build and repair many towns, as were, besides others, Valenca, Montemor, Pcnamacor, Covilhan. Capture of Silves. The king of Portugal desired to take Silves, a very important city of the moors, for it was considered as an abundant magazine of victuals and a well stored arsenal. The en- trance of a fleet of cruzaders into the Tagus enlivened the desire of D. San- cho. He received them with much kind- ness, and made them advantageous pro- posals to assist him iu the reduction of Silves. It was upon these terms, that the king should have the possession of the town, and the cruzaders that of the trea- sures found in it. The city was assailed, and notwith- 30 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. standing the courage of its defenders, it was entered without difficulty. The moors sought refuge in the castle, delivering thu city up to the mercy of the Christians. D. Sancho resolved on giving a decisive assault to the castle. The sarracens knew their danger, and d-espatched three mes- sengers, entreating the king to permit the besieged to go out with what every one had. D. Sancho wished to consent to this proposal ; but this consent was con- trary to the pact he had made with the cruzaders ; who were even willing nqt to spare the life of the mussulmans. D. Sancho could soften their ill-will, and, accordingly, the enemies capitulated only for their lives. The moors withdrew from out of the place (1188). The cruzaders took the whole booty, and again proceed- ed on their vovaee. f o An immediate consequence of this con- quest was the taking of Lagos, Albufeira, Portimao, Paderne, and many other pla- ces in Algarve: upon which I). Sancho annexed the title of kiog of Algarve to that of Portugal. D. SAKCHO I. 31 Entrances ofMiramolim into Portugal. Miramolim Jacub-Abu-Jussuf . very / angry after the death of his father during his expedition toSantarem six years since, and chiefly on account of the new tri- umphs of the king of Portugal, determined to strike a decisive blow to Christian power, which he saw to grow more and more. He raised a very powerful army consisting of moors of Africa and Anda- lusia, at the head of which he entered the portuguese territories. He does not delay on the south side of the Tagus, crosses this, soon takes Torres Novas, and besets Thomar. But being suddenly at- tacked with a dangerous illness, he raises the siege, and went to his states (1190). Jacub-Abu-Jussuf, day by day enraged against the growing power of the portu- guese, and being already restored, broke violently into Portugal. Nothing could resist the march of Miramolim. Silves, Alcacer do Sal, and other places, fell into the hands of Jussuf. The inhabitants of Almada, Palmela and other towns, fri- ghtened by the suiftness of the enemy's progresses, forsook their habitations. D. 32 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTCG.. Sancho discontinued calling himself king of Algarve (1191), Misfortunes that Portugal underwent during this reign. The years of 1198 and following proved fatal to Portugal. The greatest calamities seemed to con- spire against the portuguese. These cala- mities were said to have been foretold by an eclipse of the sun. The rains were continual and so co- pious, that they entirely destroyed the harvest. The winds blew so violently, that they tore up deeply rooted trees. These over llo\\ ings were followed by an un- usual drought, which made the earth un- able to receive any kind of tillage. A ne- cessary consequence of all this was a dread- ful famine. The plague raged also, and carried off many thousands of victims. It wanted the scourge of civil war, and this appeared also. Several noblemen increased yet more the calamities by the means of their re- ciprocal quarrels. Retaking of Torres Novas. The moors had taken possession of Torres Novas* as- n. SANCUU r. 33 we have related. The infant D. Afpnso placed himself at the head of an army, and being well aware, that the sooner lie attacked the town, the belter chance he had of success, assaulted it: but the ma- homelans opposed him with such valour, that he failed in the first attempt. Twelve days were elapsed, when the place was again assaulted so furiously, that the chris- tians passed over the walls. The portu- guese were already within the town, and the moors yet defended themselves with bravery; but the former put to the sword all those whom they met. Finally they possessed themselves of the town, garri- soned it, and returned in triumph to Coimbra. End of D. Sanclio's reign. The last vcars of 1). Sancho's reign were zealously applied to build and people many towns, to rouse up agriculture, and to pacify the people , oppressed, by wars and other mishaps, which the porluguese endureJ in this reign. Sancho devoted himself l<> such glorious works, when he died H<; treated his subjects as his own children, 34 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POUTCG. thereupon they called him father of the people. 1). Sancho was truly deserving of the deep regret his people felt for him. The disasters during his reign had given full reason to expect that his finances should have been reduced to their lowest ebb ; but to the surprise of the world, after his death, a great supply of money was distributed, according to his will. Desccndence of D. Sancho I. D. San- cho I had by D, Dulce daughter of the count of Barcelona : I). Afonso, who succeeded his father, being born at Coimbra in 1185. D. Ferdinand, who married D. Johan- ne countess of Flanders. 1). Peter, who was married to the countess of Urgel. This infan't , breaking out with the king his father, went out from his country, and served under the banner of the emperor of Morocco. 1). Tereza, wife of D. Afonso IX of Leon. D. Sancha, \Aho converted her own palace at Alemquer into a franciscan mo- at? 1J. SANCHO I. OCX tiastery, which was the first established of that order in Portugal. D. Mafalcla, married to I). ITenry I of Castile. D. Berenguella, married to Walde- mar II king of Denmark. D. Branca, the lady of Guadalaxara in Castile. Tereza and Sancha were beatified in 1705. I). AFONSO H, TUE FAT, (12111223). Character of D. Afonso II. Laws of Afon- so II. GUiarrels of the king with his sisters. Battle of Navas de Tolosa. The town of Alcacer is retaken. The disorders of the cler- gy. Descendence of D. Afonso II. of D. Afonso II. On Ihe death of D. Sancho I ascended the por- tuguese throne his son D. Afonso II, who was endowed with the warlike qualities of his father and his grandfather. He is known in history by ihe surname of the fat, on account of his extraordinary fat- ness. He was frequently on the point of being suffocated by the weight of his ar- mour, as it happened to him near Serpa in an encounter against the moors. IP Afonso, as a warrior, is worthy of praise, he is, as a legislator, superior to every elegy. Portugal, yet in her infancy, D. AFONSO II. 37 had need of laws, and Afonso appeared. Municipal legislation, which was particu- lar to every town, was hitherto in use. Afonso established general laws. Laics of Afonso II. Afonso held cor- tes at Coimbra in 1211, and published laws, which were hereafter recorded in the code, that has his name ; law^s little numerous, but full of wisdom and huma- nity. Not to mention these laws would be to deprive Afonso of his greatest glo- ry. These law's make us estimate the cha- racter of the king, as a legislator, and show the degree of civilization the por- tuguese had acquired. These law r s tended to establish the in- dividual liberty, to abolish too grievous tybutes, to rule the civil rights, to avoid precipitated sentences in litigious ques- tions, to fix the church's and clergy's right?, and to take measures to convert the jews. It deserves to be particularly mention- ed a law the king made against himself, which, says Brandao, would be a crime to take no notice of. According to this law sentence of death could not be car- 55 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTC6- ried into execution until twenty days after the passing of the sentence, to have time to repent, in case of being pronounced during an access of passion. Quarrels of the king with his sisters. D. Sancho I had observed want of affe- ction among his children, and, to coun- teract the ill consequences which he fear- ed might follow through jealousy, he left rich legacies of money to the minor, and to the daughters he gave some towns ^ and caused D. Afonso to take his oalh of observing every article of his testa- ment. These measures could not, how- ever, calm his antipathy. D. Afonso no sooner felt himself at the head of the kingdom, than he proceeded to take hos- tile measures against his brothers and sis- ters : but the brothers having immediately quitted Portugal, he directed his forces towards Alemquer and Montemor, where his sisters Tereza and Sancha had forti- fied themselves, determined rather to be buried alive under the ruins than surren- der : and they made a vigorous resistan- ce. Tereza applied to Afonso IX of Leon for assistance ; which he readily consent- D. AFONSO II. 39 d to. The king of Leon entered Portu- gal (1212). The portuguese, who were not well prepared to beat out the inva- ders, suffered all the heinous consequen- ces of war. The court of Rome thought upon set- tling the differences ; and ordered the towns to be commilted to the knights- templars, without wronging the ro>al rights, so that the king would have their propriety, and the infantas their reve- nues ; that the damage both parties had suffered would be valued by desinterested persons, and reciprocally repaired, so far as possible.- Soon after this the pope died; and only in 1223, that the contest was utterly appeased, in the reign of 1). San- cho II. Battle of Nacas de Tolosa. Miramo- lim formed the gigantic design of ma- king himself master of the whole Penin- sula, and laid across the streights of Gi- braltar with an army agreeable to the greatness of the enterprise. The Christian kings confederated against 'the sarracens. The king of Portugal could not go in person to this war, because the -whole 40 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTIG. kingdom had taken up arms : nevertheless he sent out a great body of soldiers. A battle being engaged, there was an hor- rible slaughter, and the Christians gained victory. During this campaign the portu- guese distinguished themselves' by many acts of valour. This glorious triumph, which was the greatest the Christians of the Pe- ninsula obtained over the moors, was ce- lebrated by the whole Christendom. This renowned battle took the name of the place, near which it was fought, viz, Na- vas de Tolosa. The town of Alcacer is retaken. Ale fl- eer do Sal had yielded to the moors in the reign ofD. Sancho I. It was of great moment to retake this town, and a fair opportunity offered itself for this. A lleet of cruzaders was entering the Tagus. D. Sueiro, the bishop of Lisbon, invited them to assist him in the capture of Alcacer. At this time, Afonso was not able to command in person, either on account of bad health, or for some other pressing cause. The place being besieged by the chris- tians, these received information that the D. AFOSSO II. 41 kings of Seville, Cordova and Badajos, marched to the relief of the place. The Christians went to meet them ; and, after an obstinate contention , lost the victory. But they took again the field, and corn- batted with success. Alcacer continued to resist the vigorous siege ; but the com- mander , beginning to feel the \vant of victuals, surrendered the place. The booty was given to the cruzaders (1217). TJie disorders of the clergy. Conli- nual wars had produced among (he peo- ple a certain brutishness and loo>ene>s of customs. The ecclesiastics were accu- sed of being proud, and the king was willing to abate their pride. The arch- bishop of Braga placed himself at ti:e head of the clergy, defending what he na- med their rights, and exhorted Afooso to behave like a Christian prince, and not as an impious one. This exhortation and the excommunication published by the archbishop against all those \\lio would dare to trouble the clergy's tranquillity, provoked against him the king's hate. The archbishop was obliged to retire from his country. 42 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTfG. The pope , after many admonishments of no effect, asked Afonso to yield to the remonstrances of the holy see , repairing the damages he had made to the church ; otherwise, besides the censures he cau- sed to publish in the whole kingdom, he would free the portuguese from their allegiance, and whould abandon his king- dom to any one who might possess him- self of her. Such was tlie state of affairs in Portugal, when Afonso died. D esc end e nee of D. Afonso If. D. Afon- so II had by D. Urraca, daughter of Afon- so IX of Castile : D. Sancho , who succeeded his father. He was born in 1202. I). Afonso, who, succeeded his brother. He was born in 1210. D. Ferdinand , surnamed the. infant of Serpa, because he was lord of this town, who served in Castile against the moors. D. Eleanor married \Valdemar III, king of Denmark. D. SANCHO II, t THE CAPUCHIN. (1223 12S.8). Character of D. Sancho II. War against the moors. Disorders in all the kingdom. - Complaints to the pope , and their consequen- ces. A castilian army enters Portugal. Re- gency of the infant D. Afonao : unusual exam- ple of loyalty. &orocfer of D. Sancho II. The chid lineaments of D. Sancho's character are, decided tendencies to war and little vi- gour to repel the suggestions of his fa- vourites. D. Sancho was surnamed the capuchin, because he made use of a garment of this name. It indicated, either the devotion of his mother, who, during a dangerous sick- ness of her son , consecrated him to St. Augustine , or , what seems more probable, the piety of the prince himself* who, belonging to the order terceira, 44 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF TORTCG . wore oatwardly his capuchin, agreeable to the custom of those times. *D. Sancho had no sooner assumed the sovereignty, than, he devoted himself stu- dioushy to the good administration of jus- tice, and, in order to extinguish the less trace of discord.indemnified the archbishop of Braga and all the clergy against the prejudices his father had made to them. For what cencerned the strifes of his aunts , it was stipulated , that they should possess the towns of Montemor, Alemquer and Esgueira, which their fa- ther had bequeathed to them ; but that on their death, Montemor and Alemquer should belong to the crown, and Esguei- ra to the convent of Lorvao '1223). War against lite moors. D. Sancho II was one of the portuguese monarch*, who waged more active war against the moors. Since the beginning of his reign he en- deavoured to enlarge the narrow boun- daries of his kingdom at the expense of moorish blood, that he shed copiously in the provinces of Alemtejo and Algarve. His principal captain was Paio Peres Correia. The portuguese took, besides D. \NCI1O II. many other places, Elvas, Jerumenha, Ser- pa, Aljustrel, Arronches, Mertola, Aia- monte, Cacella, Tavira, Silves and Pa- derne. Disorders in all the kingdom. Whilst the portuguese arms were crowned with success against the moors, and it was to expect a flourishing state, the favorites of 1). Sancho committed horrid extor-i tions ; and the perpetual quarrels between the clergy and nobility produced the effects of a complete anarchy. These disorders were partly perhaps fomented by D. Me- cia Lopes de Haro, who is called queen. D. Mecia was daughter of D. Lopo Dias de Haro , lord of Biscay. The people, no longer willing to be oppressed, began to be very clamorous ; and Raimundo Vie- gas Portocarreiro marched against Coim- bra at the head of the insurgents, en- tered the city, went to the palace , where he seized the queen, and carried her to the castle of Ourem, whence, some time after, she was sent to Castile, and died there without ever again seeing the king. Sanrho, seeing his queen thus torn from 4i) ABRIDGEMENT OF THE UISXOIIY OF POKTtG,, him, endeavoured to rescue her; but no one would assist him. Complaints to the pope , and their conse- quences. The poituguese laid their com- plaints before the pope. Two noblemen Kui Gomes de Bitreiros and Gomes Vie- gas, the archbishop of Braga, and the bishop ofCoimbra, wen.t oil to the council of Lyon, and painted here in so lively a colour the misfortunes of Portugal, that the whole ecclesiastical meeting assented to lay down D* Sancho and give the re- gency to his brother D. Afonso, \vho was at Boulogne , married to the countess Matilda. D. Afonso , sensible of the council's decision, swore at Paris to main- tain and support the rights of the church and nation ; and departed off hand for Lisbon, attended by many national ec- clesiastics and noblemen. A castilian army enters Portugal. D. Sancho intended to raise men to resist the usurpation ofD. Afonso, but attenti- vely considering , that the commands of the holy see much influenced the spirit of the people, directed himself to Toledo, where his cousin D. Ferdinand gave him D. iATTCHO It. n kirrd reception. The infant of Castile, 1). Afonso, took arms to support the rights ofD. Sancho, and advanced as far as^Leiria. The earl of Boulogne despatched to the infant a messager , to inform him of the pope's sentence, and the pain of excommunication imposed to its trans- gressors. These tiding? made so deep an impression on the mind of (lie infant and the other chiefs, that immediately stopped their march. D. Sancho retired to Toledo, whrere he led a life of penance until the year 1248, in which he died. Regency of the infant D. Afonso : un- usual example of loyally. D. Afonso, on his entering into the charges of regent, endeavoured to strengthen the peace and concord all over the kingdom. Some com- manders of forts did, however, refuse to deliver the keys to the regent, and sup- ported very pressed sieges. Fernao Ro- drigues Pacheco, governor of Celorico, and Martim de Freitas, governor of Coim- hra, gave very edifying examples of fi- delity towards their sovereign. Afonso took measures to get himself acknowledged by the different governors 48 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE U15TORT OF PORTOG . of the fortresses of the kingdom ; but several refusing, he commenced hostili- ties against them. Amongst other towns, lie 1) -sieged Celorico, and invested the place so closely, that the garrison was re- duced to the utmost distress for want of provisions. One day, as Pacheco was walk- ing within the fort, a bird of prey dropped a trout at his feet, probably just caught in the river Moridego ; and, instead of caling this god-send, as might have been reasonubhy expected,he send it as a presen t t" his besieger. From this act of policy the regent concluded that th garrison was abundantly supplied with provision, and immediately abandoned the siege. The regent then went to Coimbra, where he met with a most decided resis- tance from the governor of the castle. Freilas resolved to hold out the last mo- ment. After a long defence, the news of Sancho's death arrived, and was upon the spot communicated to Freitas ; who, thinking it a falsehood to get possession of his post, refused to deliver up the castie, and asked for a suspension of arms, that he might go to Toledo, and satisfy D. SAKCHO II. 49 himself of the truth. This being granted, he went to that place, and having caused the tomb of Sancho to ba opened, deli- vered him the keys of the gates with which he had been entrusted, and asked permission to surrender to Afonso. This ceremony ended, he took up the keys, and returned to Coimbra, where he open- ed the gates , that Afonso might take possession. The regent was so much struck by this mark of fidelity, that he continued him in the command without exacting the usual oaths of allegiance. Fernao Rodrigucs- also surrendered. D. AFONSO III, T1IE BOULOGNESE, (1248 -.1279). Character of D. Diniz. Assistance given to the king of Castile Conquests in Algarve. Conquests in Andalusia : their consequences. Arrival of the countess Matilda in Portugal. Discord between the king and the court of Ro- me. Descendence of D. Afonso III. G haraclerofD. Afonso HI. D. Afon- so, who was saluted king after the death of his brother, followed the steps of his antecessors, already disposed to take their sword against the islamism, and he got the glory of expulsing completely the moors from the territory , that we at present name Portugal. His tendency to- wards war and his hatred to the alko- ran characterized Afonso so much, that before he left France to govern Portugal, he had already made preparations to come D. AFONSO III. SI to Spain, in order to aid the Christians against the saracens, because he saw in their power very important cities of the Peninsula. Afonso III shewed always a very ener- getic character, that a decisive tendency to relieve the unfortunate united to : and lie arrived to that pitch of this tendency, that, for this purpose, he pledged the jewels of the crown, in lime of hunger. For this reason , people often called him the friend of the poor. This king assembled twice the cortes, in which very salutary laws were made. The kingdom grew much bettcr,the clown- ishness of customs diminished considera- bly. D. Afonso III encouraged trade, by- settling a yearly fair atCoviihan. Those, who came there, either to buy or sell, could not be, eight days before and thirty- days after it, idestrained for the debts, which did not arise from bargains made in the fair itself. Those, who maltreated any buyer or seller, paid a great fine. The qualities of Afonso, which ren- dered him a very great king were 4 * 52 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG, stained by the crime of putting away his wife, a woman, who had given him the pi-operty and titles he enjoyed when he was infant. Assistance given to the king of Castile. Ferdinand IH of Caslile and Leon wil- ling to take Seville, the king of Portugal sent out to him many troops under Paio Peres Correia and iMartim Fernandes. The city being besieged by thecastilians, and the moors being acquainted with the troops, who marched from Portugal, Abu-Hamafon , king of Niebla , placed himself on the east side of the Guadal- quivir, in order- to prevent the portu- guese from joining the besiegers. The Portuguese arrived at the opposite bank, and neither the breadth of the river, nor the presence of the enemies on the other side, could shock them with fear. They got up the river, and chased the moors. After this, the portuguese took the city of Gelves, and entered the castilian en- camping. After a very pressed siege, Seville fell into the hands of the Christians. The king of Castile was so much rejoiced at the signal services the portuguese per- D. APOKSO III. S3 formed during this siege , that Martini Fernandes was entrusted with the go- vernment of Seville by him (1248). Conquests in Algarve. The following year Afonso turned his thoughts to com- plete the extermination of the moors in Algarve. He entered here with Paio Pe- res, and laid siege to the city of Faro, which was well garrisoned. The mussulmans after a great resistance, capitulated upon condition that they should evacuate the city without arms or baggage, and such of the inhabitants as would acknow- ledge Afonso as their king, and would pay to him the tributes they paid till that time to the emperor of Morocco, could remain in the city. The capture of Faro was succeeded by those of Albufeira, Loul6 and Algesur ; by which means the kingdom of Algarve was entirely subdued. Conquests in Andalusia : their consequen- ces. The war of Algarve being finish- ed, Afonso marched into Andalusia, and made himself master of some moorish towns. So many and so frequent conquests of the king of Portugal induced that 54 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OT PORTUG. of Castile to oppose its pursuance and to deprive him of the possession of Al- garve. Both princes did agree to, that that of Caslilc should enjoy the revenues of Algarve during his life, and that of Por- tugal the property and title of king of Al- garve. In order to warrant more this pact, D. Afonso III, who -was lawfully married to the countess of Boulogne, was so bold as to contract a second marria- ge with D. Brites, natural daughter of Afonso X. The saracens violently breaking into Andalusia, Afonso X applied for assis- tance from his son-in-law, and he sent out to him yet more troops than he could expect. It is said that the former gave up the revenues of Algarve to the latter; but still upon condition that he should fur- nish the castilians, whenever it was re- quired, with fifty lanciers. The king of Portugal was not plea- sed with the obligation of paying this kind of tribute to the king of Castile, for the possession of Algarve, which this monarch had by no way whatever con- D. AFONSO III. 3} tributed to. He conceived an expedient in his mind to get clear off from this dependence, and succeeded. He sent out to the court of Castile his son Diniz, who was then six years old, to be knighted by his grand-father, and to ask the re- mitting of the fifty lanciers ; that object being the principal in semblance, it being this in reality. The monarch of Castile was much pleased with the beauty and liveliness of his grand-son ; and after knighting him with great pompe, offered the other object to discussion, and the re- quest was granted notwithstanding the opposition of some castilian noblemen. After ihis fashion, D. Afonso III could annihilate every kind of dependence on the saracens and castilians (1267). Arrival of the countess Matilda in Por- tugal. The news of the accession of Afonso to the crown was no sooner car- ried into Boulogne, than Matilda, still ignorant of the behaviour of her husband, came to Portugal. She arrived at Cas- caes, and, acquainted with what had hap- pened, wrote a letter to her husband on this subject ; but the envoys were treat- 56 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUfi . ed with the utmost contempt. Matilda, full of indignation against her husband , returned to France, where S. Luis reign- ed and begged this monarch to intercede for her with the pontiff. Luis complained to the pope , who issued a brief , in which Matilda was declared legitimate wife of the king of Portugal and Brites his mistress. Afonso slighted this brief. The pope became irritated at the king's want of respect, and placed him under an interdict. As soon as the news of Matilda's death arrived at Portugal , the prelates of the kingdom asked the pope to revalidate the marriage of the king with D. Brites. The pontiff ratified this marriage , and declared legitimate the infant D. Diniz, who had been born a year before the death of Matilda. Discord beliveen the king and the court of Rome. D. Afonso III, following the steps of his father , resolved to curb the clergy , whom he reputed too powerful. For this purpose he exercised oppressions over the ecclesiastics , not- withstanding the oath he had taken in D. AFONSO III. 57 Paris. The clergy had recourse to Rome , and the pope wrote to the king a reproach- ful letter (1273). Afonso gave in some- what , and promised to publish some edicts in favour of the ecclesiastics. The pontiff was pleased with this conduct, which he considered as an effect of his reproaches. But the king lengthened so much the fulfilling of his promises , that the pope did already seek new means to punish his disobedience, when death put a stop to his scheme. Portugal was in this state , when Afonso , some time before he died, thought maturely upon his life past , repented of having teased the ecclesiastics, and pro- mised by an oalh to fulfil the mandates of the pope. Afonso III died thus abased. Descendence of D. Afonso III. If D. Afonso had , or not , children by Matilda, it is an historical problem of a very difficult solution. By D. Brites he had; D. Diniz, who succeeded his father, was born at Lisbon in 1261. 58 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTU&. D. Afonso , who retired to Castile for the sake of his dissentions with his brother Diniz. D. Branca and D. Mary. D. DINIZ, THE FARMUR AND TI[E FATHER OF THE PORTUGUESE MUSES, (279 1325). Character of D. Diniz. Foundation of a university, and institution of the order of Christ. Contest between D. Dinia ond his brother Afonso. GLuarrels between Diniz and Castile's court. D. Diniz is made umpi- re to decide the question between D. Ferdi- nand IV and Afonso de Lacerda. Disorders caused by the infant D. Afonso. Descenden- ce of D. Diniz. 'haracter ofD. Diniz. High quali- ties formed (he character of D. Diniz , whose justice , truth and generosity, be- came so conspicuous. D. Diniz greatly improved agriculture, which he called the nerves of the state. His great ten- dency to prosper this branch of industry procured to him the appellation of the farmer , an appellation , which we have already seen to belong to his great-grand.. 60 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. father D. Sancho I. Like this, he deserves also the surname of the peopler. Diriiz was a wise legislator, he publish- ed prudent laws in favour of his sub- jects. Diniz did assiduously cultivate learn- ing ; thereupon he was deserving of the surname of the fatJier of the portuguese muses, or as he might with much pro- priety be styled , the patriarch of the Portuguese literature , because he gave the first forms to the portuguese language. His great tendency to study arose from the great instruction , which his father gave to him, for he had been in France, which was then the most flourishing country of Europe. D. Diniz was one of the richest kings of Portugal. The source of this wealth was agriculture, commerce and industry, O *j which he zealously protected. He is said to have never used foreign things , neither in clothes, furniture, nor in eat- ables. Diniz applied a reign of fourly six years to increase the husbandmen's wealth, so that they, acquiring a certain impor- D. DINIZ. 61 tance, required more extensive rights , and obtained them from the Avisdom of the king. The augmentation of wages en- gendered new necessities and gave to industry a new activity. With the hus- bandman and workman appeared the trader, whose traffic was encouraged by the first two , and all three assembled formed a state, that, indeed, existed before , but did grow and acquire im- portance under the protection of this king. And thus the prevalericy of the nobility and clergy was equally balanced. In short, the administration of D. Diniz was very illustrated. \Ve find in it the origin of the most part of the institutions, which hereafter rendered Portugal the first nation of the world. Foundation of a university , and insti- tution of the order of Christ. One of the most glorious works ofD. Diniz was the foundation of a university. Portugal felt every effect of the want of knowledge, and the king, who, endowed with learn- ing , knew very well this grievance , resolved to remedy it. He chose a place fit for the schools , and this place was 62 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POHTTJG. that now called Escholas Geraes , at Lisbon (1290). In this place the university was settled until the year 1308, in which D. Diniz removed it to Coirnbra. The cause of this removal was the conti- nual strifes, which arose between the students and the inhabitants of Lisbon. D. Ferdinand transfered it again to Lisbon , where it was until the reign of D. John III. The abolition of the order of the knights- templars being admitted in Portugal, D. Diniz applied the revenues of this order to a new military one, which he created under the name of the order of Jesus Christ. Contest between D. Diniz and his bro- ther Afonso. The friendship of the two brothers , Diniz and Afonso , was not great , for the latter laid claim to the crown , saying that Diniz was net legiti- mate , having been born during the life- time of the countess of Boulogne. Diniz , incensed against Afonso , would compel him to acknowledge him as his sovereign at the towns of Portalegre , Arronches and Marvao, which his father had be- p. IMNIZ. 63 queathed to him. Both look the field , and the towns , where Afonso resided , were besieged by I). Diniz. The siege was not prolonged: the two princes came to terms; which were, that Diniz should pay to Afonso a certain sum , and that Afonso should have Cintra andOuremlo reside in , instead of these three towns. The king solicited the exchange of the towns , because the latter were a greater distance from the frontier, for he feared that the castilians would take up the plea in defence of D. Afonso. Quarrels between Diniz and Castile's court. There was a solemn pact between the kings of Portugal and Castile , by virtue of which their eldest children ought to marry each other , and to secure this pact they gave hostages on both si- des. The time prescribed to bring the covenant into act having arri-ved, Sancho IV of Castile did not fulfil it , and investing the castles he had given as hostages , took them. Sancho , still perservering in his infidelity , ordered an army to enter Portugal by Leon's frontiers. Diniz, angry against Sancho on account of his litlle 64 ARIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF 1'OKTl'G' love for truth , despatched to him an embassy , reclaiming the fulfilment of his word and the repairing of the dama- ges , which the entrance of his troops had caused. Sancho temporized with the em- bassadors , who returned without effect- ing any thing. In the mean time D. Sancho died , and his son Ferdinand did not carry into execution the mandate of the late king , who had ordered in his will the agreement, which he had made with the king of Portugal , to be fulfilled. Diniz declared war to the young monarch , and after many hostilities , the matches treated about were brought into reality (1297). D. Diniz is made umpire to decide the question between Ferdinand IV and Afonso de Lacerda. "Whilst Portugal began to enjoy some tranquillity , the rest of the Peninsula was wholly in war. Ferdi- nand IV , son of Sancho IV , who was second son of Afonso the Wise, reigned in Castile ; but Afonso de Lacerda , as son of the first born , would make him- self master of what he thought to belong to him , and culled himself king of Gas- tile and Leon (1208). The rival princes made D. Dim'/ the judge of this question. Diriiz set forth on his journey , attended by a splendid retinue, giving always clear marks of his great liberality. The subject being discussed, it was agreed, that Afonso de Lacerda should resign th^ title of king of Portugal and Leon , and should have the possession of many lands , which were prescribed. Disorders caused by the infant D. Afonso. The last years of the reign of D.Diniz were troubled by the malice of his son Afonso, "who, becoming jealous of the inclination , which his father shewed towards his illegitimate son Afonso San- ehes , revolted against his father; He dared to pretend to the administration of justice. He sakl publicly , that Sanches bore the greatest offices in prejudice of him , to whom belonged the succession , which his father would deprive him of. The infant , after some rencounters , marched upon Lisbon. The king went to meet him near Campo Pequeno , and an obstinate fight commenced.. The queen D. Elizabeth (hereafter canonized) ap- 66 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. peared amidst the warriors , directed herself to her son , and exposed to him the perverseness of his conduct. The queen's words made so deep an im- pression upon the infant's heart , that he gave up to the instances of his mother , and threw himself at the feet of his fa- ther ; which , however , took place , be- cause Afonso Sanches retired to Spain , willingly sacrificing his interests for the tranquillity of his country. Descendence of D. Diniz. D. Diniz had by D. Elizabeth , daughter to D. Pe- ter III of Arragon : I). Afonso, who reigned after his father, was born at Coimbra in 1291. D. Constanta , who married to Ferdi- nand IV of Castile. D. Diniz had not by marriage: D. Afonso Sanches. D. Peter, author of the celebrated nobiliorio das familias de Hespanha, D. AFONSO IV, THE BRAVE, (KJ25. 1357). Character ofD. Afonso IV. The king de- votes the whole of his attention to hunting. War against the infant D. Afonso San- ehes. Discord between D. Afonso and the king of Castile. Renowned battle oftheSa- lado. History of D. Ignezde Castro. War between D. Peter and his father. Descendenci of D. Afonso IV. Laracter ofD. Afonso IV. D. I)i- niz was succeeded by I). Af'onso the Bra- ve, so called from his great valour. The country then enjoyed a profound peace , the subjects lived amidst the plenty , the treasury was very rich. This monarch was endowed with elevated quali- ties ; hut at the same time he commit- ted many faults. Indeed, his acts, impro- per for a sovereign, so much blemished his character, that it is said of him, that he was an ungrateful son, unjust 68 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OP FORT3&, brother, and a cruel father. Against hi* father he was already seen to revolt ; against his brother he will be seen wa- ging war; against his son, no one is now ignorant of the murder of the unhappy Ignez de Castro, without other guilt than that of being beautiful and being lo- ved. Valour was, in that time, the most honourable title of the princes. The war- like character ofAfonso was great; what he evidently showed at the war against Custile, and chiefly in the famous plains of the Salado, D. Afonso IV was a re- iined politician for that time. He caused justice to be in like manner applied to all ; he considered no man superior to laws. He held the cortes six times. The influence of his vigorous administration made prosperous the, nation. The deve- lopment of the country's forces, the aug- mentation of the inhabitants, were im- peded but by calamities independent of that influence, as were an earthquake which destroyed Lisbon, and an epide- my winch seized many victims. The swift disappearance of the traces of these two D. AFOSSO IV. 69 scourges was owing to the protection allowed by the king to the free exerci- se of the national activity. He always gave ear to the peopled voice, which was transmitted to him by the cortes. This reign became very celebrious , because the portuguese then commenced the astonishing navigations, which ren- dered their name known all 'over the world. Two expeditions reached the Canary Islands. The king devotes the whole of his atten- tion to hunting. -'-In the beginning, his fa- vourite pleasure for the chase caused him to forget the most important state affairs. On one occasion, one of his counsellors told him, in the name of all, with admirable liber- ty : Sire, your style of living must infallibly be altered. Hunting attracts your whole attention, and you slight the ad- ministration of the state. Be therefore more assiduous : else. . . The king \vos highly eincensed, and cried out : Else ! . . And they all daringly replied. Else, we shall chose another king to attend to the welfa- re of his subjects. The king left the room, threatening to punish severely those 70 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTITG' who had dared to express themselves with so little respect. Afonso, however, soon saw his error, and changed his con- duct, giving himself up entirely to busi- ness. As wolf these ministers so zealous to the public deserve to he imitated, so ought to be despised flatterers, who, very political cameleons , tike the same co- lours of their princes , and thus cause their ruin. War against the infant D. Afonso San- <-hes. The king Afonso yet entertained an inveterate abhorrence against his bro- ther Sanches, and did not lose sight ol his overthrow. And at present, master of the royal power, meditated revenge. For this purpose he formed against him a process grounded upon false accusations, so that he confirmed his banishment, and deprived him of all his property and dig- nities. In this, Afonso separated himself much from his natural love to justice. Sanches could not repress his wrath , levied an army , and entered Portugal. The portuguese army offered him battle, but it was overcome. D. AFONSO IV. 71 The king Afonso , pushed forward by the victory his brother had just obtained, raised a large army , penetrated into Castile , laid siege to Albuquerque , re- duced the place to a heap of ashes , and came back to his states. At length the saint queen used her influence in bringing about an accommodation , and the diffe- rences were made up. Discord between D. Afonso and the lung of Castile. Afonso XI of Castile had married D. Mary infanta of Portu- gal , and the espousals of D. Peter with I). Branca infanta of Castile had been celebrated. This infanta was incapacita- ted for the married state, owing to some constitutional disease or defeat ; and Afonso contracted the marriage of Peter . v. ith D. Constanca , to whom the king of Caslile had been espoused. The excessive love , which the king of Caslile treated Eleanor de Gusmao , cha- grined queen Mary. Afonso IV was high- ly indignant at the treatment experienced by his daughter ; but to ask a satisfaction, he waited the coming of Constancy to Portugal. With this intention, he impart- 72 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. ed to the king of Castile the unGtness of Branca for a married state, and the fu- ture marriage of Peter with Constanta. The castilian king privately addressed to Constanta a letter , in which he gave her hopes of ascending the throne, on account of the illegitimacy of his marriage with Mary. These insinuations \\erc des- pised by Constanta , -who \vas not permitted to come to Portugal , and he began to treat the queen in a very degrad- ing manner. D. Afonso IV got ready bis army and entered Castile. A castilian army pene- trated into Portugal. The saracens thought this an opportunity not to be lost, to endeavour to recover the whole of Spain. The two crowns then brought about an accommodation , the terms of which were; that Constancy should be sent to Portu- gal ; that Branca should be allowed to return to Castile : that Gusmao should go out of the court ; and that Mary should be treated like a queen. Renowned battle of the . Salado. Already in 1332 the prince Abu-Meli- que , son of Ali-Boacem , a powerful 'D. AFONSO IV. 73 king ofBarbary, had come to Spain, sent lor Ihe assistance of the king of Grenada ; and in 1338 he attributed to himself the title of Gibraltar, Algezira and Ronda, which were under him , but wishing to extend his conquest, died in a fight. Ali-Boacem desired to avenge the death of his son , proclaimed himself king of Spain, and collected a very powerful army. The africans were desimbarked and joined to the grenadians. The moorish kings determined to com- mence their unlucky undertaking by the capture of Tarifa , in which they did not succeed , notwithstanding a pressed siege. I). Afonso XI grows fearful , addresses 1). Mary his wife, earnestly entreating her to go and implore the assistance of her father. The queen of Castile acquitted herself of her commission so well , that the demand of the king of Castile was im- mediately acceded to. Afonso IV marched upon the spot to Spain , and entered Seville. The Christian kings assembled their ministers, and discussed, whether they ought to abandon Tarifa at the discretion 74 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OP PORTVGr. of the saracens upon the condition of their retiring to Africa , or whether they ought to go and oblige them to raise the siege. Almost all the members adhered to the first part. Then Afonso of Portu- gal lifted up his voice , and besides other reasons , alleged that he had not gone out from his kingdom to be idle , but to keep in awe the barbarians and defend the cSiristian religion. This speech altered the whole assembly , and it was allowed on all hands , that people ought to stick to the opinion of Afonso. The Christians hastened towards the enemy , and met them on the plains of the Sa- lad o. The signal being made , the two ar- mies closed one upon the other, and gallantry fought , till at leright the sol- diers of the cross broke the astonishing multitude of the barbarians , and put them to flight. The Christians , elated with the success, committed every species of inhumanity in the field of the infidels. The quantity of booty was immense. Afonso accepted but the young Anta , on whom he himself D. AFOSSO IV. 7S had laid hands , and the colours of thy king of Grenada ; and in a little time he released the young man without any ransom to his father. This famous battle was named battla of the Salado (1340). History ofD. Ignez de Castro. Con- stanga had brought Ignez de Castro from Castile. Her unusual beauly rendered her the most lovely and also the most un- fortunate creature of the age. Ignez was an illegitimate daughter of Peter de Cas- tro , grand-son of I). Sancho the Brave. The prince D. Peter was inveigled into a passion for Ignez. His passion was too violent not to be perceived by Const;mra, who nevertheless concealed her disgust , and showed towards Ignez the same in- clination: but she did not avert her eyes from her , thinking that thus she prevented the misfortunes, which could arise from the passion of her husband. This reci- procity made Constanga pine away and gave occasion to her death (1315). The remembrance of his w r ife' remaining hmried under the grave-stone together wi th her ashes , D. Peter , as he some time after swore, contracted a second "76 ABRIDGEMENT OK THE HISTORY OF PORTt'G- marriage withlgnez, with whom he lived Three heros save Portugal from the yoke of Castile. The queen approved of the" pro- clamation of the castilian king -- Death of Andeiro. Popularity of the grand-master. The grand-master is chosen regent. Entrance of the king of Castile attempts the death of Atoleiros. Siege Cortes of Coimbra. h .~..^ i, ia a lc isuiiusen regent. JLntrance of the king of Castile in Santarem. The queen attempts the death of her son-in-law. Battle of Atoleiros. Siege of Lisbon. Conspiracy. Poffuc ^e r^:_.i_ r J _L hree heros save Portugal from the yoke ofCast'de. On the death of D. Ferdi- nand , the portuguese monarchy remained exposed to the most imminent danger. There was not anyone who cauld lawfully put on the diadem. The king of Castile, who deemed indisputable his rights to succes- 102 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTCB. sion, would break the articles of the treaty he had made \vilhhisfather-in-lavv, and kept in custody the infants Diniz and Ferdinand, sons of D. Ignez de Castro. Portugal was, therefore, about to see her liberty to expire , which liberty had been so chargeable to the first monarchs. Inva- ded by the forces of Castile, she saw im- minent her servitude ; but to vindicate that liberty, rose up three portuguese heros, D. John , grand-master of Aviz , Nuno Alvares Pereira and John das Re- gras , among whom there were union , valour , activity , resolution , patriotism , and common principles and interests. The grand-master of Aviz and Alva- res Pereira will always occupy an honour- able place in the annals of history , as well by their intimate friendship , as by their great courage. John dasRegraswas one of the renowned men of this time. He was a consummate speaker, and his words were instrumental in maintaining the li- berty of his country. In effect , a wise man is sometimes more able to fix the destinies of a nation, than numerous armies and capable generals. States are oftener lost INTERREGNUM 103 for want of good advice than for that of undaunted commanders. The queen approved of the proclamation of the castilian king, After the death of D. Ferdinand , the queen D. Eleanor took into her own hands the discharges of the duties of regent. The king of Cas- tile ordered the infants John and Diniz to be arrested , and dispatched an ambassador to Eleanor, desiring her to have him proclaimed king of Portugal. In conse- quence of which, orders were sent through- out the kingdom , in compliance with D. John's commands. Cut the moment he was about to be proclaimed, the people did not consent to. If the king of Castile did not take in custody the infant D. John , he would now be enumerated in the catalogue of the kings of Portugal , on account of his great popularity. Death of Andeiro. Popularity of the grand-master. The favour of the queen towards John Fernandes Andeiro thwart- ed the views of the defenders of liberty. The grand -master went straight to the palace , and even here dispatched him. ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF FOR TU6- By this time the whole of Lisbon wa s in riot. One of the pages of the infant ran about the city, crying out, that his master's life was in danger , and that he was in the queen's palace. All the people armed themselves, on hearingof D.John's situation, and would have forced the pa- lace-gates, to rescue him, had not the infant presented himself at the window. The grand-master , finding that the mass of the populace was in his favour, left the palace amidst the shouts and the ac- clamations of the populace , who followed him , and hailed him the father and pro- tector of liberty , the only remedy against tyranny. The grand-master is chosen regent. A few days after, it was reported that D. John I , king of Castile , marched against Portugal with a very large army. The infant , who till now had dissem- blingly refused to accept the government, agreed to the entreaties of his partisans, and was chosen for regent and defender of the kingdom. And in order to plainly show the sincerity of his meanings , he ordered, that the" portrait of the infant's John and Diniz in fetters might be paint- ed on the standards. Entrance of. the king of Castile into Santarem. The king of Castile penetra- ted into Portugal , possessed himself of some places, which his commanders wil- lingly delivered him , and entered Santa- rem , where the queen resided. It was agreed to by them , that the king of Castile should assume the regency during the political movements , after which the queen should be reinstated in the plenitude of her former authority. The queen attemps the death of her son- in-law. The concord between the king of Castile and his mother-in-law was not very lasting. The queen was already weary to obey. Then look place an event, which made the two princes show their mutual enmity. Eleanor planned out a plot, the principal victim of which ought to be the king of Castile. But it wos discovered, and D. Eleanor was confined in a monas- tery at Tordesilhas , wherein she finished her days. Such was the end of the queen of Portugal , D. Eleanor Telles de Menezes, woman , indeed , of a manly spirit , but 106 ABRIDGEMENT OP THE BISTORT OT PORTCG' without circumspection to rule it. She always shewed inclinations little honest , and was another example , that women , on account of their indiscretions , are often the ruin of republics and the subversion of empires. Battle of Atoleiros. The king of Cas- tile waited for the arrival of his fleet , to besiege Lisbon both by sea and land. In the province of Alemtejo all was full of fright : but Nuno , who knew how to refrain the pride of castilians , was ap- pointed governor of that province , and went to meet them , in spite of their in- comparably greater numbers. Peter Alva- res Pereira , brother of Nuno , was the enemies'general. The two armies came to an engagement, and the caslilians were worsted. This battle is called the battle of Atoleiros , a name derived from that of the place , in which it was fought. Siege of Lisbon. The king received no sooner information , that the fleet drew near , than he marched with his army upon Lisbon , and laid siege to it. In short , the besieged were reduced to a most miserable condition ; hunger was so INTERREGKPM 107 sharp , that unclean animals were looked upon as an excellent nicety. There was no remedy. The regent was deprived of recourses. He ordered the useless mouths, as old men , women , children and disea- sed , to go out from the city; and as the castilians repelled them inhumanly , it was a dreadful sight, to observe these unfor- tunate and innocent people hurt by enemies and friends. Here are ihe consequences of war,in which the most detestable vices usurp the agreeable title of virtue, and the most barbarous actions put on the mask of necessity. In so distressed a situation on the part of the portuguese , the castilians raised the siege , being obliged by an epidemy, which began to rage with great fury. The king returned back to his states, with intention of renewing the war the next year with greater strength and activity. Conspiracy. The grand-master was on the point of being the victim of a conspiracy contrived by the king of Cas- tile. The commander of Torres Vedras was to give shelter to the conspirers in his town , if any circumstance required it. lOS ABHIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTU . John de Baeza and Garcia deValdez took upon themselves the perpetration of tbe murder. In short, the regent was acquaint- ed with all. The plotters withdrew to Torres Yedras; none but Valdez was seized and executed. The commander of Torres Vedras unpleasantly saw the failure of the undertaking ; and as vengeance is oft-times the consolation and relief of villanous men , he ordered the hands and noses of six portuguese prisoners to be cut off, and sent them cut in this state to the regent. He was on tbe very brink of doing as much to six castilian prisoners ; but his violence of passion growing cooler , he desisted from such a cruelty, and thus attracted the heart of every one. Cortes of Coimbra. In 1 385 the cor- tes were held at Coimbra as to the choice of a king. John das Regras had been char- ged with making a speech , determining who lawfully ought to ascend the Portu- guese throne. The three states of the kingdom being assembled , that able ora- tor rose up , and made a long speech , the substance of which is as follows : i 09 D. Brites is excluded from the suc- cession , because she is not a legitimate daughter to D. Ferdinand ; she was born during the life of John Lawrence, hus- band of D.Eleanor: and although she was legitimate , she was excluded , because her husband , having broken the treaty , wherein the succession was arranged , has thus also forfeited his claim. The sons of D. Ignez de Castro, being illegitimate, have no right to the crown ; and , even if they had, they are unworthy of inherit- ing the throne, for having absented them- selves from the kingdom , and having born arms against her. The marriage D. Pe- ter published after the death of his father, is evidently false. In consequence , the kingdom is without a legal heir , and the corles have a right to chose a king. We should, therefore, appoint a king of illus- trious blood , approved valour and great love towards the portuguese. All these qualities are to be found in the utmost degree in the infant D. John , grand- master of the order of Aviz. This is not the place adapted for the examination of this speech. 1 10 ABRIDGEMENT OT TH E HISTORY OF PORTUG. The victorious eloquence of the speaker caused all the opinions to converge: and immediately the clergy , nobility and peo- ple, after intreating him and pressing him to consent to their ardent desires, proclaimed the regent king of Portugal by the name of D. John I. (1385 1581). JOHN S DYNASTY, (1385 1580). D. JOHN I, OF GOOD MEMORY, (1385 1433). Character of D. John I. Connections be- tween Portugal and England. Battle of Tran- coso. Famous battle of Aljubarrota. Battle of Valverde. Siege of Coria. Arrival of the duke of Lancaster in Portugal. The king of Portugal and the duke of Lancaster enter Leon. Peace. Capture of Ceuta. Descen- dence of D. John I. \^sharacter of D. John I. One of the greatest monarchs, who occupied thepor- tuguese throne, was D. John I, a yery H2 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTl'G. . religious,valiant, liberal and clement prince' We have seen him displaying all his abili- ties and warlike genius, to avoid the ruin of Portugal, the loss of his independence; and now, sceptre in hand and crown on the head, no one shall see his truly royal energy to grow weak, till at length, on the plains of Aljubarrota, he will decide with his invincible sword the question of his country's liberty. The portuguese, after vanquishing their adversaries, thus laying the ground-work of their liberty, stimulated by the martial inspirations af their king, will wage war against the enemies of their religion to the centre of their lands, not leaving them peaceable even beyond the Streight of Gi- braltar. Though arms were his element, John I gave forth very useful laws, and ordered to translate the code of Justinian. He held the cortes twenty four times,thus identifying himself with the nation. He obliged himself, at the time of his accession to, the throne, neither to declare war, nor make peace , without previously- consulting the states ; and also not to do D. JOHN I. 113 any important thing without listening to the voice of his counsellors. By the influence of so great a monarch, the clergy, that, a long time ago, had stri- ven against the royalty, did think it ,was just to contribute also to the expenses of the state. D. John admired the learned, and par- ticularly the great Vasco de Lobeira, au- thor of the historic de Amadis de Gaula. Lastly, D. John was one of those men, to whom history chides but ambition, which he could so well hide, that it seemed against his will to ascend the throne, after which he did ambitiously seek. This king cause;! the magnificent mo- nastery of Batalha to be built, to fulfil the vow he had made for the victory of Alju- barrota. He substituted the era of Caesar to that of Christ. Connections between Portugal and Eng- land. Commerce, frequent communica- tions, need of foreign assistance, marriages between the royal families, early esta- blished connections between Portugal and England. Commercial relationship are betimely observed between the two na- 8 114 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG- tions. The commercial treaty of 1308 sup- posed a preceding one between the portu- guese and english traders, and allowed to the former passports and privileges to carry on traffic in England, to travel there freely, to enter and to go out, on condition of intro- ducing no prohibited commodities and paying the accustomed duties. The treaty of 1308 seems to have been the basis and rule of the commercial transactions bet- ween Portugal and England. The kings of England did persevere in this friendship, and did take under their protection the portuguese merchants, their vessels, merchandise and goods. In 1358, the traders of the maritime towns of Portu- gal, chiefly Lisbon and Porto, made with the king of England a covenant, by which the vessels of each nation were permitted to enter without obstacle the havens of the other. At the same time the portuguese were permitted to fish in the seas of Eng- land, paying the accustomed rights. The treaties were renewed when D. Ferdinand ascended the throne. These new conventions invigorated the ancient treaty ; for they repeated it textual ly. D.JOHN I. 115 After the accession of D. John I to the throne, the communications between the two kingdoms, the mutual relationship of the royal families, became more and more frequent. The ancient treaty of com- merce and alliance of 1372, which was only an amplification of the preceding, was renewed in 1386. The marriage of D. John to the daughter of the duke of Lancaster sealed these ties of friend- ship with the crown of England, strength- ened the different treaties, which exis- ted between the portuguese and english. None of these transactions showed pre- vailment of one state with respect to the other.The inequality between the two pow- ers was not great at this time. England, though larger and more peopled, did not oc- cupy the elevated position it acquired after- wards. If, Portugal was less and more thinly peopled, this was sufficiently coun- terbalanced by her situation in the extre- mity of Europe, by the advantages ari- sing from a long tract of the coast, by the progressive, seldom interrupted au- gmentation of the people's force and activity, and by the presence of a mo- 1 1 6 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. narch they had chosen, a monarch worthy of the throne. It there could not bj? a prince less fit to give th^ ad- Tantages of the people, or the rights of the throne to any foreign sovereign, though he were the most powerful. fialilf of Trancoso. Immediately on the accession of D. John to the crown, the Spaniards entered the province of Beira, where they committed every spe- cies of enormities. The city of Viseo was plundered and reduced to ashes: but when the enemy was on their return to Spain with a rich booty, the portuguese met them, retook the plunder, and rout- ed them utterly. Famous battle of Aljubarrnta. The king of Castile, sensible of the ill success of th'e battle of Trancoso, entered Portu- gal with a large army. He laid siejie to Elvas, and raised it after committing hi- deous cruelties. He penetrated the pro- vince of Beira, where he drove all be- fore him with fire atid sword : he took Celorico, levelled Trancoso with the ground, and possessed himself of Leiria. The king of Portugal joined at Abrantes D.JOHN I. 11" his army to that of the high-constable Nuno Alvares Pereira, and both went in quest of the castilians ; and on the thir- teenth of august 1385, they encamped on the commons of Aljubarrota. There was a great disparity of numbers bet- ween the two armies. The portuguese and Spaniards joined battle with equal courage. The slaughter was very great on both sides. The van- guard of the portuguese army was una- ble to resist any longer the over pow- ering numbers of the enemy, and gave ground backward with great havoc. The king of Portugal, who had till now re- mained in the rear-guard, perceiving the loss of the battle to be imminent, quit- ted his place, set the lance upon the rest, and advanced crying out: Comrades, follow your king who carries you to the way of triumph. Uttering these words he began to fight, and spread horror and devastation wheresoever he drove : and thus the fortune of the battle was chan- ged. The fugitive returned to the battle, the fearful resumed courage, ihe batta- lions assembled, and charged furiously 118 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. thecastilians. These made off, leaving the field and roads covered with the dead ; and the persecution would not cease, had not night come to interrupt it. Such was the famous battle ofAljubar- rota, where the flower of the Spanish no- bility perished, and where the portuguese obtained an indelible fame. lianle, of Yulvirdt. The castilian chiefs, who commanded places in Portugal in the name ofthaking of Castile, abando- ned them at the mercy of the portuguese. As soon as the constable went to his province, he levied a small army, crossed the Gua- diani, and entered Castile. The portugue- se soldiers, impelled by an untameable fury, laid waste the country, and com- mitted horrid acts of cruelty. The portu- guese array was near Valverde, when the people came and told the constable, that the enemies were so numerous, that they were like the herbs of the field. That is good answered Pereira would to God that the whol forces o( Castile should be here together to at once overcome them, and thus our triumph would be more glo- rious. In effect, the disparity of the two D.JOHN I. 119 armies was still greater than in Aljubar- rota. The battle commenced. After much contention, fortune obeyed to the best arm. The castilians retired, leaving slain on the field of battle their general, the grand-master of the order of St. James. The portuguese pursued them, while the light of day permitted it, and laden with booty returned to the kingdom with the head of the castilian general. This battle was fought in October 1385. Siege ofCoria. After this very glo- rious expedition, the constable joined the king, who was then employed in besie- ging Ghaves; which place shortly capitu- lated. After this both went into Castile, and laid siege to Coria. This place was well supplied with provisions, warlike stores and troops; and as the portuguese brought no machines to baiter the walls, and the ladders were very little, they wasted much time, and many died squashed by the stones thrown upon them. The Por- tuguese conducted themselves during this siege \vith great stoutness or rather te- merity. 120 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. D. John was compelled to raise the siege, and said : I feel the want of the knigths of the round-table, We want no knights resembling those of the round- table replied with liberty Mem Rodri- gues de Vasconcellos; we want the good king Arthur, who never wronged his knights. Arthur said the king comingjto himself again was one of the round-table, and comparable to any of you. It is remarkable and worthy of praise the liberty, which the king and his knights reproached themselves with. The siege being raised, they traversed the frontiers. Arrival of the duke of Lancaster in Por- tugal. The duke of Lancaster, beco- ming acquainted with the progresses ofD. John, thought that he would never again have a more favourable opportunity for renewing his claim to the crown of Cas- tile than that now offered. He equipped a large fleet, where he embarked with his wife, and daughters, Philippa and Catha- rine, and as many troops as he could collect. Arriving at Portugal, he held an interview with the king, with whom he D. JOHN I. * 121 entered into a confederacy, according to which they ought to give mutual assis- tance. It was also agreed the marriage of D. John to Philippa, daughter of the duke. The king of Portugal and ike duke of Lancaster enter Leon. Soon after this the princes rushed by force into the ter- ritory of Leon, where the people expe- rienced the mischievous effects of war, being unable to oppose the arms of the Portuguese, whose sentiments of emula- tion spured their natural audacity. They laid the siege to Villalobos, that shortly capitulated. On this occasion the exploits of Rui Mendes and Gongalo Vasques were so signalizing, that the duke said : Would to God that my question could be decided by the means of a single combat : the two heros Mendes and Vasques could obtain a good result by it. The king and the duke felt, however, the little effect of their pro- gress in the enemies' lands. The english, unaccustomed to the heat of the climate, died in great numbers. All these circum- stances made the army anxious to have 122 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. done with the enterprise, and obliged the king and the duke to quit Spain. Peace. The king of Castile proposed to the duke articles of peace, which were ac- cepted. One of them was, that 1). Henry, son of the king, should marry D. Catharine daughter of the duke. The king of Portugal approved of this agreement. The duke of Lancaster retired to his country. The war continued till the year 1403, in which a perpetual peace was agreed to, when D. John II reigned under the regence of Ca- tharine his mother, wife to Henry III and daughter-in-law to John I, both already deceased. Capture of Catta. The war against Cas- tile being over, the tnfants wished [to per- form heroic achievements so as to merit the honour of being knighted. They requested to be employed for that purpose in an expe- dition against some foreign power, and chose the place of Ceuta. The king was much pleased at the desire his sons ex- pressed to deserve previously such marks of distinction; and approved of their scheme. The day of the departure approached, when suddenlv the plague bf-un to rare I ~ w w D.JOHN I. 123 in the capital with great fury : the queen became infected, and after a few davs died. On this distressing event, the people en- deavoured to persuade the king to aban- don the enterprise , representing the queen's death as an ill-omen ; but D. John was too fixed in his resolution to be easily tempted to give it up, and in- stead of so doing, he pressed every one to expediate the preparations. The fleet set sail, and anchored in the roadsted of Ceuta. This place was com- manded by Salabensala. At first landed the infants Henn and Edward, and even on the shore a dreadful carnage com- menced. The infidels fought daringly in the defence of their country andalkoran: the valour of the portuguese. spured by resistance, committed temerities ; and the shore wasalreadv covered with slain. The saracens were continually relieved by the troops sent out from the place ; but, not- withstanding this, they gave ground, and the Christians followed them so closely, that the moors had no time to shut the gates before their enemies entered. The moors took refuse in the castle. D. John 124 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTU&. determined to assault the castle, and all was ready for this ; but being informed, that the ruoors had forsaken it, he ordered a portuguese flag to be hoisted up. The following day, the principal mos- que having been converted into a church, the king, his sons and all the nobility, having heard mass in order to thank Heaven for the favourable issue of the expedition, proceeded to the ceremonies of knighting the princes. This ceremony being ended, the valiant count of Alcou- tim, D. Peter de Menezes, was appointed governor, and they came home. The celebrity of the victory, the Por- tuguese had just obtained, filled Africa with terror, Europe with astonishment, and made a great bustle all over the world (1415). Dctctndenr? of D Joint J I). John had by Philippa, daughter of the duke of Lan- caster : D. Edward, successor to his father, was born at V r iseo in 1381. D. Henry, duke of Viseo, grand-mas- ter of the order of Christ, was born at, Porto. We will separaledlv speak of the D. JOHN I. 125 maritime undertakings of this extraordi- nary prince. D. Peter, duke of Coimbra, regent dn- ring the nonage of D. Afonso V, was one of the most learned princes of that time. He travelled through almost all Europe. D. Ferdinand died captive in Barbary as we will relate in the next reign. D. John, high-constable of Portugal, grand-master of the order of S. James, married his niece Elizabeth, by whom he had D. Brites, who was married to her cousin D., Ferdinand, son of the king D. Edward. D. Elizabeth married Philippe III, du- ke of Burgundy and count of Flanders. On his wedding day he created the or- der of th" golden fleece. Before he married, D. John had by Ignez Peres : D. Afonso, the first duke of Bragan- is'amls Pnrto-Sm'n. Ma- d ra, Firm gnu. S> Wir^ In the year Hi 2. or perhaps before, the porttuuese navna'ors bejian to s eer along { he coast of Africa bevond the cape Nfto, in order 'o douule theliojador. John Goofalves Zarco THE INFANT D. HENRY i H! and Tnstao Vaz Teixeira offer themsei- ves for this purpose. The portuguese sai- lors did not yet stand off the coast of Afri- ca, when they experienced so dreadful a gale of wind, that they were driven to a desert island ; and as tbey were already without hope of preservation, they named this island Porto-Santo (saint harbour). From Porto-Santo the people saw at great distance a thick impenetrable dark- ness, wh ch constantly hung over the sea. John Gongalves and Tristao Vaz went on board, directed themselves thither, and made land. It was an island, covered with so dense a wood, that it was impossible to go through it. For this reason the island was named Madeira (wood) (1420?) Gonfalo VelhoCabral discovered some small islands, which he called Formiga (ants) (1431). The ensuing year Cabral sailed to the same place, and discovered an island, which he called S.Mary, for having seen it on assumption day. S. Mary was the first island discovered in the archipelago of Azores. These islands were so called 13? AIRIDCXIIBNT OF THE HISTORY OF POETUG from the great number of hawks, which the first discoverers saw here. Passage of the cape H 'jador. The efforts of Gil Annes did double the Bojador (1434?). Gil Annes went further towards the south, and cast anchor on a desert coast, whence he came back to Sagres. The infant was overjoyed, having at length obtained that which he had so long and so ardently desired. This exploit of Gil An- nes was then compared to any of the herculean labours. Discovery of ihe greater part of Aforts. ~~ A slave, ascending a mountain in the iiland of St. Mary, saw an other island, and imparted this to his master. He wrote to the infant, who upon the spot ordered CoTigalo Yelho to go in quest of that is- land. And as he reached it on the eighth of may, the day of the apparition of the archangel St. Michael, called it S. Michael. The island Terceira, before called Je- sus Christ, received that name, because it was the third, the portuguese discover- ed in this archipelago. The islands S. George, Graciosa (gra- ceful), Fayal (a place abundant in beech- THE INFANT D, HENHY, 13S trees), and Pico (top of a mountain), in consequence of their proximity, were probably discovered in the same year (1450?). The first was so called, becau- se it was seen on the twenty-third, of aprii : the second on account of its plea- sant aspect: the third on account of the great quantity of beech: the fourth, be- cause a high vulcanic mountain occupies with its base almost the whole island. Flores (flowers) and Corvo (crow), in virtue of their nearness, were also pro- bably discovered in the same year, and perhaps soon after the preceding. Navigation of Luis dp Cadamofto avtt. Antony de Nnla Diniz Fernandes reach- ed the river Senegal, so called from the name of a petty king, who inhabited its banks; and passing beyond, he turned * great promontory covered with green : for that cause, he called it cape Verde (green) (14 Hr). The venitian Luis de Cadamosto and the genoese Antony de Nola discovered the river Gambia, They sailed a league on the river, combatfed against the ne- groes find set out for Portn^e!. Thfi M- I 34 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PGRTUG. lowing year, Cadamosto and Nola de- parted again to finish the discovery of the Gambia; but having doubled the cape Branco (white), a tempest overtook them and obliged them to to-and-again ply for a while. In the mean time they discover- ed from afar an island, reached it, and ordered twelve armed men to ascend a high mountain, to observe whether there were some others ; and, effectually, two others were observed. Therefore, the for- mer was called Boavista (good sight), the latter St. Thiago (James) and Maio (may). They continued their voyage, and enter- ed the Gambia. After this, they steered their course southwards, and discovered a river, called Casamansa, a name of a petty king, who dwelt on its banks. Going further, they discovered the cape Vermelho (red), after- wards the river of St. Anne and that of St. Domingos (Cacheo). Proceeding still further, they arrived at the mouth of a broad river, which they named Grande (great), and. in the south, furled the sails. From hence thev returned to Europe, THE INFANT D. HENRY. 135 alter having seen the arcliipela o of Cis- sag6s in the same heigut of Lie ri ver. L)l C Cl'IK'S Jl Hill /''* li t ! l Of It ' that of A fun <> V '. D. Henry died in 1 iti' ; but the desire of tae discoveries did not decay. Peter de ( intra and Sueiro da Costa passed be ond the river Grande, disco- vered Serra Leoa, and turned the capes Ta;rin and \ esurado. Fernao do l'6 discovered the island of his name. Lopo tiongalves doubled the cape of his name. Sequeira reached the cape of St. Ca- tharine. D EDWARD, TUB ELOQUENT, (1433 1438). Character of D. Edward, Mental law. Unfortunate expedition against Tanger. Cortes of Leiria. Captivity of the infant D. Ferdinand. Plague. Descendence of D. Edward. 'hararter of D. Edward. When D. John I died, Portugal enjoyed a pro- found peace and a great prosperity. These advantages arose from the wisdom of the government and the national activity. The people were full of courase and ar- dour for great undertakings, and seemed to direct themselves to a still more ' appy future; for the character of D. Edward gave to entretain the best hopes. D. Edward was endowed with a sound D. EDWARD. ' 137 learning, which might form an accomplish- ed king. From his earliest youth he plainly shewed to possess abilities to un- derstand the principles of the most lofty sciences, which he looked upon as a true philosopher, cultivating them, and protec- ting those who entered into their study. D. Edward was so given to learning, that he passed in study many successive hours. He much rejoiced in the company of men of letters. His generosity attracted to his court several wise men from different parts of Europe. An incontestable proof of his esteem towards sciences and literature is the great number of works he wrote upon different subjects. It seems, that D. Kdward, foreseeing the short time he had to act as a king, wished to lengthen hig influence, by means of his writings, after his death. His natural eloquence was perfected by study, so that, giving his opinion, all the auditory followed itr Edward was the first portuguese king, who ordered the chronicles of his prede- cessors to be written, crusting with this Very important charge the great FernSo 138 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. Lopes. FernSo Lopes issurnamed the pa- triarch of the por uguese history. I). Edward was a wise legislator ; he published general and uniform laws, de- termine I the quality and valour of money. During his reign of five years, thecortes met four times. D. Edward, a very great zealot of reli- gion, desired that priests would lead a life, which might deserve to be proposed to imitation, and severely punished those who did not fulfil their duties. Benevolent in the utmost degree to- wards others, full of love to his brothers, passionately fond of his wife, just to every one, always occupied in supporting equality, so much loved the truth, that in his reign ilie ward of kin/i was ad- opted as a proverb to express the greatest trust. Finally he took as emblem a snake wriggled on a spear in the manner as lha caduceus, with tin's phrase a loco <'t tan pore : the spear signifying war, and the snake the prudence with which it ought to be broken. 1). Edward, well skilled in the art of D. EDWARD. 139 riding, tamed and broke in any horse very knowingly. He mounted on horse- back without bit nor saddle, and at ease made the horse to stop in the middle of its career. He wrote an art of horseman- ship. In the management of the sword and spear, he always surpassed his adversa- ries, moving himself so nimbly, that he avoided every blow. Edward, endowed with so egregious qualities, which promised a reign full of prosperity, occupied the throne scarcely five years; and during this short time, Portugal experienced but misfortunes. i\I"nii! law. When the war against Castile became less active, 1). John I, seeing the finances very damnified, both by the excessive liberalities of I). Ferdi- nand, and by his own, which circumstan- ces had obliged him to do, desired to im- pede this inconvenience. For this it was chiefly necessary to promote through mild means the reversion of the proper- ty of the crown to the crown itself. In order to aim at this end, John das Regras projected a la%v f in vi rtue of which 440 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PO&TUG. daughters could not enjoy the property of the crown their fathers had possessed, unless by permission from the king. This Jaw, always kept according to the advi- ce of, the orator, was called mental, for not having been written in the time of its legislator. D. Edward published it in 143i with some additions and explana- tions. Unfortunate expedition against Tangcr, ' The infanta Ferdinand and Henry, thirsting for glory, proposed to the mo- narch the capture of Ceula; and in spite of the great opposition of their brothers, succeeded in bringing him to yield to their views. Every thing being ready for sea t the portuguesa departed, and arrived in sight of Tanger. The portuguese being, resolved to take the town by storm, taa ders were applied to the walls, bat they were found to be too little, so that the troops had to retreat, after losing a num- ber of men. The siege had already lasted ten days, when a moorish army arrived to relieve the place. The great disparity of num- bers did not in tho least intimidate the D. BDWAKD. 141 Portuguese, who only demanded to be led on to engage them. Accordingly Henry offered them battle, in which the Chris- tians, performing wondera, drove away the mahometans. Henry ordered a second assault on the town, but the garrison defended it so well, that the besiegers were forced Jo retire to their camp. The nest day, thd mountains, as far as the eye could reach, appeared covered with enemies. The in- fonts resolved to lay athwart the sara- cens, and effect their reembarcation. The saracens, however, did not consent to the departure of theportuguese, but on con- dition that Geuta should be restored to them. The Portuguese accepted this pro- posal, and delivered to the moors thetn- fani D. Ferdinand as a guarantee for the fulfilment of this treaty (1437). Cortes of Leiria. On hearing 'of the disasters experienced by the portuguese in Tanger, the sadness was general. The great ones, who had approved of the ex- pedition, seeing realized their ominous prognostics, increased the mourning , saying that they were right, when they 142 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF disapproved of the enterprize. Nothing could allay the heart of th king, who was obliged, either to deliver to the sa~ racens the very important place ofCeuta, the key of the whole of Africa and Spain, or to lose a brother, for whom he bore the sincerest affection. The cortes being held, the pact made with the infidels was submitted to dis- cussion, and the house with this was in an uproar: the one said that Ceuta ought without delay to be delivered to the moors, t'le others supported that so important a place otn;htnot by any means to be de- livered. This last opinion prevailed. Captivity o/ ik? infant D Ferdi\y his presence : but at Thomar he was a victim of it. D'Scrndcnc' of /). Rihoord. D. Edward had by !>. Eleanor, daughter of D. Ferdinand I of Arragon : D. Afonso V, successor to the throne, who was born at Cmtra in 1 132. D. Ferdinand, duke of Viseo, who married his cousin D. Brites, by whom he had the kin# D. Manoel, I). James, D. Fleanor wife of D. John II, and D. Elizabeth, wife of the third duke ofBra- ganca, I). Ferdinand II. I). Eleanor, married to Frederic HI, emperor of Germany, 1 44 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY 0? POBTUG D. Johanne, married to Henry IV of Castile, who had an only daughter, named Johaane, known in history by the name of excellente senhora. I). AFONSO V, TUB AFRICAN, fU38 Character of D. Afonso V. Legislation. Regency of the infant D. Peter. The duke ofBraganga endeavoured to ruin the infant D. Peter. Baltla of AJfarrcrbeirar. Capture of Alcater Seeuer. Capture of Ar- zilla and Tanger..r \Var,.again$i.Castj)e. ~ Going of Afonso to France. Peace. -Des- ceodence of D. 'Afonso V. 'haracter o/'D. Afonso V. r Afonso V was seven years of age at. the time of his father's death. The hands of the son I). Edward were, therefore, very feeble to undertake the reins of the government ; on which account, the queen Eleanor and the infant Peter sustained them, one af- ter another, during bis minority. Peter governed with exampJary disinterested - .and *be greatest ski! fulness. But nn- 10 1 */j ABRIRuotFiNT OF I UK HIS'l .!.-, < >| n ri-.TUG. i vunately to him, he experienced the most detestable unthankful ness from his pupil. Such a stain, which so much blurs the character of this monarch, can ne- ver be washed. But wfs must rompmlwr, that his few years and the flatteries of his courtiers .contributed much to this. From a child, A fonso clearly showed the love and attention, with ^vhich he .gave himself over to literature and scien- ces. Ke diverted himself to traaslate the ^at;h authors, and also wrote upon the military art and astronomy. He was the 6rst portuguese monarch, who had in the palace a rich library. Whsn FernSo Lopes resigned his charge of chronicler, he immediately chose for his place Gomes Eannes de Azurara, to the end that the hurtful effects, owning to this vacancy, should not be suffered. Afonso iia'd so much trust in his'learn- ing, that he 'difficultly followed f he ad- vice of others, when this advice was con- trary to his tfestre. Afonso did not pos- sess enough strength of v will to direct -himself firmly in the affairs of iiovern- ment. The virtues, which rendered him r>. AFONSO v. worthy of esteem in. private life, being excessive, produced a very different effect in a prince sealed upon the throne, and often were pernicious to him and to the country. Afonso, generous to prodigality, dis- tributed, oft-times without sufficient motives and without rewarding services, ihe property and treasures of the crown, seeing in these recourses but a wish to satisfy his propension to profusion, and , it?jout regarding the limits, imposed .tohijflo by ioiir life he attempted of- ten, but gracious Heaven frustrated his perverse designs.)) The kins, through the intrigues of the duke of Braganga, be- gan 1o en'er'.ain the utmost detestation Unvanls his falher-in-'-v.v, and resolve-'! D. AFOIiSO V. 1 ol 40 take him away fn.*ar his side. D. Pe- ier, sensible of this, i Bitted the com*, ^od retired to Coimbra. The hatred of the king for his father- in-law was daily angmenting, an.d the king declared him a rebel and traitor to hi country. The earl of Abranches, Alvaro- Qongalves, advised D. Peter to go to the court, to throw himself at the .feet of the king, and represent to him the malevo- lence of his enemies; but to go well at-, tended, not to expose himself to their wrongs, because they were perhaps re- solved to consent to no justification. Pe- ter, embraced this counsel, and prepared himself to depart. Battle of Alfarro'eira. VcieT depar- ted to Lisbon, attended by the earl of Abranches and a little army, and look up Xtjs . position on the banks of the rivulet The king, to wjiom Afon- , that the duke of Coirn bra camo to usurp his crown, went to meet hii w[th a powerful array. The at- tack now commenced .with fury, and al-r though the duke's army defended them- felves \yith the utmos^ valour, they were 152 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. lastly overpowered by the numbers of their enemies. D. Peter fought very bra- vely, petting through the ranks of his ad- versaries with his sword drawn, till at length, covered with wounds, resigned his breath (1H9). Thus tragically died the infant I). Peter, almost by the hands of those who were most obliged to him, viz, Afonso his son-in-law, on account of the go >d administration of the kingdom during his minority, and Afonso his bro- ther, for having been made duke ofBra- ganc.a by him. D.Peter being dead, the count of Abran- ches, his jaithful friend, continued the engagement with unremitted fury. AI- varo de Almada broke through the ene- mies, destroying every thing that came in his way, till he expired. The troops of I). Peter were totally rou'.ed, and his body was not buried by the king's ord^r, and remained three days on the field of battle. Finally some countrymen buried the body of this great man in the church of Alverca. Some time afeer, Afonso V discovered bis ov/a error, and the falsehood, which D. AFONSO V. 153 the duke of Braganca had accused D. Pe- ter with, and ordered his remains to be with great funeral-pomp conveyed to the ih'onaslery of Batalhn. ' Capture of Alcacer Segwr. Capture of Ar%iHa and Tangcr. . Afonso V, enticed by the unhappy enterprise of his uncles Henry and Ferdinand in the late reign, un- dertook an expedition against Africa. This expedition was under way, and saw the african shores, covered with armed men fo opose their landing; but the portugue- se got on shore, and carried before them the moors, till these entered the place of Alcacer Seguer. The portuguese applied ladders to the walls, and climed up with intrepidity. It was not inferior the intre- pidity of the raussulmans, who put them back with great loss of the Portuguese. At midnight, the force of the assault yet lasted. The infidels then asked capitula- tion. Afonso ordered them to evacuate the place, which they commenced at the dawn of day, and at noon there was no maliometan in the streets. Afonso chose for commendar of this place, D. Edward Ibi ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POUTUG. de Menezes, son of the famous Peter de Menczes, and returned home (H57). D. Afonso once more directed himself to Africa, in order to take the place of Arzilla. Much blood was spilt on both sides, but the portuguese carried their point The mussul mans sought refuge in the mosque and the fortress. The sara- cens of the mosque were resolved to sell very dear their lives and fought hopeless- ly. Here died the valiant count of M-a-. rial va 0. John f.outvnho. The mosque being takeii, the p u tuguese fell upon the fortress, \ here there was a. dreadful slaughter. The greatest nart of the ma- bometan Fiobilitj had takya, refuge here* hod desperately defeirjed them., hes. The ground, of the -for Ire;- s ,o^ ,o\ ; -ed with dead, both portugt ' mah .met an, Finally the fortreas v'as l^zii. 'lha place beir idiieu ; / jon-sp,. attend-; ed by the priace L N iJoiir. directed Mm r - self to the mosque, v/heie la,' the.corps .> uf r the count-oi *i i. rial va e nd L -fore hi i{ he addressed his s,on :> \Vould to God, that thou mayst be u> .ioc_ .:;',, lit as he v/Iio here Kes and "even r': *?. or^ r .si r Ti he v. \;rr>M*o v. 155 knighted him. These ceremonies being made up, and the principal raosqae being converted into a church, Henn dc Me- nezes, gon of Edward d IVfeoez&i WM appointed governor of ArziJia. The taking of Tanger was a mult of that of Arzilla. The inhabitants ot fanger were so much terrified on hearing of the snccesses of Afonso, that they abandoned *hei town; of wbich the portuguese took ad- v^ntagc, and seized on the deserted city. * ' so returned to Portugal, after appoint- ing governor of the place Rui de Mello. VFur against (,asn(e. They had con- tracted the marriage of the castilian prin- cess, I). Johanne, to the portugue>e narch. \vhen Henty IV of Castile (1*73). * Johanne was, however, cO(^ider(*d v* illegitimate; and Ferdinand, king of Arra- gon, who, but a short time before, had married Elizabeth sister ot'Hentv, ani.b- xed the sovereignty of Castile to his H'le* Afonso V de'crmined to awe the king of Arragon, and laid across the frontier with his army. On his rirrival nt Placendia, th5 g of Hie spousnlv; of-Afonso ' 156 ABIUDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OFPORTUG. Johanne took place, and both were pro- claimed kings of Castile. From Piacencia he directed himself to the city of Toro. Ferdi- nand, aware of all this, s'rengthened those towns, that were of his party, and camped in the suburbs of Toro. Here the two ar- mies came loan engagement. A portnguese named Edward de Almei- da signalized himself. The valorous man, bore the royal standard : losing a hand, he seized it with the other; which he also lost: and finally seized the standard with his firms and teeth, till at length* covered with wounds, died as a hero. The enemies, flushed wilh the success, were dragging the standard, when Gonc.alo Pires charged them with undauntedness, and seized from their hands the royal colours. Many other feats of valour were performed ou both si- des. The victory seemed long undecided, till at last the prince John overthrew that part of the army, where was Ferdinand. The other part of the portuguese army, commanded by the king himself, was de- feated by the cas'ilian general, Alvaro de Mendonc,a, wh<"> did, however, p.ofdare to t). AFONSO V. 157 attack the victorious prince. On the con- trary, the Spaniards were, during the whole night, full of fear, and, as soon as it grew day, fled. In this manner, the victory and the overcoming declared them- selves on both sides. The whole of this day D. John remained as victorious on the field of battle (1476). Going of D. Afonso lo France. After the battle of Toro, the party of Afonso be- gan to grow weak. Afonso did not desist from his claims, and, leaving proper gar- risons in the places, that yet sided with him, returned back to Portugal, determi- ned upon going himself to France, to acce- lerate the efforts he imagined Luis intend- ed to make in his favour. He left the go- vernment to the prince D. John, and arri- ving at Paris, declared to the most Christian king the motive of his journey For some time Afonso was deceived by his false pro- fessions of regard and inclinations to serva him. Afonso began to see through the du- plicity of Luis, and resolved on quitting France unseen and going to Palestine, where he desired to put a period to bis life, fighting the roahometans; but be desist- 158 ABRIDGEMENT OP THEHISTORY OF PORTUG. cd from this voyage, and returned home .'!d be married In ^Elizebeih, daughter -e ihe king Ferdinand and fili* 2abe(h ; but f,hat in cnse she carriage of "itoe prince t Castile to D. Jofoanne dii not tiL pl^ee, Joh;uin^8hf^ ! 'SI be Ihrowa "into a etmvent, and fer^i to tsta tfeo reil. &ecendeii:8 of D. Afm& V. IX Afonso V hid by D. Elizabeth: D; John, socc-jjior to tbe^fcreem, -who "ws fcmn at Lisbnn in D. JohaoRe, ntio at Aveire. T). JOILX II. (1481 ~149&). Character of D. John II. Execution of *0 duke of Braganpa. Conspiracy of the ioko of Viseo. Building of the castle of S. George da Mina. Discovery of the king- doms of Congo and Benin. Passage of the cape of Good Hope. Discovery of the East ladies iT' land. ~Cn;;v^;oher Columbus in 1*ortagaL D. John pA-'ocis to bequeath Vhe croTrn ',o b.isiUftgitiffi r \'a son, Descenden- ce off).. John. "1 ' . ar&cier .at' D. John iL We.oow speak, of a kin^, to whona po.-terity .gavo honourable surnsm*? .,' $ perfect prih- 'fld whose life 4-ajj- bv rad A3 a ge- rule of the r,rt i.i a ki^. A poet. iftg of D. J?Hn'II, sny, that be had -taught to. the ?;:ngg of tha_ world the rri of reigoing, fa effect, this art was very veil knowu by D. John U, upaa whom 3SD ABBIDGBMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POBTUG. the eyes of the whole of Europe were tura- C'i. It was this king, who prepared the brilliant reign of his successor. John took in bis own hands the difficult and dangerous management of the government. An englisii gentleman, who had come to Portugal, being interrogated by his sovereign upon what he hud seen the most remarkable in Portugal, answered : The rarest thwig Isaw^wasa man (alluding to D. John II) who commands every one, and is com- manded by 'no one. The death of D. Afonso V was more mou.rne,d ,by the .greater, onus than fry.lhs lesser, because the former received many gifts and privileges, the latter received little justice : these were oppressed by con- tinual tributes, that the necessities of war obliged to impose. His son, on the contrary; king John, was beloved by the common sort of people, and abhorred by the gran- dees He took as' a symbol of'his excessive love towards his people, a pelican wound- ing its breast to nourish its young. D. John saw with displeasure the ag- grandizement of some families, whose riches, vassals, authority and brilliancy, D. JOHN 11 .16.1 would for the future eclipse the royalty. Masculine spirit, superior talent and firm \vill, John II was to the civilization of Portugal what Luis XI and Richilicu were to that of France. The feudalism received from his lusty and audacious hand a deadly stroke. The form, with which he ohligcd the donees to pay him their allegiance, 'was the sentence of ex- termination pronounced against the feu- dalism. This form is an evident result .of the decay of high aristocracy and the pre- ferment of royalty. The signification of that allegiance changes; it is the remain- der of the ancient power of those great and haughty lords, who formerly com- manded almost exclusively, I). John was very given to arms and literature, chiefly eloquence and history ; to the former as a way to radicate in the heart of others the purest truths, to the latter as a mistress of life and a mirrour of princes. He made a peculiar esteem for men ofletters. He invited Angelic Po- lician, a celebrious philosopher and learn- ed man, to write the history of Portugal. The king, writingin latin to him, showed 11 182 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. how much he was veraed in the langua- ge of VirgiL D. John had a great esteem for truth. He granted to D. John deMenezes count of Tarouca the offices of steward and go- vernor of the prince Afonso, because, said the king, had always spoken to him tru- ly, even displeasing to him. He used to send throughout the kingdom persons of trust to acquaint him with the prejudi- ces his subjects endured, and the manner ia which his government was valued. He always took with him a paper, in v/hich be recorded the qualities of the citizens employed in public service, and of those who proposed themselves to it ; and in this way he admitted to public office* bvt persons, in whom he placed much confidence. He distributed very wisely the days of the week, and was present at all the tribunals, wherein be seldom shewed compassion : for this rea- son, Historians accuse him of too much severity, He held the cortes three times. Notwithstanding, D. John was a man, and thus he was also spotted by hu- 11. JOHN II. 163 man frailty. Re committed, indeed, acts, which are not possible to excuse. I Sowever, if we cannot say, that he was set off with every kind ofvirtues, those he pos- sessed were enough to extol his name. Execution of the duke of Dragnnfa. I). John, on his accession, endeavoured to emancipate the mass of the people, from that abject state of slavery they suffered under the overbearing arrogance of the nobility. He began by establishing proper courts of justice, and reserved to himself tie issuing of warrants for executing sucls malefactors as deserved death: healsoan-r nulled many privileges hitherto enjoyed by the nobles, and reannexed to the crown a number of valuable estates, which his ancestors had lavished up on un- deserving subjects. These measures, an may be readily imagined, rendered him odious to the nobility. D. Ferdinand, duke of Hra^anga, endeavoured to save his over* grown estates by remonstrating with the king; but D. John, who wished to be thought just, and had resolved on low- ering the pride and despotic authority exercised by the nobility over their vas- 11 * l&i ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTU&. sals, enforced his commands, and concei- ved an implacable hatred against the duke. Under ithese impressions, the king only waited an opportunity to justify the ar- rest of the duke, being fully persuaded that his death was necessary for the welfare of the state. At length, by accident D. John dis- covered, that the duke held a private cor- respondence with the king of Castile, and his letters were couched in such terms as to lead him to suspect the fidelity of Braganca. The nobles -vyere also ready ti> rebel, and revenge the injuries they bad experienced. However, the king conceal- ed bis intentions, and affected to treat the duke -with less severity, that he might aaake raore sure of him. D.John was de- sirous to give the duke a fair trial, and one day told him, that he was well in- formed of his correspondence with Spain ; and offered to pardon him upon condi- tion of a suitable reformation: but that if he knew that he continued to merit his displeasure, he would treat him ac- cordingly. Braganca, in reply, denied the truth of the accusations, and made the D. JOHN II. . 16S best excuse he could. But the ^uke not only persevered in his correspondence with the king of Castile, but likewise held several seditious meetings with his bro- thers, while the king had his spies in all quarters, who gave him full informa- tion of all these proceedings. The duke, who was with the court at Evora, received several letters from his brothers, warning him of the danger to which he was exposed, and he at length resolved on retiring : but, to avoid the suspicious appearance of a clan destine de- parture, he waited on the king to take his leave, and in so doing he was imme- diately arrested', sent under an escort ami put into close confinement. The duke was soon after tried aod sen- tenced to be beheaded, and all his vast estates were confiscated. The day for the execution being ar- rived, the duke appeared on the scaffold with the utmost composure. D. John had directed, that a bell should be tolled at the instant of the duke's death. The king was in his apartment when the signal was heard ; y pop. which he said to those about i 66 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG feis persqji: Let us pray for the soul of the duke, who at this moment ceases to exist. He then fell on his knees, pray- ing aioud and shedding tears. This was a gross piece of hypocrisy, or, according Jo others, of great inclination to justice. Consp racy of the duke of Viseo. The king had no sooner freed himself from the duke of Braganca, than another conspiracy was planned against his life. The duke of Viseo, D. James, brother of the queen, was highly indignant at the king's con- duct towards Braganca, and conceived it a point of honour to revenge such an ou- trage. D. John, being fully informed of all, sent to the duke, to speak to him OD some particular business at Setubal. The duke obeyed ; and as soon as became in- to bis presence, the king said to him : My cousin, what wouldst thou do to a man, who wished to take thy life? I would kill him answered the duke. Die t en replied the^ing, stabbing him at the same momenf thou ast pronounced thine own sentence: and the duke drop- ped lifeless at his feet. D. JOHN II. 161 The gates of the town were immedia- tely shut, to prevent the promulgation of the death of the duke; and by that means, moat of the accomplices were arrested and executed. D. John gave the proper- ty of the duke of ViseotoD. Manoel,with the title of duke of Beja, and not of Vi- seo, to extinguish entirely his memory (1483). Many people reproached the king for having blemished his royal majesty, acting himself the executioner, and gi- ving no time to the duke to justify him- self. The king answered, that the securi- ty of the throne required all speed * and she crime was peremptorily proved. Not- withstanding this, we do not consider the king free from guilt, after he killed his cousin with his own hands. Building of ihe rflsf/e of St. George fa Nina. D. John, willing still further to extend the discoveries of the infam D. Henry, determined, at first, to erect a fortress on the coast of Guinea, for the sake of its numerous advantages. He wish- ed that this fortress should be the first stone of the eastern church he was re- 168 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY 01 POBTUG. solved to build; and James de Azambuja was chosen for this arduous enterprise. Azarnbuja weighed anchor at Lisbon, and cast it on the coast ofMina. He ma- de a treaty of peace and commerce with the natives, and got permission to con- struct a fortress. As the materials went already arranged from Europe, within twenty days was terminated the building of the castle, which was called St. Geor- ge da iVlina. Two years and a half after, Azambuja returned to Portugal, and D. John began to take the title of the lord of Guinea (1483). Diseovery of the kingdoms of Congo and Benin The castle of St. George da Mi- na being built, the king became anxious to discover India. In l'*85, .lames Cam and -lohn Afonso de Aveiro departed from Lisbon. James Cam doubled the cape of St. Ca- tharine, and reached the mouth of a lar- ge river, named Zaire. Here he was in- formed bv t s e negroes, who lived on its banks, e new Christian was pulled out of the church, killed, and his body burnt. The mutiny lasted three days, and all the new chris-ians, that fell in the power of the mutineers, were murdered. The ringleaders were executed (IfJO'i). Discovery oftheEa- guese frequently resorted. This pleasing information induced the admiral to name the river, lUo dos Hons Signaes (river of 12* ISO ABRIDGEMENT OP THE BISTORT OF PORTUG - good signs). Here his people were attack- ed with a violent scurvy, of which many died. The fleet weighed anchor, and after esca- ping the snares of Mozambique and Mom- iaca, came into the port ofMelinde. The king received the portuguese with kind- ness, and furnished them with an able pilot. The fleet put to sea, and arrived at Calicut on the coast of Malabar (1498). Vasco da Gama spoke with Samorim; but be did not succeed in making with him any treaty of commerce, on account of the moorish traders, who would not suffer the portuguese to come and deprive them of the lucrative commerce they made in that city. On his return to Portugal, it was in- expressible the joy, which every one felt, again seeing Vasco da Gama, whom they be- lieved to have been buried in the waves. In memory of this so remarkable an event, D. Manoel ordered the monastery of Be- lem to be erected on the banks oftheTa- gus. Reflections upon the discovery of the Indies. The discovery of the East Indies. D. MANOEL. 18! as well a* that of the West Indies or America, are two everils, which power- fully contributed to the social transfor- mation, that then took .place. The sphere of activity, wherein nations moved them- selves, widened ; and their life received vigorous impulse. The whole world was, as it were, suddenly electrified. Mankind, warned by this shock, seemed to cease from a lethargical sleep, and find other senses in the new paths, which they had just followed. A new intellectual universe and a new material and terrestrial world were at once opened for them: their ideas take another direction, are increased, enriched and perfected. So vast an intel- lectual harvest was never offered to the happy coveting they have in themselves. Ancient mistakes, almost respected as holy dogmas, fa!! before the new facts, which belie them. The cosmographer received an exten- sive knowledge of the habitable part of the earth, a knowledge, which neither the greeks nor the romans possessed ; he knew physically the roundness of the earth 1 82 ABRIDGEMENT OF 1HE HISTORY OF POB,TUC . and the greatness of its superficies, and discovered the unity of the ocean. The astronomer saw the artic pole to be concealed, and the antarctic to appear; he saw the last southern constellations, and placed the earth among the planets. The sailor went out of the narrow boun- daries of the Mediterranean, where he was confined many vears after; and, discover- ing wider horizons, he saw his science to be quite changed; naval architecture advanced, reckonings and heights im- proved, sea-charts with the roads more properly drawn, methods, instruments of navigation, and the entire knowledge of the sea, perfected. The "naturalist discovered a wide scope for his searchings. In the equatorial re- gions, he saw mountains covered with plants' of a gigantic size and unknown appearance. Surrounded thereby colossai forms and the majesty of an exotical flora, lie felt his soul to receive impressions, which offer amons them a secret snare and harmony, and by the laborious com- parison of facts he persuaded himself, that an only and indestructible link does chain D. MANOEL* 183 the whole nature. It is between tropics, that the earth's bosom shows all the wealth of its forms and the variety of its pompous phenomena. In the gigantic mountains ofCundinamarca.Peru and Qui- to, cut by deep valleys, the naturalist con- templated at the same time all the plants with their different families. An only view embraces majestic palm-trees, humid fo- rests of bambusa, and, above these forms of the tropical world, the plants of Europe. It is there that the vegetable zones are superposed as in stories. The physician saw also his science to grow rich. Medicine, the science of sci- ences, for, facing the genius of evil, rids maa of the scourges that afflict him, and so puts him in a way to study other sciences, it visited the regions then dis- covered, and there found rich mines, containing important treasures, with which it eases arid comforts humanity on the bed of pain. Not only sciences did then enlarge their bounds, commerce' received also a wonderful increase. The navigations of those times changed the course of the trade 184 ABhlDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POfcTUO. of precious wares and spiceries of India, stopping the monopoly, that enriched the mahometans and venitians with an enor- mous inequality in the mercantile ba- lance. And rot only in sciences and com- merce an immense revolution then took place. Industry, customs, power of na- tions and the government of all people, were altered. Not only the arctic coun- tries began to consume the productions of the equatorial climes, and the cloths of the east came to serve for the luxe of the inhabitants of the west: other relationship and necessities approached men of the most distant latitudes; the industry of the north was transported to the south, and on every side men made a mutual exchange of their opinions, laws, usages, customs, diseases, remedies, virtues and vices. p^oyage of Calal : discovery of the Brazils. D. Manoel, encouraged by the successful issue of the navigation of Vasco da Gama, sent out for the East Indies another expedition, commanded by Peter Alvares Cabral. Cabral, wishing to avoid the calms of Guinea, went so far from D. MANOEL. 185 the eoast of Africa, that he discovered western lands (1500). Cabral set forth along the coast until he entered a good harbour, which he named Seguro (secure). Seeing much familiarity in the natives, he went OD shore. Cabral gave to this country the name of Terra de S. Cruz (land of the holy cross) ; which was hereafter called Brazils. Cabral bent his course towards the east. On doubling the cape of Good Hope, so violent a storm arose, that the ship, in which Bartholomew Dias sailed, foun- dered with all the people on-board. Ca- bral arrived at Calicut, and arranged with Samorim a treaty of friendship and com- merce. Oo the return of Peter Alvares to Por- tugal, D. Manoel began to call himself, lord of the navigation, conquests, and tra- de, of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia aad In- dia. War against Satnorim. In 1 503 the Portuguese built at Cochin the first fortress of theirs in the East Indies. Sarao- rira wished revenge himself upon the por- 186 ABRIDGEMENT OF 1HL' HISTORYO* PORTU&, tuguese. He raised a very powerful ar- my, and invested the city of Cochin. But PachecoPereira.atthe head of three hun- dred malabares , made so terrible a slaughter amongst the forces of Samorim, that he retired hopelessly to his kingdom. When the great Pacheco returned home, his extraordinary services were rewarded with the command of S. George da Ming, that was a source of wealth for its governors. But envy framed to him an unlucky end, though common togreat men. He was brought home laden with irons, and thus thrown into a dark dun- geon ! At length he was indeed set at liberty, but he died at an hospital, full of misery and sorrow. This was one of the greatest blots, which blemishes the reign of D. Manoel. Vice reign of D. Francis de Almeida When D. Manoel saw the venitian. com- monwealth, the sullan of Egypt, and the kings of Calicut and Cambay, to confedera- te among themselves with the design of expulsing the portuguese from the East In- dies, hesent there with the vice-roy's title the experienced Francis de Almeida, who b.MANO&L. deieated by his valour and dexterity the confederated navies (1508). Government of Afonso . fohn. The helm of government was therefore aban- doned : the steersman was too young. Thereupon his grand-mother D. Ca- tharine sat first at the helm until the year 1561, afterwards cardinal Henry until 1587, in which year the royal pu- pil hecarne of age. ii 21 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF FOB TUG . From his infancy D. Sebastian posses- sed the most manly inclinations; hut his masters, who were not theaptest to edu- cate a king, who had to govern a great monarchy, instead of profiting by the na- tural fitness of their pupil to form a king, who, with the splendour of his virtues, might illustrate the portuguesc throne, and be the idol of his subjects, adopted such a system of education, that they changed his eminent qualities into war- like inclinations and hatred to the alko- ran, when the time had elapsed, in which these conditions were the most beautiful ornament of a great prince. Now Portugal wanted a king, to repair prosperity and grandeur, which had already begun to decay. The masters, to more enliven the in- clinations of the prince towards war, paint- ed in the most lively colours the recent exploits performed by the portuguese in Asia and Africa. D. Sebastian becoming older, turned all his thoughts towards the art of war and the conquest of Afri- ca ; and gave himself over but to those , which dispose the body to war. D.SEBASTIAN. 211 His zeal for the Christian cause was un- bounded and extravagant : his utmost am- bition was war against and on saying this, fought his way through the mahometan crowd. >ebastian, attended by Luis de Brito, after beating down many infidels, was surrounded on all sides. The moors seized him, and endeavoured to wrest the sword from his hand. Brito drew his own, and made among them a great slaughter. In this way, the king could desintangle himself from the enemies, and retired towards the river Muhazen, near which many Portuguese troops were dispersed ; and thus he left the field ofbattle. Brito was taken prisoner, and looking for the way D. Sebastian took, saw him far off without being pursued. He was already at a great distance from the place, where his body is said to be found. Supposed corpse of D. Sebastian. It was generally credited not only by the noblemen, who were captive in the pa- valion of the new moorish king, but also by the mussulmans themselves, that D. Sebastian lived yet ; because no person had seen him to die, somebody had seen him quit the field of battle, and 216 ABRIDGMENT Of THE HISTORY OF PORTW*. pass the river Mubazen, and neither any of his ensigns were perceived nor any thing else. Meanwhile a servant of D. Sebastian, perhaps moved by liberty's reward (which the moorish king had pro- mised to any one who could find the said corpse of I). Sebastian), brought, two days after the battle, a body much wound- ed, covered with blood and dust, putri- fied by the scorching heat of the afri- can sun; in a word, utterly disfigured. In the beginning the noblemen seemed to be doubtful ; but after, either because they indeed acknowledged him (which was very difficult in that state), because deeming he was alive, wished he could make his escape without being persecuted by the saracens, or because, their ideas being so confused by so sorrowful a situa- tion, they affirmed without great reflexion what they heard from a Portuguese. Fe that as it may, this body was buried in Alcacer with signs for it to be known. Notwithstanding the great rumour that D. Sebastian was yet living, cardinal D. Henry was proclaimed king of Portugal at the close of august of the same yrar, D. SEBASTUN. 217 The moorish king was very proud of the victory : he be^an however lo he appre- hensive that Philippe of Spain would revenge the death of his nephew, and enter into confederacy with the porluguese. In order to get rid of this fear, he offered him the supposed corpse of I). Sebastian without ransom. D. Sebastian appears in Italy. Twcnly years after the battle of Alcacor appeared in Venice a man, who cailqd himself king of Portugal, and who ;ive en Hidalcao, moved by the enormous losses he had endured, raised the siege. The siege of Goa being raised, f). Luis went to cause that of Chaul to be raised, which was directed by Niza- moluco king of Cambay, who he van- quished in a very obstinate bottle. Af- terwards he directed himself against Sa- morim, routed him, and obliged him to sign a pmcf, according to which he could not possess any more vessels of war. The three powerlul kings being overcome, the others laid do\vn their arms. After the expiration of his vice-reign, D. Luis re- turned to Europe (1 517). lu 1578 I). Luis de Ataide, who was D. SEBASTIAN. 221 already count of Atouguia, returned as vice-roy to the east. Ataide,after having, a second time, firmly established the ad- ministration of the oriental stales, died in Goa ; an i so great a man, upon whose spirit passions had no influence, or, to say better, they were all concentrated in one only, patriotism, inscribed his name in the annals of heroism. D, HENRY , THE CHASTE, (15781580). Character of D. Henry. Situation of Portugal after the disappearance of D. Se- bastian. D. Henry is proclaimed king. Pretenders to the throne. Cortes, election of five governors. 'haracter of D. Henri/. D. Henry, before he was king, was an exemplary prelate. He enjoyed the greatest ecclesias- tical dignities, being archbishop ofEvora, Braga and Lisbon. His reputation in the college of cardinals was so great, that, in the conclave nn the death of Paul HI, he was a candidate for the papal dignity. Henry gave alms in great sums, and these were more considerable to thoe persons, who for modesty did not mendicate. IK Henry was very versed in the greek, D. HLXRT. 223 latin and Hebrew langages, in theology, philosophy, and also in the mathematical sciences, as a pupil of the eel ebrio us Pe- ter Nunes. Me was a particular protector of learned men, whose company gave to him an unutterable pleasure. Aires Bar- bosa, Caspar do Casal, Damiao da Goes, Hieronymus Osorio, Andr<3 de Resende, Edwards Nunes de Le.lo, and many others, experienced his affection. He called to Portugal the italian Petter Maffeo, and the two famous flemings Peter Vaseo and Nicolas Clenardo. For his instigation, Goes wrote in Portuguese the history of the reign of D. Manoel, Osorio wrote the same history in latin, Maffeo the histo- ry of the East Indies in the samelangua- ge ; Leao collected several laws, that were dispersed. Osorio and Maffeo beca- me renowned for the pureness and cor- recteness of their language : their latini- ty was, perhaps, not inferior to that of Livius and Tacitus. So many and so great qualities were stained, when Henry accepted the charge of the general inquisitor. Besides this, seat- ed upon the throne he did not show the ef- 224 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF fects of these qualities, and was an unapt king, delivering the country into the hands of tyranny. Situ-ilio.i of Portugal after the disap- p'ar'ince <>? D. Sebastian. A government is always a ver, complexed machine, that has its beginning, its progress, and its moment of perfection, if itis well esta- blished in its origin ; and has its begin- ning, its progress, and its moment of destruction, if it is originally vicious. In both cases it comprehends so many inter- nal and external objects, that its dissolu- tion, produced either by the imbecility of the sovereign or by the impacience of the subjects, can have but dreadful results. If the impacience of the subjects breaks the yoke, under which they for a long tiraa groaned, the nation goes more or less rapidily to an anarchy through waves of blood. If it is the lisllessness of the sovereign, unable to support the reins of power, that causes this fatal end, blood is spared, but the nation remains in a state of death. This nation is but a cor- pse, all the parts of which grow rotten, separate themselves, and transform into D. HENRY. 223 a heap of worms, which also grow rotten after devouring all. Meanwhile, adjacent nations turn round, as wild and fierce beasts in the forests. They take, without effort, possession of a nation, that can not defend themselves. Then this nation is reduced to a sta'e worse than that of barbary. The laws of the conqueror strive against those of the subdued nation, customs against cus*- toms, religion against religion, the lan- guage of the subdued people is con- founded with a foreign idiom. !t is a cahos, to which it is difficult to foresee the end ; it is a cahos, which lasts m ny centuries, and always remain traces, that the most prosperous events do not ex- tinguish. Here is the image of Portugal after the disappearance of D.Sebastian, by degrees falling into the power of Castile, and beginning to suffer a cap'ivity of almost sixty years. The great inhability of Henry was the prircipal cause of this horrible catastrophe. In this way the name of Por- tugal was scratchet out from the roll of nations. la 226 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG \ D. H nry is proclaimed king. News ha- ving been carried to Lisbon of the defeat of the Christian array, cardinal D. Henry was proclaimed king of Portugal. It seem- ed that Henry did not feel the delight, which the sceptre ordinarily occasions, seeing the seed of discord to germin among those who aspired to the crown, on account of his ecclesiastical stale and his old age. Pretenders lo the throne. The chief pro- tenders were, Philippe II, king of Spain; D. Antony, prior of Crato; D. Catharine, duchess of Braganga; all three grand-sons of D. AJanoel. Philippe profited by falla- cious means and exciting hopes, which his delegates efficaciously employed with the cardinal and people. Philippe had deter- mined to enter by force into Portugal, if he should see his own projects to miscar- ry by gentle measures. Cnrl-s, election of five governors. The bashful cardinal fluctuated in his mind, and, in spite of being naturally inclined to the party of the duchess, he sided, however, with Philippe, whose power put him in fear. And being very pressed, D> HENRY i 227 summoned the claimants, and held cortes. There was much altercation, and the va* riety of opinions was so greas that all remained ur "ecided. In this pressure the king elected five governors, to whom every one swore to obey, in case he should die without successor, and to obey also the sovereign chosen by them. The cortes being dissolved, the partisans of the three claimants began to act more openly ; and Henry, fearing the effects of the popularity of Antony, declared him illegitimate. An epidemy beginning to rage at Lisbon, the king retired to Almeirim, whiiher he called newly the deputies. Days were past in fruitless altercation, and the-illness of the king was daily increasing. Henry died at Almeirim in January 1 580. INTERREGNUM, (1580 1581). D. ANTONY AND D. PHILIPPE. Proclamation of D, Antony. Battle of Alcantara. D. Antony is abandoned. Cortes at Thomar. _L reclamation of D. Antony. By the death of the cardinal the portusuese re- mained subject to an aristocratical c Yernroent appointed by him. Philippead- dressed the mazistra'es of the towns and the three states, offering preat rewards, if they acknowledaed him as their sove- reign. Philippe, beinj resolved to en'er Portugal by forc a . chose two famous ge- nerals, the duke of Alra and the mar- quis of St Craz; the former to command the fleet, the latter to -head the land-for- INTERREGNUM. 229 ees. Elvas, Olivenc.a, Serpa, IVIoura and other important towns, speedilv sided with Philippe. Antonv, moved by the rapid progress ef his rival, exerted his utmost endeavours to acquire the Portuguese crown. In^an- tarem the popular shout of his proclama- tion was raised, and he wassalu ed king of Portugal with all the usual formalities. Antony did not wait that the spirits should be dejected, and departed there and then to Lisbon, where he entered al- most without opposition. He directed himself to the house of senate, and here he was a second time proclaimed king of Portuzal. All the towns, situated be- tween Lisbon and Porto, followed the example of the capital. lia lie of Alca-ilara. The duke of Alva passed the frontier, and obliged the most important towns of Alem!ejo to obey Philippe. D. Antony saw his soldiers to abandon his partv, and many noblemen to depart to Badajos and pay his alle- giance to Philippe. Portugal was exhaust- ed of men and monev. In these necessi- tous circumstances he had recourse to 230 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. extensions, which attracted upon him the hatred of the people. The duke of Aha entered Cascaes without resistance. Antony assembled an armv of eight thousand men consisting of all sorts, and placed himself near the bridge of Alcan- tara. The duke encamped before his mi- serable army, that plainly showed the agonv of t':e portu'jueso liberty. It was about midnight, when the battle com- menced. Antony performed prodiges of valour, till at length, almost forsaken, he gave ground, passed through Lisbon, and did not halt till he reached Sacavem. The capital submitted. D. Antony is abandoned. Antony went out from Saeavem to Coimbra, where he levied a little army, and besie- ged Aveiro. This town being subdued, he pitched his camp in sight of Por- to, and possessed himself of it also. The duke of Alva, desiring to strike the last blow to the parly of Antony, dispatched against him general Sancho~de Avila at the head of an army of six thousand men. Avila battered the city of Porto, entered it, and his soldiers were permitted to INTERREGNUM. 231 sack it. Antony fled with few attendants. This prince being forsaken, every city; town and village refused him admittance, and thus he led many days the life of a wanderer, and often he was on the point of falling into the hands of his enemies. Philippe, being informed of the victo- ry of the duke of Alva and the flight of Antony, directed himself to Elvas, and promised a large sum to him who would bring the head of this prince. Anto- ny freighted a ship, and, attended by the count of Vimioso and a few others, sailed to England, whence he went out to I'aris, and obtained the intercession ofSCatharine. C -ries ai Thomar. Philippe called together the states of the kingdom at Tho- mar, where he wished to hold cortes in the month of april ( 1 58 1 ). The same month, but prior to the cortes, Philippe was pro- claimed king of Portugal ; and we begin now to reckon the days of the captivity of Portugal. In the cortes the following articles were decreed. All the prerogati- ves, customs, exemptions and immunities of the country shall be strictly observed : 2355 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. no public measures relative to Portugal shall be concluded, or even discussed else- where, but always within the kingdom: no appointment, which could relate to the political government of these realms shall be granted excepting to natives : the com- merce of ttie countries beyond the seas shall not be altered. The cortes being dissolved, Philippe directed himself to the capital. OTHER PHILIPPINE DYNASTY, (1581 1640). D. PHILIPPE I. THE PRUDENT, (1581 1599). Character of D. Philippe I. Literature. French expeditions in favour of D. Anto- ny. English expedition in favour of D. An- tony. Causes of the destruction of the por- tuguese empire in the East Indies. Des- cendence of D. Philippe I. 'haracter of D. Philippe!. Philippe II of Spain and I of Portugal, on account of his intrigues and extraordi- nary ambition, made so great a bustle, that he was called the demon of the south. He was endowed with great wit, and a 234 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE Hi STORY OFPORTUG. little common religious zeal. In defence of religion he supported very serious wars : he so much deested heresy, that he used to say, that he would lose his states rather than see them infected by the errors of Luther and Calvin-, and that, if any of his children became herectics, he him- self would kindle the fire to burn them. Fie used also to say, and repeated it t his dying hour, not to have committed any act of injustice, knowing it to be such. Philippe did not know, therefore, how to distingush justice from injustice ; because he was ignorant, that it was an injustice to usurp a kingdom ; because he was igno- rant, that it was unjust to kill an off- spring, either from ambition or jealousy; because finally, he \vas ignorant, that it \vas an injustice, to overflow with human blood the states of Flanders for the sake of religion, which ought to be free. Only the sanguinary duke of Alva boasted of causing the death of two millions of men during his government. Both in prosperity and adversity, D. Philippe possessed an unalterable constan- cy, what he decisively showed, when he D. PHILIPPE I. 235 heard the news of the victory of the gulf of Lepanto and that of the loss of the //<- vincii'te fleet, Towards the portuguese Philippe was a detestable king, a tyrant. The emigra- tions were by hundreds, the murders were numberless, particularly ecclesiastics, whose bodies were thrown into the sea through an opening in the tower of S. Julian. Litralwf. Tyranny, that generally checks the progress of civilization, opening the wings and claws, fell upon the Portuguese literature, and corrupted it with its pestiferous breath. The Portu- guese literature began then lo lose its classic lusre; the beautiful portuguese idiom began to grow out of use. The meanness and adulation of many write r s were so great, that they employed in their works the language of the usurper. Besi- des this, many writers were murdered, and many banished. French expedition i-i favour <-J D An- tony. On hisarrival in France, Antony fitted out troops, and departed in a fleet commanded bv the earl of Brissac. At the 236 ABR1DGEMENTOF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. same time, the Spanish fleet, commanded by the marquis of St. Cruz, left the Ta- gus ; and both steered their course towards the Azores, that followed the party of Antony. In the sea of these islands there was an obstinate conflict. Many french vessels steered off, their commanders ha- ving been suborned by Philippe's agents. The earl of Brissac set sail for France with the remainder of the fleet, leaving the victory to the Spaniards (1582). Antony still obtained a succour con- sisting of one thousand two hundred men commanded by general Chartres, "who ar- rived at Angra. The marquis of St. Cruz directed himself against the enemies. The Spaniards landed, and after much conten- tion, came off victorious. Charlres capi- tulated, and returned home with the rest of his soldiers (1583). English expedition in favour ofD. An- lony. After this, Antony applied to Elizabeth, queen of England, who favoured his views, on account of the invincible fleet, which Philippe had sent out to sub- due her states. In 1589, a great fleet, headed by D. PHILIPPE I. 231 Francis Drake, weighed anchor, and reached the cape Carvoeiro. John Noris, commander of the land- troops, came on shore, took possession of the fortress of Peniche, and arrived near Lisbon. After he directed himself to Cas- caes, where the squadron had anchored. The party of Antony was depressed, All the towns kept their allegiance to the usurper; not even one sided with that prince. Thetwoenglish generals returned to England, and Philippe was allowed peaceably to enjoy his usurpation. Antony, already without pretention , went to Paris, and lived here until 1595, in which year he died. Causes of the destruction of the portu- guese empire in the East Jniies. Fifty years had been enough for the Portuguese to found an empire in the East Indies. It was not requisite so much to be des- troyed. Many causes contributed at the same time to its fall. At first, the por- tugues were to guard an immense tract of coast, and their disposable troops were very little for it. Their settlements were si- tuated at such great distances, that they 238 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG . could not give mutual aid. Besides this, each of these settlements had a governor, whose interests seldom adapted to Ihose of the state. Kvery one dep nded, it is (rue, on the general governor or vice-roy of the Indies, who resided at Goa ; but un- der the pretence of the great distance, they did not wait their orders. Even the ge- neral governors and vice-roys, whose functions lasted three years, occupied themselves less for the advantages of the state than oi' their own; and to the end that the others would not declare the defects of their administration, they shut their eyes to all the abuses, and consented that every person should grow rich, pro- vided that they nlso might grow rich. The history of the portuguese dominion, during its decadence, rather consists of the nar- rative of the corruption of the vice-roys and governors than of general facts. In the second place, the valour of the Almeiflas, Alburjuerques and their men , converted itself in faintheartedness and negligence. The rapacious thirst of wealth had succeeded the patriotism. During the reign of D. Maoqel and his successor, evil D. PHILIPPE I. 239 did nut increase ; at least it was little sensible : but with D. Sebastian, all the poli- tical errors, all delirulions of fanaticism, sat upon the throne. The inquisition, solemn- ly settled at Goa. distinguished itself by a greater severity than all other tr.bunnlsoC the mother country. Many thousands of victims perished in flames ; and when these bloody executions gave rise to some rebel- lion, the vice-roys and governors, not daring to act openly, employed the iron of assassins and poison. Cardinal Henry did not improve the condition of the indians. Thus, the porluguese, who fifty years before were so powerful in the East In- dies, now abhorrel both by the indians, jews, and by mussulmans intermingled with them, not enjoying already the pu- blic trust, and deprived of military force, roust fall at the first shock, leaviog behind but a hateful memory. But among all the causes, which pro- duced the ruin of the portugtiese in the East Indies, the stronger was the great change of the system of administration , which chan.e was owing to the revolution, that rendered Portugal nearly a province 240AHRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY 01 PORTU&. of Spain. The despotic Philippe and his successors much endeavoured to deprive Portugal of her riches and power, in o,r- der to keep her more submissive, and did not forget her colonies in the Indies. The Spaniards, sole masters of the Philippine Islands, could make the whole commerce of Japan, China, Malacca and the whole indian archipelago. Philippe took to heart not to allow the portuguese commer- ce in the Indies to be prosperous. Instead of fifteen or twenty vessels, which every year departed from Lisbon to Goa, Philippe sent out only the fourth part and the worst. In a word, he disired that the portuguese should lose their settle- ments in the Indies, without being accu- sed of being the cause of it. Such was always his politics, to wound his enemies^ without discovering the hand that gras- ped the dagger. Desrendfnc" of D. Philippe I. Philip- pe married four times. The first wife was D. Mary, daughter of I). John III. By her he had the ii!-fated Charles, whom his father sentenced to die without a process. D. PHILIPPE I. 241 the second wife was Mary, queen of England, daughter of Henry VIII. The third was Elizabeth, daughter of Henry II, king of France. The fourth was Anne, daughter of the emperor Maximilian II, by whom he had Philippe, who succeeded him. 16 D. PHILIPPE II, TOE noes, (15991621). ' Counsels of D. Philippe I to his SOD D. Philippe II. Entrance of Philippe in Lis- 5n. India. Descendence of D. Philippe ounsels of Philippe 1 to his son Phi- lippe fl. When Philippe I died, he bequeathed to his son a writing, the sub- stance of which was as follows : Without searching whether it is just or not, make yourself master of Portugal, the conquest of which can have as a result, the sub- duing of France, the abating of the for- ces of England, the disorder of Germa- ny, and to bring the terror of the Spanish arms to the borderings of septentrion. It is of moment, at first to establish your dominion over the portuguese. In the beginning, don't oppress them with tri- ' 1*. fHILl* PE II. butes; whereas, grant to them all the privileges which they ask : but after being accustomed to the castilian government* curtail by degrees the same privileges, and under different pretences appoint now and then castilian magistrates. It is of consequence, not to take off vour eyes from the house of Bra^an^a, till an op- portunity arrives to destroy it entirely. As for the other noblemen, it is necessa- ry to remove them from their country, confering on them honourable charges in Germany, Flanders and Italy. Only so is it possible to deprive Portugal of ressour- ces to any insurrection. And it is be'ter to be absolute master of a ruined king- dom, than possess a very rich one, but obliged to spare her wealth. >> For himself Philippe was unable to bring to a realization these articles; but his favourites caused them to be fulfilled. Entrance of Ph !ipp<> >n Lisbon Phi- lippe was ardently desiring to come and visit his portuguese subjects; but his fa- vourites, who drained towards him all the philosophy of royal favour, opposed his desires, which he could satisfy only 16 * 444 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. at the close of his reign. People did not see any more pompous solemnity. All the orders of the state had constructed triumphal arches. In the Tagus was a great number of vessels with the form of fishes and marine monsters. While the king laid across the Ta- gus, the noise of the firing from the ships, the sound of the musical instru- ments, which were played through all the city, the repealed shouts of acclama- tions, produced on every person an un- expressible sentiment. Philippe landed, and directed himself to the cat'iedral, and hence to the palace; but during his passage through the streets he did not think of meeting with so much enthusi- asm and wealth, that he passed a second time on the following day to observe it. The admiration of the king was so great that he said he never till that day thought himself so great a monarch and added, in imitation of 'ulius Tgesar, that Lisbon should henceforth be called, the Hnppines* of Philippe. Philippe was in Vortugal but seven months. India. Becoming about this time ex- n. PHILIPPE if. 24$ cessively dreadful the growing power of the pirates, who, headed by the famous Cunhales, infes'ed the indian coasts, the princes of the east were afraid of him, and Samorim himself gave him leave to huiid a for ress in his empire. Cunhales formed the daring design of extermina- ting the portuguese from India. Cunha- les made hostilities against the same prin- ees, from whom he received favours ; and such was the chief cause of his ruin. Samorim wished to revenge himself,, and implored the assistance of the vice- roy, who readily gave ear (o hini. An- dre^ Furtado de Mendonc.a was chosen commander of the expedition, and, join- ing to the forces of Calicut, besieged the pirate in his fortress. Cunhales, being unable to resist, surrendered. An- drG returned to Goa, and Cunhales was l.anged. The East India Company being created in Holland, the dutch began 1 to settle themselves in the East Indies, profiting by the natural antipathy of the people of these regions against the portugueae. Drsccndence o\ D. PMlippe // L>. 346 ABBIDGEMBNTOF THE HI STORY OF PORTUfc. Philippe had by D. Margarida, daughter of Charles archduke of Austria: D. Philippe, successor to his father, being born at Madrid in 1(><)5. D. Anne, wife of Luis XIII, king of France. D. Mary, wife of Ferdinand III empe- ror of Germany. D. PHILIPPE III, THE GREAT, (1621 1640). Character of D. Philippe III, and the duk of Olivares, Diogo Scares and Michael do Vasconcellos, lecretariea of state. Resto- ration of Portugal. India. The Brazils. Descendenca of D. Philippe III haraclcr of D> Philippe HI and the duke of Olivares. It was more than fourty years since the portuguese suffer- ed the Spanish yoke, when the reign of Philippe III commenced. This prince was then sixteen years old, and D.Gaspar de Gusm5o, duke of Olivares, received all the royal favour. This duke was an intelligent, sharp and eloquent man ; his law was policy, and his doctrine the preserving of the fortune he enjoyed, though by devilish means. Spain had never known so power- S48ABBIDGMEWT OF THE HISTOBY OF PORTUG. ful a minister. His vanity rendered him. so proud, that he exacted from men not only obsequiousness but also worship. The reign of Philippe is the administra-* tion oftheduke ofOIivares. His haughty, disgusting and oppressive conduct to- wards the portuguese, cut off from the kingdom of >pain the crown of Portugal. jjiogn Soares and Michael d? V(' Portugal. I). Philippe professed the utmost desire of converting Portugal into a province 'of Spain. The duke of Olivares, to satisfy the desire of the king, created a meeting -at Badajos and another at Aiamonte, both formed by castilian ministers, to whom he gave so much authority over Portugal, that the tribunals of this kingdom remained inactive. liut the haughty Olivares, not deeming this way enough to bring into act liis designs, called (o the court, by mandate of the king, the porluguese of the first rank, who here heard a sentence condemning Portugal to losr> all thepre- 250 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY QF PORTUG, rogatives of a kingdom, on account of her perfidiousness (refering to a tu- mult, that had taken place at Evora).0n account of this project of the most ne- farious usurpation, the actions of thepor- tuguese, which tended to shake off the yoke of Castile, will be for ever justified, even Lefore the most inexorable arbi- trators ; because Philippe I had exempted Portugal of ail the submission to his crown, if he or his successors violated the privileges of this kingdom. When the Catalans, protected by Luis XIII king of France, revolte i against Phi- lippe (16 M), the duke of Braganga and other noblemen received orders from Phi- lippe, to make the necessary preparations to attend the king on his journey toCata- lonia, in order to quell so preat an in- surrection. But the duke, always watch- ful, easily perceived the cunningness of Phlippe, and used tergiversation with the court of Castile, readily to grasp at the first opportunity, in which the portu- guese should offer to him the sceptre,, that he had often refused as untimely. In 1040, Michael de Almeida, Peter B. PHILIPPE III. 251 dc Mendonca, George de Mello, John Pinto Ribeiro, and others, assemb'ed in tde house of AntSo de Almada; and after setting forth the grievances, under which I'ortugal had groaned since her subjection to Spain, resolved to proclaim the duke of Braganga D. John as king. On the first ofdecember the cnspira- tion broke out. The conspirers directed themselves to the palace. Michael de Vas eoncellos was stabbed, and thrown out of the window. This uproar had drawn a vast concourse of people to the palace, who, seeing the secretary's body, shouted with joy; then they rushed upon the body, mangled and trampled it under foot. Whilst the duke did not arrive, the archbishops of Lisbon and Jiraga, and the general inquisitor, were appointed go- vernors. They dispatched, without delay, couriers to the most considerable cities and towns* in order to encourage them to follow the example of Lisbon, and provide against the invasion of the Spani- ards. The duke directed himself to Lis- bon, where tiia solemnity of the coro- nation took place. 252 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTU&. India. From the harbours of Hol- land great fleets departed to the East Indies, where they took many towns from the portuguese. In almost all the courts of the princes of the east there were dutch ambassadors, who took to heart to set them at variance with the portuguese . The commerce, which th'e latter made in the East Indies, anciently so lucra- tive, diminished day by day, after the dutch had themselves established there. The flraziis. The republic of Holland, that had just created a new company called the East lndia(l 1)21) like that they had some time before created with tho West India, formed the design of taking the capital of the Brazils, and sent out a great squadron against it. The dutch made the port of S'ahia, and set fire to the porluguese ships, which there an- chored. The inhabitants of S. Salvador. frightened by the proximity of ihe ene- mies, had no courage to defend their ci- ty, and abandoned it to their mercy; but aided by two fleets arriving from Eu- rope, they succeeded in recovering the capital. 1). PHILIPPE III. 253 The West India company had not for- gotten its conquests in the Brazils. They equipped a great squadron, that took the Toad of Pernambuco, and, nearly without opposition, possessed itself of Olinda, its inhabitants having forsaken their city. That of Recife shared the same fate( 1 630). With the possession of these two cities, the dutch easily enlarged their conquests all over the province of Pernambuco. The West India company , flushed with so rapid progresses, determined to take possession of all the Hrazils, and appointed to head the common forces the earl of Nassau John Maurice (16 10). The success was such as might have been expected. In 16 W the dutch pos- sessed half of the Brazils. Desrcndfitce of Philippe 111. By his first wife D. Flizabeth,daugther of Hen- ry IV, king of France, he had H. Mary Tereza, who espoused Luis XIV king of France. By his second wife D. Anne of Aus- tria he had Charles II. OTHER BRIGANTINE DYNASTY, (1640 ....). D. JOHN IV, THE RESTORER, (16401656). Character of D. John IV. Influence of England. Enterprise of Valverde. Battle of Monlijo. Conspiracy of the archbishop of Braea. The court of Spain projects the assassination of D. John IV. 'D. John pro- tects the Palatine princes. The East In- dies. The Brazils. Descendence of D, John IV. \_sharader of D John TV. D. John, ardently desiring to reinstate his country in the liberty she had lost in the hands of tyranny, heard the lamentations she uttered in the irons of captivity, and, mo- D. JOHN IV. 255 ved by so praiseworthy impulses, pla- ced himself at the head of the conspira- cy, which delivered him the portuguese sceptre. D. John could ,not enjoy the pleasures annexed to a majesty, because he had to oppose by aid of arms the reiter- ated invasions of the Spaniards, and by vigilancy the plols framed against his life. The whole of the reign of D. John IV was taken up in battles against the Spa- niards, who would stubbornly deliver Portugal to Philippe. But ihe portuguese, whose numbness, in which they had beenimmerged during almost sixty years, and which hadcohibited their native au- dacity, was vanished before a national king, they heard the cry of liberty; run- ning at full speed to the frontiers, sword in hand, and animated by the impulse of honour and glory, remembered that the noise of battles had always been for their ancestors a melodious harmony; and, fighting with the sentiment of their ancient renown, overflowed the fields with Spanish blood. The reign of D. John IV was not 256 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG . spent in war only. This king made very- salutary laws t> redress the grievances arising from the Spanish dominion. He al- so showed great devotion to the mystery of the conception of the holy virgin ; and in the cortes of 1643 declared her patroness of Portugal, promising, in his name and that of his successors, to pay her a certain tribute annually. And be ordained that no one should take up his degree in the university at Coimbra, without swearing to defend that the bless- ed virgin Mary had been conceived without the taint of original sin. D. John IV is said to have formed a plan for uniting again Portugal and Spain, making his son D. Theodosius king of the whole of the Peninsula, and Lisbon the capital. The origin of this great plan was the foresight of the rup- ture of the line of succession in Spain, which happened, in effect, on the death of Charles II. To this, indeed, he entered into a secret treaty with some eminent personages of the neighbouring kingdom. Such a project shows the elevated character and the refined policy of D. n. JOHN IT. 257 John IV. And that he was very versed in the management of affairs, >t is evi- dently Jnd ca ed by the demonstra'icn of joy from the Spaniards upon his death, fiiflw cc of Lngane ascendency of England over the affairs of "ortugal. The whole treaty was unfavourable to the portnguese: and 17 258 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE Hi STORt OF PORTUG. we don't know, whether we must or not , justify IX John IV; for, engaged in war against Spain and Holland, he wanted the support of a nation so strong as England was already at that time (Mr. Sousa Dor la). Enterprise of Valverde. Marlim Afon- sodeMello, a portuguese general, under- took the capture of Valverde. He arrived at Olivenca at ten o'clock p. m. and by break of day he was about half a league from Valverde. The Spaniards observed the enemy, and proceeded to take all the precautions in their power. The Portu- guese, knowing the hazard they ran, if they stormed by day a place so well garrisoned, remembered to give up the enterprise; but the fearless Mello ordered the trenches to be carried by assault. The Spaniards, disheartened, quitted their posts, and retired to different houses, in which, through apertures made in the walls, they fired upon the portuguese. The portuguese, without desponding, penetrated, at the expense of much blood, as far as a large opening, in which was the parish church furnished with a re- D. JOHN IV, 259 doubt: here great numbers of inhabitants had taken refuge. An assault was made, but without effect. General IVIello, seeing the prejudice his troops experienced, marched to Olivenga (Iti'i 1). liatile of M mijo. Hostilities conti- nued at the frontiers. Matthias de Albu- querque, a portupuese general, after selling on fire some of ihe enemy's for- tresses, entered Montijo without sustain- ing great loss. Near this city, thecon'rary forces engaged in battle, and tiie Spaniards charged the portuguese so furiously* that they broke the columns of the Por- tuguese infantry, took the artillery, and put to flight the cavalry. In this action, Matlhias de Albuquerque and John da Costa exposed themselves gloriously to every danger, in order to obtain victory* In spite of the indefatigable perseverance of these two generals, the portuguese soldiers were discouraged, and t';e cas- tilians already chanted victory, not re- collecting how inconstant is fortune, chiefly in war. At the same time that the Spaniards, overjoyed, were dispersed through the 17 * ?80 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG . field of battle, stripping the slain, insult- ing the wounded; and lobbing the bag- gage, Costa and Albuquerque endea- voured to repair the damages, even sa- crificing their lives. They drew up in order of battle the troops they could assemble, and, sword in hand, charged with such valour the Spaniards, that they shortly lost their artillery, which the Portuguese employed against them with wonderful effect. The Spaniards were totally routed. Such was the famous bat- tle of \?ontijo. where the valiant portu- guese acquired an indelible renown, and the Spaniards, for their negligence, re- mained covered with desgrace (Ittii). In all the frontier the portuguese prosecuted successfully the war against the Spaniards: but in order to avoid prolixity, we will not detail all the events; and we will only say, that the Portu- guese were not sa f isfied with acting merely in their defense; but they en- tered Spain with fire and sword, so that, if they experienced some adversity, this adversity gate occasion to new triumphs. Conspiracy of the archbishop of Rrogn. D. JOHN IV. 261 A conspiracy against the life of D.John IV was set on foot, which is said to ha- ve begun by the archbishop of Uraga, wholly devoted to Philippe. He desired to reinstate him upon the throne. The principal conspira'ors were the count of Armamar, the count of Yilla~Real, the duke of Carainha. The conspiracy being discovered, D.John IV thought that the least delay was prejudicial : the plotters were seized, and, within a little time, executed ( . 6 \ ( ). The archbishop was sen- tenced to suffer imprisonment for life, and died here. The court of Spain projects Ike assassi- nation of D. John IV. The court of Spain, tired by its adverse fortune, con- trived to assassinate treacherously D. John IV. Domingo* Leite was a portuguese, whose villany went so far as to propose to kill his king, when he less thought. Domingos Leite departed from Madrid, and, arriving at Lisbon, hired a house in Torneircs street, wherein he made hole* in the walls, and waited the Corpus Cfjri*- ti day, on which day the king gent-tally attended the procession. When this ^ass- el, he went to one of the holes, and to"k aim ; but ihe.kin^ appeared so ma- jestic nt.'d *pl'-ndi I (as he herefier con- fesed) that he w< completely dazzled, and discouraged. Thus the king passed cm safe and unmolested. D6). The Brazils. The war in the Brazils was prosecuted with the same heat. The pernambucans groaned under the hard iron of captivity, and expected but an happy moment to shake off the Yoke of their oppressors. Fortune was not contrary on this occasion : a portu- guese, John S'ernandes Vieira, whose va- lour and patriotism were extraordinary, appeared. Vieira had laid the bold and ardous plan of causing the death in the capital of Pernambuco all the dutch, who held any share in tho government. This plan was discovered, and Vieira fled from the city. In short the undaunted Vieira had sufficient troops to make the dutch potency totter in the Brazils. Fortune had turned its back on the dutch, whose affairs decaved more and more. The ix JOHN iv. 265 two contrary armies twice combatted iu the skirts of Guararapes, and the dutch were always routed. In 1655- the last blow was struck to the dutch potency in the Brazils. The republicans, being frustrated of their hopes, capitulated, and were compelled to evacuate all the cities and places they possessed there. Thus, the portuguese, after such painful labours, gathered with a few hands the greenest laurels of war, sown by the immortal John Fernandes Vieira. Dfsrendencf of 1) John IV. D.John IV had by D. Luisa de Gusm3o, daughter of the duke of Medina Sidonia : D. Theodosius, prince of the Brazils and duke of BraganQa, who died at the age of eighteen. D. Afonso. who succeeded his father, being born at Lisbon in 16i3. D. Peter, successor to his brother, being born at Lisbon in 1648. D. Catharine, married to Charles II of England. D. AFONSO VI, jas (1656 1683). Character of D. Afonso VI. England, Cortes. The infant D.Peter and the queen. Imprisonment of the king. The king since his deposition to bis death Battle of Badajos Arrival of Schombrg. Battle of Ameixia!. Battle of Castello Rodrigo, Battlo of Monies Claros. Peace. 'ha-acter of D. Afonso VI. Afonso, on his accession to the crown, was thir- teen years of a.e. The queen assumed the regency, and the education of the new king was committed to the count of Odemira. The education Afonso received did not make him fit to govern a kingdom, and his reason was not very clear; thus be- came the sport of his courtiers. At eight the kinj wandered through D. AFONSO TI. 867 the streets, hurting the passers bye. The infant D. Peter followed the steps of the iking, attended by blusterers, so that the two brothers stood io competition one with another, respecting the number of their facinorous companions, and both committed every kind of insolences. Both gave full scope to all their vicious incli- nations. It was on one of these nightly excursions, that the jnft killed a citi- zen, who was on the beat. The whole odiousness of these shameful proceedings reflected on the king. England. The regent D. Luisa en- tered with England into an alliance, which was strengthened by the marriage of the portuguese infamu with Charles II, who ascended the throne of Fngland after the death of Cromwell. She recei- ved a portion of two millions of cruza- dos The treaty, that was then agreed, iraveover to the english the fortress cf Tanger and the island of Bombay ; it permitted them to settle themselves in the portuguese colonies of Asia and A- merica ; and gave over to them ail the 268 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG . territories, before belonging lo the por- tuguese, which they could take from the duich. I'ngland, on her side, promised to defend Portugal and her dominions, even as England her*?lf- and was obliged to cause all the territories, of which the dutch would, from this time forward, take possession, to be given back again to the porluguese. This treaty, which was very unfa- vourable to Portugal, was also a greaS trick; for the conditions it imposed to the english, were never satisfied. Gonrs. .Whilst 1). Afonso directed the affairs, the cortes were never held. And this was perhaps a cause of his fall. Ultimately thei.-//iint D. Peter called together in 1668! the states, in which the kin -5 was deposed, and the infant ap- pointed regent. During the regency of D Peier, the ,corles met three times. At the last time an object of moment was discussed. According to the cortes of Lamego, the princess, who had to inherit the crown . could not marry a foreigner^ And 3? r. t). AfoNso vi. 26? Peter desired, that his daughter, then the only heiress, should marry the duke of Savoy, he assembled the cortes. The sortes .allowed it, on condition of not serving as an example for the future. This event shows conclusively, that the laws, which are said to be made in the cortes of Lamego , were then in force. The infant D. Peter a*id the queen. The infant D.Peter, associating with the queen, determined to usurp the throne of his brother. His partisans began to di- vulge, that men of honour, since the king was unfit to reign, exceedingly grieved, that he was not deposed and the infant proclaimed. A french fleet arriving in the Tagus, the queen the next day went out on pre- tence of walking, when the king was just upon the point of leaving for the country. The queen put herself in the convent of Esperanga, whence she wrote a letter to the king, acquainting him, that she had abandoned her coun- try, her relations and friends; that, in short, sli had sold her estates to be- 270 ABIUDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POR.TUS . come his companion , thereby hoping to gain his favour ; that all her efforts to please him were fruitless : she therefore begged to be allowed to return to France, requesting also that her dower might be restored. On the receipt of this let'er, Afonso became furious, and flew directly to the convent of Espe- ranc.a, where he would certainly have demolished the gates, had not the infant, who was probably warned for this pur- pose, arrived with a numerous retinue, and thus prevented such violence. The king returned to the palace. They began upon the spot to treat with great ardour the nullity of the marria- ge of the king, for the power belonged already to the infant, and the plea was quite his. Impri-ionment of the kinq. The par- tisans of the inf$. D. John de Austria was now substituted bv the mar- quis of Garracena, who had boas'ed of penetrating as far as Lisbon. Hut this boasting soon dissipated, and he remain- ed content by besieging Villa Vigosa. D. AFONSO VI. 275 The marquis of Marialva collected his army, and encamped in the fields ofMon- tes Glares. The Spaniards left their in- trenchments, and came to an engagement. This bloody action lasted many hours, till at lenght the enemy gave in (I66.H). Peace. The war continued till the year of 1668. The minds of men in ge- neral were set upon peaqe, which was at last concluded, the infant D. Peter being already regent. This war (named resto- ration) lasted twenty eight years. About this time Philippe was not alive, and his son Charles II reigned in his place. 18 D. PETER II, THE PEACEFCL , (1683 i706). Character of D. Petor II. War of the great alliance. Treaty of Melhuea. Des- cendence of D. Peter It. 'haracler of D. Peter II. A king, without an illustrated and fecund educa- tion, can in no wise reign to the entire satisfaction of his subjects, being always the sport of favourites. Portugal bore this unhappiness in the reign of D.Peter II. The whole of the attention of this mo- narch, during his youth, was to try his strength , inviting for this amusement all the mulattos of his brother D. Afon- so, who boasted of being strong. He had more than twenty ferocious bull-dogs, and ordered the mulattos to attack them sword in hand. If any one attempted to be surprised at this madness, would soon B. PETER II. 77 lose his favour. A king, thus amusing himself, could not at all render famous his reign by means of actions only pro- per to immortalize his name. D. Peter was not born to be crowned, even he had no art to usurp a crown. It were his favourites, who made him usur- per. In effect, if D. Afonso VI had no pre- spicacity and discernment to support that majesty, reign with discretion, and spread contentment amongst his subjects. Peter likewise wanted aptness for this. Neither of the two possessed a proper movement to handle the objects, which required a greater perception: it was here that the favourites managed the levers, which moved him. For bad actions bath were naturally addicted. During the reign of D. Peter the cor- tes were held but once. And thus died the national representation, that was brought to life again but in 182'). War of the great allinncf. Charles II. king of Spain, dying without issue, left by will his crown to his nephew Phi- lippe duke of Anjou. The kinj of i. pain had no right to make such a grant. The 278 ABRJDC-EMENTOF THE p SIORY OF PORTUC. crowns, after being possessed by those, to whom the people allowed them, fell again into the hands of their legitimate masters, who are the people themselves. The archduke (.haries, soti of the empe- ror Leopold, claimed the right of this succession. This gave rise to a very bloody war, that wrapt a great part of Kurope in its flames. The mnsichrisitan king Luis XIV took the plea in defence of Philippe his grand-son ; Leopold procteted his son, confederated with many european slates . 1). Pfter can not help being harshly accused, because, in stead of remaining in peaceful neutrality, he intruded him- self in a war, which, in case of succeeding, would have given to him very few advan- tages. Portugal played a very shamefaced part, that of the low venality, siding first with Philippe, and soon after quilling his party for that of Charles, by the sugges- tions of England. In the beginning, the portuguese cor ( - tributed much to the good upshot ef the undertaking of Charles. The valorous count of Galveas, at the head of the portuguese army, carried by storm the D. PETER II* 279 place of Valenga, aud Albuquerque yielded to Galloway, who had beset this town, by order of the count himself. The marquis of Minas, receiving the command ofthepor- luguese army, assailed k c alvaterra, which ip a short time threw itself on the mer- cy of the enemy. In fine, he besieged the very important fortress of Badajos. The besieged resisted boldly the strong as- saults, and the marquis of Minas raised the siege, not to waste vainly any time. The marquis, receiving information that Philippe, obliged to raise the siege of Harcelona, had gone out to France, came back to Madrid, where he intended to unite with Charles, to completely des- troy the contrary party. This fecund idea of the marquis had not the effect, after which he entertained. The marches of Charles were over slow, and he was yet at Guadalaxara, when the duke of Berwick, and Philippe quicker than his rival, appeared upon Madrid with a lar- ge, army. The marquis of Minas retired Jo this city, and went to unite himself with the austrian prince. Treaty of Mdhuen. D. Peter not con- 280ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTU&. teot says a modern writer of gifing up the kingdom to devas ation, engaging her without necessity in a war, which offered to him imaginary profits, as they depended on the chances of fortune, caused also Portugal to lose, in the time of peace, what could remain of the scour- ge of war. Peter put this in execution through a commercial treaty made with England, commonly called theMethuen treaty, the ne^ociators of which were suborned hy the briiish government with a great sum of money. The english, who saw him wheedled by the deceiiful hopes of the augment of consideration and territory , as they had painled it to induce him to make war with l j hilippe of Anjou* deemed this an opportunity also to induce him to sacrifice the whole portu- guese industry for that of the british. In this way, England, at the same time, OQ the one hand ravaged the kingdom with war, and on the other destroyed all the portuguese ruanufactu- ries, knocking up both portuguese ploughs and wearers looms. D. PETER II. 281 In this very fatal treaty, D. Peter pro- mised, in hi3 name and in that of his successors, to admit in Portugal all wol- len-cloths and all the manufactures ma- de by the english ; who promised to ad- mit in return the wmes of Portugal, with the diminution of a third part of the rights paid by the french wines. Descendence of I). Peter If From the first marriage D. Peter had an only daughter, I.). Elizabeth. From his second marriage with D. Mary Sofia, daughter of the palatine ele- ctor, were born: D. John, who succeeded his father, being born at Lisbon in 1089. Besides this last, he had many other children. : D. JOHN Y f : THB MAGNANIMOUS, (17061750). Character of D. John V. Results of the gold of Ihe Brazils. Continuation of the war of the gnat alliance. Succour given to the pope. Convent of Mafra. The aque duct of Ihe Aguas Livres. St. John the Baptist chapel, and other monuments. - De scendence of D. John V. haracter of D. John V. Praise- worthy and reproachful qualities consti- tuted the character of 0. John V. Pene- trated by a religious zeal badly under- stood, wished to establish at Lisbon two episcopal cathedrals , the eastern part being governed by the ancient metropo- litan, the western by a patriarch. The first patriarch was. D.Thomas de Almei- da bishop of Porto. Afterwards he wish- ed the abolition of the ancient metropc*- 1>. JOHN V. , h's, and the patriarchal church remained only. The popes granted all this, and gave to the king of Porlugal the title of the most fmilifu! king. They received in exchange one hundred and eighty odd millions of cruzadus. Such exorbi'.ancies cannot he praised. The money of the state was also ex- pended in endowing churches, building convents, and ordering masses to be per- formed for the dead. This last inclina- tion assumed more madness on the part of John V than any thing else, who or- dered masses to be performed almost every instant, as soon as he \vas acquainted with the death of any one. This conduct, which would be commendable, if it was concentred in the limits of reason, pro- ved an extraordinary absurdity being car^ ried to such a degree. The result of his great dissipation was to die poor. In the treasury there was neither money nor credit to defray the funeral expenses. A private genileman lent it. Thus, the shroud of ihe richest king of his time was, as it were, obtained by aims. 284 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTU& . It is here that Voltaire defines thecha- rac'er of D. John V: His feasts were processions, his buildings monasteries, and his mistresses nuns. According to our opinion, John V does not deserve all the vehemence of the reproach of Vol- taire. I he king had, it is true, mistresses, and was exceedingly fond of processions, convents emd friars : but he had also other tendencies and occupations. The coura- ge and zeal he displayed during an epi- demy, which devastated Portugal, com- mended his name. The institution of an historical aca- demy and the protection he gave to learn- ed men rendered him a great Mecenas. frequently invoked by the writers ofthis period. And if the works of this academy were not very useful, it is because the Portuguese literature resented yet the slavery it had endured during almost six- ty years, and gongorism had thrown out deep roofs. D. John V adored liteiature and arts, at least he protected them^ it was not his fault, but that of the age, if the literature he protected was not so sublime. The twilight of the rehabilitati- B. 30HN V. 285 on of portuguese literature, shone, indeed, during his reign. Lastly the aqueduct of theAguas Livres is a glorious monument of this king. Results of the gold of the Brazils. Du- ring this reign the brazilian gold flowed abundantly to the ports of Lisbon. And as money is the first mover of every thing, it was not possible, that Portugal would indifferently see it shine so magnificently. In act, Portugal took in this reign an entirely new aspect. The traces of the stay of the moors in the Peninsula were dissipated. Women, who till DOW lived within their houses, went out, and ren- dered more delightful the society of men; theatres, feasts and assemblies being esta- blished. Magnificence and luxury surpassed those of the last reigns. Luxury, often a valid document of the culture of the liberal arts of a country, and the most proper organ for the distribution of the wealth of the rich classes by the working class, did not perform so grpat a service to Portugal. The american gold was enough to buy all. Agriculture, which ought to be the first 286ABR1DGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POKTLvi branch of the prosperity of Portugal, was neglected: parisian tailors came and changed the ancient dress of the portugue- se : fereign cooks excited their appetites and the Italian music substituted the coarse symphonies, that were till at present used. But it were England and Rome, that chiefly absorbed the enormous treasnre* of the Brazils. Clothes, aliments, materials for construction, and many other things, all came from Great Britain. Continuation of the war nf the nrcat alliance. The war was still carried on with the same spirit. The duke of Berwick had reinforced the frencharmy, and thus would change fortune, that showed itself contrary to the arms of Philippe, On his side, the marquis of Minas, a Portuguese, general, and the earl of Galloway, com- mander in chief of the english and dutch, sought new occasions to signalize them- selves. Near Almansa the two armies came to an engagement; and after an horrible carnage, thirteen portuguese regiments were taken prisoners. But in the cam- paign of 1710 the portuguese had better D. JOHN V. 287 fortune on the fields of Sarago^a. The earl of Staramberg, general of the allies, and the portuguese generals, the counts of Atouguia and Assumar, performed many feats of valour. So lasting and so active a war, which for a long while left traces throughout almost all Kurope, began to tire the bel- ligerent powers. Portugal, Spain and France, signed an armestice at Utrecht in 1712. At lenght the poriuguese pler- nipotenciaries consolidated the peace in 1715. Philippe V was placed in the list of the catholic kings. Swtoiir given to the pnpe. Many years were not elapsed, when a new op- portunity caused the portuguese to fly again to arms. The sultan had taken from the venitians the peninsula of.Morea, and premeditated that of Corfu, which also belonged to the venitians, and was lookr ed upon as a bulwark of Italy (1716). The succ'ess of the ottoman arms cau- sed a profound terror all over chris'endom. bearing they might make themselves masters of the island, and fall upon Itajy* the pope asked aid from D. John V, 288 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HIS'lOKY of PORT life who immediately fitted out a squadron, the command of which he trusted the count of Rio Grande with; but he relum- ed to the Tagus without making any motion against the enemies. The next year he again directed himself to the Me- diterranean, and, covered with laurels, returned home. Convent of Mafra. A very glorious monument of D. John V is certainly the convent of Mafra. This stately building must not only be contemplated as an con- sequence of the caprice of a opulent monarch, but as a focus, whence arose the culture of mecanic and liberal arts in Portugal. Considerable sums went out, indeed, to foreign nations to purchase various things; but these things were patterns for the portuguese. These good results were, however, not lasting. The sumptuous monastery of Mafra, built to fulfil a vow he had made for successors, is a monument of italian architecture. The first stone of this monstrous building was laid in 1716. Two hundred thousand cruzados were expended on this I). JOHN V. first solemnity. The building of this work took thirteen years, and about thirty work- men were daily employed, The uqwduct of (fie Aquas Livres. Nothing magnifies so much the memory of 0. John V, as the admirable aqueduct of the Aguas Livres, one of the most beautiful monuments of I isbon. Any tra- 1 Veller, coming to Portugal, wishes im- mediately to see this gigantic monument, nnd in his astonishment certifies that, it is the only one of this kind throughout ail Europe. The population of Lisbon^ notwith- standing the riches of this city, could not increase for want of water. Lisbon would have been little better than the ward of Alfama, without John V, or any other king, who would imitate him. In this district there were only four fountains, some wells and cisterns. All the rest, that now occupies the city, were fields with some convents. Nineteen years were em- ployed in the construction of this aque- duct. Thirty fountains received water from it, eighteen within the city, and twelve without. 19 290 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POUTUC. St. John the Hap''st rhaprl, and other monuments. The chapel of S. John the Baptist in the church of S. Roque cost two millions of cruzadus. A very rich cha- pel of mosaic was constructed at Rome and set up provisionally in the church of S. Peter. Afterwards it was consecrated, and Benedict XIV performed there once mass, which cost one hundred thousand cruzados, that the pope received as alms. The solemnity being ended, the cliapel was taken (o pieces, put into boxes, and sent out to the Portugal. D. John V formed four rich libraries, one at the university of Coimbra, another at Mafra, a third at the palace, and the fourth at the congregation of the oratory. This king founded three manufacturies , one for silks, another for glass, a third for mo- rocco, and lastly a paper-mill. He esta- blished two magnificent houses serving ns depositories for arms, one at Lisbon, rhe other at Estremoz. He also established a mint. It was this king, who ordered the small hospital at Caldas to be newly con- >truc-ed. Finally. D. John ordered the river D. JOHN T. 291 Tagus to be -widened and straightened down from Santarem. Dt'scendence of D. John V. D. John V had by D. Mary Anne of Austria: I). Joseph, who was born in 1711. He succeeded his father. D. Peter, who was born in 1717. He married his niece Mary, heiress of th kingdom. 19 B. JOSEPH, THK REFORMER, (17501777). Character of D. Joseph. Character of Ihn marquis of Pombal. The marquis of Pom- ba! before entering into the favour of D. Jo- seph. Laws and olher works. Academy of the arcades. Earthquake at Lisbon. Coa- spiratioo. Expulsion of the jesuites. War against Spain. Descendence of D. Joseph. a 'haractcr of D. Joseph. The phrase, reign of D. Joseph, signifies administration of Sebastian Joseph de Carvalho e Mello. marquis of Pombal. Extreme credulity and timidity, some say, marked the character of this king: his predominant defects, others say, were pusillanimity and jealousy. D. Joseph, being deprived of the ability re- quisite to govern wisely, amusing him- self principally with music, had only the figure of a king ; for he was an automa- D. JOSEPH. 293 ton, whose movements were disposed of by the expert and subtle hands of his mi- nister, who left him but the mask of majesty. It was the marquis, who reallv reigned. Churarlrr o/ l^c marquis of PowAo/. The character of the marquis was an aggregate of great virtues and great vices : the latter prevailing upon the former. The city of Lisbon thrown down by the fatal catastrophe of the first of november 175o, and all being misery and horror, the marquis then was a matchless man, displaying an even heroic energy. In or- der to encourage industry, he inspired this monarch with the patriotic resolu- tion of dressing himself with saragoca, a cloth of national texture. The king publicly appearing so dressed notwithstanding its low price, almost every one imitated him ; thus above a million ofctuzndos remain- ed in Portugal, which would ha.ve been sent to England. To show the elevated character of the marquis, it is enough to quote a part of a note full of dignity and vigour, sent {o Great Britain in the course of a diplonru- 294 ABRIDGEMENTOF TH HISTORY OF PORTUfl . tic correspondence between the two na- tions, when the marquis demanded a sa- tisfaction, because the english had burnt some French ships near the coast of Al- garve. I know very well said he that your cabinet has till now governed ours; but I know also, that this must al- ready finish. If my antecessors have had the weakness of allowing all you have wanted, I will grant but what is just. Such is my last resolution. You can da as you like. England gave the satis- faction. At length, the marquis of Pombal, ha- ving found exhausted the public treasure in the beginning of his ministry, and ha- ving expended considerable sums in dif- ferent works, principally in rebuilding Lisbon, it is said that, at the close of his administration, seventy eight millions of cntzados were left in the public coffers. The memory of the marquis, however, does not merit the elogies, that are ge- nerally given to him. He exercised a de- gree of cruelty seldom equalled and never exceeded, chiefly against the noblemen and the jesuites. Many were arrested D. JOSEPH. 29') and banished without any process ; many v/ere imprisoned for a long time with- out knowing the cause of such. The reign of D. John V had heen ab- solute by inclination or by instinct; that of D. Joseph was absolute by system and calculation. The reign of Luis XIV in France was tiie model of the manjuis of 1'ombal. The government of Pombal in Portu- gal, as well ys that of very few others si- milar in other nations, is a politic.-)! mira- cle, which takes place only with the in- terval of ages. They can he somewhat indulgent towards his ministry, and shut their eyes to hisdespolism, for having em- ployed it in favour of the national pros- perity.. The mat guts of Po'nval hi'fore. en' f ring into lite favour of D. Josrph. CarvaUio e IVJello was born of an illustrious family in 169-). In the course of his life ho showed always a violent character, what gave rise D. John V to say, that he had hairs on his hear!. After studying at tli university of Coimhra, he entered the military career, which heshori'y resigned. 296ABR1DGEMENT OF THE HISTORY Of RORTUG He was thirty four years of age, he married D.TerezadeNoronha, daughter of the count of Arcos, in spite of the very strong opposition of all her relations. It is said, that from this time he en- tertained an interior hatred against the nobility. The union of Carva'ho and Tereza lasted a short period. Five years were elapsed, when she died. Carvalhi* had gone as plenipotentiary to Vienna, and there resided, when he was acquaint- ed with this event. Then, protected by the queen Mary Anne, he espoused even in Vienna Eleanor Ernestlna, daughter of the count of Aun. He also owed to the protection of the same queen his introduction into the mi- nistry in the reign of D. Joseph ; and how he succeeded in occupying the first place in the favour of this monarch, it was so. Carvalho introduced himself industriously into the council of a king, by whom every one was in the right, and who always sided with the last speaker. He remarked that every minister enjoyed by turns the royal favour. This circumstance was to discou- rage a man of genius, whose rising for- 1). JOSEPH. 297 tune amazed the court, who was sensible of his own superiority, and feared his am- bition should he perceived. However, he did not beg for the royal favour, nor sought to have conferences with the king. No art, no craft, no fiaud, were employed to ruin his rivals, who in intrigues were perhaps as able as he was; he indicated the inconveniences of the incoherent proposals made by his colleagues, foresaw their results, and remained silent. In the beginning his opinions were slighted ; but he had courage to keep the same method: and liis prognostics being rc- jilized always, the other ministers ac- knowledged his superiority, and were more modest in their plans. The king thought that God had sent to him apiophet to di- rect the affairs of his states, and, after having beHeved every one, believed only CarvaHio. Lawn and other wvrks The marquis of Pombal gave forth many salutary laws. He laid restrictions on the tribunals of ihe inquisition, and forbade the spectacles of barbaritv, impiously named ac's of faiih, to be public. He improved the ar- 29&ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY UF POR.TUG' my, restored the mariue : prohibited tin s^ave trade: established a public deposito- ry: created u commercial junta, and put a school of commerce under i's direction: instituted several commerc al companies: created manufac'.ories of silks, woollen drapery, hats, chinawar , playing cards; settled apr nting office: encouraged agri- culture; made a capital reformation in the statutes of tiie universily of Coim- bra. In fine, he erected iu Black Horse Square (Terrciro do I J aco) a coliossal equestrian statue, which is a superb monument of the highest degree of perfection, executed 'by the portuguese artists, much superior than the greatness of the king, to .whose memory it was raised. Acad'-inij nf tki- arcade . A man cele- Lrious by his taleat and perspicuity of his ideas mad.; then a revolution in the Portuguese lileratu e. Luis Antony Ver- ney, by means of his work in itled, verda- deiro uieilwdo de enludur, raised a new ban- ner in the literary field, and succeeded in destroying the slu'.gishness, in which those spirits were cast. Jn IT.'JG ihc acade- D. JOSEPH. 299 my of the arcades was founded by Diniz da Cruz, Esteves Negrao and Gomes de Carvalho. The arcatty studied principally the authors of the age of Garaoes, mada the very classical language to revive, and ban'shed many gallicisms, which blemish- ed it. But ii 1777 this very useful in- stitution ceased to exist. Earthquake at Lisbon. The inhabi- tants of Lisbon .solemnized all-saints day. j F on the first of november 175o, when, at nine o'clock; in the morning, different buildings beu;an to tremble with a dreadful movement, attended by an horrid subter- raneous din. Immcdi-ilely the houses be- gan to fall, and deep gaps to open in the earth. The sun darkened with vapours rising from the earth, and with the dust from the buildings, which had fallen and were yet falling, produced a truly fright- ful spectacle. Many^ thinking that they would save their lives, ran to the banks of the Tagus; but the sea, exceeding ils ordinary level, three times entered -.ipou land and carried them off. The termination of so great a disaster was tlw inccndary, which ignited in ma- 300 ABRIDGEMENT O.F THF. HISTOP.Y OF PORTUG. ny parts of the cily, consuming many millions , that had ber-n spared by the earthquake. The victims, imprisoned in the ruins, were then devoured by the flames. During all this pcrlurbation, thieves profited themselves, facing the llames, and robbing what they rescued. But upon the spot active orders were issued and many were sentenced to death. A-so we'l regu- lated measures were taken to furnish with subsistence those people, who had fled to the country, which came from different parts of Portugal, and from the neigh- Louring kingdoms. Cotispiralion. In 1758 a plot broke out. The duke of Aveiro, the marquis of Tavora, his wife and sons, D. Luis and ]). Joseph, and the count of Atouguia, were the principal ringleaders. The una- nimity of the authors, who wrote this event, is not very grea!. Much contributed most decidedly to this tragedy the illicit affections of the king. He was vanquished by the charms of I). Tereza wife of I). Luis, who how- ever did not dare to avenge himself. Tin* D. jostrli. 301 duke of Aveiro, the chief conspirer, avnil- fd himself of this oportunity, and de- bauched the family of Tavora. Peter Tei- xeira, favourite of the king, protected his correspondence with U.' Tereza. A few days, before (he queen ofSpain had died, and D. Joseph ought not to have gone out of the palace, owing to the court mourning; but by night he went un- observed in the carriage of Peter Tei- Xeira to ihe house of D. Tereza* The conspirators profited by one of these nightly excursions, in which the king was dangerously wounded. More than three months had elapsed, that the people did not speak of the con- spirers, who were uncaulions of any thing, when Carvalho e Mello arrested them ; and were sentenced to die in the square at Belem. Expulsion of th" jesuiles. One of the most important events recorded in the history of Portugal is the expulsion of the jesuites, which the one highly approved of, and the other highly reproved. A decree was issued in 1759, by which the jesuites were expulsed from Portugal. In virtue- of 302 ABRIDGEMENTO* THE HISTORY OF 1'ORTUG. this decree, the jesuites, who resided iri Portugal and the ultramarine possessions, were transported to Italy, where the pope received them kindly. The marquis, not satisfied with their banishment from Portugal , established energetic negociations with other courts, in order to completely abolish the com- pany of Jesus, what he obtained by a bull of Clement XIV, the celebriou Gan- ganelii, which was issued in 1773, two hundred and thirty three years after its institution. War against Spain. -Some years after George II, king of England, and Luis XV king of France, waged one against the other an active war, when, on account of the aggressions the first power had made against Spain, Charle* HF, king of this nation, declared war to it (1761). The portuguese cabinet feared in not being able to maintain for a long time the neutrality, what was too difficult to be respected, on account of the deplorable state, into which the kingdom w r as re- duced. Being determined not fo declare itself against England, if it could not re- D. JGSM'II. ,J03 main neutral, solicited her support; as soon as its ministers was acquainted with the hostile preparations of Spain. If had just obtained the crrtain'y of a strong protection, when the ministers of France and Spain at Lisbon asked that Portugal might follow them in this contest, and declared that the Spanish troops should enter Portugal, and that his most fniil- J'ul mojesly might treat them as friends or enemies. The ministry declared war to the allied courts, as soon as they were aware, that a Spanish army, commanded by the marquis of Sarria, had penetrated into Portugal, and had possessed himself of the province of Traz-os-Monles. The auxiliaries, promised hy England, arrived, with the earl of Lippe at their head. The earl of Lippe received from the king an absolute power, for all operations. At first he occupied himself in levying an army, ar.d restoring the fortifications of the frontier towns. But this was consist- ed only of slight combats. The Spanish army retreated unexpectedly, owing to the discord of its generals. All the belligerent powers desiring to 3D i ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HIST UY OF FOR TUG. rest, preliminaries of peace between France and Spain on one side, and Great Britain and Portugal on the other, were 1 signed at Fontainebleau in I7o2, arid succeeded by a decisive peace between the two powers. Dependence of D. Joseph. *D. Joseph had by U. Mary Anne Victoria, daughter of Philippe V of Spain: D. Mary Francisca, who succeeded her father, was born at Lisbon in 173i. D. Mary Benedicta, who espoused her nephew D. Joseph, I). MART, THK PIOUS, 17771816). Character of D. Mary I. and D. Peter III. State of finances. Different institutions and public works made during this reign. The marquis of Pombal after the death of D. Joseph. Expedition to Roussillon. The institution of the academy of sciences at Lisbon. D. Mary turns a lunatic. D. Chariot Joaquina. Agitation of the portu- truese cabinet. Treaty of Fontainebleau. Entrance ot Junot in Portugal : The royal family departs to the Brazils. Junot in Por- tugal. Arrival of an english army into Portugal. Second invasion in Portugal by the frencb. Last invasion by the frencb. The Portuguese invade France. Descen- dence of D. Mary 1. haracter of D. Mary I, and Peter ///. D. Mary was too liab'e to fanatic and tuperstitious ideas, which rendered her unable to reign prosperously. Excessively 20 306 ABRIDGEMENT OF f HE HISORY OF PORTUG filled with pious thoughts, she devoted herself wholly to the exercises of religion and acts of beneficence she spent her ti- me in thecloisters talking with the nuns, built convents, endowed pious settle- ments, while her ministers directed accor- ding to their desires the state affairs, and caused the ruin of the country. The king D. Peter III, as devout as his wife, never intermeddled in public affairs. He liked music and theatres and lived at Queluz in continual banquets and fetes. If he was ever invited to be pre- sent at the council, he was a motionless beholder of every discussion. Thus Pe- ter acted his part among the monarchs, only leaving as a monument of his royal dignity his effigies engraved on the coin. Stale of finances. The ministry, ap- pointed by D. Mary I, was formed of men unable to exercise such high offi- ces. It' will be enough to say, that the wife of a minister did really ask an au- thorisation to administer their own house, showing the unaptness of her husband. And this man, unable to administer his house, was appointed to direct the pu- I). MARY 1, 307 biic treasure. For this reason, the minis- ter himself, having exhausted the consi- derable sums left by the last administra- tion, had recourse to the admission of paper money. Without this measure, an illuslrd'ied ministry, that knew how to fecundify the great recourses of the na* tion, would easily have retrieved the fi- nances. Different institutions and public works tnade during this reign. Notwithstand- ing the unaptness of the leaders of the state, many useful things were done in the present reign, as were; the academy of sciences, the casa-pia (pious house) , a house for disabled soldiers, the rope-yarn of Junqueira, the convent of the heart of Jesus near Estrella, a school of forti- fication, the academy of midshipmen, the marine-hospital, the public library, a ca- binet of natural history. Astronomers and naturalists were sent out to America to observe its extent, climate and produ- ctions. There was made with England a commercial treaty, by which the english woollen drapery, which, according to the Methuen treaty, paid twenty three per 20 * 308 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUtt . cent, paid but thirl y. But this conven- tion \vas put into execution only until 1810. The marquis t,f Pombal after the death of D. Joseph. The marquis of Porabal, perceiving that his country would be un- grateful towards his important services, determined to close his political career : he resigned his post uf first minister, and went to the town of Pombal. Instead of enjoying tranquillity at his seat, he daily experienced the severest mortifica- tions ; but what he thought to have to- tally escaped, now unexpectedly burst upon him : this was the revisal of the sentence against the nobles executed in 1739. The queen heard the counsels of the most upright magistrates, who said, that such a behaviour, besides not being founded on justice, blemished the memo- rv of the late king. The nobles made use of the religious element in favour of their cause; and the confessor of the queen frightened so much her imagina- tion, showing her responsability before (iod, if she did not repair the injustices of her father, that she readily agreed I). MARY I. 30^ with. A commission was appointed to consider over again the above mention- ed sentence. In the interrogatories before the jud- ges sent to Pombal, he limited his an- swers by saying: The king did deter- mine it so: I did but put his orders into execution. At length, the innocence of the persons capitally punished, and also of those who had been im prisoner! as having conspired against the king's life, was declared (178i). They remarked, that some of the commissioners had been concerned in the sentence pronounced in 1759. The common magistrates opposed the official publication of the last deci- sion. Mystery seems to have attended the court of Portugal throughout every siep in the whole of these transactions. Lastly the queen issued a decree, wherein the marquis was declared a criminal, and deserving capital punishment; but that, in consideration of his advanced age and infirmities, the queen, having coonsulle her clemency rather than justice, toug'ht. fit to grant him life, his nsul SIOABRIDGEMENTOFTHIHISTOBYOFPORTUC only to the distance of twenty leagues from her court. This great statesman lived at Pombai till the year 1782, when he died, being in the eighty third year of his age. The marquis of Pombai was a man of a matchless activity. He rose at the break of day, dining aim si every day at a very late hour. After dinner, he rode out in a chaise with a friar, a re- lation of his, a man, as is said, of an ex- traordinary stupidity. This ride out was for the marquis his greatest amusement. In short he returned to the cabinet, in which he was busy till a dead hour of the night. The marquis left a very contradictory, but no ordinary memory. His numerous enemies reputed him as a monster : his partisans, so numerous as the former, looked upon him as the saviour of the country. The people , that rejoiced at his downfall, in many instances shew- ed their sorrow for not seeing him govern. We never considered the mar- quis as a learned man, we do not pre- D. MARY I. 311 sent him as a model : he i* riot a great roan, but extraordinary. Expedition to Roussillon. Europe beginning to wage war against Fiance, Portugal acted but as an auxiliary of Spain, which she ought to assist, accord- ing to the treaties, when Spain should require it. In 1793 a portuguese army went out from Portugal, and landed at Catalonia. The frcnch had penetrated as far as the above place and Arragon. The arrival of the porluguese raised the spirit of the Spaniards. The allied .army penetrated into Roussillon, obtained seve- ral victories, and compelled the enemy to seek refuge in the city of Perpignan. In 1794, general Dugaoibier marched to the Pyrenees, look prisoner a portu- guese regiment in the battle of Pons de Moulins, killed the count of Union, com- mander in chief of the allied troops, cha- sed these from Roussillon, entered the Peninsula, an 1 persecuted the enemy lo Gerona. In 1795 the combined army pe- netrated agnin into Roussillon Charles IV, fearing to see a democra- tical revolution to break out in Spain, in 3 12 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE BISTORT OF PORTUtt this year concluded in Bfile a trealy with the republic, without at least mentioning his ally. The remainder of the portngue- se army retreated to Portugal. Institution of the academy of sciencet at Lisbon. The institution of the royal academy of sciences at Lisbon was the satisfaction of a necessity, felt in the por- tuguese literature. Time justified it, and the progress of its studies has demonstra- ted its utility. Aristotle had powerfully influenced every branch of learning. They began to read with pleasure the works of Bacon, Descartes, Leibnitz, Locke and other clever and learned philosophers ; but the strength of habit and the influen- ce of many years disputed to them the ground, step by st9p, and the war of the modern ideas against the ancient conti- nued. In this way the people felt a great want in the public instruction, when the reformation of Ihe university in 1772 caused the supremacy of the philosopher of Stagirn to breathe its ia^t. and quite changed the system of instruction, ground- ing it upon the ideas, that then pre- D. MAl'Y I. 313 vailed in the most civilized put of Eu- rope. But it was not sufficient an institution proper for the study of sciences; it was requisite to furnMi ihe new literary ge- neration with national science , which could develop tlie germ of inHlnntion brought from Ihe university. Such wn the thought of the academy. Its founda- tion is owing to the unweary zeal of the french. -Napoleon wanted to cover with the splendour of a rapid conquest the bad issue of Juhot's expedition. His views were extensive: to be understood and dexterously executed, was necessarv, not only as a warrior, but also politician, and for this marshal Soult was appoint- ed, who succeeded in possessing himself of Porto; but he was obliged to evacuate the kingdom with great loss. Ln*t invasion by the french. In the rear 1809 marshal Massena invaded Por- tugal, took possession of Almeida, and marched upon Lisbon; but he found the anglo-lusitanian army occupying the chain of Bussaco, ready to hinder his passage. A moment he hesitated to combat in so 21 322 ABRIUGEMEM f OF Tilt HISTOKY Of PORTUO. advantageous a position for the enern\ ; but thinking fortune vet would be pro- pitious lo him, attacked. Fortune for- sakes him, and this first misfortune of the hero of Zurich, was another trophy to the duke of Wellington. What prudence required before the battle, was left till after. The trench army went round th^ mountain on the right side, and passed the defiles of SardSo, which Sir Arthur Wellesley had not occunied. This move- ment forced the englisli to retire in or- der to garrison the lines of Torres Ve- dras, which defended the capital. The french shortly appeared before the lines; but less audacious after the battle of Pussaco, they did not trv to break into the trenches. Massena prefered to occupv peacefully the positions of Villa Franca, which af'erwards famine ami disease compelled to abandon. The french quil- ted the portuguese soil no! to trample again upon it. '/'/? poriwju S' 1 invn-lc trance. Th^ fiav of ' rovenpe- arrived. In their turn the Portuguese had opportunity to oppress 1 -Vance with all the horrors thev had D. MARY1. 323 suffered: nevertheless, generous at Bayon- ne and Toulouse, they did not make any reprise, which humanity condemned, but in some measure were justified by the calamities, of which they had been vic- tims for a long time (1814). Descendence of D. Mary 1. She had by D. Peier III : D. Joseph who died at the age of twen- ty seven. D. John, who succeeded his mother, was born at Lisbon in 1767. D. Mary Anne Victoria married D. Gabriel, son of Philippe V of Spain. . D. JOHN VI, THE CLEMENT, (1816 1826j. Revolution of 1820.' The tiding* of tha revolution arrives at the Brazile Indepen- dence of the Brazils. Another revolution ip the year of 18S3. The last events of the reign of D. John VI. Descendance oC D. John VI. O*i evolution of 1820. Since 1808 Por- tugal had not ceased to suffer a not inter- rupted series of calamities. The lords Wellington and Beresford administrated Portugal according to their understanding. The britannic cabinet, sacrificing the in- terests of Portugal in the pacts, which ter- minated the war against France, treated Portugal as an ally, that they did not want, and determined to govern her as if she depended upon the crown of England. The revolution of Spain broke out, the conititution decreed by the cortes of Ca- diz in 1812 was proclaimed, and this unex- D. JOHN IV. 325 pec.teu* event excited in the hear!* ofsom,? patriotic poiiugueStt the sentiments of the national dignity. The rights of lh nation being proclaimed at Porto on 21 th of august 1820, and the foundations of the future constitution according to that of Spain being adopted, this act caused a m,i- versal joy. A meeting of the supreme government was provisionally appointed. All the people flew to arms, and the ca- pital proclaimed also a junta, who de- throned the regencv and assumed the, power, that was upon the spot acknow- ledged throughout all the kingdom. It was decreed, that the constitution of Ca- tlis should be the basis of that of Portugal. Tke tidings of (he rf volution arrive* at the Rrazils. As soon as it was known in the Hrazils what had happened in Por- tugal, enthusiasm was general. At Para the magistrates were deposed, and the basis of the future constitution of Portu- gal were proclaimed. At J'ahia was in- stituted a provisional meeting of the go- vernment, who published a proclamaiion, strongly adiu'ring to the principles of the revolution of Portugal. 326ABRlDGEMENTOFTHEHISToPvYOr PORTUtr. Before the news of these insurrections had arrived at the Brazils, there was already a great movement in the army and people, augmented by the irresolution of the king, whose ministers did not dare to propose any thing. Finally an explo- sion put an end to his hesitations, and did not allow him to take the dangerous and fruitless decision of opposing the united wishes of nearly the whole nation. D. John came to Europe. When he took leave of theroval prince, he said to him: I foresee [really, that the Brazils shortly will be separated from Portugal ; and in this case, if you can not preserve the crown for me, keep it for yourself to the end that the Brazils does not full into the hands of adventurers. Independence of the ftrazi ! s. Thecor- tcs did not know how to adopt with re- gard to the Brazils such a system, that, promoting the interests of this country, should fasten newly the snares which united it to Portugal, and adopted a se- ries of silly measures, that indisposed the spirits of the brazilians; and to com- plete their work, they published a dtrre-j B. JOHN vi. 327 iii 1821, according to which the prince ought to return to Portugal. This re- solution hastened the discord, and in- duced !). Peter to abandon the interests of Portugal. Fn 18*22 1). Peter took the title of emperor of the Brazils, and pu- blished his declaration of independence. by which he disclaimed all allegiance to the crown of Portugal. By a decree he admitted snuff and other foreign pro- ducts, depriving those of Porlugal of the advantages in the duties, that they had till then enjoyed. At the same time he authorized the braziiians and foreigners to fit out privateers against the portuguese commerce; and ordered all portuguese property to he sequestered. In 1825 I). John VI acknowledged the !5razils as an independent empire, and the royal prince I). Peter as emperor, giving away to him and his successors the sovereignty of the said empire. Another rfco'ut !ainlv fores.r.v, that the troops of the 328ABRIDGF.MKNTOF THE HI^TfiRY OF PORTUU count of Amarante, who hnd taken refuge in Spain, would be a poinl of reuniting to the enemies oi' liberty, and resolved lo raise an army of observation in the pro- vince of Beira. This measure produced effects contrary lo those that were expec- ted. This army revolted, proclaimed the absolutism, and marched to Villa Franca. }> night I). Michael left I lie palace, and departed to Villa Franca with thirty horse. Afterwards I). John also departed to Villa Franca. I). 'Michael threw himself at the feet of his father, who immedia- tely took him by the hand, congratulating him not only for the valour he hnd displayed, but also for the service he had just performed to the crown, and ap- pointed him to be commander in chief of the army. D.John returned to Lisbon; dissol- ved the cortes and decreed the abolition of the constitution. The las' writs of (he rn'ijn nf D. .John VI, Ihe absolute power succeeded the constitutional system. All the acts ofthe rortes wore annulled. IK .John N I, by the entreaty of the marquis of I.oule. D. JOHN VI. 32 thought proper to promise a new pact of alliance: but when he desired to treat of this object, the partisans of the abso- lute power did nol consent to it. D, Michael aspired to the throne, and his mother expected to govern under his shade. They had obtained the moiety with the first attempt, and premeditated a second one. Kelvin;? upon the subor- ning of the army and the dubious cha- racter of the nation, I). Michael thought there were no obstacles to surmount. On the night of the 23." to the 24 . of april 1*24, the infant directed himself to the barracks, declared he had disco- vered a plot against the life of his father and called the soldiers to arms. Early on the following morning all the regiments of the capital were ordered by the gene- ralissimo t> march totheRocio, the peo- ple ran with anxjousness through the streets, and on all sides it was whispered about a conspiracy being discovered by the infant. Proclamations were distribu- ted among the people and 'army. The infant thought, that on this day he could fulfil his desires, but jvitii riej ] JJO ABhlUUKMElsr OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUC. he heard voices in favour of the king. The latter, to escape the vigilancy of the chiefs of the insurrection, went on board. }\