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THE CITY AND COUNTY
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CONTAINING USEFUL AND RELIABLE INFORMATION CONCERNING
THE FUTURE GREAT METROPOLIS OF THE SOUTHWEST.
ITS RESOURCES AND ADVANTAGES
AGRICULTURIST, ARTISAN AND CAPITALIST.
1 SSd.
TIMES PUBLISHING CO.,
EL PASO, TEXAS.
Preface.
The little work which we here offer has been prepared in more of a
hurry than we could obviate, as our time and business engagements
while occupied upon it did not permit of that application to it of
attention and labor which a due performance of the undertaking
really demanded. Nevertheless, we send it forth as it is, with tlie
assurance that we have set forth with equal lidelity the advantages
__j and disadvantages of our county and locality; and we stand ready
c»to verify them.
„ No organized effort of the kind lias heretofore been attempted;
^this fact, among others, suggested to us the a<lvantages we might
QD reasonably exi^ect from such organized and well directed effort, fur-
nishing reliable and authentic information, by an authoritative
^ source. But far above any other motive, we are actuateil by a desire
^ to labor in the task of elevating El Paso County, and the large area
of country that must be dependent upon ami tributary to it (which
therefore must enrich it), to that high position in the world of wealth
and business to which her natural resources and her natural advan-
tages certainly give her a commanding claim.
The population of El Paso County hitherto has not, unfortunately,
been of the progressive kind. The Spanish or Mexican Indian race —
of whom, until the advent of the railways, four years ago, about
ninety-nine hundredths of the population was composed, and of
which one-half of it is still composed — has caused the country to
progress scarcely a move in the great march of material wcaltli and
improvement, beyond what it was in the days of the Spanish vice-
royalty in Mexico, to which it was once subject. Up to that time
(1881) this was practically a " terra incognita."
4 Preface.
Snrcly it is time now tliat one of tlic oldoKt, most attractive, and
best counties in the great State of Texas, and yet tlie least known
until the epoch of the railroads, should enter the lists for the cham-
pionship of them all.
Like the sleeping giant, El Paso County and the great country she
represents (for reasons which we will hereafter demonstrate), has
been reposing in the consciousness of her strength and j)Ower, to
arise when the time should come, by the very force of her inherent
strength, and to assume among the great natural and political divis-
ions of her own State, and of the busy world, the position and rank
to which the laws of Nature and Nature's God entitle lier.
El Paso, Texas.
INTRODUCTORY.
This pamphlet is issued by the El Paso Bureau of
Information, an organization composed of many of the
principal citizens of El Paso County, Texas. Its objects
and purposes are : To diffuse and impart, by ^mblication,
correspondence, and otherwise as may seem best, useful,
clear and reliable information concerning our county, its
resources, attractions, advantages and capabilities, with
a view to encourage and promote immigration ; to as.<;ist
in finding homes for the immigrant; to attract cajjital
by the suggestion of advantages; to induce its invest-
ment; and to do all things within its i)ower and i»urpose
to secure and achieve the objects for wliicli it was organ-
ized. We trust, therefore, that all i)ersons into whoife
hands this pamphlet may fall will peruse carefully its
contents, and then place it in the liaiids ol' i»tliers, to
whom it may not only be of interest, but j)rovi' a bless-
ing; and at the same time forward to the Bun'au here
the names of acquaintances who would be likely to b»>
interested in it.
(6)
6 El Faso, Texan.
The following named i)ersons compose the "Central
Committee " of the organization :
OFFICERS.
President,, Hon. T. A. Falvey,
Jst Vice-President, . . . S. H. Buchanan, .
£d Vice-President, . . . S. AV. Boring, . .
Treasurer, First Nat. Bank,
District Judge.
. . Builder.
. City Marshal.
. ." El Paso.
MEMBERS.
J. F. Sattertiiwaitk,
J. P. Hague,
James Makr,
W. M. Davis, .
H. M. MUNDY,
Joseph f^ciiUTZ, .
C. E. Moorman, .
F. C. Gay,
J. C. Beatty,
R. C. LiGHTBODY,
W. B. McLachlin,
A. Krakauer, .
R. F. Campbell,
E. C. Roberts, .
John Julian,
J. A. McKinney',
H. S. Kaufman,
H. W. Read, .
c. r. morehead,
Henry Beneke,
Wm. Watts, .
Benj. Schuster,
Chas. Merrick,
AV. A. Irvin,
Dr. RossER, .
Joseph Gist,
Chas. T. Race,
E. V. Berrien, .
J. R. Currie,
J. G. Brock,
Joseph Magoffin,
H. L. Detwiler,
F. N. HOLBROOK,
J. H. Bate,
Mg
Capitalist.
. Attorney-at-Law.
El Paso Transfer Co.
Hardware Merchant.
Dealer in Land and Live Stock.
. Wholesale Dry Goods.
Attorney-at-Law.
AgentA., T. &S. F. R'y.
Mex. & Tex. Land & Cattle Co.
Clothing & Furnishing Goods.
Real Estate & Insurance.
Gen'l Merchant.
Druggist.
Merchant.
Merchant.
Physician.
. Cashier First Nat. Bank.
Baptist Minister and Evangelist.
. Pres't State Nat. Bank.
Hardware Merchant.
El Paso AVater AA'orks.
Gen'l Merchant.
Clothing & Furnishing.
Drugs tt Chemicals.
. Physician.
Real Estate Dealer.
. Physician.
Furniture.
. Capitalist.
Real Estate & Live Stock.
Collector of Customs.
Contractor.
Mining Engineer.
. " Dailv Times."
City of El Paso.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NAME "EL PASO."
Two Spanish words, meaning " The Pass." It will be
necessary for the reader to bear this in mind, as he will
see, not only by reading this l)ook, but by a glance at
any map, old or new, how appropriately the name has
been applied. How unerringly has the linger of destiny
pointed toward this place — this "Pass" through the
mountains — this great natural highway from North to
South, from East to West — this great geographical and
commercial center !
CITY OF EL PASO.
This city is no doubt destined to become the great
commercial and political metropolis of this vast region.
Nature has given her the position, and the laws of trade,
like those of nature, will always assert themselves. Our
position relatively, and very signilicantly, is about ei^ui-
distant from the great cities of Mexico, San Francisco,
St. Louis, New Orleans, Kansas City, and Galveston —
about eleven hundred miles from each ; too far to come
into competition or rivalry with any of them, and having
direct and comj^etitive railroad communication with all
of them. And all of them are now conii)eling for our
trade, and for the trade of Mexico through us. This is
in many respects, perhaps, the most important and brill-
iant commercial prospect we have ; and the ri<h trallic
that it promises, and results that must follow, cannot be
over estimated. The commerce of Chihuahua, Diiraiigo,
Zacatecas, and other Mexican States, which are cut
off from the ocean by high mountain barriers, is now
8 El Paso, Texas.
passing through this city in a steady stream. One com-
mission house liere paid duties, witliin the Last year,
on goods and mercliandise consigned to Mexico, of
$307,000, and this represents about one-sixth of the
total amount of duties paid at this point on goods des-
tined for Mexico during the same period. The vast
extent of territory tributary to this city, and her exact
position in tlie pathway of the immense trade that will,
in the course of time, be carried on between the two
Republics and with the States of Central and South
America, by means of railroad systems now in opera-
tion or projected, and with the West India Islands.
China, and Japan, by means of her railroads to the Pa-
cific, give her commercial future a magnitude the mind
can scarcely grasp. In point of destiny, we believe that
El Paso is entitled to rank with any of the great cities
we have named, and that, before she is as old as Kansas
City or Denver now are, she will have outstripped either
of them. This is no visionary view. We are better
entitled to say this now, we have more in sight, more
ground for our belief, than the wildest enthusiast could
have claimed for either of those cities ten years ago.
With improved means of intercourse, and better com-
mercial treaties with these States and countries just
mentioned, a commerce of enormous value will be main-
tained with the United States, much of which must pass
through li^re. A fact that will seem incredible to many,
as it has no doubt escaped general observation, is, that
the Mexican Central Railway, in its 1,225 miles between
here and the City of Mexico, passes through twenty-one
cities (including the two termini) having a population of
950,000. And, as we have already shown, Ave are in the
centre of a great district, including Western Texas,
Southern New Mexico, and Eastern Arizona, the trade of
which we shall undoubtedly command ; the importance
of which is, of itself, sufficient to build up a great city.
City of El Paso. 9
In addition to the live railroads already terniiiiatin<,^
here, we liave the prospect of others. The first is that
to the White Oalvs coal fields. This road will not oidy
bring us cheap coal in abundance (when reduction
works, glass works, and many other nuinufacturing en-
terprises will soon follow), but it will bring the ores
from the many mines discovered near its route, and the
lumber and timber from the great White Mountain dis-
trict ; it will also be extended so as to connect with the
St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad, which, when cniii-
pleted, will give a line from El Paso to St. Louis two
hundred and fifty miles shorter than by any other route.
We can confidently ask, Is there, or has there bfcu,
such a prospect in view for any town '\n the riiiffd
States ?
Thus much for our prosjjects ; now as to tlit> city
itself.
A little more than four years ago there were less than
200 persons here, all told; no railroads, no modern im-
provements, nothing but a few old adobe structures ; and
the town was almost unworthy of a name. To-day we
have five railroads — the prospect Just spoken of fr)r the
completi(jn of others — and we have a poj)ulation of at
least 5,500 as wideawake and intelligent jteople as can
anywhere be found. The old adobe buildings are fast
giving way to business blocks as substantial and elegant
as can be found in Texas ; while of residence property
there has been erected, on all sides of the business
center, properties which liave transformed an oi)en com-
mon into a beautiful city of comfortable and elegant
homes. Of churches there are substantial structures
owned by the Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyte-
rian, and Catholic societies. Wo have two well-e(]uip]ied
planing mills, three brickyards which carry from one
and a half to two and a half millions of brick in stock,
of good (Quality, and in color from a deej» red to a Mil-
10 El Paso, Texas.
waukee straw color. Our lumber yards are supplied
from Eastern Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,
California, and Nevada. Lumber is worth from $25 to
$40 per M, according to class. Brick are worth $10 per
M, laid in the wall. It is estimated that more than 400
permanent structures have been erected within the past
two years, and the builders and contractors were never
more active than now ; in fact, there is not an idle car-
penter or bricklayer in town, and more are needed.
Business of all kinds is and has been uniformly good.
The depression felt elsewhere so sharply has not affected
this place to any noticeable extent ; and we claim, con-
fidently, that there is a combination of causes, which
can be discovered by the reader from a careful perusal
of this pamphlet, that will always operate in favor of
this place, and prevent any serious business depression,
or any corresponding to that which it is possible to feel
elsewhere.
We have an excellent system of water works, with a
pressure of 200 pounds, giving us not only plenty of
good water for all domestic and manufacturing purposes,
but enabling us to have the best protection against fire ;
and this has induced the organization of a very full and
efficient "Fire Department," which is now one of the
institutions of the city and a credit to it. We also have
gas works, and gas of an excellent quality sold at 82.20
per thousand feet ; also electric light works, of the most
approved pattern, furnishing an excellent light ; the tel-
egraph, of course, and the telephone ; two first-class
National Banks ; two miles and a half of first-class
street railway; sampling works, ice factory; opera
house, theatre, custom house ; one daily and three week-
ly newspapers ; two very fine hotels of the first class,
one of which cost $100,000, and several others of the
second class; a court house that cost $110,000, and jail
costing $35,000 ; a Live Stock Association, Union Stock
city of FA Paso. 11
Yards, and a Building Association wliirh lias erected ho
houses, costing from $1 ,000 to $3,500 each ; a Transfer
Company using 75 animals, and splendidly e(piij)ped in
every particular (this company alone paid freights on
goods and merchandise hauled by them last year of
$275,000), and a second of nearly equal capacity. This
represents nearly every element of progress.
The city is very eligibly and handsomely sitnat«'d, on
the left bank of the Rio Grande, and the site is every-
thing that could be desired for a great ci(y, combiiiing
the needs and beauties of such a situation in a high
degree, as to elevation, drainage, scenery, fine sites for
residence and business, and general Ix-auty, and, in fact,
grandeur of its scenery and surroundings, which far
surpass anything of the kind we have ever seen in tlie
Eastern States. One must come West to behold such
scenery and such locations for cities, and there they can
only be found near or in the Rocky Mountains. There
are some drives liere — one in particular, just back of the
city, that can scarcely be excelled (on account of its
great elevation, for the view and line air that it alfords.)
by any other drive on the continent so near to a city.
Only a mile away is Fort l^liss, the military ]»osi to
which allusion has already been made, atiording anotlici"
delightful drive over the hills and u]t the river. But the
most interesting drive of all to the stranger is across
the riv^er, through the old Mexican town of Paso del
Norte, which was founded by the Jesuits in 1(520. Ev-
erything there will be found of interest to the stranger —
the houses, the streets, the people, the old church (built
more than 2.")0 years ago), the system of irrigati(»u. Tlie
habits, customs, and life of this primitive people are in-
describable, as a whole, but very interesting; and their
country is beautiful, rich, and susce])tible of the highest
degree of improvement and cultivation. These people
12 AV Pii.so, Texas.
are our neighbors and IVitMids, and our intercourse witli
them is both pleasant and profitable.
Our city is free from debt, liavMng on hand $3,000;
rate of taxation is 25 cents on $100 for general pur-
poses, and 50 cents for school purposes. Under the
present charter, the city cannot incur a debt of more
than '$20,000. The total amount of taxes, State, county,
and city, is about $1.75 to the $100.
There are good openings here now for a dairy, a wine
manufactory, a fruit-canning and beef-canning establish-
ment, a poultry farm, a glass factory, smelting and re-
duction works, a soap and candle factory, an apiary, a
distillery and brewery, cracker factor}^, foundry and
machine shop, and many other enterprises too numerous
to mention ; and above all, there are openings here for
10,000 families of industrious people, and millions of
capital can find profitable employmeuf.
TEXAS — HISTORICAL SKETCH.
Texas government underwent many and rapid changes
before its territory became a part of this stable country.
Up to the year 1821, Texas was a part of Mexico, under
the dominion of Spanish viceroys. In that year Mexico
renounced her allegiance to Spain, and established a
regency. After one year's trial the regency was changed
to an imperial government. Then the emperor was de-
posed and, in 1823, a republican form of government
was instituted. This only lasted one year, when it was
changed for a federal s^^stem, modeled after that of the
United States. This lasted ten years, and in 1833 Santa
Anna established a military despotism. After three
years of turbulence and bloodshed, in which the Texans
El Paso County — Historical Sketch. 13
fought iiiuler the Federal llag of Mexico, Texas declared
her independence, and in 1836 becanu; an independent
Rej^ublic, and in 1845 was voluntarily annexed to tlie
United States. Her population at that time could not
have exceeded 150,000. By the treaty of annexation
Texas retained all her public donuiin. She sold that
which now constitutes a part of New Mexico to the
United States, for $10,000,000. With this she paid her
debt of $5,000,000, constructed her capital, deaf and
dumb, blind, and lunatic asylums, and eiulowed her
public schools with the remainder. Tiie history of
Texas since then has been one of grand achievement in
all tilings, and in all respects worthy of her heroic
struggle for life, and of her eventful birth. Heretofore,
the part which El Paso County has performed in all
these grand achievements has of necessity been a very
humble one. Up to 1881, her position was so remote
and isolated that she could scarcely be said to be a
spectator, for she did not see, or scarcely know, what
was going on in the great world around her. But now
all this is changed, as we will proceed to show; and
Texas will hereafter be known as much by our achieve-
ments as by her own.
EL PASO (BOUNTY — HISTORICAL SKKTCII.
COVEHING AN lOPOCir FROM 18r27 TO 1880, WITH Pin.NCIPAL
TOl'OOItAlMIICAL FIO.XTITIIKS, ETC.
The County of El Paso, Texas, is sitnated in the ex-
treme western part of the State, bounded on the north
by New Mexico, on tlu; west by the State of Cliihuahua.
Mexico, the Rio Grande ("great river") constituting tlie
14 El Po.so, T('xaf<.
boundary. It lies between lon/^itude 270° and 290° west
from Greenwich, and between latitude 31° and 32° north,
the latitude beinf^ the same as that of Savannah, Ga.,
and San Diego, Cal. It has a frontage on the Rio
Grande of 147 miles, with a supeHicial area of 7,000
square miles, or 4,480,000 acres — twice as large as Dela-
ware, as large as Connecticut, and six times as large as
Rhode Island. Its surface is diversified Avitli mountains,
valleys, and plains, sufficient of each to give variety to
the grasses, soil and climate, and picturesqueness to the
scenery.
That portion lying along the river, and constituting
the valley proper, is an alluvial deposit of as rich and
productive soil as can anywhere be found. It varies in
width from one to six miles, and, while in many places
there are quite heavy growths of timber, there is every-
where sufficient for all pui-poses of the farm and home.
The valley is said to have been settled by the Jesuits in
1620, since which time portions of it have been under
successful cultivation. The climate is dry, healthy, and
delightful, the rainfall averaging from 12 to 18 inches,
and the thermometer rarely indicating above 100°; while
the winters are mild, the mercury rarely falling "below
-f 20°, the ground is never frozen, and the snowfall, under
all circumstances extremely light, never lingers upon
the warm, unfrozen earth.
The county now contains a population of about 12.000,
distributed as follows : The city of El Paso, the county
seat, 5,500 ; Ysleta, formerly the county seat, 2,000 ; So-
corro, about 1,200; San Elzario, 2,000 ; Fort Bliss, 300;
Concordia, 300 ; Camp Rice, 200 ; balance of the county,
about 500. All of the above named places, with the ex-
ception of El Paso, were colonized upon Spanish grants
ceded to the inhabitants in the seventeenth century ;
the Ysleta (or little island) colony having a grant of
El Paso County — Historical SlutrJi. 15
9,000 acres, the Socorro colony of 12,000 acrns. and the
San Elzario colony of about 40,000 acres.
In 1827, Don Juan Maria Ponce de Leon. :iu inhabitant
of Paso del Norte (the Mexican town just a<'r()ss the
river), made an application to his governnn'iit for a grant
of the land on which El Paso, Texas, is now situat«'<l
(this was then Mexican territory). Tlie apj)lication (»f
Leon was granted, and thus was the tirst settlement of
El Paso begun. Farms, vineyards, and orchards were
soon established, and but little of note occurred to dis-
turb the tranquillity of the peaceful inhabitants of tliis
delightful valley, except the occasional raids of Indians
for the purpose of robbery, until the war with Mexico
was declared by the Ujiited States, when this phice was
at once found to possess great military and strategic
importance, on account of its remarkable geographical
location and the physical peculiarities of the surface of
the surrounding country; showing tiius early wliat it has
since proven in so many ways, a veritable gateway iiii<'
Mexico. Brig.-Gren. Sterling Price, in liis memorabh*
march across the plains with his regiment in 1S47, ac-
companied by the "Missouri Horse," under Col. Halls,
entered Mexico at this point; so did also the coninumd
of Col. Doniphan. During our civil war, it was alter-
nately occupied by large commands of Confederate and
Federal troops, and was made a dej)()t of supply and
base of operations by the Confederates against New-
Mexico and Arizona, while it was again held hy the Fed-
erals as a key to the control of those territories. l)iii iiii:
much of this period it was occujiied as a home station
and terminus of the eastern and western divisions of
the great overland mail and stage system then in opera-
tion; thus again early sliowing that its geograjihical
position was commanding and imporUmt.
These facts did not escape the keen observation of
many of the old soldiers who had hern locateil, or who
16 El Paso, Texas.
liad passed tlirougli here diuiiig tliose periods, and many
of tliem returned to avail themselves of the advantages
of trade, soil, climate, and the general easy and x)leasant
conditions under wliich life and comfort may be main-
tained here.
The military, strategic, and geographical importance
of this point was also soon recognized by our govern-
ment, and as early as 1858 a permanent and important
military post was established, and has ever since been
maintained here. During all this period, too, the great
natural advantages of this place, geographically and
commercially, were further strongly indicated by the
passage of tlie great trade routes from the north into
Mexico, and from the east to Arizona, New Mexico, and
California ; the mule, ox trains, and stage coach of those
days moving, of necessity, on the same lines of commu-
nication, and governed by the same natural law of trade.
as are now the railroads and telegraph. This feature
was also yet further illustrated in the growth and devel-
opment of the town and magniticent valley of Paso
del Norte, just across the river from us, where it is said
there was at one time a population of 20,000. It was
from this growth and development that the possibilities
and richness of the valley, tlie fertility and adaptability
of its soil and climate to the production of almost every
cereal, fruit, and vegetable that is necessary to the com-
fort and gratification of man or beast, and the salubrity
and healthfulness of the climate, were first practically
revealed to Americans.
During the greater part of the period covered by this
sketch, from 1827 to 1880, constituting the first great
epoch in the history of this county, the population num-
bered about 5,000, nine-tenths of wliom were Mexicans,
and they or their descendants are still here in about the
same number. They had organized a county, were sup-
plied with such schools and churches as satisfied their
El Paso County — Historical Sketch. 17
aspirations (these were wholly under the control of the
Jesuit missions), and were in all respects a law-abidinff,
hajipy, and contented people; all, of course, citizens of
the United States, having acquired that dignity wlit-n
Texas achieved her indt'pendence from Mexico, after her
heroic struggle with that power terminating with the
glorious victory of San Jacinto, and became a State of
the Union.
In 1878 several great trunk and trans-continental lines
of railroad were already projected from and upon i)oint8
and along lines of latitude and longitude that must of
necessity carry them to or through this point and pass.
They now vigorously . resumed construction. Though
none of them were within GOO miles of here, this
active resumption 6i work attracted the attention of a
few sagacious Americans who came here during the next
two years, to perhaps the number of iifty, to await events
still apparently remote. At that time /l 878) there were
but 23 Americans in what is now the city of El Paso,
and about 150 Mexicans. A small garrison of soldiers
was quartered in the town, which consisted of a number
of old adobe houses of the pure Mexican type. So non-
descript, unique, and picturesque were these structures,
to the unaccustomed eye, that any effort to describe
them would, we fear, fail to convey a correct impression.
The metrojiolis of the county was then at Ysleta, thirteen
miles below El Paso, on the river, where the District
Court was held and the county business was transacted,
and where there was a Mexican population of about
2,000. During the years 1879 and 1880, the great rail-
roads approaching here — the Atchison, Topeka «S: Santa
Fe from the north, the Southern Pacilic from the west,
the Texas & Pacific and tin' Galveston, Ilarrisburg «S:
San Antonio from the east — })ushed their work of c<in-
struction so vigorously, that increased attention was di-
rected to this place ; and before the end of the year 1880,
2
18 El Paso, Texas.
tliougli the railroiids were still more than 100 miles distant,
the first sound and wave of tlie coming "boom" liad struck
El Paso, and aroused the sleepy old adobe town from its
fifty years of lethargy. The soldiers were obliged to
give up their quarters to the citizens. The town was
evacuated, in the military sense, and turned over to the
mob of enterprising, active spirits who were crowding in
from every direction. All sorts of new enterprises, suit-
able to the demands and prospects, were inaugurated ;
building began, town lots advanced ; railroad oflBcials,
surveying parties, contractors and their employes be-
gan to make their appearance upon our streets, inspiring
renewed hope and confidence in our future. Then, about
the beginning of 1881, began the most marvelous display
of energy in railroad construction that has perhaps ever
been witnessed — the grand struggle of four important
trans-continental lines to secure advantages of location
and business by first reaching this place. All of these
roads have direct or continuous lines of more than 1,000
miles to El Paso.
First to arrive on this busy scene (May 13, 1881) was
the Southern Pacific, and a few days later came the
Atchison & Topeka, a few months later the Texas &
Pacific, and a few months later still the Galveston, Har-
risburg & San Antonio. In the meantime the construc-
tion of the Mexican Central southward to the city of
Mexico had begun, and was being pushed with the same
energy that had characterized the building of these
roads, all of which are now completed, and are parts of
great competitive systems, connecting us with the world
on every hand.
To-day, then, we have five railroads ; a city of 5,500
people, with all the elements of wealth, progress, pros-
perity, and happiness, such as schools, churches, street
railways, water works, gas works, electric light works,
banks, building associations, a Federal court and cus-
El Paso County — Historical Shtch. 19
torn house, telegraplis and tele})lione, saiiiplin<^ works,
transfer company, line hotels and pul)lic buiklings, a
public park, a city band and theater, a first-class lire
department, line residences and business houses, an ex-
cellent city government ; law, order, morality, good sf)-
ciety ; an ice factory, union stock yards ; one daily and
three weekly newspapers, one Live Stock and Alining
Journal ; a large and increasing commercial business
with Mexico and the surrounding country, which is trib-
utary to El Paso for a radius of 400 miles ; the county
seat, with a court house and jail that will meet the am-
bitious demands of the county for the next twenty years,
at least.
The superior and jierhaps unequaled advantages of
the city of El Paso, for reasons some of which have
already been mentioned, and all of which we hope to
demonstrate further on in this work, have caused the
city to outstrip in its growth the surrounding country.
The consequence is, that notwithstanding there are not
less than 1,000,000 acres of alluvial valley, as fertile and
productive as can be found on the continent, — enough
to support in comfort half a million f)f })eople, — all of
which, when settled, must look to this city as its com-
mercial and political metro])()lis, and will add immensely
to its stability, wealth, and advancement, we arc now
sending out of this city alone not less than sIjhio.ooo
annually for the purchase of Hour, hay, grain, ])(>rk,
lard, butter, fruits, and vegetables, staples all of which
can be produced here in great abundance and variety,
and of a quality equal to any, and under the most
favored conditions ; for it must be remembered that we
not only have a soil of extreme fertility, capable of })ro-
ducing crops continually without the use of fertilizers,
but our climate is adapted to the growth of a greater
variety of products, either of fruits, <'<'reals, or vegeta-
bles, than elsewhere, except under the same conditions
20 El Paso, Texas.
of soil, latitude, and altitude, and so healthy and pleas-
ant that there is not a day in the whole year in wliich
man or beast cannot work out of doors without fear of
danger or discomfort.
These facts — as to the capabilities of our soil, adapt-
ability of our climate, cheapness of our lands, and
numerous advantages of market, location, transportation,
and communication, and the many pleasant and favor-
able conditions under which life may be maintained —
have all been demonstrated to such a degree of success
and certainty that we no longer hesitate to say to the
intending immigrant, wherever he may be, whether he
be farmer, stock raiser, capitalist, dairyman, manufact-
urer, miner, prospector, speculator, merchant, tourist, or
health seeker, that these pages are dedicated to him;
that the time has come when we know it to be our duty
to Mm, as well as duty and pleasure to ourselves, to
invite and urge him to read these pages, in which we
will treat each special subject applicable to our country
and situation in a plain, practical, truthful manner, with
a view of interesting and informing him, so that he may
not only know how and where he can probably better
his own condition, by participating in and enjoying the
advantages and benefits to which we invite him, but that
he may thereby contribute his share to the general pros-
perity, wealth, and happiness that must surely result
from the settlement and cultivation of this valley, the
occupation of our vast areas for grazing, the develop-
ment of our mineral resources, the embracing of our
oj)portunities for manufacturing, the stimulation of our
trade and commercial relations, the enjoyment of our fine
scenery, salubrious air, health and life-giving atmo-
sphere and climate ; taking heed of our natural location
and advantages, from which a great cit}" must inevitably
arise, to turn an honest penny by trading and speculat-
ing upon our prospects, to advance and invest capital
El Paso Comity— IIlHtorlcal SJictch. 21
upon our securities and in our property ; to not only stop
forever the outflow of our wealth, to the amount of a
million annually, for flour, hay, grain, etc., as already
mentioned, but to turn the tide in our favor by export-
ing these and other products, to th«' amount of millions ;
in short, to join the procession, and place ourselves un-
der conditions whete the road to prosperity is not only
shorter, smoother, safer, and in all respects better than
any we have ever known, or to which we have been
invited, either by publications similar to this, or in any
other manner. There is a chance here for everybody
with either brains, energy, or capital, and for the hai)py
possessor of all these there is an illimitable fleld ; and
they are invited to come.
As we have already illustrated in a general way, the
physical geography, or rather the to2)ogra})hy, of this
particular locality (the City of El Paso and its immedi-
ate surroundings) is remarkable, and of such a nature
as to give it a commanding iuipoitance in respect to
trade, commerce, and military and political affairs ; so
much so that, we believe, greatness will be thrust u]iou
it — that it must become the commercial and political
metropolis of the Southwest. Nature lias given her the
position, and the laws of trade are* as immutable as
those of nature. The flnger of destiny seems to j)oint
unerringly toward this supremacy.
This place is reached through a series of natural
passes in the several chains or groups of mountains
which lie across our paths here in every direction, east,
west, north, south ; and this city is itself located at tlie
lower extremity of the most remarkable of all thes»'
gateways through nature's great barriers. One of these
great chains of mountains was throwu by nature from
east to west directl}' across the ]>ath (tf the "Rio Bravo
del Norte " (the brave river of the North), as the Me.\-
icans call it, on its course to the sea, and the great
22 El Paso, Texas.
mountain was penetrated, subdued, conquered, by the
" Brave River of the North ; "' and now it passes (as it
has for untold ages) — or rather, it sweeps majestically,
angrily, growlingly — through the great mountain, still
making, as it has made in the past, a smooth and peace-
ful highway for commerce with Mexico, all of North-
western Texas, Eastern Arizona, and Southern New
Mexico.
Commerce is the weapon, the all-powerful arm, with
which we have entered in earnest, and with every pros-
pect of success, upon our conquest of Mexico, — a con-
quest not like that of Hernando Cortez, or Scott, or
Taylor, yet we shall enter the halls of the proud Monte-
zumas in greater triumph and return with a far richer
reward than they, and with no stain or suspicion of
wrong or oppression upon our consciences. We shall
conquer Mexico with our arts of peace, our commerce ;
and El Paso will be the great highway through which
it must be accomplished. And we will be richer, and
Mexico both happier, richer, and more powerful, after
she is thus subdued. Already both we and they are
feeling the power and the beauty and glory of the com-
ing of this winged goddess of peace, as she nestles lov-
ingly here and flies swiftly there, freighted with kind
messages and the arts of peace and progress. The rail-
road, the telegraph, these are the potent agencies of our
gentle goddess ; with these she subjugates, civilizes, en-
riches, and builds up the Avaste places. The entire rail-
road and telegraph sj^stems of the continent are here
united ; and thus are we in communication and commer-
cial intercourse not only with Mexico, but of the world,
through all the cities and ports of Mexico as well as our
own. Our trade with Mexico is daily assuming greater
proportions, and, considering our great competitive sys-
tem of railroads, and other advantages already men-
tioned, we believe that our business relations with Mex-
El Paso Count ij— Historical Sketch. 23
ico alone will build up and sustain a lari^^e and important
city here. At the same time our social relations are
daily becoming more cordial and pleasant. The barriers
of distrust and suspicion engendfied by past misunder-
standings, and fostered by foreign intilgues and interests,
are fast melting away and disappearing before the be-
nign influence of this knowledge of eacli other and each
other's aims and aspirations, acquired from tliis inter-
change of ideas, courtesies and commodities. We are
beginning to think better of the Mexican people and
their country, and they are thiidving better of us. We
are beginning to understand each other, and there is no
better way to understand men or nations tlian to trade
with them. And Mexico is now fairly stjirted on the
high road to jDermanent peace and prosperity. She luis
now the most powerful as well as the most liberal and
enlightened executive and government she has ever hail.
President Diaz, of whom we speak, is tlie father of the
great projected railway system of Mexico, and essen-
tially, and avowedly, the friend of progress as repre-
sented by Americans. So that from Mexico alone we
have much to hope and nothing to fear; and this rela-
tion, Mexico is beginning to understand, is entirely re-
ciprocal.
In addition to our reasonable expectations as to the
importance of our geographical situation and commercial
relations with Mexico, Ave have also reason to believe
that the day is not far distant when wi^ will be able to
permanently command the entire trade of Northern
Texas, Southern New Mexico and Eastern Arizona.
In fact, we have comnumded that tiade for the i)ast
year. We have been selling goods to all that imrtion of
the country, and goods that were hauled i)ast llieir own
doors, then purchased here and shipped Inick to them,
cheaper than they could lay tliem down direct from any
other point. The competition in railroad fn'ights has
24 VvV /V/.so. Tt'X'i-s.
been ho sharj) to tliis ])()iiit, where tlie roads terminate,
and to wiiii'll tliroiigli rates were made, tliat all kinds of
freights, regardless of quantity or class, from all com-
peting ])()ints, such as Kansas City, St. Louis, New Or-
leans, and San Fiancisco, have been laid down here for
40 cents per 100 lbs ; while to all points east and north,
or anywhere on the lines of these roads, local rates pre-
vailed, or rates one, two, three, four, and even five times
as high as to this point. Simply because there was no
competition, we have been selling the same goods to
those points that were hauled past their doors. And,
further, there is no doubt that this will become the point
from which through and competitive rates will be made
on cattle, ores, hay, grain, and all the products of this
country, to all other points where there is competition.
Therefore, and necessarily, these products will come
here from long distances for shipment. There can be no
question of the future of this place in this regard. It is
inevitable, and we have no hesitation in calling the at
tention of the capitalist, merchant and speculator to
these facts. Investigation will verify them, and that
investigation we invite. The reader will, we hope, not
fail to note also what must be the effect on the cost of
living at a point where railroads are in competition, and
where rates are so low.
In considering this whole question it must be remem-
bered that the railroads were not attracted here to avail
themselves of any business or trade that already existed ;
they came solely because of these facts of topography,
physical geography, and the resulting laws of commerce
which we have mentioned, and they will be the great
instrumentalities of our glory and greatness. They will
be, they are, the popular vehicle of a very large propor-
tion of that commerce between the two worlds heretofore
carried over the Isthmus, the seas and other routes.
But aside from all this, and aside from our own ex-
Agriculture and Horticulture. 25
ports and imports, the local traffic will be considerable
and important, and will occasion tap railways in every
direction ; for there will have to be transported, of our
own products, ores in large quantities to this point,
where they may be reduced ; wood and coal to the mines
and to our reduction works, and other manufactories ;
timber, lumber, iron, building material, etc, to the mines
and mills ; breadstuffs, fruits, vegetables from the valley
to the mines and grazing lands, and live stock to the
markets ; marble, granite, onyx, gypsum, sand, and other
like material, and innumerable other articles which enter
into the list of necessities and luxuries of American life,
and a great many new products peculiar to this combina-
tion of latitude and elevation.
AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE.
That the valley of the Rio Grande, especially in the vi-
cinity of El Paso, affords all the requisites, and therefore
is well adapted to the delightful and profitabh^ pur-
suits of the agriculturist and horticulturist, no intelligent
citizen of this community need be told. Indeed, it has
become a fact so abundantly and perfectly demonstrat(»d
that we wish now to announce it to the world, if possible,
in an authoritative manner.
To attain great perfection, and to achieve the most
considerable degree of success in these pursuits, favor-
able conditions of both soil and climate must be found.
We claim that those conditions exist here to as great, if
not greater, degree than can be found elsewhere on this
continent. Nearly all the products of the temperate
zone can be produced here in abundance and perfec-
tion. The cereals, wheat, corn, oats, bnrl»'v. rve, etc..
26 AV l'(ts(>, Texas.
yield ;is iiiiich \)vv acic, and of as good ([uality, as in any
part of tilt; United States.
The grasses — alfalfa, millet, timothy, bermiida, and all
others which have been thus far introduced, do well.
The Smyrna millets, grown here for the first time last
year as a test, in small quantity, and under the most
favored conditions, attained a gi'owth, in two cuttings, of
ten feet. It is estimated that it will yield from three to
four tons per acre. This is a perennial of vigorous root
and growth, spreads rapidly, runs deej), and is, there-
fore, well adapted to our soil.
Alfalfa was, we believe, lirst introduced into this vi-
cinity by the late Gen. Magoffin, in 1849. It does re-
markably well. May be cut from three to four times
each season, aggregating four to six tons per acre, and
two to four feet in height. This is also a perennial, with
a vigorous growth of root, penetrating to as great a depth
as thirteen feet, showing great adaptability to a dry
climate. From present appearances, it would seem that
this is destined to be the staple grass crop of the valley.
It is very productive, hardy and tenacious of life, the
best of food for cattle, horses, hogs and chickens, and
has already become quite an important and remunera-
tive industry.
Bermuda grass, wherever planted, indicates its love for
our soil and its determination to stay. Its myriad root-
lets permeate the soil and form an almost impenetrable
sward. It is peculiarly adapted to lawns, parks, etc.,
and fills exactly that much-needed and desirable quality
here.
Vegetables of nearly every known class and variety,
and especially all those that are grown on vines, such as
the melon, squash, pumpkin, etc., do as well here, in all
respects, as in any part of the United States. The El
Paso onion is already justly famous above all others.
Under the head of pomology, it may be said that our
Agriculture and Horticulture. 27
soil and climate are perfectl'y adapted to the growth of
apples, pears, 23eaches, plums, apricots, grapes, quinces,
nectarines, almonds, pecans, prunes, and many others,
such as strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, too nu-
merous to mention. All of these have been thoroughly
tested ; in fact, it is no longer a matter of experiment
with any of them. They can be produced here in abund-
ance and j)erfection.
While adapted to the growth of all kinds of grapes,
the old "Mission grape," of dark purple liue, widely
known now (and as distinctively as the El Paso onion),
under the name of the "El Paso grape," is grown here
in great perfection, and is a very superior grape for tlie
table and for the manufacture of wine, brandy and rai-
sins. An acre, with one thousand good vines, is worth
here $1,000. A large quantity of these grapes (some
10,000 baskets), will be shi^Dped this year to Eastern
markets, yielding, no doubt, a satisfactory remuneration.
The superiority of our soil and climate for the growth
of fruit is further shown by the fact that trees of the
staple fruits, such as apples, pears and peaches, set out
only two years since, are now bearing.
Flowers and shrubs of all kinds lind here a natural
and congenial home. Our alkaline soils can be utilized
by growing any of the great varieties of the sugar beet,
to which these soils seem singularly adapted. The cab-
bage and onion also thrive just as well in such soils;
and in a few years of such cultivation, esi)ecially if ma-
nure is used, the alkali will be {ibsorbod, and the land
found suitable to the growth of anything grown else-
where in the valley.
Small farms for the individual are preferable to large
ones, unless there be a community of interest in all the
people of a settlement. The land can be doubly cropjjfd
each year, so that one acre here answers as well as two fjir-
tlier north. Every acre can and should be made a perfect
28 El Paso, Texfis.
ganh'ii, and it will <::ive support to a liuiiKUi being.
Willie agents for colonies are running hither and thither
seeking for locations, they should look to the valley ly-
ing in this favored climate, where lands are cheap, and
on the lines of railway. Time, in this case, is most
surely money in the pockets of the first comers.
THE KL PASO GRAPE.
The arable land of this county, and particularly of
this valley, is, as we have shown, admirably adapted to
agriculture, but most perfectly to the El Paso grape.
Those experienced in the cultivation of the vine, report
that all the conditions of the soil — humidity and tempe-
rature — are united here to produce the grape in the
greatest perfection. The soil, composed of disintegrated
matter of the older rocks and volcanic ashes, is light,
porous and rich. The frosts in the winter are just suffi-
ciently severe to destroy the insects without injuring the
plant, and the rain seldom falls in its season wiien the
plant is flowering, or when the fruit is coming into ma-
turity and liable to rot from exposure to humidity. As
a consequence of these conditions, the fruit, when ripe,
has a thin skin, scarcel}^ any pulp, and is devoid of the
musky taste so frequent with American grapes. Yearly
new vineyards are coming into bearing, counting their
vines by the thousand, while the production of wine is
becoming annually more and more an article of com-
merce and profit. Here may be found, and often in
great perfection, both the light white and red wines of
the Rhine and Bordeaux, and the heavier Burgundy,
port, sheny, and, with sufficient age, even a good Ma-
deira, with a grajie acclimated by two hundred years of
cultivation, unexcelled for richness and lusciousness of
flavor, always free from blight and disease of every kind,
so destructive to European vineyards, so fatal to wine
Agriculture and Horticulture. 29
growing on the Atlantic slope, and often so damaging
even to California. With a soil and water as rich as
that of the Nile, with an abundance of water for irriga-
tion, and with sunny days and dewless nights, increasing
in strength as the summer heats increase, the wines of
the Rio Grande Valley promise to become as varied and
as excellent as those of France or Spain.
RAISINS.
There is every reason to believe that this valley will
become at no remote day a famous raisin district, per-
haps more so than any on this continent. The soil and
climate are peculiarly adapted to one of the best varie-
ties of raisin grapes in the world. It is well known that
raisins, to possess lasting qualities and best flavor, must
be dried in the sunshine, then passed through the sweat-
ing process, and packed. And there is, perhaps, no
place in America where the climate will so cer-
tainly and readily admit of this process as here ;
because at the period of closing the labors of the
vineyard, the atmosphere is perfectly dry and clear,
with scarcely a cloud upon the horizon for months. The
best raisin in the world is made from the jNIuscat grape,
of Egypt, and is cured and packed in just such an at-
mosphere as this. Our grape, the '' El Paso grape," and
this raisin industry that will certainly grow out of it,
should attract the attention of those skilled in this art,
and we trust this article nuiy be read and noted by them
carefully.
oO El Pa.so, Texas.
LTA'K STOCK AND GRAZING.
This poitiou of tlie country, for hundreds of miles in
every direction, outside of the great aUuvial and agri-
cultural valley of the Rio Grande, of which we have just
written, consists of plains, uplands, and mountains, and
having an altitude of from 3,500 to 7,000 feet, is admira-
bly adapted to stock raising. The climate is everything
that could be desired — mild, equable, healthy. Free
from the effects of cold storms, of drouth, of disease,
with none of the enemies which are so destructive to
many of the cattle districts of the West and Southwest,
there are here all the conditions that favor the rapid in-
crease and growth of cattle, horses, sheep, and other live
stock. The grasses are of great variety and peculiar
excellence, due to the elevation above the sea, which
gives life, vitality, and coolness to the atmosphere.
There is no reason why the percentage of increase should
not here reach the maximum. These are, we believe,
justly considered the best breeding grounds for live
stock on the continent. The loss from climatic causes is
absolutely nothing. The new-born calf is as safe here
in midwinter as in summer, and cattle are never drifted
or driven from their ranges by the violence of the storms
of any kind. Northers and sleet are unknown. We
have often seen fat beef shipped to the eastern markets
from these ranges in midwinter and early spring — Feb-
ruary, March, and April. The shipments met with favor
and profit; and the changes of condition in cattle, as
between winter and summer, is, perhaps, less here than
on any portion of the continent. The topography of the
country is such, that the shelter and drainage are per-
fect. The grasses are greener, sweeter, and more nutri-
tious in the higher altitudes in and around the mountains,
Live Stock and Grazing. 31
and the cattle in better condition. There is no question,
that the mountain ranges, will, at all seasons of the year,
afford the best of beef. The facilities for marketing stock,
procuring supplies, labor, etc. for the ranch, are excel-
lent, probably none better are to be found. A great
competitive system of railroads centers here, hauling
empty cars eastward, and low rates can be obtained. In
fact, all the conditions exist here, for the successful
breeding and fattening of live stock, and for making El
Paso the center of an immense live stock interest, cover-
ing all of Northern Mexico, Western Texas, Southern
New Mexico, and Eastern Arizona.
The only drawback to the business is the scarcity of
water. About two-thirds of this great grazing country is
without natural water, and in order to make this vast
region available, it will be necessary to resort to wells,
wind-mills, reservoirs, and other artificial means. While
these are not as good in all respects as natural waters,
they have some peculiar and important advantages. By
enclosing these artificial wells, the cattle can be made
tame and gentle, not only adding to their fiesh and value,
but greatly diminishing the cost of herding, handling, and
shipping, but they will locate" more easily and perma-
nently ; and such ranges will not be encroached upon
by others, to any extent at all equal to those located on
natural waters. In fact, there are no reasons why the
ranges supplied with water by artificial means are not
quite as desirable, even more so, than those located on
natural waters. A little enterprise and capital will soon
overcome these aj)parent difficulties, and some of the best
ranges in the world will be had at a mimimum cost; for
the price of these dry lands is very low indeed, particu-
larly in Northern Mexico. The difierence in price in
favor of the dry lands will, no doubt, more than pay the
cost of artificially obtaining abundant supplies of water.
Life and property are as much respected and as safe
32 AV /'"•s•'^ Trx<(s.
(tvci- all this region, including Northern Mexj.co, as in
any of I lie Western States or Territories.
All these favorahle conditions Avill he found to exist
here, and we have no hesitation in inviting all men inter-
ested in this great question to come and examine for
themselves. They will iind vast vacant areas covered
with an abundance of nutritious food, to which perfect
titles can be acquired, a mild, equable climate, first-class
facilities for market, security, and every requisite and
element necessary to success, A branch of the " National
Live Stoclv Association " is located here, and is also do-
ing good work and arousing considerable interest in
Northern Mexico.
Live stock and lands in Mexico are exempt from tax-
ation.
In short, it may be said, that for the profitable raising
of horses, mules, cattle, sheep, and goats on an extensive
scale, no portion of the world can rival this district. Its
mild climate presents no rigors, while its mountain slopes,
valleys, and plains, are unlimited ranges of excellent
pasturage. The grasses of these plains and slopes are
by no means the least of nature's wonders. The " gram-
ma" and " mesquite " varieties, which most abound,
have a peculiar tenacity of life, and survive a succession
of dry seasons, and when apparently dead a few showers
will bring them out in full freshness ; indeed, they change
from a single shower. These grasses are sweet and nu-
tricious, dry or green, and cattle thrive and fatten on
them. They cure on the ground before the coming of
the frost, making a natural hay. The natural configui'a-
tion of this vast region is not the least of the many de-
sirable advantages it presents. Situated as it is, from
4,000 to 7,000 feet above the level of the sea, fanned by
the purest atmosj^here, giving a cool, refreshing and salu-
brious climate, pure and healthy water, the succession
of mountain and valley affords the most ample defence
Live Stock and Grazing. 33
against the heat of summer, as well as the storms of
winter, which, however, are so little to be dreaded that
artiticial protection, shelter, or food of any kind, is
wholly unnecessary, and is never provided. Our mesas
(table lands), mountain gorges, and many portions of
our plains, are most prolific in a variety of herbage suit-
able for all classes of animals, but especially for sheep.
During the winter they afford a supply of pasturage so
abundant that no additional food is required. By con-
stant and steady supply of proper food by which the
secretory powers are retained in full action, the uninter-
rupted increase of meat and fat in animals, and of growth
of wool on sheep, is promoted ; while cases of constipa-
tion and various diseases, frequently fatal in the States,
by reason of sudden changes of food, are unknown here.
There is not a day in the year in which cattle and sheep
cannot find here sufficient food of a proper kind to keep
their digestive organs in a healthy condition. Untold
wealth is going to waste here every year, because our
grasses are not consumed — a wealth that will prove
greater than our vast mineral deposits. The one we
have in the earth, the other we have the means of pro-
ducing on the soil. Come, then, and gather some of this
wealth from the surface, by providing means to consume
these grasses — a most pleasant and profitable business
under such conditions as are to be found here.
No intelligent man need be told that the raising of live
stock is profitable. We will only point to its history
during the past ten years. Nothing has ever equaled it
in results. It must always remain a good business.
More money has been made in cattle during the past ten
years than in any other business that can be named.
And the raising of sheep and horses has also been very
remunerative.
3
84 Kl Pdso^ Texan.
MINES AND MINERALS.
There can be no question that there is mineral wealth
in nearly all of our surrounding mountains, for Imndreds
of miles in every direction. Thousands of good pros-
pects have been found in the Organs, the Jarillas, the
San Andres, the Guadalupe, the Quitman, the Chenati
and Eagle Mountains, constituting the groups nearest to
El Paso, and forming a background to the great picture
of whicli El Paso is both the focus and radiating point.
In the Organs, several of these prospects can now fairly
be called mines. They have reached a stage of consid-
erable development and are worked with profit, shipping
their ores to Denver and Pueblo, Colorado, or to Socorro
or Kingston, New Mexico, for reduction. Many others
are in process of development, and are dumping their
ores upon the ground, awaiting the advent of a railroad,
or reduction works. Several promising discoveries have
been made within a few miles of this city. There are,
no doubt, hundreds of these prospects that can be worked
with profit the moment the questions of transportation
and reduction are solved satisfactorily, so that the profits
may not be consumed in these processes. All of this
applies with equal force to that vast portion of Northern
Mexico of which El Paso is already, and must always
remain, the business center.
In fact, there seems to be no end to the mineral wealth
of this country, far and near, in every direction ; and one
cannot but be amazed in contemplating the results which
must follow its development. Scarcely a day passes
that we do not hear of some discovery within this scope
of country.
Coal has also been discovered on three sides. North,
150 miles, is the White Oaks deposit, west- 150 is the
Corralitas deposit, and southeast, 100 miles, the Eagle
Mines and Minerals. 35
Springs deposit, only four miles from tlie Galveston,
Htirrisburg & San Antonio Railway. The quality of this
coal is excellent, particularly the White Oaks deposit,
which is pronounced to be inferior to none in the world.
All of this great mineral district has been retarded in
its development by the lack of capital, not only to work
the mines, but to furnish cheap transportation, cheap
fuel and reduction and smelting works. The question
of transportation is now partially solved by the railroads
already constructed and centering here ; and with pres-
ent facilities there is no doubt of the capacity of the dis-
tricts now being worked, and where railroad facilities
are within reach, to supply this city with sufficient ore to
cause it to begin to assume the importance of a center for
smelting and reduction works, which we are satisfied it
must inevitably do ; for it must be borne in mind, in con-
sidering such a statement, that we have unequaled rail-
road facilities, where there will always be more or less '
competition, both in hauling coal, the most important
factor, and in hauling the ores. These ores contain the
necessary fluxes for smelting readily and cheaply.
That mining as a business will pay, it is only neces-
sary for us to point to the statistics and history concern-
ing it, as shown in California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado,
Wyoming and Montana. Such progress has been made,
both in the art and science of mining, that under like
conditions of management there is no reason why it
should not be classed as one of the legitimate pursuits,
with every essential element of safety and success.
There are also large deposits of salt in the eastern
portion of the county, about ninety miles from El Paso,
from which great quantities of an excellent, pure salt is
taken.
Limestone is also found in great abundance, from
which the J^est of lime is made. Several kilns are estab-
lished near the city.
36 El Paso, Texas.
Large beds of clay also abound, from which an excel-
lent quality of brick is made; tiling and a coarse variety
of ware is made from it also. The Origan Mountains
also furnish kaolin, the substance from which fine china
and porcelain are made.
Marble of a very line and superior quality has also
been discovered in several localities, not far from El
Paso, and will soon be quarried, proiitably no doubt.
A deposit of the beautiful Mexican onyx has also been
lately discovered and located a few miles northwest
of the city.
One of the largest known deposits of gypsum, of the
variety known as anhydrite, much resembling granulated
sugar, does not require calcining, and when ground
makes an excellent hydraulic cement, is situated about
seventy miles north of El Paso ; is twenty by sixty miles
in extent, and is open for location, and, no doubt, will
some day prove of value.
Building stone of several kinds, and in great quantity,
lies almost within the city limits, and is abundant evei y-
where near the mountains. Among those that abound
are limestone, granite and sandstone.
An important feature of the mines in this vicinity is
that the prospects are generally sufficiently rich from
the very surface to pay the working expenses ; and,
where this ore can be reduced, there Is no reason why
the work should not progress. The mines are, as a rule,
situated at high altitudes, and the formation is not per-
meated with water, there being no snow at this altitude
sufficient either to penneate the formation or prevent
work at any and all times. The danger of caving and
necessity for timbering throughdut is avoided. All of
which adds materially to the proiits. To the capitalist,
miner and prospector, we would say. Come, here is a
field worthy of your attention.
Irrigation. 37
IRRIGATION.
ITS HISTORY, INTRODUCTION INTO AMERICA, AND PRESENT
ASPECT.
The greatest prerequisite to success in agriculture,
fruit-raising, etc., in the Western States and Territories,
is water. A constant and abundant supply of water is
the true key to Western progress and development. In
nearly all of that country the rainfall is totally insuffi-
cient, and not to be relied upon ; hence Western people
have been forced to study the problem of irrigation.
Having been forced to look into this question, we natu-
rally try to trace up its origin and history.
The system found in California and in this country
has been bequeathed to us by Mexico, and was inherited
by them from Spain. Looking farther back, we find
that it was one among the numy good gifts which the
Moors gave to Spain when they overran that country in
the 8th century. Whether the Moors obtained it direct
from the Arabs, or took it from the Egyi)tians, we are
unable to determine at this late day. But in inquiring
after its still more ancient origin and sourc(\ we must
not stop this side of the valleys of the Eui)hrates and
Tigris. If we start here, in the dim and shadowy ages
of antiquity, beyond which even traditicm becomes unin-
telligible, we will find that, with few exceptions, the
highest types of civilization and the brightest examples
of progress and prosperity have been located, sustained
and nurtured by systems of irrigation.
A FEW PERTINENT EXAMPLES.
The glory, grandeur and wealth of royal Babylon, of
Nineveh, Thebes, Bagdad, Cairo and Mcmjiliis. around
3U4S<W
38 El Paso, Texas.
wliich, as common rentfrs, tin; civilization of great peri-
ods of time liung and radiated, were all attributable
to and dependent upon tlie agricultural perfection sur-
rounding them, and made j)<)ssible by irrigation. "We
might go furtluT, and say that it has been the support
and sustenance of the civilized world long after the cess-
ation of Roman sway. Foi- none will fail to recognize
that the, Nile country alone supiK)rted what was known
as the Roman world, and that Egypt was always regard-
ed as the granary of the empire. The Egyptian people
were overthrown and vjinquished, but their system of
irrigation survived and gave sustenance to Roman civ-
ilization, and remained intact throughout all the vicissi-
tudes and changes. If anything, irrigation w^as better
in the days of Semiramis than in the days of Boabdil,
although, like the other concomitants of the beautiful
Alhambra, orchards, vineyards and meadows, as then
seen along the banks of the Guadalquiver, speak of a
splendid development, both material and intellectual.
The Moors obtained from their Arab progenitors a taste
for astronomy and some inclination toward practical
mathematics, and to some extent we find applied mathe-
matics in its crude state assisting in making large por-
tions of their country- bloom and blossom as the rose by
the ingenious devices which the Moors had of supplying
water to the gardens, orchards, vineyards and beautiful
meadows which dotted old Hispania during their occu-
pancy.
It is a fact which cannot be controverted, that after
the reconquest of Spain and the expulsion of the Moris-
coes, Spain began to decline. The splendid schools of
Granada, and the numerous manufactories of Valencia
and other places, gradually faded away and left Spain
without any support, save that which she gathered by
the sword, for she had neglected almost entirely her
in'igation system ; and the apology for one which we
Irrigation. 39
have, and which was found in California when that State
was acquired, is the system handed down by the suc-
cessors of those Sj^aniards who vanquished and expelled
the Moriscoes from Spain,
A NEW SYSTEM NEEDED.
It is our purpose now to show the inadequacy of this
system, and the present results of it, as compared with
the capabilities and possibilities of a new system which
the progressive American demands and will have. We
have touched but very briefly upon its antiquity, for the
reason that four-fifths, we might even say nine-tenths of
English- speaking people are practically unacquainted
with this system. Their civilization, comparatively
speaking, is in its infancy; it is still jejune, and has
grown up in a climate of moisture and regular rainfall,
and operating upon what might be termed virgin soil,
and until recently the people of the United States had
no necessity of irrigation. But times are changing, and
the time v/ill come when four-fifths of the population of
America may be dependent upon irrigation in their agri-
cultural pursuits. Then, we say, we will do well to look
into this question, and when the American idea once
takes hold of it, systems new and prolific will evolve
wonderful results.
Having brought the reader down to the consideration
of this point, we make the broad statement that the re-
sults of irrigation in California, Colorado, Arizona and
New Mexico show, in a large majority of instances, an
increase of one hundred per cent, over results dependent
upon rainfall alone in the Eastern and Middle States.
The history of the West proves our statement to be cor-
rect. Tliis once admitted, then here in the valley of the
Rio Grande the soil, the climate and the water must
cause the reader to stop and investigate, with renewed
40 El Paso, Texas.
and Ciller interest, the conditions and statements which
we place before them.
THE AMERICAN NILE.
Our Rio Grande is the American Nile. The similarity
is complete — the analogy remarkable. The Nile has its
source in an interior plateau — the Alps of Abyssinia,
many of which are covered in their winter time by heavy
masses of snow. The lower portions of the great plateau
are visited during April by perfect deluges of rain, such
as only tropical countiies can produce. The accumula-
tion of these torrential rains, and the melting of the Alp-
ine snows, causes the river to rise with almost clock-like
regularity between the first and fifth days of May, and
by the end of that month it is booming and bank full.
The turbid floods go tearing their way through rough
defiles and deep canons that fissure a volcanic country",
the formation of wiiich, travelers tell us, is very much
like that of Colorado, with limestone, granite, and occa-
sional vast trachyte formations predominating. The
waters become thoroughly charged with a combination
of mineral ingredients, which contain in themselves all
the elements of fertility. When the turbid floods reach
the great valley of Nubia and Egypt they are of a slimy
consistence, and about the beginning of June, just be-
fore the annual planting time begins in that country,
they commence to overflow their banks and spread over
the valley lands, which have been in a state of cultiva-
tion ever since Abraham's time, and probably long be-
fore. Whatever the crops of the preceding xe^v may
have abstracted from the soil is more than restored by
the abundant deposit of fertile mud which the river
leaves behind when its period of boom is over. The
lands are found covered with a crust of stiff" slime, con-
taining lime, potash, chlorides, ammonia, and various
other valuable ingredients. Into this rich slime thi'
Irriyation. 41
Egyptian fellah casts liis seed, and in an incnMlibly short
time, Avith scarcely any cultivation, and only such sub-
sequent and additional irrigation as the reservoirs filled
during the river's rise will allow, he reaps more than an
hundred fold. No manure is ever applied, but the soil
is constantly getting richer, and bears at the present
day, after a thousand years of neglect and mismanage-
ment, better crops than in the days of tlie Pharaohs and
Ptolemies.
THE Nile's step-brother.
High up on the interior plateau of Southern Colorado,
in the legendary country of San Juan, among wild crags
and heaven-aspiring battlements covered with eternal
snow, rises the Rio Grande, or as the Spaniards, who
must have seen it first some time in May or June, called
it, the Brave River of the North. It rises in the great
porphyritic formation of the San Juan, near Ouray and
Lake City, and is fed by the immense snow masses that
almost constantly cover that inhospitable country. It
tears its way out like a young giant, grinding the rocks
to pieces as it goes along, and becomes surcharged with
their mineral constituents, identically the same that the
waters of the Nile contain, and only adding an immense
quantity of aluminoid detritus, which makes it muddier
even than " Old Muddy," the Missouri itself. The simi-
larity of the chemical constituents of the two kinds of
water has often been noted by scientific travelers and
experts. Both, after being allowed to settle, show a
liquid of limpid purity, and of remarkably pleasant taste
and wholesome character. But in their native turbu-
lency, both are equally muddy, and leave the same thick
sediment of slimy mud behind, after their waters recede
from an ovei-flow. This takes place with our Rio Grande
usually in May and June, when the immense snow
masses of the San Juan country begin to melt. Then the
42 El Paso, Texas.
rivor playH sonin fant.'istic pranks, occasionally oveiilow-
ing its banks IVorii foot-hill to foot-hill.
These amiable eccentricities will have to be curbed
when the ])o])ulation of the valley becomes denser and
more v\mericanize(l. .Iiulicicjus rip-rai)ping at exposed
angles, and a general planting of the banks with willows
and Bennuda grass, and the building of the great canal,
will ])revent overllows except by means of the irrigating
channels.
This annual rise of our Rio Grande begins at the very
time when irrigation becomes necessary — immediately
when ready for the plough and the seed. It continues
during June and July, and usually lasts long enough to
tie on to the rainy season of July and August.
The system of ditches is at present badly planned and
very inadequate for the purpose intended. The acequia
madre which supplies Paso del Norte with water is about
as good a specimen of an irrigating ditch, planned and
executed by Mexican labor only, as we can find in the
valley. There is at present scarcely any systematic at-
temjDt along the whole course of the river, from the north-
ern boundary of New Mexico down to where the canon
country below the mouth of the Concho River commences,
to construct suitable dams below the points where it is
intended to take out acequias, and thus obtain a full
head and a constant supply of water at a comparatively
trifling expense. All these points will come to be better
understood and executed after a while, when a pushing
and energetic American population occupies the valley
and converts its fertile but now unused lands into vine-
yards and orchards.
The construction of a great irrigating canal, such as is
in contemplation at the present time, to extend from El
Paso to near Camp Rice, demands naturally a large out-
lay of labor and material. To repay this outlay, all the
waters so taken out must be used to advantage, and large
Irrigation. 43
tracts of land must thus hecome dependent upon the one
great canal. No single farmer, and no single neighbor-
hood, can undertake such a task. Co-operative labor
must be organized, or capital be induced to assist and
take hold.
THE VALLEY IRRIGATING CANAL.
Our readers will pardon us if we again refer to this
subject, but its importance demands it. This canal once
constructed, every acre within the valley will become a
vineyard, an orchard, or meadow. All the idle water
which flows wastefully to the Gulf, will be made to yield
the greater part of its wealth of plant food which it
holds in suspension, and we will no longer witness this
great volume of water running past our doors while our
ditches are dry, when they should be full to overflowing.
The flow of water in the Rio Grande is ample for the
needs of the valley. The opportunity is here offered to
the capitalist to make a profitable investment in an en-
terprise which will give a richer return than can be found
elsewhere in this country. The cost of a canal from El
Paso to Camp Rice, a distance of 53 miles, has been esti-
mated to be approximately $250,000. There would })e
tributary to such a canal some 150,000 acres of valley
land, ready for cultivation as soon as water can be ob-
tained. Every acre of this land would then contribute
to the canal company a yearly stij^end of say one dollar
for water privileges, which would insure to the investois
a net income of about $100,000 per annum. These facts
and figures can be verified by personal investigation.
Capital is now, for the first time in three years, beginning
to look to the far West, and with restored confidence and
abundant crops there is no point in the West which will
command that attention which El Paso will command in
the near future.
44 El Paso, Texas.
STATISTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC.
If tlie reader is not deternnl hy a few dry farts and
prosaic fi<2;ures, he will iind it jjrofitable to follow us
with due patience a little while longer.
In a G^eiieral way, the limit of agriculture, without irri-
gation is indicat(^d by the curve of 20 inches rainfall, and
where the rainfall is equally distributed throughout the
year, this limitation is without exception. But in certain
districts the rainfall is concentrated in certain months,
so as to produce a " rainy season ;" and wherever the
temperature of the rainy season is adapted to the raising
of crops, it is found tliat farming can l)e carried on with
even a little less than 20 inches of annual rain. This,
however, holds good only in certain portions of the
United States. Nowhere in Texas are 20 inches of rain
sufficient for agriculture, while in Dakota and Minnesota
a much less amount is sufficient.
The annual rainfall in El Paso, as ascertained by a
series of observations for a number of years (over twen-
ty), has been found to be 8.53 inches. This precipitation
is distributed generally in the following ratio : Spring,
0.43 inches ; summer, 3.49 inches ; fall, 3.38 inches ; win-
ter, 1.23 inches. Thus at a glance will be seen the utter
hopelessness of carrying on agriculture of any kind in
this section of country without artificial irrigation.
In comparison with the 8.53 inches of annual rainfall
at El Paso we find 31.30 inches at San Antonio, 27.58 at
New Braunfels, 33.52 at Austin, and 22. Gl inches even at
Fort Clark. At all of these places *" dry fanning'' can
be carried on, and ordinarily with profit and a reason-
able share of certainty. But there will be occasional
droughts or cloud-bursts, and sometimes a whole season's
hard labor is lost to the patient husbandman without a
particle of fault on his part. But how does the fanner.
Irrigation. 45
gardener and orcliardist stand in districts depending^
upon irrigation ?
ADVANTAGES OF A SYSTEM OF IRRIGATION.
Crops cultivated by irrigation are not subject to the
vicissitudes of rainfall. The farmer fears no drouglits ;
his labors are seldom interrupted, and his crops are
rarely injured by storms. This immunity from drought
and storms renders agricultural operations much more
certain and profitable than in regions of greater humid-
ity. Again, the water comes down from the mountains
and plateaus freighted with fertilizing materials derived
from decaying vegetation and the soils of the upper re-
gions, wliich are spread by the water used in irrigation
over the cultivated lands.
It may safely be anticipated that all the lands re-
deemed by irrigation in the Rio Grande valley will be
highly cultivated and abundantly productive, and agri-
culture will be but slightly subject to the vicissitudes of
scant and excessive rainfall. A stranger entering this
region for the first time is apt to conclude that the soil
is sterile, because of its chemical composition, but expe-
rience demonstrates the fact that all the soils are suit-
able for agricultural purposes when properly suppli(^d
with water. Altogether the fact suggests that far too
much attention has heretofore been paid to the chemical
composition of soils, and too little to those physical con-
ditions by which moisture and air are supjilied to the
roots of the growing plants.
PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL DETAILS.
The unit of water employed in irrigating enterprises
in the AYest is usually the inch, — nu^aiiiiig thtM-oby the
amount of water that will ilow throuuh an oriticc one
4C) El Paso, Texas.
imh yqiuiro. 13u( in ])nicticp tliis (j^iiantity is very in-
definite, due to the " head," or amount of pressure from
above ; in some; districts this latter is tak«m at six inches.
Another source of uncertainty exists in the fact that
increase in the size of the orifice and increase in the
amount of How do not progress in tlie same ratio. An
orilice of one square inch will not admit of a discharge
one-tenth as great as an orifice of ten square inches.
An inch of water, therefore, is variable with the size of
the stream as well as with the head or pressure. With
the influx of Americans into the Rio Grande Valley, it
will become necessary to adopt a more definite mode of
measuring irrigating water. In measuring the volume
of water which is carried down by a stream, it is usual
to state the number of cubic feet which the stream will
deliver per second.
This matter — ascertaining the amount of water flow-
ing down the Rio Grande at different seasons of the year
— is one of exceeding importance in estimating the agri-
cultural capacities of the valley, and it is unfortunate
that the task has never been performed in a thorough
and systematic manner. Some very valuable estimates
of the volume of water in the river were made some
thirty years ago, when the first official boundary line
between the two republics was run by Emory ; but as
they were made at only one particular stage of the river,
and did not extend over the full period of a year, their
value in an investigation of this subject is only acci-
dental. Then again at Del Norte, not far from the head-
waters of the river, observations were made by the
Powell Geological Survey which were more systemat-
ically conducted, and extended over the different seasons
of the year, thus making them of some practical utility
for the agriculture of Colorado. But the case is so en-
tirely altered away down at El Paso, that we have
practically no accurate observations to guide us in our
Irrigation. 4^1
examination here. This is greatly to be regretted ; With-
out these data we can only approximately deal with the
irrigation problem.
In determining the amount of water carried by any
particular stream which can be utilized for irrigating
purposes, Powell has already pointed out that this quan-
tity is variable in each stream from season to season and
from year to year. He long ago pointed out that the
irrigable season is but a portion of the year. To utilize
the entire annual discharge of a river, it would be neces-
sary to hold the surplus flowing in the non-growing sea-
son, in large reservoirs. But as such a disposition of
the waters of the Rio Grande will be a matter of the
undetermined future, the question of immediate prac-
tical importance is resolved into a consideration of the
amount of water that it will afford during the irrigating
season.
In May, June, and July the volume of water in the
pass near Eort Bliss will average 300 feet in width and
five in depth, with a velocity of live miles an hour ; in
August, September, and October it will average 100 feet
in width and two and a half to three feet in depth, with
a velocity of two and a half miles per hour. When
considered that by the 10th of July the requirements of
irrigation for fruits is over, there will then be more than
a sufficiency for the late vegetable and alfalfa crops.
It must not be forgotten that the composition of the
&u\\ throughout the Rio Grande Valley is such that the
subsoil will hold water for weeks and even months, and
gradually yields the absorbed moisture to the overlying
soil by slow upward percolation, or capillary attraction,
during the season when the_ growing crops require its
fertilizing effects.
The foregoing remarks are of necessity of a merely
desultory character. The subject of irrigation is among
Americans a comparatively new one, and no great stock
48 /'/V P(tso, Tcxfis.
ol' rt'liablf data relatin^^ to it has so far been accumu-
lated. The object of the foregoing article is simply to
call attt^ntion to tlie im])ortance of the subject in con-
nection witli the settlement of the Rio Grande Valley by
progressive and enlightened agriculturists — a settlement
in which El Paso and the district of country tributary
to it will always play the leading role.
SOCIETY, LAW AND ORDER.
The society in this city is mixed. Every element is
represented, as well as almost every State and national-
ity ; yet there is as great a proportion of refined and
cultivated people here, in proportion to our population,
as can be found in any Western city.
We have an excellent city and county government,
and the laws are as good and as well enforced as in any
city or county, excepting none, East or West. Life and
property are as secure, values are as well established
and maintained ; and, with the good society, healthy and
delightful climate, pretty and picturesque country and
scenery, handsome and eligible location of the city as to
drainage, etc., railroad, telegraph, and mail facilities
with all parts of the world, educational, religious, and
many other advantages which will be hereafter men-
tioned, make all, or nearly all, the conditions of life
here both agreeable and pleasant. Kindness, hospital-
ity, and frankness are now, as always, traits of the
frontiersman. In the cabin, the dug out, or in the man-
sion the stranger is welcomed ; the neighbor finds a
neighbor indeed. Nowhere will immigrants or strangers
of any class find less jealousy, envy, or interference
than here, and nowhere will they find a warmer wel-
come, kindness, sympathy, or material assistance. The
Northern Energy — How AJ/'> ctcd. 49
thousands of new-comers, now citizens, assure this, as-
sociated as they are in social, commercial, moral, and
religious objects. In politics, where naturally lines
would be sharply drawn, there is absolutely no sectional
distinction, and the county is about equally divided be-
tween the two parties. We will give all immigrants a
hearty welcome, and extend to them full and complete
protection. We have no prejudices to overcome, for we
are already cosmopolitan.
NORTHERN ENERGY— HOW AFFECTED.
One subject, that of the effect of this climate on North-
ern energy, we thought we would dilate upon, but, on
reflection, vnll only briefly allude to it. Most Northern
people believe that our climate is oppressively warm in
summer, and also imagine that white persons cannot
labor, or at least do not ; that people who reside in this
latitude have but little energy or industry, and that the
Northern immigrant would soon lose his former ambition
and activity. Now, we have given the temperatures of
the seasons, which are conclusive as to the moderate
heat, and the reasons why this climate invigorates, in-
stead of depresses ; and we can confldently refer to the
native-born citizens, and the earlier and later immi-
grants, as to continued sustained labor in the held, work-
shop, or office. It is true, we have in the Mexican
population a class of indolent, shiftless ])eople (the
fault of their Indian blood), who live and subsist easier
than they can in the North, as the soil produces easily
and the climate is favorable ; but the person who has a
desire to secure a home and com2)etence can work here
in more comfort, and employ more days prolitably, than
he can anywhere else.
4
50 El Paso^ Texas.
SCHOOLS.
Great as are tlie manifold attractions offered by the
climate, the soil, and other physical advantages of El
Paso county and her tributary surroundings, none of
them equal the advantagc.^s she will derive from the
princely provision which the fathers of the republic
made for the education of the millions of youth who
will in the near future be numbered among her popula-
tion. The far-sighted statesmanship of those who laid
the foundation of the " Lone Star " Republic provided
for the education of generations yet unborn, a more gen-
erous revenue than is enjoyed by the schools of any
State in the American Union. Nay, more than this ; as
we read the page on which these princely revenues are
dedicated to education, we shall see that neither Oxford
nor Cambridge have such royal endowments as the sages
of Texas gave to the university and schools of Texas.
" There is a permanent school fund of §3,500,000. That
of Massachusetts is only two-thirds as large. These
lands have been set apart for educational purposes :
For a university 1,221,400 acres.
County school domain 2,833,920 "
Central school domain 50,000,000 "
Total 54,055,320 acres.
So much for tlie permanent support of the schools.
Let us see what provision is made for their present
maintenance, besides the interest on the $3,500,000 Per-
manent Fund. This is jaelding an annual income of
more than $200,000, and is increasing $100,000 a year
from land sales. The Constitution sets apart more than
one-fourth the general revenue of the State, and $1.00
poll-tax for the support of common schools. In the year
1880, and since then, this amounted to nearly $2,000,000
annually. Besides this amount, there is the interest on
Schools. 51
the County School Fund of §550.020.00, heintr the amount
realized and invested by those t-ounties which have sold
their lands in whole or in part. In some cities an addi-
tional local tax is levied for the sup})ort of scliools. The
school lands of El Paso count}-, all of which are unsold,
and are being held for a better figure, are now worth
$75,000. So much for the provision for schools. "What
is being done with the money that is available now?
Of course, in sparsely settled communities the inaugura-
tion of schools is difficult, and it is almost impossible to
apply any strict system ; there must be more or less
flexibility. Free schools are maintained in more than
160 counties; these are attended by more than 200,000
children, and in them are employed more tlian 5.000
teachers. The State has also established two normal
schools. At these schools the students are both edu-
cated and boarded free of charge. From these a supply
of trained teachers is constantly going to all portions of
the State. An agricultural college has also been erected
by the State, at a cost of more than $200,000, and the
college has since been endowed with 1,000,000 acres of
land. Thus generously has Texas provided for the
education of all classes of her youth. In El Paso county
we have five public schools, four of which, those at Con-
cordia, Ysleta, Socorro and San Elzario, are maintained
wholly by these State endowments.
In the city of El Paso an additional local tax is levied
for the support of schools. A line school building was
completed in the autumn of 1884, costing $20,000. The
board of education consists of the best re})rcs('ntative
men of the city, and they have made the school an honor
to the city, offering facilities for every grade of advance-
ment, and no better advantages can be found elsewhere
for a thorough preparatory college education. Tlie sys-
tem of instruction and course of study are both up with
the most approved and most recent methods in operation.
52 AV /Usv), Texas.
The corps of teachers i.s of tlie best, and is under the
direction of a superintendent of experience. The sal-
aries paid teachers command tlie best talent in the
profession; $75 ])er month is the minimum. A printed
code of rules and regulations is in fcjrce which, in itself,
shows the interest taken and results expected.
If our schools continue t<j improve and prosper as they
have begun, El Paso will, ere long, be renowned for her
educational advantages as she now is for business and
other enterprises.
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS AND PRIVILEGES.
The people of Texas are eminently a religious people.
There is no State in the Union where church-going facili-
ties are more highly prized, or where a larger proportion
of citizens are members of church organizations ; about
three-quarters of a million of her people are recognized
members of religious denominations ; and this is fully
borne out in regard to the city and county of El Paso.
Surely a community In which one-third of the popula-
tion profess direct church affiliations cannot be very
lawless. Almost ever}^ denomination is represented here,
both with churches, Sunday schools, pastors and mem-
bership, in a manner not excelled in any other city or
county in the United States, of its age or population.
And the immigrant or stranger will find here, outside of
the churches, a strong and healthy moral sentiment,
guiding and controlling the community, and the individ-
ual members thereof in all their acts.
To the Invalid. 53
TO THE INVALID.
This climate cannot be excelled for its sanitary quali-
ties. The mercuiy has rarely been noted below 20°
above, and then only for a few hours at a time. Snows
seldom whiten the ground, and lie but a few hours.
Damp, chilly days, and hot, sultry nights are unknown.
The heat of summer is not oppressive, and sunstroke
has never been known. The sky is clear the year round.
No entire day has been known when the sun and stars
have not been seen. The atmosphere is unsui-passed for
its dryness and purity ; full of electricit}^ it is wonder-
fully exhilarating, and never burdened with malarious or
poisonous exhalations. Blankets or cover of some kind
are necessary for all on nights which follow the hottest
daj^s, because the nights are cool, though not damp.
Sleeping with doors and windows open, or in the open
air, may be practiced with impunity. The asthmatic
invalid or the consumptive may sit out of dooi-s, ride or
walk in the sunshine 350 days in the year Avith pleasure
and comfort, and may always enjoy refreshing sleep at
night; thus securing the most essential conditions for the
restoration of a shattered nervous system and broken
constitution.
Free and full breathing of pure air is the most import-
ant for a sufferer from diseases of the liver and lungs.
Make such a person breathe, and he will live ; whatever
makes him breathe faster makes his blood flow more
rapidly, and be better aerated. His appetite will in-
crease, digestion and assimilation will respond to the
increased action of the lungs, which is secured by the
elevation of this valley. Here one must bn^atlu* more
fully and more rapidly than nearer tlie sea h-vcl. and its
air is as pure as any on the face of the earth. A perma-
54 AV P'iso, Texas.
mini increase of breathing capacity, caused by rarelied air,
prevents the formation of tubercles, and often heals
those already formed. At this elevation (4,000 feet) this
increase is not so great as to be injurious, as is some-
times the case at higher elevations. Such are some of
the conditions which give to this valley (in this locality)
an extremely healthy and invigorating climate, free from
the malaria of the hot, damp regions of the river beds [ind
low lands of the Southern States, and from the mountain
fevers, colds, influenzas, asthmas and consumptions of
the higher ranges of the Rocky Mountains, and cold,
fog-bound regions of the Northern States. A more desir-
able climate cannot be found the world over. Persons
shut out from the light of the sun are most disposed to
consumption. For such, daily sunlight is everything.
This country, of which we write, has more sunny days
than any region of the United States, probably more
than any other place, and the invalid, therefore, cannot
but enjoy that benefit, unless he pui'posely excludes
himself from it.
WHAT PHYSICIANS SAY.
Florida and Cuba are warmer in winter, but they have
an atmosphere loaded with vapor, and winter is the
period of the greatest rains and, consequently, cloudy
days. The invalid, seeking to regain health, will not go
to them if he follows the advice of Dr. Chambers, in
his Lectures on the Renewal of Life. That eminent Eng-
lish physician says :
'' In choosing a home for a consumptive, do not mind
the average height of the thermometer, or its variations ;
do not trouble yourself about the mean rainfall ; do not
be scientific at all; but find out by somebody's journal
how many days were fine enough to go out forenoon and
afternoon ; that is the test you require ; and by that you
may be confidently guided."
Sanitarium. 55
Tried by such a test, the invalid must locate here.
Here is no rank, rich vegetation, saturated with moist-
ure, and constantly undergoing decomposition. Vegeta-
tion dries up — never rots. Meat, stripped and hung in
the open air and sun, in mid-summer, will cure, and is
preserved without salt. Such air, when inhaled, gives a
stimulus and vital force which can only b'e given by so
pure an atmosphere. One having a predisposition to
consumption comes to this valley and is immediately
relieved. This altitude is not too high for the consump-
tive in any stage, except in the most extreme cases.
And so with any organic disease of the heart. Any per-
son with a fair constitution, who settles here, or near
here, stands a better chance of enjoying a healthful life
and of attaining his three score years and ten than in
any other part of the Union. To the young of consnmp-
tive families, it offers special inducements. Here many
a brilliant and useful life, which might otherwise be lost
before reaching the meridian of manhood, may be pro-
longed to a vigorous old age.
Read the report of the committee of our physicians on
Sanitarium, published below, upon wliich absolute reli-
ance can be placed.
SANITARIUM.
The influence of climatic conditions is an important
agent for favorably modifying the cause of various
chronic diseases. There are few if any |nilmonary affec-
tions or other chronic maladies which may not be cither
cured, suspended in tfieir course, or relieved by the in-
fluence of judiciously selected climate. From the failure
.")() EL P((.so, Texas.
of tlio luatcriji iiicdica to cope with this disease, attention
has been diawn to the modifying influence of climate
ni)()n clironic pulmonary disorders. The conditions of
st)il and atmospliere favorable to the development of
phthisis pulmonalis are well known. Damp, ill-drained
I'lnd, cold, humid air, sudden changes of temperature,
lack of sunlight, anti-hygienic surroundings — all con-
tribute to depress the general health and to occasion the
fearful prevalence of consumption in low-lying districts
and in large cities. It is therefore evident that in the
search for a climate for the prevention and cure for con-
sumption, dryness of air and soil and the invigorating
influences of sunlight must be substituted for the delete-
rious conditions of ground and atmosphere mentioned
above.
That climate is a potent agent in the prevention of
phthisis pulmonalis is demonstrated by the fact that a
region of comparative immunity from the disease is found
in high altitudes. It is therefore proposed to elucidate
some of the different factors which tend materially to
modify and counteract the effect of diseases in this cli-
mate, and the invalid tourist and immigrant cannot but
see the extraordinary advantages to be derived by set-
tlement in our midst.
The latitude and longitude having been given hereto-
fore, it is found that the elevation of El Paso, the county
seat of El Paso County, is near 4,000 feet, in round num-
bers, above sea level, and consists of an alluvial sandy
deposit, exceedingly porous, and possesses a great fac-
ulty of absorbing water and moisture. Small and large
ponds and marshes are notably absent ; hence the fact,
in view of the altitude, that so little malaria or malarial
fevers are seen or known to complicate the ordinary pre-
vailing complaints among the inhabitants of the valley.
The river water is muddy, but sittles readily, yielding
a pure and potable supply for every use. Wells are
Sanitarium. 57
driven with but little difficulty, and water clear as crys-
tal is secured anywhere from seven to fifteen feet.
The physical conformation of land beyond the valley
is diversified, being rolling mesas, brolvcn foot-hills, and
X)icturesque mountains. With the exce^jtion of the jiass,
El Paso is protected closely on the west, north and south
by a main spur of the Rocky Mountains, and a slightly
elevated plateau is on the east side, extending some
sixty or seventy miles.
Owing to the exceedingly great porosity of the soil,
humidity of the atmosphere is very insignificant, even
after a considerable rainfall. The soil receives much of
its moisture from below the surface, and in this way sup-
plies, in a great measure, its needs in the growth of tim-
ber, grasses and vegetation. The paludial emanations
of the soil, with little or no marshy lands or standing
water, is so slight that the ordinary effects of malarial
poisoning are rarely ever observed in pne who has re-
sided here any length of time.
It has been claimed that five or six thousand feet
elevation furnishes an atmosphere superior to that of a
higher or lower altitude, but such is not the case, for
there are many conditions of the atmosphere, per se,
such as degrees of moisture and dryness, temperature,
relative velocity and general direction of wind, the nat-
ural surroundings, all make up the general salubiious-
ness of the climate and better lit it for the invalid and
consumptive. Other reasons why too great elevations
above sea level should be avoided, is because of the too
great aptitude to passive congestion of the lungs and
heart, mountain fevers, cold, raw winds, inability too
often of securing a sufficient variety of food and the
ordinary comforts of a home life that may be had at
lower altitudes. Altitude has a specially notable effect,
inasmuch as there is a general increase in tho l)ulk of
the lungs and an (enlargement of the chest of inhabitants
58 AV /V/.s7>, yVvrr/.v.
of elevated H'gions. It also produces large dimensions
of the air cells, enabling a freer discharge of accumulat-
ing secretions, ixTtnittiiig largpr influx of pure air,
exercising a strongly antagonistic and germicidal in-
fluence, and rendering the lungs increasingly inapt to
take on a tubercularizing action. With the rise above
the sea level the air becomes rarefled and the atmospheric
pressure is considerably diminished. At the height of
4,000 feet the atmospheric pressure is about thirteen and
a half instead of fifteen pounds to the square inch, and
the proportion of oxygen is diminished twelve per cent.
This attenuation of the air producBS important changes
in the economy.
The mechanical effect of the rarefied air is to increase
the frequency and depth of respiration and to accelerate
the pulse. A greater amount of air must be inhaled to
satisfy the demand for oxygen. Hence the lungs have a
tendency to be cqmpletely filled, the elastic tissue of the
vesicles is stretched and the thorax is expanded to its
fullest capacity. At moderate elevations the system
quickly adapts itself to the lessened atmospheric pres-
sure, but when great heights are rapidly attained, as
with aeronauts, copious hemorrhages from the lungs
ensue. In the altitude of Denver haemoptysis frequentlj"
occurs in consumptives in the stage of excavation.
Br. Denison says : " The lessened tension of the air,
and the increased frequency of respiration, force the
blood to pass more quickly through the lungs, and the
rapid and perfect renewal of capillary circulation is
opposed to the stages of early and chronic intiammation.
This improved capillary circulation, together with a
more perfect expansion of the thorax, loosens and pro-
motes the expectoration of the mucus and inflammator}-
It has been so often demonstrated beyond the possi-
bility of a doubt, that the combined conditions making
Sanitarium. 59
up the climate of high altitudes do favorably modify the
causes and course of phthisis that the popular faith in
this "mountain cure" is almost unbounded by both the
lay and professional. El Paso offers many superior
advantages to the invalid and pleasure seeker, by rea-
son of its well sheltered position from winds by its
mountain ranges and terraced hills on the north and
west, a slightly higher mean temperature and in a
notably less lower extreme range of this — absence of
the essential elements of volatized poisonous organic
matter and mechanically irritant particles, the uniformly
mild, dry air, which is bracing and exhilarating; so
many bright, clear, soft balmy days, never foggy, light
or little dews at night, rarely ice in winter, and more
rarely visited by snow. Equableness of temperature is
the rule; sudden changes are comparatively rare; well
provided with hotel and other accommodations, attractive
in itself, its mountain scenery, its singular mixture of
American push and Mexican indolence, mostly cosmo-
politan, markets having an abundant supply of every
variety, with a quality of food all that can be desired.
Those ill-defined conditions included under the vague
title of delicacy of chest, may be completely removed by
residence in El Paso, as likewise the tendency to winter
attacks of bronchitis, chronic bronchitis in all varieties,
cirrhosis of the lungs, asthma, emphysema, hay fever
and chronic pneumonia, are always relieved, more often
cured, and the disposition to recurring attacks of
haemoptysis effectually controlled.
Statistics afford us no guide yet to the rate and cause
of deaths among the native population, still it is a nota-
ble fact to a close observer, that pulmonary troubles
affect them to a very limited extent, the writer having
failed to find a case of consumption developed in tliis
climate after nearly five year's residence. The same is
true with regard to t)tlier diseases; that there are frw
60
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Food. — Accommodations. 61
cases, most all of whicli recover, viz., typhoid fever,
intlammatory rheumatism, sunstroke, liydropliobia, etc.
Children's diseases are not so varied, and less severe than
in lower altitudes. Diphtheria very rare ; no case seen in
El Paso in the last four (4) years ; scarlatina rare and of
a mild type, seldom, if ever fatal ; never produces any
of those ravages and after-effects so common in the
East. The advaiitage of El Paso for pulmonary con-
sumption in its incipient stages, and many other dreaded
fatal diseases, has been too recently ap})reciated to
allow extended statistics to be presented as to its benelits.
A meterological report for the year 1884, for El Paso,
is herewith submitted (on opposite page) as an exhibit
of the excellent climatic condition of this altitude.
FOOD.
As .to food, the locality, together with the means of
quick and preservative transportation, places at com-
mand everything, from the local abundant supply of
fresh vegetables and fruits, including the delicious
grapes of the country, with the grape wines equalling
any in the world, to the northern products of the United
States, and the numerous tropical productions of Mexico.
The markets afford articles to meet every requirement of
necessity or fancy.
ACCOMMODATIONS.
Accommodations as to home and family supplies, and
rooms and board at the best managed hotels and private
boarding houses, are commensurate with every demand
made by the permanent resident or the transient so-
journer. Rates are reasonable.
{')2 El Paso, Texas.
HOW LAND TITLES ORIGINATE— PRICE, ETC.
As already stated, Texas reserved by the treaty of an-
nexation all her ])iil)lic domain, amounting to 171,967,-
0(50 acres. Thus it was that while she was the youngest
of States she was the most wealthy. Prom the earliest
days of the republic it has ever been the policy of Texas
to use her public lands for the encouragement of im-
migration, endowment of her school fund and the build-
ing of internal improvements in the State.
Each county has a local land office, with a surveyor,
who is a bonded officer of the State. He keeps an accu-
rate map of every survey ever made in his county, and a
book in which every set of field notes is duly re-
corded, and patents (titles) to public lands come directly
from the State. A portion of the county, perhaps one-
third, belongs to the railroads, one-third to the State, and
one-third to private owners, from all of whom good titles
can be procured. Unimproved agricultural lands can be
had, in any quantity, for from one dollar to five dollars
per acre, according to location and advantages. Grazing
lands from one to two dollars per acre. Lots in the city
of El Paso from twenty -five to five hundred dollars for
residences, and for business from ten dollars to one hun-
dred dollars per front foot, according to advantages.
Titles are good. Nearly all controversies concerning
titles have been settled by compromise or b}^ the courts.
Homesteads may be acquired wherever anj' vacant lands
can be found, ahd each head of a family' is entitled to
160 acres, by occupying and improving the same for
three consecutive years. The laws of the State are sim-
ilar to those of most of the advanced States of the Union.
They give ample and full protection to life and property,
and are rigidly enforced. The largest liberty of speech
Laws of Texas. 63
and thouglit is here encouraged and guaranteed ; no pro-
scription in religion or politics is tolerated; every right
and privilege is closely guarded in the laws. All forms
of religious worship may be j)i'acticed, and every shade
of politics is entertained among our peox)le. The two
political parties are very ecpuilly represented by our
population, and it is a question which has the ascend-
ancy.
LAWS OF TEXAS OF GENERAL INTEREST TO
IMMIGRANTS.
The homestead of a family, not to exceed 200 acres
(not in any city or town), or town or city lot or lots, not
to exceed $5,000 in value, exclusive of improvements at
the lime of their designation as a homestead, shall not
be subject to forced sale for debts, except for taxes or
for labor or material expended thereon. The owner, if a
married man, cannot alienate the homestead without tlic
consent of the wife.
PERSONAL PROPERTY EXEMPT.
All household and kitchen furniture ; all improvements
of husbandry; all tools and ajjparatus pertaining to any
trade or profession, and all books belonging to public
or private libraries ; five milk cows and calves, two yokes
of work oxen ; two horses and one wagon ; one carriage
or buggy; one gun, twenty hogs, twenty head of slieep;
all necessary jirovisions and forage on liand for the use
of the family. And for every citizen not the head of
a family, one hoi'se, saddle and bridle; all wearing ap-
parel, all tools, apparatus, and l)ooks belonging to his
private library.
64 El Pcuso, Texas.
jiomp:steadr and prp:-emptioxs.
Every head of a family wlio lias not a homestead shall
bo entitled to IGO acres of land, as a homestead, out of
any part of the public domain not included in any lail-
I'oad reservation, or in any State section of land surveyed
by virtue of any railroad land certificate, nor upon any
island; upon condition that he or she select, locate
and occupy the same for three years, and pay the office
fees on the same. Any single man, twenty-one years
of age, is entitled to 80 acres upon the same terms.
Any person who, in good faith, actually settles upon
any part of the public domain, not exceeding 160 acres,
and furnishes the Commissioner of the General Land
Office satisfactory evidence that he or she has, in good
faith, settled upon said land, shall be entitled to pur-
chase the same from the State at one dollar per acre.
MARITAL RIGHTS.
All property, both real and personal, owned by hus-
band and wife before marriage, remains the separate
property of such owner, and such property as is
acquired after marriage, by gift, devise or descent,
becomes and remains the separate property to whom
given, devised or descended. The homestead, or sepa-
rate property, cannot be sold unless the wife joins in the
conveyance.
All property acquired by either the husband or wife
after marriage, except as above, is the common property
of both. At the death of one j^arty the survivor takes
all, if there are no children ; if children, th6 survivor
takes one-half, the children the other.
Secret Societies 65
SECRET SOCIETIES.
The city of El Paso is well represented in tlie secret
societies and organizations. The Masonic fraternity,
particularly, are in possession of one of the best fur-
nished halls in the Southwest, the entire third story of
the Mundy building.
Besides the following named societies, the founding of
Knights of Pythias, order of the " Eastern Star," Chosen
Friends, and a post of " G. A. R." is in contemplation.
For the benefit of members of those organizations into
whose hands this pamphlet may fall, we will give the
names of the presiding officers and secretaries of the
lodges here, so that they may correspond or communicate
with them should they desire to do so.
El Paso Lodge of Perfection, No. 5, A.-. A.-. S.-.
R.-.— S. W. Boring, 32° V. M. ; Henry Berliner, 32°
Secretary.
El Paso Chapter Rose Croix, No. 4, A.*. A.-. fc>.-. R.-.
—Charles B. Patrick, 32° W. M. ; Henry Berliner, 32°
Sec'y.
El Paso Commandery Knights Templar, No. 18.
— Charles Davis, Eminent Commander; T. L. Ennis,
Recorder.
El Paso Chapter Royal Arch Masons, No. 157. — S.
W. Boring,'M. E. H. P. ; Henry Berliner, Secretary.
El Paso Lodge, No. 130, A. F. and A. M.— R. C.
Lightbody, W. M. ; H. L. Bingham, Secretary.
5
(5(J El Paso, Texas.
El Paso Lodgk, No. 284, J. O. O. F.— C. E. Fruiii, N.
G. ; n. L. Capell, Recording Secretary.
El Paso Lodge, No. 2884, Kxiqiits of Honor. — Chas.
F. Slack, Director; A. Kaplan, Recorder.
Rio Grande Lodge Knights and Ladies of Honor,
No. DIG. — Charles C. Kiefer, Protector; John S. Kierski,
Secretary.
Order Railroad Conductors. — D. F. Rimmer, C. C. ;
F. A. Taylor, S. and T.
New Year Lodge, No. 135, B. of L. F. — C. McArthur,
Secretary.
Besides the above societies, the founding of a Knights
of Pythias Lodge, Order of the Eastern Star, Chosen
Friends, and a Post of G. A. R. is contemplated.
Assessed Valuation of El Paso County. 67
ASSESSED VALUATION EL PASO COUNTY,
Year 1884.
Real estate improvements, city of El Paso —
Mills' map $1,255,889
Morehead's addition 78,345
Satterthwaite's addition 65,600
Magoffin's addition 89,820
Campbell's addition 627,897
Cotton's addition 40,400
Bassett's addition 10,400
Alexander's 6,175
Hart's 61,050
$2,235,576
County real estate and improvements outside of city 1,378,329
Total real estate $3,613,905
Railroads 1,888,481
Telegrai)h 15,900
Personal property in city and county —
33 jacks and jennies 342
336 hogs 1,448
1 ,379 horses and mules 42,405
8,574 cattle 142,784
3,200 sheep 8,029
1,588 goats 2,291
347 carriages and wagons 32,339
Machinery, tools, implements, etc 76,100
Goods, wares, and merchandise 481 ,000
Money on hand 33,650
Credits 63,228
Miscellaneous 236,888
1,120,514
Total vuhiation $6,638,800
68
El Paso, Texas.
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE, Etc.
January, 1884.
February,
March,
AV)ril,
May,
June,
July,
August.
September,
October,
November,
December,
January, 1885.
February, " .
March, " .
April, " .
Average
Temperature
39.9
50.6
54.5
59.0
69.0
78.4
85.5
79.6
72.7
62.6
51.5
46.9
41.7
49.9
56.6
63.6
Rainfall.
.55
.84
.33
.91
»
.11
.46
!.U8
!.98
i.15
.22
!.07
.12
.03
.34
.04
No. of
Cloudy Days.
3
2
3
1
2
2
4
10
5
8
2
7
2
1
6
4
Too small to measure.
The following is taken from the report of the Chief
Signal Officer of the Army for the 12 months ending
June 30, 1883 :
El Paso, total No. of cloudy days for 12 months (year 1882) 30
Denver, Colo., " " " " " " '" " 33
El Paso, total No.of cloudy days for 6 months ending June 30, 1883. .. 17
Denver, Colo., " " " "" " " " " " ...36
Importations.
69
IMPORTATIONS
Made through the El Paso Custom House from
January 1, 1881, to December 31, 1884.
Date.
Free
Goods.
Annual
Increase.
1
Dutiable
Goods.
Annual
Increase.
1881
1882
5; 3,920
10,626
638,045
821,394
$6,706
627,419
183,349
$83,666
185,098
250,485
374,522
$101,432
1883
1884
65,387
124,037
Totals
1,473,985
893,771
Recapitul.\tion :
Total free goods $1,473,986
Total dutiable goods 803.771
Total importations, all classes $2,367,756
70
El Pcvio^ Texas.
TABLE OF DISTANCES
From El Paso, Tex., to
Miles
Abilene, Tex 455
Albuquer(]ue, N. M 255
Aguas Calientes, Mex 860
Atlanta, Ga 1,598
Austin, Tex 879
Baton Rouge, La 1,074
Benson, Arizona 262
Big Springs, Tex 347
Calera, Mex 767
Camp Rice, Tex 53
Celaya, Mex '. 1,042
Chicago 1,639
Chihuahua, Mex 225
Colorado, Tex 386
Colorado Springs, Col 711
Coltoif, Cal 746
Dallas, Tex 648
Deming, N. Mex 88
Denver, Col 786
Emporia, Kan 1,045
Fort Worth, Tex 616
Galveston 963
Hot Springs, Ark 997
Houston, Tex 848
Jimulco, Mex 562
Kansas City, Mo 1,173
La Junta, Colo 602
Lamy, N. Mex 322
Las Cruces, N. Mex 44
Las Vegas, N. Mex 387
Leon, Mex 965
Miles
Lerdo, Mex 515
Lordsburgh, N. Mex 148
Los Angeles, Cal 804
Marshall, Tex 795
Mexico City 1,224
Montezuma, Mex 112
New Orleans 1,163
New York 2,410
Pueblo, Col 666
Queretaro, Mex 1,071
Raton, N. Mex 498
Rincon, N. Mex 77
San Antonio, Tex 632
San Elizario, Tex 21
San Francisco, Cal 1,286
San Juan del Rio, Mex 1,105
San Marcial, N. Mex 152
Shreveport, La 835
Sierra Blanca, Tex 92
Silao, Mex 986
St. Louis, Mo 1,359
Topeka, Kan 1,107
Toyah, Tex 194
Trinidad, Col 521
Tucson, Arizona 308
Washington, D. C 2,239
Ysleta, Tex 12
Yuma, Arizona 555
Zacatecas, Mex 785
Zeminez, Mex 371
Class of Immigrants Wanted. 71
CLASS OF BrMIGRANTS WANTED.
We want population from every State in the Union,
and from every country in Europe. We want the thrifty
and industrious, with a few hundred or a few thousand
dollars, to join us in occupying and building up the va-
cant places in our favored country, that they may secure
pleasant homes for tliemselves and their families. We
want them to identify themselves with our present pop-
ulation, and enjoy all the rights and privileges of the
native born, which the laws of the State fully guarantee
to them. We need population. We want immigrants
of kindred races, that we may be a homogeneous people.
We are all immigrants or their descendants. We give
immigration credit for all we are or hope to become.
We want especially persons skilled in farming, garden-
ing and fruit growing. We want stock raisers, ;^os-
pectors, miners, capitalists and manufacturers. We
want capital to develop our unbounded resources, and
take advantage of the many opportunities for profitable
investment. We want iiiiinigrants wlio will bring along
with them sufficient means and energy to enter upon
business for themselves, to buy our cheap lands, become
permanent residents, practical frnit growers and success-
ful agriculturists, or who will follow some mechanical
or manufacturing occupation. We want settlers who
will rely on their own exertions and means. To such we
say. Come; and if you have fair staying qualities your
reward is sure.
72 El Paso^ TexiVi.
FEMALE DOMESTICS
Are in great demand here, and we have no doubt that
from lifty to one hundred good girls, or women, could
at once obtain employment at wages ranging from fifteen
to twenty-live dollars per month. This is entirely within
bounds, and it is probable that a much larg«3r number
might obtain employment ; and the demand will continue
and increase from year to year. We would advise good
domestics to come here. They will find this a most de-
sirable place to cast their lot. The opportunities for
good females of this class to make desirable settlements
in life are excellent.
CONCLUSION.
In conclusion, we desire to say that it has here been
our aim to give information concerning the geographical
position and character of El Paso City and County, and
the superior natural advantages which they possess, and
which she offers with extended arms, open to receive and
embrace in welcome all who may choose to cast their lot
with ours.
First. For the peculiarly charming climate, free as it
is from all and every epidemic ; mild, yet invigorating,
and singularly pure, pleasant and salubrious ; where
the yellow fever and cholera germs cannot exist ; where
sun-stroke is unknown ; where a refreshing sleep can
always be had ; a perfect sanitarium, in fact, unsurpassed
by any, probably, in the world.
Conclusion. 7b
Second. For lier vast grazing domain, which is iinsiir
passed, as we have shown, by any on the continent.
Third. For her millions of tons of hidden treasure in
the shape of gold, silver, lead, copper and coal, which
lie buried withii. the bosom of her majestic mountains.
Fourth. For her large bodies of agricultural lands,
lying in one of the most fertile and beautiful valleys in
the world, with so many attractions and advantages for
the settler; witli comparatively so few obstacles to over-
come and hardships to endure, and with the many pleas-
ant and easy conditions of life, so few dangers and priva-
tions incident to life on or near the frontier.
Fifth. For the commercial advantages possessed by
the cit}^, the great metropolis of this whole country, as
has been shown, and to which we again invite atten-
tion.
We repeat, that no portion of our country offers
greater inducements than this of which we have written,
and of which far more might well be said. If we have
failed to bring to light, or if we have misrepresented in
any way, the advantages our situation offers, in the fore-
going pages, it has been the fault of the head and not of
the heart. And here we leave the subject, to Tx' renewed
at an early day, we trust, by a more able but not less
impartial pen than ours.
74 AV yv^s7^ Texas.
THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY
extends from El Paso, Texas, to the City of Mexico,
traveisin<i: for over twelve hundred miles a vast elevated
2)lateau or table land, rich with grazing and agricultural
lands and abounding in mountains full of silver, iron,
jind other metals. The largest and most flourishing cities
of the Republic are situated on the line of this great
iron highway : Chihuahua, Santa Rosalia, Zeminez,
Lerdo, Fresnillo, Zacatecas, Aguas Calientes, Lagos,
Lerdo, Silao, Guanajuato, Irapuato, Celaya, Salamanca,
Queretaro, San Juan del Rio, Tula, and the City of Mex-
ico.
Durango, Guadalajara, San Luis Potosi, Saltillo, Pa-
chuca, Morelia, and numerous other prominent cities are
reached by stage and w^agon, from points on the line of
the Mexican Central. A great part of the territory trav-
ersed by this line enjoys the climate of the temperate
zone. Extremes in temperature are almost unknown.
A delightful coolness prevails in the shade. The nights
are cool. Life and travel on the table land are equally
agreeable, summer or winter.
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Famous, from the days of the conquest down to the
present time, have been the mineral treasures hidden in
the hills of Mexico. The dreams of adventurers are
conflrmed by the tests of modern science. Mexico is
the richest country in the w^orld in mineral resources.
All the prominent metals have been found in large quan-
Tlie Mexican Central Railway. 75
titles, though as yet the search has- been limited to the
localities most easily accessible. A great deal of silver
has been mined in Mexico, but there is good reason to
believe that, notwithstanding Mexico has long been the
great silver x)roducing country of the world, the greater
portion of her wealth remains undiscovered. It is un-
doubtedly true, also, that the country cannot long remain
unexplored. The gates have been unlocked and tlirown
wide open. The average Western American is the un-
daunted explorer of modern times. There is, since the
completion of the Mexican Central Railway and the in-
troduction of modern mining nuichinery, no obstacle to
his investigations in Mexico. The known existence of
the precious metals in all the nooks and corners of a
land of mountains, encourages a thorough investigation
of the fastnesses and byways of the Republic.
Mexico's production of the precious metals is a sub-
ject which would require a volume, and can be only
touched upon here. The mineral districts most distin-
guished for the production of silver and gold are those
of Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Fresnillo, Chihuahua, and
Durango, all reached via the Mexican Central. The dis-
tricts of Guanajuato and Zacatecas form two groups,
important for their numerous and industrious popula-
tion. These districts, together with Chihuahua and Du-
rango, abound not only in the precious metals, bur in
copper, iron, lead, zinc and tin.
Near the city of Durango is the Cerro de Mcrcado, a
mountain 3,600 feet long by 1,100 feet wide — an aica of
90 acres — and 040 feet high, containing the most rtMuark-
able deposit of iron in the world. It contains nearly
200,000,000 tons of iron ore, of remarkable purity.
There are larger deposits of iron oi'e near Leon, and at
the iion works near by some of the largest and ilnest
ornamental castings in the world hav(> been produced.
Mexico's mineral wealth undoubtedly lies in her vast
70 AV Paso, Texas.
deposits of silver. Native silver has been found in con-
siderable masses, sometimes weigliing more than 200
kil()<:;ninis, in tlie mines of l)atoi)il<)S. It is frequently
found in certain districts of Chihuahua, Guanajuato, and
Zacatecas.
PRINCIPAL SILVER DISTRICTS.
Chihuahua : Batopilas, Batuchique, Candamena, Cusi-
huiriachic, Guadalupe y Calvo, Guadalupe de los Keyes,
Jesus Maria, Morelos, Parral, Santa Eulalia, Toquimbo,
Urique, Uruachi, Valle, Zapori.
Durango : Arzati, Avino, Bajada, Basis, Canelas, Con-
eto, Comercio, Cuencame, Durangal, Duraznito, El Oro,
Fresnos, Gavilanes, Guanacevi, Huahuapan, Inde, Mapi-
mi, Metatitos, Mezquital, Parrilla, Penon Blanco, Picoe-
terco, Pueblo Nuevo, Rodeo, San Dimas, San Juan de
Guadalupe, San Lucas, Santiago, Sianori, Tamazula,
Tejame, Topia, Ventanas.
GuanajiLato : El Nayal, El Nopal, Gilmonene, Jesus
Maria, La Joya, Mejiamora, Monte de San Nicolas,
Rayas, San Pedro, Santa Lucia, Sirena, Socavon de San
Cayetano, Valenciana.
Mexico : Chalchitepec, El Oro, Ixtlahuacan, Sultepec,
Temascaltepec, Villa del Yalle, Zacoali)an.
Queretaro : El Doctor.
San Louis Potosi : Bermalejo, Catorce, Charcas, Gua-
dalcazar, Matehuale, San Pedro.
Zacatecas: Bolanos, Carcamo, Cedros, Chalchihuites,
Fresnillo, Mazapil, Norio, Nieves, Sombrerete, San Juan
de Guadalupe, Sierra Hermosa, Pinos, Rio Grande, Teul,
Pico de Freire, Zacatecas.
The mineral districts given above are those from which
was obtained the silver coined in the mints of the Re-
public.
The Mexican Central Railway. 77
SULPHURET OF SILVER
is found in Guanajuato, Pachuca, Zacatecas, and in Za-
culapan, State of Mexico. Ruby silver in Moielos, State
of Chihuahua. Black silver in Chihuahua, Guanajuato,
and Zacatecas. Argentiferous galenite in the greater
part of the mines of the Republic.
From the days of the ancient Aztecs down to the pres-
ent time, gold has been found in nearly every part of
Mexico. It is found, both pure and mixed with silver
ore, and there is scarcely a single silver mine which does
not contain gold. Native gold is frequently found crys-
tallized in the silver ores of Vilhilpando and Rayas,
near Guanaj uato ; Guarisomay, west of Durango ; and
Mezquitl, in Guadalajara.
Copper, lead, and su]i)hur exist in large quantities
along the line of the Mexican Central Railway, and
there are many indications of coal, though no good
workable bed has yet been discovered.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
The mineral wealth of the Republic is so enormous,
and tlie pursuit of the precious metals is so alhiriiig,
that the agricultural resources of Mexico are at present
less famcms. Time will change this, as in the case of
California. Rich alluvial soils, natural fertilizers, nutri-
tious grasses, abound; millions of acres yet untouclu'd
Probably there is no country in the world, the natural
configuration of which is so advantageous for agriculture
as Mexico. It may be reasonably estimated tliat one-
half of the plateau upon which the Mexican Central is
built is valley or farming land. Where it is so, it is
very productive. Every tree, fruit, or plant of F.urope
or North America will grow there. All domestic, or
78 />/ Paso, Texas.
oilier ;iniiM:ils, ulictlier imported or native, have thriven
and inultii)lied. Into the d(!pressions and valleys the
trojtical products intrude themselves, as oranges, ban-
anas, limes, cotton, and cane. In the diversity of its
products, its wide extent, its extraordinary climate, its
freedom from diseases and climatic extiemes, there is no
parallel, in any other region of the earth, to the great
plateau of Mexico.
If only one-fourteenth part of the territory of the
Republic were used for the raising of wheat and corn,
the annual yield would be about 110,000,000 bushels of
wheat and 400,000,000 bushels of corn every year ; and
this immense yield would all be available for foreign
markets, as the outlaying lands have always raised
enough for home consumption. Besides, the Mexicans
are from choice a corn-eating people. Seven eighths of
the population live on tortillas.
Nevertheless, the tillage is all done with tools as an-
cient as Abraham — wooden sticks, the crotches of trees
shod with iron. Yet, an investigation of yield and qual-
ity make one wonder.
THE MAGUEY.
Beside these staple crops, a glance at some of the un-
common products of Mexico may not be uninteresting.
Nobody can have much of an opinion of the cactus
family as a thing of beauty or as a source of wealth.
In some parts of Mexico, the cacti assume gigantic
proportions and grotesque forms. One member of the
family is essential in daily life. The agave, aloe, ma-
guey, or century plant, exists in some thirty varieties
and has more products than any other vegetable. It
produces in enormous quantities pulque^ the national
beverage. 250,000 pints of this are consumed daily in
the city of Mexico alone. Each plant jn-oduces about
Th.e Mexican Central Railway. 79
125 quarts of this juice, after wliich it dies. In otlier
localities no juice or pulque is drawn from the plant,
because its special virtues enable it to produce the
brandy known as " Tequilla,"' from the locality on the
Pacific Branch of the Mexican Central, where the best
is produced. The mode of making this is as old as the
Aztec civilization.
After the pulque has been extracted, tlie plant still
posesses its greatest value. It can be made to yield an
excellent quality of molasses superior to that yielded by
the sugar cane. Still, the most valuable product is the
fiber yielded by the leaves, equal to the best Yucatan
jute. Where soil and locality do not admit of this use
of the plant, it yet yields a pulp unequaled for making
paper.
AYith only the maguey plant as a resource, Mexico
might become one of the gratest cording, matting, and
paper-making countries in the world.
THE KAMIE PLAIS'T.
India is the original home of this plant, to which the
climate and soil of Mexico are especially favorable,
though it will grow wherever cotton will. Once planted,
it is perennial for many years, and requires little culti-
vation or attention. It is not subject to destruction by
worms and insects, and is cut four times a year. The
fiber is stronger and finer than fiax or cotton, and is con-
sidered for most purposes equal to silk. Each cutting-
yields as many pounds per acre as cotton does.
The India ramie, bleached, combed, and nuide ready
for the spinners, brings in England about 50 cents jier
pound. This ]>roduct must bear a prominent part in the
commercial future of Mexico.
HO Ei I'a.sn, Texas.
TIIK OASTOK up: AN
grows spontaneously and abundantly along the coast
regions, though these are not the most favorable lorali-
ties for its profitable cultivation. Every State of the
Republic has land of the kind — an imitation of the tem-
perate zone — in which it best thrives. The plant in
Mexico yields the first year, and for about six UK^nths of
the year, and the same plant lives and bears for about
ten years, when it requires replanting. An acre of trees
yields about 3, GOO pounds of beans, or 1,800 pounds of
oil.
TOBACCO.
It is not generally known that Mexico has been for
many years a producer of tobacco of flavor which com-
pares favorably with the best Havana. It must soon
become an article of considerable value as an export, as,
under the present condition of things, tobacco is pro-
duced in twenty-two of the twenty-eight States, and pro-
duces, as an export, more than $2,000,000 annually.
SUGAR.
The plant, once made, stands from ten to thirty years.
It is under inefficient cultivation, but yields one-third to
one-half more per acre than the island of Cuba. Nearly
all the Mexican States produce it in greater or less quan-
tity, and yet the present supply is inadequate to the
enormous local consumption, and sugar brings a higher
price than in the United States.
COFFEE.
In some localities the coffee plant demonstrates its
adaptability to the climate by growing wild. Its best
The Mexican Central Railway. 81
locality is about 3,500 feet above the sea, which indicates
a wide range of territory. At that elevation it yields
about three pounds to the plant.
Mr. Foster, late Minister to Mexico, stated in one of his
reports that its quality was equal to the best known in
any country, and that Mexico possessed in her coffee a
far greater wealth than in her silver.
It is reliably stated that there are coffee plantations in
Mexico that have annually borne for three-quarters of a
century, without replanting.
In 1882 the amount paid by us for coffee was a little
more than $46,000,000, of which nearly 830,000,000 went
to Brazil.
COTTON.
This is one of the most ancient of the products of
Mexico, and was raised, spun, woven, and dyed in bril-
liant colors by the Aztecs. Like all other products ol
this favored clime, the production bears no relation to
the capacity of the country.
The Mexican Central traverses the Laguna countiy,
one of the finest in the world for the growth of cotton.
It now produces a large crop, and new areas are being-
planted every year.
The average yield per acre is about 15 per cent, more
than in the United States. The cotton consumption is
so prominent a factor in the calculations of the world's
trade that it is useless to present again here familiar
figures.
TROPICAL FRUITS.
These grow here in immense profusion and variety.
Oranges, limes, and bananas are standard articles of
consumption and trade, and the construction of railways
6
82 Bl Paso, Texas.
renders their limitless sup])ly from Mexico an important
item. Several kinds of lefrigeratin^i; cars are an un-
doubted success. The fruit trade fiom California (the
same distance) in varieties which are mostly produced in
all the States, is enormous. There is, in the near future,
an immense development in the tropical fruit business of
Mexico ; fresher, cheaper, of greater variety and better
quality, than we have ever been accustomed to. In the
West Indies there is nearly a level surface of land. The
crop per annum is a single one. In Mexico, one district
has ripening fruit at one season of the year, and another
district later or earlier. Around the city of M«'xico, in
addition to a list of tropical fruits whose names, variety,
and deliciousness are a revelation to the stranger, straw-
berries, new potatoes, and green corn may be had every
month of the year.
Of the dye-woods, medicinal products, hard and cab-
inet woods, cochineal, etc., produced naturally in South-
ern Mexico, it is useless to speak here. The terrible
isolation of the country is finally broken. Already the
country is awakening to a sense of the value and im-
portance of products almost useless heretofore. Some
time the agricultural wealth of Mexico, like that of Cal-
ifornia, will be found to far eclipse its riches in silver
and gold.
The millions of acres of nutritious grasses, embracing
a large part of Northern Mexico, part of the State of
Chihuahua, and the Bolson de Mapimi, and extending
northeast to the Rio Grande, are attracting the attention
of American cattle-raisers, and already steps are being
taken for the utilization of this vast grazing ground.
The Mexican Central Railway. 83
AS A RESORT FOR TOURISTS
AND HEALTH-SEEKERS,
Mexico offers great inducement. The tourist contem-
plating a European trip will do well to fii'st note wliat
Mexico offers.
Its beautiful cities, balmy climate, old cliurches and
cathedrals, the peculiar and picturesque costumes of its
Xjeople, its baths and healthful waters, all combine to
make it most attractive to the tourist — more interesting
than Spain or Palestine, Egypt or Switzerland.
As in Europe all roads lead to Rome, so in America
all roads lead to El Paso, Texas, the gateway to Mexico.
RAILWAY RATES, Etc.
Full information regarding rates of fare, dates of ex-
cursions, and facts of every nature regarding this won-
derful land, may be obtained upon application to
G. W. KEELER,
General Eastern Agent, 261 Broadway, N. Y.
A. C. MICHAELIS,
A. G. P. A., Mexico, Mex.
M. II. KING,
A. G. P. A., El Paso, Texas.
H. C. BARLOW,
Traffic }fanager, Chicago, Ills.
E. W. JACKSON,
General Manager, Mexico, Mex.
Addenda.
El Paso, Texas, Jan. 4, 1886.
Since writing the foregoing pages, the White Oaks
Railroad project has so far matured that a corps of
locating engineers will be put in the field within the
next ten days, and the actual work of construction will
follow within a month. It is the design of the great
corporation who have undertaken this project, to push
the work of construction as speedily as possible to a
connection with the great Rock Island system, thus giv-
ing us another and an excellent route to St. Louis, Chi-
cago, and all points north and east. This assures the
future of El Paso and El Paso County, beyond all
doubt or cavil. The hand- writing is on the wall; he
who runs may now read. Pages might be filled with
the attempt to enumerate all the advantages and ben-
efits which we must derive from the completion of this
great project, and we will only endeavor to mention a few
of them, believing that the intelligent reader will under-
stand how happily these things must affect us. It as-
sures abundant and cheap coal for manufacturing and
all purposes ; cheap lumber, greatly increased railroad
facilities and competitive transportation, and the devel-
opment of a vast and rich country which, for hundreds
of miles, must be tributary to El Paso. From these the
sagacious men and the intelligent readers of all classes
can read between the lines the innumerable benefits that
must follow, and we will not now attempt to specify them.
We will also mention the fact that an enterprising
colony of Californians have recently purchased a large
tract of land in the valley about twenty-five miles below
here, intending to commence the cultivation and canning
of fruit on a large scale. This enterprise will no doubt
be successful, as it is under the auspices of men of
experience and ability.
The project for the construction of the great irrigating
canal is also assuming shape, but the completion of the
White Oaks Railroad Avill soon make this a necessity ;
the lands will be in demand, and the water must follow.
In our next edition we hope to record favorable progress
on these great projects. "TNIVEBSmr OF CALIi ORN?
(84) ^^
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