^s*.'^-' tu i J:^r?^l 5^17 "-^^ • (^^ IN Twelve Tessoi^s. A. MELVILLE BELLS WORKS. Visible Speecii: Universal Alphabetics. 4to, doth, . . $4.00 Explanatory Lecture on Visible Speech (Pamphlet), . , .is Universal Steno-Phonography, on basis of V. S., . . . .75 Sounds and their Relations (Revised V. S.) 4to, cloth, . 2.00 Visible Speech Reader, on basis of S. & R., .... .40 University Lectures on Phonetics, .60 English Line- Writing, a new Phonetic method, . . . .00 Principles of Speech and Didionary of Sounds, . . . i so Principles of Elocution, 6th Edition, ismo, cloth, . . . i.so Essays and Postscripts on Elocution, . . . . . 1.25 Emphasized Liturgy, and Essay on Public Reading, . . . i .00 Sermon Reading and Memoriter Delivery (Pamphlet), . . .15 The Faults of Speech: A Corredive Manual. Third ed., . . .60 World-English —The Universal Language. 8vo, . . . .2s Hand- Book of World English. Readings. 2 s Popular Manual of Vocal Physiology and Visible Speech, . .so Speech Reading and Articulation Teaching, 2 s English Visible Speech in Twelve Lessons, . . . . .50 Speech Tones, . . . . . . . . • -'5 Address to the N.ational Association of Elocutionists, . . .13 Syllabic Consonants, . . . . . . , . .10 Mailed post free on receipt of price by — THE VOLTA BUREAU, 35th & Q. Streets, Washington, D. C. and for sale by all booksellers. /- ^- ENGLISH VISIBLE SPEECH IN TWELVE LESSONS. ILLUSTRATED. BY ALEXANDER MELVILLE BELL PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR AT THE Western New York Institution for Deaf-Mutes, rochester, n. y. Published by THE VOLTA BUREAU, Washington, D. C, and sold by all Booksellers. PRICE, - - FIFTY CENTS. «^ Copyright by Alexander MttviLLE Bell. 1895. ft:in: III g <' SPECIAL NOTICE. How to Obtain this Book in • • Any Part of the World. To obviate all difficulty in procuring this tVork, the Author will supply 'Booksellers, THROUGHOUT THE UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION, with parcels, at a discount of 2^ per cent. — and POST FREE. Cash must accompany orders. ' Teachers and others desirous of using the IVork experimentally will receive parcels for the purpose, on special terms. ADDRESS : 7^25 Thirty-fifth Street. IVashington, D. C CONTENTS. PAGE. How to obtain this Book III. Fundamental Symbols of Visible Speech ..... VI. Explanatory Preface . . . . . . . . .VII. Introdudion .......... 9 Lesson I. . . 12 "II. ........... 16 " III. 20 "IV. = . . . . 24 "V. 28 "VI 32 VII. )6 " Vlll 40 |yv. ...... ... 44 "X. .......... 48 •'XI. 52 " xn 56 Universal Vowel Table ... 61 Readings 65 Key to Readings 73-8o VI l/ISIBLE SPEECH. FUNDAMENTAL SYMBOLS. C Back of Tongue. OTop " " (J Point " " O Lips. ^ Nasal passage open. )( Glottis closed. I " vocalizing. O " open (aspirate.) Throat aspirate (whisper). EXPLANATORY PREFACE. yHOSE who are not acquainted with the principles of Visible Speech might, with a little observation, dis- cover the basis of the system for themselves, from the writing of familiar words. Nevertheless, a little expla- nation is a great assistance. The following are the prin- cipal fundamental points: — A curved line means a consonant. A straight line means a vowel. A line within a curve means a vocal consonant. Consonants. THE DIRECTION OF CURVES DENOTES: To left, (C) formation by back of tongue. To right, (O) " " lips. Convex above, (O) formation by top of tongue. Concave " , (U) " " point of '* THE VARIETIES OF CURVES DENOTE: Primary, (C) central emission of breath. Divided, (3) side Vlll EXPLANATORY PREFACE. Mixed, (a) central emission j with modification ' ^^^ i ^y two parts of Mixed, divided, (C) side emission ^ ^^g mouth. Shut, (Q) oral stoppage of breath Nasal, (G) oral stoppage of breath with emission through the nose. yowels. A point, or a hook, on a straight line denotes the vowel positions of the tongue. Thus: On left side of line. (1) back of mouth. On right " " (I) front " On both sides " (T) mixed, back and front. At top •• (T) high. At bottom •• (I) low. At both ends " (1) mid elevation. A cross bar on a line denotes rounding or contraction of the lips. Thus: i } J The symbols have the same value in all languages. Consequently, when the meaning of the symbols is known, the sounds of any language may be deduced with certainty from their Visible Speech writing. The foregoing explanations are for the teacher only. The learner does not require to know the theory of the system. INTRODUCTION. QNE of the original claims of Visible Speech was to teach reading in a fraction of the time required with common letters. By means of this little book, the claim may now be put to the test of experiment. Children and others who master these Twelve Lessons will read with accuracy and certainty, any English com- position printed in the same alphabet. The system is not intended to displace established letters, but to be a key to their pronunciation. For this purpose, Visible Speech is equally applicable to all lan- guages. The present work is limited to English. Visible Speech offers unquestionable advantages to the young, in laying a foundation for excellence both in native speaking and in the utterance of foreign tongues. Foreigners will learn from these direcl:ive letters to articulate our language with vernacular effect. That so many persons fail to pronounce certain elementarv sounds, is owing solely to the want of that knowledge which Visible Speech conveys. To deaf learners these lessons will be of especial value, in greatly facilitating the acquirement of the power of speech. lO INTRODUCTION. Each lesson is preceded by a " Teacher's Page " containing explanatory notes; and each Lesson is fol- lowed by a Key. The Words and Sentences in the Lessons are made up, exclusively, of elements which have been previously introduced. On this account, the available vocabulary in the early Lessons is, of course, very limited. A few Reading Exercises follow the Lessons. The reading of the unconnected words at the be- ginning of each lesson may be made interesting to the learner if the teacher will illustrate each word by using it in an extemporaneous sentence. Words oi the same sound but various orthography may thus be freely in- troduced. ENGLISH VISIBLE SPEECH ILLUSTRATED. VP 12 LESSON I. TEACHER'S PAGE. yHE first Lesson introduces the consonants p, t, and the vowels e, a (article) and /. These are united to form words, and the words are united to form senten- ces; so that the beginner reads at once. The cuts show that p requires the closing of the lips; and that / requires the closing of the point of the tongue on the upper gum. These consonants have no sound but the gentle puff that results from the separation of the organs after closure. The vowel cuts show that the tongue is high, in the front of the mouth, for e; that it lies evenly, midway in the mouth, for a (article); and that it rises from the back to the front of the mouth, in forming the diph- thongal sound, f. The varieties in the spelling of the same sounds, throughout the Lessons, and even in this First Lesson, forcibly illustrate the anomalies of common orthography, and the advantages of the Visible Speech mode of rep- resenting sounds. LESSON I. n ILLUSTRATIVK CUTS. D _; 14 LESSON I. WORDS AND SENTENCES. Df, D]s, or. D]^ Id, did, Dia, D3sD, Q3^D, D3^0; 1 Df, 1 DK I DID, 1 D3sD, I 03sD : h lO, 3?i DfD, 3?i 03s, ID 1 Dl, Id I D3x. 3s FD 1 Dl. 3s ID I D3s, D3s D3sD. D3s 1 D3sD, 3s D3s D3sa. 3s D3s 1 D3sD, 3r D3s 1 D3sD D3sD. LESSON I. IS KEY. pea, pie, tea, tie, eat, peep, peat, pipe, type, tight; a pea, a pie, a peep, a pipe, a type ; I eat, I peep, I tie, eat a pea, eat a pie, I cat a pea, I eat a pie, tie tight, tie a pipe, I tie tight, I tie a pipe, I tie a pipe tight. i6 LESSON II. TEACHER'S PAGE. The consonants b, d, and the vowels ah, t, are now introduced. The cuts show that the formation of b is the same as that of p, and that the formation of d is the same as that of /; the only difference being that during the closure of the mouth-passage a murmur of voice is heard for b and d, while for p and / there is no throat sound. Throat sound (or voice), is indicated in the Visible Speech symbols by a straight line in the center of the consonant curve. The cuts for vocalized consonants show a line in the throat. The vowel cuts in this Lesson show that the tongue is low, at the back of the mouth, for ah; and high, at the front of the mouth, for /". The position of the tongue for i is almost the same as for e (see Lesson I.); but the cavity behind the tongue is widened, and the "Front" quality of the vowel is thus rendered comparatively indefinite. LESSON II. »7 ILLUSTRATIVE CUTS. i8 LESSON II. WORDS AND SENTENCES. Bl, BK CD3s. L 0J. DJ. DIDJ, To, DlO, DiD. DfO. DID. BlO. Dj.i^O. 0]s0. 03j^CD, D3xO. OlD, OfD. Dior, DfODfO : 1 Dl. 1 DlO. 1 03^O. 1 010. I OlO- BlO : 03.^0 ro. 0ro lO. 03s lO, OlD lO, ©3s To. 03s 1 010. 03s 1 D3s. 03sO 1 010. h OlDO lO. 3s 03sO lO. h D3sO To. 3s 03s fo. 3s 03s D3s. fO 1 010. 03sO 1 0fO. lO 1 OfO0fO. 3s lO 1 OrO0rO: J. DlOJ. DlDJ DIDO, OlD DlDJ. 03s03s. 010 DlDJ 03s 1 D3s, 3s DfOl DlDJ. . LESSON 11. ig KFY. bee, buy. dit.\ ;ih. b;ili. p;i, pap.i, it. pit, tit, bit. beat. bcaJ. bite, bide. died, tide, deep, dip, pity, tidbit, a bee, a bead, a bite,- a bit, a tid- bit; bite it, bit it, buy it, dip it. dye it, buy a bead, buy a pie, bide a bit, I dipped it I d\\\\ if, 1 tied it. I buy it, 1 buy pie, eat a bit. bite a bit, eat a tidbit, 1 eat J VIII. WORDS AND SENTENCES. ISlB, Wis, UL&O, UIDQ, Uh mi, 631, 65C, 6319, hSl^, 2«5ICCD, ISLW, t^fG, 6510, ^L^, &5}2i5, &S}, 2JJO, DlZJ, Oi65, ®X2^, }£^, D}£J, QJG, DJCC, CCJ, DJCD0, OJCCr, OJCDia, QJCD, ©JCC, CCJO, CCJO, ajofcs^, XO'OJcolQO. Id rsis 1 ufe cDjo jacc* uio j3. q}cdo Dfoi Z^IDQD ajDfOS^ XCDO QJCD'DXCDOlCiJ 93sCi3®. DJ9 L^ 15}0 Di Df Dl l'3iaOICD. WL 12} OCS ID QJCC. alD ai 2*51 CDJCC 3iDD3L3. DCQ 1 D3L5 fCD 551 Ol. 1 310013 Oi Oie^Ca, DIQ-CO XCDO QXCCr CCIO- 1 BW Dl'QfCCre B[ BCQ X QiO X^CCDlS. 1 QlQ Dl'Qfcere j3cc» 9Cay x ©X® xccole. x ole^jes ODiOQ. 3x QJO 2i5r 2^13. X QJOl a3xCD0 J3 BXCD. LESSON VIII. 43 KEY. theme, thing, think, thatch, thaw, the, thee, they, them, then, thence, thin, thief, that, these, those, though, thought, teeth, tooth, deaths oath, both, gong, pawn, gnaw, pond, tawny, tonic, don, dawn, not, nought, often, awe, awed, odd, thong, song, novice, gawky, cottage, astonished. It is a thing not often thought of. Don't be too positive. I think she is a gem. Give me a thatched cottage and contented mind. Tom is thought to be too affeded. The thaw came at dawn. Keep to the known footpath. Take a bath in the sea. A victim to toothache, backache, and many aches. A bad beginning may make a good ending. A good beginning often makes a bad ending. A sing-song speech. 1 caught the thief. A gawky kind of man. 44 LESSON IX. TEACHER'S PAGE. The first cut in this Lesson shows the formation of consonant r. The breath (or voice) strikes against the raised point of the tongue and communicates to it more or less of vibration. The second cut shows the formation of the vowel er. The body of the tongue is in the same position as for /', but the point is flattened so as to have no influ- ence on the sound. The "glide" sound of r, as in ear, is intermediate between consonant r and the vowel cr. It is more like the vowel than the consonant, but has the tongue slightly lifted so that the sound easily passes into that of the consonant. Thus : ear — earache. The vibrated /' is heard only before a vowel. The "glide" /- is heard only after a vowel. This sound might be considered a vowel but that it does not make a syllable. The third cut shows the formation of a "wide" variety of a, heard before r, as in air, care, bear. The quality of this vowel resembles that of e; but the cav- ity between the tongue and the gum is slightly smaller, while that behind the tongue is larger. The influence of > on preceding vowels is seen in the sounds of a, 6, oo ; as in ail, air ; old, ore; pool, poor; where the sounds are "widened" to coalesce with the open quality of glide r. LHSSON IX. 45 ILLUSTRATIVH CUTS. (i) 1 lO, (1)10, (j)i3, (1)3^, Ci)3sD, (i)3sO, ^hO, Ci)3s9, (i)3?i3, (i^fSCC*, (1)10, Ci)rOCLit, (1)10, (i)fO, (i)f3. (1)10, (1)16, (1)160, (1)13(1)13, (i)rDQ, (1)10$^. Ci)iO, (i)!®, Cl)1B, Ci)la, (i)i3, (i)iS^, (JIBCDICCD; ^I^, UDl'i, 3Ii, 3I:^QS^rCD, 9Xy, DI>^3iaD, OI^B, QS^I^S, DI^O, QlyOf, OSQlPiO, Ql'iD, eX^Q, CCl!^3, 3X^9, 3XiBlBIC0O. ['i, WLi, (1)1^, [y, 3Ci, aCb!, DCi!, (i)Ci!, D(i)Ci, D(i)CXv!. 3sy, 03si, Qijsy, 03sXi, 33w, 3Ji, 9Jx, DJv, QJvO, QJ-^O, 3Jy9Xi. Di^. Qlii, 9is!, QiX^, Qll'i. ©}y, 3}«, UDK (i)}i, (i)Hv, 0}i!, ^Ei, SlDXi, D[DXi, i^h, 3rQiy, SlS^ly, D(i)lS^l(i)Xb:. 2«5ly^ (i)lB 3}v! LSd)! Di (i)3?iCD ICC 65f QlQ. Ql f^iS 1 DXi3iaO DCi)lS^ii. 2«5C (i)}CD ICD 1 3}i!-}i!0 D}0. CDJD Bh t^lCD 3}i (i)Hi2i5. QS^JCC I^iS 1 3Xb!0a-(i)C0 3Jv8Xi. 1 D(i)ror 3CU CDlOSiS CC3- 0)1$^. Ql (i)}0 3}i! 551 (i)tQ OD(i)3;^DO Dla Id CDlQ^iS 1 81CC J3 3X^9 CDXv3 Ol UOl'i ICD 631 9lOXi!. 1 0)1© XOIQ D3s 1 (i)r3(i)X3 0(1)1. &5C 9[Q 1 3X^3lCDO D(i)Ci ICD 65l« Q33si CDI©. 551 OXDQfCC 65100 OiO lD(i)}D(i)r[0 BXS^ivSiS. 651 (i)IO(i)IlCCO (i)I9CDlCCO (i^XCC }3l'i 651 (1)1©$^. 651^^ (i)iB XO 551 DJD. 65li2i5 X3X^ ^iB ^U, LESSON IX. 47 KHY. Reap, read, recM". rye. ripe, ride, ri^'ht, rhyme, rife, riven, rip, written, rib, rid, rim, rig, ring, rink, riffraff, rich, ridge, root, rude, room, rook, roof, rouge, remnant, sir, stir, fir. virgin, myrrh, perfect, term, germ, bird, dirty, jerk, shirt, gird, nerve, firm, lirmament. ear, near, rear, air, fair, care, bear, rare, prayer, pray-er, ire. tire, dire, dyer, tire, far, mar, bar, cart, guard, farmer, poor, sure, moor, doer, shoer, door, four, store, roar, rower, sore, sower, matter, paper, azure, fissure, measure, treasurer. There's room for three to ride in the gig. She is a perfect treasure. They rowed in a four-oared boat. Not more than four rowers. John is a first-rate farmer. A pretty face needs no rouge. She wrote for the red striped piece. It needs a man of firm nerve to stir in the matter. A rude attack by a riffraff crew. They made a fervent prayer in their dire need. The captain then took appropriate measures. The recreant remnant ran over the ridge. There's room at the top. There's ever room there, be sure. 48 LESSON X. / TEACHER'S PAGE. The consonant cut in this Lesson shows the forma- tion of the sound of /. The broadened point of the tongue is in contaft with the upper gum, and the voice passes with pure sonorousness through the free aper- tures over the sides. L, like the nasals, generally loses its vocality before • non-vocal consonants in the same syllable, as in else, milk, help. Non-vocal / is almost inaudible, but the side aper- tures over the tongue may be contracfled so as to give hissing audibility to the breath. This is the formation of Welch //, which to a strange ear sounds like th or thl. (Compare cuts in Lessons VIII. and X.) The vowel cut shows the attitude of the tongue for the two sounds tl and a{sk). The difference between these is that the first has a degree of guttural quality which the second lacks, because of its widened reson- ance cavity. The sound a{sk) resembles ah, but the root of the tongue is less depressed. The vowel in ask is the first element in the diph- thongs f and on{t). See Lessons I. and XI. LESSON X. 49 ILLUSTRATIVH CUTS. 3 3 so LESSON X. WORDS AND SENTENCES. COlD, COfCC. COfQ. GOfS^li, OOlydJlS, COIDO^Q, OOIDI^, COL®S^I'£, OOI^S^fDOOK COIDCOk GOfCOf, COlOXCiJIGO, corajfaico, coroiCi^Ou)!. cofDiuico. cois, cola, coC^. COCli!. CO}i, GOHi. GOCOOOr. GOIDIyOOl, OOIvCDrS, COJiOQ, 3D, ]a ]DIy, ]GCOr, 33CC*, ]ea00». ]CD©]CD, ]QIi!, ]C0ar9CO, ]vCC, CDl^^Iur. D]y©CCi, alyOfce, aliCDlQ, DlCelQQlCiSO, ©Ci)]eaiCD, (i)I3]G0Q]CD, (i)r3lCi5Ci5S^3ia>; D30, D30D. 3323Q. 3300, 330CDk 0)3^0, 93DO, D325, D32^, 3^0, a3CDD, OS^3CDO. QI r^iS I COliOJlG COfDCOi DQJiBIb!. Dl 930Q COIsCDIG QCQO 039 DlDOOi 3ICD. 1 0)3x01^ J3 DCi^fOl COfCi^IaO. QCi)CO To 1 3Ci ICDO C033GOr QI^CO. liSi BICD fO 1 Diy DlOlSloa 0(i)3GaiCC (i)lOQ. 1 OICDOCOIO a)re9l(i)}C0 ODjCi^r. 039 ICD0 coia lO 651 COlB. 3Gacoi ooicco 65X9 651 93ci>r Ol D3s ICD 33CD*. 93s Q3CC0 }CO0 3CDD D}GO0 30 JCO. I 0X^030) }3 OS^30S^9lCt)0 XCCO OroaCi)XQ3Ci5. DCi)l3 JCO 2^fG0 ICC® QlD 3300 2*51 al0. fO fO Ci)33 X^C® ©S^XvOf G5Ci)3s3rG }3Xi Ci)C00O. Ql ^fOO QJOO 13 Qf D30fO D3x 2*5f QXO }3r0. LLSSON X. 51 KHY. leap, lean, league, leisure, leering, leopard, letter, ledger, legible, little, lily, literal, lyrical, literary, liberal, loom, look, lair, layer, lore, lower, lately, latterly, learning, large, elevate, almanac, animal, altruism, parallel; up, us, utter, ugly, oven, uncle, undone, usher. ultimate, urn, nursery, burden, curtain, lurnish, punishment, drunken, revulsion, revengeful; pass, past, fast, vast, fasten, last, mast, path, bath, aunt, can't, jaunt. She is a leering little charmer. Too much learning makes some people mad. A writer of pretty lyrics. Grace is a fair and lovely girl. The man is a poor, pitiful, drunken wretch. A senseless rigmarole story. Come and look at the loom. Uncle lent them the money to buy an oven. My gaunt old aunt told us all. A person of judgment and discretion. Prove all things •and keep fast the good. It is rough and jerky driving over rails. She will call if she passes by the gas office. 52 LESSON XI. TEACHERS' PAGE. The cuts in Lesson XI. illustrate the formation of the consonants zvh in whey, and w in way. These are fre- quently confounded, especially in the South of England. The sound of zvh is often stated to be a compound of h and oo; but it is really a simple element, bearing the same relation to zv that s bears to {;, or / to v. IVh is not pronounced before the letter o, but the aspirate, h is substituted, as in whole, zvho, whose, whom. The sound of w resembles the vowel oo, but with oral compression added, — which converts the vowel into a consonant. The w glide is intermediate between zv and oo. It is heard as the closing element in the diphthong ou{t). (See Lesson X). The combination qu has the sound of kw. LHSSUN XI, 53 ILLUSTRATIVE CUTS. » 32 54 LESSON XI. WORDS AND SENTENCES. DfD. Dfo, laro. a3so. raho. djd. ^joq, 9jy, !3]CDCi5Iy. 9JCCO. 3}CDO. SiSlCC. Sf 9ICD : ^Cv, ^C^. Dice, QICC4)0[. D3;^C0. 93^001, DfOO, Dim'i, ^Wl'i, lOIyGODlGO, ^liGOSfCDO. SCGOCQ. 91Q]CC, 3lQCCt. 32O. 3ii. ccji 3jC0. D3?i. D3?QIi. a}jcc. D3iyCi)fG. ©3jlos^Ii. 33jccDrct5. cc3?cc. a3jCDor, q3jcc, e(i)3iC0, 33ilC0. 3(i)32CC. 003200. 33jDQ. a3jOQ, 03?CCO. 033^^. 3G032CCCDIX. L33jOlCLi©. DIW SICDD 551^ D3s ICC [QS^, OfCDO tiSf QCiJCO 300]CD, D]0 fO 3}2i5 3C3Q ^IZj^ B}i 651CC ^165 S]CC SICC ? JCO 2*51 ^liCOQ^iS 1 UOCOQ. ICC0 JCO 651 QICD ICCO ^IBICD 91^001 DGOClyJiS. J3 ICCOUlCCU Dl 1 QSJUIGO: D]a, DlfS fCD, DCi To 65ID 651 JD'}65Ii SC Dl^C^ J3 h5[. 651 I300» 65IO QICC Ql 001365 3301^ 6519. 651 QlQ 165 J3D ICC'DIUIQ 9165 65Ci! D}CC65. 6510 1D]3 JOO.— Di 653sCC }CD OI003 Dl 00)1, ICeQ Id 9:oa 3J00}. X65 651 CC3SO 65f ©C 6532 QICCOO CDJD 65ICC Dl 3J00O Di ICCi 3]CD. LESSON XI. 55 KEY. Whip, whit, wit, white, wight, what, watch, war. warrior, whack, wag, wax, wing, which, witch, whiff, wafer, whirr, word, world, one, once, wonder, wand, won't, woman, women; wear, where, when. Wednesday, while, wily, whist, whether, weather, whirlpool, whirlwind,* waylaid, wagon, wooden, out, our, now, owl, power, powder, town, towering, dowager, mountain, noun, county, gown, growl, vowel, frown, scowl, vouch, couch, sound, south, flounder, thousand. When went there by an age, since the great flood. But it was fam'd with more than with one man ? All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players. Beware Of entrance to a quarrel : but, being in. Bear it that the opposer may beware of thee. The evil that men do lives after them. The good is oft interred with their bones. This above all, — to thine own self be true. And it must follow, as the night the day. Thou canst not then be false to any man. 56 LESSON XII. TEACHER'S PAGE. The cut in this Lesson shows the tormation of con- sonant y, as in ye, yon. The position of the tongue is the same as for the vowel e, but with oral compres- sion added — which converts the vowel into a consonant. The name-sound of U, — under any orthography — when not preceded by r or by the sound of sli — begins with y. Consequently y must be recognized in such words as pew, due, view, cure, beauty, suit, music, acute, Tuesday, ague, virtue, pidure, fortune. The letter e sometimes, and the letter /, frequently, have the sound of y; as in righteous, cliristian, opinion, filial, Asia. The y glide is intermediate between y and e. It is the closing part of the diphthong i (See Lesson I.) In the present Lesson the same glide appears as the clos- ing element of the diphthong oi, oy. The first element of this diphthong is the same as the vowel 6 in Les- son VIII. The last symbol in this Lesson represents the aspi- rate, h. This element is a mere outbreathing, and should have no guttural or other compression. LtSSON Xll. 57 ILLUSTRATIVH CUTS. (luirrv^^s "'^^^ 58 LESSON XII. WORDS AND SENTENCES. (^L f^lCO}. (T)Jy©, (T)JCO, (T)l^, (T^XiCC, (^]S, (T)}a, 9(1^1^ 3Jia(T)lCD. XaOf^llOO, BlCDCTilCC, 3CCn]CC, 310l>(T)XCDO; DJx, DJs, ajs, 0S^Ji, JsCO, DJsCO. ODJj^CO, Q^^JsCCO, JsOOIx, OlO, OlQ. 013, Oly, oroO, Ol2^. Ol65ICi), 03sD. 03sO, OfO. OfO. 033, OJ3. OI3, 01^.5. OlO, OlQ, OfCDQIi, OlajUl. OfG+OO*, OfCDCDS^. OfGO. Ol^SIiOl, OICCO, OCv. oCco, OC^O. OC2j5, OIQ, Old)!©. OliiO. OJ.i2i5. 03^00. O33DC0», o3eeici)r, 030)1, o3co, o}d, o}q, oie, oioos^, oidicd, OXO, OXO, OXCD0, OJilS, OJi3 OJi9}CCr, OJUlO. Oi, Oi2i5, OiD, OlD, Ol3, O}00, 0}2i5, OJ^OfOO, OJ2i5Ii, OJt^JiiCD, 0(T)1, OCT)iQQ, 0(T)l9Xii). or Ci3S^Xi3ai3 XO Oajy2i5 2»5XO CCX3Ii! 3XC0O 1 ^iCDQ. or OX2^ 1 Oh 3Ji DlOf, X^Q5 I OXCDQ }DXCD l^ ©C 3ji Bxcoofe oQxa)rof. 2j5f OXCD® J3 COlDCOt X9D00J;^9XCCO OX^S ^Sf OCCCDll^ OXCCy. C03;^O 3}DU OCco 0^130 55} QCi)COIi O3G02i5 0(i)J QlD. JGO DCOCl5l2i5 2ji3XO 2«5f 3?i J3 OX3CD 31^100 Ji, Oi 1 93?;2i5 91CC, DJiQO XCCQ OXDl OC3CD*2i5. ULO Di COl'BX^O 3Ji £i5XO I5h QXCCOO CDJO OXCOO, XCCO 003CDr OXCOD 3Ji: 65XO DIQQ &63i COl'QX^DOO. ml?j5 X3lCi)f 9XCC I'ajyQlS Oi Of^iS Ol'^iSI^O. XCCO Ol QXOO rOQCD afDlG? 31 Oi D(i)C 3Ji! Bly^r, XCDO &5XO UlB DiiiU Q]13 OlOQ 30 JCO Oi (i>XCCOXi: (i6r OlOO J3 QJiOl. LESSON XII. ^9 KEY. ye, yellow, yard, yon, youth, yearn, young, yoke, mew, new, cue, gewgaw, few, sue, duty, feature, picture, fortune, actual, minion, onion, valiant; toy, boy, coy, joy, oil, soil, spoil, joint, oyster, noise, ointment, loyal, royal, enjoy, t-mploy, he, heat, heed, heave, here, heal, heath, heathen, height, hide, hit, hid, half, halve, have, his, hiss, him, hinder, hickory, higgle, hinge, hill, hitherto, hence, hair, hail, haste, haze, head, herring, hearse, hers, hurl, humble, hungry, hurry, hull, hope, home, hang, health, happen, hat, had, hand, hearth, harm, harmony, horrid, who, whose, hoop, hoot, whom, host, hose, hostile, hawser, hawthorn, hue, huge, human. He jests at scars that never felt a wound. He hath a tear for pity, and a hand open as day for melting charity. The hand of little employment hath the daintier sense. Light boats sail swift, though greater hulls draw deep. All places that the eye of heaven visits are, to a wise man, ports and happy havens. Cease to lament for that thou canst not help, and study help for that which thou lament'st. Use every man according to his desert, and who shall escape whipping ? We do pray for mercy, and that same prayer doth teach us all to render the deeds of mercy. 6i TEACHHR'S PAGE. UNIVERSAL VOWKL TABLE. The following Universal Vowel Table will be valuable for reference. (/) Front yoivels: — all English sounds. f, (', as in eel. Always long when accented. Apt to be changed to f or T in unaccented syllables. In the prefixes be, ife, re, se, etc., the pure I should be preserved. f, 1, as in ///. Heard in the plural syllable es, as in fishes, places,, etc.; and also, instead oft in unaccented syllables, as in maintain, SfCCOCCD. certain. DIiiiOrCD, alu^ays, JC0?3f2i5. etc. Tends to T in unaccented syllables as in readi- ness, iOl^l^lU; pitiful. DlDlaiO). C, a as in ale. Often terminates with y-glide forming the diphthong [s. Changed to C, or sometimes I. betbre r. C, as in air. Long only before r. Short C is heard in- stead of I in the terminations es, eJ. etc.. in verbs; and in unaccented syllables, as in explain. COODCOCCC, argument, X, e, as in ell. Dulled into C. in unaccented syllables. Apt to be elided in terminations after / or J, as in patent, student, etc. 62 X» a, as in a^. Tends to 1 in unaccented syllables, as a£tual, iaO(T)iX00; madinan, BISSlCC. Apt to be elided in" terminations, as m fatal, literal, general, etc. (2) Front Round Fowels: — all Foreign sounds. f German ii. f variety of German ii. ■£ Scotch shoe; French dil. i variety of French u. \ German 6 ; French eii. \ Cockney on as in out. {j) Bach k^owels. 1 A common Gaelic, Russian and Chinese vowel. En- deavour to pronounce 00 without using the lips, and the tongue will be felt to rise into this "high back" position 1, the drawling vowel — ////, uh, uli, etc. Heard instead of 3 in the terminations lion, tious etc. ] u, as in shun, urge, etc. Tends to 1 in unaccented syllables. 3 a in ask, path, etc. With y-glide forms the diph- thong i, as in mind, 93sCt)Q ; and with w-glide forms the diphthong 01c, as in noiv, G532. In unaccented syllables tends to 1 or X. J Scotch Li, as in run, come, etc. J, Italian ah, The "low back wide " vowel. In un- accented syllables changed to 3, as in barbarian, 33^:- 61 (^) Back Round l^our/s: — all Hni^lish sounds. i, 00, as in foOif. Alwavs long. Never heard before r. The short i is common in Scotch as in 0\0 (Hnglish 0\0) book. i, 00, as in poor. Lonii; only before r. Short as in put, cook. etc. 3-, as in o/J. Often terminates with w-glide, forming the diphthong }2. Changed into 3" before r, and also in unaccented syllables. 3-, before r, as in 1 Sh-h^ B}0, a four-oared boat J, J in a//, law, etc. Always long. Changed to J in unaccented syllables. J. 6 in on, odd, etc. Always short except before r. Tends to I when unaccented. ( 5 ) Mixed bowels. T American I'r in sir. I Substitution for unaccented i. I German e in auge. 1 Article a. Substitution for unaccented a. I Provincial er. I er, ir, yr, as in her, sir, myrtle. {6) Mixed Round bowels. T North-Irish u in tune. T Swedish //. 1 Irish vowel in Dublin, come, etc. 1: Variety of the precedint,^ I Irish in world, 3i(i)00O. i Irish vowel in her, sir, etc. American a in Chicago, 64 TEACHER'S PAGE. READINGS. In the following Readings the differences in quality be- tween accented and unaccented vowels are occasionally shown. The sign of a "held" position (♦) is required only in connexion with consonants, such as final / and n in little, given, etc. Vowels do not require quantitative indication, because every given "quality," in English, is invariably of the same " quantity." Thus i and X are always long, when accented; 1 is short, except before r; I is always short, etc. The vowels in the final syllables ant, ent, — apt to be elided as in pleasant, present, etc., — should always be pronounced. 65 READINGS. I. 1033^23. wio oo3?i sico ©I ic3?; 3(i)iCii5), w3?i 93X0;® u3?i ajs' 0130)0, uijs o]€s 003;^ oivsiv^o. 2. 31215039. Xj5 3jaiy ool3J5 Ciol 03x0 j icco) wiiciyaJ rc5 ujf ictoua, Li} ttf 3lCi5vD)S CdI'oIsOJ 3(i;JJ5 JCP 0]X IXu) D(i)f I xl'tSCD 03S 1 Ou}'xf U^j). 3. oiooiJ. bI rt>io3ijo oicc cjo ^IJO. oi wf olojj*. 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