r REESE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA , l8Q&. , [/ CA/ss No. SOLD BY R. KISHIMOTO, i. No. 188, Oimatsucho San- ^_ chome, Kitakn, Osaka, Japan. l\~ _. 4^. g.- USEFUL PLANTS OF JAPAN DESC1UBKI) AND ILLUSTRATED. UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN if TAMEIKE i, AKASAKA, TOKYO. 1895. USEFUL PLANTS OF JAPAN DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED. VOLUME I. CHAPTER I. CEREALS & LEQUMINOUS PLANTS. The agricultural products included under this general name consist of the most indispensable articles of human food. These grains are used as our daily food or to brew sake (rice-beer) or shQyR (soy). The straw is used for the manufacture of various articles or to feed cattle. The young pods of beans and young shoots of buck-wheet, etc. are consumed as culinary vegetables. 1. Oryza sativa, L.. aquatica, Common or Paddy rice, Jap. Koine, Uruchi ; an annual cereal grass cultivated in paddy or marshy ground. There exist several kinds of rice, but only three kinds are usually distinguished, early, middle, and late. The grains hulled, pounded, and boiled play an important role in the Japanese alimentation as meal and porridge, or are used in the preparation of rice ferment, sake, and vinegar. Dango (dumpling)* and sembci (a kind of cracknell) are made from the flour. The boiled rice dried makes what the Japanese call Jioshii and is eaten grilled. Starch is also obtained from the rice, and the paste is made by boiling ttie flour. Besides these, rice hulls and straw serve for different uses ; especially the straw is used for paper m: iking and other manufactures. 2. Oryza montana, Lour., Upland rice, Jap. Okabo ; an annual cereal of the order Gramineae, cultivated in ordinary dry land. Two kinds exist, common and glutinous rice. The quality, shape, as well as use are like the paddy r.'oj. 3. Oryza glutinosa, Rurnpli., Glutinous rice, Jap. Mochigpme\ a kind of rice differing from O. sativa, L., only in its colour and lack of lustre, and it is toughy and highly elastic in the nature of the meal. The grains mixed with beans of Phaceolus radiata and steamed make what the Japanese call kriff'a-meshi. Mochi (bread made by beating the meal in a morter), /ios/iii (dried meal), kanzarashiko (starch flour), cakes, and ame (a kind of Turkish delight) are made of this grain. The straw of this rice owing to its softness and easy manipulation is used to make ropes, mattings, straw hats, etc. 4. Hordeum Vulgar , ., Barley, Jap. Omugi ; a biennial graminous plant cultivated in common dry-land. The stalk, attains a height of about 3 fts. This grain is only second to rice in importance and usefulness. The grain pounded and partly crushed are used chiefly to make porridge and meal, to brew shoyu (soy), etc. Parched barley is used to make barley-tea. The malt of this grain is necessary to brew beer and to make ame. Shinju-mugi (literally pearl barley, the grain hulled to a pure white) is used to put in soup. The flour is baked into bread. The straw of this plant owing to its softness and high lustre is prepared to straw-mosaic, hats, and different articles. 5. Hordeum vulgare, ., forma mutica, Jap. Bvdsu-mugi ; a subspecies of Hordeum vulgare of the same quality and uses. The difference is that this one lias no awn or beard. 6. Hordeum vulgare, L., forma nudum, Naked Barley, Jap. Hadaka-mugi ; a subspecies of Hordeum vulgare. Its grains are easily separated from the hulls. 7. Triticum vulgare, L., wheat, Jap. Komugi ; a biennial cereal, having several varieties cultivated in ordinary dry land. Its stalks grow to a height of about 3 fts. The grains are used to make iniso (a kind of sauce in solid consistency) and to brew s/ioyu and vinegar. The wheat-meal is used to make bread, manjil (a small cake) & other kinds of cakes. Macaroni, vermicelli,/)/; (a kind of food), s/iofu (starch for paste) are all made 3 of this grain. But the straw of this kind is rough and only ussd to thatch the roofs of farm houses. Besides this there are two kinds of Chinese origin, one with reddish and the other with white straw used for hat making, the latter being deemed superior. 8. Triticum vulgar e, L., forma nudum, Jap. Bodsu-komngi ; a subspecies of wheat having the same quality and use, but no awn to the flower. 9. Panicum miliaceus, L., Common or Panicle millet, Jap. Kibi, Uru-kibi ; an annual cereal grass cultivated in ordinary dry field. The stalks grow to a height of 5-4 fts. The white grains are used as a food in the shape of msal, porridge, or made into dan go (dumpling). 10. Panicum miliaceus, Z., var. glutinosa, Glu- tinous millet, Jap. Mochi-kibi ; a variety of the preceding. Owing to its more toughy and elastic nature it is usad to make mochi and dango. It is used to brew sake (rice-beer). 11. Panicum italicum, L., Italian millet, Jap. Awa ; an annual cereal grass cultivated in common dry field. Its stalks attain a height of 4-5 fts. The grain is yellowish white and is used as meal and porridge Ame is also made of it. 12. Panicum italicum, Z., var., Big Italian millet, Jap. O-awa ; a variety of the preceding, but only larger. 13. Panicum italicum. L., var., Black Italian millet, Kuro-a-wa ; a variety of Panicum italicum, /.., with panicles of a darker colour. 14. Panicum italicum, ., var. glutinosa, Glutinous Italian millet, Jap. Mochi-awa ; a variety of Panicum italicum, L., with the same quality and use. Owing to its more elastic nature it is prepared to make mochi. Sake (Rice-beer), shochiu (dis- tilled spirit), and ame are made of this grain. 15 Sorghum vulgar e, Purse, Guinea Corn, Jap. MorokosJii-kibi ; a cereal grass grown in common dry land. Its stalks attain a height of 7-8 fts. The flour of this grain is used to make mochi, daugu and kanzarashi (flour obtained by elutriating the grains during the coldest season). 16. Oplysmenus frumentaceum, Kunth, Crow-foot millet, Jap. Hiye ; an annual cereal grass cultivated both in paddy and common dry field. It is the most robust kind of cereals. The stalks grow to a height of about 3-4 fts. It is consumed as meal, prorriclge, macaroni, and dumpling. The grain is kept long without damage. 17. Eleusin coracana, Gaertn., Finger millet, Jap. Kamoinata-kibi, Kobo-kibi ; an annual cereal grass cultivated in common dry field, easily distinguished by the forked shape of its panicles and its hardiness. The height of the stalk is about 1J fts. The grain is used like Oplysmenus frumentaceum (10). 17. b. Seeds of Zizania aquatica, Z., Jap. Makomo ; the seeds of this plant mixed with rice are consumed as food by \ boiling. 18. Beckmannia erucseformis, Host, Jap. Mino- gome ; a biennial cereal grass growing wild in swamps,, ponds, or marshy ground lying down on the surface of water, and forthing up its stalk to the height of about a foot. The boiled grain is eaten as food. 18. b. Panicum viride, Z., Jap. Au-yagi. In the province of Tamba this grass is cultivated for the sake of its grain which is used as food boiled with rice, or used to make danga (dumpling). It answers the same purpose as Oplysmenus fru- mentaceum. 19. Zea mays, Z., Maize, J'ip. TomorokosJit^ Korai- kibi ; an annual cereal grass cultivated in an ordinary dry land, growing to a height of abont 7-8 fts. The grain is eaten either boiled as meal and porridge, or parched. Bread ai.d cnke are made of this flour. Also starch and sake (rice beer) are made of this grain. It is of greatest economic value. There is a variety with the name Haje-morokoshi to make haje (parched grain in a bursting state). 20. COJX lachryma, L. Job's tear, Jap. Tomugi, Hatomugi ; an annual cereal grass cultivated in common dry land. The stalks grow to a height of 4-5 fts. The grain pounded in a morter and cleaned is consumed as meal and michi. An infusion of the parched and ground grains is used instead of tea, and is called Koscn. A chinese variety of larger grains grayish brown in colour with thinner shells is more easily crushed and cleaned. 2O. b CoJX agrestJS, 'four. J a p. Judsii-dama ; a species of the preceding. The shells being much harder are used to make budhist rosaries. It is also consumed in the sam.3 way as the former. There is one another variety with the name of Ojiuisudama which is larger and rounder. 20. C. Seeds of Bamboo, Jap. Jinengj / the sseds o the Bambusa s^nanensis and Sudsutake and few other kinds are used as food in the shape of flour. The seed resembles the wheat in form. 21. Glysine hispida, Moench, Black soy-bean, Jap. Kuro-mame ; an annual leguminous plant cultivated in ordinary dry laud. The stalk grows to a height of about 2 fts. The beans have black skin. They are eaten either boiled or parched and also used to make miso (a kind of sauce with solid consis- tency), cakes, and natto (a cooked bsans eaten as relish to ric?). 22. Glycine hispida, Moench, White soy bean, Jap. Shiro-mame ; a variety of the former (2 1 ), bearing a yellowish white skin of its bean. Numerous varieties as to six-:-, form, or duration of growth occur , and all are eaten either boiled or parched. Many important services are due to this bean. They are used to make malt, miso (a kind of sauca), s/ioyu (bean sauce'), and yuba (a kind of food). The mamenokj (bean flour) is made of the beans and is eaten with dangz, etc. It yields ^ dye called Maine -no- go. Oil is also pressed out from these bears. They are used in many other different ways. 23. Glycine hispida, Moench, var., Green bean, Jap. Acwcme ; a variety of the Glycine hispida, Moench (21) with larger seeds of greenish colour. One variety with green colour both of the skin and albumen called KonrinzaiwxwiV&> and is used to make Aonmme-no-ko (green bean flour). 24. Glycine hispida, Moench, var., Jap. GoisJii- mame ; a variety of Glycine hispida, Moench, (21). This seed is flat and black, and eaten boiled. 25. Glycine hispida, Moench, var., Jap. Gankui- Mamc ; a variety of Glycine hispida, Moench, closely allied to the preceding. The beans are larger and thinner in the middle, and eaten principally boiled. 26. Dolichos cultratUS, Thunb., Kidney bean, Jap. Fuji-mame, Sengoku-mame, Shakjo-mame; an annual leguminous climber with long tendrils, cultivated in ordinary dry land. The young poels are eaten boiled. Two kinds of flowers, white and purple, exist, and the grayish white beans of the former have softer pods ; those of the latter are of a purplish colour and inferior in taste, but the plant is stronger. 27. Dolichos (Lablab) vulgaris, Smith, var., Jap. Ajiiname, Hiramamc ; a variety of the preceding with larger edible pods. The beans have white, dark purple, or other colours, and all of them are good to eat boiled. 28. Dolichos umbellatus, TImnb, var. volubilis, Jap. Sasage ; An annual leguminous climber comprehending various varieties. The illustration represents the variety with white flowers, green pods, and white beans. The young pods are eaten boiled, and the beans are used to make white An (made by crushing the beans and mixed with suger). 29. Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb, var., Jap. ////- roku-sasage ; a variety of Dolichos umbellatus with pods about 2 fts in length, which are eaten boileel when green and soft. 30. Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb, var., Jap. Aka- saskgc : a variety of Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb. The pods are purplish, ami are used as the preceding. 31. Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb, Jap. Hata-sasage, Kintoki-sasage ; a non-climbing variety of Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb i with large, flat, and oval beans. As they are of the same colour as the Phaseolus radiata are used in the same way. The leaves are consumed as a vegetable. 32. Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb, var. seminibus albis nigris, Jap. Yakko-sasage \ a variety of the preceding with beans of yellowish colour and black spots. It answers the same purpose as No. 28. 33. Dolichos bicontortUS, Ditrien, Jap. Megane- sasage ; a species of sasage( Dolichos) characterized by its opposite pods winding round in opposite direction in the shape of a spectacles. 34. Phaseolus radiatus, ., var. subtriloba, Jap. 2$ undo, Yaycnari ; an annual leguminous plant cultivated in common dry land. The shape and use resemble very much the Phaseolus radiatus, but its beans are green. Its stalks grow to the height of about 1 ft. and the beans are used to make green An (made of crushed bean with suger) or eaten boiled mixed with rice as meal or porridge. It is also used to brew sake (rice beer), and to make dango and macaroni, It is used also to make malt called Togasai in China. 35. Phaeolus radiatus Z., Ked-fruitcd dwarf bean, Jap. Ad-suki ; an annual leguminous plant cultivated in common dry land, consisting of numerous varieties. It grows to the height of about 2 ft. The beans are mixed with rice and eaten boiled, used to give a reddish colour to Kowameshi (glutinous rice boiled with the bean), made into confections, or used as washing powder instead of soap. 35. b. Phaseolus radiatus, L., Var., Jap. Shiro- adsuki (IV hit e adsuki] ; a variety of the preceding with white beans specially used for making white An (crushed bean mixed 8 with sugar) and also confections or used as washing powder instead of soap. 36. Phaseolus radiatus, Z., var. pendula, Jap. Tsuru- adsuki ; a climbing subspecies of Phaceolus radiatus (35). The beans are smaller and longer than those of common Phaseolus radiatus and are used in the same way. 37. Phaseolus radiatus, Z., var., Jap. Dainagon- adsuki ; a variety of Phaseolus radiatus, L. (35) with larger beans of clear red colour. But the use and quality are the same with the common one (35). 38. Phaseolus VUlgaris, Z., Jap. Ingen-mame, Gogatsu-sasage, Nido-sasage ; an annual leguminous climber culti- vated in common dry land. Its young pods are eaten boiled. The beans are white, crimson, variegated, etc. All of them are eaten as vegetable. 39. Phaseolus nanus, Z., Jap. Tsurunashi-ingen ; an erect standing sort of Phaseolus vulgaris, L. attaining the height of about 1ft. 40. Phaseolus VUlgaris, Z., var., Jap. Aoi-mame, Gomon-mame ; an annual leguminous climber cultivated in common dry land. The shape and colour of the bean resemble somewhat the variegated asarum leaf, hence the name of Aoi-rname or Asarum bean derived. They are eaten boiled as vegetable. 41. Pisum sativum, Z., Common pea, Jap. Yendo, Yendo-mame ; a biennial leguminous climber cultivated in common dry land. The stalk grows to the height of 3-4fts. It's peas are eaten either boiled or parched or used to put in cakes. 42. Pisum sativum, Z., var., Jap. Saya-yendo ; a variety of Pisum sativum with white flowers and smaller greenish peas. The pods are eaten for their softness and sweetness. 42. b. Pisum sativum, Z., var., Dwarf pea. Jap. Chabo-yendo ; a variety of Pisum sativum, Z. (43). It attains the height of about 1ft. It has the same quality as the preceding. 43. Vicia faba, L. y Jap. Sora-mame ; a biennial legu- minous plant growing to the height of about 2fts. The beans are eaten boiled or parched or used for making miso and slnyTi (soy). 43. b. Vicia faba, L., var., Jap. Otafuku-soramame ; a kind of the preceding with flatter and larger beans and of a better taste, especially of the young ones which are soft and delicious. 44. Canavalia incurva, D.C., Jap. Tatewaki, Nata- viaine ; an annual leguminous climber in two varieties, one with white and the other, purplish beans. The young pods of the former are preserved in salt, and the latter is eaten fresh and boiled. 45. Mucuna capitata, Wigt. et Am., Jap. OsJiaraku-mame> Hassho-mame ; an annual leguminous climber cultivated in com- mon dry land. The young soft grains are eaten boiled and have a taste of Vicia faba, Z,., but this bean contains a poisonous ingre- dient in a slight quantity ; so it is advisable to eat moderately. 46. AracMs hypogaea, L., Pea-nut, Jap. Tojin- mame, Nankin-mame ; an annual leguminous plant cultivated in common dry land. It puts forth numerous stems in all direc- tions under ground, and they bear nuts. They are eaten parched or used in confectionary or to extract oil. A variety with larger nuts about 3 times bigger was introduc- ed from America in 1873. 47. Fagopyrum esculentum , Mocnch, Buck- wheat, Jap. Soba ; an annual cultivated plant of the order Polygo- naceae found in several varieties. It grows to a height of about 2fts. The flour of book-wheat is used for making Soba-neri (flour kneaded with hot water to a dough) or Soba-kiri (macaroni form), or made into Kori-soba-kiri (Soba frozen and dried) and Hoshi-soba-kiri (dried soba). The grains steamed and dried are eaten boiled or made into bread or Manju (a small cake). Its young leaves are eaten as a vegetable, and its stalks are used to feed cattle. 10 CHAPTER IT. LEAF VEGETABLES. The vegetables included under this chapter are principally those, which leaves and stems are used for culinary purposes either raw or boiled, or preserved dry or kept in brine as pickles. But there are also a great many such vegetables among chapters of Eoot and Flower vegetabes, Cucurbitaceous fruits, Spices and Con- diments to be consumed in the same way. Those are not con- cerned here and will be described under their respective chapters. 48. Brassica chinensis, ., var., Jap. Mikawashimana, Tsukena ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order Cruciferce. The length of its leaves is about IJfts. The village of Mikcrcva- s/iima, district Teshima, province Musashi, is famous for pro- ducing the best variety, whence it derives its name. The leaves are preserved in salt as pickles from late autumn to winter. Its flower buds can also be eaten, and its panicled flowers are esteemed as cut vase-flowers among the Japanese. 49. Brassica rapa, L., var. amplexicaulis, Jap. Shira- kukina, Hirakukina, Tona ; this resembles much the preceding, but is shorter in height. Its yellowish white leaves have crape- like wrinkles and are eaten either boiled or as pickles preserved in salt. 50. Brassica Chinensis, L., var. Jap. Komatsuna, Hatakena, Fuyuna ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order Cruciferae, with leaves growing to a length of 6-8 inches. In late winter to the spring they are used much as a culinary vegetable either boiled or preserved in salt as pickles. Its young leaves or cotyledons are used to flavour soup called Tsumamina ; a late variety of this is called Uguisuna. 51. Sinapis chinenesis, L., Jap. Midsuua, Kiona ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order Cruciferce. The petiole attains the length of about 1 ft. and comes forth in bundles of several hundreds from a root. This vegetable is used in winter and spring either boiled or as pickles preserved in salt. UNIVERSITY 52. Sinapis chinensis, L., a subspecies of the preceding with broad leaves and without seg- ments, and it is used for about the same purpose as others, but superior in quality. The village Mibu in Kudsimo district, Yamashiro province, is noted for this vegetable , whence the name is derived. 52. b. Brassica chinensis, Z., var. Jap., Suikukina ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order Cruciferae. Its leaves nible those of the turnip and are about 1 ft. in length. In the district of Kamo, province Yamashiro, they are extentively cultivated and preserved in salt with the name Suikukina. 53. Sinapis integrifolia, Wild, Jap., Takana, U-garashi, Oba-garasJii ; a biennial cultivated vegetable. Its leaves are full of crape-like wrinkles and of 2 3 fts. in length. In winter and spring they are much consumed as culinary vegetables either boiled or preserved in salt as pickles, and are of a very good quality. 54. Sinapis cermia, Thimb, Jap, Karashina ; like the preceding, with leaves 7 9 inches in length, which are eaten much as pickles in winter and spring. There are black and white seeds, both used as spices and condiments or for medi- cinal purposes. 54. b. Sinapis cernua, Thnnb, \ar., Jap., Chirimenna, Jrana ; a variety of the preceding with wrinkled purple leaves. The finely serrated edges look very pretty. They are eaten either boiled or as pickles preserved in salt. 55. Tetragonia expansa, Ait., Jap., Tsuruna ; an evergreen herb of the order Ficoidece growing wild on the sea- coast of warmer regions. It creeps over the sandy ground. It is also cultivated from seeds, and its leaves are eaten as vegetable in summer and autumn. 56. Spinacia inermis, Moench, Jap., Horenso ; a cultivated biennial plant of the order Chenopodiacea3. It is sown twice in a year, in spring and autumn. It grows to the \ 12 height of 5 8 inches. It is the vegetable of late spring and late autumn and eaten boiled. It has a very sweet flavour. The plant is dioecious, and care must be taken for collecting seeds in distinguishing the fertile seeds. 56- b. Beta VUlgaris, L., Jap., Tqfisa, Fudanso ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order Chenopodiaceae. The seeds are sown twice in a year, in spring and autumn, and the leaves are used as vegetables in all seasons of the year, whence the name of Fudanso (everlasting herb). A variety with crimson tinted leaves, stems, and roots is called Kwa-ycn-sai (Flame vegetable) or Sangojuna (coral vegetable) and much used for the decoration of dishes. 57. Sonecio sp., Jap. Suijeujina ; an evergreen herb of the order Compositae. As it fears cold it is cultivated in hot beds during winter, and in spring taken out and planted in open ground. Its stalk attains a height of about 2 fts. In summer and autumn its soft and sticky leaves are consumed as vegetable. 58. Oenanthe stolonifera, D.C., Jap. Seri; a pe- rennial marshy plant of the order Umbelliferce growing wild in shallow water or any damp ground, and in late winter and spring the leaves are consumed as vegatable. Those cultivated in swampy ground Lave petioles above I ft. in length. 59. Cryptotoenia canadensis, D.C., Jap. Mitsuba, Mitsuba-jeri ; a perennial herb of the order Umbelliferae growing wild in moist valleys, but much cultivated from seeds or by dividing the roots. In spring young leaves come forth to a height of about 1 ft. They are eaten boiled, and the roots can also be eaten fried. One variety with fine thread-like petioles and shooting in bushes to 8 10 inches high is called Ito-mitsuba (thread Hanewort). 6Q. Angelica sp., Jap. A shit aba, HacJiijona ; a triennial herb of the order Umbelliferae growing wild to a height of about 4-5 fts. In the Island of Hachijo it is cultivated from seeds, and the youug leaves are consumed as 13 vegetables in all seasons boiled or pickled in salt. Its large roots are eaten either boiled or made into dango (dumpling). There is a plant called Hama-udo resembling it very much in form, but very poisonous. But they can be easily distinguished, as when cut the former emits a yellow juice, while the latter does not emit any. 61- Aralia cordata, Thunb, Jap. Udo ; a perennial plant of the order Araliaceae growing wild in mountainous districts, also much cultivated in farm lands. Its young and soft stalks are eaten as vegetable in spring and summer. The is a cultivated variety about 1 ft. high. Besides this, udo (winter udo), Nenjiu-udo (whole year Udo), etc., are also cultivated. 62. Chrysanthemum coronarium, ., Jap. Shun- giku^Kikuna, Mujuiso ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order Compositae. In autumn the seeds are sown, and the young plants are eaten in winter and spring either boiled or fresh. In summer the flower stalks shoot up to a height of about 2 fts. covered chrysanthemum-like single white flowers about 2J inches in diameter. They are also used for floral decoration. 62. b. Papaver somniferum, L., Jap. Keshi / the young plants are eaten as vegetable after being scalded. 63. Lactuca sativa, L., Jap. Cliisa, Chishana ; a bien- nial cultivated plant of the order Compositae. Its seeds are sown twice in spring and autumn, and its leaves are consumed as a vege- table either boiled or raw from December to May. It grows to a height of about 3 fts. 64. Cichorium endivia, L., Jap. Kikujisha / a culti- vated plant resembling much Lactuca sativa, L. Two kinds occur, one with broad and the other with narrow leaves. In winter and spring the young leaves are eaten fresh. Its stalk grows to 2-3 fts. in height. 64. b. Veronica anagallis, L., Jap. Kawa-jiska ; a biennial herbaceous plant of the order Scrophulariaceae growing 14 wild in swampy places. In spring and summer the leaves are used instead of Lactuca sativa, L. It is also sown early in spring to eat its cotyledonous leaves. 65. Boltonia cantoniensis, D.C. (Aster cantoniensis, .Z>/.), Jap. Yornena ; a perennial plant of the order Compositae growing wild in mountainous districts. In autumn when they have grown to about 3 fts. an umbel of blue chrysanthemum- like single flowers comes out. From late spring to summer the young leaves are eaten after passing in boiling water. 66. Cnicus nipponicus, Max., Jap. Na-asami ; a peren- nial herb of the order Compositae growing wild in mountain- ous districts attaining a height of 2 3 fts. and opening flowers in autumn. From spring to summer the young leaves are consumed as vegetable. 67. Petastes japonicus, Mig., Jap. Fuki ; a perennial plant of the order Compositae growing wild or cultivated. Its petioles grow to the length of about 2 fts. In spring and summer months they are eaten after passing in boiling water or preserved in salt. Its flower-buds owing to their flavour and agreable slight bitter taste are eaten boiled or used as condiments and spices. 67. b. Petastes japonicus, Mig., var., Jap. Akita bnki ; a very large variety of the preceding, pretty enough as an ornament of its extensive round leaves, but inferior in taste as vegetable. 67. c. Senecio kcempferi, D.C., Jap. Tsuiva-buki ; the petioles of this plant are eaten either boiled or preserved in salt as the preceding. 68. Artemisia VUlgaris, L. t Jap. Yomogi ; a perennial plant of the order Compositae growing wild every-where on hill- sides. Its stalks grow to a height of 2 3 fts. In spring the young plants are eaten after passing in boiling hot water or used to flavour and colour mochi or dan go (durngling). Its leaves are made into Mogusa. 69. Amarantus mangostanus, L., Jap. Hiyu ; an annual cultivated plant of the order Arnaranthaceae growing 15 to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer and autumn months the leaves are eaten either boiled or as pickles preserved in salt. It is the vegetable of the hottest months. 70. Salsola asparagoid.es, Miq., Jap. Matsuna ; an ^ annual plant of the order Chenopodiaceae growing wild near sea- coasts and attaining a height of about 3 fts. ; but also cultivated in farm ground from seeds. In spring and summer months the young plants are eaten after passing in boilng water. 71. Salsola Soda, L., Jap. Okamiru, Oka/iijiki, Miruna ; an annual plant of the order Chenopodiaceae growing wild in sandy sea-shores with a long stem. It is also cultivated from seeds, and in summer and autumn months its leaves and stalks are eaten after scalding in boiling hot water. 72. Chenopodium acuminatum, Wild, Jap. Akaza ; an annual herbaceous plant of the order Chenopodiaceae growing wild everywhere, attaining a height of about 4-5 fts. The large old stems are used as canes. Besides this, Shiro-akaza (white variety), No-akaza (field variety), and several other varieties occur of the same economic value. 73. Brasenia peltata, Pnrch., Jap. Junsai, Nunawa ; a biennial aquatic plant growing wild in old ponds and marshes. Jn spring and summer the young leaves covered with a mucilagi- nous substance are eaten fresh seasoned in vinegar. 74. Portulaca oleracea, L., var. sativa, Jap. Osuberi-liiyn; an annual cultivated plant of the order Portula- caceae. It attains a height of about 1 ft. In spring and summer months, the leaves and stalks arc eaten either raw or scalded. 75- Rumex acetosa, L., Jap. Snkampo ; a biennial plant of the order Polygonaceae growing wild in mountainous rtgoins and attaining a height of about 2 fts. In spring the joung soft leaves and stalks are eaten either boiled or preserved is salt. They have a pleasant acid nous flavour. 75. b. Polygonum cuspidatum, ^. et Z., Jap. Itadori; 16 the young stalks of this plant (905) growing wild in mountainous districts are eaten either boiled or raw, or pre- served in salt, when they have attained a height of about 1 ft. and 1 inch in diameter. 76. Acanthopanax spinosum, Miq., Jap. Ukogi ; a deciduous shrub of the order Araliaceaa attaning a height of 7-8 fts. Its thorny branches fit well for hedges. In spring the young leaves are eaten scalded. 77. Aralia Chinensis, Z., Jap. Tara-no-ki ; a deciduous shrub of the order Araliaceae growing wild on mountainous regions and attaining a height of about 10 fts. covered with sharp thorns. In spring young leaves are eaten after passing in boiling water. This is the best of edible tree shoots. 78. Clethra barbinervis, 5. et Z., Jap. Riyobu, Hata- tsumori ; a deciduous tree of the order Ericaceae growing wild in mountainous districts. Its stem attains a height of about 10 fts. In spring the young leaves are eaten boiled with rice. It is much used by peasants of remote mountain villages. 79. Helwingia rusciflora, Wild, Jap. Hana-ikada ; a deciduous shrub of the order Garryaceae growing wild in mountainous districts to a height of about 8 fts. In spring young soft leaves are eaten boiled. 80. Alliiim fistulosum, ., Onion, Jap. Negi ; a peren- nial herbaceous plant of the order Liliaceae. The tubular leaves grow about 2 fts. in height, and the length of white under- ground part varies according to the skill of cultivators. They are eaten either boiled or fresh in all seasons, but they are best and sweetest in winter. 80. b. Allium fistulosum, ., var., Winter onion, Jap. O-ncgi, Ippoii-negi ; a variety of the preceding, but larger and standing erect solitally and is wholesome and sweet. 81. Allium fistulosum, L., var., Jap. Iwa-tsuki-negi ; a variety of the preceding smaller in siza. Owing 17 to its good taste it is much valued as a special product of the district Iwatsuki in the province of ^InsasJii. 82 Allium esculentum, L, Jap. Wakegi, Fuyimegi ; a kind of Allium with long slender leaves. The name of Wakegi is derived from its benig easily propagated by division. In spring and winter months when they shoot out are eaten for their good taste and less odour. 83. Allium sp. , Jap. Karigi, Natsu-negi; a smaller species of Allium fistulosum, L. (50). As it shoots out in summer it is used as a vegetable in that season. 84. Allium ledebourianum, Schult, Jap. Asatsuki ; a species of Allium resembling Allium fistulosum, L., growing wild, but also much cultivated. The leaves are long and slender, with small bulbs. In spring the leaves shoot out luxuriously to a length of about 1 ft. Both leaves and onions are eaten together, and the taste resembles that of Allium fistulosum, Z., being less odourous, but much soft and smooth. 85. Allium nipponicum, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Nobiru ; a small kind of Allium growing wild with leaves about 1 ft. long, forming small onions at foot. In spring and summer both leaves and onions are eaten together. 86. Allium odorum, L., Jap. Nira ; a leek much re- sembling allium fistulosum, L. (80). In spring the flat leaves come out luxuriantly from old onions, attaining a length of about 1 ft. In summer and autumn they serve as a vegetable. 87. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott, Jap. To-no-imo, Aka-imo ; 'a cultivated tuberous plant of the order Araceae. Its petioles grow to a length of about 5 fts. with expanded leaves at the top, and are eaten boiled and also preserved dried or in salt. This variety does not produce many } r oung tubers, but the mother tuber grows to a considerable size. It is an excel- lent article of food for its sweet taste. 87. b. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott, var., Jap. Midsu- iuu ; a close ally of the preceding cultivated in swampy \ 18 ground in the warm regions. The petioles are principally used for food. 88. Colocasia indica, Kth. (Caladium esculen- tum. Sieb.), Jap. Hasu-imo ; a species very nearly related to the preceding, with leaves growing to a length of abont 3-4 fts. It is called Hasu-imo (Lotus caladium), because the leaf has the form of Lotus-leaf. As the petioles of this kind are not bitter they are eaten either raw or boiled and also preserved dry. 89. Smilax herbacea, Z., var. nipponicum, Miq., Jap. Shiode ; a perennial wild climber of the order Smilaceae. The young leaves are boiled and eaten as a vegetable. 90. Osnmnda regalis, ., var.japonicaJap. Jenmai; a perennial herbaceous plant of the order Filices growing wild on mountains and woody places and forming a large clump. In spring young coiling fronds are eaten boiled or preserved dry or in salt. The white fibres covering the young fronds are woven into clothes. 91. Pteris aquilina, ., Jap. Warabi; a perennial herba- ceous plant of the order Filices. Its rhizomes extend in all direc- tions under ground and shoot up young leaves everywhere, and are eaten boiled or preserved in brine. Starch is also got from the rhizomes, called Warabiko or brakefern meal. The fibre of the rhizomes after the meal emptied out are used to make rope of a dark brownish colour, bearing against rottening by moist. 91. b. Botrychium ternatum, Sw., Jap. Hana-warabi Fuyu-warabi ; a perennial plant of the order Filices growing wild on mountainous districts. In autumn the leaves come out with flower stalks, one to eash leaf generally. Tkey attain a height of 6-7 inches and are eaten boiled with a soft delicious taste. 92. Ceratopteris thalictroides, Brong, Jap. Midsu- warabi, Midsu-riirijin ; an annual herbaceous plant of the order Filices growing wild in moist swampy plases. Those growing in water get larger than -those grown in dry land. In late spring the young leaves are boiled and eaten as vegetable. 19 Besides those mentined in this chapter there are innumerable other plants with edible leaves. For instance, in the chapter of Cereals and Leguminous plants, the cotyledons of Glycine hispida, Afocnch (21-23) and Phaseolns radiata, L. subtriloba (34), and the young leaves of Doliclios umbellatus, Thunb, var. volubilis (28-33), Pisum sativum, L. (41-42), Vic-ia faba, L. (42), Fagopirum esculen- tum, Alccnch, etc. are eaten as vegetables. Among the chapter of Root vegetables, the young leaves of almost ail plants except 2-3 are used for the same purpose, as Eaphanus sativus, L. (93-102), Brassica rapa, L. (103-106), Daucas carota, L. (107), Lappa major, Gaertn. ( 108), Batatus edulis, Chois, and Solatium tubsrosa, L. Among the Flower vegetables, the leaves of Pyrethrum sinense, Sabin^ and tue }^oung shoots of Amomum Mioga, 1 h. or Zingiber mioga, Roscoe; among Cucurbitaceous plants the petioles of Cucur- bita pepo, L. (129-130); the young leaves and stalks of several plants contained in the chapter of Spices and Condiments, as Eut- rema Wcusabi, Max. (162), Raphauns sativus, L. (167), Perilla arguta, Betith (170), Capsicum longum, L. (167), and Polygonum 1 / nodosum, L.\ among Starch yielding plants the young leaves of Erythronium deniscanis, L. (257) and Orichia edalis, Miq. (258) ; among Economic plants the soft young leaves and stalks of Kochia scoparia, Schrad (300) and Luffa petola, Scr. (305) ; among Oil and Wax plants the leaves of Brassica chinensis, L. (308) ; among Textile plants the young leaves of Typha japo- nica (339) and Zizania aquatica, Miq. (346) ; among Dye plants the leaves of Basella rubra, L. (371) ; among Medi- cinal plants the .young leaves of Malva pulchella, Berttn. (406) and Plantngo asiatica, L. (448) and the petioles of Eheum undula- tum, L. (453); among Timber trees and Bamboos the young leaves 'f Cedrela chinensis, fuss-, among Evergreen trees the young leaves of Cycas revoluta, Thunb ; among Ornamental garden trees the young soft leaves of Althoea rosea, Cav. (769), Scabiosa japonica, Miq. (809), Taraxacum officinale, Wigg. (853), Adeno- phora vcrticellata, Fisch($\) t Conandron ramondioides, S. et Z. (959) and Funkia sieboldiana, fafffc{9GQ) are all eaten as vegetables. Besides these, among Trees and Shrubs there are many serving to 20 the alimentation in unexplored cold and hot climates, but these are mostly mere substitutes of food in time of famine or for quriosity, and are therefore not mentioned in this section. CHAPTER III. ROOT VEGETABLES. This Chapter includes all vegetables which roots or bulbs serve for alimentation and are principally consumed in fresh state in spring and summer or preserved dried or salted for the use of other seasons. Some containing large quantities of starch are eaten in place of cereals. The leaves and stalks of some are also used as vegetables. 93. RaphanilS satiVUS, Z., Jap. Daikon, Sudsushiro ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order Cruciferae with many varieties. The species painted in the illustration is the Nerima raddish grown in the Musashi province. Of this species two forms exist, one called Naga (long), and the other Tomari (stopped). The former is about two feet long and two inches in diameter, tapering toward the end and without a tap- root. The other is about the same length, club-shaped, and has a long tap-root. It is eaten boiled or preserved in rice-bran and brine. Both, roots and leaves are used as food fresh, or dried. 94. Raphanus satiVUS, Z., var., Jap. Sakurajima- daikon ; this is the largest kind of raddish. It is a speciality of the place called Sakuraji'ma, province Osumi, whence it derives the name. There are three varieties, early, middle, and late, the last of which is the largest. It is about 3 fts. in cir- cumference and weighs 20-30 Ibs. It is thick in middle and tapers slightly towards both ends. It is eaten raw, boiled,. dried, or preserved in salt, and has a sweet wholesome tast. 95. Raphanus satiavus, L., var., Jap. Azami-daikon, Suikwa-ctaikon ; a variety of raddish with numerous seg- ments on leaves. The roots and leaves are used like those of the former. 21 96. RaphanUS sativus, L., var., Jap. Otafuku-daikjn, Kamcido-daikon ; a variety of raddish (93). The special place called Kameido in the district Minamikatsiishika^ Musashi pro- vince, produces the best quality, whence the name is derived. It consists of three varieties, early, middle, and lute. The middle variety which is taken up about the month of May has a root about IJfts. long and \\ inches in diameters and it is greenish at the top where the leaves come out. It is superior in taste, an.l eaten raw, boiled, or preserved in salt. 96. b. Raphanus sativus, ., var., Jap. Hosone-daikon ; a slender kind of liuphanus sativus, Z., (93), being a foot in length with a diameter of about \ inch. This is well sown at any time, affording fresh vegetable at any time in the year, whence it is called Toki-sJiiradsu (non aware of time). It is also called Otafnku, but is quite different from that grown in Kameido of the same name (96). It is good to eat raw, boiled, or preserved in salt. 97. RaphanUS sativus, Z., var., Jap. Ji-daikon or Tokun-daikon ; a variety of raddish (93), being club-shapsd thick at lower end and about a foot long. It is good to eat boiled. 98. RaphanUS sativus, L., var., Jap. Miyashigs-daikjn, Oivari-daikon ; a variety of raddish (93). This is specially produced in Miyashige, district Nishikasugai, province Owari. It is thick at the top tapering towards the tip without a tap-root, and about IJfts. in length and 3 inches in diameter. It is the sweetest of raddish and the best to be boiled, preserved dry, or pickled. It soon loses its fine quality when cultivated in other districts. 98. b. RaphanUS sativus, L., var., Jap. Hvrio-daikon ; a variety of raddish (93), the special product of the village Horio, district Kaito, province Owari. There are two varieties, one greenish at the head, and the other all white. The lattar is better in quality. It resembles much Miyashige-daikon in 22 shape (98 a), but with a tail-like root. It is of a very large size "with a length of 2fts. and a diameter of 8 inches, and rivals the early variety of Sakiirajima-ctaikon (94). It is consumed as the preceding. 98. C. Raphanus sativus, Z., var., Jap. Shogoin- daikvn ; a close ally of the preceding with a larger diameter. It is about a foot long and 6-7| inches round, and of the superior flavour and taste. This is a variety got from the seed of 98. b sown in the village of Shogoin in the district of Atago, province Yamashiro. 9. Raphanus sativus, L., var., Jap. Pladano-daikon, Moriguchi-daikon ; a slender shaped variety of the raddish (93). There are different varieties with a length of 3-4 fts. and a diameter of about a inch. The districts of Hadano in the province Sagami and of Morigitchi in the province Kawachi are firmd for this product. It is hard and better in taste. This raddish pickled in sake-\ev is called Moriguclii-dsuke (Mcriguchi-Tp\Gk\e}. Dried it is called Mino-beslii (dried raddish of the province Mir,o\ It is eaten boiled or preserved in a mixture of vinegar and soy. 100. Raphanus sativus, Z., var., Jap. Sangatsn-daikon, Nincngo ; a variety of the raddish (93). The seeds are sown at the end of autumn, and the roots are eaten at the end of spring, being white, thin, and hard. 101. Raphanus satiVUS, L., var., Jap. Natsu-daikon ; a variety of Sangcitsu-daikon lOOj. It is sown in spring and eaten in summer. 102. Raphanus sativus, L., var., Jap. Aka-daikon> Murasaki-daikon ; a variety of raddish (93). The leaves and roots are purple tinted. There are summer and autumn varietes originated from the common raddish. 1O2. b. Raphanus sativus, L,, var., Jap. Sangoju- daikon ; a turnip-shaped variety of raddish (93). The outside is smooth and light crimson j the flesh is white. It has a diameter 23 of about 2^ inches. It is planted in a pot as an ornamental plant for the new year. It is eaten raw or preserved in salt. 103. Brassica rapa, L., Jap. Kokabnra ; a biennial cul- tivated plant growing in ordinary dry ground, belonging to the order Cruciferae, with numerous varieties of different colours and shapes. The variety painted in this volume is one commonly cultivated in the eastern provinces. The root has a diameter of 1 1^ inches. In winter months the roots as well as leaves are eaten boiled or preserved as pickles. 104. Brassica rapa, L., var., Jap. Omi-kabura, Smuari- kabu ; a variety of Brassica rapa, L., of an enormous size. It is round and flattish with a diameter of about a foot. The province of Omi is praised for its product, whence derived its name. It is sweet and wholesome and good to eat boiled, pickled in salt or in sake-lee, or dried. The leaves and stalks are also preserved dry and used as vegetables. The variety got from tins seed in the village of Shogoin in the district of Atago, province Yamas/it're, is named Shogoin-kabura and praised for its good taste. 105. Brassica rapa, L., var., Jap. Tennoji-kabura ; a variety of Brassica rapa, L., the special producet of the village of Tcnnoji, Settsu. The root is round and somewhat flattened. It has a diameter of about 8 inches. It is soft and brittle in quality. It is cut into thin slices and pickled in salt or in vinegar seasoned with soy, or eaten raw, and especially good to preserve dried. 1O5. b. Brassica rapa, L., var., Jap. Murasaki-kabura, Hino-kabura\ a variety of Brassica rapa, L. (I03j like Ten- noji-kabura (105) with purpish leaves and stems. The rind of the root is of a deep purple ; the flesh is white. It is pickled in salt. The village of Hino in the district of Higaini, Omi, is praised for this produce, whence derived its name. 1O5. C. Brassica rapa, L., var., Jap. Aka-kabura, Beni- kabura, Hino-kabura, ; a variety of Brassica rapa, L. (103). The root is round and flat with a diameter of about 4 inches. The rind as well as the interior is of a bright crimson colour ; the leaf- 24 stalks are shaded with crimson. When pickled in salt it gets a more bright red colour, whence called Hino-kabura (crimson turnip). The village Saiin-Takehara in the district of Onsen^ lyo, is famed for a fine strain of the variety. 1O6. Brassica rapa, Z., var., Jap. Naga-kabura ; a variety of Brassica rapa, Z., (103) with a long raddish-like shape and of a length of about a foot, thicker towards the end. It is soft and wholsome, and best to eat boiled or preserved as pickles in salt. 106. b. Brassica rapa, Z., var., Jap. Momiji-kabura ; a variety of the Brassica rapa, L. The root is about 9 inches long with a diameter of 1-1 -J- inches. The rind is bright pink; the flesh is white. It is much cultivated in the neighbourhood of Hikone, Omi. When it is dried or pickled, the flesh turns crimson. It is also used to decorate dishes. 107. DaUGUS carota. Z., Jap. Ninjin, Ninjinna ; a biennial cultivated vegetable of the order Umbelliferae. The root, about 1^ fts. long and \\ inches in diameter, is orange yellow. In winter and spring months it is eaten boiled or used raw cut into slices with other food as a Namasu, etc. It is also preserved in miso (a kind of soy of a solid consistency) or in sakc-\QQ. In autumn months the young soft leaves are eaten boiled. One variety called Kintoki-uinjin has a bright crimson colour and is of a larger size. Its taste is sweet and wholesome. It is much grown in the neighbourhood of Osaka. Another variety called Mur&saki-ninjin (purple carrot) is of a deep purple colour outside and yellow in the center. 108. Lappa major,' Gaertn., Jap. Gobo ; a biennial cultivated vegetable of the order Compositae. The seeds are sown twice in a year, in spring and autumn. The root has a length of about 2J fts. and a diameter of 114 inches. A very large kind called Mumeda-gobo is cultivated at Mmneda in the district of Saitama, Musashi. This is eaten boiled or preserved in salt. The young soft leaves are also eaten boiled. 25 1O9. BatatUS edulis, Chois, Jap. Satsuma-iino, Kara- . into, Riukiu-imo ; a cultivated tuberous creeping plant of the order Convolvulacae and of several varieties according to the shape and colour of the tul>ers. They are eaten raw, boiled, baked, or steamed, and are the most important food next to cereals. They are also cooked to make cakes. They are cut into slices and preserved dry, and also reduced to flour to make dango (dumpling). Starch, ame, (a kind of Furkish delight), and sake (ric beer) are also made. The young leaves are eaten boiled as vegetables. 109. b. Solanum tuberosum, L., Jap. fagatara-imo ; a cultivated tuberous plant of the order Solanaceae. There are two sorts, white and red skinned. They are eaten boiled or steamed and are preserved dry. Miso, shoyu, and sake are prepared from them. They yield also starch. The young leaves can be eaten, while the young shoots are very poisonous. 110. Dioscorea BatatllS, Dene. Jap. Tsnkune- imo ; a cultivated tuberous creeping plant of the order Diosco- reaceae. The underground tuber is large, solid, irrerular, flat, about 9-10 inches in diameter, and elastic. As it contains a large amount of starch and is wholesome in taste, it is eaten simply boiled or steamed or as Tororo (a kind of gruel made by grinding the fresh tuber). It is also used in various other ways in cooking and confectionary. It is dried and made into meal. Starch is obtained from it. Icho-imo and Ise-imo are its varieties. 111. Dioscorea japonica, 77*., Jap. Jinenjo, Yamano- imo ; this is the typical species of the former (110) growing wild in hills and mountains. It produces cylindrical tubers 5-6 fts. long. It is superior in quality, but used quite differently. 112. Dicscorea japonica, 77*., var., Jap. Naga-imo ; the cultivated form of the preceding. The tubers have the same shape, but are shorter. They are 3-4 fts. long. 113. Dioscorea japonica, 77*., var., Jap. Ichincn-imo, Lakitda-iino ; its tubers ripen in one year, attaining only to 1-2 fts. They are watery and inferior in quality. 113. b. Tubers of Dioscorea japonica, 77;., Jap. Muka- go, Niikago ; the small tubers about the size of the thumb grown at the leaf-exils of Dioscorea japonica, T/i. (110-111), etc. are eaten boiled or plantjd as the seeds. 114. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott., Jap. Sato-imo, Hatake-imo ; a cultivated tuberous plant of the order Araceae embracing several varieties. It resembles very much To-no-imo* but is quite green instead of purple. The petioles grown to the length of 3-4 fts. are eaten boiled or preserved dried and eaten as vegetable. 115. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott., var., Jap. Yatsu- gashira ; a variety of To-no-imo (871 The leaves come out in bundles of 8 or 9 inches with thin long petioles from the single tuber. The latter grows to the size of 5-6 inches in diameter, consisting of several sprouts, but very rarely produces young tubers. It is eaten simply boiled or steamed. The taste is wholesome resembling that of To-no-imo. 116. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott., var., Jap. Yegu- imo, Hana-imo ; a variety of Sato-iino (114). Because of its strong acridity it is grown under thick heaps of dust in rnalt state, which is eaten by the name of Ne-imo (yam-root). The young tubers are likewise eaten boiled. 117. Conophallus konjak, Schott., Jap. Konniyaku-imo; a cultivated tuberous plant of the order Araceae. The tuber forms a round ball extremely acrid in taste in fresh state. The people used to make Konniyaku, a gelatinous tough food, by passing the raw tubers in boiling hot water, but they now make it by reducing the dried tubers into flour. 118. Sagittaria sagittifolia, L., Arrow- head, Jap. Kuwai, Sliiro-kuwai ; a bulbous plant cultivated in swampy soil and belonging to the order Alismaceae. Several stalks sprout from one root and produce one tuber to each at the bottom, and in winter months the tubers are collected and eaten thoroughly boiled. They are also used for several purposes in cooking. Starch is obtained from the bulbs. Generally the tuber is of a diameter of 1J inches 27 and sometimes larger. Besides tliis there is a Chinese kind with long oval tubers. 119. Sagittaria sagittifolia, L., Jap. SuHa-kuwai, Omodaka, Gowai ; a srnail kind of Kuweit (118) growing wild in swampy field, but often cultivated for the sake of its tubers. It is about half a inch in diameter and is eaten boiled. 120. Scirpus tuberosus, Smi., Jap. Kuro-kuwai ; a bul- " bous plant of the order Cyperaceae growing wild in marshy places. It is also cultivated in paddy land for the sake of its tubers. In winter they are dug out and eaten either raw or boiled. They resemble the chestnut in taste. In China starch is made from them and called Batci-fun. 121. Lilium tigrinum, Gaivl., Tiger lily, Jap. Oni-yuri ; Ryori-ynri -, a cultivated bulbous plant of the order Liliacese. In winter the bulbs are taken up and eaten boiled and cooked. ]t is very sweet and wholesome, the flavour varying with the soil. This variety produces in the axils of leaves small bulbs with which we can propagate the plant. The wild growing variety is also eaten. The stem grows to a height of 3-4 fts., blooming many flowers which are very beautiful. 121. b. Lilium auratum, Lindl., Jap. Yama-yuri, Sasa- yuri ; this bulbous plant (942) is much praised for the beauty of its flowers and also much cultivated for the sake of its bulbs. In winter when the bulbs have grown to a great size, they are taken up and consumed as vegetables. The flowers are much valued for their fragrance and .the beauty of their colours. 121. c. Lilium elegans, Tkunb., Lilium thunber- gianum, Roem. et ScJntlt., Jap. Hime-yuri, Hi-yuri, SukasJii- yuri ; tiiis kind is much cultivated for its edible bulbs for summer. The bulbs are about I inches in diameter and pure white. It contains no bitter principle. The ornamental flower-lity, Lilium concolor (9-i9), has the same Japanese name, but is quite different. 122. Allium sativum, L., Jap. Ninniku, Him ; a bulbous cultivated plant of the order LiliaceaB, of the same family as 28 Allium. fistulosum. It forms the bulb of a strong pungent odour. In spring both the leaves and bulbs are eaten. 123. Allium splendens, Wild. (A. arenarium, Thunb., A. bakeri), Jap. Rakkio, Giyoja-biru ; it belongs to the same family as the preceding (122). The small bulbs of the size "of a thumb are eaten boiled or preserved as pickles in an air tight vessel in a boiled mixture of sake ( rice- beer), vinegar, and soy They are eaten after two months thus steeped. 124. Stachys Sieboldi, Mis:., Jap. Cho-rogi, Chiyo-rogi ; a cultivated biennial plant belonging to the order Labiatae Many white rosary-like tubers of the size of a finger grow attached* to the root. In winter these tubers are taken up and eaten boiled or preserved in. salt or Uute-dsu (pi urn- vinegar). Those preserved in the latter juice is very good and beautiful being pink coloured. 124. b. LycopUS lucidus, Turcs. . Jap. Shir one, Ajekoshi ; a perennial plant of the order Labiatae growing wild in swarnps or near ponds. Its white rhizomes grow to a length abont 1ft., and thicken towards the end where it reaches to the size of a finger. It is knitted and of the same shape as the preceding, but of a length of 5-6 inches. In winter they are eaten boiled or \ preserved in salt. k 125. Rhizome of Nelumbo mucifera., Jap. Hasu-no-ne, Renkon a perennial plant of the order Nymphacaceae cultivated in swamps and marshes. The rhizomes lie far down in the mud and grow to a length of 3-4 fts. They arc cylindrical, white, and consist of a succession of joints. The interior is permeated with about 10 canals. In winter and spring they are dug out and eaten boiled or presewed in .sugar or reduced into starch called Hasii-no-ko (Lotus-meal). One kind recently introduced from China has thicker irregular rhizomes with small holes at the joints, and is wholesome in taste. The young leaves are likewise eaten as vegetables. The fruits and flowers are respectively described in the dcvision of fruits (228) and ornamental plants (149). 125. b. Bamboo sprout, Jap. Takc-no-ko, Takanna ; the 29 bamboo sprouts are the young soft stems of bamboos belonging to the order (iramineae. Almost all kinds of bamboos are edible* but j\Ioso-chiku is noted for its good taste. Xext to this are HacJiikii, HotL'ic/iiku, Madake, etc. These are eaten boiled, or preserved in salt or dried. The young sprouts are clothed with a sheath which is taken off after the sprout has grown to full size and is used f< >r various purposes. Those of Madake and ffachiku are most extensively used. 125. c. Small bamboo sprouts, Jap. Haimo, Yokotake, Muchiko ; a young bamboo sprout growing up obliquely from the end of bamboo roots, resembling the preceding one in shape and taste. They grow at all seasons of the year, but in autumn. they are mostly produced. For the sake of propagating the bam- boo wood, it is advisable not to take them out of the ground. 125. d. Young shoots of Phragmites roxburghii, Kunth, Jap. Yoshigo, Yoshi-dsuno ; the young shoot of this plant resembles the small sized bamboo sprout and is eaten in the same way. In China this shoot taken out of the sheath is dried and preserved with a coating of salt on it, and used for various cooking purposes. 125. 6. Asparagus lucidus, Lindl., Jap. Tcnmondo ; tubers growing together about the size of a finger are preserved in su-ar, or used for various cooking purposes after having been boiled in water to take away the acidity. Note. The plai.ts mentioned in this chapter are some of the principal kinds which roots are used as vegetables, but there are many other different varieties produced in different places; for example in the sweet potato there are many varieties produced in warm countries such are too numerous to be mentioned in this limited space. The bamboo sprout though really not a root y< t v.< t;,lile is temporally put in this division. 30 CHAPTER IV. FLOWKB VEGETABLES. This chapter includes plants which petals, buds, and pedun- cles are eaten as vegetables. They are of a limited number. Most of them are cooked after scalding in boiling water. They are eaten rather as a curiousity of culinary herbs ; some of them are used partly for condiments and spices. 126. Pyrethrum sinense, Sabm, Jap. Riyori-giku; a perennial cultivated plant belonging to the order Compositae. There are two kinds; one blooms only in autumn, and the other in summer and autumn. The former attains a height of about 2fts. and the latter, a little shorter. Their yellow flowers are eaten cooked after slightly boiled in water. They are also dried and \preserved. Their leaves are likewise eaten when fried. 127. Equisetum arvense, L., Jap. Tsukushi; a peren- nial plant of the order Equisetaceae, growing wild in fields. In the beginning of spring before the flower-stalk produces its spores, it is eaten boiled, preserved in salt, or put in vinegar mixed with soy after havig been boiled in water. 128. Amoinum mioga, 77/., Jap. Myoga / a perennial plant of the order Zingiberaceae growing wild. It is also cultivated. It grows to a height of about 3fts. There are two with red kinds and white roots. In summer and autumn the flowers with the bracts are taken and eaten either raw or boiled. It has an aromatic odour with a slight acid taste. The old leaves when twisted and kneaded are used for making saddles. 128. b. Brassica flowers, Jap. Na-no-hana ; all the flowers of the Brassica family are edible as vegetables, especially flowerbuds of Brassica chinensis. 128. c. Flowers of Petasites japonicus, Miq., Jap. Fuki-no-tQ; the flower-buds of Petasites japonicus, Miq., are eaten either raw or boiled on account of their aromatic bitterness. 128. d. Flowers of Paeonia moutan, Sims., Jap. Botan-no-Jianc ; the petals of white and pink peony flowers are eaten cooked after boiling, and those of Paeonia officinaris likewise. 31 128. e. Flowers of Gardenia florida, ., Jap. Kuchi- nasJii-no-Jiana : the six parted monopetalous fragrant flowers are eaten after having been boiled and cooked. 128. f. Flowers of Heinerocallis flava, ., Jap. Kinvanzo-no-hana ; the flowers of Hemerocallis flava, L. (955) are r:iten when slightly boiled or preserved. The young leaves are likewise eaten as a vegetable. Almost all the flowers belonging ti > this species are edible ; the buds of thin single flowering soils are much used for cooking purposes in China, and are called Kin- sliinsai which are prepared by drying after having been slightly boiled. 128. g. Flowers of Prunus pseudo-cerasus, Lindl., Jap. Sakura-no-hana ; the double flowering cherries, especially those which petals do not readily fall off, are preserved in salt and prepared to a drink like tea. The variety called Yedozakura is often selected for this purpose. 128. h. Flowers of Cymbidium virens, Lindl., Jap. Ran-no-Jiana ; the flowers of some orchids are often preserved in salt and put in hot water, being used as a drink. Especially the flowers of Hokuri (914), Cymbidium virens, Lindl., is used for this purpose. It is also preserved in plum- vinegar. CHAPTER V. CUCURBITACEOUS FRUITS. This chapter includes herbaceous plants which fruits are con- sumed as vegetables principally in summer and autumn, such as melons, cucumbers, egg-plants, etc. They are eaten either raw, boiled, baked, or preserved in salt or sugar according to their nature. Besides those mentioned in this chapter, there are some other cucurbitaceous fruits as well as fruits produced from trees used as vegetables. They are mentioned in the chapter of fruits. 129. Cucurbita pspo, Linn., Jap. To?tasu, Bobura, Nan- kiu ; an annual cultivated climbing plant belonging to the order Cucurbitaceae. It consists of different sizes of fruits which are 32 eaten boiled or dried and preserved. In anturnn and winter their petioles are likewise eaten as vegetables. The one here mentioned is a flat variety called NaitQ-twiasu. 130. Cucurbita pepo, Linn., Jap. Kabocha ; this is a variety of the preceding (129). Its sliape resembles that of the gourd and is used in the same way. 131. Cucurbita aurantia, Linn. y Jap. Kintoga, Beni- toga, Akatvgau ; it is of the same family as the preceding of a long oval sliape and red lustrous skin. It is rather insipid, and so cannot be eaten ; it is only used as an ornament in fruit stores on account of its beautiful appearance. 132. Cucumis common, Th., Jap. Shiro-uri, Asa-uri ; an annual cultivated climbing plant of the order Cucurbitaceae. The fruit is light green or almost entirely white with an oblong oval shape about a foot long. It is eaten raw or boiled, preserved in salt or sa&e-lee, or dried. There are also black and green varieties. 133. Lagenaria dasistemon, Miq. Jap. Toga, Tvgan, Kamouri ; an annual climbing plant cultivated in farms belonging to the order Cucurbitaceae. The melon is oval and a ft. in diameter. The skin is covered w^ith fine hair and white powder. It is preserved fresh or in sugar for the use in autumn and winter months. The young soft melons when they have grown to about 2-3 inches in diameter are used for various cooking in Osaka and are called Chosen-uri (Corean melon). Another variety about 3 fts. in length grows in Kiushiu. It is smooth and lus- trous without white powder. 134. Cucumis satiVUS, Z., var., Cucumber, Jap. Kiuri ; an annual climbing cucurbitaceous plant cultiatved in fields or for- ced in hot beds to have melons in early spring. The fruits are oblong oval, and provided with small numerous protuberance?. They are eaten raw or roasted when they are about 2-7 inches long. They are also preserved in salt or in bran. The fruits when ripe are eaten boiled. 33 134. b. Cucumis sativus, L., var., Jap. Naga-kmri (long cucumber) ; a variety of cucumber with a length of 2-3 fts., used in the same way. 134. C. Cucumis sativus, Z., var., Jap. Shiro-kiuri (white cucumber); a variety of cucumber (134) with less protuberances and is of a better quality. 135. Cucumis flexuosus, L., Jap. Mamdsukc, Kata-uri, Tsuke-uri\ a melon resembling Cucumis melo, L. (247), but green and hard. It is preserved in salt as the Japanese pickles. It is cut long in the form of a screw, dried, and preserved and is called Kauiiiiari-bosJii. 135. b. Citrullus edulis, Spach. (Cucurbita citrullus, L. et Th.\ Jap. Suikwa, the water-melon ; when the water-melons (2^5) in their young state have attained the size of 3 or 4 inches they are preserved in salt and eaten. 136. Cucurbita longa, Jap. Yugao, Naga-fukube ; an annual cultivated cucurbitaceous plant with a oblong oval melon. It is 2-3 fts. in length. It is eaten either boiled or dried after being cut into pieces, being soft and sweet. Its full grown hard shells are made into vessels like gourds. 136. b. Cucurbita, Jap. Maru-yiigao, Fukitbe ; a variety of the former, but the melons are large and round. They are principally used to make Kampio by drying after cutting into long slices. 137. Cucumis, Jap. Hime-uri, Mikan-uri ; a melon allied to Cucumis melo (247). It has the size of a swan s egg, and is eaten either raw or boiled. 137. b. LufFa petola, Scr., Jap. Hcchima, Ito-uri ; the melon when green is eaten -either boiled, baked, fried, or prever- vcd in salt, (see Xo. 305). 137. c. Momordica charantia, /,., Jap. Tsiim-reishi, Xirja-uri ; this melon when green is eaten fried or roasted after having been cut into fine slices. It has a slight bitter taste, (see No. 219). 84 137. d. Trichosanth.es japonica, Re gel, Jap. Kikarasu- uri ; tliis small melon is eaten when }"oung either boiled or preserved in salt. It has a bitter taste. 138. Solatium melongena, L., Egg plant, Jap. Nasu, Nasubi ; an annual plant of the order Solanaceae comprising many varieties. It attains a height of 2-3 fts. Its young fruits are eaten either boiled, roasted, or fried. They are also preserved in salt mixed with bran. The fruits simply preserved in salt are good to eat when boiled. It is also cut into slices and preserved in a dry state. The fruits of this plant are generally of an oval form, but some are slightly flattened at the bottom with longitudinal wrinkles near the calyx and are called KincJiaku- Nasn (pulse egg plant). The large kind brought from China is about 9 inches in diameter and is of a light purple colour. 138. b Solanuin melongena, L., var., Long egg plent, Jap. Naganasu ; a variety of the former with long and slender fruits. A Chinese kind grows to a length of about 2 fts. and a diameter of about 1J inches. It is soft and good to eat when boi- led, or it can also be preserved in salt. 139. Solanum melongena, L., var., Green egg plant, Jap. Ao-nasu ; a variety of egg plaut (IBS) with a green rind. It is of 2 kinds, rouud and club shaped. The large round kind is inferior in taste to the long club shaped one which is called Ao-naga-nasu (Long green egg plant). 139. b. Solanum melongena, /,., var., Jap. Gin-nasu, Tamago-nasu ; a kind of egg plant with the fruit resembling a hen's egg. It can be eaten boiled, but is rather insipid. 139. c. Lycopersicum esculentum, Wall., Jap. San- goji-nasu, Aka-nasn ; an annually cultivated plant of the order Solanaceae, with its fruit shaped and coloured somewhat like the persimmon. It was at first used for an ornamental purpose on acco- unt of its beautiful form, but as foreign cooking now prevails in tliis country it is used for culinary purposes. The fruits are eaten raw or dressed with vinegar and salt. They are also boiled, baked or reduced to paste. Its young leaves are salted and eaten 35 .- Not'. 11- -sides those mentioned above the Ipomaea bona-box (886) and Capsicum longtim (1<57) are to be put in this chapter. CHAPTE VI. EDIBLE FUXGJ. The fungi growing wild on mountains and hills or in woods are innumerable, but those used for culiuary purposes are of a vry limited number. The one extensively raised by artificial cultivation is SJiii-takc (Agaricus sp.). This is eaten boiled fresh, dried, or preserved in salt. 140. Agaricus sp., Jap. Shiitake ; a fungus growing on rotten or felled woods of Quercus cuspidata, TJnrnb. (225), Q. glauca, Thnnb., forma sericea (565), Q. crispula, J31., (563), Q. serrata, Thunb., (295), Carpinus laxiflora, BL, (567. c.) in spring, summer, arid autumn. This fungus is principally propagated by j'Ttificial cultivation. The fresh ones are eaten boiled, but Hi*.- generally used for commercial purposes. They are dried in two ways ; one is done by exposing them in the sun, and the other ly baking them. 141. Armilarla edoides, Berk. j ap Matsu-dake / a ter- restrial fungus growing under red pine trees (Pinus densiflora). A large one measures 4-5 inches in diameter, and its pileus about the same length. It is of a white colour with a strong aromatic flavour. Jt is wholesome and eaten either boiled or roasted when fresh. It is also preserved in cans in salt or sugar. When boiled and dried it serves for many uses. 142. Agaricus sp., Jap. Shimcji ; a fungus growing on the ground in woods in autumn. It consists of different varie- ties, but the ordinary kind is of a white or grayish colour. The diameter of its pileus is about 3-4 inches, and its stipe is about 4 inches. It is eaten by boiling ; it is also dried or preserved in salt. 143. Agaricus sp., Jnp. Hatsu-dake ; a fungus growing on the ground in woods in summer and autumn. It is concaved 36 on the "upper side of the pileus and resembles a small Japanese wine cup. There are two kinds, red and green ; the former is called Aka-Jiatsutake and the latter Ao-hatsutake. Both are eaten roasted or boiled when fresh. 144. Agaricus sp., Jap. Samatsu-dake ; a fungus growing in pine woods in summer. The form and size resemble those of Matsu-take (141), but inferior in taste. It is esteemed for its early production. 145. Agaricus sp., Jap. Sentbon-shimeji ; a fungus growing in tufts 011 the ground. It has a delicious taste. Besides this there is a kind resembling Shimcji (142) with slender stipes growing also in tufts, but is different, though it has the same name. 146. Agaricus sp., Jap. Kurt-take; a fungus growing on decayed chestnut trunks. Late in autumn it is taken and eaten by boiling. 146. b. Agaricus sp., Jap. Mai-take; a fungus growing in tufts on the bark of rotten trees. It is eaten fresh by boiling and preserved after drying. 147. Exidia auricula, fuda., Jap. Kiku-rage ; a fungus growing on the bark of decayed trees. It is like a man's ear with a diameter of 3-4 inches and of a brown colour. On moun- tains it is often seen growing on the rotten part of several kinds of trees, but that growing on Lambucus racemosa, Z., var. sicbol- diana, Miq. is esteemed as the best. It is dried, preserved, and used as a vegetable. When, eaten it makes a noise as Kurage (a kind of medusa). 148. Lichenes digitatus, Ach. t Jap. hva-takc, Iwa- goke ; this is not a fungus, but is put in this section on account of the similarity of its use with that of the fungus. Jt grows on rocks among mountains. Its upper surface is flat, smooth, and of a grey colour, but the under- part is black, rough, and provided with short stipes. It is dried, preserved, and used as food. 37 149. Tuber spadiceum, Jap. Shoro / a terrestrial fungus growing in sandy soil near the sea-shore and also among pine trees in spring and summer. Its sh-^pe is a small round ball alxnit | or 1 inch in diameter with somewhat of a pine resinous iinvour. J t is divided, into 3 kinds according to its colour, namely Koinc-shoro, Awa-sJioro, and Hiyc-shoro. It is used in cooking when fresh and also preserved in salt or sugar. 150. H/dnum wrigtltii, Jap. Kawa-takc, Shishi-take, Ko-takt ; a terrestrial fungus growing in mountainous regions on heaps of fallen leaves under trees. It is like a small shallow cup ab->ut 5 or 6 inches in height and covered with scaly hair. It is us d in cooking when dried. It is of a dark colour with a nio3 flavour. 15O. b. Hydnum w right ii, Jap. Rofl, Rojin; a fungus resembling very much the former. It is dark on the outside and white inside. It has a slight bitt3r taste and is eaten whan roasted. It is like a Japanese umbrella in form. CHAL 3 TER VII. EDIBLE ALGAE. This Chapter includes the aquatic plants of tin order Algae. They are very numerous, but those for economic purposss are few in number. Those described in this saction are dried and used for food. Some others used as starch are d3sc;*ibed in th.3 chapter of " Different uses." Some of ths algi3 are raised by artificial cultivation. 151. Porphyra vulgaris, Sur., Jap. Asatusz-wri, Ami- nori ; this is an algae growing on rocks where t!i3 sea is shallow, but it is also cultivated artificially by placing bramlns of trees in the mud of the sea which enables it to grow plentifully. In winter and spring it is taken, dried, anl used fv fool called Asakusa-nori. The eastern provinces ar.3 not3 1 for this pro- duction. The products in different placas are alnmst t!i3 sam3 in all respects, but Kuro-nori (black algi3) anl Upp:iriii-juri are somewhat different in shapa and colour. 38 j 152. Alaria (Ulopteryx) pinnatifMa, Jap. Wakame ; an algae growing in the sea. Its stem is the length of 3-4 fts. expanding into a leaf parted into many divisions at the top. Late in spring its young leaves are taken, dried, and preserved. They are eaten by soaking in vinegar, roasting, or boiling. The Ito-wakame of Ise province, Ndruto-wdkame of Aiua province, etc. are noted products of different places. The Nanbu- vuakame has long segments. From the ear-like folds attached to both sides of the stem rn elastic glue called Wakame-tororo is taken and eaten. There are also Ao-ivakame (green wakaine] and Hira-wakavie (flat wakaine) with entire leaves. 153. Laminaria japonica, Aresck., Jap. Konbu, Kobu, Hirome ; a large long algae growing in the cold seas of Hokkaido ar.d the nourthern provinces. This is taken in summer and is preserved by drying. It comprises many subspecies different in form, taste, and colour. A kind called Atsu-konbii (thick Laminaria) has a conside- rable breadth and is used to make Hana-ori-konbu and Moto- scroye-konbu. Its length is about 6 or 7 fts. and is of a good thickness. It is delicious and is used for cooking. -Another kind called Mitsu-ishi has a length of 3-4 fts. and a breadth of 3-4 inches, and has a good taste. Naga-konlu (long Laminaria) has an extensive length of 60- 70 fts, and a breadth of 5-6 inches, and is used to make what is called Naga-kiri-konbu (long cut Konbu} which is much exported to China. Kuro-konbu (black Laminaria) is small in size, of a dark colour, and inferior in taste to the preceding. Konbu tinted with verdigris is called Ao-ita-konbii ; when cut into fine pieces it is called Kizami-konbu. Konbu (Laminaria) is eaten boiled, roasted, fried, or preserved in salt or sugar. 39 It is used to put in boiled rice after having been cut into small pieces. Ft is also used to give a flavour to soup, or as an infusion like ten. The Chinese call the Larninaria Kaitai, and the cut one, Taishi ; both are esteemed by them as a delicious food. 153. b. Laminaria sp., Jap. Hosomc, Bonmc ; a small kind of Laminaria inferior in taste is produced ii> the ''seas of the northern provinces. It is used at the feast of lanterns called Bon in Japan, whence derived the name Bourne. \ 153. C. Laminaria sp., Jap. Hokka-kombu ; a species of Laminaria (153) growing in the sea of Riknzen or Rikuchiu. It is thin and inferior in taste. 153. d. Laminaria sp., Arthrothamnus bifidus, Jag., Jap. Nfko-ashi-konbUi Mimi-koubu ; a species of Laminaria (153) growing in the cold seas of Nemuro and Kushiro and their neighbouring provinces. It is about 4 fts. in length and 2-2 \ inches in breadth. As it has ear-lobe-like protuberances at both sides of the base of the frond, it is called ear-like or cat's foot Laminaria and has a good taste. 153. 6. Laminaria sp., Jap. Tororo-konbu, Chizimi- konbu ; a species of Laminaria (158) growing in the seas of Xcinuro and Kushiro in Hokkaido. It has a length of 3-4 fts. with a breadth of about 2 inches, covered with wrinkles on the whole surface. It is very rich in a gluey fluid and is eaten like the gruel of the dioscorea tuber. 154. Capea elongata, Ag., Jap. Arame, Kurome ; an * algae much produced in the seas of different provinces. It is divided into parts containing several leaves at the top of a long stem ; eacli leaf has a length of 1-2 fts. with a breadth of H-2J inches and is flat in form and of a dark grey colour covered with wrinkles, but when dried it becomes quite black. They are gather- ed late in spring and preserved by drying and used as food. 154. b. Capea richardiana, Jap. Kajime, Sagarame ; an algae resembling very much Capea elongata, Ag. (154) in form, 40 but narrower. It has rough longitudinal wavy wrinkles. The taste is almost the same, but inferior to the preceding. Its stem is strong with a length of about 2 fts. and used as walking sticks and handles of umbrellas, and for other similar purposes. 155. Chondria, Jap. Hijiki ; an algae growing on rocks in shallow seas. It is 3-4 inches in length having leaves and branches. When fresh it is dark green, but becomes black when dried. It is gathered in spring, dried, and eaten after boiling in water. The product in the province of he is noted as the best kind. 156. Chondria, Jap. Naga-hijiki, CJivsen-hijiki, Michi- "hijiki ; a species of the Hijiki (155) with a length of about \ ft. It is of the same quality as the former. 157. Enteromorplia compressa, Grev.^ Jap. Ao-nori; a fine algae growing on rocks and woods in water near the mouths of rivers. It has fine fibres. In winter and spring they are gathered when they have grown to the length of 3-4 inches. They are preserved by drying and eaten by baking, being esteemed for their flavour. 158. Phicoseris smaragdina, Kg., Jap. Aosa, Tisa- nori ; a broad flat green algae growing on stones or woods in shallow sea water. .From winter to spring it is taken, dried, and preserved. It resembles the preceding in taste, but inferior. One kind called Bekko-aosa is very pretty on account of its lustrous green colour. 158. b. Phicoseris australis, Kg., Jap. Kawa-nori ; an algae growing on stones in streams among valleys. Its form and colour resembles those of Phicoseris smaragdina, Kg. (158). In spring months it is collected, dried, preserved, and eaten when roasted. It is superior in flavour to the latter (158). Those produced in a river Daiya-gawa in Nikko and a river Shiba-kawa at the foot of Fuji mountain are esteemed as the best quality. 158. C. Phylloderma sacrum, Jap. Suijenji-nori ; an 41 algae growing in the stream of the valley of the temple Snijenji near Kawamoto in the province Higo. it is soft and of a dark green colour and of different sizes. It is preserved by drying in the form of paper, and eaten boiled or dipped in vinegar. The prepared algae called Jusentai of the province Higo is of the same quality. 159. Gelidium corneum, Lamour., Jap. Tokorotengusa, Tcngusa : a finely branched algae growing on stones in sea-water. It is about 5-6 inches in length and dark purple in its colour when fresh, but turns yellow when bleached and dried. It is made into a jelly by boiling. This jelly when dried and con- gealed is called Kant en (gelatine vegetale in French or Japanese isinglass in English). It is also made to Kanten-gami (gelatine vegetale in the form of paper), Misltima-nori, etc. 159. b. Campylaephora hypnaeoides,/. Ag., Jap. Yego, Ukeudo, Magari ; a parasitic algae growing on other sea- weeds. It is very fine and divided into many branches provided with hooks at their ends which readily entangle therrnselves with other objects. It is dark purple when fresh, but turns white when bleached. It is eaten by reducing to a gelatinous substance by boiling, or used to mix with the Japanese isinglass or gelatin of Japan. The whole plant tinted red is called Shojo-nori and is used as an ornament. 159. c. Jap. Igisu ; an algae growing on stones in the sea with numerous fine branches. It is dark purple when fresh, but turns white when bleached. It is eaten in a gelatinous state. l< 160. Halochloa macrantha, Kg., Jap. Hondawara, Kawaranio ; an algae growing on rocks in the sea. It grows to a length of 2-3 fts. with alternate leaves which are provided with numerous small air-cells. It is eaten when young, and also used as an ornament for new year's day. L/ 16O. b. Mesogloia decipiens, Sur., Jap. MoJsuku ; an algae growing on Halochloa macrantha, Kg. It is of a smooth 42 and soft nature having numerous fine branch.es and is eaten preserved in s alt. 161. Hallymenia dentata, 5. Z., Gleopeltis rigens, Grcv., Jap. Tosaka-nori ; a thick, broad, and pink algae with dentate edges resembling a cock's ootnbattaining a length of several inches. There is a kind of a thinner and softer nature having many parts. They are preserved by drying and are sometimes eaten boiled or in a state of jelly. 161. b. Gracilaria confer ioides, Grev., Gigartina tenelle, Harvey, Jap. Ogo, Ogo-nori; a long fine algae divided into many branches, growing on stones or shells in muddy sea-water. It attains a length of about 2 fts. In the eastern provinces they are used to ornament the table by placing them beside the dishes. They are boiled in lime water to make hard and stiff. They are also used to make glue when dried. Note. Besides those mentioned above there are many other algae which are eaten, but they are boyond description in this limited volume ; for example Miru (Codium), Shiramo (Sphaero- coccus japonicus, Sitr.\ Umi-somcn (Nemalion vormiculare), Tsurumo, Mat sumo, Kyono-himo or Kawag'isJii, Kome-nori, etc. are used for this purpose. Also Tsuno-mata (Gymnogongrus japonicus, Stir.) and Funori (Gigartina intricata, Sur.) described in the division of plants of " Different uses" and some of the fresh water algae are eaten in the same way. CHAPTER VIII. CONDIMENTS AND SPICES. This Chapter includes the plants which have an aromatic flavour and pungent taste increasing appetite. Some of their leaves are used as culinary vegetables, and some of the seeds are used as medicine. 162. Eutrema wasabi, Maxim , Jap. Wasabi; a per-> ennial herb of the order Cruciferae growing wild in valleys, but often cultivated near streams and rivers. The roots are used as a stimulant, and the leaves and stems as a vegetable. 163. Raphanus satiVUS, L., var., Jap. Nedsnmi-daikon, Karaiui-daikon ; a biennial cruciferous vegetable which is the celebrated product of the village Uyeno at the foot of Ibuki- mountain in the province Omi. It is short and thick at the end in the form of a club. As it is provided with rat's tail like taper roots, it is called Ilmki-daikon or Rat-daikon. It is very acrid in taste and used as a condiment, but it is also good to be eaten boiled. Besides this, Sangatsu-daikon (March-raddish), Natsu-daikon (Summer raddish), etc. are used for condiments. 163. b. SinapiS cernua, Thunb., Jap. Karashi ; the seeds of Sinapis cernua, Tint-lib., are grind into powder and used as a' condiment or preserved in salt. 164. Citrus aurantium, ., Jap. Yudsu, Mochi-yudsu ; an evergreen cultivated tree of the order Aurantiacea3. It attains a height of 10-15 fts. It thrives in cold regions as well as in warm countries. Early in summer it produces flowers arid gives fruits in winter. It is the size of a wrist and of a pure yellow colour when fully ripe. Its rind is very fragrant and is eaten fresh, boiled, or preserved in sugar. Its flower-buds and young fruit-rinds are used in cooking to give the food an aromatic flavour. 164. b. Citrus aurantium, L., var., Jap. Toko-yudsu, Hatia-yudsu ; a variety of the preceding (164); the smaller fruits remain on the branches for a long time. It is inferior in quality, but of the same use. It is usually used when young. 165. Zanthoxylum piperitum, D. C., Jap. Sansho ; a wild mountain deciduous shrub of the order Zanthoxylaceas. It is also cultivated in gardens. Its ripe fruits, young flower-buds, and leaves, as well as the inner bark of the stem which is called Kara-kaiva are eaten when boiled. A kind called Asakura- saiisJio has shorter thorns, but the fragrance of its leaves and fruits is stronger. 165. b. Prunus Grayana, Max., Jap. Uwamidsu-sakura ; the fruits of this tree are called Au-nin in Yechigo. The flower- 44 buds and young fruits are eaten when preserved in salt and have a pungent delicious taste. 166. Phellopterus littoralis, Fr., Jap Yaoya-bofu, Hama-bofu ; a triennial umbelliferous herb growing in sandy ground near sea shores. Its young soft leaves are eaten raw. In Tokio they are cultivated in farmyards; they grow throughout the year, and their young leaves are used to decorate dishes. 167. Capsicum longum, L., Jap. Togarashi, Nanban; an annual cultivated plant of the order Solanaceae comprising many varieties. The fruits of the ordinary kind are red in colour, but some are yellow and others dark purple. In form some are long and thin, and others round or ovate. The plant with long fruits is called Nikko-tQgarashi, and the short one, Taka-no-tume* Both are very acrid and hot, but there is a kind called Ama- togarashi which owing to the mildness of its acridity is eaten as a vegetable. The variety here mentioned is called Tenjiku- mori or Yatsu-busa, and is much cultivated in the vicinity of Tokio. 168. Capsicum longum, Z., var., Jap. Shishi-togarashi ; a variety of Capsicum longum. L., with wrinkles on the skin. It has the same use as the preceding. 169. Capsicum cerasiforme, Jap. Yenomi-togarashi ; a kind of pepper with its fruits resembling those of Celtis sinensis. They have the same quality and use as the pepper. 170. Perilla arguta, Bcnth., Jap. Shiso ; an annual cultivated plant of the order Labiatae growing to a height of about 2 fts. Its young seeds are eaten raw or boiled. Its leaves and flower-racemes are used as condiments or preserved in salt ; especially the leaves are used to give a purplish red tint to the salt-preserved Prunus rnume. A variety with wrinkled leaves has a deep purple colour. In early spring the seede are sown uuder glass and their cotyledons are used as a condiment. 171. Perilla arguta, Benth., var., Jap. Aoso, Shiroso ; a variety of Perilla arguta, Benth., with green leaves and stems and 45 white flowers. As it has a strong flavour it is used as a spice or preserved by drying or in salt. 172. P olygonum maximowiczii, Re gel., Jap. Yanagi- taiie ; an annual cultivated plant of the order Polygonaceae. There are several varieties, some with narrow, and others with broad leaves, which are purple or green. The kind here mention- ed is the green narrow leaved variety, and as it has a sharp acrid property its young leaves are used in cooking. A kind called Kawa-tade thrives well even in winter. 173. Polygomim maximowiczii, Regel., var., Jap. KinsJii-tadc ; a variety of the former with fine narrow leaves. There is a kind with purple leaves. They are also the same in quality and use. 173. b. Actinidia polygama, Planck, Jap. Matatabi; a deciduous climbing plant of the order Dilleniaceae growing wild on mountains. In summer it bears white flowers resembling those of Prunus mume. Its leaves are eaten boiled, and also its young fruits are eaten after being salted. Both have an acrid taste. Cats are very fond of this plant. 174. Zingiber officinale, Rcscoe, Jap. Shoga, Haji- kaini ; a perennial cultivated plant of the order Zingiberaceae attaining a height of about 2 fts. The young shoots come forth from the new roots produced from the old stocks. They are very ornamental. Their red stems have an agreable aromatic flavour and a slight acrid and pungent taste. They are used for various purposes in cookery. Its roots have a strong acid taste. They are used as a condiment, and are also preserved in salt, sugar, or syrup. They thrive well in warm regions where the roots are sound and large with a good aromatic taste, while those cultivated in cold regions are small and hard with numerous fibres. Note. In the division of Leaf- vegetables Oe nan the stoloni- fera, D.C. (58), Anilia cordiita, Tit. (61), and the flowers of Peta- sites japonicus, Th. (67) and Allitim fistulosum, L. (SO) ; in the division of Flower- vegetables the flower of Zingiber Mioga, Roscoc, and its young shoots, young plants of Mentha arvensis, L. 46 var. vulgaris, Benth. (446), rind of citrus nobilis, Lour. (230), and seeds of Sesamum indicum, L. (309), Oannabis sativa, L. (323), etc. are used as condiments and spices. CHAPTER IX FRUITS. This Chapter includes the fruits produced from trees and herbs. There are several kinds. Most of them are eaten raw, but many are preserved being dried or kept in salt or sugar, and some are used for fermenting wine. Many plants of this division furnish timbers, but they are not mentioned here. 175. Prunus mume, Sieb. et Zucc., Jap. Mume, Ume ; a deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae attaining a height of about 10 fts. It bears flowers early in spring before the leaves appear. It comprises many different varieties, being single or double petal ed, and pink or white coloured. The fruits also differ in size. These various kinds are cultivated more for the sake of their flowers than for their fruits. Its fruits are gathered before being fully ripe and preserved in salt. They give a red tint when mixed with the leaves of Perilla arguta, and are eaten as a relish. It is also used for various preserves, such as Mume-bishio (jelly), dried plum, etc. 176. Primus mume, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Yatsubnsa-no- mume ; a variety of Prunus mume, 5". et Z. It has abont 8 fruits on one calyx, but as some fall off before they ripe only two or three come to maturity. They are not very good to eat, but prised rather for curiosity. 177. Prunus Hiume, 5. ct Z., var., Jap. Bungo-mume; a variety of Prunus uuime, 5. et Z. (175) with a larger fruit about 2^ inches in diameter, but not so prolific as the common mume. They are eaten raw, boiled, or preserved in salt or sugar. 178. Prunus mume, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Komnme, SJiina- no-mmne ; a variety of Prunus mume, 6". et Z. (175) with very 47 small furits which ripen early in June. They are noted for theit small size and are preserved in salt or sugar. 179. Prunus mume, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Tokomwne, AoDiimic, Futiaii-mume ; a variety of Prunus mume, 6". et Z, Jts fruits remain on the tree long after maturity, whence they are called Toko-nnime (everlasting plum) and are eaten fresh. They may be kept a long time without decay. ISO. Prunus armeniaca, L.. Jap. Andsu, Karamomo ; a deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae resembling Prunus mume, 5. et Z., in form. It attains a height of about 10 fts. In spring it blooms next to P. mume, 5. et Z., with single pinkish white flowers. It ripens early in summer. Its fresh is easily separated from the seeds. They are yellow when ripe and of a delicious sweet flavour. They are eaten either raw or dried. 181. a. Prunus triflora, Roxb., Jap. Snmomo, Su-ume ; a deciduous fruit tree of the order Rosaceae attaining a height of about 10 fts. The white single flowers appear in spring after Prunus mume, S. et Z. The round and lustrous red fruits ripen in summer and are delicious to eat. They are also picked before maturity and preserved in salt. There are several varieties. 181. b. Prunus triflora, Roxb., var., Jap. Urabeni-su- momo ; a variety of the preceding with a deep red pulp. In the provinces of Kiushiu it is named Ikitri. There is one variety with good round fruits in the province of Satsuina, being called Yone- moDio ; it has also a red pulp. 182. Prunus triflora, Roxb., var., Jap. Shiro-sumomo ; a variety of P. triflora, Roxb. (181), differing from it only by its yellowish white colour. Another variety of a yellow colour 'is also called Shiro-sumomo and is superior in taste. 183. Prunus triflora, Roxb., var , Jap. Togari-sumomo, Hadankio ; a variety of Prunus triflora, Roxb., with large and pointed fruits. There are two kinds, one red arid the other white. Another variety with round fruits is ealld Botankyo. 184. Amygdalus persica, Be nth. et Hook, Jap. Momo; 48 a deciduous tree of the order Kosaceae attaining a height of about 10 fts. In spring it blooms pretty flowers of varions kinds, single or double, red or white, etc. Delicious fruits are produced from those of the single pink flowers. The fruits ripen either in summer or in autumn. The size is abont 1-2 inches. It is good to eat fresh, or preserved in sugar or salt. 184. b. Amygdalus persica, Benth. et Hook., var. , Jap. Kam-momo, Fuyu-monw ; a late ripening variety of peacli (184). The fruits are preserved till winter and even to spring. 185. Amygdalus, Jap. Amende; a dwarf variety of peach (184) attaining a height of 60-70 fts. When it is about a foot high it forms a pretty looking dwarf plant with many branches covered with long narrow leaves and flowers in clusters. There are several kinds of flowers, single or double, pink, white, or varie- gated, etc. Its fruits are ripe in antumn. 186. Amygdalus, Jap. Dsubai- momo, Tsubaki-momo ; a variety of peach (184) with red smooth delicious rouud fruits. There is one which docs not ripen to red ; it is called Aodsubai (green variety). 186. b. Myrica rubra, Sieb. et Zucc.,3wp. Yama-momo; this tree yields great quantities of fruits in warm regions. They are round about the size of a thumb. When ripe they are of a dark red colour and rich in a sweet juice. There are the varieties with white and yellow fruits. 187. Prunus tomentosa, Thunb., Jap. Yusura-mume ; a deciduous shrub of the order Kosaceae attaining sometimes a height of 7 8 fts, but generally smaller and slender than the preceding. In spring it produces five petaled white flowers before the leaves. In summer it bears round dark red lustrous fruits which resemble cherries. They are sweet, juicy, and delicious. 188. Zizyphus VUlgaris, Lam., Jap. Natsume ; a de- ciduous tree of the order Ehamnaceae attaining a height of about 20fts. In the beginning of summer it blooms small yellowish green flowers on the branches. In autumn its oval or oblong -49- fruits are yellow when ripe, but gradually turn to a reddish- brown colour afterwards. It is eaten fresh or when dried and preserved. 188. b. Zizyphus vulgaris, Lam., var., Jap. Naga- natsume, Tokuri-natsume ; its fruits are long and pointed when ripe. 189 Pyrus communis, L., Pear, Jap. Nashi, Ari- noini ; a deciduous tree of the order Kosaceae attaining a height of about 30 fts., but in cultivating it is generally trained down over trellis. In spring, it blooms single white flowers, before it sprouts. The fruits ripen in summer ; they are of different forms, sizes, and tastes. They are eaten fresh, and preserved by drying or made into jam. The variety drawn here is common called Taihei in Tokio. The fraits, which ripen late, are pre- served till the next summer. Many varieties are cultivated in different places. We will mention here few varieties in the following lines. 189. b. Pyrus communis, Lam., var., Jap. Ao-nashi ; its green fruits ripen early and are juicy. 189. c. Pyrus communis. Lam., var., Jap. Inu-naski, Yama-nasJii ; an original species of pear attaining a considerable heiirht. with small hard fruits and thorns on the branches. The -own and the young plants are used for grafting stocks. 189. d. Pyrus communis, Lam., var., Jap. Tane- nashi-arinomi , Tane-nashi-innashi ; the fruits are very small, but have no seed. 190. Pyrus ringo, Jap. Ringo ; a deciduous tree of the <>rder Kosaceae, attaining a height of about lOfts., with slender extended branches. In spring it blooms after producing the leaves. The buds are pink, but when open, they are almost white. The fruits are round about an inch in diameter, and their parts facing t.<> the sun are pink. They are eaten fresh, and may 50 "be preserved by drying after cutting into slices. A variety with very small aciduous fruits is called Ko-ringo, 190. b. Pyrus ringo, var., Jap. Beni-ringo, Rinkin ; the trees (635) produce plenty of fruits in cold regions. The fruits are round or oval, with a diameter of about an inch. In autumn they ripen and are scarlet. Their taste is better than that of the former. They are eaten fresh and also preserved by drying. 191. Pyrus chinensis, Pair, Jap. Kwarin, Karanaski; a deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae, attaining a height of 20 30fts. Its bark peels down itself every year, and cloud- like variegated scars are left behind. Late in spring it produces single pink flowers with the leaves. Its fruits ripen late in autumn. They are yellow and oval with rough surfaces. They are too sour to be eaten fresh ; so they are baked or steamed. 191. b. Pyrus cydonia, L. y Jap. Marumero ; a species -closely allied to the preceding, attaining a -height of 70 SOfts., with many branches growing in clusters. The flowers are pink and about an inch in diameter. The fruits are covered with fine hair, and their surfaces are very uneven. They are about 2i inches in length, and are eaten fresh. This species thrives better in cold climates. 191. C. Pyrus japonica, Th., var. genuina, Jap. Boke, Karaboke ; it produces many fruits, which resemble those of Pyrus chinensis, Pair, but smaller in shape and inferior in taste. 191. d. Pyrus japonica, Th., var. pygmaea, Max., Jap. Noboke, Kusaboke, Shidomi ; this tree (633) produces many fruits which resemble those of Pyrus japonica, Th. (632). The fruits are round with uneven surfaces, and are very sour in taste. 192. Photinia japonica, 77*., Jap. Biwa; an evergreen tree of the order Rosaceae, attaining a height of about 20fts. In early winter, it blooms single, white, and fragrant flowers disposed 51 in panicles, and produces fruits in the next summer. The fruits ar.' yellow and round, covered with fine hair. They are as large as finger-heads, and are very delicious and aciduous ; so they are highly prized. They contain 2 3 large seeds. A variety r with the fruits which skin has white powder, is called Shiro- ko-biwa. 192. b. Photinia japonica, T/i., var., Jap. Tobiwa / its fruits are large, with a very good taste, and the leaves are also- large. When 8 9 years are passed after the seeds were sown, the young trees grow 6 7 its. high, and produce very good fruits- as their mother trees. 192. C. Photinia japonica, T/i., var., Jap. Nagaftbiwa ; its fruits are oval and sometimes obovate. 193. CrataegUS CUneata, 5. et Z., Jap. Saiizashi ; a deciduous shrub of the order Kosaceae, attaining a height of 5 6 fts., with many thorny branches. In spring it produces single white flowers in clusters, being followed with round red or yellow skinned fruits about \ inch in diameter. The fruits are slightly sweet and acidouous. 193. b. Crataegus sanguinea, Pall., Jap. Osanzaski; u species closely allied to the preceding, with larger leaves and fruits, attaining a height of about 10 fts. 194. Diospyros kaki, L., Persimmon, Jap. Kaki ; a de- ciduous tree of the order Ebenaceoe, attaining a height of 20 30 fts. In late spring, it shoots forth new branches and leaves ; in early summer, it opens male and female flowers separately ; and in antumn, its fruits ripen and are yellowish red or crimson. The fo rm s of the fruits are various, and their taste is sweet or as- ttigent. Kisawas/ii (sweet kaki) is eaten fresh, and Shibti-kaki (astrigent kaki} is made into Umi-kaki, Sawashi-kaki, S/iibu- )>uki-kaki, AmabosJii-kaki, Koro-kaki, Kaki-tsuki etc., and then dible. The variety drawn here is a Kisawashi called Zcnjimaru being produced abundantly in eastern provinces. The varieties 52 of this plant are very numerous ; so only a few among them are described in the following articles. 195. Diospyros kaki, Z., var., Jap. Hachiya-gaki ; Mino-gaki ; a variety with large oblong fruits, being about 3J inches in height and 8 9 inches in circumference. The seeds are long and narrow, and few in number. The fruits are very good to eat when made into AmabosJii-kaki or Koro-kaki. They are chiefly produced in fJac/iij>a-vi\l&ge of J/z;z. They are juicy and are considered as the best SJiibunuki-kaki. The fruits of a variety called Yama-yemon are flatter and depress- ed at the heads. 197. Diospyros kaki, ., var., Jap. Hyakume-gaki ; when its round large fruits fully ripen, they weigh a hundred monnne (|- lb.) and are red, with black cloud-like figures at the heads. They are few in seeds, and are edible fresh. 197. b. Diospyros kaki, .., var., Jap. Gosho-gaki ; a variety of Kizavoashi with flat and somewhat quadrangular pris- matic fruits which turn red when ripe. It is the best species of persimmons, being very pretty in appearance, delicious in taste, small and few in seeds, and preservative for a long time. It was a famous product of Gos/iv-village of Yamato- province, whence the name derived, but now it is planted everywhere. 197. C. Diospyros kaki, L. y var., Jap. ///-^/^ Dry ing 53 persimmon) ; its fruits remain withered on the branches, even after ripen. 197. d- Diospyros lotus, ., Jap. Skinanogaki, Mame- gciki ; a species of persimmon with smallest fruits, being as large as h'ngerheads. They are round or oblong in form. They are gathered in winter and dried to eat. As the preceding, they also dry up on the branches. From the young fruits Kaki-shibu (an astrin- gent juice) is obtained. 198. Punica granatum, Z., Jap. Zakuro, Jakuro ; a iduons shrub of the order Myrtaeeae, attaining a height of 8-9 fts., growing in group, but sometimes being tall as a large tre . The flowers bloom during the rainy season of summer. There are many varieties with single or double, and light red, dark red or white variegated flowers, but only the variety with single and dark red flowers produce fruits in late autumn. The fruits are light red and round, and have thick skin with sepals at the top. "When ripe, the skin bursts and exposes red seeds with a pellucid pulpy coating. There are two sorts, one with aciduous and the other with sweet pulp. 198. b. Punica granatum, L., var., Jap. Shiro-sakuro; its pulp is almost white, slightly shaded with pink, and the taste i> very delicious. 199. Vitis vinifera, L., Grape, Jap. Budo ; a deciduous climber of the order Titaceae. The stems of some large vines are -.'nil inches round. It is cultivated in gardens and extended over trellis. In early summer it produces small yellowish green flowers disposed in panicles from the axils of the leaves, being sur-ceeded with the bunches of grapes which ripen in autumn. The grapes are \-^ inch in size. There are at least 6070 grapes in each bunch. The fruits are generally ovate, but some are round. The fruit-skin is green shaded with purple. The variety produced in province Kai is beautifully shaded with purple. 54 There are several other varieties with purple or white skins. They are eaten fresh, and have a sweet and refleshing taste. They are dried and preserved in sugar. Wine is made from them. 199. b. Vitis labrusca, .., Jap. Yama-bucto ; a deci- duous climber of the order Vitaceae, growing wild in mountains. The leaves are broad, and their under surface is covered with brown hairs. The fruits are purplish black and inferior in quality being too aciduous. There are several other wild varieties. The one called Yebidsuru is closely allied to this, but smaller. 200. Actinidia arguta, Planch., Jap. Sarunashi, Shiro- kuchi,- Kok2iwa ; a deciduous climber of the order Dilleniaceae growing abundantly in mountains. The largest stems of this plant are about \\ fts. round In summer it blooms single white flowers, about inch in diameter, being succeeded with round berries, which are eaten fresh or dried. 201. Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent., var., Jap. Hime- kozo ; a deciduous tree of the order Urticaceae, attaining a height of about 10 fts. It has distinct male and female flowers upon separate trees. The fruit forms a round ball congregated of small sweet red pulpy seeds. This is closely allied to Broussoneiia papyrifera, Vent, and B. hajinoki, Sieb., occuring wild on moun- tains and in fields. The fruits have almost the same form. 202. Rtlbus parvifolius, L., Jap. Nawashiro-ichigo ; a deciduous trailing plant of the order Kosaceae growing wild in plains and bushes, attaining a length of 4-5 fts. The leaves are ternate and their under surface is white. It blooms five-petaled purplish small flowers on numerous small branches at the end of the stem. They are succeeded by red juicy sweet berries which ripen in summer. All these berries are formed by the collection of small pulp} 7 seeds, having the same taste and different colours. These grow wild abundantly, but are also cultivated in gardens. The fruits are eaten fresh or made into jam or wine. 55 2O3. Rubus phoenicolasius, Max., Jap. Yebikara- ichigo, Saru-ichigo ; a species closely allied to the preceding, but of a larger form, growing wild among mountains, attaining t? height of 6-7 fts. The leaves and stems are covered with red hair. The fruits are yellowish red in colour and are ripe in autumn. 2O 4. Rubus buergeri, Miq., Jap. Fuyu-ichigo ; a deci- duous small shrub of the order Rosaceae, attaining a height of 3_4 ftp. and growing wild everywhere. The leaves and stems are furnished with hooked spines. The former have 5 or 7 lobes some- what like a maple-leaf. In the beginning of summer it blooms five petaled white flowers about an inch in diameter from the axils of the leaves and yields yellowish berries. 205. Rubus palmatus, 77*., Jap. Awa-ichigo ; a deci- duous small shrub of the order Rosaceae. Its stem is 3-4 fts. high, growing wild everywhere. Both the stem and leaf have tliorns. The^ leaf is like that of maple, and in early summer it opens white flowers which have five petals, being about an inch in length. Its fruits are yellow when ripe. 206. Rubus incisus, Th. y Jap. Ki-ichigo, Niga-ichigo ; a species closely allied to the preceding, growing wild on moun- tains and in bushes, with smaller flowers and red berries which are of an inferior taste. 207. Rubus trifidus, 77/., Jap. Kaji-ichigo, Chosen- ichigo ; a deciduous small shrub of the order Rosaceae. with a straight stem of a height of 5-6 fts. The leaves are broad and five lobed with the diameter of 6-7 inches. In summer it blooms five-petaled white flowers, and the sweet yellow berries are ripe in autumn. 208. RubUS morifolius, Sieb., Jap. Kuma-ichigo ; a deciduous shrub of the order Rosaceae, attaining a height of 56 fts. Its leaves and stems are furnished with sharp thorns. The leaves are broad and 4-5 inches in diameter. The fruits are large and red. 06 208. b. Debugeasia edulis, Wedd., Jap. Yanagi-ichigo , To-ichigo, Ka? asu-yamamomo ; a deciduous shrub of the order Urticaceae, growing abundantly in warm districts. The fruits are yellow and resemble those of the straw-berry. 209. Vaccinium vitis-idaea, ., Jap. Oyama-ringo, Hama-nashi; a tiny evergreen shrub growing in alpine regions, attaining a height of 6-7 inches. In the beginning of summer it blooms small white and pink shaded flowers. The berries are round and of a red colour with an aciduous taste. They are |-- inch in size, and are eaten fresh or preserved in salt or sugar. 210. Vaccinium OXycoccos, ., Jap. Tsuru-kokemono; a procumbent tiny evergreen plant of the order Ericaceae, growing in moist places of mountains. It has many stems which produce only one flower at each end, being succeeded with small berries which droop. Their shape and appearance resemble those of the preceding, but they are larger and more convenient for use. 21O. b. Vaccinium bracteatum, Tti., Jap. SJiashambo, Wakurawa ; an evergreen shrub of the order of Ericaceae occuring wild in warm regions. In autumn it produces many small dark purple berries in panicles, and they are subaciduous in taste. 21O. C. EpigSBa asiatica, Max. t Jap. Rvanashi, Suna- ichigo ; a small evergreen shrub of the order Ericaceae, principally found in the provinces of Yamato, Yamashiro, Settsu, and their vicinities. In spring it blooms small pink liowers in clusters and ripens large bean-sized fruits in summer. The fruits are covered with sand-like grains, and are soft, brittle, and subacid. 210. d. Empetrum nigrum, Z., Jap. Gankoran ; a tiny evergreen shrub of the order Empetracese, growing wild on alpine regions. It has distinct male and female flowers on separate plants. Late in spring it blooms flowers, being succeeded with small purplish black subaciduous berries. 211. Elaeagnus pungens, 77/., Jap Natsu-gumi ; a 57 deciduous shrub of the order Elaeagnaceae, growing wild on mountains and in fields. It is also cultivated for its fruits. It attains a height of 8-9 fts., and late in spring it blooms flowers from the axils of the new leaves and bears red oval or sometimes round berries with white spots. The taste is subacid with a slight astrjngency. 212. Elseagnus umbellatus, 77*., Jap. Aki-gumi\ a deciduous shrub of the order Elaeagnacere, growing wild on moun- tains and in fields, attaining a height of about 10 fts. It yields fruits when still a young plant. Late in spring it blooms several flowers in clusters from the axils of the leaves, and is succeeded by red round berries with white starry spots. The taste is subacid with a slight astringency. 213. Elseagnus longipes, A. Gray., Jap. Nawashiro- giuni, Tawara-gumi ; an evergreen shrub of the order Elaaag- naceae, attaining a height of about 10 fts. In winter it bears flowers from the axils of the leaves, and oblong red berries ripen in the beginning of the summer of the following year. The fruits are red and covered with micaceous starry spots, having a subacid and slightly astringent taste. 213. b. Cudrania javanensis, TrecuL, Jap. Kwakwa- tsugayn ; an evergreen shrub of the order Urticaceae, of a vine- like nature, provided with thorns on the stem, and found in the provinces of Satsiima and Osnmi. The barren and fertile flowers shoot separately on distinct plants. It bears flowers in summer and reddish yellow sweet fruits in winter. They are eaten fresh or preserved in sugar. The wood is used for dying yellow. 213. c. Ribes grossularioides, Max., Jap. Suguri ; a small shrub of the order Saxifragaceae, with slender stems attain- ing a height of 2-3 fts., provided with sharp thorns. The small flowers droop from the axils of the leaves, and the greenish aciduous berries are ripe in summer. 213. d. Kibes rubrum, Z., var. bracteosum, Max., Jap. 58 Fusa-sugnri ; a small shrub of the order Saxifragaceas, found in 4;he forests of Hokkaido. It attains a height of 5-6 f ts. The droop- ing flowers are disposed on panicles. The red berries have a subacid taste. 214. Ficus carica, ., Fig, Jap. Ichijiku ; a deciduous shrub of the order Urticaceas, cultivated in warm countries, attain- ing a height of about 10 fts. In summer it produces fruits at the .axils of the leaves. The flowers are concealed inside the fruits. The fruits are green and ovate at first, and then turn dark purple outside and reddish inside. It is soft, sweet, and slightly aciduous. Several good varieties have been recently introduced. Especially one with a greenish white skin is sweet like honey when ripe and is good for drying. 214. b. FicilS carica, L., var., Jap. Shiro-ichijiku, Nan- kin-ichijiku ; a variety of fig of a dwarf nature. The leaves and iruits are also small. When fully ripe the inside of the fruits is white and of an inferior taste. The fruits of Ficus pyrifolia and Ficus nipponica are also eaten. 215. Stauntonia hexaphylla, Dec., Jap. Mube, Tokiwa- akebi ; an evergreen climbing plant of the order Menispermacese, growing wild and also cultivated as an ornament and for it fruits. In summer it produces fine peduncles, and male and female flowers grow separately. The fruits ripen late in autumn. They are oval, and about 2i inches long and 1 inch in diameter. They have a dark-red colour outside, and contain many black seeds. Their white pulpy flesh is sweet like honey. Formerly the fruits were presented to the Emperor as delicious and of great rarity brought from the province of OntL They were highly prized at that time, as sugar was then unknown. The fruits of Akebia quinata and A. lobata are also eaten, and from these seeds oil is extracted. 216. GinkgO biloba, ., Jap. Ginnan ; the nut of this plant is called Ginnan. This tree belongs to the order Coniferae, 59 having deciduous leaves and attaining a height of 40-50 fts. Barren and fertile flowers bloom separately on distinct plants. The leaves resemble the webbed foot of a duck. In spring flowers appear with the young leaves. The fruits ripen late in autumn. They are round and of a pale yellow colour. The nuts are obtained by taking off the fleshy substance. They are ^- inch in length, and their kernels are eaten baked or boiled, or used in confectionery. 217. Torreya nucifera, S. et Z., Jap. Kay a, Kaye ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers, growing wild every-where, but also cultivated for ornamental purposes. It attains a height of several feets. In winter it blooms male and female flowers separately on distinct plants. Its fruits ripen late in autumn. The fruits are oblong or oval with a resinous flesh covering the nut, which is first steeped in ash-water, then in fresh water, afterwards dried and preserved. The nuts consist of two sorts, round or oval. They are eaten raw or baked, and have an aromatic flavour. They are also used in confectionery or for taking oil. 217. b. Torreya nucifera, S. et Z., var., Jap. Shibu- nasJii-gaya, Hadaka-gaya ; a variety of the former. The inner skin of the nut is attached to the shell, and the kernel is easily separated from it. This is called the bare Torreya nut, and is of the best quality. The provinces of Mino, Iga, and Yamato are noted for its production. 217. c. Pinus koraiensis, S. et Z., Jap. Cliosen-matsu- no-mi ; the seeds of Pinus koraiensis (687). The kernels o these seeds are eaten and have a resinous aromatic flavour. The acorn is about 6 inches in length, and its seed about half an inch long. 217. d. Cycas revoluta, 77*., Jap. Sotetsu-no-mi ; the seeds of this plant are produced among the leaves at the head of trunk. Several grains are attached to a brownish peduncle, and in autumn they ripen to a vermilion-red flat oval form about 1 60 inch long. The kernels have the taste of chest nuts and are eaten either fresh or dry. 218. Juglans sieboldiana, Max., Jap. Onigurumi, Ogurzimi ; a deciduous tree of the order Juglandacese, attaining a height of 20-30 fts. In summer it produces male and female flowers, being succeeded with many fruits clustered together. 'The fruits resemble the peach in shape, and ripen in autumn to a black colour. The flesh is taken off, and the nuts are collected. Their form and size are different according to the species of the trees. 219. Juglans regia, L., var. sinensis, Casim., Jap. Knwa- shi-giirumi, Chosen-gurumi, To-gurunii ; this is closely allied to the preceding, but it has broader leaves and yields solitary fruits instead of clustered ones. When ripe the fruits burst themselves and expose the nuts which are large and round. Their shell is easily ^broken. They are delicious and used as a desert when dried. 220. Juglans cordiformis, Max., Jap. Hime-gurumi, Me-gurumi ; a species of Juglans. Its nuts are flat, narrow, and smooth with a shell. They are easier to break the shell than that of Juglans sieboldiana, and are much used as Mukiguruini (peeled kernels) for cooking and confectionery. They are also used for making oil, which is used for cooking and polishing wooden articles. The skin of the fruit is used for dying brown in the same way as Juglans sieboldiana. 221. Castanea vulgaris, Z., var. japonica, D.C., Jap. Kuri ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentaceae cultivated every- where in the country, attaining a height of 30-40 fts. and some- times 50-60 fts. It bears male and female flowers separately on the same tree in June. Its fruits ripen late in autumn. When they are ripen, they burst themselves and expose several nuts. The nuts are of different varieties. The kernels are eaten baked, steamed, or boiled, and they are also used in cookery and con- fectionery. Sometimes oil is extracted from them. The variety called Tamba-giiri is the largest, and the one called Hako-guri contains several nuts in one fruit. 61 222. Castanea Vlllgaris, Lam., Jap. Shiba-guri, Sasa- giiri ; the original species of chestnuts, growing wild. They are cut down every year, but they yield many fruits at the height of 1-2 fts. The one called Yamaguri (mountain-chestnut) grows to the height of 20-30 fts., and produces many fruits, which are used as food, and also dried and preserved. The fruits are about an inch in size. 223. Corylus heterophylla, Fisch., Jap. Hashibami, Kinchaku-hashibami ; a deciduous shrub of the order Amen- taceae, growing wild and attaining a height of 6-7 fts., with ban-en and fertile flowers separately on the same plant. The flowers bloom early in spring, and the fruits ripen late in autumn. They are round and about | inch in size, with thick shells containing kernels, which are like chestnuts in taste. 224. Corylus rostrata, Ait., var. sieboldiana, Max., Jap. Tsuno-hashibami, Naga-hasJiibami, Oni-hashibami ; a species of the preceding which resembles in shape, but the leaves are smaller. The acorns are concealed in a long slender covering. They are oval with a pointed head, and are used in the same way as the former. 225. QuereUS cuspidata, 77*., Jap. Shiinomi; an ever- green tree of the order Amentaceae, growing abundantly in warm regions and attaining a height of 30-40 fts. It blooms in summer, and its fruits ripen late in the autumn of the following year. Its acorns are eaten parched. As the wood is hard and strong, it is used to make handles for oars. 226. QuereUS glabra, 77*., Jap. Matebashii, Satsuma- shii ; an evergreen tree of the order Amentaceae, found principal- ly in warm regions, attaining a height of 20-30 fts. It blo>nns and bears fruits at the same time as the preceding. The fruit is oblong oval and about 1 inch in length. The acorn rests on a receptacle, and has the shape of that of the oak. It is delicious when parched. 62 226. b. Quercus gilba, Bl., Jap. Ichiigashi, Ichii ; an evergreen tree of the oder Amentaceae, growing principally in warm regions, attaining a height of 20-30 fts. The acorn is like that of Quercus acuta, Th. or Q. glauca, but is edible being less bitter. 227. Euriale ferox, Salisb., Jap. Onibasu ; an annual aquatic herb of the order Nymphaeaceae, growing in ponds and marshes, with broad round leaves floating on the water. It is green on the upper part and purple underneath, with thorns on both sides. In summer it bears flowers above the water surface, opening during the day and fading in the evening. After the flowers fade, the thorny balls grow to a size of 3-4 inches. They contain several round seeds about of the size of a finger. The seeds are collected for their edible kernels, which are dried and preserved and used to make starch. Its young stalks and roots are also edible. 228. Nelumbo nucifera, Gaertn., Jap. Hasu-no-mi; the seeds of this plant are produced about 30 in number in a carpel. They are oblong and oval, being about of the size of a finger. The kernels are eaten fresh when they are green. The shell is black and hard when ripe, and has a white kernel inside. The kernel is dried and preserved by taking away the embryo which is bitter. It is used for cookery, and made into starch. 229. Trapa bispinosa, Roxb., Jap. Hishi-no-mi; an annual aquatic herb of the order Onagracea?, growing in ponds and marshes. Its leaves float on the water surface, and it blooms 4 petaled white flowers, being succeeded by 2-4 horned fruits, which are of different sizes and are used in the same way as the lotus. 230. Citrus nobilis, Mandarin orange, Jap. Mikan ; an evergreen tree of the order Aurantiacea? cultivated in warm regions, being about 10 fts. high. It blooms early in summer, and its fruits ripen iu winter. The fruit-skin is of an orange colour, and incloses a juicy pulpy carpel. There are several varieties according to the climate in which they are cultivated. The dis~ 63 trict of Yatsushiro in the province of Higo is noted for the production of the frints, but the most celebrated place is the province of Kit. Some of the superior varieties of the orange family are as follows. 230. b. Citrus, Jap. Yuko ; a variety of orange standing between Citrus nobilis, Lour., and C. medica limonum, Brandis., in form, taste, and flavour. So it is harder than the mandarin orange. It is good to eat, although somewhat inferior to the preceding. 230. C. Citrus, Jap. Ujukitsu ; the shape of this fruit is round or pointed with a yellow skin. It is juicy, but not very sweet unless it is preserved till summer. 231. Citrus nobilis, L., var., Jap. Unshiu-mikan ; a variety oi sweet orange with large fruits of about 3 inches in diameter and 1 J inches in height. It has a thin skin, few seeds, and a rich sweet juice. It is the best Japanese orange. Lately large quantities of these oranges have been produced in the province of Kii. There are several varieties of this sort. One called Rifujin-kitsu in Kiushiu and Shikoku belongs also to this species. 231. b. Citrus nobilis, L., var., Jap. Tomikan ; a variety of the preceding with a thick warted skin and few seeds. It grows abundantly in the provinces of Mikawa and Owari, and also in other eastern parts. Though inferior in quality to the preceding, yet it is well fit for preservation. 232. Citrus aurantium, L., var., sinense, Galisco., Jap. Kunenbo ; an evergreen tree of the order Aurautiaceae, cultivated in warm provinces, being about 10 fts. high. It resem- bles the sweet orange in shape, but larger. In early summer it blooms fragrant white flowers, being succeeded by fruits which ripen in the following year. The fruit is about 2J inches in dia- meter with a thick rind and nice flavour. Though not very sweet, yet it is preservative. 64 233. Citrus decumana, L. , var. , Jap. Jaga-tara-mikan ; an evergreen tree of the order Aurantiaceae cultivvted in warm regions, being about 10 fts. high, with large leaves as those of the preceding. It blooms in summer and bears orange red fruits in winter. They are thick-skinned, being about 5 inches in dia- meter and 2^ inches in height, and are sweet and juicy. 234. Citrus nobilis, L. t var., Jap. Kofi-mifcan, Kofi ; an evergreen tree of the order Aurantiaceae cultivated in warm regions, being harder than the mandarin orange. It is about 10 fts. high, spreading over a space of more than ten steps, yielding many fruits. The fruits are smooth and thin skinned, and though moreacid than the mandarin orange yet they are noted for ripening earlier than others. When they are kept till March or April, they become very sweet. There are two varieties, one yellow and the other red. 234. b. Citrus nobilis' L., var., Jap. Beni-mikan ; the fruits of this species are round, flat, and beautiful with a smooth thin red skin. They are sweet and juicy. Those of the variety called Beni-koji resemble them very much in appearance, but are larger and inferior in taste. 235- Citrus bigaradia, Dupam., Bitter orange, Jap. Daidai, Zadaidai ; an evergreen tree of the order Aurantiaceae, being about 15 fts. high. Its flowers bloom in summer and its yellow fruits ripen in winter. "When left on the branches till the following year they turn green again ; so they are called Kwaiseito which means turning-green. The variety called Kabusu resem- bles much this. Both are round with a diameter of about 24 inches. The Juice is pressed and used as vinegar, and is very strong. The young fruits are preserved in sugar, and is used in place of Marubushukan (241). The ripe fruits are also preserved in syrup. From the rind a fragrant oil called Tvhiyu (orange oil) is obtained. 235. b. Citrus aurantium, Risso., var., Jap. Ama- daidai ; this resembles the Kabusu orange in shape and colour. 65 but less aciduous, being esteemed for its juicy fruits. The Tou- mikan of 7osa and Kinkunenbo of Satsuma are the same varie- ties, but of a better quality. All these oranges are difficult to peel. 235. C. Citrus, Jap. Natsu-daidai ; this is the product of the province of Nagato. The fruit is large, flat, and yelloNv. It has an aciduous juice, and is preserved for summer use. 235. d. Citrus, Jap. Naruto-mikan ; this is the product of the province of Awaji. The fruit is round in form, and has rough yellow skin and rich aciduous juice. It is in the same quality and use as the preceding. 235. 6. Citrus, Jap. Tddaidai ; this is found principally in southern and western provinces. The fruits are large, round, and pointed at the top, with an orange red skin, and they are very sweet. 236. Citrus japonica, T/i., Jap. Kinkan, Marumi- ki nka n (kumquat orange); an evergreen shrub of the order Aurantiaceae cultivated in warm regions. Some of the largest specimens are 6-7 fts. high. Even when young it blooms in summer and yields round fruits which ripen in winter, having about the size of a finger, with yellow skin. Its pulp is sour, but the skin is sweet and fragrant. It is preserved in sugar. When the fruits are left on the branches till March or April of the following year they turn very sweet. 237. Citrus japonica, 77/., Jap. Nagami-kinkan ; a variety of the kumquat orange with elliptical obovate fruits, which are used in the same way as the preceding. 238. Citrus decumana, Z., var., Shaddock or Pom- polmos, Jap. Uchimurasaki, Tokuneubo, Buntan ; an evergreen tree of the | order Aurantiaceae cultivated in warm regions, bsing about 10 fts. high. It blooms in summer and the fruits ripen in winter. The fruits are 6-7 inches in diameter, and 5-6- inches in height. They have thick skin and beautiful purplish pulp. They are the largest among the orange family, with an agreeable subaciduous taste, and they are eaten fresh. 239. Citrus decumana Z., Jap. Zabon ; this is clossly allied to the preceding, but its fruits are smaller, and the pulp is of a bluish white colour. 240. Citrus media, Risso., var., chirocarpns, Jap. BusJiukan, TebusJiukan ; an evergreen tree of the order Aurantiaceae cultivated only in warm regions. It blooms in summer, and yields fruits in winter. The fruits are yellow with several finger-like protuberances at the top. Their skin is very thick. They are highly odorant and may be preserved, but they are principally used for ornamental purposes. 241. Citrus media, Risso., Jap. Maru-bnshukan ; a species with an oval form and pointed head, being about 6 inches in height. It has also thick skin with very little pulp ; so it is not fit for deserts, but the thick skin is preserved in salt and eaten as vegetables. Its young fruits are preserved in sugar or syrup in the same way as the preceding. 242. Citrus, Jap. Tachibaua, Ukon-no-tacJiibana ; an evergreen tree of the order Aurantiaceae, being about 10 fts. high, with the fruits shaped like Koji (mandarin orange, 234), but smaller and with thicker skin. The fruits are beautifully yellow with a slightly bitter and aciduous taste. 242. b. Citrus, Jap. Sudachi, Riman ; this is pro- duced in the provinces of Kii, Awa, and their vicinities, resembling the former in form, with thin skin and sour juice which is pressed out and used instead of vinegar. A variety produced in Hizen in the name of Kinosu resembles this very much. 243. Bromelia ananas, L., Jap. Ananasu ; an evergreen herb of the order Bromeliaceae produced in hot regions. It is cultivated in Loochoo and Bonin Islands. It must be kept in 67 hot-houses in winter in temperate regions. The leaves are broad .and flat, being 2-3 fte. in length. In summer it blooms among 'the leaves, and ripens yellow scaly oval fruits which arc 5-6 inches in length. The fruits are sweet and of a nice flavour. 243. b. Musa sapientum, Jap. Mlbasho, Banana ; a species of "M usa yielding edible fruits and purple flowers. It is cultivated in Loochoo and Bonin Islands. When the fruits are ripen, they are yellow and 4-5 inches in length. The pulpy flesh is edible by peeling off the skin, and sweet and fragrant. 'They are esteemed as the best fruits of the south. They are used to make alcohol and vinegar. 244. Jambusa VUlgaris, DC., Jap. Hoto ; an evergreen tree of the order Myrtaceae, being about 10 fts. high, and produced in warm climates, as in Bonin Island. In temperate regions it must be kept in hot-houses during winter. In summer the flowers form a ball of numerous white stamens. The fruits resemble the loquat, with yellow skin and large seeds. They are very sweet and juicy. 244. b. Nephelium longan, Lam., Jap. Riu-gan ; an evergreen tree of the order Sapindaceae found in warm regions. It is cultivated in Loochoo Island. It is to be kept in hot-houses in winter. The leaves grow up pinnately on a petiole. The fruits are round and about the size of a finger. When ripen they are eaten either fresh or dried. 244. C. Nephelium litchi, Camb., Jap. Reishi ; very closely allied to the preceding, but the plant and fruits are twice in largeness. When ripen it has a beautiful red shrivelled skin. It is sweet and delicious. It is preserved longer than any other fruit. The plant does not thrive in cold places, but it grows in the southern part of Osumi province. 245. Citrullus edulis, Spach., Water melon, Jap. Suikiva ; an annual cultivated climber of the order Cucurbitaceae. It produces barren and fertile flowers separately on the same vine. Its fruits ripen in mid-summer. The fruit is larger than a man's 68 head, with dark green skin and generally red pulp and black seeds. As the pulp contains plenty sweet liquid, it is eaten fresh,, and when young it is preserved in salt and eaten as pickles. There are several sorts of colours and forms. 246. Citrullus edulis, Spach., var., Jap. Shiro-suikwu / a variety of the preceding. The fruit has a white skin, yellow pulp> and red seeds. 247. Cucumis melo, L., Melon, Jap. Makuwa-uri ; an annual cultivated climber of the order Cucurbitaceae. It is pro- duced much in the village Makuwa in the province Mino, whence the name is derived. The male and female flowers are separately on the same vine. The fruits ripen in mid-summer. They are ova]-shaped, about 5 inches long, and of a yellow colour, with longitudinal stripes. They are eaten 1 or 2 days after having been collected, and are very sweet and delicious. There are several varieties of different colours and forms. 248. Cucumis melo, L., van, Jap. Ginmakuwa-urt, Ginmakuwa ; a variety of the melon with large fruits of a green rough skin. It is inferior in taste to the preceding. 249. Momordica charantia, L. y Jap. Tsnru-reishz, Niga-uri ; an annual cultivated climber of the order Cucur- bitaceae. The male and female flowers are separately on the same vine. The fruit ripens in summer. It is green, about 4 inches long and 2i inches in diameter, and covered with irregular warts. It turns yellow when ripe, and bursts at the top and exposes several red pulpy seeds of the size of a finger. The plup i& beautifully red, soft, and sweet, containing peculiar seeds. In the provinces of Kinshiu there is a variety with a long fruit about 2 fts. long called Nan-reishi (long reis/ii). The young fruits are eaten as vegetables. Note. The varieties of fruits here mentioned are only a few selected ones. Murne-plums, apricots, peaches, plums, and especially pears, persimmons, and oranges have a great many varieties which are too numerous to ba mentioned respectively in 69 -this limited space. Moreover their cultivation increases new- varieties continually. Besides these there are many plants yielding edible fruits. The following are the names of such plants; Morus alba, L. (294), Pyrus toringo, Sicb. t var. incisa, Fr. et Sav. (362), Pyrus (363), llovenia duleis, T/i , Cornus kousa, Bnergt (645), Primus pseudocerasus, Limit., Cornus officinalis, 5. et Z. (432), Tnxus cuspidata, 5. et Z. (580), Ccltis sinensis, Pcrs, (558), Aphananthe aspera, PI. (297), Opuntia ficns, L. (808), Kibes ambignum, Max. (809), Cornus canadensis, L. (824), Sterculia platanifolia, L. (599), Aesculus turbinata, Bl. (535), Quercus serrata, T/i. (2P5), Q. glandulifera, Bl. (563), Q. .acuta, TJi. (564), Q. glauca, 77i. forma sericea, etc. CHAPTER X. STARCH PLANTS. This Chapter includes the plants which roots, stems, or seeds yield a white powder-like substance, which is made into starch. Starch is nutricions and used for making several sorts of food, as bread, paste, etc. 250. Apios fortune!, Moench., Jap. Hodo-imo ; a perennial climber of the order Leguminosae growing wild. The -compound leaves have 3-5 leaflets on a common petiole. The vine is thin and is about 10 fts. long. In summer it produces greenish yellow papilionaceous flowers in panicles from the leaf- axils, being succeeded with pods about 2J inches long. The roots creep under ground with round bullet-like tubers. In winter they are dug out and eaten boiled. A kind of starch is also manufactur- ed from them. 251. Pucraria thunbergiana, Bcnth., Jap. Kudsu, ]\Iakiidsu ; a perennial climber of the order Leguminosae grow- ing wild. The leaves are ternate, and the vine separates into many branches. In autumn it produces purplish red flowers in panicles, which are succeeded by flat hairy pods containing small seeds. The largest roots are 3-4 fts. and have about the thickness- 70 of a man's arm. In winter they are, taken, and an excellent starch is prepared from them. It is used as food or paste. The vine is used to make baskets, and its fibre is taken for cloth. The leaves are used to feed cattle. 252. Trichosanth.es cucumeroides, Ser., Jap. Karasu-itri, Tama-dzusa ; a perennial climbing plant of the order Cucurbitaceae growing wild every-where. The leaves are 3-5 lobed and hairy on the surface. The male and female flowers are on the different vines. In summer white flowers open, succeded by fruits of the size of a duck's egg. In winter they are taken and dried to be used for washing instead of soap. The seeds have a form as a clasped letter paper, whence derived the name Tamadsnsa (letter). In winter the roots are collected to make starch. 253. Trichosanthes japonica, Regel., Jap. Kikarasu- nri, Gorl ; a perennial climbing plant of the order Cucurbitaceae growing wild everywhere The barren and fertile flowers open on the different plants. It resembles very much the preceding, but the leaves are lustrous on the surface and the fruits arc twice as- large when they ripe. The young fruits are eaten preserved in soy or salt. In winter the roots are collected and made into starch called Teiikwa-fun. 254. Dioscorea japonica, 77/., var. bulbifera, Jap. Kashin-iino, Ke-imo ; a perennial climbing plant of the order l)ioscpilionoceous flowers are produced in panicles from the axils of leaves. The seeds are black when ripen. The roots are dried for medicine. 414. Sophora angustifolia, S. et Z., Jap. Knrara ; a perennial wild herb of the order Leguminosa3. It produces several stems from one root, and grows 3-4 fts. high. Light yellow popilionuceous flowers arc produced in panicles at the head 112 of branches, being succeeded with long pods. The roots are used for medicine. The juice obtained by boiling the stems and leaves is used to destroy insects injurious to vegetables. Fibre is taken from the bark of the stems. 415. Psoralea corylifolia, L., Jap. Oranda-hiyu ; an annual leguminous plant brought from China about the year 1717. It is sown in spring, and grows 3-4 fts. high. In late summer, small balls of light purple flowers are produced on short stalks from the axils of leaves. The ripen black seeds are used for medicine. 416. Geum japonicum, Th., Jap. Daikon-so / a perennial wild herb of the order Rosacea3, growing 2-3 fts. high. In summer it bears 5 petaled deep yellow flowers at the head of the stems, being succeeded with prickly balls, which are about half inch in diameter and contain much seeds. The roots are dried for medicine. The young plants are eaten as a vegetable. 417. Poterium officinale, L., Jap. Waremoko ; a per- ennial wild herb of the order Rosaceas attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. In autumn, it bears groups of small purplish red flowers at the top of the young branches. The reare other varieties, which flowers are pink, crimson or white. The roots of the common variety are used as medicine by drying. 418. Bupleurum falcatum, L., Jap. Katnakura-saiko ; a perennial wild herb of the order IJrnbellifera3, growing 2-3 fts. high. In autumn it bears small yellowish flowers in clusters at the head of the branches from the axils[ of leaves. The roots are gathered in winter and used as medicine. 419. Foeniculum vulgare, Gcertn. , Jap. Kureno-o-mo, Uikyo ; a biennial herb of the order Umbelliferas cultivated in fields. In summer the stem attains to a height of 6-7 fts, dividing into many branches, which bring forth small yellowish flowers in clusters at the head. When the seeds ripen the plants die. The 113 seeds have a strong agreeable odour, and they are used as a medicine. An oil is also extracted from them. 420. Anethum graveolens, L., Jap. Inondo, Hime- uikyQ ; a biennial plant of the order Umbelliferae, resembling the former in shape, but smaller, being about 2 fts. high. Its odour is not so strong, but it has almost the same use as the former. 421. Selinum japonicum, Miq., Jap. Hamaseri, Hama- ninjin ; a biennial herb of the order Umbellifera^, growing wild in the sandy places of sea coasts, attaining to a height of 5-6 inches. In autumn small white flowers come forth in clusters. After the seeds are ripen, the plants die. The seeds are collected and used as a medicine. 422. Ligusticum acutilobum, S. et Z., Jap. ] 'awazeri ; a perennial herb of the order Umbelliferae, growing wild in mountainous regions, and also being cultivated in gardens. Tn summer it attains to a height of 2-3 fts., and brings forth small white flowers in clusters at the head of the branches. The roots arc collected and used as a medicine. 423. Silar divaricatum, Benth. et Hook^ Jap. Fude- bofu, ; a triennial herb of the order Umbelliferas brought from China in the year 1717, attaining to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer it bears small white flowers in clusters at the head of the fctem. After the seeds are ripen, the roots die. The roots are collected in the autumn of the second year and dried for medicine. 424. Archangelica gmelini, DC., Shishi-udo; a biennial wild herb of the order Umbellifera?. The stems and laves are covered with coarse hair. In summer the stem grows to a height of 6-7 fts., and in autumn it brings forth small white flowers in clusters. After the seeds are ripen, the roots die. The roots are taken in winter and dried for medicine. 425. Angelica anomala, Pall., Jap. Yoroi-gusa ; a triennial herb of the order Umbellifera* cultivated in gardens. 114 The Chinese kind was introduced to this country in the year 1 717. The stem attains to a height of 7-8 fts. In summer it bears small white flowers in an umbel at the top of the stem, and after the seeds are ripen the plant dies. The Koots are collected in winter and dried for medicine. 426. Angelica decursiva, Miq., Jap. Nodake, Mansai- raku ; a triennial wild herb of the order Umbelliferse, growing 7-8 fts. high. In autumn it bears small dark purple or white flowers in an umbel. The roots are collected and used for medi- cine by drying. 427. Coriandrum sativum, L., Jap. Koyendoro ; a biennial herb of the order Umbelliferse, introduced from a foreign country. It is sown in autumn, and grows to a height of 1-2 fts. in the following year. In late summer it bears small flowers in an umbel, and yields fragrant seeds to be used as medicine. The leaves and stems have a slight disagreeable odour. The large foot leaves are eaten as a vegetable. 428. Conioselinum univittatum, .Turcz., Jap. Sen- kio > Omuna-kadsura ; a biennial herb of the order Umbellifene growing wild and also cultivated in gardens. The stems attain to a height of 1-2 fts., and in autumn the} 7 bring forth small yellowish white flowers at the top. The roots h.ive strong fragrant odour and are used as medicine. 429. Angelica ?, Jap. Udo-nwdoki ; a biennial wild herb of the order Umbelliferse. Resembling 424 in shape, the under side of the leaves is nearly white, the stems and leaves have no hair, arid the stems are purple. In summer the stems grow to a height of 34 fts. and bear small white flowers. The roots are haraested for medicine. 430. Panax repens, Maxim., Jap. Tochiba-ninjin ; a perennial herb of the order Araliaccae growing wild in shady places of mountains. After 3 pears the stems grow to a height of about 2 fts., being divided into 3 branches with 5 cleft leaves, and 115 bearing small 5 petaled white flowers in cluster at the top of the brunches. In autumn small fruits are ripen and beautifully red. The roots have knots, though there are straight roots. The roots art; dried for medicine. 431. Panax ginseng, C. A. Mey., Jap. Ninjin, Kano- nige-kusa ; a perennial herb of the order Araliaceae introduced and cultivated. In third year after sowing, the stems grow about 2 fts. high, and bear flowers and seeds. It resembles the preceding in shape, and the main roots are large. The roots are steamed and dried for medicine, and much exposted to China. 432. Cor mis officinalis, S. et Z., Jap. Sanshuyu ; a deciduous tree of the order Cornacea?, growing about 10 fts. in fields. It bears small fine yellow flowers in cluster before sprout- ing in spring. In autumn the oblong red aciduous fruits are collected and dried for medicine. 433. Sambucus racemosa, L. , Jap. Niwatoko, Kitad.su ; a deciduous shrub of the order Caprifoliaceas growing wild or planted in gardens, attaining to a height of 10 fts. Late in spring it bears small white flowers in an umbel, forming small round red <>r yellow fruits. The stems and flowers are dried for medicine. A good edible fungus called Kikurage grows on the rotten stem. 434. Lonicera COnfusa, Dl.. Jap. Suikadsura ; . a deciduous wild climber of the order CaprifoliaceaB. In the beginning of summer it produces puqilish white fragrant flowers on the axils of leaves. The flowers gradually turn yellow as they become old, and they are dried for medicine. It produces black round fruits. The vines and leaves are dried and used instead of tea. 435. Uncaria rhychophylla, Miq. t Jap. Kagikatsura ; ;m evergreen climbing plant of the order Rubiaceae, growing wild in warm regions. Late in autumn it bears small light brown flowers in the form of a ball about an inch large. The leaves grow opposite, and a hooked spine grows in the root of each leaf. The spines are used for medicine. 116 436. Valeriana officinalis, Z., Jap. Kanoko-so t Haru- ominayeshi ; a perennial herb of the order Valerianacese growing wild in mountains. In spring its stem grows to a height of \\ fts., bearing small pink flowers in an umbel. The roots are dried and used as medicine. Their smell is too strong. 437. Inula japonica, T/i., Jap. Oguruma; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite, growing to a height of 2-3 fts. The divided branches bear yellow single petaled flowers, which are used for medicine by drying. There are also those with double or tubular flowers, being planted in gardens for their beauty. 438. Artemisia capillaris, 77/., Jap. Kawara-yomugi ; a perennial herb of the order Compositae, growing wild in sandy places near rivers. The leaves are soft, slender 'and beautiful. In summer, its stem attains to a height of 2-3 fts. The branches bear many fine flowers which are stronger than Yomogi (68) in flavour. The seeds are used for medicine. 439. Atractylis lyrata, S. et Z., Jap. Okera ; a per- ennial herb of the order Compositae, growing wild, and also planted in fields. The stem attains to a height of 2-3 fts. In autumn it bears white flowers in the form of a ball. A variety called Biyaku-jutsu have long and narrow leaves and purple flowers. The roots of the 2 varieties are large and have many rootlets. They are dried and used for medicine. 440. Rehmannia lutea, Max., Jap. Sao-hime ; a perennial herb of the order Cyrtandraceax In spring it grows to a height of 7-8 inches. Tn early summer it bears yellowish white flowers shaded with purple on the divided branches at the top of the stems. Before the fruits ripen the stems die. The roots are used for medicine by drying directly or after steaming. 441. Ophelia diluta, Ledeb., Jap. Senburi ; an annual wild herb of the order Gentianacea3, growing about 1 ft. high. In autumn several flowers appear at the top of the stems. The flowers r ae5 petaled and pale red shaded with purple, There is a variety 117 with large leaves, which is pictured. The stems and leaves are dried and used for medicine. 442. Endotropis caudata, Miq., Jap. Ikema; a perennial climber growing in mountains. In spring the vines are produced? bearing small white flowers which are succeeded with capsules. In autumn the capsules split out white fibre. The tubular roots are collected and dried for medicine. 443. Scrophularia oldhami, Oliv., Jap. Goma-kusa ; a perennial wild herb of the order Scrophulariaceae. In summer the stems grow 1-5 fts. high, and produces light yellow flowers in a small panicle. The large roots are used for medicine. 444. Nepeta japonica, Max., Jap. Keigai ; an annual herb of the order Labiateae. It is sown in spring, growing about 2 fts. high in summer. Reddish white small flowers are produced in a panicle at the top of the stem. When the seeds ripen the plant dies. The seeds are fragrant and used for medicine. 445. Scutellaria machrantha, Fisch., Jap. Kogane- yanagi, Kogane-bana ; a perennial herb of the order Labiateae. In summer the stem grows about 2 fts. high, and bears white or purple flowers in panicles. The large deep yellow roots are dried for medicine. 446. Mentha arvensis, L., var. vulgaris, Benth., Jap. Hakka, Mekusa ; a perennial herb of the order Labiates mostly cultivated. It sprouts in spring, and grows about 1 ft. high in summer, opening small purple labiate flowers. The stems and leaves are dried and used for medicine or for taking the oil, which is very fragrant and refreshing. 447. Vitex trifolia, L., var. unifoliolata, Schaver., Jap. ^ Ilamagr), Hamashikimi ; a deciduous shrub of the order Verbenaceae, growing on sea-coasts 3-4 fts. high. The branches creep over the ground like vines. In summer it bears dark purple labiate flowers disposed in panicles at the top of the stem. The small round fragrant seeds are dried and used for medicine. i 118 448. PlantagO asiatica, L., Jap. Obako ; a perennial herb of the order Plantaginaceae, growing wild everywhere. It shoots forth flower stalks of several inches in length from the centre of the leaves. The seeds are dried and used for medicine. The young leaves are eaten as a vegetable. 449. Celosia argentea, Z., Jap. No-geitQ, Fude-keito ; an annual herb of the order Amarantacesa, growing wild and also planted in gardens. It attains to a height of 1-2 fts. The flowers are light red and have the form of a Japanese pen. The seeds are used for medicine. 450. Achyranthes bidentata, Bl., var. japonica, Miq. % Jap. Inokodsuchi ; a perennial herb of the order Amaranthacese , growing wild everywhere, attaining to a height of 2 fts. with square stems. In summer it bears flowers in panicles, and forms small thorny seeds which easily attach to clothes. The roots are used for medicine by drying. 451. Polygonum aviculare, ., Jap. Niwa-yanagi; an annual wild herb of the order Potygonacese. In spring its stem attains to a height of 10 fts., and in summer it bears small flowers. Its stems and leaves are used for medicine. 452. Polygonum multiflorum, .77*., Jap. Tsuru- dokudami ; a perennial wild climbing plant of the order Polygo- nacea3. In autumn it bears small white flowers in panicles. The roots consist of many large tubers, and are used for medicine by drying. 453. Rheum undulatum, L., Rhubarb, Jap. Ohoski ,- a perennial herb of the order Polygonacea^. It sprouts in spring, and in summer the stem grows to a height of 3-6 fts., bearing flowers. Its roots are dried for medicine, and its petioles are used as a vegetable. 454. Cinnamomum loureirii, Nees., Jap. Nikkei ; an evergreen tree of the order LauracesB, growing 20-30 fts. high hi summer it bears small yellowish green flowers. The bark of 119 the branches and roots are dried and used for medicine, being aromatic and refreshing. 455. Daphnidium strychnifolium, S. et Z., Jap. Uyaku ; an evergreen shrub of the order Lauraeeas, growing 4-9 fts. high in the form of a bush. It bears yellowish green flowers in bunches in the axils of leaves, and produces small red berries. The tubular roots are dried and used for medicine. 456. Asarum sieboldi, Miq., Jap. Hiki-no-hitai-gitsa ; a perennial herb of the order A ristolochiacetn, growing wild in shady places in mountains. In spring it sprouts and bears a dark purple flower of \ inch in size near" the ground. The rootlets are dried and used for medicine. 456. b. Asarum variegatum, Al. t Jap. Kan-aoi / a species of the former growing wild in shady places in mountains The leaves are round and pointed at the top*;, and concave near the petioles resembling a horse hoof. The leaves are long or round, and differ also in size. The rootlets are used instead of the former, but they are inferior, being acrid and bad smelled. 457. AristolocMa ksempferi, Willd., Jap. Uma-no- siidsu, Ohaguro-bana ; a perennial climbing herb of the order Ai istolochiacea3 growing wild. In summer it shoots forth long stalks at the axils of the leaves, and yields tubular flowers on small balls. The flowers open at the tip, and form purplish green petals. The roots are dried and used for medicine. There are other varieties with large or narrow leaves and with white flowers. 458. Houttuynia cordata, 77/., Jap. Doku-dami, /o- yaku ; a perennial herb of the order Saururacea3, growing wild and attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. It gives a disagreeable odour when touched. In summer it bears 4 petaled white flowers of different sizes. The roots are dried and used for medicine. 459. Dioscorea sativa, L., var. rotundis, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Tokoro ; a perennial wild climbing herb of the order Diosco- reacese. It resembles very much D. japonica (111) in form, though 120 its vine turns left. The fibrous roots are used for medicine by drying. The tubers are eaten steamed, and are also used to make starch. Another kind with lobed leaves is bitter and can not be eaten. 460. Heterosmilax japonica, Kuuth.,3wp. Sankirai / an evergreen climbing herb of the order Smilacese. It is a diae- cious plant. In spring it shoots forth vines, with hooked tendrils under each leaf and with about 10 purplish green flowers on the axils of leaves, being succeeded with small round black fruits. The tubular roots are used for medicine when dried. There are several varieties with narrow or round leaves. 461. Stemone japonica, Miq. t Jap. Hodotsura; a peren- nial herb of the order Koxburghiaceae. There are two kinds, standing and climbing. The variety here mentioned is the climb- ing one. In summer it yields one or two flowers in the centre of the leaves. Many oblong small tubers attached to the roots are dried and used for medicine. 462. Gastrodia elata, BL> Jap. Nusubito-no-ashi, Kami- jio-yagara ; a parasite of the order Orehidaceae growing wild in mountains. In early summer it shoots forth a straight yellowish red stem to a height of 4-5 fts., bearing flowers in panicles at the head. In autumn the stems and roots die. The tubers growing laterally to a length of about 10 inches with a diameter of an inch are used for medicine. 463. Curcuma longa, L., Jap. Kyo-o, Haru-ukon ; a perennial herb of the order Zingiberacea3. It resembles Ukon (379), with white hair under the leaves. Late in spring, it shoots forth stalks to a height of 68 inches, bearing 2 yellow flowers. The tuberous roots are dried and used for medicine. They have the smell of ginger, and are yellow. 464. Amomum, Jap. Gajutsu, Usuguro ; a perennial herb of the order Zingiberaceu). It resembles the preceding in shape, with dark purple variegation in the centre of the leaves. 121 In summer it bears red flowers. The dark green tubers are dried and used for medicine. 465. Alpinia japonica, Mime are used for medicine. As they are poisonous, care must be taken of those which are growing wild. 478. Clematis paniculata, 77/., Jap. Senninso, PTako- bore, Takatade ; a perennial climbing herb of the order Ranun- culaceae growing wild. In autumn it bears 4 petaled white flowers, being succeeded with fruits of hairy balls. The leaves and stems contain a poisonous ingredient. When chewed, it hurts teeth, whence the name of Hakobore (teeth-breaker). It also blisters the skin when touched. 479. Ranunculus acris, L., Jap. Kinpoge ; a perennial herb of the order Ranunculaceae growing wild. In spring the stem grows to a height of 12 fts. , with 5 petaled yellow or white flowers, which are sometimes doubled. It contains a narcotic ingredient. 480. Ranunculus sceleratus, Z., Jap. Tagarashi, Tatar abi ; a biennial aquatic herb of the order Ranunculaceae In spring the stem grows to a height of 1-2 fts., with very lustrous K-aves and 5 petaled small yellow flowers. It has the same form and quality as the preceding. 48 L Ranunculus ternatus, Th., Jap. Kitsune-no- botan a biennial herb of the order Ranunculacese growing wild in moist ground. The leaves are parted and covered with hair. The stem attains to a height of about 1 fts. and bears small yellowish flowers. It has the same quality and form as the preceding. 482. Aconitum chinense, 5. et Z., Jap. Kabuto-giku, Torikabuto ; a perennial herb of the order Knnun- 124 culacese planted in gardens for its flowers, the tuberous roots being used for medicine. In spring it grows to a height of about 2 fts. In autumn it blooms many blue purple or white helmet-shaped flowers. 483. Aconitum fischeri, Reichenb., Jap. Yama-tori- kabuto ; a species of the preceding growing wild in mountains. In form it is much alike, growing to a height of 3-4 fts. The colour of the flowers is deep purple or blue. It has also the same quality as the former. 484. Aconitum uncinatum, L., var. japonicum, Jap. Hanadsuru, Hana-kadsura ; a species of the preceding wtth creeping sterns. 484. b. Illicium religiosum, 5. etZ., Jap. Shikimi, Hanashiba ; an evergreen tree of the order Magnoliacese growing wild in mountains of warm regions. .It attains to a height of about 10 fts. In late spring it bears yellowish polypetalous flowers on the axils of the leaves and at the top of the young branches. The fruits ripen in autumn and produce seeds which contain a deadly poison. As the fruits have an aromatic flavour, they are exported to China and used instead of Illicium anisatum. The. leaves have also a fragrant odour, and are used to odorn the vases offered to Buddha. An incense is prepared from the dried leaves by reducing to powder. 485. Macleya COrdata, R. Br., Jap. Champa-giku, Takeni-gusa ; a perennial herb of the order Papaveraceas growing- wild 5-6 fts. high. In autumn it bears small white flowers on the branches divided at the top of the stem,, being succeeded with small pods. The leaves and stems contain a yellow juice. Bamboo becomes soft when boiled with this plant. The decoction of the stems and leaves is used to destroy injurious insects. 486. Chelidonium majus, L., Jap. Kusa-no-u ; a biennial herbaceous plant of the order Papaveraccae growing wild everywhere. In spring it grows to a height of about 1 ft., bearing 125 4 petaled yellow flowers, which are succeeded with pods. This plant contains a yetlow juice. 487. Coriaria japonica, A. Gr., Jap, Doku-utsugi ; a deciduous shrub of the order Coriariacese growing wild in bushes and on river banks. Tt is a dia3cious or monaecious plant. It blooms in panicles, and the female flowers are succeeded with round red fruits, which are very pretty, but poisonous. 488. Rhus toxicodendron, Z., Jap. Tsnta-nrushi ; a deciduous climber of the order Anacardiaceae growing wild in forests and climbing on other trees. The leaves are ternate, and the flowers and fruits resemble those of E. vernicifera. The stem is used for dying. 489. Desmodium laburnifolium, DC., Jap. Uji koroshi, Miso-iiaoshi, Miso-kusa ; a deciduous shrub of the order i^guminosaB growing wild in warm provinces. Tt attains to a height of about 1 ft., but it Is mostly herbaceous. In summer it shoots forth a panicle, and yields yellowish white papilionaceos flowers, being succeeded with long pods covered with hair. The leaves are used to kill the worms produced in miso (a kind of sauce). 490. Cicuta Virosa, ., Jap. Doku-jeri. 0-jeri; a trien- nial herb of the order Umbelliferaa growing wild in ponds and marshes. Jt resembles Seri (58) in form, but larger and poisonous. Early in spring, its stem is used as a pot-plant, being called C/tonte- chiku. The dried petioles are used for fastening as cord. 491. Andromeda japonica, Th. t Jap. Asebo, Asebi, A \scini ; an evergreen shrub of the order Ericaceae, growing in mountains often 10 fts. high. Early in spring it produces bunches of campanula te small white drooping flowers. It is used as an ornamentel pot-plant. The leaves contain a violent poison, aud the decoction is used to destroy injurious insects. 492. Buddleya curviflora, Lindt., Jap. Fuji-utsugi ; a deciduous shrub of the order Loganiaceae growing wild in moun- 126 tains or on river banks, attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. The young branches are four sided and provided with alae. In summer it produces purplish pink flowers in panicles. The branches and leaves are used to intoxicate fishes for catching. 493. Da tula alba, Nees. y Jap. Chosen- as agao an annual solanaceous plant brought from Corea about the year 1744. It is sown in spring, and grows to a height of 3-4 fts. In autumn it bears white funnel formed flowers, with round seeds enclosed in a prickly capsule. The seeds, flowers, and leaves are poisonous. 494. Solanum nigrum, ., Jap. Inu-hMsuki, Kuro- hodsuki, Nasubi-sennari ; an annual herb of the order Solanaceae growing wild everywhere. In summer it grows to a height of 2-3 fts., and bears 5 parted white flowers in clusters, being suc- ceeded with round black fruits. 495. Capsicum anomalum, Fir. et Sav., Jap. Hadaka- hodsuki, Tachi-hiyodori, Yama-Jiodsuki ; an annual or sometimes biennial herbaceous plant of the order Solanaceae growing wild in woods and bushes. It attains to a height of 20-30 fts., and resem- bles the preceding. The ripe berries are of a pretty pink colour. 496. Scopelia japonica, Max., Jap. Hashiridokoro ; a perennial herb of the order Solanacese growing wild in valleys. Early in spring, the young plant shoots dark purple leaves which turn green afterwards. It grows to a height of about 1^ fts., producing purple campanulate flowers in the axils of leaves, and then green round pea-sized berries. 497. Solanum lyratum, 7/5., Jap. Hiyodori-jvgo, Horo- s/ii; a perennial wild climber of the order Solanaceae. In summer it shoots forth peduncles from the axils of leaves, bearing small white flowers, which are succeeded with .small red round berries. 498. Solanum Dulcamara, L., var. ovatum. DunaL, Jap. Maruba-no-JiiyodoriJQgo, Maruba-no-Jioroshi ; a close ally of the preceding. Its stem grows as a vine, but the plant is smaller. The flowers are light purple, and the berries red. 127 499. Phytolacca acinosa, Roxb., var. esculenta, Max., Jap. Yamagobv ; a j)erennial herb of the order Phytolaccact-iu growing wild, but also cultivated for its edible leaves. The stern attains to a height of 3-4 fts. In summer it produces panicles with small white flowers, which are succeeded with red berries. 500. Clerodendron squamatum, Bahl., Jap. Hi-giri, Td-giri ; a deciduous shrub of the order Verbenaceae growing in warm regions, attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. From summer to autumn, it bears 5 petaled red flowers in bunches The flowers stretch out long stamens, and their calyx are also bright red. It is planted in gardens for ornamental purposes. 501. Daphne kiusiana, Miq., Jap. Kosko-no-ki / an t-vrgreen shrub of the order Thymeleaceae growing in shady places in mountains. Its shape resembles the Daphne odora (394), and it attains to a height of 3-4 fts. Early in spring it yields small yellowish white tubular flowers in clusters at the end of braches, being succeeded with oblong red berries. As the berries have the taste of pepper, the name Kosho-no-ki (pepper tree) is derived. 502 Daphne pseudo-mezercum, A. Gray, Jap. Oni- sJiibari^Natsii-bQdsH, Sakura-kozo ; a deciduous shrub of the order Thymeleaceae growing wild in bushes and on sea-coasts, attaining to a height of 34 fts. In spring it produces yellowish green flowers, and then red berries. The leaves fall in summer. The bast is strong, arid used for manufacturing paper. A variety grown in the province of Ec/iigo has large leaves and yellow fragrant flowers. 502. b. Daphne genkwa, 5. et Z., Jap. Fuji-modoki, CAojt-safatra, Satsiuna-fuji ; a deciduous shrub of the order Thymeleacea), growing 3-4 fts. high. In spring it produces small ] >ur pie tubular flowers in clusters before sprouting. It is planted in gardens on account of its pretty flow* rs. 503. Euphorbia lathyris, ., Jap. Horutosv ; a bien- 128 nial herbaceous plant of the order Euphorbiacese brought by Por- tuguise about the year 1533. It attains to a height of 3-4 fts. In summer it bears flowers, which are succeeded with fruits about the size of a finger head. 504. Euphorbia lasiocaula, Boiss., Jap. TakatMai ; a perennial herb of the order Euphorbiaceas growing wild in moun- tainous regions. It resembles the preceding in shape. 505. Euphorbia sieboldiana, Morr., Jap. Natsu-ivdai; this resembles very much the preceding in shape, with shorter sterns and broader leaves. 506. Euphorbia helioscopia, L., Jap. Tvdai-kusa ; a small variety of the preceding, with short and creeping stems. \ 507. Euphorbia palustris, L., Jap. No-urushi ; it resembles E. lasiocaula (504), growing in the form of a bush in watery places. 508. Croomia japonica, Miq., Jap. Nabe-wari, Kawa- nasubi ; a perennial herb of the order Smilacese growing in shady places of mountains. The stern attains to a height of about 1 ft. Early in summer it shoots forth slender branched peduncles in the axils of leaves, bearing 4 petaled yellowish green flowers. The stem and leaves irritate the tongue. 509. Nerine japonica, Miq., Jap. Higan-bana, Shita- mqgari, Manju-shake ; a bulbous plant of the order Amaryllideaj growing wild everywhere. In winter its leaves come forth and die in summer. In autumn the peduncles grow to a height of about 1 ft., and bear several flowers in clusters at the top. They are 6 petaled and of a deep red colour, having long stamen. Vulgar people eat the bulbs by drying and steaming. An inferior starch is obtained from them. The leaves and flowers of this and the next plant are produced at different times. Lycoris sanguinea, Maxim. 510. , Jap. Kitsunc-no-kamison ; a species resembling the preceding, growing wild in shady places. 129 The leaves are light green, and grow straight upward not crowded in one place. The flowers are orange red, and the roots have the same form and quality as the preceding. There is also a variety with white flowers. 511. Veratrum album, L., var. grandiflora, Jap. BaikcisQ, Hai-no-doku ; a perennial herb of the order Meran- thficeae growing wild in moist places in mountains. The stalk is 3-4 fts. high, and its branches bear 6 petaled yellowish white flowers. Male and female flowers are separated on different plants, but sometimes complete flowers are found. The roots are poisonous, and are used to destroy flies and other injurious insects. 512. Veratrum stamineum, Max., Jap. Kobaikei, Shishi-no-habaki ; a species of the preceding of a smaller size. Its quality and use are the same, but its flowers do not have green veins as the preceding. 513. Veratrum nigrum, L.\ Jap. Skuro-so, Nikko-rau; a close ally of 511 with narrower leaves. The flowers are dark purple, and have a disagreeable odour. The roots and young sprouts are covered with something like chamaerops fibres, whence the name S/uiro-so (chamaerops herb). A small sized species is called Ao-yagi-sQ. which is the same in quality and use. Is 514. Alisma plantago, L., Jap. Saji-omodaka ; a peren- nial herb of the order PlantagineaB growing wild in swampy places. In summer its stem grows to a height of 2-3 fts. and is divided into several branches, bearing 3 petaled small white purple-shaded flowers. The tuberous roots are dried and used as medicine, but the stems and leaves are poisonous. There is another species with narrow leaves called Hera-omodaka. 515. Arisaema prsecox, Deverise., Jap. Yuki-mochi-so ; a bulbous herb of the order Aroideas growing wild in mountains. The leaves are ternate, and the stem attains to a height of about \\ fts. It bears spathaceous flowers with snow white pistils. 516. Arisaema thunbergii, Blume., Jap. Maidsuru- 130 tennanstti ; a bulbous plant of the order Aroideae growing wild in shady places in mountains. The leaves are parted into 4 on the petiole. It grows to a height of about 1 ft., and bears flowers in spathes. The head of the pistils is small and pointed. 517. Arissoma serratum, 77/., Jap. Hebi-no-daihachi, Mamushi-gusa ; it resembles the preceding in quality. The leaves are broad and serrated. The stem is covered with a purplish brown variegation like the colour of a snake, whence the name is derived. 518. Arissema ringens, Schott., Jap, Musashi-abumi ; this resembles Arisaema praecox (515). The flowers have the form of a stirrup, whence the name. 519. Pinellia tuberifera, Ten., Jap. Karasu-bishaku, Hesobe ; a bulbous plant of the order Aroideae growing abun- dantly in fields. It is a small weed, but is injurious to other cultivated plants. The stem grows a height of 7-8 inches, bearing small long dark purple spathaceous flowers. The roots are used as medicine when dried. There is a kind, with the stem about 1 ft. high, and larger leaves, flowers, and roots, called Oba-hange. 520. ArisSDma japoniCUm, fil., Jap. Tcnnamho, Yabu- konniyaku ; a bulbous plant of the order Aroidea3 growing wild in shady places, being the most common of this family. It resembles A. serratum (517) in shape, but the leaves have several divisions. The stems and leaves are quite green, but the spathe is stripped with purple and provided with a oblong finger-sized pistil, being followed with small round berries. The roots are dried and used for medicine, and also to destroy injurious insects. 521. Arissema thunbergii, Blume., var. fofiolis angustioribus, Jap. Urashima-so ; it resembles A. thunbergii (516), but the tips of the pistils are slender drooping in the form of a fishing line. The roots are tuberous. 522. Jap. Tengu-no-karakasa ; a terrestial fungus growing 131 under trees in autumn. It grows to a height of about 6 inches. The size of the pilius is about 5 inches in diameter. The stem is provided with something like the guard on the hilt of a sword. This and the following fungi are all poisonous. 523. Jap. Tojm-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in forests in autumn or summer. It attains to a height of 4-5 inches. Its thallus is about 5 inches in diameter, and yellow in colour. The gills are pink. 524. Jap. Ochiba-take ; a terrestial fungus appearing in fallen leaves under woods in late autumn. 525. Jap. Moyegi-take ; a terrestial fungus appearing in moist shady places under woods late in autumn. The shape and colour resemble very much those of Hatsu-dake (143), but with quite a different nature. 526. Jap. Usu-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in shady places under woods late in autumn. The middle part of the thallus is concaved like a mortar, whence the Japanese name is derived. Both the thallus and stype are white. 527- Jap. Haikoroshi-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in shady places under woods in late autumn. When it comes up at first it is like an egg, but bursts afterwards. It has a height of about 4 inches, and is white and gummy. 528. Jap. KoinusQ-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in shady places under woods from autumn to winter. Its thallus forms a thin lining like a net over the top. Its surface is covered with yellow dust and has a disagreeable odour as a rotten animal. 529. .lap. flaitori-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in shady places in late autumn. It resembles Shimeji-take (142) in shape. The thallus is greenish white. It is used to poison flies by mixing it into boiled rice. 530. Jap. Tengu-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in moist 132 shady places in the beginning of winter. It resembles very much Shimeji (142) in shape and colour, but about twice in height. 531. Jap. Hotaru-take ', Tsukiyo-take ; a terrestial fungus produced under grasses in plains. It resembles Shimeji (142) in shape. In night this fungus gives a phosphoric light, whence the Japanese name is derived. There are several sorts with the same quality and name. 532. Jap. Momiji-take, War at- take ; a parasitic fungus growing on maple trees, resembling Matsu-take (mush-room) in shape. If a man eats this fungus, he will be poisoned and wil laugh, whence the name is derived. CHAPTER XXI. TIMBER TREES AND BAMBOOS. This Chapter contains timbers and bamboos, the stems of which are used for various purposes, as the buildings of palaces, houses, bridges, ships, railways, telegraplis.etc. Though they are different in qualities, as hard or soft, and flexible or brittle, yet all of them have their respective uses. They are also used as fuel. 533. Magnolia hypoleuea, S. et Z., Jap. Ho-no-ki; a deciduous -tree of the order Magnoliacea? growing wild in mountains, attaining to a height of 40-50 fts. After the leaves shoot forth, it opens pale yellow flowers, which odour is too strong. The fruits are oval-shaped, and expose many red berries. The wood is yellowish or greenish, and is very fine in structure, being suitable to make tailor's tables, stamp-blocks, and many other things. The charcoal prepared from this wood is much prized by lacquer- makers and gold-smiths for polishing. 534. Cercidiphyllum japonicum, S. et Z., Jap. Katsura ; a deciduous tree of the order Magnoliacead growing in mountains 40-50 fts. high. The two sexes of flowers grow separately on different plants. In spring, it produces pink 133 flowers, before it sprouts, and in autumn it produces small pods. The wood is brown and fine grained, and is used for making chess-boards, tables, boxes, Japanese wood-shoes, and many other articles. 535. JEsculus turbinata, Blume., Jap. Tochi-no-ki; a deciduous tree of the order SapindaceaB growing in mountains 40-50 fts. high. In early summer, it produces white pink-shaded flowers in panicles on the branches. In late autumn, its round fruits ripen and expose nuts about 1 inch in size. The nuts are dried and eaten. The wood is pale yellow, and resembles the preceding two in use. It is manufactured by turners for making trays, plates, bowls, etc. The old wood is variegated and very pretty. 535. b. Acer pictum, Th., Jap. Itaya-momiji, Tokiwa- kayede ; a deciduous tree of the order Aceracea}, growing principally in northern countries. Its stem attains to a height of 40-50 fts. The wood is light brown and fine grained. As the grains of the old wood are very beautiful with a circular figure, it is used for ornaments of rooms or to make boxes. Sugar is obtained from the juice of the fresh stems. 536. Melia japonica, G. Don., Jap. Sendan; a deciduous tree of the order Meliaceae growing to a height of 20-30 fts. In summer, its purple flowers open in panicles, being succeeded with oval fruits about 1 inch long. The fruits ripen in winter und become yellow. The wood resembles Zelkowa keaki (557). Especially the old wood is very beautiful. Besides this, there is a species called Osendan, which grows more rapidly and largely. 537. Cedrela Chinensis, A. Juss., Jap. Chanchin; a deciduous tree of the order Cedrelaceae growing to a height of 30-40 fts. In summer its small white flowers open in panicles and are succeeded with pods. When the pods are fully ripe in autumn they expose seeds which fly away. The leaves are disagreeably odorous, especially at night. A variety with red young leaves is called Akebono. The wood is red and hard. Its use is nearly the same as the former. 134 538. Evodia glauca, Miq., Jap. Kihada; a deciduous tree of the order Zanthoxylaceae growing in mountains 80-40 fts. high. It is a diaecious plant. In summer it yields fine yellow flowers, being succeeded with round black fruits, which are called Shiko-no-hei and used as medicine. The bark is used as a yellow dye and also for medicine. The wood is hard and used to make boxes and many other furnitures. 539. Evonymus europsenus, var. hamilitonianus, Jap. Yama-nisldkigi ; a deciduous shrub of the order Celastraceae growing wild to a height of about 10 fts. Its light green flowers open at the same time with its leaves. When the fruits are ripe, their outer skins burst and expose red seeds. As the wood is pale yellow and fine grained it is used for making combs, ax-handles, and many other articles. It is also used by turners. 540. Hovenia dulcis, Th. t Jap. Kenpo-nashi ; a deciduous tree of the order Khamnaceae growing wild to a height of several fts. In summer it yields small white flowers, and produces small fruits. The peduncles are delicious when they become fleshy and turn purple brown. The wood is hard, and especially when old it is very pretty. It is used to make tables, boxes, and other articles of furniture. 541. Sophora japonica, Z,., Jap. Yenju ; a deciduous tree of the order Leguminocese planted in gardens, growing to a height of 20-30 fts. In summer it bears pale yellow papilio- naceous flowers, being succeeded with pods containing many seeds. The pod is contricted between the seeds like a rosary. The wood is fine grained and hard, being used for many purposes. Imi- yenju (Cladrastis amurensis) grows wild, and its wood is employed by turners. As the wood is black at its centre, it is also called Kuro-yenju (black sophora). 542. Prunus pseud-cerasus, Lindl., Jap. Sakura; a deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae growing wild in mountains, being called Yama-zakura (mountain-cherry). The one pi tared in this book is called Some-yoshino. It attains to a height of 135 20-80 fts. In spring, it opens light pink flowers, succeeded with small red purple fruits which have a subacid taste. The wood is brown and fine grained, being used for engraving and many other purposes. The bark is strong and smooth, being suited for knitting, fastening, etc. 543. Prunus groyana, Max., Jap. Uwamidsu- saknra ; a deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae growing wild about 10 fts. high. In early summer it yields small white flowers disposed in panicles, being succeeded with pea-sized fruits, which are eaten by salting. The wood is yellowish red and fine grained. It is used in the same way as the preceding. 544. Distylium racemosum, 5. etZ., Jap. Isu, Hyon- no-ki ; an evergreen tree of the order Hamamelideae much growing wild in warm regions, and also planted in cold countries. It attains to a height of 20-30 fts. After the new leaves shoot forth, it opens small dark red flowers in chusters. Insects very often make their nests on the leavesl, and afterwards the nests be- come emptyjshells, whichlare called Hiyon-ko. The wood is hard and fine grained, and its colour is red, with a dark brown centre. It is used to make combs, eating sticks, musical instruments, boxes, and other ornamental works. The ash of this wood is used as a glazing material of porcelain. 545. Acanthopanax ricinifolium, S. et Z., Jap. Hari-giriy Sen-no-ki, Yama-giri ; a wild deciduous tree of the order Araliacea3 growing to a height of 20-30 fts. The young trees are very thorny, but when old the thorns fall off. In summer it yields small yellowish white flowers in panicles. The wood is used for boxes and turnery. The young leaves are eaten. 546. Cornus macrophylla, Wall., Jap. Midsuki, Midsu- no-ki, Midsu-kusa ; a deciduous tree of the order Cornaceae found everywhere growing to a height of about 20 fts. In early summer it bears small white flowers arranged in an umbel, being succeeded with small round dark purple fruits. The wood is white and fine grained, but soft. It is used for turnery. 136 547. Styrax japonicum, S. et Z., Jap. Yego-no-ki, Rokuro-gi, Chisha-tio-ki ; a wild deciduous tree of the order Styracaceae growing to a height of about 10 fts. In early summer it droops peduncles from the axiles of leaves, and opens white flowers, which are succeeded with small round fruits containing hard seeds. An oil is made from the seeds. Its wood is white and fine grained, being used mostly for the handles of umbrellas. 547. b. Deutzia scabra, 77/., Jap. Utsugi; the wood of this tree is white and fine grained, being used for mosaic-works, and wooden nails. 548. Viburnum opulus, L., Jap. Kanboku ; a deci- duous shrub of the order Caprifoliaceae growing wild in cold regions, attaining to a height of 8-9 fts. In early summer it bears white flowers in an umbel being succeeded with small red fruits. As the wood is white, fine-grained, and flexible, it is used mostly for tooth-brushes. 549. Diospyros kaki, L., Jap. Kaki ; as this plant is described in the Chapters of dye plants (368) and fruit trees (194), it is only mentioned here of its timber. The one, which central part of the wood is black and hard, is called Kuro-kaki (black ebony), and the one with black stripes is called S/iima-&a/a (striped ebony). Their qualities are not inferior to Kokutan wood. They are used for turnery, mosaic works, and many other articles. The one pictured jin this book is what we call Yaina-gaki (mountain persimmons). The wood of Shinano-gaki (368) is also good. 550. Fraxinus mandshurica, Rupr., Jap. Shioji, Yachi-damo ; a deciduous tree of the order Oleaceaa growing wild in cold regions, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In early summer itf yields small narrow petaled flowers in clusters, being succeeded with small pods. The wood is yellowish white, hard, and fine grained, being used for scale-rods, spokes of wheels, handles of several articles, and many others. 551. Olea aquifolium, S. et Z., Jap. Hiiragi ; an ever- 137 green tree of the order Oleaceae growing wild, and also planted in gardens. The stem attains to a height of 10 fts. In autumn it bears fragrant small white flowers in clusters in the axils of leaves, being succeeded with small oval fruits which are pur- plish blue when ripe. The wood is white, hard, and fine grained, and is used to make combs, chop-sticks, engravings, abacus, wooden toys, chess-men, etc. 552. Paulo wnia imperialis, S. et Z., Jap. Kiri ; a deciduous tree of the order Scrophulariaceae planted everywhere growing to a height of 20-30 fts. Before sprouting it bears purple or white labiate flowers in panicles. The fruits have capsules, shaped like a pigeon's egg, and expose many small winged seeds. The wood is soft and white, and hollow in the centre. The fine grained old wood is called Shiina-giri, and is used for making musical instruments, various cases, -tables, etc. 553. Cinnamomum camphora, Nees^ Jap. Kusu-no- ki ; an everygreen tree of the order LauraceaB produced in warm regions, growing 30-40 fts. high and several feet in circumference. In early summer, it produces long peduncles from the axils of leaves, and bears small pale yellow flowers. The fruits are pea- sized and black. The wood is gray and fine grained, and when old it becomes harder and brown. The old wood has a circular figure and cloud-like variegation. It is used for building houses and ships, and also to make book-cases, garment-cases, and many other articles, but it is not suitable for table- vessels, because it is too odorous. Camphor is made from this wood. . 553. b. Machilus thunbergii, 5. et Z., Jap. Tama- knsu, Ao-kusu, Yama-kusu, Kara-damo, Inu-kusu ; an evergreen tree of the order Lauraceae growing in warm regions, Staining to a height of several feet. In autumn it blooms, and in the follow- ing summer purplish black fruits are produced. The wood is dark brown, hard, and fine grained, and the old wood has beauti- ful whirls and cloud-like variegation. An oil is taken from the seeds, and the bark is used for dying. 138 554. Lindera hypoleuca, Max., Jap. Kuromoji ; a de- ciduous shrub of the order Lauracege, growing wild in mountains of many countries, attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. It bears small yellow flowers in clusters on the branches, being succeeded with pea-sized round fruits which are black when ripe. The bark is black and fragrant. The wood is white and fine grained, and is used for making tooth-picks. The branches and stems are used for fences. 555. Rottlera japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Akame-gashiwa : a deciduous tree of the order Euphorbiaceas growing wild in many regions, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. It is a dia3cious plant. In summer it bears small pale yellow flowers in panicles, being succeeded with many thorny fruits which burst and expose small black seeds when they ripe. As the wood is red and fine grained, it is used for boxes and pillars of Japanese houses. 556. Buxus japonica, Mull., Jap. Tsuge ; an evergreen shrub of the order Euphorbiacese, growing wild in mountains of warm regions. The famous places for this plant are Mikura-jima of Idsu, Asakuma-yama of fse, Kosho-yama of Chikuzen, the provinces of Satsuma and Osumi, Okinawa-island f etc. The shape of the leaves differs according to the places where they grow, and the colour of the wood also differs. It attains to a height of about 10 fts. It is a monaecious plant. In summer it bears yellowish flowers, being succeeded with pea-sized fruits. The wood is yellow and fine grained, and in hardness it is superior to many other woods. It is very valued to make combs, en- gravings, stamps, etc. 557. Zelkowa keaki, Sieb., Jap. Keyaki ; a deciduous tree of the order Urticaceoe growing wild or planted everywhere, attaining to a height of 30-60 fts. In spring it produces male and female flowers separately at the same time with new leaves. The flowers are small and yellow, and are succeeded with small flat seeds. The young wood is yellowish white, hard and tough, being used for houses, ships, tables, boxes, handles of various 139 articles, etc. The old wood is dark brown and hard, and is prized for the whirling and cloud-like variegation of its grain, being used for various articles, though it is rather brittle. 558. Celtis sinensis, Pers. } Jap. Ye-no-ki ; a deciduous tree of the order Urticaceas growing wild everywhere, attaining to a height of 40-50 fts. It has diaecious, monaecious or perfect flowers. The flowers are small and yellow, being succeeded with small round fruits which turn red when fully ripe. The sweet pulp of the fruits is edible. The wood is yellowish white and fine grained, but soft, and it is used for turnery. 558. b. Morus alba, L. , Jap. Kuwa ; as the wood of this tree (294) is yellow and hard, it is valuable for making various vessels. 559. Ulmus parvifolia, Sacq., Jap. Aki-nire, Ko-mre ; a deciduous shrub of the order Urticaeeae growing wild every- where, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In summer it bears small light green flowers, being succeeded with flat- pods. The wood is brown, hard and fine grained, being used for many purposes. A species called Haru-nire grows very fast. 560. Salix multinervis, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Kori-yanagi, Kobu-yanagi ; a deciduous shrub of the order Amentacea? grow- ing wild near water. Those which grow in Province Tajima are esteemed as the best. The stems grow to a height of 6-7 fts. in groups. The stems are used for plaiting after the bark is taken off and bleached. 561. Populus tremula, L., var. villosa, Wesm,, Jap. Yama-narasJii, Hako-yanagi, Maruba-yanagi ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentaceae growing wild in mountains in ranny districts. It is a diaecious plant. The stem grows to a height of 20-30 fts. In spring it produces catkins before it sprouts. The wood is white, fine grained and tough. It is used to make tooth- brushes, boxes, engravings, etc. 562. Populus Suaveolens, Fisch., Jap. Dero-yanagi, 140 Doro-yanagi, Wata-no-ki ; a deciduous tree of the order Amen- taceae growing in mountains of cold regions, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. It is a diaecious plant, and produces catkins before the leaves come forth. When the seeds ripen, a kind of fibre like cotton is exposed. The wood is white, fine grained, soft and brittle, being principally used for matches. 563. Quercus glandulifera, Bl., Jap. Nara-no-ki 9 Konara ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentaceaa growing wild to a height of 20-30 fts. It is a monaecious plant. Before sprouting it produces catkins, with acorns on the cups. The wood is hard arid strong, and is suited for fuel. The stems and branches are used to cultivate a kind of mush-room called Shiitake (140) on them. The kernels are eaten. The shape, quality and use of these species are almost common to each other. 563. b. Quercus crispula, BL, Jap. Onara, Midsu- nara ; a species closely allied to the preceding. It is a large tree found wild in mountains. It has the same uses as before. 563. C. Quercus variabilis, Bl., Jap. Wata-nara> Wata- kunugi, Abemaki ; a species of Quercus (295) with thick bark which is used as cork. The new bark, grown after the outer bark was stripped off, is very suitable for this purpose. It requirse about 10 years to get good bark. 563. d. Quercus serrata, Th., Jap. Kwmgi; the wood of this tree (295) is the best as fuel. 564. Quercus acuta, 77*., Jap. Aka-gashi, O-gashi; an evergreen tree of the order Amentacea3 produced in warm regions, growing to a height of 20-30 fts. It is a monaecious plant. Its acorn resembles that of Q. glandulifera (563). The wood is red and hard, and is used to make wheels aud other articles. 564. b. Quercus gilva, Bl. y Jap. Ichii-gashi ; an ever- green tree of the order Amentaceas. As it produces edible acorns, it is described in the chapter of fruits (226. b.). It grows to a height of 30-60 fts. It is a monaecious plant. The wood is red 141 and very strong, being valued for oars. This wood is commonly called also Akagashi as the preceding. 565. Quercus glauca, 77*., Jap. Shira-kashi ; an ever- green tree of the order Amentacea3 produced in warm regions, growing to a height of 20-30 fts. It resembles Q. acuta (564), but the leaves are thinner and the acorns smaller. The wood is white, but the use is almost the same as Q. acuta. 566. Quercus phyllireoides, A. Gray, Jap. Ubame- gashi, Imame-gashi ; an evergreen tree of the order Amentaceae produced in warm regions, growing to a height of about 10 fts. It resembles other oaks in shape, but as it grows very slowly, it is difficult to become a large tree. The wood is red and very hard. It is principally used for making oars, and also much used to make charcoal called Binc/w, which is prized for its great heat. 567. Pagus Silvatica, L., Jap. Buna-no-ki ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentaceae produced in mountains of northern regions, growing to a height of 30-60 fts. It is a monaecious plant. It produces hairy fruits, which expose triangular kernels eatable by grilling. Oil may be taken from them. The bark contains tannin, and is used next to the oak. The wood is strong, being used for wooden spoons and turnery. 567. b. Castanea vulgaris, Lamk., var. japonica, D.C., Jap. Kuri-no-ki ; the wood of this tree (221) is hard and durable, being suitable to be used in damp places. 567. c. Carpinus luxiflora, Bl., Jap. Soro-no-ki, Inu- shide ; a wild deciduous tree of the order Amentaceae growing to a height of 20-30 fts. Barren and fertile flowers grow separately, and they are succeeded with drooping scaly cones or catkins. The wood is used to produce Shii-take or as fuel. The stem has an uneven surface, being used as pillars for curiosity. 568. Betula alba, L., Jap. Shira-kaba ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentaceae growing wild in northern countries, attain- ing to a height of 30-40 fts. it is a monaecious plant, blooming 142 in summer. The male flowers droop in catkins, and the female form a round scaly cone containing many small seeds between the scales. The bark of the wood is thin and easily peeled off, being used for plaiting and tying, and also to make various articles. The wood is white and fine grained, being used for boxes and turnery. 569. Betula alba, L., var. tauschii, Reg., Jap. Mine-hari, Ono-ore ; a deciduous tree of the order Anientaceaa growing in mountains of northern countries, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In summer it bears monaecious flowers, and are succeeded with small fruits like those of Han-no-ki. The wood is light brown, hard and fine grained, being used for making the reed of looms, combs, etc. 570. Pterocarya rhoifolia, S. et Z./ Jap. Sawa-gurumi, Kawa-gurumi ', Yasu-no-ki ; a deciduous tree of the order Juglan- daceae, growing wild in mountains of cold regions, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. The flowers are monaecious, and are suc- ceeded with small fruits provided with wings. The wood is white, fine grained and light, and it is used for making boxes, Japanese clogs, etc. The polished bark is made into various articles, being called Juko-hi in Nikko. 571. Juniperus rigida, S. et Z., Jap. Nedsumi-sashi, Muro ; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae growing wild in mountains. The stem grows straight to a height of 20-30 fts. It is a diaecious plant. In summer it produces small flowers from the axils of leaves, being succeeded with round pea-sized black oily fruits. The wood is hard and yellow with a fragrant resinous odour, being used for ornamental pillars, shelves, and small articles. 572. Juniperus Chinensis, L., Jap. Beni~byakushin t Ibuki ; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae growing wild. The one which grows on a high mountain seems like a shrub, and the one which grows in plain stands straight attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In summer it produces monaecious flowers, and 143 then fruits. The leaves have two forms. The wood is reddish brown, hard and fine grained with a fragrant resinous odour. The use is nearly the same as the preceding. 573. Thuja dolabrata, L. t Jap. Hiba, Asunaro, Hinoki, Asuhi ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing in moun- tains of northern provinces, attaining to a height of 30-40 fts. In summer it produces monaecious flowers and small balls. The wood is pale yellow, fine grained and lustrous, and is used for house-buildings and furnituras, being important next to Hinoki. The bark is used as Maki-hada, and also made into a rope-match. 574. Thuya japonica, Max., Jap. Nezuko, Goro-hiba, Kurobe-sngi ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing wild in mountains to a height of 20-30 fts. Jn summer it bears monaecious flowers. It resembles very much the preceding, bat smaller and better as a garden plant. The wood is dark brown, resembling Cryptomeria japonica, and is made into tables and several other ornamental furnitures. There is a different sort called Hime-asunarb, which is fine and slender. 575. Thuya obtusa, Benih et Hook, Jap. Hinoki ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing in mountains. Those produced in the Kiso mountain in Province S/iinano are very famous. It attains to a height of 30-60 fts., and in summer it pro- duces monaecious flowers and then small balls. The wood is yellowish white, fine grained, and lustrous. This is one of the most useful timbers for house-buildings, bridges, etc., being very resistible against bending or contracting. 576. Chamaecyparis pisifera, 5. et Z., Jap. Sawara ; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae produced almost in the same districts as the preceding. The shape is also nearly same, but the leaves are more pointed and the cone smaller. The wood is more yellowish and softer. It is used in the same way, but inferior to the preceding. 577. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., Jap. Sugi ; an ever- 144 green tree of the order Coniferss produced abundantly everywhere, growing to a height of 30-60 fts. It is one of the plants growing to a considerable height. In summer it bears monaecious flowers, producing cones about the size of a finger. The wood is fine- grained and light, being yellowish white on the outside and reddish brown inside. It is used for house and ship-buildings, bridges, boxes, tubs, and many other articles. The wood and bark are used to cover roofs, and the leaves are made into incence-sticks. The old wood when burried in a pond or marsh becomes dark green, and is very esteemed by the name of Jindai-sugi. f 577. b. Cryptomeria japonica, S. et Z., Jap. Yaku- sugi ; a variety of the preceding produced in the Island of Yaku- skima of Province Qsumi. The old wood is brown, resinous, fine grained and hard. It is useful for making boxes, tables, and other ornamental furnitures. 578. Podocarpus chinensis, Wall., Jap. Maki t Inu- maki, Hit ot sub a ; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae found in mountains of many provinces, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. It is a diaecious plant. The male flowers form drooping catkins, and the female produce berries formed of two pieces, the under one of which is red, freshy and edible, and the upper one is a green and pea-sized seed. The wood is white and fine grained, and is valuable for building. The wood of Koya-maki (707) is also called Ma&t-wood. 578. b. Sciadopytis verticillata, S. et Z., Jap maki, Kusa-maki ; the wood of this tree (707) is esteemed for its durability against moisture. The bast of the trunk is called Maki- Jiada, and is used to stop the leaking of water. 578. c. Torreya nucifera, 5. et Z., Jap. Kaya; the wood of this conifer (217) is yellowish white and fine grained, with a fragrant resinous odour, and is used for various buildings in moist places. It is also used to make chess-boards, chess-men, abacus, etc. 145 579. Podocarpus nageia, R. Br., Jap. Nagi; an ever- green tree of the order Coniferae produced in warm regions, attaining to a height of 30-60 fts. It is a diaecious plant. The male flowers produce yellowish drooping catkins, and the female yield round fruits about the size of a finger. The wood is white and fine grained, and is used for furnitures and house building. 580. TOXUS CUSpidata, 5. et Z., Jap. Ichii, Araragt, Onko ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing in moun- tains of various provinces and especially in Zezo. It attains to a height of 20-30 fts. It is a diaecious plant. The male flowers droop greenish brown catkins, and the female produce small round fruits which are red and sweet when ripe, containing black seeds. The wood is brown and fine grained, with a fragrant odour. It is very good and highly prized to make tables, boxes, and many other articles. 581. Pinus thunbergii, Parlat., Jap. Kuro-matsu, O-matsu ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing plentifully on the sea coasts of southern provinces, attaining to a height of 30-60 fts. It is a monaecious plant. The male flowers form small catkins, and the female produce small cones which grow to the size of a small wrist in next autumn and then the scoles burst to scatter about the winged seeds. The wood is reddish white, fine-grained, and very resinous. It is used to build houses, ships, bridges, etc. 582. Pinus densiflora, S. et Z., Jap. Aka-matsu, Me-matsu ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing wild abundantly, attaining to a height of 30-60 fts. It is a diaecious plant. It is closely allied to the preceding, but the leaves are softer and the cones smaller. Its use and nature are also nearly the same. Jts round stem with bark is used as pillars and ornaments in the rooms of Japanese houses. 583. Pinus parviflora, ^'. etZ., Jap. Hitne-ko-matsu ; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae growing wild in moun- tainous districts of many provinces, attaining to a height of 30-60 146 fts. It resembles the preceding in form, but it has 5 needles in leaves instead of 2. The wood is reddish white, fine-grained and resinous. It use is nearly the same as Kuro-matsu, but superior. 584. Larix leptolepis, Gord., Jap. Kara-matsu, Fuji- mat su ; a deciduous tree of the order Coniferae growing wild in mountains, attaining to a height of 30-50 fts. It bears monaecious flowers, and the fertile flowers yield cones of the size of a thumb. The wood is hard and reddish brown, being used for buildings and esteemed for its durability. 585. Abies firma, .9. et Z. t Jap. Momi / an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing wild everywhere, attaining to a height of 30-60 fts. In summer it produces monaecious flowers, female yielding cones about 4-5 inches long. The wood is soft and white, and is used for buildings or for making boxes. 586. Tsuga sieboldii, Carr., Jap. Tsuga, Toga; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae growing wild in mountains in many provinces, attaining to a height of 30-40 fts. In summer it produces barren and fertile flowers, and yields small cones about the size of a thumb. The wood is hard and reddish white, being used for buildings and many other articles. The bark is used to dye fishing nets. 587. Abies mengiesii, Land., Jap. 7o/ / an evergreen tree of the order Coniferse growing in mountains of many provinces, attaining to a height of 30-60 fts. In summer it produces barren and fertile flowers, being succeeded with cones resembling those of Abies firma, but slender. The wood is white, fine-grained and flexible being used to make round boxes and many other articles. There are several sorts of this genera, such as Shinko-matsti y Matsu- hada, etc., which are nearly the same in use and shape. 588. Abies veitchii, Henk. et Hochst., Jap. Shirabc, Skirabi, Shirabio ; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferse grow- ing wild in mountains of many districts, attaining to a height of 30-60 fts. In summer it produces barren arid fertile flowers. Its 147 cones resemble those of Abies firma. The wood is white and soft, being used for nearly the same purposes as the preceding. The Yczo-matsu of Hokkaido is closely allied to this. 589. Phyllostachys Quilioi, Rw^ J ap . Madake, Kawa- take ; an evergreen bamboo of the order Graminea3 planted every where, growing wild in warm regions. It grows 60-70 fts. high and about H fts. in circumference. In May and June its young sprouts are eaten as vegetables. The sheathes covering the young bamboo have many uses. The best season to cut the stems is from the middle autumn to the middle winter. The stems are used for buildings and many purposes. 590. Phyllostachys mitis, Riv. j ap . m&-chiku; a bamboo planted mostly in warm regions for the sake of its young sprouts, which are eaten as a vegetable (125. b.) It attains to a height of 40-50 fts., the circumference of its stem being about 2 fts. It is inferior to the preceding in quality, but as it is larger it is used for buildings and to make several sorts of vessels. The sheatli is used next to the preceding. 591. Arundinaria japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Me-dake y Nayo-take, Shinobe-take ; a bamboo growing mostly in warm regions, being used especially for a shelter on sea-shores. The stem is slender, 20-30 fts. high, and 5-6 inches, in circumference. Autumn or winter is the best time for cutting it. It is used for buildings, hedges, fences, handles, rods, Japanese fans, and many other articles. 592. Bambusa puberula, Miq., Jap. Ha-chiku, Kure- take ; a bamboo planted everywhere much growing wild in monntains of warm regions. The greatest stem is 40-50 fts. high and 2 fts. in circumference. It resembles Madake (589) in quality, form, and use. It is admired on account of its spotless sheath. The stems are used as ropes, and the roots are also used as sticks and whips. p hy || ostachys ^^ Mlmr( ._ 593. 2 - - -M J a P- Goma-dake, Kuro- chiku ; a bamboo resembling the preceding in form, with thin 148 leaves. The greatest stem is 20 fts. high, having a circumference of 5-6 inches. That with a black-spotted stem is called Goma- take, and that with a black stem Kuro-chiku. It is used to make sticks, handles of several articles, tables, book stands, and other various kinds of furnitures. 594. Bambusa senanensis, Fr. et Sav. y Jap. Sudsu- take ; a bamboo growing wild in mountains, attaining to a height of 5-6 fts., with broad pointed leaves 5-7 inches long. The stem is slender, but strong, being used to make baskets and mats by splitting. It sometimes yields fruits which are used as food. 594. b. Bambusa, Jap. Nemagari-take, Magari-take, Jin- take ; a bamboo growing in northern provinces. It resembles the preceding in form and quality, its stem being bent near the roots. 595. Bambusa Chino, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Hakone-dake, No-dake ; a celebrated bamboo of Hakone mountains in Province Sagami. It grows to a height of about 10 fts. It is used for making hedges and also to make Japanese pipes, brush handles, fans, baskets, ropes etc. Note. Though the timbers and bamboos above mentioned are principally used for buildings, furnitures, or fuel, yet some of them yield edible fruits, some are employed for various other purposes, as paper-making, fastening, etc., and some are also planted as ornaments in gardens and avenues. Generally speaking, if we refer to the uses of woods, there is no plant whatever that has not a certain use. Even a small shrub and a tiny bamboo may be used as handles of various articles, sticks, whips, etc. There are also many other plants which stems are used as woods ; for examples Pyrus ussuriensis (189), Zizyphus vulgaris (188), Photinia japonica (192), and Juglans sieboldiana (219) in the chapter of fruit trees ; Camellia japonica, Elasococca condata (813), Khus succedanea (320), and Rhus vernicifera (321) in the chapter of oil and wax plants ; Charnyerops excelsa (711), Rhapis flabelli- formis (712), and Bamboos in the chapter of evergreen garden- trees and shrubs. The various trees found in southern islands arc omitted here. 149 CHAPTER XXII. DECIDUOUS GARDEN-TREES AND SHRUBS. This chapter contains the ornamental plants, which leaves fall in autumn. They are planted in gardens, and admised of their beautiful flowers, fruits, leaves and stems. The plants suit- able for avenues, pot- plants, and vase-flowers are also mentioned here. 596. Magnolia obovata, 77;., Jap. Mokurenge, S/ii- nwkuren ; a garden tree of the order Magnoliaceas attaining to a height of about 10 fts. It opens the flowers, dark purple on the outside and purple inside, before it sprouts. There is a variety called Sarasa-renge (M. obovata purpurea), with small light purple flowers. 597. Magnolia conspicua, Salisb., Jap. Haku-mokuren, Giokuran ; a garden plant of the order Magnoliacea3, attaining to a height of 10-20 fts. It is nearly the same as the preceding in form, but the flowers are pale white, being prized for their fragrant odour. 597. b. Magnolia Stellata, Max., Jap. Shide-kobushi, Hime-kobtishi ; a species allied to Magnolia kobus (384). The flower consists of about 10 petals, which are narrow and pink- shaded white. There are still other varieties of Magnolia kobus, as called Qkobnshi (large) and Murasaki-kobtishi (purplish). 598. Magnolia parviflora, S. et Z., Jap. Oyama-renge; a garden plant of the order Magnoliaceae growing to a height of about 10 fts. It resembles Magnolia obovata (596) in shape, but smaller. The flower is white with red stamens, and is fragrant. 599. Sterculia platanifolia, ., Jap. Ao-giri, Itszi-saki; a garden plant of the order Sterculiaceae growing to a height of 40-50 fts. It produces male and female flowers, and yields pods which burst when ripe and expose small round edible seeds at- tached to both edges of the pods. Fibre is prepared from the bark. The mucilaginous substance contained in the bark is used 150 as a cement in pepar making. On account of its broad leaves and green stems, it is planted in gardens and as avenues. 600. Stuartia pseudo-camellia, Max., Jap. Natsu- tsubaki, S/iara, Yama-kwarin ; a mountain tree of the order Ternstraemiacese attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In summer it produces white single-petaled camellia-like flowers, whence the Japanese name. It is often planted in gardens, and the flowers are admired to be kept in a vase. 601. Acer japonicum, 77;., Jap. Meigetsu-kayede, Ho- cliiwa-momiji, Itaya-meigetsu ; a mountain-tree of the order Aceracese, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In spring it sprouts at the same time with its male and female flowers, and yields seeds with samara. The leaves are large and furnished with many segments and are prized as one of the most beautiful maples on account of their red tint in autumn. 602. Acer trifidum, 77*., Jap. To-kayede ; a garden plant of the order Aceraceaa, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. The shape of the flowers and fruits are the same as the preceding. The leaves are ternate, and are prized for their yellow tint in autumn. 603. Acer polymorphum, S. et Z., Jap. Ichigioji; a mountain-tree of the order Aceracese attaining to a height of about 10 fts. The flowers and fruits are nearly the same as those of the preceding, but the fruits fall when fully ripe, and then the foliage becomes dark red. A kind with large leaves is called Q-sakadsuki. There are several varieties of diverse forms and colours of leaves. The varieties originated from Acer polymorpburn, A. japonicum, A. pictum, etc. are very numerous. 604. Acer polymorplmm, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Arisu- gawa-moiniji y Beni-sJiidart ; a garden plant of the order Aceraceae attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. Its branches have a drooping nature. This is distinguished for the unchanging dark red colour of its foliage with many dissected edges. 151 605. Hibiscus mutabiliP, L. t Jap. Fuyo, Kihachisu ; a garden shrub of the order Malvaceae attaining to a height of about 10 fts. la cold places its stems die every winter, but it brings forth new stems in the next spring, growing to a height of 3-4 fts. In late summer it bears single or double and white or red beautiful flowers. Fibre is obtained from the bark, and also this plant is used in the same way as Hibiscus syriacus (329). 605. b. Hibiscus syriacus, Z., Jap. Mukuge, Hachisu; the fine flowers of this plant (329) are pink, white, or blue colour, and single or double. 606. Vitis inconstans, ., Jap. Nishiki-dsuta, Natsu- dsj/ta ; a climbing wild plant of the order Vitaceae. In summer it shoots forth small peduncles from the axils of leaves, and bears many tiny flowers which are succeeded with black bean-sized round berries. Late in autumn, the foliage turns beautifully red, whence the Japanese name. 607. Evonymus alatuS, T/i., Jap. Nishikigi, Mayumi ; a mountain-shrub of the order Celastraceae, growing to a height of 6-7 fts. Its stems and branches are furnished with longitudinal alate expansions. In summer it opens tiny flowers being succeed- ed with fruits which expose reddish yellow seeds when ripe. The foliage turns beautifully red in late autumn. 608. Evonymus oxyphyllus, Miq., Jap. Tsuri-bana ; a mountain-shrub of the order Celastraceae, attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. The leaves and flowers resemble somewhat those of the preceding, but the fruits hang down at the ends of the long peduncles, exposing red seeds when ripe. 609. Evonymus tanakeii, Max., Jap. Koku-tengi ; a garden tree of the order Celastraceae, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. When planted in warm regions its leaves do not fall off. Late in autumn the leaves turn reddish purple. The flowers and fruits are nearly the same as the preceding. 152 610. Milletia japonica, A. Gray, Jap. Natsu-fuji^ Doyo- Juji , Ko-fuji ; a climbing plant of the order Leguminosae found wild in warm regions. The flowers, fruits, and leaves resemble those of Wistaria chinensis (334), but smaller. ID mid-sumrner it opens white pale yellow flowers. 611. Wistaria chinensis, S. et Z., var., Jap. Noda- fuji; a climbing plant of the order Legumiriosae with long panicles of flowers, 2-5 fts. long. It is produced in Noda in Province Settsu, whence the Japanese name. 611. b. Wistaria chinensis, S. et Z., Jap. Fuji> Yama- fuji ; the flowers of this climbing plant (334) are generally purple and single, but there is a variety with white and double flowers. They are used for a garden-ornament by letting creep over trellis. 612. Lespedeza buergeri, Miq., var. intermedia, Jap. Hagi ; a leguminous wild or planted shrub, growing in bushes from one root and attaining a height of 4-5 fts. Its flowers open in autumn, and their colours are white, purple, or reddish purple. A variety blooming in summer is called Natsu-hagi. There is another variety called Miyagino-liagi, which is very pretty with red flowers. 613. Cercis Chinensis, Bunge, Jap. ffaiuisuo, Suv-bana; a garden plant of the order Leguminosae attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In spring it opens reddish purple flowers in clusters before the leaves shoot forth, being succeeded with small pods. 614. Albizzia julibrissin, Boivin, Jap. Nemu-no-ki, Koka-no-ki ; a mountain tree of the order Leguminosse growing to a height of about 10 fts., with bipinriate leaves. In summer it produces very ornamental flowers at the tops of the branches in the shape of a red tuft. 615. Prunus mume, S. et Z., var., Jap. Bun-yei-bai ; a garden shrub of the order Kosaceaa attaining to a height of 1-3 fts. It bears flowers and fruits in the next spring after sowing. The 153 flowers are white and 5-petaled, and the fruits are larger than those of Ko-mume (167). 616. Prunus mume, S. et Z., var., Jap. Kobai ; its flowers are single or double and pink or dark red. The variety mentioned here is the common one. Besides this there are several other kinds of different colours and forms. 617. Prunus pseudo-cerasus, Lindl. fl. pleno., Jap. Yaye-zakura ; a garden tree of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 10-20 fts. In spring before sprouting it bears many double light pink flowers, which are very fine. Besides the common one here mentioned, there are many varieties of white, red, yellow, or green and single or double flowers. 617. b. Prunus pseudo-cerasus, Lindl. fl. simple, Jap. Hitoye-zakura ; a variety of the preceding with pink or red single petaled flowers. 618. Prunus pseudo-cerasus, Lindl. fl. pleno., Jap. Fitgenzo ; a variety of the preceding. In spring after sprouting double pink flowers appear. These flowers produce crimson new leaves at the centre. 619. Prunus SUbhirtella, Miq., Jap. Higan-zakura ; a garden tree of the order Rosaceaa, growing several fts. high. It blooms before sprouting in spring, and the flowers are single and pink, being followed witli small red berries, which turn dark purple when ripe. 620. Prunus subhirtella, Miq., var. pendula, Jap. SJddare-zakura ; it has drooping branches, and the flowers and leaves are almost the same as the preceding, but more beautiful. 621. Prunus japonica, 77/., Jap. Niwa-mume; a garden slirub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In spring it opens single small white flowers shaded with pink, being succeeded with small purplish red berries of a bitter and aciduous taste. 154 622. Prunus japonica, T/i. t var. B. glandulosa, Jap. Niwa-zakura ; its white or pink double flowers are very beautiful. 623. Prunus persica, Benth et Hook, Jap. Momo ; this plant (184) is admired of its flowers in spite of its fruits. The common variety is mentioned here. There are several others with single or double and white or pink flowers. 624. Prunus persica, Benth et Hook, fl. rubra, Jap. Hito ; a variety of peach prized for its double, deep crimson, and long durable flowers. 625. Spiraea thunbergii, Sieb., Jap. Kogome-bana ; a mountain shrub of the order Rosaceae grow- ing in bushes 4-5 fts. high. In spring it bears small 5-petaled flowers in clusters before the leaves. They look like snow flakes, whence the Japanese name. 626. Spiraea prunifolia, 5. et Z., Jap. Shijimi-bana^ Haje-bana ; a garden shrub of the order Rosaceae very much like the preceding in shape and quality, with round leaves and double white flowers in the form of balls. 627. Spiraea cantonensis, Lour., Jap. Kodemari; a garden-shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. In spring it bears small white flowers in umbels in the form of small balls. 628. Spiraea japonica, L., Jap. Shimotsuke; a mountain- shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. In summer it bears small flowers forming umbels. Their colours are white, pink, red, etc. 629. Kerria japonica, D.C., Jap. Yamabuki; a wild shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. In spring after sprouting it bears single or double yellow flowers. The variety of single flowers has several seeds on a calyx. 155 630. Rhodotypos kerrioides, S. et Z., Jap. Shiro- yamabuki ; a garden shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 4-5 fts. In early summer it bears 4-petaled white flowers on the branches, being succeeded with small round black seeds. 631. Rosa acicularis, Lindl. Jap. Sakura-bara ; a garden shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 4-5 fts. In early summer it bears 5-petaled pink flowers, resembling those of the cherry, whence the Japanese name is derived. Tne variety blooming in all seasons is called Koshin-bara. Besides this, there are Kibara, Ukyvbara, etc. , with single or double and pink, white or yellow flowers. There are still numerous varieties lately introduced. 631. b. Rosa, Jap. Goya-bar a, Kaido-bara, Ibara-shobi ; a garden shrub of the order Rosaceae resembling the wild rose (387) in shape, with its climbing stem. In summer it bears many red flowers forming a panicle. It is planted for hedges. 631. C. Rosa microphylla, Roxb., Jap. Sansho-ibara , Izayoi-ibara ; a mountain-shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 5-6 fts. It is furnished with many tuorns, and its leaves resemble those of Zanthoxyllum piperitum, whence the Japanese name is derived. The flowers are pink and double with lac on one side, whence it is also called Izayoi-ibara. Its fruits ripen in autumn and liave an aciduous taste. 631. d. Rosa hystrix, Lindl., Jap. Naniwa-ibara ; a climbing rose with a long thorny vine. In summer it bears single white flowers about 3 inches in diameter, resembling somewhat those of Camellia ; so it is also called Summer-camellia. There is a variety with pink and double flowers. 631. 6. Rosa rugosa, 77;., Jap. Hama-nasu ; a garden shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 2-3 fts. It grows wild on sandy ground near sea-shores in northern provinces. The flowers are generally single and red, but there are planted 156 those with double and white flowers. They are very fragrant. The bark of the root is used for dying brown. In the district of Akita in Province Ugo it is used to dye 632. Pyrus japonica, Th., var. genuina, Max., Jap. Boke, Karaboke ; a garden shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 6-7 f ts. In spring before sprouting it bears pretty flowers, which are red, white, or variegated. The fruits are oval .and 2-3 inches long, resembling Pyrus cydonia (191), but smaller It is used in the same way, and also as a medicine. 633. Pyrus japonica, 77/., var. pygma3a, Max., Jap. Kusa-boke, No-boke, Skidomi ; a wild shrub of the order Rosaceaa attaining to a height of 1-2 fts. In early summer it bears red flowers. There is a garden variety with white flowers. Late in autumn, the fruits ripen and are edible. 634. Pyrus spectabilis, Sit., Jap. Kaido ; a garden- tree of the order Rosacea? attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In spring it produces flowers on long peduncles. When they are still in buds, their colour is red, but when they open the outside of the petals is white and pink, and the inside is red. Sometimes they yield small round fruits a little larger than those of Nandina domestica. 634. b. Pyrus, Jap. Nagasaki-ringp, Ko-ringo, Minari- kaido ; a tree resembling very much the preceding, growing a little larger. It is used to graft the preceding. The flowers are larger and lighter. It yields small apple-like fruits, which are yellow when ripe and are edible. 635. Pyrus, Jap. Rinki, Rinkin, Beni-ringo ; a garden tree of the order Rosaceae growing in cold regions, attaining to a height of 40-50 fts. Its flowers resemble apple- flowers, but smaller. The buds are red, and white when open. It yields many red fruits, which are good to eat. 636. Amelanchier asiatica, C. Kock., Jap. Shide- zakura, Zaifuri-boku ; a mountain-tree of the order Rosaceas 157 found in warm regions growing to a height of about 10 fts. Late in spring, it produces hairy leaves and narrow white 5-petaled flowers disposed in short panicles, looking very pretty when waving by wind. The fruits are small and red when ripe. 637. Lagerstrcemia indica, L., Jap. Saru-suberi, Hiyakujikkv ; a garden-tree of the order Lythraceas attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In late summer, it opens pretty red flowers in panicles. Other varieties with purplish or white flowers have been lately introduced. The trunk of this plant has a smooth bark, and it is said that even monkeys cannot climb up it, whence the Japanese name. 638. Deutzia scabra, 77/., Jap. Utsugi, Uno-hana ; a wild shrub of the order Philadelphaceye attaining to a height of 56 fts. In early summer, it produces 5-petaled white flowers. There is a variety with double pink flowers. 638. b. Deutzia sieboldiana, Max., Jap. Maruba- utsugi ; a pretty shrub resembling very much the preceding, with round leaves and early blooming white flowers. 638. C. Deutzia gracilis, 5 1 . et Z., Jap. Hime-utsugi, Ckosen-utsugi ; a smaller type of Deutzia scabra growing to a height of about 1 ft., with pretty closely clustered flowers. 638. d. Philadelphus coronarius, L., var. satsumi, Max., Jap. Baikwa-utsugi, Fusuma-utsugi, Yoyoga'tva-titsugi ; a wild shrub with broad leaves and large white 4-petaled fragrant flowers. 639. Punica nana, L., Jap. Ckosen-zakuro, Nankin- zaknro ; a garden shrub of the order Myrtaccte attaining to a height of 1-2 fts. When cultivated in a fertile soil it grows to a height of about 10 fts. Jt resembles very much P. granatum, though smaller, with single or double flowers which are deeper red. 639. b. Punica granatum, /.., var., Jap. Hana-zakuro ; 158 it has double flowers, but no fruits. There exists another variety with white tips of petals. Both are pretty summer plants. 640. Hydrangia horteusis, Smith, var., Jap. Ajisai / a garden half lignous shrub of the order Saxifragaceae growing in the form of a bush, attaining to a height of 4-5 fts. In early summer it bears flowers forming a large ball consisting of many pseudo-flowers with small real flowers hidden under them. They are white in the beginning, but turn blue and finally red. There are several sorts of the same nature. 640. b. Viburnum plicatum, 77*. , Jap. Temari-bana ; a variety of the preceding with white flowers forming a ball. 641. CorylopsiS spicata, 5. etZ., Jap. Tosa-midsuki ; a garden shrub of the order Hamameliacere attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. In spring it produces yellow drooping flowers with the calyx and peduncle of the same colour, being succeeded with bean-sized fruits. 642. Corylopsis pauciflora, 5. et Z. t Jap. lyo-midsuki, Inu-midsuki, Kodosa ; a species of the preceding. The leaves and flowers are much alike, but smaller. 643. Hamamelis japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Mansaku ; a mountain- tree of the order Hamameliaciae attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In spring before sprouting it bears flowers with shott peduncles. The petals are very slender and of a golden colour, looking like golden threads. A variety called Mume- dsuye has smaller leaves and yellow flowers. 644. Liquidambar formosa, var. maximowiczii, Jap. Fu ; a garden tree of the order Hamameliaceae introduced in the year 1811. It attaints to a height of 20-30 fts. In spring it produces male and female flowers at the same time with the leaves. The female flowers are succeeded with prickly ball. The leaves turn red in late autumn, and are very pretty. 645. Cornus kousa, Bnerg., Jap. Yama-boshi, Karakwa, 159 Itsuki ; a mountain-tree of the order Cornaceae attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In summer it bears flowers in clusters in the form of a small ball, at which centre are four large white sepals looking like petals. The ball produces a red pulp which is edible and delicious. 646. Lonicera xylosteum, L., Jap. Hydtan-no-ki, Kingin-boku ; a mountain-shrub of the order Loniceracea3 attain- ing to a height of 5-6 fts. It blooms in early summer. The flowers are white at first, but turn yellow afterwards. The fruits have the form of gourd?. They are red when ripe, but not edible. 647. Diervilla grandiflora, S. et Z., Jap. Hakone- iitsugi, Nana-boke ; a mountain-shrub of the order Gaprifoliacese found much on the mountains of Hakone, whence the name. In summer it produces many flowers in clustered panicles on the branches. They are white in the beginning, but turn pink and then red. 648. Ehretia macrophylla, Wall., Jap. Mitsuna- gashiwa, Maruba-chisha, Tosa-giri ; a mountain-tree of the order Boraginacea3 found in warm regions, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In summer it opens small yellowish white flowers in an umbel, being succeeded with bean-sized round fruits which are black when ripe. The leaves are thick and rough, being used for polishing purposes. 649. Styrax Obassia, S. et Z., Jap. Hakuun-bokti, Oba- jisha ; a mountain-tree of the order Styracaceae attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In summer it bears white flowers in panicles, being succeeded with drooping fruits, which give an oil. 650. Enkyanthus japonicus, Hook, Jap. DMan, Dvdan-tsutsuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order Ericaceae attain- ing to a height of 7-8 fts. In spring it produces white bell- shaped small flowers drooping with long peduncles, and in late autumn its leaves turn red and arc very beautiful. 160 - 651. Andromeda campanulata, Miq. t Jap. Yoraku- dodan, Yasltio-tsutsuji ; a mountain- shrub of the order Ericaceae attaining to a height of about 10 fts. It resembles the preceding in form, but the leaves are larger. Its pretty small crimson cam- panulate flowers droop down from the branches. 652. Rhododendron sinense, Sweet, Jap. Ki-tsutsitji, Renge-tsutsuji, Ki-renge ; a wild shrub of the order Ericaceae attaining to a height of 5-6 fts. In early summer it bears yellow flowers in clusters. A variety with yellowish red flowers is called Kaba-renge. 652. b. Rhododendron indicum, Sweet, var. kaem- pferi, Max., Jap. Yama-tsutsuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order Ericaceae, attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. In early summer it bears flowers on the branches resembling the preceding, but smaller. There are red and purple varieties, which latter is larger in general form and flowers, and blooms earlier. 652. c. Rhododendron rhombicum, Miq., Jap. Mi- tsuba-tsutsuji, Iwayama-tsutsuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order Ericaceae attaining to a height of about 10 fts. Late in spring it bears purplish flowers, and when the flowers decay it produces three leaves in a circle, whence the name (three-leaved Azalea) is derived. 652. d. Rhododendron ledifolium, Don., Jap. Neba- tsutsuji, MocJii-tsutsuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order Ericaceae resembling Yama-tsutsuji (652. b.), attaining to a height of 8-4 fts. In early summer it bears purplish flowers on the branches, provided with a sticky substance on the peduncles, whence the Japanese name (sticky Azalea) is derived. A variety with narrow leaves and petals is called Seigai-tsutsiiji. 653. Ilex sieboldii, Miq., Jap. Mume-modoki ; a moun- tain-shrub of the order Aquifoliaceae growing to a height of about 10 fts. In summer it opens small flowers, being succeeded witli small round berries which turn red or white when ripe in winter 161 654. Jasminum sieboldianum, Bin me. . Jap. Obai / a garden shrub of the order Jasminacea) with a slender vine-like stem, being several feet long. In early spring it bears pure yellow flowers before the leaves, and is one of the trees which bloom very early. There is a variety called summer Jasmin with n< rsistant leaves. 655. Tecoma grandiflora, Delaun., Jap. Nvzen-kadsu- ra ; a garden climber of the order Bignoniac&e. In late summer it produces panicles with several orange red flowers. 656. Callicarpa japonica, Th., Jap. Yabu-murasakt, Mi-murasaki ; a wild shrub of the order Verbenacene attaining to a height of several feet. In summer it produces small purple flowers in clusters, being succeeded with small round purple berries. There are different sorts called Ko-murasaki (small purple), Yama-murasaki (mountain purple), etc. 657- Salix babylonica, Z., Jap. Shidare-yanagi ; a garden tree of the order Amentaceae attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. The branches are slender and drooping to the ground. It is a diyecious plant, blooming in spring before the leaves. The female flowers when ripe disperse white cotton-like fibres. The variety here mentioned is Rokkakudo which shoots forth long drooping branches. This plant thrives vrell in moist places, and is suitable for avenues and gardens. Itf is also used for vase-flowers. 658. Salix buergeriana, Miq.> Jap. Neko-yanagi, Kawa- yanagi , Saru-yanagi ; a wild tree of the order Amentacea3 attain- ing to a height of about 10 fts. It resembles the preceding in aspect, but the branches do not droop. The female flowers are covered with soft silky hair, whence the name Neko-yanagi (cat willow) is derived. The branches are used for vase-flowers. The ripe seeds produce cotton- like fibre. 658. b. Tamarix chinensis, Lour., Jap. Gyoryu / a garden tree of the order Tamaricacea3 attaining to a height of about 10 fts. The leaves look like needles, and the branches 162 droop like the weeping willow. In summer and autumn it pro- duces panicles of small pink flowers. 658. c. Forsythia suspensa, Vahl., Jap. Rengfo, Itachi- &usa, Itachi-base ; a garden shrub of the order Oleaceae with slender drooping branches. In spring it bears 4-lipped tubular yellowish flowers before sprouting, being succeeded with heart- shaped fruits. 658. d. Stachyurus prsecox, S. et Z., Jap. Ki-fuji, Mame-fuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order TernstroemiaceaB attaining to a height of 8-9 fts. In spring it produces panicles of small yellow flowers 3-4 inches long, being succeeded with bean- sized fruits. 658. 6. Citrus trifoliata, ., Jap. Karatachi, Kikoku ; a garden shrub of the order AurantiaceaB attaining to a height of 5-10 fts. In late spring it bears 5-petaled white flowers, being succeeded with small round oranges, which are yellow when ripe. They are not eatable on account of their bitterness and acidity. The plants are used as stocks for grafting orange trees, and also for hedges. Note. Many other deciduous garden plants are contained in the chapters of fruits, oil and wax, textile and paper-manufacturing plants, dying, fragrant, medicine, and timber trees, etc., but they are omitted here. VOLUME III. OIIAPTEK XXIII. EVERGREEN GARDEN-TEE ES AND SHRUBS. This Chapter includes all ornamental plants which leaves do not fall in any season. These are planted in gardens as ornaments on account of their green leaves and beautiful yellow or white variegation, and also for the beauty of their flowers. Besides these, some used for hedges, pot-plants, or vase-flowers are also mentioned here. 659. Magnalia compressa, Max., Jap. Ogatama-no-ki ; a tree growing in mountains of warm regions, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In early summer it bears white flowers' slightly shaded with pink, yielding fruits which expose red seeds when fully ripe. 660. BerberiS japonica, R. Br,< Jap. Hiragi-nanten a garden shrub of the order Berberidacea3 growing to a height of 3-4 fts. In early summer, it produces many small yellow flowers attached to a long stalk shooting out of the axils of leaves. After blooming, small dark purple berries are produced. Its leaves re- semble those of Nandina domestica in form, and as its dented edges resemble somewhat those of Olea aquifolium, whence the Japanese name. 661. Ternstrcemia japonica, Th., Jap. Mokkoku ; a garden tree of the order Ternstroemiaceae growing wild on sea- shores of warm regions. It attains to a height of about 20 fts. In the beginning of summer white flowers come forth, being followed with small fruits which burst and expose red seeds when ripe. Its reddish brown wood, being finely grained, is used to make several articles, and its bark is used for tincture. 164 662. Cleyra japonica, 77;., Jap. Sakaki, Masakaki ; a mountain-tree of the order Ternstrosmiaceae attaining to a height of about 10 fts. Early in summer, yellowish white small flowers shoot forth, being followed with round berries. This tree is generally offered before gods. 663. Eurya japonica, 77*., Jap. Hisakaki, Mesakaki, Shirashake ; a mountain-tree of the order Ternstroemiaceae attain- ing to a height of about 10 fts. Late in spring, small greenish white flowers appear on the axils of leaves, being succeeded with small berries which turn dark purple when ripe. 664. Camellia japonica, L., var. aquifolium, Jap. Hii- ragi-tsubaki ; its leaves are dented, resembling those of Olea aquifolium. It is planted in gardens, growing to a height of 6-7 fts. Its flowers are light pink or white. 665. Camellia japonica, Z., var, Jap. Otome-tsubaki ; it grows in gardens to a height of 6-7 fts. Its small plants suit to plant in pots. Its flowers are double and pink or white, being esteemed for their beauty. Besides this, there are many varieties of Camellia, but they are omitted here. 666. Camellia sasanqua, 7Y/., Jap. Sazankwa, Ko- tsubaki ; a garden or mountain tree of the order Ternstroemiaceae, resembling very much Camellia japonica in form, though smaller, growing to a height about 10 fts. The flowers appear late in autumn, and they are single petaled and of several colours, pink, white, variegated, etc. Oil is taken from the seeds as in Camellia japonica. 667. Pittosporum tobira, Ait., Jap. Tobera ; a moun- tain-tree of the order Pittosporaceae growing to a height of about 10 fts. Early in summer, it produces yellowish white flowers forming a raceme among the leaves. The flowers are succeeded with round berries which expose red seeds when ripe. 668. Ilex crenata, Tk., Jap. Inu-tsuge ; a mountain tree of the order Aquifoliaoeas growing to a height of about 10 fts. In UNIVERSITY early summer, small yellowish green flowers open, being succeeded with small round dark purple berries. 669. Ilex latifolia, 77/., Jap. Tarayo ; a mountain tree of the order Aquifoliacere, growing to a height of 20-30 fts. In summer small greenish flowers come forth in bunches, being follow- ed with small red berries. 669. b. Ilex Integra, 77/., Jap. Mochi-no-ki ; this tree (303) is much planted in gardens or for hedges. 670. Evonymus japonicus, Th., Jap. Masaki ; a wild tree of the order Celastracere growing to a height of about 10 feet, being used generally for hedges. Various kinds of variegated leaves exist. In early summer small flowers open on the branches, and in late autumn the berries expose red seeds. 671. Raphiolepis japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Hama- mokkoku ; a wild shrub of the order Rosacese found on sea shores of southern provinces. It attains to a height of 3-4 fts., branch- ing out horizontally. In early summer, it bears white flowers which resemble those of Prunus mume, being succeeded with dark purple berries. Its bark is used for dying (374. b.). 672. Photima glabra, Th. t Jap. Kaname-mochi, Akame- mochi, Kaname-gashi, Soba-no-ki ; a mountain tree of the order Rosacese growing to a height of about 10 fts. Its small trees suit well for hedges. In early summer small white flowers in a ter- minal cyrne appear on the branches, being succeeded with small round red berries. As the young leaves are red, they are called Aka-me (Red-shoots). The wood, being very hard and finely grained, is used for wheels and oars in Province Kii. 673. Fatsia japonica, Decne. et Plane., Jap. Yatsude, Tcngn-no-hauchiwa ; a mountain shrub of the order Araliacea3 growing in warm provinces. It attains to a height of 7-8 fts., shooting stems in tufts from a root. In winter, branched peduncles are produced in the centre of the leaves, bearing small yellowish 166 white flowers forming -round balls, being followed with black berries. 674. Dendropanax japonicum, Seem., Jap. Kakure- mino, Mitsude, Kara-mitsude, Miso-buta ; a mountain tree of the order Araliacere growing in warm provinces, attaining to a height of about 20 fts. Late in autumn, it yields flowers. It resembles the preceding in all respects, though its berries are a little smaller. 675. Hedera helix, ., Jap. Fuyu-dsuta, Ki-dsuta ; a plant of the order Araliaceaa climbing on other trees or stones, or creeping on the ground. In some large vines, the stems are about 34 inches thick. During winter it blooms being succeeded with fruits, which resemble those of Fatsia japonica, though smaller in size. A variety with dentate leaves is called Momiji-dsuta . 676. Aucuba japonica, Tk., Jap. Aokiba, Aoki; a mountain shrub of the order Cornaceae growing to a height of 7-8 fts. It is a dioecious plant. In late spring it shoots young stalks on the branches, bearing small purplish green flowers. Its fruits are red when ripe in winter. The leaves are white or yellow variegated or margined, and some are narrow. It thrives well in shady places. 677. Rhododendron brachycarpum, Don., Jap. Shakunange ', Shaknnagi ; a mountain shrub of the order Erica- ceae attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. Those growing on lofty mountains creep on the ground. Their large and thick leaves grow closely at the tops of the branches, and in their centre beautiful light pink flowers appear in clusters, looking like peony- flowers at distance. 677. b. Rhododendron indicum, Sweet, var. ob- tusum, Max., Jap. Kirishima-tsutsuji ; a mountain shrub of the order Ericaceae attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. and sometimes about 10 fts. The leaves are small and the red flowers, which bloom all at the same time, are pretty. There are different varieties of flowers, small or large, single or double, white or purple, etc. 167 677. c. Rhododendron indicum, Sweet, var. macran- tlium, Max., Jap. Satsuki-tsutsuji ; it grows to a height of 3-4 fts. Its flowers are a little larger than the preceding. The flowers are generally red or purple, but sometimes white. The flowers open in May. 677. d. Rhododendron sablaneeolatum, Miq., Jap. Riukiu-tsutsuji ; it resembles the preceding in form, but larger. The flowers are white, and sometimes light purple. 678. Ligustrum ciliatum, Sieb., Jap. Iwaki ; a garden shrub uf the order Oleacea? attaining to a height of 5-6 fts In early summer, it bears many small white flowers disposed in panicles, being succeeded with round dark purple berries. 679. Daphniphyllum macropodum, Miq., Jap. F- dsuriha ; a mountain tree of the order Euphorbiaceae attaining to a height of about 10 fts. It is a diaecious plant, and in early summer small yellowish green flowers appear stalks produced at the centre of the leaves, being followed with small oval black fruits. The leaves are used for a congraturating decoration on the new year's days. 680. Picus pyrifolia, Pair., Jap. Inu-biiva, Ko-ichijiku ; a wild tree of the order UrticaceiB, growing on sea-shores of warm regions, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In late summer, it gives round fruits about the size of a thumb. When fully ripe, the fruits are dark purple, and edible. The bark is used for paper manufacture. The variety drawn in this book is the evergreen kind of Bonin Island. ^ 681. Quercus sessilifolia, Bl., Jap. Tsukubane-gashi / a mountain tree of the order Amentaceae attaining to a height of about 30 fts. It resembles Quercus acuta (564), but its leaves shoot forth straightly in clusters. 682. Quercus phyllireoides, A. Gray, var., Jap. Chi. rimen-gaslii , BiwayQ-gaski ; a variety of Ubame-gashi (566), but its leaves are wrinkled. 168 683. Quercus thalassica, Hance, var., Jap. S/iima- gashi, Mokume-gashi ; a variety of Shira-kashi (565), but its leaves are variegated. It is planted in gardens. 684. Quercus lacera, Bl., Jap. Hiryo-gashi ; a species of Japanese evergreen oak. Its leaves are provided with acute narrow dents on the edges. 685. Quercus pinnalifida, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Hagoromo- gashi ; a kind of Japanese evergreen oak, named by the form of its leaves. 686. Pinus densiflora, S. et Z., var., Jap. Shiraga- matsu ; its leaves have white variegation at their extremities. Besides this, a variety with white variegation in the middle part of leaves is called Ja-no-me, a variety with entirely white leaves Sliimo-furi-matsu, and a variety with yellow leaves Qgon- matsu. There are still several other varieties with different forms of leaves. 687. Pinus koraiensis, 5. et Z., Jap. Chosen-goyo, Kansho, Chosen-matsu ; a garden tree of the order Conifer* growing to a height of about 30 fts. with 5 long needle-leaves. Its cones are large, being 7-9 inches, and their nuts are edible (217. c.). 688. PinUS parviflora, S. et Z., Jap. Goyo-matsu, Shimo-fiiri-goyQ ; a garden tree of the order Conifers attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. There are also dwarf trees suited for arti- ficial garden-mountains and pot-plants. Those growing in high mountains creep over the ground, with short leaves. 689. Cunninghamia sinensis, R. Br. t Jap. Koyosan, Riuhi, Oranda-momi ; a garden tree of the order Conifers grow- ing to a height of 30-40 fts. In late spring, male and female flowers open, and afterwards cones are produced at the extremities of the branches. The pointed leaves grow pinnately on the branches, and sting the hand when touched. 169 Juniperus chinensis L. var. procumbens. 690. - Jap. HaibiyakusJiin ; a garden shrub of the order Conifers. Its stems creep over the ground for the length of several feet. 691. Juniperus chinensis, Z., Biyakushin, TaM- biyakushin, Sugi-biyakushin ; a conifer resembling the preceding, but standing straight to a height of about 10 fts. 692. Biota orientalis, Endl., Jap. Konote-gashiwa ; a garde n/ Coniferous shrub attaining to a height of 6-7 fts. It grows ni n conical form, and its branches and leaves are arranged re- gularily. The leaves have no distinction on both sides and stand straight. 693. Thuya obtusa, B. et //., var., Jap. Kamakura- Jiiba ; a beautiful garden-tree. 694. Thuya Obtusa, H. et #., var., Jap. Chabo-hiba ; its leaves and branches are very short. 695. Thuya obtusa, H. et B., var., Jap. Kujaku-Mba ; its leaves resemble peacock's feathers, whence its name is derived. A variety Qgon-kujaku (golden peacock) is a little larger in form. 696. Thuya pisifera, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Shinobu-hiba ; its leaves are fine and beautiful. 697. Thuya Obtusa, S. et Z., var., Yenbi-hiba ; it has long drooping branches, which almost reach to the ground. 698. Chamsecyparis lycopodioid.es, var., Jap. Seirit.- hiba ,' its branches are long and drooping. 699. Thuya pendula, Max., Jap. IHyoku-hiba ; it has drooping branches and leaves. There is a variety with whitf variegated leaves. 700. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Ogvn- sugi ; it is admired of its beautiful light yellow leaves. 170 701. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Yenko- ; its long extending branches are like monkey-arms. 702. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Yore- sugi ; its branches and leaves are twisted. 703. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Goro- sugi ; its leaves grow in a beautiful compact order. 704. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Bandai- sugi ; its short leaves grow together and form dense balls on the branches. 705. Cryptomeria japonica, Don. , var. , Jap. Aya-sugi; its leaves grow twisted on the branches. 706. Cryptomeria japonia, Don., var., Jap. Yawara- sugi ; its leaves are fine and soft. 706. b. Chamsecyparis squarrosa, 5*. et Z, Jap. Hi- muro, Hime-muro ; its leaves resemble those of the preceding, but finer and shorter. It grows to a height of about 10 fts. It is closely allied to Sawara. 707. Sciadopytis verticillata, 5. et Z, Jap. Koya- maki, Kusa-maki ; a coniferous mountain tree growing high. In summer it bears male and female flowers, and afterwards cones about the size of a boy- wrist. It is esteemed for its splendid appearance in every season, with its stately ramified branches and umbrella-like arranged leaves. The wood is endurable for mois- ture, and its peeled bark is used by the name of Maki-hada. 707. b. Podocarpus macrophylla, Don., Jap. Maki, Inu-maki ; it is planted in gardens, and also used for hedges. 708. Cephalotaxus drupacea, S. et Z, var., Jap. Chvsen-gaya ; its leaves resemble the preceding, but smaller. 709. Taxus tradiva, Laws, Jap. Kyara-boku ; it resem- bles Ichii (580). The stems are standing or creeping. 171 710. Cycas revoluta, 77*., Jap. Sotetsu / it grows in warm regions, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. and branching in groups. Its stem is covered with scales, and is highly prized as an ornamental garden or pot- plant on account of its beautiful slender lanceolate leaves growing pinnately. The male inflores- cence of this dioecious plant comes forth in the middle stem in the form of a club, being 2-3 fts. long, while the female flowers open on the hand-like stalks, to which the seeds are attached. The seeds are about the size of a small peach, and are of a bright colour. The kernels are edible when broiled (217. c.). Starch is obtained from its stem. Its leaves are used for plaiting hats and baskets. 711. diamserops excelsa, Tk. 9 Jap. Shuro ; it is pro- duced in warm regions. Its stem .Stains to a height of 30-40 fts., growing straight in the form of a club. The leaves grow at the summit of the stem, and expand like fans on long peduncles. Male and female flowers grow on separate plants. The male flowers are yellow and millet grain sized, and the fruits of the female flowers are bean-sized. The outside of the stem is covered with hair called Shuro-no-ke, which is used for many purposes (349. c.). Its stem is also used as an ornamental wood. 712. Rhapis flabelliformis, Ait., Jap. Shuro-chiku ; an ornamental palm produced in warm regions. Its sterns grow in groups, attaining to a height of about 10 feet. In cold regions, they do not grow so high, but only about 1 ft. The leaves are fan-shaped and deeply cut into segments. Its flowers open in spikes spreading into branches. Like the preceding, it is a di;o- cious plant. Its fruits are small and round with scales. Its stems being tough and strong are made into sticks, umbrella-handles, etc. 713. Rhapis kwannontik, Jap. Kwannon-chiku, Rin- kiu-skuro-chiku ; a palm resembling very much the preceding, but the stem is covered with much more fibres, and its dark green leaves are short and stiff. 714. _ > Jap. KikkQ-chikn ; a variety origi- PhylJostachys heterocycia, Carr. 172 nated from B. mosa (590), with its knots attaching alternately by one another, forming tortoise-shell-figures of a length of 1-2 fts. upon the ground. 715. Bambusa Sterilis, Krz., Jap. Hotei-chiku, Gosan- chiku ; an ornamental and useful plant of the order Graminae, growing abundantly in warm regions, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. The knots of the lower part of its stem are very narrow and irregular, forming a curious appearance. It is very suitable as a fishing rod, and also used as a stick and an umbrella- handle. 716. Bambusa marliacea, Jap. Shibo-chiku ; it is prin- cipally produced in Province Awaji. It attains to a height of about 10 fts. with a diameter -|-2 inches. It resembles Madake (589) with longitudinal wrinkles on its stem, which give it a gracious appearance, being used to make llower vases and for other such purposes. 717. Bambusa pygmsea, Miq., Jap. Kimmei-chiku ; a garden bamboo growing to a height of about 10 fts. with a dia- meter of about 1 inches, resembling Madake (589) in shape. The stem is green on the side where the branches shoot forth, and the reverse side is yellow. The leaves have white stripes, and are very pretty. 718. Bambusa sp., Jap. Han-chiku ; a mountain bamboo with many varieties. The variety drawn in this book is that much planted in the provinces of Onii arid Tamba. The diameter of the stem is about 1J inches. Jt lias cloud-like variegation. 719. Bambusa quadrangularis, Jap. Shikaku-dake , Shiho-chiku ; a garden bamboo growing to a height of about 10 fts., with a quadrangular stern, which diameter is about an inch. The leaves are small and narrow resembling those of Madake. It is one of the most strange varieties. 720. Bambusa sp., Jap. Narihira-dake ; a garden bam- boo attaining to a height of about 10 fts. Its stem resembles that 173 of Madake (589), and the leaves resemble those of Medake (591). Its sprouts appear in May, and are provided with thick strong sheaths. 721. Bambusa sp., Jap. To-chiku ; a garden bamboo having a stem attaining to a height of about 10 fts. with a diameter of about 1 inch. The stems and leaves resemble the preceding, but tbe leaves somewhat thinner, and the stems lighter coloured. The distance between every knot is very long. The branches grow in thick clusters. 722. Bambusa sp., Jap. Kan-chiku ; a garden bamboo attaining to a height of 5-6 fts. It is used for hedges. Its full grown height is about 10 fts. with a diameter of about 1 inch. The stem is purplish in the upper part. From late autumn to winter, it produces the young sprouts, which are good to eat. Phyllostachys bambusoides, S.etZ. 723. Jap. Ya-dake, Ya-shino ; a wild bam- boo attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. The leaves are broad and large, resembling those of Kuwa-zasa (732). As the stem is slender and strong, it is used to make arrows. It is also useful for making baskets, sieves, etc. Bambusa vulgaris, Wendl. 724. Jap. Taisan-chiku, Tvgin-chiku ; a garden bamboo attaining to a height of 20-30 fts., with a diameter of about 2J inches. The stem is deep green with low even knots, and the leaves are broad, being very beautiful. It is easily pro- pagated by cutting, but as it is originated in warm regions, it is often injured by cold. Arundinaria Hindsii, Munro. 725. ^ . Jap. Taimin-chiku, Daimyo-dake ; a garden bamboo attaining to a height of about 10 fts., with a dia- meter of about 1 inch. The leaves and branches are slender and fine. The small plants are planted in pots or between rocks, and sometimes in water basins. The stems are suitable to make flutes. 726. Bambusa sp., .lap. Kansan-chiku ; a garden bamboo attaining to a height of about 10 fts., with the stem about an inch 174 in diameter, resembling Medake in shape. Whips are made of its roots. The characteristic nature of this bamboo is that the leaves are erect and the branches straight upwards. It is planted in pots or in water vases. 727. Bambusa nana, Roxb. Jap. rm-chiku; a garden bamboo attaining to a height of 4-5 fts. It is suitable for hedges, and the small ones are planted in pots. The stems grow in tufts, and its leaves grow closely together resembling a bird's tail. There is a variety with golden yellow longitudinal stripes on its stem, and also a variety with yellow and white stripes on its leaves. All these are the varieties of Usen-chiku (349) and Doyo- chiku (728). 728. Bambusa sp., Jap. Doyo-ckiku, Chin-chiku, Kin- chiku ; the same species as Usen-chiku (349). As the stems grow in clusters, they are used for hedges. The character of this bam- boo is that its underground stem creeps with close knots and the stem above the ground is straight with apart knots. It is used for a stick, umbrella-handle, etc. As the sheath is thick and very lustrous inside, it is used as a spoon. 729. Bambusa sp., Jap. Sud-chiku ; a garden bamboo attaining to a height of 4-5 fts. Its young stem is red with green longitudinal stripes. 730- Bambusa sp., Jap. Shakotan-cJiiku ; a mountain bamboo, being a kind of Kuma-sasa. The stem attains to a height of about 10 feet, and the part covered with sheash has a dark purple variegation. Its origin is in the districts of Shako tan in Hokkaidv, whence its name is derived. From its variegation it is also called Shako-han-ch/iku (partridge variegated bamboo). As the stems are tough and strong, they are used to make Japanese pen-holders, tobacco-pipes, sticks, and other articles. 731. Bambusa Sp., Jap. Yakiba-zasa ; a mountain bam- boo, being a variety of Kuma-zasa, attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. with broard yellowish white margined leaves. It is very 175 ornamental in gardens, and its leaves are used for various purposes. Bambusa vejtchjj> Carr 732. _ . Jap. Kuma-zasa; a famous mountain bamboo attaining to a height of 5-6 fts., with broad leaves about 8-9 inches long. A large variety called Oni-kumazasa is about 10 fts. high, and a small one called Ko-kumazasa is about 1 ft. high. The stems are slender and strong. It rarely gives grains, which are edible (20. c.). Phyllostachys Kumasasa, Munro. 733. , Jap. Bungv-sasa, Okame-zasa, Tdba- zasa, lyo-zasa ; a mountain bamboo growing to a height of 3-4 fts. The stem is very slender with elevated knots, and the leaves shoot from each knot in a five-leaved-cluster. As its stems grow in groups, it is fitted for hedges. The stems are used to make baskets, etc. Note. Besides those mentioned here, there are many other plants which many be included in this chapter. The principal ones are as follows : in the Chapter of Timber Trees and Bam- boos, Distylium racemosum (544), Olea aquifolium (551), Cinna- momum carnphora (553), Buxus japonica (556), Quercus acuta (564), Q. glauca (565), Q. phyllioides (566), Juniperus chinensis (572), Thuja dolabrata (573), T. japonica (574), Chamsecyparis obtusa (575), C. pisifera (576), Cryptomeria japonica (577), Podo- carpus chinensis (578), P. nagaea (579), Taxus cuspidata (580), Pinus thunbergii (581), P. densiflora (582), P. parviflora (583), Abies firma (585), A. tsuga (586), Bambusa puberula (592), Phyllostachys nigra (590), etc. ; in the Chapter of Fruit-trees Photinia japonica (192), -Elcegnus longipes (213), Torreya nuci- fera (217), Quercus cuspidata (225), and Q. glabra (226); all kinds of oranges, which are good to plant in pots; in the Chapter of Plants for Luxury, Thea chinensis (283) and Ligus- trum japonicum (290) ; in the Chapter of Oil and Wax Plants, Camellia japonica (311) and Cephalotaxus drupacea (314); in the Chapter of Dye-plants, Myrica rubra (374); in the Chapter of Odorous Plants, Olea fragrans (392) and O. fragrans (393) ; 176 and in the Chapter of Poisonous Plants, lllicium religiosutn (484. b.), etc. CHAPTER XXIV. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. This chapter contains all the trees, shrubs, or herbs, which are planted in gardens or flower-beds as ornaments, and also suit- able for pot-plants or vase-flowers. All their flowers and leaves are very beautiful and graceful. 734. Clematis patens, Morr., et Decne., Jap. Tessen ; a climbing plant of the order Ranunculacea3. In spring young shoots sprout from the old vines, and in summer blue flowers with small purple petals in the centre are produced, being about 2 inches in diameter. There is another variety which yields white flowers with narrow purple petals in the centre. 735. Clematis florida, 77*., Jap. Kazagitruma; a variety of the preceding, but it does not have purple petals in the centre. There are blue and white varieties. The variety with double white flowers is called Yuki-okoshi, and the variety with double blue flowers Ruri-okoshi. 736. Anemonopsis macrophylla, S. et Z., Jap. Kusa- renge, Renge-shoma ; a perennial mountain herb of the order Ranunculaceae growing to a height of about 2 fts. In summer each peduncle bears a white flower shaded with purple, resembling that of lotus. 737. Anemone japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Shumei-giku, Kibune-giku ; a perennial wild herb of the order Eanunculaceas growing to a height of about 2 fts. In autumn it shoots forth petioles with flowers at the tops. The flower is reddish purple, resembling that of chrysanthemum. 738. Anemone cermia, 77*., Jap. Okina-gusa, Shagma- saigo ; a perennial wild herb of the order Ranunculaceae. In 177 spring it bears purplish red flowers, being followed with many white fruits. 739. Anemone hepatica, Gort. y Jap. Misumiso, Yuki- wart so, SuJuima-saishin ; an evergreen mountain herb of the order Kariunculaeeae. It produces one flower at the top of each peduncle. The flowers are of different colours, as red, purple, and white. It is often planted in hot houses for flowers in spring. 740. Caltha palustris, ., var. sibirica, Reg., Jap. Yenko- so ; a perennial herb of the order RanunculaceaB growing wild in marshy places. In late spring, it shoots oblique peduncles with yellow flowers. There is a variety called Riukinkwa with its peduncles growing straight upwards. 741. Adonis amurensis, Reg. et Radd., Jap. Fukujiso ; a perennial herb of the order Ranunculacea3 growing in northern provinces. In spring peduncles with bright yellow flowers are produced at the same time with the leaves. It is planted in hot houses for selling in early spring. There are many varieties. 742. Aquilegia glandulosa, Fisch., Jap. Odamaki, Odamakiso ; a perennial garden herb of the order Eanunculaceae. In late spring it bears single purplish blue or double white flowers at the tops of peduncles. The mountain variety is called Yama- odantaki. 743. Poeonia albiflora, Pall., Jap. Shaku-yakti, Kaoyo- gusa ; a perennial garden herb of the order Eanunculacea3. In spring it shoots forth stems, and in summer it bears flowers, which are single or double and red or white. The roots are used as medicine. There is also a mountain variety. 744. Poeonia mautan, Sims. , Jap. Botan, Hatsuka-gusa ; a deciduous garden shrub of the order Ranunculacea3. In spring it sprouts and bears single or double flowers of diverse colours, red, pink, etc. The roots are used as medicine, and the flowers are edible. 178 745. AceranthUS diphyllus, Morr. et Deene., Japi Baikwa-ikarisf* ; a perennial wild herb of the order Berberidese. In late spring, it shoots forth its stalks and yields flowers arranged in panicles. The flowers are pinkish white, and some-what resem- ble plum flowers in shape, whence the Japanese name. 746. Epimedium violaceum, Morr. et Dec., Jap. Tkariso ; a perennial wild herb of the order Berberidea3. In spring it produces branched stalks bearing white or reddish purple anchor-shaped flowers. 747. Nandina domestica, Th., Jap. Nanten ; an ever- green shrub of the order Berberideae growing wild in southern provinces. Generally the stem grows to a height of 4-5 fts., but it sometimes attains to 10 fts. It produces small white flowers disposed in panicles being followed with round red or white berries. 748. Nandina domestica, Th., var., Jap. Kinshi- nanten ; a dwarf variety of the preceding, growing to a height of 6-12 inches. The branches and leaves are very fine. There are many varieties. 749. Nelumbo nucifera, Gartn., Jap. Hasu / a peren- nial herb of the order NymphasaceaB. Its roots and seeds are edible as described in 125 and 228. In summer it produces long peduncles above water-surface, bearing flowers on the tops. The flowers are of several sizes and colours, as white, pink, etc. As the flowers are very pretty, it is planted in ponds or basins. 750. Nelumbo nucifera, Gcertn., var,, Jap. Ckawan- basu ; a dwarf variety of the preceding, blooming well in small basins. 751. Nymphsea telragona, BemerL, Jap. Hitsuji-kusa ; a perennial herb of the order Nymphaeaceas growing in marshes and ponds. Its leaves float on the surface of water. In middle summer it produces double white flowers which open afternoon. 179 752. Nuphar japonicum, DC., Jap. Ko-hone / a peren- nial herb of the order Nymphaeaceae growing in marshes and ponds. Its leaves are above water-surface. In late summer it yields one yellow flower at the top of a peduncle. There are several varieties. 753. Papaver somniferum, L. t Jap. Keshi ; a biennial garden herb of the order Papaveraceae, attaining to a height of 4-5 fts. In early summer it opens flowers of various colours. Opium is made from the young fruits. Its young leaves are edible when boiled. 754. Papaver rhseas, Z., Jap. Hina-geshi, Bijin-so ; a dwarf variety of the preceding, with hairs on its stem and leaves. The stem attains to a height of 1-2 fts., and has only one flower on its top. There are several varieties as the preceding. 755. Stylophorum japonicum, Miq., Jap. Yamabuki- so, Kusa-yamabuki ; a perennial herb of the order Papaveraceae growing wild in shady placas. It blooms in late spring, and the flowers are yellow, resembling those of Yamabuki, whence its Japanese name. There is another variety with leaves, resembling those of Seri. 756. Dicentra spectabilis, Miq., Jap. Kemcm-so, Yo- raku-botan ; a perennial herb of the order Papaveraceae growing in mountains or planted in gardens. In early spring its young plants shoot forth, and in late spring it produces peduncles with many pink flowers disposed in drooping panicles. 757. Gynandropsis viscida, Bunge., Jap. Fucho-so, Yoka-kusa ; an annual herb of the order Capparidaceae. In spring it is sown, growing about a foot high, and in autumn its white flowers open at the tops of stems. The flower resemble flying Fucko (the name of a bird), whence the Japanese name is derived. 758. Viola patrinii, DC., var. chinensis, Ging., Jap. Sumire, Sumotori-bana ; a perennial wild herb of the order 180 Violacere. In early spring it shoots forth peduncles and opens dark purple flowers. There are several other varieties, light purple, pink, snow white, etc. 759. Viola pinnata, ., var. dissecta, Furch., Jap. Yezo- sumire ; a perennial wild herb of the order Yiolacese. In early spring it shoots forth peduncles with leaves, and only one flower blooms on each peduncle. The flower is white with purple stripes and light purple veins. 760. Viola sylVGStris, Kit., var. grypoceras, A. Gray, Jap. Tachitsubo-sumire ; a perennial wild herb of the order Violaceae, growing to a height of about 1 ft. In early summer it bears reddish purple or purplish white flowers. 761. Dianthus superbus, Z., Jap. Nadeshiko, No- nadeshiko, Tokonatsu ; a perennial wild herb of the order Caryophyllaceae, growing to a height of about 2 fts. In late summer it bears deeply cut thin petaled pink flowers. 762. DianthUS Chinensis, ., Jap. Kara-nadeskiko, Sekichiku ; a biennial garden herb of the order Caryophyllaceae. It produces many stems from one root, growing to a height of about 6 inches. In summer it blooms at the top of each stem. The flowers are of different colours, as red, white, and variegated. 763. Dianthus chinensis, L., var. hortensis, Jap. fse- nadeshiko, Satsuma-nadeshiko, Osaka-nadeshiko ; a garden variety of Nadeshiko (761) with larger flowers. The flowers are single or double, and pink, purple, or variegated. The petals are cut finely, sometimes drooping 4-5 inches long. 764. Lychnis grandiflora, Jacq., Jap. Gampi; a perennial garden herb of the order Caryophyllaceae. In early spring it sprouts, and in mid-summer it grows to a height of about 3 fts., bearing flowers of various colours. A variety called Kuruma-gampi has several opposite leaves, and produces clusters of flowers. 764. b. Lychinis grandiflora, Jacq., var. calicibus, 181 .Tap. Matsumoto ; a variety resembling the preceding, growing to a height of about 2 fts. In early summer it bears red, white or variegated flowers. 764 c. Lychnis senno, 5. et Z., Jap. Senmke ; a variety resembling the preceding, attaining to a height of about 3 fts. In late summer it bears red, white or other coloured flowers. 765. Lychnis miqueliana, Rohrb. y Jap. Fushiguro- senno ; a perennial wild herb of the order Caryophyllacere. In spring it sprouts, growing in summer to a height of 2-3 fts., when it produces 2 or 3 flowers which are red, white, etc. 766. Silene stellarioid.es, Max., Jap. Shirane-gampi ; a perennial herb of the order Garyophyllaceae growing in high mountains. In spring it grows to height of about 1 ft., and yields white flowers in late summer. It is found in S/izrane-mouufaiu of Province Shimo-osa, whence the name is derived. 767. Silene keiskei, Miq., Jap. Biranji, Sakura-senno ; a perennial herb of the order Caryophyllacea3 growing in high mountains. In spring it grows to a height of 4-5 inches, and in late summer reddish purple flowers are produced. 768. Saponaria vaccaria, L. y Jap. Dokwan-so; a biennial garden herb of the order Caryophyllacere. It is sown in autumn, and shoots up in the following spring growing to a height of 1-2 fts. In early summer it bears pink flowers on the divided branches. 769. Malva sylvestris, L., Jap. Zeni-aoi ; a biennial garden herb of the order Malvaceae. It is sown in autumn, and in the following spring it grows to a height of about 2 fts., when it bears purple, pink or white flowers at the axils of leaves. 770. Althaea rosea, L., Jap. Tachi~aoi, Hana-aoi ; a garden biennial herb of the order Malvaceae. It is sown in autumn, and grows to a height of 5-6 fts. in the following spring. It blooms at the axils of leaves in summer. The flowers are single or double, and pink, white or purple. 182 771. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, L. y Jap. Riukiu-mukugc , Bussoke ; a deciduous shrub of the order Malvaceae growing in warm provinces, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In late summer it produces flowers coloured pink, brownish yellow, etc, Tn winter it is kept in hot houses. 772. Pentapetes phoenicea, L., Jap. Goji-kwa / an annual garden herb of the order Sterculiaceae. It is sown in spring, and in late summer its yellowish red flowers open at noon, whence its name is derived. 773. Hypericum salicifolium, S. et Z., Jap. Byo- yanagi ; a deciduous shrub of the order Hypericaceae growing wild in mountain- valleys, growing to a height of 4-5 fts. In late summer it bears yellow flowers, and the stamens are very long looking as golden threads. 773. b. Hypericum patulum, Th., Jap. Kinshibai; a variety of the preceding, growing to a height of 2-3 fts., but the flower is smaller and the stamens shorter. 774. Hypericum ascyron, L., Jap. Tomoyeso, Bydsd, Q-otogiri ; a perennial wild herb of the order Hypericaceae, grow- ing to a height of 2-3 fts. In late summer each stalk bears yellowish flowers, which resemble those of the preceding. 775. Geranium eriostemon, Fisch. , Jap. Gunnai-furo / a perennial mountain herb of the order Geraniaceae. In spring it shoots, and in early summer, each peduncle bears light purplish red flowers. 776. Impatiens balsamina, L., Jap. Hosenkwa; an annual garden herb of the order Balsaminaceae. It is sown in spring, and in summer it attains to a height of about 1 ft. The branches bear single or double, and red, white, purple or varie- gated flowers. 777. Impatiens textori, Miq., Jap. TsurifunesQ^ Hora- an annual herb of the order Balsaminaceae, growing in 183 shady places as bushes and bamboo woods. It is sown in spring, growing to a height of about a foot in summer. Its flowers re- semble the preceding, being single and light reddish purple. 778. Impatiens nolitangera, Max., Jap. Kitsurifune- so ; an annual herb of the order Balsaminaceae growing in shady places of mountains. It grows from the seed sown in spring, and attains to a height of about 2 fts. in summer. It resembles the preceding in form, but the flowers are yellow. 779. Oxalis obtriangulata, Max., Jap. Yeizan-kata- bami, Miyama-katabami ; a perennial herb of the order Oxali- daceae growing in shady places of mountains. Its peduncles shoot up in late spring, opening white flowers with pink veins and light red lines. 780. Boenninghausenia albiflora, Reich., Jap. Matsu- kajesv, Matsugaye-ruda ; a perennial herb of the order Eutaceae growing in mountains. In summer it grows to a height of 1-2 fts., and produces many small yellowish white flowers. 781. Dictamnus albus, L., Jap. Hakusen ; a small shrub of the order Kutaceae planted in gardens. In summer the stems grow to a height of 2-3 fts. Its flowers in panicles are white shaded with purple. The seeds resemble those of Fceniculuui vulgare. 782. Thermopsis fabacea, DC., Jap. Sendai-hagi; a perennial herb of the order Leguminoceafi growing principally in the district of Sendai, whence its Japanese name is derived. It attains to a height of about 1 ft. It produces yellow papilio- f lowers in panicles and flat pods. 783. Crotalaria sessiliflora, L., Jap. Tanuki-mame ; an annual wild herb of the order Leguminocese. It grows from the seed in spring, and in summer it attains to a height of about 1 ft. It produces purple papilio-flowers, being succeeded with hairy pods. 184 784. Cytisus SCOparius, Link., Jap. Yenishida ; an evergreen garden shrub of the order Leguminocese. The stems are dark green, and grow in groups. When several years old, they attain to a height of about 10 fts. In early summer they bear golden yellow papilio-flowers, being succeeded with pods. 785. Spartium junceum, L. 9 Jap. Redama ; an ever- green shrub of the order Leguminocea3 produced in warm pro- vinces. In winter it is kept in hot houses. The stem is dark green. It blooms in early summer, and the papilio-flowers are yellow and beautiful. 786. Indigofera decora, Lindl., Jap. Niwa-fuji, fwa- fuji ; a small wild shrub of the order Loguminocese. When young, it looks like a herb. In summer it grows to a height of 1-2 fts., and produces red or white papilio-flowers in panicles. 787. Indigofera tinctoria, L., Jap. Komatsunagi ; a small wild shrub of the order LeguminoceaB, growing to a height of 1-2 fts. In spring its young branches and leaves shoot forth, bearing in autumn reddish purple or white papilio-flowers. 788. Astragalus sinicus, 77*., Jap. RengesQ, Gengebana, Shomenso ; a biennial wild herb of the order Leguminocea3. It creeps along the ground, and produces peduncles with purplish red papilio-flowers arranged in the form of an umbrella. It re- sembles the lotus flower in shape, though very small, whence its Japanese name is derived. The seeds are sown in autumn, and in the following year the plants are buried under the ground as manure. 789. Lathyrus messerschmidii, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Nanten-hagi, Tani-watashi, Futaba-hagi ; a perennial wild herb of the order Leguminocese. In summer it grows to a height of about a foot, and in autumn it yields reddish purple papilio- flowers, being succeeded with small pods. 790. Lathyrus palustris, L., var. linearifolius, Ser. t Jap. Renriso, Kamakiriso ; a perennial wild herb of the order 185 Leguminoceae. In early summer it grows to a height of about 1 ft., and in autumn it produces peduncles from the axils of leaves, bearing deep purple papilionaceous flowers in panicles. 791. Vicia sativa, Miq., Jap. Yahadsu-yendo ; a biennial leguminous wild herb. In spring its slender tendrils come forth, and in early summer It produces very small reddish purple papilio- naceous flowers at the axils of leaves, and then pods. 792. Lathyrus maritimus, Mig., Jap. Hama-yendo ; " a perennial leguminous herb growing on sandy sea-coasts. In early summer the stem grows and creeps over the ground, pro- ducing purple papilionaceous flowers from the axils of leaves. 793. Rubus rosifolius, Sm., var. B. coronarius, Sims., Jap. Tokin-bara, Tokin-ibara, Goyaogi ; a garden deciduous semi-ligneous shrub of the order Kosacea3. In summer its slender stem grows like a vine, bearing double yellowish white flowers, which resemble rose-flowers. 794. Lythrum virgatum, L., Jap. Miso-hagi; a peren- Dial herb of the order Lythrariaceae growing in moist places. In summer it grows to a height of about 2 fts. In autumn it pro- duces reddish purple flowers disposed in panicles. 795. Bredia hirsula, B!., Jap. Hashikanboku ; an ever- green small shrub of the order Melastomaceae growing in warm countries. In autumn it is kept in hot houses. It bears several ivddish flowers in panicles at the ends of branches in late autumn. 796. Melastoma macrocarpa, Don., Jap. Nobotan / an evergreen shrub of the order Melastornacese growing in warm provinces. In water it must be kept in hot houses. In summer it produces reddish purple flowers at the ends of branches and the axils of leaves. 767- Myrtus tomentosa, Wight, Jap. Tenninkwa ; an evergreen slirub of the order Myrtacese grown in warm regions. In winter it must be kept in hot houses. In summer it bears 186 pink flowers on small peduncles produced at the axils of leaves and the tops of branches. 798. Epilobium angUStifolium, L., Jap. Yanagi-ran, Yanagi-sQ ; a perennial mountain herb of the order Onagraceas. In summer it attains to a height of 2-3 fts. Its flowers are reddish purple, being disposed in panicles on the branches. The seeds are provided with fibres. 799. Passiflora cserulea, L., Jap. Tokei-so / an ever- green climber of the order PassifloraceaB growing in warm regions. In winter it must be kept in hot-houses. In summer it blooms at noon. The flower is provided with many fibrous petals, and the outer petals are white, while the inner petals are purple. Its pistils and stamens resemble a clock in form., whence the Japanese name is derived. 800. Sedum sieboldi, Sweet, Jap. Misebaya-so, Tama- no-o ; a perennial garden herb of the order Crassulacea3. It has many drooping stems, and so it is planted in hanging baskets. In summer, it produces small pink flowers in branches at the top of the stem. The plants of this species do not fade without mois- ture, and thrive well from the cut stems. 801. Sedum erythrostictum, Miq. , Jap. Benkeiso ; a perennial herb of the order Crassulaceae planted in gardens. It produces many leaves from one root and grows to a height of about 1 ft. In summer it produces many small pink flowers on the peduncles divided on the top of the stem. 802. Sedum kamtschaticum, Fisch et Mey. t Jap. Kirinso ; a garden perennial herb of the order Crassulaceae. It is allied to the preceding, but the leaves are narrow arid the yellow flower-s are arranged in an umbel. 803. Sedum, Jap. Iwa-kirinso ; a perennial herb of the order Crassulaceae growing in high mountains. Its stem grows to a height of about 1 ft. and stands obliquely. In late autumn, it 187 opens small yellow flowers disposed in an umbel at the top of the stem. 804. Sedum linear, 77/., Jap. Mannenso ; a perennial herb of the order Crassulaceas. It is planted on rocks in gardens. It grows to a height of 6-7 inches, and in summer it yields small 5 petaled golden yellow flowers at the top of the stem. 805. Sedum subtile, Miq., Jap. Maruba-mannenso ; a variety of the preceding with round leaves. It thrives well by road sides and between rocks. Its stem grows obliquely and reaches to a height of 4-5 inches. In summer it yields small 5 petaled yellow flowers in bunches at the top of the stem. 806. Cotyledon spinosa, Z., Jap. Tsumerenge ; an evergreen herb of the order Crassulacea3 growing on roofs and rocks. It is also planted in pots. In summer its stems grow to a height of 4-6 inches. It opens small pink flowers disposed in panicles. 807. Cotyledon malacophyllum, Pall., Jap. Iwa- renge ; a variety of the preceding, but the leaves are round, broad, and covered with white powder. Its leaf resembles a lotus-flower. It also grows like a lotus. 808. Opuntia fiscus, L., Jap. Sdboten ; a peculiarly formed evergreen shrub of the order Cactaceae growing in warm provinces. The stem is flat, broad and juicy, and covered with thorns. When young, it has slender leaves. It is about 1 ft. long and 2-3 inches broad and attached one upon another, reach- ing to a height of about 10 fts. In summer it produces double yellowish red flowers. The fruits resemble figs, and are thorny. They are edible when fully ripe. The young soft stem can be eaten as a vegetable. The juice is used for washing, whence the Japanese name Saboten (soap) is derived. 809. Bibes ambiguum, Max., Jap. Yasha-bishaku, Tembai ; a deciduous small shrub of the order Saxifragacea?, growing on old trees of high mountains. It grows to a height of ~ 188 1-2 fts. In summer it blooms, being succeeded with hairy small oval berries edible with. a sour taste. 810. Saxifraga sarmentosa, ., Jap. Yukinoshita / an evergreen herb of the order SaxifragaceaB growing mountain valleys, and much planted on rock works of gardens. In late summer, it shoots forth long peduncles with white flowers com- posed of 2 large and 3 small petals. 811. Saxifraga cortussefolia, 5. et Z., Jap. Daimojtso, YukimochisQ ; a perennial herb of the order Saxifragaceae grow- ing in mountain valleys. In summer it produces white flowers in clusters forming a panicle. 811. b. Saxifraga CortUSSefolia, S. et Z., var. mandida, Max., Jap. finjiso, Kikuba-daimojisv ; a variety of the preceding with chrysanthemum-like leaves. 812. Saxifraga sendaica, Max., Jap. Sendaiso, Taki- wakiso, ffariso ; a variety of the preceding with its stem 6-7 inches high and thick smooth leaves in clusters. Peduncles shoot forth from the centre and bear small white flowers in bunches resembling the preceding. 813. Tiarella polyphylla, Don., Jap. Dsuda-yakushu ; a perennial herb of the order Saxifragacea3 growing in mountain- valleys. In summer it bears small white flowers at the top of the stem, being followed with small pods containing line seeds. 813. b. Mitella japonica, Miq., Jap. CharumerusQ, Me- yukinosJuta ; a variety of the preceding. Its flower looks like a trumpet. 814. Astilbe japonica, Miq., Jap. Awamoriso, Awa- morishoma ; a perennial wild herb of the order Saxifragacese. The leaves are dark green and lustrous. In summer it grows to a height of about 1 ft., and yields small white flowers in panicles at the top. 189 815. Rodgersia podophylla, A. Gray, Jap. Yaguruma- 50 / a perennial herb of the order Saxifragaceas growing in high mountains. The 5 small leaflets attach to one petiole. In summer it grows to a height of about 2 fts., and bears small white flowers in clusters. 816. Parnassia foliosa, Hook., Jap. Skirahtgeso, Haku- san-nadeshiko ; a perennial herb of the order Saxifragaceae grow- ing in high mountains. In summer it shoots forth a peduncle to a height of 6-7 fts. and bears flowers with 5 white fringed petals, resembling those of Dianthus superbus (761). 817. Parnassia palustris, L., Jap. Mumebachisn ; a variety closely allied to the preceding growing wild. In late autumn it produces a peduncle of a height of 8-10 inches, and bears yellowish white 5 petaled flowers at the top. 818. Hydrangea stellata, Max., Jap. Shickidankwa ; a deciduous shrub of the order Saxifragaceae growing to a height of 3-4 fts. In summer it blooms light purple flowers. From the centre of the flower it produces another peduncle with flowers, and so on till 5-7 stages. 819. Deinanthe bifida, Max., Jap. Gingaso, Dango- batta, Ginbaiso ; a perennial herb of the order Saxifragaceie grow- ing in high mountains, with a height of 1-2 fts. In summer it produces several peduncles with white flowers at the tops, re- sembling tea-flowers. 820. Hydrangea involucrata, Sieb., Jap. Tama-ajisai; a deciduous semi-ligneous shrub of the order Saxifragaceas growing in high mountains, with a height of 3-4 fts. In summer it pro- duces globous buds, being followed with small purplish pink flowers in clusters. 821. Hydrangea involucrata, Sieb., var., Jap. Gioku- dankwa ; a variety of the preceding with double flowers. From the centre of the flower it produces another peduncle with flowers. The flowers are greenish white at ii rst, and then turn reddish white. 190 822. Cardiandra alternifolia, S. et Z, Jap. Kusa-gaku, Kusa-ajisai ; a perennial mountain herb of the order Saxifragaoeas, growing to a height of l|-2 fts. In summer it produces pink flowers in clusters. 823. Patsia horrida, Smith, Jap. Haribuki, Kmnadara ; a deciduous mountain shrub of the order Araliaceas, growing to a height of 4-5 fts. Its leaves and stems are thorny. In summer it shoots peduncles at the top, and yields small light pink flowers in the form of a round bulb. 824. Cornus canadensis, L., Jap. Gozen-tachibana ; an evergreen herb of the order Cornaceas growing in shady places of high mountains. It grows to a height of 4-5 inches. From the centre of the 6 leaves at the stem-end, it produces a peduncle with greenish white flowers, being succeeded with edible small red berries. 825. Ixora Stricta, Roxb., Jap. Sandankwa ; an ever- green shrub of the order RubiaceaB found in warm regions. It does not thrive in cold regions. In summer it produces several peduncles, each with crimson flowers forming an umbel. 826. Gardenia radicans, Thunb., Jap. Ko-kuMnaski, Yaye-kuchinashi ; an evergreen shrub of the order Bubiacese* being a variety of Gardenia florida (366). It is much planted in gardens. In summer it produces peduncles with double yellowish white flowers. 827. Damnacanthus indicus, Gartn., Jap. Aridoski, Kotori-tomaradsu ; an evergreen small shrub of the order Rubiacea3 found in the mountains of warm provinces, growing to a height of about 2 fts. Its thorny branches come forth in thick bushes. In early summer, it bears clove-like small white flowers, being suc- ceeded with small round red berries which remain on the branches till the new berries of the next year are produced. 828. Patrinia scabiossefolia, Link., Jap. Ominayeshi, Awa-bana ; a perennial wild herb of the order Valerianaceae, 191 growing to a height of 3-4 fts. In late summer it produces beautitul yellow flowers in an umbel at the top of the stem. 829. Scabiosa japonica, Miq., Jap. Matsumushiso, Rimbv-gikn ; a wild biennial plant of the order Dipsaceae, grow- ing to a height of 2-3 fts. In autumn it shoots forth peduncles with small purple flowers in a composite form. Its young leaves are edible. 830. Eupatorium Chinense, Miq.> Jap.' Fuji-bakama ; a wild perennial herb of the order Compositae, growing to a height of 3-4 fts. Late in autumn, it bears fragrant purple flowers at the top. 831. Aster triuervius, Roxb., var. congesta, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Kon-giku ; a wild perennial herb of the order Compositae closely allied to Aster cantoniensis (65). It grows to a height of about 1 ft., and in late autumn it bears deep purple flowers. 832. Aster spathulifbiius, Max., Jap. Darwna-giku, SJiinano-giku ; a garden perennial herb of the order Compositae, growing to a height of about 1 ft. Its leaves are covered with fine hair. In autumn it produces several purplish pink flowers at the top. 833. Aster tataricus, L. , Jap. Shion / a garden peren- nial herb of the order Compositae, growing straight 5-6 fts. high. In late autumn it bears purplish flowers. There is a dwarf variety, being about 1 ft. high. 834. Aster cantoniensis, DC., var., Jap. No-skungiku, Skungiku ; a garden perennial herb of the order Compositae, grow- ing to a height of about 1 ft. From early summer to autumn it bears reddish purple flowers. There is also a variety with white flowers. 835. SolidagO Virga-aurea, L., Jap. Akino-kirinso, Awadachisv ; a perennial wild herb of the order Compositae, growing to a height of 1-2 fts. In late autumn it bears 5 petaled 192 small yellow flowers in panicles. There is also a variety with white flowers. 836. Pyrethrum, Jap. Q-giku ; a perennial garden herb of the order Composite . There are two varieties, the summer and the autumn crysanthemums. The one here mentioned is the autumn variety. It grows to a height of 2-4 fts., and in early autumn it opens flowers with diverse colours, red, yellow, white, orange, etc. Some of the flowers are several inches in diameter. Their petals are also various, flat, tubular, etc. They are the best of the autumnal flowers. 837. Pyrethrum, Jap. Natsu-gikti ; a perennial garden herb of the order Compositas, growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer it bears flowers of several colours and forms. 838. Pyrethrum, Jap. Ko-gikii ; a perennial garden herb of the order Composite, growing to a height of about 1 ft. In late autumn its divided branches bear flowers of yellow, white, or red colours and of different sizes. They are mostly derived from Iwa-giku. 838. b. Pyrethrum, Jap. Kan-giku ; a variety of the v preceding, bearing small yellowish flowers in late autumn. 839. Leucanthemum nipponicum, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Hama-gikzi ; a perennial herb of the order Compositse, growing wild on sea-coasts and also planted in gardens. Its stems do not die through the year, growing about 2 fts. high. In late autumn it bears white flowers with a yellow centre at the tops of the branches. 840. Leucanthemum arcticum, DC., Jap. Ko-hama- giku ; a perennial herb of the order Composite, growing on the sea-coasts of northern provinces. It grows to a height of about 1 ft., and in late autumn it produces white flowers which turn purplish pink when old. 841. Callistephus chinensis, Nees., Jap. Ezo-giku, Satsuma-kon-giku ; a biennial garden plant of the order Com- 193 posita?. It becomes also an annual plant according to the season iu which the seeds aiv sown, it grows to a height of 1-2 fts. The biennial one blooms in summer, and the annual one in autumn. The flowers are purplish blue, red, white, etc. 842. Achillea sibirica, Led., Jap. Ha&oromosv t Noko- ^iriso ; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite, growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In autumn it produces small white or pink 1 lowers in clusters at the head. 843. Artemisia schmidtiana, Max., Jap. Asagiriso : vergreen herb of the order Composite produced in northern provinces. Its leaves are slender, green, and lustrous. It grows to a height of 1-2 fts., and in autumn it bears small yellow ilowers in panicles. 844. Gnaplialis japonica, Max., Jap. Arare-giku f Yama-hahako ; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite, growing to a height of about 1 ft. Late in autumn, it bears many small white flowers with yellow centres. The flowers remain still after the stems were withered by frost. 845. Senecio japonica, Schitltz., Jap. Hankwaiso ; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite. Its leaves are broad and deeply dissected. It grows to a height of about 3 fts., and in autumn it blooms yellow ilowers on the branches divided at the head of the stem. There is a variety called C/torioso closely allied, but the dissection of the leaves is less and it grows to a height of about 5 fts. . 846. Senecio ksempferi, DC., Jap. Tsuivalniki ; an evergreen herb of the order Composite?, growing wild on the s< -a- coa>ts of southern provinces and also much planted in gardens. In autumn its stems grow to a height of about 2 fts. and divided into branches, Injuring yellow flowers. The petioles of the young leaves are eaten as a vegetable (07. K). The variety called V-tsuwabuki is largr, and the \T: -d Kan-tsuwabuki blooms in winter. 194 847. Senecio fiammeus, DC., Jap. Korinkwa; a peren- nial herb of the order Composite closely allied to Senecio cam- pestris, growing wild in the dry places of mountains and fields. It grows to a height of about 1 ft., yielding many reddish yellow flowers at the top of the divided branches. 848. Calendula officinalis, L., Jap. Kinsenkwa ; n biennial garden herb of the order Composite. It becomes annual according to the time of its sowing. It grows to a height of about 1 ft. The biennial blooms in late spring, and the annual in late autumn. The flowers are reddish yellow or light yellow, and n variety with large flowers is called Tokinsen. 849. Echinops sphserocephalus, L., Jap. Rn Higodai ; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite, growing to a height of 2-3 Its. In autumn it bears composite flowers form- ing very pretty purplish blue balls at the top of the divided stems. 850. Cnicus SpicatUS, Max., Jap. Yama-azami, Oni- azaun ; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite growing to a height of about 2 fts. The leaves and stems are thorny. .In late summer, it is divided into branches at the top, and bears reddish purple J lowers. 850. b. Cnicus buergeri, Max., Jap. No-asami ; it resembles the preceding, but smaller. It blooms in early summer, and the flowers are purple. There is a variety called Hana-azaini with pretty flowers of diverse colours, red/white, etc. 851. Rhaponticum atriplicifolium, DC., Jap. Kitma- tori-bokucJii, Yama-gobo, Yama-Itokuclti ; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite*?, growing to a height of 3-4 fts. Its stems and leaves are covered with flne white hair. Jn autumn it pro- duces globular thorny buds, and then dark purple flowers. The young leaves are edible, and the old leaves are used to make u tinder. 852. Serratula coronata, ., Jap. Tamnrasi, Tauia- boki ; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite, growing to a UNIVERSITY) -195- V ^x height of 2-3 i'ts. In autumn it bears reddish purple flowers at the top of the branches. It resembles Cnicus spicatus, but lias no tliorn. 853. Taraxacum officinale, // 7 /^-? Jap- Tampopo ; a jinial herb of the order Composite growing wild everywhere. In spring it shoots peduncles among the leaves, and yields deep yellow flowers at the top. There are .several varieties of various flowers and leaves. The young leaves are eaten as :i vegetable, :g >oft and delicious. 854. Helianthus annuus, L., Jap. ffimawari, ///- guriiina, Xichirinsv ; an annual garden plant of the order Coin- p.xsita;, growing to a height of 6-7 fts. In autumn it bears one yellow llower at the head of each stem. The flower is 8-9 inches in diameter, and turns round towards the sun. The seeds are 1 to take an oil. 855. Platycodon grandiflorum, DC., Jap. Kikyu ; a ]K3reunial wild herb of the order Carnpanulaceixi, growing to a lu'ight o[ 2-3 fts. In autumn it shoots peduncles at the top, and ;rs purplish blue flowers. There? are many varieties planted in garde -. 856. Wahlenbergia marginata, DC. , Jap. a p wild herb of the order Campanulace. - o. Its slender <>\vs obliquely to n height of 4-5 inches. In late summer, stem shoots branches and bears small bluish purple flowers. 857- Glossoconiia lanceolata, Reg., Jap. a p:jreniiial wild climber of the order Campanulaoare. In autumn it produces flowers from the axils of leaves. The flower is greenish white with dark purple vein-nets in the outside, and dark purple v<.'in-nels and spots in the inside. A variety called Basobu is .-:ed with ilir: hair, and its loaves are thin. 858. Phyteuma japonicum, Miq. t Jap. Shide-shajin. Ck'iji-^ikyij ; a perennial wiij Uerb of. tlie order 196 growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In late summer it bears narrow petaled purple or white flowers in panicles at the head of the stem. 859. Campanula punctata, Laml\, Jap. Holam-bukuro, Tsiiriganeso, CIiQchin-bana ; a perennial wild herb of the order Campanulaceae, growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer it bears campanulate purplish flowers with deep purple spots or white flowers with purple spots. Those growing on high mountains have a height of 34 inches, and their flowers are very pretty. 860. Adenophora trachelioides, Max., Jap. Sobana ; a perennial herb of the order Campanulacea; growing in mountains. In late summer it grows to a height of 2-3 fts., and bears light purple campanulate flowers in panicles. 861. Adenophora verticillata, Fisch., Jap. Tsnrigane- nlnjin ; a perennial wild herb of the order Campanulaeeae, grow- ing to a height of 8-4 fts. In summer it produces small bluish purple or white campanulate flowers in panicles. 862. Adenophora denticulata, 77;., Jap. Hiwc-shajin ; a small variety of the preceding growing on high mountains, grow- ing to a height of about 2 fts. In autumn it produces greenish purple campanulate flowers in panicles at the head of the stein. 863. Campanula glomerata, L., var. genuina, Hen/., Jap. Yatsushiro-gikyQ ; a perennial herb of the order Campanu- laceaj growing in moist places. In late summer it grows to a height of about 2 fts., and yields campanulate purplish blue flowers in clusters from the axils of leaves at the head of the stem. 864. Conandroii ramondioides, $. et Z., Jap. Iiva-na r liva-jisha, hva-tabako ; a perennial herb of the order Cyrtand- racea3 growing on rocky mountains, producing one leaf from each root. Its stalk grows in summer, divided into branches, with several flowers which are pink, purple, or white. In late spring its young leaves are eaten as vegetables. 865. Rehrnannia glutinosa, Libosch.. Jap. Sc-nri^ma ;- 197 a perennial garden herb of tlie order Cyrtandraceie. Jn summer it grows to a height of about 1 ft. and bears labiated flowers. The out-side of the flower is light red shaded with purple, and the in- side is yellow with purple spots. 866. Andromeda polifolia, L., Jap. Hime-shakunage ; an evergreen small shrub of the order Ericaceae growing in inoist places of high mountains. In summer it grows to a height of about 1 ft. and produces peduncles at the top of the branches, bearing one campanulate light red flower on eacli peduncle. 867. Phyllodoce taxifolia, Don., Jap. Tsuga-zakura ; an evergreen small shrub of the order Ericaceae growing on high mountains, growing to a height of about 1 ft. In summer it bears small light red campanula with five petals. 868. Pyrola rotundifolia, Z., Jap. Ichiyakusu, Kikko- so ; an evergreen wild herb of the order Ericaceae In summer it shoots peduncles to a height of about 8-9 inches, and bears yellowish white flowers. There are several varieties. 869. ChiinapMla japonica, Max., Jap. MnmcgasasQ, KinugasasQ ; a small evergreen herb resembling the preceding, growing in shady places of mountains. In summer it shoots 6-8 inches long peduncles from the axils of leaves, and tears greenish white ilowcrs in panicles. 870. Chlorantliiis brachystacliys, BL, Jap. Swryo ; an evergreen herb of the order Chloranthaceaj produced in warm provinces, growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer it produces m<-l'-s at the top of the brandies, and bears small yellowish green flowers in clusters, being succeeded with small round red berries. The fruits remain on the branches till the following year. There is a variety with white berries. 871. Ardisia crispa, DC., Jap. Manryfi / an evergreen shrub of the order Myrsinacca3 growing in shady places of moun- tains. It grows to a height of 2-3 fts., but 7-8 fts. in warm In summer it produces peduncles, and b ars small white 198 flowers, being- succeeded with round red berries which remain on the branches for a long time. There are varieties with white or yellow berries. 872. Bladhia crenata, Jap. Karatachi-bana , Koji ; an evergreen shrub of the order Myrsinaceao produced in warm re- gions, growing to a height of about 1 ft. In summer it bears greenish white flowers, being succeeded with small round berries, which are red., yellow, or white. The leaves are various. 873. Ardisia japonica, /., Jap. Yabu-kojt, Yabn-tachi- bana ; an evergreen wild shrub of the order Myrsinacerc, growing to a height of about 1 ft. In summer it produces bluish white; flowers at the axils of leaves, being succeeded with small round red berries. There is a variety with white, berries which remain for a long time on the branches. There are also several varieties with various leaves. 874. Asdepias curassavica, L.. Jap. Totvata; an an- nual garden herb of the order Asclepiadacese growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer it produces red flowers at the top, being- succeeded with pods. When ripe, the pods open and expose the seeds provided with white fibrous tufts, 875. Hoya carnosa, R. Br., Jap. Sakzira-ran ; an ever- green climber of the order Asclepiadacere produced in warm pro- vinces In winter it must be kept in hot-houses. In summer it produces peduncles bearing light red bell-flowers. 876. Amsonia elliptica, Rccm. et Sch. t Jap. Choji-so ; a perennial wild herb of the order Apoeynacea^ growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer it produces greenish purple flowers. Jts ripe pods contain seeds provided with fibrous tufts. 877. Nerium odoruin, Soland, Jap. KiQcJiikutv / an evergreen shrub of the order Apocynaceae found in warm regions growing to a height of about 1 ft. In late summer it bears pink, purple, or white flowers. 199 878. Vinca rosea, L. , Jap. XichinichisQ, Nichinichikiva ; an annual herb of the order Apoc3 r nacea3 brought formerly from foreign countries, growing to a height of about \ It. In late summer it blooms every clay. The flowers are pinkish purple or white. 879. Gentiana scabra, ]>nngc t var. Buergeri, Max., Jap. Rind) Sasa-rindo ; a perennial wild herb of the order Gentia- nacea:-, growing to a height of 1-2 fts. In late autumn it bears blue flowers in clusters. The bitter roots are used for medicine. 880. Gentiana squarrosa, Ledcb., Jap. Koke-rindQ, 1 [aru-rindo ; an annual wild herb of the order Gentianaceae, growing to a height of 4-5 inches. In spring it produces purplish ln.wn flowers. A variety called Fude-sQ is large in form. 881. Crawfurdia japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Tsuru-rindo ; a perennial herb of the order GentianaceaB growing in shady places var. integrifolia, Fr. et Sav.y Jap. QMrugao; a large variety of the preceding, with large pretty flowers. 885. Calystegia soldanella, A'. Br., Jap. Ilama-hinigao, Aoi-kadsura ; a perennial creeper of the order Convolvulacea? i 200 Crowing in sandy places near sea-coasts. In late summer it bears red flowers resembling Lliriigcto in form. 886. Ipomaea bona-box, ., Jap. Tlari-asagao, C/ioji- asagao ; an annual climbing herb of tlie order Convolvulacete, brought from foreign lands. The vine in covered with soft pricks. Jn late summer it produces purple funnel-shaped ilowers. The receptacles of the seeds are bi and droop by their own weight. The young fruits are eaten as a vegetable. 887. Pharbitis triloba, Miq., Jap. Asagao ; an annual turning herb of the order Convolvulacea3 planted in gardens. In late summer it blooms at the leaf-axils only hi early morning. The flowers and leaves are various. 888. Oniphalodes krameri, Fr. et Sav., Jap. RuHso ; A perennial wild herb of the order Boraginaeea3, growing to a height of 8-9 inches. In summer it bears several blue flowers at the top of its stem. A variety with red ilowers is called Sa?igoso. 889. Omplialodes krameri, Fr. et Sa-c. t var., Jap. Hart-so ; a variety of the preceding with white flowers. 890. Veronica longifolia, /.., var. japonica, Max., Jap. Ruri-torano-o ; a perennial wild herb of the order Scrophulariacejo, growing to a height of 1-2 fts. Tn late summer it produces small 4-petaled purplish blue flowers in panicles. 891. Veronica incana, L., Jap. Tvtei-ran, Hama-tora- no-o ; a perennial, herb of the order Scrophulariaceje growing to a height of about 2 fts. The stems and leaves are hairy. In late summer it bears small pinkisu purple flowers in panicles. 892- Veronica oncei, Fr. et Sav. y Jap. Hlyokuso ; :i perennial wild herb of the order ScrophulariaceaB, growing to a height of about 1 ft. It produces 2 branches at each leaf-axil. In summer it bears purple ilowers in panicles. 893. Veronica sibirica, /. ; Jap. Kukaiso ; n perennial 201 wild herb of the order Scrophulariaceas growing to a height of 3-4 fts. Several leaves grow at the same point, forming layers. In it bears small purplish blue flowers in panicles. 894. Paederota villosula, Miq. t Jap. Sudsukakesv ; a perennial wild herb of the order Scrophulariaceie. Ifc stem is slender and creeps over the ground. In summer it produces small purplish bliv 1 lowers forming a ball. 895. Pedicularis gloriosa, Biss. et Moor., Jap. Han- kwai-aui-mi ; a perennial herb of the order Scrophulariacesc found in shady places of: mountains. The stem grows to a height of 2-3 fts. In late summer it bears purplish pink labiate ilowers in panicles at the top of the stem. 896. Linaria japonica, J// a height of 5-6 fts. In autumn it produces panicles at the top and the axils of leaves, with many red flowers in clusters. 908. Polygonum bistorta, /.., Jap. Ibuki-torano-o ; a perennial mountain herb of the order I'olygonaceie. In summer its stalk shoots forth to a height of 1-2 fts., and bears pink or white flowers in panicles at the top of the stem. 909. Polygonum filiforxne, ///., .Jap. MUkuhiki ; a perennial herb of the order Pojygonaoefs growing in forests and bushes. It UTOWS to a height of about 2 fts., and in summer it O O produces long filiform red panicles at the end of the branches. 910. Begonia evansiana, Andr. y Jap. s/ui-hmfo ; a perennial garden herb of the order Pegoniacea3. It has male and female flowers. It thrives \vell in moist shady places. It grows to a height of about 2 fts.. and in autumn it produces red flowers at the axils of leaves. The leaves are irregular heart-shaped. This plant is juicy and aciduous. 911. Asarum blumei, Ditch., Jap. Kan-aoi : an ever- green herb of the order Aristolochiaceae growing in shady places <> high mountains. In winter it blooms near the roots and the 1 lowers resemble those of Asarum sieboldi (456), but are yellowish green. It is prized for its pretty variegated le,-iv< s. 912. Pachysandra terminalis, .s. et /.., Ja[ I\u-/tyisd r l : ukkisQ ; an evergreen mountain-herb of the order Kuphorbiacese, growing to a height of about 1 ft. In late summer it produces panicles at the top, baring small yellowish green i lowers, which ar esucceeded with small rouisd white ber: 204 913. Cymbidiuin, Jap. Me-ran ; an evergreen herb of .the order Orchidete resembling Suruga-ran (1)95) in form, though with broad leaves and tender nature. It is admired as a, pot-plant* 914. Cymbidium virens, L., Jap. Hokitro, Hakuri, Kitsa-ran ; an evergreen wild orchid. In spring it shoots forth .peduncles with yellowish green little fragrant flowers. The flowers .are edible when preserved in salt. 915. Calanthe japonica, /?/., Jap. Kantn, Riitkiu-yebinc, Kwaran ; a perennial orchid prod deed in warm provinces. In cold regions it must be kept in hot-houses during winter. In late summer it produces peduncles to a height of about 1 ft., and bears red, purple or white flowers. 916. Bletia hyacinthina, R. /;/-., Jap. Shiran, Shuran, Shikei ; a perennial orchid. Late in spring, it shoots forth pedun- cles to a height of about 1 ft., and bears 5-6 reddish purple or white flowers at the top. This plant thrives well hi gardens. The roots are used to make paste. 917. PhajUS maculatUS, Jap. Gauscki-ra'n t hhi-ran ; .-in evergreen orchid produced in warm provinces. Late in summer, it shoots forth its peduncle to a height of about 1 ft., with several golden yellow flowers. A variety with yellow variegation on the leaves is called HosJiikci, and when its variegation is very fine it is called Kinkci. 918. Anglsecum falcatum, 77. < -t //"., Jap. Fa-ran ; an evergreen orchid growing on the old tree- trunks of high mountains in warm regions. In summer it produces a peduncle to a height > 5-6 inches, and the peduncle is divided into branches, with slightly fragrant white flowers. 919. Cymbidium japonicum, J//V-> J il an evergreen orchid produced in warm provinces. In late spring and early summer, it shoots a peduncle to a height of 6-7 inches, bearing several yellowish white flowers. 205 92O. Aerides japonicum, Lintil., Jup. Xtigo-rau ; an evergreen orchid growing on old trees in mountains of warm re- gions. In summer it produces peduncles 0-7 inches high, and bears several reddish white slight!}* fragrant 921. Cleisostoma ionosmum, I Audi., Jap. ran ; an evergreen orchid growing on Irhnote mountain of Oki- naiva Island?. The stein attains to a height of 2-'> fts. In summer it shoots peduncles, and yields several 3 7 ellow flov* with reddish brown spots. 922. Cypripedium japonicum, 77/., Jap. Hctfiso : a perennial wild orchid, growing to a height of about 1 ft., with 2 large broad leaves. From spring to summer, it blooms purse-like yellowish green flowers with dark purple spots. There is a variety called Afsiimoris<> (('. rnaciunthum, S-TJ.). 923. Habenaria radiata, 77/., Jap. Sagi-so ; a perennial orchid growing in marshy places. In spring it produces its peduncle about 1 ft. high, and yields 2-o white fringed Il<>wers. 924. Goody era schlechtendaliana, Reich., Jap. Ka- Jiwme-ran. Miyaum-udsura, Toyoskima-ran ; an evergreen wild' orchid, growing to a height of 4-5 inches, with white variegated leaves. From summer t< autumn, it bears reddish white flowers in panicles. 925 Dendrobium moniliforme, Sic., Jap. Sckkokn, Iwadokusa ; an evergre<"'n ojfhid growing >n rocks or old tives of mountains, attaining to a height of s<-ver;il inches. The stems have joints like Fquisrtiim hyemal* 1 . In sninmc'r it produces light pink floWt-rs. There arc several varieties. 926. Luisia teres, />'/., Jap. Jio-rtui, Matsn-ran ; an evergreen orchid, growing on old trees in warm regions about 1 ft. high. In summer it Ix-ars yellwi>h green flowers with dark red spots. 927. Cailiia indica, /.., Jnp. ]\)ih-fokn ; an evergixen- 206 herb of the order Maruntaeese growing to a height of 2-3 its. In cold regions, the plant fades, but the root remains like a perennial. In summer it opens several orange-red flowers. The ripe seeds lire round, black, and hard, and they sprout readily when sown. 928. Musa COCCinea, Willd., Jap. Hime-bashQ, Bijii .an evergreen herb of the order Musaeeie produced in warm regions. It does not thrive in cold weather. It grows to a height of 4-5 fts., and in autumn it 3'ields deep red flowers in layers. 929. Iris tectorum, J/^r., Jap. Jchihatsu; a perennial herb of the order Jridaceie planted in gardens and sometimes on straw-roofs. In spring it shoots forth its stalks to a height of .about \\ fts., and in summer it boars several purplish green or white flowers. 930. Iris Isevigata, FiscJi., Jap. Kakitmbata; a peren- nial herb of the order Iriclaceao planted in shallow water growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer it produces purplish blue, white red, or blue flowers. 931. Iris Isevigata, Fisch., var. laernpfereri, Jap. Hana- s/iobn ; a variety of the preceding, blooming earlier. The flowers are purplish blue, white, or variegated, and very pretty. 932. Iris sibirica, L.\ var. orientals, Jap. Ayamc, Haua- ayamc ; it grows wild in marshy places, attaining to a height of about 1 ft. .In early .summer it bears purplish blue or white flowers. .>, 933. Iris emata, ///., var. dunensis. Jap. Xcji-ayamc : it is closely allied to the preceding, but the leaves are twisted. It .blooms in early summer, and the flowers are white with purple .ctnpes. Its fibrous roots are fine and strong (348. b.). 934. Iris sibirica, L., var. h.-omatophylla, Jap. Kaina- yama-shobu; a perennial garden herb of the order iridaceio, re- sembling Ayame (932), with leaves 2-3 fts. long. As the leaves are stronir and flexible, they are used for tvinir. 935. Iris japonica, Y//., Jap. V/^.^vr / ail evergreen shrub <>f the ord<*r IridaceaB, growing' in shady places. It shoots furtli its leaves obliquely. In summer its stems -row to a height of about 1 ft., and pmdu< > s"veral purple shaded white flowers with yell'-w < -litres. jx 936. Iris gracilipes, A. dray, Jap. Hiinc-shaga ; a perennial garden herb of the order Iridaceie. It resembles the former iu form, but smaller. Jn early summer it .shoots forth its steins to a height of about .1 ft., and produces several purple or whit" llowers. 937. Iris, .hip. Kin-kakitsu t Ko-kakitsubata ; a perennial garden lu.rb of the order Iiidaceae. From spring to summer, it shoots forth straight 1 lower stalks to a height *f 5-6 inches, and vio'.u -j .:; _..,Men yellow ilo\vers. 938. Pardanthum chinensis, 4. Gray, Jap. 77/-6.V// a perennial wild herb of the order Jridaceax Its leaves grow- straight, and from summer to autumn it shoots forth peduncles to a height of 2--\ fts. The colours of the Powers differ according to their own varieties, as red. yellow, etc., and also the loaves are various, short, twisted, etc. 939. Narcissus tazetta, L.. var. chinensis, Bocu;.. Jap. Suiscn, (findai ; a bulbous plant n<>;is, l>ut the fre>h bulbs are used as medicine. 940. Narcissus tazetta, ., var. il. ])!eno., Jap. Yayc- * sin'scn : tiie double variety of the preceding. T varieties with narrow Lavs. n ;! nu\v ]>etals, or flowers. Tliey ai*e all ])r,-ci>us winter-blooming plants. 941. Crinum asiaticum, L., var. doclinatum, A'//;////., 208 Jap. Hama-yu, Hawa-omoto ; an evergreen bulbous plant of tlie order Amaryllidaceas, growing on sea-coasts of warm regions. When fully grown, it attains to a height of 1-5 fts., with several large broad leaves in the upper part. In. summer it shoots forth peduncles in the centre of leaves, and blooms about ten flowers in an umbel form. The flowers are 6-petaled and white. 941. b. Nerine japonica, Miq., Jap. Higan-bana ; this bulbous plant (509) grows abundantly everywhere, and so not precious, but its red flowers arc beautiful. 941. c. Lycoris radiata, Herb., Jap., Kitsune-w-Jeami- sort; tins bulbous plant (510) has also beautiful flowers. 941. d. Nerine sarniensis, Z., Jap. Shvki-ran ; a variety of the preceding, with broad leaves and pretty yellow flowers. 941. e. Amaryllis squemigera, Max., Jap. Natsu- dsuisen ; a variety closely allied to the preceding, with reddish purple flowers. 942. Lilium krameri, Th., Jap. Sasa-yuri, Yama-yuri; a wild bulbous plant of the order Liliacese. In summer its stalks an>w to a Light of 2-3 fts., and bear 6-petaled reddish whitli fragrant flowers at the top. The bulbs are edible (121. b). 942. b. Lilium tigrinum, Gawl., Jap. Oni-yuri ; this (121) is principally noted for its edfbie roots, but tbe flowers are also pretty. The varieties with double or yellow flowers or with flat peduncles are especially beautiful. 942. c. Lilium callosum, S. tt Z., Jap. Sugc-yuri ,- a wild variety of the preceding with slender leaves. 943. Lilium japonicum, var., Jap. Satsuki-yuri, Sa- yuri; a variety of the preceding, blooming earlier, with red pollen. 944. Lilium aura tum, Li ml I., Jap. Iforaiji-yuri ; its flowers are white with a yellowish band and dark .red spots. It is 209 produced abundantly in //^r^/>V-mountain of Province whence the Japanese name is derived. 945. Lilium auratum, 7//., var. rubro-vittaturn, Beni-suji-yuri ; a variety of Sasa-yiiri (i)42). The 1 lowers have a red band and dark red spots. It is mostly propagated by culti- vation. 946. Lilium speciosum, 77*., var. rubrum, Jap. Kano- ko-yuri; it is cultivated in gardens, growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer, it bears several flowers at the top of its stem. The flowers are recurved like those of L. tigrinum (121), and are pink- shaded white with many scarlet spots. The bulbs are yellow and bitter, being not edible. 946. b. Lilium speciosum, 7//., var. alburn, Jaj>. Shiro-kanoko-yuri , Shiratama-ynri , Minc-no-ynki ; a variety of the preceding with white flowers. Its bulbs are less bitter and edible. 947. Lilium hansoni, LeichtL, Jap. Takeshiiiia-yuri ; a species of lilies growing to a height of 2-3 fts. Several leaves grow together and form layers. In summer it produces under- recurved and purple-spotted red flowers. 948. Lilium batemanni, Jap. Hirato-yuri; it grows to a height of 2-8 fts. In snmmer it bears several flowers at the top. The flowers are orange-red, yellow or red. 949. Lilium COnCOlor, Salisb., var. pulchellum, Fisch., Jap. Hime-ynri, Aka-hime-yuri ; a smallest garden lily, growing to a height of about 1 ft. In summer it bears several red flower at the top. 949. b. Lilium concolor, Salisb., Subr. Coridon, Jap, Ki-hime-yiiri ; a variety of the preceding, with yellow flowers. 95O. Lilium thunbergianum, Roem. et ^cknlt., Jap. Xatsu-sukashi-yuri ; it grows on sea-con-ts of southern province.-. 210 It is about 1 foot high, with several red flowers facing upwards. There is an empty space between each petal. It is admired as a flower-plant, and the bulbs are edible (121 . c). 950. b. Lilium thunbergianum, J\. et S., var., Jap. Haru-sukashi-yitri ; it blooms early, and the flowers are various. 951. Lilium longiflorum, T/i., Jap. Teppo-yuri, Riu- kiu-yuri ; it is planted in gardens growing to a height of 1 *-2 fts. In summer it opens many flowers laterally at the top. The flowers are about 6 inches long, white, and very fragrant. 952. Fritillaria thunbergii, Miq., Jap. Haru-yuri. Haha-yuri, Amigasa-yur i ; a, garden bulbous plant of the,- ioirder Jjiliaccic, growing to a height of about 1 ft., with long narrow leaves. The three leaves at the top are rolled up at the end. In spring it produces short peduncles from the axils of leaves; and droops one flower from each peduncle. The flowers are 6-p'etaled, bell-formed, light yellow with green veins, and purple spotted inside. 953. Pritillaria japonica, 3 fig. , Jap. Koba-imo, yuri ; a small variety of the preceding, growing in shady places of valleys. It attains to a height of 3-4 inches. In spring it blooms on short peduncles produced from the axils of. leaves, much resembling the former. 954. Fritillaria camtschatensis, ' Gawl.\ Jap. yuri, Koku-yuri ; it grows on high mountains of northern regions. It attains to a height of about 1 ft. In early summer it bears 6-petaled bell-shaped dark purple flowers facing laterally at the top of the plant. It is not a. real lily. The bulbs are eaten by the native of Ye so. 955. Hemerocallis flava, /..,. Jap. Wasure-gusa ; a perennial wild herb of the order Liliaceae, In summer it grows to a height of about 2 fts., with several flowers at the top, blboming -successively. The flowers are 6-pctaled ;i.nd reddish yellow, f l'hey in the morning and fade in the oven';:-. Tii- 'lower- MI! young shoots are eaten as vegetables, being soft and s\\- 955. b. HemerocaUis flava, L..i\. ])leno., Jap. Ytw- kwaazv, Yabn-ki^aurJj, Oni-kisaiizu ; a double-petaled variety of tlie preceding, growing to a height of about :> fts., with large long leaves and yellowish brown ilowers. It is u>ed in the same way as the preceding. 956. HemerocaUis minor, J////.. Jap. Beni-sugc ; a variety of Wasure-gusa (055), growing wild on mountains, and also much planted in gardens. In summer it grows to a height of about ~\\ Its., and produces several yellowish dark-red ilowers at the top. 957- HemerocaUis dumortieri, Morr., Jap. I lime- kivansc), Kisugc : a small variety of Wasure-gusa (U55), with golden yellow ilowers in early summer. 957. b. HemerocaUis, Jap. Zenteikiua, Setteikivj, Xik- ko-kisuge ; a species of Hernerocallis smaller than 955, but larger i'ia!! th' prmnmer to autumn, it pro-luces white .ed flowers with purple spots. A variety with yellow called Taittag(iwa-IioJotogi$u. 212 959. Funkia sieboldiana, Hook., Jap. TogMski ; a perennial garden herb of the order -Liliaceto, producing many leaves from one root. In summer it grows to a height of -1-5 fts., and baars many white 0-petaled flowers in panicles at the top of the stein. The flowers do not open fully. A variety called Tamanokanzashi has narrow leaves, and its flowers open fully.. Another variety called Tokiidaina is small, and its loaves an? covered with white powder. 960. Funkia OVata, Spreiig., Jap. Gitoshi ; a small: wild variety of the preceding, growing to a height of .1-2 fts. Jn summer it bears purple or white flowers. There are many varieties. The petioles of all these varieties are edible. 960. b. Funkia japonica, Sprcng., var., Jap. Suji- giboshi ; a garden variety of the preceding with yellow or white' stripes on leaves. 961. Rhodea japonica, Roth., Jap. Omoto ; an ever- green herb of the order Liliacere, growing in mountains of warm. regions, but principally planted in gardens as a pot plant. The leaves are dark green, broad and about 1 ft. long. It shoots out a peduncle from the centre of several leaves to a height of 5-(- inches, and produces small flowers, being succeeded with a cluster of beautiful red berries. The leaves arc various with different sizes, shapes, and variegations. They are admired on account oE their beautiful evergreen leaves. 962. Plectogyne variegata, Link., Jap. Haran .; an, evergreen garden herb of the order Liliaceie. The leaves are narrow or broad, and 2-o fts. long. The narrow leaves stand straight, while the broad leaves inclined at the end. Jn spring it yields a dark purple flower near the roots, being succeeded with blue fruits as lare as a finer's head. 963. Tofieldia nuda, Max., Jap. kisho ; a perennial herb of the order Liliaceu-- growing on rocks of valleys. The leaves nre lonir and narrow. In summer its hoots ; 213 peduncle* from the centiv of the leaves and produces small white 1 lowers in panicles. 964. ScirpuS laoustris, L., var. genumus, Grcn., Jap. i 1'iitoi. '1 o/. Tsuknino, Harugaina ; \\. perennial herb of the order Gyperaoeaa. growing in ponds and marshes. The stalk is round, j'.ncl grows to a heigt of 5-6 fts. In summer it produces several peduncles with many yellowish green flowers. The stalks are used to make mats called Gitwa-inushiro, and also used to make Lepironia mucronata, Rick. 965. . -Jap. Anperai, Jttrtisngc, Xebikigusa ; an evergreen li^rb of the order Cyperaceni growing in the marshy places of warm provinces. The leaves are Hat and round, being about 3 fts. long. In summer its stalk shoots forth from the <-:ntre f the leaves and blooms at the top. The leaves are used to make mnts. 966. Eriocaulon sexangulare, Z., .lap. Hoshi-kusa, Ckikutosto ; an annual herb of the order Kriocaulonaeea3 growing in paddy fields and other moist places. It shoots out many slender leaves from one root, and in summer it produces several peduncles whioli gr< w to a height of 2-3 inches, bearing white ball-flowers at the tip. The male and female flowers are found separately. A large variety has a height of about 1 ft. 967. Typha japonica, J//V., .lap. Gaina, Kaba, Hira- Vitfwia ; a perennial herb of the order Aaaceae growing in ponds and marshes. It resembles Iliwe-gama (339), but the leaves are broader, and the male and female flowers are attac g"d closely together with Lirger spadix. The use and quality are the ie as the preceding. 968. Acorus spurius, Scholt., Jap. S/i Xuribashi, Kujakitsv ; a perennial fern growing in valleys. On one petiole more than 10 leaflets shoot forth pinnately on both sides, resembling a peaeock-tail. Its young leaves are scarlet, and C >FTHE 216 its petioles are lustrous and dark purple. The petioles without leaflets are used to make brooms. 981. Adianthum monochlamys, Eat., Jap. Hakone- s/iiddf, Hakone-sQy Oranda-so ; an evergreen fern growing on steep rocks of deep mountain-valleys. The leaves are about 1 ft. long. The petioles and stalks are lustrous and purplish black. The leaflets resemble a duck- foot. 982. PteriS serrulata, L., Jap. Inomotoso, Tori-no-ashi , KeisokusQ ; an evergreen fern growing in shady places. The leaves are about 1 ft. long, growing in tufts. In summer the spores grow underneath the leaf-margin. A large variety is called Q-inomotosQ. 983- Pteris cretica, L., var. alba-lineata, Jap. Matsu- s&ka-shida, Okiua-shida ; a variety of the preceding with white stripes in the centre of the leaves. 984. Asplenium nidus, L., Jap. Taniwatari^ Q-tani- zvatari ; an evergreen fern, growing in shady places of warm regions. The leaves are broad and large without segments. Its large leaves are about 3 fts. long. 985. Scolopendrium vulgare, Sm., Jap. Ko-tani- watari, Taka-no-ha ; an evergreen fern growing in mountains. It resembles the preceding, but small. The leaves are provided with petioles about 1J fts. long, bearing the spores as in the preceding. 986. Lomaria nipponica, Kunse, Jap. Shiskigashira, Knsa-sotetsu ; an evergreen fern growing in valleys with many leaves in cluster, expanding horizontally. The leaves grow pin- nately on both sides of the petiole like comb- teeth, and are about ] ft. long, generally coiling at the tips. 'Die spore-bearing fronds grow separately. 987. Camptosorus sibiricus, Ruper., Jap. Kumanosu- shida ; an evergreen fern growing on mountain-rooks. The single 217 leaves are 6-7 inches long, and their tips grow slender, reaching to the ground and shooting roots. The spores grow on the back of the leaves. 988. Gymnogramme elliptica, Baker, J ap. faa- Xikkv-shida ; an evergreen fern creeping 011 rocks and trees of mountain?. The leaves grow pinnately on both slues of the petioles in the form of expanded fingers. The spores are attached to the back of the leaves. 989. Aspidum lepidocaulon, Ifook, .I;ip. Oridmru- shiiia, Tsurit-sotetsn ; an evergreen fern growing in mountains of warm regions, with several leaves in cluster. The leaves grow pinnately on both sides of the petioles. The tips of the petioles grow slender, and reach to the ground to take roots. 990. Aspidum falcatum, Sw. f .Jap. Oni-shida, Ushi- gomi-shida ; an evergreen fern found on sea-coasts of southern provinces, producing several leaves from a root, with leaflets on both sides of the petioles. The leaves are lustrous and dark green, being about 1 ft. long. It grows on the rocks of Uskigoitti in Tokio, whence the Japanese name is derived. 991. Polypodium buergerianum, MLq., Jap. Yanone- shida ; a perennial fern creeping on the rocks of mountains. Its leaf rernbles the head of an arrow, whence the Japanese name is derived. The spores are spotted on the back of the leaver. 992. Polypodium lingua, S., Jap. Hitotsuba ; an evergreen fern creeping on rocks and decayed woods in warm regions. The leaves are narrow, and their backs are yellowish brown. They arc about 1 ft. L-UJ. 993. Polypodium hastatum, 77/., Jap. Uraboshi, Hoshihitotsuba ; an evergreen fern creeping on rocks and trees of mountains. The leaf is not dissected, but sometimes forms a trifid or difid. The spores grow on the back of the leaves, being arranged separately like stars. 218 994. Polypodium ensatum, 7//., Jap. Kuriharan / a large variety allied to the preceding, growing on mountain-rocks. The leaves are about 1 ft. long. The spores grow on both sides of the main vein underneath the leaves. 995. Polypodium tricuspe, Swartz, Jap. Iwa-omo- daka ; a variety of Polypodium lingua (992), with ternate leaves, growing on decayed woods of mountains. 996. Polypodium lineare, 77/., Jap. Noki-shinobu r Yatsumcran ; an evergreen fern growing on trees, rocks and roofs. The leaves are narrow and 4-5 inches long. The spores adhere on both sides of the vein undeneath the leaves. 997. NephrolepiS tuberosa, Presl., Jap. Taina-shida ; an evergreen fern growing in shady places of mountains in warm regions. It shoots many fronds from one tuft to a height of about 2 fts. The leaves grow pinnately on both sides of the petioles. The roots are slender, strong and straight, creeping over and some- times under the ground. The underground roots are provided with many bulbs, from which the plants propagate. 998. Lygodium japonicum, Sw., Jap. Tsuru-shinobu, Samisen-dsnrn , Kani-kusa ; a wild perennial scandent fern. The stalk is slender like fine wire, being several feet long, with com- pound leaves. The leaves are finely dissected, and have spores on. the back. The ripe spores look like brown sand, being used as a medicine called Kaikinsha. This plant is a curious species of ferns. 999. OpMoglossum vulgatum, L., Jap. Hanayasiin ' ; a wild perennial herb of the order Filices. The rhizomes extend under the ground in every direction, and shoot forth stalks which attain to a height of 6-6 fts., with a spoon like leaf on each stalk. File-like spikes of spores are attached to the ends of the branches. The ripe spores produce very fine powder as in the preceding. 1000. Botrychium lunarium, Sw., Jap. Akino- hanawarabi ; a perennial ophioglossaceous fern growing in shady 219 places of mountains. Its stalk grows ton height of 6-T inches, being provided with a pinnate leaf. Small spores fire attached to the ends of branches in panicles. This is the same species with B. ternaturn (91. b), and is rarely found. 1001. Lycopodium aloifolium, L.. Jup. Xankaku- ran, Jivamoini : an evergreen herb of the order Lycopodiacese, growing on decayed woods of mountains in warm regions, droop- ing to a length of 8-9 inches. The stem is closely imbricated with small leaf-like scales. The spores are produced at the head of branches and the axils of leaves. 1002. Lycopodium sieboldi, J //>/., Jap. Himorau, iimo, If of if ran ; an evergreen Lycopod growing on decayed trees of mountains in warm regions. Several drooping slender stems are about 1 ft. long, and divided into many branches. The small leaves grow closely together, and look like a cord. The is of fructification are closely allied to the preceding. 1003 Lycopodium clavatum, L., Jap. 2Iikage-no- kadmra ; an evergreen mountain Lycopod. Its vine creeps over the ground and takes roots everywhere. Some vine is about 10 fts. long, and is divided into several branches. Stems and branches are covered with small scale-like leaves. Its branches bear pe- duncles divided into 2 or 3, and produce spores which when ripe yield fine yellowish white powder. This powder is used to smoothen globes and boots. 1004. Lycopodium japonicum, 77/., Jap. Mannen- giisa, Mannen-siigi ; an evergreen Lycopod resembling the prece- ding, with standing stems divided into many branches, which pro- duce spikes of spores at the top. The roots creep under the ground, shooting up the stems everywhere. This plant does not change its aspect, though it dries up. 1005. Lycopodium complanatum, /,., var., chamae- cyparissus, A/., Jap. Asuhu&adzura, Tsnru-hiba ; au evergreen Lycopod growing on high mountains. It resembles L. clavatum 220 (1003), but the leaves are small, wrinkled, and attached more closely. 1006. Selaginella caulescens, Spring Jap. Kata-hiba, Hime-hiba ; a perennial herb of the order Lycopodiaceae growing on trees and rocks of mountains. Its roots creep and produce stalks everywhere, dividing many branches in layers. The stalk stands obliquely to a height of 6-7 inches. This plant is covered with small leaves closely put together like scales, producing spikes of spores amidst the leaves. 1007. Selaginella involvens, Spring, Jap. Iwa-kiba, . Iwa-watsu ; an evergreen Selaginella growing on rocks of moun- ains. Several plants grow together, and produce many horizontal branches, which are covered witli numerous scale-like leaves. The branches lengthen when it rains and shrivel when they face the sun. In antunin it produces fine spikes. There are many va- rieties planted in pots. 1008. Psilotum triquetrum, Siv., Jap. Matsuba-ran, Chikii-ran ; an evergreen herb of the order LycopodiaceaB growing on rocks in shady places of mountains in warm regions. The roots creep in ground, and shoot stalks everywhere. It has a height of about 1 ft. , and is divided into many brandies. The leaves are thin and steril. It produces yellow small spores on the branches. There are more than 100 varieties. 1OO9. Polyporus niponicus, Jap. AVv///, Saiwai-take, Mannen-take ; a fungus growing on decayed roots with cloud- like variegations on the pileus attached to the stipe. In summer it grows in the form of a Japanese writing-brush and gradually expands forming the pileus. The stem and upper part of the pileus are red, purple, or yellow, with a lacquer-like lustre, and the under part of the pileus is brown and coarse. It is hard like a cork and can be preserved for a long time. It is precious as a pot- plant. Sometimes it has two lagers of the pileus or it is di- vided into several branches. * 221 1O1O. Polyporus, Jap. Rokkaknshi ; a variety of the preceding growing rarely in mountains. The stem in divided into many branches, but not provided with pileus, though it has a brown part at the head. The whole shape resembles antlers. Note. Ornamental plants are very numerous, and those described in this chapter are only a part. Among wild plants, there are many ornamental plants with beautiful flowers, variegated leavers, dwarf forms, ete. Many plants growing in mountains and valleys are also ornamental. Especially ornamental garden-plants are very numerous with leaves and flowers of various colours stripes, spots, variegations, sizes, shapes, etc., and some of them have more than hundred varieties ; so among their varieties only <>ne or two were described hi this chapter. Ornamental garden- plants described in other chapters are Hibiscus manihot (o57), Valeriana oflicinalis (436), Aconitum chinensis (482), etc. ; orna- mental pot-plants are Fetasites japonicus (67), Caspicum longum (107), Orithia exypetala (258), etc. ; and ornamental plants for vase-flowers are Brassica chinensis (48), Chrysamthemum corona- rium (62), Pueraria thunbergiana (251), etc. CHAPTER XXV. OK.NAMKNTAL PLAXTS LOJ: COVKKIXQ AM> SHADING THE GKOUND. This Chapter contains the plants used for lawns, and those planted <>n river-banks, sea-coasts, mountain-cliffs, or mounds to- prevent sand from falling down are also metioned here. 1O11. Ophiopogon japonicus, Cawl^ Jap. Riimo-hige, Jano-hige : an evergreen herb of the order Liliaceae, being a veriety of O. spicatus (467) with narrow leaves. It grows wild in bamboo-Woods and forests. The leaves are about a foot long, gi-owing in tufts, in summer it produces peduncles, and bears 6- petaled purplish flowers in panicles, being succeeded with blue- round pea-sized berries. Jt thrives well in shady places under trees. 1O12. Zoysia pungens, Willd., Jap. Chosen-shiba Yaye-shiba, Korai-shiba ; a perennial grass with very fine small leaves, creeping over the ground and taking roots at the joints. The leaves are 1-2 inches long, and amidst them produces small panicles of flowers, being succeeded with fine seeds. It is the best plant Tor lawn. A variety with tiny leaves is called Chiri- jiicn-shiba , which fades in cold weather. 1012. b. Zoysia macrostacliya, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Skiba* No-shiba ; a large species of the preceding growing every- where. It is planted on mounds, mountain-cliffs, etc., to protect earth from falling down. 1013. Miscanthus japonicus, Be nth., var., Jap. Toki- iua-snsuki y Kan-snmki ; an evergreen grass growing in bushes by sea-coasts of warm regions. The leaves are about 5-6 fts. long. In cold regions the leaves wither more or less, but. most of them (remain evergreen. In autumn it produces panicles of 'flowers. This plant is planted on sea-coasts to protect the sand from being washed away by waves. The sheath of the young leaves are made into ropes, and the voung panicles are made into brooms. Miscanthus sacchariflo rus, Hack. 1014. MiscanthtlS, Jap. Ogi, Ugi-yoshi, Umi-yoshi; a perennial grass v growing by water-sides and in plains. Its rhizomes creep c iider the ground, and produce stalks from each joint to a height of 5-6 fts. The leaves resemble those of Mis- Acanthus japonicus (972), but have no sharp dissection on the edges. The. panicles also resemble those of 1)72, but larger and longer. This grass is fitted to protect mounds from falling off. 1015. Phragmites . roxburghii, Kunth, Jap. Yoshi, As/ii t ; a perennial grass growing in marshy places. ]ts roots creep under the ground and shoots up stalks to a height of about 6 fts., bearing panicles at the tops. The stalks resemble small bamboos, being slender, light and lustrous, and they are used to make blinds. The thickness of the stalk depends on the fertility of the ground. Those growing by sea-coasts are slender, flexible .and strong. This grass is planted in wat'T-sid'.'s to protect mud from being washed away by waves. Its young sprouts are edible. Those produced in /r mounds : Zoysia macrostachya, Fr. et Sav., Miscan- thus japonicus, Benth., Pennisetum japonicum, 7>/>/., Carex morro\\ii, Boott., Phyllostacliys kumasasa, Munro^ No-zasa (Hambusa sp.), HQrai-chiku (Bambusa sp.), etc. For mountain-cliffs : Rosa mnltiflora, 77/., Carcx puberula, Boott, , Anthistiria arguens, WHld.-> var. japonica, Anders., Sporo- bolus elongatus, R. J3r., Gynodon dactylon, Pers. t several other Carex and Graminese, etc. For river- banks : Phragmites roxburghii, Kunth., Miscan- I/ thus, Cladium mariscus, R. J5r., Sciipus lacustris, L., var. goimi- nus, Cy perns nutans, Vahl., Acorns, Juncus, etc. l^or sea- coasts: Carex macrocephala, Willd^ Cy perns rotun- /, /., Elymus arenarius, L., Kosa rugosa, 77/., Viti-x trifolia, Z., v;tr. unfoliolata, Schaner, Khaphiolepis japonica, .S". et Z., Junife- rus littoral is, Ma.v., etc. THE END. -h A + fr m mn m B m ft rft K 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED This Dook is 3ue on the lasrdate stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 3958 AUG 271963 RECTD i n AUG 3 7 1963 LD 21A-50m-8,'57 (C8481slO)476B General Library University of California Berkeley