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MEN OF THE REIGN 
 
 % Jiiogr!ip|it;i( ^itttoniirij 
 
 OF 
 
 EMINENT PEESONS 
 
 OF BRITISH AND COLONIAL BIRTH 
 WHO HAVE DIED 
 
 \ DUrJNG THE 
 
 REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 THOMAS HUMPHRY WARD 
 
 LONDON 
 GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS 
 
 BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL 
 NEW YOEK : 9 LAFAYETTE PLACE 
 
 1885 . 
 
f ,c c 
 
 
 DA53) 
 
 UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME. 
 
 MEN OF THE TIME: ' 
 
 % Jidiouarg of Contcmj^orarus, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF EMINENT CHARACTERS 
 
 OF BOTH SEXES. 
 
 HENRY MORSE STBPHElMk 
 
 .r 
 
' JJL 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 This Volume is intended as a concise Biographical Dictionary 
 of Eminent Men and Women of British and Colonial birth, who 
 have died since the accession of Queen Victoria. 
 
 A large number of the names have occurred in one or other of 
 the eleven editions of "Men of the Time." But it must not be 
 supposed that ^ these cases we have always been content with a 
 mere reprint. Many of the lives occurring in that book have been 
 omitted altogether ; all have been carefully revised ; and the 
 majority have been re-written. 
 
 Next to " Men of the Time," our chief sources of information 
 have been the obituary notices in The Times, The Athencmm, 
 and the various professional journals of the last fifty years ; the 
 "Annual Register," and other valuable compilations ; the various 
 existing Biographical Dictionaries, such as those of Redgrave, 
 Grove, and Munk; Read's "Cabinet of Irish Literature," Irving's 
 "Book of Scotsmen," Morgan's "Biographia Canadensis," 
 Heaton's " Austrahan Dictionary of Dates," and many books on 
 British India. Besides these, there are, of course, innumer- 
 able volumes of Memoirs on which we have drawn. But in all 
 cases, our aim has been as far as possible to verify from inde- 
 pendent sources. 
 
 Sometimes we have given a liberal intei-pretation to our design, 
 and allowed it to include such persons of foreign birth as have 
 
 S11360 
 
iv PEEFACE. 
 
 really identified themselves with England. Sir Michael Costa, 
 Mile. Tietjens, and Sir William Siemens are examples of this ; 
 and none wonld dispute their claim to a place in a Dictionary of 
 British Biography. 
 
 In a work which contains such a multitude of statements of 
 fact, some inaccuracies must, of course, have crept in. We are 
 well aware, too, that many names have been excluded which, 
 in the opinion of some, should have found a place, and others 
 admitted which might have been left out. This is inevitable. 
 Probably no two persons, set to make a list of 3000 distinguished 
 names out of the millions of British subjects that have died 
 during the past half-century, would altogether agree. We can 
 only hope that the general judgment will be fairly at one with our 
 own. Our principle has been to admit every one who has done 
 something really considerable — has played a part in politics or 
 administration, has conducted a campaign or expedition, has 
 written a book, has painted, sung, spoken, invented, taught, or 
 preached, with sufficient distinction to make himself felt among 
 his contemporaries. 
 
 The Editor wishes to express his thanks to those who have 
 given him their kind assistance ; particularly to Dr. Garnett of 
 the British Museum, to Dr. Norman Moore of St. Bartholomew's 
 Hospital, to Mr. H. E. A¥ard, Miss Mabel Robinson, and Miss 
 J. E. Thomas. 
 
 August, 1885. 
 
MEN OF THE REIGN. 
 
 ABBEY. John [1785-1859]. oigan- 
 biiilcler. Ho was a native of Xorth- 
 aniptonshirc, and having studied 
 his profession under Davis and 
 Kussell, went in 1826 to Paris to 
 help Sebastian Erard in t|ie con- 
 struction of an organ, which the 
 latter had designed. He soon es- 
 tablished himself in that city, and 
 before long was engaged upon some 
 of the finest organs there, and also 
 ujDon instruments at many other 
 towns in France. Bayeux and 
 Amiens, Eennes, Versailles, Nantes, 
 Eheims, all owe to Abbey either the 
 construction, enlargement, or im- 
 provement of their cathedral organs. 
 South America likewise was bene- 
 fited by him in the same manner. 
 He was the first to introduce into 
 France English mechanism, and 
 oui' system of bellows, and modern 
 French organ-builders are indebted 
 to Abbey more than to anyone else 
 for showing them the road to their 
 present excellence. 
 
 A'BECKET,aiLBEET Abbot [1811 
 — 1856], a well-kno-RTi bui-lesque 
 humorist, with a great faculty for 
 punning, was for many years con- 
 nected with the newspaper press. 
 He was called to the bar in 1811, 
 and was appointed a police magis- 
 trate in 1840. In 1830 he started 
 Figaro in London, the precursor of 
 Punch, and to the latter joiu'nal and 
 to the Times he was a constant and 
 
 prominent contributor. His sepa- 
 rate works are: — "The Comic 
 Blackstone," " The Quizziology of 
 the British Drama," " The Comic 
 History of Eome," and " The Comic 
 History of England."' Some of 
 these were illustrated by Leech, 
 and are now consequently in de- 
 mand. In 1825 eight of his di-a- 
 matic productions were published 
 in " Duncomb's British Theatre. "" 
 In 1828-9 nine others appeared in 
 " Cumberland's British Theatre ;" 
 and in 1837 four more in '' "Web- 
 ster's Acting Drama." 
 A'BECKET, SiK 
 [1806—1869], brother 
 going, was born in 
 1806, and ecjucated 
 minster School, was called 
 Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 
 In literature he was known 
 editor of the " Universal 
 graphy," and the author o 
 
 William 
 
 of the fore- 
 London in 
 
 at 
 
 West- 
 to the 
 1829. 
 as the 
 Bio- 
 ;the 
 greater part of " The Georgian 
 Era." He was appointed succes- 
 sively Solicitor and Attorney- 
 General of New South "Wales, and 
 resident Judge at Port Phillip, a 
 post which he exchanged for that 
 of Chief Justice of Victoria on 
 its erection into a separate colony. 
 He retired and returned to England 
 in 1863. 
 
 ABINGEK (LoED), Eight Hex. 
 Sir James Scarlett, Baron Abin- 
 ger of Abinger, county of Surrey, 
 
 n 
 
A BEAHAM— ACLAND. 
 
 and of the city of Norwich ; a 
 Privy Councillor^ Lord Chief Baron 
 of the Exchequer, M.A,, D.C.L., 
 &C.J was born in Jamaica, where his 
 family had long been resident and 
 held considerable property. He 
 Avas sent to England to be educated, 
 and at the age of seventeen was 
 entered as a Fellow Commoner at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, where 
 he graduated B.A. 1790, M.A. 
 179^1;. He was called to the Bar, 
 1791, and rapidly rose to a high 
 position as an advocate. In 1816 
 Lord Eldon gave the successful 
 barrister a silk gown, and from 
 that time he took his stand as a 
 leader of the foremost class both 
 in Westminster Hall and on the 
 Northern Circuit. He twice con- 
 tested the borough of Lewes un- 
 successfully in the Tory interest, 
 but in 1818 was returned for 
 Peterborough. In 1822 he stood 
 for Cambridge, but was placed 
 at the bottom of the poll. In 
 April, 1827, Mr. Scarlett became At- 
 torney-Greneral, and was knighted. 
 On Mr. Canning's death, he con- 
 tinued to hold the post under the 
 short administration of Lord 
 Goderich, but on the retirement 
 of that nobleman (Jan., 1828), Sir 
 Charles Wetherell became Attor- 
 ney General. In 1829 Sir Charles 
 Wetherell was dismissed from 
 office by the Duke of Wellington 
 on account of his adverse speech 
 upon the Catholic Eelief Bill, and 
 the vacant post was offered to Sir 
 Jas. Scarlett, Avho accepted it. He 
 stood again for Peterborough, and 
 was re-elected. Sir James filed 
 criminal informations against seve- 
 ral public journals Avhich had 
 opposed the newly adopted Catholic 
 Emancipation policy of the cabinet. 
 Criminal informations were filed 
 against the Morning Journal, the 
 Atlas, and other papers, for libels 
 on the Duke of Wellington 
 and Lord Chancellor Lyndhurst. 
 At the election which followed the 
 death of George IV., Sir James was 
 elected for Mai don. In 1831 he 
 
 was returned to Parliament for 
 Cockermouth, and upon the forma- 
 tion of the Peel cabinet, December, 
 1831, was made Chief Baron, with 
 a peerage, by the title of Baron 
 Abinger. He died April 7, 1814, 
 in his 75th year. He was a good 
 lawyer, but his fame rests rather 
 upon his consummate ability as an 
 advocate than upon any strictly 
 legal acquirements. [See his 
 Memoir by Hon. P. C. Scarlett, 
 London, 1877.] 
 
 ABRAHAM, Egbert, Canadian 
 journalist, was born in Cumberland, 
 England, and educated at the 
 Edinburgh University. He was 
 intended f or!the medical profession, 
 but gave it up to devote himself 
 entirely to journalism, being the 
 first editor of the Whitehaven 
 Herald, and for some time editor 
 of a leading Liverpool joiu-nal. He 
 went to Canada about the year 
 1843, and became proprietor and 
 editor of the Montreal Gazette, 
 his connection with which lasted 
 till 1848, when he sold it to Mr. 
 Ferres. In 1849 he became senior 
 editor of the Transcript, also a 
 Montreal paper, and of the Lower 
 Canada Agricultural Journal, and 
 was the author of some legal and 
 scientific works. He died at Mon- 
 treal, Nov. 10, 1854. 
 
 ACLAND, Sir Thomas Dyke, 
 Bart. [1787—1871], entered Parlia- 
 ment in the Tory interest in 1812 
 as one of the members for Devon, 
 and represented that county till 
 1831, when, in consequence of his 
 vote for General Gascoyne's 
 motion, which defeated the first 
 Eeform Bill, he lost his seat. 
 After the county was divided by 
 the Eeform Act, he was elected in 
 1837 for North Devon, which seat 
 he retained till 1857, when he 
 finally retired from public life. 
 Among his early friends were Wil- 
 berforce, Hannah More, and Sir 
 Eobert Inglis, and he was associated 
 with the religious party to which 
 their names belong. Sir Thomas 
 Acland was a supporter of Sir E. 
 
ADAIR— ADAM. 
 
 8 
 
 Peel in the Free Trade controversy. 
 He (ifreatly impoverished himself 
 and his descendants by the amount 
 ho spent in electioneering contests. 
 His son, the present baronet, now 
 (1885) sits for North Devon in the 
 opposite interest. 
 
 ADAIR, Right Hon. Sir Robert, 
 G.C.B., was the son of Mr. Robert 
 Adair, Serjeant Surg-eon to George 
 III. This distinguished diplomatist 
 was the last surviving friend, poli- 
 tical or private, of Charles James 
 Fox. He was educated at West- 
 minster School and the University 
 of Gottingen. At the breaking out 
 of the French Revolution, Mr. Adair 
 went abroad to observe the effect 
 which that event was producing on 
 Continental States. He visited 
 Berlin, Vienna, and St. Petersburg, 
 Avhere he stayed for some time. He 
 was returned to Parliament for 
 Appleby in 1802, and for Camel- 
 ford in 1806 and 1807. In 1806 
 Mr. Fox, being then nominally at 
 the head of affairs, appointed Mr. 
 Adair Minister to the Court of 
 Vienna, a post which he filled with 
 great distinction. In 1807 he was 
 sent, taking Avith him Mr. Canning 
 (afterwards Lord Stratford de Red- 
 cliff e), to unravel the tangled web 
 of our diplomatic relations with the 
 Ottoman Porte, a mission which 
 terminated in the peace of the 
 Dardanelles in 1809; and on his 
 return he was nominated a K.C.B. 
 From April, 1809, to March, 1811, 
 he was Ambassador at Constanti- 
 nople. The exclusion of his party 
 from power then kept him unem- 
 ployed for twenty-two years, but in 
 1831 he was sent on a mission to 
 Belgium by Earl Grey to endeavour 
 to compose the dangerous quarrel 
 which had broken out between the 
 Belgians and their neighbours, the 
 Dutch. Prince Leopold of Saxe- 
 Coburg Gotha (who had been hus- 
 band to the English Princess Char- 
 lotte) had been made King of the 
 Belgians, but the beginning of his 
 reign was marked by war Avith 
 Holland. Had this proceeded to 
 
 great lengths, Europe would have 
 been in a blaze, and it was greatly 
 to the interest of England, whose 
 protege Leopold was, to put an end 
 to it. Mr. Adair, finding the King 
 in the town of Lou vain, besieged 
 by William, Prince of Orange, be- 
 sought him to retire ; but His 
 Majesty replied, " That flight ought 
 not to be the first act of his reign ; 
 that he was ready to fight, but 
 would allow Adair to negotiate.'* 
 On this the Ambassador quitted 
 the presence, seized the ramrod of 
 a passing soldier, and tying his 
 pocket-handkerchief to it rode up 
 to the headquai'ters of the besieg- 
 ing Prince. After much parley 
 Adair induced the Prince of Orange 
 to connive at the retirement of his 
 rival, whom he then conducted to 
 Malines. Peace between the tAvo 
 neighbours soon followed. Sir 
 Robert held his appointment until 
 the end of 1835. He was raised to 
 the dignity of a Privy Councillor, 
 and received the highest diplomatic 
 pension, ^62000. Sir Robert mar- 
 ried in 1805, Madlle. Angelique 
 Gabrielle, daughter of the Marquis 
 d'Hazincourt and the Comtesse de 
 Champagne. He died Oct, 3, 1855. 
 ADAM, Right Hon. Sir Frede- 
 rick [1778 — 1853]. A Privy Coun- 
 cillor, General in the Army, Colonel 
 of the 21st Foot, G.C.B., and 
 G.C.M.G., was a younger son of 
 the Right Hon. William Adam, of 
 Blair Adam, Kinross, He entered 
 the army in 1795, and in 1799 served 
 as a volunteer in Sir Ralph Aber- 
 crombie's expeclition to the Helder. 
 On his return he was promoted to 
 a company in the 9th Foot, from 
 which he was transferred to the 
 Coldstream Guards, Dec, 1799. In 
 Sept., 1810, Lieut. -Col. Adam was 
 engaged in an affair near Mill, 
 where he stopped the advance of 
 about -1,000 Neapolitan troops, who 
 had landed in the night under Gen. 
 Cavaignac. In 1811 he returned to 
 England, but went to Sicily with 
 Lord William Bentinck in the fol- 
 Oct. In Aug., 1812, he 
 B 2 
 
 lowing 
 
ADAM, 
 
 attained the brevet of Colonel, and 
 about the same time joined the 
 British troops on the east coast of 
 Spain. In 1830 he had command 
 of a brigade of about 1,800, which 
 formed the advanced guard of the 
 army, and was attacked &.t Biar, 
 April 12, by about 5,000 French 
 with cavalry and artillery. After 
 defending the post for five hours 
 he retired, jDursuant to orders, on 
 the main body at Castalla. Colonel 
 Adam was wounded but did not 
 leave the field. On the 13th the 
 enemy in three divisions attacked 
 the left of the allied army, consist- 
 ing of the advanced guard and 
 Col. Whittingham's Spanish divi- 
 sion, but were repulsed, and lost 
 nearly 3,000 men. Colonel Adam 
 continued to command the advanced 
 guard of the army after Lord Wil- 
 liam Bentinck took the command. 
 He received the rank of Major- 
 Genera,! in 1814, and in June, 1815, 
 was nominated a K.C.B. In 1824 
 he was appointed Lord High Com- 
 missioner of the Ionian Islands, 
 a post which he held till 1826. In 
 1831 he was sworn a Privy Coun- 
 cillor. In 1832 he was appointed 
 Governor of Madras, where he re- 
 mained till 1835. He arrived at 
 the full rank of General Nov. 9, 
 1846. 
 
 ADAM, Eight Hon, William 
 [1751—1839], eldest son of John 
 Adam, of Blair Adam, Kinross-shire, 
 was educated at the University of 
 Edinburgh and Glasgow, and was 
 called to the Scotch Bar in 1773. In 
 the following year he entered Parlia- 
 ment, and in 1782 was called to the 
 Common Law Bar. He fought a 
 duel with Mr. Fox (1778), and 
 wounded him, on account of some 
 expressions used towards himself in 
 Parliament. He withdrew from 
 the House of Commons in 1795, 
 entered it again in 1806 as member 
 for the united coimties of Clack- 
 mannan and Kinross, and con- 
 tinued to represent them till 1811. 
 He took a prominent place in the 
 House, where he made his influence 
 
 felt by his sound judgment and 
 firm, general adherence to the 
 Whig party. One of his most im- 
 portant parliamentary efforts was 
 the agitation which he success- 
 fully raised in 1794 against the 
 severe punishment awarded in the 
 Scotch Criminal Court to certain 
 jDcrsons who had been convicted of 
 sedition. He was successively 
 Attorney and Solicitor-General to 
 the Prince of Wales, one of the 
 managers of the impeachment of 
 Warren Hastings, and one of the 
 counsel who defended the first 
 Lord Melville when impeached (as 
 Mr. Dundas). During his party's 
 brief tenure of office in 1806 he was 
 Chancellor of the Duchy of Corn- 
 wall, and afterwards a Privy Coun- 
 cillor and Lord-Lieutenant of 
 Kinross-shire. In 1814 he Avas 
 made a Baron of Exchequer in 
 Scotland, and in 1815 was appointed 
 Chief Commissioner of the newly- 
 established Jury Court for the trial 
 of civil causes, over which he pre- 
 sided till 1830, when it ceased to 
 exist as a separate coiu't, and was 
 merged in the permanent sujpreme 
 tribunal. 
 
 ADAM, Eight Hon. William 
 Patrick [1823—1881], Governor of 
 Madras, better known in England 
 as a former very popular Liberal 
 Whip in the House of Commons, 
 was the eldest son of Admiral Sir 
 Chas. Adam, of Blair Adam, N. B., 
 sometime M.P, for the counties of 
 Clackmannan and Kinross, Lord of 
 the Admiralty, and Governor of 
 Greenwich Hospital, and grandson 
 of the Eight Hon, William Adam 
 (<|.v.) . He was educated at Eugby, 
 and at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 where he took his B.A. degree in 
 1846. He was called to the Bar in 
 1849, and went the Home Circuit. 
 In the following year he went to 
 Scotland, and unsuccessfully con- 
 tested the combined counties of 
 Clackmannan and Kimoss, being 
 beaten by Mr. Johnston, of Alvah, 
 a very popular candidate. In 1851 
 he went out to India, and was 
 
ADAMS— ADDISON. 
 
 5 
 
 private secretary to Lord Elphin- 
 stone, Governor of Bombay, from 
 1853 to 1S58; on his return to England 
 he entered Parliament in 1S.30 as 
 member for Clackmannan and Kin- 
 ross, a position he held for twenty- 
 one years. In 1865-6G he was a 
 Lord of the Treasury, and occupied 
 the same post after the overthrow 
 of the short-lived Conservative Ad- 
 ministration of 18(37-8. In 1873 he 
 was made Chief Commissioner of 
 Works, and became a member of 
 the Privy Council. In 1874, after 
 the Liberal defeat which foUovv^ed 
 Mr. Gladstone's dissolution of par- 
 liament, Mr. Adam undertook the 
 troublesome task of reorganising 
 the dispirited party. After the 
 dissolution of 1880 he returned to 
 his former post at the Office of 
 Works, and in the same vear was 
 appointed to succeed the Duke of 
 Buckingham and Chandos as Go- 
 vernor of Madras, but he held that 
 office only a very short time, as he 
 died at his post the next year. 
 
 ADAMS, De. Francis ^1797 
 — 1861], the translator of Paulus 
 -Egineta, was born of humble 
 jDarentage at Lumphanan in 
 Aberdeenshire. His friends man- 
 aged to send him for a time to 
 King's College, Aberdeen, where 
 he took his degree of M.A., after 
 which he adopted medicine as his 
 profession, and established himself 
 in the village of Banchory, where 
 lie passed the rest of his life. He 
 was a good classical scholar, and 
 l»efore he graduated had published 
 an English version of Musaeus. He 
 •levoted all his spare time to the 
 study of the works of the Greek 
 physicians, and translated the 
 works of Paulus ^gineta. A trans- 
 lation of Hippocrates followed, and 
 then one of Aretaeus, which was ac- 
 companied with a correct edition of 
 the original text. 
 
 ADAMS, William, LL.D., died 
 at his residence. Thorpe, Surrey, 
 June 11, 1851, aged 80. He was a 
 Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. 
 In 1799 he took his degree of LL.D., 
 
 and in Nov. of that year was ad- 
 mitted into the College of Advo- 
 cates. In 1805 he was offered the 
 place of King's Advocate General. 
 In 181 i he was chosen as a Com- 
 missioner, together with Lord Gam- 
 bier and Mr. Goulburn, to negotiate 
 a treaty of peace with the U. S. of 
 America, shortly after the capture 
 of Washington. Dr. Adams' next 
 appointment was that of Commis- 
 sioner of Inquiry into the duties, 
 salaries, &c., of the Courts of 
 Justice in England. In June, 
 1815, he, together with the Right 
 Hon. Frederick John Kobinson, 
 afterward first Earl of Ripon, and 
 Mr. Goulburn, was named Pleni- 
 potentiary to conclude a Conven- 
 tion of Commerce between Great 
 Britain and the United States, 
 which was signed in London, July 3 
 of the same year. In 1S20, July 
 5, Dr. Adams was chosen one of 
 the Counsel for the Bill for the 
 divorcement of Queen Caroline. 
 In 1825 he relinquished his profes- 
 sion and retired finally from 
 practice. 
 
 ADDISON, Thomas, M.D. [1793— 
 1860], the discoverer of " Addison's 
 disease," named after him, was the 
 son of a grocer and flour dealer in 
 business at Long Benton, near 
 Newcastle, where he was born. He 
 was educated at the Grammar 
 School at Newcastle-on-Tyne, and 
 at the Edinburgh University, 
 where he took his M.D. degree in 
 1815. He then removed to London, 
 became house surgeon to the Lock 
 Hospital, and at the same time 
 entered as a pupil at the Public 
 Dispensary, where he gained much 
 of his knowledge of skin diseases. 
 He was admitted a Licentiate of 
 the College of Physicians in 1819, 
 and a Fellow in 1838. About 1820 
 he entered as a student at Guy's 
 Hospital, with which institution he 
 was ever after inseparably con- 
 nected. He became assistant-phy- 
 sician to Guy's in 182 \, Lecturer on 
 Materia Medica in 1827, and in 
 1837 full i^hysician^ and was asso-. 
 
6 
 
 ADELAIDE— ADOLPHUS. 
 
 ciated with Dr. Bright in the 
 lectures on the practice of medicine. 
 His fame will rest chiefly on his 
 discovery of Addison's Disease, a 
 constitutional affection indicated 
 externally by pigmentation of the 
 skin^ and internally by disease of 
 the supra-renal bodies. 
 
 ADELAIDE, Queen Dowager, 
 Amelia Adelaide Louisa Theresa 
 Carolina, eldest daughter of 
 George, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Mein- 
 ingen,was born Aug. 13, 1792, and on 
 July 18, 1818, was married at Kew 
 to William, Duke of Clarence, 
 After their marriage the Duke and 
 Duchess went to Hanover where, 
 in March, the Duchess was pre- 
 maturely delivered of a daughter, 
 who did not long survive her birth. 
 In the following October the Duke 
 and Duchess returned to England, 
 and went first to Clarence House, 
 St. James's, and afterwards to 
 Bushey. The death of George III. 
 detained them in England through- 
 out 1820, and in December the 
 Duchess gave birth to a daughter 
 who, to the intense and lasting 
 grief of her mother, died when only 
 three months old. At the death of 
 the Duke of York in 1827, the Duke 
 of Clarence became heir-presump- 
 tive to the throne, and on June 26, 
 1830, he became king, but the 
 ceremony of coronation did not 
 take place till Sept. 8, 1831. In 
 the meanwhile the July Eevolution 
 had broken out in Paris, and the 
 spirit of disaffection had so far in- 
 fluenced this country that on Nov. 
 9, it had been deemed unsafe for 
 the King and Queen to visit the 
 Lord Mayor. The Queen was sus- 
 pected of Tory proclivities, and 
 consequently unpopular ; she was 
 charged with personal hostility to 
 the leaders of the Reform Pai'ty, 
 and on the dissolution of the first 
 Melbourne Ministry, the Times de- 
 clared " the Queen has done it all," 
 and the same was echoed from all 
 the corners of the streets. Never- 
 theless, she was a good woman, 
 benevolent and charitable to the 
 
 last degree, and gently unosten- 
 tatious in her generosity : poli- 
 tics did not long estrange her 
 from her subjects, and her sus- 
 pected, but unproved, dislike to the 
 Eeform Party was soon forgiven. 
 Early in 1837 her much-loved 
 mother died, and she had also the 
 sorrow of seeing that the King was 
 failing fast. Nevertheless, on May 
 21, on which day the young Prin- 
 cess Victoria came of age, she gave 
 a magnificent ball at Buckingham 
 Palace, that the majority of the 
 heir to the throne might be fittingly 
 celebrated. The king soon became 
 seriously ill ; throughout that ill- 
 ness he was devotedly nursed by 
 his wife, who was herself in 
 wretched health, and on June 20 he 
 died in her arms. The Queen was 
 quite broken by sorrow and fatigue, 
 and never recovered her health ; 
 she suffered much from delicacy of 
 the throat and lungs, and was 
 forced to spend one winter at 
 Malta, and another at Madeira, but 
 from neither place did she gain any 
 lasting good, and on Dec. 2, 1849, 
 she died. It was her last wish 
 that her body should be buried 
 privately and without any pomp or 
 state in St. George's Chapel, Wind- 
 sor. Although the Queen was a 
 widow and childless, she left many 
 to regret her ; her acts of private 
 benevolence were beyond number, 
 and she yearly gave more than 
 20,000L to public charities. 
 
 ADOLPHUS, John, Barrister- 
 at-law and F.S.A., was born in 
 London, 1764 or 1765, and began 
 life as a mei'cantile clerk. In 1783 
 he articled himself to an attorney, 
 and in 1790 was admitted to prac- 
 tise. He was called to the Bar in 
 1807, but did not come prominently 
 before the public till 1820, when he 
 acted as leading counsel for Arthur 
 Thistlewood, and greatly distin- 
 guished himself l>y his acute and 
 ingenious defence of that unhappy 
 man. The speeches in defence of 
 Ings, Brunt, Davidson, and Tidd 
 I added to his reputation. Mr, 
 
ADOLPHUS— AINSWOKTH. 
 
 Adolplius was also an historian, and 
 assisted Archdeacon Coxe in pre- 
 pai-ing for the press his " Memoirs 
 of Sir Eobert "Walpole," published 
 in three vols., Ito, 1798. His own 
 works are : — " Bio<^raphical Me- 
 moirs of the French Revolution," 
 1799 ; " The British Cabinet, con- 
 taining Portraits of Illustrious 
 Personasres Avith Biographical 
 Memoirs," 1799; "The History of 
 England, from the Accession of 
 George III. to the Peace of 1783/' 
 1802; "The History of France, 
 from 1790 to the Peace of 1802," 
 1803 ; " The Political State of the 
 British Empire," 1818 ; " Observa- 
 tions on the Vagrant Act and some 
 other Statutes, and on the Powers 
 and Duties of Justices of the Peace," 
 1824 ; " Memoirs of John Bannister, 
 Comedian," 1829 : and " The His- 
 tory of the Eeign of George III." 
 Hedied Jiilv 16, 181-5. 
 
 ADOLPHUS, John Leycester, 
 M.A. [1795—1862], Judge of the 
 Marylebone County Court, Solicitor- 
 General of Durham, and a Bencher 
 of the Inner Temple, was the son 
 of the foregoing. Mr. Adolphus 
 was educated at Merchant Tavlors' 
 School, and at St. John's, Ox- 
 ford, where he carried off the Xewdi- 
 gate English Verse Prize in 181 J:, and 
 the Chancellor's Prize for an Eng- 
 lish Essay in 1818, and in 1815 was 
 placed in the second class in classics. 
 In 1821 he published his " Letters 
 to Eichard Heber, containing Criti- 
 cal Eemarks on the series of novels 
 beginning with ' Waverley,' and 
 an Attempt to ascertain their 
 Author," the object of which was to 
 show that the author of the novels 
 could be no other than Walter 
 Scott. He went to visit Scott at 
 Abbotsford in 1823, and afterwards 
 contributed to Mr. Lockhart's Life 
 of Scott, a full account of that 
 visit, and of his subsequent visits 
 in 1827, 1830, and 1831. Mr. Adol- 
 phus was called to the bar in 1822 ; 
 and was appointed a County Court 
 Judge by Lord Chancellor St. Leo- 
 nards. 
 
 AIKIN, Miss Lucy [1781— 18Gi], 
 was the only daughter of John 
 Aikin, M.D. the author of many 
 popular and useful works, wliich 
 attained a wide circulation. In 
 1818 Miss Aitkin produced her first 
 historical work, " Memoirs of the 
 Court of Queen Elizabeth," which 
 comprehended the private life of 
 the Queen, and the domestic his- 
 tory of the period ; biographies and 
 anecdotes of the principal families 
 who formed the Coui-t ; and notices 
 of the manners, opinions, and lite- 
 rature of the age. The public 
 received this work very favourably: 
 Two similar works on the Eeigns 
 of James I. and Charles I. followed, 
 but did not increase the author's 
 reputation. She published bio- 
 graphical memoii's of her father, 
 and of his sister, Mrs. Barbauld, 
 besides writing many essays and 
 papers for Eeviews. After the 
 death of her father. Miss Aikin 
 removed to Hampstead, where the 
 remainder of her life was chiefly 
 spent. 
 
 AIXSWOETH, William Harri- 
 son l1805 — 1882], novelist, eldest 
 son of the late Thomas Ainsworth, 
 solicitor, of Manchester, a member 
 of an ancient Lancashire f amilv, was 
 born in 1805, and having been edu- 
 cated at the Free Grammar School 
 of Manchester, was articled in hi.'? 
 sixteenth year to Mr. Kay, a lead- 
 ing solicitor of that city. Losing 
 his father at nineteen, he came 
 to London to finish his term with Mr. 
 Jacob Phillips, of the Inner Tem- 
 ple. Before he was of age he pub- 
 lished the romance of " Sir John Chi- 
 vei'ton," which was highly praised 
 by Sir Walter Scott. His marriage, 
 in 1826, with a daughter of the late 
 Mr. Ebers, publisher, of Bond Street, 
 led Mr. Ainsworth to abandon the 
 study of law in order to devote him- 
 self to literature in the joint capa- 
 city of author and publisher. The 
 latter vocation, however, he soon 
 gave up, restricting himself to what 
 he thenceforth regarded as his pro- 
 fession. '• Eookwood." which ap- 
 
s 
 
 AIRD. 
 
 IDeai'ed in 1834, established his fame 
 as a writer of fiction, and passed 
 through several editions : this was 
 followed by " Crichton," which was 
 equally successful. The first num- 
 ber of " Jack Sheppard " was pub- 
 lished in January, 1839, in Bentlexj's 
 Miscellany , of which periodical Mr. 
 Ainsworth became editor on the 
 retirement of Mr. Dickens in March, 
 1840. The story of ''Jack Shep- 
 pard"^ has always been extraordi- 
 narily popular with the multitude ; 
 and soon after the ajipearance of 
 Mr. Ainsworth's story in Bentley, 
 eight different dramatic versions 
 were produced on the stage. " Gxij 
 Fawkes." which appeared in Bentley, 
 and the " Tower of London," added 
 materially to this writer's reputa- 
 tion. In 1841 he published, week 
 by week, in the Sunday Times, " Old 
 St. Paurs." Having at the close 
 of 1841 retired from the editor shij) 
 of Bentley, he established the ma- 
 gazine which bore his name, and 
 in which appeared "The Miser's 
 Daughter,'"' " "Windsor Castle," and 
 " St. James's ; or, the Court of Queen 
 Anne ;" the latter containing a 
 generous defence of the character 
 of Marlborough. Several of the 
 books above mentioned were bril- 
 liantly illustrated by George 
 Oruikshank, which now gives a 
 very high value to the early 
 editions. In 1845 Mr. Ainsworth 
 Ijecame proprietor and editor of 
 the Neiv Monthly Magazine. Three 
 years later he imblished in the Sun- 
 day Times, "Lancashire Witches," 
 followed in 1854 by an historical 
 romance, "The Star Chamber," 
 and a domestic story, illustrative 
 of old English manners, styled "The 
 Flitch of Bacon, or the Custom of 
 Dunmow," — a custom which owes 
 its revival to Mr. Ainsworth's libe- 
 rality. In 1855 a collection of his 
 " Ballads, Romantic, Fantastical, 
 and Humorous," appeared ; fol- 
 lowed in ]85(;, by another novel, 
 "The Spendthrift," originally pub- 
 lished in Bentley's Miscellany, which 
 periodical lind become Mi'. Ains- 
 
 worth's property two years pre- 
 viously. In 1857 he resumed and 
 issued in monthly parts "Mervyn 
 Clitheroe," a semi-autobiographical 
 tale; the publication of which, in 
 a serial form, had been accidentally 
 interrupted. After another interval, 
 during which he composed a spirited 
 poem on a famous Breton legend, 
 entitled " The Combat of the 
 Thirty," he produced in 1860 a 
 romance of the times of the Com- 
 monwealth, called "Ovingdean 
 Grange,'^ into several parts of 
 j which are interwoven his own per- 
 sonal experiences as a resident in 
 the South Down country. This was 
 followed by " The Constable of the 
 Tower," commenced in Bentley in 
 1861, and since republished sepa- 
 rately ; " The Lord Mayor of Lon- 
 don ;" or. City Life in the Last 
 Centm-y," in 1862 ; "Cardinal Pole ; 
 or, the Daj^s of Philip and Mary," 
 in 1863 ; and " John Law, the Pro- 
 jector," in 1864. His more recent 
 works are the " Spanish Match ; or, 
 Charles Stewart in Madrid ;" the 
 " Constable de Bourbon," " Old 
 Court," " Myddleton Pomfret," and 
 " Hilary St. Ives "—the three latter 
 being stories of modern life, and con- 
 taining descriptions of the scenery 
 of the southern counties — " Bosco- 
 bel ; or, the Eoyal Oak. A Tale of 
 the year 1651," 1872 ; " The Good 
 Old Times ; the Story of the Man- 
 chester Eebels of '45," &c., 1873 : 
 " Merry England ; or. Nobles and 
 Serfs," 1874; "The Goldsmith's 
 Wife," 1875; "Preston Fight ;^or, 
 the Insurrection of 1715," 1875 ; 
 and "Chetwynd Calverley," 1870. 
 Mr. Ainsworth's writings are still 
 popular in America. Most of them 
 have been translated into German 
 and French, and versions of some 
 exist in the Spanish, Dutch, and 
 Russian languages . Shortly before 
 his last illness, Mr. Ainsworth was 
 entertained at a public dinner by 
 his admirers. 
 
 ATRD, Thomas, [1802—1870] 
 born at Bow den, Roxburghshire, 
 August 28, 1802, and educated at 
 
A IKE Y— ALBANY. 
 
 
 
 the schools of Bowden and Melrose, 
 and at the University of Edinbur^^h, 
 acted as editor of the Edinhtirgh 
 Weekly Journal for a year, after the 
 death of Mr. James Ballautyne, the 
 friend of Sir Walter Scott. In 
 1835 ho was appointed editor of the 
 Dumfries Herald, a Conservative 
 journal, Avhich post he occupied 
 until 1863, when he retired into 
 private life. His chief works are : — 
 " Religious Characteristics" (]S27) ; 
 " The Old Bachelor in the Old Scot- 
 tish Village," a volume of tales and 
 sketches (1815) ; " PoeticalAVorks," 
 a collected edition of his rather re- 
 markable poems, new and old (18 18) . 
 The poem entitled " The Devil's 
 Dream " is perhaps, the most poi>ular 
 of his productions. Mr. Aird was for- 
 merly a contributor to Blackwood's 
 Magazine ; and in 1852 he brought 
 out, for the family of Dr. Moir (the 
 " Delta " of Blackwood) , an edition 
 of that author's select poems, with 
 memoir prefixed. 
 
 AIEEY^ (Lord), Richard, G.C.B. 
 [1803—1881], son of Lieutenant- 
 G-eneral Sir G-eorge Airey, K. H., 
 was educated at the Royal 
 Military College, Sandhurst. He 
 entered the army in 1821, and be- 
 came Lieutenant-Colonel of his 
 regiment in 1838. From 1827 to 
 1830 he acted as A.D.C. to the 
 High Commissioner of the Ionian 
 Isles, and from 1831 to 1832 
 was Governor of British North 
 America. From 1832 to 1835 he 
 was Military Secretary at the Horse 
 Guards, and became afterwards 
 Assistant Adjutant-General and 
 Assistant Quartermaster-General. 
 In 1854 he accompanied Lord Rag- 
 lan to the Crimea as Acting Quar- 
 termaster-General, and in the fol- 
 lowing year was aj^pointed Quarter- 
 master-General of the Forces, re- 
 ceiving at the same time the local 
 rank of Lieutenant-General in Tur- 
 key, and being nominated a K.C.B. 
 He retired in 1876, and was raised 
 to the peerage as a reward for his 
 long and useful services. He was 
 promoted to the rank of General in 
 
 1871, and was nominated G.C.B. in 
 1867. 
 
 ALBANY, Leopold George 
 Duncan Albert (Duke of). Earl 
 OF Clarence and Baron Arklow, 
 was the eighth child and youngest 
 son of Queen Victoria. The Prince 
 Leopold was born at Buckingham 
 Palace on April 7th, 1853. He was, 
 from his birth, extremely delicate, 
 and his health caused grave anxiety 
 to liis parents. But though so ail- 
 ing he was a happy and contented 
 child, glad to watch others play the 
 games he was too weak to join in, 
 and from the age of five finding 
 much amusement in reading, espe- 
 cially books of travel, in which he 
 delighted throughout his life. As 
 he grew older his health improved, 
 and in 1872 he matriculated at 
 Christ Church, Oxford ; but through- 
 out his University career he lived 
 with his private tutor at Wyke- 
 ham House, on the confines of the 
 town. The Prince had grown into 
 a thoughtful and studious j^oung 
 man, greatly interested in all mat- 
 ters of culture, and it was expected 
 that he would try for honours, but 
 the strain of hard reading was pro- 
 nounced to be too much for his 
 delicate health. In 1874 he was 
 sworn a Privy Councillor, and in 
 1876 made D.C.L. by his Univer- 
 sity. In that year he became Pro- 
 vincial Grand Master of the Free- 
 masons of Oxfordshire, and was 
 always an enthusiastic member of 
 the Society. The young Prince 
 was a good speaker. In all that he 
 said there was the note of re- 
 finement and reflection, and some 
 of his speeches will be remembered 
 as of unusual excellence. His 
 services were always gladly given 
 whenever they could advance the 
 literary, scientific, and philanthro- 
 pic objects which he had so much 
 at heart. It was rumoured that 
 the young Prince had some am- 
 bition to play the part of a political 
 debater, and that fears for the dis- 
 cretion of his youthful ardour 
 caused his elevation to tlie Peerage 
 
10 
 
 ALBEMARLE— ALBERT. 
 
 to be so long delayed. Be that as 
 it may, at twenty-eight Prince Leo- 
 pold had learned that silence is the 
 inevitable part the sons of the 
 Sovereign must play in politics, and 
 the revival on May 29th, 1881, of the 
 ancient dukedom of Albany in his 
 favour, was followed by no outburst 
 of parliamentary eloquence. Soon 
 after he had received his patent of 
 creation as Duke of Albany he was 
 betrothed to the Princess Helene of 
 Waldeck-Pyrmont whom he married 
 in April, 1882. In the early spring of 
 1884 he was advised to go to Nice 
 to escape the cold east winds. He 
 seemed in unusually bright health 
 and spirits, and took, perhaps, too 
 large a part in the festivities with 
 Avhich the English of Nice welcomed 
 him. On the 27th of March he was 
 attacked by a fit, and slipped while 
 mounting the stairs of the Circle 
 Nautique. The indisposition was 
 thought to be of a very trifling na- 
 ture — the result of over- fatigue and 
 excitement. But in the night he 
 became seriously ill and died about 
 2 a.m. March 28, 1884. The mourn- 
 ing for him was sincere and univer- 
 sal ; he was one of the most popu- 
 lar of all the princes, and the nation 
 Avas deeply affected by his sudden 
 death. Nothing was wanting to 
 make the tragedy touching and ap- 
 pealing : the young Duchess was 
 not with her husband, and not till 
 after his death did she know of 
 his illness. The present Duke 
 of Albany was born nearly four 
 months after his father's death, 
 July 20, 1884, 
 
 ALBEMARLE, 4th Earl of. 
 Right Hon. William Charles 
 Keppel, Viscount Bury, Baron 
 AsHPORD, and a Privy Councillor, 
 was born May 14, 1772, the only 
 child of George, third Earl of 
 Albemarle, K.G. On the death of 
 his father, Oct. 13, 1772, he suc- 
 ceeded to the peerage, being then 
 not six months old. Lord Albemarle 
 was a Whig of the old school, and a 
 zealous opponent of the war which 
 ended in the downfall of the French 
 
 Empire. Under Earl Grey, he 
 became Master of the Horse to 
 William IV., and was sworn in a 
 member of the Privy Council. In 
 1833 His Majesty conferred on him 
 the Grand Cross of the Royal Hano- 
 verian Gueli^hic Order. Lord Albe- 
 marle resigned with his friends in 
 1834, and returned with them to 
 office in 1835, continuing to hold 
 his position to the end of the reign 
 of William IV., and during the 
 first four years of Her Majesty's 
 reign, when he finally retired from 
 court. He died Oct. 30, 1849. 
 
 ALBERT (Prince Consort or 
 England), was born at the Rosenau, 
 in the Duchy of Coburg, on the 26th 
 of August, 1819. He was the second 
 son of Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg- 
 Saalf eld, and of Louise, daughter of 
 Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha- 
 Altenburg. He was christened 
 Francis Charles Augustus Albert 
 Emmanuel, while his elder brother 
 bore the name of Ernest. From 
 his very childhood Prince Albert — 
 who was beautiful, intelligent, and 
 amiable — seems to have been 
 regarded by those immediately 
 around him, as naturally destined to 
 become the husband of his cousin, 
 the Princess Victoria, daughter 
 of the Duchess of Kent. In 183G, 
 by which time there was no longer 
 any doubt that the Princess Vic- 
 toria would succeed to the English 
 throne, these visions for the future 
 of the young prince began to 
 assume more definite shape. King 
 Leopold of Belgium, under whose 
 care the Princess had been left, 
 strongly approved of the plan of 
 bringing about a union between 
 her and Prince Albert, and his views 
 were, after mature consideration, 
 supported by his influential friend 
 and adviser. Baron Stockmar. 
 During a visit to England by the 
 Duke of Coburg and his sons in May, 
 1830, the Princess Victoria virtually 
 admitted to King Leopold that she 
 considered herself engaged to 
 Prince Albert, but the visit termi- 
 nated without any fQrn^al arrange- 
 
ALBERT. 
 
 11 
 
 luent having been arrived at, and 
 the Prince returned to pursue, with 
 no little distinction, the course of 
 study laid dovm for him at Brus- 
 sels and Bonn. While at Brussels 
 he devoted himself especially to the 
 higher mathematics, and to his 
 studies here under the guidance of 
 M. Quetelet, is due the interest 
 which, to the end of his life, he 
 took in the statistical aspect of 
 social questions. On the 26th of 
 June, 1837, the Princess Victoria 
 succeeded to the throne of England, 
 and the question of her marriage 
 became one of ever increasing 
 interest. In Oct., 1839, Prince 
 Albert, with his brother Ernest, 
 again visited England, and during 
 his short stay at Windsor Castle, 
 the Queen and he, impelled, partly 
 perhaps, by the general desire of 
 those ai'ound them, partly by 
 natural inclination, became so effec- 
 tually drawn towards each other, 
 that 'by the 14th Oct. the Queen 
 was able to infonn Lord Melboui'ne 
 that a complete understanding had 
 been arrived at between them. 
 The news was communicated to the 
 Privy Council in Nov., and on the 
 16th Jan., 1840, was announced in 
 the speech from the throne. While 
 it was heartilv received bv the 
 public, and while Lord Palmerston 
 expressed his strong approbation, 
 it was soon evident that the Prince 
 would not effect his entry into the 
 English world without inciu'ring 
 many expressions of jealousy and 
 hostility, some of which, such as 
 the charge that he was a Eoman 
 Catholic, were as unreasonable as 
 they were unjust. Disagreeable 
 discussions took place in both 
 Houses of Parliament : in the Com- 
 mons, as to the annuity to be 
 settled on the Prince ; in the Lords, 
 on the precedence which was to be 
 officially accorded to him. After a 
 debate of no little acerbity, the 
 annuity was fixed at =£30,000, while 
 the question of the Prince's prece- 
 dence, left undecided by the Upper 
 Jlouse, was laid down shortlv after- 
 
 wards by letters patent as being 
 next to Her Majesty. On the Cth 
 of Feb. the Prince landed at Dover, 
 and proceeded to London amid the 
 enthusiastic acclamations of the 
 people, and on Feb. 16, 1840, he 
 was married to Queen Victoria in 
 the chapel of St. James's Palace. 
 Thenceforward Prince Albert began 
 to devote himself to the difficult 
 task of i^lacing his o^^^l powerful 
 grasp of practical politics at the 
 disposal of the Sovereign. Every 
 document relating to subjects of 
 public interest was laid by Ministers 
 before the Queen, and was carefully 
 examined by the Prince and her- 
 self. The Prince was at all times 
 in active correspondence with the 
 Ministei's of the dav, and was in the 
 habit of making every important 
 question the subject of a luci<l 
 memorandum with the view of guid- 
 ing the deliberations of the Cabinet. 
 It was not to be expected that one 
 occupying a place so near the 
 throne, and known to be in con- 
 stant correspondence with foreign 
 princes, should escape without in- 
 curring many unjust accusations, 
 amounting at times even to charges 
 of disloyalty to the Cro-wn and Con- 
 stitution. Such charges as these 
 he was able to live down. How 
 unfounded was the idea that he 
 was a partisan of continental abso- 
 lutism, is well shown in the reply 
 which he made to the Duke of 
 Wellington, when pressed by him 
 in April, 1850, to assume the com- 
 mand of the armv. While stronglv 
 impressed that the army should be 
 the army of the Sovereign, he 
 pointed out the difficulties which 
 might arise in the case of the 
 Queen's Consort being called upon, 
 in his capacity of Commander-in- 
 Chief, to act against the people. 
 In the end, the proposal to accept 
 the command was declined, on the 
 ground that the Prince's time was 
 already fully occupied in assisting 
 the Queen in her public duties. 
 On the 30th July, 1849, the Prince 
 first propounded his ideas of the 
 
12 
 
 ALBERT. 
 
 great exhibition which^ after meet- 
 ing* with many objections and no 
 little opposition^ finally resulted in 
 the erection of Mr. Paxton's Crystal 
 Palace in Hyde Park, and its tri- 
 umphant opening- on May Ist^, 1851. 
 It was closed in October, by which 
 time it had been visited hj 6,200,000 
 people. The general feeling that 
 the great success of the exhibition 
 was largelj^ due to the exertions of 
 the Prince Consort, is well ex- 
 pressed in a letter from Lord John 
 Russell to the Queen on Oct. 17th, 
 1851. In March, 1854, the Queen 
 and Prince went to Portsmouth to 
 visit the mag-nifieent fleet assembled 
 there preparatory to sailing for the 
 Baltic to take its part in the Cri- 
 mean war. Throughout the war, 
 as, indeed, at all times, the Prince 
 maintained the greatest interest in 
 both the navy and army, and did 
 much to remedy the scandalous dis- 
 organisation of the latter, as shown 
 by the sufferings of the troops in 
 the Crimea. The refusal of Prussia 
 to join the Western alliance against 
 Russia excited the profound indig- 
 nation of Prince Albert, indig- 
 nation which he expressed in the 
 most vigorous terms to the King of 
 Prussia himself in a, letter dated 
 Aug. 28th, 1851. Nor did he fail 
 to remember the conduct of Prussia 
 at this critical juncture, when in 
 March, 1856, the government of 
 that country, having taken no part 
 in the war, demanded admission to 
 the Congress which was to discuss 
 the preliminaries of peace. With 
 the view of improving the land 
 forces. Prince Albert submitted to 
 Ministers his opinions as to the 
 steps which it was necessary to 
 take, including the establishment 
 of ballot for the militia and the 
 formation of a foreign legion. 
 Though liis suggestions Avere re- 
 ceived somewhat critically at the 
 time, they were all carried out 
 within a few weeks, and as soon as 
 the treaty of peace was signed in 
 1856, we find the Prince saying in 
 a letter to Baron Stockmar : ' • Now 
 
 our object must be to establish a 
 permanent military organisation, 
 on which I am hard at work." It 
 was natural that the Prince should 
 follow with interest the course of 
 politics in Oermany. It was his 
 constant desire to see Grei'many 
 united, and in all his letters and 
 memoranda on this subject, he 
 started with the assumption that 
 Prussia was the natural and 
 only possible head of a confede- 
 ration of the various existing 
 states. At the same time, while 
 following every detail of the higher 
 politics of Europe, the Prince by no 
 means allowed events at home to 
 escape his notice. In 1857 he jjre- 
 sided at a conference on National 
 Education, and insisted strongly on 
 the lamentable condition of things, 
 under which no less than 2,861,848 
 children in England and Wales 
 were shown to be receiving no edu- 
 cation at all. His sympathy with 
 the working classes was of the most 
 practical kind. While setting an 
 example himself on the royal es- 
 tates at Osborne and Balmoral, he 
 was constantly calling the attention 
 of land owners to the wisdom, as 
 well as the propriety, of providing 
 improved dwellings for their ten- 
 ants. The Prince was also very 
 ready to realise the monotonous 
 dead-level of the existence of the 
 English working man, and to en- 
 courage plans for ameliorating his 
 condition, and adding to the inte- 
 rests and legitimate amusements of 
 his life. The Prince Consort was 
 in favour of the principles of free 
 trade, and in a letter to his daughter 
 in March, 1860, lays it down that 
 " protected industries do not thrive 
 because, but in despite of, protec- 
 tion." In 1851, in the course of a 
 conversation with the Emperor of 
 the French, lie had expi'essed his 
 dislike of indirect taxation as a 
 principle, but admitted its occa- 
 sional necessity as a sacrifice to the 
 weakness of human nature. From 
 his early years Prince Albert had 
 possessed a genuine love for music, 
 
ALBERT. 
 
 l:i 
 
 He was himself a good and tasteful 
 singer and a fair composer, while 
 his execution on the organ was such 
 as to have elicited the highest com- 
 mendation from no less an autho- 
 rity than Mendelssohn himself. 
 Sir Julius Benedict has stated it as 
 his opinion, that the Prince's warm 
 appreciation of Mendelssohn's " St. 
 Paul/' gave a great stimulus to the 
 " oratorio " in this country. This 
 would certainly have heen the 
 Prince's own desire, and in order 
 the more readily to be able to make 
 the " oratorio " familiar to those 
 about him, he caused new organs to 
 be supplied both at Windsor Castle 
 and Buckino-ham Palace. The 
 Prince realised to the full the 
 supreme iuiijortance of keeping the 
 national defences in a state of perfect 
 efficiency. Startled by the magni- 
 tude of the new defensive works in 
 course of construction at Cherbourg, 
 he allowed the authorities no rest 
 until he had elicited returns, 
 hitherto never furnished, which 
 showed in its true light, the alarming 
 state of unj)reparedness o'f Ports- 
 mouth and other places upon which 
 the security of the country must so 
 largely depend. Many of his letters 
 expressed the pride with which he 
 regarded the splendid fleet he was 
 always glad to visit and inspect ; 
 and as a proof of the very practical 
 way in which he looked at matters 
 affecting the naval service, we find 
 him, in 1860, m-ging the Admiralty 
 to train a larger number of boys for 
 the fleet, instead of supplying the 
 navy from the merchant service. 
 The army also owed much to the 
 imfiagging interest taken by the 
 Prince in its welfare. He em- 
 ployed his influence to bring about 
 the abolition of duelling in the ser- 
 vices, and to him was due the estab- 
 lishment of the great camp of in- 
 struction at Chobham. The volun- 
 teer force also occupied his attention, 
 while shortly before his death, in Oc- 
 tober, 1861, he wrote to Lord Pal- 
 merston on the question of the arm- 
 ing of the infantry, strongly urging 
 
 ; the adojition of what at that time 
 I was a novelty, the brtech-loading 
 I rifle. It is not necesir^arv to eav anv- 
 thing of the close and affectionate 
 nature of the relations between the 
 Prince and the Queen, and between 
 both and their children. Much of the 
 education of the latter he took into 
 his own hands, and to his teaching 
 may be attributed no small part of 
 the ability and culture which marks 
 (or marked) the Crown Princess of 
 Germany, the [Princess Alice, &c. 
 For some time previous to his 
 death, the Prince had been subject to 
 attacks of severe rheumatic pain, 
 accompanied by great weakness. 
 It was on the 22nd of November, 
 1861, that he contracted the fatal 
 fever. How little he was disposed 
 to allow physical suffering to in- 
 terfere with his duties, may be 
 gathered from the fact that on the 
 30th of November, rising at seven, 
 he wrote the di-af t of a memorandum 
 on the " Trent Affair," which was 
 at that moment seriously engaging 
 the attention of the government 
 and the country. At a meeting of 
 the Cabinet a despatch had been 
 approved, which it was intended 
 should be communicated to the 
 Government of the United States. 
 This desjDatch was somewhat 
 strongly worded, and the last memo- 
 randum written by the Prince, was 
 one urging on behalf of the Queen, 
 that its language should be so 
 amended, as to make it less likely 
 to cause needless irritation to the 
 United States. His suggestions 
 were adopted, and it was said after- 
 wards by those who were well quali- 
 fied to judge, that the moderate 
 tone i)i which the despatch was 
 finally couched, together with the 
 rumour, which somehow leaked out, 
 that this moderation was due to the 
 personal influence of the Sovereign, 
 did much to render possible the 
 continuance of friendlv relations 
 between this country and America. 
 By the 6th of Dec, it was evident 
 that the Prince was suffering from 
 gastric fever, and it became impos- 
 
14 
 
 ALBEETAZZI— ALEXANDER. 
 
 sible to conceal from the public 
 that his condition was serious. On 
 the 10th and 11th, hopeful symp- 
 toms at times presented themselves, 
 hut on the 12th there was a renewed 
 access of fever. Early on the 14th 
 it was confidently hoped that the 
 crisis was past, but as the day ad- 
 vanced it became evident that the 
 end was near, and at a quarter past 
 ten that night the Prince Consort 
 passed away. The grief through- 
 out the country was deep and sin- 
 cere, but only by degrees could the 
 nation generally become aware of 
 the full magnitude of the loss which 
 had been incurred by the Sovereign 
 and her people. It may be added 
 that after the Prince's death a j)ub- 
 lic subscription was set on foot to 
 provide a memorial, and, after long 
 debate, the money was spent on the 
 existing " Albert Memorial " in 
 Kensington Gardens, the architec- 
 tural design being by Sir Gilbert 
 Scott, and the sculpture by Foley 
 and others. [See " The Early Years 
 of the Prince Consort ; " " Life of 
 the Prince Consort," by Sir Theo- 
 dore Martin j The Queen's " Jour- 
 nals," &c.]. 
 
 ALBERTAZZI, 
 maiden name was 
 was the daughter 
 Howson, a teacher of music. Having 
 displayed a talent for singing, her 
 father put her to study under Signor 
 A. Costa in 1827. In 1828 she 
 made her first appearance in public, 
 and next year she married Signor 
 Albertazzi, a teacher of Italian, 
 and also a pupil of Costa. After 
 singing for some time at concerts, 
 she, in 1832, appeared at Milan, 
 and later at Madrid and Paris, 
 where she pleased highly in "La 
 Cenerentola." She made a very 
 successful dehut at her Majesty's 
 Theatre in the same opera, 1837. 
 In 1840, she appeared at Drury 
 Lane in " La Gazza Ladra," and 
 w.is very successful. Her voice 
 comprised the three distinct limits 
 usually found in the contralto, 
 mezzo-soprano, and soprano, the 
 
 Madame, whose 
 Emma Howson, 
 of Mr. Francis 
 
 upper notes being of exquisite 
 quality. She died of rapid con- 
 sumption at the age of thirty-four, 
 September 25, 1847. 
 
 ALDERSON, Sir Edward Hall 
 [1787—1857], one of the Barons of 
 the Exchequer, was the eldest son 
 of Mr. Robert Alderson, barrister- 
 at-law, and Recorder at Norwich. 
 He received his early education at 
 Bury School and the Charterhouse, 
 and then went to Caius College, 
 Cambridge, where he took his 
 degree in 1809, as Senior Wrangler 
 and Smith's prizeman, and Senior 
 Chancellor's Medallist. He was 
 called to the Bar in 1811, and for 
 several years went the Northern 
 Circuit. In 1830 he was promoted 
 to the Court of Common Pleas as 
 an additional puisne judge, on 
 which occasion he was knighted. 
 In 1831 he was transferred to a 
 puisne judgeship in the Court of 
 Exchequer, where for many years 
 he was second to Baron Park. He 
 died January 27, 1857. 
 
 ALDERSON, Sir James, M.D., 
 D.C.L.,F.R.S. [1794—1882], was 
 born at Hull, being the son of Dr. 
 John Alderson, and received his edu- 
 cation at Cambridge, where he pro- 
 ceeded B.A. in 1822, as 6th wrangler, 
 and was afterwards elected a fellow 
 of Pembroke College. He took the 
 degree of M.D. at Oxford m 1829, 
 and, settling as a physician in 
 London, soon acquired an exten- 
 sive practice. He was elected Presi- 
 dent of the Royal College of Phy- 
 sicians in 1867, and re-elected in 
 the three following years. On the 
 11th November, 1869, he received 
 the honour of knighthood, and in 
 1870 the University of Oxford con- 
 ferred upon him the honorary 
 degree of D.C.L. He was appointed 
 a physician extraordinary to the 
 Queen in Aug. 1874. Sir James was 
 the author of " Practical Observa- 
 tions on some of the Diseases of 
 the Stomach and Alimentary 
 Canal," 1847 ; and "^The Lumleiau 
 Lectures for 1853-4." 
 
 ALEXANDER, Daniel Asher, 
 
ALEXANDER— ALICE. 
 
 15 
 
 was an eminent architect, whose 
 principal public works were — the 
 buildings in the London Docks 
 until 1831 ; the prison of war at 
 Dartmoor, the county prison at 
 Maidstone ; the Eoyal Xaval Asylum 
 at Greenwich ; the liorhthouses of 
 Heligoland, Holyhead, Harwich, 
 Lundy, Fame Islands and others, 
 and the moat near Maidstone. One 
 of his earlier works was the widen- 
 ing of Rochester Bridge to give 
 increased facilities to navigation. 
 He died March 2, ISIG, aged 78. 
 
 ALEXANDER, Right Rev. 
 Michael Solomon, the first 
 Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem, was 
 born of Jewish parents in the 
 grand duchy of Posen, May 1799. 
 He came to England and settled in 
 London in 1820, and in 1825 was con- 
 verted to Christianity and baptized. 
 After the mission of Chevalier 
 Bunsen to London for the esta- 
 blishment of a Protestant Bishopric 
 at Jerusalem, under the joint aus- 
 pices of the Sovereigns of England 
 and Russia, his consecration to 
 this charge took place in the latter 
 end of the year 1841. Palestine, 
 Chaldea, Egypt and Ethiopia were 
 the foui- component countries of his 
 episcopal charge. While travelling 
 about his diocese in 1845, he was 
 taken ill at a place called Ras el 
 "Wady, and died there Nov. 23, 
 1845. 
 
 ALEXANDER, Thomas, Admii«al 
 of the Blue, died on the 10th Jan., 
 1843. While in command of the 
 Brave frigate in 1800, under the 
 orders of Capt. H. L. Ball and in 
 company of the Centurion, DcedaXus, 
 and Syhille, he entered the Batavia 
 Roads, captured five Dutch armed 
 vessels, and destroyed two merchant 
 ships, foux'teen brigs, five sloops, 
 and one smaller vessel. In 1819 
 he was made Rear-Admiral, Yice- 
 Admiral in 1830, and Admiral of 
 the Blue, Nov. 23,1811. 
 
 ALFORD, The Very Rev. 
 Henry, D.D., Dean of Canterbury 
 [1810 — 1871], known as a poet and 
 Biblical critic, was bom in London, 
 
 and educated at llminster Grammar 
 School, Somerset, and Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge. His first effort in 
 verse was a volume entitled " Poems 
 and Poetical Fragments," published 
 at Cambridge in 1831, followed, in 
 1835, by " The School of the Heart, 
 and other Poems," of which several 
 editions have been published here 
 and in the United States. In 1834: 
 Mr. Alford was elected a Fellow of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge ; and 
 from 1S35 to 1853 was vicar of 
 Wymeswold, Leicestershire. In 
 1841 he published ''Chapters on 
 the " Poets of Greece," was Hul- 
 sean Lecturer in the University of 
 Cambridge in 1841-2, and Examiner 
 of Logic and Moral Philosophy in 
 the University of London from 
 1841 to 1857. Mr. Alford published 
 the first volume of his edition of 
 the Greek Testament in 1841, and 
 the fifth, completing the work, ap- 
 peared in February, ISGl. It has 
 passed through many editions. 
 Dr. Alford was also the author of an 
 edition of the New Testament with 
 revised text and commentaries for 
 English readers, and of several 
 volumes of sermons ; and has pub- 
 lished various lighter works . He was 
 the first editor of the Contemporary 
 Revieic, to which he was a constant 
 contributor, as well as to Good 
 Words and the Sunday Magazine. 
 From 1853 to 1857 Dr. Alford was 
 the ofl&ciating minister of Quebec- 
 street Chapel, where he enjoyed a 
 high reputation for eloquence. 
 Upon the death of Dean Lyall, 
 in 1857, he was appointed by Lord 
 Palinerston to the Deanery of 
 Canterbury, which he held till his 
 death in 1871. 
 
 ALICE, Princess of Great 
 Britain, and Grand Duchess of 
 Hesse Darmstadt. She was born 
 at Buckingham Palace, April 25, 
 1843, and was the second daughter 
 and third child of Queen Victoria 
 and Albert Prince Consort. At the 
 baptism, which took place on June 
 2, she received the name of Alice 
 Maud Mary. The childhood of the 
 
16 
 
 ALISON. 
 
 Princess was a very happy one ; she 
 was pretty^ good^ courageous^ and 
 aif ectiouatCj though the high men- 
 tal qualities for which she was 
 afterwards remarkable did not de- 
 velop in early youth. But the 
 history of the Princess before her 
 marriage would present no feature 
 of importance if it were not for the 
 unremitting affection mth which 
 she tended her father during his 
 last illness. From the moment 
 that illness assumed a threatening- 
 aspect she scarcely left his bedside^ 
 and in the resu.lt her own health 
 ■was greatly impaired. At that 
 time the Princess was engaged to 
 be married to Prince Louis of 
 Hesse Darmstadt^ who was then 
 twenty -three years of age. The 
 match was entirely one of affection, 
 though it had the full approval of 
 the Eoyal family, and, according to 
 the knoTvTi wishes of the Prince 
 Consort, the marriage preparations 
 were continued after his death, and 
 on July 1, 1862, the Princess Alice 
 became the wife of Prince Frederick 
 William Louis of Hesse, nephew of 
 Louis III., Grand Duke of Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, to whose throne he 
 succeeded as Louis IV., on June 
 13, 1877. The State which was 
 from that time her home was a 
 small one ; and the house in which 
 she lived of a most unpretending 
 character, situated in a quiet quar- 
 ter of the town, near the Palace of 
 Prince Charles of Hesse. Soon after 
 their arrival, prej)arations were 
 made for building a palace for 
 them, after i)lans designed by 
 the Princess herself. The letters 
 of the Grand Duchess to the 
 Queen, which have been Avidely 
 read both in Germany and Eng- 
 land, tell us much of her quiet 
 home life, of her love for her hus- 
 band and children, for her old 
 home and her father's memory, 
 and of a Avonderfully simple and 
 sincere sympathy Avith the jjoor 
 and Avith all in affliction. Her 
 compassionate nature prompted her 
 to a quiet and unostentatious bene- 
 
 volence to those around her, and her 
 devotion to the sick and Avounded 
 during the Franco-German A\'ar en- 
 deared her to all hearts. In the 
 meantime she had become the 
 mother of five daughters and tAA^o 
 sons, but the younger boy was 
 killed on May 29, 1873, by a fall 
 from a window — a loss to which 
 the mother alludes in her letters 
 with most touching words of love 
 and longing and grief. On the 8th 
 Nov., 1878, the Princess Victoria, 
 her eldest daughter, AA^as attacked 
 AAith diphtheria ; the invalid and 
 her mother were isolated, but to no 
 purpose ; all the children and the 
 Grand Duke sickened, and on Noa\ 
 16, little Princess May died. The 
 moui-ning mother had still some 
 Aveeks of terrible anxiety to endure 
 on behalf of those who were left to 
 her. When the illness broke out 
 she had already been ailing, and 
 her weakness became alarming : on 
 the 7th of Dec. she sickened, and 
 on the 1-lth — the anniA^ersary of 
 her father's death — she passed 
 quietly away. On Wednesday, 
 Dec. 18, 1878, her remains Avere 
 laid in the Mausoleum at Eosen- 
 hohe. The mourning for her Avas 
 universal both in England and 
 Germany : her life and letters, 
 which have been published in both 
 countiies, form a very touching 
 record of noble simplicity and un- 
 assuming goodness. The portion 
 of the Princess's correspondence 
 relating to public affairs has been 
 held back for the present, but it is 
 known that she took a keen and in- 
 telligent interest in the affairs of 
 Europe. 
 
 ALISON, The Eev. Akchibald 
 [1757 — 1839], Avas born in Edin- 
 burgh, and Avas the son of a magis- 
 trate of that city. He Avas educated 
 at the GlasgOAA^ University and at 
 Balliol College, Oxford, Avhere he 
 took his M.A. and LL.D. degrees, 
 and Avas ordained in 1781. Having 
 been successively curate of Brance- 
 peth, rector of Roddington, and 
 Prebendarv of Sarum, he Avas 
 
ALISON— ALLAN. 
 
 i: 
 
 in 1800 appointed minister of 
 the Episcopal Chapel, Cowgate, 
 Edinburgh, which he resigned 
 in 1831, on account of ill- 
 health. His best known work Avas 
 his " Essay on the Nature and 
 Principles of Taste," published in 
 1790, besides which he published 
 two volumes of " Sermons on Par- 
 ticular Occasions," 181 1-15 ; and a 
 "Memoir of Lord Woodhouselee,'*' 
 inserted in the '' Transactions of 
 the Edinburgh Eoyal Society," in 
 1818. He married in 1784, the 
 eldest daughter of Dr. John Gre- 
 gory, of Edinburgh, and had six 
 children, three of whom survived 
 him, one of them being Sir Archi- 
 bald Alison (q.v.), the well-known 
 historian. 
 
 ALISON, Sir Archibald, Bart. 
 [1792 — 1867], Historian, eldest son 
 of the above, was born in the year 
 1792, at the parsonage-house of 
 Kenley, in Shropshire. His mother 
 was Dorothea Gregory, grand- 
 daughter of the 14th Lord Forbes, 
 a lady whose family has for two 
 centuries been eminent in mathe- 
 matics and the exact sciences. Sir 
 Archibald was educated at the Uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh, where he had 
 the advantage of studying under 
 Dugald Stewart, Professors Play- 
 fair and Leslie, and the other men 
 who then made that seat of learn- 
 ing so celebrated, and where he 
 carried off the highest prizes in the 
 mathematical and the Greek class. 
 At the end of 1814 he passed as an 
 advocate at the Scottish Bar, and 
 during the next eight years tra- 
 velled extensively on the Continent. 
 In 1822 he was appointed Deputy- 
 Advocate, and held that important 
 office till the close of the Duke of 
 Wellington's administration in 
 1830. During the next four years 
 he realised the fruits of his legal 
 experience in a work on "Criminal 
 Law," which soon became the stan- 
 dard authority on that subject in 
 Scotland, and which now bears a 
 high reputation in Germany and 
 America as well. About the end of 
 
 \ 1834 he was appointed by Sir Robert 
 Peel Sheriff of Lanarkshire, one 
 of the most responsible judicial 
 situations in Scotland. He was 
 elected Lord Rector of Marischal 
 College, Aberdeen, in 1845, and of 
 the University of Glasgow in 1851. 
 When the Earl of Derby was at the 
 head of the Government in 1852, 
 Sheriff Alison was created a baronet ; 
 and in the following year the de- 
 gree of D.C.L. was conferred upon 
 him by the University of Oxford. 
 Sir Ai-chibald was author of the 
 very voluminous "History of Europe , 
 from the Commencement of the 
 French Revolution till the Battle of 
 Waterloo," a "Life of the Duke of 
 Marlborough," and " The Principles 
 of Population." Between 1852 and 
 1859 he wrote a continuation of the 
 " History," which had a consider- 
 able sale, though it Avas not very 
 favourably' received by ci-itics. 
 The "History of Europe," while 
 going through ten large editions 
 at home, has been translated into 
 French, German, and even Arabic, 
 in which language 2,000 copies 
 were printed, besides being very 
 widely circulated in America. In 
 1861 he published the lives of Lord 
 Castlereagh and Sir- Charles Stewart, 
 after which he concluded his auto- 
 biography, part of which he had 
 written in 1851-2, and brought it 
 down to 1862. This ended his 
 literary labours. 
 
 ALLAN, Sir Hugh [1810— 1S82], 
 head of the shipping firm, H. & A. 
 Allan, of Montreal, Liverpool, Glas- 
 gow, &c., was born at Saltcoats, 
 Ayi-, Scotland, and was the second 
 son of Captain Alexander Allan, 
 long: enoraj^ed in navigation between 
 Scotland and Canada. He went to 
 Canada in 1826, and in 1831 entered 
 the firm of James Millar & Co., 
 then largely engaged in building and 
 sailing ships. In 1835 he became 
 a partner in the firm of which he 
 was afterwards the head. In 1856 
 he established the line of screw- 
 steamers between Great Britain 
 and the River St. Lawrence. He 
 
 c 
 
18 
 
 ALLAN— ALLEN. 
 
 liad already built the Canadian and 
 the Indian, to which he now added 
 the North American and the Anglo- 
 Saxon. These ships carried the 
 mailj and ran fortnightly to and 
 from the St. Lawrence during open 
 navigation^ and in the winter to 
 and from Portland^ Me. In 1859 
 he added four new steamers to 
 those ah'eady built^ and began a 
 weekly service. Later a line was 
 started to Glasgow^ and numerous 
 sailing-vessels were sent in every 
 direction, so that the Allan line 
 soon became the largest steam ship 
 company in the world. Besides 
 the business of the firm, Mr. Allan 
 also took an active part in all 
 manufacturing, mining, railroad, 
 and telegraph schemes, tending to 
 the development of Montreal and 
 Canada. In 1874, in recognition of 
 his services, he was knighted by 
 Queen Victoria. He continued to 
 take an active interest in business 
 xxp to the time of his death, which 
 occurred in Scotland in 1882. He 
 left a fortune said to exceed 
 ^1,200,000. 
 
 ALLAN, Sir William, F.E.S.A. 
 and E.A. Born in Edinburgh in 
 1782, he was educated at the High 
 School, and was apprenticed to a 
 coach painter. He was employed in 
 decorating the panels, and showed 
 so much talent that he was sent to 
 the Trustees Academy. After some 
 years of study he came to London, 
 entered the Academy Schools, and 
 in 1803 he exhibited his first pic- 
 ture. This attracted little notice, 
 and Allan, imi^elled by the love of 
 travel and adventure, went to 
 Eussia, where he remained until 
 1814, and whence he took the ma- 
 jority of his subjects. These did 
 not sell, to the infinite discourage- 
 ment of the artist, but after devot- 
 ing himself to subjects of more 
 general interest, he was elected an 
 E.A., and in 182G was appointed 
 master of tlie Trustees School, Edin- 
 burgh. Still lie was i)ursued by 
 ill-fortune ; he was attacked by a 
 malady which threatened blindness^ 
 
 and for a time was forced to give 
 up work. He travelled, and in 
 1830 returned to Edinburgh. He 
 then painted a small canvas of 
 '' Sir Walter Scott in his Study," 
 which was very successful, and was 
 engraved by Burnet, as was also a 
 companion picture, " The Orphan," 
 representing Ann Scott seated on 
 the ground by her father's vacant 
 chair (1833). In 1835 he was 
 elected E.A. and President of the 
 Eoyal Scottish Academy, and in 
 1841 he succeeded to the office of 
 limner to the Queen in Scotland, 
 and was knighted. He died in 
 Edinbui'gh Feb. 23, 1850. His 
 " Battle of Bannockburn," which 
 he was painting at the time of his 
 death, is placed in the National 
 Gallery of Scotland. 
 
 ALLEN, John, M.D., was born 
 at Eedford, a few miles west of 
 Edinburgh, Feb, 3, 1771. He 
 graduated M.D. at the Edinburgh 
 University in 1791, and in 1792 be- 
 came a zealous and active member 
 of the Association then instituted 
 in that city to forward Parliamen- 
 tary Eeform. His lectures on com- 
 parative anatomy gained for him 
 the acquaintance of Cuvier. He 
 left Edinburgh at the beginning of 
 the present century, and for forty 
 years was the almost constant in- 
 mate of Holland House, first with 
 Lord Holland, and afterwards with 
 Lady Holland. He was a frequent 
 contributor to the Edinburgh Re- 
 view, and published "An Inquiry 
 into the Else and Growth of the 
 Eoyal Prerogative in England," 
 " A Vindication of the Indepen- 
 dence of Scotland," and a rej^ly to 
 Dr. Lingard, who had remonstrated 
 upon a criticism of his " History of 
 England," which Dr. Allen had 
 contributed to the Edinburgh Re- 
 view. At Holland House Dr. Allen 
 became acquainted with distin- 
 guished men of all countries, and 
 contributed not a little to the 
 brilliancy of tliat circle. He died 
 April 3, 1813. 
 
 ALLEN, William, F.E.S., head 
 
ALSAGER— AMHERST. 
 
 10 
 
 of the firm of Allen it Co., chemist.s, 
 in Plough Court, was born 1770, and 
 died at Lindfield, Sussex, Dec. 30, 
 18 i3. He was long distinguished 
 for his great chemical attiiinmonts, 
 was an intimate friend of the late 
 Sir H. Davy, and ^s-ith Mr. Pepys 
 made a series of celebrated experi- 
 ments on the composition of the 
 atmosphere and its influence upon 
 animal life. He took an active 
 part in the formation of the Phar- 
 maceutical Society, of which he was 
 President, and helped to establish 
 the British and Foreign School 
 Society. In early life he had also 
 been keenly interested in the abo- 
 lition of slavery. For many years 
 he was lecturer on chemistry and 
 natural philosophy at Guy's Hos- 
 pital and the Royal Institution. 
 
 ALSAGER, Thomas Massa [1779 
 — 1S40], a most accomplished and 
 enthusiastic amateur, whose influ- 
 ence on music in England was, 
 perhaps, greater than most people 
 know. Occupying a position of im- 
 portance on The Times, for which 
 he wrote the " City Articles " on 
 monetary and commercial affairs, he 
 was able to give a great impulse to 
 music, in which he was keenly in- 
 terested. He used his influence to 
 abolish the haphazard method of 
 reporting concerts and criticising 
 compositions which, up to his time, 
 had so largely prevailed on that 
 journal in common with most 
 others, and persuaded his co-pro- 
 prietors to appoint a duly qualified 
 and properly ti*ained musician to 
 undertake the dutv of enlightening 
 the public in all that appertained 
 to music. But besides being what 
 may be called an advocate of 
 music in the abstrtict, he showed 
 his enthusiasm in a practical man- 
 ner, playing, it is said, every in- 
 strument in the orchestra, and or- 
 ganising a series of important 
 chamber concerts, at which some 
 of the most renowned players first 
 made their appearance before an 
 English audience. He numbered 
 among his friends many of the 
 
 most celebrated performers of the 
 day, among them Mendelssohn and 
 Moscheles, and succeeded in placing 
 on a firm footing in this country the 
 quartets and sonatas of Beethoven. 
 In IS iC he resigned his post on The 
 Times, to which he had been at- 
 tached for 28 years, and it was 
 supposed that cessation from active 
 employment had tended to over- 
 throw the balance of his mind, for, 
 on Nov. 4-, 1846, he attempted to 
 commit suicide by cutting his 
 throat. Although he received 
 skilful surgical treatment, and was 
 partially relieved, he died ulti- 
 mately from inflammation of the 
 wounds. 
 
 AM BEE LEY, Viscount, The 
 Hon. John Russell [1843 — 1870], 
 the eldest son of the first Earl 
 Russell by his second wife. Lady 
 Fanny Elliot, was educated at 
 Harrow, at Edinburgh, and at 
 Trinitv College Cambridge, where 
 ill-health prevented him from read- 
 ing for honoui'S. In 1865 he un- 
 successfullv contested Leeds, but 
 in the following year was elected 
 in the advanced Liberal interest 
 for Nottingham, which he repre- 
 sented till 1868. His first speech 
 was a very successful one, and 
 received the cordial congratula- 
 tions of Mr. Disraeli. Before 
 his death he comj^leted a work 
 upon which he had been engaged 
 for years, entitled "An Analysis of 
 Religious Belief," and he also con- 
 tributed several articles on religious 
 and philosophic suVjjects to the 
 North British, the Fortnightly and 
 Thzological Reviews. Lord Am- 
 berley married in 1864 a daughter 
 of Lord Stanley of Alderley, a lady 
 of great ability, who died of diph- 
 theria shortlv before her husband. 
 
 AMHERST (Lord), William 
 Pitt Amherst, Earl Amherst of 
 Ai-aean in the East Indies, Viscount 
 Holmesdale, Baron Amherst of Mon- 
 treal, Kent, was the eldest son of 
 Lieut-Genei-al William Amherst, 
 and was born January 14, 1773. He 
 succeeded to the barony on the death 
 
 c 2 
 
20 
 
 AMPHLETT— AMPTHILL. 
 
 of his uncle Jeffrey, first Lord, in 
 1797. Lord Amherst was Lord of 
 the Bedchamber to Kings George 
 III. and IV., and William IV. 
 Early in 1816 he was appointed 
 Ambassador Extraordinary to the 
 Emperor of China, and proceeded 
 to China in February of that year, 
 but his mission was rendered fruit- 
 less because he refused to submit 
 to the ceremonies of the Emperor's 
 Court — especially to that called the 
 Icotow — and was therefore refused 
 admission to his presence. On his 
 return to England in 1817 he visited 
 the Emperor Napoleon at St. Helena. 
 He was appointed Governor-General 
 of India, and for his services there 
 was created in 1826 Earl Amherst 
 and Viscount Holmesdale. He was 
 afterwards nominated Governor- 
 General of Canada, but never actu- 
 ally filled the post. He died at 
 Knowle House, near Sevenoaks, 
 March 13, 1857. 
 
 AMPHLETT, Sir Eichakd Paul 
 [1809 — 1883], was the eldest son of 
 the Eev. Eichard Amphlett, Eector 
 of Hadzor, in Worcestershire, and 
 was born in 1809. He was called 
 to the bar in 1831, appointed Q. C. 
 in 1868, and was returned for East 
 Worcestershire in the Conservative 
 interest in 1868, continuing to 
 represent that place till 1874. In 
 the latter year he was made a baron 
 of the Court of Exchequer, and in 
 1876 promoted to be Judge of the 
 Court of AjDpeal. He died at 
 Wychbold Hall, Droitwich, aged 74, 
 December 7, 1883. 
 
 AMPTHILL, Lord Odd William 
 EussELL, 1st Baron Ampthill, was 
 the son of Major-General Lord Wil- 
 liam Eussell, and was born at 
 Florence in 1829. He was enrolled 
 among the town boys of Westminster 
 school, but his appearances at the 
 school were few, and he was brought 
 up, as he used to say, " At home 
 and abroad." His father's diploma- 
 tic employment obliged the family 
 to live a wandering life, and among 
 other consequences of this foreign 
 residence, Odo Eussell became. 
 
 before he was out of his teens, a 
 fluent sjseaker of French, German, 
 and Italian. As was natural with 
 his special education and family 
 antecedents he entered the diplo- 
 matic service, and in 1849 he ob- 
 tained his first commission at 
 Vienna under Sir Arthur Magenis. 
 In the following year, however, he 
 was recalled to England, and served 
 for two years in the Foreign Office. 
 A Eussell was sure to be marked 
 out for good posts. In 1853 the 
 young attache took a spell of work 
 in Paris, then went to Vienna, and 
 after another short stay in Paris, 
 was appointed to Constantinople. 
 In 1857 he accompanied Lord 
 Naijier of Ettrick to the United 
 States, and remained for a short 
 time paid attache at Washington, 
 but in 1858 he was transferred to 
 Florence with instructions to reside 
 in Eome as secretary of legation, 
 and it was then that a fine field 
 was first opened for his talents. 
 He was informally British envoy at 
 the Vatican, and in this post had 
 to do delicate work with undivided 
 responsibility. He remained in the 
 Papal city twelve years, nominally 
 as secretary of legation at Naples 
 for a time after he was promoted 
 from Florence, but subsequently as 
 agent on special service. In 1870 Mr. 
 Eussell was api^ointed Assistant- 
 secretary for Foreign Affairs, and 
 soon after was despatched on a 
 special mission to Versailles where 
 the German armies held their head- 
 quarters, and in 1871 he was ap- 
 jDointed to succeed Lord Augustus 
 Loftus as ambassador at Berlin, 
 and from this time he devoted 
 himself to maintaining constant 
 goodwill between the courts and 
 Governments of England and Ger- 
 many. In 1878, at the time of the 
 Berlin Congress, Lord Odo Eussell 
 had to do most of the hard work, 
 which Lord Beaconsfield left to 
 him with the good-humoured re- 
 mark " I am a statesman, not a 
 diplomatist.'' In reward for his 
 services a peerage was offered to 
 
AXDEESOX. 
 
 21 
 
 the ambassador, but he, without 
 being a zealous party man, pre- 
 ferred to accept his coronet from a 
 Liberal Govei-nment. It was given 
 him in 18S1, and he took his title 
 from Ampthill in Bedfordshire. He 
 had already received a patent of 
 precedence in 1874, when his 
 brother, the present Duke of Bed- 
 ford, succeeded to the family 
 honours. Lord Amphtill married, 
 in 1868, Lady Emily Theresa 
 Villiers, third daughter of George, 
 foui'th Earl of Clarendon, and left 
 a family of four sons and one 
 daughter. He died after less than 
 a week's illness at Berlin, Aug. 25th, 
 1884. 
 
 AXDEESOX, Akthur, M.P., 
 was bom at Lerwick, X.B., 1792, 
 whence he went to London, and 
 settled there, gaining for himself a 
 high position as a shipowner. He 
 was one of the founders of the P. 
 •S: O. Steamship Co., and Chairman 
 of the Union Steamship Co., and of 
 the G-eneral Association of Steam- 
 ship Owners. He was besides a 
 Director and Chairman of the 
 Crystal Palace Co, He devoted a 
 large part of his income to the 
 building and endowing of schools 
 and benevolent institutions. He 
 represented Orkney in the House of 
 Commons in the Free-trade interest, 
 from 18 i7 to 1852. He died at the 
 age of 77, February 2S, 1869. 
 
 AXDEESOX, SirHexrt Lacon, 
 K.C.S.I. ^1817—1879], eldest son 
 of the late Sir George Anderson, 
 K.C.B., formerly Governor of Mau- 
 ritius and Ceylon ; was born at 
 Surat, in the East Indies, in 1817 ; 
 and, after a preliminary training 
 under the Eev. T. Dale, Canon 
 of St. Paid's, he proceeded to 
 St. John's College, Oxford ; and 
 afterwards to the East India College 
 at Haileybury, where he obtained a 
 first class, the gold medal in political 
 economy, the prize for the English 
 essay, and other distinctions. He 
 entered the Bombav civil service in 
 184^3. ^Vfter twice filling the office 
 of Political Agent, he was appointed 
 
 Judge of Khandeish in 1853 ; Secre- 
 tary to the Government of Bomh»ay 
 in the political and judicial depart- 
 ments in 1851; Chief Secretary to 
 the Government in 1860 ; a member 
 of the Council of India for making 
 laws and regulations in 1863. He 
 retired from the latter office in 1865 ; 
 was appointed Secretary to the 
 India Board in the judicial, public, 
 and revenue departments in 1866 ; 
 and was nominated a Knight of the 
 Star of India for his long services 
 in Bombay. On leaving that pre- 
 sidency an annual gold medal was 
 founded in his honour at the Uni- 
 versity, by a public subscription of 
 the natives, and his portrait was 
 placed in the Town Hall. Sir Henry, 
 who was a fellow of the University 
 of Bombay, published several 
 ai'ticles in Indian reviews. 
 
 AXDEESOX, :Mrs. Lucy [1790— 
 1878], wife of George Frederick 
 Anderson, for many years master 
 of the Queen's private band, was 
 the daughter of a music-seller, 
 named Philpot, at Bath. By dint 
 of great energy she acquired such 
 skill as a piano player as to perform 
 with success, first at Bath, and 
 afterwards at London. She was the 
 first female pianist to perform at 
 the Philharmonic concerts. She 
 was music-teacher to the Queen 
 and some of her children, and also 
 to Arabella Goddard, and was gene- 
 rally valued not only for her 
 musical skill, but for her kindness 
 of heart, and her readiness to help 
 all those who sought her advice or 
 instruction. 
 
 AXDEESOX, Lieutenant Eg- 
 bert Burn- [1833-1860], adjutant of 
 the famous corps of irregular 
 cavalry, "Fane's Horse," was the 
 son of an influential merchant in 
 Glasgow, and was educated at the 
 Collegiate School and University 
 of that city. He was afterwards 
 sent to the E.I. C. Military CoUege 
 of Addiscombe, where he remained 
 two years, and then proceeded to 
 India. On the outbreak of the 
 Indian Mutiny Lieutenant Ander- 
 
'U 
 
 ANGAS— ANSON. 
 
 son was sent to Meean Meer as 
 quartermaster, and on arriving at 
 that station was appointed adjutant 
 of the left wing of his regiment. 
 His next appointment was as 
 brigade - major of " Hodson's 
 Horse/' with which regiment he 
 served for some time on the Nej)aul 
 frontier, endeavouring to entrap 
 Nana Sahib. He next received 
 orders to join "Fane's Horse/' then 
 at Calcutta, on the eve of departing 
 for China with the expeditionary 
 force under Sir Hope Grant. 
 Landed in China he served with 
 that dashing regiment in the 
 various actions that were fought 
 during the advance upon Pekin, 
 until he, with the rest of his party, 
 Avas treacherously seized by the 
 Chinese, and subjected to such 
 horrible cruelties that he died 
 October, 1860. 
 
 ANGAS, George Fife, was born 
 at Newcastle-on-Tyne, May 1, 1789. 
 He identified himself during the 
 early years of his life with several 
 religious and philanthropic institu- 
 tions, especially in the establish- 
 ment of Sunday-schools and sailor's 
 societies. He also originated the 
 National and Provincial Bank of 
 England, but his chief work was 
 tlie founding and colonising South 
 Australia, He established the 
 South Australian Company, the 
 Bank of South Australia, and the 
 Union Bank of Australia, and was 
 chairman of the London boards of 
 direction of all these companies, 
 until he resigned in 1850, on leaving 
 England to settle in South Austra- 
 lia. He was a memljer of the first 
 representative Parliament in that 
 colony, and only resigned his seat 
 in the Legislative Ojuncil when 
 compelled by ill-health to retire to 
 his country seat at Lindsay Park. 
 He died at Adelaide, May 15, 18/9. 
 
 ANGELL, Mrs. Helen Cor- 
 delia. She was a sister and jDupil 
 of W. S. Coleman, the well-known 
 painter, and in her own peculiar 
 line was one of the most exquisite 
 artists of our time. Her principal 
 
 subjects were fioAvers and dead 
 tropical birds, and in her treatment 
 of these she, at her best, excelled 
 William Hunt himself. She first 
 exhibited at the Dudley Gallery 
 when very young, and was elected 
 an Associate of the Institute of 
 Painters in Water Colours. Leav- 
 ing this body she became a member 
 of the Society of Painters in Water 
 Colours in 1879, and in spite of 
 failing health contributed regularly 
 to that and other exhibitions. She 
 died March 8, 1884, aged 37. A 
 group of " Azaleas " by her is in 
 the South Kensington Gallery. 
 
 ANNESLEY, Sir James, Knight, 
 F.E.S., F.S.A., was the son of the 
 Hon. Marcus Annesley, of county 
 Down. He was educated under the 
 most eminent surgeons of Dublin 
 and London, and through the in- 
 terest of the late Sir W. Farquhar, 
 Bart., received an appointment in 
 India. He wrote " Sketches on 
 the most Prevalent Diseases of 
 India/' in 1825, for Avhich the In- 
 stitute of France voted, in 1833, a 
 gold medal of the value of 1,000 
 francs. He also made a " Digest of 
 the Medical Reports of Madras," 
 from 1786 to 1829, and "■ Eesearches 
 into the Causes, Nature, and Treat- 
 ment of the more Prevalent Dis- 
 eases of India, and of Warm Cli- 
 mates generally." Sir James was 
 knighted in 1841. He was a Fellow 
 of the Royal Antiquarian, Asiatic, 
 Horticultural, Zoological, Histori- 
 cal, Geograjjliical, and many other 
 learned societies. He died Dec. 
 11, 1817. 
 
 ANSON, Major-Gen., the Hon. 
 George [1798-1857], Commander- 
 in-Chief of Her Majesty's troops in 
 India, was tlie soooiul son of Thomas 
 first Viscount Anson. He entered 
 the army at an early age in the 3rd 
 or Scots Fusilier Guards, with 
 which regiment he served at the 
 Ijattle of Waterloo. He was Inade 
 Lieutenant-Colonel in 1825, and 
 l^laced on half-pay. He was re- 
 turned to Parliament for Groat 
 Yarmouth in 1818^ and in 1830 was 
 
ANSTED— APPLEGATIL 
 
 23 
 
 elected for Stoke-upou-Trent, and \ 
 sat for the Southern Division of ; 
 Staffordshire from 1S37 to 1853, in | 
 the Anjj^ust of which year he ac- 
 cepted the Chiltern Hundreds. He 
 served the office of Principal Store- 
 keeper of the Ordnance under the | 
 administration of Viscount Mel- : 
 bourne ; also that of Clerk of the 
 Ordnance from 184G to 1852. He 
 received the local rank of General 
 on assuming his command in India 
 in 1855, and was appointed to the 
 colonelcy of the 55th Regiment of 
 Foot in 1S5G. He was a zealous 
 l^atron of the turf. 
 
 ANSTED, David Thomas, M.A., 
 F.E.S., F.G.S., F.C.P.S. [1811r— 
 1880], Fellow of King's College, 
 London, Sec, was educated at a 
 private school in London, and at 
 Jesus College, Cambridge, of which 
 he became a Fellow. In 1840 he ' 
 was appointed Professor of Geology 
 in King's College, London. He 
 became Lectiu-er on Geology at the ; 
 East India Military Seminary at 
 Addiscombe in 1815 ; and Professor 
 of Geology at the College of Civil 
 Engineers, Putney, in the same 
 year. In 1811 he was appointed 
 Vice-Secretary of the Geological 
 Society, after which he worked as a 
 consulting mining engineer. In 1871 
 he was employed in directing the 
 works of the Laurium Lead Smelt- 
 ing Company in Greece. He wrote 
 numerous works of science, among 
 which may be mentioned the " Geo- 
 logist's Text Book," "Geological 
 Science," " The Applications of 
 Geology to the Arts and Manufac- 
 tures," " Scenery, Science, and Art," 
 &c., and was a constant contrib- 
 tor to all the scientific journals of 
 the dav. 
 
 AXSTEE, John, LLD., M.R.I.A. 
 [1798—1867], Regius Professor of 
 Civil Law in the L'niversity of 
 Dublin, and author of a translation 
 of Goethe's "Faust," was born in 
 the county of Cork about 1798, and 
 educated at Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin, where he took the degree of 
 LL.D. in 182G. In 1817 he pub- 
 
 lished a prize poem on the death of 
 the Princess Charlotte, and in 1819 
 " Poems with Translations, from the 
 Gt'rman." Several of the pieces 
 in the latter volume appeared ori- 
 ginally in Blackwood's Magazine. 
 The encouragement afforded to his 
 earlier efforts, and the success which 
 attended them, induced Dr. Anster 
 to publish in 1835 his translation 
 of " Faust " (specimens of the 
 work having previously appeared 
 in Blackivood), and its value was at 
 once recognised by the late S. T. 
 Coleridge and the Edinburgh Revieiv. 
 Dr. Anster's translation has been 
 twice reprinted in Germany. A 
 second part of Faust was announced 
 for publication in 1861. Dr. Anster 
 was called to the Ii-ish bar in 1821, 
 and for many years went the Mun- 
 ster circuit. In 1850 he was elected 
 Regius Processor of Civil Law in 
 the University of Dublin. His 
 " Introductory Lectiu'e on the Study 
 of the Civil Law " appeared in 
 1819. Dr. Anster has contributed 
 largely to BlackicoodJs Magazine, 
 the Dublin University Magazine, 
 and other leading periodicals. 
 
 ANSTIE, F.E., M.D. [1833— 
 1874], was the originator and chief 
 conductor of the inquiry into the 
 state of workhouses, which was pul»- 
 lished in the Lancef ; according to 
 the Times, he was the instigator of 
 a petition of the College of Physi- 
 cians to the Premier on the subject 
 of the over-crowded dwellings of the 
 poor. As a practical physician Dr. 
 Anstie was widely known by his re- 
 searches into the nature and causes 
 of neuralgia, on which subject 
 he published a valuable treatise. 
 He was physician to the Westmin- 
 ster Hospital ; and, in addition 
 to much literary labour of various 
 kinds, he filled for some time the 
 post of editor of the Practitioner. 
 He died at his house in "Wimpole 
 j Street, after a short illness, brought 
 I on by exposure to sewer gas, Sept. 
 ! 11, 1874. 
 
 . APPLE GATH, Augustus, was 
 \ known as the originator of some 
 
2i 
 
 AEBUTHNOT— AECHIBALD. 
 
 important improvements in the art 
 of printing. He was the inventor 
 of the composition-ball and com- 
 I)Osition-roller, and afterwards of 
 the steam printing-press. For his 
 invention of bank-notes that could 
 not be forged, he received from 
 the Bank authorities the sum of 
 <£ 18,000. He also invented a ma- 
 chine for printing six colours at 
 once. The patent for the steam- 
 jDress was in the joint names of 
 Cowper and Applegath. The first 
 book printed by steam was " Water- 
 ton's Wondercap." Mr. Aj^plegath 
 subsequently established great silk 
 and print works at Crayford and 
 Dartford. He died Feb. 14, 1871. 
 
 AEBUTHNOT, Eight Hon. 
 Charles, one of the Board of 
 Council for Trade and Foreign 
 Plantations, and formerly Chan- 
 cellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 
 was a son of John Arbuthnot, of 
 Eockfleet Castle, Mayo. In 1793 
 he was appointed precis writer in 
 the Foreign Office : and in March, 
 1794, was returned to Parliament 
 for East Looe. In April, 1795, he 
 Avas appointed Secretary of Lega- 
 tion in Sweden, where he was 
 Charge d' Affaires from July of that 
 year to Jan. 1797. His next ap- 
 pointment was that of Consul- 
 Greneral to Portugal. In 1802 he 
 Avas apiDointed Envoy Extraor- 
 dinary and Minister Plenipoten- 
 tiary at Stockholm ; and in ISOi 
 Ambassador to Turkey, when he 
 was sworn of the Privy Council. 
 In 1810 he was apj)ointed Joint 
 Secretary to the Treasury. He was 
 afterwards First Commissioner of 
 Woods and Forests ; and, finally, 
 in 1828, Chancellor of the Duchy of 
 Lancaster. He sat in the House 
 of Commons for Eye before the 
 dissolution of 1812 ; for Oxford, in 
 the Parliament elected that year; 
 for St. Gorman's 1818 and 1820; 
 and for St. Ives 182G. He acted 
 as Secretary to the Duke of Wel- 
 lington for many years. He died 
 August 18, 1850. 
 
 AEBUTHNOT, William Ukqu- 
 
 HART, the fifth son of Sir William 
 Arbuthnot, Bart., at one time Lord 
 Provost of Edinburgh, was born in 
 1807, and was educated at the Edin- 
 burgh High School, and afterwards 
 at the Haileybury East India Col- 
 lege. He entered the Madras Civil 
 Service in 1826, and served with dis- 
 tinction in various responsible posts 
 in that presidency for a jjeriod of 
 twenty years. He resigned the 
 service in 1846, and joined the well- 
 known firm of Messrs. Arbuthnot & 
 Co. in Madras, He returned to 
 England in 1858, and on Septem- 
 ber 1st of that year was appointed 
 member of the India Council. He 
 married in 1834, Eliza, daughter of 
 General Sir Henry Taylor, K.C.B. 
 He died at his house in Eaton Place, 
 December 11, 1874. 
 
 AECHIBALD, The Hon. Sir 
 Thomas Dickson, Justice of the 
 Court of Queen's Bench, was the son 
 of the Hon. Samuel George Wil- 
 liam Archibald, LL.D., Master of 
 the Eolls and Judge of the Vice- 
 Admiralty Court of Nova Scotia, 
 and for many years Speaker of the 
 House of Assembly there. He Avas 
 called to the bar at the Middle 
 Temple in 1852, having previously 
 for nearly eight years practised as 
 a special pleader. Immediately 
 after his call he joined the Northern 
 circuit, but in 1853 he changed to 
 the Home circuit. In February, 
 1868, he Avas appointed by Sir John 
 Karslake, then Attorney-General, 
 to succeed Mr. Hannen as junior 
 counsel to the Treasury, the duties 
 of AA'hich office he discharged for 
 five years with great ability. 
 During his cai'eer at the bar he 
 enjoyed a very varied and exten- 
 sive practice, and Avas engaged in 
 many important cases — among 
 others, the great ShreAvsbury case, 
 in Avhich he was jvuiior for the 
 claimant, the case of " Tapling v. 
 Jones " in the House of Lords, the 
 Dundonald and WickloAv Peerage 
 claims, the Fenian and Bribery 
 prosecutions, besides many colo- 
 nial, Indian, and patent cases 
 
ARDMILLAN— ARMSTRONG. 
 
 in the Privy Council, and most of 
 the great ecclesiastical appeals. It 
 is believed that the Petitions of 
 Right Act, which was carried 
 through Parliament by Mr. (after- 
 wards Lord Chief Justice) Bovill, 
 was suggested and drawn by Mr. 
 Archibald. He was ajDpointed a 
 Justice of the Court of Queen's 
 Bench in Nov. 1872, in succession 
 to Mr. Justice Hannen, and received 
 the honour of knighthood, Feb. 5, 
 1873. He died in 1876. 
 
 ARDMILLAN (Lord), James 
 Craufurd, of Ardmillan, Ayr- 
 shire, a Scottish Lord of Session, 
 was born in 1805, and was the eldest 
 son of Major Archibald Clifford 
 Blackwell Craufurd of Ardmillan. 
 He received his education at the 
 Universities of Glasgow and Edin- 
 burgh, and was called to the Bar 
 in Scotland in 1829. He was sheriff 
 of Perthshire in 184S, and was made 
 Solicitor-General for Scotland in 
 1853. In December, 1854, he was 
 appointed Judge of the Court 
 of Session, and the following year 
 became Judge of the Supreme 
 Coiu't. His decisions in the famous 
 Yelverton case are well remem- 
 bered. In 183^! he married Theo- 
 dosia, daughter of James Balfour, 
 of Edinburgh. He died in Edin- 
 burgh, September 7, 1876. 
 
 ARKWRIGHT, Richard, was 
 born Dec. 19, 1755. He was the son of 
 Sir Richard ArkA\T.-ight, the inventor 
 of the spinning-frame. In 1792 
 Mr. Arkwright went to live at Wil- 
 lersley, built by his father. Some 
 years jDreviously he had lived at 
 Bakewell, where his great fortune 
 had its commencement from the 
 cotton mill at that place, which his 
 father had given up to him. Of 
 good biisiness habits, he carried on 
 the concerns established by his 
 father with so much success that at 
 the time of his death he was pro- 
 bably the richest commoner in 
 England. Mr. Arkwright was well 
 versed in the science of mechanics, 
 and in most of the useful arts of 
 life. He died April 23, 1813. 
 
 ARKWRIGHT Mrs., an ac- 
 complished musician and composer, 
 died May, 1819. She was born a 
 Kemble, and was a woman of many 
 gifts and accomplishments, her 
 singing, which was very individual 
 and expressive, being highly 
 thouglit of by her contemporaries. 
 Very little scientific cultivation is 
 to be discovered in her ballads, but 
 the first ideas of them are often 
 picturesque. Occasionally Mrs. 
 Arkwright was her own poetess, 
 and one of her best songs, " I used 
 to love the winter cold," is said to 
 have been written to her own 
 words. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, Edmund John, 
 was boi*n in Dublin in 1811, and as 
 a mere boy began to write poetry. 
 He entered Trinity College in 1859, 
 and was most successful, but had to 
 leave in 1860 in consequence of the 
 rupture of a blood-vessel, which 
 obliged him to give up Avork and go 
 to the Channel Islands for a rest. 
 When his health was restored he 
 made a long tour through France, 
 and wrote " The Prisoner of Mount 
 St. Michael," which was highly 
 praised by the Edinburgh Review. 
 In the same year he returned to 
 Dublin and recommenced his Uni- 
 versity studies. He won nuTch dis- 
 tinction as an essayist, and in 1861 
 gained the gold medal for compo- 
 sition in the Historical Society, and 
 was elected President of the Philo- 
 sojjhical Society. In the winter of 
 1861 he again became very ill, and 
 died February 21, 1865. In the 
 autumn of the same year a selection 
 from his poems was published, and 
 met with much success. He was 
 also the author of "Ovoca, an 
 Idyllic Poem," and other poetical 
 works, a second edition of Avhich, 
 with his " Life and Letters," and 
 essays and sketches, was published 
 in London in 1877. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, the Rev. Robert 
 Archibald, LL.D., a well-known 
 Gaelic scholar, and author of a dic- 
 tionary of that language, was edu- 
 cated for the Presbyterian Churchy 
 
26 
 
 AENALD— AENOLD. 
 
 Ijut gave wp tlic ministry and 
 settled in London, where lie hecanie 
 head master of the Lambeth Gram- 
 mar School, and a teacher of Gaelic. 
 In 1S2G he was appointed Gaelic 
 Lexicographer Eoyal, with a pen- 
 sion from the Crown. He died in 
 London at the age of eighty. May 
 25, 1867. 
 
 AENALD, George, A.E.A. Born 
 in Berkshire in 1763, he began life 
 as a servant, but became the pupil 
 of William Pether, and first exhi- 
 bited in the Academy of 1788, and 
 from that time was a regular exhi- 
 bitor of landscapes — chiefly effects 
 of light, and sky, and mist. In 
 1810 he was elected A.E.A., and in 
 1825 was the successful competitor 
 for a conunission of ^£500, offered 
 for the best j)ainting of the Battle 
 of the Nile. He died at Penton- 
 ville, Nov. 21, 1811, Some of his 
 paintings were engraved in " The 
 Border Antiquities of England and 
 Scotland." His "Battle of the 
 Nile " is now in the Gallery at 
 Greenwich Hospital, and a fine 
 river scene of his has lately 
 been placed in the National Gal- 
 lery. 
 
 AENOLD, The Eev. Thomas 
 Kerchever, M.A., Eector of Lyn- 
 don, Eutlandshire, died there 
 March 9, 1853. He was the eldest 
 son of Thomas George Arnold, 
 M.D., of Stamford, and was edu- 
 cated at Cambridge, where he took 
 his degree of M.A. in 1821. He was 
 Fellow of Trinity, took orders, and 
 became in 1830 rector of Lyndon, 
 a small parish of 100 souls, which 
 allowed him leisure for his literary 
 undertakings. In course of time he 
 acquired a wide-spread reputation 
 as the author and editor of a whole 
 library of educational books. One 
 of his earliest productions was 
 "The Essentials of Greek Acci- 
 dence," published 1838, in which 
 year he also produced " A practical 
 Introduction to Greek Prose Com- 
 ]50sition." In 1839 a similar intro- 
 duction to Latin composition ap- 
 peared, and also the celebrated 
 
 " Henry's First Latin Book,'' which 
 for a quarter of a century was in 
 almost universal use among be- 
 ginners in Latin throughout the 
 country. In 1818 he published a 
 second edition of his Greek Gram- 
 mar; and in 1819, " Some Accoimt 
 of the Greek Dialects." He next 
 edited a series of " School Classics,'* 
 in which he availed himself exten- 
 sively of the labours of the scholars 
 of Germany. Besides this Mr. 
 Arnold for three years conducted a 
 series of small periodical works on 
 religious subjects. He abridged 
 with considerable labour the Ameri- 
 can translation of Hengstenberg's 
 Christology, and edited for two 
 years " The Theological Critic," set 
 on foot in 1851. He was also the 
 author of a volume of " Sermons for 
 Sundays, Festivals, and Fasts," pub- 
 lished in 1815. Mr. Arnold's books 
 are now mostly superseded, but his 
 name deserves to live as that of a 
 man who detected a real educational 
 want, and supplied it with remark- 
 able skill. 
 
 AENOLD, Samuel James, atone 
 time proprietor of the English 
 Opera House, died at Walton-upon- 
 Thames, Aug. 16, 1852, in his 78th 
 year. He was the son of Samuel 
 Arnold, Mus. D., organist and com- 
 poser to Geo. III. The son devoted 
 himself to dramatic authorship, 
 and produced numerous operettas 
 and musical pieces, to some of which 
 his father wrote the music. He 
 married Matilda Pye, daughter of 
 the Poet Laureate, in conjunction 
 with whom he wrote " The Prior 
 Claim," a comedy, in 1805. His 
 father. Dr. Samuel Arnold, joined 
 him in building the Lyceum 
 Theatre, and for one season they 
 gave English operas, which wore 
 followed by ballets, conqjosed Ijy 
 D'Egville. On the burning of 
 Drury Lane Theatre, Arnold lent 
 his house to the burnt-out com- 
 jDany. He Avas soon afterwards 
 induced to build the English Opera 
 House, Avliich cost him <£80,000, 
 After leaving the Lyceum Mr. 
 
ARNOLD. 
 
 i'7 
 
 Arnold was for tlireo years manager 
 of Driiry liane, 
 
 AKNOLD, Thomas, D.D., was 
 born at West Cowes, I. W., Juno 13, 
 17Uo, and was the seventh child of 
 "VVilliani Arnold, collector of cus- 
 toms. His father died suddenly in 
 1801, and the education of the boy 
 — who was singularly precocious — 
 was first intrusted to his aunt, Mrs. 
 Delafield. In 1803 he went to War- 
 minster School, and in 1807 entered 
 "Winchester as a commoner, after- 
 wards becoming a scholar. In 
 1811, in his sixteenth year, he was 
 elected a scholar of Corpus Christi 
 College, Oxford ; in 181 1 he ob- 
 tained a first-class in Literce Hu- 
 maniores; in 1815 he became Fellow 
 of Oriel, and afterwards gained the 
 Chancellor's prizes for the English 
 and Latin Essays. At Corpus one 
 of his chief friends was John Taylor 
 Coleridge, afterwards the Judge, 
 and the father of the present Lord 
 Chief Justice ; at Oriel he found 
 himself a member of the most dis- 
 tinguished society in the Univer- 
 sity, including Copleston, Davison, 
 Whately, Keble, Hawkins, and 
 Hampden, to whom, shortly after 
 he left Oxford, must be added J. 
 H. Newman, and Pusey. He 
 only remained a few years at 
 Oxford. In Dec, 1818, he was 
 ordained deacon, and on August 
 11, 1820, he married Mary, 
 youngest daughter of Rev, John 
 Penrose, Rector of Fledborough, 
 Notts. At this time he was settled 
 at Laleham, near Staines, and there 
 he remained till 1828, taking seven 
 or eight young men as private 
 pupils. There he read deejjly, and 
 laid the foundation for all that he 
 was afterwards to publish on an- 
 cient history, and meanwhile, chiefly 
 by correspondence, he was deepen- 
 ing and "nddening the impression 
 which he had made upon his Oxford 
 friends. In Aug., 1827, the Head 
 Mastership of Rugby School be- 
 came vacant, by the resignation of 
 Dr. Wooll, and, somewhat late in 
 the contest, Arnold was induced to 
 
 offer himself, and to send in testi- 
 monials. One of them was from 
 Dr. Hawkins, then (and for fifty 
 years later) Provost of Oriel, in 
 which it was foretold that " if Mr. 
 Arnold were elected to the head 
 mastership of Rugby he would 
 change the face of education all 
 through the j^ublic schools of Eng- 
 land." He was elected : received 
 priest's orders, and took the degrees 
 of B.D. and D.D., and in Aug., 
 1828, entered upon the office, which 
 he retained till his death. It is not 
 too much to say that Dr. Hawkins's 
 prediction was verified ; for the ex- 
 isting public school system of Eng- 
 land is to a very great extent 
 Arnold's creation. His endeavour 
 was to raise the tone of the school, 
 intellectually, morally, and even 
 physically, by developing the sense 
 of individual responsibility in each 
 boy. With this aim he was most 
 careful in the choice of his assistant 
 masters ; he greatly strengthened 
 the authority of the " sixth form ; " 
 while his own influence made itself 
 constantly felt in the class-room, 
 the chapel, and even in the play- 
 ground. So strong was this influ- 
 ence that Dean Stanley, in his 
 " Life,"' declares on behalf of 
 the Rugbeians of that day, 
 " throughout the whole, whether in 
 the school itself or in its after 
 effects, the one image that we have 
 before us is not Rugby but Arnold." 
 Meantime, however, Arnold found 
 the opportunity of doing much 
 more than his school work. He 
 took a deep interest in the social 
 and ecclesiastical (juestions which 
 then agitated England ; he wrote 
 pamphlets on Church Reform, and 
 made himself profoundly unpopular 
 with the clergy by so doing. More- 
 over, he edited Thucydides, and 
 the edition is still read for its bril- 
 liant insight into historical prin- 
 ciples ; he wrote a History of Rome 
 in five volumes, which also is still 
 read, both in Germany and in Eng- 
 land ; and he published several 
 volumes of sermons. In 1841 he 
 
28 
 
 AENOLD— AENOTT. 
 
 was appointed Eegius Professor of 
 Modern History at Oxford^ and de- 
 livered his Inaugural Lecture on 
 Dec. 2, and an introductory course 
 during the next term. But on 
 Sunday^ June 12, 18i2, he died 
 suddenly, of angina pectoris, just 
 as he completed his forty-seventh 
 year. His widow survived him 
 more than thirty years, and died 
 at her beautiful home. Fox How, 
 Ambleside, in 1873. Of his chil- 
 dren, may be mentioned Mrs. W. 
 E. Forster (who has edited his 
 sermons, in 6 vols.) ; Matthew 
 Arnold, the poet and critic ; Thomas 
 Arnold, Fellow of the Eoyal Uni- 
 versity of Ireland ; and William 
 Delafield Arnold, sometime Direc- 
 tor of public Instruction in the 
 Punjab, and author of " Oakfield," 
 who died at Gibraltar on his pas- 
 sage home, April 9, 18o9. Dr. 
 Arnold's " Life and CorresxJon- 
 dence " was published in 184:3, by 
 his pupil, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, 
 afterwards Dean of Westminster. 
 
 AENOLD, Hon. William Mun- 
 NiNGS [1820 — 1875], was the second 
 son of the Eev. Eichard Arnold, and 
 was born at EUough, Suffolk, Eng- 
 land. He emigrated to New South 
 Wales in 1839. In 1856 he was 
 elected a member of the Legislative 
 Assembly, and always advocated 
 Manhood Suffrage, Vote by Ballot, 
 and Electoral Districts based on 
 poj)ulation. In 1858 the Electoral 
 Act was carried, and Mr. Arnold 
 was elected Chairman of Com- 
 mittees. In 1860 he became Minis- 
 ter for Public Works, and shared 
 in the carrying of the Lands Act of 
 1861. From 1865 till his death in 
 1875, he Avas Sjieaker of the As- 
 sembly. He was drowned in the 
 floods at Stradbroke, his estate on 
 the Paterson Eiver, New South 
 Wales. 
 
 AENOTT, Archibald, M.D„ 
 died at Kirconnoll Hall, Dumfries- 
 shire in his 83rd year, July 6, 1855. 
 He had been of 11. M.'s 11th Dra- 
 goons, and the 20Lh Foot, Avith 
 which latter he served on the 
 
 Nile, in Calabria, Portugal, Spain, 
 and Holland, receiving medals 
 and clasps for Egypt, Malta, 
 Yimiera, Corunna, Vittoria, the 
 Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, Orthes, 
 and Toulouse. He was the medi- 
 cal attendant of Napoleon Buona- 
 parte at St. Helena, and the Em- 
 peror, on his death-bed, presented 
 him with a very valuable gold 
 snuff-box, upon which, with his own 
 hand, he had engraved with a pen- 
 knife the letter '' N." 
 
 AENOTT, Neil, M.D., F.E.S. 
 [1788—1874], the inventor of the 
 water-bed, the Arnott stove, the 
 Arnott ventilator, &c., was born at 
 Arbroath, Angusshire,and educated 
 at the Grammar School of Aberdeen, 
 and at the University, where he stu- 
 died medicine. Having graduated 
 M.A., he came to England, and was 
 appointed a Surgeon in the East 
 India Company's naval service. In 
 1811 he began to practise in London, 
 and was soon after appointed Physi- 
 cian to the French and Spanish 
 embassies. He was devoted to the 
 study of Natural Philosophy ; and 
 his book on the "Elements of 
 Physics," 1827, the substance of a 
 series of lectures, which he had 
 delivered on the subject, reached a 
 seventh edition, and was translated 
 into several Euroj^ean languages. 
 In 1832 he made the first of a series 
 of inventions which have made his 
 name famous — the water-bed, one 
 of the most valuable additions to 
 medical apparatus. In 1836 he 
 was nominated one of the senate 
 of the London University, and in 
 1837 became Physician Extraor- 
 dinary to the Queen. He retired 
 from practice in 1855, and devoted 
 his time almost exclusively to 
 scientific subjects, inckiding those 
 of a sanitary nature. In 1869 he 
 gave to each of the Universities of 
 Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow, 
 and St. Andrew's a donation of 
 ^1,000 for the promotion of the 
 study of experimental physics 
 among the medical students. He 
 also placed at the disposal of the 
 
ARTHUR— ASIIBURTON. 
 
 20 
 
 Senate of the University of London 
 d62,0O0 to found a scientific scholar- 
 ship. 
 
 ARTHUR, James, M.D., K.H., 
 Deputy Inspector-General of Hos- 
 pitals, received his appointment as 
 Assistant Sur^jeon in the Army 
 1801. His services extended to 
 North and South America, Gibral- 
 tar, Cadiz, the West Indies, and 
 four campaigns in the Peninsula. 
 He was present at the assault of 
 Buenos Ayres, the sieges of Cadiz, 
 Ciudad Rodrigo, and Badajos, and 
 in the general actions of Fuentes 
 d'Onor, Salamanca, Vittoria, Pyre- 
 nees, Nivelle, Nive, Orthes, and 
 Toulouse, as well as in the minor 
 affairs of Sabugal, Elbador, and 
 Vic Bagoria. In 1837, in recogni- 
 tion of these services, he was nomi- 
 nated a Knight of the Hanoverian 
 Guelphic Order. After the termi- 
 nation of the war he served for five 
 years as Physician to the Forces in 
 the Windward and Leeward Islands. 
 He died Dec. 20, 1851. 
 
 ARROWSMITH, John, F.R.G.S., 
 an eminent geographer, was the 
 son of Mr. Arrovrsmith, whose 
 name is so well kno^^Ti in every 
 school and college in the kingdom, 
 by his atlases of ancient and modern 
 geography. Mr. Arrowsmith was 
 born early in the present century, 
 and following actively in his father's 
 steps, he produced the " London 
 Atlas of Universal Geography'' 
 (folio, 1832-7). Amongst the nu- 
 merous works of modern travels, 
 which he has illustrated with maps, 
 «S:c., we may particularly mention 
 Leichhardt's " Joui'nal of an Over- 
 land Expedition in Australia," and 
 Dr. Livingstone's " Narrative of 
 Missionary Travels in Africa." 
 He was a Fellow of the Geographical 
 and other learned societies. He 
 died Mav 2, 1873. 
 
 ASHBURNHAM, General Hon. 
 Thomas, C.B., Colonel of the 82nd 
 Regiment of Foot ; was the third 
 surviving son of George, third Earl 
 Ashburnham, K.G. He entered the 
 army in 1823^ and served for several 
 
 years in India with his regiment, 
 and commanded the 29th Foot in 
 1850, having served previously in 
 the command of a brigade in the 
 Sutlej campaign of 1815-G, and 
 taken part in the battles of Feroze- 
 shah and Sobraon, for which ho 
 received a medal with clasp, and 
 was made C.B., and also appointed 
 aide-de-camp to the Queen. In 
 1857 he was appointed to the chief 
 command of the forces in China, 
 and in 1858 returned to England, 
 and was appointed Colonel of the 
 82nd (the Prince of Wales' Volun- 
 teers) Regiment of Foot. He 
 died at his house in Park Street, 
 March 11, 1872. 
 
 ASHBURTON, First Baron, 
 Rt. Hon. Alexander Baring, of 
 Ashburton, co, Devon, a Privy 
 Councillor, a trustee of the British 
 Museum and of the National Gal- 
 lery, and D.C.L., Oxon, was a 
 younger son of Sir Francis Baring, 
 an eminent merchant. At an early 
 age he was placed in his father's 
 counting house, and during the 
 earlier years of his life was engaged 
 in the service of the firm in 
 the United States and the Canadas. 
 In 1810, by the death of his father, 
 Mr. Alexander Baring became the 
 head of the great house of Baring, 
 Bros. & Co. He was returned to 
 the House of Commons for Taunton 
 in 1812, and continued to represent 
 that place till 1820, after which he 
 sat for Callington till 1831. On 
 Sir Robert Peel's return to power, 
 December, 1834, Mr. Baring was 
 made President of the Board of 
 Trade, and Master of the Mint, and 
 a few days before the retirement of 
 his friends from office was raised to 
 the peerage, by the title of Lord 
 Ashburton, April, 1835. In 181-2 
 Lord Ashburton was nominated by 
 Sir Robert Peel a Special Commis- 
 sioner, to settle the disputes which 
 threatened to involve England in 
 a war with America. His mission 
 proved eminently successful, and 
 resulted in the (first) Treaty of 
 Washington. He died at Longleat, 
 
30 
 
 ASHBUETON— ASHWELL. 
 
 the seat of his grandson, the 
 Marquis of Bath, May 13, 1848, 
 ag-ed 73. 
 
 ASHBUETON, Lord William 
 Bingham Baring [1799 — 18G4], 
 was the eldest son of Lord, better 
 known as the Eight Hon. Alexander 
 Baring. Educated at Oriel College, 
 Oxford, he gi'aduated with honours 
 in 1821. He sat in the House of 
 Commons as M.P. for Thetford, 
 Callington, Winchester, and North 
 Staffordshire, at various dates be- 
 fore his accession to the peerage in 
 1818, and held the i^osts of Secretary 
 of the Board of Control, and Pay- 
 master of the Forces, under Sir 
 Eobert Peel's first administration. 
 He was head of the great commer- 
 cial firm of Baring & Co., and gained 
 some celebrity on account of his 
 strenuous advocacy of the teaching 
 of " Common Things " in National 
 schools. He was nominated, in 
 1855, a Knight of the Legion of 
 Honour, in recognition of his ser- 
 vices to commerce ; and, in 1860, 
 was elected President of the Geo- 
 graphical Society. 
 
 ASHPITAL, Arthur, F.S.A. 
 [1807-1869], architect, was the son 
 of a surveyor and architect, and as 
 a child met with an accident which 
 kept him prisoner for years, all of 
 which time he devoted to study. 
 When about thirty-five he regained 
 his strength, and established him- 
 self as an architect and surveyor in 
 the City of London, where he built 
 a number of houses. He built 
 several churches — St. Barnabas at 
 Homerton, one at Battersea, one 
 near Cardigan, one at Vernham 
 Dean near Hungerford, and the new 
 cliurch at Blackheath. In 1853 he 
 visited Italy, and on his return to 
 England exhibited several restora- 
 tions and works of interest, among 
 which may be mentioned " Selec- 
 tions from Palladio ; " "A Design 
 for rebuilding Blackfriars Bridge, 
 and throwing open St. Paul's ; " 
 restorations of " Ancient Eome " 
 and " Modern Eome." He was a 
 Fellow of the Society of Antiqua- 
 
 ries, and of the Institute of British 
 Architects, and wrote several works 
 of art connected with his profes- 
 sion. He also contributed to the 
 " Dictionary of Architecture,'^ and 
 to the seventh edition of the Ency- 
 clopaedia Britannica. In the latter 
 he wrote the articles on Vanbrugh, 
 Wren, the Wyatt family, and 
 William of Wykeham. 
 
 ASHTON, Henry, architect. 
 He was born in London, 1801, and 
 became a pupil of Sir E. Smirke. 
 He was afterwards employed by 
 Sir Jeffrey Wyattville, with whom 
 he remained till his death. The 
 stables at Windsor and the kennels 
 at Frogmore are from his design, 
 and he was employed by the King 
 of Holland to erect the Summer 
 Palace at the Hague. He was also 
 the architect for the Victoria Street 
 improvements. In 1854, after a 
 lapse of more than twenty years, 
 he again exhibited in the Academy, 
 sending a portion of his designs for 
 the Victoria Street Mansions. His 
 work was good in construction, 
 simple in design and proportion. 
 He died March 18, 1872. 
 
 ASHWELL, Arthur Eawson, 
 Canon [1826-1879], was educated at 
 Trinity College, and Caius College, 
 Cambridge, and took his B.A. degree 
 in 1847. In 1851 he was appointed 
 Vice-Principal of St. Mark's Col- 
 lege, Chelsea, and in 1853 became 
 the Principal of the Oxford Dio- 
 cesan Training College at Culham. 
 In 1862 he was licensed to the in- 
 cumbency of Trinity Chapel, Con- 
 duit Street, and while living in 
 London, published a collection of 
 "Forms of Morning and Evening 
 Prayer for Parochial Schools," 
 and a series of sermons entitled 
 " God in His Work and Nature." 
 From 1865 to 1870 he held the post 
 of PrincijDal of the Training College 
 at Durham, which he gave up in 
 the latter year to go to Chichester 
 as Principal of the Theological 
 College there, and a residentiary 
 canon in the cathedral. In 1877 
 Canon Ash well pi*eached a course 
 
ASriN ALL— ATKINSON. 
 
 31 
 
 of Septuagesima lectures at All 
 Saints, Margaret Street, which 
 were afterwards collected and j^ub- 
 lislied by the Mozleys, and contri- 
 buted several' sermons to Mr. Ed- 
 mund Fowles's volumes of " Plain 
 Preaching." He was also a contri- 
 butor to the Quarterly Review and 
 other periodicals, and edited the 
 Church Quarterly Review and the 
 Literary Churchman, and at the 
 time of his death had just com- 
 pleted the first volume of his " Life 
 of Bishop Wilbor^i-ce.'' 
 
 ASPINALL, Butler Cole [1830- 
 1875], barrister-at-law, was born in 
 Liverpool, and was the son of the 
 Rev. James Aspinall, rector of 
 Althori), Lancashire. He went 
 out to Victoria in 1854, as law re- 
 porter to the ^rgfiis, and aftei-wards 
 wrote for the Morning Herald, the 
 Age and Melhomixe Punch. His 
 reputation as an advocate stood 
 high, and was considerably in- 
 creased by the talent he displayed 
 on behalf of ^the accused at the trial 
 of the Eureka Rioters. He entered 
 the Victorian Parliament in 185G, 
 was a member of the Heales Govern- 
 ment in 18G1, and a member of the 
 Macpherson Government in 1869, 
 He went to Sydney in 1868, where 
 he ably conducted the defence of 
 O'Farrell, tried for the attempted 
 assassination of the Duke of Edin- 
 burgh. He became insane in 1871, 
 and only regained his senses a short 
 time before his death, which took 
 place in England. 
 
 AT HE ETON, Sir William 
 [1806—1864], the son of a Wes- 
 ley an clergyman, was born in Glas- 
 gow, and called to the bar at the 
 Inner Temple in 1839, having prac- 
 tised as a " Special Pleader below 
 the Bar" for several years. He 
 chose the Northern as his circuit, 
 and soon rose into a successful 
 practice. In 1852 he was elected 
 M.P. for Durham, in the Liberal 
 interest, and was rechosen in 1857 
 and 1859. In 1855 he was appointed 
 Judge-Advocate of the Fleet, and 
 Standing Counsel to the Admiralty, 
 
 and held that post until his eleva- 
 tion to the Solicitor-Generalship in 
 1859, on which occasion he received 
 the usual honour of knighthood. 
 He was appointed Attorney-General 
 in June, 1861, on the elevation of 
 Sir R. Bethell (Lord Westbury) 
 to the Chancellorship. 
 
 ATHLONE, Tenth Earl of, Rt. 
 
 HoN.WlLHELM GuSTAUFFrIEDRICH 
 
 ])E Reede de Ginkel [1780-18 U], 
 was descended from Godart do 
 Ginkel, whom William III. raised 
 to the peerage, and who derived his 
 title from his successful assault on 
 Athlone, June 20, 1691. Godart de 
 Ginkel was created Earl of Athlone 
 and Baron Aghrim in 1691-2, and in 
 1693 received a grant of the forfeited 
 estates of William Dongan, Earl of 
 Limei'ick, attainted April 16, 1691. 
 Wilhelm Gustauf Friedrich, 
 brother to the seventh and eighth 
 earls, was the fifth and youngest 
 son "of Friedi'ich, the sixth earl, and 
 was born in 1780. He was Dutch 
 by education and choice, and before 
 he succeeded to the earldom he was 
 a Count of the Holy Roman EmiDire, 
 and Lord of the Bedchamber to the 
 King of the Netherlands. Having 
 survived all his brothers, he suc- 
 ceeded to the peerage on the death 
 of his nephew, George Godart 
 Henry, the ninth earl. He married, 
 but left no issue, so that the title 
 became extinct. 
 
 ATKINSON, Caroline Louisa 
 Waring (Mrs. Calvert) [1831-1872], 
 was born at Oldbury, near Berrima, 
 N.S.W., and was the youngest 
 daughter of Mr. James Atkinson, 
 J. P., who for some years held a 
 high official appointment under the 
 Colonial Government. Miss Atkin- 
 son began at an early age to write 
 for the Sydney Morning Herald, 
 and attracted a good deal of atten- 
 tion by a series of i^apers entitled, 
 " A Voice from the Countiy." She 
 also wrote several Australian tales ; 
 "Gertrude," " Cowanda," "Tom 
 Hillicker," and which she illus- 
 trated herself, besides many shorter 
 stories which appeared in the 
 
32 
 
 ATKINSON— ATTWOOD. 
 
 Sydney Mail and the Toicn and 
 Country Journal. She was much 
 interested in botany^ and collected 
 and prejDared valuable specimens of 
 native plants for Baron F. von 
 Miiller, many of which are recorded 
 in the volume of the " Flora Aus- 
 traliensis/' and the "Fragmenta 
 Phytographise Australise." 
 
 ATKINSON, Thomas William 
 [1799-1861], a well-known traveller, 
 was born in Yorkshire of humble 
 parentage, and appears in early 
 life to have followed the occupation 
 of a stonemason or carver. He was 
 entirely self-educated, and by 
 steady perseverance became^ good 
 draughtsman and pleasing waiter. 
 He had also acquired some skill as 
 an architect, and obtained some 
 engagements in that profession ; 
 but gave it up and became a travel- 
 ler. He went to Eastern Eussia, 
 and for many years was lost in the 
 wilds of Siberia, the region of the 
 Amoor, and Kamtschatka, which 
 district he opened up as much to 
 the Russians as to the inhabitants 
 of Western Europe, for before his 
 time it was an unknown region. 
 He wrote two attractive books on 
 Siberia and the Amoor, entitled 
 "Oriental and Western Siberia," 
 1860 ; and " Travels in the Eegion 
 of the Upper and Lower Amoor." 
 He was also the author of the 
 " Recollections of the Tartar 
 Steppes and their Inhabitants," 
 which appeared in 1863. 
 
 ATKINSON, William [1773— 
 1839], architect, was born at Bishop 
 Auckland near Durham, and began 
 life as a carj)enter. Bishop Bar- 
 rington took an interest in him and 
 sent him to London, where he be- 
 came the api^rentice of James 
 Wyatt. He entered the schools of 
 the Royal Academy, where he first 
 exhibited some architectural designs 
 in 1796, and in 1797 gained the 
 Academy Gold Medal for his designs 
 for a Court of Justice. He built 
 several large mansions, among them 
 Lord Mansfield's house at Scone, 
 several churches in Scotland, and 
 
 as architect to the Board of Ord- 
 nance made several alterations in 
 the buildings at the Tower, and at 
 Woolwich. The offices of the Board 
 of Control in Cannon Eow, West- 
 minster, are also after his designs. 
 He published "Views of Picturesque 
 Cottages," in 1805. 
 
 ATTWOOD, Thomas [1767 — 
 1838], one of the many organists of 
 St. Paul's Cathedral who have at- 
 tained to something more than 
 what may be called parochial fame. 
 He inherited his music and a prac- 
 tical turn from his father who, to 
 the occupations of a trumpeter and 
 viola-player added that of a coal- 
 merchant. At an early age Thomas 
 became a chorister in the Chapel 
 Eoyal, learning his work under Dr. 
 Nares and Dr. Ayi'ton. He then, 
 when about sixteen years old, at- 
 tracted the notice of the Prince of 
 Wales while performing at a State 
 Concert, and was sent by him to 
 study in Italy. Naples was his 
 first place of residence, and while 
 there he had for masters Cinque and 
 Latilla. After Naples, he proceeded 
 to Vienna, where he had the inesti- 
 mable advantage of studying under 
 Mozai't. He returned to England 
 in 1787, having been about four 
 years abroad. His advancement 
 was rapid, for he had the good 
 fortune not to lose royal favour 
 and patronage, and in 1795 
 gained the post of organist of St. 
 Paul's, a post which he held for 
 forty-three years. He was also 
 composer to the Chapel Eoyal and 
 instructor to the Duchess of York, 
 and he had previously been organist 
 of the then rather fashionable 
 church of St. George's, Bloomsbury. 
 His compositions were numerous, 
 and were marked by taste and 
 grace no less than by vigour of 
 expression. He by no means con- 
 fined himself to church music-r- 
 anthems, services, and chants, 
 though in these he excelled — but 
 was comiJoser also of nmch dramatic 
 nuisic, setting at least a score of 
 operas and operettas. In his later 
 
ATTWOOD— AUGUSTA SOPHIA. 
 
 dd 
 
 years he became an intimate friend 
 of Mendelssohn, who dedicated to 
 him three Preludes and Fugnes for 
 the organ. 
 
 ATTWOOD, Thomas [1781 — 
 1856], M.P. for Birmingham, was 
 the third son of Matthias Attwood 
 of Hales Owen, the founder of the 
 banking firm of Attwood in Bir- 
 mingham and London. He first 
 became knowTi as a public character 
 by his vigorous opposition to the 
 Orders in Council of 1812, touching 
 the commercial relations between 
 England and France during the 
 war. He was one of the first persons 
 who decidedly condemned the return 
 to cash payments at the end of the 
 war. His earliest productions on 
 this subject bear the dates 1815, 
 1816, and the doctrines he advo- 
 cated in favour of paper money he 
 maintained to the last. In 1829 
 he formed the Birmingham Political 
 Union, Avliich became a political 
 engine of formidable power, and 
 considerably influenced the passing 
 of the Eeform Bill. When the 
 Reform Bill had given two members 
 to Birmingham, Mr. Attwood and 
 Mr. Josiah Scholefield were re- 
 turned without opposition at the 
 general election of 1832, and again 
 in 1835. Mr. AttM'ood retired from 
 the House in January, 181.-0 ; and 
 owing to ill-health was compelled 
 during his later years to withdraw 
 altogether from public life. 
 
 AUCKLAND, Earl of. Eight 
 Hon. George Eden, Baron Eden 
 of Norwood, Surrey, second Baron 
 Auckland of West Auckland, Dur- 
 ham, and Baron Auckland in 
 Ireland; G.C.B. ; a Privy Coun- 
 cillor, First Lord of the Admiralty, 
 Vice-President of the Senate of 
 University College, London, &c., 
 &c., was the son of William, first 
 Lord Auckland. He entered Lin- 
 coln's Inn as a student. May 7, 
 1806, and was called to the bar 
 May 13, 1800, but in the following 
 year, osving to the death of his 
 brother by drowning, he became 
 heir to the peerage. He was shortly 
 
 afterwards returned to Parliament 
 for Woodstock, which his deceased 
 brother had previously represented. 
 He succeeded to the peerage as 
 second Baron Auckland on May 28, 
 181 1. He was appointed President 
 of the Board of Trade and Master 
 of the Mint in Nov. 1833, and in 
 the following year became First 
 Lord of the Admiralty. In 1835 
 he went out to India as Governor- 
 General, the great event of his 
 government being the first Afghan 
 War. The dread of a Russian or 
 French invasion, with the alliance 
 of Persia and Afghanistan, induced 
 him to take the initiative in this 
 war, which has been denounced as 
 one of the most unjust and unneces- 
 sary ever waged by the British. 
 Lord Auckland and his advisers 
 undertook to dethrone Dost Maho- 
 med, whom they utterly distrusted, 
 and reinstate Shah Sujah, at that 
 time a pensioner on British bounty 
 at Fordiana ; and consequently a 
 manifesto was published in Oct. 
 1838 announcing this new policy. 
 Sir Henry Fane, who disapproved 
 of the expedition, withdrew from 
 the personal command of the forces, 
 and was succeeded by Sir John 
 Keane, who advancing with his 
 army, took Candahar and Ghuznee. 
 Dost Mahomed was put to flighty 
 and Shah Sujah reinstated at 
 Cabul, August 6, 1839. Lord Auck- 
 land was advanced a step in the 
 peerage in 1839 for the success of 
 this expedition. But reverses 
 quickly followed, and in the en- 
 suing campaigns the British troops 
 suffered the most severe disasters, 
 and Lord Auckland had the morti- 
 fication of seeing his policy a 
 failure, and of being superseded 
 before he could rectify his errors. 
 He was recalled in 1841, and suc- 
 ceeded by Lord Ellenboroiigh. In 
 1846 he was again placed at the 
 head of the Admiralty Board, dis- 
 charging its duties with success. 
 He died Jan. 1, 1849, unmarried, so 
 that the earldom became extinct. 
 AUGUSTA SOPHIA, H.R.H. 
 
 D 
 
34 
 
 AUSTIN. 
 
 Prince sSj aunt to her Majesty tlie 
 Queen, died at Clarence House, St. 
 James's, on Sept. 22, 1840. The 
 princess was the sixth child and 
 second daughter of George III. and 
 Queen Charlotte, and was born at 
 Buckingham House^ Nov. 8, 1768. 
 As a child she was the subject of a 
 celebrated picture by Sir Joshua 
 Reynolds. The Queen Dowager, 
 the Duchess of Gloucester, the Prin- 
 cess Sophia, the Duke of Sussex, 
 and the Duke of Cambridge were 
 present at her deathbed. Her re- 
 mains were privately removed from 
 St. James's Palace to her house at 
 Frogmore, and buried on the fol- 
 lowing day in St. George's Chaj)el, 
 Windsor. 
 
 AUSTIN, Charles, Q.C. This 
 distinguished lawyei', long the 
 leader of the Parliamentary bar, 
 Avas the younger brother of John 
 Austin, and was born in 1799. He 
 was educated at Bury St. Edmunds 
 and Cambridge, was called to the 
 bar in 1827, and became Q.C. in 
 1811. He was as gifted as his 
 brother, though he differed much 
 from him in character and dis- 
 position, and accounts of his mili- 
 tant Radicalism, and his brilliancy 
 in discussion, are to be found in the 
 autobiography of John Mill, and in 
 the Greville Memoirs. He got into 
 practice at the Parliamentary Bar 
 in the palmiest days of that profes- 
 sion, and his marvellous gifts as an 
 advocate gave him a unique j)osition. 
 In 1817 — the great railway year — 
 his income was something fabu- 
 lous, and his rej)utation was so 
 great, that he received many briefs 
 merely to prevent his appearing on 
 the other side. In 1848 he retired 
 from his profession, and bought the 
 estate of Brandeston Hall, Suffolk, 
 where he died Dec. 21st, 1874. 
 
 AUSTIN, John. He was the 
 eldest son of Mr. Jonathan Austin, 
 of Ipswich, and was born in 1790. 
 He began life in the army, and 
 served with Lord William Ben- 
 tinck's corps in Sicily ; but the 
 bent of his mind was towards legal 
 
 and philosophical studies, and he 
 quitted the army and went to the 
 bar. His success on circuit was not 
 distinguished, yet his attainments 
 early brought him into such notice 
 that, on the foundation of the 
 London University, he was desig- 
 nated one of the Law Professors. 
 His great analytical work on the 
 Province of Jurisprudence has, 
 since his death, obtained a degree 
 of fame and influence which it 
 never acquired in its author's life- 
 time. In gravity, force, and accu- 
 racy of thought, he equalled such 
 writers as Bentham and James Mill, 
 whose friend he was, but he was 
 constitutionally languid and indo- 
 lent, and the results of his thought 
 and intellect are therefore relatively 
 few. For some years he held an ap- 
 pointment as Connnissioner for the 
 Reform of the Criminal Law, and in 
 1837 was sent to Malta, together 
 with Sir G. C. Lewis, to right the 
 wrongs of the Island. He subse- 
 quently retired from his profession, 
 and after living for many years in 
 France and Germany, settled at 
 Weybridge, where he died in Dec, 
 1859, aged 70. 
 
 AUSTIN, Mrs. (Sarah Taylor), 
 a member of the Taylor family of 
 Norwich, was born in 1793, and 
 received her early education in 
 her father's house. In 1820 she 
 married Mr. John Austin (q. v.), 
 then a barrister on the Norfolk 
 Circuit, and they went to live in 
 Queen's Square, Westminster, next 
 door to Mr. Bentham and Mr. 
 James Mill. Among their intimate 
 friends were Jeremy Bentham, 
 James and John Stuart Mill, the 
 Grotes, Bickerstaffe, Erie, Romilly, 
 and Senior ; and in later years, 
 Charles Buller, Sydney Smith, 
 Jeffrey and Lord Lansdowne. 
 With the exception of some articles 
 in the Edinburgh Review, and in 
 various magazines, Mrs. Austin did 
 not attempt original literary com- 
 position, but devoted her time to 
 reproducing in English some of 
 the best contemporary woi'ks of 
 
AVOXMORE— ATTOUN. 
 
 Geruiiin and French literatiu-e. 
 Her translations from the German 
 were of the highest excellence, and 
 among these her version of Eanke's 
 " History of the Popes," cei'tainly 
 deserves to retain a place in English 
 historical literature. She also wrote 
 many foreign travel-sketches in 
 the Athen(Bum, to which periodical 
 she contributed some of its best 
 obituary notices. Most of Mrs. 
 Austin's life was spent abroad at 
 Paris and elsewhere, but in 1848 she 
 and her husband went to live at 
 Weybridge, where they remained 
 till his death in 1859. After his 
 death, she prej^ared for the pi-ess 
 his professorial lectiu'es, which had 
 been left by him in manuscript. 
 Mrs. Austin died on August 8, 
 1SG7. Lady Duff-Gordon, the writer, 
 was her onlv child. 
 
 AYOXMOEE, Fourth Viscount, 
 WiLLiAsi Charles Yelvertox 
 [1814—1883], was educated at the 
 Royal Military Academy, "Wool- 
 Avich, and was appointed to the 
 Royal Artillery, with which he 
 served with distinction in Xew 
 Zealand and the Crimea. He mar- 
 ried in Scotland, in 1857, Theresa, 
 daughter of Mr. Long worth of 
 Smedley, Lancashire, but in 1864, 
 after protracted litigation and much 
 public scandal, the marriage was 
 declared by the House of Lords to 
 have been null. He had, mean- 
 while^ in 1S58, married Emily 
 Marianne, daughter of Major- 
 General Sir Charles Ash worth, 
 K.C.B., and widow of Professor 
 Edward Forbes, F.E.S. Major 
 Yelverton was suspended from all 
 military duties in March, 18G1, and 
 was afterwards removed from the 
 effective list of his regiment. He 
 succeeded to his father's title in 
 1S70. 
 
 AWDEY, Sir John "Wither, Knt. 
 [1795 — 1878], eldest son of the late 
 John Awdi-y, of Xotton House, 
 Wilts^ was educated at Winchester 
 and at Christ Chiu'ch, Oxford, where 
 he graduated, in 1816, a* a first-class 
 in classics, and in 1819 was elected 
 
 to a Fellowship' at Oriel College. 
 He was called to the bar in 1822, 
 and in 1830 was appointed a Puisne 
 Judge and Commissioner of the 
 Insolvent Debtors' Court at Bom- 
 bay, from which he was promoted, 
 in 1839, to the Chief Justiceship of 
 the Supi'eme Court of that Presi- 
 dency. Having resigned in 1841, 
 he soon afterwards i-eturned to 
 England. He was appointed one 
 of the Commissioners for the Re- 
 form of the University of Oxford, 
 in 1851. 
 
 AYRTOX, William [1777—1858], 
 son of Edmund Ayrton, Mus. Doc, 
 of Ripon. By his marriage with a 
 daughter of Dr. Samuel Ai-nold of 
 cathedral fame, and by his own 
 tastes, he was brought into musical 
 society. He exercised considerable 
 influence in his day in the world of 
 music, and was one of the promoters 
 and founders of the Philharmonic 
 Society. But perhaps his chief 
 claim on the gratitude of his o-\\ti 
 and this generation, was hi:s 
 production, for the first time in 
 England, of "Don Giovanni.'" This 
 occurred in 1817, when he held the 
 post of Director of the King's 
 Theatre. He was an industrious 
 man, and did much by biographical 
 and critical notices, essays, and 
 reviews, to enable the public to 
 take an interest in music, and his 
 pen helped to enliven the columns 
 of two joiu-nals famous in their day, 
 the Examiner and 3Iorning Chro- 
 nicle. 
 
 AYTOTJX, William Edmond- 
 STOUNE [1813 — 1SG5], Poet and 
 Professor, was born in the vear 
 1813, of a Fifeshii-e family, and was 
 educated at the Edinbui*gh Academy 
 and Universitv. He was distin- 
 guished among his contemporaries 
 at the Academy for his Latin and 
 English composition, and obtained 
 a prize for a poem on " Judith.'' 
 In 1831 he gave to the public a 
 volume of verse, entitled " Poland, 
 and other Poems," which, however 
 did not attract any very general 
 attention. Mr. Avtoun obtained ad- 
 
 D 2 
 
36 
 
 BABBAGE. 
 
 mission, in 18-10, to the Scottish Bar, 
 and became one of the standing 
 wits of the Edinburgh law-courts — 
 though without acquiring celebrity 
 as an advocate, excepting as coun- 
 sel in criminal cases. He was pre- 
 sented, in 1845, to the chair of Rhe- 
 toric and Belles Lettres in the Uni- 
 versity. The professor's politics, ori- 
 ginally of a somewhat liberal ten- 
 dency, having gradually undergone 
 a complete change, he became a 
 leading contributor to BlacTcwood's 
 Magazine, in which, from time to 
 time, first appeared those stirring- 
 national ballads now known as 
 " Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers ; " 
 including " The Heart of Bruce," 
 "Edinburgh after Flodden," and 
 "The Burial March of Dundee." 
 Besides these lays, he is author 
 of many pieces in the " Book of 
 Ballads," edited by Bon Gaultier — 
 a name . under which he and Mr. 
 Theodore Martin contributed to 
 various periodicals. In the summer 
 of 1853 Professor Aytoun delivered, 
 at Willis's rooms, six lectures on 
 " Poetry and Dramatic Literatiire " 
 to large and fashionable audiences ; 
 and to his pen is ascribed the mock- 
 heroical tragedy of " Firmilian," 
 designed to ridicule the rising poets 
 of the day, Alexander Smith, 
 Sidney Dobell, and others, as 
 " The Spasmodic School," and to 
 discredit a certain order of critics. 
 In 1852 Lord Derby appointed 
 him to the offices of Sherilf and 
 Vice-Admiral of Orkney, in recog- 
 nition of his political services. 
 
 B. 
 
 BABBACtE, Charles [1792— 
 1871], mathematician and philoso- 
 phical mechanist, born Dec. 26, 
 1702, was educated at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge. In' the course of 
 his studies he found the logarithmic 
 tables then in use — the ready- 
 reckoner, so to speak, by which the 
 larger oj)erations of astronomical 
 calculation arc worked out — ex- 
 
 tremely defective, and even unf aith" 
 ful. The national value of tables of 
 this description had long been recog- 
 nised by every Government, and 
 large siunshad been expended in pre- 
 paring such as could have, after all^ 
 but a proximate accui'acy ; because 
 from the calculations of the astro-' 
 nomer are derived the data by 
 which every seaman navigates the 
 ocean, and every headland and 
 island is marked in his chart. Mr. 
 Babbage set himself to consider 
 whether it were not possible to sub- 
 stitute for the perturbable processes 
 of the intellect the unerring move- 
 ments of mecha,nism in the prepara- 
 tion of logarithmic tables. For 
 this j)urpose he visited the various 
 centres of machine labour, on the 
 Continent as well as in Engla.nd ; 
 inspected and compared wheels, 
 levers, valves, &c., and studied 
 their various functions ; and on his 
 return, in 1821, undertook to direct 
 the construction of a " Difference 
 Engine " for the Government. Ex- 
 perience gained during this tour of 
 inspection induced Mr. Babbage to 
 prepare his work on the " Economy 
 of Manufactures," a subject then 
 new to literary treatment, and in 
 which he opened up a field of illus- 
 tration which has since been ex- 
 j)lored by numerous writers. By 
 1833 a portion of the machine was 
 put together, and it was found to 
 perform its work with all the pre- 
 cision that had been predicted of it. 
 Mr. Babbage immediately prej^ared 
 his " Tables of Logarithms of the 
 natural niunbers," from 1 to 108,000, 
 a work which was well received in 
 all parts of Europe, into most of the 
 languages of which it was speedily 
 translated. In 1828 Mr. Babbage 
 was elected to fill the Mathematical 
 professorship at Cambridge, once 
 occupied by Sir Isaac Newton, and 
 he continued to discharge the duties 
 of that office for eleven years. 
 During this period he devoted all 
 his leisure to the perfection of his 
 luachine, although he received no 
 remuneration whatever for his ser- 
 
BABEK— BACHE. 
 
 •>4 
 
 vices. In 1833, for some reason at 
 present unexplained, the construc- 
 tion of the calculating" machine was 
 suspended, and has not been re- 
 sumed. Mr. Babbag^e, who was a 
 member of the chief learned socie- 
 ties of London and Edinburj^^h, and 
 contributed largely to their Trans- 
 actions, is the author, inter alia, of 
 " Translation of the Differential 
 and Integral Calculus of La Croix," 
 and " The Laws of Mechanical 
 Notation" (privately jjrinted). He 
 also published, in 1837, " The Ninth 
 Bridgewater Treatise ; " a fragment 
 designed at once to refute an 
 opinion supposed to be implied in 
 the first volume of that series, that 
 ardent devotion to mathematical 
 studies is unfavourable to faith, 
 and also to give specimens of the 
 defensive aid which the evidences 
 of Christianity may receive from 
 the science of numbers. In Nov., 
 1832, Mr. Babbage contested, 
 though without success, the repre- 
 sentation of Finsbury, in the ad- 
 vanced Liberal interest. In 1864 
 he published " Passages from the 
 Life of a Philosopher." Mr. Bab- 
 bage will be remembered by the 
 general public for his constant raids 
 upon street musicians. 
 
 BABEE, Eev. Hexry Hervey, 
 Keeper of Printed Books in the 
 British Museum, became assistant 
 keeper at that institution in 180G, 
 and upon the promotion of Sir 
 Henry Ellis, in 1812^ succeeded him 
 as head of the department of Printed 
 Books. In this capacity it fell to 
 his lot to take the first steps to- 
 wards the compilation of the great 
 general catalogue of printed books^ 
 subsequently carried out by his 
 successor. Sir A. Panizzi. His re- 
 ports on the subject shoAv remark- 
 able soundness of judgment. He 
 had previously assisted Sir H. 
 Ellis in the prepai'ation of the cata- 
 logue published in 1813-19, and had 
 edited the splendid facsimile of the 
 Codex Alexandrinus. In 1837 he 
 retired from the Museum on being 
 appointed to a yaluable living. 
 
 where he spent the remainder of 
 his life. 
 
 BABINGTON, Benjamin Guy, 
 M.D., F.K.S. [179i— 1800], was a 
 member of an Irish branch of the 
 ancient family which has been 
 settled for many years at Rothley 
 Temple, Leicestershire, with which 
 Lord Macaulay was connected. He 
 was educated first at the Charter 
 House, and then he entered the 
 navy, and served at Copenhagen and 
 at Walcheren. Altering the plan of 
 his life, he spent two years at 
 Haileybury College, and entered 
 the Madras Civil Service in 1812, 
 but ill-health compelled him to 
 quit India, whence he I'eturned to 
 England in 1819. He then entered 
 the University of Cambridge, where 
 he graduated M.D. in 1830. In the 
 following year he became a Fellow^ 
 of the Koyal College of Physicians . 
 He was Physician to Guy's 
 Hospital till 1851, and later 
 Physician to the Charter House, and 
 President of the Roj^al Medical and 
 Chirurgical Society, and of the 
 Epidemiological Society. He trans- 
 lated Hecker's ''Epidemics of the 
 Middle Ages," and edited for the 
 Sydenham Society Feuchtersleben's 
 ""^Medical Psychology." He has 
 also contributed to the Transactions 
 of the Eoyal Society, and the Eoyal 
 Medical and Chirurgical Societv, 
 to those of the Eoval Asiatic and 
 Geological Societies, and to the 
 " Cyclopaedia of Practical Medi- 
 cine." He was the author of a 
 volume of jjoems entitled " Passing 
 Thoughts/' published anonymously 
 in 185 i. 
 
 BACHE, Francis Edward [1833 
 — 1858], a musician of very great 
 promise, cut off, however, before 
 he had had time to do more than 
 foreshadow his powers. He was 
 born in Birmingham, and his child- 
 hood w^as mai'ked by great natural 
 talent for music. Alfred Mellon 
 taught him the violin, and he had 
 made such progress by the time he 
 was 13, that l^e was allowed to play 
 in the orchestra qn the pgcasiou of 
 
3S 
 
 BACK— BACKHOUSE. 
 
 the production of " Elijah/' Men- 
 delssohn conducting. In 1849, he 
 went to London as . the pupil of 
 Sterndale Bennett. His first work, 
 an overture, was produced at the 
 Adelphi, in the autumn of 1850, and 
 a little later he "brought out " Three 
 Impromptus " for the piano. In 
 1853 he went to Leipsic and made 
 several visits to Dresden, always 
 with a view to study. The year 
 1855 saw him back in London ; but 
 the very severe winter of that year 
 compelled him to go to Algiers. 
 He was able, however, to retiirn to 
 Leipsic for the next summer, and 
 passed the winter in Rome, taking 
 Vienna on his way and, while there, 
 making the acquaintance of Czerny, 
 whom he very favourably im- 
 IDressed. The summer of 1857 was 
 passed in England, the winter being 
 spent at Torquay ; but in the next 
 spring he returned to Birmingham 
 extremely ill, and died in August. 
 Bache was, considering his short 
 life, a prolific writer. Most of his 
 works are for the piano — either 
 alone or in union with another in- 
 strument. He wrote also a concerto 
 for iDiano and orchestra, and two 
 operas, but these last three works 
 are unpublished. His death is to 
 be lamented, for his talents were 
 of a high order, and would, had he 
 lived, have done credit to himself 
 and his country. 
 
 BACK, Admiral Sir George, 
 r.R.S., D.C.L. [179G— 1878], a dis- 
 tinguished Arctic navigator, en- 
 tered the Eoyal Navy in 1808, and 
 was taken prisoner and sent to 
 France in 1809, where he remained 
 for five years. Early in 1819 he 
 was selected to attend Lieutenant- 
 Commander Franklin (Sir John 
 Franklin) in his overland expedi- 
 tion from Hudson's Bay to the 
 Coppermine River, and along the 
 coast eastward, which journey, a 
 distance of 1,101 miles from Fort 
 Enterprise to Fort Chippewyan, 
 and back, they undertook (chiefly 
 in canoes and on foot, tlieir sup- 
 plies being exhausted) in the depth 
 
 of winter, with a temperature of 
 &7° below zero. Franklin attri- 
 buted the safety of the expedition 
 to Mr. Back's personal exertions. 
 In 1825 he accompanied Captain 
 Franklin on another expedition to 
 the Arctic regions, for the purpose 
 of co-operating with Captains 
 Beechy and Parry in their attempts 
 to discover, from opposite quarters, 
 a north-west passage. A full ac- 
 count of this mission will be found 
 in Captain Franklin's " Narrative 
 of a Second Expedition to the 
 Shores of the Polar Sea in 1825-7." 
 He was promoted to the rank of 
 Commander in 1825, and when Caj)- 
 tain Franklin, on the return of the 
 expedition, set out in advance with 
 five of his party from Great Bear 
 Lake, Back was left at Fort Frank- 
 I lin in charge of the remaining 
 officers and men, the boats, collec- 
 tions of natural history. Sec, with 
 instructions to leave on the break- 
 ing up of the ice and proceed to 
 England, which he did in 1827. In 
 1833 he was employed to conduct 
 an expedition sent out in search of 
 Sir John E,oss, who had left Eng-- 
 land in 1829, on a voyage to the 
 Polar Seas. Caj^tain Back pub- 
 lished an account of this expedi- 
 tion, entitled, a " Narrative of the 
 Arctic Land Expedition to the 
 Mouth of the Great Fish or Back 
 Eiver, and along the Shores of the 
 Arctic Ocean, in 1833-5." He ol)- 
 tained post-rank in 1835, and in 
 
 1836 sailed for Papa-Westray, one 
 of the Orkney Islands in command 
 of a new Arctic Expedition. In 
 
 1837 the GeograjDhical Society con- 
 ferred upon him both its medals ; 
 he was knighted in 1839, and re- 
 ceived the Gold Medal of the Geo- 
 graphical Society of Paris, toge- 
 ther with a service of plate from 
 the subscribers to the Arctic Land 
 Expedition. Ho attained flag-rank 
 in 1857, and that of Admiral in 
 1807. 
 
 BACKHOUSE. John, formerly 
 Under Secretary of State for 
 Foreign Affairs, and Keceiver- 
 
BADHAM— BAGOT. 
 
 30 
 
 General of Excise, was the son of 
 
 one of tlie oldest uieivhants of 
 Liverpool, and was intended for the 
 same profession. Mr. Canning, how- 
 ever, being returned for Liverpool 
 in 1812, and finding that his official 
 connection with the Government 
 prevented his giving to the town 
 that service and attention which 
 its mercantile interest and the 
 rapid increase of its commerce re- 
 quired, urgently recommended the 
 appointment of a salaried agent in 
 the capital, to aid its represen- 
 tatives in the protection of its im- 
 portant commercial and trading 
 privileges. To this office Mr. Back- 
 house was unanimously elected. 
 He became private secretary to Mr. 
 Canning, through whose interest in 
 1822 he was ajjpointed to a clerk- 
 ship to the India Board, which 
 office he resigned two years after, 
 on being made a Commissioner of 
 Excise. In 1827 Mr. Backhouse 
 was appointed Eeceiver-General of 
 Excise, and about the same time 
 was advanced to the office of Per- 
 manent Under Secretary of State 
 for Foreign Affairs ; an appoint- 
 ment which he held through the 
 successive administrations of Vis- 
 count Goderich, the Duke of Wel- 
 lington, Earl Grey, Viscount Mel- 
 bourne, and Sir Eobert Peel, until 
 the year 1812, a j^eriod of sixteen 
 years. He died at Stokestowni 
 House, county Eoscommon, Nov. 
 11, 1845, aged' 73. 
 
 BADHAM, Eev. Dk. Charles, 
 was a son of Mr. Charles Badham, at 
 one time Professor of Physics at the 
 Glasgow Uuiversitv, and was born 
 at Ludlow, Shropshire, in 1813. 
 His mother was a cousin of the 
 poet Campbell. He was educated 
 at Eton and Oxford, and afterwards 
 went to Cambridge. He spent 
 seven vears in Germanv and Italv, 
 and on his return to England be- 
 came successively Head-Master of 
 King Edward's School, Southamp- 
 ton, of the Grammar School at 
 Louth, and of the Birmingham and 
 Edgbaston Proprietary School. 
 
 Although a great scholar, he was 
 never a successful schoolmaster, not 
 being methodical enough in hi.s 
 teaching, and also having a very 
 quick temper which impaired his 
 influence with his pupils. In Eng- 
 land he never succeeded in gaining 
 the position to vrhich his great 
 talents entitled him, and felt Mit- 
 terly the neglect to which he was 
 subjected. At the age of fifty-four 
 he accepted the Head.ship of 
 Sydney University, with which 
 was combined the Professorship of 
 the Classical Languages and of 
 Logic. His school work left liim 
 little leisure for writing, and he 
 is chiefly known as a writer by his 
 verv scholarlv editions of several 
 Gi-eek dramas, and of the "Phile- 
 bus," the "Euthydemus," "Laches," 
 and " Symposium " of Plato. He 
 had a wonderful memorv, and it 
 was said of him that he '• knew all 
 Greek poetry by heart." He often 
 gave his lessons without a book 
 before him. He was very well read 
 in Latin, English, French, Italian, 
 and German Literature. A few years 
 before his death he raised <£ 10,000 
 in Xew South Wales to found ex- 
 hibitions at the Sydney Univer- 
 sity. He died at Sydney, in April, 
 1884, very deeply regretted by his 
 many friends in England and the 
 Colon V. 
 
 BAGOT, the Eight Hex. Sir 
 Charles, G.C.B., late Governor- 
 General of Her Majesty's Nortli 
 American Provinces, was the second 
 son of William, first Lord Bagot, 
 by the Hon. Louisa St. John, eldest 
 daughter of John, second Viscount 
 St. John, and was born September 
 23, 1781. He was Under Secretary 
 of State for Foreign Affairs with 
 Mr. Canning in 1807, and was ap- 
 pointed Minister Plenipotentiary at 
 the Coiu't of France, 181 1. In the 
 following year he was sworn a Privy 
 Councillor, and was sent to the 
 United States on an extraordinary 
 mission, on his return from whicli 
 he was invested with the Order of 
 the Bath, May 27, 1820. In the 
 
40 
 
 BAGOT— BAILY. 
 
 same year he was sent as British 
 Ambassador to St. Petersburg-^ and 
 in 1824 to the Hague. On the 
 death of Lord Sydenham, Sir Robert 
 Peel appointed him Grovernor- 
 General of Canada. He married 
 July 22, 1806, Mary Charlotte Anne 
 Wellesley-Pole, eldest daughter 
 of the Earl of Mornington and 
 niece to the Duke of Welling- 
 ton. He died at Kingston, Canada, 
 aged sixty-one. May 18, IS 13. 
 
 BAGOT, the Hon. and Eight 
 Eev. Richard, D.D., Lord Bishop 
 of Bath and "VVells, was born at 
 Daventry, November 22, 1782, and 
 was the third son of William, first 
 Lord Bagot. He was educated at 
 Rugby and at Christ Church, 
 Oxford. In 1804 he was elected 
 to a fellowship of All Souls, which 
 he retained imtil 1806, when he 
 married Lady Harriet Villiers, 
 youngest daughter of George Bus- 
 sey, fourth Earl of Jersey. He was 
 presented by his brother to the 
 livings of Leigh and Blithfield, and 
 in 1807 became canon of Windsor. 
 In 1817 he was appointed a canon 
 of Worcester, and in 1829 was con- 
 secrated Bishop of Oxford. Dr. 
 Bagot was forced into prominent 
 notice on the appearance of the 
 " Tracts for the Times," being ac- 
 cused of favouring the so-called 
 Romanisers. The Bishop deemed 
 it prudent to advise the cessation 
 of the " Tracts," and their authors 
 bowed to his authority. On the 
 death of Dr. Law in 1845, Dr. Bagot 
 was translated to the bishopric of 
 Bath and Wells. The two most me- 
 morable incidents of his episcopate 
 were, the attacks made ujDon him 
 in the House of Commons in 1852 
 by Mr. Horsman for inducting Mr. 
 Bennett into the living of Frome, 
 and the investigation into the 
 charges brought against Archdeacon 
 Denison. He died at Brighton, 
 May 15, 1854. 
 
 BAILLIE, Joanna, was 
 born in the manse of Bothwell, 
 Lanarkshire, Sej^t. 11, 1762. In 
 1783 she came to live with her 
 
 brother in London, and in 1790 
 published her first little book of 
 poems which, being too pastoral for 
 those times, met with little notice. 
 But before her second publication 
 the influence of German roman- 
 ticism had inspired this lyric singer 
 to sing " The great explosions of 
 Passions," and in 1798 she brought 
 out the first volume of " A series 
 of plays, in which it is attempted 
 to delineate the stronger passions 
 of the mind, each passion being the 
 subject of a tragedy and a comedy." 
 A second volume of these plays 
 appeared in 1802, a third in 1812, 
 but between the publication of the 
 second and third volume Miss 
 Baillie had brought out " Miscel- 
 laneous Dramas " in 1804, and in 
 1809 " The Family Legend," which 
 was produced at the Theatre Royal, 
 Edinburgh, under the auspices of 
 Sir Walter Scott, and played with 
 great success. In 1836 she pro- 
 duced three volumes of dramas, and 
 it was not till 1810 that she repub- 
 lished her early verses, with the 
 addition of some Scottish songs 
 under the name of Fugitive Verses. 
 Yet it is by this last unambitious 
 work that her name lives : her 
 dramas are essentially undramatic, 
 but her country songs have the 
 best qualities of Scottish national 
 poetry, and such songs as " The 
 Chough and Crow," "The weary 
 Pund o' Tow," '' Woo'd and Mar- 
 ried and a'," and " The Gowan glit- 
 ters on the grass," will live as long 
 as Scottish minstrelsy is remem- 
 bered. Joanna Baillie died at Hami)- 
 stead, Feb. 23, 1851. 
 
 BAILY, Edward Hodges, R.A. 
 He was the son of a carver of ship's 
 figure-heads, and was born in Bris- 
 tol, March 10, 1788 ; was educated 
 at the Grammar School and placed 
 in a merchant's office, but in 1807 
 he came to London, and for nearly 
 seven years worked in Flaxman's 
 studio. In 1809 he entered the 
 Academy schools, where he gained 
 a silver and a gold medal for sculp- 
 ture. In 1817 he was elected As§o- 
 
IJAILY— BAIN. 
 
 11 
 
 ciate, and in the following year the 
 exhibition of his "Eve at the 
 Fountain " gained him a wide re- 
 putation, and was executed in 
 marble for the Literary Institution 
 of Bristol. In 1821 he became a 
 full member of the Academy, and 
 was commissioned to execute the 
 bassi relievi for the Marble Arch, 
 now removed to Cumberland Gate, 
 Hyde Park. He was a constant 
 exhibitor at the Academy until 
 1858. His imaginative works were 
 chiefly subjects founded on the 
 affections, but he was mainly em- 
 ployed on monumental statues and 
 portrait busts. He exhibited 187 
 works in the Academy, the last in 
 18(32 ; in 18G3 he placed himself on 
 the retii'ed list, and never again 
 exhibited. His bust of Sir Thomas 
 La^Tence is in the National Por- 
 trait Gallery. He died at Holloway, 
 May 22, 1867. 
 
 BAILY, Francis, D.C.L., Pre- , 
 sident of the Astronomical So- 
 ciety, Fellow of the Eoyal Lin- 
 nean and Geological Societies, 
 and member of the Eoyal Irish 
 Academv, was the third of the five 
 sons of Mr. Baily, banker, of Xew- 
 burv. Having made a large for- 
 tune on the Stock Exchange, he re- 
 tired from it in 1825, and from that 
 time devoted himself almost en- 
 tirely to astronomy. He orga- 
 nized the Astronomical Society, and 
 was a considerable contributor to 
 its memoirs. The experimental 
 researches connected with the more 
 accurate determinations of astro- 
 nomy or physical science were 
 generally entrusted to his care, and 
 his publication of the Pendulum 
 Observations of Captain Foster 
 gave occasion to the most complete 
 series of pendulum experiments 
 ever made. At the request of the | 
 Admiralty he published the corre- 
 spondence and catalogue of Flam- 
 steed, and he presented to the As- 
 tronomical Society a volume con- 
 taining the catalogues of Ptolemy, 
 Ulugh Beigh, Tycho Brahe, Heve- 
 lius and Halley^ with learned pre- 
 
 faces and critical notes, showing 
 their relations to each other and to 
 later catalogues. Mr. Baily pub- 
 lished one of the best treatises on 
 life annuities and insurances. He 
 died in Tavistock Place, KusseU 
 Square, aged seventy, August 30, 
 1811. 
 
 BAIN, Alexander, an eminent 
 electrician, was bom about the year 
 1811. He took out his first patent 
 in 1811, when he applied currents 
 to clocks, showing that clocks could 
 be worked without winding, and 
 from one standard timepiece. In 
 the same year he invented a type- 
 printing machine, and discovered, 
 as Steinhill had done in 1838, that 
 in forming an electric circuit the 
 eai-th could be used, and a return 
 wire dispensed with. In 1813 he 
 invented his electro-chemical print- 
 ing telegraph, and in the following 
 year invented an apparatus to re- 
 gister the progress of ships through 
 water. In 181G he brought out his 
 perforated pciper for automatic 
 transmission of messages, and in 
 184:7 applied electricity to act upon 
 musical instruments so as to play 
 several of them simultaneously. Of 
 all his numerous inventions, his 
 automatic chemical recorder is per- 
 haps the most important, and the 
 one by which his name will be re- 
 membered. His claim to be the 
 inventor of the electro-magnetic 
 clock and of the electro-magnetic 
 printing telegraph was disputed by 
 Wheatstone. During the last 
 years of his life he was stricken by 
 paralysis, and died at the Home for 
 Incurables at Broomhill, Kirkin- 
 tilloch, Januai-y 2, 1877. He had 
 for some time received a pension 
 from Government. 
 
 BAIN, Sir "William, Knight, 
 was born in the year 1771, at 
 Culross, in Perthshire. He entered 
 the navy in 1793, and joined the 
 Centurion frigate, under Admiral 
 M'Bride, in which he was engaged 
 at the siege of Dunkirk. In 1795 
 Mr. Bain was present at the re- 
 duction of Trincomalee, and was 
 
42 
 
 BAINES— BAIED. 
 
 wounded while serving in the bat- ' 
 teries on shore. In 1800 the Cen- 
 turion and other frigates were 
 employed in blockading Batavia, I 
 where during five months' hard ' 
 service not a day passed without 
 ships or boats being in action. The 
 loss of life was enormous ; but 
 seventy-one of the enemy's vessels 
 were taken or destroyed. In 1807 
 Mr. Bain, then in command of the 
 Caroline, helped to capture the 
 Spanish ship St. Rcqyhael on its 
 way to Manilla, and having on 
 Ijoard 6IG3OOO dollars. The captm-e 
 of this galleon completed the de- 
 struction of the long-enjoyed mono- 
 poly of the once powerful Royal 
 Philippine Company. In 1811 Mr. 
 Bain was appointed to the Syhilh', 
 in which he was actively engaged 
 in the Channel, the Cork Station, 
 America, and the coast of Green- 
 land. During these cruises Mr. 
 Bain was engaged in the investi- 
 gation of that branch of magnetic 
 science called " Local Magnetic 
 Attraction ;" and in 1817 he pub- 
 lished " An Essay on the Variation 
 of the Compass," a work thought 
 so highly of that he received the 
 thanks of the Admiralty and the 
 East India Company, besides 
 various pecuniary awards. Mr. 
 Bain built the steam ship Tourist 
 on a new principle ; and, having 
 surveyed the coast of the Firth of 
 I'orth, he suggested the building 
 of the jjort of Granton. His design 
 was adoi^ted by the Duke of Buc- 
 cleuch, who built a pier, and formed 
 a complete harbour, of which he 
 api^ointed Mr. Bain harbour master. 
 On this pier he received Her Ma- 
 jesty on her first visit to Scotland, 
 when he received the honour of 
 knighthood. He died at the Grange, 
 Romford, Sept. 11, 1853. 
 
 BAINES, Edward [1774—1818], 
 a magistrate for the West Riding 
 of Yoi'kshire and the town of 
 Leeds, and at one time M.P. for 
 that borougli, began life as a 
 printer, and was apprenticed to 
 Mr. Walter, whose service he left j 
 
 to seek his fortunes at Leeds, where 
 he was engaged by the publishers 
 of the Leeds Mercury, with whom 
 he served the remainder of his 
 time. In 1801, with the help of 
 friends, he was enabled to buy 
 this paper, which from being a 
 local journal of small dimensions, 
 became an extensive political in- 
 fluence in the North of England. 
 In 1833, on the appointment of 
 Mr. Macaulay to an oflficial post in 
 India, Mr. Baines was returned as 
 the Liberal member for Leeds, which 
 he represented till 1811, when he 
 retired, owing to ill health. He 
 had already appeared as an author, 
 having written " The History of 
 the W^ars of the French Revolu- 
 tion," which was subsequently 
 made to embrace a wider range, 
 and became a " History of the 
 Reign of George III. ;" and a 
 " Histoi'y of the County Palatine 
 of Lancaster." The last-named is 
 still highly valued. 
 
 BAINES, The Right Hon. 
 Matthew Talbot, was born in 
 1799, and was the eldest son of 
 the above. He was educated at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, where 
 he obtained a Scholarship. He 
 was called to the bar in 1825, and 
 after a tolerably successful career 
 on the Northern Circuit was ap- 
 pointed Recorder of Hull 1837, 
 and Q.C. 1841. He entered Par- 
 liament in 1847 as Member for 
 Hull, which place he represented 
 till elected for Leeds in 1852. In 
 1849 he was appointed by Lord 
 John Russell, President of the Poor 
 Law Board ; and in Lord Pal- 
 merston's first administration was 
 made Chancellor of the Duchy of 
 Lancaster. He was the first Dis- 
 senter ever admitted to a seat in 
 the Cabinet. He died at Queen's 
 Square, Westminster, January 13, 
 18G0. 
 
 BAIRD, James, a great iron- 
 master, was born in 1803, and was 
 the fourth son of Alexander Baird, 
 of Lock wood. He succeeded to 
 Auchmedden on the death of liis 
 
lUKEK— BALFE. 
 
 4:3 
 
 brother Robert in 1856. In 1851 
 he was returned to Parliament for 
 the Falkirk Bui't^hs, in the Con- 
 servative interest, and represented 
 that constituency until 1857. Not 
 long before his death he contri- 
 buted no less than half a million 
 sterling to the " Baird Trust," 
 which he founded in connection 
 with the Church of Scotland. He 
 died June 20, 1876. 
 
 BAKER, William [1814—1878], 
 Member of the Council of the In- 
 stitution of Civil Engineers, and who 
 filled the office of Chief Engineer 
 to the London and Xorth-Western 
 Railway Co., began his professional 
 career in 183 1 as an articled pupil 
 of Mr. George W. Buck, in the 
 construction of the London and 
 Birmingham Railwav. under the 
 direction of Mr. Robei-t Stephenson. 
 From that time he was jH-actically 
 engaged almost uninterruptedly 
 upon many of the undertakings 
 which ultimatelv became merged 
 in the London and Xorth-Western 
 system. He was consulting engi- 
 neer in the construction of the 
 ( Treat Exhibition building of 1862. 
 
 BALFE, Michael "William, one 
 of the most popular and pleasing 
 composers of the age, was born in 
 May, 1808, in Dublin, where he 
 passed the first four years of his 
 life and then accompanied his 
 father to Wexford, where he began 
 to show an enthusiastic love of 
 music. Having been taken to hear 
 the band of an infantry regiment, 
 he became so fond of its perform- 
 ances that he sought and made 
 every opjDortunity of listening to 
 its strains. Whenever missed from 
 school or from home, he was sure to 
 be found in the barrack-yard. The 
 bandmaster, a Mr. Meadows, re- 
 marked the regular attendance of 
 the boy, and, having made his 
 acquaintance, invited him to his 
 house, where he soon became a great 
 favourite. Meadows, greatlv struck 
 by the boy's talent, after some 
 time gave him gratuitoiis instruc- 
 tion on the violin, and, in less than 
 
 three months, young Balfe acquired 
 so marvellous a facility of execu- 
 tion that his master began to feel 
 he could teach him but little more. 
 This was not all. He had gained 
 a knowledge of harmonv and com- 
 position, and, though less than 
 seven years old, set to work and 
 scored a polacca for the band — a 
 performance which the Ijandsmen 
 regarded as little less than marvel- 
 lous. At eight years of age, the 
 intermediate year having been 
 spent with a master named 
 O'Rourke, in Dublin, he made his 
 first public appearance as a violin- 
 ist. At ten he composed a ballad 
 called "The Lover's Mistake." 
 which was afterwards sung by 
 Madame Vestris in the play of 
 " Paul Prv." When Balfe ' was 
 sixteen he left Dublin, coming to 
 London as an articled pupil of 
 C. F. Horn, of St. George's Chapel, 
 Windsor. It should be mentioned 
 that before this he had taken 
 lessons in thorough bass aiKl har- 
 monv from Alexander Lee, a well- 
 known song writer of that day, and 
 endeavoured in every way to per- 
 fect his knowledge of music. Once 
 in London, he quickly succeeded in 
 finding employment. He first 
 procui-ed an engagement in the 
 orchestra of Drury Lane, con- 
 ducted at that time by the well- 
 known Thomas Cooke, who had 
 such confidence in Balfe that on 
 many occasions he gave him the 
 h'lton of command. In 1825 the 
 young man gave up his post in the 
 orchestra to go upon the stage. He 
 possessed a fine baritone voice, and, 
 by dint of practice and observation 
 of the singers who were nightly 
 before him, had become a verv fair 
 vocalist. His first ajjpearance was on 
 the boards of the Xoi'wich Theatre, 
 in the part of Caspar in " Der 
 Freischiitz." Stage-fright, how- 
 ever, marred his success, and for a 
 time he retired. In the same year, 
 a Count Mazzara took him to Rome, 
 where he studied under Frederici, 
 afterwards director-in-chief of the 
 
11. 
 
 BALFOUR. 
 
 Milan Conservatoire, and other 
 masters. From this time his course 
 was one of rapid and even brilliant 
 success. He studied singing under 
 Galli, a famous bass, and also 
 with Bordogni, and, coming to 
 Paris, made the acquaintance of 
 Eossini. That maestro procured 
 him an engagement at the Opera, 
 and his debut (for the fiasco at 
 Norwich can hardly be reckoned a 
 debut) was made as Figaro in the 
 " Barbiere.^' Sontag was the 
 Rosina. This was at the close of 
 1828, when Balfe was in his twenty- 
 first year. From this time till 
 1835 he sang on the stage in Italy, 
 working hard, meanwhile, with his 
 i3en and producing several Italian 
 operas now forgotten. In 1835 he 
 married Friiulein Eosen, a singer, 
 afterwards well-known on the Eng- 
 lish stage as Madame Balfe. In 
 this year he began that series of 
 operas to English words on which 
 his fame will chiefly rest. The 
 " Siege of Roehelle " was produced 
 at Drury Lane on the 29th of 
 October, and was played for more 
 than three months continuously. 
 This was followed, in the early part 
 of 1836, by the " Maid of Artois," 
 in which the gifted Malibran took 
 part at 125L a night. Then came 
 " Catherine Grey," " Falstaff " (not 
 an English opera, by the way, but 
 Italian), and "^Joan of Arc.'" In 
 ISiO he became manager and lessee 
 of the English Opera House — the 
 Lyceum — and opened with ''Keo- 
 lanthe," but the enterj^rise failed. 
 He returned to Paris and wi-ote 
 two operas to words by Scribe and 
 St. George, both being brought out 
 at the Opera Comique ; and then 
 (1813), while on a flying visit to 
 England, he brought out at Drury 
 Lane '" The Bohemian Girl " — a 
 work which may perhaps be said to 
 have given more pleasure to audi- 
 ences than any other opera by any 
 other British composer. In 181A, 
 "The Daughter of St. Mark" 
 appeared, and ran for over a 
 lumdred successive nights, and in 
 
 the following year the " Enchan- 
 tress." ^^ Bondman" (184G) and 
 "The Maid of Honour" (1817) 
 were his next works. From 1845 to 
 1852 Balfe was conductor at Her 
 Majesty's, and in the latter year 
 he made quite a triumphal visit to 
 St. Petersburg. This was succeeded 
 by a journey to Trieste, where he 
 was well received. Some of his 
 most popular operas came last. 
 Such were "The Eose of Castile" 
 (1857), '' Satanella," " Bianca, the 
 Bravo's Bride," "The Puritan's 
 Daughter," " The Armourer of 
 Nantes," and " Blanche de Nevers." 
 This brings us to 1863. In the 
 following year the versatile Irish- 
 man tried the role of gentleman- 
 farmer in Hertfordshire, dividing 
 his time between the delights of 
 agriculture and visits to Paris. 
 But his health began to show sym- 
 toms of failing ; domestic losses 
 also afflicted him, and in October, 
 1870, he died of an attack of bron- 
 chitis. The last opera of Balfe's 
 brought out was an Italian version, 
 called "II Talismano," or "The 
 Knight of the Leopard." It was 
 founded on Scott's novel, and was 
 originally written for Mr. Sims 
 Eeeves, but was not produced till 
 Mr. Maplesou gave it in 1874. 
 
 BALFOUE, Francis Maitland, 
 M.A., F.E.S. [1851-1882], one of 
 the most brilliant scientific investi- 
 gators of the day, was a son of Mr. 
 James Maitland Balfour, of Whit- 
 tinghame, Preston-Kirk, was edu- 
 cated at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 of which he was elected a Fellow in 
 1874. He at once took an active 
 part, in conjunction with Dr. 
 Michael Foster, in the prosecution 
 of the study of biology, and very 
 early obtained a high reputation, 
 not only as a teacher, but as an 
 original investigator. In 1878 he 
 was elected an F.E.S. , and later a 
 member of the council of that body. 
 In 1881 he was awarded a medal by 
 the Eoyal Society for his investiga- 
 tions in embryology and compara- 
 tive anatomy^ and was pronounced 
 
BALL— BANDINEL. 
 
 45 
 
 in the Proceedingifs of that Eociety 
 to be " in the front rank of original 
 workers of those branches of 
 science." His chief works are " A 
 Monograph upon the Development 
 of Elasmo-branch Fishes," 1878; 
 and " A Treatise on Comparative 
 Embryology," 2 vols. He also 
 contributed largely to the Trans- 
 actions of the Koyal Society, the 
 Zoological Society, and the " Quar- 
 terly Journal of Microscopical 
 Science." He was an honorary 
 LL.D. of Glasgow University, 
 President of the Cambridge Philo- 
 sophical Society, and one of the 
 secretaries of the British Associa- 
 tion. When the Professorship of 
 Animal Morphology was established 
 at the University in May, 1882, Mr. 
 Balfour was unanimously elected 
 tlie first professor. The chair was 
 established in order to secure the 
 services of Mr. Balfour for the Uni- 
 versity. He went to spend the 
 summer of 18S2 in alpine climbing, 
 and unfortunately was killed, to- 
 gether with his guide, while at- 
 
 tempting to ascend the Aiguille 
 Blanche, a virgin peak of Mont 
 Blanc, July 19, 1882. A memorial 
 fund, called the " Balfour Fund," 
 was raised at Cambridge, to estab- 
 lish a studentship, the holder of 
 v/hich " shall devote himself to 
 original research in biology, especi- 
 ally animal morphology ;" and Mr. 
 Balfour's family jDresented his scien 
 tific library to the University for the 
 use of the Morphological Labora- 
 torv. 
 
 BALL, Samuel [1780-1874], for 
 many years a member of the East 
 India Company's establishment at 
 Canton, was mainly instrumental 
 with Sir Henry Pottinger in open- 
 ing the Chinese poi't of Foo-Chow, 
 for the export of black teas, in 1842. 
 He studied the Chinese modes of 
 cultiu-e and manufacture of tea, and 
 in 1848 published a scientific and 
 practical work on that subject, 
 which has remained a standard 
 book with the growers of tea in our 
 Eastern possessions. 
 
 BALLANTINE, James, artist 
 and poet, was born in "West Port, 
 Edinburgh, in ISOS^ and was edu- 
 cated in that town. He began his 
 career as apprentice to a house 
 painter, after which he devoted 
 himself to glass-staining, in his 
 leisure writing songs and stories, 
 among which may be mentioned 
 " The Gaberlunzie's Wallet," pub- 
 lished in 1843 ; " The Miller of 
 Deanhaugh," 18U ; "A Treatise 
 on Stained Glass," 1845 ; " Poems," 
 185G ; " Songs with Music," 1865 ; 
 and " Life of David Eoberts, K.A.," 
 18GG. He was chosen by the Eoyal 
 Commissioners on Fine Art to exe- 
 cute the stained glass windows for 
 the House of Lords. He died 
 December 18, 1877. 
 
 BAMFOED, Samuel [1788— 
 1872] was successively a weaver, 
 warehouseman, sailor, public secre- 
 tary, bookseller, newspaper cor- 
 respondent, and Government clerk, 
 and was several times a political 
 prisoner. His two chief Avorks, 
 "Passages in the Life of a Eadical," 
 and "Early Days," give a detailed 
 account of his connexion with the 
 political movements in Lancashire, 
 which brought liim into notorietv. 
 He also wrote several poems of con- 
 siderable merit, of which jthe chief 
 was " The Pass of Death," wi-itten 
 shortly after the decease of George 
 Canning. 
 
 BANDINEL. The Eev. Bulkeley 
 D.D. [1781— l^Gl], was descended 
 from one of the oldest and noblest 
 families in Italy, the representative 
 of which, in the early part of the 
 17th century, settled in Jersey, and 
 was appointed the first Protestant 
 dean of that island by James I. 
 Dr. Bandinel's father was the first 
 of the family who settled in Eng- 
 land. Dr. Bandinel Avas educated 
 at Eeading and AVinchester Schools, 
 from the latter of which ho pro- 
 ceeded as scholar to New College, 
 Oxford, and took his M.A. degi'ec 
 in 1807. In 1808 he accompanied 
 Admiral Sir James de Saumarez, 
 as chaplain, in the Victory to the 
 
IG 
 
 BANIM— BARCLAY. 
 
 BaltiCj, and in 1810 was ajDpointed 
 Under-Librarian of the Bodleian by 
 the Librarian,, the E-ev. John Price, 
 on whose death in 1813 he suc- 
 ceeded to the librarianship. In 
 1823 he was appointed by Dr. 
 Barrington^ then Bishop of Dur- 
 ham, to the Rectory of Hanghton- 
 le-Skerne, in that county, and 
 proceeded to the degrees of B.D. 
 and D.D. In the spring of 1860 
 he resigned his librarianship, and 
 in Michaelmas of the same year 
 received from the University, in 
 consideration of his distinguished 
 services, a pension considerably ex- 
 ceeding that fixed by statvite. In 
 knowledge of books he had few 
 equals, and as a librarian was in- 
 defatigable. To the very last he 
 Avas commonly believed to know 
 the size, appearance, and j)osition 
 of every volume belonging to the 
 library. 
 
 BANIM, John. He was the 
 younger but better known of the 
 two brothers who were joint au- 
 tliors of the " Tales by the O'Hara 
 family." He was born at Kil- 
 kenny in 1798, and began life as 
 an artist and drawing-master. Ill 
 health and a desjjonding nature 
 caused him to give up, first art, and 
 then dramatic literature, although 
 his play "Damon and Pythias'' 
 had been acted Avith success at 
 Drury Lane Theatre. The first 
 series of the " O'Hara Tales " was 
 published in 1825, the last in 1829. 
 At that time John Banini, only 
 thirty-one years of age, was a hope- 
 less invalid, but he lived until 
 1812, when, on Aug. 13, his suffer- 
 ings ended. The " O'Hara Tales," 
 by John Banim, are " The Peep 
 o' Day," "The Fetches," "The 
 Smuggler," " Peter of the Castle," 
 " The Nowlans," " The Last Baron 
 of Crana," and "The Disowned." 
 As the titles suggest the tales are 
 sensational to the last degree, but 
 they are the fruit of a powei'ful 
 thougli gloomy imagination, and 
 are written with a circumstantiality, 
 truth, and raciness which blind the 
 
 reader to the unlikeliness of the 
 events. 
 
 BANIM, Michael, brother of 
 the above, was born at Kilkenny, 
 1796. He was educated for a bar- 
 rister, but finally went into^business. 
 I Unlike his brother John he wrote 
 \ chiefly for amusement. He was 
 ; joint author of the " Tales by the 
 I O'Hara family," and wrote many 
 other romances, among them "The 
 Croppy," "The Ghost HunDer," 
 "Father Connell," and "The 
 Town of the Cascades." He died 
 at Booterstown, Co. Dublin, Aug. 
 30, 1874. 
 
 BANNERMAN, Sir Alexander, 
 Knt. [1783— 1864], a cousin of the 
 baronet of that name, was a native 
 of Aberdeen. He was for many 
 years an extensive shipowner, mer- 
 chant, and banker at Aberdeen, 
 which city he represented in Par- 
 liament, in the Liberal interest, 
 from 1832 to 1847. He was elected 
 dean of the Faculty in Marischal 
 College, in his native city, in 1837, 
 and appointed by Lord Melbourne, 
 in 1841, one of the commissioners 
 of Greenwich Hospital. In 1851 
 he was knighted on being appointed 
 to the governorship of Prince of 
 Wales' Island, whence he was re- 
 ferred to the Bahamas, as Governor 
 and Commander-in-Chief in 1854. 
 He held the chief command of the 
 colony of Newfoundland, 1857-63. 
 
 BARCLAY, Captain Robert 
 [1779 — 1854], was the eldest son of 
 Robert Barclay, of Ury, M.P. for 
 Kincardine, by his second wife, 
 Sarah Anne Allardice, daughter 
 and heir of James Allardice of 
 Allardice, Kincardine. He was 
 noted for his extraordinary feats of 
 strength and endurance, and for 
 his skill in athletic sports. When 
 only fifteen years old he Avon a 
 match of 100 guineas by Avalking 
 six miles Avithin an hour. Two years 
 after he walked 70 miles in 14 
 hours, and at the age of 19 he ac- 
 complished 90 miles in 21 hours. 
 In Dec, 1799, he performed the 
 journey from London to Binning- 
 
BAEHAM— BAKING. 
 
 17 
 
 ham, by Cam}jiid»^e, a distance of 
 150 miles, in two days. He walked 
 from London to Ury, 510 miles, in 
 10 days. His match for 5,000 
 guineas, to perform 90 miles in 21i 
 hours, excited ^rreat attention. In 
 a preliminary trial he accomplished 
 110 miles at the rate of 135 miles 
 in 24: hours ; and he gained the 
 5,000 guinea match on Nov. 10, 
 1801, by an hour and eight minutes, 
 without being overtired. Captain 
 Barclay next undertook to walk 1,000 
 miles in 1,000 successive hoxu-s (41 
 days, IG hours). Previous attempts 
 to do this had failed — the pedes- 
 trians giving in at the end of 15, 
 22, or 30 days — but Captain Bar- 
 clay commenced his task at New- 
 mai'ket, June 1, at midnight, and 
 finished it at the a^jpointed time, 
 on July 12, at about tlu-ee o'clock 
 in the afternoon, amidst thousands 
 of spectators. About .£100,000 de- 
 pended on the match. He entered 
 the army in 1797, but only saw 
 active service in the Walcheren 
 expedition in 1809, when he acted 
 as aide-de-camp to Lieut. -Gen. the 
 Marquis of Huntly. In his old 
 age. Captain Barclay devoted him- 
 self to agriculture, spending much 
 time and money in the imj^rove- 
 ment of the breed of cattle and 
 sheep, the annual sale at Ury draw- 
 ing together the most eminent agri- 
 culturists from all parts of the king- 
 dom. He died at Urv, May 8, 1854. 
 BAEHAM, The Eev. Eichard 
 Harris _17S8 — 1845], better known 
 by his nom de plume of Thomas 
 Ingoldsby , was born at Canterbury, 
 where his family had lived for 
 many generations. He was an 
 only son, and his father, who died 
 in 1795, left him a small estate, 
 part of which was the manor of 
 Tappington, so often mentioned in 
 the " Legends." At the age of 
 nine he was sent to St. Paul's 
 School, where, however, his studies 
 were interrupted by an accident 
 (the upsetting of the Dover mail), 
 in which his arm was shattered, 
 and partially crippled for life. 
 
 Being by this unaVjle to enjoy much 
 bodily activity, he became a great 
 reader and a diligent student. He 
 entered Brasenose College, Oxford, 
 in 1807, intending at first to study 
 for the Bar, but he subsequently 
 changed his mind_, and entered the 
 Church. He was ordained in 1813, 
 and took a country curacy. In the 
 following year he married, and in 
 1821 was appointed Minor Canon 
 of St. Paul's Cathedi-al. In 1824 he 
 became one of the priests in ordi- 
 nary of His Majesty's Chapel Eoyal, 
 and soon afterwards was presented 
 to the rectory of the united parishe.s 
 of St. Mary Magdalene and St. 
 Gi'egory by St. Paul. He first 
 wrote for Blackwood's Magazine in 
 182G, and in 1837, when Bentley's 
 3Iiscellany was started, he wrote 
 for it the "Ingoldsby Legends" 
 which were very popular, and at 
 once established his reputation as 
 a wi-iter of great humour. They 
 were subsequently published in a 
 collected form, and passed through 
 numerous editions. He was a con- 
 tributor to the Ed i n h u rg hRev iev:, and 
 the Literary Gazette, wrote a novel, 
 " My Cousin Nicholas,'" and contri- 
 buted almost a third of the articles 
 in Gorton's Biographical Dictionary. 
 His two most intimate friends were 
 Theodore Hook and the Eev. Sydney 
 Smith, and he was also acquainted 
 with several other of the distin- 
 guished wits of his dav. A short 
 memoir by his son was prefixed to 
 a new edition of "Ingoldsby" in 
 1847, and in 1870 a fuller "Life 
 and Letters " was published. 
 
 BAEING, Sir Thomas, second 
 Baronet, of Larkbear, Devon, a 
 Deputy-Lieutenant of Hampshii-e, 
 was the eldest son of Sir Francis 
 Baring, a Devonshire gentleman, 
 who founded the London branch of 
 the family. Sir Thomas was the 
 eldest of five brothers, three of 
 whom died within a few weeks of 
 each other; viz., Thomas on the 
 3rd April, Henry on the 13th April, 
 and Lord Ashburton on May 13. 
 Sir Thomas Baring succeeded to 
 
48 
 
 BAEING— BARKER. 
 
 the baronetcy on the death of his 
 father, Sept. 12, 1810. He sat for 
 Wycombe in the Parliaments of 
 1830 and 1831, but resigned his 
 seat in favour of Colonel the Hon. 
 Sir C, Grey before the dissolution 
 of 1832. He was best known for 
 his taste in art, and he formed the 
 famous " Baring Collection " of 
 pictures, which after his death were 
 sold by Messrs. Christie and Man- 
 son, many of them being purchased 
 by the family, and being now in 
 Lord Northbrook's gallery. He 
 married at Ctilcutta, in 1794, Mary 
 Ursula, eldest daughter of Charles 
 Sealey, of Calcutta, barristei--at-law, 
 and had seven children. He died 
 at Stratton Park, near Winchester, 
 April 3, 1818, aged 75. 
 
 BAEING, Thomas, M.P. [1800 
 ■ — 1873], son of the above and 
 next brother to the late Sir 
 Francis Baring (who was raised to 
 the peerage as Lord Northbrook, 
 Jan. 4, and died Sept. 6, 1866), was 
 educated at Winchester School. 
 He early entered the famous city 
 house which bears the name of his 
 family ; and in 1835 was elected 
 M.P. for Great Yarmouth, which he 
 continued to represent till 1838. 
 In 1843, upon the death of Sir 
 Matthew Wood, he contested the 
 City of London with Mr. Pattison. 
 At the close of the poll, Mr. Baring- 
 was in a minority of 156. On the 
 elevation of Sir Frederick Pollock 
 to the bench, in April, 1844, Mr. 
 Baring was elected for the borough 
 of Huntingdon, which he repre- 
 sented in the Conservative interest. 
 It is generally understood that in 
 1852, and again in 1858, Lord 
 Derby offered him the Chancellor- 
 ship of the Exchequer. Mr. Baring- 
 acted as one of the Commissioners 
 of the International Exhibition of 
 1862, and was a deputy-lieutenant 
 of London. In March, 1868, he re- 
 signed the chairmanship of Lloyd's, 
 which oflice he had held since 1830. 
 
 BAEKEE, Matthew Henry 
 [1700—1846], at one time well 
 known by the name of the " Old 
 
 Sailor,^' was the son. of a dissenting 
 minister, who for nearly half a 
 century was preacher in a chapel at 
 Deptford. He went to sea at the 
 age of sixteen, and served many 
 years in the Eoyal Navy, his high- 
 est promotion being acting-master 
 of the Flamar gun-brig. In 1813 
 he commanded the True Briton, 
 hired armed schooner, carrying 
 despatches under Lord Keith, and 
 being unemployed at the end of 
 the war, he began to turn his 
 attention to literature. Among his 
 works may be mentioned " Land 
 and Sea Tales," "Tough Yarns," 
 " The Life of Nelson," '' Nights at 
 Sea," and hundreds of communica- 
 tions in verse as well as prose to 
 the Literary Gazette, Bentley's Mis- 
 cellany, various annuals, and, at 
 the close of his life, the Pictorial 
 Times and the United Service 
 Gazette, but with all his efforts he 
 failed to do more than barely sup- 
 port himself and family, and he 
 died in jjoverty and misery. 
 
 BAEKEE, Thomas (Barker of 
 Bath) . He was the son of Benjamin 
 Barker the animal jDainter, and was 
 born near Pontypool, Monmouth- 
 shire, in 1769. He removed with 
 his family to Bath, where he made 
 some good copies of the old masters, 
 and at the age of twenty-one was 
 sent by a friend to study Art in 
 Italy. In 1791 he sent home his 
 first picture to the Academy, and 
 continued an occasional exhibitor 
 both to the Academy and the 
 British Institution for many years. 
 Among his best known works are 
 " The Woodman ; " " Old Tom ; " 
 "The Gipsy;" "The Woodman's 
 Cottage-door," and in 1813 he pub- 
 lished forty tinted plates of " Eustic 
 Figures after Nature," and also 
 brought out a series of lithographic 
 works. He made an exhibition of 
 his works in Lower Brook Street. 
 He died at Bath Dec. 11, 1847. He 
 exhibited 118 paintings. There is 
 a remarkable landscape by him in 
 the National Gallery, and three oil- 
 paintings and four water-colour 
 
BAKKEKr-BAKLoW. 
 
 1:1 
 
 drawings from his hand are in the 
 South Kensington Galleries. 
 
 BARKER, Thomas Jones. He 
 was the eldest son of the preced- 
 ing, and was born in 1815. At 
 the age of twenty he went to Paris 
 to study art, and became the pupil 
 of Horace Vernet. During his 
 residence in Paris Barker was a 
 frequent exhibitor at the Salon, 
 and at different times received 
 three gold medals for the excellence 
 of his work. He painted several 
 pictures for Louis Philippe, by j 
 whom he was created a Knight of 
 the Legion of Honour. In England 
 Barker is chiefly kno-^ai as a jjainter ; 
 of porti'aits and military subjects. 
 Among others of his Avorks, widelj' 
 known through the medimn of j 
 engraving, are " The Meeting of 
 Wellington and Blucher/' "The 
 Allied Generals before Sebasto- , 
 pol ; " The Relief of Lucknow ; " 
 " The Capitulation of Kars ; " " Lord 
 Xelson receiving the Swords of the 
 Spanish Officers,'' and "The Sur- 
 render of Xapoleon at Sedan." 
 Barker was a frequent contributor 
 to the Academy, and exhibited in 
 all seventv-eight works. He died 
 March 27/l882. 
 
 BARLOWj Sir George Hilaro, 
 Bart. [1762—1816], G.C.B., at one 
 time Governor-General of Bengal, 
 and subsequently Governor, of 
 Madras, was the fourth son of 
 William Barlow, Esq., of Bath. He 
 went to India in the service of the 
 East India Company in 1778, where 
 his high attainments soon drew 
 upon him the attention of the 
 ruling authorities. In 1787 he was 
 commissioned by Lord Cornwallis 
 to conduct an investigation into 
 the state of the manufactures and 
 commerce of the province of Be- 
 nares, for which in 1788 in a des- 
 patch to the Court of Directors, the 
 acknow^ledgments of the Supreme 
 Government were expressed for the 
 " ability, zeal, and unwearied as- 
 siduity with which Mr. Barlow had 
 executed the commission intrusted 
 to him." In 1788 Mr. Barlow was 
 
 nominated sulj-secretary to tlie 
 Supreme Government in the re venu<.' 
 department, an office of great im- 
 portance, which he filled with dis- 
 tinguished ability. In 1796 he was 
 appointed Chief Secretary to the 
 Supreme Government, and in 1801 
 to the station of a Member of the 
 Council of Bengal. Lord Wellesley, 
 who was at that time absent from 
 the seat of government, imme- 
 diately appointed him to be Vice- 
 President in Council during his 
 absence from the Presidency. In 
 1802 the Covu-t of Directors ap- 
 pointed Mr. Barlow to the situation 
 of Provisional Governor-General, 
 and in 1803 he was created a baronet. 
 An important change took place in 
 the Government of India in 1805. 
 by the recall of Lord Wellesley and 
 the re-ajjpointment of Lord Corn- 
 wallis as Governor. Lord Corn- 
 wallis arrived in India in July, and 
 had not proceeded far with the work 
 of pacification with the Mahratta 
 States, with which we were then at 
 war, when his career was cut short 
 by death, and Sir G. Barlow suc- 
 ceeded to the office of Governor- 
 General. On the death of Mr. Pitt, 
 in Jan. 1806, Mr. Fox's administra- 
 tion came into power, and a sweep- 
 ing change was made in every office 
 under Government, Sir George 
 being required to resign his Gover- 
 nor-Generalship, a proceeding which 
 excited strong disapprobation. Lord 
 Melville and Lord Castlereagh, in 
 their places in Parliament, warmly 
 protesting against it. Sii- George 
 had resolved on immediately re- 
 turning to England, but his 
 Majesty's Government and the 
 Court of Directors requested so 
 earnestly that his services in India 
 might be continued that he yielded 
 to their solicitations, on which occa- 
 sion the king conferred on him the 
 Order of the Bath. The Court of 
 Directors appointed him Governor 
 of Madras in 1809, and during his 
 term of office an alarming mutiny 
 broke out in the Madras army, 
 combined with great distractions in 
 
 E 
 
50 
 
 BAENAKD— BAKNEWALL 
 
 the civil service ; and for the energy, 
 firmness, and ability with which 
 he acted on this occasion. Sir 
 George received the warmest appro- 
 bation of the Supreme Government 
 and of the Court of Directors. 
 George III. intended to have raised 
 Sir George Barlow to the peerage 
 on this occasion, and all the pre- 
 liminary arrangements had been 
 made for it when his Majesty died. 
 Sir George was recalled from India 
 in 1814-, having passed thirty-four 
 stormy years in that country. On 
 his return he withdrew entirely 
 from public life. He married at 
 Calcutta, April, 1789, Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Burton Smith of West- 
 meath. He died at Fir Grove, 
 Farnham, Dec. 22, 1846. 
 
 BAENAED, General Sir An- 
 drew Francis, G.C.B., G.C.H., 
 Lieut. -Governor of Chelsea Hos- 
 pital, and Colonel of the 1st battalion 
 Eifle Brigade, was born in Donegal 
 in 1773, and was the son of theEev. 
 Dr. Henry Barnard, and grandson 
 of the Bishop of Derry. He en- 
 tered the army in 1794', served at 
 St. Domingo in 1795, accompanied 
 the expedition under General Sir 
 Ealph Abercromby to the West 
 Indies, and was at the reduction of 
 Morne Fortunee. He accompanied 
 the expedition to the Helder in 
 1799, and was present in the actions 
 of Aug. 27, Sept. 10, and Oct. 2 
 and 0. He took part in the Penin- 
 sular War, was engaged at Barossa, 
 Ciudad Eodrigo, Badajoz, Sala- 
 manca, Vittoria, Nivelle, Orthes, 
 and Toulouse. During the last 
 four years of this war, he had com- 
 mand of the 1st battalion of the 
 Eifle Brigade. He served in the 
 campaign of 1815, and was slightly 
 wounded at Waterloo, on which 
 occasion he received the Eussian 
 order of St. George, and the Aus- 
 trian order of Maria Theresa. On 
 the capitulation of Paris, he was 
 appointed commandant of the 
 British division occujDying the 
 French capital. In 1821, George 
 IV. appointed him Groom of the 
 
 Bedchamber, and in 182G he was 
 made Equerry to his Majesty. On 
 the accession of William TV., he 
 became Clerk Marshal in the royal 
 household, and up to the time of 
 Her Majesty's death, was Clerk 
 Marshal to Queen Adelaide. In 
 1822 he Avas apj)ointed Colonel of 
 the 1st battalion of the Eifle Bri- 
 gade, and was made Governor of 
 Chelsea Hospital in Nov. 1849. 
 He attained the full rank of General 
 in 1851. In 1834 he was nominated 
 a Grand Cross of the Hanoverian 
 Guelphic Order, and a Grand 
 Cross of the Bath in 1840. The 
 honorary degree of M.A. was con- 
 ferred upon him by the University 
 of Cambridge, 1842. He was also 
 one of the early promoters of the 
 Eoyal Academy of Music. He died 
 January 17, 1855. 
 
 BAENES, Thomas. He was born 
 in 1786, was educated at Christ's 
 Hospital, and afterwards at Pem- 
 broke College, Cambridge, where he 
 took his B.A. in 1808, when he was 
 : first senior optime and M.A. in 
 j 1811. He succeeded Dr. Stoddart 
 I as principal editor of the Times 
 newspaper ; and through his extra- 
 ordinary editorial ability, exercised 
 with the help of a chief proprietor 
 of singular energy and judgment, he 
 raised that journal to pre-eminence. 
 He was one of the most brilliant 
 political writers of the day, but 
 from the nature of the case he 
 achieved rather influence than 
 fame, and has left but little per- 
 sonal record of a life that counted 
 for much in the history of England 
 from 1820 to 1840. He died in Soho 
 Square, May 7th, 1841. 
 
 BAENEWALL, Eichard 
 Vaughan, the son of Eobert Barne- 
 wall, an eminent merchant of 
 London, and jiupil of Mr. Bliek, the 
 Special Pleader, was called to the 
 bar in 1806, and practised at the 
 Surrey Sessions and on the Home 
 Circuit, but was chiefly known as a 
 reporter. He began his long series 
 of Eeports in 1817, and continued 
 them till 1834, having for his col- 
 
TJAKKOW— liARKY. 
 
 51 
 
 leagues Mr. Baron Alderson, Mr. 
 Justice Cresswell, and Mr. Adolphus, 
 junior. His Reports were faithful 
 and valuable records of the deci- 
 sions of the court in which Lords 
 Ellenboi'ouijh and Teuterden pre- 
 sided. He retired from the oifice of 
 reportinj^ on succeedinj^ to the pro- 
 perty of his relative the Baroness 
 de Montesquieu, and on that occa- 
 sion the Bar presented him with a 
 splendid silver vase, and the judges, 
 with the Lord Chancellor at their 
 head, accompanied it with a testi- 
 monial of their personal esteem. 
 He died at liis chamVjers in the 
 Temple, January 29, 1812. 
 
 BARROW, Sir John, Bart., 
 LL.D., F.R.S. [17G4— ISJ^S], was 
 born at Drai^lay-Back, near Ulver- 
 ston, Lancashire, and received some 
 edu<.'ation at the G-rammar School 
 of that place. He became a clerk 
 in an iron foundry, and afterwards 
 teacher of mathematics at a school 
 in Greenwich. While thus occu- 
 lted, he obtained through the 
 interest of Sir George Staunton, a 
 post in the first British Embassy to 
 China. He studied the Chinese 
 language, and on his return in 
 ITOJ', was regarded by the British 
 Government as an authority on 
 Chinese questions. In 1797 he ac- 
 companied Lord Macartney in his 
 mission to settle the government of 
 the newly-acquired colony of the 
 Cape of Good Hope, and was en- 
 trusted by him to open communi- 
 cations with the Kaffres. Then he 
 published his ^'Travels in South 
 Africa," and was soon after ap- 
 pointed by Lord Melville second 
 secretary to the Admiralty. He 
 remained at the Admiralty for forty 
 years, gaining the good will of 
 eleven successive First Lords, and 
 more especially of William IV., 
 while Lord High Admiral. He 
 was created a baronet in 1835, was 
 a F.R.S. and a LL.D. He was 
 moreover a voluminous writer of 
 Lives, described modern Arctic 
 voyages, and wrote his autobio- 
 graphy (1817). 
 
 BARRY, Sir Charles, R.A., 
 Architect. He was the son of a 
 
 stationer in Bridge Street, West- 
 minster, was born May 23, 1795, 
 and was articled to an architect. 
 At the expiration of his articles in 
 1816, ho went to Italy, and there 
 studied architecture for two years ; 
 thence he went to Greece, Pales- 
 tine, and Egypt, and returned to 
 England in 1820. In 1822 he began 
 his professional career, and, though 
 quite unknown, won the competi- 
 tion for the erection of St. Peter's 
 Church, Brighton. In this year 
 he also designed a church for Man- 
 chester, and one for Oldham. 
 These gained him a certain reputa- 
 tion ; he was appointed architect 
 to the Dulwich Gallery, and also for 
 the erection of that epoch-making 
 building The Travellers' Club, by 
 which he introduced the palatial 
 Italian architecture — afterwards so 
 popular — into England. This 
 building, which was completed 
 in 1832, placed its designer in 
 the fii'st rank of English a,rchi- 
 tects. In 1831 the Houses of 
 Parliament were burnt do^ni. 
 There was a competition for the 
 building of new ones, Barry's per- 
 pendicular Gothic designs were 
 chosen, and the New Houses began 
 in 1837. In that year he was also 
 appointed to build the Reform Club 
 and the College of Surgeons. While 
 he was busy with these great 
 public works, he was also erecting 
 private houses for Lord Tanker- 
 ville at Walton-on-Thames ; for the 
 Duke of Sutherland, at Cliefden, 
 Trentham, and Dunrobin Castle, in 
 Scotland, and for the Earl of Elles- 
 mere, BridgWciter House, a master- 
 piece of Italian Architecture. But 
 his o'reat life's work was the Houses 
 of Parliament, which both for its 
 vast proportions and elaborate 
 detail, is one of the most extensive 
 works of the time. Judged by the 
 highest standard of architecture, 
 the Houses of Parliament are far 
 from perfect, but they are a truly 
 remarkable achievement for the 
 
 E 2 
 
,j2 
 
 BAKRY. 
 
 time^ and must ever remain one of 
 tlie most charming and picturesque 
 buildings in London. The House 
 of Lords was finished and occupied 
 for the session of 1847, the Commons, 
 with all the principal parts of the 
 building, for that of 1852, and it was 
 then that Barry was knighted. He 
 died at his house at Clapham, on 
 May 12, 1860, and is bui-ied in West- 
 minster Abbey. He was a member 
 of the Royal Academy, a Fellow of 
 the Royal Society, and of the Royal 
 Institute of British Architects, 
 where he was awarded the gold 
 medal in 1850. He also gained the 
 gold medal for architecture at the 
 Paris Exhibition of 1855. His 
 " Life and Works " has been 
 written by his son the Rev. Alfred 
 Barry, now Bishop of Sydney. 
 
 BARRY, Edward Middleton, 
 R.A., third son of the foregoing, 
 was born in 1830. He was educated 
 at King's College School, London, 
 and studied architecture under Pro- 
 fessor Donaldson at University Col- 
 lege, London, in the office of Mr. 
 T. H. Wyatt, and afterwards under 
 his father, whom he succeeded as 
 architect of the Houses of Parlia- 
 ment in 1860, and in that capacity 
 completed the building. Mr. Barry 
 was the architect of Covent Garden 
 Theatre, which was built from his 
 designs in 1857 in the short 
 space of eight months. He also 
 carried out numerous architectural 
 works, and among them may be 
 mentioned St. Giles's Schools, 
 Endell Street ; restoration of Crewe 
 Hall, Cheshire ; the Opera House at 
 Malta ; the Charing Cross Hotel, 
 and the Eleanor Cross in front of 
 it ; the great hotels at Cannon 
 Street, and the Star and Garter, 
 Richmond ; the Floral Hall, Covent 
 Garden ; the Grammar School at 
 Leeds ; the Birmingham and Mid- 
 land Institute ; St. Saviour's Church, 
 Haverstock Hill ; works at the 
 Exchange, Bristol, at the Fitz- 
 william Museum, Cambridge, and 
 at various private mansions ; and 
 the completion of Halifax Town 
 
 Hall, which was left unfinished by 
 Sir Charles Barry. In 1867 Mr. 
 Barry submitted designs in compe- 
 tition for the new National Gallery, 
 and his design was deemed the best 
 by the judges. In the same year 
 Mr. Barry also competed for the 
 new Law Coui-ts, and was again 
 successful ; as the judges selected 
 his design and that of Mr. G. E. 
 Street as the two best of those sub- 
 mitted to them, and recommended 
 the joint appointment of these two 
 architects. Mr. Disraeli's Govern- 
 ment however, did not comply with 
 this recommendation, but appointed 
 Mr. Barry to the National Gallery 
 (of which however he only built a 
 certain number of rooms in the rear) 
 and Mr. Street to the Law Courts. 
 Mr. Barry was a Fellow of the Royal 
 Institute of British Architects, 
 and filled the office of Vice-Presi- 
 dent ; he was an honorary member 
 of the Imperial and Royal Academy 
 of Fine Arts at Vienna, and an 
 honorary member of the Society of 
 Architecture at Amsterdam, and 
 other societies. He was an associate 
 of the Institution of Civil Engi- 
 neers, and served on the Council 
 of that body. He was elected Asso- 
 ciate of the Royal Academy in 1861, 
 and was made a Royal Academician 
 in 1870. Mr. Barry was elected 
 Professor of Architecture in the 
 Royal Acadeui}', May 16, 1873, and 
 Treasurer in 187-t. He died sud- 
 denly while seated at the Council 
 table of the Academy, Jan. 27. 
 1880. 
 
 BARRY, Sir Redmond, K.C.M.G. 
 [1813—1880], son of the late H. 
 G. Bari'y, of Barryclough, co. Cork, 
 born in 1813, and educated at Trinity 
 College, Dublin, was called to the 
 Irish bar in 1838. In 1850 he was 
 appointed Solicitor-General for the 
 colony of Victoria, and was pro- 
 moted in 1851 to a judgeship in the 
 Supreme Court. He was knighted 
 by patent in 1860, and was Com- 
 missioner from the colony of Vic- 
 toria to the International ExhiV)i- 
 tion of 1862. Sir Redmond Barry 
 
B ARTHOLOME W— B ARTLE Y. 
 
 53 
 
 took the deepest interest in the 
 eaiise of education in Australia. 
 Though a Catholic, he was ap- 
 pointed Chancellor of the New Uni- 
 versity at Melbourne, and pub- 
 lished a volume of "Essays" and 
 " Inaugural Addresses," delivered 
 in that capacity. He was created a 
 K.C.M.G. in 1877. 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW, William 
 [1793 — 1867], claims notice among 
 the musical men of this work, not 
 as composer or performer, but on 
 account of the excellent libretti 
 with which he furnished Men- 
 delssohn and other composers. He 
 was a man of many gifts ; but the 
 public know him chiefly as a com- 
 piler or adapter — offices which de- 
 mand more skill, knowledge, and 
 care than is commonly bestowed on 
 them. "St. Paul," the " Hynm of 
 Praise," "Antigone," '^Athalie," 
 "(Edipus," "Lauda Zion," the 
 " Walpurgisnacht," " Loreley " and 
 " Christus " — all these owe their 
 English dress to Mr. Bartholomew's 
 skill ; while the words of " Elijah " 
 were originally compiled by him. 
 His other works include Costa's 
 " Naaman," and " Eli," and " The 
 Dream;" also the English words 
 for Mehul's " Joseph." 
 
 BARTLETT, William Henry 
 [1809— 185 i], was articled to Mr. 
 John Britton, the architectural an- 
 tiquary, by whom he was employed 
 in making" drawings from the 
 churches of Bristol, Gloucester, 
 and Hereford, for his " Cathedral 
 Antiquities ;" and it was his skill 
 in landscape and scenic effects 
 which led to Mr. Britton's bringing 
 out his " Picturesque Antiquities of 
 English Cities." Mr. Bartlett tra- 
 velled a great deal in Europe, Asia, 
 and America, and on his return 
 from his tour published nineteen 
 large volumes in quarto, relating 
 to those countries, nearly the whole 
 of which contain copious and in- 
 teresting letter-press from the pen 
 of Dr. Beattie, and which are 
 illustrated by about one thousand 
 plates, engraved from Mr. Bartlett's 
 
 drawings. Among Mr. Bartlett's 
 other works may be mentioned his 
 "Walks about Jerusalem," 184i; 
 " The Topography of Jerusalem," 
 1815 ; " Forty Days in the Desert," 
 184S; "The Nile Boat," 1849; 
 " The Overland Route," 1850 ; 
 " Footsteps of our Lord," 1851 ; 
 " Pictures from Sicily," 1852 ; "The 
 Pilgrim Fathers," 1853; and " Jeru- 
 salem Revisited," published after 
 his death. He died on board the 
 French, steamer Egyptus, on its 
 passage from the East, between 
 Malta and Marseilles, Sept. 25, 
 1854. 
 
 BARTLEY, George [1784— 
 1858], comedian ; occupied a pro- 
 minent position before three gene- 
 rations of playgoers both as an 
 actor and manager. Soon after 
 his first appearance he became 
 known as a promising actor. He 
 played the Count in the original 
 cast of " The Honeymoon." After 
 a flourishing career in the pro- 
 vinces, and his marriage with Miss 
 Smith, an eminent actress and 
 reader, he returned to London, 
 where his debut as Falstaft" in 
 " Henry IV." established his re- 
 putation, and he became the wor- 
 thy successor of Dowton, Fawcett, 
 Munden, and other celebrities of a 
 remarkable theatrical epoch. His 
 talent as a reader, second only to 
 that of his wife, led to their fre- 
 quently receiving the royal com- 
 mands to read at Windsor and 
 Buckingham Palace 
 retired from the 
 Princess's Theatre 
 Majesty being present at the fare- 
 well performance. 
 
 BARTLEY, Mrs. [1785—1850], 
 was the daughter of Mr. William- 
 son, an actor. As a child she ap- 
 peared in the provinces , at Salisbury, 
 and Liverpool, and at sixteen made 
 her debut on the Lancaster boards. 
 She afterwards entered Stephen 
 Kemble's company at Edinburgh, 
 where she played for three years ; 
 was subsequently a member of Tate 
 Wilkinson's company at Y'ork, and 
 
 Mr. Bartley 
 stage at the 
 1853, Her 
 
 m 
 
oi 
 
 BAETOH— BASS. 
 
 of Macready's^ at Birmingham, but 
 attained tlie height of her celebrity 
 at Bath. At last her fame reached 
 the ears of Mr. Harris, the manager 
 of Covent Garden, who engag-ed her 
 in 1805 for three years, at a salary 
 of d618 a week for the first season. 
 c£19 for the second, and de20 for the 
 third. She made her debut as Lady 
 Townley, in " The Provoked Hus- 
 band ;" and after the play recited 
 Collins' "Ode to the Passions." 
 From that time her career was very 
 successful both in England and 
 America. She became the wife of 
 Mr. Bartley, the comedian, in 1814. 
 She diedinWoburn Square, Jan. 14, 
 1850. 
 
 BAETON, Bernard, the Quaker 
 poet, was born near London in 1784. 
 At the age of two-and-twenty he 
 removed to Woodbridge, Suffolk, 
 which was ever afterwards his 
 home. There he married ; and 
 there, at the birth of her first child, 
 his wife died. In 1810 he entered 
 Messrs. Alexander's bank, and re- 
 mained in it until the time of his 
 death. His first volume of poetry 
 was published in 1811, and, like all 
 his work, is chiefly remarkable for 
 its purity of tone and pastoral feel- 
 ing. He died at "Woodbridge quite 
 suddenly, Feb. 19, 1849. 
 
 BASE VI, George [1794—1845], 
 architect, was born at Brighton, 
 and educated at Dr. Burney's 
 school at Greenwich, on leaving 
 which he became a puj^il of Sir 
 John Soane, E.A., with whom he 
 remained for six years. At the 
 end of that time he spent three 
 years travelling in Italy and Greece, 
 and on his return soon attracted 
 notice, and was commissioned in 
 1825 to design Belgrave Square. 
 His chief work is the Fitzwilliam 
 Museum at Cambridge, designed in 
 competition in 1835. His other 
 Avorks were : a church at Twicken- 
 ham, St. Mary's Church at Green- 
 Avich, and a church at Brompton 
 and at Hove ; the Elizabethan Hall 
 at Brighton ; and he also built in 
 conjunction Avith Mr. Sydney 
 
 Smirke, the Conservative Club in 
 Pall Mall. His death was acci- 
 dental. Whilst examining the Bell 
 Tower of Ely Cathedral, then imder- 
 going repair under his direction, 
 his foot slipi^ed from a beam on 
 which he was standing, and falling 
 to the floor he was killed instantly. 
 BASS, Michael Thomas [1799— 
 1884], the great brcAA^er, was born 
 at Burton-on-Trent, and educated 
 at the Grammar School there, on 
 leaving Avhich lip entered the vast 
 establishment Av^ith which his name 
 is associated. He was returned to 
 Parliament for Derby in the Liberal 
 interest in 1847, and continued to 
 represent it uninterruptedly for 
 more than thirty-five years, retiring 
 from the rej)resentation in 1883. 
 He soon became knoAvii for his per- 
 sistent attention to his jDarliamen- 
 tary duties, and few men on either 
 side of the House commanded 
 greater respect alike with political 
 opponents and friends. He was 
 specially interested in all questicms 
 relating to the working classes, and 
 in 1866, together with Professor 
 Leone Levi, he gathered together a 
 mass of information relating to the 
 earnings of the AA-orking classes 
 in the United Kingdom. They 
 compiled statistics to show that 
 the total income of the AAorkers in 
 the various occupations in the 
 United Kingdom was about 
 ^418,000,000, not as Mr. Gladstone 
 had alleged in a speech at Liver- 
 pool, ^250,000,000. It Avas Mr. 
 Bass who introduced the Bill Avhich 
 enables all householders to rid 
 themselves of the nuisance of street 
 musicians or singers by making 
 them qiiit the neighbourhood of 
 their houses, and he receiA'^ed the 
 thanks of all lovers of peace for 
 his action. The brewing establish- 
 ment of Avhich he became the head, 
 and Avhich OAves its i^rescnt flourish- 
 ing condition mainly to his exer- 
 tions, Avas founded in J 777 at 
 Burton-on-Trent, l)y Mr, William 
 Bass. For fifty years the firm 
 seem to have carried on their trade 
 
BATEMAX 
 
 oo 
 
 in bitter beer in India, but in 1827 
 they began to open up a trade in 
 this country. It is said that the 
 firm now does as much business in 
 three days as they formerly did in 
 a whole year. Their ale stores near 
 St. Pancras Station cover three 
 floors each two acres in extent, 
 and each containin<j 30,000 barrels 
 of 36 gallons of ale. Besides 
 this they have other large stores, 
 and the breweries at Biu'ton are 
 vast, and employ nearly 3,000 
 hands. The average annual amount 
 of the business is assessed at 
 .£2,400,000, and in one year Bass & 
 Co^ are said to pay in malt tax and 
 licence duty ^286,000. Accordingto 
 Professor Levi's calculation in 1871, 
 it appeared that the yearly revenue 
 derived from beer and British 
 and foreign wines and spirits, 
 amounted ^ to about ^28,000,000 
 sterling, towards which amount 
 Messrs. Bass contributed more 
 than d£780 a day. The number of 
 casks used by them to carry on 
 their business consist of 40,901 
 butts, 159,008 hogsheads, 139,753 
 barrels, and 197,579 kilderkins, 
 altogether 543,859 casks. The 
 labels used by them amount to 
 more than 100,000,000 in a year. 
 In 1880 the firm was converted 
 into a private company, and is now 
 known as Bass, EatclifE, & Gretton 
 (Limited). Mr. Bass was a great 
 benefactor of the town of Burton, 
 where he built one or two chui'ches, 
 Sunday schools, and an institute and 
 reading rooms for the use of the 
 working classes. He jDresented the 
 town of Derby with a recreation 
 ground and puljlic s^vimming baths, 
 at a cost of ,£12,000, and gave them 
 a free library upon which £25,0C)0 
 was spent. He took a warm interest 
 in the caaise of railway servants, 
 and founded the Eailway Servants' 
 Orphanage at Derby. He left two 
 sons, the eldest of whom had a 
 baronetcy conferred upon him, and 
 is now Sir Michael Arthur Bass, 
 M.P., for East Staffordshire. 
 
 BATEMAX, Kate Josephine 
 
 (Mrs. Crowe) [1842— 187G], lx)m in 
 Baltimore, Maryland. Both her 
 parents were actors, and she, with 
 her sister, two years older than 
 herself, appeared in public as the 
 " Bateman Children " as early as 
 1850. She afterwards prepared her- 
 self assiduously for the stage, and 
 in 1859 played successfully in the 
 leading American theatres, her 
 principal characters being those of 
 Evangeline, founded on Long- 
 fellow's poem ; Geraldine, in a play 
 wi'itten for her by her mother ; 
 Julia, in the " Hunchback ; " Pau- 
 line, in the " Lady of Lyons ;" and 
 Jidiet and Lady Macbeth. She 
 arrived in England in the autumn 
 of 1863, and appeared 210 times in 
 the character of the Jewish maiden 
 Leah, in an adaptation of the Ger- 
 man play, " Deborah," at the 
 Adelphi Theatre, Oct. 1. After a 
 provincial tour, she re-appeared at 
 the Adelphi, playing Julia, in the 
 " Hunchback," and other charac- 
 ters. She took a farewell of the 
 English public at Her Majesty's 
 Theatre, in the character of Juliet, 
 in "Eomeo and Juliet," Dec. 22, 
 1865, and was married to Mr. 
 George Crowe, in Oct. 1866. Mrs. 
 Crowe returned to the stage in 
 1868, retaining her stage name of 
 Kate Bateman. She has made the 
 character of Leah peculiarly her 
 own. In 1872, and subsequently, 
 she appeared with great success in 
 London as Medea, in the play of 
 that name. In 1875, on a revival 
 of "Macbeth" at the Lyceum (Mr. 
 Irving as Macbeth) she played the 
 part of Lady Macbeth. She also 
 sustained the title role in Mr. 
 Tennyson's " Queen Mary," which 
 was produced at the same house in 
 Ajn-il, 1876. Miss Bateman after- 
 wards became the lessee of Sadler's 
 WeUs Theatre. 
 
 BATEMAN, Thomas [1821 — 
 1861], was the only son of William 
 Bateman, F.S.A., of Rowsley, a 
 zealous antiquarian. Losing his 
 father at the age of fourteen, 
 Thomas Bateman went to live with 
 
50 
 
 BATHUEST— BATMAN. 
 
 his grandfather, Thomas Bateman, ; 
 of Middleton Hall, Derbyshire, who j 
 on his death in 1847 left the whole 
 of his property to his grandson. ! 
 Being thus enabled to gratify his 
 literary and antiquarian tastes, he \ 
 added many ancient manuscripts^ , 
 early illuminations, and rare books 
 to his libraries at Lomberdale i 
 House, near Bakewell, and Mid- 
 dletonHall. Mr. Bateman's earliest ) 
 antiquarian publication was a con- 
 tribution to the first volume of the 
 ^'^ Collectanea Antiqua," which he 
 arranged from the memoranda of 
 his father, and which is entitled 
 " An Account of the Opening of 
 Tumuli, princij^ally at Middleton 
 by Youlgrave, Derbyshire, from 
 1821 to 1832, bv William Bateman, 
 Esq., F.S.A." " In 1848 Mr. Bate- 
 man printed the ' ' Vestiges of the 
 Antiquities of Derbyshire," in 
 which his excavations in the tumuli 
 of his county take a j)roininent 
 place, and shortly before his death 
 he published a volume entitled 
 "Ten Years' Diggings in Celtic and 
 Saxon Grave-hills, in the Counties 
 of Derby^ Stafford, and York." His 
 Museum at Lomberdale was for 
 many years, next to Chatsworth 
 and Haddon Hall, one of the 
 Avonders of the Peak. It was rich 
 in Greek, Roman and Mediaeval 
 antiquities, but its chief boast was 
 its Celtic and early Anglo-Saxon 
 collections. 
 
 BATHUEST (Fifth Earl), 
 William Lennox Bathurst, Lord 
 Apsley, of Apsley in Sussex, Lord 
 Bathurst, of Battlesden, in the 
 peerage of Great Britain, was born 
 at Apsley House, Hyde Park, Feb. 
 14, 1701, and was the second and 
 last surviving son of Henry, the 
 third carl, by Lady Georgina Len- 
 nox, sister of the fourth Duke of 
 Eichmond. He was educated at 
 Eton, and at Christ Church, Oxford, 
 where he took his bachelor's decree 
 in 1812, and not long afterwards 
 was elected to a Fellowship at All 
 Souls' College, which lie retained 
 till his death — a period of nearly 
 
 seventy years. He was called to 
 the Bar in 1821. From 1827 to 
 1860 he acted as one of the clerks of 
 the Privy Council. He succeeded 
 to the earldom in 1866, on the death 
 of his elder brother. Earl Bath- 
 urst died at his residence in Half 
 Moon Street, Piccadillv, Feb. 24, 
 1878. 
 
 BATMAN, John [1800—1840], 
 the founder of Victoria, was born at 
 Parramatta, New South Wales. In 
 1820 he went to Van Diemen's Land 
 and settled there on a farm at 
 Kingston. In 1835 it being de- 
 cided by an association, formed to 
 discuss the subject, that an atteyipt 
 should be made to colonise Port 
 Phillip, Mr. Batman was chosen 
 as delegate to open up negotiations 
 with the aborigines. He set out 
 on the expedition. May 10, 1835, and 
 finding some blacks on the banks of 
 the Marri or Lucy Creek, at once 
 made a treaty with them. It de- 
 clared that, " We three brothers 
 Jagajaga, on receipt of twenty pairs 
 of blankets, thirty knives, twelve 
 tomahawks, ten looking-glasses, 
 twelve pairs of scissors, fif tyhandker- 
 chief s, twelve red shirts, four flannel 
 jackets, four suits of clothes and five 
 pounds of flour, assign to the said 
 John Batman and his heirs, all 
 that tract of country situate and 
 being in the bay of Port Phillij), 
 known by the name of Indented 
 Head, but called by us Geelong, 
 extending across from Geelong 
 Harbouiv, about due south for ten 
 miles, more or less, to the head of 
 Port Phillip, taking in the wliole 
 neck or tract of land, containing 
 about 100,000 acres; that the said 
 John Batman and his heirs may 
 occupy and possess the same in con- 
 sideration of the yearly rent of fiity 
 pairs of blankets, fifty knives, fifty 
 tomaliawks, fifty jiairs of scissors, 
 fifty looking-glasses, twenty suits 
 of slops or clothing, and two tons of 
 flour." Leaving some of his men 
 liehind to see that the terms of the 
 treaty Avere jiroperly carried out, 
 John Batman returned to Victoria 
 
BAXTER— BE AOONSFIELD. 
 
 57 
 
 Avhere he remained till his death, 
 Avhich occurred in May, 18 tO. 
 
 BAXTER, Robert Dudley 
 [1827—1875], son of Mr. Robert 
 Baxter, an eminent London so- 
 licitor, horn at Doncaster, York- 
 shire, in 1827 ; was educated at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, where 
 he graduated B.A, in 1849 and 
 M.A. in 1851. He was admitted 
 a solicitor in 1852 ; and from 1806 
 was a member of the council of 
 the Statistical Society of Lon- 
 don. His works are " Railway Ex- 
 tension audits Results," 1S6G; "Na- 
 tional Income of the United King- 
 dom," I8G85 "Taxation of the 
 United Kingdom," 1869 ; " English 
 Parties and Conservatism," 1870 ; 
 " National Debts," 1871 ; besides 
 many statistical and political letters 
 to the Times. 
 
 BAYLEY, The Right Hox. Sir 
 John, Bart, at one time Justice 
 of the King's Bench, and Baron of 
 the Exchequer, was the son of John 
 Bay ley of Elton, Huntingdonshire. 
 He was called to the Bar, June 22, 
 1792, and appointed a Serjeant-at- 
 law in Trinity Term, 1799, attend- 
 ing the home circuit, and being for 
 some time Recorder of Maidstone. 
 In 1808 he was made one of the 
 Justices of the King's Bench, and 
 knighted May 11 of the same year. 
 His work, " The Summary of the 
 Law of Bills of Exchange," was a 
 standard book in the jJi'ofession for 
 many years ; besides this he edited 
 in 1790 the fourth edition of Ray- 
 mond's ''Reports of the King's 
 Bench and Common Pleas." In 
 1830, at his own request. Sir John 
 was removed from the Court of 
 King's Bench to the post of Baron 
 of the Exchequer. He was sworn a 
 member of the Privy Council, Mar. 5, 
 1834, on his retirement from the 
 Bench, and created a Baronet on 
 the 15th of the same month. He died 
 aged seventy-eight, Oct. 10, 1841. 
 
 BAYLY, Thomas Haynes [1797 
 — 1839], lyrical poet, was the only 
 son of Nathaniel Bayly, Esq., of 
 Mount Beacon House, near Bath, at 
 
 which place he was born. He was 
 educated at Winchester High 
 School, and at Oxford, where he 
 studied for the Church, but .soon 
 gave up all idea of taking orders, 
 and devoted himself to literature. 
 He wrote his first novel, " The 
 Aylmers," in 1826, followed in 1827 
 by '• Songs of the Seasons," a series 
 of ballads, and " A Legend of Kil- 
 larney," In 1829 he began to write 
 for the stage, his first piece, " Per- 
 fection," the chief rule in which was 
 played by MadameVestris, proving a 
 great success. Of his other plays the 
 best known were " Tom Noddy's 
 Secret," "The Witness," "Can Love 
 Kill?" "The Convent Bell," S^c. 
 In 1837 he wrote "Weeds of 
 Witchery," and a novel entitled 
 " Kindness in Women." He was 
 one of the best known " magazine 
 poets" of his day. Among his 
 songs may be mentioned "I'd be a 
 Butterfly," " She wore a wreath of 
 Roses," and " Oh no, we never men- 
 tion her." His last years were 
 rendered miserable by poverty, he 
 having sustained great losses owing 
 to the carelessness of agents em- 
 ployed to look after his money 
 
 i matters. 
 
 j BEACONSFIELD (The Earl 
 of), Benjamin D'Israeli, the se- 
 cond child of Isaac D'Israeli (q.v.), 
 
 ; was born in Bloomsbury Square, 
 
 I London, on or about Dec. 21, 1805, 
 and was baptised at St. Andrew's, 
 Holborn, July 31, 1817. What re- 
 gular ediication he had he received 
 at a private school (Dr. Cogan's, 
 at Walthamstow), but he may lie 
 said to have educated himself. 
 
 I While quite a youth he was placed 
 in a solicitor's office, but he re- 
 mained there only a few months. 
 In 1826 he made liis debut in Litera- 
 ture, publishing a satirical poem, 
 
 I " The Dunciad of To-day," and also 
 the first part of " Vivian Grey," by 
 which he at once attained a mea- 
 sure of notoriety. The second part 
 written in the next year, is much 
 inferior. At this time D'Israeli, 
 or, as he soon came to be called. 
 
58 
 
 BEACONSFIELD. 
 
 Disraeli^ made a tour of Italy and 
 Greece^ and in 1830 he made a tour 
 of the Holy Land. In 1828 he had 
 published " Popanilla/' a clever bur- 
 lesque on the leading" political 
 topics of the day. "The Young 
 Duke " also belongs to this period. 
 During his travels he wrote " Con- 
 tarini Fleming," a work of much 
 finer feeling than either of his 
 earlier novels^ but it was jDroduced 
 in a time of revolution and excite- 
 ment^ and was almost still-born. 
 The hour was not favourable to 
 literature, and Disraeli was not the 
 man to play to an inattentive 
 audience ; he had long hesitated 
 between a literary and a political 
 career, and now he determined to 
 choose the latter. Early in 1832 
 the borough of High Wycombe or 
 Chipping Wycombe fell vacant, and 
 young Disraeli stepped forward as 
 the radical candidate. Joseph 
 Hume was his chief sponsor with 
 the electors, but he was also backed 
 by Mr. Lytton Bulwer, Daniel 
 O'Connell, and the popular Sir 
 Francis Burdett, but the name and 
 influence of the Hon. Charles Grey 
 carried the election against him. 
 In August of the same year Parlia- 
 ment was dissolved, and Disraeli 
 again presented himself for election, 
 but as a radical of a less advanced 
 type than he had represented himself 
 in the spring. This second attempt 
 also ended in defeat, and for the 
 time Disraeli was thrown back 
 upon literature. In 1834 he pub- 
 lished " The Eevolutionary Epic,'' 
 a poem chieflj^ remarkable for con- 
 ceit, and which was the one failure 
 of his life that he never sought to 
 repair. In this year he appeared 
 for the third time on the hustings 
 of High Wycombe, but with the 
 same result as formerly. His ad- 
 dress to his constituents he subse- 
 quently published under tlie title 
 of" The Present Crisis Examined ; " 
 by it one sees that at this time the 
 Avriter's opinions were in a transi- 
 tional state. The change was in- 
 deed a rapid one, for in the Novem- 
 
 ber of the same year the ex-radical 
 candidate presented himself to the 
 electors of I'aunton as a Tory, and 
 possessing the confidence of the 
 Conservative Club in London. 
 Here again he was defeated, but 
 his failure did not estrange him 
 from the party he had so recently 
 joined, and in the January of the 
 following year, the first of the let- 
 ters signed " Eunnymede," appeared 
 in the Times. Disraeli never pub- 
 licly acknowledged those letters, 
 but there can be no doubt that he 
 wrote them ; they are nineteen in 
 number, and in them the writer 
 passes the leaders of the Whig 
 party in fierce unflattering review. 
 For happiness of epigram and 
 I)ower of abuse they are almost un- 
 rivalled. Disraeli must at this 
 time have been writing his ultra- 
 sentimental story, " Henrietta 
 Temple," which was published in 
 1836, followed in 1837 by"Vene- 
 tia." In the June of that year the 
 death of William IV. occasioned a 
 dissolution of Parliament, and 
 Disraeli came forward as a candi- 
 date for Maidstone. The senior 
 member, Mr. Lewis, was a Tory, 
 and not likely to be unseated, but 
 Disraeli won the second seat, which 
 had hitherto been held by a Whig, 
 so that after five years of struggle, 
 and as many attempts, he at last 
 achieved the object of his young 
 ambition, and on Dec. 7, in 1837, 
 he made his famous maiden speech. 
 The subject was an Irish election 
 debate, and Disraeli immediately 
 followed O'Connell, once his patron 
 but now liis bitter personal enemy. 
 Never perhaps has such scant 
 courtesy been granted to a new 
 member as was bestowed on the 
 junior member for Maidstone. 
 Almost from the moment he rose 
 to his feet he Avas interrupted with 
 bursts of laugliter, and at length, 
 utterly unable to obtain the ear of 
 the house, ho concluded, shouting 
 to the utmost pitch of his voice, 
 " 1 have begun several times many 
 things (laughter), and I have often 
 
BEACOXSFIELD. 
 
 59 
 
 succeeded at last. (Question !) 
 Ay, sir, and though 1 sit down 
 now, the time will come when you 
 will hear me ! " This historic 
 phrase would alone prove, even if 
 Hansard and the daily papers did 
 not give their testimony, that 
 Disraeli's maiden effort was a speech 
 of no common eloc^uence. His ridi- 
 culous appearance, outlandish at- 
 tire, and affected gesture had no 
 doubt much to do with his recep- 
 tion, but it is probable that the 
 house would have striven to con- 
 tain its merriment had the new- 
 member been a man with a less 
 notorious past, but his rapid change 
 of party, and his absurd quarrel 
 with O'Connell, subjected him to 
 the suspicion and contempt of every 
 party in the house. He had suffi- 
 cient courage to speak again seven 
 days after his fiasco, and as his 
 first defeat did not crash him, 
 it is probable that it was of use 
 to him, though it was not until 
 1839 that he, by his speech on the 
 Chartist riots, made anv great im- 
 pression on the House, but his sym- 
 pathy with the Chartists was 
 somewhat barren, since he joined 
 in the rejection of every one of 
 their demands. In August, 1839, 
 Disraeli married the widow of Mr. 
 Lewis, his colleague, and by this 
 union acquired a large fortune. In 
 1841 he changed his seat at 
 Maidstone for one at Shrews- 
 bury, and for some time longer 
 continued a supporter of Peel's 
 policy, and in 1812 voted for the 
 reduction of the tariff. He also 
 was a supi^orter of the Government 
 in 181:3, but in 18 It he changed liis 
 tone. In that year he published 
 " Coningsby," a political novel, in 
 which he propoiinded the doctrines 
 of a new school of thought ; he also 
 invented the •' Young England 
 party," and began his famous 
 series of bitter personal attacks 
 upon Peel, whom he charged with 
 treacherous desertion of the pro- 
 tectionists. When Peel returned 
 to office in 1845, pledged to the 
 
 repeal of the Corn Laws, Disraeli 
 set himself to form the new Tory 
 Party, under the nominal leader- 
 ship of Lord George Bentinck. In 
 1817 he was returned unanimously 
 for Buckinghamshire, and two 
 years later became the acknow- 
 ledged leader of the protectionist 
 party, which, however, still con- 
 tinued to be a small one, till in 
 1851 he divided 267 against 281, 
 by far the largest minority he had 
 attained. In the following year 
 Lord John Kussell resigned, and 
 the Earl of Derby set himself to 
 construct a Conservative Ministry. 
 The Conservative party was at that 
 time weak in leaders, yet the coun- 
 try was staggered and alarmed 
 when it was announced that Mr. 
 Disraeli was appointed the Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer. It was at 
 first feared that a man who had 
 taken so prominent a part in the 
 agitation for Protection would at- 
 tempt to restore that policy, and 
 the country was distressed to find 
 that the new Ministry would not 
 pledge itself one way or the other 
 on this vital question ; but the 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer ulti- 
 mately annoimced that he had 
 abandoned Protection, and one of 
 the measures proposed by the ex- 
 protectionist was the reduction of 
 the duties on malt and tea. To 
 his budget speech Mr. Gladstone 
 made a reply,iWhich united "Whigs, 
 Eadicals, and Peelites, and gave to 
 the Opposition a majority of nine- 
 teen. As a result the fu-st Derby 
 Ministry resigned, and a Coalition 
 Ministiy was formed, wherein 
 Disraeli had no place. In 18.58 he 
 accepted the post of Chancellor 
 of the Exchequer once more, but 
 in the following June the Tory 
 Government went out on the ques- 
 tion of the Franchise Bill, and from 
 that time imtil July, 18<jt), the 
 Conservatives were in ojjposition. 
 At that time, after the resignation 
 of the Kussell-Gladstone cabinet, 
 the third Derby Administration was 
 formed, and Disraeli became a 
 
60 
 
 BEACONSFIELD. 
 
 third time Chancellor of the Ex- 
 chequer and leader of the House 
 of Commons. But the Conserva- 
 tiveS;, though in office, were far 
 from being" in power; they could 
 not keep their place without bring- 
 ing in some measure for parliamen- 
 tary reform. They introduced a 
 measure and then withdrew it, and 
 finally j)assed the Act known as 
 '' The" Ten Minutes Bill," establish- 
 ing Household Suffrage in the 
 Boroughs. In Feb., 1868, on the 
 resignation of Lord Derby, Disraeli 
 became Prime Minister, but he did 
 not long hold office, for early in the 
 session Mr. Griadstone announced 
 his intention of bringing in a bill 
 for the disestablishment of the 
 Irish Church. A general election 
 followed, which resulted in the 
 return of 263 Liberal members in 
 the English constituencies against 
 208 Conservatives, and the sense of 
 he country being thus declared 
 Disraeli resigned without meeting 
 Parliament, and Mr. Gladstone 
 Avas called uj)on to form an admini- 
 stration. Disraeli, now that he 
 was again out of office, turned his 
 attention once more to literature, 
 and after an interval of five and 
 twenty years he, in 1870, published 
 a novel, " Lothair," which he dedi- 
 cated to his admirable Avife, who 
 had lately been created Viscountess 
 Beaconsfield. In Jan., 1871, Mr. 
 Griadstone announced the dissolu- 
 tion of Parliament, and at the 
 ensuing election the Tories were re- 
 turned with a large majority, and 
 Disraeli once more came in as 
 Prime Minister. He was now in a 
 totally different position from any 
 that he had occupied before. 
 Hitherto with a majority in the 
 Lords, his party had been either in 
 a minority or in no decisive ma- 
 jority in the Commons; but now he 
 was in the uncontrolled possession 
 of power. The use which he made 
 of that power, at least as far as con- 
 cerns his own reputation with his 
 party, proves him to have been a 
 man of genius as well as a con sum- I 
 
 mate parliamentary leader. In 
 Aug., 1876, he entered the Upper 
 House as Earl of Beaconsfield. 
 From that time until the close of 
 the Berlin Congress (July, 1878), 
 the Eastern Question occupied the 
 political stage ; and Lord Beacons- 
 field's conduct of English policy 
 throughout that time was followed 
 with rapturous approval on the one 
 side, and with profound and pas- 
 sionate distrust on the other. Lords 
 Beaconsfield and Salisbury were 
 the English plenipotentiaries at 
 the Berlin Congress, on the return 
 from which the former uttered his 
 famous phrase, " We bring you 
 peace, and peace with honour.'^ 
 The two Ministers had a great re- 
 ception in London ; received the 
 Order of the Gi-arter ; and were en- 
 tertained at a grand Conservative 
 banquet in the Duke of Welling- 
 ton's Biding School, the Duke of 
 Buccleuch in the chair. The 
 Treaty of Berlin closed the East- 
 ern Question, as far as Europe 
 was concerned, but the Zulu and 
 Afghan wars continued to show 
 the tendencies of what was called 
 the " Jingo " or *' Imperialist " 
 policy, the first overt measure of 
 which had been the Act declaring 
 the Queen Empress of India. As 
 Parliament drew to its natural end, 
 the Liberal leaders (especially Mr. 
 Griadstone and Sir W. V. Harcourt) 
 redoubled their platform attacks 
 uj)on the Government ; and on the 
 dissolution in AjDril, 1880, the 
 Liberal party was'returned to power 
 by a naajority of more than 100. 
 Lord Beaconsfield at once resigned, 
 and from that time his public ap- 
 l^earances were rare. He wrote 
 another novel, " Endymion." He 
 i-eceived his political friends at 
 H.ughendcn ; but he admitted that 
 his political career was ended. 
 The winter of 1880-1 was of exccf)- 
 tional severity, and towards the 
 end of it Lord Beaconsfield (then 
 being at his liouse in Curzon Street) 
 was attacked l)y 1 )ronchitis ; he died 
 on Ajiril 10, and was buried by the 
 
BEACONSFIELO— liEATSON. 
 
 (U 
 
 side of his wife in Hughenden 
 churchyard. [The principal me- 
 moirs of Lord Beaconsfield, as yet 
 published, are those of Mr. T. P. 
 O'Connor and Mr. Francis Hitcli- 
 man.1 
 
 BEACONSFIELD, Maky Anne 
 Disraeli, Viscountess Beaconsfield 
 in her own right. She was the 
 daughter of Mr. John Evans, of 
 Bampford Sj^eke, Devon, but in- 
 herited the bulk of her fortune j 
 from her uncle, Sir James Viney, of 
 Taynton Manor, Glamorganshire. 
 In 1815 she married Mr. Wyndham 
 Lewis, who died in 183S. In the 
 preceding year Mr. Disraeli had 
 become Mr. Lewis's colleague in the 
 rejiresentation of Maidstone, and 
 about a rear after the death of the 
 senior member his widow became 
 the wife of Mr. Disraeli. She was 
 many years his senior, but though 
 the marriage was probably not, in 
 the first place, one of love on the 
 man's side, the sympathetic and 
 unswerving devotion of the wife 
 met with its due retui-n in the 
 warm attachment of the husband. 
 In Nov., 1868, Disraeli declined the 
 peerage that was offered to himself, 
 but accepted it on behalf of his 
 wife, who then became Viscountess 
 Beaconsfield. She died Dec. 15, 
 1872, aged 83 years. 
 
 BEALE, William [1784—1854], 
 will always be remembered as the 
 composer of many delightful mad- 
 rigals in which the spirit of the 
 old iGth centiuy music is charm- 
 ingly reproduced. He received his 
 musical education as a choir-boy of 
 Westminster Abbey, having Dr. 
 Samuel Arnold and Dr. Robert 
 Cooke for his masters. " What ho ! 
 what ho ! " "Awake, Sweet Muse," 
 and, above all, " Come, let us join 
 the roundelay," will occtu' to all 
 amateurs as good examples of 
 Beale's talents. 
 
 BEALE S, Edmond, M.A. [1803 
 — 1881], a son of Mr. Samuel 
 Pickering Beales, a merchant of 
 Cambridge, was educated at the 
 Bury St. Edmunds Grammar 
 
 School, at Eton, where he was a 
 contemporary of Praed, Moultrie, 
 and Spencer Walpole, and at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, where 
 he graduated in 1825. He was 
 called to the Bar in 1830, and prac- 
 tised as an equity draughtsman and 
 conveyancer. He became a politi- 
 cal agitator, and took a prominent 
 part in helping the Polish refugees 
 in London. He was a member of 
 the Emancipation Society during 
 the American Civil War, of the 
 Jamaica Committee under John 
 Stuart Mill, and of the Garibaldi 
 Committee. In the last-named 
 capacity he defended the right of 
 the people to meet on Primrose 
 Hill, and a conflict with the joolice 
 occurred. His name, however, will 
 be best remembered in connection 
 vdth the Eeform League of which 
 he was President, and which, on 
 the rejection of the Reform Bill of 
 
 1866, began to agitate in its favour, 
 and organised, among other large 
 gatherings, the famous meeting in 
 Hyde Park, July 23, 1866. The 
 League was virtually at an end on 
 the passing of the Reform Bill in 
 
 1867. In 1869 Mr. Beales resigned 
 the Presidency, and three days 
 later the League was formally dis- 
 solved. Mr. Beales was a revising 
 barrister for Middlesex from 1862 
 to 1866, when Sir Alexander Cock- 
 burn declined tore-appoint him, in 
 consequence of the part he ]iad 
 taken in political agitation. He 
 unsuccessfully contested the Tower 
 Hamlets in 1868. In 1870 he was 
 appointed judge for the County 
 Court Circuit, No. 35, comprising 
 Cambridgeshire, the Isle of Ely, 
 Huntingdonshire, and parts of Bed- 
 fordshire and Essex. 
 
 BEATSON, Surgeon-General 
 George Stewart, C.B., M.D., 
 principal medical officer of Her 
 Majesty's British Forces in India, 
 and honorary physician to the 
 Queen, studied at the Glasgow Uni- 
 versity, and took his degree of 
 M.D. in 1836. He entered tlie 
 army as assistant-surgeon in 183», 
 
02 
 
 BE ATTIE -BE A UFOET. 
 
 served in Ceylon from 1839 to 1851, 
 andtliroughout the second Burmese 
 War in 1852-1853. He served in 
 the Crimea during the winter 
 of 1854-1855, being employed on 
 the medical staff at Scutari and 
 Smyrna. He was promoted to the 
 rank of Deputy Insi3ector-General 
 in 1859, and in 1863 became Sur- 
 g-eon-General, and was apj)ointed 
 principal medical officer of the 
 British troops in India. He came 
 to England in 1868, and was for 
 three years in medical charge of 
 the Eoyal Victoria Hospital at 
 Netley. In 1871 he returned to 
 India as principal medical officer 
 to the forces there, a position he 
 held till the time of his death, June 
 7, 1874. Dr. Beatson was nomi- 
 nated an Honorary Physician to 
 Her Majesty in 1866, and was 
 created C.B. in 1869. 
 
 BEATTIE, William, M.D. [1798 
 — 1875], was born at Dalton, Dum- 
 friesshire, and entered, in 1807, 
 Clarencefield Academy, in that 
 coimty. He graduated at the Uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh in 1818 ; 
 prosecuted his studies in France, 
 Italy, and Germany; settled in 
 London, and became Licentiate and 
 Fellow of the Eoyal College of Phy- 
 sicians. He was author of illus- 
 trated histories of " Scotland," 
 " Switzerland," " The Waldenses," 
 " Castles and Abbeys of England," 
 " Three Eesidences at German 
 Courts," "The Pilgrim in Italy," 
 "Polynesia," and other works. 
 Among his publications on subjects 
 connected with his profession are a 
 Latin treatise " On Pulmonary 
 Consumption," " The Danube," 
 "Home Climates," and "Worthing." 
 Several of his works have been 
 translated into French and Ger- 
 man. Dr. Beattie was the literary 
 executor of the poet Campbell, and 
 editor of his " Life and Letters." 
 He was for three years physician 
 and secretary, and for nine years 
 physician to H.R.H. the Duke of 
 Clarence, afterwards William IV. 
 He was also a personal friend of 
 
 the poets Eogers and Campbell, 
 both of whom he attended in their 
 last hours ; and by his exertions a 
 statue was erected to the former in 
 the "Poets' Corner," Westminster 
 Abbey. Dr. Beattie was Foreign 
 Secretary to the British Archaeolo- 
 gical Society, Fellow of the Ethno- 
 logical Society, Member of the 
 Historical Institute, and of the 
 Institut d'Afrique, Paris. 
 
 BEATTY, Sm William, M.D., 
 F.R.S., at one time Physician to 
 Her Majesty's Fleet and Greenwich 
 Hospital, had served his country 
 long and faithfully in many coun- 
 tries, and was present at the death 
 of Lord Nelson, his "Authentic 
 Narrative " of which was printed 
 in 1808. He had in his possession 
 the bullet which killed Nelson, 
 which he kept in a crystal case, 
 mounted in gold. He was ap- 
 pointed Physician to Greenwich 
 Hospital in 1806, an office which 
 he resigned in 1840. In 1831 he 
 was knighted by William IV. 
 
 BE AUFOET, Eear- Admiral Sir 
 Francis, F.E.S., F.G.S., F.E.A.S., 
 kc, was the son of the Eev. Daniel 
 Augustus Beaufort, D.D., Eector 
 of Navan, Meath. He entered the 
 navy in 1787, became a midshipman 
 in 1790, and was present in Corn- 
 wallis's celebrated retreat, June 17, 
 1795. On October 28, 1800, while 
 first lieutenant of the Phaeton, he 
 performed an exj)loit of great spirit 
 and gallantry in boarding, with the 
 barge and two cutters under his 
 orders, and capturing after an ob- 
 stinate resistance, the Spanish ship 
 San Josef, For his determined 
 bravery in this affair he was, on 
 the 13th of the folloAving month, 
 rewarded with a commander's com- 
 mission and a pension. From Nov., 
 1803, until June, 1804, he gra- 
 tuitously devoted his time to the 
 formation of a line of telegraphs 
 from Dublin to Galway. From 
 1805 till 1812 he was engaged in 
 making surveys of the Eio de la 
 Plata and of the coast of Kara- 
 mania, in Asia Minor, and for 
 
T5EAUM0NT— JJEAZLEY 
 
 «;3 
 
 several years after his arrival in 
 England he appears to have been 
 fully occui)ied in layin^^ down the 
 results of his labours, and in con- 
 structing, under the orders of the 
 Lords of the Admiralty, a variety 
 of charts, of which the chief were, 
 one of the Archipelago, three of 
 the Black Sea, and seven of Kara- 
 mania. He became Hydrograjsher 
 to the Admiralty in Jidy, 1832. 
 He died at Brighton, Dec. IG, 1857. 
 
 BEAUMONT, Thomas Went- 
 woRTH [1792 — 1848], was the eldest 
 son of Thomas Eichard Beaumont, 
 of The Oaks, of Darton,and Bretton 
 Hall, Yorkshire, and of Hexham 
 Abbey, Northumberland, colonel in 
 the army, and knight in six parlia- 
 ments for the county of Northum- 
 berland. Mr. Beaumont succeeded 
 to the representation of Northum- 
 berland on the retirement of his 
 father in 1818, and was chosen 
 again in 1820 without opposition, 
 but lost his election in 1826. This 
 defeat was attended "^-ith circum- 
 stances which led to a duel on 
 Bamboroiigh Sands with the Earl 
 of Durham, then Mr. Lambton. He 
 sat for Stafford in 1830, but on the 
 •retii"ement of Hon. Mr. Liddell he 
 was restored to the representation 
 of Northumberland, for w^hich 
 county he continued to sit till 1837, 
 when he retired. 
 
 BEAUMONT, John Thomas 
 Barber, F.S.A., F.G.S., artist and 
 philanthropist, founder and for 
 many years managing director of 
 the County Fire Office and Provi- 
 dent Life Office, was born Dec. 21, 
 1771, in the parish of Marylebone. 
 At an early age he showed talent 
 for painting, and was admitted in 
 1791 a student of the Eoyal Aca- 
 demy, where he afterwards attained 
 such popularity that nearly every 
 member of the Royal Family sat to 
 him for their portraits, and he was 
 a'^pointed miniature painter to the 
 Duke of Kent, and afterwards to 
 the Duke of York. He exhibited 
 at the Eoyal Academy from 1794 
 to 1806. In 1802 he made his first 
 
 essay in authorship, publishing a 
 " Tour in South Wales and Mon- 
 mouthshire," which he himself 
 illustrated, and which went through 
 two editions. In 1806 he turned 
 his mind to philanthropic econo- 
 mies, and established the " Provi- 
 dent Institution," the first Savings' 
 Bank ever established. The County 
 Fire Office and Provident Life 
 Insurance Office were set on foot 
 under his direction, and he also 
 began a Philosophical Institution, 
 directing by a codicil dated May 
 28, 181-0, that the sum of ^13,000 
 should be invested in the names of 
 EobertFellowes,LL.D., J.Elliotson, 
 M.D., F.E.S., George Charles 
 Christian Hennell, Alexander Hen- 
 derson, M.D., F.R.S., Henry 
 Churchill, and Henry B. Ker, to 
 establish a Philosophical Institu- 
 tion in Beaumont Square, Mile 
 End, "for the mental and moral 
 improvement of the inhabitants of 
 the said Square, and the surround- 
 ing neighbourhood, in their inter- 
 vals of business, and free from the 
 baneful excitement of intoxicating 
 liquors; and also for the cultiva- 
 tion of the general principles of 
 l)ractical theology, and the wisdom 
 of God, leaving to the different 
 churches and sects the cultivation 
 and i^ui'suit of their peculiar tenets ; 
 and also for the pui-pose of provid- 
 ing intellectual improvement and 
 rational recreation and amuse- 
 ment." This important trust has 
 lately been under the consideration 
 of Parliament, and a great scheme 
 has been promulgated for making 
 it what it has till now failed to be, 
 of real utility to the East End of 
 London. Mr. Beaumont died at 
 his official residence in Eegent 
 Street, aged 70, May 15, 1810. 
 
 BEAZLEY, Samuel, an archi- 
 tect, was born at "Whitehall, West- 
 minster, 1786, and was the son of 
 Samuel Beazley, an army accoutre- 
 ment maker, and nephew of Charles 
 Beazley, who built the beautiful 
 church at Feversham. In early 
 life Mr. Beazlev served as a volun- 
 
64. 
 
 BECKFOKD. 
 
 t^er in the Peninsula, where he had 
 many stirring adventures. On one 
 occasion he aAvoke to find himself 
 in the dead-house [at Lisbon, laid 
 out for burial. He took a consider- 
 able part in assisting the escape of 
 the Duchesse d'Angouleme. But 
 though a part of his career was 
 military, and his profession subse- 
 quently that of an architect, from 
 childhood his tastes were artistic 
 and dramatic. At twelve years of 
 age, when at school at Acton, he 
 wrote a farce, and j)ut together the 
 theatre in w^hich it was acted. He 
 A^T.'ote or arranged more than 100 
 dramatic pieces ; among the dramas 
 may be mentioned — " Is He Jea- 
 lous?" "Gretna Green," "The 
 Boarding House, or Five Hours at 
 Brighton ; " also the English words 
 for the operas of "Robert the 
 Devil," "The Queen of Cyprus," 
 and " La Sonnambula." The last 
 was written mostly by the bedside of 
 Madame Malibran in the mornings, 
 to adapt the words to her pronun- 
 ciation. As an architect Mr. Beaz- 
 ley's practice was considerable in 
 connection with the stage, he 
 having built the St. James's 
 Theatre, the Lyceum, the City of 
 London, the Theatre Eoyal, Bir- 
 mingham, and two theatres in 
 Dublin. He gave drawings also 
 for one in the Brazils, and one in 
 Belgium, making a total of thirteen 
 or fourteen. The interior of Drury 
 Lane Theatre, the external colon- 
 nade there, and the Strand front of 
 the Adelphi were also by him. His 
 other works were numerous, and 
 include Studeley Castle, the seat 
 of Sir Francis Goodricke ; a castle 
 in Inverness ; some additions to 
 the University of Bonn ; the works 
 on the South-Eastern Railway, 
 especially at London Bridge ; the 
 Lord Warden Hotel and the Pilot 
 House at Dover ; the stations on 
 the North Kent line ; and the new 
 town-hall at Ashford. He died at 
 Tunbridge Castle, Oct. 12, 1851. 
 
 BECKFORD, William. He 
 was the son of Alderman William 
 
 Beckford, of Fonthill Gifford, some 
 time Lord Mayor of London, and was 
 born Sei)t. 29, 1759. At the death of 
 his father in 1770 he inherited 
 ajDroperty (chiefly West Indian) 
 which brought him in more than 
 ^6100,000 yearly. At the age of 
 18 he published " Biographical 
 Memoirs of Extraordinary Paint- 
 ers," a satire on certain English 
 artists. In 1780 Beckford visited 
 the Continent, and wrote the series 
 j of letters which were published 
 I long afterwards under the title of 
 j " Italy, with Sketches of Spain and 
 I Portugal ; " he also acquired that 
 i marvellous knowledge of French 
 j idiom which enabled him in 1781 
 I to write ' ' Vathek " in such an 
 I admirable manner that it was 
 thought by many to be the work 
 of a Frenchman. This wonder- 
 ful eastern romance, on which Beck- 
 ford's reputation rests, was written 
 in the sjDace of three days and 
 two nights. The English version, 
 which was published in 1784 — 
 three years after the original — is 
 by the Rev. Dr. S. Henley, and was 
 made and published Avithout the 
 knowledge of the author. In 1783 
 Beckford married, and afterwards 
 went to Portugal, where he built 
 himself a magnificent house at 
 Cintra. The outcome of these years 
 passed in Portugal was " Recollec- 
 tions of an Excursion to the Monas- 
 teries of Alcoba^a and Batalha." 
 After leaving Cintra, Beckford 
 settled at Fonthill, and for twenty 
 years employed himself in the 
 erection of the Avell-known Font- 
 hill Abbey, which was first inhabit- 
 ed in 1807. In 1822 the depreciation 
 of the value of his West Indian 
 property forced Beckford to sell the 
 Abbey and its furniture; catalogues 
 were issued at 11. Is. each, and no 
 less than 7,200 sold, when the 
 whole property was made over by 
 private contract to Mr. John Far- 
 quhar. After the sale of Fontliill, 
 Beckford settled at Bath, and 
 made a second collection of pictures 
 and books ; witli the pictures he 
 
BEDDOES— BEDFORD. 
 
 05 
 
 often parted, but never with a 
 single book from his splendid 
 collection, which ultimately became 
 the property of his son-in-law, the 
 tenth Duke of Hamilton, and has 
 been recently sold (by Messrs. 
 Sotheby, "Wilkinson, and Hodge) in 
 the dispersion of the treasures of 
 Hamilton Palace. He died at Bath, 
 May 2, 184A, and was buried in the 
 Abbey Cemetery, Lyncombe Vale. 
 
 BEDDOES, Thomas LovELL, was 
 born at Rodney Place, Clifton, July 
 20, 1803, and was the son of the 
 famous physician, Thomas Bed- 
 does, and nephew of the more 
 famous Maria Edge worth. He was 
 educated at Bath and at the 
 Charterhouse, and in 1820 entered 
 Pembroke College, Oxford. In 1821 
 he first appeared as an authoi', and 
 published " The Improvisatore," a 
 little volume of very immature 
 poems. In 1822 "The Bride's 
 Tragedy " appeared. It was well 
 received by the reviewers, but 
 Beddoes' poetry remained what his 
 own caustic definition pronounces 
 it to be, " entertaining, very un- 
 amiable, and utterly unpopular." 
 He expended thought and laboiu' 
 for four years on what he meant to 
 be his masterpiece — " Death's Jest 
 Book" — a powerful but unequal 
 tragedy of the same class as the 
 " Duchess of Malfi," and " Antonio 
 and Mellida ; " indeed there are 
 scenes which might have been 
 taken bodily out of Marston or 
 Webster. From 1825 to 18-46 he 
 resided in Germany and Switzer- 
 land, and then, after a stay of a few 
 mouths in England, returned to 
 the Continent. Early in 1848 he 
 inflicted a slight wound on himself 
 while enofao-ed in a dissection at 
 Frankfort ; the usual remedy, 
 change of air, was prescribed, and 
 in May he went to Basle ; here he 
 broke his leg in a fall from his 
 horse, and after many months of 
 great suffering, died Jan. 20, 1819. 
 "Death's Jest Book," and many 
 other of his poems, remained un- 
 published until after his death. 
 
 The collected edition of his works 
 is prefaced by a memoir by the 
 editor, T. F. Kelsall. 
 
 BEDFORD, Francis, was born 
 in 1799. In 1811 he was appren- 
 ticed to a bookbinder, and having 
 served his time he entered the 
 workshop of Mr. Lewis, the fore- 
 most of English bookl^inders, and 
 after Lewis's death, carried on the 
 business for the benefit of the 
 widow. He afterwards established 
 himself with Mr. John Clarke, an 
 excellent binder with a special re- 
 putation for tree marbled calf 
 bindings. When, about 1815, the 
 French bindings began to attract 
 the attention of English amateurs, 
 Bedford made a professional visit to 
 Paris, and from that time steadily 
 improved in his work, and both 
 English and American connoisseurs 
 soon came to look upon it as a re- 
 commendation to a book that it 
 was "bound by Bedford." Infe- 
 rior to that of the best Paris 
 binders in finish, his work was ex- 
 cellent in all the more solid quali- 
 ties for which good English binding 
 has been remarkable since Roger 
 Payne's day. He died June 8, 
 1883, and after his death his large 
 private library, mostly consisting 
 of works bound by himself, was sold 
 at high prices by Messrs. Sotheby. 
 
 BEDFORD, Paul [1798—1871], 
 comedian,bornatBath,inl798,made 
 his first appearance in London at 
 Drury Lane Theatre, Nov. 2, 1824, 
 as Hawthorn in the opera of " Love 
 in a Village," having been for some 
 years a favourite on the Bath and 
 Dublin stages. For many seasons 
 Mr. Bedford confined himself to 
 operas, and during the performance 
 of an English version of Donizetti's 
 " Don Pasquale," at the Princess's 
 Theatre, he obtained considerable 
 distinction by his performance of 
 Lablache's great part. Of late 
 years, however, Mr. Bedford ap- 
 peared only in the melodramas and 
 broad farces for which the Adelphi 
 Theatre had long been famous. In 
 conjunction with the late Mr. 
 
66 
 
 BEECHEY. 
 
 Wright, and afterwards with Mr. \ 
 Toole, lie contributed greatly to the 
 success of almost every piece pro- j 
 duced on the Adelphi stage, having ' 
 been a member of the company at 
 that theatre for nearly a quarter of 
 a century. It was there that in 
 1839 he achieved his greatest suc- 
 cess by his playing of Blueskin in 
 Buckstone^s adaptation of Harri- 
 son Ainsworth's novel " Jack Shep- 
 pard.'' In 1864 Mr. Bedford pub- 
 lished a volume of autobiographical 
 and theatrical anecdote, entitled 
 " Recollections and Wanderings.^' 
 
 BEECHEY, E ear-Admiral 
 Frederick William, F.E.S., 
 President of the Eoyal Greographi- 
 cal Society, &c., was born in 1796, 
 and was the son of the painter. Sir 
 William Beechey, E.A. He entered 
 the navy in his tenth year, under 
 the innnediate charge of Eai'l St. 
 Vincent, and served under Sir 
 Sidney Smith. He obtained his 
 first commission on March 10, 1815. 
 In January, 1818, he was appointed 
 to the Trent, under Lieutenant and 
 Commander Franklin, and departed 
 on the first of four Arctic voyages 
 in which he took part. An interest- 
 ing account of the voyage of the 
 Trent and the Dorothea was pub- 
 lished by Beechey in 1843. In 
 1821 he was appointed to the 
 Adventure, under Captain W. H. 
 Smyth, the veteran hydrographer, 
 then engaged in the survey of the 
 northern coast of Africa. While 
 on this service, Beechey, promoted 
 to the rank of commander, was sent 
 with his brother, H. W. Beechey, 
 to explore the classic region of the 
 old G-reek Pentapolis, and espe- 
 cially to examine and report on the 
 antiquities of the Cyrenaica, and in 
 1828 he published an account of 
 the expedition, and description of 
 the country and its antiquities. In 
 1824 two exjDeditions were sent out, 
 one under Captain Parry, to dis- 
 cover a north-west passage to the 
 Pacific, and tlie other under Cap- 
 tain Franklin, who wished to con- 
 nect his important discoveries at 
 
 the mouth of the Copper-Mine 
 Eiver with the furthest known 
 point on the western side of Ame- 
 rica, by descending the Mackenzie 
 Eiver, and coasting the northern 
 shore in opposite directions towards 
 the two previously - discovered 
 points. It was thought to be im- 
 possible for either of these expedi- 
 tions to arrive at the open sea in 
 Behring's Straits without having 
 nearly or entirely exhausted their 
 resources, so that the Grovernment 
 determined upon sending a ship to 
 Behring's Straits to await their 
 arrival, and in 1825 Commander 
 Beechey was appointed to the 
 Blossom and told off for this service. 
 The results of this voyage, which 
 extended over three years, are well 
 known in the history of geographi- 
 cal enterprise. The ^'Narrative" 
 was published in 1831 by authority 
 of the Admiralty. Beechey re- 
 turned to England in 1828, after a 
 voyage of upwards of 70,000 miles, 
 having passed three years in both 
 Arctic and tropical climates, during 
 which he rendered important ser- 
 vices to science and navigation. 
 From 1837 to 1847 Captain Beechey 
 was engaged in the survey of the 
 Bristol and Irish Channels, and we 
 are mainly indebted to him for the 
 accurate charts of those seas wliich 
 we now possess. In 1847 Captain 
 Beechey was empowered by the 
 Government to constitute and super- 
 intend the Marine Department of 
 the Board of Trade. He was made 
 Eear-Admiral in 1854, and in the 
 following year was chosen Presi- 
 dent of the Eoyal Geographical 
 Society. He died at his residence, 
 Westbourne Crescent, Hyde Park, 
 November 29, 1866. 
 
 BEECHEY, Sir William, Knt., 
 E.A., Portrait Painter. He was 
 born at Burford, in Oxfordshire, 
 Dec. 12, 1753, and was admitted a 
 student of the Eoyal Academy in 
 1772. Three years later, he exhi- 
 bited some small portraits. After 
 a time he went to Norwich, where 
 he remained four or five years 
 
BEGG— BELCHEK. 
 
 67 
 
 painting small portraits and con- 
 versation pieces in the Hojijarth 
 manner, and in 1783 his first life- 
 sized jjortrait. On leaving Norwich, 
 he returned to London, whore he 
 soon g-ained fame and practice. In 
 1793 he was elected A.E.A., and in 
 the same year painted a portrait of 
 Queen Charlotte, which so pleased 
 her Majesty that she appointed 
 him her portrait painter. In 1798 
 he painted a large equestrian 
 picture of George III., with the 
 Prince of Wales and Duke of York 
 at a review in Hyde Park. This, 
 with several other portraits by 
 Beechey, is now in the gallery of 
 Hampton Court. After painting it 
 he was knighted, and elected R.A. 
 He was now^ one of the most noted 
 portrait painters of his day ; many 
 distinguished persons sat to him, 
 and he painted full-length portraits 
 of all the Royal Family, and, for 
 the Queen, portrait decorations for 
 a room at Frogmore. Yet his work 
 has no great artistic merit, but it 
 is pleasing in colour, and his por- 
 traits are generally characteristic 
 and like the original. There is no 
 painting by him in the National 
 Gallery, but the National Portrait 
 Gallery contains, besides a portrait 
 of himself, " Sir Francis Bour- 
 geois," " Paley (after Eomney),"^ 
 " George Eose," and " Mrs. Sid- 
 dons." He exhibited 417 pictui'es. 
 In 1836 he sold his art collection 
 and retired to Hampstead, where 
 he died Jan. 28th, 1839, in the 86th 
 year of his age. 
 
 BEGG, Mrs., the youngest sister 
 of Eobert Burns the poet, was born 
 at Mount Oliphant, near Ayr, June 
 29, 1771. She married, aboutthe year 
 1791 or 1795, John Begg, who was 
 accidentally killed at Lesmahagow, 
 in 1813. A pension of ,£10 was some- 
 time afterwards obtained for Mrs. 
 Begg through the exertions of Mr. 
 Fergusson of Eaith, and in 1812 
 Mr. Eobert Chambers raised by 
 public subscription a sum of ,£400, 
 which was sunk in an annuity for 
 her. The daughters received £.'200, 
 
 the proceeds of Chambers' Life of 
 the poet. Mi's. Begg died at Ayr, 
 Dec. 4, 1858. 
 
 BEKE, Charles Tilstone, 
 Ph.D., F.S.A., F.E.S.S. [1800— 
 1874J, received a commercial edu- 
 cation, and afterwards studied law 
 at Lincoln's Inn, but eventually 
 resumed mercantile pursuits in 
 London and in Mauritius, where lie 
 lived for some years. Having de- 
 voted much attention to ancient 
 history, geography, philology, and 
 ethnography, he published the 
 results in " Origines Biblicae, or 
 Eesearches in Primeval History," 
 1834. In 1841, being convinced of 
 the great imjDortance of Abyssinia 
 for commercial and other inter- 
 course with Central Africa, and also 
 with a view to geographical dis- 
 covery, he went to Shoa in Southern 
 Abyssinia, from which place he 
 visited the interior, publishing 
 accounts of his researches in "A 
 Statement of Facts," 1845. In the 
 same year he received the diploma 
 of Doctor of Philosophy from 
 the University of Tubingen, and in 
 1848, on his return from his Abys- 
 sinian travels, the Geographical 
 Societies of London and Paris gave 
 him their gold medals. He was act- 
 ing British Consul in Saxony from 
 1836 to 1838, and, from 1849 to 1853 in 
 London, Secretary of the National 
 Association for the Protection of 
 British Industry and Capital. In 
 1861 he and his wife visited Harran, 
 near Damascus, an account of which 
 was published by Mrs. Beke, en- 
 titled '" Jacob's Flight, or a Pilgri- 
 mao-e to Harran." In 1870, Dr. 
 Beke received a Civil List pension 
 of oElOO in consideration of his geo- 
 graphical researches, especially for 
 his explorations in Abyssinia. 
 
 BELCHEE, SirEdward,K.C.B., 
 F.E.S., and F.G.S. [1799—1877], 
 rear-admiral, son of Andrew Bel- 
 cher, Esq., and grandson of Jona- 
 than Belcher, Esq., chief justice 
 and afterwards governor of 
 Halifax, was born in 1799, 
 entered the navy in 1812, and 
 
 F 2 
 
68 
 
 BELL. 
 
 became lieutenant in 1818. After 
 the usual routine of service, in the 
 course of which he was present at 
 the battle of Algiers, he was ap- 
 pointed in 1824 to act as assistant- 
 surveyor to Captain Beechey in the 
 Blossom, then about to sail on a 
 voyage of discovery to Behring's 
 Straits. In 1829 Mr. Belcher was 
 promoted to the rank of Commander, 
 whilst serving under Eear-Admiral 
 Owen. In 1830 he was appointed 
 to command H.M.S. ^f?ia, employed 
 on the survey of the coast of Africa ; 
 and also in the river Douro, 1832-3, 
 for special and delicate service, 
 acting a neutral part between the 
 forces of Don Pedro and Don 
 Miguel. He shortly afterwards 
 fitted H.M. ships the Terror and 
 Erebus for Arctic service. From 
 Nov. 1836, to Aug. 1842, Commander 
 Belcher was employed in H.M.S. 
 Sulphur, surveying the Pacific, sub- 
 sequently in the war operations in 
 China ; and of this voyage round 
 the world he has given an interest- 
 ing account in his well-known 
 Narrative. During this latter ser- 
 vice, in 1841, he executed a series 
 of brilliant services in China, having 
 sounded and explored the various 
 inlets of the Canton river, and made 
 a reconnaisance which contributed 
 greatly to the successes of Sir Hugh 
 (afterwards Lord) Gough and Sir 
 Humi3hrey Le Fleming Senhouse. 
 On that occasion he destroyed 
 twenty-eight Chinese war vessels. 
 In recognition of these services he 
 was promoted to the rank of Cap- 
 tain, with the Comimnionship of the 
 Bath, and in 1843 he was knighted. 
 Sir E. Belcher, who was after- 
 wards employed in the Samarang , 
 on siirveying service in the East 
 Indies, was severely wounded in an 
 action with the pirates of Grilolo. 
 He commanded the exjjedition in 
 search of Sir John Franklin from 
 1852 to 1854, and, in pursuance of 
 his instructions, withdrew the crews 
 of the ice-bound vessels, bringing 
 them to England in October, 1854. 
 He was ajipointed Kear- Admiral of 
 
 the E,ed in 1864 ; became a Vice- 
 Admiral on the retired list in 1866 ; 
 was created a K.C.B. in 1867 ; and 
 attained the rank of E-ear- Admiral 
 in Nov. 1872. Admiral Belcher was 
 the author of " A Treatise on Sur- 
 veying," and "Narrative of a 
 Voyage round the World, per- 
 formed in H.M.S. 8ul%)liur, during 
 the years 1836-42." 
 
 BELL, Sib Charles [1774— 
 1842], Anatomist, and Professor of 
 Surgery in the Edinburgh Univer- 
 sity, was the yoiuigest son of the 
 Eev. William Bell, a clergyman of 
 the Episcopal Church of Scotland. 
 He came to London in 1804, and 
 settled in Leicester Square, where 
 he soon became distinguished for 
 his lectures on anatomy and sur- 
 gery. He also taught anatomy in 
 the school of Great Windmill 
 Street, now done away with, and 
 was made Professor at the Eoyal 
 College of Surgeons. He wrote 
 numerous works of high repute on 
 anatomy and surgical oj^erations, 
 and his " Bridgewater Treatise " on 
 the Hand was very popular. But 
 it was his wonderful discoveries in 
 connection with the nervous system 
 which made his name famous 
 throughout Europe. In 1829 the 
 Eoyal Society of London awarded 
 him their medal for discoveries in 
 science, and when William IV. 
 ascended the throne he was knight- 
 ed. He accejDted the Chair of 
 Surgery in the Edinburgh Univer- 
 sity in 1838, and died four years 
 later. 
 
 BELL, Lieutenant - General, 
 Sir George, K.C.B.,was aj^i^ointed 
 by the Duke of York to the 34tli 
 Eegiment in 1811, and served Avith 
 the Duke of Wellington until the 
 end of the war in the Peninsula in 
 1814. He was afterwards employed 
 at Ceylon, and in the East Indies, 
 and served in Ava during the first 
 Burmese War. He served in 
 Canada 1837-38, and was actively 
 employed during the rebellion there. 
 He commanded the fort and gar- 
 rison of Couteau-du-lac, an impor- 
 
BELL. 
 
 69 
 
 tant position in the river St. Law- 
 rence, and received the thanks of 
 the commander of the forces and 
 his brevet majority for his services. 
 He served in Gibraltar, Nova Scotia, 
 the "West Indies, Meditei'ranean, 
 Turkey, and in the Crimean cam- 
 paign of 1851-55, commanding the 
 royal regiment in the battles of the 
 Alma and Inkermann. He was 
 wounded at Sebaatopol, and honour- 
 ably mentioned in the despatches of 
 Lord Kag'lan. He received the 
 war medal with seven clasps, for 
 Badajoz, Vittoria, the Pyrenees, 
 Nivelle, Nieve, Orthes and Tou- 
 louse, the Indian medal for Ava, 
 the Crimean medal with three 
 clasps for Alma, Inkermann, and 
 Sebastopol, and the Tiu'kish medal. 
 He was made a K.C.B., a Knight of 
 the Legion of Honour, and received 
 the Imperial Order of the Medjidie. 
 He was made Colonel of the 104th 
 regiment in 1863, was transferred 
 in 1867 to the 32nd regiment of the 
 line, and afterwards became Colonel- 
 in -Chief of the royal regiment. 
 He published, in 1867, " Eough 
 Notes by an Old Soldier during 
 Fifty Years" Service," containing 
 an account of his military career. 
 He died July 10, 1877. 
 
 BELL, Henry Glassford, Sheriff 
 of Lanarkshire, was born in Glas- 
 gow in 1805. He was educated for 
 the legal profession, but at the close 
 of his university course, undertook 
 the editorship of the Edinburgh 
 Literary Journal, which he con- 
 ducted for several years. In 1832 
 he was admitted a member of the 
 Faculty of Advocates, was ajy- 
 pointed one of the sheriffs substi- 
 tute of Glasgow in 1839, and in 1867 
 was raised to the office of sheriff 
 principal. He formed a close inti- 
 macy with many of the distin- 
 guished literary men who lived in 
 Edinburgh about the beginning of 
 the second quarter of the century. 
 He was the friend and frequent 
 companion of Professor Wilson, 
 who speaks of him with respect and 
 affection in the " Noctes," where he 
 
 appears under the name of " Tall- 
 boys." In spite of his busy pro- 
 fes.sional life, Mr. Bell always re- 
 tained his fondness for literature. 
 A volume of his occasional produc- 
 tions entitled '• Romances and 
 Ballads," was published by Mac- 
 millan, but his literary reputation 
 will rest on his poem " Mary Queen 
 of Scots," written in his early years. 
 He died Jan. 7, 1874. 
 
 BELL, Jacob [1810—1859], was 
 the head of a firm of dispensing 
 chemists, the excellence of whose 
 drugs earned for them a Eui'oi^ean 
 reputation. Mr. Bell was an ardent 
 and indefatigable student of che- 
 mical and other sciences. He spent 
 a fortune in starting and advancing 
 the I Pharmaceutical Society, of 
 which he w^as jjresident, and which 
 has done so much to raise the edu- 
 cational standard among chemists. 
 He was a generous patron of the 
 arts, and had collected in his house 
 at Langham Place a very valuable 
 gallery of pictui-es, many of them 
 from the easel of his friend Sir 
 Edwin Landseer . He bequeathed the 
 best of them to the nation, among 
 which may be mentioned, Landseer's 
 '' The Maid and the Magpie," the 
 celebrated picture of '^ The Shoe- 
 ing," " The Sleeping Bloodhound," 
 " Alexander and Diogenes," " Dio-- 
 nity and Imimdence," and the 
 " Defeat of Comus ; " '' The Sack- 
 ing of a Jew's House," by Charles 
 Landseer 5 two fine landscapes by 
 Lee and Siduey Cooper ; CNeiFs 
 picture of " The Foundling Exa- 
 mined by the Board of Guardians ;" 
 one of E. M. Ward's best historical 
 works, "James II. Receiving the 
 News of the Landing of the Prince 
 of Orange ; " Mr. Frith's " Derby- 
 day ;" and Rosa Bonheur's " Horse 
 Fair," not the large picture, but a 
 smaller original painted at the same 
 time, and the work from Avhich the 
 engraving is taken. There were 
 altogether thirteen pictm-es of 
 English masters, and one of Frank 
 Stone's not finished. Mr. Bell was 
 of laborious habits, and within an 
 
^0 
 
 BELL— BELPEE. 
 
 hour of his death was hard at 
 Avork. 
 
 BELL, The Rev. Patrick, 
 LL.D., minister of Carmylie parish, 
 Forfarshire, was the inventor of 
 one of the earliest and best reaping 
 machines of his day, the model of 
 which, and an account of the work 
 accomplished by it, were sent to the 
 Highland Society in 1826. In 1867 
 he received a testimonial of .£1000 
 for his design. He died at Car- 
 mylie, April 22, 1869, aged 69. 
 
 BELL, Robert, F.E.S.L. [1800— 
 1867], a well-known writer, was 
 educated at Dublin, where he early 
 became a contributor to the Dublin 
 Inquisitor, a magazine which he 
 was mainly instrumental in found- 
 ing. He went to London to devote 
 himself to literary pursuits, where 
 he became the editor of the Atlas 
 newspaper, of the Monthly Chronicle, 
 and of a publication called the 
 Story-teller. Among his works may 
 be mentioned : the concluding 
 volumes of Sir James Mackin- 
 tosh's '' History of England," and 
 of Southey's " Lives of the British 
 Admirals," " Lives of the English 
 Poets," and a " History of Russia," 
 besides several plays. He was the 
 founder of the Dublin Historical 
 Society, and one of the most active 
 directors of the Royal Literary 
 Fund. 
 
 BELLEW, John Chippendale 
 Montesquieu, S.C.L. [1823—1874], 
 a popular London preacher, and 
 successful public reader, was the 
 son of Ca|)tain Robert Higgin, 
 H. M.'s 12th Regiment, and 
 was born in 1823. On attaining 
 his majority he assumed his 
 mother's maiden name. He was 
 educated at the Grammar School, 
 Lancaster, and at St. Mary Hall, 
 Oxford, and was ordained in 1818. 
 He went out to the East Indies in 
 1851, and was Chaplain of St. John's 
 Cathedral, Calcutta, till.1855, when 
 he returned to England, and was 
 appointed to the sole charge of St. 
 Mark's, Hamilton Terrace, Maryle- 
 bone. In 1862 he became Incum- 
 
 bent of Bedford Chapel,Bloomsbury , 
 He was for several years^ known 
 throughout England as one of the 
 best " Readers " of the period, and 
 was classed by the Times with 
 Charles Dickens and Fanny Kemble, 
 as one of the " persons who, having 
 devoted themselves to this particu- 
 lar art, are the chief objects of 
 attention to the general public." 
 Mr. Bellew retired from his clerical 
 duties in 1868, and joined the 
 Catholic Church, after which time 
 he devoted himself entirely to his 
 readings and to literature. Be- 
 sides several volumes of Sermons, 
 he wrote " Blount Tempest," 
 " Shakespere's Home,"" The Poet's 
 Corner," &c. The actor, Mr. Kyrle 
 Bellew, is his son. 
 
 BELPER (Lord), The Right 
 Hon. Edward Strutt, LL.D., 
 F.R.S. [1801—1880], the only son 
 of Mr. William Strutt, a manufac- 
 turer of Derby, by Barbara, daugh- 
 ter of Thomas Evans, Esq., of the 
 same place, born in 1801, was edu- 
 cated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he graduated in 1823. 
 In 1830 he was invited by his 
 fellow-townsmen to represent the 
 borough in the Liberal interest. 
 In Sept., 1846, he accepted the 
 post, which he resigned in March, 
 1848, of Chief Commissioner of 
 Railways, being made a Privy 
 Councillor. He was elected for 
 Derby at every general election, 
 from 1830 until 1847, though in the 
 last-mentioned year he was un- 
 seated on petition, and remained 
 out of Parliament until July, 1851, 
 when he was elected for Arundel 
 in the jjlace of the Earl of Arundel 
 and Surrey, who had accepted the 
 Chiltern Hundreds. At the general 
 election of 1852 he was with Mr. John 
 Walter, returned M.P. for Notting- 
 ham. On the resignation of Lord 
 Derby's Ministry, in Dec, 1852, 
 Lord Aberdeen selected Mr. Strutt 
 as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- 
 caster, which post he continued to 
 hold till June, 1854, when he re- 
 tired, in order to facilitate certain 
 
BELTZ— BENJAMIN. 
 
 71 
 
 changes iu the Cabinet. He was 
 raised to the peeraj^e in 1856, and 
 ■was made Lord-Lieutenant of Not- 
 tinijhamshire in 18G4. On July 29, 
 1871, he was unanimously elected 
 to succeed the late Mr. George 
 Grote as President of University 
 College, London. 
 
 BELTZ^ George FeedericKj 
 Lancaster Herald, Gentleman 
 Usher of the Scarlet Eod, and 
 Brunswick Herald of the Order of 
 the Bath, K.H.,and F.S.A., died at 
 Basle, Oct. 23, 1841. For many 
 years he had been in the office of 
 Sir Isaac Heard, Garter King of 
 Arms, who resigned in his favour 
 the office of Gentleman Usher of 
 the Scarlet Eod of the Order of the 
 Bath in 1814. In May, 1817, he 
 received the appointment of Port- 
 cullis Pursuivant, and was pro- 
 moted to be Lancaster Herald in 
 June, 1822. The knighthood of the 
 Guelphic order was conferred on 
 him in 1836. He was a very dili- 
 gent antiquarian, and highly dis- 
 tinguished in the science of 
 Heraldry. Besides several treatises 
 on archaeological subjects, he pub- 
 lished '•' Memorials of the Order of 
 the Garter," a work of great criti- 
 cal research, and filled with bio- 
 graphical details of great interest. 
 
 BE^X"E- JONES, Dr. Henry, 
 M.D., D.C.L., F.E.S., honorary 
 secretary of the Eoyal Institution 
 of Great Britain, was born Dec. 31, 
 1814, and was the son of Colonel 
 William Jones, of Lowestoft. He 
 was educated at Harrow, and at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, where 
 he took his B.A. degi-ee in 1836 ; 
 M.A. in 1840. He began the study 
 of medicine in 1836, and in 1846 
 was elected physician to St. 
 George's Hospital, and a Fellow of 
 the Eoyal Society. In 1860 he was 
 elected honorary secretary of the 
 Eoyal Institution, where he was 
 greatly instrumental in the estab- 
 lishment of a donation fund for 
 the piu'poses of experimental re- 
 search, and in the erection of ex- 
 tensive new laboratories. He gave 
 
 several important Friday evening 
 discourses in the lecture theatre in 
 1854 on " Wines " ; in 1856 on 
 "Ventilation"; in 1865, on "The 
 Chemical Circulation in the Body " ; 
 and in 1866 on " The Existence in 
 the Texture of Animals of a fluores- 
 cent Substftnce closely resembling 
 Quinine," in all of which he em- 
 bodied the results of his own 
 researches. Besides several strictly 
 scientific works, he wrote " The 
 Life and Letters of Faraday," and 
 " The Eoyal Institution, its Foun- 
 der and First Professors." He died 
 April, 1873. 
 
 BENJAMIN, JuDAH Philip, 
 Q.C. [1811—1884], whose parents 
 were English Jews, was bom in the 
 West Indian Island of St. Croix, 
 where he spent the first four years 
 of his life. His bii-th as a British 
 subject was recognised, when more 
 than fifty years later he was called 
 to the Bar in London. He was edu- 
 cated at Yale College, but left 
 without taking his degree. In 
 1832 he entered an attorney's office 
 in New Orleans, studied law, took 
 pupils, and in his spare time com- 
 piled a digest of the reported cases 
 in the local court. This work meet- 
 ing with great success, he next, 
 with the co-operation of John 
 Slidell, brought out a " Digest of 
 the Eeported Decisions of the 
 Superior Court of the late Terri- 
 tory of Orleans, and of the Supreme 
 Court of the State of Louisiana." 
 New Orleans was the great em- 
 porium of the cotton trade, and 
 i Benjamin took the front rank 
 among the lawyers, by whom the 
 i rights of planters and merchants 
 [ were adjusted and detei'mined. In 
 1852 he was elected a member of 
 the Senate of the United States, 
 and was again returned in 1857. 
 with John Slidell as his colleague. 
 He withdi'ew from the Senate in 
 1861, left Washington, and was 
 appointed by Jefferson Davis Attor- 
 ney-General in the Provisional 
 Government of the Southern Con- 
 federacy. He was next appointed 
 
BENNETT. 
 
 Acting Secretary for War, a post 
 lie filled till the reorganisation of 
 the Cabinet in 1862^ when he was 
 nominated Secretary of State^ and 
 held that jDOst till the breaking up 
 of the (Confederate cause, when the 
 leaders had to leave the country. 
 After many hairbreadth escapes Mr. 
 Benjamin at last reached England, 
 having lost all his fortune, with the 
 exception of a few hundred pounds. 
 He entered at Lincoln's Inn in Jan., 
 1866, and being enabled, through 
 the exertions of influential friends, 
 to dispense with the three years 
 dining, AA^as called to the Bar in 
 June of the same year, being at the 
 time fifty-five years of age. Having 
 gone the Northern Circuit he settled 
 down in London, where he had to 
 write articles for a bare livelihood. 
 In 1868 he published his work, " A 
 Treatise on the Law of Sale of Per- 
 sonal Property, with reference to 
 the American decisions, to the 
 French Code, and Civil law,"' gene- 
 rally called " Benjamin on Sale,'' 
 Avhich had a great success both in 
 England and America, and of which 
 two or three editions were pub- 
 lished. He was admitted a Pala- 
 tine " silk " for Lancashire, and 
 made a Q.C. in 1872. At first he 
 practised in all the courts, deliver- 
 ing many masterly addresses to 
 jviries, but his real /orte lay in the 
 scientific treatment of legal ques- 
 tions, and to these in a few years 
 he confined hiinself. The Privy 
 Council is said to have been his 
 favourite Tribunal, his wide ex- 
 perience of foreign systems of law 
 enabling him to deal successfully 
 with the cases from the Colonies 
 which came before the Judicial 
 Committee in Downing Street. He 
 died in Paris, where he had gone 
 to join his wife and daughter, Avho 
 lived there. A short time before 
 liis death his professional brethren 
 gave him a grand banquet in the 
 Inner Temple Hall, at which the 
 Attorney-General, the Lord Chan- \ 
 cellor, &c., were present, and at | 
 which Mr. Benjamin made a me-, 
 
 morable farewell speech, and took 
 leave of them all. 
 
 BENNETT, John Hughes, M.D., 
 F.E.S.E. [1812— 1875], was educated 
 at the Grammar and Mount Ead- 
 ford Schools of Exeter, and began 
 the study of medicine in 1829. He 
 entered the Edinburgh University 
 in 183.3, and took his degree in 
 1837, with the highest honours. In 
 the autumn of 1837 he founded in 
 Paris the " Parisian Medical 
 Society," of which he was the first 
 i:>resident ; and after studying in 
 that city for two years, he spent 
 two years in Germany. In 1841 he 
 published a valuable treatise on 
 cod-liver oil, and in November of 
 that year gave, in Edinburgh, a 
 systematic course of lectures on 
 histology, and the use of the micro- 
 scope, being the first of the kind 
 ever delivered in this country. In 
 1813 he Avas appointed Pathologist 
 to the Eoyal Infirmary at Edin- 
 burgh, and began a long series of 
 investigations in histology, morbid 
 anatomy, and clinical medicine, 
 which appeared in various medical 
 journals, and in separate works. 
 In 1845 he discovered a remarkable 
 disease of the blood, which he called 
 Leucocytheemia, and an account of 
 which he published later. In 1818 
 he Avas appointed to the chair of 
 the Institutes of Medicine, Edin- 
 burgh University. He was a mem- 
 ber of many of the scientific and 
 medical societies of Europe and 
 America, and Avrote, in addition to 
 the works already mentioned, 
 "Treatise on Inflammation," 
 " Principles and Practice of Modi- 
 ciiiB &c &c 
 
 BENNETT^ Samuel [1815-1878], 
 was born in Cornwall, and emi- 
 grated to Australia in 1811. He 
 became an influential journalist 
 and ncAvspaper i^roprietor, and 
 wrote a book entitled " The History 
 of Australian Discovery and Colo- 
 nisation," which has become a 
 standard Avork of reference. The 
 history begins A\dth the earliest 
 mention of Australia to be found 
 
BE^WETT. 
 
 73 
 
 of 
 
 brought 
 
 ancient geo- 
 down to 
 
 in the writings 
 graphers, and is 
 the year 1831. 
 
 BENNETT, William Mineard, 
 Miniature Painter, Avas born at 
 Exeter about 1778, became the 
 pupil of Sir Thomas Lawi-ence^ and 
 in 1812 had his first painting in 
 the Academy. Between that date 
 and 1835 he exhibited fifteen works 
 in the Academy. He then settled 
 in Paris, where his painting, and 
 his musical and literary tastes 
 gained him a good position, and 
 the favour of the court of Loviis 
 Philippe. After 1841, when he re- 
 tui-ned to Exeter, he painted only 
 for amusement. He died Oct. 17, 
 1858. 
 
 BENNETT, Sir William Stern- 
 dale, Mus. D., D.C.L. lISIG— 1875], 
 without doubt the most consider- 
 able English musician since Purcell 
 lived, was born at Sheffield. His 
 father, Eobert Bennett, was organ- 
 ist of the parish church, but died 
 while William was an infant, leav- 
 ing the care and bringing up of 
 the child to the grandfather, him- 
 self a musician and one of the lay 
 clerks of the Cambridge Univer- 
 sity Choir. By him the boy, at the 
 age of eight years, was entered as 
 a chorister in King's College, and 
 having remained there two years 
 was placed in the Eoyal Academy 
 of Music. His first instrument 
 was the violin, but this he aban- 
 doned for the pianoforte, and re- 
 ceived instruction from Mr. W. H. 
 Holmes and Cipriani Potter. Soon 
 aftei-wards he tiu-ned his mind to 
 composition, and, as a jnipil of Dr. 
 Crotch, produced his first symphony, 
 in E flat, at the Eoyal Academy. 
 This was followed at short intervals 
 by his pianoforte concertos, in D 
 minor, E flat, C minor, F minor 
 (two), and A minor, which, with 
 of the first, were 
 invitation at the 
 the Philharmonic 
 Society. About this time he came 
 under the notice of Mendelssohn, 
 who was in England, and who gave ; 
 
 the exception 
 performed by 
 concerts of 
 
 the yoimg composer his cordial 
 approval. In 183G the firm of 
 Broadwood offered to defray the 
 co.st of a so]Vnirn in Leipzig for a 
 year, and during that time the 
 influence and instruction of Men- 
 delssohn very considerably im- 
 pressed Bennett. His overtures, 
 the "Naiades" and the "Wood 
 Nymph," were performed at the 
 Gewandhaus Concerts under the 
 direction of Mendelssohn himself. 
 Whilst in this city he thoroughly 
 established a reputation as a piano- 
 forte player ; and on the whole it 
 may, we fear, be said that the 
 Germans, with Schumann at their 
 head, give a higher place to Ben- 
 nett than has been accorded to him 
 by his less appreciative country- 
 men. After his German visit, 
 where several of his principal works 
 were published, he fixed his resi- 
 dence in London, where he devoted 
 his time to composition and piano- 
 forte playing, adding, of course, to 
 these the fairly lucrative profes- 
 sion of a successful teacher. In 
 1856 he was appointed to succeed 
 Mr. Walmsley as Professor of 
 Music at Cambridge, and received 
 the degree of Doctor of Music in 
 the same year, and that of M.A. in 
 1869. Before this, however^ and 
 perhaps as leading up to it, it 
 should be mentioned that he 
 founded the Bach Society in 18Jr9, 
 a movement which has been of in- 
 calculable benefit in promoting the 
 study and knowledge of the incom- 
 parable works of that great master. 
 The English public move slowly, 
 however, and in nothing more de- 
 liberately than in matters jjertain- 
 ing to ai-t, and it was nearly five 
 years before Bennett succeeded in 
 educating them to the point of 
 listening to a performance of the 
 Matthew Passion music. On April 
 6, 1851, the first performance in 
 England was given ; but since that 
 date— the ice once being broken — 
 it would be impossible to reckon the 
 nimiber of times that great work 
 has been given, not in London only. 
 
n 
 
 BENSON— BENTINCK. 
 
 but througliout England. In 1856^ 
 besides the Cambridge Professor- 
 sbipj Bennett was made conductor 
 of the Philharmonic Concerts^ and 
 held that important post till 1866, 
 when he became Principal of. 
 the Royal Academy of Music. In 
 1858 was produced at Leeds his 
 most generally popular, though it 
 can hardly be said his finest work, 
 "The May Queen." While the 
 libretto is commonplace in the ex- 
 treme, the music is of a rare refine- 
 ment and grace both in the solos 
 and orchestral parts — these latter 
 brimming over with fancy and 
 suggestiveness ; and though there 
 is nothing that approaches what 
 may be termed a tune, the wealth 
 of melodic invention is surj^rising. 
 In 1862, the opening of the Exhi- 
 bition gave another opportunity 
 for Bennett's ability as a choral 
 writer in the production of an in- 
 auguration ode, the words by 
 Tennyson — " Uplift a Thousand 
 Voices ; " and the same year wit- 
 nessed the first performance of one 
 of his most beautiful works — the 
 " Paradise and the Peri " overture. 
 Here programme-miisic has reached 
 one of its highest points of develop- 
 ment, but without even a hint of 
 departure from classical purity and 
 grace. There was one other work 
 of some dimensions produced in 
 this year, namely, an ode, to words 
 by Kingsley, on the installation 
 of the Duke of Devonshire as Chan- 
 cellor of Cambridge University. 
 But his most important choral 
 work is, without doubt, " The 
 Woman of Samaria," produced at 
 the Birmingham Festival of 1867. 
 In this oratorio devotional writing 
 attains a high pitch, and the amount 
 of thought and conscientious labour 
 given to the work is very great — 
 too great, j^erhaps, for its success 
 as a popular composition. For 
 Bennett pondered and polished, 
 and considered and re-polished, 
 and generally succeeded in elimi- 
 nating those effects which so many 
 composers are content to leave in 
 
 their works as baits to catch the 
 popular ear. Nothing of his pub- 
 lished work is crude or ill-con- 
 sidered, and^he never wrote a note 
 merely for popular effect. In 1870 
 the University of Oxford made him 
 a D.C.L., and in the next year he 
 was knighted. In 1872 a testi- 
 monial was given to him at St. 
 James's Hall, and a scholarship 
 founded in his name at the Eoyal 
 Academy of Music, whose fortunes 
 he had, for some years, controlled 
 with ability and zeal. Bennett 
 died in 1875 and was buried in 
 Westminster Abbey. The work of 
 his life is not large, but in quality 
 it is beyond reproach. As we have 
 intimated, it will never, at least 
 until musical taste and education 
 in this country shall have made 
 great advances, be popular in the 
 sense that the music of Balfe, and 
 Bishop, and Wallace is popular. 
 But those who are more charmed 
 by delicate and subtle appeals to 
 their intellect and judgment and 
 critical faculties, than by emotional 
 effects and little besides, will 
 always look to Bennett's music for 
 the higher kind of enjoyment. 
 
 BENSON, Sir John [1812— 
 1874], civil engineer, was the son 
 of a gentleman in the county of 
 Sligo. Having received an ordi- 
 nary education, he commenced 
 practice in the south of Ireland, 
 and in 1846 was appointed County 
 Engineer to the East Eiding of 
 county Cork, and subsequently 
 Consulting Engineer to the Com- 
 missioners of Cork Harbour, and 
 to the Cork Waterworks, the Cork 
 and Limerick Eailway, and the 
 Cork and Macroom Eailway. He 
 was chosen by public competition 
 as the architect of the Great Indus- 
 trial Exhi]jition of Dublin in 1852, 
 and received the honour of knight- 
 hood from the Earl of St. Germans, 
 then Lord-Lieutenant, upon the 
 opening of the Exhibition. 
 
 BENTINCK, Lord William 
 George Frederick Cavendish 
 [1802—1848], better known as Lord 
 
BEXTlNCir. 
 
 15 
 
 George Bentinck, second son of the 
 fourth Duke of Portland, was edu- 
 cated at Eton, and at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, after which he 
 entered the army. After serving 
 for a time in the Guards, he retired 
 from the army to become private 
 secretary to his uncle, Mr. Canning, 
 then Prime Minister. In 1828 he 
 was returned to Parliament as a 
 moderate Whig, for Lynn-Eegis, 
 which he represented till his death. 
 After the passing of the Reform 
 Bill, in favour* of which he voted, 
 though opposing some of its princi- 
 pal details, he joined the ranks of 
 the Opposition, and sided with them 
 up to the important session of 1846, 
 a period of eleven years, during 
 which time he was a steady and un- 
 flinching supporter of Sir Robert 
 Peel. When, in 1846, Sir Robert 
 Peel introduced his Free Trade 
 measures, the advocates of the 
 Corn Laws, or the Protectionist 
 party, as it was called, chose Lord 
 George Bentinck as their leader, 
 because they found that he was 
 the only man around whom the 
 several sections of the Opposition 
 could be brought to rally. He had 
 been for many years one of the 
 leaders of " the turf,^' but on enter- 
 ing on his new duties, he gave up 
 all connection with it, and devoted 
 his whole time and energies to the 
 laborious duties of a parliamentary 
 leader. His sudden elevation to 
 such a high position took the pub- 
 lic by surprise, but he had Disraeli 
 for lieutenant, and under these 
 two the Protectionist party at once 
 assumed an imposing aspect. He 
 was especially bitter towards Sir 
 Robert Peel, whom he accused of 
 having " hounded to the death his 
 illustrious relative," Mr. Canning. 
 He supported the Bill for removing 
 Jewish disabilities, and also 
 Catholic Emancipation. His life 
 was written by Mr. Disraeli. 
 
 BEXTIXCK, Right Hon. Lord 
 William Hexry Cavendish, Privy 
 Councillor, General in the army. 
 Colonel of the 11th Light Dragoons, 
 
 G.C.B., and G.C.H., and M.P. for 
 the city of Glasgow, was Vjorn Sept. 
 14, 1774, the second son of William 
 Henry , third Duke of Portland, K.G . 
 In 1701 he entered the army as 
 an ensign in the Coldstream Guards, 
 and in May, 1799, was sent by 
 the King to the head-quarters of 
 Marshal SuwarrofE's army in Italy, 
 where he remained till the be- 
 ginning of 1801, being present at 
 the several battles which took place 
 during that time. He sailed for 
 India as Governor of Madras in 
 1803, returning to England in Jan., 
 1808, in August of which year he 
 was appointed to the staff of the 
 army under Lieut. -General Sir H. 
 Burrard in Portugal. Lord William 
 was subsequently sent on an im- 
 portant mission to the Supreme 
 Junta of Spain, remaining with 
 that body till the latter end of No- 
 vember, and corresponding with his 
 Government and Sir John Moore. 
 He accompanied the army under 
 Sir John Moore in its retreat, and 
 commanded a brigade at the battle 
 of Corunna. His next appointment 
 was to command a division of Sir 
 Arthur Wellesley's army, soon after 
 which he was appointed Minister 
 at the Court of Sicily, and Com- 
 mander-in-chief of all His Majesty's 
 forces in that island. In 1813 he 
 set out, at the head of an expedi- 
 tion to land in Catalonia, but having 
 penetrated as far as Valencia, and 
 laid siege to Tarragona, was i-e- 
 pulsed at Villa Franca. He finally 
 quitted Sicily in 1814, having pre- 
 viously obtained a promise from 
 King Ferdinand to keep his re- 
 forms. He next proceeded to the 
 Courts of Tuscan V and Le«rhorn, 
 and at the latter place issued a 
 proclamation inviting the Italians 
 to shake off the French yoke. 
 Having landed his troops, he ad- 
 vanced upon Genoa, of which place 
 he made himself master. After the 
 war he lived for some time in 
 Rome. In 1827 he returned to India 
 as Governor-General, where he re- 
 mained tiU 1837, in which year he 
 
76 
 
 BENTLE Y— BEEE SFOED. 
 
 was returned to Parliament for 
 Glasgow^, resigning" his seat only a 
 few days before his death. Lord 
 William married^ in 1803j Lady 
 Mary Acheson^, second daughter of 
 Arthur^ first Earl of Grosford. He 
 died in Paris, aged 68, June 11 , 
 1839. 
 
 BENTLEY, Richard [179.1^ 
 1871], the well-known publisher, 
 belonged to an old Shropshire 
 family, and was the son of the 
 principal accountant of the Bank of 
 England. He was the founder, in 
 conjunction with Charles Dickens, 
 of Bentley's Miscellany . In 1815 he 
 endeavoured, in association with 
 the Hon. Sydney Smythe and the 
 Young England party, to found a 
 newspaper representing their views, 
 but it met with no success. Charles 
 Dickens, Lord Lytton, Captain 
 Marry at. Dr. Maginn, Father 
 Prout, Ingoldsby, Fenimore Cooper, 
 Sam Slick, and Prescott were 
 among the numerous authors for 
 whom he published. 
 
 BERESFOED, Eight Hon. and 
 Most Eev. Lord John George, 
 D.D. [1773—1862], Archbishop of 
 Armagh, Primate of all Ireland, 
 &c., was the son of George De La 
 Poer, 2nd Earl and 1st Marquis of 
 Waterf ord, and was born at Tyrone 
 House, Dublin, Nov. 22, 1773. He 
 was educated at Christ Church, 
 Oxford, and having taken Holy 
 Orders, after filling some minor 
 offices in the Church, Avas conse- 
 crated Bishop of Cork in 1805, 
 translated to the see of Eaphoe in 
 1807, and to that of Clogher in 
 1819. In 1820 he was made Arch- 
 bishop of Dublin, and in 1822 
 Archbishoj) of Armagh and Primate 
 of all Ireland. He was Vice-Chan- 
 cellor and Visitor of Trinity College, 
 Dublin, from 1829 to 1851, when he 
 was appointed Chancellor. He also 
 held the offices of Lord Almoner to 
 the Queen in Ireland, and Prelate 
 of the Order of St. Patrick. 
 
 BEEESFOED, Admiral Sir 
 John PooRE, Bart., K.C.B.,G.C.H., 
 was the illegitimate son of George, 
 
 first Marquis of Waterf ord, K.P., 
 and was born in 1769. He entered 
 the navy in 1782, was made lieute- 
 nant 1790, commander 1791, and 
 post captain 1795. In 1809, on 21st 
 Feb., when off I'Orient in company 
 with three line-of-battle ships, he 
 fell in with a French squadron, 
 and, by his spirited conduct, pre- 
 vented their forming a jimction 
 with the ships in that port ready 
 for sea. In 1810 Captain Beresford 
 was appointed to the Poictieis, in 
 which, Aug. 14, 1812, he set out 
 with Sir J. B. Warren and his 
 squadron for the coast of North 
 America, having previously acted 
 as j)roxy for his brother. Viscount 
 Beresford, at the installation of the 
 Knights of the Bath, and, as is 
 usual on siich occasions, having 
 himself received the honour of 
 knighthood previous to the cere- 
 mony. Towards the end of 1813 
 the Poidiers returned to England, 
 and was put out of commission. On 
 his return to England Sir John was 
 selected by the Admiralty for the 
 task of escorting Louis XVIII. to 
 Calais, on that monarch's restora- 
 tion to the crown of France. In 
 181-1 he was made Bart, of the 
 United Kingdom, and advanced to 
 the rank of Eear-Admiral, and in 
 1819 was nominated a K.C.B. and 
 appointed Commander-in-chief at 
 Leith. In 1825 he attained the 
 rank of Vice- Admiral, and became 
 full Admiral in 1838. He sat for 
 Coleraine in the House of Commons 
 from 1812 to 1823, when he was re- 
 turned for Berwick. In 1826 he 
 was elected for Northallerton, 
 which he represented till 1832. In 
 1835 Sir John was appointed one of 
 the Junior Lords of the Admiralty. 
 He died at Bcdale, Yorkshire, aged 
 75, Oct. 2, 1814. 
 
 BEEESFOED, Viscount, The 
 Eight Hon. William Carr Beres- 
 ford, G.C.B.,G.C.S.,K.T.S.,K.S.F., 
 K.S.H., Colonel-in-Chiof of the 60th 
 Foot, Colonel of the 16th Foot, 
 Governor of Jersey, Duke of Elvas, 
 and Marquis of Campo-Mayor in 
 
BERKELEY. 
 
 77 
 
 Spain, Count of Trancoso in Portu- 
 gal, and a Field-Marshal of Portu- 
 gal, and Captain-General of Spain, 
 was the illegitimate son of George 
 do la Poer Beresfora, first Marquis 
 of Waterford, and was born on Oct. 
 2, 1708. He entered the army in 
 Aug., 1785, as ensign in the Gth 
 Foot, and in the spring of 178G 
 emliarked with his regiment for 
 Nova Scotia, where he passed the 
 first foiu* years of his military life. 
 In 1793 with his regiment, the 69th 
 Foot, he embarked at Cork for 
 foreign service, and formed part 
 of the army which, in the spring 
 of that year, took possession of 
 Toulon. He also served in Corsica, 
 being present at Calvi, Bastia, and 
 St. Fiorenza. In 1799, in com- 
 mand of the 88th Foot, he pro- 
 ceeded to India, and was almost 
 immediately sent to Egypt in com- 
 mand of a brigade in Sir David 
 Baird^s army. In 1800 he received 
 the brevet rank of Colonel. He 
 bore a conspicuous part in the re- 
 conquest of the CajDe of Good Hope, 
 from which place, with the rank 
 of Brigadier-General, he was sent 
 with a small detachment to seize 
 Buenos Ayres. He obtained pos- 
 session of the town, and won some 
 victories in the open field, but 
 was eventually compelled to capitu- 
 late, and was taken prisoner. He 
 managed to escape in 1807, and 
 returned to England. In the same 
 year an expedition was sent to 
 Madeii*a, the naval portion of 
 which was commanded by Admiral 
 Hood, the troops by General Beres- 
 ford. Madeira was taken on Dec. 
 24, and General Beresford was ap- 
 pointed Governor and Commander- 
 in-Chief until Aug., 1808, when he 
 was sent to join the British army 
 in Portugal. He accompanied Sir 
 John Moore's army to Sj^ain, was 
 present at the battle of Corunna, 
 actively engaged in covering the 
 embarkation of the troops, and 
 returned with them to England. 
 He obtained the rank of Major- 
 General in 1808^ and in 1809 was 
 
 sent a second time to Portugal to 
 take command of the army of that 
 kingdom under the Prince Regent 
 of Portugal, with the local rank 
 of Lieut.-General. He was made 
 Marshal Commanding, March 1, 
 1809, and at the head of 12,000 
 men attacked the French in the 
 north of Portugal, and drove them 
 back to Amarante, and there 
 uniting with the force under Sir 
 Arthur Wellesley thoroughly routed 
 them. Marshal Beresford's great- 
 est achievement was the battle of 
 Albuera, where, with a force of 
 27,000 men, he gained a brilliant 
 victory over the French under 
 Marshal Soult, and received a vote 
 of thanks from Parliament. He 
 was also present at Salamanca, 
 where he was severely woiinded, at 
 Yittoria, at the various battles of 
 the Pyi'eneeSj at Xivelle, at Xive, 
 and at Orthez. He commanded the 
 British troops which took pos- 
 session of Bordeaux, and bore a 
 distinguished part in the battle of 
 Toulouse. He was raised to the 
 peerage in 1814, and a grant of 
 ,£2,000 a vear was made to him and 
 his two next inheritors of the title. 
 On his return to England at the 
 close of the war, he received the 
 cross with seven clasps. The 
 Spanish Government conferred 
 upon him the title of Marquis of 
 Campo-Mayor and Duke of Elvas ; 
 the Portuguese that of Conde di 
 Trancoso. In 1822 he was made 
 Lieut.-General of the Ordnance, 
 and in 1825 was promoted to the 
 rank of General in the army. He 
 married in 1832 the Hon. Louisa 
 Hope, widow of Thomas Hope, of 
 Deepdene (author of " Anastasius," 
 etc.), the youngest daughter of the 
 Most Rev. William Beresford, 
 Protestant Archbishop of Tuam. 
 He died at his seat, Bedgebury 
 Park, Kent, Jan. 8, 185 4. 
 
 BERKELEY, The Hon. Francis 
 Fitz-Haedinge [179-4 — 1870], a 
 younger son of the Earl of 
 Berkeley, was born Dec. 7, 1794, 
 before the only marriage of his 
 
78 
 
 BEEKELEY. 
 
 parents which was recognised as 
 valid by the House of Lords, and 
 was consequently a younger brother 
 of Lord Fitz-HardingC;, and elder 
 brother of the Hon. G. C. Grantley 
 F. Berkeley (q.v.). He was edu- 
 cated at Christ-Church, Oxford, 
 where he was a Gentleman Com- 
 moner, but did not graduate ; en- 
 tered Parliament in 1837, as M. P. 
 for Bristol, after a hard-fought 
 contest, and retained his seat till 
 1867. His name was closely iden- 
 tified with the ballot, in favour of 
 which, from the retirement of Mr. 
 Grote from political life, he had 
 brought forward in the House of 
 Commons an annual motion. Mr. 
 Berkeley, who was very popular at 
 Bristol, had always in contested 
 elections been at the head of the 
 poll. 
 
 BEEKELEY, The Hon. George 
 Charles Grantley Fitz-Har- 
 DiNGE [1800 — 1881], a younger son 
 of the late Earl of Berkeley, and 
 heir presumptive to that title, born 
 in 1800, was presented at the age 
 of sixteen by his godfather, George 
 IV. (then Prince Eegent), with a 
 commission in the Coldstream 
 Guards, from which he retired on 
 half-pay shortly after coming of 
 age. He represented the Western 
 Division of Gloucestershire, in the 
 Liberal interest, from 1832 to 181:7. 
 In 1836 he published his novel en- 
 titled " Berkeley Castle," and feel- 
 ing much annoyed at the severe 
 strictures passed upon it in Fraser's 
 Magazine, committed a violent as- 
 sault upon the publisher. For this 
 an action was brought by Mr. 
 Eraser, who obtained a verdict 
 with dfilOO damages. Dr. Maginn, 
 who declared himself the author of 
 the article which had given offence, 
 was challenged by Mr. Berkeley, 
 and was slightly wounded by him 
 in the duel that ensued. Mr. 
 Berkeley, who had been a master of 
 stag and fox hounds, was well 
 known as a proficient in all kinds 
 of field sj)orts, and was the author 
 of " Laudon Hall 3 " Eeminiscences 
 
 of a Huntsman ; " "A Month in 
 the Forests of France ;" "The Eng- 
 lish Sportsman in the Western 
 Prairies ; " " My Life and Eecol- 
 lections," 1864 ; and " Tales of Life 
 and Death," 2 vols., 1869. His best- 
 known book is a volume of remi- 
 niscences, entitled "The Upper 
 Ten Thousand at Home and 
 Abroad ; "" and his latest was en- 
 titled " Fact against Fiction : the 
 Habits and Treatment of Animals 
 Practically considered: Hydropho- 
 bia and Distempers, with some re- 
 marks on Darwin," 2 vols., 1874. 
 He had also written " Love at the 
 Lion," and other poems, and was 
 a frequent contributor to periodi- 
 cal literature on subjects more or 
 less connected with field sports. 
 
 BEEKELEY, Mary (Countess 
 of), was one of the three daughters 
 of William Cole, a publican and 
 butcher at Wooton, near Berkeley, 
 after whose death in 1782 or 1783, 
 she came to London and entered 
 the service of Lady Talbot, and 
 afterwards of Mrs. Foote, at Bough- 
 ton Malherbe, in Kent. In 1781- 
 she became acquainted with the 
 Earl of Berkeley at Gloucester, and 
 soon after went to live with him at 
 Berkeley Castle, where she firmly 
 established herself, and became the 
 mother of a numerous family. She 
 was usually known as Miss Tudor, 
 her brother, William Cole, for whom 
 the Earl procured the place of an 
 Assistant Commissary at Maidstone, 
 also assuming that name. On the 
 16th May, 1796, the Earl of Berke- 
 ley, styled in the parish register 
 "a bachelor," and Mary Cole, 
 " spinster," were married very pri- 
 vately in the parish church of 
 Lambeth, in the presence of " Wil- 
 liam Tudor," and the Eev. Caleb 
 
 I Carrington. The Earl died Aug. 
 
 j 8, 1810, leaving Berkeley Castle 
 and the principal estates of the 
 family to his eldest son. Earl Fitz- 
 hardinge, who in the following 
 year laid claim to the titles of Earl 
 of Berkeley, Viscount Dm*sley, and 
 Baron Berkeley. The matter came 
 
BERNAL— BERNARD. 
 
 70 
 
 before the Lords' Committee of 
 Privileges, March i, 1811, the first 
 person examined being the Countess 
 herself, who swore that she had 
 been first married to the late Earl 
 of Berkeley, March 30, 1785, in the 
 parish church of Berkeley, and the 
 registry of this alleged marriage 
 was pi'oduced, but the Marquis of 
 Buckingham and others declared 
 their belief, that with the ex- 
 ception of the signature of Mary 
 Cole and William Tudor, it was 
 entirely in the handwi-iting of 
 the Earl of Berkeley himself, and 
 the House of Lords came to the 
 decision on the 1st July, 1811, that 
 the alleged marriage had not been 
 proved. The children boi'n before 
 the marriage of 1796 were, omitting 
 one son and two daughters who 
 died in infancy, four in number : 
 the Right Hon. William Fitz- 
 hardinge, known as Colonel Berke- 
 ley, and created Baron Segrave in 
 1S31, Earl Fitzhardinge 18^1 ; Cap- 
 tain Maurice Frederick Fitz- 
 hardinge Berkeley, R. N., C.B., and 
 M. P. for Gloucester ; Augustus 
 Fitzhardinge and Francis Henry 
 Fitzhardinge Berkeley, M.P. for 
 Bristol. After the marriage of 1796 
 were born the Hon. Thomas Morton 
 Fitzhardinge Berkeley (who by the 
 decision of the House of Lords would 
 have been Earl Berkeley, but did 
 not assume the title) ; the Hon. 
 George Charles Grtintley Fitz- 
 hardinge Berkeley, M.P. for West 
 Gloucestershire ; Lady Henrietta 
 Fitzhardinge Berkeley ; Lady Caro- 
 line Fitzhardinge, married in 1S29 
 to James Maxse ; the Hon. Craven 
 Fitzhardinge Berkeley, M.P. for 
 Cheltenham, and Lady Elizabeth, 
 married in 1839 to Sidney Augus- 
 tus Capel, Lieutenant 12th Lancers. 
 The Countess died at Cranford 
 House, Middlesex, aged 77, Oct. 30, 
 184-1. 
 
 BERNAL, Ralph, was of Hebrew 
 descent, and was educated at 
 Christ's College, Cambridge, where 
 he graduated B.A., 1806, M.A. 1809, 
 and was called to the Bar by the 
 
 Hon. Society of Lincoln's Inn, Feb. 
 8, 1810. He was first returned to 
 Parliament as member for Lincoln 
 in 1818, and in 1820 was elected for 
 Rochester, which he represented in 
 nine Parliaments. In 18 11 he stood 
 for Weymouth, and was seated on 
 petition. At the dissolution of 
 1852 he retired from Parliament. 
 About 1830 Mr. Bernal was ap- 
 pointed Chairman of Committees of 
 the whole House, at a salary of 
 .£2,000, an office which he filled for 
 twenty years. It was, however, in 
 the world of art and cui-iosity that 
 Mr. Bernal was most celebrated. 
 He was a passionate, but a most 
 discriminating collector of hric-a- 
 hrac in all its forms, especially of 
 porcelain and pottery, carved ivories 
 and armour. His collection, which 
 was as remarkable for quality as for 
 quantity, was after his death sold 
 at Christie's, and realised the then 
 unheard-of sum of ^60,000. Many of 
 the best things were bought for the 
 nation at prices which now seem 
 absurdly small, and they may be 
 seen at the South Kensington Mu- 
 seum. He died August 26, 1851. 
 
 BERNARD, The Right Hon. 
 MouNTAGTJE. He was the third 
 son of Mr. Charles Montague, of 
 Eden, Jamaica, and was born at 
 Tibberton Court, Gloucestershire, 
 Jan. 28, 1820. After passing through 
 Sherborne School he became a 
 scholar of Trinity College, Oxford, 
 whence in 1812 he took a first in 
 classics, and a second in mathe- 
 matics. He afterwards graduated 
 in Law, gained the Vinerian Scholar- 
 ship and a Fellowship at All Souls, 
 and in May, 18-16, was called to the 
 Bar at Lincoln's Inn. Like many 
 Oxford men of his time he was 
 deeply interested in ecclesiastical 
 questions, and was part founder, 
 and for many years editor, of the 
 Guardian newspaper. In 1859 he 
 returned to Oxford as the first oc- 
 cupant of the chair of International 
 Law and Diplomacy, and many of 
 the lectures he delivered on con- 
 temporary subjects have been pub- 
 
80 
 
 BEEEY— BESSBOEOUGH. 
 
 lished in book form. He was chosen 
 in 1871 to be one of the High Com- 
 missionerSj who eventually signed 
 the treaty of Washington^, and im- 
 mediately afterwards was made a 
 Privy Councillor, and a few months 
 later was appointed a member of 
 the Judicial Committee of the Coun- 
 cil. The University about this 
 time gave him the degree of D.C.L. 
 In 1872, when the question of the 
 Alabama claims came on, he was 
 appointed to assist Sir Eoundell 
 Pahuer in jDresenting the British 
 case to the Tribunal of Arbitration 
 at Geneva, and in 187J^ he resigned 
 his Professorship and left Oxford. 
 In that year he served on a Com- 
 mission for inquiring into the duties 
 of British vessels with regard to fu- 
 gitive slaves, and in 1877 he was ap- 
 pointed a member of the University 
 of Oxford Commission under the 
 Universities of Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge Act of that year. For 
 some years before his death he 
 devoted the income of his fel- 
 lowship, though his name was 
 not allowed to appear, to the en- 
 dowment of a " Travelling Student- 
 ship in Classical Archaeology,^" an 
 act to which the world owes the 
 discoveries of Mr. W. M. Eamsay in 
 Asia Minor. Mr. Bernard's repu- 
 tation was by no means confined to 
 this country ; he was well known 
 in America, and was one of the 
 original members of the " Institut 
 lie droit international " on its founda- 
 tion in 1873 ; and when in 1880 the 
 Institut met at Oxford he was Pre- 
 sident. In the sjDring of 1882 he 
 had a severe illness, from which he 
 never really recovered, and on 
 Sept. 2 of that year he died at his 
 home, Overcr OSS, near Eoss,in Here- 
 fordshire. 
 
 BEEEY, Miss Mart, the elder 
 of the sisters who were the favoured 
 friends of Horace Walpole, was 
 born about 17G2. and was the 
 daughter of a Yorkshire squire, 
 then resident in South Audley 
 Street. In 1789 Walpole first met 
 Mary and Agnes Berry, and it was 
 
 through their persuasions that he 
 was induced to write his reminis- 
 cences, and at his death he left 
 the greater part of his papers to 
 the Misses Berry and their father, 
 with the charge of collecting and 
 publishing his works. The father 
 died in 1817, but for upwards of 
 fifty years the two sisters formed 
 the centre of a charming literary 
 society. Mary Berry was herself an 
 authoress, and published several 
 works, and in 1840 edited and pub- 
 lished the sixty letters which Wal- 
 jDole had addressed to herself and her 
 sister. She died in Curzon Street, 
 Nov. 21, 1852, aged 90, having sur- 
 vived her younger sister about 
 eighteen months. 
 
 BESSBOEOUGH, the Et. Hon. 
 John William Ponsonby, Fourth 
 Eael of [1781-1847], Viscount 
 DuNCANNON, &€., was the eldest 
 son of Frederick, _ third Earl of 
 Bessborough, and was born in 1781. 
 He became M.P. for Knares- 
 borough, in the Whig interest, in 
 1805, and sat successively for 
 Higham Ferrers, Malton, Kilkenny, 
 and Nottingham. Though no orator, 
 he was for many years one of the 
 chief councillors of the Whig 
 Party, and was chosen, together 
 with Lord John Eussell, and Sir 
 James Graham, to assist Lord 
 Durham in preparing the Eeform 
 Bill. In 1831 he was appointed 
 First Commissioner of Woods and 
 Forests, and sworn a Privy Coun- 
 cillor. He was called to the House 
 of Peers as Baron Duncannon of 
 Bessborough in 1834, and in the 
 following year was intrusted with 
 the custody of the Privy Seal. 
 During his tenure of office as Com- 
 missioner of Woods and Works the 
 present houses of parliament were 
 built. In 1844, on the death of his 
 father, he became, in the sixty- 
 third year of his age, fourth earl of 
 Bessborough. He was appointed 
 Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 
 184G. He married in 1805 Lady 
 Maria Fane, third daughter of 
 John, tenth Earl of Westmoreland. 
 
BESSBOROtJGH— BETHtJNE. 
 
 81 
 
 BESSBOKOUGH, The Et. Hon. 
 John George Brabazon Ponsonby, 
 Fifth Earl of Bessborough, &c., 
 eldest son of the above, was born 
 in London in Oct. 1809, and was 
 educated at the Charterhouse. 
 For a short time he was a precis 
 writer under Lord Palmerston 
 at tlie Foreign Office^ and an 
 Attache at St. Petersburg ; and was 
 then M.P. first for Bletchingley and 
 Highani Ferrers^ and afterwards 
 for Derby, till he succeeded to the 
 peerage in 1817. He held the office 
 of Steward of Her Majesty's House- 
 hold under Mr. Gladstone's Minis- 
 try in 1868-71, and that of Master 
 of the Buckhounds under Lords 
 Eussell and Palmerston, 1848-52, 
 and again from 1859 to 1866. He 
 was sworn Privy Councillor in 
 1818, and held the Lord-Lieu- 
 tenancy of CO. Carlow. He held a 
 seat in the House of Peers as Lord 
 Ponsonby of Sysonby, a title 
 created in 1719. His death oc- 
 curred at Bessborough House, near 
 Piltown, CO. Kilkenny, Jan. 28, 1880. 
 
 BETHAM, Sir William [1779- 
 1853], Ulster King of Arms of all 
 Ireland, Genealogist of the order 
 of St. Patrick, Deputy Keeper of the 
 Records of the Birmingham Tower 
 at Dublin Castle, and Keeper of 
 the Parliamentary Records of 
 Ireland, M.R.I.A., F.S.A., F.L.S., 
 Member of the Royal Academy of 
 Sciences at Lisbon, &c. ; was the 
 son of the Rev. William Betham, 
 of Stonham Aspalj in Suffolk. He 
 was bred to the business of a 
 printer, but having a natural taste 
 for genealogy and antiquities, he 
 imdertook the revision of the third 
 and fourth volumes of the second 
 impression of Mr. Gough's edition 
 of Camden's " Britannia." Aboiit 
 the year 1805 he went to Dublin as 
 Athlone pursuivant, and clerk to 
 Sir Chichester Fortescue, then 
 Ulster King of Arms, In or before 
 the year 1809 he was appointed 
 Deputy Ulster, and became Ulster 
 King on the death of Sir Chichester 
 in 1820. In 1812 he was appointed 
 
 Genealogist Attendant on the 
 Order of St. Patrick, on which oc- 
 casion he was knighted by the Lord 
 Lieutenant. During his stay in 
 Ireland Sir William devoted him- 
 self with great assiduity to investi- 
 gating the ancient remains of 
 Ireland. In 1811 he was appointed 
 one of the sub-commissioners of the 
 Records of Birmingham Tower. He 
 was elected a member of the Royal 
 Irish Academy in 1825, and became 
 its Secretary for Foreign Corre- 
 spondence, as well as an active 
 member of the Council on the 
 Committee of Antiquities. 
 
 BETHUNE, Lieutenant-Colo- 
 nel John Drinkwater, C.B. [1762 
 —1814], entered the army in 1777, 
 and in "1779 accompanied his regi- 
 ment, the 72nd Regiment of the 
 Line, or Royal Manchester Volun- 
 teers, to Gibraltar, being present 
 during the whole of the siege of 
 that place. On his return from 
 that expedition he published his 
 " History of the Siege of Gibraltar," 
 which became a standard work. In 
 1793, when Major-General O'Hara 
 was appointed Governor of Toulon, 
 he selected Captain Drinkwater as 
 his military secretary, a post he 
 continued to hold under Major- 
 General David Dundas after the 
 unfortunate capture of General 
 O'Hara. Captain Drinkwater was 
 next sent to Leghorn on a special 
 mission to settle the claims of the 
 Toulonese emigrants, and on his 
 return was appointed Secretary of 
 the INIilitary Department, and 
 Deputy Judge Advocate.' In 1801 
 he accepted an honorary appoint- 
 ment in the household of the Duke 
 of Kent ; and in 1811 he was ap- 
 pointed one of the Comptrollers of 
 the Army Accounts, which office he 
 held for twenty-five years. 
 
 BETHUNE, Major - General 
 Sir Henry Lindesay [1787-1851], 
 Bart., and General in the service 
 of the Shah of Persia, was the 
 eldest son of Major Martin Eccles 
 Lindesay Bethime, Commissary- 
 General in Xorth Britain. He was 
 
82 
 
 BETHUNE— BETTY. 
 
 apj)ointed a cadet on the Madras 
 establisliment in ISOjt ; and retired 
 from the Hon. Company's ser- 
 vice as a Major-Greneral in 1822. 
 Having been advanced to the chief 
 command of the army in Persia^ he 
 was promoted to the local rank of 
 Major- General in His Majesty's 
 army in Asia in 1835. The Shah 
 conferred upon him the Order of the 
 Lion and Sun of the first class. He 
 was created a baronet by patent 
 dated March 7, 1836. Sir Henry 
 is said to have been full seven feet 
 in height^ a circumstance which 
 gave him great innDortance in the 
 eyes of the natives of the East. 
 He married in 1822^ Coutts^, daugh- 
 ter of John Trotter,, of Dyrham 
 Park, Hertfordshire. 
 
 BETHUNE, THE Hon. John 
 Elliot Drinkwatek [1801-1851]^ 
 Legislative Member of the Sujsreme 
 Council of India, and President of 
 the Council of Education^, was the 
 elder son of Lieut.-Col. John Drink- 
 water Bethune (q. v.), C.B., and 
 F.S.A., the author of the "'History 
 of the Siege of Gibraltar." His 
 mother was the sister of Gilbert 
 Congalton, who had taken the 
 name of Bethune as reiDresentative, 
 through his grandmother, of the 
 ancient family of Bethune, of 
 Balfour, co. Fife ; and on whose 
 death in 1837, Colonel Drinkwiiter 
 took the name of Bethune. Mr. 
 Bethune was educated at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, and called to 
 the bar, 1827, and became a mem- 
 ber of the Northern circuit. In 
 the early days of the Whig minis- 
 try the Government employed him 
 on several important commissions ; 
 notably, the Factory Commission ; 
 the Commission on the Boundaries 
 of Boroughs and Corpox'ate Towns, 
 and the commission which prepared 
 the way for municipal reform ; and 
 the efficient manner in which he 
 discharged these duties led to his 
 appointment as counsel to the 
 Home Office, a situation he held 
 for nearly fourteen years. It was 
 Jiis duty to prepare iill the English 
 
 bills introduced into Parliament by 
 the Government, except those con- 
 nected with the Treasury. All his 
 energies were called forth by the 
 Municipal Keform Act, and the 
 Tithe Commutation Acts ; and the 
 County Courts Bill employed him 
 at intervals for years before it was 
 carried through Parliament. In 
 1818 he was appointed to the office 
 in India which he held till his 
 death. His great achievement in 
 India, was the actual establishment 
 of a school, in European hands, for 
 native females of the higher classes. 
 He induced several native gentle- 
 men of rank to enter warmly into 
 his jDroject, and having seciu-ed an 
 excellent European schoolmistress. 
 Oldened the school with a few pupils, 
 who soon increased to fifty. The 
 success of Mr. Bethune's enterprise 
 induced the Government not only 
 to sanction his institution, but to 
 aid female education in general ; 
 and an official letter was issued by 
 which " the Governor- General in 
 Council requests that the Council 
 of Education may be informed 
 that it is henceforth to consider its 
 functions as comj)rising the super- 
 intendence of native female educa- 
 tion ; and that whenever any dis- 
 position is shown by the natives to 
 establish female schools, it will be 
 its duty to give them all possible 
 encouragement." 
 
 BETTY, William Henky West, 
 known in his boyish days as the 
 " Infant E-oscius," was born at 
 Shrewsbury, Sept. 13, 1791, and 
 was the son of William Henry 
 Betty, a physician, of Lisburn in 
 Ireland. When only eleven years 
 old, he went to see Mrs. Siddons as 
 Elvira in " Pizarro," and was so 
 deeply impressed with the play, 
 that he became devoted to the 
 drama from that time. In 1803, 
 before he had completed his twelfth 
 year, he appeared on the stage as 
 Osman in the tragedy of " Zara," 
 and after a rapid course of provin- 
 cial engagements.'he was secured for 
 Covent Garden Theatre for twelve 
 
BEWICK— BEXLEY. 
 
 83 
 
 nij4"lits, at fifty <jfninoas a nij^ht, and 
 a clear benefit, while lie aj^reed to 
 play at Drury Lane on the inter- 
 veninj:^ ni^'-hts. In 1805 he £?ot as 
 much as ^£50 and d£100 a night. 
 He was presented to the Queen and 
 Princesses by the King himself. 
 He withdrew from the stage for 
 a time, in ISOS, and entered 
 Christ's College, Cambridge, but 
 when after some time spent there, 
 he returned to the stage, he had 
 ceased to be remarkable. He died 
 August 25, 1874f. 
 
 BEWICK, William [1795— 
 1866], was the son of an upholsterer 
 at Harworth, near Darlington, who 
 was brought up to his father's busi- 
 ness, but having a great love for 
 art, devoted all his spare time to 
 drawing. At the age of twenty he 
 set out for London with d£20 in his 
 pocket, and without any friends or 
 introductions. He there became 
 acquainted with Hay don, who took 
 him as his pupil gratuitously, got 
 him admitted to the Academy 
 schools, and introduced him to his 
 artistic and literary friends. He 
 was employed by Haydon in making 
 drawings on a large scale of the 
 " Elgin Marbles " for the poet 
 Goethe. In 1820 he exhibited at 
 the Spring Gardens Gallery his 
 " Una in the Forest," and in 1822 
 at the British Institution, " Jacob 
 meeting Rachel." In 1826 he went 
 to Rome, with a commission from 
 Sir Thomas Lawrence, to make 
 copies for him from Michael 
 Angelo's works in the Sistine 
 Chapel, and remained in Italy till 
 1820, when he returned to London, 
 and settled down as a painter, 
 sending twenty-one pictures, his- 
 torical subjects and portraits, to 
 the Academy between 1839- iO. His 
 " Life and Letters/' by Thomas 
 Landseer, A.R.A., was published in 
 1871. 
 
 BEXLEY, Baron, The Right 
 Hon. Nichola-s Vansittart, a 
 Commissioner for building churches. 
 President of the British and Foreign 
 Bible Society, &c., D.C.L., F.R.S., 
 
 and F.S.A., was born April 20, 
 1766. His father, Henry Vansit- 
 tart, was sometime Governor of 
 Bengal, and was lost in the Aurora 
 frigate, in the Mozambique Channel, 
 1771. He was educated at a school 
 kept by Mr. Gilpin at Cheam, 
 Sui-rey, and afterwards at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, where he took his 
 M.A. degree Jan. 20, 1791. He was 
 called to the bar on the 26th May 
 following, and became a bencher 
 Nov. 12, 1812. He was returned to 
 Parliament for Hastings at the 
 general election of 1796, and in 
 1801 was sent to Denmark as 
 Minister Plenipotentiary, with a 
 view of detaching it from the 
 Northern Alliance, but the nego- 
 tiation failed. On his return in 
 1801, Mr. Vansittart was appointed 
 Joint Secretary to the Treasury, 
 and in 1802 was returned to parlia- 
 ment for Old Sarum, for which 
 place he sat until 1812, and after- 
 wards, until his elevation to the 
 peerage in 1823, for the Treasury 
 Borough of Harwich. In 1804 he 
 was appointed Lord of the Treasury 
 in Ireland, and in 1805 Secretary to 
 the Lord Lieutenant of that country, 
 and sworn a Privy Councillor Jan. 
 14. In 1806, under Lord Gren- 
 ville's administration, he was ap- 
 pointed Secretary to the Treasury, 
 but retired with that ministry in 
 March, 1807. Mr. Vansittart be- 
 came a Cabinet Minister in 1812, 
 succeeding Mr. Perceval as Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer, which im- 
 poi'tant office he occupied during 
 the greater part of the administra- 
 tion of the Earl of Liverpool, until 
 Jan. 1823. On his retirement he 
 was raised to the peerage by the 
 title of Lord Bexley, and was also 
 appointed Chancellor of the Duchy 
 of Lancaster, which office, accom- 
 panied with a seat in the Cabinet, he 
 retained imtil 1828. Mr. Vansittart 
 possessed no efficiency as a debater, 
 but his financial reputation stood 
 very high, and he enjoyed the un- 
 limited confidence of the Premier, 
 Lord Liverpool. Lord Bexley mar- 
 
 a 2 
 
84 
 
 BIBAND— BIDDTJLPH. 
 
 ried, July 22, 1806, the Hon. Cathe- 
 rine Isabella Eden, second daughter 
 of William, first Lord Auckland, 
 but left no children. He died at 
 Footscray Place, Kent, Feb. 8, 
 1851. 
 
 BIBAND, Michael, French 
 Canadian historian and journalist, 
 was born at Cote des Neiges, near 
 Montreal, Jan. 1782, and educated 
 at the college of St. Eaphael, and 
 at M. Eoque's new college, Mon- 
 treal. He founded, with more or 
 less success, several newspapers, 
 among which may be mentioned, 
 " L'Aurore des Canadas,^' " Cour- 
 rier du Bas Canada,'^ " Biblio- 
 theque Canadienne,'' " Magazin 
 du Bas Canada," " Observateur 
 Canadien,"^ and the " Encyclopedic 
 Canadienne." He was the author 
 of several books, of which the 
 principal are, " Histoire du Canada 
 sous la domination Francaise, 1837," 
 " Histoire du Canada et des Cana- 
 diens sous la domination Anglaise," 
 1844. He died at Montreal, Aug. 
 3, 1857. 
 
 B I D D E E , George Parses, 
 F.E.S. [1800—1878], civil engineer, 
 the son of a working man, born 
 about 1800, affords an instance of 
 what may be effected in the way of 
 " self -hell) " by one of the humbler 
 classes. Having early in life shown 
 considerable aptitude for calcu- 
 lating, he exhibited his powers in 
 several places as the " Calculating- 
 Boy." He gained the acquaintance 
 and confidence of Geoge Stephenson, 
 whom he materially assisted in 
 getting several railway bills passed 
 through the Houses of Parliament; 
 was one of the engineers of the 
 Blackwall Eailway, and was ex- 
 tensively employed in the construc- 
 tion of other lines. Mr. Bidder, 
 who was one of the chief promoters 
 of the Electric Telegraph Company 
 from its establishment, was Presi- 
 dent of the Institution of Civil 
 Engineers for 1800-61. 
 
 BIDDLECOMBE, Captain Sir 
 George [1807 — 1878], entered the 
 mercantile marine in early life, and 
 
 took part in the war in Ava as 
 second officer of an East Indian 
 transport. Turning his thoughts, 
 however, to the Eoyal Navy, he 
 passed for second Master in 1828 on 
 board the Victory ; he was largely 
 employed in surveying and other 
 operations on the Spanish and 
 African coasts, and subsequently on 
 the south-east coast of America and 
 the Pacific. In Her Majesty's ship 
 Actseou especially he gained a high 
 character as a navigator, surveyor, 
 and pilot, by his survey of a group 
 of islands which he discovered in 
 the Pacific. He subsequently sur- 
 veyed numerous anchorages on the 
 Ionian station, in the Levant, the 
 Dardanelles, and in the Black Sea, 
 and prepared a survey, published 
 by the Admiralty, of the Bay of 
 Acre previous to its bombardment, 
 in which he took part. For this 
 and for his skill in surveying the 
 Skerki Shoals, he received a certifi- 
 cate of merit from Sir F. Beaufort, 
 then Hydrographer to the Admi- 
 ralty. He afterwards survej^ed the 
 Port Eoyal and Kingston Harbours 
 in the island of Jamaica ; the Eiver 
 Tagus, at Lisbon, &c. He also ac- 
 companied Her Majesty and the 
 late Prince Consort on their voyage 
 to Ireland and Scotland in 1849 in 
 the Victoria and Albert. While 
 acting as master of the Baltic Fleet 
 in 1854, he surveyed the anchorage 
 of Sveaborg, and the coast at Bonier- 
 sund. In the . following year he 
 was appointed Assistant Master . 
 Attendant at Keyham-yard, Devon- 
 port, and he was knighted by the 
 Queen at Windsor, June 25, 1873. 
 Sir Georoe Biddlecombe received 
 the Syrian and Baltic medals, and 
 is known as the author of several 
 professional works, such as " Naval 
 Tactics," "Steam Fleet Tactics," 
 " Eemarks on the English Channel,'* 
 and " The Art of Eigging." 
 
 BIDDULPH, The Eight Hon. 
 Sir Thomas Myddleton, K.C.B., 
 Keeper of Her Majesty's Privy 
 Purse, was born in 1809, entered 
 the army as cornet in the 1st Life 
 
BILLING— BIRKBECK, 
 
 85 
 
 Guards in 182G, and Avas promoted 
 to be lieutenant-colonel in 1851. 
 On the retirement of General Sir 
 George Bowles, he was appointed 
 Master of the Queen's Household, 
 and Extra Equerry to Her Majesty. 
 He afterwards became Receiver- 
 General of the Duchy of Cornwall, 
 and one of the joint keepers of the 
 Queen's Privy Purse, in conjunc- 
 tion with the Hon. Sir Charles 
 PhipjDs, K.C.B. He was appointed 
 Keeper of the Queen's Privy Purse 
 in 1867, when that appointment 
 was limited to one official. He was 
 created a K.C.B. in 1803, and made 
 a member of the Privy Council. 
 He died Sept. 28, 1878. 
 
 BILLING, Archibald, M.D., 
 M.A., F.R.S. [1791— 1881], a native 
 of Ireland, was educated at Trinity 
 College, Dublin, and at Oxford, 
 having graduated at the first-men- 
 tioned university. He became a 
 Fellow of the Royal College of Phy- 
 sians of London in 1818, was for 
 some years Physician of the London 
 Hospital, having been Professor of 
 the Medical School (where he in- 
 stituted Clinical lectures), from 
 1817 to 1836, when upon the crea- 
 tion of the London University, he 
 was invited to become a Fellow, 
 and later became a member of the 
 senate and examiner in medicine. 
 Among his works maybe mentioned: 
 " The First Principles of Medicine," 
 
 1831 ; " Practical Observations on 
 Diseases of the Lungs and Heart," 
 
 1832 ; " On the Treatment of Asiatic 
 Cholera," 18 i8, &c. 
 
 BIXXEY, The Rev.' Thomas, an 
 eminent dissenting minister, was 
 born in 1798 or 1799, at Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne, and educated for the 
 ministry at a theological college at 
 Wymondley in Hertfordshire. He 
 was first settled as minister of an 
 Independent chapel at Newjjort, 
 Isle of Wight, which he left in 
 1829, to accept the charge of the 
 congregation assembling in a hall 
 known as the " King's Weigh- 
 House Chapel," in Eastcheap, 
 London. In 1831 the King's Weigh- 
 
 House Chapel was built for him on 
 Fish Street HiU, on the site of the 
 old hall where he had preached for 
 five years. In 1815 he visited the 
 United States and Canada, and in 
 1857 went to Australia, where he 
 remained two years. He retired 
 from the ministry of the Weigh 
 House congregation in 1871, and in 
 1872 was appointed one of the pro- 
 fessors of the Independent Theo- 
 logical College (New College), in 
 St. John's Wood. He received the 
 degree of LL.D. from the Aberdeen 
 Unversity, and that of D.D. from an 
 American University. He was a 
 voluminous wi-iter on theological 
 subjects, his best knoAvn works being 
 " The Closet and the Chui-ch." " The 
 Practical Power of Faith," " Tower 
 Sermons," kc, kc. He died Feb. 
 17, 1874, in the 76th year of his 
 
 age. 
 
 BIRKBECK, George, M.D., Pre- 
 sident of the London Mechanics' 
 Institute [1776 — 1841], was born 
 at Settle in Yorkshire, being the 
 son of a merchant and banker of 
 that place. He studied medicine, 
 and became a pupil of the celebrated 
 Dr. Baillie of London, on leaving 
 whom he settled in Edinburgh. 
 While there he was elected Pro- 
 fessor of Natural Philosophy in the 
 Andersonian Institution of Glas- 
 gow, and began his first course of 
 lectui'es in 1799. In 1800 he started 
 a mechanics' class at the institution, 
 which became very popular, and 
 which was very largely attended. 
 He relinquished his professorship 
 in 1804, when his class of mechanics 
 presented him with a silver cup. 
 The Glasgow Mechanics Institution, 
 started a few yeai'S after Dr. Birk- 
 beck had left that town, was the 
 outcome of his lectures. In 1822 
 he founded the London Mechanics' 
 Institution in Chancery Lane, for 
 which he lent ^3,700 for the 
 purpose of building a lecture room, 
 &c. He was appointed its Presi- 
 dent, an office he fulfilled till 
 his death. The institution was 
 opened Fel). 20^ 1824^ when Dr. 
 
86 
 
 BIRKS— BISHOP. 
 
 Birkbeck delivered an inaugural 
 address. He died Dec. 1, 1841^ 
 Ms funeral being attended by a 
 large procession of tlie working 
 classes^, members of the Mechanics 
 Institute^ &c. 
 
 BIEKS, The Rev. Thomas 
 Rawdon, M.A. [1810—1883], was 
 educated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, of wbicli lie became a 
 Fellow, and was Seatonian Prize- 
 man in 1843-4. In the latter year 
 he became rector of Kelshall, Herts. 
 He is the author of " First Elements 
 of Proj^hecy," " The Four Empires," 
 " The Two Later Visions of Daniel," 
 " Memoirs of the late Rev. E. Bicker- 
 steth. Rector of Walton," &c. &c. 
 From 1850 to 1871 he was one of 
 the honorary secretaries of the 
 Evangelical Alliance, and was for 
 five years Examining Chaplain to 
 Dr. Villiers, Bishop of Carlisle ; 
 afterwards of Durham. From 1865 
 to 1877 he was Perpetual Curate of 
 Holy Trinity, Cambridge, and took 
 an active part in University mat- 
 ters. He was chosen as an Examiner 
 for the Theological Examination in 
 
 1867 and 1868, and became a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Theological 
 Studies. He was elected Professor 
 of Moral Theology, Casuistical Di- 
 vinity, and Moral Philosophy at 
 Cambridge, in succession to the 
 Rev. F. D. Maurice, April 30, 
 1872. 
 
 BIRLEY, Hugh, M.P. [1817— 
 1883], sent out to India early in 
 life as head of a firm of East India 
 iLerchants, became afterwards a 
 partner in the cotton spinning firm 
 of Birley & Co., and finally partner 
 of the firm of Charles Macintosh 
 & Co., India-rubber manufacturers. 
 He sat in the House for Manchester, 
 in the Conservative interest^ from 
 
 1868 till his death, 1883, 
 BISHOP, George, F.R.S. [1784 
 
 — 1861], an astronomer of some 
 eminence, was successively secre- 
 tary, treasurer, and president of the 
 Astronomical Society, in the ma- 
 nagement of which he took part for 
 jtwenty-five years. In 1837 ho built 
 
 an observatory in his own grounds 
 in Regent's Park, from which some 
 important discoveries were made, 
 notably the discovery by Mr. Hind 
 of ten planets. Mr. Bishop was 
 for some years a member of the 
 Council of University College. 
 
 BISHOP, Sir Henry Rowley 
 [1786 — 1855], was born in London, 
 and studied music under Francesco 
 Bianchi — a rather famous person 
 in the latter j^art of the last, and 
 beginning of the jiresent century, 
 and a most voluminous comj)Oser 
 of works long since forgotten. 
 When Bishop was eighteen years 
 old he composed music to a slight 
 piece, called " Angelina," which was 
 performed (it is not said with what 
 success) at Margate ; and two years 
 later he made a more ambitious 
 effort in a ballet, performed at 
 the Italian Opera House, entitled, 
 " Tamerlan and Bajazet." In 1809 
 his first opera, "The Circassian 
 Bride," was produced at Drury 
 Lane with great success ; but on 
 the following night (the 24th of 
 February) the theatre was burnt 
 to the ground, and BishojD's music 
 perished in the flames. Some frag- 
 ments, however, were rescued, and 
 are enough to attest the merit of 
 the work — merit, indeed, so con- 
 siderable, that the proprietors of 
 Covent Garden Theatre engaged 
 him, almost immediately, as com- 
 poser and director of the music at 
 that establishment for a term of 
 three years. He began work ujjon 
 a subject founded on Scott's "Lady 
 of the Lake," and entitled, "The 
 Knight of Snowdon," giving proof 
 of an amount of talent decidedly 
 rare among British composers of 
 the day. This was followed by a 
 host of other productions from his 
 facile pen, among which may be 
 named "The Maniac," " The Slave,-" 
 " Maid Marian," " Clari," " Native 
 Land," •' The ^thiop," "The Rene- 
 gade." His connection with Covent 
 Garden was, on the expiration of 
 th(^ three years at once renewed 
 I for a term of five years ; and " The 
 
BISHOP. 
 
 87 
 
 Miller and his Men " was the first 
 opera produced under the new en- 
 gagement. The list of his works 
 for that theatre is very large, no 
 fewer than fifty dramatic pieces, 
 all more or less successful, and all 
 marked with traits of an original 
 and fertile mind, being composed 
 between 1811 and 182 K Bishop, 
 however, wrote too rapidly and too 
 copiously for his reputation, and 
 injured it by slight and hasty pro- 
 ductions, in which, abandoning that 
 pure English style, which forms 
 the charm of his best works, he 
 endeavoured to imitate the foreign 
 compositions of the day. Such was 
 the case with his last opera, " Alad- 
 din," wi'itten as a rival attraction 
 to Weber's " Oberon," and, it need 
 hardly be said, falling very flat 
 upon the town after that delightful 
 work. Bishop was one of the ori- 
 ginal members of the Philharmonic 
 Society, and occasionally took his 
 post at the conductor's desk ; but 
 it does not appear that his term of 
 command wiis signalised by any 
 very noteworthy productions. In 
 181G he was seized with the strange 
 idea of writing musical interludes 
 or interpolations to a number of 
 Shakspeare's plays, the first being 
 "A Midsummer Night's Dream." 
 In regard to this scheme Sir George 
 Macfarren obsei-ves, that "^Even 
 the beauty of some of his introduced 
 pieces has happily not preserved 
 them upon the stage." In 1819 
 Bishop was engaged with the pro- 
 prietor of Covent Garden in the 
 production of sacred works, and in 
 the following year he xmdei'took 
 the enterjjrise on his own account, 
 but speedily relinquished it. He 
 visited Dublin about this time, and 
 was made a citizen ; but he seems 
 to have done little more noteworthy 
 work during his career. Honours, 
 however, fell thick upon him. In 
 1833 he was commissioned by the 
 Philharmonic Society to write a 
 work for them, and he responded 
 by producing the sacred Cantata, 
 ^'The Seventh Day." This work 
 
 was well six)ken of ; but it is 
 doubtful whether one amateur in 
 a thotisand of the present day has 
 heard it, or indeed whether it will 
 ever l)e heard again. In 1830 lie 
 took his degree as Bachelor of 
 Music at Oxford, and was made 
 Conductor of the Triennial Festival. 
 In 1811 the University of Edin- 
 burgh elected him Professor of 
 Music, but he held the post only 
 two years. In 1812 he was made a 
 Knight, and six years later Pro- 
 fessor of Music at Oxford. From 
 1810 till 1818, with some breaks, 
 he conducted the Ancient Concerts, 
 and in 1853 composed an Ode for 
 the installation of the Earl of 
 Derby as Chancellor of Oxford 
 University, receiving his degree as 
 Doctor at the same time. He died 
 in 1855 ; and a public subscription 
 resulted in the erection of a monu- 
 ment over his grave at Finchley. 
 Besides his published works. Bishop 
 left one or two of importance, 
 which have never seen the light, 
 or, at least, have never been per- 
 formed ; such, for instance, as his 
 Oratorio " The Fallen Angel." But 
 it is as a song-writer that he is 
 chiefly known to this generation; 
 and by two or three of his songs 
 he certainly deserves to live. " Bid 
 me Discourse," " Should he Up- 
 braid," " Tell Me, my Heart," will 
 be remembered and listened to with 
 pleasui-e, when his other volumi- 
 nous works are forgotten. Of the 
 first an interesting anecdote may 
 be told : — " At a meeting of the 
 trustees of the National Portrait 
 Gallery some years ago the ques- 
 tion came up of buying Bishop's 
 portrait for the Gallery. The 
 pros and cons were urged, and it 
 seemed that the cons would gain 
 the day, when Lord Beaconsfield, 
 who had taken no part in the dis- 
 cussion, suddenly looked up, and 
 said, 'Bid me discourse.' That 
 settled the question. The trustees 
 merely needed reminding of the 
 pleasure which that charming song 
 had, no doubt, given to thenj in 
 
88 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 common witli thousands of ama- 
 teurs, and the portrait was at once 
 purchased." And few will deny- 
 that, although he lacked depth 
 and earnestness, and wrote more 
 for immediate effect than for any- 
 thing higher, there was about much 
 of his work, and especially some of 
 his songs (where the brilliancy and 
 spontaneity are sometimes truly 
 remarkable) the quality and flavour 
 of real talent. He married about 
 the year 1830, a Miss Eiviere, a 
 student at the Royal Academy of 
 Music, afterwards known as Madame 
 Anna Bishop. She began, as a 
 youthful wife of fifteen or sixteen, 
 a distinguished career as a singer, 
 under her husband's management 
 of the Vauxhall concerts, and after- 
 wards won great success on the 
 lyric stage. She was a woman of 
 great energy, and travelled over 
 Europe, the United States, Aus- 
 tralia, and South America, every- 
 where gaining the good opinion of 
 the public. She died in New York 
 in March, 1884. 
 
 BLACK, Adam [1781—1874], 
 publisher, born at Edinburgh, was 
 educated at the High School and 
 University of his native city. The 
 son of a builder who had raised 
 himself to circumstances of af- 
 fluence, Mr. Black, after serving 
 his apprenticeship, went into busi- 
 ness as a bookseller, and, amongst 
 other important works, brought out 
 the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," to 
 the recent editions of which he 
 contributed several articles. From 
 an early period of his career, Mr. 
 Black took an active part in the 
 politics of Edinburgh, and in the 
 former part of the century boldly 
 sided with the small band of Libe- 
 rals who stood up for Burgh Ee- 
 form, as the initiative to the larger 
 measure of Parliamentary Eeform, 
 which eventually crowned their 
 persevering labours. On the failure 
 of the well-knoAvn firm of Constable 
 & Co., the publication of the 'Edin- 
 hurgh Review passed into his hands, 
 and thus drew closer his relations 
 
 with the Whig Party. He held 
 many municipal offices, and was 
 twice elected Lord Provost of the 
 city ; an office which he filled with 
 so much satisfaction to his consti- 
 tuents, that they subscribed the 
 necessary funds to have his portrait 
 painted by Sir J. W. Gordon, to 
 ornament the walls of the council- 
 room. Mr. Black, who declined the 
 honour of knighthood offered to 
 him, was the proprietor, by purchase, 
 of the copyright of " The Waverley 
 Novels," and other works of Sir 
 Walter Scott. When above seventy 
 years of age, in 1856, Mr. Black 
 was, on the retirement of Mr. T. B. 
 (afterwards Lord) Macaulay, re- 
 turned to the House of Commons as 
 M.P. for Edinburgh, which he 
 continued to represent till 1865. A 
 member of the Independent body, 
 Mr. Black advocated an unsectarian 
 system of education, perfect freedom 
 of trade, and absolute toleration in 
 religion. 
 
 BLACK, John, at one time editor 
 of the Morning Chronicle, was born 
 in 1783 near Dunse in Berwickshire, 
 and was the son of a labourer. He 
 lost his parents when quite young. 
 He was educated at the parochial 
 school at Dunse, and was considered 
 a remarkably clever boy. At the 
 age of fourteen he was engaged as 
 an errand boy in a factor's office in 
 his native town, but left that place 
 to go to Edinburgh, where he ob- 
 tained employment as a writer's 
 clerk. Here by means of great 
 industry he became a good musician, 
 an excellent Latin and Greek 
 scholar, and proficient in several 
 modern languages. He next went 
 to London, where he arrived with 
 Ihd. in his pocket. He had recom- 
 mendations to Mr. Perry, the pro- 
 prietor and editor of the Morning 
 Chronicle, with whom he secured 
 an engagement, going through the 
 usual course of reporter, article 
 writer, and sub-editor. On the 
 retirement of Mr. Perry, in 1821, 
 Mr. Black became editor of the 
 Morning Chronicle, a post which ho 
 
BLACKALL— BLACKWOOD. 
 
 89 
 
 '^ held until 184i, during which time 
 the paper was held in great esteem 
 by the Liberal party. He Avas twice 
 married ; of his first wife little is 
 known. His'second wife was a Miss 
 Cromeck. The habits of tliis couple 
 were most peculiar. Mr. Black's 
 rooms were so full of books that it 
 was difficult to walk through them, 
 and at one time the pair were 
 obliged to creep into bed at the 
 end, both sides being blocked up 
 with dusty volumes of divinity and 
 politics. Mr. Black died at Birling, 
 Kent, in June, 1855. 
 
 BLACKALL, John, M. D. [1771 
 — 18G0], was the sixth son of the 
 Eev. Theophilus Blackall, a preben- 
 dary of Exeter Cathedral, and 
 grandson of Offspring Blackall, 
 D.D., Bishop of Exeter of the 
 Bangorian controversy period, who 
 died in 171G. He was educated at 
 the Exeter Grammar School, and 
 at Balliol College, Oxford, where 
 he took his M.D. degree in 1801. 
 In 1797 he settled in his native 
 city, and was chosen jDhysician to 
 the Devon and Exeter hospital, an 
 office he resigned in 1801, and re- 
 moved to Totnes. In 1807 he 
 returned to Exeter, and was again 
 elected physician to the Devon and 
 Exeter hospital, and in 1812 was 
 appointed physician to St. Thomas's 
 Lunatic Asylum, near the city. 
 Dr. Blackall was the first to dis- 
 cover the fact that albuminiiria 
 was a frequent accompaniment of 
 dropsy, and he suggested that this 
 was due to disease of the kidneys, 
 a fact subsequently proved by 
 Bright. His well - known work 
 " Observations on the Nature and 
 Cure of Dropsies," is an English 
 medical classic which will always 
 be read with interest. This work 
 ran thi'ough several editions, and 
 gained for its author a European 
 reputation. 
 
 BLACKBURNE, The Right 
 Hon. Francis [1782 — 1867], Lord 
 Chancellor of Ireland, was the 
 eldest son of Richard Blackburne, 
 of Great Foot's Town, Meath, and 
 
 was born at that place in 1782. He 
 was educated first at a school in 
 Dublin, and in 1788 entered Trinity 
 College, in that toAvm, where he won 
 a scholarship. He graduated B. A. 
 in 1803; M.A. in 180G. He was 
 called to the Bar in 1805, and in 
 
 1822 became King's coimsel. From 
 
 1823 to 1825 he was appointed judge 
 in the counties of Limerick and 
 Clare, under the administration of 
 Lord Wellesley, to enforce the In- 
 surrection Act ; and in 1830 he was 
 made Attorney-General. He re- 
 mained in office under Sir Robert 
 Peel's administration in 1834-5, but 
 retired with his chief in 1835. On 
 the return of the Conservative 
 Ministry to power in 1811, he was 
 reinstated in the office of Attorney- 
 General ; and in the following year 
 was pi'omoted to the office of Master 
 of the Rolls. In 1846 he was trans- 
 ferred to the Chief Justiceship of 
 the Queen's Bench, and presided 
 at the trials of Mr. Smith O'Brien 
 and his associates in the rebellion 
 of 1848. In 1852 he was promoted 
 to the office of Lord Chancellor, and 
 in 1856 was made Lord Justice of 
 Appeal in Chancery, which latter 
 office he retained until the return 
 of the Derby Ministry to power. 
 Early in the year 1867, owing to 
 ill-health he retired into private 
 life. 
 
 BLACKWOOD, John, publisher. 
 He was the third son of Mr. Wil- 
 liam Blackwood, the founder of the 
 famous publishing house. At the 
 death of his father in 1834 the 
 management of the business de- 
 volved on the two elder brothers, 
 and John was placed in the house 
 of Messrs. Whittaker & Co., to 
 acquire some knowledge of London 
 business. In 1840 he opened a 
 branch house in London. Five 
 years later his eldest brother died, 
 and he joined his surviving brother 
 in Edinburgh, and from 1846 until 
 his death edited Blackwood's Maga- 
 zine. As an editor he was suc- 
 cessful, and showed much insight 
 in his choice of new writers, while 
 
90 
 
 BLAKENEY— BLANCHAED. 
 
 retaining a hold upon the famous 
 men who had written for Blackwood 
 in earlier days. He died Oct^ 29^ 
 1879. 
 
 BLAKENEY, The Eight Hon. 
 Sir Edward, G.C.B., G.C.H. [1778 
 — 1868], Governor of Chelsea Hos- 
 pital, one of the oldest Peninsular 
 veterans, was the son of Col, W 
 Blakeney, of Newcastle, M.P. for 
 Athenry, in the Irish House of 
 Commons. He entered the army 
 in 1791, as cornet in a dragoon 
 regiment, saw much active service 
 in Holland, Nova Scotia, the West 
 Indies, at Coj)enhagen, &c. ; in 
 the Peninsula, taking part in the 
 battle of Busaco, in the sieges of 
 Ciudad Eodrigo, Badajos, in the 
 battles of Albuera, Vittoria, and 
 the Pyrenees, and in the exiDedition 
 against New Orleans in 1814. He 
 was with the army of occupation 
 under Wellington in Paris, held 
 the command of the forces in 
 Ireland from 1832 to 1855, suc- 
 ceeded the late Gen. Sir Colin 
 Halkett as Governor of Chelsea 
 Hospital in 1856, and became a 
 Field Marshal Nov. 9, 1862. He 
 was Colonel of the 1st Foot, and was 
 sworn, in 1836, a Privy Councillor. 
 
 BLAKEY, Egbert, Ph.D. [1795 
 — 1878] , was born at Morpeth, Nor- 
 thumberland. Devoting himself 
 early in life to literature and philo- 
 sojDhy, he published in 1829 his first 
 regular woi-k on " The Freedom of 
 the Divine and Human Wills," 
 which was favourably received and 
 brought him into notice anions: 
 abstract thinkers. It was followed 
 in 1833 by his " History of Moral 
 Science," which secured him the 
 approbation of Southey, Allan Cun- 
 ningham, Sir W. Hamilton, Dr. 
 Chalmers and others. Dr. Blakey 
 published several other volumes, 
 among which may be mentioned 
 "The Lives of the Primitive 
 Fathers of the Church/' and " The 
 History of the Philosophy of 
 Mind." For the last he received 
 commendations from MM. Victor 
 Cousin, Groberti, Gruyer, and 
 
 many German savants, and a gold 
 medal from the King of the Bel- 
 gians. In 1835 he was appointed 
 Professor of Logic and Metaphysics 
 in Queen's College, Belfast, but 
 was obliged to relinquish the posi- 
 tion on account of ill-health. The 
 University of Jena conferred upon 
 him the honorary degree of Ph.D. 
 in recognition of the merit of his 
 philosophical writings. 
 
 BLANCHAED, Jotham [1800— 
 1840], Nova Scotian journalist, was 
 born in New Hampshire, but at an 
 early age was taken by his family 
 to Truro, where they settled. He 
 was educated at the Picton Academy, 
 and admitted to the bar in 1821. 
 In 1827 he established at Picton, 
 the first newspaper published in 
 Nova Scotia, out of Halifax ; a 
 liberal paper and the first of its 
 kind ever published in the Lower 
 Colonies. It was entitled " The 
 Colonial Patriot," and had for its 
 motto "Pro rege, pro patria." Up 
 to this time politics had been very 
 little discussed in the Halifax 
 papers, and to write a word con- 
 demning the conduct of those in 
 authority was considered high 
 treason, but Mr. Blanchard in his 
 paper strongly urged that the 
 public should have more control 
 over the few in power than had 
 hitherto been the case, and the free 
 spirit in which he discussed this 
 soon brought the Colonial Patnot 
 into notice. The publication of 
 " The Canadian Letter " of which 
 Mr. Blanchard was the anonymous 
 author, made his paper notorious. 
 In this letter he very freely dis- 
 cussed the position of affairs, and 
 was denounced as a political libeller. 
 He entered the House of Asseml)ly 
 as member for Halifax in 1830. 
 
 BLANCHAED, Laman, was born 
 at Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, May 
 15, 1803, and was educated at St. 
 Olave's School, South wark. His 
 first employment was that of 
 reader at Cox and Baylis's (after- 
 wards Messrs. Cox's), printing office 
 in Groat Queen Street, but ia 
 
BLEEK— BLESSINGTON. 
 
 91 
 
 1827 Sir Stamford Raffles and Mr. 
 Vigors obtained for liiin the situa- 
 tion of secretary to the Zoologi- 
 cal Society. In 1828 Mr. Blanohard 
 published his first work, a small 
 volume of poetry, " Lyric Offer- 
 ings," and having decided to de- 
 vote his life to literature, he gave 
 up the secretaryship of the Zoolo- 
 gical Society, and became Acting 
 Editor of the Monthly Magazine, at 
 that time directed by Dr. Croly. 
 He afterwards edited the True Sun 
 newspaper, and the Constit^dional 
 newspaper, and on their being given 
 up he joined the Courier, which in 
 conjunction with the Court Journal, 
 he superintended for many years. 
 He became connected with the Exa- 
 miner in 1811, and was a constant 
 contributor to the lighter periodi- 
 cals of the day, such as the New 
 Monthly Magazine, Cruilshanh's 
 Omnihus, which he edited, Ains- 
 worth's Magazine, the Illustrated Ma- 
 gazine, kc. Mr. Blanchard, who for 
 some time had been labouring 
 under great depression of spirits, 
 consequent on the death of his 
 wife, committed suicide, Feb. 15, 
 1815. 
 
 BLEEK, WiLHELM H. J., Ph.D., 
 a distinguished linguist, who was 
 keeper of the Grey Library at 
 Capetown. His publications are 
 " De Nominum Generibus Lin- 
 guarum Africse Australis, Copticse, 
 Semiticarum aliarumque Sexua- 
 lium," 8vo., Bonn, 1851; "The 
 Languages of Mozambique : Voca- 
 bularies, drawn up from the MSS. 
 of W. Peters and from other mate- 
 rials,"' 8vo., London, 1S56 ; " A 
 Comparative Grammar of the South 
 African Languages," 8vo., London, 
 1862 ; " Reynard the Fox in South 
 Africa ; or, Hottentot Fables and 
 Tales, chiefly translated from ori- 
 ginal MSS. in the library of Sir 
 George Grey," 8vo., London, 1864 ; 
 and "Tiber den Ursprung der 
 Sprache. Herausgegeben miteinem 
 Vorwort von E. Haeckel," 8vo., 
 Weimar, 1868. Mr. Bleek was 
 specially engaged in the study of 
 
 the Bushman language. He died 
 Aug. 17, 1875. 
 
 BLENKIRON, William [1807— 
 1S71J, was born in Yorkshire, and 
 trained for a farmer, l>ut abanrloned 
 tliat calling and bogan a manufac- 
 turing business in London, which 
 was afterwards carried on by his 
 eldest son. Having developed a taste 
 for the turf, about the year 1847, he 
 became the owner of a filly named 
 Glance, which may be said to have 
 laid the foundation of the great 
 Middle Park stud. In 1852 he re- 
 moved from Dalston to Middle 
 Park. Caractacus was the. first 
 famous horse bred by Mr. Blenk- 
 iron, and the Rake, Hermit, Marks- 
 man, Leonie, Typhoeus, and Bi- 
 cycle were some of the best that 
 were sent out from Eltham. For 
 four years Mr. Blenkiron added 
 .£1,000 to the Middle Park Plate. 
 He was in his day the most famous 
 of the South-country breeders of 
 race-horses. 
 
 BLESSINGTON, The Right 
 Hon. The Countess or [1789 — 
 1849], was the davighter of Mr. 
 Edmund Power, of Curragheen, 
 Waterford, and vrhile still a mere 
 child, being some months less than 
 fifteen, was married to Mr. St. 
 Leger Farmer, of Poplar Hall, Kil- 
 dare, a captain in the 47th regiment. 
 How long she was his wife and how 
 long a widow is not known, but 
 fourteen years afterwards she mar- 
 ried the Earl of Blessington. The 
 greater part of their married life 
 was spent on the Continent, where 
 the Countess became widely cele- 
 brated for her talents and her 
 charm of manner. She became a 
 widow again in 1829. Lord Byron, 
 in his " Diaries and Letters," fre- 
 quently pays tribute to Lady Bles- 
 sington's intellectual and personal 
 gifts ; and his collected poems con- 
 tain more than one effusion ad- 
 dressed to her. Lady Blessington 
 herself gives us the substance of 
 her intellectual intercourse with 
 Lord Byron, in her "Conversa- 
 tionsj" and many details of her 
 
92 
 
 BLIGH— BLOMFIELD. 
 
 Continental life will be found in her 
 " Idler in Italj," and " Idler in 
 France/' Her society was courted 
 abroad by the most distinguished 
 persons, esjDecially by the members 
 of the Napoleon family, with many 
 of whom she was on terms of inti- 
 macy. Her first published work 
 was entitled '^''The Magic Lantern^ 
 or Scenes in the Metropolis/' which 
 was followed by " A Tour in the 
 Netherlands." The rest of her 
 works were ; " The Confessions of 
 an Elderly Lady ; " " The Confes- 
 sions of an Elderly Gentleman ; " 
 " The Governess/' a novel ; " Grace 
 Cassidy. or the Eepealers/' a novel ; 
 " The Two Friends/' " The Victims 
 of Society/' " Meredith/' " The Lot- 
 tery of Life/' ''The Memoirs of a 
 Femme de Chambre/' ''The Belle 
 of a Season/' " Strathern/' and 
 other novels, sketches, and frag- 
 ments, and innumerable magazine 
 articles. Besides this she was the 
 editor of illustrated works on a 
 large scale, having had the manage- 
 ment of the "Keepsake," and" Book 
 of Beauty," for seven or eight years. 
 Lady Blessington lived for fourteen 
 years at Kensington Gore, and her 
 house there was for all that time a 
 great social and literary centre. 
 She was especially intimate with 
 Count D'Orsay [q.v.]- ^^^ died in 
 Paris, June 4, 1849. 
 
 BLIGH, The Hon. Sir John 
 Duncan [1798—1872], K.C.B.. 
 second son of the fourth earl of 
 Darnley, born in 1798, and educated 
 at Eton and Christ Church, Ox- 
 ford, where he graduated B.A., was 
 elected to a Fellowship at all Souls. 
 Entering the diplomatic service, he 
 was attache at Vienna in 1820, and 
 rising by successive stages, became, 
 in 1829, Secretary of Legation and 
 Charge d' Affaires at Florence, hav- 
 ing been transferred thence to the 
 Hague, as Secretary of Embassy, 
 in 1830. Having discharged the 
 duties of British Minister of the 
 Hague and St. Petersburg for three 
 years and a half, he was sent in 
 1835 as Envoy Extraordinary and 
 
 Minister Plenipotentiary to Stock- 
 holm, and thence transferred to 
 Hanover in 1838, which post he oc- 
 cupied till 1856, when he retired 
 upon the usual pension, and, on his 
 return to England, was created a 
 K.C.B., civil division. He was 
 D.C.L. of Oxford and a Deputy- 
 Lieutenant for Kent. 
 
 BLISS, The Rev. Philip, [1787 
 — 1857], D.C.L., was the son of the 
 Eev. Philip Bliss, M. A., of Oriel Col- 
 lege, Oxford, was educated at Mer- 
 chant Taylors' School, and in 1806 
 was elected to a law fellowship at 
 St. John's College, Oxford. He ob- 
 tained the office of Assistant-Libra- 
 rian in the British Museum, which 
 he held only a short time, being 
 recalled to Oxford by Dr. Ban- 
 dinel, the Bodleian librarian, and 
 appointed Sub-Librarian. He gave 
 up this appointment in 1824, on 
 being elected by Convocation Regis- 
 trar of the University, an office he 
 held for nearly thirty years. In 
 1826 he was elected Keeper of the 
 Archives, In 1848 the Duke of 
 Wellington, then Chancellor, re- 
 warded his public services with the 
 headship of St. Mary Hall. He 
 took orders in 1818, and was curate 
 of Newington, Oxfordshire, for some 
 years. Dr. Bliss edited and re- 
 printed innumerable curious and 
 useful books, but the work by which 
 he is best known is his edition of 
 Wood's " Athense Oxonienses," 
 ("Lives of Eminent Men, Educated 
 in, and Annals of the University of 
 Oxford,") which appeared between 
 the years 1814 and 1820. The last 
 work upon which he was engaged 
 was his " Reliquiae Hearnianoe," Ex- 
 tracts from the Diaries of Thomas 
 Hearne, which appeared in 1856. 
 
 BLOMFIELD, The Right Hon. 
 AND Right Rev. Charles James. 
 D.D., F.R.S., &c.. Lord Bishop of 
 London, was the son of a school- 
 master at Bury St. Edmunds, and 
 was born in that town. May 29, 
 1786, He received jhis earliest edu- 
 cation from his father, but at the 
 age of eight was sent to the Gram- 
 
BLOOMFIELD. 
 
 93 
 
 mar School, then under the care of 
 the Rev. Michael Thomas Becher, 
 where he remained ten years. In 
 Oct. 1801 he entered Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridf^e, in the next year 
 was elected scholar of his college, 
 and gained Sir William Browne's 
 gold medal for the Latin Ode (sub- 
 ject : "The Death of the Due 
 d'Enghien"), and in the following 
 year gained the same prize for the 
 Greek Ode ("The Death of Nelson"), 
 and was elected Craven scholar. 
 In 1808 he took his B.A. degree as 
 Third Wrangler and First Chan- 
 cellor's Medallist ; and in 1809 was 
 elected Fellow of his college. In 
 1809 he was ordained deacon by 
 Bishop Mansell of Bristol, and served 
 his diaconate as evirate of Chester- 
 ford. He was presented to the rec- 
 tory of Quarrington, Lincoln, in 
 1810, and at the end of the same 
 year to the rectory of Dunton, also 
 in Lincolnshire. In 1810 he pub- 
 lished his " Prometheus," of iEschy- 
 his, and in the following year the 
 " Persae," and " Septem contra 
 Thebas." On quitting Cambridge 
 Dr. Blomfield continued to do ser- 
 vice to the cause of classical study 
 in his university by editing Per- 
 son's " Adversaria," and a maga- 
 zine entitled the " Museum Cri- 
 ticum," which was subsequently 
 reprinted in two volumes. His 
 editions of " Callimachus," and of 
 five out of the seven plays of 
 ./Eschylus, with copious glossaries, 
 gained for him a high reputation on 
 the Continent. After five years' 
 service in his Lincolnshire parishes, 
 he was preferred to the living of 
 Chesterford, in the Diocese of Lon- 
 don, and in 1815 was appointed by Dr. 
 Howley, who then filled the See of 
 London, one of his domestic chap- 
 lains. He was afterwards appointed 
 to the Eectory of Bishopsgate, the 
 richest in the diocese, and to the 
 Archdeaconi'y of Colchester. On 
 June 20, 182J., Dr. Blomfield, then 
 thirty-eight years of age, was conse- 
 crated Bishop of Chester, and in 
 1828 succeeded Dr. Howley as Bishop 
 
 of London. One of his earliest la- 
 bours in his London diocese was to 
 provide church accommodation for 
 the thousands of poor peojile who 
 swarmed in nearly all the larger 
 parishes ; and he lived to sec more 
 than 200 additional churches built, 
 most of Avhich owed much to his 
 own exertions. He was also mainly 
 instrumental in establishing the 
 Colonial Bishoprics' Fund, out of 
 which so many Colonial sees have 
 been founded. Dr. Blomfield's last 
 years were greatly disturbed by 
 questions affecting the doctrines of 
 the Church, especially the Gorham 
 case, and the rubrical controversy, 
 in all of Avhich he was compelled to 
 take an active part. While on a 
 visit to Her Majesty at Osborne, in 
 1847, the Bishop had a slight attack 
 of paralysis, caused by slipping on 
 the polished floors of one of the 
 rooms. A second attack soon fol- 
 lowed from which he never quite 
 recovered. In 1856 an Act of 
 Parliament was passed, enabling 
 him to resign his see, on an 
 allowance of ^5000 a-year, to- 
 gether with the use of the palace 
 at Fulham for life. He died 
 at the palace about a year after- 
 wards, August 5, 1857. He left the 
 reputation of a scholar and a gen- 
 tleman, though of a somewhat im- 
 perious kind. He was a wit and a 
 Churchman — for those days, rather 
 a High Churchman. He was t"v\dcc 
 married. One of his sons is the 
 present Bishop of Colchester. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD (Barox), The 
 Eight Hex. Benjamin Bloom- 
 field, of Oakhampton and Eed- 
 wood, Tipperary [1768 — 1816], 
 
 "G.C.B. and G.C.H., was the only son 
 of John Bloomfield, Esq., of Newport, 
 Tipperary, and was born in 1768. 
 He entered the Army at an early 
 age, attaining the rank of captain 
 in 1794. In 1806 he was appointed 
 gentleman attendant on the Prince 
 
 ■ of Wales (George IV.), who soon 
 advanced him to the post of Chief 
 Equerry and Clerk Marshal. He 
 was knighted in 1815, and two years 
 
94 
 
 BLOOMFIELD— BLUNT. 
 
 later appointed Receiver- Greneral of 
 the Dacliy of Cornwall, Keeper of 
 tlie Privy Purse and Private Secre- 
 tary to the Prince, and sworn a 
 Privy Councillor. In 1822, having 
 been for five years the Princess 
 confidential adviser, he was sent as 
 Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy 
 Extraordinary on a mission to the 
 King of Sweden, and made a Gr.C.B. 
 He was raised to the rank of a 
 Baron, in the peerage of Ireland, 
 with the title of Lord Bloomfield, 
 in 1825. He became Lieutenant- 
 Colonel 1806 ; Colonel by brevet, 
 1812; Colonel Commandant, 1813; 
 Major-Greneral, 1814 ; and Lieu- 
 tenant-Greneral in 1830. He was 
 the founder of the regimental 
 schools for children of soldiers be- 
 longing to the Ordnance Corps. He 
 resigned his command in the army 
 a few months before his death, 
 after a connection with it extending 
 over sixty-five years, 
 
 BLOOMFIELD ^,,, (Lord), The 
 KiiGHT Hojsr. John Arthur Doug- 
 las, G. C. B.. [1802—1879] son of 
 the first Lord Bloomfield, who for 
 many years held a high ]DOsition 
 in the diplomatic service ; was born 
 November 12, 1802. He entered 
 the dii)lomatic service in 1818, and 
 rising by successive steps of pro- 
 motion, was appointed, in 1841, 
 Envoy Extraordinary and Minister 
 Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. 
 Petersburg, was tx'ansf erred thence 
 in the same capacity to Berlin in 
 1851, and discharged the duties of 
 his post there with great judgment 
 and tact until, in Aug. 1860, he 
 was appointed Ambassador Extra- 
 ordinary and Minister Plenipoten- 
 tiary at Vienna. He held the lat- 
 ter appointment till July, 1871, 
 when he was succeeded by Sir An- 
 drew Buchanan. Lord Bloomfield 
 was made a C.B. April 27, 1848, a 
 K.C.B. March 1, 1851, a G.C.B. 
 Sept. 3, 1858, a Privy Councillor Dec. 
 17, 1860 ; and a peer of the United 
 Kingdom, by the title of Baron 
 Bloomfield of Ciamhalltha, in the 
 county of Tipperary, July 29, 1871. 
 
 BLOE,E,Edward,D.C.L.,F.R.S., 
 F.S.A., was born in Derbyshire, 
 Sept. 13, 1789, and was the eldest 
 son of Thomas Blore, F.S.A., well 
 kno^vn as the historian of the county 
 of Rutland. Before Mr. Blore was 
 twenty he had executed the draw- 
 ings for the illustrations of the 
 " History of Rutland," and during 
 the next few years was engaged by 
 Mr. Surtees, of Mainsforth, to make 
 the drawings for the architectural 
 plates in the "History and Anti- 
 quities of Durham," and by Mr. 
 Britton to make the sketches of 
 York and Peterborough, in his 
 series of the " English Cathedrals." 
 He was employed by Sir Walter 
 Scott to make the designs for 
 the exterior of the new house 
 at Abbotsford. Mr. Blore was 
 one of the first to revive the 
 taste for Grothic architecture, 
 which had languished since the 
 Reformation ; but his influence was 
 neither so strong nor so pure as 
 that of Pugin, the real founder of 
 the Gothic revival. He died in 
 London, Sept. 4, 1879. 
 
 BLUNT, Rev. John James, B.D., 
 was born at Neweastle-under-Lyme 
 in 1794, and was privately educated 
 by his father, the Rev. John Blunt, 
 M. A. He was admitted a pensioner 
 of St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 in 1812 ; elected the first Bell 
 Scholar in 1813, and gained the 
 prize for the Latin ode in 1814. 
 In 1816 he obtained a Fellowship, 
 and the first Member's prize for a 
 Latin essay in 1817. In 1818 he 
 Avas appointed one of the Travelling 
 Bachelors, and visited Italy and 
 Sicily. The result of this journey 
 he published in 1821, under the 
 title of " Vestiges of Ancient Man- 
 ners and Customs discoverable in 
 Modern Italy and Sicily." He 
 contributed several articles to the 
 Quarterly Review, and his " Sketch 
 of the Reformation of the Church 
 of England," by which his name is 
 still remembered, reached its fif- 
 teenth edition. In 1834 Mr. Blunt 
 ! was presented by his college to the 
 
BOADEN— BOHN. 
 
 05 
 
 rectoiy of Great Oakley in Essex, 
 which he held till his election in 
 1830 to the Lady Margaret's Pro- 
 fessorship of Divinity. Mr. Blunt 
 died at Cambridge, Juno 17, 1855. 
 
 BOADEN, James, a once popular 
 dramatic author, was the son of 
 William Boaden, who was for many 
 years in the Eussia trade. He was 
 brought to London when quite 
 young, and after receiving a good 
 business education, was placed in 
 the counting-house of Alderman 
 Perchard. He early became at- 
 tached to literature and the drama, 
 and on the establishment of the 
 Oracle newspaper by Mr. John Bell, 
 assisted that gentleman in the con- 
 duct and management of it. In 
 1701 Mr. Boaden's " Fontainville 
 Forest" was produced at Covent 
 Garden with gi-eat success, his next 
 performance being a tragedy called 
 " The Secret Tribunal," acted also 
 at Covent Garden, 1705. His other 
 contributions to the stage were — 
 the '^ Italian Monk," from Mrs. 
 Radcliffe's " Confessional of the 
 Black Penitents ; " the " Cambro- 
 Britons;" the "Voice of Natui-e," 
 from the French of Caignez ; the 
 " Maid of Bristol ; " and " Aurelio 
 and Miranda," from Lewis's 
 romance of "The Monk." When 
 the Shakesj)eare forgeries first 
 came before the public, Mr. Boaden 
 believed them to be genuine, but 
 careful examination proving them 
 to be spurio^^s, he wrote his 
 " Letter to George Steevens," 
 stating the grounds of his disbelief, 
 and clearly i^ointing out the for- 
 gery. Mr. Boaden wi'ote memoirs 
 of Kemble, Mrs. Siddons, Mrs. 
 Jordan, and Mrs. Inchbald, and two 
 novels, " The Man of Two Lives," 
 and " The Doom of Giallo," which 
 with " An Inquiry into the Authen- 
 ticity of the various pictures and 
 prints of Shakespeare," and an able 
 tract " On the Sonnets [of Shake- 
 speare," complete the list of his 
 publications. He died February 
 16, 1830. 
 BODKIN, Sir William Henry 
 
 [1701—1871], born at Islington, 
 Aug. 4, 1701, received his education 
 at tlie Islington Academy ; was 
 called to tlie bar 1821 ; appointed 
 Recorder of Dover 1832; sat as 
 M.P. for Rochester 1811-17, and 
 was appointed Assistant Judge for 
 Middlesex, 1850. He received the 
 honour of knighthood in 1867. 
 For many years he was counsel to 
 the Treasiuy, and vice-president of 
 the Society of Arts ; one of the 
 covmcil of the Art Union of Lon- 
 don, and chairman of the Metro- 
 politan Assessment Sessions. He 
 was author of some publications on 
 the Poor Law and of the statute by 
 which irremovable poor were made 
 chargeable to the common f irnd of 
 unions. Sir William's Act was 
 passed for one year only, but has 
 been continued and extended, and 
 is, in fact, the foundation of the 
 present system. 
 
 BOHN, Henry George [1705— 
 1881], bookseller and publisher, of 
 York Street, Covent Garden, was 
 born of German j^arentage, and 
 was engaged in the book trade be- 
 fore any living publisher, even Mr. 
 Murray, was born. He was Ger- 
 man traveller to his father in 1815, 
 and was attending an auction sale 
 at Leipsic while the battle of 
 Waterloo was being fought. He 
 retired from active business in 
 1865, when he sold the " Libraries " 
 to the present publishers of them, 
 Messrs. George Bell & Sons. This 
 stock when sold realized nearly 
 100,000L After his retirement he 
 lived at Twickenham, and occupied 
 himself in gardening, and in add 
 ing to his large collection of works 
 of art. After his death his j^ictures 
 and miniatures, together Avitli a 
 valuable assembly of fine art books 
 were sold by Messrs. Christie. In 
 1841 he published his " Guinea 
 Catalogue " of second-hand books, 
 an enormous undertaking Avhich 
 was, however, outstripped later by 
 the catalogues of Mr. Quaritch. 
 He was author, besides, of a 
 " Handbook of Games," a " Hand- 
 
96 
 
 BOLDEN— BOOTH. 
 
 book of Geography/^ &c., and edited 
 '' LoAvndes' Bibliograplier's Man- 
 ual/' the "Bibliotheca Parriana/' 
 and "Addison's Works." He was 
 an active member of the Society of 
 Antiquaries. He greatly assisted 
 Mr. Beckford and the Duke of 
 Hamilton in the collection of the 
 treasures of their libraries. He con- 
 tributed a " Life of Shakespeare" to 
 the publications of the Philobiblion 
 Society. 
 
 BOLDEN, Samuel Edward, 
 was educated as a solicitor, and 
 together with Stej)henson, Locke, 
 Booth of Liverj)ool, and others took 
 an active part in promoting rail- 
 ways. In concert with John Swift, 
 the solicitor, Thomas Brassey, the 
 contractor, and Joseph Locke, the 
 engineer, he took a i)rominent part 
 in carrying out the Lancaster 
 and Carlisle Eailway, opened in 
 184:6. It now forms part of the 
 London and North- Western Eail- 
 way, and yields to the original 
 shareholders nearly twelve per cent. 
 To many Mr. Bolden was better 
 known as a most successful breeder 
 of shorthorn cattle. The son of 
 Mr. John Bolden, of Hyming, 
 North Lancashire, a well-known 
 breeder, he began to collect a herd 
 in 1845. On his father's death he 
 amalgamated both herds at Spring- 
 field Hall, Lancaster, and was the 
 first breeder to realize four fig^m-es 
 for a single animal. He sold his 
 herd in 1862, but continued to the 
 last to take an interest in Short- 
 horns, and was always regarded 
 as one of the soundest judges. He 
 was for many years an active 
 magistrate of North Lancashire. 
 He died March 22, 1880. 
 
 BOLL AND, Sir William, 
 Kkight, M.A., late one of the 
 Barons of the Exchequer, was edu- 
 cated at Reading School under Dr. 
 Valpy, and at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his M.A. de- 
 gree in 1796, in which year he ob- 
 tained the Seatonian prize for his 
 poem on "The Epij^hany." In I 
 1801 he was called to the Bar ; ad- | 
 
 niitted one of the four common 
 pleaders of the City of London 
 1804 ; and elected Recorder of Read- 
 ing in 1817, which office he held 
 until appointed Baron of the Ex- 
 chequer in 1829. He was one of the 
 original members of the Eoxburghe 
 Club, which indeed was suggested at 
 a dinner party at his house, June 4, 
 1812, shortly after the sale of the 
 Duke of Eoxburghe's library j and 
 his name often occurs in Dr. Dib- 
 din's bibliographical works as an 
 ardent collector of early printed 
 books. He was the Hortensius of 
 Dr. Dibdin's "Bibliomania." In 
 1814 he presented the members of 
 the Roxburghe Club with their first 
 reprint ; this was Lord Surrey's 
 poetical version of the Second 
 Book of the -S^neid, the first speci- 
 men of blank verse in our language. 
 He died at his residence, Hyde Park 
 Terrace, in his 68th year. May 14, 
 1840. 
 
 BONOMI, Joseph, Egyptologist. 
 He was born in London in 1796, his 
 father, who had at one time been 
 architect to St. Peter's in Rome, 
 having settled in this country. He 
 became a student at the Royal 
 Academy, and gained two silver 
 medals. In 1824 he went to Egypt 
 with Mr. Robert Hay, and remained 
 in the East fifteen years, spending 
 most of that time in studying and 
 drawing the hieroglyphics. In 1842 
 he revisited Egypt as artist to the 
 expedition sent out by the King of 
 Prussia, and headed by Dr. Lepsius. 
 In 1853 he assisted Mr. Owen Jones 
 in decorating the Egyptian Courts 
 at the Crystal Palace. His life was 
 chiefly passed in helping others in 
 their researches, but he ^vi-ote and 
 jDublished a book entitled " Nineveh 
 and its Palaces." In 1861 he was 
 appointed Curator of the Soane 
 Museum, and held that office till 
 he died, April 3, 1878. A pencil 
 sketch of Dr. Livingstone, drawn 
 by him in 1857, is in the National 
 Portrait Gallery. 
 
 BOOTH, The Rev. James, LL.D., 
 F.R.S., F.R.A.S. [1814—1878], the 
 
BOOTHBY— BOKRER. 
 
 07 
 
 eldest son of Johu Booth, of Luvu, 
 was educated at Trinity Collej^e, 
 Dublin, where he gained hi^^h 
 honours. In 1810 he made his first 
 contribution to mathematical 
 science, by the publication of his 
 "New Method of Tangential Co- 
 ordinates." He was elected an 
 F.R.S. in 1816, and in 1851 pub- 
 lished his treatise " On the Appli- 
 cation of the Theory of Elliptic 
 Integrals to the Investigation of 
 the Rotatory Motion of Bodies." 
 He also contributed to the Philoso- 
 phical Magazine, and other mathe- 
 matical journals, many papers, 
 several of which were ti'an slated 
 into foi-eign languages. In 1816 
 he published a pamphlet entitled 
 " Examination the province of the 
 State," in which he advocated those 
 principles of competitive examina- 
 tion, afterwards adopted by the 
 Government and the universities, 
 in the Civil Service and middle- 
 class examinations. He was made 
 chairman of the Council of the 
 Society of Arts in 1856, and in 1857 
 annotated and conducted through 
 the press the Prince Consort's 
 " Speeches and Addresses," known 
 as the Society of Arts' edition. In 
 1859 the Royal Astronomical So- 
 ciety presented him to the living 
 of Stone, near Aylesbury. He is 
 the author of several sermons and 
 addi'esses on various occasions. 
 
 BOOTHBY, Lady, better known 
 under the name of Mrs. Xisbett, 
 was the daughter of Frederick 
 Hayes Macnamara, who held a com- 
 mission in the Fifty-second Regi- 
 ment diu'ing the Peninsular War, 
 and was in the disastrous retreat to 
 Corunna. He was a dissipated 
 man of broken fortunes, and his 
 daughter's youth was not passed 
 under very favoui*able auspices. 
 Her dramatic talents were preco- 
 ciously developed and put to profit, 
 and for a time slie acted as a 
 juvenile theatrical wonder, under 
 the name of Miss Mordaunt. She 
 was an agreeable actress, and main- 
 tained a good position in the large 
 
 metropolitan theatres till Jan., 
 1831, when she (quitted the stage to 
 become the wife of John Alexander 
 Nisbett, of the First Life Guards. 
 She was early left a widow, and 
 having no fortune, was obliged 
 to retm-n to the stage, which she 
 did in Oct., 1832, when she re-ap- 
 peared at Driu-y Lane. Her 
 greatest di-amatic success was made 
 in "The Love Chase," which was 
 produced at the Haymarket, Oct. 0, 
 1837, and ran for nearly a hundi-ed 
 successive nights. She again re- 
 tii'ed from the stage to become the 
 viiie of Sir William Boothby, who 
 died two years after, leaving his 
 widow very scantily jn-ovided for, 
 and she returned to the stage, 
 though only for a short time. She 
 died at St. Leonai-d's-on-Sea, Jan. 
 16, 1858, aged 45. 
 
 BORLAXD, Dr. James [1776— 
 1863], Inspector-General of Army 
 Hospitals, was born about the year 
 1776. He served in Flanders with 
 the Duke of York in 1793 ; at St. 
 Domingo from 1791 to 1798, and in 
 1799 accompanied Sir Ralph Aber- 
 cromby to the Helder, where his 
 attention to the Russian Auxiliary 
 Force attracted the attention of the 
 Russian Government, and he was 
 offered the highest military medi- 
 cal rank in their army. In 1805 he 
 was engaged in London arranging 
 and establishing the existing sys- 
 tem of regimental hospitals, was 
 soon after made Inspector-General, 
 and volunteered for the Waleheren 
 Expedition. In 1810 he was ap- 
 pointed head of the Medical De- 
 partment in the Mediterranean, a 
 post which he filled for six years. 
 He received many foreign honours, 
 and held the ]X)st of Physician 
 Extraordinary to the Duke of 
 Kent. 
 
 BORRER, WiLLiA]yr, F.R,S., 
 F.L.S. [1781—1862], botanist, was 
 the eldest son of William Borrer, 
 Esq., of Parkyns Manor, Hirrst- 
 pierpont. In his day he is said to 
 have had no equal in his extensive 
 and accurate knowledge of the 
 
 n 
 
9S 
 
 BOEEOW— BOSWOETH. 
 
 plants of these islands. His chief 
 work, which he wrote in conjunc- 
 tion with Mr. Dawson Turner, is 
 entitled " An Attemj^t at a History 
 of British Lichens/" and appeared 
 in 1839. He was a constant con- 
 tributor to the botanical magazines 
 of his day, and during his life there 
 was hardly a book written on the 
 subject that did not owe something 
 to his assistance. 
 
 BOEEOW, Oeorge, [1803— 
 1881], of Cornish extraction, 
 born at East Dereham, Norfolk, 
 in 1803, the son of an officer 
 in the army, was educated at 
 the Norwich and several other 
 grammar schools in England, and 
 spent about two years at the High 
 School in Edinburgh. In 1818 he 
 was articled to a solicitor in Nor- 
 Avich, but soon quitted the legal 
 profession and devoted his attention 
 to philology and other branches of 
 literature, including several modern 
 languages. From some gipsies who 
 encamped on a heath near Nor- 
 wich he acquired a knowledge of 
 their tongue, which, though broken 
 and scanty, exhibits marks of high 
 antiquity. Quitting Norwich, and 
 abandoning the law on his father's 
 death, he came to London, and 
 worked for the publishers ; but his 
 health failing, he lived for some 
 years a life of wandering and ad- 
 venture. In 1833 he entered the 
 service of the British and Foreign 
 Bible Society, and was sent into 
 Eussia. At St. Petersburg he 
 edited the New Testament in Man- 
 dchu, or Chinese Tartar language, 
 and a book called "Targum,"' con- 
 sisting of metrical translations 
 from thirty languages. He paid 
 two visits to Spain as agent of the 
 Bible Society, and was twice im- 
 prisoned in that country for en- 
 deavouring to circulate the Scrip- 
 tures. Whilst in Spain he mixed 
 much with the Caloro, or Zincali, 
 called by the Spaniards Gitanos, 
 or Gipsies, whose language he found 
 to be much the same as that of the 
 English Eomany. At Madrid ho 
 
 edited the New Testament in 
 Spanish, and translated St. Luke's 
 Gospel into the language of the 
 Zincali. Leaving the service of 
 the Bible Society, he returned to 
 England in 1839. In 1811 he pub- 
 lished the " Zincali," or an account 
 of the Gipsies in Spain, with a vo- 
 cabulary of their language, which he 
 showed to be closely connected with 
 the Sanscrit. This work obtained a 
 wide celebrity on the Continent, 
 and drew attention to the gipsies 
 and their history. In 1842 he pub- 
 lished " The Bible in Spain," a 
 work which received a warm eulo- 
 gium from the late Sir Eobert Peel 
 in the House of Commons. In 181 1 
 he wandered among the gipsies of 
 Hungary, Wallachia, and Turkey, 
 gathering u.p the words of their 
 respective dialects of the Eomany, 
 and making a collection of their 
 songs. " Lavengro," containing 
 some account of his early life and 
 adventures, was published in 1851 ; 
 " The Eomany Eye," a sequel, in 
 1857; "Wild Wales," in 1862; 
 and " Eomano Lavo-Lil : Word- 
 Book of the Eomany, or, English 
 Gipsy Language," in 1874, Mr. 
 Borrow contributed both in prose 
 and verse to periodical literature. 
 
 BOSWOETH, The Eev. Joseph, 
 D.D., F.E.S., F.S.A. [1790—1876], 
 was educated at Eepton Grammar 
 School, graduated at Aberdeen as 
 M.A. and LL.D., and received the 
 honorary degree of Ph. D. at Ley- 
 den in 1831. He studied at Cam- 
 bridge, taking his D.D. degree in 
 1839. Before his election as Pro- 
 fessor of Anglo-Saxon in Oxford, he 
 was incorporated as a member of 
 Christ Church in 1857. He was 
 ordained deacon in 1814, and held 
 several livings in England. Those 
 he resigned, and Avas British Chap- 
 lain at Amsterdam and Eotterdam, 
 from 1829 to 1811. In 1858 he was 
 appointed to the rectory of Water 
 Stratford, near Buckingham. He 
 was the author of numerous edu- 
 cational works, among Avhich may 
 be mentioned, "Tlie Elements of 
 
BOTFIELD— BOUEKE. 
 
 09 
 
 Any^lo-Saxon Graniinar," " A Dic- 
 tionary of the An«;lo-Saxon Lan- 
 g^uao-o," " The Origin of the Danish 
 Language," *'The Essentials of 
 Anglo-Saxon Grammar," &c., &c. 
 At his death he left a large sum of 
 money to endow the Anglo-Saxon 
 Professorship at Oxford. 
 
 BOTFIELD, Thomas, F.R.S., 
 original member of the Geological 
 Society, &c., was boi-n at Dawley, 
 Feb. 1J-, 1762, and having received 
 his education at the endowed school 
 of Cleobury Mortimer, was sent at 
 an early age to Earl's Ditton, to 
 superintend the collieries on the 
 Clee Hill. His attention was con- 
 stantly directed to practical im- 
 provements, and he obtained a pa- 
 tent for " A Method of Construct- 
 ing an Iron or Metal Eoof for 
 Houses," in 1800, and another for 
 *' Improvements in Making Iron, or 
 in the Method or Methods of Smelt- 
 ing or Making of Iron," in 1828. 
 This latter patent embodied the 
 principle of employing gas or 
 heated air in the blast of fur- 
 naces, which has since been ex- 
 tensively adopted in the ii'on works 
 of Scotland and South "Wales. He 
 died at Hopton Court, Shropshire, 
 Jan. 17, 1813. 
 
 BOTFIELD, Beriah [1807— 
 1863], was the eldest son of Beriah 
 Botfield, Esq., of Norton Hall, 
 Xorthampton (a member of the 
 ancient family of Boteville, or Bote- 
 vyle, of Avhich the Marrjuis of Bath 
 is the head). He was educated at 
 Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford, 
 and is the author of " A Tour in 
 Scotland," 1829; "Notes on the 
 Cathedi'al Libraries of England," 
 1849 ; and of a collection of the 
 " Prefaces of the First Editions of 
 the Classics," 1861. His name was 
 Avell known as a member of most of 
 the learned societies of London, 
 and he received the honour of being 
 nominated a Chevalier of the Order 
 of Albert of Saxony, and a Knight 
 of the Order of Leopold of Belgium. 
 He represented Ludlow in the Con- 
 servative interest from 18 II to 18 17, 
 
 and was rechosen at the genei-al 
 elections of 1857 and 1859. 
 
 BOUCHETTE, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Joseph [1774 — 1841], 
 Canadian Surveyor and Topogra- 
 pher, was a son of Commodore Bou- 
 chette, an officer in the Provincial 
 navy, and a native of Canada. He 
 entered the Provincial navy in 
 1791, was appointed Deputy Sur- 
 veyor-General in 1803, and Sur- 
 veyor-General of Lower Canada in 
 1801. He went to England in 1815, 
 to superintend the publication of 
 his topographical maps, &c. While 
 in England he was appointed Sur- 
 veyor-General to establish the 
 boundary between His Majesty's 
 possessions in America and the 
 United States, for which he made 
 numerous plans and reports which 
 were submitted to the board at 
 Boston, and Avere received with 
 approval. These plans claimed the 
 Avhole extent of country north of 
 Mars Hill ridge of highlands, as 
 the legitimate boundarv betAveen 
 that part of the British jDossessions 
 and the territory of the United 
 States. For his work, "A Topo- 
 graphical description of the Pro- 
 vince of Lower Canada, with 
 remarks upon Upper Canada, and 
 on the relative connection of both 
 provinces with the United States of 
 America, 1815," Colonel Bou- 
 chette was made a member of the 
 Society of Arts and Sciences, 
 London, and was presented with 
 their "Gold Isis Medal." In 1831 
 he published a second and more 
 elaborate work, called " The British 
 Dominions in North America, a 
 Topographical and Statistical De- 
 scription, &c." 
 
 BOURKE, SirEichard, K.C.B., 
 Colonel of the 61th regiment, and 
 magistrate of the county and city 
 of Limerick, was born in Dublin, 
 May 4, 1777. He entered the army 
 in 1798, and in the following year 
 served with his regiment in Hol- 
 land at the Helder, where he was 
 severely wounded in both jaws, 
 after having taken part in the 
 
 IT 2 
 
100 
 
 BOUENE— BOWLBY. 
 
 actions of Aug. 21 , Sept. 10 and 19, 
 and Oct. 2 and 6. On his recovery, 
 he was placed on the staff in 
 England, and was for a short time 
 Superintendent at the Military 
 Colleg'e at Marlow. In 1806, he was 
 appointed Quartermaster-General 
 in South America, and was present 
 at the actions of the 19th and 20th 
 of Jan., 1807, at the siege and 
 storming of Montevideo, and in the 
 expedition against Buenos Ayres. 
 He also served in the Peninsula in 
 1809, 1812, 1813, and 1814. In 
 1825 he was appointed Lieutenant- 
 Governor of the Eastern District of 
 the Cape of Good Hope, which post 
 he filled till Nov. 1829. In 1834 
 he was ajjpointed Governor-in-Chief 
 of New South Wales and Van Die- 
 men's Land. He was made a K.C.B. 
 in 1835, in acknowledgment of his 
 services, and retu.rned home in 
 1837, when he obtained the colo- 
 nelcy of the 64th regiment. He 
 was made Lieutenant- General in 
 1837, and General in 1851. In 
 1829, in conjunction with Earl Fitz- 
 william, he edited " The Corre- 
 spondence of Edmund Burke,'"' for 
 in spite of the different spelling of 
 their names. General Bourke 
 claimed relationship with the great 
 orator. He die<l at Thorniield, 
 near Limerick, Aug. 13, 1855. 
 
 BOUENE, Et. Hon. William 
 Sturges [1769 — 1845], was the only 
 son of the Eev. John Sturges, 
 LL.D., Prebendary of Winchester, 
 and chancellor of that diocese, and 
 assumed the name of Bourne on 
 succeeding to the proj^erty of his 
 uncle, Francis Boin^ne, in?1803. He 
 was educated at a private school at 
 Winchester, where he became ac- 
 ([uainted with Canning, whose de- 
 voted adherent and friend he re- 
 mained throughout his life. When 
 Canning left for Eton, Mr. Sturges 
 went to Winchester College, where 
 he remained till 1786, when he en- 
 tered at Christ Church, Oxford. 
 He was called to the bar in 1793, 
 and for some time practised in the 
 Court of King's Bench, and on the 
 
 Western Circuit. He was returned 
 to Parliament for Hastings in 1798, 
 and in 1801 was offered by the 
 Duke of Portland the post of Under 
 Secretary for the Home Depart- 
 ment, which, however, he declined. 
 On Mr. Pitt's last accession to 
 power, he appointed Mr. Stiu-ges 
 Bourne Joint Secretary to the 
 Treasury, where he remained till 
 Pitt's death in 1806 broke vc^ the 
 Ministry. He became a Lord of 
 the Treasury in 1807, Privy Coun- 
 cillor in 1814, and Secretary of 
 State for the Home Department 
 under Canning, in 1827. He retired 
 from office in 1828, retaining only 
 the appointment of Lord Warden 
 of the New Forest, which he had re- 
 ceived from the King in 1827. 
 
 BOVILL, The Eight Hon. Sir 
 William [1814—1873], Lord Chief 
 Justice of the Common Pleas, was 
 called to the bar in 1841, having 
 previously practised as a special 
 pleader. Sir William, who soon ob- 
 tained a very extensive practice, 
 and was made a Queen's Counsel and 
 a Bencher of the Middle Temple in 
 1855, was first returned to Parlia- 
 ment in March, 1857, for the 
 borough of Guildford, which he con- 
 tinued to represent until his eleva- 
 tion to the Bench in Nov., 1866. 
 Sir William, who was a magistrate 
 for the county of Surrey, was ap- 
 pointed Solicitor-General under 
 Lord Derby's administration in 
 July, 1866, and upon the retirement 
 of Lord Chief Justice Erie, in No- 
 vember of that year, succeeded him 
 as Lord Chief Justice of the Court 
 of Common Pleas. He was made a 
 Privy Councillor Dec. 28, 1866. 
 
 BOWLBY, Thomas William 
 [1817 — 1860], was the son of an 
 officer in the Eoyal Artillery. He 
 was educated for the legal pro- 
 fession, and was for some years a 
 partner in the legal firm of Lau- 
 rence and Crowdy in the City. He 
 gave up practice on succeeding to 
 a considerable fortune ; but having 
 lost much of it in speculations, he 
 took to journalism, and during the 
 
BOWLES— BOWLEY. 
 
 101 
 
 Continental troubles of lSt8 was 
 sent to Berlin as the Times Special 
 Correspondent. He joined the ex- 
 pedition to China in the same 
 capacity : and, sailings witli Lord 
 Elgin and Baron Gros, shared with 
 them in the wreck of the Malabar, 
 and the subsequent hardships and 
 triumphs of the expedition. His 
 accounts of the occurrences of the 
 war attracted great attention. On 
 this expedition Mr. Bowlby, with 
 Mr. Lock, Mr. Parkes, and Captain 
 Brabazon, were taken prisoners by 
 the Chinese, and subjected Vjy them 
 to the most horrible cruelties, of 
 which Mr. Bowlby died, in the 
 neighboui-hood of Pekin, Sept. 22, 
 1800. 
 
 BOWLES, General Sir George, 
 G.C.B. [1787—1876], the second 
 son of William Bowles, Esq., re- 
 ceived his commission as Ensign of 
 the Coldstream Guards in 1801; 
 served in the north of Germany 
 1805-0, under Lord Cathcart ; was 
 present at the siege and capture of 
 Copenhagen in 1S07 ; and served 
 in the Peninsula from 1809 to 1814, 
 excepting the winters of 1810-11. 
 He also took part in the battles of 
 Quatre Bras, and Waterloo, and 
 the captiu'e of Paris, He acted as 
 Military Secretary to the Duke of 
 Richmond in Canada from 1818 to 
 1820 ; was in the West Indies as 
 Deputy - Adjutant - General from 
 1820 to 1825, and from 1837 to 1813 
 was stationed in Canada, being in 
 command af the Lower Province 
 during the rebellion of 1838. He 
 was Master of the Household to the 
 Queen from 1815 to 1S51, on re- 
 tiring from which office he was 
 appointed Lieutenant of the Tower 
 of London, and K.C.B. He became 
 Colonel of the 1st West India Eegi- 
 ment in 1855 ; attained the rank of 
 General 18G2 ; and was created 
 G.C.B. 1873. 
 
 B"OWLES, WiLLiAii Lisle, 
 Canon Eesidentiary of Salisbury. 
 The poems of Bowles are now 
 chiefly remembered as the source 
 of Coleridge's inspiration ; and 
 
 tho.so who turn to-day to the much- 
 praised sonnets wliich Coleridge 
 declared did " his heart more good 
 than all the other books he ever 
 read, excepting his Bible," and 
 which Hallam and Wilson praise 
 in no less measured terms, will find 
 in their pensive amenity little 
 charm. Bowles was born in 1702 
 at King's Sutton, where his father 
 was vicar. He was educated at 
 Winchester and Trinity College, 
 Oxford, and published his chief 
 work, " Sonnets," in 1798. He took 
 holy orders, and became Curate of 
 Donhead St. Andi-ew's, and later 
 Yicar of Bremhill, both in Wilt- 
 shire. In 1818 he was Chaplain to 
 the Prince Eegent, and in 1828 was 
 elected Canon JResidentiary of Salis- 
 bury. In 1807 he had published his 
 much-discussed edition of " Pope," 
 and was the author of '*^The Life of 
 Bishop Ken." In later life he re- 
 signed the living of Bremhill, and 
 went to live in Salisbury Close, 
 where he died April 7, IS 50. 
 
 B W L E Y, Egbert Kanzow 
 [1813 — 1870], deserves mention 
 among the musicians of this work on 
 account of the enthusiastic interest 
 with which he threw himself into 
 all musical matters during nearly 
 forty years. He was the son of a 
 bootmaker, at Charing Cross, and 
 was originally intended for his 
 father's trade, and did, in<leed, 
 carry on the business for some time. 
 He was associated as a boy with 
 the choristers of Westminster Ab- 
 bev, and gained his earliest know- 
 ledge of music there, afterwards 
 joining, and eventuiilly becoming 
 conductor of, " The Benevolent 
 Society of Musical Amateurs." In 
 1831 he was placed on the com- 
 mittee to organise and carry out 
 the " Amateur Musical Festival " 
 at Exeter Hall. In the same year 
 he was elected to the Sacred Har- 
 monic Society, which had just been 
 formed, and soon afterwards he was 
 chosen a member of the committee. 
 Throe years later ho was appointed 
 Librarian —a post which he held for 
 
102 
 
 BO WEING— BO W YER. 
 
 seventeen yearSj that is, until ISoi, 
 and then he was made Treasurer. 
 He invented, organised, and carried 
 to a triumphant issue those grand 
 performances, the Handel Festivals. 
 These, though held at the Crystal 
 Palace, have always been under 
 the management of the Sacred 
 Harmonic Society, which, with the 
 exi^erience and resources at its dis- 
 posal, has ever been the backbone 
 of the undertakings. Great credit, 
 therefore, is due to Bowley for 
 using his influence in so large and 
 legitimate a manner, not only as 
 an officer of the Sacred Harmonic 
 Society, but with ever increased 
 effect (as regards these festivals, at 
 least) as General Manager of the 
 Crystal Palace, to which post he 
 was appointed in 1858. 
 
 BOWEING, Sir John, LL.D., 
 F.E.S. [1792—1872], was born at 
 Exeter, and became early in life 
 the political pupil of Jeremy Ben- 
 tham, whose principles he main- 
 tained in the Westminster Review, 
 of which he was for some years the 
 editor, and after whose death he 
 published a collection of his works 
 in twenty-three volumes, accom- 
 13anied by a biography. He dis- 
 tinguished himself by his knowledge 
 of Euroj^ean literature, and pub- 
 lished several versions of songs and 
 other productions from the Eus- 
 sian, Servian, Polish, Magyar, Da- 
 nish, German, Swedish, Frisian, 
 Dutch, Esthonian, SjDanish, Por- 
 tuguese, Icelandic, and other lan- 
 guages, besides many volumes of 
 hymns, original poems, and other 
 works. For his two volumes of 
 " Eussian Anthology " he received 
 a diamond ring from Alexander I., 
 and for his works on Holland, some 
 of which were translated into Dutch, 
 a gold medal from the King of the 
 Netherlands, and received the de- 
 gree of LL.D. from the University 
 of Groningen. He acted at various 
 times as commercial commissioner 
 from this coimtry to France, Bel- 
 gium, Italy, Switzerland, the States 
 of the German Customs' Union, and 
 
 the Levant, his reports on our com- 
 mercial relations with those coun- 
 tries having been laid before Par- 
 liament. He sat in Parliament as 
 member for the Kilmarnock Burghs 
 from 1835 to 1837, and for Bolton 
 from 1841 to 1849. He received a 
 handsome service of plate from the 
 Manxmen for the services he had 
 rendered by obtaining an Act of 
 Parliament for their emancipation 
 from feudal tyi'anny, and from the 
 Maltese for his advocacy as their 
 unofficial representative in the 
 House of Commons. Aided by the 
 Prince Consort he obtained, after a 
 discussion in the House of Com- 
 mons, the issue of the florin, which 
 was the first step towards the intro- 
 duction of the decimal divisions 
 into our currency. In 1849 he was 
 appointed British Consul at Can- 
 ton and Superintendent of Trade 
 in China, where he was subsequently 
 a plenipotentiary. He was knighted 
 in 1854. He received numerous 
 foreign orders, was an F.E.S., and 
 an honorary member of many of the 
 literary societies of Europe. In 
 1855 he went on a special mission 
 to Siam, and on his return pub- 
 lished " The Kingdom and People 
 of Siam." He retired on a pension 
 in 1859. 
 
 BOWYEE, Sir George, 7th 
 Bart. [1811— 188S], was called to 
 the bar in 1839, was created an 
 honorary M.A. at Oxford in the 
 same year, and was made D.C.L. in 
 1843. He was M.P. for Dundalk 
 from 1852 till 18G8, and in 1874 was 
 returned for the county of Wex- 
 ford, which he represented till 1880. 
 In 1850 he became a convert to the 
 Eonian Catholic faith, and in the 
 autumn of that year took an active 
 l^art in defending " Papal Agres- 
 sion,"on which subject he published 
 the pamphlet, " The Cardinal Arch- 
 bishop of Westminster and the 
 New Heirarchy." He was also tlie 
 author of several legal works, among 
 which may be mentioned " A Dis- 
 sertation on the Statutes of the Ita- 
 lian Cities," " Counnentaries on the 
 
BOXALL— BOYS. 
 
 103 
 
 Constitutional Law 
 "Commentaries on 
 
 of En»,'land," 
 the Modern 
 
 Civil Law," " Commentaries on 
 Universal Public Law," and " Read- 
 in<^s before the Honourable Society 
 of the Middle Temple." Ho had 
 two baronetcies, one which had been 
 conferred on Mr. William Bowyer 
 who represented Berks in the first 
 two parliaments after the Restora- 
 tion, and the other from his {^rand- 
 father, a naval admiral, who was 
 created a Bart, in 1791 for his 
 gallant conduct in Lord Howe's 
 action of the 1st June in that year. 
 Sir George was a Knight of Malta, 
 and G.C. of the Pontifical Order of 
 St. Gregory and the Constantinian 
 Order of St George. 
 
 BOXALL, Sib William, R.A., 
 F.R.S., born at Oxford in 1800, 
 entered as a student at the Royal 
 Academy in 1819, but was not the 
 pupil of any particular ai'tist. He 
 exhibited at the Royal Academy in 
 1829 his ''Milton's Reconciliation 
 with his Wife," his " Cordelia " in 
 1830, and " Hope " in 1838. He de- 
 signed several illustrations for the 
 Waverley Novels. After a visit to 
 Rome in 1833, he turned his atten- 
 tion to poi'trait-painting, to which 
 branch of art he devoted him- 
 self. He was elected A.R.A. in 
 1851, and in 18G3 was admitted to 
 the full honours of the Academy, 
 at which he was a constant exhibi- 
 bitor. On the death of Sir Charles 
 Eastlake, in 1SG5, he was appointed 
 Director of the National Gallery. 
 He was knighted by the Queen at 
 Windsor, March 21, 1871. In con- 
 sequence of ill-health he retired 
 from the post of Director of the 
 National Gallery in Feb. 1871. He 
 was an honorary member of the 
 Academy of San Fernando at Ma- 
 drid. He died Dec. 6, 1879, There 
 is a portrait by him of Copley 
 Fielding in the National Portrait 
 Gallery. He exhibited 101 paintings 
 in London. 
 
 BOYD, Archibald, Dean of 
 Exeter, was born in Londonderry 
 and educated there, and at Trinity 
 
 College, Duldin, where he gra- 
 duated M.A. in 1831. He was 
 ordained by the Bishop of Raphoe 
 in 1829 ; was perpetual Curate of 
 Christ Church, Cheltenham, from 
 1812 to 1859, and Vicar of Pad- 
 dington from 1859 to 18(37. From 
 1857 to 18G7 he was an Hon. Canon 
 of Gloucester Cathedral, and in the 
 latter year, upon the resignation of 
 Viscount Midleton, he was ap- 
 pointed Dean of Exeter. He had 
 been for thirty years a voluminous 
 Avriter on religious subjects, some 
 of his works being used as text 
 books in the lists supplied l>y 
 bishops' examining chaplains ; but 
 his literary activity almost ceased 
 upon his attaining to his new dignity. 
 He died at the Deanery, Exeter, 
 July 11, 1883, in his eighty-eighth 
 year. 
 
 BOYLE, The Right Hon. Sir 
 CouRTENAY, K.C.H. [1770—1814], 
 Vice-Admiral of the Red, and 
 F.R.S., was the third son of Edmund 
 the seventh Earl, and w^as born in 
 1770. He entered the navy in 1781, 
 and having gained his Lieutenancy 
 in 1793, was appointed Commander 
 in 1795, when he accompanied Com- 
 modore Payne to bring over H.R.H. 
 the Princess Caroline of Brunswick 
 from Cuxhaven. On May 20, 1800, 
 while on his way in the Cormorant 
 with despatches from Lord Keith 
 to Sir W. Sydney Smith containing 
 the ratification of the Treaty of El 
 Arish, he was wrecked off Damietta, 
 and contrary to the usages of w^ar 
 kept in close confinement for nearly 
 three months. On regaining his 
 liberty he joined Sir Sydney Smith 
 at Cyprus, from which place he 
 went to Minorca, where a court- 
 martial entirely acquitted him of 
 all blame in the loss of the Cor- 
 morant. Having served under 
 Nelson in the Mediterranean he 
 returned to England in 1805. In 
 1832 he was nominated a K.C.H., 
 and in 1841 Vice-Admiral of the 
 Red. 
 
 BOYS, The Rev. Thomas, M.A., 
 [1792—1880], son of Rear-Adiniral 
 
104 
 
 BEABAZON-BEABAZON— BEADY. 
 
 Thomas Boys, of Kent, was born at 
 Sandwich, Kent. He was educated 
 at Tonbridge Grammar School, and 
 "became an undergraduate at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, in 1809 (B.A. 
 1813, M.A. 1817). On leaving col- 
 lege he entered the army, and was 
 attached to the Military Chest in 
 the Peninsula under Lord Welling- 
 ton in 1813 ; was made Cashier 
 to the Military Chest at Bor- 
 deaux in 1814 ; and Avas j)resent 
 at the battle of Toulouse, where he 
 was wounded in three places. The 
 Peninsular Medal was awarded to 
 Mr. Boys, who quitted the army, 
 and prepared himself to enter the 
 church. He was ordained deacon 
 in 1816, and priest in 1822, becoming 
 Incumbent (and afterwards Vicar), 
 of the new parish of Holy Trinity, 
 Hoxton, London, on the 22nd Feb. 
 1818. Mr. Boys was the author of 
 numerous works, chiefly theological, 
 and he was, perhaps, best known by 
 a translation of the Bible from the 
 original Hebrew and Greek into 
 Portuguese. For this work his 
 scholarly acquirements specially 
 fitted him, he having taught Jews 
 Hebrew at the College, Hackney, 
 from 1830 to 1832, and acted as 
 Professor of Hebrew at the Mis- 
 sionary College, Islington, in 1836, 
 where, among other works, he re- 
 vised " Diodati's Italian Bible " and 
 also the "Arabic Bible. "^ In addi- 
 tion to the " Portuguese Bible," his 
 principal works ai*e " Tactica Sacra," 
 on Bible Parallelism ; •' Key to the 
 Book of Psalms " (on ditto) ; " A 
 Word' for the Church," in reply to 
 the Hon. and Eev. B. W. Noel 
 (1819) ; " The Suppressed Evi- 
 dence," in reply to the same ; 
 " Commentary on the New Testa- 
 ment for Family Eeading ; " to- 
 gether with a large number of 
 pamphlets, sermons, tracts, and 
 contrilnitions to periodicals, the 
 latter including, " My Peninsular 
 Medal," a serial which appeared 
 in Blaelcwood, from Nov. 1819 to 
 July 1850. 
 
 BEABAZON-BEABAZON, Cap- 
 
 tain Luke [1834—1860], was the 
 eldest son of Major Brabazon, 15th 
 Hussars, of Brabazon Park, Mayo. 
 Captain Brabazon was esteemed one 
 of the most j)romising officers of the 
 British Army. He was the author 
 of a small work, " Soldiers and their 
 Science,^' which showed his know- 
 ledge of the art of war, and the 
 great research he had brought to 
 bear uj)on the subject. In the 
 second Chinese War (1860) he was 
 sent out as Deputy- Assistant-Quar- 
 termaster-General, and up to the 
 time when he volunteered to accom- 
 pany Mr. Loch back to the Chinese 
 lines, was looked to by the heads 
 of the exj^edition, both French and 
 English, as one of the most valuable 
 officers of the staff. It was in this 
 war that he was taken i)i'isoner, 
 with Mr. Loch, Mr. Parkes, and 
 others, and subjected to such hor- 
 rible cruelties that he died of 
 them at the early age of twenty- 
 
 SIX. 
 
 BEADY, The Eight Hon. Ma- 
 ziERE [1796 — 1871], second son of 
 the late F. T. Brady, Esq., of Wil- 
 low Park, CO. Dublin (great-grand- 
 son of Dr. Nicholas JBrady, joint- 
 author, with Dr. Tate, of the new 
 metrical version of the Psalms of 
 David), was educated at Trinity 
 College, Dublin. In 1819 he was 
 called to the Irish Bar, and soon 
 afterwards commenced practice ; in 
 1833 he was appointed one of the 
 commissioners to conduct an inquiry 
 under Government into the Irish 
 municipal corporations ; in 1837 he 
 succeeded Mr. Justice Ball as Soli- 
 citor-General for Ireland, and in 
 1839 became Attorney-General. In 
 1810 he was iDromoted to the post 
 of Chief Baron of the Exchequer 
 (Ireland), and was advanced to the 
 Irish Chancellorship in 1816. He 
 retired Avith the Liberal party in 
 Feb., 1852, but was reaj)pointed in 
 1853, and having been out of office 
 during Lord Derl)y's second ad- 
 ministration in 1858, was reap- 
 pointed in Juno, 1859, and retired in 
 lS66j on the resignation of Lord 
 
liKAHAM. 
 
 105 
 
 Russell. Mr. Brady was Vice- 
 Chancellor of the Queen's Univer- 
 sity in Ireland. 
 
 IJRAIIAM. John [1771—1850], 
 perhaps the most famous Eu<^lish 
 sinij^er of this century. He was 
 l)orn in London, and was, as his 
 name shows, of Jewish extraction, 
 and of parentage so humble that, 
 at a tender age, he is said to have 
 been little better than a street- Arab. 
 By some means he appears to have 
 atti'acted the notice of Leoni, a 
 well-known singer of that day, and 
 made his jSrst appearance, at thir- 
 teen years old, at Covent Garden 
 for the benefit of his master. Even 
 then he had attained, doubtless by 
 being brought up in the grand old 
 Italian method, a degree of fluency 
 and skill which many adult vocalists 
 of this day cannot reach. He sang 
 Arne's extremely florid air " The 
 Soldier tired of War's Alarms." 
 Three months later he made another 
 appearance, at the Royalty Theatre 
 in "VVellelose Square, again choosing 
 Arne's song. The records of that 
 day describe bim as Master Abram 
 and Master Abraham, smd prophesy 
 great things of bim. After the 
 breaking of his voice, he took to 
 teaching the piano, and, on reach- 
 ing manhood migrated to Bath, 
 where in 179i, he again made his 
 appearance as a singer, and found 
 a master, kind and appreciative, in 
 Signor Rauzzini. After this he 
 sang under Storace at Drury Lane, 
 and then at the Italian Opera. 
 Braham was, however, either natu- 
 rally wise or was shrewd enough to 
 pi'ofit by good advice. He, there- 
 fore, declined to be content with the 
 comfortable but, perhaps, second- 
 rate position he had already at- 
 tained, and determined to study in 
 Italy. He visited Florence first, 
 then Milan, and finally Genoa, per- 
 fecting himself at the last-named 
 city in the theory of composition. 
 In 1801, when Braham was twenty- 
 seven, he appeared again at Covent 
 Garden. His success was tremen- 
 dous. Such was his power over the 
 
 public tlaat they tolerated his com- 
 posing the music of his own part, no 
 matter what tlie opera in which lie 
 sang ; ]nit it is riglit to say that, 
 although such nmsie was invariably 
 popular, Braham relinquished the 
 plan after some years. There is no 
 doubt, however, that he was a popu- 
 lar singer fii'st, and an artist after- 
 wards. No singer of the present 
 day, would, for instance, stand up 
 at one of our great provincial fes- 
 tivals to sing Luther's Hymn, 
 " Great God, what do I see and 
 hear," with a trumpet obbligato 
 wi'itten for the occasion. This 
 Braham did in York Minster, and 
 vastly pleased the groundlings. 
 He also refused the tender and 
 exquisite melody (now given by the 
 clarinet in the overture alone) 
 which Weber assigned to Sir Huon 
 in " Oberon," and insisted on a 
 battle-song being written. This, 
 though a fine enough song in its 
 way, is as a daub of blatant colour 
 on a canvas of delicate and har- 
 monious tints. It is difficult to 
 decide how we, of this day, should 
 have liked Braham. Henry F. 
 Chorley, who must have heard him 
 at or about his prime, says that in 
 many ways Sims Reeves is the very 
 best of all English tenors, and it 
 has been remarked by one who 
 often heard Braham that there was 
 a certain roughness, not to say 
 harshness, in his voice, which pre- 
 vented that orgiin being considered 
 perfect. Then again, although 
 Braham was greatest of all in 
 oratorio, he could make nothing of 
 " The enemy said " — an air in 
 which other tenors, Sims Reeves 
 especially, have electrified au- 
 diences, and used to leave it alone. 
 On the other hand there is no 
 doubt he had declamatory ^Dower, 
 and that of truly terrible intensity ; 
 for it has been said by one who, from 
 his place in the orchestra, was well 
 qualified to see and judge, that 
 often and often, when Braham was 
 singing " Thou shalt break them," 
 he has seen ladies shi-ink back into 
 
lOG 
 
 BEAID WOOD— BEANDE . 
 
 their seats, apparently in bodily- 
 fear at tlie singer's extraordinary- 
 dramatic passion. In simple or 
 pathetic music, also, he was un- 
 rivalled, and in opera he had hardly 
 a sujoerior. Braham "was extremely 
 popular in private life, being a 
 well-informed and most amusing 
 comjDanion. Towards the close of 
 his life he was engaged in some 
 unfortunate speculations, one being 
 the building of St. James's Theatre, 
 and lost very heavily. His daughter 
 inherited, as is well-known, her 
 father's genius, though in a line 
 different from his. She became 
 Countess Waldegrave, and for a 
 long number of years was a political 
 power in London and one of the 
 brightest ornaments of the social 
 world. Braham, after several final 
 appearances, retired into private 
 life and died in 1856. His compo- 
 sitions are of no serious value — a 
 few popular songs and duets ; but 
 his fame as a singer, — one of the 
 very few who have had the divine 
 fire— is likely to live a long time 
 yet. 
 
 BEAID WOOD, James [1801— 
 18G1], Superintendent of the Lon- 
 don Fire Brigade, was born in 
 Edinburgh, and was originally a 
 joiner by trade. He was appointed 
 Superintendent of the London Eire 
 Brigade on its establishment in 
 1833, and distinguished himself by 
 his organization of the force, and 
 by the judgment and intrepidity 
 with which he directed its opera- 
 tions when called into action. His 
 death, which occurred at the great 
 fire in Tooley Street, near London 
 Bridge, June 22, 18G1, caused a 
 great sensation, and his funeral 
 assumed the character of a public 
 ceremonial. 
 
 BEANDE, William Thomas, 
 [1788 — 186G], an eminent chemist, 
 was the grandson of a physician to 
 King George III., who came over 
 with his son from Hanover to settle 
 in this country, where the latter 
 also became a medical attendant to 
 that monarch. He was born in 
 
 1788, in Arlington Street, London. 
 He was educated first at a private 
 school at Kensington, and after- 
 wards at Westminster, which he 
 left in 1802. In 1803 he was sent 
 to Hanover, but returning to Eng- 
 land on BonajDarte's threatened 
 invasion, he entered as a pupil at 
 St. Greorge's Hospital, where he 
 attended the medical lectures, and 
 worked hard in the dissecting-room. 
 He communicated occasional papers 
 to Nicholson's Joivrnal, and in 1805 
 he drew up a short account of some 
 experiments on guaiacum, which 
 were read before the Eoyal Society, 
 and published in the Philosophical 
 Transactions for 180G. In 1808 he 
 made a chemical examination of 
 the calculi in the Hunterian 
 Museum, and in the winter of the 
 same year he delivered a course of 
 lectures on pharmaceutical chem- 
 istry at Dr. Hooper's medical 
 theatre in Cork Street. He after- 
 wards joined the newly-established 
 Medical School in Windmill Street, 
 and thus became fairly embarked 
 as a teacher and demonstrator of 
 chemistry. In 1809 he was elected 
 a Fellow of the Eoyal Society, and 
 in 1813 he received the Copley 
 medal ; three years afterwards, on 
 the resignation of Dr. Wollaston, 
 he was elected Senior Secretary of 
 the Eoyal Society, an ofiice which 
 he held till 182G. In 1812 Sir H. 
 Davy recommended him as his suc- 
 cessor to the Professorship of 
 Chemistry in the Eoyal Institution, 
 to which office, after a probationary 
 course, he was elected in June, 
 1813. The chemical classes of St. 
 George's Hospital and of the Wind- 
 mill Street Medical School were 
 soon afterwards ti'ansferred to the 
 Eoyal Institution, so that, in addi- 
 tion to the weekly lectures in the 
 theatre of the Institution, Mr. 
 Brande gave an extended course of 
 k'ctvires and demonstrations in the 
 laboratory of that esta})lisliment, 
 Mr. Faraday being associated Avitli 
 him from and after 1820. Mr. 
 Brande now devoted himself eU' 
 
BKASSEY. 
 
 107 
 
 tirely to lecturinjj and chemical 
 pursuits. Having, in 1812, been 
 requested to report upon the labo- 
 ratories belonging to the Society of 
 Apothecaries in London, he was 
 shortly afterwards appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Chemistry and Materia 
 Medica to that Corporation ; and 
 in 1851 he became Master of the 
 Company. He edited, conjointly 
 with Mr. Faraday, the Q^iartevhj 
 Journal of Science and Arts from its 
 commencement in 1816 to 1830. In 
 1825 he was appointed to the office 
 of Superintendent of the Die De- 
 partment in the Koyal Mint, and 
 was also intrusted with the super- 
 vision of the machinery of that 
 establishment. In 183G he was 
 named one of the original Fellows 
 of the University of London, and a 
 member of the Senate of that body ; 
 and in 1840 he became one of their 
 Examiners, an office which he re- 
 signed in 1858. He was a Fellow of 
 the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh^ 
 and a member of several other 
 British and foreign societies, and 
 was created an honorary D.C.L. at 
 Oxford in 1853. He was the author 
 of " Outlines of Geology," and of a 
 " Dictionary of Pharmacy and 
 Materia Medica ; " and in 1842 he 
 undertook the editorship of the 
 "Dictionary of Science, Literatui-e, 
 and Ai-t." But the most important 
 work he published was his 
 " Manual of Chemistrv," which 
 contained a faithful digest of the 
 facts and discoveries of the science 
 up to the date of publication, and 
 a detailed exposition of its funda- 
 mental principles and laws. It 
 passed through several editions, 
 and has been translated into 
 French, German, and Italian. 
 
 BKASSEY, Thomas [1805— 
 1870], civil engineer, the son of 
 Mr. John Brassey, of Buerton, 
 near Aldford, in Cheshire, was 
 educated at Chester till the age of 
 sixteen, when he was articled to 
 Mr. Lawton, a land surveyor and 
 agent, who afterwards took him 
 into partnership, and established 
 
 him as the head of a branch busi- 
 ness at Birkenhead. He received 
 his first railway contract in 1831, 
 the Penkridge Viaduct, between 
 Stafford and AVolverhampton, on 
 the completion of which he was 
 engaged by Mr. Locke to help him 
 on the London and Southampton 
 Railway. From that time Mr. 
 Locke always tried to secure Mr. 
 Brassey's co-operation in all his 
 large undertakings. In 1847 Mr, 
 Brassey constructed the Great 
 Northern Railway, one of his most 
 important enterprises, and on the 
 comjDletion of which a subscription 
 of d£2,C>00 was raised, with which 
 sum full-length portraits of Mr. 
 and Mrs. Brassey were painted and 
 presented to them, besides a hand- 
 some silver-gilt shield, which was 
 exhibited in the Exhibition of 
 1851. From 1850 to 1853 he was 
 engaged in building railways in 
 Italy, the chief of which were the 
 Tui"in and Novara Railways, the 
 Tiu"in and Susa, the Buffalora Ex- 
 tension Railway, See. He was next 
 engaged, in conjunction with 
 Messrs. Betts and Peto, in the con- 
 tract for the Grand Trunk Rail- 
 way of Canada, which was begun 
 in 1852, Mr. Robert Stephenson 
 being consulting engineer to the 
 company, and Mr. Alexander Ross 
 the company's engineer for the whole 
 undertaking. Among his other 
 works may be mentioned the Cri- 
 mean Railway, 1854, in conjunction 
 with Messrs. Betts and Peto, the 
 Victoria Docks, London, the East 
 London Railway, Danish railways, 
 the Argentine Railway, for which 
 he was chief engineer, Moldavian 
 railways, Indian railways, A:c., &c. 
 The last contract upon wliich he was 
 engaged was the Wolverhamj^ton 
 and "VValsall Railway. Mr. Brassey 
 accumulated enormous wealth, and 
 was said to have died worth some 
 ^7,000,000. His eldest son. Sir 
 Thomas Brassey, is now (1885) Sec- 
 retary to the Navy. [See " Life 
 and Labours of Mr. Brassev." l>v 
 Sir Arthiu- Helps, 1872.] 
 
108 
 
 BEAT— BEEWEE. 
 
 BEAY;, Anna Eliza Kempe, 
 afterwards Mrs. Bray, was born 
 on Christmas Day, 1790, and was 
 the daughter of Mr. John Kempe, 
 of an ancient family. She was of 
 a naturally artistic temperament, 
 had a turn for the stage, and took 
 to painting. In 1818 she married 
 Charles Stothard, the artist, son of 
 Thomas Stothard, E.A. Three 
 years later he was killed l^y a fall 
 from a ladder, and his wife never 
 entirely recovered from this terrible 
 bereavement. With the help of 
 her brother she edited Stothard^s 
 unfinished " Monumental Effigies 
 of Grreat Britain,'^ and in 1S23 
 published his memoirs. About this 
 time she met the Eev. E. A. Bray, 
 vicar of Tavistock, whom she after- 
 wards married. In 1826 she pub- 
 lished her first book, ''^De Foix," 
 followed in 1828 by " The White 
 Hoods,'' and in 1829 by "The 
 Protestant.'' She afterwards wrote 
 a series of novels founded on local 
 traditions :— " Fitz of Fitzford," 
 " Warleigh," and " Trelawny of 
 Trelawne." In 1836 she published 
 " The Borders of the Tamar and 
 the Tavy," then " The Trials of the 
 Heart," and many other works. In 
 1851 she 23nblished her most endur- 
 ing work, the ''Life of Thomas Stot- 
 hard." In 1857 she became a second 
 time a widow, and removed to Lon- 
 don. After that date she published 
 " The Good St. Louis and his Times," 
 "The Eevolt of the Cevennes," 
 " Hartland Forest," " Joan of 
 Arc," and " Eose-teague." She 
 died Jan. 17, 1883. Her valuable 
 collection of C. Stothard's original 
 drawings for the " Monumental 
 Effigies of Great Britain " she be- 
 queathed to the British Museum. 
 
 BEAYBEOOKE (Third Baron), 
 EicHARD Griffin [1783 — 1858], 
 editor of the " Diary and Correspon- 
 dence of Pcpys," was the son of 
 Eichard Aldwortli Neville, the 
 second Baron, and was born in 
 1783, He was educated at Eton 
 and at Christchurch. He sat in 
 Parliament successively for Thirsk^ 
 
 Saltash, Buckingham, and Berk- 
 shire, which last he reprepresented 
 till he succeeded to the peerage 
 in 1825. In politics he was a 
 Liberal till after the passing of the 
 Eef orm Bill, when he joined the Con- 
 servative party. Besides " Pepys' 
 Diary," he edited " The Life and 
 Correspondence of Jane, Lady Corn- 
 wallis," and -wrote the " History of 
 Audley End and Saffron Walden," 
 which appeared in 1835. 
 
 BEAYBEOOKE (Fourth 
 Baron), Eichard Cornwallis Ne- 
 ville, patron and hereditary visitor 
 of Magdalene College, Cambridge, 
 Vice-Lieutenant and Vice-Admiral 
 of the county of Essex, High Stew- 
 ard of Wokingham, Berks, Vice- 
 President of the Archaeological In- 
 stitute of Great Britain and Ire- 
 land, and one of the Council of the 
 Society of Antiquaries, was born 
 March 17, 1820, and was educated 
 at Eton. He early showed taste for 
 literary and antiquarian pursuits, 
 which doubtless received a strong 
 impulse from his father, the editor of 
 the "Diary and Correspondence of 
 Pepys," and author of the " History 
 of Audley End.'"" Lord Braybrooke 
 at one time held a commission in the 
 army, but was compelled to retire 
 from the service on account of ill- 
 health. He was author of " An- 
 tiqua Explorata," and several other 
 antiquarian works, embodying his 
 researches into the archosology of 
 the eastern counties. He died at 
 Audley End, Feb. 22, 1861. 
 
 BEE WEE, The Eev. John Sher- 
 REN, M.A. [1810—1879], Pro- 
 fessor of English Literature in 
 King's College, London, and 
 Preacher at the Eolls Chapel, 
 born in 1810, was educated at 
 Queen's College, Oxford, where 
 he graduated B.A. in 1833, taking 
 first-class honours in classics. From 
 1811 till 1877, he was Professor of 
 Eno'lish Literature in King's Col- 
 lege, London. In 1876 he Avas col- 
 lated to tlie rectory of Toppesfield, 
 near Ilalstoad, Essex. Mr. Brewer 
 was a very leai*ned historian^ es- 
 
BEETVSTEE— BETGGS. 
 
 109 
 
 pecially as ref^ards the Tudor period 
 of Euy;lisli history, of -svliicli his 
 knowledge was unrivalled. He was 
 the editor of " Fuller's Chui-ch His- 
 tory,'" publislied by the University of 
 Oxford ; of " Field on the Church ; " 
 of an edition of the " Nicomachean 
 Ethics " of Aristotle, with English 
 notes, which was for some time 
 used as a t«xt-book at Oxford ; 
 above all, of " The Calendars of ; 
 State Papers, relating to the reign ' 
 of Hem*y YIII./' pubHshed by the ; 
 Master of the Kolls ; and of other } 
 works in the same series. In No- 
 vember, IS 70, he was elected an 
 honorary Fellow of Queen's College, , 
 Oxford. He published " The Atha- | 
 nasian Origin of the Athanasian ! 
 Creed" in 1872 ; and, in collaboration | 
 with Mr. "U'illiam Bullen, edited the ; 
 " Calendar of the Carew Manu- 
 scripts, preserved in the Archiepis- \ 
 copal Library at Lambeth" 187^. 
 Mr. Brewer, who was a strict Con- 
 servative, was also a frequent con- 
 tributor to the Quarterly Eeviev:. 
 
 BEEWSTEE, The Eight Hex. 
 Abraham, ^179Cj — 187-i], son of 
 the late W. B. Brewster, Esq., 
 of the County of Wicklow, was 
 bom in 179G. Having received 
 his education at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin, he was called to the 
 Irish bar in 1819, and obtained 
 a silk gown in 1835. Having been 
 legal adviser to several lords- 
 lieutenant in succession, he was 
 Solicitor-General for Ireland from 
 Feb. to June, 1846, and appointed 
 Attorney-General and sworn mem- 
 ber of the Privy Council in 1853. 
 He retired in 1855. On the resigna- 
 tion of Lord Chancellor Blackburne, 
 in March, 1807, he was appointed 
 Loi'd Chancellor of Ireland. 
 
 BEEWSTEE, Sir David, F.E.S., 
 &c. l1781 — 1868], experimental 
 philosopher and public "ni'iter, was 
 born at Jedbvu'gh, and educated 
 at the Edinburgh University for 
 the Church. In 1807 he unsuccess- 
 fully contested the Mathematical 
 Chair at St. Andrews, and was made 
 an LL.D. of the Aberdeen Univer- 
 
 sity, and M.A. uf Camljridge. In 
 1S08 he undertook the editorship 
 of the " Edinburgh Encyclopuudia " 
 (which was finished in 1830) ; and 
 w;i.s elected an F.E.S. of Edinburgh. 
 He invented the polygonal lens for 
 lighthouses in 1811, and later the 
 kaleidoscope and lenticular stereo- 
 scope. Having devoted much time 
 to the study of optics, in 1813 he 
 published "a Treatise on new 
 Philosophical Instruments ; " in 
 1815 received the Copley medal 
 from the Eoyal Society for one of 
 his discoveries in optical science, 
 and Avas soon after admitted a 
 Fellow of that body. He was elected 
 a corresponding member of the In- 
 stitute of France in 1825, and re- 
 ceived the same honour from the 
 Eoyal Academies of Eussia, Prussia, 
 Sweden, and Denmark. In 1831 
 he proposed the meeting at York, 
 which led to the establishment of 
 the British Association for the Ad- 
 i van cement of Science, and received 
 the decoration of the Hanoverian 
 I Guelphic order. He was knighted 
 ; by William IV. in 1832. In 1850 
 
 ■ he was elected President of the 
 I British Association, and in 1860 
 
 ■ Principal of the Edinburgh Univer- 
 I sity. He married a daughter of 
 
 Macpherson, the translator of 
 " Ossian^s Poems." Among his 
 : works may be mentioned, " Depo- 
 ; larisation of Light," 1813 ; " Op- 
 tics," 1831 ; Lives of Euler, New- 
 ton, and Galileo; "Letters on 
 Natural Magic," ls31 ; " More 
 I Worlds than One," 1854, &c., &e. 
 i BEIGGS, Henrt Perronet, 
 . E.A. He was born at Walworth 
 in 1791, and was of an old Norwich 
 ! family. He entered the Academy 
 schools in 1811, and in 1813 went 
 ! to Cambridge, where he painted a 
 I number of portraits, and in the f ol- 
 ] lowing year was, for the first time, 
 j an exhibitor in the Academy. In 
 I 1818 he painted a historical compo- 
 sition," Lord Wake of Cattingham," 
 followed by a number of paintings 
 from history and romance, among 
 1 them George JIII. presenting the 
 
110 
 
 BRIGHT— BRISBANE. 
 
 sword to Earl Howe on board the 
 Queen Charlotte, which was ex- 
 hibited in 1827, and was purchased 
 for Greenwich Hospital. In 1825 
 he was elected as associate, and 
 member in 1832, and from that 
 time devoted himself chiefly to por- 
 trait painting. He died in Bruton 
 Street, Jan. 18, 1811. He exhibited 
 153 paintings. His portrait of John 
 Adams is in the National Portrait 
 Gallery. 
 
 BRIGHT, Henry [1811—1873], a 
 painter of some eminence (in oil and 
 water-colour) , was born at Saxmund- 
 ham,in Suifolk,and after a career of 
 more than twenty years in London, 
 where he became the friend of 
 Turner, David Cox, Samuel Prout, 
 and other well-known artists, was 
 obliged by ill-health to retire to 
 Ipswich, where he died. By a 
 scarcely legitimate extension of the 
 term, he is now commonly classed 
 with the Norwich School, and his 
 pictures are often shown in exhibi- 
 tions with those of Crome, Vincent, 
 the Cotmans, &c. 
 
 BRIGHT, Richard, M.D. [1789 
 — 1858], Wcxs educated at the Edin- 
 burgh University, where he studied 
 general science under Dugald Stew- 
 art, Play fair, and Leslie. Coming 
 to London he took up his residence 
 at Guy's, where he remained for 
 two years, after which he returned 
 to Edinburgh to complete his 
 studies, and graduated in 1813. In 
 the following year he started on a 
 lengthened Continental tour, and 
 on his homeward journey arrived 
 at Brussels about a fortnight after 
 the Ijattle of Waterloo, and passed 
 through the hos^jitals there. In 
 181G he was admitted a Licentiate 
 of the College of Physicians, and 
 soon after was elected assistant 
 physician to the London Fever 
 Hospital. In 1820 he established 
 himself in Bloomsbury Square, and 
 in 1821' was appointed a physician 
 to Guy's Hospital, where he lec- 
 tured on botany, materia medica, 
 the theory and practice of physic, 
 &C. It was at tlie liospital tliat he 
 
 Avorked towards making those dis- 
 coveries in renal disease (" Bright's 
 Disease") which immortalised his 
 name, and elucidated the relation 
 between that disease and dropsy. 
 He was admitted a Fellow of the 
 College of Physicians in 1832 ; was 
 Gulstonian Lecturer in 1833, Luni- 
 leian Lecturer in 1837, Censor in 
 1836-39, and Consiliarius, 1838-13. 
 In 1837 he was appointed phy- 
 sician extraordinary to the Queen. 
 His great work " Reports of Medi- 
 cal Cases, selected with a view 
 to illustrate the Symptoms and 
 Cure of Diseases, by a reference 
 to Morbid Anatomy," appeared in 
 two vols., 1827-31. The first vo- 
 lume contains the chief facts and 
 inferences on which his great dis- 
 covery in renal jDathology was 
 based. " Diseases of the Brain 
 and Nervous System " appeared in 
 1831. 
 
 BRISBANE, General Sir 
 Thomas Macdougall, G.C.B., 
 G.C.H., &c., was born July 23, 1773. 
 He entered the army in 1789 as 
 Ensign in the 38th Infantry, sta- 
 tioned in Ireland, where he became 
 acquainted Avith the Duke of Wel- 
 lington, then a lieutenant in a 
 cavalry regiment. In 1793 Captain 
 Brisbane took part in all the affairs 
 of the Flanders Campaign, from St. 
 Aniand to Nimeguen, and in 1790 
 he served in the West Indies, under 
 Sir Ralph Abercromby. In 1810 
 he was appointed Assistant-Adju- 
 tant-General to the Staff at Can- 
 terbury, which he held till he ob- 
 tained command of a brigade under 
 the Duke of Wellington, whom he 
 joined at Coimbra in 1812, and 
 under whom he served dvu'ing the 
 remainder of the Peninsular War. 
 At the battle of the Nive he highly 
 distinguished himself, and for his 
 bravery received the thanks of 
 Parliament. In 1821, on tlie re- 
 commendation of the Duke of Wel- 
 lington, Sir Thomas was appointed 
 Governor of New South Wales, 
 where he remained four years. He 
 improved the condition of the con- 
 
BEITTOX— BROADHEAD. 
 
 Ill 
 
 victs, substituting" useful labour 
 for the treiiduiill, and giving them 
 tickets of leave for good conduct. 
 He established an observatory at 
 Parrauiatta, where he is said to have 
 fixed the j^ositions of and cata- 
 logued 7v3S5 stars, hitherto scarcely 
 known to astronomers. For his 
 work, '•' The Brisbane Catalogue of 
 Stcirs/' he received the Copley 
 Medal from the Eoyal Society, and 
 the Universities of Cambridge and 
 Oxford conferred upon him the de- 
 gree of D.C.L. On his return from 
 Australia, he established an astro- 
 nomical and magnetic observatory 
 at Makerstoun, and published three 
 large volumes of observations in 
 the " Transactions of the Eoyal 
 Society of Edinburgh." He was 
 created a baronet in 1836, and 
 gazetted G.C.B., and in 1841 was 
 made a General in the armv. On 
 the death of Sir Walter Scott he 
 was also elected President of the 
 Eoyal Society, Edinburgh. He 
 founded two gold medals as re- 
 wards for scientific merit, one for 
 the Eoyal Society and the other for 
 the Society of Arts. He died at his 
 residence, Brisbane House, Largs, 
 Ayi-shire, Jan. 28, 1860. The capi- 
 tal of the colony of Queensland is 
 named after him. 
 
 BEITTOX, JoHX, F.S.A. [1771— 
 1857], was the son of humble 
 parents, and began life as cellar- 
 man at a tavern. Being intelligent 
 and fond of reading he next found 
 emijloyment in a printing office. 
 In 1799 he accepted an engagement 
 at three guineas a week to write, 
 recite, and sing at a theatre in Pan- 
 ton Street, Haymarket, and about 
 the same time began some draw- 
 ings of architectural antiqiiities, 
 which were exhibited at the Eoyal 
 Academy in 1799, 1800, and 1801. 
 He then undertook, with Mr. Bray- 
 ley, " The Beauties of TTiltshire " 
 and " The Beauties of England and 
 Wales," which were followed by in- 
 teresting works on the Cathedrals 
 of Norwich, Winchester, York, 
 Lichfield, Oxford, Canterbury, 
 
 Wells, and Exeter. His chief works 
 were : in 1802, a series of articles 
 on British topography for Eees's 
 " Encyclopaedia ; " in 1805, " Archi- 
 tectural Antiquities of Great Bri- 
 tain ; " in 1814, his best known 
 work, " Cathedral Antiquities of 
 England " ; in 1825, in conjunction 
 with Augustus Pugin, " The Archi- 
 tectural Antiquities of Xor- 
 mandy " ; and in 1829, a " Diction- 
 arj of Architecture and Archaeo- 
 logy of the Middle Ages." From 
 1845 he had been writing his 
 autobiography, which he had 
 nearly completed at the time of his 
 death. 
 
 BEOADHEAD, William, whose 
 name recalls " the reign of terror " 
 in Sheffield, died at that place, 
 March 13, 1879, of softening of the 
 brain. He had been for years secre- 
 tary of the Sawgrinders' Union, in 
 connection with which a great 
 many outrages had been committed, 
 and in 1867, when a Eoyal Commis- 
 sion was sent to investigate the 
 case of the man Fearnehough, 
 whose house had been blown up 
 with gunpowder, Broadhead was 
 called as one of the witnesses, when 
 he made one of the most astonish- 
 ing confessions ever heard. He con- 
 fessed that, in order to punish of- 
 fences against trade rules— he had 
 employed men to blow up the pre- 
 mises of a man named Linley and 
 to murder him ; had employed men 
 to shoot John Helliwell and Elisha 
 Parker ; had blown up the premises 
 of Messrs. Wheatman and Smith, 
 of Mr. Joseph Wilson, of Mr. Eeany, 
 of Joseph Helliwell, and other peo- 
 ple ; and had written thi'eatening 
 letters, and instigated a series of 
 cases of '"rattening'' (i.e., stealing 
 or spoiling tools) . He had probably 
 spent ,£150, which he had taken 
 from the funds of the Union, for 
 the commission of these acts. 
 Broadhead received a certificate of 
 indemnity from the Commissioners, 
 and, though the public in general 
 never forgave him, he was regarded 
 till his death with by no means 
 
112 
 
 BEOCKEDON— BEODIE. 
 
 unauimous disapproval in Sheffield, 
 or among the "advanced" trades- 
 unionists throughout the country. 
 
 BROCKEDON, William, Figure 
 Painter. He was born at Totnes, 
 Oct. 13, 1787. For some years he 
 carried on his father's lousiness of 
 watch making, and did not enter 
 the Academy school until 1809. In 
 1818 he gained a jDremium of ,£100 
 from the British Institution for his 
 pictiu-e, " The Eesurrection of the 
 Widow's Son,'" and, encouraged by 
 this success, painted large historical 
 subjects for some years. In 1821- 
 22 he visited Italy, and after his 
 return j)ainted smaller canvases, 
 and more saleable subjects. Be- 
 tween 1828-30 he published " Illus- 
 trations of the passes of the Alps," 
 "Journals of Excursions in the 
 Alps," and afterwards edited sundry 
 other books of travel. He devoted 
 his later years more to science than 
 art, and patented various inven- 
 tions. He was the Founder of the 
 Graphic Society, a F.R.S., and a 
 member of the Academy of Flor- 
 ence and Kome. He died in London, 
 Aug. 29, 1851. A more detailed 
 account of his life can be found in 
 the " Transactions of the Devon- 
 shire Association," vol. ix., p. 243. 
 He exhibited sixty-five pictures. 
 
 BEODERIP, William John, 
 Metropolitan Police Magistrate, 
 F.L.S., F.G.S., F.E.S., was a native 
 of Bristol, where his father was a 
 doctor. He was a memljer of Oriel 
 College, Oxford, and was called to 
 the bar in 1817. By his able editing 
 of some volumes of law reports and 
 other works, he came under the 
 notice of Sir Robert Peel, who ap- 
 pointed him one of the metropolitan 
 magistrates, an office he filled for 
 thirty-four years. Mr. Broderip 
 was devoted to the study of natural 
 history, and was especially eminent 
 in zoology. He was one of the 
 founders of the Zoological Club, of 
 the Zoological Society, of the Zoo- 
 logical Journal, and of the Zoological 
 Gardens. He wrote numerous 
 papers in the society's Transactions, 
 
 undertook the department of zo- 
 ology in the Penny Cycloxjcodia, and 
 contributed some excellent articles 
 to the Quarterly Review on subjects 
 connected with natural history. 
 He died in 1859. 
 
 BEODIE, Sir Benjamin Col- 
 lins, Bart., D.C.L.,F.E.S. [1783— 
 18G2], one of the first practical sur- 
 geons of his day, was a younger 
 son of the Eev. P. B. Brodie, Eector 
 of Winterslow near Salisbury, at 
 which place he was born. His 
 father, an accomplished scholar, 
 educated him almost entirely him- 
 self, and he never went to any 
 school, but at the age of 18 was 
 sent to study anatomy at the Hun- 
 terian School in Great Windmill 
 Street, where Abernethy was at 
 that time a lecturer. In 1803 he 
 became a pujoil of Sir Everard Home 
 at St. George's Hospital, was made 
 a member of the College in 1805, 
 and he assisted Mr. Wilson as 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy till 1809, 
 when he was associated with him 
 as lecturer on that subject. In 
 1809, at the age of 25, he was ap- 
 pointed Assistant- Surgeon to St. 
 George's Hospital, and had the 
 principal charge of Sir Everard 
 Home's patients at that institution, 
 as well as for some years those of 
 Mr. Gunning, absent with the Duke 
 of Wellington's army in Spain. He 
 was probably the first to introduce 
 Clinical Lectures in London, and, 
 though at first untrained in his 
 delivery, his lectures were always 
 poimlar with students, who felt 
 that they were the result always -of 
 his own observations, and not 
 merely obtained from books. His 
 papers on the "Influence of the 
 Brain on the Action of the Heart, 
 and the Generation of Animal 
 Heat," and on the " Effects of Cer- 
 tain Vegetable Poisons," and others 
 that he had communicated to the 
 Eoyal Society, gained for him the 
 high and coveted distinction of the 
 Copley medal in 1811, he being at 
 that time only 28 years of age. In 
 1822 he was elected full Sursreon of 
 
BRODIE— BROKE. 
 
 113 
 
 St. George's, and gave lectures on 
 Surgery to a large class till 1830, 
 when his increasing practice obliged 
 him to relinquish all but clinical 
 lectures. From 1819 to 1823 he 
 was Professor of Anatomy and Sur- 
 gery to the Royal College of Sur- 
 geons. In 1832, on the death of 
 Sir E verard Home, he was appointed 
 Serjeant-Surgeon to William IV., 
 and was made a Baronet by patent 
 dated Aug. 21, 1834-. When the 
 Queen ascended the throne she re- 
 tained him in the same office. 
 From his own College he received 
 all the honours which that institu- 
 tion had in its power to bestow upon 
 him, having been elected a Profes- 
 sor, a member of the Council of the 
 Court of Examiners, Hunterian 
 Orator, and finally, in 1814, Presi- 
 dent. In 1858 he was elected 
 President of the Royal Society, he 
 being the first sui'geon upon whom 
 that dignity was conferred. He 
 resigned the Presidency of the 
 Royal Society in 1861, and in 1862 
 his seat in the Council of the Col- 
 lege of Surgeons, and from that 
 time devoted himself to the practice 
 of his profession. The last two 
 years of his life were darkened by 
 the failure of his sight, but to the 
 last he remained comparatively 
 cheerful, and his conversation was 
 found to be as instructive and 
 entertaining as ever. He was a 
 freqiient visitor at Holland House, 
 where he became acquainted with 
 Allen, Sydney Smith, Samuel 
 Rogers and others of note in the 
 literary world. Among his nu- 
 merous literary works may be 
 mentioned : " Pathological and 
 Surgical Observations on the Dis- 
 eases of the Joints," " Lectures on 
 Diseases of the Urinary Organs," 
 " Psychological Inquiries," &c., &c. 
 BRODIE, Sir Benjamin Col- 
 lins, 2nd Bart., D.C.L., F.R.S. 
 [1817—1880], Professor of Chemis- 
 try at Oxford, son of the above, was 
 born in London, and educated at 
 Harrow and Balliol College, Oxford, 
 where he graduated B.A. in 1839. 
 
 He proceeded M.A. in 1842, and 
 was created an Hon. D.C.L. on his 
 retirement from the professorship 
 in 1872. In 1815 he went toGiessen, 
 and at Liebig's suggestion carried 
 out analyses of certain waxes ob- 
 tained by Gundlach by feeding bees 
 on different kinds of sugar. These 
 experiments he continued on his 
 return to England, and the result 
 of his researches he contributed to 
 the " Philosophical Transactions." 
 In 1850 he received the Royal 
 medal. In 1851 he became Secre- 
 tary of the Chemical Society of 
 London, and Lecturer at the Royal 
 Institution. He was ajtpointed 
 Waynflete Professor of Chemistry 
 in the University of Oxford, a 
 position which enabled him to 
 throw all his influence into forcing 
 the recognition of chemical science 
 as a proper object of academic 
 training. He was President of the 
 Chemical Society in 1859 and 1860, 
 and contributed various papers to 
 its "Journal." 
 
 BROKE, Sir Philip Bowes 
 Vere, Bart., K.C.B., Rear- Admiral 
 of the Red, was the eldest son of 
 Philip Bowes Broke, of Nacton, 
 Suffolk, and was born Sept. 9, 
 1776. He entered the navy as a 
 midshipman, June 25, 1792, and, as 
 third lieutenant of the Southampton 
 frigate, was present at the defeat of 
 the Spanish Fleet by Sir John 
 Jervis, Feb. 14th, 1797. He was 
 appointed commander in Jan. 1799, 
 andpostcaptainFeb. 14th, 1801. On 
 the declaration of war asrainst Great 
 Britain made by the United States, 
 June 18, 1812, Captain Bi-oke was 
 sent with a squadron to blockade 
 the enemy's jjorts, and was on active 
 service during the remainder of the 
 year. He commanded the Shannon 
 in her famous fight with the United 
 States ship Chesapeake, June 1, 1813, 
 where he greatly distinguished him- 
 self, and in which he nearly lost 
 his life, being set upon by three 
 Americans, one of whom delivered a 
 blow with the butt-end of a musket, 
 which bared his skull and nearly 
 
114 
 
 BROMLEY— BEONTE . 
 
 stunned him ; the man was just 
 preparing for a fresh attack^ when 
 he was despatched by a marine with 
 his bayonet. In Nov. following. 
 Captain Broke was made a baronet 
 of Great Britain, " in consideration 
 of the distinguished zeal, courage, 
 and intrepidity displayed by him 
 in his brilliant action with the 
 Cliesapcalce," besides which he was 
 presented with a piece of plate, 
 value 100 guineas, by the under- 
 writers of Halifax, in Nova Scotia, 
 as an acknowledgment for recap- 
 turing and preserving some of their 
 most valuable vessels ; and the free- 
 dom of the City, Avith a sword worth 
 100 guineas, was voted to him by 
 the Court of Common Council of 
 London. The inhabitants of the 
 county of Suffolk raised a subscrip- 
 tion of <£730 to purchase a piece of 
 plate for him, and the " Free and 
 Easy Club" at Ipswich also sub- 
 scribed 100 guineas for the purchase 
 of a silver cup. In 1815 he was 
 nominated K.C.B. He died at Broke 
 Hall, Suffolk, aged 64, Jan. 2, 1811. 
 BROMLEY, Valentine Walter. 
 He came of an artistic family, and 
 was born in London Feb. 14, 1848. 
 He was the pupil of his father, and 
 at the age of nineteen was elected 
 an associate of the Institute of 
 Painters in Water Colours, and soon 
 afterwards of the British Artists. 
 When Lord Dunraven went to 
 America, Bromley accompanied 
 him, and painted about twenty large 
 pictures of prairie life for that 
 nobleman, whose book " The Great 
 Divide," he also illustrated. He 
 was also on the staff of the Illus- 
 trated London News, and exhibited 
 five j)aintings in the Academy, 
 and twenty-seven in Suffolk Street. 
 He died after a few days' illness at 
 Harpenden, April 30th, 1877. 
 
 BRONTE, Anne. The youngest 
 and least gifted of the Bronte sis- 
 ters, was born in 1819. She pub- 
 lished " Agnes Grey " at the same 
 time that her sisters brought out 
 '' Jane Eyre " and " Wuthering 
 Heights," and a year later i)ro- 
 
 duced the painful story, " The 
 Tenant of Wildfell Hall." She 
 died at Scarborough, May, 1849. 
 
 BRONTE, Charlotte, was 
 the third daughter of the Rev. 
 Patrick Bronte, and was born at 
 Thornton in Yorkshire, April 21st, 
 1816. In Feb. 1820, the family 
 removed to Haworth, where in 
 Sept. 1821, Mrs. Bronte died, lea- 
 ving seven children, the eldest not 
 eight years old. Mr. Bronte saw 
 little of his children, who, dej)rived 
 of all companions of their own age, 
 passed a strange but probably 
 laapj^y life, writing and acting plays 
 and stories, and idealizing the 
 heroes of current history, which 
 they studied in the newspapers. 
 In July, 1824, Maria and Elizabeth, 
 and later in the same year, Char- 
 lotte and Emily were sent to the 
 newly opened clergy school at 
 Cowan's Bridge, immortalized in 
 •^'Jane Eyre" as Lowood. In the 
 spring of 1825, gentle Maria — The 
 Helen Burns of Lowood — died, and 
 in the summer Elizabeth died also ; 
 nevertheless Charlotte and Emily 
 returned after the summer holi- 
 days, but were removed later in the 
 year. The ensuing years passed 
 quietly at Haworth, till in Jan. 
 1831, Charlotte was sent to school 
 at Roe Head ; there she passed one 
 happy year, and made some life- 
 long friends, and thither she re- 
 turned as a teacher in 1835. After 
 three years her health gave way, 
 and she returned to Haworth, but 
 in the spring of 1839 went out as a 
 governess. She did not retain her 
 situation long, and in 1841 made 
 the experiment again, but the result 
 proved to her how little she was 
 fitted for such a life, and she and 
 her sisters turned their thoughts 
 towards keeping a school together. 
 For this career they were not as yet 
 sufficiently educated, and early in 
 1842 she and Emily put themselves 
 to school with Madame Heyer in the 
 Rue d'Isabelle, Brussels. The life 
 that she lived there will always be, 
 to the outside world, the life of 
 
BRONTE. 
 
 115 
 
 Lucy Snowe in " Villette." In 1811 
 she returned to Haworth, but the 
 school scheme had to be postponed, 
 for the unhappy and dissipated 
 Patrick BrauAvell Bronte had re- 
 turned to hide his disj^race at home, 
 and the roof which sheltered him 
 covild cover no fitting schoolhouse 
 for young girls. In the spring of 
 1846, the three sisters, under the 
 pseudonym of Cui-rer, Ellis, and 
 Acton Bell, published a small ' 
 volume of poems at their own ex- 
 pense. The book — which is now 
 worth a very high price — attracted 
 no public attention, and was barely 
 noticed by the reviewers ; but un- 
 daunted by this failure, the three 
 sisters each prepared a prose tale 
 for jHiblication. The three stories 
 first tried their fate together, but 
 after much discouragement the 
 sisters were forced to send them 
 forth sej^arately. At last " Wuther- 
 ing Heights " and " Agnes Grey " 
 were accepted on terms somewhat 
 impoverishing to the authors, but 
 Charlotte's effort " The Professor " 
 remained in MS. until after her 
 death. While it was going its 
 round of the publishers, the brave- 
 hearted woman was nursing her 
 sick father and writing " Jane 
 Eyre," which was accepted by 
 Messrs. Smith and Elder, and pub- 
 lished Oct. 16th, 1847. It at once 
 achieved a decided success. So 
 soon as '^'^Jane Eyre" was com- 
 pleted, Charlotte Bronte began 
 writing " Shii-ley." She had nearly 
 completed the second volume, when 
 on Sept. 24th, 1818, Branwell died. 
 Emily, who dearly loved her erring- 
 brother, never overcame her grief, 
 and died on Dec. 19th of the same 
 year. Anne, always delicate and ail- 
 ing, became more and more feeble ; 
 • inlMayshe wastakenjto Scarborough 
 for change of air, and there on May 
 28th, she passed jDeacefully and 
 quietly away. In June Charlotte 
 returned to her desolate and mourn- 
 ful home, and in the early autumn 
 completed " Shirley," which was 
 published in Oct. of that year. In 
 
 Nov. she went to London, to visit 
 at the house of Mr. Smith, her 
 puljlisher, and there met Thacke- 
 ray, Miss Martineau, and others 
 of the great litei-ary society of 
 London. It was in the following 
 August, while visiting Sir Kay 
 and Lady Shuttleworth, that she 
 first met her friend and biogra- 
 pher, Mrs. G-askell. In Nov., 1852, 
 she finished'' Villette" ; of the merit 
 of this novel, written in solitude 
 and sorrow, she was so diffident, 
 that she could not bear to hear 
 it mentioned, and wished it to be 
 published without her name. It 
 was brought out in 1853, and at 
 once pronounced to be her master- 
 piece. In Jan., 1854, she became 
 engaged to her father's curate, the 
 Rev. Arthur Bell Nicholls, who had 
 long cherished an attachment for 
 her, and on June 29th they were 
 married, and the new made wife 
 looked forward to a life of peaceful 
 happiness. But the seeds of decay 
 were in her constitution, and on 
 March 1, 1855, she died at Haworth 
 parsonage, where so much of her 
 life had been passed. She was 
 buried in the family vault in Ha- 
 worth Church. Her ''Life" has 
 been written by Mrs. Gaskell. Mr. 
 Swinburne also has published a 
 "Note on Charlotte Bronte," and 
 Mr. T. Wemyss Reed a "Mono- 
 graph " on her. 
 
 BRONTE, Emily Jane. She 
 was born at Thornton, in Yorkshire, 
 Dec. 29, 1818, and was the foui-th 
 daughter of the Rev. Patrick 
 Bronte. Her life was even less 
 eventful than that of her sister 
 Charlotte, and was passed almost 
 entirely at Haworth, whither her 
 father removed when she was two 
 years old. As "Ellis BeU" she 
 joined her sisters in 1846 in the pub- 
 lication of a small volume of poems, 
 of which the finest were from her 
 hand, and in the following year 
 published " Wuthering Heights," 
 which now ranks as an unquestion- 
 able work of genius, though a grim 
 and painful one. But at the time 
 
 I 2 
 
IIG 
 
 BRONTE— BROOKE . 
 
 of publication the best that was 
 said of it was that it was a crude 
 and early effort, by the author of 
 " Jane Eyre/' and when on Dec. 
 19, 1848, Emily Bronte died, her 
 genius was scarcely recognised out 
 of her own home. Her Life, by 
 Miss A, Mary F. Robinson, forms 
 one volume of the " Eminent 
 Women Series." 
 
 BRONTE, Patrick. He was 
 born at Ahaderg, co. Down, on St. 
 Patrick's Day, 1777, being the son 
 of a i^easant farmer named Hugh 
 Prunty. He was very intelligent 
 and precocious ; at sixteen he 
 opened a school ; and at twenty-one, 
 after acting as tutor to the children 
 of the Rev. Mr. Tighe, the clergy- 
 man of the parish, he was sent to 
 St. John's College, Cambridge. He 
 never visited his native land again, 
 and changed his name to the 
 Greek-sounding Bronte, shortened 
 from the old Irish appellation, 
 Bronterre. He took orders, mar- 
 ried (in 1812) Miss Maria Bran- 
 well, and became the father of the 
 famous Bronte family, to whose 
 strange development his morbid 
 and austere character no doubt 
 contributed. He died at Haworth, 
 June 7, 1S61, aged 84, having sur- 
 vived all his seven children. 
 
 BROOKE, Lieut. -General Sir 
 Arthur, K.C.B., the third son of 
 Francis Brooke, an officer in the 
 army, entered the service in 1792 
 as an ensign in the 44th Foot. He 
 obtained a lieutenancy in 1793, and 
 in 1795 a company in the 44th Foot. 
 He served under the Duke of York 
 on the Continent, 1794, and went 
 to the West Indies under Sir Ralph 
 Aborcrombie in 1795, being present 
 at the reduction of St. Lucie in 
 179G. He next went to Egypt, and 
 was in the actions of the 13th and 
 21st March, 1801. He received a 
 lieutenant-colonelcy in his regi- 
 ment June 15, 1804, and from that 
 year to 1808 served in Malta, 
 Sicily, and Spain. He received the 
 brevet of colonel in 1813. At the 
 battle of Bladensberg in 1814, his 
 
 brigade turned both flanks of the 
 American army, for which he was 
 publicly thanked by the Major- 
 General, and particularly mentioned 
 by him in his despatch to Lord 
 Bathurst. In 1819 he received the 
 brevet of Major- General, and be- 
 came Military Governor of Yar- 
 mouth, and a C.B. He was made 
 Lieutenant-General in 1837, and 
 died in July, 1843. 
 
 BROOKE, GusTAvus Vaughan 
 [1818 — 1866], actor, was born in 
 Dublin and educated at Edge- 
 worth's Town school, then con- 
 ducted by a brother of Miss Edge- 
 worth, the novelist. He was 
 originally intended for the bar, but 
 gave it up, and became an actor. 
 After playing very successfully at 
 Dublin, Limerick, Londonderry, 
 Glasgow and Edinburgh, he ob- 
 tained an engagement in London, 
 where he api3eared for the first time 
 at the Victoria Theatre. He played 
 at the Olympic in 1848, and in 1850 
 sailed for New York, where he ap- 
 peared as Othello, and achieved a 
 great success. He returned to 
 London in 1853, and after a very 
 successful tour in the provinces 
 and in Ireland, again visited Ame- 
 rica, extending his journey to 
 California and Australia. 
 
 BROOKE, Sir James [1803— 
 1868], Rajah of Sarawak in the 
 island of Borneo, and Governor of 
 Labuan, was born at Coombe Grove, 
 near Bath, in 1803. He entered 
 the service of the East India Com- 
 pany, and went out to India about 
 
 1825. He had hardly arrived at 
 his post when he was despatched 
 to take part in the Burmese war ; 
 and being dangerously wounded in 
 an engagement near Rungpore, 
 was compelled to return home in 
 
 1826. After his recovery he tra- 
 velled on the Continent before re- 
 turning to India, and circumstances 
 led to his soon after leaving the 
 service. He left India for China 
 in 1830, and during his passage 
 among the islands of the Indian 
 Archipelago, conceived his great 
 
BROOKS— BROTHERTON. 
 
 117 
 
 project of rosL-uing the inhabitants 
 from barbarism, and civilizing 
 them. Having on the death of his 
 father succeeded to a hirge pro- 
 l^erty, lie employed part of it in 
 equipping the yacht Royalist, in 
 which, in 1838, he sailed from the 
 Thames on his expedition. Arrived 
 at Borneo he found the Rajah 
 Muda Hassim, uncle of the reign- 
 ing Sultan, attemjDting to subdue a 
 rebellion in the province of Sara- 
 Avak, and at once offered to aid 
 him. With his crew and some 
 Javanese who had joined them, Mr. 
 Brooke very quickly defeated the 
 insurgents, and for his services was 
 made Rajah of Sarawak. He spent 
 the next five years in reforming 
 the local government, framing new 
 laws, and in suppressing piracy 
 and slavery. He acted with such 
 vigour in suppressing piracy, that 
 people in England accused him of 
 wholesale butchery, and very grave 
 charges were brought against him 
 by Mr. Joseph Hume and other 
 members in the House of Commons, 
 especially with regard to his ac- 
 cepting large sums of so-called 
 " head money/' which was money 
 awarded by the English Govern- 
 ment to those who had taken part 
 in the expeditions against pirates. 
 To vindicate himself Sir James 
 came to England, and the matter 
 being referred to a Roval Commis- 
 sion at Singapore, the charges 
 against him were declared "non- 
 proven." He was made Governor 
 of Labuan in 1817, created K.C.B., 
 and made D.C.L. of Oxford. In 
 1868 he came again to England, 
 where he remained for three years, 
 during which time he was smitten 
 with paralysis, and a public sub- 
 scription was raised for him, with 
 which an estate in Devonshire was 
 bought and presented to him. He 
 twice revisited Sarawak, having on 
 each occasion to suj^press an insur- 
 rection. The last few years of his 
 life he spent on his Devonshire 
 estate, at Biu'rator, where he died, 
 Jime 11, 1868. 
 
 BROOKS, Charles Shirley 
 [1815 — 1871], author, was born in 
 1815. Originally intended for the 
 profession of the law, he went 
 through the usual studies, and 
 passed a distinguished examination 
 before the incorporated Law 
 Society. Having a preference for 
 literature, Mr. Brooks applied him- 
 self to dramatic composition and 
 journalism and met with success, 
 which decided his subsequent 
 career. He produced a series of 
 dramas at the Haymarket, Lyceum, 
 and Olympic theatres, the best of 
 which are " Our New Governess,'' 
 an amusincf two-act comedv, in- 
 stinct with fun and character, and 
 which has frequently been revived ; 
 " Honours and Tricks," a three-act 
 comedy of wit and intrigue ; and 
 " The Creole," a drama of strong 
 interest, based on a story of slavery 
 in Mauritius. Mr. Brooks became 
 the writer of the Parliamentary 
 summary for the Morning Chronicle, 
 and occupied a seat in the reporters' 
 gallery in the House of Commons 
 for five sessions. During the in- 
 tervals of this engagement he 
 visited Russia, Syria, and Egypt, 
 as the special commissioner de- 
 spatched by the Chronicle in the 
 prosecution of its inquiries into 
 foreign as well as British " Labour 
 and the Poor." His letters ap- 
 peared in that journal, and some 
 were reprinted under the title of 
 " The Russians of the South." Mr. 
 Brooks wi'ote several novels, the 
 best known being " Aspen Court," 
 " The Gordian Knot," " The Silver 
 Cord," and " Sooner or Later." 
 He acquired considerable reputa- 
 tion as a lecturer, and long contri- 
 buted political and social articles 
 to the Illustrated London Neirs. 
 He was for many years one of the 
 most diligent contributors to Pu nch, 
 and on the death of Mr. Mark 
 Lemon, in 1870, became the editor 
 of that periodical, which position 
 he held for some years. 
 
 BROTHERTON, Joseph, for 
 nearly a quarter of a century M.P. 
 
118 
 
 BROUGHAM. 
 
 for Salford^ had been a successful 
 cotton and silk manufacturer^ hav- 
 ing retired from business after 
 makinj^ a small fortune. He was 
 returned to Parliament for the 
 borough of Salf ord as its first mem- 
 ber in 1832. He was a consistent 
 and firm advocate of Liberal 
 opinions, taking- a keen interest in 
 all progressive measures^ especially 
 those of a benevolent or educational 
 character. He made strenuous 
 efforts to shorten the sittings of 
 the Commons after midnight. Mr. 
 Brotherton was Chairman of the 
 Private Bills Committee. Though 
 reiDresentmg a manufacturing con- 
 stituency, he was a warm advocate, 
 with Lord Ashley (afterwards Earl 
 of Shaftesbury) and Mr. Fielden, 
 of the Ten Hours' Bill, and was ac- 
 customed to bring arguments in 
 its favour from his own career. He 
 died suddenly whilst travelling in 
 an omnibus from his residence, 
 Eosehill, Pendleton, into Manches- 
 ter, Jan. 7, 1856. 
 
 BEOUGHAM, Henry, Lord 
 Chancellor of England, Baron 
 Brougham and Vaux, the eldest 
 son of Mr. Henry Brougham of 
 Brougham in Westmoreland, and 
 Scales Hall in Cumberland, was 
 born in Edinburgh, Sept. 19, 1779, 
 and was educated at Edinburgh 
 High School and University. His 
 mental power develoi)ed early ; 
 when only sixteen he wrote a paper 
 containing a series of experiments 
 and observations on the inflections, 
 reflections, and colours of light ; 
 this paper he sent to the Eoyal So- 
 ciety, in whose Transactions it was 
 printed, as were also a second series 
 of experiments sent by him in the 
 following year, and in 1798 " Gen- 
 eral Theorems, chiefly Porisms in 
 the Higher Geometry." These 
 papers excited considerable interest 
 in the scientific world, although 
 the extreme youth of their author 
 does not seem to have been known. 
 While still very young he quitted 
 Edinburgh, and made a tour in 
 Northern Europe, and before the 
 
 close of the century was called to 
 the Scottish bar. He was in these 
 early days much addicted to litera- 
 ture ; on the establishment of the 
 Edinburgh Review in 1802 he became 
 one of the principal contributors, 
 and in the following year published 
 in two 8vo. volumes, his now for- 
 gotten work on " Colonial Policy." 
 It was in ISOl that the public 
 career of Brougham had, by his re- 
 moval to London, its true com- 
 mencement. In that year he 
 became an intimate of Wilberf orce, 
 and a promoter of the abolition of 
 slavery, and in 1807 assisted Lord 
 Howick in drawing up the Abolition 
 Bill. Early in 1810 he obtained 
 through the influence of the Earl 
 of Darlington a seat in the House 
 of Commons for the borough of 
 Camelford. During his first and 
 second session it was chiefly on the 
 question of the slave trade that he 
 claimed attention — a line of con- 
 duct which rendered him extremely 
 popular outside the House. Another 
 subject Avhich he took up warmly 
 was the brutal abuse of flogging in 
 the army, and one of his greatest 
 forensic triumphs was his defence of 
 the Hunts, the editors of the Ex- 
 aminer, in the libel case brought 
 against them for jjrinting a ve- 
 hement article on the subject. At the 
 general election of 1812 Brougham 
 stood for Liverpool, but was de- 
 feated by Canning ; he then tried 
 but failed to be elected for Inver- 
 keithing, and for nearly four years 
 was out of Parliament. In Dec, 1812, 
 he again defended the Hunts, who 
 were tried for publishing a libel on 
 the Prince Eegent, and his conduct 
 of this defence is said to have been 
 the foundation of the hatred Avhich 
 the Prince ever after bore towards 
 him. To be the enemy of the Ee- 
 gent was already to be a friend of 
 his discarded wife, and to be popu- 
 lar with the nation, whose sympa- 
 thies were all for the deserted 
 Princess. In the session of 1816 
 Brougham re-entered Parliament, 
 as member for Winchelsea^ and 
 
BKOUGHAM. 
 
 U'J 
 
 from this time ho took a decided 
 lead in the House, and maintained 
 indefatigably the uphill game pe- 
 culiarly suited to his nature. With 
 his force his failings became more 
 apparent; the prize-fighter's pluck, 
 the unyielding pertinacity, the 
 unrestrained expressions, the un- 
 couth gesticulations, created at 
 once respect and ridicule. For 
 thirteen years he waged parlia- 
 mentary warfare in the fiercest 
 style ; he was the most constant, 
 the most successful, the most hu- 
 morous speaker in Parliament, at 
 the same time the most elastic and 
 unextinguishable, but his tact and 
 manner were far below his talent. 
 He was too frequent and too dif- 
 fuse a speaker to be thoroughly 
 relished, and was never really 
 popular in the House. There were 
 animosities on the one side and 
 jealousies on the other partly to 
 a<;count for this, and to the end of 
 his career he lacked the power of 
 winning the heart of the assembly. 
 Few persons have completed a 
 conspicuous career so habitually 
 alone ; from his first entrance into 
 Parliament until his late retire- 
 ment from public life Lord 
 Brougham never found a leader, a 
 colleague, or a follower to entii-ely 
 trust or thoroughly support him. 
 In the House of Commons he occu- 
 pied an exceptional position ; the 
 most conspicuous member of the 
 Whig party, he was never accepted 
 as its leader. In some respects 
 this exclusion tended to the in- 
 crease of his i-eputation, and to 
 public advantage, for as he was 
 forced to occupy a comparatively 
 isolated position, he devoted him- 
 self to many questions beyond the 
 range of ordinary politics. He 
 maintained his advocacy of the 
 abolition of the slave trade ; he de- 
 nounced the abuses of the law, and 
 he forced on the attention of Par- 
 liament the need of a system of 
 popular education. In the session 
 of 181G he opened fire upon the 
 formidable columns of the army 
 
 estimat<.'S, and in tliat year began 
 his crusade against the existing 
 law of libel. This was his first 
 very laborious session, and wa<5 the 
 beginning of a series of years in 
 which his average addresses to the 
 House nimibered not much below 
 300. At the general election of 
 1818 he contested Westmorland 
 unsuccessfully, and again entered 
 the House as member for Winchel- 
 sea. Two years later, on the death 
 of George III., he again contested 
 Westmorland, but was forced to 
 enter Parliament a third time as 
 member for Winchelsea. On the 
 third day of the Easter tei-m in 
 this year began the notorious trial 
 of the unhappy Queen, when 
 Brougham, as the Queen's Attorney- 
 General, took his seat within the 
 bar. Forty-nine days were occu- 
 pied in hearing the evidence, and 
 he replied to the evidence on the 
 3rd and 4th of October. This de- 
 fence of the Queen was the greatest 
 of all his professional achievements ; ' 
 his great speech before the House 
 of Lords approaches more nearly 
 than any of his other efforts to the 
 masterpieces of the consummate 
 Greek orator — Demosthenes, whose 
 " De Corona " he afterwards trans- 
 lated — who was his model. He 
 displayed throughout a modera- 
 tion and reserve of language not 
 natiu^al to him; his allusions to 
 the prosecutor behind the scenes 
 were couched in the most guarded 
 language, and for his real sen- 
 timents in their uni-estrained 
 form one must consult the G7th 
 number of the Edinburgh Review, 
 or his sketch of George IV., 
 wliich is the beginning of one of 
 the volumes of his " Contemporary 
 Lives." Early in 1825 Brougham 
 was elected Kector of the Univer- 
 sity of* Glasgow, although Sir 
 Walter Scott was among the can- 
 didates for the post. At the 
 general election of 1826 he again 
 contested Westmorland without 
 success, and was a foiu-th time re- 
 turned for Winchelsea. On the 
 
120 
 
 BROUGHTOlsr. 
 
 death of the Queen Broug-ham 
 had retired below the bar, but in 
 1827 he received the tardy honour 
 of a jDatent of precedence at the bar, 
 and again assumed the silk gown. 
 At the general election of 1830 
 Avhieh followed the death of George 
 IV., Brougham was returned free 
 of exjjense for Yorkshire, and on 
 the meeting of Parliament gave 
 notice of his intention to bring in 
 a bill for Parliamentary Reform, 
 but before the time apj^ointed for 
 its introduction he was made Lord 
 Chancellor, and on Nov. 22 took his 
 seat in the House of Lords by the 
 title of Baron Brougham and Vaux. 
 He remained on the woolsack 
 throughout the agitation of the 
 Reform Bill, and was one of the 
 chief heroes of its success. In 1835 
 on the somewhat frivolous pretext 
 of Lord Althorp's elevation to the 
 House of Lords, King William sud- 
 denly dismissed the Ministry, and 
 from the Government which was 
 then formed Lord Brougham was ex- 
 cluded, but upon what grounds has 
 never been put beyond doubt. From 
 that time he was never invited to join 
 any Cabinet ; during the two fol- 
 lowing Administrations he con- 
 tinued to support the Whig 
 Government, but his harangue upon 
 what was then known as the 
 Canadian revolt accomplished the 
 breach between Lord Brougham 
 and the pure Whigs. Thus kept 
 aloof from jDolitical power Brougham 
 devoted much of his later life to 
 philanthropy and to literary work. 
 His edition of Paley came out in 
 1835, and a few years later he added 
 two sujipleiuentary volumes under 
 the title of '•' Dissertations on Sub- 
 jects of Science connected vnth 
 Natural Theology." His "Speeches" 
 were published in 1838, and in the 
 following year he brought out his 
 first volume of "Lives of States- 
 men." In 1812 his "Political 
 Philosophy " aj)peared, and in 
 1815-6 his " Lives of Men of Letters " 
 and many works of less importance 
 testify to his literary activity. 
 
 During the last years of his life it 
 was the habit of Lord Brougham to 
 pass much of his time at Cannes, 
 where he died. May 7, 1868. His 
 memoirs, written by himself, were 
 published after his death under 
 the title of " Life and Times of 
 Henry Lord Brougham." 
 
 BROUGHTON, Most Rev. Wil- 
 liam Grant, D.D.. Bishop of 
 Sydney, was born in 1782, and was 
 the eldest son of Grant Broughton. 
 He was educated at King's School, 
 Canterbury, and was for some years 
 a clerk in the Treasury, but went 
 to Cambridge in 1818, intending to 
 enter Holy Orders. He became 
 curate of the parish of Hartley 
 Westphall, near Strathfieldsaye, 
 where he attracted the notice of 
 the Duke of Wellington, who ap- 
 pointed him Chaplain of the Tower, 
 and soon after offered him the Arch- 
 deaconry of New South Wales, then 
 vacant by the resignation of Arch- 
 deacon Hobbs Scott, which he ac- 
 cepted. His jurisdiction extended 
 over the whole of Australia, Van 
 Diemen's Land, and the adjoining 
 islands. He visited all the settle- 
 ments in these latitudes connected 
 with his archdeaconry, urging the 
 settlers and the government to 
 erect churches and schools. He 
 returned to England in 1835, the 
 first result of his visit being the 
 establishment of a bishopric in 
 Australia, to which he was conse- 
 crated Feb. 14, 1836. In 1841- 
 1843, the dioceses of New Zealand 
 and Tasmania were separated from 
 the See of Australia, and in 1848 
 the bishoprics of Adelaide, Mel- 
 bourne, and Newcastle were also 
 formed from the Bishopric of Aus- 
 tralia, and Dr. Broughton, having 
 been constituted Metropolitan of 
 Australasia, took the title of Bishop 
 of Sydney instead of that of Bishop 
 of Australia. In the autumn of 
 1850, the Bishop received a visit 
 from his suffragans the Bishops of 
 New Zealand, Tasmania, Melbourne, 
 Adelaide, and Newcastle, when in 
 solemn conference it was deter- 
 
BKOUGHTON— BROWX 
 
 121 
 
 mined to form the Australasian 
 Board of Missions, for the conver- 
 sion of the aboriti^ines in their 
 respective dioceses, and the propa- 
 gation of the Gospel amonjif the 
 unconverted islanders of the Pacific 
 Ocean. The bishops also resolved 
 upon the necessity of duly consti- 
 tuted provincial and diocesan 
 synods ; an important movement, 
 which led to much discussion in 
 the British Parliament. For the 
 advancement of this object, the 
 Bishop again visited England, in 
 1852, and died in London, Feb. 20, 
 1853. 
 
 BROUGHTOX, The Right Hon. 
 Lord, G.C.B., F.R.S. [178G— 1869], 
 better known by his former name 
 of Sir John Cam Hobhouse, Bart., 
 the eldest son of the late Sir Ben- 
 jamin Hobhouse, Bai-t., born near 
 Bristol, was educated at West- 
 minster and at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, where he took his 
 degree in 1808. Whilst at Cam- 
 bridge he became acquainted with 
 Lord Byron, whom he accompanied 
 in some of his travels in Greece, an 
 account of which he subsequently 
 published with his name, as well 
 as notes on the poefs "Childe 
 Harold." His retiu-n to Parliament 
 was owing to the popularity which 
 he gained by the publication of his 
 " Letters to an Englishman," which 
 were tinged with strong radical 
 opinions, and caused him to be 
 couuiiitted as a prisoner to New- 
 gate. The public felt that he had 
 been unfairly treated, and in 1820, 
 soon after his release, he was en- 
 thusiastically returned for West- 
 minster in the Liberal interest, and 
 continued to represent that con- 
 stituency until 1833, when he ex- 
 changed his post of Secretary at 
 War under Earl Grey for the Chief 
 Secretaryship for Ireland, and 
 failed to secure his re-election. In 
 1834' he was returned for Notting- 
 ham, which he represented till 
 18J:7, and he sat for Harwich for a 
 few years previous to his elevation 
 to the peerage as Lord Broughton, 
 
 in 1851. He was Chief Commis- 
 sioner of Woods and Forests and 
 President of the Board of Control 
 under Lord Melbourne, and again 
 held the latter office in the Rus.sell 
 administration of 1810-52. Lord 
 Broughton, who married a daughter 
 of the Marquis of Tweeddale, had 
 no issue male. He did not take 
 an active part in public affairs after 
 his elevation to the Upper House. 
 His lordship (who was a sleeping 
 partner in Messrs. Whitbread's 
 brewery) was the author of " Imita- 
 tions and Translations from the 
 Classics, with original Poems" 
 (1809), " Journey through Albania 
 and other Provinces of Turkey 
 with Lord Byi-on" (1812), "Last 
 Reign of Napoleon" (1816), 
 " Historical Illustrations of the 
 Foiu-th Canto of Childe Harold," 
 and of numerous contributions to 
 Blackwood's and Frasers Magazines, 
 the Westminster Review, and other 
 periodicals. 
 
 BROWN, Hon. George, a Cana- 
 dian statesman and journalist, was 
 born in Edinburgh in 1818, and 
 was the son of Peter Brown, Esq., 
 merchant of that town, who emi- 
 grated to America in 1838, and in 
 1813 settled at Toronto. Mr. Brown 
 became a journalist, and founded 
 the Toronto Daily Globe, IS 11, the 
 Canada Fai-mer, 1864, and was 
 managing director of the " Globe " 
 Printing and Publishing Co. En- 
 tering the Assembly in 1851, he 
 was in 1858 appointed to foi'm a 
 Government for the Province of 
 Canada, which he accomplished in 
 conjunction with the Hon. A. Dorion. 
 He was a member of the Adminis- 
 tration formed in 1861 to carry out 
 the scheme of confederation, resign- 
 ing in 1805 after the scheme was 
 arranged. He was sent to England 
 in 1865 as a delegate on public 
 business, and to Washington in 
 187 1 as joint Plenipotentiary with 
 Sir Edward Thoniton to arrange a 
 couunercial Treaty with the United 
 States. He sat in the Senate from 
 Dec. 1873. He was shot by a dis- 
 
122 
 
 EEOWN. 
 
 charged, employe named Bennett in 
 his printing office. May 9, 1880. 
 
 BROWN, John, M.D.,the author 
 of " Eab and his Friends/' was born 
 in 1810 at Biggar, in Lanarkshire, 
 where his father was Minister of 
 the Secession Church. In 1822 the 
 family removed to Edinburgh, and 
 John Brown was educated at the 
 High School and University of that 
 city. At an early age he took his M.D. 
 degree, and set up in j^ractice in 
 Edinburgh. His numerous pleasant 
 essays and sketches (" Horse Sub- 
 secivse ") have been collected toge- 
 ther in three volumes. The first 
 volume, entitled, " Locke and 
 Sydenham, and other PajDers," tlie 
 second, "Rab and his Friends," 
 and the third, " John Leech and 
 other Papers." Dr. John Brown 
 was a Fellow of the Royal College 
 of Physisians, and of the Royal 
 Society of Edinburgh. In 1871 his 
 University conferred on him the 
 degree of LL.D., and in 1876 a 
 Civil List Pension was awarded 
 him in recognition of his literary 
 merits. He died in Edinburgh 
 May 11, 1882. 
 
 BROWN, John. He was born 
 at Crathie, in Aberdeenshire, and 
 was the son of a farmer and tenant 
 of Colonel Farquharson, in whose 
 service he began life. He was 
 made Gillie to Prince Albert 
 in 1819, and rose by his good 
 conduct and intelligence to be the 
 personal attendant of the Queen ; 
 and many references of his services 
 occur in Her Majesty's "Journal." 
 He died after an illness of only a 
 few days, March 27, 1883. His 
 death occurred at Windsor Castle, 
 but he w^as buried i]i Crathie 
 Churchyard. 
 
 BROWN, Oliver Madox. He 
 was the son of Mr. Ford Madox 
 Brown, the artist, and was born at 
 Finchley, Jan. 20, 1855. From his 
 earliest childhood he covered every 
 available space with drawings of 
 hunts, battles, and such like sub- 
 jects. When Oliver was ten years 
 old Mr. BrowTii and his family 
 
 moved to No. 37, Fitzroy Square, 
 where the boy passed the remainder 
 of his short brilliant life. In 18G9 he 
 exhibited his first picture in the Dud- 
 ley Gallery, " Chiron receiving the 
 Infant Jason from the Slave :" and 
 in the same year drew two designs 
 for an edition of ' ' Byron," which 
 his father was illustrating : one 
 of these designs, " Mazeppa," he 
 afterwards painted in oil, and 
 exhibited in the New British In- 
 stitution. In 1870 he exhibited 
 two pictures of horses and riders, 
 " Obstinacy " — a marvellously vi- 
 gorous design for an artist of 
 fifteen — in Ihe Dudley ; and 
 "Exercise," in the Academy. In 
 the following year " Prospero and 
 Miranda " was shown at the In- 
 ternational Exhibition at South 
 Kensington ; and in 1872 his last 
 and best painting — a water-colour 
 from " Silas Marner ' ' — appeared 
 in the French Gallery, New Bond 
 Street. By this time the gifted 
 youth, whose literary geniiis at least 
 eqiialled his artistic talent, had 
 almost completed a novel, which 
 he called " The Black Swan," but 
 which was eventually published 
 by Messrs. Smith & Elder 
 with considerable alterations in 
 1873, under the title of " Gabriel 
 Denver." When " Gabriel Denver " 
 was yet unpublished — he began 
 "The Dwale Bluth," and a 
 short story, " Hebditch's Legacy " 
 — this he lived to complete ; but 
 his best work, " The Dwale Bluth," 
 was never finished. In the autumn 
 of 1871? he fell ill of blood poison- 
 ing, the origin of which was never 
 ascertained, but which probably re- 
 sulted from a bite from one of his 
 many pets ; he gradually sank, and 
 died Nov. 5, 187 J-, aged nineteen 
 years. His life has been written 
 by Mr. John H. Ingram. 
 
 BROWN, Rawdon, editor of 
 the *^^ Calendar of Venetian State 
 Papers," published in the Rolls 
 series. Already known for his ad- 
 mirable work, " Four Years at the 
 Court of Henry YIII," Mr. Rawdon 
 
BEOWN. 
 
 123 
 
 Bi'own was api)ointed in 18G2 to 
 calendar the State Papers and 
 MSS. relating to English affairs, 
 preserved in the archives of Venict; 
 and Northern Italy. By the end 
 of 1.S76 Mr. Kawdon Brown had 
 puldished five volunies of his 
 "Calendar," extending from 1202 
 to 1551. Since then two parts have 
 apjieared ; and at the time of Mr. 
 Bro^vn's death. Part III., bringing 
 the work down to 155S, was nearly 
 ready for publication. He also 
 transmitted to the Public Record 
 Office 126 volumes of valuable 
 transcripts. He lived at Venice 
 for more than twenty years, well- 
 known both to English visitors 
 and to Venetians ; and he died 
 there Aug. 25, 1883, aged eighty. 
 
 BKOWN, Egbert [1773—1858], 
 D.C.L., President of the Linnaean 
 Society, Keeper of the Botanical 
 Collection in the British Museum, 
 and a member of numerous scientific 
 and learned bodies in England and 
 abroad, was the son of a Scottish 
 Episcopalian clergyman, and was 
 born at Montrose, December 21, 
 1773. He was educated first at 
 Marischal College, Aberdeen, and 
 afterwards at the University of 
 Edinburgh, where he completed his 
 medical studies in 1795, and in the 
 same year accompanied a Scottish 
 Fencible regiment as assistant- 
 surgeon and ensign to Ireland. 
 His devotion to the study of botany 
 brought him under the notice of 
 Sir Joseph Banks, on whose recom- 
 mendation he threw up his com- 
 mission, and in 1801 embarked as 
 naturalist in the expedition under 
 Captain Flinders for the survey of 
 the Australian coasts. He retiirned 
 from this expedition in 1805, bring- 
 ing with him nearly l',000 species of 
 plants, some of which were entirely 
 new to science. Mr. BroAvn pub- 
 lished his memoirs on " Asclepiadese 
 and Proteacese," in the "Trans- 
 actions " of the Linnsean Society, 
 his "Prodromus Floras Nova; Hol- 
 landise " in 1810, and his " General 
 Eemarks, Geographical and Sys- 
 
 tematical, on the Botany of Tei-ra 
 Australis," in 1811. Soon after his 
 return, he was appointed libra- 
 rian to the Linna'an Society ; and 
 a few years later, in 1810, on the 
 death of Dr. Dryander he received 
 the charge of the library and splen- 
 did collections of Sir Joseph Banks, 
 who bequeathed to him their en- 
 joyment for life. He also left to 
 him his residence in which these 
 valuable collections were placed, 
 and an annuity of d£200 or =£300 
 a-year. At a later period they were 
 with his assent transferred to the 
 British Museum, in which place he 
 was for thirty years keeper of the 
 Department of Botany. He re- 
 ceived during Sir Eobert Peel's 
 Administration a pension of d£200 a- 
 year in recognition of . his dis- 
 tinguished merits. In 1833 he was 
 elected one of the eight foreign 
 associates of the Academy of Sciences 
 of the Institute of France, his com- 
 petitors being Bessel, Von Buch, 
 Faraday, Herschel, Jacobi, Meckel, 
 Mitscherlich, Oersted and Plana. 
 In 1839 the Council of the Eoyal 
 Society gave him the Copley medal, 
 the highest honour at their dispo- 
 sal, *'for his discoveries, during a 
 series of years, on the subject of 
 vegetable impregnation," and in 
 1819 he became President of the 
 Linnisan Society, an office he was 
 compelled by ill-health to resign in 
 1853, when he became Vice-Presi- 
 dent. The University of Oxford 
 conferred upon him the honorary 
 degree of D.C.L. in 1832 ; and he 
 received from the King of Prussia 
 the decoration of the highest Prus- 
 sian civil order, jjour leineHtc. Mr. 
 Brown published no large work on 
 his science, nor did he collect his 
 writings, which would, perhaps, 
 have been lost amidst the mass 
 of pamphlets and papers in the 
 "Transactions "and other publi- 
 cations, if a German, Dr. Nees 
 von Esenbeck, had not collected 
 them into five octavo volumes en- 
 titled "Eobert Bro^Ti's Vermischte 
 Schriften." 
 
124 
 
 BEO WN— BEOWNE . 
 
 He died at his hoiise in Soho Square, 
 June 10, 1858. 
 
 BEOWN, Sir Samuel [1777— 
 1852], Knight and K.H., a re- 
 tired cajotain, E.N., was the eldest 
 son of William Bro"svn, of Borland, 
 Galway. After seeino- much active 
 service, he was appointed first 
 lieutenant of the Phcenix, 1801, and 
 on August 10 engaged "with the 
 Didon, which surrendered after a 
 loss of twenty-seven killed and 
 forty-four wounded, the Phoenix 
 suffering the loss of tAvelve killed 
 and twenty-eight Avounded. On the 
 4th November following he shared 
 in Sir E. J. Strachan's capture of 
 the four line-of-battle ships which es- 
 caped from Trafalgar. Sir S. Brown 
 acquired considerable celebrity as a 
 man of science by his various useful 
 inventions, particularly his iron 
 chain cables, and his skill in the 
 construction of iron suspension 
 bridges, of which the best known is 
 the Chain Pier at Brighton. He 
 was nominated a knight of the 
 Hanoverian Guelj)hic Order in 
 Jan. 1835, and was knighted by her 
 Majesty in 1838. 
 
 BEOWN, Sir William, Bart. 
 [1784—1864], M.P. for South Lan- 
 cashire, was born at Ballymena, 
 county Antrim, and educated at 
 Catterick, Yorkshire. At about the 
 age of sixteen he went with his 
 parents to the United States, where 
 he began his commercial career in 
 the counting-house of his father in 
 the linen-trade at Baltimore. In a 
 few years he became a partner with 
 his father and brother. In 1809 
 he returned to England, and hav- 
 ing established a branch of the 
 firm at Liverpool, became a general 
 merchant, and subsequently en- 
 gaged in large banking transac- 
 tions. He acquired immense wealth, 
 and a few years before his death 
 gained public celebrity by erecting, 
 at a cost of ,£40,000, the Free Public 
 Library and Derby Museum at 
 Liveri)ool, one of the best institu- 
 tions of the kind in England. It 
 was opened in 1860, the Corporation 
 
 providing the site and furnishing 
 the building. He represented 
 South Lancashire in Parliament in 
 1846, 1847, 1852, 1857, and 1859, in 
 which year he retired from public 
 life. He was raised to the baro- 
 netcy in 1863. 
 
 B E O W N E, General Gore, 
 Colonel of the 14th Eegiment, was 
 the third son of a private gentle- 
 man in Ireland, and was originally 
 intended for holy orders, but having 
 a strong predilection for the army, 
 in 1780 he obtained a commission 
 in the 35th Eegiment. He liaised 
 a company in the 83rd, in which 
 he afterwards purchased a majority, 
 and in which he served throughout 
 the Maroon war, being second in 
 command to General Walpole. The 
 Duke of York gave him a Lieute- 
 nant-Colonelcy in a black regiment 
 at Dominica in 1796, from which 
 he was recalled by an appointment 
 to the 40th ; he accomiDanied the 
 Duke to Holland, and was present 
 at the battles of the 10th and 19th 
 of September, and the 2nd October, 
 1799. It was during this campaign 
 that Colonel Browne received a 
 six-pound ball through his hat, and 
 had several hair-breadth escapes. 
 He accomiDanied General Auchmu- 
 ty's force to South America ; and 
 while the General advanced on 
 Buenos Ayres, January, 1807, he 
 was left with a sufficient force under 
 his command for the attack of 
 Montevideo. This fortress was 
 vigorously defended ; but before 
 sunrise Colonel Browne had suc- 
 ceeded in taking possession of every- 
 thing except the citadel, which 
 soon surrendered. General Auch- 
 muty appointed him Governor of 
 the city. On his return from 
 America Colonel Browne joined the 
 force for Walcheren, and shortly 
 after landing received a ball through 
 his cheek, which broke his teeth 
 and jaw, but did not disfigure him. 
 After this he had command of the 
 western district as Major-General, 
 and was appointed Governor of 
 Plymouth, a post which he re- 
 
BKOWNE— BKOWNING. 
 
 125 
 
 signed on his promotion to the 
 rank of Lieutenant - General in 
 1819. He was made Colonel of the 
 11th in 1820, and became a General 
 in 1837. He died at Weymouth, 
 aged 79, Jan. 12, 1843. 
 
 BROWNE, Hablot Knight, 
 a comic designer, better known by 
 his pseudonym of " Phiz," born 
 about 1815, was educiited at a pri- 
 vate school, and at an early age 
 began to draw caricatxu-es with great 
 spirit. In 1835 he succeeded the 
 lamented artist Seymour as the il- 
 lustrator of "Pickwuck," and so 
 happy and successful -was the jjeneil 
 of " Phiz " that he was engaged to 
 illustrate, in the same comic 
 vein, " Nicholas Nickleby,'' and 
 most of Mr. Charles Dickens's 
 other works of fiction. Under the 
 same signature he contributed 
 graphic illustrations to the popu- 
 lar novels of Charles Lever, Ains- 
 worth, and Mayhew, as well as to 
 the Abbotsford edition of the 
 ''Waverley Novels," the "Illus- 
 trated Edition of Byi-on's Works," 
 " H. B.'s Schoolboy Days," "Home 
 Pictures," " Illustrations of the 
 Five Senses," and " The Adven- 
 tures of Sir Guy de Guy," He died 
 at Brighton, July 18, 1882. There 
 is a large collection of his drawings 
 in the British Museum. 
 
 BEOWNING, Elizabeth Moul- 
 TON Bakrett, afterwards Mrs. 
 Browning. She was the daughter 
 of Mr. Moulton Barrett, and was 
 born at Hope End, near Ledbury, 
 in 1809, and began writing both in 
 prose and verse at a very early age. 
 Her earliest volume, an Essay on 
 Mind, written in heroic couplets, 
 was published anonymously in 182G. 
 She was then deej) in the study of 
 Greek, and translated " Prometheus 
 Bound," before she was twenty. 
 This translation, her first acknow- 
 ledged work, was published with 
 her early poems in 1835, but a 
 Av^der culture made her dissatisfied 
 with this youthful effort, and at a 
 later period she entirely rewrote it. 
 About 1836 she broke a blood vessel 
 
 upon the lungs, and for this dis- 
 order was treated for a year at her 
 father's liouse in Wimpole Street, 
 but she became no better, and was 
 ordei'ed by her doctor to winter at 
 Torquay. Her eldest brother, of 
 whom she was very fond, went with 
 her, and had the happiness to see 
 his sister fast recovering health 
 and strength. The young people 
 made friends at Torquay, and with 
 two of these young Barrett, one 
 fatal summer mornincf, went out 
 for a sail. Just as the boat crossed 
 the bar she sank, and all who were 
 on her perished. This terrible 
 tragedy nearly killed Elizabeth 
 Barrett, and it was not until the 
 following year that she was able to 
 be carried by ■ slow stages to her 
 London home, where, says Miss 
 Mitford, " she began the life which 
 she continued for so many years, 
 confined to one large and commodi- 
 ously darkened chamber, reading 
 almost every book worth reading 
 in almost every language, giving 
 herself heart and soul to that 
 poetry of wliich she seemed born to 
 be the priestess." In 1838 she pub- 
 lished " SerajDhim and other 
 poems," and in the following year 
 " The Eomaimt of the Page." In 
 18-14 she brought out two volumes 
 of poems, wherein ajDpeared " Lady 
 Geraldine's Courtship." Among 
 the modern jDoets named in this 
 poem was Mr. Eobert Browning, 
 with whom she was then unac- 
 quainted, but whom she married in 
 1846. After their marriage Mr. 
 and Mrs. Bro^vning settled in Flor- 
 ence, and during her happy married 
 life Mrs. Browning, in some mea- 
 siu-e, regained her health. In 1851 
 she published " Casa Guidi Win- 
 dows " — "the impressions," she 
 tells us, " of the writer upon events 
 in Tuscany, of which she was a 
 v>-itness. . . ." It is a simple story 
 of personal impressions, whose only 
 value is in the intensity -^-ith which 
 they were received, as proving her 
 warm affection for a beautiful 
 and unfortunate countrv, " an aftec- 
 
12(5 
 
 BRUCE— BEUMMELL. 
 
 tion deeper and stronger than any 
 Eng-lish poet lias ever felt for 
 Italy." In 185G she brought out 
 her masterpiece, " Aurora Leigh." 
 This was followed in 1860 by 
 " Poems before Congress " — a se- 
 quel to " Casa Guidi Windows " — 
 written during the exciting 
 struggle of Italy for liberty. This 
 was the last volume published 
 during her lifetime, for on June 29, 
 18G1, she died in Florence. Her 
 " Last Poems" were published 
 posthumously in 1862. No biogra- 
 phy of Mrs. BroAvning, our greatest 
 poetess, has been published in this 
 country. 
 
 BEUCE, Major-General the 
 Hon. Egbert [1813—1862] Gover- 
 nor of the Prince of Wales, was the 
 second son of Thomas, seventh Earl 
 of Elgin, and brother of Lady 
 Augusta Stanley. He entered the 
 Guards at the age of 17, served 
 on the staff under Sir Edward 
 Blakeney in Ireland, was Military 
 Secretary to his brother, Lord 
 Elgin, in Jamaica, from 181-1 to 181'7, 
 and again in Canada, from 181^7 to 
 185 4, when he returned to England, 
 and was for a short time Surveyor- 
 General of the Ordnance. He ac- 
 cepted the appointment of Gover- 
 nor to the Prince of Wales in 1858, 
 attended him on his journey to 
 Eome in 1859, to Canada and the 
 United States in 1860, and during 
 his residence in the two Universi- 
 ties, 1859 to 1861. While with 
 the Prince during his tour in the 
 East in 1861, he contracted a fever 
 of which he died. 
 
 BEUCE, The Eight Hon. Sir 
 James Lewis Knight [1791 — 
 1866], youngest son of the late John 
 Knight, Esq., of Fairlinch, Devon, 
 by a daughter of William Bruce, 
 Esq., of Dyffryn, co. Glamorgan 
 (whose name he assumed by royal 
 licence), was born in 1791, and 
 educated at Exeter College, Ox- 
 ford. He was called to the Bar 
 at Lincoln's Inn in 1817, and be- 
 came a King's Counsel in 1829. In 
 1841, on the re-distribution of the 
 
 Equity Judges, he was appointed 
 one of the Vice-Chancellors, and 
 knighted in the following year. In 
 1851 he was promoted to a judge- 
 ship of the Court of Appeal in 
 Chancery, with a salary of ^£6,000 
 a year. Sir J. Knight Bruce was 
 a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, and 
 sat as M.P. for the since-disfran- 
 chised borough of Bishop's Castle 
 in one short parliament, previously 
 to the passing of the first Eeform 
 Bill. 
 
 BEUCE, John, F.S.A. [1802— 
 1869], descended from a Scotch 
 family, was educated at the Aber- 
 deen Grammar School,and at private 
 schools in England, and was brought 
 up to the law, but ceased to prac- 
 tise about 1810. He edited nume- 
 rous papers on historical subjects 
 for the Camden Society, of which 
 he was a director ; for the Berk- 
 shire Ashmolean Society " Arch- 
 bishop Laud's Benefactions to Berk- 
 shire ; " one or two jjapers for the 
 Parker Society ; and was a contri- 
 butor to the Edinburgh Review, and 
 to the Gentlemayi's Magazine, of 
 which he was for some time 
 editor. He was a Treasurer and 
 Vice-President of the Society of 
 Antiquaries, by whom he was 
 elected a trustee of Sir John Soane's 
 Museum in 1861. 
 
 BEUMMELL, George Bryan, 
 better known as " Beau Brummell," 
 was born in London June 7, 1778. 
 In 1790 he went to Eton, and four 
 years later was gazetted to a cor- 
 netcy in the 10th Hussars, then 
 commanded by the Prince of Wales, 
 who struck up a warm friendship 
 with the lad who was but half his 
 age. In 1796 Brummell was al- 
 ready a captain, and his intimacy 
 with the Prince of Wales and the 
 Duke of York promised further 
 promotion, but in 1798 he retired 
 from the army. His father was 
 already dead, and in the following 
 year young Brummell came into his 
 fortune of .£30,000. So long as he 
 abstained from play the income 
 from this sufficed for his wants, 
 
BRUNEL. 
 
 127 
 
 although he visited much in the 
 highest society, and acquired his 
 title " Beaxi " rather from liis fond- 
 ness for dress than from any re- 
 markable Ixjauty of person. For 
 some years his extreme intimacy 
 with the Prince of Wales continued, 
 but finally some sarcastic remarks 
 which Brummell made at the ex- 
 pense of Mrs. Fitzhei'bert led to a 
 quarrel. After this Brummell im- 
 prudently took to play, and was 
 ruined ; his valuable collection of 
 books, furniture, and articles of 
 vertu was sold, and he took refuge 
 at Calais. Here he remained till 
 1830, when he was made English 
 consul at Caen, but two years later 
 the consulship was abolished, and 
 Brummell reduced to a pitiable 
 condition of want. In the autumn 
 of that year he was attacked by 
 paralysis. In May 1S35, he was 
 imprisoned for debt, but was re- 
 leased in July. Soon after this his 
 memory failed, and he quickly sank 
 into a lamentable condition of 
 idiocy. His love of dress left him, 
 and he became unspeakably dirty 
 m his habits and person ; deserted 
 by his friends and left to the care 
 of servants, the poor creature led a 
 deplorable existence, until at the 
 close of 1S3S he was admitted into 
 the asylum of the Bon Sauveur, 
 where he died March 29, 18J^, 
 aged 02. 
 
 BRUNEL, IsAMBAKD Kingdom 
 [1806 — 1859], one of the greatest 
 civil engineers of the age, was box'n 
 at Portsmouth, and was the only 
 son of Sir Marc Isambard Brunei, 
 to whom he owed his first educa- 
 tion. After attending some private 
 schools he was sent to Paris at the 
 age of fourteen to study mathe- 
 matics, and became a student at 
 the College Henri Quatre, 1820-22. 
 On his return to England in 1823, 
 he entered his father's office as 
 assistant-engineer just as his father 
 was occupied with the project of the 
 Thames Tiuinel, in the cai-rying 
 out of which he assisted him. From 
 1833 t-o 1840 he was encrineer of the 
 
 newly projected Great Western 
 Railway, which was entirely built 
 ))y him, and upon which he intro- 
 duced the In-oad gauge. The last 
 and greatest of Brunei's railway 
 Avorks was the Royal Albert Bridge 
 of the Cornwall Railwaj-, which 
 crosses the River Tamar at Saltash, 
 which he constructed between 1853 
 and 1859. In addition to railway 
 engineering he took a leading part 
 in the development of ocean steam 
 navigation, and designed the Great 
 Western steamshii), which was built 
 at Bristol under his superinten- 
 dence, and was the fii-st to make 
 regular voyages across the Atlantic. 
 He next built the Greo.t Britain, 
 the first large iron steamship into 
 which he introduced the screw- 
 propeller. In 1S52 he laid his 
 scheme for the building of the 
 Great Eastern before the Directors 
 of the Eastern Steam Navigation 
 Co. ; it was at once adopted, Brunei 
 was appointed engineer, and the 
 work begun in 1853. Difficulties 
 occurred in the construction, which 
 caused several delays, but at last 
 the ship was successfully launched 
 in 1858. In addition to the works 
 mentioned, Brunei designed and 
 built the Monkwearmouth Docks, 
 and was engaged in works of a like 
 kind at Bristol, Pl\-mouth, Briton 
 Ferry, and Brentford, and on a 
 pier at Milford Haven. He gave 
 a good deal of attention to" the 
 improvement of large guns, and 
 designed a floating gun-carriage for 
 the attack on Cronstadt, 1851, and 
 he designed and superintended the 
 consti-uction of the hospital build- 
 ings at Renkioi on the Dardanelles, 
 1855. In 1830 he was elected 
 F.R.S., was a member of several 
 other societies, and in 1857 received 
 the honorary degree of D.C.L. from 
 the University of Oxford. He was 
 seized with paralysis on board the 
 Great Eastern, Sept. 5, 1859, and 
 died on the loth of that month 
 (See "The Life of I. K. Brunei] 
 C.E.,by his son Isambard Brimel/' 
 London, 1870.) 
 
128 
 
 BEUNEL— BUCOLEUC II. 
 
 BEUNEL, Sir Marc Isambart 
 [1769—1849], Knight, Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the Eoyal Society, and of 
 the Institution of Civil Engineers, 
 and corresponding member of the 
 Institute of France, &c., father of 
 the foregoing, was a native of 
 Hacqueville in Normandy, and was 
 educated for the Church, at the semi- 
 nary of St. Nicain at Eouen, He 
 evinced so strong a predilection for 
 the physical sciences and for mathe- 
 matics, that the superiors of this 
 establishment recommended his 
 being educated for some other pro- 
 fession, and his father determined 
 he should adopt the naval service. 
 He accordingly entered the French 
 navy, being indebted for his ap- 
 pointment to the Marochal de Cas- 
 tries, then Minister of Marine. 
 During; the French Revolution he 
 nearly lost his life, and had to seek 
 safety in flight. He emigrated to 
 the United States, where he adopted 
 the profession of a civil engi- 
 neer. He was first engaged to 
 survey a large tract of land near 
 Lake Erie, was employed in build- 
 ing the Bowery Theatre in New- 
 York, and ftirnished plans for 
 canals, and for various machines 
 connected with a cannon-foundry 
 then being established in the State 
 of New York. About the year 1799, 
 having matured his plans for 
 making ship-blocks by machinery, 
 he determined to visit England to 
 offer his plans for this purpose to 
 the British Government. After 
 much opposition to his plans, for 
 a very powerful interest was raised 
 against him, he was employed to 
 execute them in Portsmouth Dock- 
 yard. It took him many years to 
 perfect his designs and erect the 
 machinery, but at last in 1806 the 
 block machinery was finished, and 
 has continued in operation ever 
 since, supplying the fleet with 
 blocks of a superior description, 
 and at a large annual saving to the 
 public. A few years afterwards he 
 was employed by Government to 
 erect saw-mills^ upon a new prin- 
 
 ciple, in the dockyards of Chatham 
 and Woolwich. He also made 
 several other inventions about this 
 time, viz., the circular saw^ for 
 cutting veneers of valuable woods, 
 and the little machine for winding 
 cotton thread into balls, and two 
 years before the end of the war he 
 invented a machine for making 
 shoes for the army, the value and 
 cheapness of which were fully 
 appreciated, and they are still ex- 
 tensively used. Steam navigation 
 next engaged his attention, and he 
 was engaged in building one of the 
 first Ramsgate steamboats, and 
 introduced the principle of the 
 double engine for the purpose. He 
 I also induced the Admiralty to allow 
 I him to build a vessel to try the 
 experiment of towing ships out to 
 j sea, the possibility of which was 
 I then denied. When the Emperor 
 Alexander visited this country after 
 the peace, Mr. Brunei submitted to 
 i him a plan for making a tunnel 
 under the Neva, where the accumu- 
 ; lation of ice, and the suddenness 
 I with which it breaks up on the 
 termination of winter, rendered the 
 building of a bridge a great diffi- 
 culty. This was the origin of his 
 plan for a tunnel under the Thames, 
 which he began in 1821 and com- 
 pleted in 18-43 . Mr. Brunei was 
 knighted during Lord Melbourne's 
 Administration. He died Dec. 12, 
 1849. 
 
 BRYDON, W., C.B., surgeon, 
 was the only man of the 13,000 
 soldiers and camp-followers com- 
 posing General Elphinstone's 
 army, who was neither killed nor 
 taken prisoner in the terrible dis- 
 aster of the Khyber Pass, Jan., 
 1842, and it was his singular fate 
 to be shut up with Sir Henry Law- 
 rence at Lucknow, and to pass un- 
 injui-ed through that long be- 
 leaguerment. He died in 1873. 
 
 BUCCLEUCH, Walter Francis 
 Montague Douglas Scott, Fifth 
 Duke of Buccleuch, and Seventh 
 Duke of Queensberrt, was born 
 Nov. 25, 1806. His elder brother 
 
15UCHANA1^— BUCKINGHAM. 
 
 129 
 
 died in 1S08, and by the death of 
 his father in 1819 he succeeded to 
 the dukedom at the age of 13. He 
 was educated at Eton, and St. 
 John's, Cambridge, where he gi'ad- 
 uated M.A. in 1827. He was Lord 
 Lieutenant of Midlothian and Rox- 
 burghshire ; was an authority on 
 agricultural matters ; was in- 
 terested in art and a large buyer 
 of precious miniatures ; was Presi- 
 dent of the Architectural Institute 
 of Scotland, and Vice-President 
 of the Board of Trustees for Manu- 
 facture ; was President of the 
 British Association in 1867, and in 
 1878 was elected Chancellor of the 
 University of Glasgow. He erected 
 (in 1835) Granton pier and break- 
 water, and thus did great service 
 to Scottish trade. In politics he 
 was a staunch Conservative, and 
 though he cannot be said to have 
 been an active politician, he held 
 the office of Lord Privy Seal in the 
 Cabinet of 1842, and in 1878 pre- 
 sided at the famous dinner to Lords 
 Beaconsfield and Salisbury in the 
 Duke of Wellington's Riding 
 School. He built the present 
 Montagu House, Whitehall, and 
 opposed the construction of the 
 Thames Embankment. He married 
 Lady Anne Thynne, daughter of 
 the Marquis of Bath. He died at 
 Bowhill, Selkirkshire, April 16, 
 1884. 
 
 BUCHANAN, The Right Hon. 
 Sib Andrew, G.C.B. [1807—1882], 
 the only son of the late James 
 Buchanan, Esq., of Ci-aigend Castle, 
 CO. Stirling, and grandson of the 
 late Earl of Caithness, was born in 
 1807, and entered the diplomatic 
 service in 1825. Rising by the 
 ordinaiy steps of promotion, he 
 became Charge d' Affaires at Flo- 
 rence in 1842, and afterwards at 
 St. Petersburg. In 1852 he was 
 appointed Minister Plenipotentiary 
 in Switzerland, whence he was 
 transferred in 1853 to Copenhagen 
 as Envoy Extraordinary. In 1858 
 he was sent in the same capacity 
 to Madrid, and was transferred 
 
 thence to the Hague in Dec. 1860. 
 In 1862 he was appointed Ambas- 
 sador at Berlin, was made a Privy 
 Councillor, Feb.^ 3, 1863 ; and Am- 
 bassador at St* Petersburg, Sept. 
 15, 1864. He retired from St. 
 Petersburg on being appointed, in 
 1871, to succeed Lord Bloomfield at 
 Vienna. He was recalled from 
 Vienna in Jan. 1878, when he was 
 succeeded by Sir Henry Elliott. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, James Silk 
 [1786 — 1855], a w^ell-known writer 
 and lectui'er, passed much of his 
 early life at sea, but becoming con- 
 nected with a printing-office he 
 adopted the profession of literature. 
 In 1815 he went to India, where he 
 established a ncAvspaper in which 
 he attacked the abuses of the 
 Indian Government with such 
 vigour, that he was expelled, and 
 his joui-nal suppressed. Some years 
 later the Comj^any acknowledged 
 the illegality of their proceedings, 
 and allowed Mr. Buckingham an 
 annuity. He returned to India 
 when the restrictions on the press 
 had been removed. On his way to 
 and from India, Mr. Buckingham 
 travelled through various countries, 
 accounts of which he afterwards 
 published. His "Travels in Pales- 
 tine" appeared in 1822 ; " Arabia" 
 in 1825 ; " Mesopotamia and Adja- 
 cent Countries " in 1827 ; and 
 " Assyi'ia and Media " in 1830. He 
 afterwards travelled in various 
 parts of Europe and North America, 
 publishing an account of the latter 
 country which occupied ten vol- 
 umes. His European travels are 
 described in two volumes on Bel- 
 gium, the Rhine, and Switzerland ; 
 and two on France, Piedmont, and 
 Switzerland. But Mr. Buckingham 
 was better known by his lectiu'es, 
 which he delivered in all parts of 
 the country, than by his books. 
 In 1825 Mr. Buckingham estab- 
 lished in London the Oriental 
 Herald, the precursor of several 
 similar journals, and TheAthenceum. 
 In 1832 he was elected M.P. for 
 Sheffield, in the fii'st reformed Par- 
 
130 
 
 BUCKINGHAM. 
 
 liament, and retained his seat till 
 1837. In 1813 he established a 
 literary club in Hanover Square, 
 called the British and Foreign In- 
 stitute, which only maintained j 
 itself for two or three years. He 
 died at Stanhope Lodge, Upper 
 Avenue Eoad, St. John's Wood, 
 June 30, 1855. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM and CHANDOS 
 { Duke of), Kichard Grenville 
 Nugent Temple Brydges Chandos, 
 First Duke of Buckingham 
 (new creation). Marquis of 
 Chandos, K.G., a Privy Coun- 
 cillor, Lord Lieutenant and Custos 
 Kotuloruin of the county of Buck- 
 ingham. He was born in London, 
 1776, the eldest son of George, first 
 Marquis of Buckingham, by Mary 
 l^lizabeth. Baroness Nugent, only 
 daughter and heiress of Robert, 
 Earl Nugent. He Avas educated at 
 Brasenose College, Oxford, and on 
 coming of age entered Parliament as 
 member for Buckingham, opened to 
 him by the resignation of his cousin, 
 the Right Hon. James Grenville, 
 Avho accepted the Chiltern Hun- 
 dreds, July, 1797. He became an 
 active member of the House of 
 Commons, and supported his kins- 
 man, Mr. Pitt, during the first 
 French war, though he afterwards 
 generally sided with the Opposi- 
 tion. In 1806, on the formation of 
 the ministry of his uncle Lord 
 Grenville, he was appointed Deputy 
 President of the Board of Trade, 
 and Joint Paymaster General of 
 the Forces, and sworn a Privy 
 Councillor. He represented Buck- 
 ingham till 1813, when by the 
 death of his father he became 
 Marquis of Buckingham. In 1820 
 he was created Knight of the Garter, 
 and in 1822 George IV. made 
 him Duke of Buckingham and 
 Chandos, and Marquis of Chandos, 
 he being the only peer ele- 
 vated to ducal rank during that 
 reign. In 1830 the duke was 
 appointed Lord Steward of the 
 Household, but resigned on the 
 change of ministry in November 
 
 following. His Grace married in 
 1796 Lady Anna Eliza Brydges, 
 only daughter and heiress of James, 
 third and last Duke of Chandos, 
 and co-heir, with the Marquis of 
 Townshend, of the Barony of Bour- 
 chier. Through this lady their 
 only child, a son, represented the 
 younger sister of Henry VIII., 
 Mary, Queen Dowager of France, 
 and Duchess of Suffolk, to whose 
 issue, by the hist will of that mon- 
 arch, the crown of these realms was 
 limited in case of failure of issue in 
 other lines. Hence the child's 
 name of Plantagenet, he being the 
 eldest representative of the line of 
 our ancient kings, unmixed with 
 foreign blood. The Duke, after 
 his retirement, lived chiefly at 
 Stowe, his favourite residence, 
 Avhich he greatly enriched by col- 
 lections of rare and exquisite speci- 
 mens of art whicli he had ac(p.iired 
 in Italy. All these, and his famous 
 collection of prints, &c., were after- 
 wards sold by auction at Stowe in 
 184^8. He died at Stowe, Jan. 17, 
 1839. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS, 
 2nd Duke or, Richard Planta- 
 genet Temple Nugent Brydges 
 Chandos Grenville, Marquis of 
 Buckingham, &c.. Lord Lieutenant 
 and Custos Rotulorum of Bucks, 
 and Colonel of the Bucks Yeo- 
 manry, was born Feb. 11, 1797, and 
 was the only son of the above. He 
 was educated at Eton and Oxford, 
 but did not take a degree. In 1826/ 
 he was returned to the House of 
 Commons for the county of Bucks. 
 He occupied a conspicuous position 
 in the House, and was considered 
 the leader of the landed Conserva- 
 tives. He fought the battle of Re- 
 form in the Conservative interest 
 with great determination, and had a 
 large share in the defeats which 
 were inflicted upon the Reform 
 Party in the earlier stages of the 
 Reform Bill. He remained an active 
 Member of the Commons until his 
 father's death in 1839. When Sir- 
 Robert Peel took office in 1841, he 
 
BUOKLAND. 
 
 i:U 
 
 Vi'iVA clcctod Lord Privy Seal, andi 
 remained in olH«'o until the dissen- 
 sions in the Cabinet on the question 
 of the repeal of the Corn Laws. 
 His Grace had the honour of receiv- 
 ing the Queen at his princely man- 
 sion at Stowe, soon after which it 
 })egan to ho rumoured tliat in spite 
 of liis enormous possessions he was 
 a ruined man. The rumour soon 
 proved to be true, and all the costly 
 treasures which had l;)een collected 
 at Stowe had to be sold, and the 
 palace itself left desolate and 
 empty. From the splendour of a 
 prince the unfortunate duke was 
 reduced to comparative poverty. 
 His wife, the heiress of a large for- 
 tune, Avhich was swallowed up in 
 the general ruin, left hiiu, and 
 finally obtained a divorce from him. 
 His son, who had joined him in 
 releasing the hereditary estates for 
 the benefit of the creditors, became 
 chairman of the Great Western 
 Railway. The Duke devoted his 
 compulsory retirement to literature, 
 and availing himself of his personal 
 acquaintance with the history of 
 the last century and valuable 
 family papers, compiled memoirs of 
 the " Court and Cabinets of George 
 III.," of the Regency of George 
 IV., of William IV., and Queen 
 Victoria, which throw much curious 
 light upon the political world dur- 
 ing those periods. His wife 
 Avas Mary, youngest daughter of 
 John Campbell, Marquis of Breadal- 
 bane. He left two children, a son, 
 the present Duke of Buckingham, 
 and a daughter. Lady Anne Eliza 
 Mary Grenville, who married Mr. 
 Gore Langton, M.P. for Somerset. 
 His Grace died at the Great Western 
 Railway Hotel, Paddington, July 
 21), 18<3i. 
 
 BUCKLAND, Fkancis Trevel- 
 TAN, M.A. [182G— 1880], probably 
 the most eminent practical natu- 
 ralist of his day in England, was 
 the eldest son of the Very Rev. 
 William Buckland, D.D., Dean of 
 Westminster. He was educated at 
 Winchester College, and at Christ 
 
 Church, Oxford, where he took his 
 M.A. degree in 1818. Inheriting 
 from his father a strong taste for 
 physical science and natural his- 
 tory, he devoted himself to the 
 study of medicine ; and having .served 
 the office of house-surgeon to St. 
 George's Hospital, became in 1854 
 assistant-surgeon to the 2nd Life 
 Guards, from which post he retired 
 in 18G;i. He was an extensive con- 
 tributor of papers on fish culture, 
 and on other branches of natural 
 science, to the columns of the Times 
 and of other journals. At his own 
 expense he established the " Museum 
 of Economic Fish Culture," and for 
 his labours in promoting this branch 
 of science received a silver medal 
 and diploma of honour from France, 
 and the gold medal from the Royal 
 Aquarium, Westminster. In 1867 
 he was appointed Inspector of Sal- 
 mon Fisheries for England and 
 Wales, in 1870 Special Commis- 
 sioner to inquire into the effects of 
 legislation on the Salmon Fisheries 
 of Scotland, and in 1873 he pub- 
 lished a report to Parliament on 
 the Fisheries of Norfolk, resulting 
 in the Norfolk and Suffolk Fisheries 
 Act of 1877. In the same year he 
 was one of a commission to inquire 
 into the Crab and Lobster Fisheries 
 of England and Scotland, resulting 
 in the Fisheries Act of 1877. He 
 also served on a commission of 
 inquiry into the Herring Fisheries 
 of Scotland. But it would be im- 
 possible to give a full account of 
 his contributions towards the deve- 
 lopment and preservation of our 
 fisheries, salt-water and fi-esh. 
 Among his best known works may 
 be mentioned his four series of 
 " Curiosities of Natural History," 
 of which several editions have 
 apiDeared;"A Familiar History of 
 British Fishes," '^Logbook of a 
 Fisherman and Zoologist," a splen- 
 did edition of Gilbert White's Sel- 
 borne, &c., &c. 
 
 BUCKLAND, The Vert Rev. 
 William, D.D., Dean of Westmin- 
 ster, and rector of Islip, Oxon, was 
 
 K 2 
 
132 
 
 BUCKLE— BUCKLER. 
 
 born at Axminster, Devon, in the 
 year 1784. He received his early- 
 education at Winchester, and in 
 1801 obtained a scholarship in 
 Corpus Christi College, Oxford. 
 His tastes led him to the study of 
 mineralogy, and in 1813 he was 
 appointed to the Readership of 
 Mineralogy, and in 1818 to the 
 Readership of Geology in the Uni- 
 versity. In 1820 he delivered a lec- 
 ture before the University of Oxford, | 
 Avhich was afterwards published 
 under the title of " Vindicise Oeolo- j 
 gicse : or the Connection of Reli- ; 
 gion with Geology explained ;" and i 
 in 183G his Bridgewater Treatise \ 
 was iniblished entitled "Geology | 
 and Mineralogy considered with 
 reference to Natural Theology." 
 Dr. Buckland's name Avill ahvays be 
 associated wdth his discoveries of 
 the remains of animals in the caves 
 of Kirkdale, and other parts of 
 England. He gave an account of 
 these discoveries in the " Philoso- 
 phical Transactions,"^ and they 
 served as a basis for a work pub- 
 lished in 1823, entitled "Reliquiae 
 Diluviana3 ; or. Observations on the 
 Organic Remains attesting the Ac- 
 tion of an Universal Deluge." His 
 contributions to the Proceedings of 
 the Geological Society were very 
 numerous, and in the first volume 
 of the " Bibliographia Geologise et 
 Zoologise," published by the Ray 
 Society in 1848, we find references 
 to sixty-one distinct works and 
 memoirs. In 1825 Dr. Buckland 
 received from his college the living 
 of Stoke Charity, near Whitchurch, 
 Hants, and in the same year was 
 promoted to a canonry in the 
 cathedral of Christ Church. In 
 1818 he had been elected a Fellow 
 of the Royal Society, and in 1829 
 he was chosen a member of the 
 council of that body, to which he 
 was re-elected on each successive 
 occasion till 1819. In 1813 he be- 
 came a Fellow of the Geological 
 Society, and was twice elected Pre- 
 sident of that body. He took an 
 active part in the foundation of the 
 
 British Association for the Advance- 
 ment of Science, and was elected 
 President of that Association. In 
 1847 Dr. Buckland was appointed a 
 Trustee of the British Museum, and 
 took an active part in the develop- 
 ment of the department devoted to 
 Geology and Palaeontology. He 
 also aided Sir H. de la Beche in the 
 establishment of the Museum of 
 Economic Geology. In 1845 he was 
 appointed by Sir Robert Peel to the 
 Deanerv of Westminster. He died 
 at Clapham, Aug. 13, 185G. 
 
 BUCKLE, Henry Thomas. He 
 was born at Lee, Nov. 24th, 1822. 
 On the death of his father he, when 
 eighteen years old, succeeded to a 
 large fortune, and being thus re- 
 lieved of the necessity of earning 
 money, devoted his life to study. 
 It was his ambition to write a 
 "History of Civilization in Eng- 
 land," but the work was planned on 
 so exhaustive a scale, that the two 
 volumes which appeared in 1858 
 and 1861, form only part of the in- 
 trodviction to the main design. 
 Even so, however, they mark an 
 epoch in English thought. After 
 the publication of the second 
 volume. Buckle's health, never ro- 
 bust, gave way, and he was ordered 
 to winter in Egypt. In the follow- 
 ing spring he proceeded to Pales- 
 tine, and reached Damascus in May. 
 There he was attacked by fever, and 
 died Mav 29th, 18G2. A third 
 volume of " The History of Civili- 
 zation " was published after his 
 death, and also a collection of his 
 minor works. Memoirs of his 
 " Life and Writings " have been 
 published by his friend, Mr. Stuart 
 Glennie, and by Mr. A. H. Huth. 
 
 BUCKLER, John, F.S.A., was 
 born at Calbourne, in the Isle of 
 Wight, Nov, 30, 1770, and was edu- 
 cated as an architect. In 1797 he 
 published two aquatint engravings 
 of Magdalen College, and in 1799, a 
 vieAv of Lincoln Minster, from the 
 south-east, and from these fol- 
 loAved the publication of the " Eng- 
 lish Cathedrals," which were highly 
 
BUCKSTONE— BULLEN. 
 
 1:33 
 
 esteemed. Contemporaneously were 
 published, at various intervals 
 until the year 1810, the most 
 strikinc^ views of many of our 
 collegiate and abbey churches. In 
 the early part of this century, Mr. 
 Buckler was commissioned by Sir 
 Eichard Colt Hoare to make draw- 
 ings of the churches and other 
 ancient buildings in Wiltshire, and 
 tliis connection with so able and 
 enthusiastic an antiquary induced 
 him to devote himself to antiquarian 
 pursuits, in preference to the study 
 and practice of architectural design. 
 The '' Illustrations of the county of 
 Wilts'' was the first of the many ex- 
 tensive private collections, in form- 
 ing which Mr. Buckler employed 
 the last 3'ears of his life. Among 
 his more important works are illus- 
 trations of Buckinghamshire, for 
 Lord Grrenville ; of Yorkshire, for 
 Dr. Whitaker ; voluminous collec- 
 tions for T. L. Parker, and for the 
 Duke of Buckingham ; illustrations 
 of Oxfordshire and Hertfordshire ; 
 and the churches and most interest- 
 ing antiquities of Somersetshire^, 
 for -Hugh Smith Pigott ; also a 
 siu-vey of part of the county of Staf- 
 ford, for the private collection of 
 W. Salt, F.S.A. For fifty years, 
 from the year 1798, Mr. Buckler 
 exhibited water-coloui* drawino^s of 
 architectural subjects at the annual 
 exhibitions of the Eoyal Academy. 
 He was elected a Fellow of the 
 Society of Antiquaries in 1810. He 
 died at his house in Rockingham 
 Row, Xew Kent Road, Dec. 6, 1851. 
 BUCKSTONE, JohxX Baldwin 
 [1802 — 1879], actor, was articled in 
 a solicitor's office, but at the age of 
 nineteen took to the stage, making 
 his first appearance at Wokingham, 
 Berks, where he played the part of 
 Gabriel in the " Children in the 
 Wood." Having acted for some 
 time in the provinces, he was en- 
 gaged by Mr. Burroughs for the 
 Surrey Theatre, and appeared as 
 Peter Smirk in "The Armistice." 
 His success soon led to other en- 
 gagements, among which was one 
 
 at the Adelphi, where he appeared 
 in 1828 as Bobby Trot in his own 
 touching drama of " Luke the 
 Labourer." During his engage- 
 ments, he found time to write 
 several pieces for the Haymarket, 
 which led to liis being engaged as 
 principal comedian at that theatre, 
 where he became the acknowledged 
 Tony Lumpkin, Bob Acres, Sir 
 Andrew Aguecheek, Master Slender, 
 Touchstone, Maw-worm, Frank Oat- 
 land, Scrub, Sim, Marplot, &c. 
 From 1837 he devoted himself 
 almost exclusively to the Hay- 
 market Theatre (of which he eventu- 
 ally became manager and lessee), 
 with the exception of a visit to the 
 United States, a short engage- 
 ment at the Lyceum during Madame 
 Vestris's management, and another 
 at Dnu\v Lane. At the latter house 
 he produced " Popping the Ques- 
 tion," " Our Mary Ann," and other 
 well-known pieces. He was a most 
 prolific wi'iter, and wrote no fewer 
 than 150 comedies, dramas, and 
 farces, many of which have become 
 standard pieces. During the 
 management of Madame Celeste at 
 the Adelphi, he wrote two dramas, 
 " The Green Bushes," and" Flowers 
 of the Forest," which surpass in 
 point of atti'action his previous 
 productions. In spite of his success 
 as actor, writer, and manager, 
 Buckstone was unfortunate in 
 money-matters, and died in xery 
 straitened circumstances. 
 
 BULLEN, Sir Charles, K.C.B., 
 K.C.H., Admiral of the Blue, was 
 born in 1709, and was the son of 
 John Bullen, surgeon-general on 
 the coast of North America. He 
 entered the navy in 1779. He was 
 present at the battle of Camper- 
 down in the year 1797, when he 
 took possession of the Delft, one of 
 two fifty-gun ships that had come 
 into collision with the Monmouth, 
 and remained in her, to look after 
 the wounded, until the very moment 
 of her going down, when he sprang 
 into the sea and was picked up. 
 For his spirited conduct on this 
 
13J; 
 
 BULLEE. 
 
 occasion^ he was promoted to the 
 rank of commander, Jan. 2, 1798. 
 In 1801 he was appointed to the 
 Wasp, in which he proceeded to the 
 coast of Guinea, where his impor- 
 tant protection of the colony of 
 Sierra Leone, then threatened by a 
 powerful combination of native 
 chiefs, procured him a post com- 
 mission, April 29, 1802. On the 8th 
 May, 1804, he was selected by Lord 
 Northesk to be his flag-captain in 
 the Britannia, off Brest ; and he 
 served at the Battle of Trafalgar. 
 In 1807 he was apjDointed to the; 
 Volontaire, in which he conveyed 
 the Duke of Orleans and his brother, 
 the Comte de Beaujolais, to Malta, 
 and commanded occasionally the in- 
 shore squadron off Toulon. In 1809 
 he effected the capture of the island 
 of Pomegue, near Marseilles, and 
 the destruction of Fort Rioux, near 
 Cape Croisette. In 1810 and 1811, 
 he was engaged, with a small 
 squadron under his command, in a 
 series of active co-operations with 
 the Spaniards on the coast of Cata- 
 lonia, where he took, in the latter 
 year, the to^ois of St. Philon and 
 Palamos. He also captured at 
 Cadaques, nineteen merchant ves- 
 sels, and was severely wounded 
 while serving on shore in a battery 
 at Selva. He was engaged under 
 Colonel Sutherland in the first 
 Ashantee war, and restored nearly 
 10,000 slaves to liberty. In July, 
 1830, he was appointed superinten- 
 dent of Pembroke Dockyard, and 
 captain of the Royal Sovereign 
 yacht, both of which appointments 
 he held until made a Rear-Admiral 
 in 1837. He became a Vice- Admi- 
 ral in 1816, was nominated a C.B. 
 in 1815; K.C.H. in 1835; made a 
 Knight Bachelor in the same year, 
 and advanced to the grade of a 
 K.C.B. in 1839. He received a 
 good service pension of .£300 in 
 July, 1843. He died at Shirley, 
 near Southampton, July 2, 1853. 
 
 BULLEE, Eight Hon. Charles 
 [1806—1848], a Privy Councillor, 
 President of the Commission for the 
 
 Administration of the Poor Laws, a 
 Queen's Counsel, and M.P. for Lis- 
 keard, was born in Calcutta, August, 
 1806, the only son of Charles Buller, 
 Esq., a civil servant of the Hon. 
 East India Company. Mr. Charles 
 Buller was ediicated at Harrow, at 
 Edinburgh, and Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. He entered Parlia- 
 ment at the age of 23, on the eve 
 of the Eeform Bill, for the borough 
 of West Looe, which belonged to 
 his family. He voted for the bill, 
 lost his borough, and was after- 
 wards returned for Liskeard, which 
 he represented till his death. He 
 was a zealous opponent of the Corn 
 Laws long before those who gave 
 him office took up the question, 
 and even declared against property 
 qualifications for members ; in 
 favour of triennial j^arliaments ; 
 and for removing the bishops froni 
 the House of Lords. In 1833 he 
 moved an adverse amendment to 
 the Irish Coercion Bill. In 183H 
 Mr. Buller accompanied the Earl 
 of Durham to Canada as his secre- 
 tary, and when that administration 
 came to an abrupt conclusion the 
 country learned with surprise that 
 the masterly report which bore the 
 name of the Governor-General was 
 the production of Mr. BuUer's pen. 
 From that time Mr. Buller's atten- 
 tion was sjDecially directed to the 
 state of the British colonies and to 
 emigration. He was called to the 
 Bar June 10, 1831, but had few op- 
 portunities of exhibiting his foren- 
 sic abilities. In 1841 he was ap- 
 pointed by Lord Melbourne secre- 
 tary to the Board of Control, and 
 later to the office of Judge Advocate- 
 General. In November of the same 
 year he was appointed Queen's 
 Counsel, and July 22, 1847, was 
 sworn of the Privy Council. After 
 holding the office of Judge-Advocate 
 for eighteen months, during which 
 he remodelled the Mutiny Act, ho 
 gave up that post in 1847 to become 
 Poor Law Commissioner. He was 
 a man of brilliant abilities, and the 
 imj^ression which he made on some 
 
BUJ.WER-LYTTON. 
 
 13^ 
 
 of the most intellif^ent of his con- 
 temporaries (e.g., upon J. S. Mill), 
 was extraordinary ; but his early 
 death, which took place Nov. 28, 
 18 A8, prevented the full realisation 
 of his promise. 
 
 B U L W E R-L YTTON, Edward 
 George Earle Lytton, 1st Baron 
 Lytton. He was the youns^est of 
 the thi-ee sons of General Bulwer 
 of Heydon Hall and Wood Bailing-, 
 Norfolk, and was born in May, 1805. 
 His father died when he was only 
 two years old, and he was brought 
 up by his mother, one of the Lyttons 
 of Knebworth, Hertfordshire. He 
 was educated privately, and at the 
 age of fifteen published his first book 
 of poems, but this juvenile effort I 
 he afterwards ignored ; nor did he 
 in later life count " Weeds and Wild 
 Flowers " (182G), " O'Neill the 
 Rebel" (1827), or "The Siamese 
 Twins" (1831), among his poetical 
 works. In 1827 he published his 
 first novel, " Falkland," a romance 
 of the German fantastic school. It 
 did not bring its author much fame, 
 but " Pelham," w^hich he brought 
 out in the following year, won hitn 
 an immediate reputation. This 
 novel, a truly marvellous achieve- 
 ment for a youth only 22 years of 
 ao-e, was followed in quick succes- 
 sion by "The Disow^ned" (1828) ; 
 "Devereux" (1829); "Paxil Clif- 
 ford " (1830) ; and " Eugene Aram" 
 and "Godolphin" in 1833. In 
 183^ he produced the graceful and 
 fantastic " Pilgrims of the Rhine," 
 but the work was too German in its 
 combination of curious imagination 
 and serious thought to suit the 
 Ensflish taste, and Bulwer was more 
 successful in another attempt to 
 ground in " The Last 
 Pompeii" (1831), and 
 (1835). These historic 
 romances became widely popular, 
 and were followed by a series of 
 historic essays on " Athens, its Rise 
 and Fall " (1836), and two romances 
 from Spanish history, "Leila" and 
 " Calderon," published in 1838. In 
 1833 Bulwer had succeeded Camp- 
 
 break new 
 Days of 
 " Rienzi " 
 
 bell as editor of The New Monthly, 
 and in 183H he projected Tht 
 Monthly Chronicle, and contributed 
 to it a serial story called "Zicci," 
 but The Monthly Chronicle was short 
 lived, " Zicci " was never completed 
 in its pages, but aftei'wards deve- 
 loped into " Zanoni." This edito- 
 rial work, and his parliamentary 
 duties, had, however, no adverse 
 influence on Bulwer's literary pro- 
 ductiveness, for " Ernest Maltra- 
 vers" was published in 1837, and 
 was followed in the next year l>y 
 " Alice, or the Mysteries." Bulwer 
 had been returned for St. Ives in 
 1831, and from 1832 to 18-11 he re- 
 presented Lincoln ; he was then 
 unseated, and did not return to 
 parliamentary life until 1852, when 
 he was returned as Conservative 
 member for Hertfordshire by the 
 name of Lytton, which he had 
 taken on succeeding to his mother's 
 estates in 1843. After the publi- 
 cation of " Alice," the versatile 
 author turned his attention to play 
 writing, and produced " The Lady 
 of Lyons," " Richelieu," and 
 " Money." He had, in 1836, brought 
 out an unsuccessful drama, " The 
 Duchess of La Valliere," and thirty 
 years later he produced " The 
 Rightful Heir" and "Walpole." 
 but neither play was successful. 
 In 1841 he published "Night and 
 Morning;" "Zanoni" in 1812; 
 " The Last of the Barons" (1813) : 
 " Lucretia" in 1817; f.nd in ists 
 " Harold." During this period 
 Lytton's mind was also busy with 
 poetry; he published a volume of 
 verse in 1812, followed in 18 H by 
 those translations of Schiller which 
 Carlyle extolled as the version 
 w^hich English readers should 
 consult. In 1815 he bi'ought out 
 " The New Timon ; " then came 
 "King Arthur," a romantic epic, on 
 which Lytton staked his reputation : 
 it fell flat, and he published no 
 more poetry until 1860, when he 
 produced " St. Stephens," a metrical 
 gallery of parliamentary portraits 
 from the time of Queen Anne, fol- 
 
136 
 
 BUNBUEY— BUNN. 
 
 lowed by the charming'ly fanciful 
 "Lost Tales of Miletus" (1866), 
 and a translation of Horace's 
 " Odes," published in 1869. After 
 the publication of " Kinj^ Arthur," 
 Lytton reverted to novel writing, 
 but in a new style, and in 1818 
 ran "The Caxtons" anonymously 
 through Blackwood's Magazine. The 
 work made a reputation before the 
 authorship was suspected, and was 
 followed by two other stories in the 
 same manner : " My Novel" (1853J, 
 and " What will He do with It ? " 
 (1858) ; but in " A Strange Story," 
 contributed to All The Year Round, 
 in 1862, he reverted to melodra- 
 matic and suiDernatural incident. 
 His parliamentai-y was less remark- 
 able than his literary career ; a 
 natural impediment rendered 
 speech-making extremely difficult 
 to him, but under excitement, or 
 after elaborate preparation, he was 
 an effective speaker. He had in 
 early life sujjported the Whigs, but 
 later sat on the Conservative side, 
 and from 1858 to 1859 was Colonial 
 Secretary in Lord Derby's Govern- 
 ment. He was raised to the peerage 
 as Bai'on Lytton in 1866. After 
 his death (Jan. 18th, 1873), two 
 works of high repute, " The Coming 
 Kace " and " The Parisians," were 
 acknowledged to be his ; he also left 
 a novel, " Kenelm Chillingley," on 
 the eve of publication, and he was 
 engaged on a historic romance, 
 " Pausanias the Spartan." But not- 
 withstanding his immense versa- 
 tility and great creative power. 
 Lord Lytton does not take a place 
 in the foremost rank of writers of 
 fiction : his work has not the charac- 
 ter and sincerity which stamps the 
 writings of men of genius, though 
 his brilliancy of invention, breadth, 
 and variety of portraiture, entitle 
 him to a wide and lasting popu- 
 larity. Tne first two volumes of 
 his voluminous "Life" were pub- 
 lished, in 1883, by his son. Earl 
 Lytton. 
 
 BUNBURY, Sir Henry Edward 
 [1779—1860], Bart, K.C.B. and 
 
 F.S.A., entered the army in 1794, 
 and as aide-de-camp to the Duke 
 of York, served in the disastrous 
 expedition to Holland in 1799. He 
 was present at the battle of Maida 
 in 1805 ; and in 1809, on his return 
 to England, was made Under- 
 Secretary of State for War iu the 
 Portland Administration, an office 
 he held till 1816. He accompanied 
 Lord Keith when he went to an- 
 nounce to the captive ex-Emperor 
 Napoleon the decision of the British 
 Government as to his disposal. In 
 1821, on the death of his uncle, he 
 succeeded to the baronetcy, and in 
 1830 entered Parliament as member 
 for Suffolk, resigning his seat after 
 the passing of the Eeforni Bill. 
 In 1851 he published his " Narra- 
 tive of some Passages in the Great 
 War with France," a work which 
 contains many curious and striking- 
 particulars of the campaign in 
 Holland, and the expedition to the 
 Helder, the battle of Maida, the 
 state of affairs in Naples and Sicily, 
 and many of the other great events 
 of those times, derived either from 
 personal observation, or from sources 
 of information not accessible to the 
 general public. Sir Henry Bunbury 
 was twice married, first, in 1807, to 
 Louisa Emilia, daughter of General 
 Fox, and granddaughter of the first 
 Lord Holland ; and, secondly, in 
 1830, to Emily Louisa, daughter 
 of Colonel George Napier, by his 
 second wife, the beautiful Lady 
 Sarah Lennox. 
 
 BUNN, Alfred, was for five and 
 twenty years director of Drury Lane, 
 and showed during that time much 
 judgment and liberality. He paid 
 Malibran .£125 a night for singing 
 in Balfe's " Maid of Artois," and 
 produced a good many English 
 operas, including works by Wal- 
 lace, Balfe, Benedict, and others. 
 But probably his name is better 
 known as a librettist than a ma- 
 nager, and this rather on account 
 of the feebleness and inanity of his 
 lines than their excellence. Be 
 this, however, as it may, some of 
 
BUNSEN— BURCH. 
 
 V^7 
 
 the composers for whom he "vvrote 
 have immortalised "the poet 
 Bunn'' by usin<i^ liis words for their 
 most popular melodies ; for in- 
 stance, the whole range of songs 
 in '• The Bohemian Girl," and"Ma- 
 ritana," not to mention many others. 
 He died in 1860. 
 
 BUNSEN, Frances Wadding- 
 ton, afterwards Baroness Bunsen. 
 She was the eldest daughter and 
 co-heiress of Benjamin "VVaddington, 
 of Llanover, Monmouthshire, and 
 was born about 1791. In 1817, 
 while travelling with her family in 
 Rome, she became acquainted Avith 
 Baron Bunsen, who was then 
 twenty-four years of age ; and in 
 July of the same year the young 
 people married. The married 
 life of the Bunsens seems to have 
 been singularly happy. Baron 
 Bunsen died in 18(30. His widow 
 published his "Life," and edited 
 his " Letters ;" and by this work 
 showed that she possessed great 
 literary talent ; but it was only 
 among her private friends that her 
 wonderful knoM^ledge of public 
 events could be fully appreciated. 
 She died at Carlsruhe, Baden, 
 April 23, 1876, aged eighty-five 
 years. A long memoir of her was 
 published after her death by 
 Mr. Augustus Hare. 
 
 BUNSEN, Christian Charles 
 JosiAH, Baron de, was born at 
 Korbach, in Waldeck, Aug. 25, 
 1791, and was educated at the Uni- 
 versity of Gottingen, where in 1813 
 he published his " De Jure Atheni- 
 ensium Haereditario," a work which 
 at once attracted the notice of the 
 learned. On leaving the University 
 Bunsen travelled, visiting, among 
 other countries, Denmark, where 
 he learned Icelandic of Magnussen. 
 In 1816 he proceeded to Paris, and 
 acquired a knowledge of Oriental 
 languages, but at length settled in 
 Rome, where, in 1817, he married 
 Miss Frances Waddington. At 
 this time Niebuhr, who was then 
 Minister in Rome for Prussia, pro- 
 cured him the post of Seci-etary of 
 
 Embassy, and, on the retirement 
 of Niebuhr in 1821, he was ap- 
 pointed Charge d'Affaires, and 
 afterwards Minister. Tliis post he 
 filled with much a>>ility for twelve 
 years, when he was accredited to 
 Switzerland, and finally to Eng- 
 land, where he became tlie intimate 
 friend of many leaders of thought, 
 such as Dr. Arnold, Thirlwall, &c. 
 His heavy diplomatic duties were 
 far from exhausting the vigour of 
 his mind, and, above all things. 
 Bunsen was a man of letters. His 
 pen was always waelded in the cause 
 of liberty, religious and political, 
 and to the last he had a warmth of 
 enthusiasm for every great cause, 
 rare even in voung men. He Avas 
 a zealous supporter of the cause of 
 Italian liberty, and though well 
 aware of the difficulties of the situ- 
 ation, anticipated success. Among 
 his best known wi-itings are the 
 " Antiquities of Rome," which he 
 wrote in conjunction with Plattner ; 
 " The Epistles of Ignatius ; " " Hip- 
 polytus;'' "God in History;" 
 " Signs of the Times," and "Egypt." 
 His wi-itings on the early ages of 
 the Church abound in rich material , 
 but are somewhat confused in con- 
 struction ; they are full of reverent 
 admiration for the heroic past of 
 the Chiu'ch, but show that the 
 author — an extreme'^ protestant — 
 had little sympathy with the cleri- 
 cal and hierarchical tendencies of 
 later times. Bai-on Bunsen died at 
 Bonn, Nov. 28, 18G0, aged 69 years. 
 His life and letters have been pub- 
 lished under the editorshij) of the 
 Baroness Bunsen. He left ten 
 children, of whom several settled 
 in England. 
 
 BURCH, Edward, R.A. He was 
 born in London, and in 1769 entered 
 the Academv Schools, and first 
 exhibited in that gallery in 1770, 
 from which time he contributed 
 models and portraits in wax, &c. 
 In 1770 he was elected Associate, 
 and Academician in the following 
 year, and afterwards became Libra- 
 rian. As a gem engraver he was 
 
138 
 
 BURDETT—BURGOYNE. 
 
 without a rival in his day, and was 
 a noted miniat^^re painter. He lived 
 to a great age, but became almost 
 blind, and last exhibited in 1808. 
 He died at Brompton before 1840. 
 He exhibited eighty-six works in 
 the Academy. 
 
 BURDET% Francis, Fifth 
 Baronet, of Foremark, Derbyshire. 
 He was born Jan. 25, 1770, was 
 educated at Westminster and 
 Oxford, and in 1793 he married the 
 youngest daughter of Mr. Coutts, 
 the banker. Although a strenuous 
 oj)ponent of i-otten boroughs, he 
 entered Parliament in 1796 as 
 member for Boroughbridge. On 
 tlie death of his grandfather, early 
 in the following year, he succeeded 
 to the baronetcy. In 1802 he stood 
 for Middlesex, but was defeated, 
 and in 180C) made another unsuc- 
 cessful effort to represent the 
 county, but soon afterwards was 
 returned for Westminstei". A man 
 of considerable natural gifts, of 
 pleasing address, and of generous 
 feelings. Sir Francis Burdett was 
 always extremely popular, but his 
 parliamentary career was a stormy 
 one. In 1810 he was imprisoned in 
 the Tower for breach of privilege, 
 and only released at the close of the 
 session. In 1819 he was found 
 guilty of libel contained in a letter 
 he addi'essed'«to his constituents on 
 the subject of the disturbances at 
 Manchester. He ceased to rej^re- 
 sent Westminster in 1837, when 
 he felt himself unable to support 
 the measures of the Liberal minis- 
 try, and after that time sat as a 
 Conservative for North Wiltshire. 
 He died less than a fortnight after 
 the decease of his wife, Jan. 22, 
 1844. His youngest daughter be- 
 came the heiress of the late Duchess 
 of St. Albans, and is the present 
 Baroness Burdett Coutts. 
 
 BURGESS, William Oakley, 
 engraver, and pupil of Lupton, the 
 well-known mezzotinto engraver, 
 died at the early age of twenty-six, 
 December 26, 1844. The best spe- 
 cimen of his work was the plate 
 
 that he engraved from Sir Thomas 
 Lawrence's portrait of the Duke of 
 Wellington. The last few months 
 of his life were devoted to three 
 other plates, after Lawrence — por- 
 traits of Sir John Moore, of the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, and the 
 Duchess of Northumberland, de- 
 signed for a series of the works of 
 that painter. 
 
 BURGOYNE, General Sir 
 John Fox, G.C.B., Bart., [1782— 
 1871], son of the late Right Hon. 
 John Burgoyne, M.P.,bornin 1782, 
 entered the corps of Royal Engi- 
 neers as second-lieutenant in 1798, 
 served in the Mediteri-anean and 
 Levant from 1800 to 1807 ; took 
 part in the blockade of Malta and 
 the operations which led to the 
 surrender of Yaletta : served with 
 the army in Sicily, and was present 
 at the capture of Alexandria and 
 the attack on Rosetta. He after- 
 Avards proceeded with Sir John 
 Moore's army to Sweden, and again 
 to Portugal. In 1809 he Joined 
 Lord Wellington's army in the 
 Peninsula ; and from that time 
 until the conclusion of the campaign 
 in 1814, was present at all the 
 sieges, two of which, viz., Burgos 
 and San Sebastian, he conducted ; 
 the latter after his superior officer 
 had been killed in the trenches. 
 Throughout the campaigns in Por- 
 tugal and Spain, Burgoyne was 
 attached to the third division, dis- 
 tinguished by the prominent part 
 it took in the war, and was in most 
 of the general actions, in which he 
 was twice wounded. In 1814 he 
 was appointed commanding engi- 
 neer of the expedition to New 
 Orleans, and was present at the 
 attack on the town, and at the 
 taking of Fort Bowyer. He 
 received the gold cross and one 
 clasp for Badajoz, Salamanca, Yit- 
 toria, San Sebastian, and Nive ; and 
 the silver medal with three clasps 
 for Busaco, Ciudad Rodrigo, and 
 Nivelle. In 1826 Burgovne accom- 
 panied the expedition to Portugal, 
 as commanding officer of engineers. 
 
miKKi-:. 
 
 13U 
 
 In 1830 he was appointed Chair- 
 man of the Irish Board of Public 
 Works, and in 1813 Inspector- 
 Ooneral of Fortifications. Shortly 
 after assuminsj^ the latter offi(;e, he 
 drew up a memoir exposing the 
 defenceless state of the coimtry, 
 and received in reply from the Duke 
 of Wellington that remarkable 
 letter whicli, published in the news- 
 papers, produced a sensation, en- 
 abling the Executive to stay the 
 progress of dangerous retrenchment 
 in the naval and military services, 
 and eventually to obtain power to 
 raise a new militia. In 1817, the 
 famine year, he was appointed to 
 conduct the commission for the 
 relief of Irish distress, and four 
 years afterwards was nominated 
 one of the members of the Metro- 
 politan Sewers Commission, then 
 about to undertake the construction 
 of an important system of drainage 
 works. In 1854 he was sent to 
 Turkey, to devise measures for 
 defending Constantinople, and se- 
 curing the free passage of the Dar- 
 danelles, the Sea of Marmora, and 
 the Bosphorus, against an appre- 
 hended advance of the Russians. 
 He returned to England, but shortly 
 afterwards again proceeded to the 
 East, and directed the English 
 works intended to reduce Sebasto- 
 pol. He was present at the battle 
 of the Alma, the affair of Balaclava, 
 and the battle of Inkermann. In 
 1855, during the outcry raised 
 against the generals in the Crimea, 
 he was recalled to England, to oc- 
 cupy his former post of Inspector- 
 General of Fortifications. He, 
 however, remained with the army 
 three months longer, at the parti- 
 cular request of Lord Eaglan, and 
 upon leaving the camjj was highlj- 
 complimented by the commander- 
 in-chief in a general order. On his 
 return to England, Sir John Bur- 
 goyne was promoted to the rank of 
 General, and created a Baronet, 
 for his services in the Crimea. 
 About the same period he received 
 the Order of the Medjidie, and that 
 
 of Grand Officer of the Legion of 
 Honour. He became a G.C.B. in 
 1852, an<l upon the death of Lord 
 Combermcre, in 18G5, was ap- 
 pointed Constable of the Tower of 
 London, and Lord-Lieutenant and 
 Custos Eotulorum of the Tower 
 Hamlets. Sir John was the author 
 of several professional articles in 
 periodical publications. 
 
 BURKE, John, was the elder 
 son of Peter Burke, of Elm Hall, 
 Parsonstown, Tipperary, a magis- 
 trate, and was well-known as the 
 compiler of a "Genealogical and 
 Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed 
 Gentry of Great Britain and Ire- 
 land," 181G: "A Genealogical and 
 Heraldic History of the Extinct 
 and Dormant Baronetcies of Eng- 
 land," 1838 ; " A General Armoury 
 of England, Scotland, and Ireland," 
 1842 ; Heraldic Illustrations, com- 
 prising the Armorial Bearings of 
 all the Principal Families of the 
 Empire, with Pedigrees and Anno- 
 tations," 1843 ; and " The Royal 
 Families of England, Scotland, and 
 Wales," and the families descended 
 from them. Mr. Burke died at Aix- 
 la-Chapelle, aged Gl, March 27, 
 1848. His second son, who worked 
 with him, and who since his death 
 has carried on the same line of 
 study, is the well-known Sir Ber- 
 nard Burke, Ulster King of Arms. 
 
 BURKE, Thomas Henry, was 
 born May 29, 1829, and was the son 
 of Mr. William Burke, of Knock- 
 nagur, co. Gal way. He was. edu- 
 cated first in Belgium and Ger- 
 many, and later at Trinity College, 
 Dublin. In 1847 he was appointed 
 private Secretary to Sir Thomas 
 Redington, who was then Under 
 Secretary, and was also nominated 
 to a junior clerkship in the Castle. 
 Soon after his appointment he 
 called forth much adverse criticism 
 by searching the private papers of 
 Smith O'Brien. He was private 
 secretary to Mr. Chichester Fortes- 
 cue (Lord Carlingford), Sir Robert 
 Peel, and Lord Hartington, while 
 they held office at Dublin Castle, 
 
140 
 
 BUEKE— BUENES. 
 
 and in 1868 succeeded Sir Thomas 
 Larcom as Under Secretary. It 
 was while holding this office that 
 he was marked out by a band of 
 assassins (See Carey, James) as a 
 man to be murdered, and was killed 
 while walking in the Phoenix Park 
 with Lord Frederick Cavendish, on 
 May 6, 1882. 
 
 BURKE, Thomas William 
 Aston Haviland [1795 — 1852], was 
 the son of Major Haviland (45th 
 Regiment), who married a niece of 
 Edmund Burke. Mr. Haviland 
 (who took the name of Burke in 
 1818) was educated at Westminster 
 School, and was called to the Bar 
 in 1819. He did not practise, but 
 devoted himself to forming a collec- 
 tion of prints, which in the end was 
 supposed to be the finest of its kind 
 in existence. He was particularly 
 strong in the works of Woollett, 
 Strange, and Sharp, and also in 
 plates by and after Turner. 
 
 BURNES, Sir Alexander, 
 C.B., Traveller and Diplomatist, 
 was born at Montrose in 1805, his 
 father being a magistrate of For- 
 farshire. He Avas educated at the 
 Montrose Academy, and having 
 obtained his cadetship, went out to 
 Bombay in 1821, and in the follow- 
 ing year was appointed interpreter 
 of Hindustani to the first exti'a 
 battalion at Surat. At the age of 
 21 he was appointed Deputy- 
 Assistant Quartermaster-General, 
 and soon after political agent in 
 Cutch, charged to undertake a 
 survey of the north-west border of 
 that province. An account of this 
 survey will be found in the " Trans- 
 actions of the Royal Geographical 
 Society" for 1831. He was next 
 employed on a political mission to 
 open up the Indus to our ships, 
 which he accomplished most suc- 
 cessfully, at the same time making 
 surveys of the mouths of the river, 
 and a map of the lower part of its 
 course. He has given an amusing 
 account of this journey in his " Tra- 
 vels in Bokhara," published in 
 1834. In 1832 he started on an ex- 
 
 ploratory journey into Central Asia, 
 accompanied by Mr. James Gerard, 
 a surgeon of the Bengal army, both 
 in the disguise of Afghans. They 
 left Lahore Feb. 11, crossed the 
 Ravee and got to Acora, whence 
 they successively reached Pesha- 
 wur, Jellalabad, and Cabul, and 
 having travelled through the passes 
 of Oonna and Hageegak reached 
 Ghoolgoola. They then travelled to 
 Khooloom and Balkh, and entered 
 the desert June 14, reaching Bok- 
 hara on the 27th of that month. 
 They parted at the fortress of 
 Koochan, Mr, Burnes going on 
 to Teheran, where he was presented 
 to the Shah. He returned to Bom- 
 bay Jan. 18, having been away a 
 year. He received the special 
 thanks of the Governor-General of 
 India, for the valuable information 
 he had gained of the statistical and 
 geographical history of the coun- 
 tries he had passed through ; was 
 made an F.R.S. and F.G.S., and 
 presented with the gold medal and 
 royal premium of fifty guineas for 
 his work, " The Navigation of the 
 Indus, and a Journey by Balkh and 
 Bokhara across Central Asia." 
 After spending eighteen months in 
 England he retvu'ned to India, 
 and there, during the insurrec- 
 tion at Cabul, organised in the 
 cause of Dost Mohammed, was 
 brutally murdered, together with 
 his brother. Lieutenant Charles 
 Burnes, Lieutenant Broadgood, and 
 every man, woman, and child in his 
 house at the time. He was only 
 thirty-six at the time of his death, 
 Nov. 2, 1841. After his death his 
 last v/ork, entitled " Cabul ; being 
 a Narrative of a Journey to and 
 Residence in that City in the years 
 1836-7-8," was published. He was 
 knighted and advanced to the rank 
 of Lieutenant-Colonel, in 1838, 
 while at Shikarpoor^ whither he 
 had gone to prepare the commis- 
 sariat for the advancing British 
 army which was to dethrone Dost 
 Mohammed and re-instal Shah 
 Sujah. 
 
BURNELL—BUENEY. 
 
 VU 
 
 BUR NELL, Arthur Coke, 
 Ph.D., CLE. [1840—1882], son of 
 Arthur Burnell, of the East India 
 Company's Service, was educated at 
 King's College, London, passed for 
 the Indian Civil Service, and went 
 to India in 18G0. Till 1SG8 he held 
 subordinate posts in various dis- 
 tricts of the Madras Presidency, 
 and in 1870 acted as District Judge, 
 chiefly at Tanjore. At this place he 
 was employed to examine the great 
 collection of Sanskrit MSS. in the 
 liVirary of the deceased Maharajah. 
 Jn 1879 his health quite broke down, 
 and he was unable to remain in 
 India. He was granted a " propor- 
 tionate pension/' conceded to a few 
 members of the Madras Service, 
 who had not completed the obliga- 
 tory period. His chief works were 
 '* The Catalogue of the Tanjore 
 Library," "The Elements of the 
 South Indian Palaeontology," and 
 several publications on Hindu law. 
 
 BURNET, John, F.R.S., painter 
 and engraver. He was the son of 
 the Siu-veyor-General of Excise for 
 Scotland, and was born near Edin- 
 burgh, March 20, 1784. His love 
 for drawing caused him to be ap- 
 prenticed to Robert Scott, the 
 landscape engraver, and while still 
 in his articles he became a student 
 at the Trustees' Academy. His 
 time having expired he came to 
 London in 1806, and was warmly 
 welcomed by his friend and fellow- 
 student, David Wilkie. He was 
 first employed on Britten's " Eng- 
 land and Wales ; " but his earliest 
 notable engraving was Wilkie 's 
 "Jew's Harp," executed in 1810; 
 this was followed by the " Blind 
 Fiddler," and many other plates 
 after Wilkie. Meanwhile Burnet 
 was painting, and from 1808 was a 
 pretty constant exhibitor at the 
 British Institution, where he con- 
 tributed in all thirty paintings. 
 He was, moreover, a copious writer 
 upon art. He published in 1829 
 *' A Practical Treatise on Painting ;" 
 in 1837, "The Education of the 
 Eye ;" in 1848, " Practical Essays on 
 
 various branches of the Fine Arts; " 
 in 1819, " Landscape Painting in 
 Oil Colours ; " in 1850, " Practical 
 Hints on Portrait Painting ; " in 
 1852, "Turner and his Works;" 
 and in 1854, " The Progress of a 
 Painter in the 19th century." In 1860 
 he was granted a pension from the 
 Civil List, and went to live at Stoke 
 Newington, where he died April 29, 
 1868. His " Cows Drinking,'' and 
 "Fish Market at Hastings," to- 
 gether Avith a water-colour sketch, 
 are in the Sheepshanks collection 
 at South Kensington. 
 
 BURNEY, Frances (Madamk 
 D'Arblay). She was the daughter 
 of Dr. Charles Burney, the historian 
 of music, and Avas born at Lynn 
 Regis in Norfolk, 1752. In 1760 
 the Biu'neys moved to London, and 
 in the following year Mrs. Burney 
 died, leaving six children, of wliom 
 Fanny was the third. She was 
 never sent to school, but taught her- 
 self all she knew, and at the age of ten 
 was already an incessant scribbler 
 of prose and verse. When she was 
 fifteen years old her father married 
 again, and from this time Fannv 
 lived in an exceptionally brilliant 
 social circle gathered round her 
 father at his house in St. Martin's 
 Street, Leicester Fields. In 1778 
 she published "Evelina," anony- 
 mously ; it was everywhere praised 
 and well received before Dr. Burney 
 told the secret of the authorship to 
 Mrs. Thrale, who introduced the 
 young novelist to the coterie of 
 which Johnson was the centre. 
 Burke, Reynolds, and Sheridan 
 were among her admirers, but her 
 chief literary friend was Johnson, 
 whose warm feeling for her, ending 
 only Avith his death, excited the 
 jealousy of BosAvell. " Evelina " 
 was followed in 1782 by " Cecilia," 
 which gi'eatly increased Miss 
 Burney's reputation, but she did 
 not bring out a third novel until 
 after an interval of thirteen years. 
 In the meantime she wrote busily 
 at that marvellous "Diary and 
 Letters," Avhich she began at 
 
142 
 
 BUENEY— BUENS. 
 
 the age of fifteen and Avliich 
 she extended Over a period of 
 seventy-two years of her life. In 
 1786 she was appointed second 
 keeper of the robes to Queen Char- 
 lotte, and held that post for five 
 years, when she resigned on ac- 
 count of ill-health ; the Queen al- 
 lowing her a pension of dSlOO 
 yearly. Two years later she was 
 married to M. D'Arblay, a French 
 artillery officer, who with Tally- 
 rand, Madame de Stael, and other 
 French refugees, lived at Juniper 
 Hall, Dorking. In 1795 she pub- 
 lished " Camilla," which brought 
 her in over ^3,000. From 1802 till 
 1812 Madame D'Arblay was in 
 France with her huslDand and son, 
 and soon after her return she pub- 
 lished "The Wanderer," but the 
 work was a comparative failure, 
 though the author realised d£l,500 
 by it. In 1811 the D'Arblays 
 again went to France and remained 
 there throughout the war, but after- 
 wards returned to England, and 
 Avent to Bath, where in 1818 General 
 D'Arblay died. At the age of 
 eighty Madame D'Arblay published 
 the memoirs of her father. She 
 died at Bath, 1810, aged eighty- 
 eight. Her ' ' Journal and Letters," 
 which contain her best character 
 sketches and most spirited dia- 
 logue, were edited by her niece, 
 and i^ublished in seven volumes, 
 1812-G. 
 
 BUENEY, Martin Charles, 
 barrister-at-law, was the only son 
 of Eear-Admiral James Burney, 
 F.E.S., author of "A Chronological 
 History of Voyages of Discovery in 
 the South Seas," and grandson 
 of Charles Burney, Mus. Doc, 
 F.E.S., the author of the '^History 
 of Music." Madame D'Arblay, 
 Dr. Johnson's " dear Fanny Bur- 
 ney," and well-known as the autho- 
 ress of '^ Evelina" and Cecilia," 
 was his aunt. These hereditary 
 claims to literature introduced Mr. 
 Burney to a delightful circle of 
 friends : Godwin, Southey, Cole- 
 ridge, Wordsworth, Hazlitt, Basil 
 
 Montagu, and the friend and sur- 
 vivor of them all, Mr. Justice Tal- 
 fourd ; but his dearest friend was 
 Charles Lamb. Mr. Burney died 
 at his house, James Street, Bucking- 
 ham Gate, Oct. 20, 1852. 
 
 BUENS, James, a younger son 
 of the Eev. Dr. Burns, of Barony 
 Parish, Glasgow, where he was born 
 in 1789, was the founder with 
 Messrs. Cunard and Mac Iver, of the 
 well-knoAvn Cunard Steamship Co. 
 For many years he had been engaged 
 with his youngest brother George in 
 steam navigation, and after making 
 a fortune by his business, retired to 
 his estate of Bloomhill, Dumbar- 
 tonshire, where he died Sept. (3, 
 1871, in his eighty-third year. 
 
 BUENS, John [1770—1850], wlio 
 perished in the wreck of the Orion, 
 off Portpatrick, was the son of the 
 Eev. John Burns, for more than 
 sixty years minister of the barony 
 parish of Glasgow, He received his 
 education at the University of 
 Glasgow, and became a medical 
 practitioner and teacher, publishing 
 some excellent works, which soon 
 brought him reputation and prac- 
 tice. In 1850 the Crown instituted 
 a Professorship of Surgery in Glas- 
 gow University, to which Mr. Burns 
 was appointed, and in which office 
 he was highly poj^ular. Among 
 his works may be mentioned, " Dis- 
 sertations on Inflammation," " The 
 Principles of Midwifery," " Popular 
 Directions for the Ti-eatment of the 
 Diseases of Women and Children," 
 and " Principles of Surgery.'" 
 
 BUENS, Egbert, whose chief 
 claim to remembrance lies in the 
 fact of his being the eldest son of 
 the national poet of Scotland, was 
 born at Tarbolton, in Sej)t. 1786. 
 He was a good scholar, endowed 
 with a remarkable memory and 
 great powers of application, and had 
 acquired a lai*ge amount of know- 
 ledge on various subjects. He was 
 passionately attached to the study 
 of the Gaelic language, was a pro- 
 ficient musician, and in his earlier 
 years had written verses of con- 
 
BURRELL— liUKY. 
 
 1 i:i 
 
 siderable merit. He died at Dum- 
 fries, May II, 1857, and was buried 
 beside his father in the mausoleum, 
 8t. Michael's ehurchyar<l. 
 
 BURKELL, Sir Charles Mer- 
 KiK, M.P., for some time the 
 " father" of the House of Commons, 
 was born in 1771. He married 
 Frances, daughter of the Earl of 
 Ej^remont, and succeeded his father 
 in the baronetcy in I70G. Ten years 
 later he entered Parliament, where 
 he had a seat for fifty-five years, and 
 on sixteen successive occasions was 
 elected for Shoreham. He was a 
 Conservative, and steadily voted 
 against most of the important 
 changes which were effected by the 
 Liberal party. He devoted all his 
 leisure to the practical improve- 
 ment of agriculture, and Sussex 
 agriculturists owe to him the intro- 
 duction of the white or Belgian 
 carrot, and also valuable experi- 
 ments in feeding and fattening 
 cattle. The Burrell MSS. in the 
 British Museum were collected by 
 his family. He died at Knepp 
 Castle, near West Grinstead, Jan, 4, 
 1S62. 
 
 BURRITT, Elihu [1810—1879], 
 American scholar and journalist, 
 who had lived in England for nearly 
 twenty-five years, was the son of a 
 shoemaker, and received an ordi- 
 nary education till he was sixteen, 
 when, hi^ father dying, he was ap- 
 prenticed to a blacksmith. At the 
 age of twenty-four he set to woi'k 
 to study mathematics, keeping to 
 the anvil in spring and summer, 
 alternately forging and reading, 
 and earning enough to enable him 
 to devote a great part of the win- 
 ter to his studies. He worked so 
 diligently that he gained a con- 
 siderable knowledge of Latin, 
 French, Spanish, Greek and Hebrew, 
 and later studied French, Spanish, 
 Italian and German iinder native 
 teachers ; and acquired Portuguese, 
 Flemish, Danish, Swedish, Nor- 
 wegian, Icelandic, Welsh, Gaelic 
 and Russian. He also attained 
 wide celebrity as a public lecturer. 
 
 advocating temperance and other 
 reforms with great eloquence and 
 ability, attracting large audiences 
 by the vigour and fervour of his de- 
 scriptive powers. He left the United 
 States in June, 185(5, for England, 
 and was for a considerable time 
 United States Consul at Birming- 
 ham. Among his works may be men- 
 tioned, "Sparks from the Anvil," 
 18 IS;" Thoughts on Things at Home 
 and Abroad," 1851 ; " Lectures and 
 Speeches, 18G9 ; and in 1878, 
 " ChijDS from many Blocks." 
 
 BURTOX, John Hill, LL.D., 
 F.R.S.E. [1809—1881], Scottish his- 
 torian and biographer, was born at 
 Aberdeen and educated at Marischal 
 College, where he graduated. He 
 became an advocate at the Scottish 
 bar in 1831, and finding himself 
 among a crowd of young men with 
 little or no practice, he devoted his 
 time to the study of law, history, 
 and political economy. On these 
 subjects he wrote articles in the 
 Westminster Review, from 1833, and 
 later in the Edinburgh Review. He 
 also contributed to Blackicood's 
 Magazine. He was the author of 
 " Life and Correspondence of 
 Hume,'' 1846; "The Scot Abroad," 
 1861 ; " The Bookhunter," and " His- 
 tory of Scotland from Agricola's 
 Invasion to the Revolution of 16S8," 
 &c., &c. He was appointed Secre- 
 tary to the Prison Board of Scot- 
 land in 1851, and Historiographer 
 Royal for Scotland. He was made 
 hon. D.C.L. by the University of 
 Oxford in 1878. 
 
 BURY, Lady Charlotte [1770 — 
 1861], was the youngest daughter 
 of Field-marshal John, fifth duke of 
 Arijvll, bv the famous beauty, 
 Elizabeth Gunning, widow of the 
 Duke of Hamilton. Lady Charlotte, 
 who was remarkable for great per- 
 sonal beauty and charm of manner, 
 married first Colonel J. Campbell, 
 of Shawfield, and secondly the Rev. 
 Edward Bury. She vrvote "Tales 
 of Fashionable Life," which though 
 now utterly forgotten, at the time 
 enjoyed considerable popularity 
 
144 
 
 BUSHE— busk:. 
 
 She was at one time Lady-in- 
 waiting to Queen Caroline^ and of 
 this period of her life she wrote a 
 memoir, in which she made some 
 revelations that greatly shocked 
 the supporters of that lady, and 
 gave rise to controversies that put 
 an end to Lady Charlotte's author- 
 ship. The last years of her life 
 were passed in retirement. 
 
 BUSHE, Charles Kendal [1767 
 — 1843], was born at Kilmurry, near 
 Thomastown, co. Kilkenny, and 
 was the son of a clergyman belong- 
 ing to the Established Church. At 
 fifteen he was sent to Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin, where he obtained a 
 scholarship, and where he distin- 
 guished himself in the debates of 
 the Historical Society. He was 
 called to the Irish Bar in 1790, and 
 travelled on the Leinster circuit, 
 but his advancement was very slow 
 at first because he refused to join 
 in Government prosecutions. In 
 1797 he was elected M.P. for the 
 borough of Callan, and soon dis- 
 played such eloquence as placed 
 him among the foremost orators of 
 the day. He was strongly opposed 
 to the Union of England and Ire- 
 land, and his eloquent denunciation 
 of the measure in the debates of 
 1800 are said to have surpassed 
 those of all other members, not 
 excepting Grattan himself. After 
 the union he was for a time very 
 despondent, and almost decided to 
 try his fortune at the English Bar, 
 but gave up the idea. In 1803 Pitt 
 offered him the Solicitor-General- 
 ship of Ireland, which he accepted, 
 but had no prominent public duty 
 to perform till 1811, when the Con- 
 vention Act trials occurred, which 
 drew from him two of his best 
 speeches, and he also appeared with 
 great success in the case of " The 
 King V. O'Grady." He was ap- 
 pointed Chief Justice of the King's 
 Bench (in Dublin) in 1822, from 
 which post he retired in 1842. In 
 1839 he was summoned to give 
 evidence before a committee of 
 Parliament, on which occasion 
 
 Brougham said of him : " No one 
 who heard the very remarkable 
 examination of Chief Justice Bushe 
 could avoid forming the most 
 exalted estimate of his judicial 
 talents. There was shed over the 
 whole the grace of a delivery sin- 
 gular for its combined suavity and 
 dignity. All that one has heard of 
 the wonderful fascination of his 
 manner, both at the bar and upon 
 the bench, became easily credible 
 to those who heard his evidence." 
 
 BUSK, Hans [1815—1882], the 
 eldest son of Hans Busk, Esq., of 
 Glenalder, Radnorshire, was edu- 
 cated at King's College, London, 
 and at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 and was called to the Bar in 1841. 
 He took a very keen interest in 
 trying to establish a volunteer 
 army, and in 1837 while an under- 
 graduate at Cambridge, he formed 
 a model rifle club in the Univer- 
 sity. From that time he continued 
 strenuously to advocate the volun- 
 teer cause, but with little effect 
 until the publication of his treatise 
 "The Eifle and How to Use it." 
 In 1858 he joined the Victoria 
 Rifles, almost the only volunteer 
 corps then in existence, and in the 
 same year visited the ports and 
 naval arsenals of France, publish- 
 ing on his return the only authentic 
 French navy list that had appeared 
 for sixteen years. He was invited 
 to lecture before the University of 
 Cambridge, and all over the country 
 on the Volunteer movement, and 
 met everywhere with the greatest 
 success. Besides the work already 
 mentioned, he wrote "Volunteers 
 and How to Drill them;" "The 
 Handbook for Hythe ; " " The 
 Navies of the World," &c., and 
 founded and for many years edited 
 the New Quarterly Review. He was 
 High Sheriff of Radnorshire in 
 1847 ; was appointed a Deputy- 
 Lieutenant for Middlesex in 1859, 
 and in 1860 accepted a captaincy 
 in the Victoria Rifles. In 1869 a 
 large sum was raised by subscrip- 
 tion to present him with a testi- 
 
BUTE— BUTLER. 
 
 Ho 
 
 mouial in recognition of hiej services 
 as the " Founder of England's 
 Volunteer Army." He, however, 
 declined any personal gratuity, and 
 spent the sum raised in buying a 
 lifeboat and establishing a suitable 
 station at Ryde. 
 
 BUTE, (2nd Marquis of). The 
 Most Noble John Crichtox 
 Stuart, Earl of "Windsor, Eakl 
 OF Dumfries, &c., D.C.L., F.R.8., 
 F.S.A., and F.E.A.&., was bom 
 Aug. 10, 1793, the elder son of 
 John, Lord Mountstuart, by Lady 
 Elizabeth Penelope Crichton, only 
 daughter and heir of Patrick, fifth 
 Earl of Dumfries. He succeeded 
 to the Earldom of Dumfries, and 
 other dignities of peerage belonging 
 to the family of Crichton, on the 
 death of his maternal grandfather, 
 April 7, 180.3, and in 1835, Aug. 2G, 
 received the Royal licence to as- 
 sume the name of Crichton before 
 that of Stuart, and bear the arms 
 of Crichton quarterly with the arms 
 of Stuart. He was educated at 
 Eton and Christ's College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his M.A. 
 degree in 1812. He became second 
 Marquis of Bute on the death of 
 his paternal grandfather, the first 
 marquis, Nov. 26, 181-4, was ap- 
 pointed Lord-Lieutenant of Gla- 
 morganshire, and in 184:3 nominated 
 a Knight of the Thistle. From 
 April, 1842, till the retirement of 
 Sir Robert Peel from the head of 
 the Government, the Marquis of 
 Bute was annually appointed Lord 
 High Commissioner of the Church 
 of Scotland. He was twice married, 
 first to Lady Maria North, eldest 
 daughter and co-heir of George 
 Augustus, third Earl of Guildford, 
 who died without issue Sept. 10, 
 18^41 ; and secondly to Lady Sophia 
 Frederica Christina Hastings, 
 second daughter of Francis, first 
 Marquis of Hastings, by whom he 
 had one son, the present Marquis 
 of Bute. His Lordship died at his 
 seat, Cardiff Castle, quite suddenly 
 of heart disease, March 18, 1848, 
 aged -35. He had greatly enriched 
 
 the town of Cardiff and improved 
 the value of his ovra proj)erty by 
 the construction of docks, upon 
 which he spent upwards of jB 400,000. 
 BUTLER, The Very Rev. 
 George, D.D. [1774 — 1853], Dean 
 of Peterborough, and Rector of 
 Gayton, Northamptonshire, was 
 educated at Sidney Sussex College, 
 Cambridge. In Jan. 1791, being 
 then only nineteen years old, he 
 was Senior Wrangler and Senior 
 Smith's Prizeman of his year. Lord 
 Lyndhurst, then Mr. Copley of 
 Trinity College, being in each case 
 second to him. He was chosen 
 Mathematical Lecturer of his col- 
 lege, and soon after became a 
 Fellow. He took his degree of 
 M.A. in 1797, and was appointed 
 classical tutor of his college. In 
 1801 he took the degi-ee of B.D., 
 was elected a jjublic examiner at 
 Cambridge, and nominated one of 
 the eight select preachers before 
 the University in 1805. In April 
 of the same year he was elected 
 head-master of Harrow School, 
 which office he filled for twenty- 
 four years, and on the 27th of the 
 same month received the degree of 
 D.D. by royal mandate. He wa.s 
 presented by his college to the 
 rectory of Gayton in Northampton- 
 shire in 181-4, to which living he 
 retired in 1829 on his resignation 
 of the head-mastership of Harrow . 
 In 1836 he became Chancellor of 
 the diocese, and in 18-42 was ap- 
 pointed by Sir Robert Peel to the 
 vacant deanery of Peterborough. 
 Dr. Butler was a good mathema- 
 tician, a distinguished classical 
 scholar, and spoke German, French, 
 and Italian tiuently. He was also 
 a good musician and draughtsman ; 
 and excelled in all athletic exer- 
 cises, being one of the best skaters, 
 fencers, swimmers, <&:c., of his time. 
 He was the father of three distin- 
 guished sons, all of whom are or 
 have been head masters like him- 
 self, the Rev. H. Montagu Butler 
 of Harrow (now Dean of Gloucester), 
 George Butler, late of the Liver- 
 
146 
 
 BUTLEE. 
 
 pool College, and Arthur Butler, 
 late of Haileybury. 
 
 BUTLER, Captain James 
 Abmar, was the fourth son of Lieu- 
 tenant-General the Hon. Henry 
 Edward Butler, uncle to the Earl 
 of Carrick. Captain Butler greatly 
 distinguished himself at the defence 
 of Silistria, 1853. Having in com- 
 pany with Lieutenant Charles Na- 
 smyth, an officer of the Bombay 
 Artillery, arrived during the winter 
 at Shumla, the Turkish head-quar- 
 ters, and being at Silistria at the 
 time of the Russian attack upon 
 that toAvn, they determined to 
 remain and assist in the approach- 
 ing struggle, and according to Omar 
 Pasha, "their example and counsel 
 powerfully contributed to the pre- 
 servation of the forts attacked." 
 Captain Butler's death occurred 
 two hours before the retreat of the 
 Russians was discovered. He had 
 been wounded on June 13, but no 
 bad effects were anticipated until 
 the 18th, when he rapidly sank, 
 worn out with fever and exhaus- 
 tion. On the 14th July, before the 
 news of his death had reached 
 England, Captain Butler was ap- 
 pointed to be Lieutenant and Cap- 
 tain in the Coldstream Guards and 
 a brevet major in the army. 
 
 BUTLER, Right Rev. Samuel, 
 D.D., Bishop of Lichfield, was born 
 at Kenilworth, Warwickshire, and 
 educated under Dr. James, of Rugby. 
 In 1792 he entered St. John's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where his career 
 was a brilliant one. In 1798 he ac- 
 cepted the head mastership of the 
 Royal Free Grammar School at 
 Shrewsbury, and about the same 
 time he undertook a new edition of 
 ^schylus, based on the text and 
 notes of Stanley, for the Syndics of 
 the Cambridge University Press. 
 In 1802 the Earl of Clarendon pre- 
 sented him to the vicarage of 
 Kenilworth, and in 1807 Bishop 
 Cornwallis presented him to the 
 prebendal stall of Wolvey, at Lich- 
 field, and to the archdeaconry of 
 Derby, 1822. la 1836, by Viscount 
 
 Melbourne's recommendation, he 
 was promoted to the see of Lich- 
 field, vacant by the death of Bishop 
 Ryder. Besides the edition of 
 ^schylus, already mentioned. 
 Bishop Butler published a number 
 of works, of which by far the most 
 important were his celebrated 
 " Atlases of Ancient and Modern 
 Geography." He left a large and 
 very curious library, containing a 
 large and fine collection of the 
 Aldine Press, and Greek and Latin 
 MSS. He died at Eccleshall Castle, 
 Staffordshire, aged 06, Dec. 4, 
 1839. 
 
 BUTLER, William Archer 
 [1811 — 1818], was born at Anner- 
 ville, near Cloninel, Tipperary. 
 He was educated at a school at 
 Clonmel, and at the Dublin Uni- 
 versity, which he entered in 1829. 
 In 1835 he was elected President of 
 the College Historical Society, and 
 delivered two addresses, which were 
 said to be models of eloquence and 
 power. On quitting the university, 
 he was pi'esented to the Professor- 
 ship of Moral Philosophy, and soon 
 after entered the ministry as rector 
 of Clonehoska, county Donegal. 
 In 1842 he was promoted to the 
 Rectory of Raymoghy, Donegal, 
 but continued to discharge the 
 duties of his professorship. His 
 first letters were published in 1845, 
 " On Mr. Newman's Theory of De- 
 velopment," but he threw aside all 
 literary work in 1846, during the 
 Irish famine, and devoted himself 
 to the relief of his suffering people. 
 He died rather suddenly in 1818. 
 A series of his sermons, with a 
 memoir, was published by the 
 Rev. Thomas Woodward, in 1849 ; 
 " Letters on the Development of 
 Christian Doctrine," in 1850; "A 
 Reply to Cardinal Wiseman," in 
 1854 ; and his very able " Lectures 
 on the History of Ancient Philo- 
 sophy," edited with notes by W. 
 H. Thompson, in 1856. His poems 
 were not collected, but are to be 
 found in Blackwood and the Uni- 
 versity Magazine. 
 
KUTT— BUXTON. 
 
 1 17 
 
 BUTT, Isaac. Ho was the son 
 of the Rev. Malcolm Butt, incum- 
 bent of Stranorlar, county Donocral, 
 where he was born in 1812. He 
 entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 
 1829, obtained a scholarship in 
 1832, and was in 1833 one of the 
 founders of the University Maga- 
 zine. In 1835 he took his B.A. 
 degree with high honours, and was 
 already noted for his scholarship 
 and for his eloquence in the college 
 debates, which he employed in the 
 Conservative cause. In 183G he 
 was appointed to the chair of 
 Political Economy, and two years 
 later was called to the Irish bar, 
 and was soon in good practice. He 
 still took a prominent part in poli- 
 tical discussion, and wrote much 
 for the press, being one of the foun- 
 ders of the Protestant Guardian, a 
 paper Avhich soon merged into the 
 Orange Warder, and with which 
 Mr. Butt was connected for many 
 years. He became a member of 
 the Dublin Corporation in 1843, 
 and soon afterwards defended the 
 Union with great eloquence. But 
 these unpojjular views did not 
 affect the liking which his towns- 
 folk felt for him, and his real 
 love of country was recognized by 
 all parties, and much commended 
 by his great opponent O'Connell. 
 In 18 ii he received a silk gown, 
 and was engaged with Whiteside 
 for the defence of Smith O'Brien. 
 In 1852 he, was elected Conservative 
 member for Youghal, and repre- 
 sented that borough till 1865, when 
 he was ousted by Sir Joseph 
 M'Kenna. Up to that time he had 
 achieved no parliamentary success, 
 and it is possible that his convic- 
 tions were already undergoing a 
 change. For some years he lived 
 out of Ireland, and on his return in 
 1871 was elected in the HoJie 
 Rule interest for Limerick, and was 
 called upon to assume the leader- 
 ship of that party. It was impos- 
 sible that such a party could long 
 bold together ; it had been founded 
 by the Protestant Conservatives in 
 
 revenge f<jr the disestablishment of 
 the Irish Church, and had been 
 joined by the Nationalists. As 
 time went on, the anger of the one 
 party cooled down, and the other 
 grew dissatisfied with the modera- 
 tion of their leader, whose last 
 years were embittered by a sense of 
 waning power, and by the denun- 
 ciations of the Nationalist party. 
 He was, however, still the nominal 
 leader, when on May 5th, 1879, he 
 died at Roebuck near Dublin. 
 
 BUXTON, Charles [1822— 
 1871], third son of Sir Thomas 
 Fowell Buxton, Bart., M.P. (q.v.), 
 was born at Cromer Hall, in Norfolk, 
 Nov. 18, 1822. He was educated at 
 home till the age of seventeen, when 
 he was sent as a private pupil, first 
 to the Rev. T. Fisher at Luccombe, 
 and then to the Rev. H. Alford at 
 Wymeswold. In October, 1811, he 
 went to Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 where he graduated in honoui'S in 
 1843. On leaving college, he became 
 a partner in the brewery of Truman , 
 Hanbury, Buxton, &: Co. He sat 
 for Newport, Isle of Wight, in the 
 Liberal interest, from 1857 to 1859, 
 when he was elected for Maidstone, 
 and finally for East Surrey, which 
 he represented till his death in 
 1871. He devoted a great deal of 
 labour to his parliamentary duties, 
 striving to master every important 
 question which came before the 
 legislature, speaking frequently, 
 and winning the esteem and confi- 
 dence of his fellow members. He 
 is the author of a life of his father, 
 published in 1848, "Ideas of the 
 Day on Policy,' ' " Notes of Thought," 
 "National Education in Ireland," 
 wrote many articles in the reviews 
 of the day, and contributed to the 
 " Cambridge Essays." He took a 
 keen interest in Irish affairs, visited 
 Ireland in 1852, bought an estate 
 at Dingle in Kerry, which he im- 
 proved, and which became a very 
 thriving property, and in the fol- 
 lowing year wrote his pamphlet on 
 national education. In 1865 he, 
 I with John Stuart Mill, took the 
 
 L 2 
 
148 
 
 BUXTON— BY EON. 
 
 lead in forming the " Jamaica Com- 
 mittee " for watching pver the inte- 
 rests of the natives, and prosecuting 
 G-overnor Eyre, General Nelson, 
 and others who were concerned in 
 sujDpressing the riots of that year. 
 He advocated the separation of 
 the Church from the State in Ire- 
 land, and in 1869 took up the 
 question of security of tenure, 
 urging the establishment of such 
 tern:s with the people as might 
 extinguish the chronic discontent 
 among them. He was devoted to 
 the study of natural history, being 
 especially fond of birds and snakes, 
 of both of which he joossessed a 
 good deal of knowledge. 
 
 BUXTON, Sir Thomas Fowell 
 [1786 — 1815], an eminent philan- 
 thropist, and an eai*nest coadjutor 
 of Mr. Wilberforce in his efforts to 
 abolish slavery, Avas born at Castle 
 Hedingham in Essex, in 1786. 
 He was educated at Dr. Charles 
 Burney's school at Greenwich, and 
 at Trinity College, Dublin, where 
 ne greatly distinguished himself. 
 In 1809 he married Harriet Gurney, 
 a sister of the well-known Mrs. 
 Fry. He entered the brewery es- 
 tablishment of Truman, Hanbury, 
 & Co., of which his uncles, the Han- 
 bury s, were partners, in 1808, 
 became a partner in 1811, and soon 
 became the head of the establish- 
 ment. He attracted a good deal of 
 public notice in 1816, by his speech 
 at the Mansion House in behalf of 
 the Sijitalfields weavers. He be- 
 came M.P. for Weymouth in 1818, 
 and took a prominent part in the 
 debates of the House on the state of 
 the prisons, publishing soon after his 
 "Inquiry into Prison Discipline." 
 But ]\Ir. Buxton devoted his princi- 
 pal efforts to the question of the 
 abolition of slavery in the British 
 colonies, and in spite of great dis- 
 couragements, and the remon- 
 strances of faint-hearted friends, 
 remained staunch to it, and at last 
 in 1833, was partially successful, 
 though not wholly ; for he was 
 obliged to admit some clauses into 
 
 the Bill of which he highly disap- 
 proved. He ceased to sit in the 
 House in 1837. In 1839-40 he 
 travelled on the Continent, and 
 insijected Continental prisons. On 
 his return he was created a 
 baronet, and then devoted himself 
 to the subject of the amelioration 
 of the condition of the African 
 negroes. He never recovered from 
 the failure of the Niger expedition. 
 [See " Memoir and Correspondence 
 of Sir T. P. Buxton," edited by his 
 son, Charles Buxton, 1818.] 
 
 BYENE, John [1786—1847], 
 Avas the only son and youngest 
 child of William Byrne, the en- 
 graver, whose profession he fol- 
 lowed. Some of his best engrav- 
 ings were done for Wild's " Cathe- 
 drals." In 1822 he exhibited at 
 the Academy " A Scene in Moor 
 Park," and the following year 
 " London from Hampstead Heath," 
 after which he jjractised as a water- 
 colour painter. From 1826 to 1846 
 he was an " associate exhibitor" 
 of the Water-Colour Society, and a 
 constant contributor to their exhi- 
 bitions. He went to Italy in 1832, 
 and on his return, for several years 
 exhibited Italian views at the Eoyal 
 Academy, sending, besides, many 
 views of the ancient Welsh border, 
 castles and ruins to the Water- 
 Colour Society. His " View of 
 Twickenham, on the Thames," ex- 
 hibited in 1830, and afterwards 
 placed in the Water-Colour Gallery 
 at the South Kensington Museum, 
 is one of the best of his works. 
 
 BYEON, Henry James [1834— 
 1884], dramatist and actor, was a 
 son of Henry Byron, Esq., British 
 Consul at Port-au-Prince, Hayti, 
 and was born in Manchester. His 
 grandfather was a first cousin of 
 the poet. He was educated at a 
 school in Essex, and afterwards at 
 St. Peter's College, Eaton Scpare, 
 on leaving which liis father desired 
 him to enter the navy, but he could 
 not be induced to do so, and studied 
 medicine instead. He worked for 
 a short time as assistant in a sur- 
 
CADELL— CAIRNE8. 
 
 149 
 
 ^evy, but «jave that up to bfcome a 
 provincial actor. Koturning to 
 London, he entered as a student at 
 the Middle Temple, rather to please 
 liis friends than with any hope of 
 succeeding at the Bar, and fi'om 
 that time he devoted himself to 
 writing plays. His earliest effort 
 in this line, "Fra Diavolo," pro- 
 duced at the Strand Theatre on 
 the first night of Miss Swan- 
 borough's season, in 1858, was 
 speedily followed by several suc- 
 cessful pieces ; amongst which may 
 be mentioned the *' Maid and Mag- 
 pie," " Aladdin," " Esmeralda," 
 the "Lady of Lyons," and " Green 
 Bushes." In 1865, in conjunction 
 with Miss Wilton, he converted the 
 Queen's into the Prince of Wales's 
 Theatre, for which he wrote two 
 original comedies, " War to the 
 Knife," and " A Hundred Thousand 
 Pounds," and the burlesques " La 
 Sonnambvila Travestie" " Lucia di 
 Lammermoor," " Little Don Gio- 
 vanni," and " Der Freischutz." In 
 all he wrote about 120 pieces for 
 the stage, all more or less popular. 
 " Our Boys," produced at the Vau- 
 deville in 1875, had the unprece- 
 dented run of 1,200 nights, and 
 made the fortunes of companies in 
 the provinces and America. Among 
 his other plays may be mentioned 
 " Cyi-il's Success," '' Old Soldiers," 
 " Old Sailors," " Married in Haste," 
 " Chawles," and " The Upper Crust." 
 He made his first appearance in 
 London as an actor at the Globe 
 Theatre, in his own drama of " Not 
 Such a Fool as he Looks." He 
 contributed extensively to periodi- 
 cal literature, was the first editor of 
 Fun, in Avhich capacity he introduced 
 Mr. Gilbert's "Bab Ballads" to 
 the public, and was the author of a 
 three volume novel, " Paid in Full," 
 originally published in Temple 
 Bar. He wrote, besides, dramatic 
 critiques, leading articles, essays 
 for magazines, paragraphs for 
 Punch, and contributed to the 
 Theatre magazine during the 
 editorship of its founder. 
 
 C. 
 
 CADELL, KoBERT, for thirty 
 years held a very prominent position 
 as bookseller and publisher, chiefly 
 in connection with the works of Sir 
 Walter Scott. He married the 
 daughter of Mr. Constable, and 
 was taken into partnership with 
 that gentleman shortly after the 
 publication of Sir Walter's first 
 poems, the prodigious success of 
 which had created a new era in the 
 business. The connection of Sir 
 Walter with Mr. Constable ended 
 in the ruin of all parties, and left 
 Sir Walter involved in debt and 
 stripped of his literary productions. 
 Copyrights were dispersed among 
 different hands, a large stock of 
 printed volumes in the hands of 
 the bankrupt jDublishers were sold 
 for half its cost, and the London 
 booksellers were under the impres- 
 sion that the value of the copy- 
 rights had been worked out, when 
 Mr. Cadell issued that series of 
 cheap, carefully got-up volumeSj 
 which had such a wonderful siic- 
 cess. After Sir Walter's death, 
 Mr. Cadell advanced the sum of 
 .£30,000, to enable the executors to 
 settle with the body of his creditors, 
 Mr. Cadell accepting as his only 
 security the rights to the profits 
 accruing from Sir Walter's copy- 
 right property and literary remains, 
 until the obligation should be dis- 
 charged. Ultimately Mr. Cadell 
 bought the complete copyright of 
 Sir Walter's works, which enabled 
 the executors to ly.xy off the whole 
 of the debt on the Aljbotsford estate". 
 Mr. Cadell died at his house, near 
 Edinburgh, January 20, 1810. 
 
 CAIKNES, John' Elliott, M.A., 
 LL.D., one of the most influential 
 political economists of the day, was 
 born at Drogheda in 182 1, and ^vas 
 educated at Trinity College, Dublin, 
 where he graduated in 1818. He 
 was afterwards called to the Irish 
 Bar, but does not seem to have had 
 any strong bent for his profession, 
 and for some years occupied hini- 
 
150 
 
 CAITHNESS— CALCRAFT. 
 
 self chiefly in writing lor the press, 
 especially on the social and political 
 questions that affected Ireland. 
 In 185(3 he was appointed to the 
 chair of political economy at Dublin, 
 and in accordance with the regu- 
 lations of the foundation the lec- 
 tures of the first year's course were 
 published. The book appeared in 
 1857, with the title " Character 
 and Logical Method of Political 
 Economy." His next contribution 
 to economic science was a series of 
 articles on the gold question, pub- 
 lished i^artly in Fraser's Magazine; 
 the papers, which attracted much 
 notice at the time, analyzed with 
 great skill and ability the probable 
 consequences of the increased sup- 
 ply of gold resulting from the Aus- 
 tralian and Californian gold dis- 
 coveries. In 1861 Cairnes was ap- 
 pointed to the professorship of 
 political economy and jurisprudence 
 in Queen's College, Gahvay, and in 
 the following year he jDublished 
 " The Slave Power," a very re- 
 markable specimen of applied poli- 
 tical economy. During the re- 
 mainder of his residence at G-alway 
 he published only some fragments 
 and pamphlets, mainly upon Irish 
 questions. In 1865, a fall from his 
 horse, which severely injured one 
 of his legs, further impaired his 
 always delicate health, and from 
 this time he was subject to severe 
 attacks of illness. In 1806 he was 
 appointed Professor of Political 
 Economy in University College, 
 London. He was compelled to 
 pass the session 1868-9 in Italy, 
 but, on his return, continued to 
 lecture till 1872, when ill-health 
 compelled him to retire. The re- 
 maining years of his life were 
 devoted to the completion of his 
 most extensive and important work, 
 " Some Leading Principles of Poli- 
 tical Economy, Newly Expounded," 
 which he published in 1874, and in 
 the collection and publication of 
 various papers which he had con- 
 tributed to periodicals. In 1873 
 he brought out his papers on Ire- 
 
 ' land, under the title of " Political 
 Essays," and in the same year a 
 volume of " Essays in Political 
 Economy," containing, among other 
 papers, the essays on " Political 
 Economy and Land," on " Political 
 Economy; and Laissez-Faire,'' on 
 "The Solution of the Gold Ques- 
 tion," revised and brought up to 
 date, and the ' Criticisms on Bastiat 
 and Comte." Shortly before his 
 death he republished his " Logical 
 Method of Political Economy." 
 He died in London, July 8th, 1875, 
 
 CAITHNESS (14th Earl of). The 
 Right Hon. James Sinclair, F.R.S. 
 [1821—1881], son of the thirteenth 
 earl, by the youngest daughter and 
 co-heir of the late Very Rev. Wil- 
 liam Lee, Dean of Hereford, was 
 born Dec. 21, 1821. He succeeded 
 to the Scotch earldom of Caithness 
 on the death of his father, Dec. 21, 
 1855, and was created Baron Barro- 
 gill in the peerage of the United 
 Kingdom June 12, 1866. It was by 
 the latter title that he held his seat 
 in the House of Lords. In 1858 he 
 was chosen a representative peer for 
 Scotland, and he was Lord in Wait- 
 ing on the Queen under Lord Pal- 
 merston's administration. Lord 
 Caithness, well known as one of the 
 most scientific members of the 
 peerage, was successful in his prac- 
 tical application of science, having 
 perfected a steam carriage capable 
 of travelling on ordinary macadam- 
 ized roads. He not only im- 
 proved the machinery, but acted as 
 his own engine-driver. He in- 
 vented a tape-loom enabling the 
 weaver to stop any one of the 
 shuttles without stoj^i^ing the loom. 
 It was for some time at work 
 in Lancashire. He was also the 
 inventor and patentee of the Caith-. 
 ness gravitating compass, which is 
 acknowleged to be one of the steadi- 
 est known. It is now used by vari- 
 ous ship companies. The Earl was 
 Lord-Lieutenant of Caithness-shire. 
 
 CALCRAFT, John [1800—1879], 
 was for forty-six years the officially 
 recognized executioner throughout 
 
CALDWELL— CALVEKT. 
 
 151 
 
 the country, though in reiility, his 
 only permanent post was in con- 
 nection with Newj^ate, and under 
 the Corporation of the City of 
 London. He resigned his office in 
 1874, and retired on a pension. He 
 was by trade a shoemaker. 
 
 C A L D W E L L, Anne (Mrs. 
 Marsh-Caldwell), one of the most 
 popular novelists of her day, was 
 the daughter of James Caldwell, 
 Esq., of Linley Wood, Stafford- 
 shire, J. P., and D.L., and Recorder 
 of Newcastle - under - Lyme. She 
 married Arthur Cuthbert Marsh, 
 junior partner in the banking firm 
 of Fauntleroy, Graham, Stracey, 
 and Marsh, the head of which was 
 hanged at Newgate for forgery. 
 Ten years after the closing of the 
 bank Mrs, Marsh published her 
 first work, " Two Old Men's Tales," 
 which was a great success, and at 
 once gave her the position which 
 she maintained for a quarter of a 
 century. Among her other works 
 may be mentioned " Emilia Wynd- 
 ham," 1846; ''Mount Sorel," 1845; 
 "Aubrey," 1845, &c., &c. She gave 
 up -wa-iting in 1858, when the death 
 of her only brother put her in jdos- 
 session of Linley Wood estate, on 
 which occasion she assumed by 
 royal licence the additional sur- 
 name and arms of Caldwell. She 
 died at Linlev Wood, Oct. 5, 1874. 
 
 CALLCOTT, Sir Augustus 
 W^ALL, Knt., E.A., was born at 
 Kensington, Feb. 20, 1779. He was 
 for some years a chorister boy in 
 Westminster Abbey, and even after 
 he had begun painting studied 
 music. He was admitted to the 
 Academy Schools, and was a pupil 
 of Hoppner. In 1799 he exhibited ; 
 his first picture, a portrait, and in : 
 1801 he exhibited two portraits 
 with a view of Oxford. After 1803 
 he painted landscapes only for 
 many years, choosing for the most 
 part Englishriver and coast scenery, 
 which he interpreted with much 
 refinement and feeling, showing in 
 many cases (as in that of the great 
 picture belonging to Lord Lans- 
 
 downe) a profound study of th(? 
 Dutch masters. In 1806 he was 
 elected an associate, and in 1810 
 a full member of the Academy. He 
 was so slow and careful a painter 
 that though an industrious worker 
 he exhibited only seven pictures in 
 the. ten years 1813-22. In 1827 
 he married and went with his wife 
 for a continental tour. This caused 
 him to change his manner and 
 choice of subject very materially, 
 and in 1830 he began painting 
 those Italian landscapes which by 
 their classic rendering and compo- 
 sition recall the works of Claude. 
 In 1837 he departed from his usual 
 subjects and exhibited "Eaphael 
 and the Fornarina," now well 
 known from the print by Lumb 
 Stocks, E,.A. In the same year he 
 was knighted. In 184'0 he exhibited 
 another large figure subject, " Mil- 
 ton dictating to his Daughters." 
 He was appointed surveyor of the 
 royal pictures in 1844, but he died 
 on the 25th of November in the 
 same year. He exhibited 142 pic- 
 tui-es, of which six are in the 
 National Gallery and nine in the 
 South Kensington Museum. 
 
 CALLCOTT, William. He was 
 born about the year 1800, and more 
 than half a centui-y ago was first 
 violin in the orchestra of Her 
 Majesty's Theatre, and afterwards 
 was musical director at the Adelphi, 
 the Olympic, and Astley's, where 
 the celebrated Statue Music, which 
 he composed for Ducrow, was per- 
 formed. He died at Gravesend, 
 Nov. 6th, 1878. 
 
 CALVERT, Edward. He was a 
 friend of William Blake, whose 
 designs exercised so considerable an 
 influence on him that much of their 
 spirit and certain characteristic 
 modes of drawing and engraving 
 occur in the v/orks of both artists. 
 Some of the woodcuts pviblished by 
 Calvert, especially " The Christian 
 Ploughing the Last Furrow of 
 Life," and " The Cider Press," are 
 very like Blake's. Calvert pro- 
 duced designs for book illustrations 
 
132 
 
 CALVEET— CAMDEN. 
 
 which are somewhat scarce ; all of 
 them are beautiful, full of thought 
 and instinct, with poetic pathos, 
 which associates the artist on the 
 one hand with Blake, and on the 
 other with Samuel Palmer. He 
 first exhibited in the Academy of 
 1825, but was not a frequent con- 
 tributor to any gallery. He died, 
 after a brief illness, July 11th, 
 1SS3 
 
 CALVERT, Dr. F. Grace [1820— 
 1873], chemist, was born in London, 
 and studied under the celebrated 
 chemist Girardin at Rouen, and was 
 subsequently a pupil of Chevreul 
 at Paris. He left France in 1846 
 and settled in Manchester, and was 
 soon after apj^ointed honorary Pro- 
 fessor at the Royal Institution of 
 that city. He was also a lecturer 
 at the Manchester School of Medi- 
 cine. His scientific investigations 
 in hygiene led him incidentally to 
 the application and preparation of 
 carbolic acid, Avith which his name 
 will always be associated. For some 
 years before his death he was en- 
 gaged in investigations upon proto- 
 plasmic life. He was a Fellow of 
 the Royal Society, of the Chemical 
 Society, Honorary Fellow of the 
 Chemical Society of } Paris, and 
 Meinber of the Royal Academy of 
 Turin, and the Imj^erial Academy 
 of St. Petersburg. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE (Duke of). Adol- 
 PHUS Frederick or Brunswick- 
 Lunenburg, Duke of Cambridge, 
 Earl of Tipperart and Baron op 
 Culloden ; a Privv Councillor, 
 K.G., G.C.B., and G.C.H. : Field 
 Marshal in the Army, Colonel of 
 the Coldstream Guards, Colonel-in- 
 Chief of the 60th Rifles, Sec, &c. He 
 was the seventh and youmgest sur- 
 viving son of George III. and Queen 
 Charlotte, and was born Feb. 24, 
 1774. In 1793 he was appointed 
 Colonel in the Hanoverian Army, 
 and served in the campaign 
 in Flanders, in 1798 was ap- 
 pointed Lieut. -General in the Han- 
 overian service, and on Nov. 27, 
 1801, was created a peer of the 
 
 United Kingdom. In 1803 he was 
 transferred from the Hanoverian 
 to the British service, and promoted 
 to the rank of General. In 1801 
 the Duke of Cambridge was ap- 
 pointed to command the home dis- 
 trict, and on Nov. 26, 1813, was 
 advanced to the rank of Field 
 Marshal, and again appointed to 
 command in the Electorate of 
 Hanover shortly afterwards ; he was 
 appointed by his father Governor- 
 General of Hanover, and held that 
 post till, in 1837, the death of 
 William IV., opened the succes- 
 sion 'to the Duke of Cumberland. 
 On May 7, 1818, he married the 
 Princess Wilhelmina Louisa of 
 Hesse Cassel, by whom he had three 
 children, the present Duke of Cam- 
 bridge and two daughters. He died 
 at Cambridge House, Piccadilly, 
 July 8, 1850. 
 
 CAMDEN, First Marquis, the 
 Most Hon. John Jeffreys Pratt, 
 K.G. [1759—1810], a Privy Coun- 
 cillor, Lord Lieutenant and Custos 
 Rotulorum of Kent, LL.D., F.S.A., 
 &c., was the only son of Charles 
 first Earl Camden, Lord High 
 Chancellor of England. He was 
 educated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bi"idge. In 1780 he was returned to 
 Parliament as one of the members 
 for Bath, and in the same year ap- 
 pointed one of the Tellers of the 
 Exchequer, an office he held for 
 sixty years, and during half that 
 time resigned the large income 
 connected with it, for which he re- 
 ceived the thanks of Parliament. 
 He succeeded to the Peerage in 
 1791, and in 1795 was sent to Ire- 
 land as Lord Lieutenant, a post he 
 held till 1798, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by the Marquis Cornwallis. 
 He was Secretary for the Colonies 
 from May, 1804 to July, 1S05, and 
 President of the Council from 1805 
 to Feb., 1806, and from March, 
 1807, to April, 1812. In 1831 he 
 was elected Chancellor of the Uni- 
 versity of Cambridge, and was for 
 some years Master of the Trinity 
 House, a post he resigned to the 
 
CAMERON— CAMPBELL. 
 
 153 
 
 Duke of Wellington in 1837. He 
 married, in 1785, Frances, daughter 
 and sole heiress of William Moles- 
 worth, and had one son and tliree 
 daughters. He died at his seat, 
 the Wilderness, Kent, October 8, 
 1810. 
 
 CAMERON, Colonel George 
 PouLETT, C.B., son of Captain 
 Robert Cameron, R.N., entered the 
 service of the East India Company 
 in 1S21. In 1821-25 he served as 
 Adjutant of a Light Field Batta- 
 lion, under Lieutenant-General Sir 
 C. Deacon, in the Southern Mah- 
 rattii country. He returned to 
 England in 1831, and joined the ex- 
 pedition to Portugal under the 
 Duke of Braganza, who wished to 
 recover the throne of that country 
 for his daughter. Queen Maria II. 
 Cameron had a conspicuous post in 
 every action, being on the staff at- 
 tached to the orders of Field Mar- 
 shal the Duke de Terceira, and 
 Baron de Solignac. For his services 
 in the severe action of March 4, 
 when Dom Miguel was completely 
 defeated, he received the Cross of 
 the Royal Order of Military Merit 
 of the Conception. He also greatly 
 distinguished himself in the action 
 of July 5, after which he was sent 
 on a special mission to Constanti- 
 nople, and subsequently to Persia, 
 Avhere under the orders of the 
 Meerza, or Prince Royal, he served 
 in the Persian army during 1830, 
 1837, and 1838. He quitted Persia 
 in the latter year, and proceeded to 
 Circassia to visit Russian fortresses. 
 He next retiu'ned to India^ having 
 been nominated C.B., and was ap- 
 pointed to be Political Resident 
 at Chepauk, and guardian of 
 the young Nawab. He was in 
 Italy in 1S18-A9, after which he 
 again went to India, and was 
 nominated to the command in the 
 Neilgherries. He is the author of 
 " Personal Adventures and Excur- 
 sions in Georgia, Circassia, and 
 Russia," 1815 ; and " The Romance 
 of Military Life, being Souvenirs 
 connected with Thirty Years Ser- 
 
 vice," 1853. He died at Chelten- 
 ham, Feb. 12, 1882. 
 
 CAMPBELL, Lieut.-Gen. Sik 
 Archibald, Bart., G.C.B., Colonel 
 of the G2nd Foot, was the son of 
 Lieutenant Archibald Campbell. 
 He entered the Army in 1787, and 
 went as ensign in the 77th Regi- 
 ment to India, where he saw a good 
 deal of service on the coast of ^lala- 
 bar and in Ceylon. Returning to 
 Europe, he served through the 
 great war, becoming Brigadier- 
 General in 1811. In 1813 the 
 Prince Regent of Portugal pro- 
 moted him to the rank of Major- 
 General in his service, and in 1816 
 to the command of the Lisbon 
 Division of the Portuguese Army, 
 which he resigned in 1820, and re- 
 tiuTied to England. In 1822 he 
 joined His Majesty's 38th Regiment 
 at the Cape, and proceeded with it 
 to India;, where he was selected by 
 the Hon. Sir E. Paget to take com- 
 mand of the exj)eclition to be sent 
 against the Burmese. For his dis- 
 tinguished services in that war he 
 received the thanks of both Houses 
 of Parliament ; and the Hon. East 
 India Comi^any granted him a pen- 
 sion of ^1,000 a year for life, and 
 presented Idui with a handsome 
 gold medal. On the termination of 
 the Burmese war he was appointed 
 Comiuander of the Forces in the 
 ceded provinces on the coast of 
 Tenasserim, and at the same time 
 was made Civil Commissioner in 
 the affairs of the Kingdoms of Bur- 
 mali and Siam. He was obliged 
 by ill-health to return to England 
 in 1829. In 1831 he was appointed 
 Lieutenant-Governor of the pro- 
 vince of New Brunswick, which 
 government he administered for 
 neai'ly six years. He was in 1839 
 appointed Commander-in-Chief in 
 Bombay, but had to relinquish the 
 post on account of ill health. Sir 
 Archibald i-eceived the insignia of 
 the Portuguese Order of the Tower 
 and Sword in 1813 ; was knighted 
 1811, became K.C.B., 1815, baronet 
 1831, and died 18 13. 
 
154 
 
 CAMPBELL. 
 
 CAMPBELL, John, Eight Hon. 
 Lord, Lord Chancellor of Eng- 
 land. He was descended from a 
 junior branch of the house of Ar- 
 gyll, and was born Sept. 15, 1779, 
 at Springfield, near Cujjar, where 
 his father was minister. He was 
 educated at Cupar Grammar School, 
 and afterwards at St. Andrews, 
 and after taking his degree, went 
 to London to study law, and in the 
 meantime became reporter and 
 dramatic critic of the Morning 
 Chronicle, Immediately on arriv- 
 ing in London, 1800, he entered 
 himself at Lincoln's Inn, and began 
 the study of special pleading under 
 Tidd, who " lived to see four pupils 
 sitting together in the House of 
 Lords — Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Den- 
 man, Lord Cottenham, and Lord 
 Campbell." In Michaelmas term, 
 1806, he was called to the bar, tra- 
 velled the Oxford circuit, and soon 
 obtained j^ractice. Between 1809- 
 16 he published a series of reports 
 at Nisi Prius, extending to 4 vols., 
 which are most useful in them- 
 selves, and especially so to attor- 
 neys, as at the end of each decision 
 he appended the names of the 
 attorneys who had been engaged on 
 the trials. This established him a 
 connection among attorneys, and 
 he had soon a large London jDrac- 
 tice. In 1827 he was made Q.C. 
 During 1830-31 he was M.P. for 
 Stafford ; in 1832 was appointed 
 Solicitor-General, and returned for 
 Dudley : in 1834 he was made 
 Attorney-General, and on present- 
 ing himself to his constituents for 
 re-election was unseated, but was 
 returned for Edinburgh, and repre- 
 sented that city until he was raised 
 to the peerage. During his Attor- 
 ney-Generalship Lord Campbell 
 carried a number of useful legal 
 reforms, among them the Libel 
 Eeform Act, known as Lord Camp- 
 bell's Act (the main object of which 
 was to restrain immoral publica- 
 tions), and a bill to limit the 
 powers of arrest. On the retire- 
 ment of Brougham in 1836 Camp- 
 
 bell was rather markedly passed 
 over, but in June, 1841, was raised 
 to the peerage, and made Lord 
 Chancellor of Ireland. He re- 
 turned, however, from Dublin in 
 less than a month, and in Sep- 
 tember resigned with the Mel- 
 bourne Ministry. He was entitled 
 to a pension of d£4,000, but de- 
 clined it, and for five yeai-s lived 
 without profession or salary. It 
 was then that he began his popular 
 ''Lives of the Chancellors," of 
 which the first series was published 
 in 1846, and which were followed 
 by " Lives of the Chief Justices." 
 On the return of the Whigs to 
 office in 1846, Lord Campbell joined 
 the Cabinet, and was appointed 
 Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- 
 caster. On the death of Lord Den- 
 man in 1850 he became Lord Chief 
 Justice of the Queen's Bench, and 
 in 1859 was created Lord Chancel- 
 lor. His death occurred very 
 suddenly at Stratheden Lodge, 
 Kensington, June 23, 1861. \^See 
 " Life of John, Lord Campbell," 
 by his daughter, the Hon. Mrs. 
 Hardcastle. Lond., 1881.^ 
 
 CAMPBELL, John "M'Leod, 
 D.D., Avas born at Ai*niaddy House, 
 near Kilninver, Argyllshire, in 
 1800, and was the son of the minis- 
 ter of that parish. He was educated 
 at the Glasgow and Edinburgh 
 Universities, and was ordained to 
 the charge of Eow parish, Dumbar- 
 tonshire, in 1825. In 1831 he was 
 deposed from this ministry by the 
 General Assembly, who accused 
 him of holding and teaching doc- 
 trines on the assurance of faith, 
 and on the atonement, which were 
 contrary to the standards of the 
 Church. He then went to Glasgow, 
 where he preached till 1859, and 
 had the degree of D.D. conferred 
 upon him by the University of 
 that town in 1868, and a testimo- 
 nial presented to him in 1871. He 
 was the author of several religious 
 works, the best known being the 
 " Nature of the Atonement," and 
 " Thoughts on Eevelation." He 
 
CAMPBELL. 
 
 oo 
 
 died at Achuashio, Roseneath, Feb. 
 27, 1871, in his 71st year. 
 
 CAMPBELL, Thomas, lyric poet, 
 was the eleventh and youngest 
 child of Alexander Campbell, a 
 retired merchant, and was boi-n at 
 Glasgow, July 27, 1777. He was 
 educated at the college of his native 
 city, and though a notoriously idle 
 boy, he, when only thirteen, carried 
 off a bui'sary froni a competitor 
 almost twice his age, and held to 
 be one of the best scholars in the 
 University. He remained seven 
 years at the University, and each 
 year won an academic prize ; his 
 Greek translations were so success-* 
 ful that his fellow students at last 
 declined to compete with him. 
 While at college he was forced, by 
 his poverty, to give lessons to the 
 younger lads, and on leaving the 
 University moved to Edinburgh, 
 where he was employed in the 
 Eegister House, and was afterwards 
 engaged on an abridgment of 
 " Bryan Edwards and his Times." 
 In 1799, when he was in his 22nd 
 year, he published " The Pleasures 
 of Hope ; " it was sold to the Mun- 
 dells for ,£60, but for several vears 
 the publishers gave him £bO on 
 every new edition, and allowed him 
 to print a splendid edition of the 
 work for himself. The success of 
 the volume placed the young author 
 in the foremost rank of contempo- 
 rary poets, and by the profits 
 arising from its sale he was enabled 
 to make that German tour whose 
 earlier and later fruits were 
 " Hohenlinden," " Ye Mariners of 
 England," and "The Exile of 
 Erin." In 1803 the poet removed 
 to London, and in the autumn of 
 that year he man-ied Miss Matilda 
 Sinclair, his cousin. He then set- 
 tled at Sydenham, and devoted 
 himself to literature, and shortly 
 afterwards published anonymously 
 " Annals of Great Britain from the 
 Accession of George III. to the 
 Peace of Amiens." He was at this 
 time engaged on the Star news- 
 paper, and on Brewster's Edinburgh 
 
 Encyclupajdia. In 1809 he puVdished 
 " Gertrude of Wyoming," " Lord 
 Ullin's Daughter," and "The 
 Battle of the Baltic," to which he 
 added in a later edition, "O'Connor's 
 Child." This was the time of his 
 greatest popularity, and in the 
 same year he delivered a course of 
 lectures on poetry at the Koyal 
 Institution, which were afterwards 
 published. In 1821 he became the 
 editor of The New Monthly Magazine, 
 and three years later published 
 " Theodoric," the weakest of his 
 long poems. He was in 182G elected 
 Lord Rector of the University of 
 Glasgow, a distinction on which he 
 prided himself more than on any of 
 his literary triumphs. But his 
 working days were now drawing to 
 a close. In 1838 his wife died, and 
 from that time he declined in 
 health and vigour. He resigned 
 his editorship of the New Monthly 
 two years later, and though he pub- 
 lished several works after this date 
 they testified to his failing powers. 
 In the summer of 18-43 he went to 
 Boulogne to trv change of air : he 
 remained there during the ensuing 
 winter and spring, and there died 
 June 15, 1841. His remains were 
 brought to England and buried in 
 the Poets' Corner of AVestminster 
 Abbey. A complete collection of 
 his poems, of which there are 
 various editions, ajjpeared after his 
 death. One of them contains a 
 biography bv the Rev. W. Alfred 
 Hill. 
 
 CAMPBELL, Thomas, sculptor. 
 He was born May 1, 1790, in Edin- 
 biu-gh, and was apprenticed to a 
 stone-cutter, by whom he was soon 
 employed on a class of work which 
 gave him a considerable knowledge 
 of form. He afterwards came to 
 London, entered the Academy 
 Schools, and in 1818 went to Rome, 
 where he remained many years, 
 and whence in 1827 he sent his 
 first work for exhibition in the 
 Academy. In 1828 he exhibited 
 " Cupid instructed by Venus to 
 assume the form of Ascanius," and 
 
156 
 
 CANDLISH— CANNING. 
 
 having at this time many commis- 
 sions to execute in England, he 
 came over to London in 1830, and 
 from that time until 1857 continued 
 to exhibit his works, chiefly por- 
 trait statues and busts, in the 
 Academy. He died in London, 
 Feb. 4, 1858. Campbell exhibited 
 thirty-eight works in the Academy. 
 His sitting statue of the Princess 
 Pauline Borghese,one of his earliest 
 works, is now at Chatsworth ; at 
 Windsor there is a statue of the 
 Queen bv him, and the monuments 
 of Sir William Hoste in St. Paul's, 
 and of the Duchess of Buccleuch at 
 Boughton are among his most im- 
 portant works. His bust of Lord 
 George Bentinck is in the National 
 Portrait Gallery. 
 
 CANDLISH, The Rev. Robert 
 Smith, D.D. [1807 — 1873], was born 
 at Edinburgh, March 23, 1807, and 
 having been educated at Glasgow, 
 was engaged as a private tutor 
 at Eton, and in 1828 licensed as a 
 preacher by the Presbytery of Glas- 
 gow. In 1829 he became minister of 
 St. Andrew's, Glasgow. In 1831 he 
 officiated in a like cajoacity at Bon- 
 hill, in the dale of Leven, where 
 he remained until his call to Edin- 
 burgh. In 1839 he took a promi- 
 nent part in the debates in the 
 General Assembly, and in 1813, the 
 year of the disruption, left the 
 Scotch Kirk for the Free Church. 
 In 1815 and 181G he was largely 
 concerned in the establishment of 
 the Evangelical Alliance. In the 
 last-named vear Dr. Candlish Avas 
 appointed Covener of the Education 
 Committee of the Free Chiu'ch. 
 In 1847 he was, upon the death 
 of Dr. Chalmers, apjjointed to 
 the Chair of Divinity in New 
 College. Dr. Candlish was the 
 author of " Contributions towards 
 the Exposition of the Book of 
 Genesis ; " many other theologi- 
 cal works ; and various contribu- 
 tions to the periodical press. On 
 the death of Dr. Cunningham, in 
 honour of whose memory the Cun- 
 ningham lectureship was estab- 
 
 lished. Dr. Candlish was appointed 
 his successor as Principal of New 
 College, Edinburgh. 
 
 CANNING, Charles John, Earl 
 AND Viscount [1812—1862], son of 
 the Right Hon. George Canning, 
 some time Prime Minister of Eng- 
 land, was born at Brompton, and 
 educated at Christ Church, Oxford, 
 where he graduated in first class 
 honours. He entered Parliament 
 1836, as member for Warwick- 
 
 m 
 
 shire, in the Conservative interest, 
 but did not sit long in the House of 
 Commons, as he succeeded to the 
 peerage in 1837, on the death of 
 his mother. The Viscountcy of 
 Canning had been bestowed on his 
 mother, with remainder to her only 
 surviving son, and he took his seat 
 in the House of Lords as Viscount 
 Canning. When in 1811 Sir R. 
 Peel became Prime Minister, Lord 
 Canning entered office as Under 
 Secretary for Foreign Affairs, a post 
 he held till the beginning of 1816, 
 when for a few months he was Chief 
 Commissioner of Woods and Forests. 
 In 1852 he accepted the office of 
 Postmaster-General in the adminis- 
 tration of the Earl of Aberdeen, in 
 which capacity he displayed much 
 zeal and ability, and established the 
 practice of preparing and submit- 
 ting to Parliament an annual Blue- 
 book, chronicling the various 
 changes and improvements which 
 take place in the postal system 
 from year to year. In 1855, on the 
 death of Lord Dalhousie, he was 
 chosen to succeed that nobleman as 
 Governor-General of India, and en- 
 tered ujDon the duties of his office in 
 India in Feb., 1856. He held the 
 reins of Government of the Indian 
 Empire throughout the trying period 
 of the Indian Mutiny of 1857-8, re- 
 signing his iDOst in 1801. It was 
 in ridicule of his policy on the sup- 
 pression of the Mutiny that the 
 more bitter of the Anglo-Indians 
 nicknamed him " Clemency Can- 
 ning," a title which he and his 
 ft'iends regarded as his highest 
 honour. For his successful ser- 
 
CANTERBURY— CAPUA . 
 
 1 
 
 ot 
 
 vices in this Indian crisis he was 
 raised loan earldom, and appointed 
 a G.C.B. (civil divisioa). About a 
 month before his deatli he was 
 created K.G. As he died without 
 issue the title became extinct. 
 
 CANTERBURY, 1st Viscount, 
 Charles Manners Sutton, Ba- 
 ron BOTTESFORD OF BOTTESFORD, 
 
 G.C.B. , a Privy Councillor, &c., was 
 the eldest son of the most Rev. 
 Charles Manners - Sutton, Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, and was born 
 Jan. 20, 1780. His school years 
 were passed at Eton, whence he 
 went to Trinity College, Cambridtre, 
 and graduated in 1802. He was 
 called to the Bar in 1805, and in 
 1807 was elected in the Tory in- 
 terest M.P. for Scarborough, which 
 he represented till 1832, when he 
 was returned for Cambridge Uni- 
 versity. In 1809 he was appointed 
 Judge Advocate-General, and in 
 June, 1817, he succeeded Abbot as 
 SjDeaker of the House of Commons. 
 It sa\s much for his capacity that 
 without the least compromise of 
 principle he was twice proposed by 
 the "Whigs for the Speakership, 
 and that on sevei'al other occasions 
 they agreed to re-elect him. When, 
 in 183i, the Melboiu-ne ministry 
 was dismissed, Mr. Manuers-Sutton 
 was elected Speaker, and shortly 
 afterwards he was called to the 
 Upper House by the title of Vis- 
 count Canterbury and Baron Bot- 
 tesfoi'd. He died from the etfects 
 of an apoplectic seizure, July 21, 
 1845. 
 
 CANTERBURY, 2nd Viscount, 
 The Right Hon. John Henry Tho- 
 mas Manners-Button, G.C.M.G. 
 [1814 — 1877], younger son of the 
 above, was born in London, and edu- 
 cated at Eton and Trinity College, 
 Cambridge^ where he graduated 
 M.A. in 1835. He sat in Parlia- 
 ment in the Conservative interest 
 in 1889-40 as member for Cam- 
 bridge, being elected on a vacancy 
 in the representation of that 
 borough, caused by the eleva- 
 tion of Mr. Spring Rice to the 
 
 Peerage as Lord Monteagle, and 
 was again chosen for the constitu- 
 ency at the general election of 
 1811 ; he was re-elected, and held 
 tlie post of Under-Secretary of State 
 for the Home Department, under 
 Sir Robert Peel's second adminis- 
 tration (Sept., 1811 — July, 1810). 
 He acted as Lieutenant-Governor 
 of New Brunswick from 1854-1861 ; 
 as Governor of Trinidad from ISGl- 
 18(3(3 ■; and as Governor of Victoria 
 from the latter date to December, 
 1872. His Lordship was created a 
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order 
 of SS. Michael and George in June, 
 1873. 
 
 CAPUA, Princess of, Penelope 
 Smyth, was the daughter of Mr. 
 Grice Smyth, of Bidlynatray, county 
 "VVaterford, and her marriage with 
 the Prince of Capua, brother of the 
 celebrated Bomba, took place in 
 183G. She was left a widow in 18(32, 
 with two children, Francesco Fer- 
 dinando Carlo, Prince of Capua, 
 and Vittoria Augusta Penelojje. 
 The marriage was attended with 
 some romantic incidents. The 
 Prince and the lady had eloped 
 from Naples to England, where 
 thev wished to have their marriage 
 solemnized, or re-solemnized, ac- 
 cording to the forms of the Chiirch 
 of England, but were stojsped Ity a 
 caveat entered by Count de Ludolf , 
 the Sicilian Envoy, on the part of 
 King Bomba. The case came be- 
 fore the Court, and was argued at 
 some length, the proctor for King 
 Bomba's Minister urging that by 
 decrees of the Sicilian Kingdom no 
 valid marriage could be contracted 
 by a Prince of the blood Royal 
 without the consent of the reigning 
 Sovereign, that this marriage had 
 been expressly forbidden by the 
 King, and that the Prince had only 
 recently arrived in England, where 
 he had no place of abode. It was 
 argued on the other side that both 
 parties were of age, and had ful- 
 filled the preliminary requirements 
 of the Englisli law, tliat one of 
 them was a British-born subject^ 
 
158 
 
 CARDIGAN— CARE W. 
 
 and that no lawful impediment 
 existed to bar the union. Dr. 
 NichoU, the Master of the Facul- 
 ties, refused the licence, but the 
 banns were afterwards published 
 in the ordinary way, and although 
 they were forbidden, no cause 
 against the marriage was shown, 
 and it was celebrated at St. 
 G-eox'ge's, Hanover Square. The 
 marriage had been performed three 
 times before this, once in Rome, 
 once in Madi-id,and once at Gretna 
 Gi'een. The Princess died Dec. 15, 
 18S2, at the Royal Villa of Martia, 
 near Lucca. 
 
 CARDIGAN (Earl of). The 
 Right Hon. James Thomas 
 Brudenell, K.C.B. [1797— 18GS], 
 the son of the sixth earl, by 
 the daughter of John Cooke, Esq., 
 of Harefield Park, was born Oct. 
 IG, 1797, and entered the army as 
 cornet in the 8tli Hussars, May G, 
 1821. His promotion was rapid, 
 and by Dec. 3, 1830, he had become 
 lieutenant-colonel. As Lord Brude- 
 nell, he was one of the members for 
 Northamptonshire from 1832 to 
 1837, when he succeeded to the 
 peerage. In March, 1832, he was 
 promoted from half -pay to the lieu- 
 tenant-colonelcy of the 11th Hus- 
 sars, and applied himself at once to 
 increase the efficiency of his corps. 
 He was tried before the House of 
 Lords in Feb. 1810, for wounding 
 Captain Tuckett in a duel, and was 
 acquitted. In 1818 he was highly 
 complimented by the late Duke of 
 Wellington on the discipline and 
 efficiency of his regiment ; and on 
 the outbreak of the Crimean War 
 he was appointed to command a 
 brigade of cavalry, having then re- 
 cently obtained the rank of Major- 
 General. In the battle of Bala- 
 clava, Oct. 20, 1855, he led the 
 celebrated "death-charge," which 
 has become so fertile a theme for 
 military criticism. His lordship 
 was created a K.C.B. soon after his 
 return to England from the East. 
 The Earl of Cardigan, who was In- 
 spector-General of Cavalry from 
 
 Feb., 1855, to the end of March* 
 1860, was appointed Colonel of the 
 5th Dragoon Guards in Aug., 1859, 
 and was transferred to his old regi- 
 ment, as Colonel of the 11th, or 
 Prince Albert's Own Hussars, in 
 Aug., 18G0. 
 
 CARD WELL, Edward, Rev., 
 LL.D., Principal of St. Alban 
 Hall, Oxford, F.R.S., F.S.A. He 
 was the son of Richard Cardwell, of 
 Blackburn, Lancashire, and was 
 born about 1789. In 1806 he en- 
 tered Brasenose College, became a 
 fellow of his college in 1809, and 
 in isll he was appointed a Univer- 
 sity Examiner. In 1826 he was 
 chosen Camden Professor of Ancient 
 Histoi*y, and in 1831 succeeded 
 Archbishop Whately as Principal 
 of St. Alban's Hall. He took a 
 leading part in the government of 
 the University, was for many years 
 chief manager of the Bible depart- 
 ment of the Clarendon Press, and 
 was private secretary to the Chan- 
 cellor while Earl Granville, the 
 Duke of Wellington and Lord 
 Derby held that office. In 1828 he 
 brought out an edition of " Aris- 
 totle's Ethics," and later a number 
 of important theological works, 
 among them the entire " Synodical 
 History of the Church ^of England ; 
 documentary annals of the Re- 
 formed Church of England," and 
 " Synodalia, a collection of Articles 
 of Religion, &c." He died at the 
 age of seventy-three. May 23, 1861, 
 at the Principal's Lodge, St. Alban 
 Hall, Oxford. 
 
 CAREW, John Edward [1785 
 — 1868], sculptor, of Irish ex- 
 traction. In early life he was a 
 pupil of the late Sir A. Westmacott, 
 by W'hom, as well as by Chantrey, 
 his intuitive genius was much ac- 
 mired, and he became acquainted 
 with the Earl of Egremont, by Avhom 
 he was employed at Petworth 
 House, and who, amongst other acts 
 of liberality, commissioned him to 
 execute the fine altar-piece repre- 
 senting the Baptism of Christ, 
 which adorns the Roman Catholic 
 
CAREY -CARLILE. 
 
 loO 
 
 chapel on the East Cliff at Brighton. 
 Carew executed the sculptures on 
 the base of the Nelson column, and 
 the well-known statue of " Whit- 
 tington listening to the London 
 Bells." 
 
 CAKEY, James, who by turning 
 informer led to the apprehension of 
 the murderers of Lord Frederick Ca- 
 vendish and Mr. Burke (the Under- 
 Secretary), was the son of a brick- 
 layer at Cellridge, co. Kildare. For 
 eighteen years he followed his 
 father's trade, working under a 
 builder, Joseph Meade. At the end 
 of that time he started in business 
 for himself, and obtained several 
 large contracts from public bodies, 
 such as convents and poor-houses. 
 Through exposing corporate mis- 
 management in a sewer contract he 
 was elected a member of the Dublin 
 Town Council, from which office he 
 was expelled on turning informer. 
 He became actively engaged in the 
 Fenian organisation, and was the 
 founder of the Irish Invincibles. 
 On Jan. 3, 1883, he was arrested in 
 Dublin and charged, with sixteen 
 others, with conspiring to murder 
 certain public officials. On being 
 brought to trial he turned Queen's 
 evidence, which led to the convic- 
 tion of the Phcenix Park mur- 
 derers. Carey, though himself one 
 of the assasins, was pardoned, and 
 secretly conveyed out . of the 
 country. He started for Natal on 
 July G. Arriving at Cape Tot.^ti on 
 the 27th, he was transferred to the 
 Melrose Castle, bound for Port 
 Elizabeth. When nearing that 
 station he was shot, on board the 
 steamer, by Peter O'Donnell, who 
 was supposed to be the agent of 
 some secret society sent for the 
 purpose., ^e died Aug. 4, 1883, 
 aged about 38. 
 
 CAREY (Major-General), Sir 
 OcTAVius [1786— 18ir4], K.C.H., 
 was present at the siege of Scylla 
 in 1809, and sei'ved with distinction 
 on the eastei'n coast of Spain from 
 1812 to 1814. As Major he had com- 
 mand of the Free Corps of Cala- 
 
 brese. He was at the taking of 
 Alcoy, the action at Briar, battle of 
 Castilla, siege of Tarragona, action 
 at Ordal, blockade of Tarragona, 
 and also of Barcelona. It was at 
 the Col de Ordal that he and his 
 corps achieved their greatest re- 
 nown. The light division of the 
 English army being posted at Col 
 de Ordal, was furiously attacked at 
 midnight on September 13, 1813, 
 by two French columns of 10,000 
 men, and after a conflict of two 
 hours was compelled to retire with 
 heavy loss in officers and men. 
 Major Carey found himself com- 
 pletely separated from the main 
 body of the army, and must have 
 been captured but for the prompti- 
 tude, skill, and daring with which he 
 cut his way through the rear of the 
 French column, got to Villa Nova, 
 and embarked his weakened corps 
 for Tarragona, where he rejoined the 
 Army. Sir Octavius was nominated 
 C.B. 1815, received the honour of 
 knighthood, 1830, and was appointed 
 a Knight Commander of the Hano- 
 verian Order in 1835. 
 
 CARLILE, Richard [1790— 
 1843], a publisher of deistical books 
 and papers in Fleet Street, was the 
 son of a shoemaker, and was born 
 at Ashburton in Devonshire. He 
 was early apprenticed to a tin-plate 
 worker, and followed that business 
 till he was twenty-six, when coming 
 across T. Paine 's works he was con- 
 verted, and began to sell Cobbett's 
 " Register/' Wooler's " Black 
 Dwarf," and other " radical " 
 periodicals, which were very objec- 
 tionable to the authorities. He 
 then published on his o^vn account 
 Paine's political and theological 
 wi'itings ; Southey's " Wat Tyler," 
 which the poet wished to suppress, 
 but of which he sold 25,000 copies ; 
 and Hone's "Parodies," which sent 
 him to pi'ison for eighteen weeks. 
 In 1819 he was sentenced to three 
 years' imprisonment in Dorchester 
 jail, with a fine of .£1,500, for pub- 
 lishing •' blasphemous and seditious 
 libels." lu 1821 his wife was im- 
 
160 
 
 CARLISLE. 
 
 ]">risonedj and later his sister, in 
 spite of which his publications went 
 on^ with the help of volunteers. At 
 last a " Constitutional Association " 
 was formed, and a subscription 
 raised to provide funds to defend 
 State and Church, by prosecuting 
 Carlile's shoijmen and assistants. 
 Of these Susanna Wright, William 
 Holmes, George Beer, John Bark- 
 ley, Humi^hrey Boyle, William 
 Tunbridge, Joseph Rhodes, James 
 Watson, and others, suffered terms 
 of imprisonment varying from six 
 months to three years. Altogether 
 Carlile suffered nine years and four 
 months' imprisonment for his opi- 
 nions and publications. Among 
 his works may be mentioned, " The 
 ReiJublican ; " " The Political and 
 MiscelLaneous woi'ks of Thomas 
 Paino," 1819 ; ': The Deist, or Moral 
 I'hilosopher," 1819 ; " Every Man's 
 Book ; Or what is God," 1826, &c. 
 
 CARLISLE, Sir Anthony, senior 
 surgeon to the Westminster Hos- 
 pital, one of the Council and Court 
 of Examiners of the Royal College 
 of Surgeons, a Fellow of the Royal 
 and other Societies, &c., was born 
 at Stillington, Durham, in 1768. 
 He began his professional educa- 
 tion under an uncle at York. From 
 there he went to London, and 
 entered himself at the Hunterian 
 School of Anatomy in Windmill 
 Street, where his zeal attracted 
 the notice of the celebrated John 
 Hunter, He then became a resi- 
 dent pupil of Mr. Henry Watson, 
 F.R.S., a surgeon of the West- 
 minster Hospital, to Avhose office on 
 his death in 1793, Mr. Carlisle 
 succeeded. He was elected a Fellow 
 of the Royal Society in 1800. His 
 acquaintance with Sir Joseph Banks 
 led him to set on foot enquiries 
 into many branches of natural 
 history, the results of which appear 
 in the volumes of the Linnean 
 and Horticultural Societies, and in 
 several English scientific publica- 
 tions. On the recommendation of 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds, Mr. Carlisle 
 was admitted a student at the 
 
 Royal Academy, and in 1808 suc- 
 ceeded Mr. Sheldon as Professor of 
 Anatomy in that institution. He 
 greatly improved the instruments 
 used in surgical operations. He 
 received the honour of knighthood 
 on the accession of George IV. He 
 died at his house in Langham 
 Place, Nov. 2, 1840. 
 
 CARLISLE (Earl of), George 
 William Frederick Howard, 
 K.G. [1802—1861], well known be- 
 fore his accession to the earldom, 
 in 1818, as Lord Morpeth, was born 
 April 18, 1802. Having been edu- 
 cated at Eton and Christ Church, 
 Oxford, where he obtained two uni- 
 versity i^rizes for his poems and 
 the highest classical honours, he 
 commenced his public career at 
 an eax'ly age, and sat first in 
 the House of Commons as mem- 
 ber for Morpeth. He was after- 
 wards elected to Parliament 
 for the West Riding of York- 
 shire, and up to 1841, under the 
 Melbourne Ministry, was Chief 
 Seci'etary for Ireland, where he was 
 universally beloved. When the 
 Whigs came again into power in 
 1846 he was appointed Commissioner 
 of Woods and Forests, and suc- 
 ceeded Lord Campbell as Chan- 
 cellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. 
 He acquired a high reputation 
 as a man of letters and of con- 
 siderable mental culture. He tra- 
 velled in America, and shortly 
 after his return to England, in 
 the autumn of 1850, delivered 
 before the Mechanics' Institute at 
 Leeds, a lecture on America, and 
 another on the "Life and Writ- 
 ings of Pope," which attracted no 
 small attention, jDartly from the in- 
 trinsic value of the lectures them- 
 selves, and partly from the novelty 
 of a lord's lecturing to a society of 
 mechanics. He afterwards visited 
 the East, and published his im- 
 pressions of his tour under the 
 title of " Diary in Turkish and 
 Greek Waters." He was also the 
 author of a work on ProjDhecy. On 
 the a,ccession of Lord Palmerston 
 
CARLOS— CARL YLE . 
 
 1(51 
 
 to the Pivmieiship in 1855, the 
 Earl of Carlisle was nominated by 
 her Majesty Lord-Lieutenant of 
 Ireland, to which he was reap- 
 pointed on the return of his party 
 to power in 1859. In that capa- 
 city he devoted much labour and 
 pains to the develoj^ment of the 
 agricultural resources of Ireland, 
 and to the spread of a general sys- 
 tem of liberal and enlightened edu- 
 cation. 
 
 CARLOS, Edward John [1799 
 — 1851] was the lineal descendant 
 and representative of Colonel Care- 
 less or Carlis, who was the chief in- 
 strument m the preservation of 
 the life of Charles II. after the 
 battle of "Worcester, Mr. Carlos 
 was by profession an attorney, 
 but was better known as an en- 
 thusiastic antiquary, especially 
 ecclesiastical and monumental. In 
 1832 he was one of the committee 
 for the restoration of Crosby Hall, 
 and drew up " Historical and Anti- 
 quarian Notices of Crosby Hall,^' 
 for the benefit of the fund. He was 
 anxious for the preservation of Old 
 London Bridge, and published in 
 connection with the assistant archi- 
 tect, Mr. W. Knight, an *•' Account 
 of the Bridge, with observations 
 on its arcliitecture," dviring its de- 
 molition. In 18i3 he revised a 
 second edition of " Skelton's Oxo- 
 nia Restaurata," and was the author 
 of many essays and notices on the 
 subjects to which he was devoted. 
 
 CARLYLE, Jane Baillie 
 Welsh, the beautiful and gifted wife 
 of Thomas Carlyle, became famous 
 only after her husband's death, 
 when the " Letters and Memorials" 
 of her life of self sacrifice were pub- 
 lished under the editorship of Mr. 
 J. A. Froude. Jane Baillie Welsh 
 was a descendant of John Welsh, 
 the celebrated minister of Ayr, who 
 married the daughter of John 
 Knox. The family occupied the 
 rank of small gentry, and the an- 
 cestral home was Craigenputtock, 
 a high moorland farm on the water- 
 shed between Dumfriesshire and 
 
 Galloway. Jolm Welsh, the father 
 of Mrs. Carlyle, was in practice as 
 a physician at Haddington, near 
 Glasgow, where in 1801 his only 
 child was born. Haddington school 
 was not a stone's throw from her 
 father's house, and there the little 
 girl was educated. While she was 
 a pupil young Edward Irving, then 
 fi-esh from college honours, was 
 master, and through him Miss 
 Welsh, in 1821, became acquainted 
 with Thomas Carlyle. Her father 
 had died two years earlier, and had 
 left his yo\mg daughter an heiress. 
 She had as many lovers as Penelope, 
 but in the end she chose one who 
 was of lowly birth and penniless, 
 for in Oct. 1826 she became the wife 
 of Thomas Carlyle. Their first 
 home was Comely Bank, Edinburgh, 
 but want of money, dyspepsia, and 
 a wish for solitude, induced Car- 
 lyle to move to Craigenputtock. 
 There for six dreary years Mrs. 
 Carlyle, beautiful, witty, cultured, 
 fitted in every way to shine in so- 
 ciety, but most unfitted by natui-e, 
 training, and health for drudgery, 
 toiled like a maid of all work. This 
 told upon her health, and was not 
 without its effect upon her temper. 
 Her delicate frame never entirely 
 rallied from the wear of body and 
 strain of nerve that those six long 
 lonely years had been to her. In 
 1834 the Carlyles settled in Cheyne 
 Row, Chelsea, and there the remain- 
 der of Mrs. Carlyle's life — none of 
 the brightest — was passed. To- 
 wards the close of her life she suf- 
 fered much from neuralgia and 
 weakness, but there was no last ill- 
 ness : she died quite suddenly when 
 in her carriage in Hyde Park, April 
 21, 1866. After her death Carlj'le 
 prepared her ' ' Letters and Memo- 
 rials " for the press, and they were 
 published immediately after liis 
 decease. 
 
 CARLYLE, Thomas. He was the 
 sou of a small farmer, and was born 
 at Ecclefechan in Dumfriesshire, 
 Dec. 4th, 1794. He showed re- 
 markable power of mind when quite 
 
 M 
 
162 
 
 CARLYLE. 
 
 a little boy, and his i^arents, in- 
 tending him for the ministry, had 
 him educated at Annan Grammar 
 School and Edinburgh University. 
 Having finished his college course 
 Carlyle became mathematical tutor 
 at Annan in 1814, and two years 
 later was promoted to Kirkcaldy. 
 He never liked teaching, and came 
 in time to hate it, and in Dec, 1818, 
 having saved ,£90, he threw over 
 the schoolmaster's functions and 
 went to Edinburgh to read for the 
 bar, supporting himself meanwhile 
 by writing for Dr. Brewster's En- 
 cyclopaedia. In 1822 he became 
 tutor to Charles and Arthur Buller, 
 with a salary of =£200 a year. He 
 had his evenings to himself and 
 employed some of them in study, 
 others in translating Legendre's 
 " Geometry," Goethe's " Wilhelm 
 Meister," and in writing his " Life 
 of Schiller," which apj^eared by in- 
 stalments in the London Magazine. 
 In the summer of 1823 he went with 
 the Bullers to Kinnaird House, 
 Perthshire, and in June of the next 
 year accompanied them to London, 
 but after a few weeks left them, 
 remaining, however, in England 
 until the following January. On 
 Oct. 17th, 1826, he married Miss 
 Jane Baillie Welsh [see above], 
 and took his wife to Comely 
 Bank, Edinburgh. At this time 
 Carlyle w-as AVi-iting for the Edin- 
 burgh Review, but dissatisfied with 
 his way of life and pressed for 
 money he removed in May, 1828, to 
 his -^-ife's estate, Craigenputtock, 
 the dreariest spot in the British 
 dominions. The isolation of the 
 place — the nearest cottage was a 
 mile away — the pure keen air and 
 quiet life suited Carlyle, he threw 
 himself heart and soul into his 
 work, and to the six years' exile at 
 Craigenputtock we owe much of the 
 quality of his imagination. To him 
 the life was happy enough, but to 
 his wife it was unspeakably dreary, 
 though of her unutterable loneli- 
 ness the patient woman never com- 
 plained. Besides his reviewing. 
 
 Carlyle set to work on '' A History 
 of German Literature,'' and ''Teu- 
 felsdrockh," the egg out of which 
 " Sartor Eesartus " was to grow. 
 " Teufelsdrockh " failed to find a 
 publisher, and in July, 1831, 
 " Sartor Resartus " was completed. 
 Carlyle then went to London to 
 seek a publisher for that and the 
 unpublished sections of the " Lite- 
 rary History." "Sartor" proved 
 no more saleable than "Teufels- 
 drockh " had been ; Mun'ay almost 
 accepted it, but after sending it to 
 the printer, backed out of the 
 agreement. " The man behaved 
 like a pig," wrote Carlyle to his 
 wife, " and was speared not perhaps 
 without ai't .... the truth of the 
 matter is now clear enough, ' Driich' 
 cannot be disposed of in London at 
 this time." In October Mrs. Carlyle 
 joined her husband in London, but 
 in the following January his father 
 died, and March found the Carlyles 
 back at Craigenputtock. The lack 
 of books was a grave disadvantage 
 to Craigenputtock as a residence. 
 " Why is there not a Majesty's 
 library in every town ? " cried the 
 distressed author ; " there is a Ma- 
 jesty's gaol and gallows in every 
 one." This want of books drove 
 him to Edinburgh in Jan. 1833, but 
 in April, having collected material 
 enough he returned to " The Desert " 
 to write "The Diamond Necklace." 
 During this year " Sartor," stripped 
 into shreds, appeared month by 
 month in Fraser's Magazine. Car- 
 lyle was now wearying of Craigen- 
 puttock, and in Feb., 1834, having 
 saved ^£200, took the sudden resolu- 
 tion of living in London. "Thus," 
 says Mr. Froude, " the six years' im- 
 prisonment at Craigenputtock came 
 to an end. To Carlyle himself they 
 had been years of inestimable 
 value ; if we compare the essay on 
 Jean Paul, which he wrote at 
 Comely Bank, with the 'Diamond 
 Necklace,' his last work at Craigen- 
 puttock, we see the leap from pro- 
 mise to fulfilment, from the imma- 
 tiu'e energy of youth to the full 
 
CAELYLE. 
 
 163 
 
 intulk'ctual strenjrth of completed 
 manhood. In 'Sartor' he had 
 relieved his soul of its perilous se- 
 cretions l>y throwing out of him- 
 self his personal sufferin<^s and 
 physical and spiritual experience. 
 He had read omnivorously far and 
 wide. His memory was a magazine 
 of facts gathered over the whole 
 surface of European literature and 
 history .... His religious faith had 
 gained solidity. His confidence in 
 the soundness of his own convic- 
 tions was no longer clouded Avith 
 the shadow of doubt. The 'His- 
 tory of the French Revolution/ the 
 most powerful of all his works, and 
 the only one which has the character 
 of a work of art, was the produc- 
 tion of the mind which lie brought 
 with him from Craigenputtock un- 
 disturbed by the contradictions and 
 excitements of London life and 
 London society." Immediately on 
 arriving in London the Carlyles 
 began house hunting, and after 
 a few weeks took the house in 
 Cheyne Eow which wiis their home 
 for the rest of their lives. So soon 
 as they were settled, Carlyle set to 
 work on the " French Revolution ; " 
 he read the subject, studied it, 
 thought it over, until his mind was 
 saturated with it, and then in a 
 semi-automatic condition ■\\Tote what 
 was pictiu-ed ou his mind. John 
 Mill, who was then his closest friend, 
 borrowed the manuscript as it was 
 thrown off. The completed first 
 volume was in his hands when, 
 '* left out in too careless a manner 
 after it had been read, it was, ex- 
 cept four or five leaves, irrevocably 
 annihilated." Mill, deadly pale, 
 entered Carlyle's room, and in bro- 
 ken sentences told him what had 
 happened. Carlyle, whose first 
 thought was of what Mill must be 
 suffering, made light of the matter, 
 and when his friend went away, 
 said to his vriiQ, " Well, Mill, poor 
 fellow, is terribly cut up, we must 
 endeavour to hide froui him how 
 serious this business is to us." 
 Truly characteristic of Carlyle's 
 
 fundamentally great heart was the 
 way in which he boi'C this blow, 
 with none of the railing and invec- 
 tive which he poured out so freely 
 at small annoyances. In none of 
 his letters at this time do we find a 
 word of reproach against Mill. 
 Still the loss was a great one, and 
 Carlyle's temperament and method 
 of work made it all but irreparable. 
 "Weeks of depression and sterility 
 had to be overcome, but six months 
 later (Sept., 1835), the lost volume 
 was re-written, and in Jan., 1837, 
 the complete work was ready for the 
 press. The sale was slow at first, 
 for Carlyle had little reputation, 
 but it was felt that a great voice 
 had spoken, and from the date of 
 the appearance of " The French 
 Revolution," his high place in 
 literature was assured. In 1838 
 Mill asked him to Avrite a paper on 
 Cromwell for the London and West- 
 minster ; the work was counter- 
 manded in Mill's absence by 
 Robertson, and it was this incident 
 which detei-mined Carlyle to take 
 up the history of the Common- 
 wealth seriously. At this dis- 
 tance of time it is difficult to realise 
 the revolution of thought which 
 " Cromwell " brought about, but any- 
 one who will read what was written 
 about the Protector before 1815, 
 when Carlyle's work appeared, and 
 what has been written since, will see 
 how great was the achievement. 
 About this time Carlyle delivered 
 several covu'ses of lectures in Lon- 
 don to very distinguished audiences 
 with immense effect. The " Lec- 
 tures on Heroes " were the 
 chief outcome of these efforts. 
 In 1850 "The Latter-day Pam- 
 phlets " came out ; they were pub- 
 lished in separate monthly parts, 
 beginning with the paper on " The 
 Nigger Question." This and seve- 
 ral of its successors gave almost 
 universal offence, and caused a great 
 outcry, but the sale of Carlyle's 
 books steadily increased, and did 
 not suffer from the denimciations 
 that the pamphlets called forth. 
 
 31 2 
 
164 
 
 CAENAEYON— CAEPENTER. 
 
 Jn 1851 he set to work on liis great 
 undertakings the "Life of Frederick 
 the Great. '^ This was scarcely less 
 than the entire history^ secular and 
 religious, of the 18th century, and 
 entailed an almost incredible 
 amount of research. After fourteen 
 years of continuous and often ex- 
 cessive labour it was completed, 
 and was published in 18G5. Its 
 immense importance was at once 
 recognized, both here and in Ger- 
 many, and it was better received 
 than any of Carlyle's earlier books 
 had been, though it contained much 
 that offended the English mind, 
 and the subject was remote from 
 English interest. In November of 
 that year Carlyle was chosen Eector 
 of Edinbui-gh University, and on the 
 29th of the ensuing March he went 
 to Scotland for his installation, 
 at which he delivered the celebrated 
 address " On the Choice of Books." 
 While he was still in Edinburgh, a 
 day or two before his proposed 
 return home, the news reached him 
 of the sudden death of his wife, 
 who expired while out driving on 
 Ain'il 21st. His grief for the loss 
 of that life-long and unselfish friend 
 v.'as almost past endurance. In an 
 agony of grief and longing he pre- 
 pared the "Letters and Memorials" 
 which have immortalised the gifted 
 woman who buried her o"\\ti talents 
 and personality in the wider fame 
 of her husband. Deprived in his 
 old age of his chief sujiport, Car- 
 lyle never overcame his grief, but 
 continued to mourn his dead wife 
 until on Feb. 5th, 1881, he passed 
 quietly away. He is buried in 
 EcclefecLan churchyard. Of bio- 
 graphic records there are many. 
 First in importance are the series 
 by Mr. J. A. Froude, "Eeminis- 
 cences," " Thomas Carlyle : his His- 
 tory from 1798 to 1835," and " A 
 History of Carlyle's Life in London, 
 1835-1881." Biographies have also 
 been written by Messrs. E. H. Shep- 
 herd, W. H. Wylie, and Moncure 
 D. Conway. 
 CAENAEVON, Third Earl of. 
 
 The Eight Hon. Henry John 
 George Herbert, was the elder 
 son of Henry George, the second 
 Earl of Carnarvon, and was born 
 June 8, 1800. He was educated at 
 Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford. 
 In 1822 he made an extensive tour 
 on the Continent with Mr. Pusey, 
 and during his absence his play 
 "Don Pedro," founded on the story 
 of King Pedro the Cruel, was acted 
 at Drury Lane. In 1827 he pub- 
 lished "The Moor," a poem with 
 elaborate notes, which show a 
 minute acquaintance with Spanish 
 and Moorish history, and in 1836 a 
 work entitled " Portugal and Gal- 
 licia, the Social and Political State of 
 the Basque Provinces,'and Eemarks 
 on Eecent Events in Spain." In 
 1821 he entered the House of Com- 
 mons as member for Wootton Basset, 
 and in 1833, on the death of his 
 father, succeeded to the earldom 
 and his seat among the Peers. In 
 the House of Lords, he took an 
 active part in the discussions on the 
 MunicijDal Eeform Act, and divided 
 their lordships as he had done the 
 House of Commons on the question 
 of Parliamentary Eeform. His 
 labours were however interrupted 
 by almostconstant ill-health, and by 
 frequent visits to the Continent. He 
 died at Pusey, Berkshire, Dec. 10, 
 1819. 
 
 CAENE, Miss E. [1817—1873], 
 was the daughter of Mr. Joseph 
 Carne, F.E.S. Besides writing 
 several popular books, she was 
 thoroughly versed in geology and 
 mineralogy, and devoted many 
 years to arranging and classifying all 
 the specimens in the Mineralogical 
 Museum of the Eoyal Geographical 
 Society. She contributed many 
 papers to the Eoyal Cornwall Geo- 
 logical Society, and built a Minera- 
 logical Museum at Penzance. 
 
 CAEPENTEE, The Eev. Lant 
 [1780—1840], was born at Kidder- 
 minster, and was the third son of 
 Mr. George Carpenter, a cai'pet 
 manufacturer of that place. He 
 was educated at an academy for the 
 
CARPENTER— CARRINGTON. 
 
 1G5 
 
 education of Presbyterian ministers 
 in Northampton, which was broken 
 up a year after he entered it, on 
 account of the heterodox}* of the 
 students. It was here that Mr. 
 Carpenter first became interested 
 in Unitarianism. From North- 
 ampton he went to the Glasgow 
 Universit}'. On leaving college, 
 he went to assist the Rev. J. Corrie 
 in his school at Birmingham, and 
 later became one of the librarians 
 of the Athenaeum at Liverpool, 
 where he received overtures from 
 several congregations to become 
 their minister, and was offered a 
 tutorship in Manchester College, 
 York, the chief educational es- 
 tablishment of the Unitarians. He 
 declined these to become minister 
 of the Unitarian congregation at 
 Exeter, to which place he removed 
 in 1S05. In 180t3 he received the 
 degree of LL.D. from the Glasgow 
 University. He removed to Bristol 
 in 1S17, to join the Rev. John 
 Rowe, as Unitarian minister of 
 Lewin's Mead, where he remained 
 till his death. Besides his duties 
 as a minister, he was for many 
 years the head of a school which he 
 had established, and took an active 
 part in organising the Bristol 
 Literary and Philosophical Institu- 
 tion. He also delivered lectures in 
 various towns, wrote constantly for 
 the press, and took a keen interest 
 in the administration of the affairs 
 of public schools, charities, and 
 other institutions in Bristol. As a 
 Unitarian he differed in some points 
 from Lindsay and the other fathers 
 of modern Unitarianism. Most of 
 his published writings relate more 
 or less directly to this controversy. 
 Dr. Carpenter was drowned in the 
 Mediterranean, on his way from 
 Naples to Leghorn, where he had 
 gone on account of ill-health. [See 
 " Memoirs of the Life of the Rev. 
 Lant Carpenter, LL.D.," by his son, 
 Russell Lant Carpenter, B.A.I 
 
 CARPENTER, Mary [1S07— 
 1877], daughter of the preceding, 
 took an active part in the reforma- 
 
 tory movement, more especially in 
 Bristol, where she founded vari- 
 ous institutions, among them the 
 Redhedge Girls' Reformatory, 
 wliich she superintended. Miss 
 Carpenter was the authoress of 
 '' Morning and Evening Modita- 
 tion.s for Evex*y Day in the Month," 
 " Reformatory Schools for Cliil- 
 dren," published in 1851 ; " Ju- 
 venile Delinquents, their Condition 
 and Treatment ; " " The Claims of 
 Ragged Schools to Pecuniary Aid 
 from the Annual Parliamentary 
 Grant for Educational Purposes," 
 and "^ Our Convicts," published in 
 186i, works which had a consider- 
 able influence in directing public 
 attention to the proper treatment 
 of youthful criminals. She also 
 read many papers before the Na- 
 tional Association for the Promo- 
 tion of Social Science. Miss Car- 
 penter visited India for philan- 
 thropic objects ; arrived at Bom- 
 bay Sept. 25, 1866, and returned to 
 England in April, 1867. She pre- 
 viously published the " Last Days 
 of the Rajah Rammohun Roy ; " 
 and after her return, a narrative 
 of her work, entitled '• Six Months 
 in India." She subsequently visited 
 India in 1868-9, and a third time in 
 1860-70 to promote female educa- 
 tion there, and was engaged in Eng- 
 land in carrying out that object, as 
 well as her reformatory work at 
 home. In Sept., 1871, she founded 
 the National Indian Association, 
 and edited its Journal. 
 
 CAR RING TON, Lord, The 
 Right Hex. Robert Smith, Baron 
 Cabrington, of Upton, Notting- 
 ham, Captain of Deal Castle, 
 LL.D., F.R.S., and F.S.A., was born 
 Feb. 2, 1752, at Nottingham, and 
 was the son of a banker of that 
 town. At the age of twenty-seven 
 he was elected M.P. for Notting- 
 ham, which he continued to repre- 
 sent until his promotion to the peer- 
 age in 1796. He was twice mar- 
 ried, first in 1780 to Anne, daugh- 
 ter of H. B. Barnard, by whom he 
 had a large family of daughters and 
 
166 
 
 CAEROL— CAETER. 
 
 one son, afterwards Lord Carring- 
 ton, and in 1836 to Charlotte, relict 
 of the Rev. W. Trevelyan. He was 
 throughout life the strenuous sup- 
 jDorter and attached friend of Mr. 
 Pitt, and his elevation to the peer- 
 age by that Minister, marks a new 
 departure in domestic policy. Till 
 then, none but members of the 
 " landed interest " had been made 
 peers. With Mr. Smith, the 
 "moneyed interest" began to claim 
 its share in hereditary honours. 
 He died at his house in Whitehall, 
 Sept. 18, 1838. 
 
 CARROLL, Rear-Admiral Sir 
 William Farebrother, K.C.B. 
 [178 4 — 1862] , Lieutenant-Governor 
 of Greenwich Hospital, was the son 
 of Daniel Carroll, a barrister. He 
 entered the navy in 1785, on board 
 the Diamond, commanded by Sir 
 Sidney Smith, under whom he served 
 on many occasions in various parts 
 of the world. In April, 1796, he 
 was taken jDrisoner with Sir Sidney 
 Smith, but was released in August, 
 1797, and sent to the West Indies, 
 being present at the capture of 
 Surinam, in 1799. As flag-lieu- 
 tenant to Sir Sidney Smith in the 
 Pompee, he served at the sieges of 
 Gaeta and Scylla, and storming of 
 Capri in 1806, and in 1807 com- 
 manded the seamen and marines at 
 the destruction of the battery and 
 guns on Point Pesquies, and the 
 guns in the wrecks of the Turkish 
 shijDs in the Sea of Marmora. He 
 had been sixty-seven times in 
 action with the enemy by sea and 
 land; had aided in the capture of 
 nineteen sail of the line, eighteen 
 frigates, and a vast number of 
 smaller vessels ; had been twice 
 severely wounded, and once nar- 
 rowly escaped drowning, from his 
 boat being sunk by a round shot. 
 For several years he was civilly em- 
 ployed as head of the Bath police. 
 In July, 1853, he was appointed 
 Commander-in-Chief at Queens- 
 town, which appointment he held 
 till 1855, when he was made Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor of Greenwich 
 
 Hospital. He was nominated a 
 K.C.B. in 1852, in recognition of 
 his services. 
 
 CARRUTHERS, Robert [1799— 
 1878], miscellaneous writer and 
 journalist, was born at Dumfries, 
 and educated there. On leaving 
 school he was apprenticed to a 
 bookseller and bookbinder, and 
 after serving his time went to Eng- 
 land and lived for some years in 
 Huntingdon, where he was master 
 of the national school. While there 
 he published a " History of Hunt- 
 ingdon," and a selection of Milton's 
 works, entitled " The Poetry of 
 Milton's Prose." He returned to 
 Scotland in 1828 to conduct the 
 Inverness Courier, a weekly journal 
 of moderately liberal politics, of 
 which he afterwards became the 
 editor. In conjunction with Robert 
 Chambers he published the "^Cyclo- 
 paedia of English Literature," an 
 elaborate and useful work which 
 attained a wide circulation in this 
 country and in America. In 1858 
 he published a " Life of Pope," and 
 an edition of "Pope's Poetical 
 Works," in 3 vols., and contributed 
 numerous articles to the " Encyclo- 
 psedia Britannica," and other pub- 
 lications. He was for several con- 
 secutive years Lecturer at the 
 Philosophical Institution, Edin- 
 burgh. As a journalist he was the 
 first to recognise and encourage 
 Hugh Miller, and for upwards of 
 forty years he laboured assiduously 
 to promote the literary and general 
 imj)rovement of the Highlands of 
 Scotland. He received his LL.D. 
 degree from the Edinburgh Uni- 
 versity in 1871. 
 
 CARTER, Henry, well-known by 
 his nom de crayon "Frank Leslie," 
 died at New York, January 12, 
 1880. He was born at IjDSwich in 
 Suffolk, and began his career as a 
 wood engraver, working princii^ally 
 for the Illustrated London Neivs. 
 Most of his life was spent in the 
 United States, where he established 
 a paper which bears his name. 
 
 CARTIER, The Hon. George 
 
CARY. 
 
 lo; 
 
 Etienne [1811 — 1873J, Attorney- 
 General for Lower Canada, was 
 born at St. Antoine, on Chanibly 
 River, Lower Canada, Sept. G, ISl 1, 
 and was a collateral descendant of 
 the family of Jacques Cartier, the 
 discoverer of Canada. He was edu- 
 cated at the Collejje of St. Sulpiee, 
 Montreal, and subsequently studied 
 law there, beinjif admitted to the 
 bar in 1835. He was elected a 
 member of the Canadian Parlia- 
 ment in March, 1818, and on ac- 
 count of his high position in the 
 legal profession, was offered by 
 Lord Elgin, in 1851 and 1853, a seat 
 in the Cabinet. These offers he 
 declined, on account of his desire 
 to devote himself to his profession ; 
 but in 1855 he became provincial 
 secretary in the Ministry, and was 
 appointed Attorney-General for 
 Lower Canada in May, 1856. He 
 was Prime Minister from August, 
 1858, till May, 1862. when his 
 Ministry was defeated on their 
 measure for the reorganisation of 
 the militia. In 1861 he contested 
 Montreal for a seat in the Provin- 
 cial Parliament, with M, Dorian, 
 the leader of the Lower Canada 
 Opposition party, who had long 
 been returned by immense ma- 
 jorities, and after a hard struggle 
 Mr. Cartier defeated him. Hav- 
 ing been requested, on the fall 
 of the Sandfield-Macdonald Minis- 
 try in March, 1861, to form 
 another Ministry, he declined, but 
 again accepted the post of At- 
 torney-General for Lower Canada. 
 Mr. Cartier, who acted as the 
 leader of the French-Canadian Con- 
 servative party, carried several 
 important measures through the 
 Canadian Parliament. He was one 
 of the delegates to England on the 
 questions of confederation and the 
 inter-colonial railway, in April, 
 1865, and again in 1866. On the 
 formation of the Dominion govern- 
 ment in July, 1867, Mr. Cartier 
 was appointed Minister of Militia 
 in the new cabinet. He was ten- 
 dei'ed the honour of C.B., but de- 
 
 clined it. In 1868 he proceeded to 
 England on a delegation to confer 
 with the General Government on 
 the differences that had arisen with 
 Nova Scotia on the subject of joining 
 the other confederated provinces. 
 
 CARY, The Rev. Henry 
 Francis, M.A. [1772— 18Uj, Vicar 
 of IJromley Abhats, Staffordshire, 
 and Assistant Librarian of the 
 Briti.'^h Museum, was a native of 
 Birmingham. At the age of fifteen 
 he published "An Irregular Ode to 
 General Elliot," and in the follow- 
 ing year " Sonnets and Odes." He 
 entered Christ Church, Oxford, and 
 took his degree of M.A. in 1706. 
 In the following year he was pre- 
 sented to the vicarage of Bromley 
 Abbats, by the Marquis of Angle- 
 sey. In 1797 he ivrote an " Ode to 
 General Kosciusko," and in 1815 he 
 published the " Infei'no" of Dante 
 in English blank verse, with the 
 text of the original. His entire 
 translation of the " Divina Com- 
 media " appeared in 181Jr, but the 
 work lay almost unnoticed for 
 several years, until S. T. Coleridge 
 drew public attention to its merits. 
 The rest of Mr. Cary's works are : a 
 translation of the " Birds " of Aris- 
 tophanes, and of the " Odes " of 
 Pindar ; a continuation of John- 
 son's " Lives of English Poets " ; 
 and his "Lives of French Poets," 
 all of which appeared anonyuiously 
 in the Old London Magazine. In 
 1826 he was appointed assistant 
 librarian in the British Museum, 
 which office he held till about 1838, 
 when he resigned. After this he 
 continued his literary labours, and 
 edited the poetical works of Pope, 
 Cow])er, Milton, Thomson, and 
 Young, and brought out a fourth 
 edition of his " Dante," to which 
 he added many valuable notes. He 
 received from the Government, in 
 acknowledgment of his literary 
 merits, a pension of <£200 a year. 
 He died in Charlotte Street, 
 Bloomsbury and Avas buried in 
 Poet's Corner, Westminster Abbey, 
 on August 21, 1814. 
 
168 
 
 CATHCAET. 
 
 CATHCAET, Lieutenant- 
 General THE Hon. Sir George 
 [1794— 185-1], K.C.B., was the son 
 of the first and brother of the 
 second Earl Cathcart. He entered 
 the army in 1810, and in 1812 ac- 
 companied his father, who went as 
 Plenipotentiary to Russia, to con- 
 clude a treaty with the Emperor 
 Alexander. He ari'ived at St. 
 Petersburg, Sept. 7, after the battle 
 of Borodino, when the French were 
 in occupation of Moscow. In Jan., 
 
 1813, the Emi)cror Alexander took 
 the field in person, and on the 2nd 
 of March, Lord Cathcart joined 
 him, taking with him his son, then 
 only nineteen, and who throughout 
 the whole campaigns of 1813 in Ger- 
 many, and 181 1 in France, was with 
 the Grand Army, and was present at 
 the battles of Liitzen, Bautzen, 
 Dresden, Culm, the battles round 
 Leipzig, the battles of Brienne, 
 Bar-sur-Aube, Arcis-sur-Aube, and 
 finally at the taking of Paris. In 
 1850 General Cathcart published a 
 volume of Commentaries on these 
 camjDaigns. After the Peace of 
 
 1814, Sir George accompanied his 
 father to the Congress at Vienna, 
 and being in that city when Napo- 
 leon escaped from Elba, was ap- 
 pointed aide-de-camp to the Duke 
 of Wellington, in which capacity 
 lie accompanied the Field-Marshal 
 to Brussels, and was present at 
 Quatre Bras and Waterloo. He 
 was re-appointed aide-de-camp to 
 the Duke when his Grace accepted 
 the office of Master-General of the 
 Ordnance, and accompanied him to 
 the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 
 1818; to Verona in 1822, and to 
 Prussia in 182(3. After serving in 
 Nova Scotia, Bermuda, and Ja- 
 maica, he retired on half-i)ay ; but 
 went to Canada on active service in 
 1837. In 1838 he was put in com- 
 mand of the 7th Hussars, and sub- 
 sequently as senior officer in com- 
 mand of all the troops, regular as 
 well as irregular, south of the river 
 St. Lawrence, amounting to about 
 5,000 men. Havino- commanded 
 
 the King's Guards for upwards of 
 six yeai's, and brought the regiment 
 back to England, Col. Cathcart 
 again retired on half -pay in 1844. 
 He was offered the Governorship 
 and command at the Cape in 1852, 
 which ho accepted, and succeeded 
 in bringing the protracted Kaffir 
 war to a conclusion. In Dec, 1853, 
 he was appointed Adjutant-Gene- 
 ral of the army, and when war was 
 declared with Russia went out in 
 command of the Fourth Division. 
 At the battle of the Alma the Fourth 
 Division was held in reserve with 
 the cavalry, but it bore a distin- 
 guished part at Inkermann, where 
 in a galhint attempt to take the 
 enemy in flank, Major-General 
 Cathcart descended into the valley 
 with a small part of his force, be- 
 came entangled with an overwhelm- 
 ing force of Russians, and before 
 he could extricate his men was 
 mortally wounded. His loss was 
 deeply felt throughout the army. 
 Major-General Cathcart married in 
 1824, Lady Georgiana Greville, 
 daughter of the Hon. Robert Fulke 
 Greville. 
 
 CATHCART, Earl, the Right 
 Hon. William Shaw Cathcart, 
 Viscount Cathcart and Baron 
 Greenock ; tenth Lord Cathcart 
 in the peera,ge of Scotland ; K.T., 
 &c., father of the preceding, was 
 born at Petersham, Surrey, Sept. 17, 
 1755, and was the eldest son of 
 Charles, ninth Lord Cathcart. He 
 first studied law, and was admitted 
 a member of the Faculty of Advo- 
 cates in Scotland in 1776 ; but in 1777 
 he went into the army and proceeded 
 to America as aide-de-camp to 
 Major-General Sir Thomas Sj)encer 
 Wilson. In 1778 he became aide- 
 de-camp to Sir Henry Clinton, and 
 had command of a corps of infantry 
 which he named the British Legion, 
 of which he was constituted Major- 
 Commandant, with the provincial 
 rank of Colonel. He resigned that 
 command in 1780, and was appointed 
 Major of the 38th Regiment of Foot. 
 On his return to England, he was 
 
CATTERMOLE. 
 
 1G9 
 
 elected one of the sixteen represen- 
 tatives of the Scottish peeraj^e, 
 Jan. 178*^, and was re-olected at 
 five general elections after tliat 
 time. He was Chairman of the 
 Committees of the House of Lords 
 from 170O to 1701, and in 1705 was 
 made Viee-Admiral of Scotland. 
 Lord Cathcart attained the rank of 
 Colonel in 1790, was made Briga- 
 dier-General on the Continent, 
 1793, and in 179 i accompanied the 
 Earl of Moira to the relief of 
 Ostend, and afterwards joined the 
 Duke of York at Malines. He at- 
 tained the rank of Major-General 
 1791, and in 1795, with the 14th, 
 L»7th,and 2Sth Eegiments of Foot, 
 greatly distinguished himself at 
 the attack of the French near 
 Biu*en. He returned to England 
 in 1795, and met with the most 
 gracious reception from the king, 
 who appointed him Colonel of the 
 2nd Regiment of Life Guards. He 
 was sworn a Privy Councillor in 
 1798; received the rank of Lieu- 
 tenant-General 1801, and was made 
 Commander-in-Chief of the forces 
 in Ireland 1803. He received the 
 appointment of Ambassador-Extra- 
 ordinary to the Court of St. Peters- 
 Lnrg, with a jjrevious mission to 
 the emperor and king then in the 
 field, 1805, but owing to the critical 
 state of affairs, these embassies had 
 to l)e postponed to the spring. 
 Lord Cathcart had the local rank 
 of General on the Continent, 
 November 30, 1805, and the next 
 month took command of the British 
 troops in Hanover. After the 
 battle of Austerlitz he returned 
 home in 180G, and the same year 
 was appointed Commander of the 
 forces in Scotland. He commanded 
 the important expedition to the 
 Baltic in 1807, successfully bom- 
 barded Copenhagen, obliged it to 
 capitulate, and on Sep. 6th he re- 
 turned to England, taking with 
 him the Danish fleet. Lord Cath- 
 cart, in recognition of his services, 
 was created a British Peer by the 
 title of Baron Greenock, of Green- 
 
 ock, and Viscount Cathcart, of 
 Cathcai-t, in the county of Renfrew, 
 Nov. 3, 1807. The freedom of the 
 city of Edinburgh was conferred 
 upon him on Nov. 17, and in Jan., 
 1808, he received the thanks of 
 ]>oth Houses of Parliament for the 
 decisive measures employed by him 
 to obtain the surrender of the 
 navy of Denmark, and the arsenals 
 of Copenhagen. Ho attained the 
 full rank of General in 1812^ and 
 retained his command in North 
 Britain until May, 1813, when he was 
 sent on a mission to St. Petersburg. 
 He was advanced to the dignity of 
 an Earl, June 18, 1814. He mar- 
 ried, in 1779, Elizabeth, daughter 
 of Andrew Elliot, of Greenwells, 
 Roxbiirgh, Collector of the Customs 
 at New York. He died at his seat, 
 Cartside, near Glasgow, June 1C>, 
 1843. 
 
 CATTERMOLE, George [1800— 
 1868], born at Dickleburgh, near 
 Diss, Norfolk, in 1800 ; at an early 
 age contributed to the Annuals, 
 and about 1830 began to exhibit at 
 the Water-colour Society. Some 
 of the most elaborate architectural 
 drawings in Britton's" Cathedrals " 
 bear the signatnre of the young 
 student, who afterwards applied the 
 knowledge, of which he thus laid 
 the groundwork, in the execution 
 of many beautiful works. His 
 " Skirmish on the Bridges," and 
 his Scottish designs, illustrating 
 the life of Queen Mary, are re- 
 markable for design and colour 
 as well as for their poetic feeling, 
 He contributed fine delineations of 
 his favourite Cavaliers and Round- 
 heads to his brother's volumes of 
 the " History of the Civil Wars." 
 Some of his best performances were 
 sugforestions from the histories and 
 tragedies of Shakespeare. Monks, 
 cavaliers, battles, banditti, knightly 
 halls, and enchanted forests, in 
 which knights and distressed dam- 
 sels wander — the pomp and circum- 
 stance of feudal times — were sub- 
 jects in which Mr. Cattermole 
 delighted. In 1855 he was one of 
 
170 
 
 CAUTLEY— CAVENDISH. 
 
 the English artists who was 
 honoured with the first-class medal 
 at the Exhibition of Pictures at 
 Paris, and he was afterwards 
 chosen a member of the Royal 
 Academy of Amsterdam, and of 
 other foreign ai't societies. 
 
 CAUTLEY, Sir Proby Thomas, 
 K.C.B. [1802— 1S71], the son of a 
 Suffolk ckn'gyman, born at Roydon 
 in that county , in 1802 , was educated 
 at the Charterhouse and at Addis- 
 combe, whence he i)roceeded to 
 India with a commission in the 
 Bengal Artillery. Having seen 
 some active military service in 
 Oude and at the siege of Bhurtpore, 
 he obtained an appointment in the 
 Canal department of public works, 
 was employed on the Eastern Junma 
 and Deyra Doon canals, and be- 
 came the projector and designer of 
 the Ganges Canal works, opened in 
 1854 by Lord Dalhousie. Sir 
 Proby Cautley, who returned to 
 England, where he was made a 
 K.C.B. (civil division) in 1854, was 
 appointed a member of her 
 Majesty's Indian Council in 1858. 
 He devoted much time and labour 
 to the study of i)alseontology, pre- 
 sented to the British Museum a 
 very extensive collection of fossil 
 mammalia from the Sewalik hills, 
 and was the author of various papers 
 on Physical Science, wliich were 
 published in the Transactions of 
 more than one learned society. 
 
 CAYE, The Right Hon. Sir 
 Stephen, G.C.B., M.P. [1820— 
 1880], eldest son of Mr. Daniel Cave, 
 of Cleve Hill, near Bristol, and of 
 Sidbuiy Manor, near Devonshire, 
 was educated at Harrow and at 
 Balliol College, Oxford, where he 
 graduated in 1843. He was called 
 to the bar in 1846, and for a time 
 went the Western Circuit. He was 
 elected M.P. for Shoreham in 1859, 
 and continued to represent that 
 constituency in the Conservative 
 interest uninterruptedly. He was 
 sent to Paris on a special mission 
 in ;i866, and in the same year was 
 appointed Paymaster-General and 
 
 Vice-President of the Board of 
 Trade, an office which he resigned 
 with his party in 18G8. He was re- 
 appointed Paymaster-General in 
 1874, and in the winter of 1875-0 
 was sent to Egypt as special envoy, 
 to report on the financial difficul- 
 ties of that country. He was a ma- 
 gistrate and deputy-lieutenant for 
 Gloucestershire, a commissioner of 
 lieutenancy for London, and Presi- 
 dent for the West India Committee. 
 He was also for a time a Director 
 of the Bank of England, and of 
 the London and St. Catherine's Dock 
 Company. 
 
 CAVENDISH, Lord Frede- 
 rick Charles, was the second son 
 of the Duke of Devonshire and of 
 Lady Blanche Howard, and was 
 born in 183G. He was educated at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge. In 
 1850 he became private secretary to 
 Lord Granville, and held that post 
 until 1804. In the following year 
 he was returned for the Northern 
 Division of the West Riding, and 
 represented that constituency until 
 the time of his death. In 1872 he 
 was for a short time private secretai-y 
 to Mr. Gladstone, and in 1873 was 
 appointed to a Lordship of the 
 Treasury. On the retirement of 
 Mr. W. E. Forster in April, 1882, 
 Lord Frederick Cavendish was ap- 
 pointed Chief Secretary for Ire- 
 land. On May he was sworn 
 into office, and on that very day 
 was murdered while walking in 
 Phoenix Park, with Mr. Burke, the 
 Under-Secretary, who was a per- 
 manent official. The crime was 
 committed in broad daylight, be- 
 tween seven and eight in the 
 evening ; but for many months 
 no clue was discovered as to the 
 identity of the murderers, and it 
 could only be conjectured that 
 Mr. Bui-ke was the object of their 
 hatred, and that Lord Frederick 
 Cavendish had been slain merely 
 because he was in the company of 
 the doomed official. This is now 
 proved to have been the case. The 
 murderers (Joseph Brady, Timothy 
 
CAYLEY— CAZENOVE. 
 
 J 71 
 
 Kelly, Daniel Curley, and others) 
 were brought to justice in the fol- 
 lowing January. In 18G4 Lord 
 Frederick Cavendish married Lucy 
 Caroline, the second daughter of 
 George William, fourth Lord Lyt- 
 telton, and left no issue. His re- 
 mains were laid to rest in the quiet 
 churchyard of Edonsor, near Chats- 
 worth, a large number of Members 
 of Parliament and a vast crowd of 
 neighbours following him to the 
 grave. 
 
 CAYLEY'', Charles Bagot, B.A. 
 [1823 — 1883], translator of the 
 "Divine Comedy '' of Dante into 
 the original terza rema, was the son 
 of a Eussian merchant, and younger 
 brother of the celebrated mathe- 
 matician, the Sadlerian Professor 
 at Cambridge. Educated at King's 
 College, London, he became a most 
 proficient Italian scholar. His 
 translation of Dante ranks among 
 the best and most thorough render- 
 ings into English of the "Corn- 
 media,"' and was the first that pre- 
 served the metre of the original. 
 Other translations followed, — the 
 .Psalms in metre, the " Prome- 
 theus " of ^schylus. Homer's 
 " Iliad,'' in quantitative hexa- 
 meters, and Petrarca's " Canzo- 
 niere." He also published a 
 volume of original poems, under 
 the title of " Psyche's Interludes." 
 For many years he was an active 
 member of the Philological Society, 
 and he published every now and 
 then some papers in the Society's 
 "' Transactions." 
 
 CAY'LEY", Edward Stilling- 
 FLEET [1802— 18G2], M.P. for the 
 North Eiding of Yorkshire, was the 
 only son of Mr. John Cayley by a 
 granddaughter of Bishop Stilling- 
 fleet. He was educated at Eugby, 
 and at Brasenose College, Oxford. 
 At the age of twenty-two he married 
 Emaia, daughter of his cousin. Sir 
 George Cayley, and soon afterwards 
 came forward as the advocate of 
 the division of the representa- 
 tion of the Y'orkshire Eidings. In 
 the general election, which fol- 
 
 lowed the passing of the Eeforin 
 Bill, he stood for the North Eiding, 
 and in spite of the opposition of 
 the great Whig families, who re- 
 sented liis independent opinions, 
 he secured his election by the 
 organization of the small holders. 
 In the House of Commons he was 
 one of the small body known as 
 " independent members." In poli- 
 tics he declared himself " not a 
 Whig, Ijut a Eeformer." Up to the 
 passing of the Corn Laws Eei)eal 
 Bill, he was a consistent opponent 
 of Free Trade, and was through 
 the whole of his career a strong 
 advocate of the malt-tax. 
 
 CAYLEY, Sir George [1773— 
 1857], who held a distinguished 
 position as a man of science, first 
 came into public notice by his 
 analysis of the mechanical pro- 
 perties of air under chemical and 
 physical action. His papers on this 
 subject were published, and gave 
 rise to a number of experiments, 
 both in this country and abroad, 
 on the navigation of balloons, which 
 then took up much of the public 
 attention. He invented an instru- 
 ment for testing the purity of 
 water by the abstraction of light, 
 and another for obtaining and ap- 
 plying electric power to machinery, 
 and originated and carried out a 
 system of arterial drainage, em- 
 bracing 40,000 acres, in the neigh- 
 bourhood of his Y'orkshire estates, 
 on a principle previously unknown 
 in this country. He was also the 
 first promoter and adopter of the 
 cottage allotment system, for im- 
 pi'oving the condition of the poor 
 on his property. He was one of the 
 original promoters and chairman of 
 the Pol;ytechnic Institution. As a 
 politician he exercised an impor- 
 tant influence as Chairman of the 
 Whig Clul) at Y^ork. 
 
 CAZENOVE, Philip [1799— 
 1880], of the Stock Exchange, and 
 head of the firm called P. Cazenove &, 
 Co., was the son of James Cazenove, 
 a London merchant, who came from 
 Geneva. Aided by the powerful 
 
172 
 
 CELESTE— CHA.LMEES. 
 
 interest of the founder of the house 
 of Eothschild, he soon became a 
 prosperous manT He was often 
 asked to allow himself to be pro- 
 posed for a seat in the House of 
 Commons, but always declined, for 
 his real interests were philanthro- 
 pical. He was well known through- 
 out England for his munificent 
 support of Church societies, hos- 
 pitalsj and charitable organizations 
 of every kind. 
 
 CELESTE, Madame, orCj^LESTE 
 Elliott [1815 — 1882], born in 
 Paris, Aug. G, 1815, entei'ed the 
 dancing classes of the Royal Aca- 
 demy of Music when quite a child. 
 At the age of fourteen she ac- 
 cepted an engagement in the United 
 States, where she was married to a 
 Mr. Elliott, who died shortly after- 
 wards. Her first appearance in Eng- 
 land was at Liverpool, in 1830, when 
 she performed the part of Fenellain 
 " Masaniello." After having played 
 at many of the principal provincial 
 towns, she appeared as a dancer 
 with great success in London, and 
 returned in 1834 to the United 
 States, where the people, in the 
 excess of their enthusiasm, yoked 
 themselves to her carriage, and pro- 
 claimed her a citizen of the Union, 
 Gen. Jackson himself presenting 
 her to the Council of Ministers, 
 and complimenting her on having 
 been deemed worthy of such an 
 honour. In 1837 she returned to 
 England with considerable wealth, 
 and appeared as an actress at Drury 
 Lane, and afterwards at the Hay- 
 market. In 18J:lshe was associated 
 with Mr. Webster in the direction 
 of the Adelphi Theatre, and having 
 dissolved partnership with him, 
 undertook the management of the 
 Lyceum, which she held until the 
 close of the season 1860-61 . Madame 
 Celeste, who afterwards appeared 
 in some of the minor East-end 
 theatres, and in the provinces, re- 
 turned to the United States in 1865. 
 She came back to England in 1868, 
 and took her farewell of the stage 
 at the Adelphi Theatre, London^ 
 
 Oct. 22, 1870. She afterwards, how- 
 ever, reappeared at that theatre for 
 short seasons of a dozen nights from 
 1872-1, when she finally retired to 
 Paris. 
 
 CHALLIS, Rev. James, M.A., 
 F.R.S., F.R.A.S. [1803—1882], was 
 educated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he graduated in 1825, 
 and became Fellow of his College. 
 He was ordained in 1830, and in 
 1836 appointed Plumian Professor 
 of Astronomy and Experimental 
 Philosophy in the University of 
 Cambridge, and Director of the 
 Cambridge Observatory. He re- 
 signed the latter post in 1861. He 
 published a considerable number of 
 scientific works, including twelve 
 volumes of Astronomical Observa- 
 tions. Having vacated his Fellow- 
 ship by marriage in 1831, he was 
 elected a second time Fellow of 
 Trinity College in 1870. He re- 
 ceived the honorary degree of LL.D. 
 from the University of Edinburgh 
 in 1871. 
 
 CHALMERS, G. Paul [1836— 
 1878], R.S.A., was born in Mont- 
 rose, and was elected an Associate 
 of the Royal Scottish Academy in 
 1867, and an Academician in 1871. 
 He held a high rank among Scot- 
 tish artists, and one of his pictures 
 was purchased in 1861 by the 
 Royal Association for the Promotion 
 of the Fine Arts in Scotland. He 
 died in the Edinburgh Infirmary, 
 from the effects of injuries received 
 on Feb. 16, 1878, when he was 
 found insensible in an area in 
 Charlotte Street, Edinburgh, suffer- 
 ing from a severe scalp wound, but 
 his assailant was never discovered. 
 
 CHALMERS, Lieut.-Colonel 
 Robert, joined the Indian army 
 in 1819, and saw active service both 
 before and after the Indian mutiny. 
 In 1857 he was attached to the 1st 
 Oude Irregular Infantry, which 
 mutinied at Pershadupoor on June 
 10. After narrowly escaping with 
 his life, and enduring many priva- 
 tions and escapes, he reached Allah- 
 abad, where he joined the Feroze- 
 
CHALMERS. 
 
 173 
 
 poro K.eg"iinont of Sikhs, under 
 Major Eenaud, who hud orders to 
 push on to the relief of Cawnpore. 
 At Lohuns^rali, forty-four miles in 
 advance of Allahiibad^Ma jor Kenaud 
 received the news of the massacre 
 of the Cawnpore garrison ; and 
 Lieutenant Chalmers, on learning 
 that he was in want of a messenger 
 to carry the news to General Neill 
 at Allahabad, volimteered to per- 
 form the service, an offer which 
 was gladly accepted. In spite of 
 almost insurmountable difficulties 
 Lieutenant Chalmers succeeded in 
 accomjjlishing the perilous duty, 
 and after escaping numerous dan- 
 gers, rode into Allahabad soon after 
 midnight on July 2. "It is scarcely 
 possible," writes Sir Henry Have- 
 lock, "to imagine a service of 
 greater risk, one requiring greater 
 determination and adi-oitness, or 
 involving more important results 
 to the force, whose movements and 
 very existence depended on a 
 speedy reply to the letter." After 
 this Lieutenant Chalmers joined 
 Havelock's Volunteer Cavalry, and 
 took part in the following actions : 
 FuttehiDore, July 12 ; Oung and 
 Pandoo Nuddee, July 15 ; battle 
 and recapture of Cawnpore, July 
 16 and 17 ; and Bhitoor, July 18. 
 On the first advance to the relief 
 of Lucknow, the actions of Oonas, 
 and Busseerut Gunge, on the 1st, 
 2nd. and ord ; and at the second 
 advance the actions of Mungehviu-, 
 21st ; Alumbagh, 23rd : and first 
 relief of Lucknow, Sept. 25. He 
 served under Sir James Outraui 
 through the severe fighting at 
 Alumbagh in 1857-58, and was 
 present at the final captiu"e of Luck- 
 now. He died Aug. 11^, 1878, while 
 on leave from India. 
 
 CHALMEES, Thomas, LL.D., 
 Principal and Primarius Professor 
 of Theology in the Free Chiu-ch of 
 Scotland. He was born in April, 
 1780, at Anstruther, Fifeshire, and 
 was educated at St. Andrews. He 
 afterwards was for two years assis- 
 tant in the parish of Cavers, and 
 
 then obtained the living of Kil- 
 many, in Fifeshire. In 1808 he 
 published his first work, "On the 
 Extent and Stability of National 
 Kesources." It wa.s written at a 
 time of great excitement, and the 
 vehemence of tone prevented it 
 from making any great impression. 
 "While at Kilmany, Chalmers was 
 deep in scientific and other studies, 
 and his article on " Christianity " 
 in the Edinburgh Encyclopcedia 
 gained him an immediate reputa- 
 tion. In 1814 he was moved to the 
 Tron Church of Glasgow, where he 
 became one of the greatest preachers 
 of the day. The peculiarities of 
 his eloquence hcive been described 
 by many writers, among them Lock- 
 hart and GiLfillan. But Chalmers 
 acquired a reputation of a more en- 
 dui-ing natui-e as a thinker ; in 
 1817 he published " Discourses on 
 Astronomy ; " in 1818, " Commercial 
 Discourses ; " in 1819-20, a number 
 of the eloquent ' ' Discourses in the 
 Tron Church, and in St. John's 
 Chui-ch,"and in 1821, "The Civic 
 and Christian Economy of Large 
 Towns." These were followed by 
 \ a long sei'ies of important works, 
 besides numerous contributions to 
 periodical literature. In 1821 he 
 was appointed Professor of Moral 
 Philosophy at St. Andrews, and 
 while living at that university pul)- 
 lished his writings on "Endow- 
 ments," " Political Economy," 
 " Bridgewater Treatise," and " Lec- 
 t\u'es on the Romans." In 1825 he 
 was offered, but declined, a chair in 
 the then projected LTniversity of 
 London. In 1828 he was appointed 
 to the chair of theology at Edin- 
 burgh. This was the highest aca- 
 demical distinction which could be 
 conferred by Scotland, but was so 
 poorly endowed, that when the 
 chair in the wealthier University 
 of Glasgow became vacant, Chal- 
 mers became a candidate. Having, 
 however, become a "non-obtru- 
 sionist," he was rejected, and re- 
 mained at Edinburgh until the dis- 
 ruption of the Church of Scotland 
 
174 
 
 CHALON. 
 
 in 1813, Avheii he rcsij^neJ, and was 
 elected principal and priniarius 
 professor of theology to the seceders. 
 Dr. Chalmers received during his 
 lifetime the honours too often ac- 
 corded to the illustrious only after 
 death. His reputation Avas immense, 
 both among- his countrymen and 
 among strangers, who accounted no 
 visit to Scotland complete unless 
 they had heard Chalmers preach. 
 The University of Oxford conferred 
 on him the title of D.C.L., and alone 
 among Presbyterian divines he was 
 elected corresjjonding member of 
 the Royal Institute of France. His 
 death was sudden ; on the night of 
 May 30th, 1817, he went to bed in 
 what seemed to be perfect health, 
 and during the night passed peace- 
 fully away. So little thought had 
 he that his end was near, that he 
 had placed beside him the jDapers of 
 the report which he was to deliver 
 the next day from the college com- 
 mittee to the General Assembly of 
 the Free Church. His " Life " has 
 been written by Donald Fraser, 
 LL.D., and " Memoirs of his Life 
 and Writings," by the Rev, William 
 Hanna, who has also edited his 
 posthumous works, and a " Selec- 
 tion from the Letters of Dr. Chal- 
 mers." 
 
 CHALON, Alfred Edward, 
 R.A., was a younger brother of 
 John James Chalon [q. v.], and was 
 born at Geneva in 1780. He came to 
 England with the rest of his family 
 in 1789, and entered the Academy 
 Schools in 1797. In 1808 he be- 
 came a member of the shortlived 
 Society of Associated Artists in 
 Water Colours, and in the same 
 year founded, with his brotlior and 
 a few friends, " The Sketching 
 Society," which lasted more than 
 forty years, and whose chief mem- 
 bers were, besides the brothers Cha- 
 lon, C. R. Leslie, R.A., C. Stanfield, 
 R.A., T. Uwins, R.A., J. Christal, 
 J. Partridge, amlR. Bone. In 1810, 
 A. E. Chalon first exhibited in the 
 Academy, two years later he was 
 made an associato, and in 18 IG full 
 
 niembei", he being then, and for 
 many years afterwards, the most 
 fashionable Avater-colour portrait 
 painter of his time. He excelled 
 especially in ladies' portraits, having 
 a delicacy and charm of manner, 
 and great facility in imparting 
 character and grace to women's 
 dresses. His full-length poi'traits 
 were generally about fifteen inches 
 high. He held the appointment of 
 painter in water colours to the 
 Queen, and was the first to paint her 
 after her accession. His well-known 
 portrait represents her standing in 
 the state dress which she wore at 
 the opening of her first parliament. 
 Chalon's talent and success as a 
 water colour portrait painter kept 
 him chiefly to that branch of art, but 
 he painted several fine pictures in 
 oil. He exhibited 3G3 works in the 
 Academy alone. He died in 1860 
 at Kensington, in the same house 
 in which his brother had died six 
 years earlier, and the brothers, Avho 
 had passed a long unmarried life 
 together, now lie in the same grave 
 in Highgate Cemetery. 
 
 CHALON, John James, R.A., was 
 of an old French Protestant family, 
 and was born at Geneva in 1778. In 
 1789 the Chalons came to England 
 and settled at Kensington. In 179G 
 J. J. Chalon entered the Academy 
 Schools, and four years later exhi- 
 bited his first picture, "Banditti at 
 their Repast," followed by several 
 landscapes. In 180G he first exhi- 
 bited in the Gallery of the Water 
 Colour Society, and two years later 
 was elected a member, but when in 
 1813 an alteration took place in 
 the society he was among the 
 seceders. Throughout this time lie 
 continued sending pictures to the 
 Academy, Jind in 181G exhibited his 
 fine rendering of " Napoleon on 
 Board the Ih'llerophon," which he 
 presented to the gallory of Green- 
 wich Hospital, and in 1819 he 
 exhibited the "View of Hastings," 
 which, together with the " Village 
 Gossips," painted in 1815, is now in 
 the Sheepshanks Collection at the 
 
CHAMBERS. 
 
 175 
 
 Soutli Kensington Museum. In the 
 following year he puhlishcd a series 
 of " Sketches of Parisian Manners/' 
 full of that refined and subtle 
 humour wliich never falls into cari- 
 cature. His range of subject was 
 wide ; he painted figures, hmd- 
 scapes, marine subjects, and animals, 
 with complete mastery. His theme 
 is sometimes from history or poeti'y, 
 but more often of the genre class, but 
 he is at his best when his subject is a 
 transcrijjt from nature. For more 
 than forty years he was a constant 
 attendant at a sketching club, of 
 which he was one of the founders, 
 and at whose meetings he made 
 almost a thousand drawings, which 
 comprise every class of subject, and 
 show a wonderful fertility of mind. 
 But his art was never popular, and 
 he was obliged to devote much of his 
 time to teaching. He was not 
 elected A.E.A. till 1827, nor full 
 member till 1811, and during a long 
 and industrious life he painted only 
 150 pictui'es. In 18J^7 he was 
 seized with paralysis and died Nov, 
 14, 1851. 
 
 CHAMBEES, George [1803— 
 1810], marine painter, was the son 
 of a seaman of Whitby, and when 
 only ten years old -went to sea as 
 apprentice to the master of a brig- 
 trading to the Mediterranean and 
 the Baltic. His master, noticing 
 the skill wdth which he sketched 
 the different classes of vessels, can- 
 celled his indentures that he might 
 devote himself to becoming a 
 painter of shipping. On his return 
 to "Whitby, he set up as a house- 
 painter, devoting his spare time to 
 taking drawing lessons, which he did 
 for three years, and then set out for 
 London. Here he tried to earn his 
 living by painting portraits of 
 ships, and then got work under 
 Mr. T. Horner to assist him in 
 painting his great panorama of 
 London, wliich took them seven 
 years. When this work was com- 
 pleted he became scene jsainter at 
 the Pavilion Theatre, and his paint- 
 ing attracted the notice of Admiral 
 
 Lord Mark Kerr, wlio introduced 
 him to William IV. In 1831 he 
 was admitted an associate exhibitor 
 of the Water Colour Society, and in 
 183G elected a member of the 
 Society, exhibiting up to his death 
 many clever works of river and 
 coast scenery. In Greenwich Hos- 
 pital there is a large work by him 
 of the "Bombardment of Algiers in 
 181G," and " The Capture of Porto- 
 bello." " His Life and Career," by 
 John Watkins, was published in 
 1841. 
 
 CHAMBERS, IEobert [1802— 
 1871], author and publisher, was 
 born at Peebles, and educated at 
 the grammar school there. Owing 
 to his father's misfortunes in busi- 
 ness the family were reduced to 
 poverty, and had to leave Peebles 
 for Edinbvu'gh Avhile Robert was 
 still young. There Robert began 
 business in a small way as author 
 and bookseller in 1816, a similar 
 but distinct business being mean- 
 while carried on by his brother 
 William, and after a number of 
 years the two brothers united as 
 partners in the well-knowTi publish- 
 ing firm of W. & R, Chambers. 
 From the beginning of his residence 
 in Edinburgh Robert had taken a 
 keen interest in the history and 
 antiquities of the city, and in 
 1823-1 published his '^ Traditions of 
 Edinburgh," which was the first of 
 his works to bring him into general 
 notice, and which gained for him 
 the friendship of Sir Walter Scott, 
 then in the zenith of his fame. 
 Several works of a like nature fol- 
 lowed in rapid succession, the most 
 important being a " History of the 
 Rebellion of 1745." He also wrote 
 numerous short poetical pieces, 
 which were afterwards collected 
 and printed for private circulation 
 in 1835. The bookselling business 
 was meanwhile carried on with 
 great energy in spite of his many 
 literary engagements, so that his 
 life at this time was one of cease- 
 less activity. In 1832 his brother 
 William started Chambers's Journal, 
 
176 
 
 CHAMBERS— OHANTEEY. 
 
 a weekly publication, which soon at- 
 tained an enormous circulation, and 
 to Vv'liich at first Robert was only a 
 contributor. After fourteen num- 
 bers had appeared, however, he 
 became joint editor with his bro- 
 ther, and from that time wrote for 
 it nearly all the leading articles. 
 Among the other works of which he 
 was in whole or in part the author 
 may be mentioned '' Information 
 for the People," "Dictionary of 
 eminent Scotsmen," " Cyclopaedia 
 of English Literature," "The Life 
 and Writings of Burns," "The 
 Book of Days," &c., &c. The " Ves- 
 tiges of Creation," which gave rise to 
 so much controversy, is now known 
 to have been the work of Eobert 
 Chambers. Two years before his 
 death he received his LL.D. degree 
 from the St. Andrew's University, 
 in consideration of his distinguished 
 literary merit, and he was a fellow 
 of several learned societies. [See 
 " Memoir of Robert Chambers, with 
 autobiographic reminiscences of 
 William Chambers," 1872.] 
 
 CHAMBERS, William [1800— 
 1883], eldest brother of the above, 
 and also an author and publisher, 
 was, like him, born at Peebles, and 
 educated there, and also accom- 
 panied his family to Edinburgh. 
 He was apprenticed to a bookseller 
 there, and at the end of his time, in 
 1819, he began business on his own 
 account with a capital of os. After 
 a time he added printing to his 
 business, and brought out an edition 
 of " The Songs of Robert Burns," 
 which he bound with his o^ti hands, 
 and with which he realised =£8. In 
 1832, with the starting of Cham- 
 hers's Journal his pecuniary trou- 
 bles were at an end, and he subse- 
 quently engaged most siiccessfuUy 
 in extensive jpublishing schemes 
 connected with "People's Editions 
 of Standard Works" and "Educa- 
 tional Courses." He wrote, too, 
 several books of travel in this coun- 
 try and in America, and numerous 
 sketches and essays. He was 
 elected Lord Provost of Edinburgh 
 
 in 1865, and took an active part in 
 the public business of the city of 
 Edinburgh. He received an offer 
 of knighthood in 1881, but refused 
 it; however, he later accepted a 
 baronetcy, but the patent confer- 
 ring the honour upon him had not 
 arrived at the time of his death. 
 He received his LL.D. degree from 
 the Edinburgh University in 1872. 
 
 CHAMIER, Captain Frede- 
 rick, R.N. [1796—1870], novelist, 
 son of John Chamier, Esq., member 
 of council at Madras, [entered the 
 royal navy in 1809, and served in 
 the war of 1812 with the United 
 States. He left the Navy in 1833, 
 and settled at Waltham Hill on the 
 borders of Hertfordshire and Essex. 
 The success of Captain Marryat^s 
 naval novels induced him to at- 
 tempt the same kind of Avork, in 
 which he displayed less invention 
 and humour than his model. 
 Among his novels may be men- 
 tioned "Ben Brace," 1835; "The 
 Arethusa," 1836 ; " Tom Bowling," 
 1839, &c., &c. He compiled the 
 continuation of " James's Naval 
 History," from the attack on 
 Algiers to 1828, including the de- 
 tails of the Burmese War, and of the 
 battle of Navarino. He Avas in 
 Paris during the Revolution of 
 1848, an account of which he pub- 
 lished under the title of " Review 
 of the French Revolution of 1818." 
 Some of his works were translated 
 into German. 
 
 CHANTREY, Sir Francis, R.A. 
 He was born in the village of 
 Norton, near Sheffield, April 7, 
 1781. His father, who was a car- 
 penter, wished to apprentice him 
 to a grocer, but he requested to be 
 placed with a carver and gilder. 
 While serving his time, he became 
 acquainted with John Raphael 
 Smith, the mezzotint engraver, who 
 taught him drawing. In April, 
 1802, Chantrey advertised in Shef- 
 field to take portraits in crayons, 
 and in 1804 he announced that he 
 had " commenced taking models 
 from the life." He afterwards 
 
CHAPMAN— CHELMSFOKD. 
 
 1 
 
 / / 
 
 went to London, studied for a time 
 at the Academy, and returned to 
 Sheffield, where he modelled several 
 busts which displayed such masterly 
 qualities that he was entrusted to 
 erect a memorial marble bust of the 
 Rev. James Wilkinson, although at 
 that time he had never lifted a chisel 
 to marble. The bust, which is in 
 Sheffield Church, was a success, and 
 finally decided Chantrey in his 
 career. In 1809 he was com- 
 missioned to execute four colossal 
 busts for Greenwich Naval Hos- 
 pital and for the Trinity House. 
 In 1810 he executed a bust of Pitt, 
 also for the Trinity House, and in 
 1811 he had six busts in the Aca- 
 demy. In the same year he exe- 
 cuted his first statue," George III.," 
 for the City of London, and in 181G 
 he was elected A.K.A, In 1817 he 
 executed his famous " Sleeping 
 Children " in Lichfield Cathedral, 
 and in 1818 that charming little 
 statue of Lady Louisa Russell so 
 widely knoA\Ti by casts. Chantrey 
 had now a European reputation, 
 and many of the celebrities of his 
 day sat to him. In this year he was 
 elected E.A., and was knighted in 
 1835. A baronetcy was offered him 
 but he declined it as he was childless. 
 He died suddenly of a spasm of the 
 heart at Eccleston Street, Pimlico, 
 Nov. 25th, 1811, and is bui-ied in 
 his native village. Sir Francis 
 Chantrey exhibited 124 works in 
 the Academy. His busts of Canning, 
 Kirke "White, and Benjamin West, 
 are in the National Portrait Gallery; 
 his fine statue of Watts is at Glas- 
 gow ; Eoscoe and Canning at Liver- 
 pool ; John Dalton at Manchester ; 
 Chief Justice Dun das and Lord 
 Melville at Edinburgh ; " Lady 
 Fredrica Stanhope mth her Sleeping 
 Child," at Chevening Church. Sir 
 Francis Chantrey left the rever- 
 sionary interest of his property, 
 after the death of his %vidow, to the 
 Eoyal Academy, to make some pro- 
 vision for the President, and for the 
 purchase of valuable works in paint- 
 ing or sculpture. " Eecollectious 
 
 1 of the Life and Practice of Sir F. 
 Chantrey " was published in 1819 
 by his friend George Jones, K.A., 
 and a memoir by John Holland was 
 pultlishod in Slu-ffit-ld in 1851. 
 
 CHAPMAN, Henkt Samctel 
 [1803—1881], a Judge of the Su- 
 preme Court of New Zealand, was 
 born at Kennington, in Svirrey, and 
 called to the bar in 1810, when he 
 joined the Northern Circuit. Pre- 
 vious to that, he had started the 
 first daily paper at Montreal. He 
 undertook a political mission to 
 England in 183 4, and on his arrival 
 entered as a member of the Middle 
 Temple. He took the Liberal side 
 in politics, and for many years con- 
 tributed regularlv to the West- 
 minster, London and Westminster, 
 British and. Foreign, and Dublin 
 Eeviews. In 1813 he was appointed 
 a Judge of the Supreme Court of 
 New Zealand, an office he held till 
 1852, when he was appointed Colo- 
 nial Secretary of Van Diemen's 
 Land. He settled in Melbourne in 
 1851, and acquired a considerable 
 practice at the bar. He was one of 
 the bar lecturers at the Melbourne 
 University ; had a seat in the Assem- 
 bly ; was t-n-ic9 Attorney-General ; 
 and sat on the bench of the Supreme 
 Court during the absence of Sir 
 Eedmond BaiTy. He was made 
 judge of the Supreme Coiu*t of New 
 Zealand in 18G4. He was from time 
 to time a contributor to the Edin- 
 burgh Review, the Times, and the 
 Laiv Magazine. 
 
 CHELMSFOED, Lord, The 
 Eight Hon. Fkederick Thesiger 
 [1701 — 1878], only surviving son of 
 the late Charles Thesiger, Esq., Col- 
 lector of Customs in the ishmd of 
 St. Vincent, and nephew of Captain 
 Sir Frederick Thesiger (who was 
 A.D.C. to Nelson at Copenhagen), 
 born in London in 1791, entered the 
 Eoyal Navy as a midshipman at an 
 early age, and served at Copen- 
 hagen in 1807. He quitted the 
 service after the destruction of his 
 father's property in the West 
 Indies, and having entered as a 
 
178 
 
 CHENEEY— CHESNEY. 
 
 student at Gray's Inn, was called 
 to the bar in 1818. For some years 
 lie went the Home circuit, of which 
 he became the leader. He was 
 made a King's Counsel in 183}-, and 
 having in 1840 been returned to 
 Pcirliament in the Conservative 
 interest for Woodstock, was ap- 
 pointed Solicitor-General by SirE. 
 Peel in 1811, and succeeded, in 
 1845, to the Attorney-Generalship, 
 which he held till the retirement of 
 the Peel administration in 1846. 
 This post he resumed under Lord 
 Derby's first administration, in 
 1852. He represented Abingdon in 
 the House of Commons from 1844 
 to 1852, and Stamford from 1852 
 till his elevation to the Lord Chan- 
 cellorship, with a Peerage, in Lord 
 Derby's second administration in 
 1858. Lord Chelmsford, who retired 
 with his colleagues in 1859, was re- 
 appointed Lord Chancellor in Lord 
 Derby's third administration, July 
 9, 1866, and held that exalted posi- 
 tion till Feb., 1868. 
 
 CHENEEY, Thomas. He was 
 born in Barbadoes in the year 
 1826, In early youth he made 
 several voyages between the West 
 Indies and this country, and thus 
 acquired that love of travel, which 
 never afterwards forsook him. He 
 was educated at Eton and Caius 
 College, Cambridge, and was 
 afterwards called to the bar. He 
 was one of the special corre- 
 spondents at ConstantinojDle for the 
 Times during the Crimean war, and 
 on more than one occasion went 
 up to the front in the Crimea 
 to relieve Dr. W.H. Eussell. After 
 the war Mr. Chenery was employed 
 on the staff of the Times as a regular 
 contributor of leading articles, re- 
 views, &c. This employment was 
 continuous till, in 1878, on the 
 retirement of Mr. Delane, he was 
 appointed Editor, which post he 
 held till the time of his death. 
 His command of powerful and 
 impressive language, his wide cul- 
 ture, and his extensive knowledge 
 of European politics, both in their 
 
 contemporary bearings, and in their 
 historical relations, rendered his 
 services of peculiar value. But 
 though his occupations as a jour- 
 nalist were sufficient to engage the 
 whole attention of an ordinary 
 man, Mr. Chenery found time to 
 pursue the Oriental studies, of 
 which he had become enamoured 
 in the East. For languages he 
 had a remarkable gift ; and his 
 capacity for acquiring the colloquial 
 use of languages, whether Euro- 
 pean or Oriental, was comparable 
 only to that of men like Palmer, 
 or M. Vambery ; but in addition 
 to this, he brought to the study of 
 language a scholarly instinct and 
 a philological acumen such as is 
 rarely associated with exceptional 
 colloquial capacity. When the 
 company for the revision of the 
 Old Testament was formed, Mr. 
 Chenery was asked to join it ; and 
 even after he became editor of the 
 Times, devoted much thought to 
 its labours. For some time he was 
 Secretary to the Eoyal Asiatic 
 Society ; and in 1867 his transla- 
 tion of "The Assemblies of Al 
 Hariri" established his reputation 
 throughout the learned world as 
 one of the most accomplished living 
 Oriental scholars. In 1868 he was 
 appointed Lord Almoner's Professor 
 of Arabic at Oxford, but resigned 
 the chair in 1877, when, on the 
 failure of Mr. Delane's health, he 
 became Editor of the Times. He 
 died Feb. 11, 1884. 
 
 CHESNEY, Colonel Charles 
 CoRNWALLis [1827 — 1876], com- 
 manding the Eoyal Engineers of 
 the Home District ; entered the 
 Eno-ineers as Second Lieutenant in 
 1845; became First Lieutenant in 
 1846, and obtained his company 
 in 1854. He became Lieutenant- 
 Colonel in 1868, and Brevet-Colonel 
 in 1873. Colonel Chesney's chief 
 work was done at the Eoyal Military 
 Staff College at Sandhurst, where 
 he was Professor of the Military 
 Art and History. He published, 
 in 1863, his ''CamjDaigns in Yir- 
 
CHESNEY— CIITLDREN. 
 
 170 
 
 ginia and Maryland ;" and in 18(J8 
 his " Waterloo Lectures," wliioh 
 made his name almost as familiar 
 in Germany as in Eni^LuKl. In 
 1870 he published, conjointly with 
 Mr. Reeve, his " Military Resources 
 oi: Prussia and France ;" and his 
 " Military Biographies," chiefly 
 taken from the fJdinhurgh Review, 
 were pu}>lished as a whole in 1870. 
 
 CHESNEY, Francis Rawdon 
 [1789 — 1872J, General in the array, 
 and Colonel-Commandant 1 ith Bri- 
 gade Royal Artillery, pioneer of the 
 overland route to India ; was edu- 
 cated at the Woolwich Royal Mili- 
 tary Academy, and obtained a 
 commission in the Royal Artillery 
 in 1803. In 1829 he went to Con- 
 stantinople with a view to assisting 
 Turkey in her struggle with Russia, 
 but by the time he arrived there, 
 he found that the preliminaries of 
 peace had been signed. At this 
 time he undertook the solution of 
 the problem of regular steam com- 
 munication with India, and in 
 183o-G accomplished his famous 
 Euphrates exi^edition. He returned 
 to England in 1837, and later, from 
 1813-7, commanded as Brigadier- 
 General the artillery in China, and 
 from 1848 to 1852 the artillery in 
 the south of Ireland. In 1850 he 
 published his " Survey of the Tigris 
 and Euphrates," and in 1852 his 
 " Observations on the Past and 
 Present State of Firearms." He 
 was made a full General in 1SG8. 
 
 C H I L D E, Henry Langdon 
 [1781—1874], the inventor of dis- 
 solving views ; made his first magic 
 lantern when he was only fifteen. 
 He afterwards learnt to paint on 
 glass, and made slides, illustrating 
 natural history, astronomy, cos- 
 tumes of country, &c., and gave a 
 series of entertainments at the 
 Sanspareil Theatre (the Adelphi). 
 He brought out his famous dis- 
 solving views in 1807, and perfected 
 them about the year 1818. He 
 exhibited them at the Adelphi, 
 •where the Duchess of Kent, with 
 the Princess Victoria, visited one 
 
 of his entertainments. During Lent 
 of the years 1837-10 he exhibited 
 at Her Majesty's Theatre, in con- 
 junction witli Mr, Howell, who 
 lectured on astronomy. The Poly- 
 technic was opened with his great 
 phantasmagoria, to which he after- 
 wards added the chi'omatrope. He 
 was connected with that institution 
 for nearly twenty years. His exhi- 
 bition at the Colosseum was very 
 prosperous. 
 
 CHILDERS, Professor Robert 
 CiESAR [1838 — 1876], an eminent 
 Oriental scholar, was the son of 
 the Rev. Charles Childers, English 
 Chaplain at Nice, He received 
 an appointment in the Civil Ser- 
 vice of Ceylon in 1860, which 
 he resigned in 1864, owing to 
 ill-health, and returned to Eng- 
 land. During his residence in Cey- 
 lon he had acquired some know- 
 ledge of Pali, but did not until 
 1868, by the advice of Dr. Rost, 
 scientifically study the language. 
 In that year be began preparing 
 his Pali Dictionary, and worked 
 with such indefatigable zeal, that 
 he was able to publish the first 
 volume in 1872, and the second and 
 concluding volume in 1875. This 
 work has been universally recog- 
 nised as a masterpiece of scholarly 
 research, and has been acknow- 
 ledged by a competent authority 
 as " the most valuable contribution 
 that has yet been made to the 
 knowledge of Pali, and as the 
 foundation of all future study of 
 that language." Mr. Childers was 
 in 1872 appointed Sub-Librarian 
 at the India Office, and in 1873 
 became the first Professor of Pali 
 and Buddhist literature at Uni- 
 versity College, London. He wrote 
 frequently for the Athenceiim, the 
 Contemporary Review, and other 
 journals, mostly on subjects con- 
 nected with Buddhism, He was 
 also the author of a translation of 
 the "Jfitaka," being tales of the 
 anterior births of Gotama Buddha. 
 
 CHILDREN, John George [1778 
 —1852], F.R.S., F.S.A., F.L.S., 
 
 N 2 
 
180 
 
 CHISHOLM— CHORLEY. 
 
 F. G.S.J and at one time one of the 
 Secretaries of the Eoyal Society, 
 was the son of George Children, a 
 Bencher of the Middle Temple, and 
 a man of large property, to which 
 his son was sole heir. Mr. Children 
 became eminent in science ; and 
 when the failure of the Tunbridge 
 bank forced him to earn his living, 
 he became one of the librarians of 
 the British Museum in the depart- 
 ment of Antiquities, an office he 
 held for many years until removed 
 from it to the Natural History De- 
 partment, which he resigned in 
 1839. He was a member of most of 
 the scientific bodies of Great Bri- 
 tain, and of some foreign societies, 
 aud was instrumental in forming 
 the Entomological Society, of which 
 he became the first President. He 
 published two chemical works, a 
 translation of Thenar d's " Essay on 
 Chemical Analysis," (1819,) and 
 Berzelius' '' Treatise on the Use of 
 the Blo^vpipe," with additional ex- 
 periments and notes of his own 
 (1822), and was besides one of the 
 early editors of the Zoological 
 Journal. 
 
 CHISHOLM, Mrs. Caroline 
 [1810 — 1877], whose name will be 
 remembered for her philanthropic 
 labours in connection with emigra- 
 tion, was a daughter of Mr. William 
 Jones, and married Captain Alex- 
 ander Chisholm, of the Indian Army. 
 On her arrival at Madras her atten- 
 tion was directed to the neglected 
 position of the soldiers' daughters, 
 and with the co-operation of the Go- 
 vernor and others she established 
 an industrial home for them. She 
 subsequently accompanied her hus- 
 band to Australia, where she at 
 once set to work to assist the friend- 
 less female emigrants who arrived 
 from England. She established an 
 office in Sydney, which was a cen- 
 tral point for the applications of 
 the homeless emigrant, and from 
 this office was able to place thou- 
 sands of women and even men in 
 respectable situations. She visited 
 England in 1846, and spent several 
 
 years in promoting the emigration 
 of families. She then spent twelve 
 more years in Australia, and finally 
 returned to England for good in 
 1866. 
 
 CHITTY, Thomas [1801—1878], 
 a well-knoAvn pleader, was never 
 called to the Bar, but practised as 
 a special pleader, his pupil-room 
 being always crowded with stu- 
 dents. Among those who read with 
 him were Lord Chancellor Cairns, 
 Lord O'Hagan, Chief Justice White- 
 side, Mr. Justice Willes, Mr. Jus- 
 tice Quain, and Sir James Hannen. 
 He edited Burn's " Justice of the 
 Peace," and "Chitty's Practice," 
 which passed through many edi- 
 tions, and was long the hand-book 
 of practitioners of the old school. 
 Mr. Chitty began his practice below 
 the Bar in 1819, and rose rapidly 
 into a large business, working very 
 hard until compelled by ill-health 
 to give up in 1877. He was the 
 father of Mr. Justice Joseph Chitty, 
 who was formerly the leader of the 
 EoUs Court, and M.P. for Oxford 
 City. 
 
 CHORLEY, Henry Fothergill 
 [1808—1872], was born at Blackley 
 Hurst, in Lancashire, and educated 
 first by private tutors, and then at 
 a school in St. Helen's. But his 
 early training was of a very desul- 
 tory and unsatisfactory kind. His 
 musical training was like his intel- 
 lectual, and the only regular teach- 
 ing he ever seems to have received 
 was from a Herr Herrmann, of the 
 Liverpool Philharmonic Society. 
 Making but little progress as an 
 executant, he soon gave up the idea 
 of music as a profession ; but still it 
 remained his most absorbing plea- 
 sure. Meantime he turned his 
 hand to journalism. Coming to 
 London in 1830, he wrote in the 
 columns of the Athena;um, and so 
 successfully that shortly afterwards 
 he was taken on to the staff. 
 He was at the same time be- 
 ginning to wi'ite novels and plays 
 — none of which are now well 
 remembered^ He also wrote opera- 
 
CHRISTIE. 
 
 181 
 
 books ami libretti for eantatiis — 
 such are "Wallace's "Amber Witch," 
 Leslie's" Judith," and " Holyrood," 
 Benedict's " St. Cecilia," Sullivan's 
 " Konilworth," and a never-per- 
 formed opera, " The Sapphire Neck- 
 lace/' and the much-blamed book 
 of Bennett's "Maj Queen. His 
 sonf^s are at least a hundred in 
 number. But it is as a critic that 
 he will chiefly be remembered, and 
 it is in his two works " Modern 
 German Music," and " Thirty 
 Years' Musical Recollections," that 
 he has best and most fully ex- 
 pressed his views. The latter book 
 especially is charming, full of anec- 
 dotes and lively wi-iting, and help- 
 ing us of this genei'ation to under- 
 stand, in some measure, the enthu- 
 siasm evoked by such stars of the 
 last as Jenny Lind, Grisi, Rubini, 
 Pasta, Mendelssohn, Mario, and a 
 hundred others. He also urged 
 strongly the claims of Hullah, 
 Gounod, and Sullivan, but refused 
 to recognise any merit in Schumann. 
 He was a friend of Mendelssohn, to 
 Avhose published letters he wrote a 
 preface. Chorley ^^all long be 
 missed from London society, for 
 he was a man of many and varied 
 accomplishments and much force 
 of character. 
 
 CHRISTIE, Robert, Canadian 
 historian [1788 — 1856], was born at 
 Windsor, Nova Scotia, where he was 
 educated for the legal profession, 
 and became a member of the Bar. 
 He entered the Assembly of Lower 
 Canada as member for Gaspe, and 
 was distinguished as a staunch ad- 
 vocate of the Conservative cause 
 during the violent pai'ty contests 
 which characterised the proceed- 
 ings of that body. He was ex- 
 pelled from the House in 1820 for 
 having been instrumental in the 
 dismissal of a number of its mem- 
 bers from the magistracy and other 
 offices, and did not again sit in 
 Parliament till the Union of the 
 Provinces. He was a constant con- 
 tributor to the Quebec Gazette, and 
 to the Mercury, and was the author 
 
 of several standard works on the 
 history of Canada up to 18 W, 
 
 CHRISTIE, Samuel Huntee, 
 M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. [1781— 
 1805]. His mathematical talents 
 were early developed, and he was 
 entered at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where in his third year he 
 gained a scholarship, and in 1805 
 took his degree as Second Wrang- 
 ler. He left Cambridge in 1806, 
 and was appointed third mathema- 
 tical assistant in the Royal Mili- 
 tary Academy at Woolwich. He 
 devoted himself with ardour to the 
 investigation and extension of the 
 science of magnetism, and many of 
 his papers on the subject were read 
 before the Royal Society, and 
 afterwards published in the 
 Society's "Philosophical Transac- 
 tions." He was elected a Fellow 
 of the Royal Society in Jan., 1826, 
 and Twas chosen some years later, 
 in conjunction with the Astronomer 
 Royal to report upon Baron Hum- 
 boldt's exended scheme for mag- 
 netical observations over the earth's 
 sui'face. From 1837 to 1851 he 
 was secretary of the Royal Society. 
 
 CHRISTIE, W. DouGAL, C.B., 
 M.A. [1816— 187i], son of Dr. Dou- 
 gal Clu'istie, of the East India 
 Company's medical service, was 
 educated at the London University 
 (University College), and at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge. He was pri- 
 vate secretary to the Earl of Minto 
 in 1811, and was M.P. for Wey- 
 mouth, in the Liberal interest, from 
 1812 till 1847, during which time 
 he advocated the admission of Dis- 
 senters to the Universities, and 
 the refoi-m of the Univei'sities of 
 Oxford and Cambridge. He was 
 appointed Agent and Consul-Gene- 
 ral in the Mosquito territory, 1848 ; 
 and Secretary of Legation to the 
 Swiss Confedei'ation in 1851. He 
 was appointed Charge d' Affaires, and 
 Consul-General to the Argentine 
 Confederation in 1854, and Minister 
 Plenipotentiary in 1856. He was aj)- 
 pointed Envoy Extraordinary and 
 Minister Plenipotentiary to the 
 
1«2 
 
 CHRI STI SON— CHURCH . 
 
 Emperor of Brazil in 1859^ and on 
 liis return to England, in conse- 
 quence of the rupture of diplomatic 
 relations with Brazil, he obtained 
 a retiring i^ension in 1863. He 
 edited Dryden^s poems in the 
 " Globe " edition, 1870, and in the 
 Clarendon Press series. 1871 ; and was 
 the author of a " Life of Anthony 
 Ashley Cooper, first Earl of Shaftes- 
 bury," 1871, and of "Essays on the 
 Ballot and Corruption and Expen- 
 diture at Elections," 1871. He was 
 a member of the Council of Univer- 
 sity College, a trustee of the 
 London Library, and a vice-presi- 
 dent of the Working Men's Club 
 and Institute Union. He was 
 nominated a C.B. (civil division) 
 1871. 
 
 CHRISTISON, Sir Robert, 
 Bart., M.D., F.R.S. [1797—1882], 
 born July IS, 1797, was a son of 
 Alexander Christison, Professor of 
 Humanity in the University of 
 Edinburgh, and twin brother of 
 the Rev, Alexander Christison, of 
 Foulden, Berwick, well known, 
 north of the Tweed, as a man of 
 fine taste and elegant scholarship. 
 In 1811 he became a student at the 
 CTniversity, and passed through 
 both the literary and the medical 
 course. After graduating in 1819, 
 he proceeded to London and Paris, 
 and in the French capital, imder M. 
 Orfila, applied himself to the study of 
 toxicology, a dejDartment of medical 
 science in which he was deservedly 
 famous. Soon after returning from 
 the Continent, Dr. Christison 'com- 
 menced practice in Edinbiu-gh, in 
 1822 was appointed Professor of 
 Medical Jurisijrudence in the Uni- 
 versity, and was promoted in 1832 
 to the chair of Materia Medica, 
 which he resigned in April, 1877. 
 Dr. Christison contributed various 
 articles to medical journals, and 
 published several books, of which a 
 " Treatise on Poisons '' is recog- 
 nised as the standard work on the 
 subject, and enjoys a European re- 
 putation. At Palmer's trial, in 
 1856, Dr. Christison came to Lon- 
 
 don and gave valuable evidence. 
 Lord Campbell complimented him 
 on the occasion, and the ability he 
 displayed was universally recog- 
 nised. Sir R. Christison was twice 
 President of the Royal College of 
 Physicians, Edinburgh, and Ordin- 
 ary Physician to the Queen for 
 Scotland. He received the degree 
 of D.C.L. from Oxford in 1866 ; was 
 created a baronet in November, 
 1871 ; and received the degree of 
 LL.D. from the University of Edin-- 
 burgh in 1872. 
 
 CHURCH, Sir Richard, G.C.H. 
 [1785 — 1873], a general in the ser- 
 vice of Greece, born in 1785, was the 
 son of Matthew Church, Esq., of 
 the county of Cork. Entering the 
 British army in 1800, he served in 
 the expedition to Ferrol, at Malta 
 and in Egypt, then passed into tlie 
 service of the King of Naples, and 
 was severely wounded at Capri. In 
 1811 he raised a Greek corps, and 
 in an attack on Stellama was again 
 severely wounded. He became 
 Lieutenant-Colonel in the British 
 army in 1812 ; was created a Com- 
 panion of the Bath in 1815 ; re- 
 ceived the honour of knighthood in 
 1822; and was made a G.C.H. in 
 1837. A]3pointed by the National 
 Assembly of Greece Commander-in- 
 Chief of the land forces, he at once 
 commenced operations against 
 Athens, and succeeded at first in 
 making himself master of the con- 
 vent of St. Spiridion, but soon 
 afterwards his little army was split 
 up by internal dissensions, and he 
 was obliged to content himself 
 with carrying on a guerilla war- 
 fare. After having strongly in- 
 trenched himself in the Isthmus of 
 Corinth, he seized the opportunity 
 afforded by the victory of Navarino 
 to invade Acarnania with 5,000 
 men, and he occuj^ied the entire 
 province as far as the Gulf of Arta, 
 with the exception of a few forts 
 near the sea. In 1828 he compelled 
 Reschid Pasha to retreat, and in 
 the following year he made himself 
 master of the Ambraciau Gulf, and 
 
CHURTON— CLANRICAKDE. 
 
 183 
 
 blockaded Prevesa, which town, 
 after an obstinate resistance, capit- 
 idatod on May 17. On the conclu- 
 sion of peace. Sir Kichard, being 
 sacrificed to the rival claims of 
 Capo d'Istrias, sent in his resigna- 
 tion to the National Assembly and 
 retired to Argos, where he lived in 
 seclusion. After the assassination 
 of the Pi*esident in 1831, he sided 
 with the anti-Russian party, was 
 placed a second time at the head of 
 the army, and assumed an attitude 
 of hostility towards the Government 
 until order was restored through 
 the intervention of France. On the 
 creation of the kingdom of Greece, 
 he was appointed a Councillor of 
 State, and subsequently a member 
 of the Senate, in the deliberations 
 of which body he continued to take 
 part, notwithsttinding his great 
 age. Sir Richard was the author of 
 " Observations on an Eligible Line 
 of Frontier for Greece " (London, 
 1810). 
 
 CHURTON, The Yen. Edward 
 [1800— 1874], archdeacon of Cleve- 
 land, son of the late Ven. Ralph 
 Churton, archdeacon of St. David^s 
 and rector "of Middleton Cheney, 
 Northamptonshire, bom in 1800, 
 was educated at the Charterhouse, 
 and Christ Church, Oxford, where 
 he graduated B.A. in 1821, and 
 M.A. in 1821'. He was appointed 
 rector of Crayke in 1835, and arch- 
 deacon of Cleveland in 184G. He 
 is the author of " Eai'ly English 
 Qhurch," published in 1810; 
 "Cleveland's Psalter," in 1854; 
 " Memoir of Bishop Peai-son," pre- 
 fixed to his " Minoj^ Theological 
 Works," in 1811; arfT" Memoir of 
 Joshua Watson," in 1861. He was, 
 conjointly with the R^v. W. Gres- 
 ley, editor of " The Englishman's 
 Library," of Bishop Pearson's 
 " Minor Theological Works," pub- 
 lished in 1844, and of " VindiciiE 
 Ignatii," with preface adapted to 
 the present state of the con- 
 troversy, in refutation of Chevalier 
 Bunsen, Archdeacon Hare, and 
 Mr. Cureton, in 1852. In addition 
 
 to the above-mentioned, he wrote a 
 *' Letter to Joshua Watson," on a 
 treatise fraudulently ascribed to 
 Jeremy Taylor, which appeared in 
 1848 ; " Gongora," an essay with 
 translations from the Spanish poet 
 of that name, in 1802 ; and " Lays 
 of Faith and Loyalty," published 
 in the " Juvenile Englishman's 
 Library." 
 
 CLANCARTY, Second Earl of 
 [1767— 1837J, The Right Hon. 
 Richard Le Poer Trench, G.C.B., 
 G.C.H., &c., was the second and 
 eldest sui'viving son of William 
 Power Keating, first earl of Clan- 
 carty, by Anne, eldest daughter of 
 the Right Hon. Charles Gardiner. 
 He sat in Parliament as one of the 
 members for Gal way from 1797 to 
 1805. In 1804 he was appointed 
 one of the Commissioners for the 
 Affairs of India ; in 1807 was sworn 
 a Privy Councillor ; and in the same 
 year elected one of the Rej^resenta- 
 tive Peers for Ireland. He became 
 Master of the Mint in 1812, and 
 President of the Board of Trade in 
 1813. In the same year, on the re- 
 storation of the Prince of Orange to 
 the sovereignty of the Netherlands, 
 the Earl of Clancarty accompanied 
 him from England, and landed 
 with him at Scheveningen, Nov. 
 30, and on December 11 following, 
 was made Ambassador Extraordi- 
 nary and Plenipotentiary to the 
 Prince of Orange. In 1814 he was 
 appointed Joint Postmaster-General 
 with the Earl of Chichester. In 
 the same year he went to the Con- 
 gress of Vienna as one of the 
 plenipotentiaries from the king of 
 Geat Britain. He was authorized 
 to conclude the various treaties of 
 subsidy with the sovereigns of the 
 coalition, and signed in the name 
 of his court all the conventions and 
 decisions of the Congress. In IS 16 
 he was again ajjpointed Ambassador 
 Extraordinary to the Netherlands, 
 an office he held till 1818, when he 
 received a pension of d£2,000 a year 
 for his diplomatic services. 
 
 CLANRICARDE (Marquis of). 
 
184 
 
 CLARE— CLAEENDON, 
 
 Ulick John deBurgh[1802— 1874], 
 only son of John Thomas, the 13th 
 Earl, succeeded to his father's title 
 in 1808. From 1826 to 1827 he was 
 Under Secretary of State for Foreign 
 Affairs under Canning ; from 1838 
 to 1811 Ambassador at St. Peters- 
 burg, and from 1846 to 1852 filled the 
 office of Postmaster-General. He 
 held the office of Privy Seal for a few 
 months under Lord Palmerston in 
 1857 — 1858, just before the dissolu- 
 tion of Parliaiuent in the latter part 
 of 1857. This appointment was a 
 most unpopular one, owing, it is 
 said, to Lord Clanricarde's connec- 
 tion with the case of Handcock v. 
 Delacour, in which very grave ac- 
 cusations were V>rought against his 
 lordship. It certainly helped to 
 contribute to Lord Palmerston' s po- 
 litical defeat and temporary retire- 
 ment from office. Lord Clanricarde 
 was created an Irish Marquis in 
 1825, and became a peer of the 
 United Kingdom, as Baron Sonier- 
 hill, in 1826. 
 
 CLARE, John [1793—1861], the 
 Northamptonshire peasant poet, 
 was born of humble parentage, at 
 Helpstone, Northamptonshire. He 
 paid for his own schooling by extra 
 work as a ploughboy and thresher. 
 One of his companions having lent 
 him Thomson's " Seasons," he saved 
 up money enough to buy a copy for 
 himself, and shortly afterwards be- 
 gan to compose verses. Aided by the 
 kind instruction of an exciseman, 
 named Turnill, he soon learned to 
 write, and was able to commit his 
 thoughts to paper. In 1820 appeared 
 his ' ' Poems Descriptive of Rural Life 
 and Scenery," which were well re- 
 ceived, and were followed a year 
 later by his " Village Minstrel and i 
 other Poems." In 1817 he entered j 
 the service of Mr. Wilders, of 
 Bi-idge Castertou, RutlandLhire, I 
 where he met the " Patty " of his 
 poems, who afterwards became his 
 wife. He there saved a little 
 money, and published another 
 volume of poems by subscription, 
 but they were not v&ry successful. 
 
 He received kindly notice from 
 Southey, and soon, by the help 
 of Earl Fitzwilliam and the Mar- 
 quis of Exeter, he became pos- 
 sessed of an income of about .£15 
 and a cottage free of rent ; but 
 unfortunately his mind gradually 
 gave way, and he became hopelessly 
 insane. His last and best work, 
 the " Rural Muse," appeared in 
 1835. Bursts of insanity followed, 
 and in July, 1837, he was kept in 
 confinement and was subsequently 
 lodged in Northampton General. 
 Lunatic Asylum, where he died. 
 [See the " Life of John Clare," by 
 Frederick Martin, 1865 ; and " Life 
 and Remains of John Clare," by 
 J. L. Cherry, 1873.] 
 
 CLARENDON, The Right Hon. 
 Geoege William Frederick Vil- 
 LiERs, Earl of Clarendon, of 
 Clarendon, and Baron Hyde, of 
 HiNDON, K.G., G.C.B., &c., was born 
 in London, Jan. 12, 1800. He was 
 the eldest son of the Hon. George 
 Villiers, and succeeded to the 
 family honours as fourth Earl, upon 
 the death of his uncle, in Dec. 1838. 
 But the means of the family were 
 contracted, and though he was heir 
 presumptive to an earldom, George 
 Villiers had not the advantage of a 
 training, either at a public school 
 or in the House of Commons. He 
 entered St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge at the early age of sixteen, 
 and in 1820, as the eldest son of an 
 Earl's brother, of Royal descent, 
 he was enabled to take his M.A. 
 degree, and in the same year was 
 appointed attache to the British 
 Embassy at St. Petersburg, where 
 he remained three years. Upon his 
 return to England in 1823, Mr. 
 Villiers was appointed to a Com- 
 missionershiiD of Customs, an office 
 which he retained ten years. Part 
 of this time was spent in Ireland, 
 where the young English official 
 cultivated the acquaintance of the 
 Catholic leaders, for whose aims 
 his sympathies were warmly en- 
 listed. In 1833 he was appointed 
 Minister at the Court of Spain, and 
 
CLARK. 
 
 185 
 
 for six years continued to j^ive the 
 most active and intelli^'ent support 
 to the Liberal Government. He 
 received the Grand Cross of the 
 Bath in 1838 in acknowledgment of 
 his services, and in December of 
 that year succeeded to the Earldom. 
 In the folloAvino^ year he left Madrid, 
 and in Jan. 18W entered Lord 
 Melbourne's Administration as 
 Lord Privy Seal, and from the 
 death of Lord Holland, in the 
 autumn of that year, was Chancel- 
 lor of the Duchy of Lancaster until 
 the dissolution of the Ministry in 
 18 il. The interval of Sir Robert 
 Peel's great Administration (1811- 
 18i6) was a period of repose to the 
 Whig leaders, but Lord Clai-endon, 
 (as became the brother of Mr. 
 Charles Villiers) took the warmest 
 interest in the progressive triumph 
 of Free Trade and the ultimate re- 
 peal of the Corn Laws, and for this 
 reason, upon the formation of Lord 
 John Russell's first Administration, 
 accepted the office of the President 
 of the Board of Trade. Twice 
 during his career the Governor- 
 Generalship of India was declined 
 by him ; and he also refused the 
 Governor-Generalship of Canada. 
 But in 1817 he accepted the Lord 
 Lieutenancy of Ireland. His tenure 
 of office was in troubled times : 
 Ii-eland was desolated by famine, 
 and want and oppression made her 
 disaffected . Lord Clarendon shared 
 the common lot of Lord Lieutenants ; 
 he went popular, he returned un- 
 popular, when in 1852 a change of 
 Government released him from 
 liis arduous duties. Upon the 
 formation of the coalition Minis- 
 try in 1853, the Foreign Office 
 was placed in his hands, and soon 
 afterwards we, to quote his ovra 
 words " drifted into war with 
 Russia." In 1856 he took his seat 
 as British Plenipotentiary at the 
 Congress of Paris, convoked for the 
 restoration of peace, and by his firm- 
 ness he obtained the insertion in 
 the treaty of the principle of 
 the neutralisation of the Black 
 
 Sea. Upon the reconstruction of 
 the Whig Administration in 1850, 
 Lord John Russell made it a con- 
 dition of his acceptance of office 
 that the Foreign Department 
 should remain in his hands, and 
 Lord Clarendon was consequently 
 left out of office ; but in May, 1864, 
 he re entered the Cabinet as Chan- 
 cellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 
 and upon the death of Lord Palmcr- 
 ston in 1865, he returned to the 
 Foreign Office which was a third 
 time confided to him upon the 
 formation of Mr, Gladstone's Ad- 
 ministration in 1868. To the last 
 moments of his life Lord Clarendon 
 devoted himself to the public ser- 
 vice and died surrounded by the 
 papers of his office, June 27th, 
 1870. 
 
 CLARK, George Aitkin, Thread 
 Manufacturer, and head of the firm 
 of Clark and Co., Anchor Thread 
 Works, was born at Paisley in 1 823, 
 and received his education at the 
 Grammar School of thatto-wn. He 
 went to America in 1856, and built 
 at Newark, Xew Jersey, large thread 
 works in connection with the Pais- 
 ley Anchor Works. He died at 
 Newark, Feb. 13, 1873, aged 50. 
 He bequeathed to Glasgow Uni- 
 versity Je20,000 to found scholar- 
 ships, and to Paisley the sum of 
 .£20,000 towards building a public 
 haU. 
 
 CLARK, Sir James, Bart., 
 M.D., K.C.B., F.R.S. [1788—1870], 
 was born at CuUen, Banffshire, and 
 educated at Fordyce and Aberdeen. 
 On leaving the latter place, he com- 
 pleted his medical education at 
 Edinbiu'gh University, where he 
 took his M.D. degree, after which 
 he passed some years in the navy, 
 and in 1820 settled as a physician 
 in Rome. He returned to England 
 in 1826 and practised in London, 
 being soon after appointed physi- 
 cian to the King of the Belgians. 
 On the death of Dr. Maton, he was 
 appointed physician to the Duchess 
 of Kent and the Princess Victoria, 
 and Her Majesty, on her accession, 
 
ISG 
 
 CLARK— CLAEKE. 
 
 appointed Dr. Clark her first pliy- 
 sician, and created him a baronet. 
 He was also physician-in-ordinary 
 to the Prince Consort. He was the 
 author of works on climate and on 
 consumption, and was a member of 
 the Senate of the University of 
 London. 
 
 CLARK, William Geoege, 
 M.A. [1821— 1878], was educated at 
 Shrewsbury School, and Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, of which he was 
 elected a Fellow in 1844. He be- 
 came a tutor of the college in 1857, 
 its A^ice-Master in 180S, and Public 
 Orator of the University of Cam- 
 bridge in 1857. He resigned the 
 latter post in 18G9. Mr. Clark 
 was for many years a clergyman of 
 the Anglican Church, but he re- 
 nounced his ecclesiastical character 
 soon after the passing of the Cleri- 
 cal Disabilities Act of 1870. He 
 edited, in conjunction with Mr. 
 Aldis Wright, the Cambridge and 
 Globe editions of Shakespeare, 
 18G2— 18G6, besides which he edited 
 Cambridge Essays and the Journal 
 of Philology. He left ^300 a year 
 to endow a lectureship of English 
 Literatiu'e at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 CLARK, William Tierney, 
 F.R.S., Resident Engineer of the 
 West Middlesex Waterworks, was 
 the son of Thomas Clark, of Sion 
 House, Somerset, and was a pu^Dil 
 of the elder Rennie. He was engi- 
 neer to the West Middlesex Water- 
 works for more than forty years, 
 during which time he executed 
 various public works of consider- 
 able importance. Among them 
 are the Hammersmith Suspension 
 Bridge, the Shoreham Suspension 
 Bridge, the Mario w Suspension 
 Bridge, and the bridge over the 
 Avon at Bath : the cast-iron pier at 
 Gravesend, and the tunnel on the 
 Thames and Medway Canal. But 
 his greatest achievement, and which 
 earned for him a European reputa- 
 tion, is the great suspension bridge 
 which he flung over the Danube be- 
 tween Pesth and Buda. This work 
 
 was executed at the command of the 
 Emperor of Austria. Mr. Clark died 
 at Hammersmith, Sept. 22, 1852. 
 
 CLARKE, Charles Cov^dbn 
 [1787—1877], was born at Enfield, 
 ! near London, where his father kept 
 ' a school. In his young days he was 
 the intimate friend of John Keats, 
 the poet, who attended his father's 
 school, and who found in Charles 
 a sympathetic companion in his 
 l^oetical aspirations and love of 
 reading. He also became a friend 
 of Leigh Hunt, and associated with 
 many other of the prominent lite- 
 rary men of that time. He was for 
 some years a bookseller and pub- 
 lisher in London. He married 
 Mary Novello, the daughter of 
 Vincent Novello the musician, and 
 sister of Clara Novello, the singer, 
 who afterwards became the wife of 
 Count Gigliucci, now a member of 
 the Italian Parliament. Mr. Clarke 
 was for many years engaged in 
 business with his brother-in-law, 
 Mr. Alfred Novello, the well-known 
 music publisher, during which time 
 he published many volumes, and 
 delivered numerous courses of lec- 
 tures in the chief towns of the 
 kingdom, on Shakespeare and the 
 Elizabethan dramatists, the novel- 
 ists, essayists, humourists, &c. In 
 conjunction with his wife (the 
 author of the well-kno"mi "Con- 
 cordance to Shakespeare ") he edited 
 several editions of Shakespeare, one 
 of which contains about 17,000 
 notes, emendations, and annota- 
 tions. Among his other Avorks 
 ma.y be mentioned " Tales from 
 Chaucer," 1833 and 1870 ; " Riches 
 of Chaucer," 1835 and 1870 ; a col- 
 lection of poems entitled " Carmina 
 Minima," 1859, &c., &c. The last 
 twenty years of his life were spent 
 abroad, first at Nice, and latterly 
 at Genoa. 
 
 CLARKE, Sir Charles Mans- 
 field [1782 — 1857], was the son of 
 Mr. John Clarke, of Chancery Lane, 
 a surgeon, and received his classical 
 education at St. Paul's School. He 
 studied medicine at St. George's 
 
CLARKE— CLARKSON. 
 
 187 
 
 Hospital and the Hunterian School 
 of Medicine, and afterwards became 
 asisistant surjj^eon in the Hertford- 
 shire Militia, and later, surgeon in 
 the 3rd Foot Guards. He was in- 
 duced by his brother, Dr. John 
 Clarke, to {^ive up the army, and 
 devote his whole attention to the 
 diseases of women and children, 
 more particularly to the practice of 
 midwifery, and lectured on these 
 subjects from 1801- to 1821. He was 
 for many years surgeon to Queen 
 Charlotte's Lying-in Hospital. In 
 1825 he was chosen a Fellow of the 
 Royal Society. Having obtained 
 the degree of M.D. from Lambeth 
 in 1827, Dr. Clarke became a Licen- 
 tiate of the Royal College of Phy- 
 sicians, and on the accession of 
 William IV. was appointed physi- 
 cian to Queen Adelaide. On Sept. 
 30, 1831, he was created a baronet, 
 and in 1836 was elected a Fellow of 
 the Royal College of Physicians. 
 In 1812 he had the honorary degree 
 of M.A. conferred upon him by the 
 University of Cambridge, and was 
 created a D.C.L. of Oxford in lS4o. 
 Sir Charles had not much time for 
 writing, but his " Observations on 
 the Diseases of Women and Chil- 
 dren," forms an essential part of 
 every medical library. 
 
 CLARKE, The Rev. William 
 Branthwaite,'F.R.S., was born at 
 East Bergholt, Suffolk, in 1798, 
 and was educated at Dedham Gram- 
 mar School, and at Jesus College, 
 Cambridge. He took holy orders 
 in 1821, was ajipoiuted to a li\ing 
 in Dorsetshire in 1833, and in 1830 
 went out to Austi-alia. He was 
 devoted to the study of geology, 
 upon which subject he wrote many 
 leajrned essays for the Magazine of 
 Natural History, London. He 
 turned his knowledge on this sub- 
 ject to good account in Australia, 
 and in 18 11 discovered the existence 
 of a gold-field in the Bathurst dis- 
 trict, the same one previously found 
 by the Polish discoverer Strzelecki, 
 but was requested by the Governor 
 (as Strzelecki had been before 
 
 him), to keep the matter secret. 
 He also contributed much valua>)le 
 information on the subject of the 
 Coal Fields of Xew South Wales. 
 He died at his residence. North 
 Shore, Sydnev, June 10, 1878. 
 
 CL^UiKSON, Thomas [1760— 
 1816], was bom at Wisbeach, Cam- 
 bridgeshire, where his father, a 
 clergyman, was master of the Free 
 Grammar School. He was educated 
 at St. Paul's School, and St. John's 
 College, Cambridge, where he at- 
 tained considerable distinction. In 
 writing his brilliant essay for the 
 Vice-Chancellor's prize, on the sub- 
 ject, " Is it right to make slaves of 
 others against their will > " Mr. 
 Clarkson became deeply interested 
 in the subject of slavery, and re- 
 solved to devote the rest of his life 
 to a crusade against it. The publi- 
 cation of his essay brought hixu into 
 connection with a small body of 
 Quakers who had formed an asso- 
 ciation for the suppression of the 
 slave trade, and he was afterwards 
 introduced to Mr. Wilberforce. 
 While Mr. Wilberforce repeatedly 
 brought the question before the 
 House of Commons, Mr. Clarkson 
 laboured indefatigably without the 
 walls of Parliament, collecting 
 evidence, "niiting letters and pam- 
 phlets, and attending meetings at 
 Livei-pool and Bristol, the chief 
 centres of the trade, and in other 
 large to"w*ns, making converts every- 
 where. He even visited Paiis, in 
 the midst ofjthe Revolution, fui-uish- 
 ing Mirabeau with materials for 
 sjx'eches against the trade, which 
 were delivered before the French 
 Convention, but without producing 
 the desired effect. In 18U7, after 
 more than twenty yeai's of incessant 
 exertion, the Bill for the abolition 
 of the slave trade was passed, but 
 Mr. Clarkson's exertions did not end 
 there. He and his supporters spent 
 another twenty years in trying to 
 bring about the total abolition of 
 slavery in the British West India 
 Islands, and in 1833 their eft'orts 
 were again crowned with success. 
 
188 
 
 CLAY— CLENNELL. 
 
 by the passing of the Emancipation 
 Act, which liberated nearly a mil- 
 lion of slaves, and granted twenty 
 millions of pounds sterling as com- 
 pensation to their owners. Mr. 
 Clarkson, who had been prevented 
 by ill-health from taking part in 
 the latter years of the movement, 
 made his last public appearance in 
 1810 at a meeting of the Anti- 
 Slavery Convention at Exeter Hall, 
 where he was enthusiastically 
 greeted as the patriarch of the 
 cause. He died at his residence, 
 Playford Hall, Sussex, aged 80. 
 Among his writings may be men- 
 tioned " The History of the Aboli- 
 tion of the Slave Trade," 2 vols., 
 1808; "Memoirs. of the Public and 
 Private Life of William Penn," 
 1813 ; and " Researches, Antedilu- 
 vian, Patriarchal, and Historical/' 
 183G. 
 
 CLAY, Alfred Barron. This 
 artist was the son of the Rev. John 
 Clay, the chaplain of Preston Gaol, 
 and Avas born June 3rd, 1831. He 
 was educated in Preston Grammar 
 School, and then placed with a 
 solicitor, but in the autumn of 1852 
 he came to London and entered the 
 Academy Schools. In 1855 he ex- 
 hibited jjortraits of his father and 
 sister, and from that time was a 
 regular contributor. In 1861: he 
 exhibited " Charles IX. and the 
 French Court at the Massacre of 
 St. Bartholomew/' in 18G5, "The 
 Huguenot," and in 18G7, his most 
 important work, " The Return of 
 Charles I. to Whitehall." At that 
 time his health gave way, and on Oct. 
 1, 18G8, he died at Rainhill, near 
 Liverpool. He exhibited 22 can- 
 vases ; of these 19 apj)eared in the 
 Academy. 
 
 CLAY, James [180J.— 1873], M.P. 
 for Hvill, was the son of James 
 Clay, a London merchant. He was 
 educated at Winchester, and at 
 Balliol College, Oxford, where he 
 graduated in 1827. Following his 
 father's pui-suits he became an 
 eminent merchant, and advocating 
 advanced Liberal views, was elected 
 
 M.P. for Hull in 1847, and con- 
 tinued to sit for that borough for 
 about twenty years. Mr. Clay was 
 not celebrated as a politician, but 
 he was the finest whist-player in 
 England. He was the "J. C." who 
 Avrote the famous treatise on the 
 game. 
 
 CLAY, Sir William, Bart. 
 [1791—1869], son of George Clay, 
 Esq., merchant, of London, was 
 for many years a partner in his 
 father's house, under the name 
 of ''Clay and Sons." In 1832 he 
 was returned to the House of Com- 
 mons in the Radical interest, for 
 the Tower Hamlets, and was one of 
 the leaders of the Anti-Church-rate 
 movement. He held the office of 
 Secretary to the Board of Control 
 for a short time under Lord Mel- 
 bourne, who raised him to a baron- 
 etcy in Aug., 1811, and retired from 
 Parliament, having been defeated 
 at the general election of 1857. 
 He was the author of several works 
 on cui-rency questions, joint- stock 
 banks, &c. 
 
 CLENNELL, Luke. He was 
 born about 1782, and was the son 
 of a farmer at Ulghani in Northum- 
 berland. In 1804, having served 
 his time as apprentice to Bewick,, 
 the wood-engraver, he moved to 
 London, where he soon found abun- 
 dant employment as an engraver; 
 but being ambitious he resolved to 
 become a painter, and took the 
 prize of ^£150 offered by the British 
 Institution for the best sketch of 
 the decisive charge of the Life 
 Guards at Waterloo. This spirited 
 picture lately belonged to Mr. 
 George Vaughan, whose widow 
 offered it to the National Gallery. 
 It was declined, and was sold at 
 Christie's, February 21, 1885, for 
 eighty-five guineas. In 1817 his 
 mind suddenly gave way ; he be- 
 came insane and never recovered, 
 though he lived till Feb. 9th, 1840. 
 During his brief career he exhibited 
 21 paintings, and 3 water-colour 
 sketches by him belong to the South 
 Kensington Collection, 
 
CLERK— CLINT 
 
 180 
 
 CLERK, The Right Hon. Sir 
 George, Bart. [1787— 18G7J, of 
 Penicuik, co. Edinburgh, was called 
 to the Scottish bar as an advocate. 
 In 181S be was returned to the 
 House of Commons by his native 
 county, and adhering to the Con- 
 servative party, he became succes- 
 sively a Lord of the Admiralty, 
 Under-Secretary of State for the 
 Home Department, Secretary to the 
 Treasury, Master of the Mint, and 
 Vice-President of the Board of 
 Trade. The latter posts he held 
 under Sir Robert Peel's second ad- 
 ministration. He represented Edin- 
 burghshire in the House of Com- 
 mons from 1818 to 1832, again Jan., 
 1835, to Aug., 1837, Stamford from 
 May, 1838, to 1841, and Dover from 
 Aug., 1817, to July, 1852. Sii- 
 George was an honorary D.C.L. of 
 Oxford, and was sworn a member 
 of the Privy Council on taking office 
 under Sir R. Peel. 
 
 CLIFFORD, William King- 
 don [1815 — 1879], was born at 
 Exeter, where he was educated 
 until the age of fifteen, when he 
 entered at King's College, London. 
 In 18G3 he went up to Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, as a minor 
 scholar. He graduated in the 
 Mathematical Tripos as Second 
 Wrangler in 1867, and afterwards 
 gained the second Smith's Prize. 
 He became a Fellow of Trinity Col- 
 lege, and held a mathematical 
 lectureship there. From 1871 to 
 1870 he was Professor of Ajiplied 
 Mathematics, at University Col- 
 lege, London. He went out with 
 the British Eclipse Expedition to 
 Sicily in 1870, and in 1874 became 
 a Fellow of the Royal Society. He 
 married, in 1875, Lucy, daughter 
 of Mr. John Lane, who, since her 
 husband's death, has become well- 
 known as a writer of children's 
 stories. Sec. Mr. Clifford — who died 
 of consumption at thirty-four years 
 of age, at Madeira — had ah-eady 
 made himself a European reputa- 
 tion both as a mathematician and 
 as a x^hilosophical thinker of rare 
 
 originality and boldness. His 
 literary and philosophical works 
 were collected and published under 
 the editorship of Mr. Leslie Stephen 
 and Mr. F. Pollock. 
 
 CLINT, Alfred, President of 
 the Society of British Artists. He 
 was born in 1807, and became the 
 pupil of liis father, George Clint, 
 then A.R.A., and he studied the 
 living figure along with other mem- 
 bers of a Society of Students in the 
 Savoy. After trying portrait and 
 landscape he fixed on marine paint- 
 ing. He was one of the original 
 members of the Society of British 
 Artists, and succeeded Hurlstone 
 as President. Towards the close of 
 his life his sight failed, and he 
 retired from his profession about 
 five years before his death, which 
 occurred March 22, 1883. He ex- 
 hibited 402 pictures, of which 343 
 were contribiited to the Gallery in 
 Suffolk Street. 
 
 CLINT, George, formerly 
 A.R.A., father of the preceding. 
 He was born in Brownlow Street, 
 April 12, 1770, and was appren- 
 ticed to a fishmonger, and after- 
 wards was employed in an at- 
 torney's office, but being required 
 to make a false affidavit threAv up 
 his situation. He then became a 
 house-painter, and developed a 
 great talent for niiniatui-e painting. 
 Afterwards he settled in Leadenhall 
 Street, and made the acquaintance 
 of Edward Bell, the mezzotint en- 
 graver, who gave him lessons in 
 his art. Clint also tried his hand 
 at oil painting with much success, 
 and painted copies of "The En- 
 raged Bull," and " The Horse Struck 
 by Lightning," by the dozen. He 
 foimd a firm friend in Beechey, and 
 also in LaAvrence, who commis- 
 sioned him to engrave " Gen. 
 Stewart," " Sir Edmund An trobus," 
 " Lady Dundas," and others. But 
 the commission which brought him 
 the most good fortune was to en- 
 grave Harlow's picture of " The 
 Trial of Queen Catherine" (intro- 
 ducing portraits of the Kemble 
 
190 
 
 CLINTON— CLIVE. 
 
 family), Avhicli achieved such 
 immense popularity that the 
 plate was engraved three times. 
 Clint had now no lack of commis- 
 sions, his studio Avas crowded by 
 actors and actresses, of whom he 
 drew the dramatic portraits still 
 popular in the j^rint shops of 
 theatrical neighbourhoods. For 
 sixteen years Clint was an Associate 
 of the Academy ; at the end of that 
 time he resigned and had retired 
 from his profession many years, 
 when he died at Kensington, May 
 10, 1851. He exhibited 123 paint- 
 ings. Five of his pictures are in 
 the South Kensington Collection. 
 
 CLINTON, Henry Fynes [1780 
 — 1852], was descended from the 
 Earls of Lincoln, and was the eldest 
 son of the Eev. Charles Fynes 
 Clinton, D.D., Prebendary of West- 
 minster, and lucumbent of St. 
 Margaret's, Westminster. He was 
 educated at Westminster School, 
 and at Christ Church, Oxford. He 
 was returned to Parliament, for 
 Aldborough, in 1806. Mr. Clinton, 
 who Avas for his time a man of 
 great learning, is well-knoAvn 
 among scholars as the author of the 
 "Fasti Ilollenici," and "Fasti 
 Eomani," and he also prepared 
 '^'An Epitome of the Civil and 
 Literary Chronology of Greece, 
 from the earliest accounts to the 
 death of Augustus." On the death 
 of Mr. Planta in 1827, Mr. Clinton 
 applied for the office of Principal 
 Librarian of the British Museum 
 but Sir Henry Ellis gained it as 
 an acknowledgment of his long 
 services and great experience. 
 
 CLINTON, General Sir Wil- 
 liam Henry, G.C.B., Colonel of 
 the 55th Foot, Lieutenant-Gover- 
 nor of Chelsea Hosj)ital, Member of 
 the Board of General Officers, and 
 Commissioner of the Eoyal Military 
 College and Eoyal Military Asy- 
 lum, was the elder son of Lieutenant- 
 General Sir Henry Clinton, K.B. 
 He entered the army in 1784 as 
 Cornet in the 7th Light Dragoons, 
 of which his father was colonel. 
 
 ! After having seen much service, and 
 ' attained the rank of Major-General, 
 in 1812 he went to Sicily, and was 
 appointed to the command of the 
 Messina district, where he remained 
 till September of the same year, 
 when he was sent to take command 
 of the allied army on the coast of 
 Spain, consisting of about 12,000 
 men, British and foreign. He re- 
 tained this command until the ar- 
 rival of Major-General J. Camjjbell, 
 in December. In 1813 he was ap- 
 pointed to the first division of the 
 army, and commanded on the right 
 of the position near Castalla, when 
 Marshal Suchet made his attack, 
 April 13. During the autumn and 
 winter of 1813, in co-operation with 
 the Catalonian army, he kept the 
 force of Marshal Suchet in check, 
 preventing him from relieving the 
 blockaded fortresses on the Ebro 
 and in Valencia, or from sending 
 any help to Soult, then opposed to 
 Wellington in France. In 1814 the 
 city of Barcelona and the extensive 
 works in its vicinity were blockaded 
 by the allied force under Lieutenant- 
 Gen eral Clinton. In the same year 
 he was aj^pointed Colonel of the 55th 
 Eegiment ; in 1815 a K.C.B., and in 
 1812 Lieutenant-Governor of Chel- 
 sea Hospital. He was returned to 
 Parliament for Newark in 1826, 
 and represented that place till 
 1829. He died at Cockenhatch, 
 near Eoyston, 1846. 
 
 CLIVE, Mrs. Archer [1801— 
 1873], authoress of " Paul Ferroll," 
 was the second daughter and co- 
 heiress of Edmund W.Wigley, Esq., 
 of Shakenhurst, in Worcestershire. 
 She married in 1840 the Eev. 
 Archer Clive, of Whitfield, Here- 
 fordshire, at one time rector of 
 Solihull near Birmingham. Before 
 her mariiage, Caroline Wigley, 
 writing anonymously under the 
 initial V., had already earned some- 
 thing of a literary reputation. 
 " IX. Poems by V.," published in 
 1840, were very highly commended 
 in a notice in the Quarterly Review 
 She brought out a new poem in 1843, 
 
CLONCURRY— CLOSE. 
 
 191 
 
 entitled, " I watched the Heavens ; " 
 nine years later, " The Valley of 
 the Rea ; " and in 185:}, another 
 called " The Morlas." lint it is by 
 her pi-ose fictions that she will be 
 best remembered. The earliest of 
 those, " Paul Ferroll/' a sensational 
 romance, and excellent as a study 
 of character, gained for her name a 
 certain degree of celebrity, and has 
 continued to be a great favourite 
 among readers of the i>resent day. 
 A sequel to it was published later, 
 entitled, " Why Paul Ferroll killed 
 his Wife." Two other prose fictions 
 followed, "Year after Year," and 
 "John Greswold." Mrs. C live met 
 with her death through a terrible 
 accident. While writing in her 
 room, surrounded by books and 
 manuscripts, a piece of live coal flew 
 out of the grate and set fire to her 
 dress and the papers with which she 
 was surrounded. She was at once 
 enveloped in flames, and died the 
 next morning from the effects of 
 the burning. 
 
 CLONCURRY, Baron, The 
 Right Hon. Valentine Browne 
 Lawless, Second Baron Clon- 
 cuRRY, OF .Cloncurry [1773 — 
 1853], was the second and only sur- 
 viving son of Nicholas Lawless, 
 who in 1776 was created a baronet, 
 and in 1789 was raised to the peer- 
 age of Ireland. Mr. Lawless was 
 educated at Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin. He became a member of the 
 Society of United Irishmen, which 
 had been founded in 1791, and 
 shortly afterwards entered as a 
 student of the Middle Temjjle, 
 which made it necessary for him to 
 pay frequent visits to London. 
 During one of these visits, on hear- 
 ing of the pi'ojected union of Great 
 Britain and Ireland, he published 
 his pamphlet, " Thoughts on the 
 Projected Union," which made him 
 a marked man. His time was 
 chiefly spent in Dublin among the 
 leaders of the popular movement. 
 Lord Edward Fitzgerald, Arthur 
 O'Connor, the elder Emmett, Samp- 
 son, Curran, Grattau, and George 
 
 Ponsonby. His constant activity 
 in forwarding all the plans of this 
 party made him very obnoxious to 
 tlic ruling powers, and his father 
 received several intimations that 
 tlie eye of the Government was 
 upon him. In 1798 he was arrested 
 on a charge of treason. His coi're- 
 spondence with O'Coigly, a revolu- 
 tionarv leader, who was executed 
 for treason, fell into the hands of the 
 Government, which led to hisaiTost, 
 together with that of the Duke of 
 Leinster, John P. Cui*ran, and 
 Henry Grattan, who were visiting 
 him at the time. These were all 
 set free at once, but Mr. Lawless 
 was detained for six weeks at the 
 house of a king's messenger in 
 Pimlico. He was taken before the 
 Privy Council several times, and 
 questioned by Lord Loughborough, 
 Mr. Pitt, and the Duke of Port- 
 land, and was at last released, the 
 Ministers declaring that they had a 
 great regard for his father, and 
 hoped hereafter to have the same 
 esteem for him. Mr. Lawless still 
 however continued his political agi- 
 tation, and was again arrested in 
 1799 for " suspicion of treasonable 
 practices," and was sent to the 
 Tower, where he remained till re- 
 stored to liberty at the expiration 
 of the Habeas Corpus Suspension 
 Act in 1801, having meanwhile suc- 
 ceeded to the title on the death of 
 his father. On his liberation, he 
 commenced actions for false im- 
 prisonment against the Duke of 
 Portland and Mr. Pitt, but they 
 were stopped by an Act of Indemnity 
 passed in favour of those Ministers. 
 After a short visit to Ireland, he 
 travelled about on the Continent for 
 a time, and while in Rome married 
 the daughter of General Morgan, 
 from whom he was divorced in 
 1811. After his marriage he lived 
 peaceably, and in 1831 was made a 
 Privy Councillor for Ireland and a 
 peer of the United Kingdom. 
 
 CLOSE, Vert Rev. Francis, 
 D.D. [1797—1882], Dean of Car- 
 lisle, was the youngest son of the 
 
192 
 
 CLOWES— CLYDE. 
 
 Eev. Henry Jackson [Close, Eector 
 of Eentworth, Hants. He was edu- 
 cated under the Rev. Dr. Cherry, 
 then head master of Merchant 
 Taylors' School, and under the Rev. 
 John Scott of Hull, after which, at 
 the ago of nineteen, he entered as 
 a commoner at St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, of which he became a 
 scholar. He graduated B.A. in 
 1820, and was ordained to the 
 curacy of Chui'ch Lawford, near 
 Rugby, after which he held succes- 
 sively the curacies of Willesden 
 and Kingsbury, Middlesex, and of 
 Cheltenham. On the death of Mr. 
 Jervis in 182G, Mr. Close was pre- 
 sented to the incumbency of Chel- 
 tenham, and from that time till 
 1856 devoted himself entirely to 
 his parochial duties, and became 
 eminent as an eloquent exponent 
 of the doctrines of the "Evan- 
 gelical " school in the Church of 
 England. During Mr. Close's in- 
 cumbency, the population of Chel- 
 tenham increased from 19,000 to 
 40,000, and he erected, or caused to 
 be erected, no fewer than five dis- 
 tx'ict churches with schools, and 
 contributed largely to the establish- 
 ment of Cheltenham College. In 
 185G he was nominated to the Dean- 
 ery of Carlisle, vacant by the ele- 
 vation of Dr. Tait to the Bishopric 
 of London. He held the perpetual 
 curacy of St. Mary's, Carlisle, from 
 18G5 to 1868. He resigned the 
 Deanery in August, 1881, on account 
 of failing health. During the 
 latter years of his life, he was 
 deeply interested in the subject of 
 temperance. 
 
 CLOWES, William [1779— 
 1847], an eminent printer, was the 
 successful introducer of the steam 
 printing press, and by his great 
 business talents and unwearied in- 
 dustry, created the great printing 
 house in Duke Street, Stamford 
 Street. To work off half a million 
 sheets of paper in a week, to setup 
 the types, and complete the impres- 
 sion of a thousand folio pages of a 
 parliamentary report in the same 
 
 time, to print the Nautical Almanac, 
 consisting! of 500 or 600 pages of 
 figures without a single error, in six- 
 teen or seventeen days, are among 
 the recorded wonders of Mr. 
 Clowes's establishment. 
 
 CLYDE, The Right Hon. Lord, 
 G.C.B. [1792— 1863J, better known 
 as Sir Colin Campbell, was the son 
 of Mr. John McLiver, of Glasgow, 
 where he was born. He entered 
 the army in 1808, as an ensign in 
 the 9th Foot, with which regiment 
 he served in the unfortunate de- 
 scent upon Walcheren, and in the 
 expedition to Portugal. He also 
 took i^art in the battle of Vimiera, 
 in the advance and retreat of the 
 army under Sir John Moore, and 
 in the battle of Corunna, and also 
 in the battle of Barossa and the 
 defence of Tarifa. At the latter 
 end of 1812 he was attached to the 
 army of Ballasteros, and was present 
 at several engagements. Amongst 
 others, he took part in the expedi- 
 tion for relieving Tarragona, and 
 the affair of relieving the posts in 
 the valley of Malaga ; was present 
 at Osma and Vittoria ; at the siege 
 of San Sebastian, where he received 
 two severe wounds whilst leading 
 the column of attack ; and at the 
 passage of the Bidassoa, where he 
 was again severely wounded by a 
 musket shot, which passed through 
 his right thigh. In 1814-15 he saw 
 some active service in America 
 whilst in the 60th Rifles ; and in 
 1823 we find him acting as brigade- 
 major of the troops engaged in 
 quelling the insurrection in Deme- 
 rara. In the expedition to China 
 in 1842 he commanded the 98th 
 Regiment, and took an active part 
 in the capture of Chin-kiang-fou, 
 and the subsequent operations near 
 Nankin. Throughout the Punjaub 
 campaigns of 1848-49 he commanded 
 the third division of the army 
 under Lord Gough, and distin- 
 guished himself more particularly 
 in the affair at Ramnuggur, the 
 passage of the Chenab, in the affair 
 at Sadoolapore, and at the battle of 
 
COATES. 
 
 103 
 
 Chilliauwallali (where he w i long ago to the coiuiuand of a divi- 
 woimded), and at Goojerat, wher c ; sion, he consented to accept the 
 the Sikhs were finally crushed. : command of the Highland brigade, 
 At Chillianwallah his services As ' which, with the brigade of the 
 a brigadier general were highly Guards, formed the division of the 
 praised in the despatches of Lords Duke of Cambridge. His gallantry 
 
 Gough and Hardinge. In 18i9 he 
 was created a K.C.B., and received 
 the thanks of Parliament and of 
 the East India Company for his 
 conduct at Goojerat. In 1851 and 
 the following year, whilst brigadier- 
 general commanding the Peshawur 
 
 at the battle of the Alma, at the 
 head of liis beloved Highlanders, 
 and his zeal, ability, and cool in- 
 trepidity throughout the rest of 
 the Crimean campaign, were faith- 
 fully recorded at the time, and 
 do not need to be repeated here. In 
 
 districts, he was constantly en- June, 1854, he was promoted to the 
 gaged in operations against the j rank of major-general. In the 
 hill tribes surrounding the valley, I following October he was nomi- 
 including the forcing of the Eohat : nated to the colonelcy of the G7th 
 Pass under Sir Charles Napier, and | Foot, and in 1855 promoted to the 
 the repeated affairs with the j honour of a Knight Grand Cross of 
 Momunds, who finally made terms, the Bath. In 1856 he attained the 
 after their defeat at Punj Pao by rank of lieutenant-general, and on 
 a small detachment of cavalry and his retui-n to England was pre- 
 
 horse artillery, under Sir Colin 
 Campbeirs immediate command, 
 the combined tribes numbering 
 upwards of 8,000 men. In 1S52 he 
 was sent in command of 3,000 men 
 sent on an expedition against the 
 Ootmankbail and Eanazai tribes, 
 whom he attacked in their valleys, 
 destroying the fortified village of 
 Pranghur, and finally routing the 
 enemy with great slaughter at 
 Isakote, where they mustered 8,000 
 strong. He returned to England 
 in the summer of 1853, with his 
 fame already established as a 
 general of consummate ability ; 
 but his promotion had been but 
 slow. He had risen to the rank of 
 captain in 1813, before the close of 
 the Peninsular war, but it was not 
 till 1825 that he obtained his 
 majority (by purchase) ; and in 
 1832 he reached the rank of 
 lieutenant-colonel by the same 
 means ; his colonelcy he obtained 
 without purchase in 1842. His 
 command as brigadier in India 
 being only temporary, the outbreak 
 of the Russian war, in the eai-ly 
 part of the year 1854, found him, 
 at the age of sixty -two, only a 
 colonel still. Accordingly while 
 his merits would have entitled him 
 
 sented wath the freedom of the City 
 of London, and created an honorary 
 D.C.L. of Oxford, in recognition of 
 his Crimean services, and appointed 
 one of the militciry aides-de-camp 
 to her Majesty. On the outbreak 
 of the Indian Mutiny, and the 
 death of General Anson, he was 
 appointed to the chief command of 
 the army in India. At twenty-four 
 hours' notice Sir Colin Campbell 
 left London for the East, caught 
 up the Indian mail at Marseilles, 
 and reached Calcutta, the herald 
 of his own appointment. His 
 readiness and activity surjirised 
 none who knew him. After a series 
 of brilliant exploits, including the 
 capture of Lucknow by storm, he 
 saved our Indian empire, in con- 
 junction with the Lawrences, 
 Havelock, Outram, Nicholson, and 
 Neill, and was created, in 1858, a 
 peer by the title of Lord Clyde. 
 Returning to England in 1859, he 
 received the thanks of both Houses 
 of Parliament, and in 1860 was 
 appointed to the Colonelcy of the 
 Coldstream Guards. For his suc- 
 cessful occupation of Lucknow he 
 was awarded a pension of .£2,000 a 
 year. 
 
 COATES, Egbert [1773—1848], 
 
191 
 
 COBDEN. 
 
 generally known as " Komeo 
 Coates/' an actor, and in his own 
 opinion a great star, was a West 
 Indian by birth, and at one time 
 possessed of considerable property. 
 He used to be called " the amateur 
 of fashion," and his dress and equi- 
 page were always most extraordi- 
 nary. His carriage was like a large 
 kettle-drum, and across the bar of 
 his curricle was a large brazen 
 cock, his motto being " while I live 
 I crow." 
 
 COBDEN, EicHARD. He was 
 born June 3, 1801, at Dunford, near 
 Midhurst, West Sussex, and was the 
 fourth of a family of eleven children. 
 His father, William Cobden, was a 
 small farmer, but the family had, 
 in bygone days, been one of con- 
 sideration in the county. At the 
 death of Cobden's grandfather, in 
 1809, Dunford was sold, and Wil- 
 liam Cobden, with his young family, 
 went to Guillard's Oak, a small 
 farm on the outskirts of Midhurst, 
 but was forced to move thence in 
 1814, when the relations charged 
 themselves with the maintenance 
 of the children. Richard was pro- 
 vided for by his mother's brother- 
 in-law, a London merchant, who 
 sent the boy to school in Yorkshire. 
 There he spent five miserable years, 
 " ill-fed, ill-taught, and ill-used " ; 
 he had no holidays, never once saw 
 a face that he loved, nor was he 
 allowed to write a private letter to 
 his relations. At the age of fifteen 
 he was released from this Avretched 
 life, and entered his uncle's ware- 
 house in London. Here he bejjan 
 to teach himself something of life 
 and books ; he studied French and 
 the masterpieces of English poetry 
 in the early mornings, he also 
 learned boxing and dancing, and on 
 Sundays it was his great delight to 
 walk out over the Surrey heaths to 
 meet his father, who was then living 
 at Alton. Throughout life his re- 
 lations with his family were singu- 
 larly alTectionate. In 1825 came the 
 first break in the family circle: the 
 mother, from wliom Cobden in- 
 
 herited his force of character and 
 intellect, died of a fever she caught 
 while nursing a neighbour's sick 
 child. In that year Cobden came 
 of age, and was advanced by his 
 uncle to the position of commercial 
 traveller. This promotion gave him 
 the keenest delight ; it afforded 
 him some opportunity of seeing the 
 world, and to a man of Cobden's 
 character the information to be 
 gathered on business joui'neys was 
 a congenial process of education. 
 He visited both Scotland and Ire- 
 land in his uncle's interest, but in 
 the disastrous year, 182G, the house 
 failed, and he was thrown out of 
 employment. Soon, however, he 
 engaged as traveller for another 
 firm, with whom he remained two 
 years. In 1828 he and two friends 
 resolved to begin business together 
 on their own account in Manches- 
 ter. They had between them a 
 capital of only =£1,000, and more 
 than half of that was borrowed, yet 
 they were soon in the full tide of 
 successful business as commission 
 agents to a leading firm of calico- 
 printers. Cobden was at this time 
 putting himself through a rigorous 
 course of self-education : he taught 
 himself Latin and mathematics, and 
 I'ead the English classics ; his mind 
 widened and matured with sur- 
 prising raj^idity. In 1832 we first 
 find him interesting himself in 
 practical affairs outside those which 
 concerned himself and his family. 
 The infant school at Sabden was 
 the first work he took in hand, and 
 in it he felt as ardent an interest 
 as ever he did afterwards in the 
 great affairs of state. As soon as 
 the business was establislied and 
 he could be spared, Cobden made a 
 tour in Switzerland. The condition 
 of the people impressed him even 
 more than the suV»liinity of the 
 scenery ; he thought them the most 
 prosperous and best governed in 
 Europe. He then went to Auiorica, 
 and during tluit first visit formed a 
 life long attacliment for the people 
 of the United States. On his return 
 
COBDEX 
 
 105 
 
 Cobden wrote and pu))lished two 
 pamphlets, " Eiiifland, Ireland, and 
 America," (1835), and "Russia" 
 (183G). In these he first showed 
 his power, and the pamphlets at- 
 tracted immediate attention ; the 
 earlier one was in the fifth edition 
 at the time of the publication of 
 " Eussia." In the autumn of 1S3G 
 Cobden was ordered to winter 
 abroad, and in October he started 
 on a tour through Egypt, Greece, 
 and Constantinople, whence he re- 
 tui-ned in the following April. The 
 death of "William IV. caused a dis- 
 solution of Parliament in June, and 
 Cobden offered himself as reform 
 candidiite for Stockport, but was 
 not successful. In the October of 
 1838 he joined the Anti-Corn Law 
 Association. The Association had 
 been founded in London two years 
 before tliis time ; among its founders 
 were men of mental force and sound 
 ideas, but not one orator, and the 
 Association had taken no hold on 
 the people ; though by August, 1838, 
 wheat had risen to 77s., pauperism 
 was increasing, and the manufac- 
 turing populations were unable to 
 supjDort themselves. In October 
 seven men met at Manchester and 
 founded a new Anti-Corn Law As- 
 sociation. They were speedily 
 joined by others, among them Cob- 
 den, who immediately took a pro- 
 minent part in all counsel and 
 actions. Supported by his finely 
 tempered and persuasive eloquence, 
 and the oratory of Mr. Bright, the 
 association soon gained ground, and 
 in the following March it had 
 branches in the thirty-six principal 
 towns, and was transformed into 
 the Anti-Corn Law League. All 
 this time and for long afterwards 
 Mr. Charles Yilliers was bringing 
 in his annual motion for the repeal 
 of the corn laws. In the becfinnino- 
 the League had to encounter the op- 
 position of the entire rural j)opula- 
 tions, but by 1843 many of the 
 farmers were converted to Free 
 Trade principles, and it was from a 
 farmer, Mr. Luttimore, of Wheat- 
 
 hampstead, that Cobden gained 
 many of his p<)w..'rful arguments, 
 wliich enabled him to put the case 
 for free trade wholly on agricul- 
 tural grounds, as he did on March 
 13, 1815. In the meantime Cobden 
 had married and, at the dissolution 
 of 1811, when Lord Melbourne 
 made an appeal to the country in 
 favour of a fixed duty on com, was 
 returned for Stockport. At that 
 time the suffering throughout the 
 country was fearful, bread being so 
 dear that thousands were starving ; 
 in 1842 there was a new tariff, the 
 duty was lowered on about 750 
 articles ; the wheat duty was 
 abated to about one-half, but was 
 still cruelly oppressive. The power 
 of the League increased daily ; 
 meetings were held in rural places 
 as well as in towns, and many 
 farmers who did not dare attend 
 them in their own districts, went 
 thirty or forty miles to hear the 
 agitators : the leaders everywhere 
 were Cobden and Mr. Bright. In 
 the autumn of 1815 the potato erojD 
 failed in Ireland, and added a heavy 
 embarrassment to the Government. 
 The duty on imported wheat in 
 Ireland was 18s. per quarter. In 
 Xov. the Ministry met, passed some 
 davs in discussion, and decided 
 nothing, then Lord John Eussell 
 declared himself a convert to the 
 principles of Free Trade, and on 
 Dec. 5, Peel resigned, and it de- 
 volved on Lord John Eussell to 
 form a ministry. He offered Cobden 
 the lowest place, that of Vice-Pre- 
 sident of the Board of Trade, but 
 the not too flattering offer was de- 
 clined. Lord John was unable to 
 form a ministry, and Peel withcb'ew 
 his resignation. On the opening of 
 the session he announced that the 
 Eepeal of the Corn Laws was to be 
 total but not immediate ; the mea- 
 sure was delayed for a time by the 
 introduction of a Coercion Bill for 
 Ireland, but after some disvjussion 
 precedence was given to the Corn 
 Bill, which passed the Commons, 
 May 10, and the Lords, June 2G. 
 
 o 2 
 
196 
 
 COCHRANE. 
 
 But curiously enough, on tlie very 
 nig-lit that the Grovernuient Corn 
 Bill passed the Lords, the Govern- 
 ment Coercion Bill Avas defeated in 
 the Commons (Cobden voting- 
 against the measure), and the 
 ministry resigned. Now that the 
 stniggle was over Cobden found 
 that his health was sorely over- 
 taxed by the long and severe strain, 
 and that his business, which had 
 been left to others, was much in- 
 volved. This being knoAvn, his 
 grateful country subscribed ^670,000 
 in recognition of services which 
 could never be repaid ; with a part 
 of this money Cobden bought back 
 Dunford, and then having wound 
 up his business he went for a con- 
 tinental tour. He was everywhere 
 received with almost royal honours, 
 and every facility was afforded him 
 for studying the social and econo- 
 mic conditions of the countries he 
 visited. At the end of fourteen 
 months he returned to England, 
 and settled at Dunford which, out 
 of the session, Avas thenceforward 
 his home. During his absence he Avas 
 returned for the West Eiding, and, 
 though he would have i^referred 
 sitting for his old constituency, the 
 imdivided West Eiding, the most 
 considerable constituency in the 
 kingdom, was a seat which could 
 not be refvised. But Cobden's 
 popularity was short lived. In 
 1853 he and Mr. Bright, Avho had 
 been idols of the people, were de- 
 nounced in Parliament, and still 
 more hotly outside, as traitors. 
 They stood almost alone in opposi- 
 tion to the Eussian War, which 
 they disapproved both because they 
 regarded war as so great an evil that 
 it should be declared only at the 
 last extremity, and also because 
 they held the quarrel an unjust 
 one. In April, 1856, Cobden lost 
 his only son ; the blow was one 
 from which he never fully recovered, 
 but early in the folloAving year he 
 resumed his part in public affairs. 
 On Feb. 20, he brought forward a 
 motion declaring that " the papers 
 
 which have been laid on the table 
 fail to estal:»lish satisfactory grounds 
 for the violent measures resorted 
 to at Canton in the late affair of the 
 Arrow,'' and moving " that a Select 
 Committee be appointed to inquire 
 into the state of our commercial 
 relations Avith China." After a 
 stirring debate the House divided : 
 there was a majority of sixteen 
 against the Government, and a dis- 
 solution folloAvcd. Cobden, aAvare 
 that his action did not please his 
 constituents, did not contest the 
 West Eiding ; he stood for Hud- 
 dersfield, Avas defeated, and for tAvo 
 years remained out of Parliament. 
 During that time he visited America, 
 and on his return found that j^ublic 
 opinion had undergone another 
 change. In Liverpool he found 
 awaiting him a letter from his old 
 opponent. Lord Palmerston, offering 
 him a seat in the ministry as Presi- 
 dent of the Board of Trade, and 
 with it a note from Lord John 
 Eussell, ui'ging on him the duiy of 
 accepting this post. But Cobden 
 did not see his duty in the same 
 light ; he declined the offer, and AA^as 
 never in the Ministry, though in this 
 same year (1859), he was employed 
 as plenipotentiary in Paris, where he 
 had the chief direction of the com- 
 mercial treaty A\dth France, an 
 achievement v/hich he regarded as 
 the second great work of his life. 
 For this service he declined to re- 
 ceive either pay or the baronetcy 
 which AAas pressed upon him . On his 
 return from America he had been 
 returned for Eochdale, and repre- 
 sented that constituency until his 
 death, which occurred in London, 
 April 2, 1865. He is buried beside 
 his son in the churchyard of Lav- 
 ington, near Dunford. 
 
 COCHEANE, John George [1780 
 — 1852], Secretary and Librarian of 
 the London Library, was born at 
 Glasgow, and was at one time a 
 partner in the j^ublishing house of 
 White and Cochrane. When this 
 business failed, he became the act- 
 ing editor of the Foreign QuaHerly 
 
COCKBUKN. 
 
 197 
 
 Review. lu 1835 ho stiirtetl Coch- 
 rauo's Foreign Quarterly Review, of 
 which only two nuuibers wore puVj- 
 lishod. Soou after he was appointed 
 elitor of the Caledonian Mercury, a 
 well-established Liberal newsiDaper. 
 After the death of Sir Walt<'r Scott 
 he was chosen by his intimate 
 friend, Robert Cadell, and the 
 other trustees, for the important 
 task of compilin<j^ a catalxjue rai- 
 soiinc of the Aljbotsford library and 
 collection, for which purpose he 
 lived at Abbotsford for some time. 
 Tliis cataloLjue is admitted to be a 
 model of its kind. He afterwards 
 made a catalogue of the London 
 Librai-y, the second volume of 
 which was only completed a few 
 weeks before his death. In 18 il 
 he became secretary and librarian 
 to the London Library. 
 
 COCKBUKN, The Kight Hon. 
 Sib Alexander James Edmund, 
 Bart., G.C.B. [1802—1880], son 
 of Mr. Alexander Cockburn, for- 
 merly English Minister in Co- 
 lumbia, succeeded, in 1858, to the 
 baronetcy of his ^uncle, the Very 
 Rev. Sir William Cockburn, Dean 
 of York. Having been educated at 
 Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he 
 graduated LL.B. in 1829, Mr. 
 Cockburn was called to the bar at 
 the Middle Temple, and went the 
 Western Circuit. In 1811 he be- 
 came Q.C. ; during the railway 
 mania of 181G he had the good for- 
 tune to obtain a large share of the 
 Parliamentary practice wliich arose 
 out of the various lines projected ; 
 and at the general election of 18 1? 
 he was returned for Southampton 
 in the advanced Liberal interest. 
 He did not take a very prominent 
 position as a debater until he made 
 his memorable defence of Lord 
 Palmerston's foreign policy, on the 
 Pacilico question, in 1850, which was 
 one of the most eloquent and suc- 
 cessful speeches ever delivered in 
 the House of Commons. He w;is 
 soon afterwards appointed Solicitor- 
 General, was promoted to be Attor- 
 ney-General in March, 1851, and 
 
 continued to hold the latter office 
 till the dissolution of Lord John 
 Russell's Ministry in the spring of 
 1852. On the formation of the Co- 
 alition Cabinet he resumed his post 
 as Attorney-General, and was, in 
 185 1, appointed Recorder of Bristol. 
 Whilst Attorney-General he was en- 
 gaged in the " Hopwood case," and 
 displayed consummate ability in the 
 prosecution of Palmer of Rugeley. 
 On the death of Chief Justice Jervis, 
 at the close of 185G, Sir Alexander 
 Cockburn was created Chief Justice 
 of the Common Pleas, and was ad- 
 vanced to the high office of Lord 
 Chief Justice of England on the 
 elevation of Lord Campbell to the 
 woolsack in 1859. In this position 
 his charges were often most re- 
 markable — not so much, perhaps, 
 for their display of profound legal 
 knowledge as for their extreme 
 lucidity, and the width of their 
 range. His charge to the Grand 
 Jury at the Central Criminal Court, 
 London, delivered April 10, 1867, 
 in the cause of Gen. Nelson and 
 Lient. Brand, prosecuted by the 
 Jamaica Defence Committee, is a 
 masterly performance, and contains 
 a most elaborate exposition of mar- 
 tial law and of the manner in which 
 it has been applied in various pe- 
 riods of our histoiy. In Sept., 1871, 
 he was appointed to be the arbi- 
 trator on the part of Great Britain 
 under the stipulations of the Wash- 
 ington Treaty relating to the 
 settlement of the Alabama claims. 
 He presided over the protracted trial 
 of " the Queen v. Castro " (the Tich- 
 borne case) in the Court of Queen's 
 Bench in 1873-1. His charge to the 
 jury in that remarkable case was 
 printed, under his own editorial su- 
 pervision, in 2 vols., 1875. He was 
 chairman of the Cambridge Uni- 
 versity Commission, 1877-8. 
 
 COCKBURN, Sir George, Sth 
 Baronet, of Langton, Co. Berwick 
 (1027), Admiral of the fleet, and 
 Rear- Admiral of the United King- 
 dom, Major-General of the ma- 
 rines, a Privy Councillor and F.R.S., 
 
198 
 
 COCKBURN— CODEINGTOK. 
 
 was the second son of Sir James 
 Cockburn, and was born in 1772. 
 In 1781 he entered the navy, but 
 did not go to sea until 1786, and 
 became commander in 1793. From 
 that time till 1815 he took a promi- 
 nent part in many of the greatest 
 naval engagements and won much 
 honour by his courage and intelli- 
 gence, and it was he who was se- 
 lected to convey Napoleon Bona- 
 parte to St. Helena. In 1815 he 
 was created K.C.B., and in 1818 was 
 advanced to the grade of Grand 
 Cross of the Bath, with additional 
 armorial bearings, and in the same 
 year became one of the Lords of the 
 Admiralty, where he retained a seat 
 until 1830, He was ajDpointed 
 Major-General of the marines in 
 1821, Privy Councillor in 1827, 
 and full Admiral in 1837. From 
 1841-16 he was senior naval lord, 
 and in Nov. 1811 became an Ad- 
 miral of the Eed, Rear-Admiral of 
 the United Kingdom in 1847, and 
 in 1851 Admiral of the Fleet. On 
 the death of his brother in 1852 Sir 
 George Cockburn l)ecame 8th Baro- 
 net of Langton. He died at Leam- 
 ington Spa, Aug. 19, 1853, aged 81 
 years. 
 
 COCKBUEN, Henry Dundas 
 [1779 — 1854], known as Lord Cock- 
 burn, one of the Lords of the Court 
 of Session, and a Lord Commissioner 
 of Justiciary, was the son of Archi- 
 bald Cockburn, a Baron of the Ex- 
 chequer in Scotland, and was called 
 to the Scottish bar in 1800. He 
 was appointed Solicitor-General for 
 Scotland in 1830, and in 1834 was 
 placed on the bench as one of the 
 permanent Lords Ordinary of the 
 Court of Session, receiving in 1837 
 the additional appointment of a 
 Lord Commissioner of Justiciary. 
 He wrote the life of his friend Lord 
 Jeffrey, which, with a selection of 
 Lord Jeffrey's correspondence, was 
 published in 1852. He was a mem- 
 ber of the famous speculative so- 
 ciety to which Scott, Brougham, 
 and Jeffrey, belonged. 
 
 COCKEEELL, Charles Egbert 
 
 [1788 — 1863] architect, was born in 
 London and educated at Westmin- 
 ster School. After some prelimi- 
 nary study under his father, Samuel 
 P. Cockerell, the architect, he 
 
 visited and studied the great 
 
 ar- 
 
 chitectural remains of Greece, Italy 
 and Asia Minor. He conducted ex- 
 cavations on a large scale at -^gina, 
 Phigalia, and other places, sending 
 to the British Museum his collec- 
 tions from Phigalia, and to the 
 museum at Munich his collection 
 from ^Egina. He was elected an 
 A.E.A. in 1829, became a member 
 in 1836, and four years later was ap- 
 pointed Professor of Architecture, 
 his lectures being attended by all 
 the students of the several arts 
 studied in the school. He suc- 
 ceeded Soane as architect of the 
 Bank of England in 1837, erected 
 the Dividend Office, and made 
 other alterations, Avhich were, how- 
 ever, pulled down to make room 
 for necessary enlargements. Among 
 other works he built banks at 
 Liverpool and Manchester, in 1810 
 the new library at Cambridge, and 
 together with Tite, the London and 
 Westminster Bank. In 1847, on 
 the death^of Henry L. Elmes, he was 
 chosen to finish the St. George's 
 Hall, Liverpool, which was a great 
 success. He wrote, among nume- 
 rous other publications, " On the 
 Iconography of Wells Cathedral," 
 " On the Sculptures of Lincoln and 
 Exeter Cathedrals," and " Tribute 
 to the Memory of Sir Christopher 
 Wren." 
 
 CODEINGTON, Admiral Sir 
 Edward [1770—1851], G.C.B., 
 G.C.M.G., and F.E.S., was the 
 third son of Edward Codrington, 
 and entered the navy in 1783. In 
 1794 he was lieutenant of the 
 Queen Charlotte, Lord Howe's flag- 
 ship in the action of May 28 and 29 
 and June 1, and was entrusted with 
 the duj)licate despatches relating 
 to the victory. In 1805 he was ap- 
 pointed to the Orion, one of the 
 ships engaged at Trafalgar, and for 
 his share in that victory he received 
 
CODliiNGTON— COFFIN. 
 
 U>9 
 
 a j^okl medal. In l!SOS, in com- 
 mand of the Blake, he accompanied 
 the Wakhoron expedition, with the 
 flag of Lord Gardner, who acknow- 
 ledged his assistiince at the forcing 
 of the Scheldt in ISin). From 1810 
 to 1812 he was employed in Spain. 
 He returned home in January, 1813, 
 and on December -4 following was 
 appointed a colonel of marines. 
 Soon after he sailed to North Ame- 
 rica, and while there was promoted 
 to the rank of rear-admiral, and 
 appointed captain of the fleet under 
 Sir Alexander Cochrane. He took 
 part in the attack on New Orleans, 
 and at the conclusion of hostilities 
 with the United States returned to 
 England with the officiiil announce- 
 ment of the capture of Fort Bowyer. 
 He was nominated a K.C.B. on the 
 remodelling of that Order Jan. 2, 
 1815, and promoted to the rank of 
 vice-admiral July 10, 1821. On 
 Nov. 1, 1826, Sir Edward Avas ap- 
 pointed Commander-in-Chief of the 
 Mediterranean Squadron, and in 
 this capacity took the leading part 
 in the battle of Navarino, Oct. 20, 
 1827, when the Turkish fleet was 
 destroyed by the combined squad- 
 rons of Great Britain, Eussia, and 
 France. To him, according to the 
 well-known story, the Duke of 
 Clarence (afterwards William IV.) 
 wrote outside his oflBcial despatch 
 the words, "Go it, Ned!" In re- 
 ward for the victory of Navarino, 
 Sir Edward was nominated G.C.B., 
 and received from the Emperor of 
 Ifussia the Grand Cross of St. 
 and from the King of 
 the Grand Cross of St. 
 In consequence of the 
 ojjinions of politicians at 
 home upon this occurrence, which 
 the Duke of Wellington charac- 
 terised as an " untoward event," 
 Sir Edward was recalled from the 
 Mediterranean in April, 1828. He 
 afterwards commanded a squadron 
 of observation in the Channel inl83 1 ; 
 and having attained the full rank of 
 admiral in 1837, was appointed in 
 1839 Commander-in-Chief at Ports- 
 
 George, 
 France 
 Louis, 
 divided 
 
 mouth. He enjoyed a good service 
 pension of £'MtO. From 1832 to 
 1830 he represented Devonport in 
 the House of Commons, and always 
 supported Liberal measures. He 
 married, in 1802, Miss Jane Hall, of 
 Old Windsor, by whom he had a nu- 
 merous family, one of his sons being 
 Sir William Codrington (q. v.). 
 
 CODRINGTON, General Sir 
 William John, G.C.B. [1801 — 
 188-i], son of the above, was edu- 
 cated at Harrow and Sandhui-st, 
 and entered the army in 1821. He 
 went with the Coldstream Guards 
 to Bulgaria in 1854 ; was made 
 major-general by brevet whilst at 
 Varna, and distinguished himself 
 both at the Alma, and at Inker- 
 mann. He was appointed to com- 
 mand the Light Division during a 
 portion of the siege of Sebastopol, 
 and was made commander-in-chief 
 of the army in Nov. 1855. He was 
 present with the army from its 
 arrival in the Crimea to the evacua- 
 tion, July 12, 1856 ; was made a 
 K.C.B. diu'ing the war, and a G.C.B. 
 in 1865. He represented Green- 
 A\-ich from 1857 to 1859, when he 
 was appointed Governor of Gibral- 
 tar. The colonelcy of the 23 rd 
 Fusiliers was bestowed upon liim 
 Dec. 27, 1860, and he was promoted 
 to the rank of general July 27, 
 1863. In March, 1875, he was 
 appointed colonel of the Cold- 
 stream Guai'ds, and in Oct. 1877, 
 placed upon the retired list. He 
 was a Second Class of the Legion 
 of Honour, Grand Cross of the 
 Military Order of Savoy, and First 
 Class of the Medjidie. He was 
 also for some years an active mem- 
 ber of the Metroj)olitan Board of 
 Works. 
 
 COFFIN, LlEUTENA>fT-COLONEL 
 
 William Foster [1808— 1878 , 
 Commissioner of Ordnance and Ad- 
 miralty Lands for the Dominion of 
 Canada, was born at Bath, England, 
 and having been educated at Eton, 
 went out to Canada in 1830. He 
 was called to the Bar in Lower 
 Canada, 1835; appointed Assistant 
 
2C0 
 
 COLBURN— COLE. 
 
 Civil Secretary, L.C., 1838; and in 
 1810 Commissioner of Police. He 
 was chosen a special Government 
 Commissioner in 1840, to investi- 
 gate the Montreal gaol ; in 1811, to 
 inquire into Indian disturbances at 
 Caughnawaga, and to inquire into 
 the election riots in Toronto ; in 
 185 !•, to inquire into the affairs of 
 the Great Western Kail way ; in 
 1855, to inquire into the affairs of 
 the University of Toronto ; and in 
 18(58 was one of the Intercolonial 
 Railway Commissioners. He raised 
 and commanded the Montreal Field 
 Battery in 1855, for which he Avas 
 promoted Lieutenant-Colonel, and 
 thanked by the Commander-in- 
 Chief in general orders. He was 
 author of " A Histoi-y of the War 
 of 1812," "Tln-ee Chapters on a 
 Triple Project," " Thoughts on De- 
 fence from a Canadian Point of 
 View," and "Quirks of Diplomacy." 
 COLBUEN, Henry, an eminent 
 publisher, began his business career 
 Tjy opening a circulating library in 
 Conduit Street, which was very suc- 
 cessful, and which he afterwards 
 resigned to Messrs. Saunders and 
 Ottley. He then removed to New 
 Burlington Street, and soon became 
 the jsrincipal publisher of novels 
 and light literature of his time. 
 One of his most successful early 
 publications was Lady Morgan's 
 " France." At the suggestion of 
 his friend Mr. Upcott, he under- 
 took the publication of " Evelyn's 
 Diary," which was very successful, 
 and which was foUoAv^ed by the 
 " Diary of Pepys," which attained 
 even greater popularity. Most of 
 the eminent novelists of the day 
 were first brought forward by Mr. 
 Colburn, among whom we may men- 
 tion Sir E. L. Bulwer Lytton, 
 D'Israeli, Theodore Hook, CajDtain 
 Marryat, James, and the Banims. In 
 181 J^ he originated thciVeio Monthly 
 Magazine and Universal Register, 
 which had a long and successful 
 career, and which numbered among 
 its contributors most of the principal 
 writers of the day. In 1825 he 
 
 began the Literary Gazette, or Jour- 
 nal of the Belles Lettres, Arts, and 
 Sciences; in 1828 the Court Journal, 
 in 1829 the United Service Magazine, 
 and Naval and Military Gazette, and 
 also had a considerable interest 
 in the Srmday Times newspaper. 
 Having made an ample fortune, he 
 retired from business. He died at 
 liis house in Bryanston Square, 
 Aug. 16, 1855. 
 
 COLCHESTER, Lord, the Right 
 Hon. Charles Abbot [1798 — 1867], 
 son of the first Lord (who was for 
 many years Speaker of the House 
 of Commons), and grandson of the 
 Rev. John Abbot, D.D., rector of 
 All Saints', Colchester, was edu- 
 cated at Westminster School, and 
 at the Royal Naval College. He 
 entered the Royal Navy in 1811, 
 was in active service at the siege of 
 Cadiz and on the North American 
 and Mediterranean stations ; accom- 
 panied Lord Amherst to China in 
 1816, and, rising by gradual steps 
 of promotion, became an admiral 
 on the reserved list in 1861. He 
 succeeded to the title in 1829 ; held 
 the offices of Vice-President of the 
 Board of Trade and Paymaster- 
 General under Lord Derby's first 
 administration in 1852, and was 
 Postmaster-General without a seat 
 in the Cabinet in Lord Derby's 
 second administration, 1858-59. 
 Several postal conventions with 
 foreign nations were concluded 
 under his direction, and increased 
 facilities given for the interchange 
 of letters and printed publications 
 through the general jDost. 
 
 COLE, General the Hon. Sir 
 
 Galbraith Lowry, G.C.B., K.T.S., 
 
 1 Colonel of the 27th Foot, a Com- 
 
 ' missioner of the Royal Military 
 
 : College, and the Royal Military 
 
 i Asylum, Sec, was the second son of 
 
 William, first Earl Enniskillen. 
 
 He entered the army at an early 
 
 age, and in 1794 was ajjpointed to 
 
 the Lieutenant-Colonelcy of Ward's 
 
 Foot, and in Jan., 1801, gazetted 
 
 a colonel. He served throughout 
 
 the Peninsular war, and received 
 
COLE. 
 
 201 
 
 the repeated thanks of both Houses 
 of Parliament for his distinj^uished 
 services. He was awarded a cross 
 and four clasps for his services in 
 command of the fourth division at 
 Albuera, Salamanca, Vittoria, Py- 
 renees, Nivelle, Orthes, and Tou- 
 louse. He was for some time 
 Governor of the Cajjo of Good Hope, 
 and from 1818 to the time of his 
 death, Governor of Gravesend and 
 Tilbury Fort. He was advanced 
 to the rank of major-general in 
 1825, and in 1830 was made a 
 general. He married, in 1815, Lady 
 Frances Hai*ris, younger daughter 
 of James, first Earl of Malmesbury, 
 and left a son and two daughters. 
 He died at his seat, Highfield Park, 
 Hants, Oct. 3, 1842. 
 
 COLE, George. He was born 
 about 1813, and as an artist was 
 self-taught. He commenced his 
 career at Portsmouth as a portrait 
 painter, and was also an excellent 
 painter of animal life ; but ou his 
 removal to London he devoted 
 himself to landscape. He first ex- 
 hibited in 18-40, and frequently 
 thereafter at the British Institution 
 and at the British Artists, of which 
 societv he became a member in 
 1850. " He died Sept. 7, 1883, aged 
 73 years. He exhibited 260 pic- 
 tures in London. He was the 
 father of Vicat Cole, R.A. 
 
 COLE, Sir Henry, K.C.B. [1808 
 — 1882J, born at Bath, 15 July, 
 1808, and educated at Christ's 
 Hospital. He entered the public 
 service in April, 1823, under the 
 Record Commission, and became an 
 assistant keeper of the public re- 
 cords. He published " Henry the 
 Eighth's Scheme of Bishopricks ; " 
 a volume of " Miscellaneous Records 
 of the Exchequer ; " and many 
 pamphlets on Record Reform, which 
 conduced to the establishment of a 
 General Record Office, and its pre- 
 sent system. In conjunction with 
 Sir W. Molesworth and Mr. Charles 
 Buller, M.P., and others, he started 
 the Guide newspaper, of which he 
 was editor ; published a work on 
 
 " Light, Shade, and Colour," and 
 contributed to the Westminster, 
 British and Foreign, and Edinburgh 
 Revieics. Mr. Cole, in 1840, gained 
 one of the four pi-izes of <£100 
 offered by the Treasury for sugges- 
 tions for developing the penny post- 
 age plan of Sir Rowland Hill, — 
 a measure which, as secretary of 
 the Mercantile Committee on Post- 
 age, he had helped to caiTy. Under 
 the nom de plume of Felix Summerly 
 he published Guide-books to the 
 National Gallery, Hampton Com-t, 
 kc, also editions of illustrated 
 childi-en's books. He brought out 
 an edition of Albert Diirer's " Small 
 Passion,^' using casts of the original 
 wood blocks preserved in the 
 British Museum : he was editor of 
 the Historical Register and the 
 Journal of Design. He originated 
 the series of " Art Manufactures," 
 designed to combine fine art with 
 objects of utility, and organized 
 the exhibitions of the Society of 
 Arts, which he proposed should 
 culminate every fifth year in a 
 National Exhibition of Arts and 
 Manufactures. It was intended 
 that the first of the series should 
 be held in 1851, and this plan was 
 extended by Prince Albert, the 
 President of the Society, into the 
 Exhibition of the w^orks of Industry 
 of All Nations. Mr. Cole was one 
 of the executive committee of that 
 Exhibition, and was made a C.B. 
 (civil division) at its conclusion. 
 In 1850-2 he drew up three Reports 
 on the Reform of the Patent Laws 
 issued by the Society of Arts, which 
 led to Patent Reform. Charles 
 Dickens helped in this work bv his 
 " A Poor Man's Tale of a Patent." 
 In 1852 he was invited by the 
 Government, through Earl Gran- 
 ville, to attempt the reformation 
 of the Schools of Design ; and he 
 thus became instrumental in estab- 
 lishing the Science and Art Depart- 
 ment, of which he was senior 
 secretary, and afterwards inspector- 
 general. He was British Commis- 
 sioner for the Universal Exhibition 
 
202 
 
 COLENSO. 
 
 at Paris in 1855, and accomplished 
 the work with a saving of ^10,000 
 on the parliamentary vote. As a 
 momher of the Society of Arts, he 
 helped to establish the London 
 International Exhibition of Art and 
 Industry in 1862, and acted as 
 Chairman of the Committee for 
 National Musical Education. In 
 1860 he was appointed the general 
 superintendent of the South Ken- 
 sington Museum, which he organ- 
 ized, and afterwards he also acted 
 as secretary of the Science and Art 
 department under the Committee 
 of Council on Education. In 1867 
 he was appointed secretary of the 
 Koyal Commission for the Paris 
 Exhibition of that year and execu- 
 tive Commissioner for the Exhibi- 
 tion, when the expenditure, al- 
 though great, was below Mr. Cole's 
 estimate. He acted as a vice- 
 president of the Eoyal Horticultural 
 Society and the Society of Arts ; 
 also on the Provisional and Execu- 
 tive Committees of the Koyal 
 Albert Hall, and as Acting Com- 
 missioner for Annual International 
 Exhibitions, under the Commis- 
 sioners for the Exhibition of 1851. 
 After fifty years of public service 
 he resigned his post in connection 
 with the South Kensington Museum 
 in 1873, and in 1875 he was created 
 a K.C.B. Sir Henry Cole was an 
 officer of the Legion of Honour and 
 Commander of the Iron Crown of 
 Austria. He received the Albert 
 medal of the Society of Arts for his 
 services to arts, manufactures, and 
 commerce . He devoted his leisure to 
 sanitary work, especially to purify- 
 ing the Thames of sewage pollution 
 and to securing a national supply of 
 pure water ; to the promotion of 
 domestic economy in elementary 
 education; and to the establish- 
 ment of a national sj^stem for culti- 
 vating music. [See "Fifty Years 
 of Public Life," by his son.] 
 
 COLENSO, Eight Eev. John 
 William, D.D.![1814— 1883], Bishop 
 of Natal, son of a gentleman who 
 long held office under the Duchy 
 
 of Cornwall, Avas educated at St. 
 John's College, Cambridge, where he 
 graduated as second wrangler in 
 1836, and became Fellow and as- 
 sistant-tutor of his college. He was 
 assistant master at Harrow School 
 from 1838 to 1842 ; was preferred to 
 the rectory of Forncett St. Mary, 
 in Norfolk, and in Nov., 1853, was 
 appointed first Bishop of Natal, in 
 South Africa. His writings were 
 numerous, and extended over a wide 
 field. His treatises on algebra and 
 arithmetic had an extensive sale, 
 and became text-books in schools 
 and universities. His work, " The 
 Pentateuch and Book of Joshua 
 critically examined," calling in 
 question the historical accuracy 
 and Mosaic authorship of those 
 books, was published in 1862. This 
 work was condemned as heretical 
 by small majorities in both Houses 
 of Convocation of the Province of 
 Canterbury, in 1861, and its author 
 was declared to be deposed from 
 his see by his Metrojiolitan, the 
 Bishop of Cape ToAvn. The depo- 
 sition was declared to be " null and 
 void in law," on an appeal to the 
 Privy Council in March, 1865, the 
 ground of the decision being that 
 the Crown has no legal power to 
 constitute a bishopric or to confer 
 coercive jurisdiction within any 
 colony possessing an independent 
 legislature ; and that as the letters 
 jDatent purporting to create the sees 
 of Cape Town and Natal Avere issued 
 after these colonies had acquired 
 legislatures, the sees did not legally 
 exist, and neither bishop j^ossessed 
 in laAv any jiu-isdiction Avhate\x'r. 
 The bishojDS forming the Council of 
 the Colonial Bishoprics Fund, 
 having, notwithstanding this deci- 
 sion, refused to pay him his income, 
 he appealed to the Court of Chan- 
 cery, and the Master of the Polls 
 delivered an elaborate judgment on 
 Oct. 6, 1866, ordering the payment 
 in future of his income, with all 
 arrears and interest, and declaring 
 that if his accusers had refused to 
 pay his income on the groiuid of 
 
COLErvIDGE. 
 
 203 
 
 heretical teaohinj^, he should have 
 felt it liis duty to try tliat issue — an 
 offer which they declined to accept. 
 The liishop ha<l a ixr(>at many sym- 
 pathisers in England, and wlien lie 
 left for his diocese, the subscribers 
 to the " Colenso Fund " presented 
 him Anth <£3,3(K) as a token of 
 respect. The final result was that 
 the Anglican community at the Cape 
 was divided into two hostile cami)s ; 
 Bishop Colenso still remained the 
 only bishop of the Church of Eng- 
 land in Natal, but the Rev. W. 
 Kenneth Macrorie was consecrated 
 Bishop of Maritzburg,for the Church 
 of the Province of South Africa, at 
 Cape Town in 18G9. In 187 i Bishop 
 Colenso visited England, in oi-der 
 to i-eport to the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury the staunch attachment 
 of the members of the Church of 
 England in Cape Colony to the 
 mother church, to consult the heads 
 of the Church as to the relations of 
 the diocese of Natal to the new see 
 of Cape Town, and on other matters. 
 During his stay in this country 
 Dr. Colenso was inhibited from 
 preaching in their respective dio- 
 ceses, by the Bishops of London, 
 Oxford, and Lincoln. At the same 
 time he pleaded before the Secre- 
 tary of the Colonies and the other 
 members of the Government, the 
 cause of Langalibalele, a Zulu chief 
 who had been dispossessed of his 
 territory, and carried off prisoner 
 to Cape Town. From that time 
 Bishop Colenso took an active part 
 in advocating the cause of the 
 natives against the opj^ression of 
 the Boers, and the encroaching 
 policy of the Cape officials. In the 
 matter of the Zulu war, he took the 
 opposite side to that espoused by 
 Sir Bartle Frere and the Home 
 Government, but alw^ays tried to 
 maintain the character of a peace- 
 maker, in spite of the obstacles 
 thrown in his way. It was chiefly 
 owing to him that Cetewayo Avas 
 allowed to come to England to 
 plead his own cause. 
 COLEEIDGE, Rev. Derwent 
 
 [1800—1883], M.A., was the 
 youngest son of the poet Samuel 
 Taylor Coleridge. He was born at 
 Keswick, and educated with his 
 Ijrother Hartley at a small school 
 near Ambleside. From there he 
 went to St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he became acquainted 
 with W. M. Praed, Macaulay, 
 Charles Austin, and others, and 
 in conjunction wuth them began 
 to write 'for Knight's Quarterly 
 Magazine, under the name of 
 " Davenant Cecil." He graduated 
 in 1822, and was ordained in 1827. 
 He Avas appointed in 1841 head of 
 St. Mark's Training College for 
 Teachers, which he left in 1864, to 
 accept the living of HanAvell, Mid- 
 dlesex, having held a i»rebendal 
 stall in St. Paul's Cathedral since 
 1816. He collected and edited his 
 father's works and those of his 
 brother Hartley, and wrote a " Life 
 of Winthrop Mackworth Praed." In 
 addition to Eiu'opean languages, 
 he knew Coptic and Arabic, could 
 read Eskimo, Zulu, and Hawaiian, 
 and was A^ell acquainted with Welsh 
 and Hungarian poetry. 
 
 COLEKIDC+E, Hartley, was 
 the eldest son of Samuel Taylor 
 Coleridge, and was born at Cleve- 
 don, near Bristol, Sept. 19, 1796. 
 His school years were passed at 
 Ambleside, and in 1815 he became 
 a scholar of Merton College, Oxford, 
 whence he took a fellowship of 
 Oriel. But even thus early his 
 desponding nature and weak will 
 had led him to seek in drink a 
 refuge from gloomy thoughts, and 
 at the end of his probationary year 
 he was declared to have forfeited 
 his fellowship by intemperance, the 
 one vice and curse of his otherwise 
 blameless life. After leaving Ox- 
 ford he came to London, and there 
 he spent two years writing a little 
 but not doing much good, so that 
 his family persuaded him to return 
 to Ambleside and try school-keep- 
 ing. For that task he Avas eminently 
 unfitted ; his school failed and he 
 removed to Grasmere and supported 
 
204 
 
 COLERIDGE. 
 
 himself by his pen. From 1S2G to 
 1831 he wrote occasionally for 
 BlacTcwooiV s Magazine, and about 
 that time commenced the publica- 
 tion of his " Northern Worthies." 
 In 1837 he taught for some months 
 in the school of the Rev. Isaac 
 Green at Sedberg-h, but after a 
 time returned to his secluded and 
 eventless life at " The Nab Cottage," 
 between Grasmere and Rydal, where 
 he died, Jan. G, 1819.' Moxon's 
 edition of his very interesting poems 
 is prefaced with a memoir of his life 
 by his brother, the Rev. Derwent 
 Coleridge. 
 
 COLERIDGE, Henry Nelson, 
 M.A., Barrister-at-Law, was the son 
 of Colonel Coleridge, a Ijrother of 
 the poet. He married his cousin 
 Sara Coleridge (q. v.). Henry Cole- 
 ridge was educated at Eton, and at 
 King's College, Cambridge, wliere 
 he graduated B.A., 1823, M.A. 
 1821. He accompanied his uncle, 
 the Bishop of Barbadoes, on his 
 outward voyage, and the result was 
 a Avork entitled " Six Months in the 
 West Indies," published in 1825. 
 He was called to the Bar in 1826, 
 l)ractised as an equity draughts- 
 man and conveyancer; and was 
 appointed Lecturer to the Incorpo- 
 rated Law Society. In 1830 he 
 published an " Introduction to the 
 Study of the Greek Classic Poets," 
 which had considerable success, and 
 in 1830 the '"'Literary Remains of 
 S. T. Coleridge." He also wrote 
 several articles for the Quarterly 
 Review. He died at Chester Place, 
 Regent's Park. Jan. 26, 1843. 
 
 COLERIDGE, Herbert [1831— 
 1861], was the son of the above Henry 
 Nelson Coleridge, and grandson of 
 the poet. He gained the highest ho- 
 nours at Oxford, and took a double 
 first in the Easter Term of 1852. 
 On leaving the University he was 
 called to the Bar, but devoted all 
 his leisure time to literature. He 
 became secretary to the Philolo- 
 gical Society, and was associated 
 with Dr. Trench, Dean of West- 
 minster, in a project for rescuing 
 
 from oblivion and restoring to the 
 English language, words used by 
 the best writers of the seventeenth 
 centiu'y, but not acknowledged by 
 Johnson and his successors. 
 
 COLERIDGE, Sara. She was 
 the fourth child and only daughter 
 of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and 
 was born at Greta Hall, near Kes- 
 wick, Dec. 22, 1802. Her childhood 
 and early womanhood were passed 
 in the home of Southey, where she, 
 her mother, and her brothers, lived 
 for many years. In 1822 she pub- 
 lished anonymously "An Account 
 of the Abipones, an equestrian 
 pcv. pie of Paraguay, from the Latin 
 of Martin Dobrizhoffer, Eighteen 
 Years a Missionary in that coun- 
 try." The merit of this translation 
 secured its success ; of it Coleridge 
 said ten years later, " My dear 
 daughter's translation of this book 
 is, in my judgment, unsurpassed for 
 pure mother English by anything I 
 have read for a long time." It suc- 
 ceeded too from a money point of 
 view, for it brought the young 
 translator the sum of ,£125. In 
 1829 Sara Coleridge was married 
 to her cousin Henry Nelson Cole- 
 ridge (q. v.), brother to Mr. Jus- 
 tice Coleridge. About five years 
 after her marriage she published a 
 volume of short poems for children, 
 " Pretty Lessons for Little Chil- 
 dren," and in 1837 her beautiful 
 fairy tale " Phantasmion." In the 
 meantime (1831) her father had 
 died and left his daughter's hus- 
 band liis literary executor, to whom 
 he entrusted the editing and publi- 
 cation of his unpublished works. 
 In this work ]\Irs. Coleridge as- 
 sisted her husband till in 1841 his 
 health began to give way, and in 
 Jan., 1813, he died of sjjinal 
 paralysis. It now became Mrs. 
 Coleridge's great wish to accom- 
 plish what she and her husband had 
 begun together ; thus her edition 
 of her father's writings became a 
 memorial not only of him but of 
 her husband. The most important 
 of these works are, " Biographia 
 
COLEEIDGE— COLLEY. 
 
 205 
 
 Literaria," "Xotos on Shakespeare 
 and the Dramatists," and " Essays 
 on liis 0^^^l Times." Her notes and 
 additions, especially the " Essay on 
 Rationalism," and the " Introduc- 
 tion to the Bio«^raphia Liteniria," 
 show powers of reasonin;^ and of 
 criticism rare among women. In 
 1850 Sara Coleridge's health gave 
 way, and after a long and painful 
 illness, liorne with unfailing pa- 
 tience, she died at Chester Place, 
 Kegeut's Park, May 3, 1852. Her 
 " Memoir and Letters," have been 
 published by her daughter, Edith 
 Coleridge. 
 
 COLEKIDGE, The Eight Hon. 
 Sir John Taylor ^1790 — 1876], for 
 some time one of the Judges of 
 the Court of Queen's Bench, born 
 at Tiverton, Devon, was brother 
 of the above-named H. N. Cole- 
 ridge. He was educated at Cor- 
 pus Christi, Oxford, of which 
 college he was a scholar with Dr. 
 Arnold and Mr. Keble, and from 
 which he obtained a first-class in 
 classics in 1812. He became a Fel- 
 low of Exeter College, won the 
 Latin verse prize in 1810, the Eng- 
 lish essay prize and the Latin essay 
 prize in 1813. He was called to the 
 bar at the Middle Temple in 1819, 
 and went the "Western circuit. In 
 1832 Mr. Coleridge became a ser- 
 jeant-at-law, and in 1835 was ap- 
 pointed one of the judges of the 
 King's Bench, and a privy coun- 
 cillor in 1858, on liis retirement 
 from the judicial bench. He was 
 created a D.C.L, of Oxford in 
 1852. Sir John Taylor Coleridge 
 was a man of considerable literaiy 
 acquirements and taste. Duiing 
 the interval that elapsed between 
 the death of Gifford and the ap- 
 pointment of Lockhart, he edited 
 the Quarterly Review, to which he 
 was subsequently an occasional con- 
 tributor, and in 1825 he published 
 an edition of " Blackstone's Commen- 
 taries," with new notes. In 1869 he 
 published a " Memoir of the Eev. 
 John Keble, M.A.," which reached a 
 third edition in 1370. He was the 
 
 father of the present Lord Chief 
 Justice, 
 
 COLES, Captain Cowper 
 Phipps, K.N. [1819—1870], the in- 
 ventor of tuiTet ships, was the third 
 son of the Kev. John Coles, of 
 Ditcham Park, Hants. He entered 
 the navy in 1831, and having served 
 on various stations, took an active 
 part in the assault on Sebastopol 
 in 1854, and was specially men- 
 tioned in the despatches of Admiral 
 Sir E. Lyons. He displayed equal 
 zeal and ability at Kertch, and in 
 the operations in the Sea of Azoff. 
 In 1855 a board was appointed by 
 the Commander-in-Chief to report 
 upon a plan de\'ised by Captain 
 Coles for the construction of shot- 
 proof rafts, guns and mortars ; and 
 the report proved so favoxu-able, 
 that he- was ordered to England, 
 and put into communication with 
 the surveyor of the navy, and the 
 dockyard avithorities at Portsmouth. 
 The matter was taken up by succes- 
 sive governments, and eventually, 
 in 1862, orders were given that the 
 Royal Sovereign should be adapted 
 to this method of construction. 
 The principle was after^oards 
 applied to other vessels in the 
 Eoyal navy. Captain Coles was 
 di-owned in the Captain, a six-gun 
 turret ship which had been built on 
 his own plans, and which foundered 
 off the coast of Spain Sept. 7, 1870. 
 There were 500 men on board besides 
 the officers and several visitors, and 
 only a few of the crew and one or 
 two officers were saved. 
 
 COLLEY, General Sir George 
 PoaiEROY. He was boi-n in 1835, 
 and was the youngest son of the 
 late Hon. George Francis Colley, of 
 Ferney, co. Dublin. At the age 
 of seventeen, he entered the ai-my 
 as ensign in the 2nd Foot, and two 
 years later was promoted to a lieu- 
 tenancv. He went to Africa in 
 1858, and served in the Cafire war, 
 and was afterwards employed in the 
 survey of the Transkeian district. 
 He served with distinction during 
 the Chinese war of 1860, and was 
 
206 
 
 COLLIER. 
 
 present at the takinsf of the Taku 
 Forts, the actions of Aug. 12 and 
 li, and Sept. 18 and 21, and took 
 part in the advance of Pekin. 
 Between 1871 and 1873, he served on 
 the staff at Sandliurst, and at the 
 close of the latter year accompanied 
 Lord Wolseley to Ashantee. On 
 his return he was made a C.B., and 
 the success of the campaign was 
 held to be greatly due to his effi- 
 cient conduct of the transport ar- 
 rangements. In 1879 he was ap- 
 pointed i^rivate secretary to Lord 
 Lytton, Avho was then Governor- 
 General of India ; he however 
 volunteered to serve with Lord 
 Wolseley in Zululand, but when 
 the Afghan war broke out. Lord 
 Lytton telegraphed for Sir George 
 Colley to rejoin him. In 1880 he 
 succeeded Lord Wolseley as Gover- 
 nor of Natal, High Commissioner of 
 South East Africa, and Majoi'- 
 General commanding the forces in 
 Natal and the Transvaal. In the 
 beginning of 1881, unexpected diffi- 
 culties arose in the Transvaal. On 
 Dec. IGth, 1880, the Republic was 
 proclaimed at Heidelberg, and the 
 new year found Colonel Winsloe 
 besieged outside Potchefstroom, 
 Major Montague at Standerton, and 
 Sir Owen Lanyon blockaded at Pre- 
 toria. Sir George Colley, though 
 able to ^muster only 1,500 men, 
 marched to the relief of Pretoria. 
 After crossing the Ingogo river, his 
 advance was stopped by rains, and 
 he remained in camp four miles 
 from Laing's Nek until on the night 
 of Feb. 26th, he moved with twenty 
 officers and 627 men to the top of 
 Majuba Hill. The Boers were un- 
 conscious of the move, until, at five 
 o'clock the next morning the Eng- 
 lish opened fire. All went well for 
 onr men till shortly before noon, 
 when the Boers rapidly advanced, 
 taking advantage of every scrap of 
 cover, and shooting with fatal skill, 
 till they gained the hill. General 
 Colley was slain, and our men were 
 routed with heavy loss. Sir George 
 Pomeroy Colley was nominated a 
 
 comjDanion of the Order of St. 
 Michael and St. George in 1878, and 
 Knight Commander of the Order of 
 the Star of India in 1879. In 1878 
 he married Edith Althea, eldest 
 daughter of Major-General Henry 
 Meade Hamilton, C.B. 
 
 COLLIER, John Payne [1789— 
 1883] philologist, bibliogi-apher, and 
 commentator on Shakespeare, was 
 born in London. At an early age 
 he was entered as a student at the 
 Inner Temple, but soon gave up 
 the study of law, and became a 
 parliamentary reporter on the staff 
 of the Morning Chronicle, for which 
 he wrote literary essays and reviews, 
 and was soon after appointed editor 
 of the Evening Chronicle. In 1816 
 however, he gave up all other 
 work to devote himself entirely 
 to the literature of the 
 English drama of the Elizabethan 
 period. His contributions to the 
 Chronicle, the \Literary Review, the 
 Edinburgh Magazim, and other 
 journals, soon drew the attention 
 of scholars, and eventually of 
 general readers, to a group of 
 dramatists who were at that time 
 little known and studied, with the 
 exception of Shakespeare, Ben 
 Jonson, Massinger, and Beaumont 
 and Fletcher. His first important 
 publication, entitled " The Poetical 
 Decameron," at once made the 
 works of Elizabethan writers fa- 
 miliar to and popular with the 
 genei'al public. Among his other 
 works may be mentioned, a new 
 edition of ^^Dodsley's Old Plays," 
 1825, to which he added six dra- 
 mas, not included in any jDre- 
 vious edition of the work, " His- 
 tory of Dramatic Poetry," 1831, a 
 work which further extended his 
 literary reputation, and opened to 
 him the libraries of the Duke of 
 Devonshire and Lord Ellesmere. 
 He next compiled his well-known 
 " Bibliographical and Critical Cata- 
 logue," followed soon after by 
 " New Facts regarding the Life of 
 Shakespeare," and by two other 
 publications entitled " Further 
 
. COLLINS. 
 
 2(J7 
 
 Particulars," on tlie saiuo subject. 
 He took an active pai-t in foumlini^ 
 the Camden and the Shakespeare 
 Societies, being an officer and a 
 member of the council of l)otli those 
 bodies. He spent twenty years of 
 his life in gathering together 
 materials for his " Life of Shakes- 
 peare," which he published in 
 1857. His discovery of a second 
 folio of Shakespeare (1632), having 
 what he maintained to be contempo- 
 rary marginal notes, produced a 
 great sensation, not only in this 
 country, but in America and Ger- 
 many as well, and led to an ani- 
 mated controversy as to the merits 
 and worth of the textual corrections 
 based upon it. The files of the 
 Times for 1859-00 bear witness to 
 the extent of the discussion, the re- 
 sult of which was to condemn the 
 pretensions of Mr. Collier's volume. 
 The Roj'al Commission appointed to 
 inquire into the conclition and 
 management of the British Museum, 
 made him their secretary, but he 
 was unable to carry out his plan for 
 the preparation of a new catalogue. 
 Soon after he received a pension of 
 .£100 a year from the Civil List. 
 In 1850 he was nominated a Vice- 
 President of the Society of Anti- 
 quaries, to whose Transactions he 
 had long been a contributor. Besides 
 the works already mentioned, he 
 ■vvTote numerous other books and 
 pamphlets, mostly dealing with the 
 Shakespearian era, and edited seve- 
 ral series of Elizabethan miscella- 
 nies, and separate poems. 
 
 COLLINS, Charles Allston 
 [1S2S— 1873], was born at Hamp- 
 stead Jan. 25, 1828, being the 
 youngest son of "William Collins, 
 K.A., and was educated at private 
 schools and by a private tutor. 
 Between the years 1818 and 1858 
 lie was engaged in the study and 
 pi-actice of painting, exhibiting 
 pictures at the Royal Academy and 
 elsewhere. Two of these, '• Con- 
 vent Thoughts,'' and " May in the 
 Regent's Park," attracted con- 
 siderable attention, in the years 
 
 1851 and 1852, wlien they were re- 
 spectively exhiljited. After the 
 year 185S, Mr. Collins was almost 
 exclusively engaged in literary 
 pursuits, an<l published among other 
 W(jrks, the following: "A Cruise 
 upon Wheels" (1802); "The Bar 
 Sinister" (1861); " Strathcaim " 
 (1801); "At the Bar" (1806); 
 also various series and de- 
 tached papers in the different 
 jjeriodicals of the day, including 
 among the first, " The Eye-witness " 
 series in All the Year Round, and 
 " Some Chapters on Talk," in the 
 Cornhill Magazine. 
 
 COLLINS, Mortimer [1827— 
 1870], novelist, and writer of verse, 
 was born at Plymouth and educated 
 at a private school. Devoting him- 
 self to journalism and authorship, 
 he became connected with various 
 newspapers, especially the London 
 Globe. He was well-known as a 
 ^^•Titer of vers de societe. Mr. Col- 
 lins's separate publications in verse 
 are " Summer Songs," 1860 ; " Idyls 
 and Rhymes," 1805 ; " The Inn of 
 Strange Meetings and other Poems," 
 1871. He was also the author of the 
 following novels : — " Who is the 
 Heir r " 1805 ; "' Sweet Anne Page," 
 1868 : " The Ivory Gate," 1809 : 
 "The Vivian Romance," 1870; 
 " Marquis and Merchant," 1871 ; 
 " Two Plunges for a Pearl," 1872 ; 
 " Princess Clarice," 1872 ; " Mi- 
 randa," 1873 ; " Squire Silchester's 
 Whim," 1873; "Mr. Ctirrington " 
 (written tmder the name of R. T. 
 Cotton), 1873; "Transmigration,'* 
 1874: and "Frances," 1874.. A 
 volume of Essays published anony- 
 mously in 1871 and entitled, " The 
 Secret of Long Life," was also from 
 the pen of Mr. Collins. 
 
 COLLINS, William, R.A., was 
 born Sept. 18, 1788, and was the 
 son of an Irish pictiire cleaner 
 and dealer, the author of a curious 
 book, " The Story of a Picture," 
 who was settled in Great Titchfield 
 Street, London, From his father's 
 friend, George Morland, he early 
 learned a love of art, and in 
 
208 
 
 COLLINSON— COLVILLE. 
 
 1807 was admitted a stiident of the 
 Itoyal Academy. Two years later 
 he gained a (jold medal in the life 
 school, and exhibited his first 
 painting. He painted for the most 
 part rustic groups, children, and 
 landscapes, and about 1816 began 
 painting coast scenes with great 
 success. In 1814 he was elected 
 Associate, and in 1820 Acade- 
 mician, and continued a constant 
 exhibitor of genre pictures. He 
 enjoyed a high reputation, and 
 from the happy choice of his sub- 
 jects his i^ictures, many of Avhich 
 have been engraved, will always be 
 popular. In 1836 he exhibited two 
 of his best works, " Sunday Morn- 
 ing" and "Happy as a King." 
 About this time he went to study 
 in Italy, and on his retui-n began 
 painting Italian subjects. In 18 16 
 he essayed religious art, but finally 
 returned to his early manner, seek- 
 ing his subjects on our own coasts. 
 Wlien in Italy he contracted an 
 illness from which he never re- 
 covered, and on Feb. 11, 1847, he 
 died in Devonport Street, Hyde 
 Park Gardens. He left two sons, 
 of whom one — the well-knoAvn 
 novelist, Wilkie Collins — published 
 a life of his father in 1849. Collins 
 exhibited 169 pictures in London. 
 " The Prawn Catcher " is in the 
 National Gallery, and there are nu- 
 merous examples of his art, both in 
 oil and water colours, in the South 
 Kensington collection. 
 
 COLLINSON, Admiral Sir 
 Richard, K.C.13., F.K.G.S. [1811— 
 1883], was born at Gateshead, Dur- 
 ham, of which place his father was 
 rector. He entered the Koyal Navy 
 in 1823, and served three years on 
 the Pacific station, after which he 
 was employed imder Captain Foster 
 in making meteorological observa- 
 tions on the shores and islands in 
 the Atlantic Ocean. In 1835, as 
 assistant-surgeon to tlie Sulphur, he 
 was employed in the examination of 
 the coasts of Central America and 
 Mexico ; and in 1839 was appointed 
 additional lieutenant to the liagship 
 
 on the coast for surveying duty, 
 and took an active part in all the 
 operations of the first Chinese wai-. 
 He was promoted captain and C.13. 
 in 1812 for his services. After the 
 war he remained four years on the 
 Chinese coast making surveys, and 
 in 1849 joined the expedition sent 
 out in search of Sir Benjamin 
 Franklin. Captain Collinson was 
 promoted to flag rank in 1862, 
 and was made a K.C.B. in 1875. 
 In 1862 he was elected an Elder 
 Brother of the Corporation of the 
 Trinity House, and became later 
 Deputy Master of that Corporation. 
 He was the author of several books 
 of travel. 
 
 COLONSAY (Baron), The Eight 
 Hon. Duncan McNeill [1793 — 
 1874], son of John McNeill, Esq., of 
 Colonsay, Argyleshire, was edu- 
 cated at the Universities of St. 
 Andrew's and Edinburgh. In 1816 
 he was admitted an advocate at the 
 Scottish bar, and was one of the 
 junior counsel for the Crown from 
 1820 to 1824 ; Sheriff of Perthshire 
 from 1824 till 1834 ; and Solicitor- 
 General for Scotland under Sir 
 Robert Peel's administration in 
 1835. He was Solicitor-General for 
 Scotland and Lord Advocate in Sir 
 R. Peel's second administration ; 
 was Dean of the Faculty of Advo- 
 cates from 1843 till he was ap- 
 pointed a Judge of Session in 1851, 
 and rejiresented Argyleshire during 
 the same years. In 1852 he became 
 Lord Justice General, and President 
 of the Court of Session, and was 
 sworn a member of the Privy 
 Council in 1853. He was raised to 
 the peerage of the United Kingdom, 
 by the title of Baron Colonsay, 
 Feb. 22, 1867, on his retirement 
 from the judicial bench. 
 
 COLVILLE, The Right Hon. 
 Sib Jamks William [1810 — 18S0], 
 son of the late Andrew Colville, 
 Esq., of Craigtiower, county Fife, 
 l>y Louisa Mary, daugliter of 
 William, first Lord Auckland, was 
 educated at Eton and Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he gradu- 
 
COLVIN— COMBK. 
 
 209 
 
 ated, and was called to the bar of 
 the Inner Tenijile, In 1815 he was 
 appointed Advocate-General of the 
 East India Company at Calcutta, 
 and a puisne judge of the Su- 
 preme Court in 1848, when he was 
 knighted. He held the post of 
 Chief Justice there from 1855 to 
 March, 1859, when he retui-ned to 
 England, and was appointed asses- 
 sor to the Judicial Committee of 
 the Privy Council on Indian Appeals, 
 being at the same time sworn a 
 Privy Councillor. In Nov., 18G5, 
 he was nominated a member of the 
 Judicial Committee ; and in Nov., 
 1871, he was appointed to act as 
 one of the paid members of that 
 body under the provisions of the 
 Act passed in the previous session, 
 but he retired a few days after- 
 Avards. 
 
 COLVIN, John Russell, Gover- 
 nor of the Province of Agra. He 
 was the sou of James Colvin, an 
 Indian merchant, and was born at 
 Calcutta, May 1807, was educated 
 first at St. Andrews, and later at 
 the East India College at Hailey- 
 bury. In 1826 he went to India, 
 passed the college at Fort William, 
 and became assistant to Mr., after- 
 wards Sir "William Macnaughton, 
 Registrar of the Sudder Court. 
 He was afterwards appointed as- 
 sistant to the Resident at Hydera- 
 bad in 1832, was made Assistant 
 Secretary in the Revenue and Ju- 
 dicial Department. In 183(3 was 
 promoted to be Secretary to the 
 Board of Revenue in the Lower 
 Provinces, and was appointed Y>vi- 
 vate secretary to Lord Auckland, 
 with whom he Avorked for six years ; 
 at the end of that time Lord Auck- 
 land retiu-ned to England, and Col- 
 vin also left India for a three years' 
 furlough. On his return he be- 
 came for a short time Resident in 
 Nepaul, and was thence transferred 
 to the Tenasserim Provinces as 
 Commissioner, and was next pro- 
 moted to the Sudder Court, and on 
 the death of Mr. Thomasson in 1853 
 was appointed Lieutenant-Governor 
 
 of the North- Western Provinces. 
 His action in issuing a soothing 
 proclamation to the natives on the 
 outbreak of the Mutiny was severely 
 critised at home, and the procla- 
 mation was withdrawn. He died 
 at Agra Sept. 9, 1857. 
 
 COMBE, Andrew, M.D. [179&— 
 1817J, one of Her Majesty's Phy- 
 sicians in Ordinary in Scotland, 
 and corresponding member of the 
 Imperial and Royal Society of Phy- 
 sicians of Vienna, was the author 
 of " The Principles of Physiology 
 applied to the Preservation of 
 Health," " A Treatise on the Phy- 
 siological and Moral Management 
 of Infancy," and ''The Physiology 
 of the Digestion," which passed 
 through many editions and attained 
 celebrity in Europe and America. 
 
 COMBE, George, author of " The 
 Constitution of Man " [1788—1858], 
 Avas the son of a brewer at Edin- 
 burgh. He Avas sent to a middle 
 class school in his native city, 
 and for two years attended the 
 Humanity Class in the L'niversity. 
 In 1812 he became a Member of the 
 Society of Writers to the Signet 
 and continued with undivided at- 
 tention to foUoAv this occupation 
 until 1816, Avhen he made the ac- 
 quaintance of Spurzheim. Two 
 years afterwards Mr. Combe made 
 his first appearance as a phreno- 
 logist, in a series of jDapers on the 
 new science, contributed to the 
 " Literary and Statistical Magazine 
 for Scotland." Five years after- 
 Avards he published his " System 
 of Phrenology," which Avent thi'ough 
 five editions, and was translated 
 into German and French In 1828 
 the most important of his AA'orks 
 appeared, entitled, " The Constitu- 
 tion of Man," Avhieh materially 
 infiuenced many of the systems of 
 physical and social reform. He 
 was one of the founders of the 
 " Phrenological Journal," and 
 edited it for many years. In addi- 
 tion to these studies he Avas a 
 constant contributor to the con- 
 temporary i)ress on the topics of 
 
 r 
 
210 
 
 COMBEEMEEE— CONGLETON. 
 
 the day, and took an active part in 
 the subjects of Parliamentary re- 
 form, the abolition of the corn 
 laws, and the establishment of a 
 system of national education, in 
 which every sect and party might 
 coalesce. In 1833 he married Cecilia, 
 daughter of the celebrated Mrs. 
 Siddons. 
 
 COMBERMEEE, Field-Mar- 
 shal Viscount, Stapleton Sta- 
 PLETON Cotton, G.C.B.and K.S.I., 
 [1772—1805], son of Sir Stapleton 
 Cotton, Bart., M. P. He was educated 
 at Westminster School, and entered 
 the army in 1791. He served with 
 great distinction both in India 
 under Wellesley and Cornwallis, at 
 Bhurtpore and Mallavelly, and sub- 
 sc(iuently in the Peninsular cam- 
 paigns, throughout which he ably 
 co-oi)erated with the Duke of Wel- 
 lington in command of the cavalry 
 division, and was second in com- 
 mand at the battle of Salamanca. 
 At the close of the war in 181-i, he 
 received the thanks of both Houses 
 of Parliament, and was raised to 
 the peerage as Baron Combermere, 
 taking his title from the venerable 
 abbey of that name, which was 
 granted to his ancestor by King 
 Henry VIII. He subsequently held 
 the chief command of the British 
 forces in the East and West Indies, 
 and the governorship of Barbados, 
 and was made a viscount in 1826. 
 Besides being a field-marshal in the 
 army, he was Constalile of the 
 Tower of London, Colonel of the 
 1st Life Guards, Lord-Lieutenant 
 and Custos Eotuloi-um of the Tower 
 of London, and a Knight of the 
 Tower and Sword of Portugal and 
 of St. Ferdinand of Spain, &c. He 
 represented a family who were 
 seated at Coton, in Shroj^shire, be- 
 fore the Norman Conquest. 
 
 COMPTON, Henry [1818— 1S77], 
 having obtained an engagement at 
 a provincial theatre, adopted the 
 stage as a profession at an early 
 age. His first efforts were suffi- 
 ciently successful to induce him to 
 persevere, and he fulfilled a series 
 
 of engagements at provincial thea- 
 tres, performing a variety of cha- 
 racters, tragic as well as comic. He 
 made his first appearance in London 
 at the English Opera House 
 (Lyceum), in a musical romance 
 entitled " Blanche of Jersey," in 
 1837, and soon became a favourite. 
 Having fulfilled engagements at 
 Drury Lane, the Olympic, and other 
 metropolitan theatres, Mr. Compton 
 joined the Haymarket Company. 
 His performance of the Gravedigger 
 in " Hamlet," of Touchstone, Au- 
 tolycus. Master Slender, Launcelot 
 Gobbo, and other Shakespearian 
 characters, was much admired. 
 
 CONGLETON (1stLord),TheEt. 
 Hon. Sir Henry Brooke Parnell, 
 Baron Congleton of Congleton, 
 Chester, ISJ^l ; 4th Baronet of 
 Eathleague, Queen's County, 1766, 
 and a Privy Councillor, was born 
 July 3, 1766, and was the second 
 son of the Eight Hon. Sir John 
 Parnell, the second Bart, and Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer in Ireland. 
 As Sir Henry's elder br.other was 
 born a cripple and dumb, the estates 
 were settled upon Henry by a 
 special Act of Parliament passed in 
 1789. On the death of his father 
 in 1801 he succeeded to the estates, 
 and in 1812, at his brother's 
 death, to the title of Bart. He 
 was returned to Parliament for 
 Portarlington in 1802, and became 
 a staunch adherent of the most 
 liberal section of the Whig Party. 
 Early in his parliamentary career 
 he distinguished himself on the 
 questions of the Corn Laws and 
 Catholic Emancipation, and pub- 
 lished several pamphlets on those 
 subjects. He w^as Chairman of the 
 Finance Committee in the Session 
 of 1828. He afterwards sat for 
 Queen's County for twenty-seven 
 years, and subsequently rej)resented 
 Dundee. He was created a Peer by 
 the title of Lord Congleton, August 
 11, 1841. He committed suicide 
 June 8, 1842. 
 
 CONGLETON (2nd Lord), The 
 Eight Hon. John Vesey Parnell 
 
CONINGTON— CON YBE AKE . 
 
 211 
 
 [1805-18S3], eldest son of the above, 
 was born in London. lie was 
 educated in France, and at the 
 Edinbiirjj^li University. His father 
 wished hiui to enter the army, but 
 he was prevented from doinj^ so by 
 his peculiar religious views. He 
 belonged to the community known 
 as the Plymouth Brethren, and is 
 said to have built with his own 
 hands their first meeting room in 
 Dublin, 1830. He accompanied 
 Professor F. W. Newman, and Dr. 
 Cronin, whose sister he had married 
 in 1831, on a mission to Bagdad, 
 where his wife died. His second 
 marriage was a very romantic one. 
 An Armenian lady, who had adopted 
 their views, was cast off by her 
 family, and it Avas decided that one 
 of the missionaries should marry 
 her. Lord Congleton accejjted the 
 duty, and never had cause to regret 
 the step he was so unexiDeetedly 
 called upon to take. In 1812 his 
 father committed suicide, and Mr. 
 Parnell became Lord Congleton. 
 He continued up to the time of his 
 death to sjjend most of his time 
 travelling about on j^reaching tours. 
 CONINGTON, John [1825— 
 1869 J, Professor of Latin in the 
 University of Oxford, was born at 
 Boston in Lincolnshire, his father, 
 the Rev. Kichard Conington, being 
 incumbent of the chapel of ease in 
 that town. He was educated at 
 Bjverley Grammar School, at 
 Eugby, under Dr. Arnold and Dr. 
 Tait, and at Magdalen College, 
 Oxford, where he was nominated to 
 a demyship. His University dis- 
 tinctions were numerous. He ob- 
 tained the Hertford and Ireland 
 Scholarships in 1841, was elected to 
 a scholarship at University College j 
 in 18 10, and in 1818 became Fellow 
 of University College. In 1819 he ; 
 entered as a student at Lincoln's 
 Inn, but withdrew his name with- 
 out having been called to the bar. 
 In 185 1 he was appointed to the 
 Chair of Latin Literature, newly 
 founded by Corpus Christi College. 
 He previously translated several of 
 
 the plays of 7P]3chylus,but from the 
 time of his appointment devoted him- 
 self almost exclusively to Latin lite- 
 rature. In 1852 he began, in con- 
 junction with Mr. Goldwin Smith, 
 a complete edition of Virgil, with 
 a Commentary, the first volume 
 of which was published in 1858, the 
 second (entirely by Conington) in 
 18G1, and the third, completed by 
 his successor. Prof. Nettleship, soon 
 after his death. In 1803 he pub- 
 lished " The Odes and Carmen 
 Soeculare of Horace, translated into 
 English Verse," which was followed 
 in 1800 by the translation of the 
 ^'^neid of Virgil,'' in the metre of 
 " Marmion," and by a version of 
 the " Satires and Epistles of Ho- 
 I'ace." He also edited " Persius." 
 His prose translation of the 
 " iEneid," and various separate 
 lectures, &c., were collected and 
 published after his death by his 
 friend H. J. S. Smith. 
 
 CONOLLY, John [1795—1806], 
 \ M.D., D.C.L.,an eminent physician, 
 I more especially in reference to 
 I lunacy, idiocy, &c., was educated 
 ! at the University of Edinburgh, 
 , where he graduated M.D. in 1821. 
 Coming to London, he devoted 
 ; great attention to lunacv in all its 
 I forms, and was largely instrumental 
 in improving the treatment of in- 
 sane persons. He was consulting 
 physician to the Hanwell Lunatic 
 Asylum (over which he had long 
 and actively presided), the Asylum 
 for Idiots,- &c. He was also the 
 author of " An Inquiry Concerning 
 the Indications of Insanity," " The 
 Construction and Government of 
 Lunatic Asylums," &c., and con- 
 tributed extensively on this class 
 of subjects to the " Cyclopa?dia of 
 Practical Medicine," the Trans- 
 actions of the Provincial Medical 
 and Surgical Association, and to 
 the Lancet and British and Foreign 
 Medical Review. 
 
 CONYBEAEE, The Very Eev. 
 William Daniel 11787 — 1857], 
 M. A., F.E.S., Dean of Llandaff, was 
 the son of a clergyman, rector of 
 
 p 2 
 
212 
 
 CONYBE ARE— COOKE. 
 
 Bishopsgate, and grandson of the 
 Bisliop of Bristol. He was edu- 
 cated at Westminster and at Christ 
 Chiu-ch, Oxford, -where, in 1808, he 
 took a first-class in classics and a 
 second in mathematics. After 
 taking his degree he devoted him- 
 self to the study of geology, and in 
 1814 sent his first communication 
 to the " Transactions of the Geolo- 
 gical Society." On April 5, 181G, 
 he read a paper " On the Geological 
 Features of the North-east Coast of 
 Ireland," extracted from the notes 
 of J. F. Berger, M.D., and which 
 was afterwards published in a sepa- 
 rate form, together with a " De- 
 scriptive Note referring to the 
 Outline of Sections presented hy a 
 part of the Coast of Antrim and 
 Derry." In 1821 Mr, Conybeare 
 was mainly instrumental in dis- 
 covering and constructing the entire 
 skeleton of the fossil remains of the 
 Plesiosaurus, an achievement of 
 great importance to British science, 
 and ranked by Dr. Buckland as not 
 inferior to the performances of 
 Cuvier himself. Mr. Conybeare's 
 most important Avork, published in 
 conjunction with Mr. W. Phillips 
 in 1822, AA-as the " Outlines of the 
 Geology of England and Wales," 
 founded upon a small treatise pub- 
 lished by Phillips in 1818, called a 
 "Selection of Facts," &c. The 
 greater part of this work was wi-itten 
 by Mr. Conybeare himself. Mr. 
 Conybeare was for many years rector 
 of Sully in Glamorganshire. In 
 1831 he was elected visitor of Bris- 
 tol College ; in 1839 was appointed 
 Bampton Lecturer at Oxford ; and 
 in 1847, at the instance of Bishop 
 Copleston Avas instituted to the 
 deanery of Llandaff. 
 
 CONYBEAEE, Eev. William 
 John, Dean of Chester, son of the 
 preceding, was a Fellow of Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, and Prin- 
 cipal of the Collegiate Institution 
 at LiverjDool. His chief claim 
 to remembrance AA'as his " Life 
 and Epistles of St. Paul," Avhich 
 he wrote in conjunction with 
 
 J. S. jHowson, 1850-51, and Avhich 
 is highly A^aliied. Among his 
 other works may be mentioned 
 " An Essay on Church Parties," 
 Avhich appeared in the Edinburgh 
 Review, 1854 '; " Perversion," a 
 novel, and some Essays and Ser- 
 mons, preached in the Chapel 
 Eoyal, Whitehall, in 1841. He 
 died in 1857. 
 
 COOK, DuTTON [1832—1883], 
 dramatic critic, and author of 
 numerous Avorks of fiction, Avas 
 originally intended to folloAv his 
 father's profession as a solicitor, 
 but gaA'e it up to devote himself 
 entirely to literature. From 1868 
 to 1871 he was assistant editor of 
 the Cornhill Magazine; from 1867 
 to 1875 he filled the jjost of dra- 
 matic critic to the Fall MallGazetie, 
 and was later attached in the 
 same capacity to the World news- 
 paper. He Avrote on fine art toj^ics 
 in various reviews, and contributed 
 to many periodicals and journals. 
 Among his novels may be men- 
 tioned " The Trials of the Tred- 
 golds," " Hobson's Choice," and 
 " Paul Foster's Daughter." 
 
 COOK, Richard, R.A. — He Avas 
 born in London in 1784, and at 
 the age of 16 entered the Academy 
 schools, and in 1808 first exhibited 
 both in the Academy and the 
 British Institution. In 1816 he 
 was made an Associate, and in 1822 
 Academician, but A\'as not again 
 an exhibitor. He Avas a man of 
 private means, and for many years 
 before his death, which occurred in 
 London, March 11, 1857, he had re- 
 tired from his j)rofession. He made 
 a series of drawings for an illus- 
 trated edition of " The Lady of 
 the Lake " and " Gertrude of 
 Wyoming." He exhibited thirty- 
 five paintings, chiefly of scriptural 
 subjects. 
 
 COOKE, Edward William, R.A.J 
 F.R.S., the son of the eminent en- 
 graver, Mr. George Cooke, was born 
 in London, in 1811. For a short 
 time he studied perspectiA^e and ar- 
 chitecture under the elder Pugin, 
 
COOKE. 
 
 213 
 
 His earlier efforts were illustrations 
 to botanical works, " London's En- 
 cyclopaMlia," 'J Lo(Mi}^t>s' Hotanical 
 CaV)in«.'t." Sec His first pnldication 
 was '* Shippin«; and Craft," for which 
 be drew and etched fifty plates ; 
 and then drew and encjraved twelve 
 lar^c plates of Old and New London 
 Bridges, puldished in one volume ; 
 after which be took to paintint^ in 
 oil and water colours. Mr. Cooke's 
 first works were coast and Dutch suV)- 
 jects, lar^e rou^b sea and marine 
 views, bis affection for Dutch scenery 
 and Dutch paintin<^ bein<^ shown by 
 the fact that be visited Holland six- 
 teen times. Between 1845 and 
 1854 be executed about 100 pictures 
 on the coast of Italv, from Mar- 
 seilles to Pa?stum, including Flo- 
 rence and Rome. After visiting 
 Scandinavia, be commenced a series 
 of visits to Yenice, and painted a 
 large number of the principal build- 
 ings, fishing craft and the lagoons. 
 These Avere succeeded by works on a 
 large scale of Arctic scenes, and 
 of scenes in Spain and Morocco ; 
 one large work of the latter class 
 appeared in the Exhibition of the 
 Roj-al Academy for 1864. He was j 
 elected A.R.A. in 1851, E.A. in 
 1804, and in the same year a Fellow 
 of the Royal Society. Mr. Cooke 
 was a Fellow of the Linnaean, Zoolo- 
 gical, Geographical, and Geological { 
 Societies, of the Alpine Club, and 
 the Architectural Museum. He died 
 at Glen Andred, near Tunbridge 
 Wells, Jan. 4, 1880. He exhibited 2 47 
 oil paintings, a number of which are 
 in the South Kensington Collection, 
 besides several sketches and water- 
 colour drawings. 
 
 COOKE, George "Wingrove 
 [181 4— 1805], F.R.G.S., M.A., Bar- 
 rister-at-Law and Political "Writer, 
 eldest son of T. H. Cooke, Esq., of 
 Bi'istol, was educated at the London 
 University, and at Jesus College, 
 Oxford. Before he left College be 
 published his " Memoirs of Lord 
 Bolingbroke," 1835, and two years j 
 later bis " Historv of Partv," and 
 '•' Life of the First Lord Shaftes- [ 
 
 bury," which established his repu- 
 tation as a man of laborious and 
 accurate research. He was called 
 to the >>ar in 1835, after which he 
 produced numerous legal treati.ses, 
 some of them very valuable, and the 
 best known being, perhaps, his 
 " Treatise on the Law of Defama- 
 tion," an<l "A Treatise on the Law 
 of Rights of Commons and Enclo- 
 sures." In 1857 be accepted an en- 
 gagement as special corx-espondent 
 to the Times, in China, where be 
 remained for upwards of a twelve- 
 month, bis letters to that paper 
 being published later under the 
 title of "China and Lower Bengal." 
 His letters to the Times from 
 Algeria were also published in a 
 volume called "Conquest and Civi- 
 lization in Northern Africa." He 
 unsuccessfully contested Colches- 
 ter in the Liberal interest in 1850, 
 and Marvlebone in 1801. In 1803 
 be was appointed Tithe, Copyhold, 
 and Enclosure Commissioner. 
 
 COOKE, Thomas Potter [1780— 
 1864], actor, was the son of a 
 surgeon, practising in London. 
 Losing bis father at an early age 
 he went to sea, and served with 
 distinction in the Mediterranean 
 till the Peace of Amiens, when he 
 was paid off. He then went on to 
 the stage, making his first appear- 
 ance at the Rovaltv in 1804. Having 
 played very successfully at Astley's 
 Amphitheatre, at the Lyceum, and 
 at a new theatre in Dublin, be in 
 1809 was engaged by Elliston, as 
 stage manager at the Surrev 
 Theatre, where he soon gained 
 favour with the public. He first 
 appeared at Drury Lane, Oct. 19, 
 1810, as Diego, in the melodrama 
 of " The Watch Word ; or. The 
 Quito Gate," after which he played 
 with increasing success at Covent 
 Garden, the Lyceum, the Adelpbi, 
 at the Porte St. Martin Theatre, 
 in Paris, and in 1827 in Edinburofh. 
 But it was as William in " Black 
 Eyed Susan " that be achieved bis 
 greatest success. He appeared first 
 in that character at the Surrev 
 
214 
 
 COOKE— COOPER. 
 
 Theatre in 1829^ and played it 
 altogether 785 times at different 
 theatres. Among his other per- 
 sonations may be mentioned Long 
 Tom Coffin, in "The Pilot/' in 
 which he danced his famous horn- 
 pipe ; Vanderdecken, Luke the 
 Labourer^ and Joe, in " Poll and 
 My Partner Joe." 
 
 COOKE, Thomas Simpson [1782 
 • — IS 18], better known as Tom Cooke, 
 was born in Uublin. He early 
 showed musical aptitude and re- 
 ceived . instruction from Giordani. 
 Being leader of the band at the 
 Crow Street Theatre, Di;ljlin, he 
 one night announced that he would 
 sing the chief tenor part in Storace's 
 " The Siege of Belgrade," and suc- 
 ceeded very well. He then came 
 to London and appeared at the 
 Lyceum as a singer in 1813. Be- 
 taking himself in 1S15 to Drury 
 Lane, he continued there for nearly 
 twenty years as a principal tenor. 
 On some occasions, also, he led the 
 band of the Philharmonic Society, 
 and in many ways proved his versa- 
 tility and his sound musicianship. 
 He was a prolific and fairly popular 
 ■\\Titer, and trained some well- 
 known singers, among them being 
 Miss M. Tree, Miss Rainforth, and 
 Mr. Sims Peeves. 
 
 COOKE, Sir William Fother- 
 GiLL [1S06— 1879], son of William 
 Cooke, M.D., of Dui-ham, was horn 
 at Ealing, Middlesex, and having 
 received his education at Durham 
 and the University of Edinbiu'gh, 
 was ajJi^ointed in 1826 to the East 
 Indian army, in which he held 
 various staff appointments till 1831. 
 On his return home he devoted his 
 time to the study of anatomy and 
 physiology at Pai*is and Heidelberg, 
 and to modelling anatomical dis- 
 sections for the illustration of his 
 father's lectiu'es at Dui'ham Uni- 
 versity. In March, 1836, he began 
 to direct his attention to the electric 
 telegraph, with which he occupied 
 himself exclusively for many years. 
 He entered into partnership with 
 Professor Wheatstone, and formed^ 
 
 in conjunction with Mr. J. L. Eicardo, 
 M.P., the first telegraph company, 
 of which he became a director. The 
 first telegraph line in England was 
 constructed by Mr. Cooke, from 
 Paddington to West Drayton, on 
 the Great Western Railway, in 
 1838-9. In 1840 he established the 
 telegraph on the BlackAvall Railway, 
 and in 1841 a short line from the 
 Queen-street station at Glasgow, 
 through the tunnel to the engine- 
 house at Cowlairs, on the railway 
 to Edinburgh. In 1842-3 the line 
 from West Drayton was continued 
 to Slough ; and in 1843 two short 
 lines were made in Ireland and in 
 England ; and in 1844 one of con- 
 siderable length, from London to 
 Portsmouth, for Government. In 
 1867 he received the fourth Royal 
 Albert Gold Medal, his name being 
 preceded by Faraday's, for the first 
 introduction of the practical elec- 
 ti"ic telegraph. Her Majesty con- 
 ferred upon him the honour of 
 knighthood, Nov. 11, 1869, as a 
 recognition of his great and special 
 services in connection with the 
 practical introduction of the electric 
 telegraph ; and on July 25, 1871, 
 conferred on him a civil list jDension 
 of £'100. 
 
 COOKSON, The Rev. Henry 
 Wilkinson, D.D., Master of St. 
 Peter's College, Cambridge, was 
 Seventh Wrangler in 1832, and 
 three years later took his degree of 
 M.A. On the death of the Rev. 
 William Hodgson in 1847, he was 
 elected to the Mastership of St. 
 Peter's, of which College he had 
 been Fellow. He filled the office 
 of Vice-Chancellor of the Univer- 
 sity on five occasions, i.e., in 1848, 
 1863, 1864, 1872, and 1873, and for 
 many years took a most active j^art 
 in University matters, being re- 
 garded as one of the leaders of the 
 progressive party in Cambridge. 
 He was at one time Rector of 
 Glaston, Rutlandshire. He died in 
 1876. 
 
 COOPER, Abraham,R.A. [1787— 
 1868], animal painter, was born in 
 
COOPER. 
 
 215 
 
 Red Lion Street, Hoi V)orn, .and was 
 the son of .a tobacconist, wlio after- 
 wards kept an inn. At the a^e of I'.l, 
 he was i)hiced as an assistjint at 
 Astley'sTheatre.where he was much 
 eniph\yed anion^ horses. He made 
 his lirst attempt at art wlien he was 
 about 22 years okl, and painted 
 most successfully a favourite horse 
 beh^n^i^inj^ to Sir Henry Meux. He 
 was next employed to draw por- 
 traits of horses for the Sporting 
 Magazine, and in 1812 exhibited at 
 the British Institution. In LSI I 
 he sent his " Tarn o' Shanter/' and 
 in 181G the directors awarded him 
 a premium of 150 guineas for his 
 finished sketcli of " The Battle of 
 Liufuy." In 1817 he was elected 
 A.R.A., and in 1820 R.A., from 
 which time he was a constant con- 
 tributor to the British Institution 
 and Academy exhibitions, sending 
 his last work to the latter in 18G8, 
 when he accepted the newly-created 
 distinction of " honorary retired 
 academician." He was esteemed 
 the best battle painter of his day 
 in England, his " Battle of Marston 
 Moor," exhibited in 1819, being a 
 picture of striking merit. 
 
 COOPER, Bransby Blake [1793 
 —1853], F.R.S., Senior Surgeon of 
 Guy's Hospital, was the eldest son 
 of the Rev. Samuel Lovick Cooper, 
 rector of Ingoldesthorpe and Barton, 
 Norfolk. Mr. Bransby Cooper was 
 at first in the naval service, but at 
 the suggestion of his uncle, Sir 
 Astley Cooper, he went for two 
 yeai"s to the Norwich Hospital, 
 after which he went to London and 
 studied under Mr. Hodgson, an 
 eminent surgeon. He entered the 
 army in 1812 as assistant-surgeon 
 in the Royal Artillery, and repaired 
 at once to the Peninsula, being 
 present at the battles of Vittoria, 
 the Pyi-enees, Nivelle, Orthes, the 
 siege of St. Sebastian, and the 
 battle of Toulouse. In 1823 he was 
 admitted a member of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons, having pre- 
 viously been demonstrator of ana- 
 tomy at St. Thomas's Hospital, and 
 
 having published a valual>le treatise 
 on the ligaments. In 1813 ho was 
 elected an honorary Fellow of the 
 College, and in 1818 became a 
 member of the Council. He was 
 the author of " Surgical Essays," 
 of a volume on fractures and dis- 
 locations, and edited Sir Astley 
 Cooper's biography, besides con- 
 trilmting largely to the "Reports" 
 of Guy's Hospital. 
 
 COOPER, Charles Henry [1808 
 — 18GG], F.S.A., town-clerk of Cam- 
 bridge, and author of numerous 
 historical works on Cambridge, was 
 born at Great Marlow, and educated 
 at a private school at Reading. He 
 settled in Cambridge in 1820, and 
 some years later was admitted a 
 solicitor, and in course of time 
 acquired an extensive practice. 
 Ultimately he devoted the whole of 
 his time to literary research, more 
 especially to the elucidation of the 
 history of the Cambridge Univer- 
 sity. He was elected to the town 
 clerkship in 1849, an office he re- 
 tained till his death. His most 
 important work was the " Athenae 
 Cantabrigienses," written in emula- 
 tion of Anthony a Wood, and con- 
 taining biographical memoirs of the 
 authors and other men of eminence 
 educated at Cambridge. He also 
 wrote "The Annals of Cambridge," 
 "The Memorials of Cambridge," 
 &c., and was a constant contributor 
 to Notes and Queries, the Gentle- 
 man's Magazine and other anti- 
 quarian publications. He left an 
 immense collection of MS. materials 
 for a biographical history of Great 
 Britain and Ireland. 
 
 COOPER, Charles Purton, 
 Q.C., at one time held a conspicuous 
 position at the bar, and in the 
 Whig party. He gained a double 
 first-class at Oxford, and, when 
 called to the bar, his exertions in 
 the cause of law reform attracted 
 the attention of Lord Brougham, by 
 whom he was introduced to the 
 heads of the Whig party. He was 
 recommended — but with no result 
 — by Lord Holland to the office of 
 
216 
 
 COOPEE— COPLESTON. 
 
 Solicitor-General, in preference to j 
 Mr. R. M. Rqlfe, afterwards Lord 
 Cranworth. Mr. Cooper having- 
 quarrelled with Vice-Chancellor 
 Knig'ht-Brnce, in whose court he 
 had the leading business, left the 
 court, and after that his business 
 began to fall off. He had at one 
 time a vaUiaVjle library, a consider- 
 able part of which he presented to 
 Lincoln's Inn. He wrote some 
 bibliographical works of repute, and 
 was for some years secretary of the 
 Eecord Commission. He died in 
 March, 1873. 
 
 COOPER, George [1820— 187G], 
 was son of the deputy organist of 
 St. Paul's, and was born in Lam- 
 beth. His first idea of organ play- 
 ing Avas gained by practice on an 
 old harpsichord, to which pedals 
 and an additional row of keys had 
 been attached. When 11 years 
 old he often assisted his father at 
 St. Paul's, and Attwood used to take 
 great pleasure in the lad's extem- 
 pore gift. At 13 he was made 
 organist of St. Benet, Paul's 
 Wharf ; at 16, of St. Ann and 
 Agnes ; at 18, deputy organist of 
 St. Paul's Cathedral, in succession 
 to his father ; at 23, organist of St. 
 Sepulchre and of Christ's Hospital ; 
 and, on Sir George Smart's death, 
 organist of the Chapel Royal. He 
 was a most hard-working and con- 
 scientious man, equally painstaking 
 when teaching the Bluecoat boys 
 their hymn tunes as Avhen conduct- 
 ing some high festival at St. Paul's. 
 His mastery of the organ was 
 complete, and his style of playing 
 superb. He wrote several works 
 for the organ, such as the " Organ- 
 ist's Manual," and an "Introduc- 
 tion to the Organ " — all of high 
 merit . 
 
 COPLAND, James, M.D., 
 F.R.S. [1793—1870], a native of 
 the Orkney Isles, was educated at 
 the University of Edinburgh, 
 where he studied medicine, and 
 graduated M.D. He came to 
 London in 1815, and having tra- 
 velled for some time in Europe and 
 
 Africa, began practice in London 
 in 1821. He wrote several papers 
 and reviews on scientific and medi- 
 cal subjects, was editor of the 
 London Medical Repository , a 
 monthly journal, from 1822 to 1828, 
 and lecturer at the medical school 
 of the Middlesex Hospital from 
 182 1 to 1812. During that period 
 he was physician to two medical 
 institutions, and published and 
 edited several medical works. His 
 best known work is his " Dictionary 
 of Practical Medicine and Patho- 
 logy," a copious and laborious work, 
 used as a book of reference by the 
 profession in this country and in 
 the United States. He was an 
 honoraiy member of the Royal 
 Academy of Sciences of Sweden, 
 and of several other foreign acade- 
 mies and societies, and was some 
 time President of the Royal Medical 
 and Chirurgical Society, and of 
 the Pathological Society of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 COPLESTON, THE Right Rev. 
 Edward, D.D., Lord Bishop of 
 Llandaff, Dean of St. Paul's, Pro- 
 fessor of Ancient History to the 
 Royal Academy, and F.S.A., was 
 born in 1776, at Offwell in Devon, 
 of which parish his father was the 
 incumbent and patron. In 1791 
 Mr. Copleston, then barely fifteen, 
 was elected to a scholarshii^ at 
 Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 
 and in 1793 obtained the Chancel- 
 lor's prize for a Latin poem, the 
 subject being " Marius sitting amid 
 the ruins of Carthage." He was 
 elected Fellow of Oriel in 1795, and 
 in 1797 was appointed college tutor. 
 In 1802 he was elected by the Uni- 
 versity, Professor of Poetry, an 
 api)ointment which gave rise to his 
 thirty-five " Prselectiones," pub- 
 lished in 1813, the statutes in those 
 days requiring that the lectures of 
 the Professor of Poetry should be 
 in Latin. He succeeded the Provost 
 Eveleigh, of Oriel, in 1814-, and as 
 head of that college he occupied un- 
 questionably the first position in the 
 University. Mozley describes him 
 
rOPPOCK— CORK. 
 
 2r 
 
 as " the most su}>stautial and ma- 
 jestic, and, if I may say so, richly- 
 coloured character within my know- 
 ledt^e ; " ami I'attison, as "an im- 
 posinj^ personality," and .is " the 
 man of most power and tiict in the 
 l>laoe." In 1S2<'> he was a]>]>ointed 
 to the deanery t)f Chester. In ls27, 
 on the death of Charles Sumner, he 
 be<'ame Hishopof LlandafFand Dean 
 of St. Paul's. He died at Hard- 
 wick House, near Cliepstow, Oct. 1-, 
 1SI9. 
 
 COPPOCK, James ^1700—1857], 
 ■was a native of Stoclq^ort in 
 T'heshire. and having been unsuc- 
 cessful in business, turned his 
 attention to law, and articled him- 
 self to a solicitor in Furnival's Inn. 
 He took an active part in the first 
 Finsbury election following the 
 Ref<>rm Act of 1832, and afterwards 
 became an active and intelligent 
 election manager for the Liberal 
 party, and devoted himself to their 
 service. After the second general 
 election under the Reform Act, the 
 Liberal leaders in London founded 
 a society called the Counter-Regis- 
 ti'ation Society, to which Mr. Cop- 
 pock was elected secretary, with a i 
 salary of =£300 a year, and a resi- \ 
 dence in the society's rooms in 
 Cleveland Row. Three or four 
 years afterwards, on the close of 
 the society's operations, he became 
 lessee of the house in Cleveland 
 Row, where he established himself 
 as a solicitor and parliamentary 
 agent. His office became the centre 
 of many election arrangements, 
 and led to his professional employ- 
 ment in the conduct of contested 
 returns in the House of Commons. 
 He was a professed partizan, and 
 though all his acts were not ap- 
 proved of, he was universally 
 ci'edited with ability and integrity 
 in his conduct of party business. 
 In August, 1857, he was appointed 
 a County Court treasurer. 
 
 CORBOULD Henry [1787— 
 ISH], historical painter and drafts- 
 man, was the third son of George 
 Jan^es Corbould, the engraver. He 
 
 studied under his father, and in the 
 Royal Aca<Iemy schools, where ho 
 gained a silver modal. He ex- 
 hil)ited for the first time in 1807 
 classical subjects ; in ISOS " Corio- 
 lanus;" in 1800, "The Parting of 
 Hector and .Vndromache," "Thetis 
 comf<jrtijig Achilles," and other 
 designs. In 1811 he exhibited de- 
 signs from the '* Lady of the Lake," 
 followed by designs from " Rokeby," 
 and was at the same time engaged 
 in designing for book illustrations. 
 For nearly thirty years he was en- 
 gaged in making the drawings for 
 the engravings of the Elgin and 
 other marbles in the British Mu- 
 seum. He also drew for engi-aving 
 from the Duke of Bedford's col- 
 lection and Lord Egremont's col- 
 lection, and occasionally for the 
 Dilettanti Society and the Society 
 of Antiquaries. He continued to 
 exhibit from time to time at the 
 Academy up to 1840. 
 
 CORK AND ORRERY, Mary, 
 Countess Dowager of, was the 
 youngest child of John Monckton, 
 first Viscount Galway, and was born 
 May 21, 1740. In 1786 she became 
 the second wife of Edmund, seventh 
 Earl of Cork, who died in 1798. 
 She was the "lively Miss Monck- 
 ton," spoken of in Boswell's "Life 
 of Johnson." While unmarried she 
 made her mother's house the ren- 
 dezvous for persons of talent and 
 genius, and introduced the Kembles 
 at once to the station in society 
 which Garrick had won with great 
 difficulty. She died in New Bur- 
 lington Street, June 30, 18-W), aged 
 ninety-four. A full-length por- 
 trait of her was painted by Sir 
 Joshua Reynolds in 1770. This is 
 the lady of whoui Miss Bumey 
 wrote, " Miss M. is between thirty 
 and forty, very shoi-t, very fat. biit 
 handsome, splendidly and fantas- 
 tically dressed ; rouged, not unbe- 
 comingly, yet evidently and pal- 
 jjably desirous of gaining notice 
 and admiration. She has an easy 
 levity in her air, manner, voice, and 
 discourse, that speak all within to 
 
218 
 
 COENEY— CORSEE. 
 
 be comfortable ; and her rage of 
 seeing everytHing curious may be 
 satisfied, if she pleases, by looking 
 in a mii-ror." 
 
 COENEY, Bolton [1781—1870], 
 author, having early turned liis 
 attention to books and literature, 
 first became known to the literary 
 world in 1823, when he edited from a 
 MS. in his ownjjossession "An Essay 
 on Landscape Gardening," by John 
 Dalrymple, Esq. In 1837 he printed 
 for jn-ivate circulation " lUustra- 
 tions of I. D'Israeli's Curiosities 
 of Literature/' which was published 
 in 1838. Besides these works, he 
 edited Thomson's " Seasons," with 
 illustrations designed by the Etch- 
 ing Club," 1812; "Goldsmith's 
 Poetical AVorks, illustrated with a 
 Memoir," 181G, &c. He printed for 
 private circulation pamj^hlets on 
 the Bayeux tapestry, on the " New 
 Biographical Dictionary," on the 
 British Museum, and on the " Son- 
 nets and birthday of Shakespeare." 
 He was a contributor to " Notes and 
 Queries " from its commencement, 
 a member of the Eoyal Society of 
 Literature, and one of the auditors 
 of the Eoj-al Literary Fund. 
 
 COEEIGAN, Sir Dominic John, 
 Bart. [1802—1880], born in Dub- 
 lin, was educated at the Lay Col- 
 lege, Ma-\Tiooth, and graduated 
 M.D. at Edinburgh in 1825, hav- 
 ing the same degree conferred 
 upon him by the University of 
 Dublin in 18-19. He began to lec- 
 ture in Dublin on the practice of 
 medicine in 1833, held the chair of 
 medicine in the Carmichael School 
 until increasing practice compelled 
 him to resign it, and was apijointed 
 Physician to the House of Industry 
 Hospitals in 1840. Dr. Corrigan, 
 who had been a member of the 
 Senate of the Queen's Univer- 
 sity in Ireland since its forma- 
 tion in 1841, was elected five years 
 consecutively President of the 
 King's and Queen's College of Phy- 
 sicians in Ireland, and was made a 
 baronet Feb. 5, 1866, in recognition 
 not only of his very high and dis- 
 
 tinguished professional position, 
 but also of his great and gratiiitous 
 services to the cause of health and 
 education in his native country. 
 He was elected M.P. for the city of 
 Dublin, in the Liberal interest, 
 Aug. 18, 1870, and continued to 
 represent that constituency till the 
 dissolution of 1874. In June, 1871, 
 he was chosen Vice-Chancellor of 
 the Queen's University in the room 
 of Sir Maziere Brady. Sir Domi- 
 nic contributed to medical science 
 and literature, published lectures 
 and pamphlets, and an enter- 
 taining volume, " Ten Days in 
 Athens." 
 
 COEEY, The Eight Hon. Henry 
 Thomas Lowry [1803—1873], 
 younger son of the second Earl of 
 Belmore, was educated at Christ 
 Chiu'ch, Oxford, where he graduated 
 in honours in 182 1, and entered Par- 
 liament in 1826, as Conservative, for 
 the county of Tyrone. In 1830 he 
 married Lady Harriet Anne, second 
 daughter of the late Earl of Shaftes- 
 bury, and was Comptroller of the 
 Eoyal Household in 1834-5, a Lord 
 of the Admiralty from Sept. 1841, 
 till Feb. 1845, and Seci-etary to the 
 Admiralty from Feb. 1845, till July, 
 1846, and from March, 1858, till 
 June, 1859. He was made Vice- 
 President of the Committee of 
 Council of Education in Lord Der- 
 by's third Administration in 1866, 
 and First Lord of the Admiralty, 
 March 8, 1867. He resigned the 
 latter post in Dec. 1868. 
 
 COESEE, THE Eev. Eichard 
 KiDSTON, M.A., Eector of Stand, 
 near Manchester, was a native of 
 Shropshire, and was educated at 
 the Manchester Free Grammar 
 School, and at Cambridge. His 
 fii'st appointment was to a curacy 
 at Prestwich, which he relinquished 
 for the rectorship of Stand, which 
 he held for nearly half a centuiy. 
 He was one of those who signed the 
 remonstrance on the Purchas judg- 
 ment. He was one of the most 
 learned and enthusiastic book- 
 collectors of his day. He edited 
 
COSTA— COSTELLO. 
 
 219 
 
 for the Chctham Society, of which 
 he was one of the ori.ii:inal projec- 
 tors, " J.anu's's Iter," and a series of 
 volumes entitled " Collectanea 
 Anji^lo-Poeticci/' which was a de- 
 scription of the rare books in his 
 library. This library, when sold, 
 realised about i:20,U(.iC). lie died 
 Auprust 2, 1876. 
 
 COSTA, Sill Michael [1810— 
 188 IJ, born at Naples, and educated 
 there at the Academy of Music. 
 At 15, 10, and 17 years of a<i;e he 
 produced works for the theatre, 
 besides other compositions ; and 
 durin^j^ the next two years held 
 commissions for operas from mana- 
 gers. In 1820 he was sent by Zin- 
 garelli, his master, to Birmingham, 
 to conduct one of that composer's 
 choral works at the Festival. 
 Through jealousy or misunder- 
 standing, he was not allowed to do 
 this, but was deputed to sing in 
 the work. The result was a failure, 
 but Costa was not disheartened ; 
 and though he seems to have taken 
 the adverse verdict of the public 
 and the critic as conclusive so far 
 his singing was concerned, he 
 
 as 
 
 yet remained in England. Next 
 year Laporte gave him the appoint- 
 ment of nnaestro al piano at His 
 Majesty's, and was so struck by the 
 talent shown by young Costa that 
 in 1832 he made him Director of 
 the Music. The gifts required for 
 such a post are high, and somewhat 
 rare ; yet Costa from the very first 
 more than held his o-^vn. Gradu- 
 ally he became acknowledged as a 
 great conductor, and when, in 181G, 
 having Iniilt up an orchestra at Her 
 Majesty's the like of which had, 
 perhaps, never been heard in Eng- 
 land before, he seceded to Covent 
 Garden, the fortunes of that house 
 seemed already made. For twenty- 
 three years he conducted there. 
 He was also chief of the Philhar- 
 monic orchestra, and in 1818 was 
 given the baton of the Sacred Hai'- 
 monic Society. Next year he was 
 appointed to conduct the Bir- 
 mingham Festival. In 1853 he had 
 
 charge of the Bradford Festival ; 
 in 1H57 of the first Handel Festival ; 
 and in 1871 of the Leeds Festival. 
 In 180*J Costa left Covent Garden, 
 and two years later returned to Her 
 Majesty's, where he remained till 
 1870. His compositions were not 
 voluminous, but they were impor- 
 tant. He wrote several operas, 
 some of which were produced in 
 London, but he will be best re- 
 membered by his oratorios, " Eli " 
 and " Naaman." These are bril- 
 liant works, and are still popular. 
 They were both written for Bir- 
 mingham, and have continually 
 been given both in London and in 
 the in'ovinees. Costa was a well- 
 kno^\^l figure in London. That 
 strong personality which made him 
 so great a conductor, enabled him 
 also to make his presence felt 
 wherever he went in society. His 
 imperious nature made him, per- 
 haps, more respected than loved ; 
 but he was a man of large and warm 
 heart, and many are the stories of 
 his charity and kindness. He was 
 knighted in 18G9, and received at 
 different times honoui's from many 
 of the sovereigns of Europe. 
 
 COSTELLO, Dudley, author and 
 journalist, was the son of an Eng- 
 lish officer of the line, and was 
 educated for the army at Sandhiu'st. 
 He obtained a commission, and 
 served with his regiment, and on 
 the staff, in North America, and 
 the West Indies. Having relin- 
 quished the army, he turned his 
 attention to literature, and studied 
 for some time on the Continent, 
 was in Paris in 1829-31, and was 
 associated with the labours of the 
 ichthyological department of the 
 " Regno Animal " under Baron 
 Cuvier. On his return to London 
 in 1833 he became successively 
 foreign editor of the Morning Herald, 
 1838, and the Daily JVcics, 1816. He 
 was the author of several works of 
 fiction which appeared in Bentlcy's 
 Miscellany, the Neic Monthly Maga- 
 zine, and Household Words. He was 
 also connected with the Examiner 
 
220 
 
 COSTELLO— COTTINGHAM. 
 
 newspajjer from 1815 to the time of 
 his death, which occurred Sep. 30, 
 18G5. 
 
 COSTELLO, Louisa Stuart 
 [1799—1870], sister of the above, 
 historical and miscellaneous writer, 
 began her litorai-y career at an early 
 age by the pul^lieation of a volume 
 of poems, entitled " The Maid of the 
 Cyprus Isle, and other poems," which 
 attracted the attention of Tliomas 
 Moore, to whom, in 1835, she dedi- 
 cated her " Specimens of the Early 
 Poetry of France," the work by 
 which she first became generally 
 known, and which procured for her 
 the friendship of Sir Walter Scott. 
 Her chief works are, ''A Summer 
 among the Bocages and Vines," 
 1810; "Memoirs of Eminent 
 Englishwomen," 1811 ; " The Rose 
 Garden of Persia," 1845, &c. 
 
 COTMAN, John Sell. He was 
 the son of a linendraj^er of Norwich, 
 and was born June 11th, 1782. In 
 1800 he came to London to study 
 art, and from that year until 180G 
 he exhibited in the Academy chiefly 
 views of Wales. In 1807 the Nor- 
 wich Society of Artists was founded, 
 and in that year Cotman returned 
 to Norwich, and became secretary 
 to the society, to whose exhibition 
 in 1808 he sent no fewer than 
 sixty-seven works, among them 
 several portraits. Subsequently he 
 moved to Yarmouth, and added to 
 his means by teaching drawing. 
 He also etched architectural sub- 
 jects, and in 1817 accompanied Dr. 
 Dawson Turner on a tour through 
 Normandy, and illustrated that 
 wi'iter's " Architectural Antiquities 
 of Normandy." In 1825, although 
 residing at Norwich, he was elected 
 associate exhibitor of the Society 
 of Painters in Water Colours, and 
 from that time was a constant con- 
 tributor to the exhibitions of the 
 society. lu 1834 he was appointed 
 teacher of drawing to King-'s Col- 
 lege School, and removed to Lon- 
 don, where he died, July 28, 1842. 
 His "Wherries on the Yar " is in 
 the National Gallery, and a number 
 
 of his water-colour drawings are in 
 the South Kensington galleries. 
 With the elder Crome, Stark, and 
 Vincent, Cotman ranks at the head 
 of the Norwich School. 
 
 COTTENHAM, Earl or, the 
 Right Hon. Charles Christo- 
 pher Pepys, Viscount Crowhurst, 
 of Crowhurst, Surrey, and Baron 
 Cottenham, of Cottenham, Cam- 
 bridge, a Privy Councillor, a baro- 
 net, and a Bencher of Lincoln's 
 Inn, was the second son of Sir 
 William Weller Pepys, Bart., and 
 was born April 29, 1781, He was 
 a member of Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, wliere he graduated LL.B. 
 in 1803. He was admitted a mem- 
 ber of Lincoln's Inn in 1801, and 
 called to the bar in 1801. He was 
 made King's Counsel in 1826. On 
 Nov. 6 of the same year he became 
 a bencher of Lincoln's Inn. He 
 was appointed Solicitor General to 
 Queen Adelaide in 1830, and Soli- 
 citor-General to the King in 1834, 
 and received the honour of knight- 
 hood. He sat in Parliament for 
 Higham Ferrers in 1831, and for 
 Malton in 1832 and 1835. On the 
 retirement of Sir John Leach, Mr. 
 Pepys became Master of the Rolls 
 in 183 1, and to this office were soon 
 afterwards added the functions 
 which belong to a Commissioner of 
 the Great Seal. Having estab- 
 lished his position as the leading 
 lawyer on the Whig side, he became 
 Lord Chancellor in .January, 183G, 
 which office he held till 1841, when 
 the Conservatives came into power, 
 and he had to make way for Lord 
 Lyndhurst. When the Whig 
 ministry returned to power in 1816, 
 Lord Cottenham again became 
 Chancellor, but in 1850 was obliged 
 to resign on account of ill-health. 
 In 1845 the baronetcy conferred on 
 his father in 1801 devolved on Lord 
 Cottenham by the death of his 
 elder brother. Sir William Weller 
 Pepys. He died April 29, 1851. 
 
 COTTINGHAM, Lewis Nock- 
 alls, F.S.A., was born in 1787, at 
 Laxfield, in Suffolk, and began 
 
COTTLE— COTTON. 
 
 221 
 
 early to study art. In 1825 he was 
 nojiiinatecl architect to Rochester 
 Cathedral, wliich he restored, and 
 built for it a new tower. In 1829 
 he was chosen to undertake the re- 
 storation of the interior of Matj- 
 dalen College, Oxford, and in 1833 
 was entrusted with the restoration 
 and repairs of St. Alban's Abbey 
 Church — an undertakintr which is 
 not yet completed. His next great 
 work was the Cathedral of Armagh 
 in Ireland, whicli was almost en- 
 tirely reV)uilt from his designs. 
 Among his works may be mentioned 
 the restoration of the churches at 
 Ashbourne, Derbyshire ; Chester- 
 ford, Essex ; Milton Bryan, Beds ; 
 Clifton, Notts ; Eoos, Yorkshire ; 
 Theberton, Suffolk ; Horningsheath, 
 Suffolk ; and private works for Lord 
 Brougham, at Brougham Castle, 
 Westmoreland ; for Lord Harring- 
 ton at Elvaston Castle, Derby ; for 
 Lord Dunraven at Adare Abbey, 
 Ireland ; and for Lord Craven at 
 Combe Abbey. In the years 1821 
 and 1825 he published several valu- 
 able practical works on the study 
 of Gothic architectui-e, among which 
 may be specially mentioned a large 
 folio work on Henry VII. 's Chapel, 
 as restored, a folio work on " The 
 Details of Gothic Architecture," 
 and a quarto work on " Ornamental 
 Metal Work." His last important 
 work was the restoration of Here- 
 ford Cathedral. He died at his 
 house in the Waterloo Bridge-road, 
 Oct. 13, 1817. 
 
 -COTTLE, Joseph [1769—18531, 
 was the author of " Eecollections of 
 S. T. Coleridge," and various other 
 works in prose and verse, among 
 which "The Fall of Cambria," gave 
 rise to the following from Lord 
 Byron : 
 
 " Bceotian Cottle, rich Bristowa's boast, 
 Imports old stories from the Cambriau 
 coast." 
 
 Mr. Cottle was the younger brother 
 of Amos, who is also immortalised 
 by Byron in another line 
 
 •* O Amos Cottle, Phoebus what a n«me ! " 
 
 COTTON, Eight Eev. George 
 Edward Lynch, D.D. [ 1813— 1800^ 
 Bishop of Calcutta and Metropoli- 
 tan in India and Ceylon, was the 
 son of Captain Thomas Cotton of 
 the 7th Fusiliers, who was killed 
 in the Peninsular War. He was 
 educated at Westminster, aud at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, where 
 he graduated in high classical and 
 mathematical honoiu'S, and was 
 subsequently elected Fellow. He 
 was an Assistant-Master of Eugby 
 School for some years under Dr. 
 Arnold, and Head Master of Marl- 
 borough College from 1852 to 1858, 
 when he was consecrated to the 
 See of Calcutta. His diocese ex- 
 tended over the entire Presidency 
 of Bengal, and the annual income 
 of the see was <£ 5,000. He was 
 accidentally drowned on Oct. G, 18G6, 
 at Kooshtea, on the Gorai river, 
 while disembarking from a steam- 
 boat, to the deep regret of his many 
 friends and admirers, and the great 
 loss of the Church in India over 
 which he presided. 
 
 COTTON, The Venerable 
 Henry, D.C.L., Archdeacon of 
 Cashel [1790 — 1871], was educated 
 at Christ Church, Oxford, where he 
 graduated B.A. in 1811, and pro- 
 ceeded to his other degrees. He is 
 the author of "Fasti Ecclesise 
 Hibernicae," an account of the suc- 
 cession of the i^ielates and mem- 
 bers of cathedral bodies in Ireland, 
 of which five voluiues were pub- 
 lished (1S15-G0) ; of the "Typogra- 
 phical Gazetteer," of which the 
 2nd edition, corrected and much 
 enlarged, appeared in 1831 ; of "A 
 List of Editions of the Bible in 
 English," of which the 2nd edition, 
 corrected and enlarged, was pub- 
 lished in 1852 ; of " The Five Books 
 of Maccabees, in English," with 
 notes and illustrations, published in 
 1833 ; of " Eheims and Douay ; an 
 attempt to show Avhat has been 
 done by Eoman Catholics for the 
 Diffusion of the Holy Scriptures, in 
 English," in 1855 ; of " Memoir of 
 a rare French Testament, in which. 
 
222 
 
 COTTON— COWLEY. 
 
 the Mass and Purgatory are intro- 
 duced into the Sacred Text/' of 
 which the 2nd edition, enlarged, 
 appeared in 18G3 ; and of " Typo- 
 graphical Gazetteer, second series," 
 published in 1866. 
 
 COTTON, Sir Sydney [1791— 
 1871], son of Mr. H. C. Cotton, and 
 cousin of Lord Combermere, entered 
 the army in 1810. He served in 
 command of a squadron of the 22nd 
 Light Dragoons in Madras, with a 
 force for the suppression of the 
 Pindarees in 1817, and again in 
 1812; and in 1813 in Scinde under 
 Sir Charles Napier, where he greatly 
 distinguished himself. On two 
 separate occasions he successfully 
 commanded expeditions against 
 some warlike hill tribes beyond the 
 Peshawur border, and a body of 
 Hindustani fanatics who had 
 taken up a position on those hills 
 for the piu'i^ose of disturbing the 
 British frontier. He commanded 
 the 22nd Regiment in an expedition 
 in 1851 against the Affreedis in 
 the Bori country. Having gained 
 his Major-Generalship, he served 
 throughout the Indian Mutiny, and 
 for his services was created a 
 K.C.B., and received the thanks of 
 the Indian Government. He re- 
 ceived from Her Majesty the an- 
 nuity conferred on officers for 
 distinguished and meritorious ser- 
 vices. 
 
 COTTON, General Sir Wil- 
 LOUGHBY [1781—1860], G.C.B., and 
 K.C.H,, was the only son of Admiral 
 Cotton, cousin of Lord Combermere. 
 He left Rugby in his sixteenth year to 
 enter the 3rd Guards as ensign. In 
 1805 he took part in the exi^editiou 
 to Hanover, in 1807 went to Coj^en- 
 hagen, and was present at the battle 
 of Kioge ; and in 1809 accompanied 
 Sir Arthur Wellesley to Sjiain, 
 where he served as Dejjuty- Assist- 
 ant- Adjutant-General to the Light 
 Division. He returned home on 
 promotion in 1811, but rejoined the 
 Army in the Peninsula in 1813, and 
 served until the close of the war. 
 Ho had also seen considerable ser- 
 
 vice in India, being in command of 
 a Division in the Burmese AVar, 
 and taken jDart in the storming and 
 capture of Ghuznee in 1839, when 
 he commanded the reserve which 
 entered the city after the storming 
 party had established themselves. 
 He was frojn 1817 to 1850 Com- 
 mander-in-Chief at Bombay, was 
 nominated G.C.B. in 1840, and was 
 Colonel first of the 98th and then of 
 the 32nd Foot. 
 
 CO WEN, Sir Joseph [1800— 
 1873], Radical Member for New- 
 castle, in early youth worked as a 
 chainmaker in the factory of the 
 firm of Sir Ambrose Crowley &, 
 Co., a large London house that had 
 factories at Winlayton and Swal- 
 well on the Tyne. Sir Joseph 
 afterwards joined his brother-in- 
 law as a firebrick-maker, and at the 
 time of his death was at the head of 
 one of the largest firebrick and gas 
 retort works in the kingdom. He 
 was best known as chairman of tlie 
 River Tyne Improvement Commis- 
 sioners, who under his pi^esidency 
 completed a series of gigantic river 
 works. Without any assistance 
 from the Government, except in the 
 Avay of loans, Mr. Ure, their en- 
 gineer, also made the Tyne a har- 
 bour of refuge, the only one be- 
 tween the Humber and the Leith 
 Roads. Sir Joseph was knighted by 
 the Government in acknowledgment 
 of his twenty years' gratuitous ser- 
 vices to the trade of the country 
 as chairman of the River Tyne Com- 
 missioners. He was the father of 
 Mr. Joseph Cowen, one of the pre- 
 sent members for Newcastle. 
 
 COWLEY, Earl, K.G., Henry 
 Richard Charles Wellesley, 
 Earl Cowley, Viscount Dangan 
 and Baron Cov^ley, was the eldest 
 son of Henry Wellesley, first Baron 
 Cowley, whose brothers became the 
 Mar<]uis Wellesley and the great 
 Duke of Wellington. Earl Cowley 
 was born July 17th, ISO I. He en- 
 tered the diplomatic service as an 
 attache at Vienna, in 1821 and on 
 Feb. 19th, 1853, having been made 
 
COWPEK. 
 
 223 
 
 a Privy Councillor two days earlier, 
 he was appointed Ambassador Ex- 
 traordinai'y and Plenipotentiary to 
 the French Kcpublic, which post 
 he continued to occupy when the 
 Republic was transfoi'nied into the 
 Empire, and which he never quitted 
 until his final retirement in 18G7. 
 Daring those fifteen years occasions 
 were not wanting when lack of dis- 
 cretion on the part of the Ambas- 
 sador might have endangered the 
 friendly relations of England and 
 France. Throughout the Crimean 
 "War and during the negotiations 
 which preceded and followed it 
 (especially in the Congress of Paris 
 in 1856), Lord CoAvley's task cannot 
 have been a light one, and the affair 
 of the Orsini bombs in 1858 placed 
 the British Ambassador in a very 
 delicate position. Lord Cowley be- 
 came Baron on the death of his 
 father in 1847, was raised to the 
 Eai'ldom in 1857, and was made a 
 K.G. in 18GG. After liis retirement 
 in 1867 Lord Cowley took no part 
 in public affairs, but he did not 
 die until July 15, 18S4. 
 
 COWPEK, Sir Chas., K. C. M. G-., 
 was born about the year 1807, the 
 son of the Ven. "William CowjDer, 
 D.D,, Archdeacon of Cumberland, 
 in New South Wales. He began 
 his career in the Commissariat De- 
 partment of that colony, and from 
 1826 to 1833 was secretary to the 
 Church and Schools Land Corpora- 
 tion. He sat in the Legislative 
 Council successively for Cumber- 
 land, Durham, Sydney and Liver- 
 pool Plains; held office on several 
 occasions as Colonial Secretary, and 
 was three times Premier of the 
 colony. In 1S70 he accepted the 
 office of Agent-General resident in 
 Loudon, for the colony of New 
 South Wales. He rendered great 
 public service by the introduction 
 of the railway system into the 
 colony. He was created a K.C.M.G. 
 in 1872. He died at his residence 
 at Eldon Eoad, Kensington, Oct. 
 19, 1875. 
 
 COWPER, Edward, Professor of 
 
 Manufacturing Art and Mechanics 
 at King's College, was in early life 
 a partner with Mr. Applegath, in 
 the printing business, Duke Street, 
 Lambeth, on leaving which he gave 
 his attention entirely to tlie im- 
 provement and manufacture of 
 printing machines. As an inventor 
 of machinery he was very dis- 
 tinguished, and is said to have ac- 
 complished for the printing machine 
 what Watt did for the steam-engine. 
 His lectures at King's College and 
 elsewhere were brilliantly success- 
 ful. He always in his lectures 
 adopted the Pestalozzian princiijle 
 of exhibiting things themselves, 
 instead of giving mere descriptions 
 or drawings or models. He pub- 
 lished, in conjunction with Mr. 
 Applegath, a description of the 
 Times printing machine. He died 
 at Kensington, Oct. 17, 1852. 
 
 COWPER, Ebenezer, [1804— 
 1880], a name once very well-known 
 in the printing world, devoted the 
 whole of a very active life to the 
 putting up of printing presses in 
 England, Scotland and Ireland, and 
 on the Continent, after the Cowper- 
 Applegath model. This model 
 was a simplification, invented by 
 his brother and partner, Edward 
 Cowper, of the Kcenig printing ma- 
 chine, so as to adapt it to the pur- 
 pose of rapid and cheap printing. 
 At one time there was hardly a 
 newspaper in England whose press 
 Avas not put up by Mr. CoAvjjer, and 
 the first edition of the "\Vaverley 
 novels was printed oft' a Cowper 
 machine. At Turin the machine 
 was regarded as "uncanny," and 
 the printer refused to use it until 
 a priest had sprinkled it with 
 holy water. Mr. Cowper erected 
 the twelve machines at the Im- 
 primerie Royale in Paris, intended 
 for the printing of the famous Or- 
 dinances, which cost Charles X. 
 his throne. The machines were all 
 broken to pieces in the Revolution 
 of 1830, and Mr. Cowper's life was 
 only saved by a timely warning 
 from a workwoman. He afterwards 
 
224 
 
 COX. 
 
 re-erected the machines by order of 
 Louis Philipi5fe. From Paris Mr. 
 Cowper went to Irehxnd;, where he 
 received a letter bearing a death's- 
 head, cross-bones and coffin, which 
 threatened him with death unless 
 he desisted from his work. He 
 quietly nailed up the letter in the 
 hotel coffee-room and went on Avith 
 his machines. The machine, al- 
 though superseded as regards news- 
 papers, by the " Walter " press and 
 others, remains still in use, with 
 slight modifications, as the best 
 contrivance for printing books. 
 
 COX, David. He was a native 
 of Birmingham ; was the son of a 
 blacksmith, and was born April 29, 
 17S3. Being of too delicate consti- 
 tution to follow liis father's busi- 
 ness, he was apprenticed to a locket 
 painter, but at tlie end of eighteen 
 months his master died, and the 
 boy engaged to prepare the colours 
 for the scene painters at the Bir- 
 mingham Theatre, and was soon 
 employed to paint the less impor- 
 tant parts of the scenes. He re- 
 mained f oiu* years with the company, 
 and in 1S03 came to London and 
 obtained an engagement in the 
 scene loft of Astley's Theatre. He 
 now began to try jjainting in water 
 colours, and made the acquaintance 
 of Jolin Yarley, through whom he 
 came to know other artists. His 
 progress in his art was great, and 
 he was soon able to leave the theatre 
 and support himself, chiefly by 
 teaching. In 1805 he visited Wales, 
 and on his return exhibited draw- 
 ings of Welsh scenery. Settling at 
 Duhvich, he, by a close study of 
 nature and great powers of observa- 
 tion, became recognised as a leader 
 of water colour art. His manner 
 was peculiar to himself — his touch 
 very free, the drawing rather loose, 
 biit the tone and colour beautiful, 
 full of lio-ht and breeze and sun- 
 shine, of sweet country air, and, so 
 to speak, of the scent of the hay. 
 His subjects were chiefly home 
 scenery, and he was very fond of 
 the banks of the Thames ; but 
 
 sometimes he painted the Welsh 
 and Scottish hills, and made two or 
 three visits to the Continent, Avhere 
 he drew the crowded streets and 
 markets of Paris, Brussels, and 
 Antwerp. In 1813 he was elected a 
 member of the Water Colour So- 
 ciety, and was a constant exhibitor 
 until the year of his death. He 
 seldom contributed to other gal- 
 leries, and throughout his life had 
 only thirteen paintings in the 
 Academy. In 1815 he went to live 
 in Hereford until 1829, when he 
 settled in Kensington. In 18-10 he 
 gave up his large teaching practice 
 and removed to Harborne, near 
 Birmingham. Here he began paint- 
 ing in oil with great success, but 
 seldom exhibited the results of what 
 was to him only a pastime. He 
 died June 7, 1859, and was buried 
 at Harborne. There is a fine col- 
 lection of his drawings in the water 
 colour galleries at South Kensing- 
 ton. It is well kno"v\Ti that Cox's best 
 work, in water colour and in oil, has 
 since his death brought immense 
 prices, as much as ,£3,000 having 
 been sometimes paid for a landscape 
 of no great size. 
 
 COX, Edward William, Ser- 
 jeant [1809—1879], Deputy-As- 
 sistant Judge of the Middlesex 
 Sessions, was called to the bar 
 at the Middle Temple, in 1843, 
 and raised to the degree of a 
 Sei'jeant-at-Law in 18G8. In the 
 same year he was appointed Re- 
 corder of Portsmouth, and in 1870 
 Deputy-Assistant Judge of Middle- 
 sex. He was a wi-iter of law text- 
 books, but was best known as the 
 founder and editor of the Law 
 Thnes, in 1813. Conjointly with 
 Mr. Crockford he planned " Crock- 
 ford's Clerical Directory,"' and was 
 the proprietor of the Clerical JoxLr- 
 nal. The most successful of his 
 journalistic ventures was the Field, 
 which he bought for a very small 
 sum, Avhen it was in difficulties ; and 
 by his energy and foresight he 
 made it one of the most widely cir- 
 culated and profitable papers of the 
 
COXE— CRAhli. 
 
 223 
 
 day. In the same manner he ac- 
 quired the Queen, founded by Mr. 
 S. O. IJeeton, on very easy terms, 
 which in his hands soon took its 
 place as one of the best papers 
 of its kind in En<^h\nd. He was 
 less successful with the Critic, 
 started by himself and Mr. Crock- 
 ford, which he ^'ave up after strug- 
 gling on with it for fifteen yeai'S. 
 During" the last years of his life he 
 was much devoted to spiritualism, 
 and founded a society for the in- 
 vestigation of "psychic force." 
 He was found dead in his chair in 
 his library at Mill Hill, Nov. 2t, 
 1870. 
 
 C'OXE, Kev. 'Henry Octavius 
 [1811— ISSlj, the well-known and 
 very populai' head of the Bodleian 
 Library, was educated at West- 
 minster School, and at Worcester 
 College, Oxford, where he took 
 his B.A, degree in 1833. He 
 soon after entered the MS. De- 
 partment of the British Museum, 
 and there began his aj^prenticeship 
 in palaeography, the branch of learn- 
 ing in which he was most dis- 
 tinguished in later life. He ^vas 
 appointed sub-librarian of the Bod- 
 leian Library in 1838, and suc- 
 ceeded to the head librarianship in 
 1860, on the retirement of Dr. Ban- 
 dinel. In 1857 he was sent by the 
 Government on a special mission 
 to inspect the librai'ies in the 
 Monasteries of the Levant, on 
 which he published a " Eeport 
 to Her Majesty's Government 
 on the Greek MSS. yet remaining 
 in libraries of the Levant," 1858. 
 He edited "The Chronicles of 
 Roger of Wendover," in 1811, the 
 "Metrical Life of Edward the Black 
 Prince," by Chandos Herald, 1812, 
 and Gower's " Vox Clamantis," in 
 1850, as well as a/ac simile of the 
 Bodleian MS. of the Apocalypse, 
 the three later works for the Eox- 
 burghe Club. He was the author, 
 or principal organizer, of various 
 catalogues, the chief of which was 
 the new catalogue of the Bodleian 
 Library, containing upwards of 
 
 720 MS. volumes. He was Ox- 
 ford select preacher in 1812, and 
 Wliitehall preacher in 1808. Ho 
 was an Honorary Fellow of Wor- 
 cester and Corpus Christi Colleges, 
 of which latter society he was chap- 
 lain till the closing years of his 
 life. 
 
 COYNE, Joseph Sterlinxj 
 [1805—1808], son of an officer in 
 the Irish commissariat, was edu- 
 cated at Dungannon school, and 
 intended for the legal profession, 
 which however he abandoned for 
 literature. His first attempt was 
 a farce, called " The Phrenologist," 
 brought out at the Theatre Royal, 
 Dublin, in 1835, for the benefit of 
 Mr. James Brown, a popular actor. 
 In 1837 he repaired to England to 
 push his fortunes, and his farce, 
 "The Queer Subject," first intro- 
 duced him to a London audience at 
 the Adelphi, the leading part being 
 sustained by Mr. John Reeve. The 
 success of this commencement de- 
 cided his future course. The Hay- 
 market and the Adelphi appear to 
 have been his favourite fields of 
 action, though he wrote for nearly 
 every theatre in and about London. 
 His popular farce, " How to settle 
 accounts with your Laundress," 
 was translated into French under 
 the title, " Une Femme dans ma 
 Font-aine," and into German. In 
 the long list of his dramas, we find 
 scarcely an illustration of Irish 
 character^ the most finished being 
 introduced in a farce called the 
 " Tipperary Legacy," produced at 
 the Adelphi in 18-47. He was for 
 many years dramatic critic of the 
 Sunday Times, and a contributor to 
 other papers. He also wrote the 
 " Scenery and Antiquities of Ire- 
 land," and some minor works of 
 fiction. Mr. Coyne was, jointly 
 with Mr. Mark Lemon and Mr. 
 Henry Mayhew, one of the projec- 
 tors and original proj^rietors of 
 Punch. 
 
 CRABB, George, M. A., barrister- 
 at-law [1779 — 1851], was well- 
 known as a compiler of many valu- 
 
22G 
 
 CEAIK— CEAMEE. 
 
 able works, amoiit? whicli may be 
 mentioned, ** A Dictionary of Eng- 
 lish Synonyms;" '-A Technolo- 
 gical Dictionary ; " " An Historical 
 Dictionary ; " "A Dictionary of 
 General Knowledge ," " K History 
 of the English Law ; " " A Digest 
 and Index of all the Statutes at 
 large;" "The Law of Real Pro- 
 perty ; " '^ A series of Precedents in 
 Conveyancing, and Common and 
 Commercial Forms ; " and " A 
 Technical Dictionary of terms used 
 in Science and Ai-t." 
 
 CEAIK, George Lillie [1799— 
 186G],M.A.,LL.D., Professor of Eng- 
 lish literature at Queen's College, 
 Belfast, was the son of a schoolmas- 
 ter, and was educated at the Univer- 
 sity of St. Andrew's. He was origi- 
 nally intended for the Church, but 
 at the age of 25 resolved to devote 
 himself to literature, and for that 
 purpose removed to London . He was 
 long employed by the Society for 
 tlie Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 
 and for Mr. Charles Knight. The 
 work by which he was first favour- 
 ably known, the " Pursuit of Know- 
 ledge under Difficulties," was 
 written for the "Library of Enter- 
 taining Knowledge," and published 
 anonymously; the "^ Pictorial His- 
 tory of England," a great part of 
 which he wrote himself, was "WTitten 
 under his own superintendence. 
 In 18-44 he published his ''History 
 of Literature and Learning in Eng- 
 land from the Xoi'man Conquest to 
 the Present Time," illustrated by 
 extracts, an excellent work, and 
 one which has had a very wide 
 circulation. Among his other works 
 may be mentioned " Spenser and his 
 Poetry," 1845 : -' Bacon, his Writ- 
 ings and his Philosophy," 1847 ; 
 ' 'Outline of the History of the 
 English Language," and " The 
 English of Shakespeare," &c. In 
 1849 he obtained the chair of his- 
 tory and English literature at 
 Queen's College, Belfast, a position 
 he held till his death, which oc- 
 curred rather suddenly. He was 
 struck with paralysis while lectur- 
 
 ing to his class, and only tempora- 
 rily recovered from the attack. 
 
 CEAMEE, Very Eev. John 
 Anthony, D.D. [1793—1848], Dean 
 of Carlisle, and Eegius Professor of 
 Modern History, Oxford, was boi'n 
 at Mittoden, in Switzerland. He 
 was educated at Westminster and 
 Christ Church, and after filling 
 various college and University 
 offices he was, in 1812, appointed 
 to succeed Dr. Arnold as Eegius 
 Professor of Modern History — a 
 branch of learning of which he 
 kneAv but little. He was, however, 
 a classical scholar of no little emi- 
 nence, as was shown by his books 
 " Anecdota Gra3ca Oxoniensia" 
 (1834-7), and " Anecdota Grseca e 
 Codicibus, MSS., Bibliothecse Eegiae 
 Parisiensis" (1839-41). He was 
 appointed Dean of Carlisle in 1844. 
 
 CEAMEE, John Baptist [1771 
 — 1858], musician, son of Johann 
 Cramer, born at Mannheim. He 
 was brought to London as an infant 
 and received his first teaching from 
 his father. The violin and piano 
 were his instruments, and it was 
 for the latter tliat the child showed 
 the most decided talent. The 
 famous Muzio Clementi also taught 
 him for two years and in very great 
 measure formed his taste. Before 
 reaching manhood his fame was 
 known over Europe, and he several 
 times visited the continent where, 
 especially in Paris (in which city 
 he resided for some years), he was 
 immensely jjopular. Eeturning to 
 London in 1845 he was heard no 
 more in public. Eies states that 
 Beethoven considered him by far 
 the best pianist of his time. He 
 founded the house of J. B. Cramer 
 &i Co. in 1824. Cramer's composi- 
 tions are very numerous, and some 
 of them of decided merit, but they 
 are seldom heard now. A hundred 
 and five sonatas for the piano, and 
 eighty-four " studies," besides 
 much other work, is a large record, 
 and undoubtedly much is worth re- 
 viving. The " studies," indeed, are 
 still known and sometimes heard. 
 
CRANWOETH— CKAVEN. 
 
 227 
 
 but the sonatas never. Still 
 Cramer has loft, by his oxaniplo and 
 influence, a vi-ry considerable mark 
 on the pianoforte music of our day, 
 and his name is respected, and his 
 works studied )>y every jjrofessor, 
 if not by the public generally. 
 
 CRANWOKTH (Lord). The 
 Right Hex. Robert Monsey Rolfe 
 [17U0 — 18G8J, the eldest son of the 
 late Rev. Ecbnund Rolfe of Cran- 
 worth. His j^randfather, the Rev. 
 Robert Rolfe, of Hillborout^h, mar- 
 ried Alice Nelson, aunt of Lord 
 Nelson. Lord Cranworth was edu- 
 cated at Burv St. Edmund's, at 
 Winchester, and at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. In 1812 he took his 
 B.A. degree, and was elected a 
 Fellow of Downing College in the 
 same year. In 181G he was called 
 to the Bar, where his perseverance 
 and the soundness of his jndgment 
 secured for him considerable prac- 
 tice. He represented Peni-yn in the 
 Liberal interest from 1832 till his 
 elevation to the Bench. In 1832 
 he was appointed a King's Counsel, 
 and in 1831, Solicitor-General. 
 Resigning in consequence of a 
 change of ministers in that year, 
 he was re-appointed in 1835, and 
 continued to hold that office until 
 1839, when he was made one of the 
 Barons of the Exchequer. He was 
 one of the Commissioners for hold- 
 ing the Great Seal after the resig- 
 nation of Lord Cottenham ; was 
 appointed Vice-Chancellor in suc- 
 cession to Sir Lancelot Shadwell in 
 1850 ; was raised to the Peerage by 
 the title of Baron Cranworth in 
 December of the same year ; and 
 was named one of the Lords Justices 
 of the Court of Appeal in Chancery 
 in 1851. In 1852 he was appointed 
 Lord High Chancellor of England 
 by Lord Aberdeen. Under his 
 Chancellorship some useful reforms 
 passed, the principal of which were 
 the Common Law Procedure Act of 
 1851, the Charitable Trusts Act of 
 1855, and the bill for establishing 
 the Probate and the Divorce Courts. 
 After his retirement from the 
 
 Chancellorship in 1858, Lord Cran- 
 worth was constant in his attend- 
 ance on the judicial business of the 
 House of Lords, and paid attention 
 to all measures of social or legal 
 reform. He took a particular in- 
 terest in obtaining the admission 
 of Dissenters to the benefits of 
 endowed schools, hitherto deemed 
 to belong exclusively to the Cliurch 
 of England. On the resignation of 
 Lord Westbury, he was re-ap- 
 pointed Lord High Chancellor, 
 July 7, 18G5, and retired with Lord 
 Russell's administration in Julv, 
 18G6. 
 
 CRAVEN, The Hon. Richard 
 Keppel, was born June 1, 1 779, the 
 third and youngest son of "William, 
 sixth Lord Craven, by Lady Eliza- 
 beth Berkeley, aftei'Avards Margra- 
 vine of Brandenburg, Anspach, and 
 Bareith. When Keppel Craven 
 was about three years old his 
 father and mother separated, and 
 Lady Craven was allowed to take 
 him with her to France, on condi- 
 tion that she retui'ned him to his 
 father when he was eight years old. 
 This condition was not fulfilled, 
 and he was sent to Harrow under a 
 feigned name, but was recognised 
 by his likeness to his mother and 
 restored to intercourse with his 
 father's family. In 1814 Mr. Craven 
 accepted the unpaid post of Cham- 
 berlain to the Princess of Wales, 
 but in the following year was left 
 at Naples when H.R.H. quitted it 
 for Geneva, attended only by Dr. 
 Holland. In 1821 Mr. Craven 
 published " A Tour through the 
 Southern Provinces of the Kingdom 
 of Naples," and in 1838 "Excur- 
 sions in the Abruzzi and Northern 
 Provinces of Naj^les." The former 
 of these works he illustrated him- 
 self, and the latter from drawings 
 by W. Westall, A.R.A. He had 
 been for many years the intimate 
 friend and companion of Sir William 
 Gell, the antiquary, who like him- 
 self was a resident in Naples. Mr. 
 Craven died at Naples, June 21, 
 1851. 
 
 Q 2 
 
228 
 
 CRAWFORD AND BALCARRES— CRAWFORD. 
 
 CRAWFORD AND BALCARRES, 
 Earl of, Alexander William 
 Crawford Lindsay [1812 — 1880], 
 eldest son of James Cra-wrford, the 
 24tli Earl of Crawford, and 9th 
 Earl of Balcarres, was educated at 
 Eton, and at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, whei'e he graduated M.A. 
 in 1833. He took no part in poli- 
 tics, his dominant idea being the 
 creation of a jjerfect librai-y, em- 
 bracing all the best works in every 
 lang-uage, and forming a literary 
 picture of the history of civilization. 
 To this work he devoted his life, 
 collecting from all parts of the 
 world the famous Crawford library, 
 or " Bibliotheca Lindesiana." He 
 published in 1810, and again in 
 1819, "The Lives of the Lindsays," 
 a work of great value as a con- 
 tribution to the history of Scot- 
 land. His most important work, 
 " Sketches of the History of Chris- 
 tian Art/' published in 1817, was 
 the result of observations made 
 during his travels in Italy, Ger- 
 many, France, and the Low Coun- 
 tries. Meanwhile his library con- 
 tinued to grow in value and extent, 
 the rule followed being to procure 
 the first and best edition of every 
 important work in literature, with- 
 out limitation of language or period. 
 To mention only a few of the trea- 
 sured volumes in this magnificent 
 librai-y of more than 50,000 
 volumes and MSS. there are the 
 " Catholicon," the only known 
 book from Gutenberg's second 
 press, which is printed on vellum 
 and dated 1400 ; the " Mazarin 
 Bible," the first book printed by 
 typography bv Gutenberg, un- 
 dated : the "Cicero de Officiis," 
 14G5, the first printed classic : the 
 famous block book " Speculum," on 
 which the Dutch claims to priority 
 in the invention of printing are 
 founded; a collection of bibles, 
 mostly first editions ; a large collec- 
 tion of the romances of chivalry, 
 and a number of ancient manu- 
 scripts in Coptic, Arabic, Cufic- 
 Arabic, Syriac, Persian^ Ja^panese, 
 
 and Chinese. He built a spacious 
 library for his books at his house, 
 Dunecht, Aberdeenshire, which, 
 however, he unhappily never lived to 
 see filled with the treasures of his 
 lifelong studies. He had catalogues 
 and analyses of all the books which 
 he could not read, made by special 
 scholars, but with these exceptions, 
 his library catalogue was compiled 
 by himself. After Lord Crawford's 
 death, his body was stolen from the 
 family vault at Dunecht ; but it was 
 recovered, and the authors of the 
 outrage were found out and severely 
 punished. 
 
 CRAWFORD, William Shar- 
 MAN, M.P. for Dundalk and Roch- 
 dale, and popularly known in Ireland 
 as "the father of the tenant-right 
 question," died at his residence, 
 Crawfordsburn, near Bangor, 
 county Down, Oct. 16, 18G1. The 
 great object of his political life 
 was to establish the tenant-right in 
 Ireland by law, so that it could not 
 be disturbed by the landlords. He 
 was looked upon by the tenant- 
 farmers as their champion, and ho 
 spent most of time for years in 
 expounding their grievances in long- 
 letters and heavy speeches. For 
 some years he had charge of the 
 tenant-right question in Parliament, 
 for the settlement of which he 
 brought in several Bills, but his 
 measure never found favour with 
 the legislature, and all attempts to 
 get tenant-right embodied in an 
 Act of Parliament proved abortive. 
 Mr. Crawford, though opposed to the 
 Repeal agitation when first started 
 by Mr. O'Connell, had a plan of his 
 own for a "Federal Parliament'^ in 
 Dublin, by which purely Irish 
 questions might be determined. 
 But at that time O'Connell ruled 
 with despotic sway, and Mr. Craw- 
 ford was di'iven from the rej)resenta- 
 tion of Dundalk, and could only 
 enter Parliament as member for an 
 English borough. He took no part 
 in public affairs after the tenant- 
 right question had for the time 
 died out. 
 
CRAWFURD— CEESSWELL. 
 
 229 
 
 CKAWFURD, William 
 Stewart Stirling [1819— 1S83], 
 the well kno^vn racer and breeder 
 of race-horses, was the eldest son of 
 William Stirlinij Crawfurd, of 
 Castlemilk, Lanarkshire, and was 
 educated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge. His first success of any 
 importance was the Cesarewitch, 
 which he won with The Cur, 1848 ; ! 
 then during the next ten or twelve 
 years, he won the Chesterfield Cup 
 at Goodwood, with Zuyder Zee, 
 1859, the One Thousand CTiiineas 
 with Mayonnaise, and some other 
 races. In 18GS, his horse Moslem 
 ran a dead heat with Formosa for 
 the Two Thousand Guineas, and in 
 1870 his Palmerston ran second to 
 Kingcraft for the Derby. In 1872- 
 73, his most successful horse was 
 Gang Foi-ward, which won several 
 important races, as did also in the 
 following season his Craig Millar 
 and Aventui-iere. From 1870 to 1880 
 Bay Archer, Prince George, and 
 Elf King wore successful, and in 
 1878 Sefton won the City and 
 Suburban and the Derby. During 
 18S1-82, his most successful horses 
 were Tuebais, Ste. Marguerite, 
 Corrie Koy, and Macheath. Mr. 
 Stirling Crawfurd married, in 1876, 
 the widow of the foiu'th Duke of 
 Monti'ose, who continued his train- 
 ing establishments. 
 
 CKAWLEY, Major - General 
 Thomas Egbert '1818— 1880j, com- 
 manding the 15th Hussars and Gth 
 Inniskillings, entered the army in 
 183 1, and served first at the siege 
 of Mooltiin. He afterwards became 
 extra aide-de-camp to Sir Henry 
 Dundas, commanding the Bombay 
 division of the army of the Punjab. 
 He was pi-esent at the battle of 
 Goojerat. and took part in the pur- 
 suit of the Sikh forces. In 1SG2, a 
 court-martial — which excited a vast 
 amount of public interest — vras 
 held on him at Aldcrshot, for 
 having acted with undue severity 
 towards Sergeant-Miijor Lilley, at 
 Mhow, in May of that year, but he 
 was acquitted, and had the com- 
 
 mand of his regiment restored to 
 him. 
 
 CREASY, Sir Edward Shei'- 
 HERD. M.A. 1812—1878], sou of 
 Mr. Edward Hill Creasy, auc- 
 tioneer, of Brighton, and founder 
 and part proprietor of the Brighton 
 Gazette, born at Bexley, in 
 Kent, 1812, was educated on the 
 foundation at Eton, where he 
 obtained in 1831 the Newcastle 
 scholarship ; and whence he was 
 elected Scholar of King's College, 
 Cambridge, in 1832, and Fellow of 
 the same College in 183 1. He was 
 called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn 
 in 1837, was for several vears a 
 member of the Home cii'cuit, was 
 appointed Professor of Modern and 
 Ancient History* in the University 
 of London in 1840, and held that 
 post for several years. His princi- 
 pal work, " The Fifteen Decisive 
 Battles of tlie World," first pub- 
 lished in 1851, has gone through 
 several editions. He was also the 
 author of the " Rise and Progress 
 of the British Constitution," first 
 published in 1834 ; of a " History of 
 the Ottoman Turks ;" of a volume 
 of " Biographies of eminent 
 Etonians," and of an " Historical 
 and Critical Account of the several 
 Invasions of England." In 18G0 
 Mr. Creasy was appointed to the 
 Chief Justiceship of Ceylon, and 
 received the honour of knighthood. 
 In 1809 he returned to this country 
 for a year, in consequence of indis- 
 position. His latest works were, a 
 " History of England," vols. 1 and 
 2, 1809-70, to be extended to 5 
 vols. ; " The Old Love and the 
 New; a Novel," 1870; and " The 
 Impcriiil and Colonial Constitutions 
 of the Britannic Empire, including 
 Indian Institutions," 1872. 
 
 CRESSWELL, The Right Hon. 
 Sir Cresswell "1794 — 1863] , Judge 
 of the Court of Probate and Divorce, 
 was the fourth son of Francis Eas- 
 terby, Esq., of Blackheath, who, on 
 marrying an heiress of John Cross- 
 well, Esq., of Cresswellj took the 
 siu'uame of that ancient Northum- 
 
230 
 
 CEESWICK— CROFT. 
 
 brian family. He was educated 
 at the Charterhouse and Emmanuel 
 Colletre, Cambridge, and called to 
 the Bar at the Middle Temple in 
 1819. Having attained the rank of 
 King's Counsel in 1834-,'and led the 
 Northern Circuit with an ability 
 which acquired him high reputa- 
 tion, he was, in 1837, I'eturned to 
 Parliament in the Conservative in- 
 terest as member for Liverpool. He 
 continued to repi'esent that consti- 
 tuency till 1842, when, by the 
 Government of Sir Eobert Peel, he 
 was appointed one of the Justices of 
 Common Pleas, where he sat for 
 sixteen years. In 1858, on the es- 
 tablishment of the ncAv court for 
 causes connected with matrimony, 
 divorce, and wills. Sir Cresswell 
 was appointed its first judge, and in 
 that capacity successfully dis- 
 charged the heavy duty of moulding 
 the practice and procedure of an 
 entirely new and untried jurisdic- 
 tion. 
 
 CEESWICK, Thomas, E.A. He 
 was born at Sheffield, February 5, 
 1811, but gained his early know- 
 ledge of art in Birmingham. In 
 1828 he settled in London, and at 
 once began exhibiting views of 
 Wales, and then Irish landscapes, 
 both in the Academy and British 
 Institution, but after 1840 he found 
 his best subjects in the North of 
 England. In 1812 he became an 
 Associate of the Eoyal Academy, 
 and in the same vear the Directors 
 of the British Institution awarded 
 a premium of fifty guineas for the 
 general merit of his work. On his 
 election as Academician, he exhi- 
 bited "The Old Foot Eoad'^ (184G), 
 followed by other pictures of similar 
 subjects ; he also painted several 
 works in conjunction with his 
 friend, E. Ansdell, E.A. His 
 health and vigour failed early, and 
 on Dee. 28, ISGO, he died at his 
 residence in The Grove, Bayswater. 
 Ho exhibited 265 j^aintings ; of 
 these " The Pathway to the Village 
 Church " is in the National Gallery , 
 and " A Scene on the Tummel," 
 
 and " A Summer's Afternoon," 
 form part of the Sheepshanks 
 bequest at South Kensington. 
 
 CEISTALL, Joshua. He was 
 born of Scottish parents at Cam- 
 bourne, in Cornwall, 1767, and was 
 apprenticed to a china dealer, but, 
 disliking the trade, and resolved to 
 be a painter, he left his business 
 and his home, and after much hard- 
 ship, entered the Academy schools. 
 In 1803 he become a foundation 
 Member, and first President of the 
 Old Water Colour Society. His 
 early drawings are chiefly from- 
 classic subjects, but later he 
 painted many small full length 
 portraits. He died at St. John's 
 Wood, Oct. 18, 1847. Several of 
 his draAvings are in the South 
 Kensington Galleries. 
 
 CEOCKFOED, William [1775 
 — 1844], at one time kept a fish- 
 monger's shoji near Temple Bar, 
 and by a series of successful specu- 
 lations on the turf was enabled to 
 buy the house in St. James's St., 
 afterwards famous as " Crockford's," 
 for many years the most successful 
 place of fashionable entertainment 
 in London. The house afterwards 
 passed through many vicissitudes, 
 and is now the Devonshire Club. 
 On Mr. Crockford's death, his per- 
 sonal projDerty was sworn under 
 ^200,000, and it was rumoured that 
 his real estate was worth ^150,000 
 more. 
 
 CEOFT, Sir John, Bart., son of 
 John Croft, Esq., was born in 1778. 
 In 1810 he undertook a journey 
 from Portugal, through Galicia, to 
 Corunna, and succeeded in estab- 
 lishing for the Duke of Wellington 
 and his army most important 
 channels of communication along 
 the north and east of Spain to the 
 Bay of Biscay, In 1811-12 he was 
 appointed Commissioner for the 
 distribution of the Parliamentary 
 grant to the Portuguese sufferers 
 by Marshal Massena's invasion, 
 during which time he was attached 
 to the British mission at Lisbon. 
 In 1814 he attended George Cann- 
 
CROKER-CEOLY 
 
 231 
 
 ing on his embassy to Lisbon, and 
 on his Excellency's recall, in 1815, 
 he was nominated Charge d'Affaires 
 at that court. For his public ser- 
 vices he was raised to the baronet- 
 ago in 1S18, and had granted to him 
 au honourable augmentation of his 
 armorial-bearings ; he also received 
 the Spanish order of the Tower 
 and Sword, and several other 
 foreign decorations, lie died in 
 
 1SG2. : 
 
 CROKEE, JoHX TViLsox. He 
 was the son of the Surveyor-Gene- 
 ral of Ireland, was born in Galway, 
 1780, was educated at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin, and was called to the 
 Irish bar in 1802. He did not 
 devote himself to pleading, and in 
 1807 entered political life as mem- 
 ber for Downpatrick, and repre- 
 sented in succession Dublin, Yar- 
 mouth, Athlone, and Bodmin. In 
 the meantime he was much engaged 
 in literatui'e and wrote, amongst 
 other works, '"An Intercepted Let- 
 ter from Canton," a satire on the 
 city of Dublin ; " Songs of Trafal- 
 gar ; " *' A sketch of Ireland, Past 
 and Present ; " and '*' Stories from 
 the History of England." In 1809 
 he was appointed Secretary to the 
 Admiralty, an office which he ably 
 fulfilled for twenty years. He was 
 a brilliant speaker and able debater, 
 but his strong party spirit, bitter- 
 ness, and arrogant tone made him 
 hated by his opponents, among 
 whom his greatest enemy was Lord 
 Macaulav. After the passing of 
 the Reform Bill of 1832 Croker, 
 despairing of the future of the 
 House of Commons, retired from 
 Parliament, but as the editor of 
 the Quarterly Reviev: he still re- 
 tained some jKjlitical influence. 
 He also wrote on a varietv of 
 subjects, and translated from 
 foreign authors, his best known 
 work of this class being Bassom- 
 pierre's ''Embassy to England." 
 But his most important publication 
 was that edition of Boswell's John- 
 son upon which Macaulay wrote 
 one of his most brilliant and scath- 
 
 ing essays in the Edinburgh Review. 
 For many years Croker was the 
 friend and factotum of Lord Hert- 
 ford — the Marquis of Steyne of 
 " Vanity Fair," and the Lord Mon- 
 mouth of " Coningsby," wherein 
 Croker figures as Rigby. He was 
 also for many years a close friend 
 of the Duke of Wellington. In his 
 old age Croker lived a quiet and 
 seclu'ied life, and died at Hampton, 
 Aug. 10, 1857. The recently pub- 
 lished "Croker Papers" (1885), 
 containing his journals and cor- 
 respondence, are a valuable ad- 
 dition to our knowledge of Croker's 
 time. 
 
 CROKEE, TH03IAS Croftox, 
 F.S.A., M.R.I.A., vtc. He was the 
 only child of Major Croker, and 
 was born Jan. 15, 1798, in Cork. 
 At the age of 15 he was placed 
 with a merchant, but contributed 
 sketches to the local exhibitions 
 and articles to the local papers. In 
 1819 he obtained an appointment 
 at the Admiralty, and in 1821 pub- 
 lished his first, and in many re- 
 spects most important, work, ' •' Re- 
 searches in the South of Ireland." 
 In 1825 he published anonymously 
 " Fairy Tales and Legends of the 
 South of Ireland," and afterwards 
 a second series illustrated by 
 Maclise. Both works had a great 
 success and have been translated 
 into French and German. He 
 afterwards published a "• Memoir of 
 General Holt ; " " Popular Songs 
 of Ireland," and various tales, in- 
 cluding a series of " Legends of the 
 Lakes." In 1850 he retired from 
 the Government service, and died 
 at Old Brompton, Aug. 8, 1854. 
 
 CROLY, THE Rev. George, LL.D. 
 '1785—1860], Rector of St. Ste- 
 phen's, Walbrook, was born in 
 Dublin, and educated at Trinity 
 College in that city. Originally 
 intended for the church, he tempo- 
 rarily abandoned that career to 
 devote himstdf eutirelv to literarv 
 pursuits. One of his earliest 
 journalistic employments was t-at 
 of dramatic critic to the New 
 
232 
 
 CROSS— CEOSSLEY. 
 
 Times. He wrote isoetry, serious 
 and comic, tragedies and comedies, 
 satire and panegyric, sermons and 
 songs, novels and newspapers. His 
 most considerable poems were 
 ''Paris in 1815," and "The Angel 
 of the World," and his best novels 
 " Salathicl,'' and "Tales of the 
 Great St. Bernard." He was one 
 of the first contributors to BlacTc- 
 icoocVs Magazine ; the editor of the 
 Universal Revie^v ; and for some 
 years the writer of the leading 
 articles of the Britannia, a weekly 
 Conservative newspaper of Protec- 
 tionist principles. A collected 
 edition of his poetry was published 
 by Blackwood and Sons. 
 
 CROSS, John. He was born at 
 Tiverton, in 1810, and afterwards 
 removed with his parents to St. 
 Quentin, Franco, where he entered 
 the School of Design, and later be- 
 came the pupil of M. Picot, of 
 Paris, In the second competition 
 for the decoration of the new 
 Houses of Parliament, his oil paint- 
 ing of " Eichard Cceiu" de Lion " 
 gained a first premium of d6300, 
 and was bought by Her Majesty's 
 Commissioners for ,£1000. This 
 placed him at once in a first-rate 
 position, but his health gave way, 
 and his subsequent paintings failed 
 to support his reputation. He died 
 in London, Feb. 20, 1861. He ex- 
 hibited six jiictures in the 
 Academy. 
 
 CKOSSLEY, Sm Francis, Baet. 
 [1817—1872], son of John Crossley, 
 Esq., an enterprising carpet manu- 
 facturer of Halifax, at an early 
 age entered his father's busi- 
 ness, of which he became joint- 
 partner with his Irothers, Messrs. 
 John and Joseph Crossley. These 
 gentlemen were great bene- 
 factors to the town of Halifax, 
 Vr^here they employed above 5,CC0 
 workj^eople, and erected and 
 partially endowed an Orphanage 
 for the maintenance and edu- 
 cation of 400 children, besides 
 contributing munificently to other 
 benevolent undertakings. Sir 
 
 Francis Crossley presented to his 
 native town, in 1857, a handsome 
 park and pleasure-ground, and he 
 built a row of almshouses for aged 
 people, whose support is provided 
 for by endowment. He represented 
 Halifax, as an advanced Liberal, 
 from 1852 to the general election of 
 1859, when he was returned for the 
 West Eiding of Yorkshire, and in 
 Jan., 1863, was made a baronet. On 
 the division of the West Eiding in 
 July, 1865, he was elected for the 
 Northern portion. 
 
 CEOSSLEY, James, F.S.A. 
 [1800 — 1883], son of a merchant at 
 Halifax, Yorkshire, born at the 
 Mount there in 1800, was educated 
 for the law, and practised as a 
 solicitor at Manchester till 1860, 
 when he retired from the profes- 
 sion. Ho was a frequent contribu- 
 tor to the earlier volumes of 
 BlacTcv:oocVs Magazine, one of the 
 writers in the first Retrospective 
 Review, and occasionally assisted 
 J. G. Lockhart in biographical 
 articles in the Quarterly Review. 
 The peculiar dej)artment to which 
 he devoted himself was criticism 
 and antiquarian and literary 
 research. He was one of the friends 
 of Charles Lamb. Mr. Crossley was 
 member of the Philobiblon 
 
 a 
 
 Society from its commencement. 
 He was appointed president of the 
 Chetham Society in 1848, was also 
 president of the more recently 
 formed Eecord Society, and was till 
 his death the keeper of the Chetham 
 Library at Manchester. He was 
 the editor of "Pott's Discovery 
 of Witches," " The Diary and Cor- 
 resjDondence of Dr. John Worthing- 
 ton," 2 vols., and " Heywood's Ob- 
 servations in Verse" in the Chetham 
 series. Of the Spenser Society, 
 which i^roduced a valuable series 
 of reprints, he was the Presi- 
 dent from its commencement, and 
 edited several of the volumes. 
 His aid and assistance will be found 
 to be acknowledged in very many 
 of the works of literary research 
 which have appeared durir-g the 
 
CROSSLEY— CRUIKSIIANK. 
 
 233 
 
 last fifty ycarb. Ho was well known 
 as an ardent Vjook-coUector, and 
 accumulated a curious and exten- 
 sive library. His residence was 
 Stocks House, Cheetbam, Man- 
 cli ester. 
 
 CKOSSLEY, John [1S12— 1879], 
 M.P. for Halifax, was the last sur- 
 vivor of three brothers, the others ' 
 being. Sir Francis Crossley (q. v.), 
 M.P., and Mr. Joseph Crossley, who 
 carried on the threat carpet works at 
 Ueanclough, Halifax. Mr. Crossley 
 was a man of jjjreat local influence, 
 and sat in Parliament for Halifax 
 from 1>S74^ to lb?". With his 
 brothers he built, at a cost of | 
 je40,000, the Crossley Orphan Home 
 and School, in Halifax, which they 
 munificently endowed ; besides 
 which, his brother. Sir Francis, 
 gave the People's Park. 
 
 CROWE, Mes. Catherine 
 [1800 — 1876], whose maiden name 
 was Stevens, born at Borough 
 Green, Kent, about 1800, was 
 married to Lieut. -Col. Crowe, of 
 the British army, in 1822 Her 
 literary career commenced in 183S, 
 by the publication of *' Aristode- 
 mus," a tragedy, to which high 
 l^raise was awarded. Mrs. Crowe 
 published a novel called " Manorial 
 Rights," followed by " The Adven- 
 tures of Susan Hopley." The rapid 
 succession and variety of its inci- I 
 dents secured for this story imme- 
 diate popularity, and it was repro- 
 duced at some of the minor theatres. 
 In 181? Mrs. Crowe published a 
 third novel, " Lily Dawson." She 
 next appeared as the translator of 
 " The Seeress," and of " The His- 
 tory of a German Clairvoyante ; " 
 and probably led l>y the contempla- 
 tion of these wonders to the examin- 
 ation of others, which found an 
 answering chord in her own mind, 
 produced, in IS 18, '" The Night Side 
 of Nature," a history of the super- 
 natural, or rather a collection of 
 those incidents which form the 
 basis for a belief in it, linked 
 together by many skilful and 
 original rem:irks. A series of tales, 
 
 founded on various dark and tragi- 
 cal points of human experience, 
 followed, under the title of " Light 
 and Darkness ; or. Mysteries of 
 Life." These, with a book for 
 children, called " Pippie's Warn- 
 ing, or Mind your Temixjrs," and 
 two additional novels, " The Adven- 
 tures of a Beauty," and " Linny 
 Lockwood," were among the later 
 works which proceeded from Mrs. 
 Crowe's pen. 
 
 CROWE, Eyre Evans [1709— 
 1868], was born at Redbridge, in 
 the New Forest, Hants, and was 
 educated at Trinity College, Dublin. 
 He began his literary career as a 
 journalist, writing for the Morning 
 Chronicle, Blackwood, Lardner's 
 Cyclopaedia, and the Examiner. His 
 chief work was a " History of 
 France,'' upon w^hich he was 
 engaged for eleven years, and 
 which first appeared in Longman's 
 Cabinet Cyclopaedia, and was after- 
 wards re-written and enlarged for 
 Messrs. Longmans. He wrote a 
 number of other historical and 
 political works, and for some years 
 before his death he was also chief 
 editor of the Daily News. Ho was 
 the father of Mr. J. A. Crowe, C.B., 
 joint author with Sig. Cavalcaselle 
 of the " History of Italian Paint- 
 ing," and the well-known commer- 
 cial agent of the British Foreign 
 Office. 
 
 CRUIKSHANK, George. He 
 was the youngest son of Isaac 
 Cruikshank, the caricaturist, and 
 was born in Bloomsbury, London, 
 Sept. 27, 1792. While still a youth 
 he designed for children's books, 
 &c., and illustrated numbeidess pe- 
 riodicals and otlicr works satirical, 
 grotesque, t^:c., including " The 
 Queen's (Caroline) Matrimonial 
 Ladder," " Points of Humour," 
 "Life in London," '•Mornings in 
 Bow Street," '• Jack Sheppard," 
 A;e. But, perhaps, his best known 
 works are the desitjns for " Sketches 
 by Boz,'" '-Oliver Twist," and "Ni- 
 cholas Nickleby." He was a zealous 
 teetotaler, and etched many plates 
 
231 
 
 CRUIKSHANK— CUBITT. 
 
 against intemperance. In his later 
 years he turned his attention to 
 oil painting, and produced the 
 "Worship of Bacchus/' which he 
 presented to the nation, and which 
 for some time hung on the staircase 
 at the National Gallery. There are 
 two other of his oil paintings at 
 South Kensington ; but his oil 
 paintings were at best mediocre ; 
 and it is by his illustrations that 
 he will be remembered. He died 
 Feb. 1, 1878, and is buried in St. 
 Paul's Cathedral. 
 
 CKUIKSHANK, Egbert Isaac, 
 was the elder brother of the 
 above, and was born about 1791. 
 He began life as a midshijiman 
 in the East India Company's 
 service, Init left the sea to become 
 a painter and actor. He had, how- 
 ever, only a modei-ate amount of 
 talent, and though he was em- 
 ployed on the comic periodicals of 
 his day, never attained much repu- 
 tation. His best works are the 
 illustrations to Cumberland's 
 " British and Minor Theatres." He 
 died March 13, 1836. 
 
 CUBITT, Joseph [1811—1872], 
 civil engineer, born at Horn- 
 ing, in the county of Norfolk, 
 Nov. 24, 1811, received his 
 preliminary education at Bruce 
 Castle School, Tottenham, under 
 Mr. Hill, and his professional edu- 
 cation in the office and on the 
 works of his father. Sir William 
 Cubitt, F.E.S., civil engineer. His 
 principal works were, a considerable 
 portion of the system of the South- 
 Eastern Eailway lines ; the entire 
 Great Northern Eailway ; the Lon- 
 don, Chatham, and Dover Eailway ; 
 the Ehymne;y Eailway : the Oswes- 
 try and Newtown Eailway ; the 
 Colne Valley Eailway ; the Pier of 
 Weymouth Harbour ; the Extension 
 of the North Pier and other works 
 of Great Yarmouth Haven ; and 
 the new Blackfriars Bridge, London. 
 Mr. Cubitt was a member of the 
 Geographical Society, and was for 
 many years a Vice-President of the 
 Institution of Civil Engineers. He 
 
 was also a Lieut. -Colonel of the 
 Volunteer Engineer and Eailway 
 Staff Corps. 
 
 CUBITT, Sir William [1785— 
 1861], civil engineer, father of 
 the foregoing, was born in Nor- 
 folk. At an early age he was 
 practically occupied in the working 
 of his father's flour-mill. He was 
 then apprenticed to a joiner, and 
 becoming a very superior handi- 
 craftsman, rapidly took a good po- 
 sition as a maker of agricultural 
 implements. Within a short time 
 he became a millwright, not only 
 being engaged practically in the 
 erection of the machinery, but 
 being much consulted on the sub- 
 ject. About this period (1807) he 
 invented the self-regulating wind- 
 mill sails, now so generally used. 
 He ultimately became connected 
 with Messrs Eansom and Son, of 
 Ipswich, whose agricultural imjDle- 
 mentsare well known. The transi- 
 tion from his usual occuj)ation with 
 that firm to the practice of general 
 engineering was natural. Accord- 
 ingly he was extensively engaged 
 in all descriptions of works ; among 
 which may be mentioned the 
 erection of gas-works at the ear- 
 liest period of the introduction of 
 the system, and the invention of 
 the treadmill for gaols and houses 
 of correction. His reputation in- 
 creasing vdth his engagements, it 
 became necessary for him to re- 
 move to London, which he did in 
 1826, and from that period there 
 were few ports, harboiu's, or docks 
 in the United Kingdom with which 
 he was not in some way connected. 
 The South Eastern Eailway from 
 London to Dover was designed and 
 executed by him, and many im- 
 provements which he introduced 
 into this work were afterwards 
 generally adopted. He also en- 
 tertained the bold project of 
 blowing away the face of the 
 Eound Down Clilf, which he suc- 
 cessfully executed. The great 
 landing-stage at Liverpool, the 
 deck of which was nearly one acre in 
 
CULLEN— CUNAI^D. 
 
 2X 
 
 extent, was (until its dosti'uction 
 by fire), a unique example of his 
 works. As consulting engineer to 
 the Great Northern Railway he 
 materially contributed to the pro- 
 duction of one of the best lines in 
 England. He superintended the 
 construction of the Exhibition 
 building of 1851, which he under- 
 took at the pressing instance of his 
 coadjutors in the Royal Commission, 
 and his services were recognised 
 by the Queen, who bestowed on 
 him the honour of knighthood. 
 
 CULLEX, His Eminence Car- 
 dinal Paul : 1800— 1878", Catholic 
 Archbishop of Dublin, born in Ire- 
 land about 1800, left his native 
 countrv at an earlv age to studv 
 in Rome, where he remained thirty 
 years, during a considerable por- 
 tion of which he was Rector of the 
 Irish College, and member of several 
 ecclesiastical congregations in that 
 city. The death of Dr. Crolly, 
 Roman Catholic Archbishop of Ar- 
 magh, which took place in 18i9, 
 was followed by a difference of 
 opinion amongst the Irish suffra- 
 gans as to the nomination of his suc- 
 cessor. Many of the Irish bishops 
 having suggested the name of Dr. 
 Cullen, he received, at the hands 
 of Pius IX. his appointment to Ar- 
 magh, was consecrated " Primate of 
 all Ireland " in 1850, and was trans- 
 ferred thence to Dublin in the fol- 
 lowing year, on the death of Dr. 
 Murray. He was strongly opposed 
 to the mixed system of education 
 represented by the Government 
 schools and Queen's colleges, and 
 as he was one of the first to con- 
 ceive the idea of a Catholic Univer- 
 sity in Dublin, so he ever proved 
 himself a patron of that institution 
 and the main pillar of its support 
 in Ireland. He was •proclaimed 
 Cardinal in June^ ISGG, being the 
 first Irish bishop who since the era 
 of the Reformation was advanced 
 to that dignity. 
 
 CUMMIXG, Rev. John, D.D. 
 [1810—1881], minister of the Na- 
 tional Scotch Church, Crown 
 
 Court, Covent Garden, was l>orn 
 in Aberdeen, and studied at 
 the University there. He came 
 to London in 1832, and waa 
 chosen minister of the Scotch 
 Church in the same year. On the 
 platform he distinguished himself 
 by his decided and untiring oppo- 
 sition to the doctrines of the Catho- 
 lic Church, and also as an exponent 
 of prophecy. Among his best- 
 known works are " The Great Tri- 
 bulation," descriptive of the coming 
 of Christ and end of this dispensa- 
 tion, " Redemption Draweth Xigh," 
 1801, "The Destinv of Nations," 
 and "The Seventh Yial," &c. &c. 
 
 CUMMING, Roualetn Gordon 
 [1820—1866], "the lion-hunter," 
 was the second son of the late Sir 
 William G. Gordon-Cumming, 
 Bart., M.P., of Altyro, Elginston, 
 N.B., and was born March 15, 
 1820. A taste for adventure was 
 developed by him at an early age. 
 Having passed at Addiscombe, he 
 entered a cavalry regiment in the 
 Madras army, in 1838, and served 
 for some time in India ; he after- 
 wards held a commission in the 
 Cape Mounted Rifles. Whilst 
 stationed at the Cape of Good Hope, 
 he penetrated far into the interior 
 of South Africa, and published an 
 interesting account of his daring 
 adventures in hunting lions and 
 other wild beasts in that part of the 
 world, first in the shajje of a book, 
 and subsequently under the more 
 acceptable form of a lectui-e, or 
 rather an entertainment, which 
 was very popular in London during 
 several seasons. 
 
 CUNARD, Sir Samuel, Bart. 
 
 1787 — 1865], was the eldest son of 
 Abraham Cunard, Esq., of Halifax, 
 Nova Scotia, and was born in 1787. 
 He early devoted himself to com- 
 mercial pursuits, and became 
 eventually the head of the eminent 
 firm of Cunard & Co., shipowners, 
 whose line of Atlantic steamers 
 have obtained a world-wide cele- 
 brity. For reward of the energy, 
 entei'prise, and ability displayed by 
 
236 
 
 CUNNINGHAM. 
 
 Mr. Cunard in devising and carry- 
 ing out his system of Atlantic 
 steamships, he was raised to the 
 dignity of a baronet in 1859. He 
 was married to a lady of Nova 
 Scotia, by whom he had a family. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, Allan. He 
 was boni at Blackwood, in Dum- 
 friesshire, about 1786, and at the 
 age of eleven was apprenticed to a 
 stone mason ; he, however, found 
 time for extensive reading and 
 mental culture, and about 1810 his 
 name began to appear in print as a 
 contributor to Cromek's " Remains 
 of Nithsdale and Galloway Song." 
 Many of his ballads in this collec- 
 tion are old in name only, but are 
 exquisitely tender and touching, 
 and have the true Scottish ring. 
 Cunningham now came to try his 
 fortune in London, became a news- 
 paper reporter, and a contributor 
 to several magazines, among them 
 the Athenceum, Literary Gazette, and 
 London Magazine. He also pub- 
 lished two novels, " Paul Jones," 
 and " Sir Michael Scott : " and 
 brought out his famous " Songs of 
 Scotland." But he did not depend 
 solely upon his literary labours, he 
 having obtained a situation in the 
 studio of Sir F.Chantrey, which he 
 filled until the time of his death. 
 He took a great interest in art 
 matters, and wrote several works 
 connected with the fine arts, 
 among them, " British Painters, 
 Sculptors, and Architects," which 
 form o vols, of the " Family 
 Library ; " " Major's National Gal- 
 lery of Pictures," and only a few 
 days before his death he put the 
 final touches to his " Life of 
 Wilkie.'' He died in Pimlico, 
 Oct. 29, 18-1-2. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, Colonel 
 Francis [1820—1875], son of the 
 above, entered the Madras army in 
 1838, and owing to ill-health, re- 
 tired with the rank of lieutenant- 
 colonel in 1802. During his mili- 
 tary career he served throughout 
 the campaigns in Afghanistan, and 
 took part in the memorable defence 
 
 of Jellalabad under Sir Eobert Sale, 
 for which he received the two 
 medals of Cabul and Jellalabad. 
 He afterwards acted as secretary 
 to General Sir Mark Cubbon on the 
 Mysore Commission. On his re- 
 tirement from the service he 
 devoted himself to literature, and 
 edited Ben Jonson's works, and the 
 plays of Philip Massinger and 
 Marlowe, and at the time of his 
 death was engaged in preparing a 
 new edition of Peter Cunningham's 
 " Handbook to London." He was 
 also a frequent contributor to tlie 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, Captain 
 Joseph Davet [1812 — 1851J, was 
 the eldest son of Allan Cunning- 
 ham. He obtained a cadetship 
 in the East India Company's ser- 
 vice, and went to Addiscombe, 
 where he remained two years, 
 and greatly distinguished him- 
 self, gaining the first prize for 
 mathematics, and the sword given 
 by the Company to the best-con- 
 ducted student of the half year in 
 which the prizes were distributed. 
 From Addiscombe he went for a 
 year to Chatham. In 1843 he 
 sailed for India, and having served 
 with distinction under General 
 McLeod, received, in 1837, the 
 important appointment of assistant 
 to Colonel, afterwards Sir Claude, 
 Wade, the political agent in Loo- 
 diana, and ofiicer in charge of the 
 British relations with the Punjab, 
 and the chiefs of Afghanistan. 
 Of his services here Captain Cun- 
 ningham has given a brief account 
 in the preface to his " History of 
 the Sikhs," a work he had under- 
 taken on the recommendation of 
 his father. From 1837 to 1845 he 
 was living among the Sikhs as 
 political assistant to the various 
 British officials. The Indian 
 Government, thinking that Captain 
 Cunningham, in his "History of 
 the Sikhs," had made unauthorised 
 use of official papers to which his 
 appointment gave him access, re- 
 moved him from his post, an act of 
 
CUNNINGHAM— C'URETOX 
 
 2r 
 
 censure which j^reyed so heavily on 
 his mind that his constitution 
 gave wav. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, Petkr flSlG— 
 18G9], author and critic, was the 
 third son of the Scottish poet, 
 Allan Cunninf:fham, and was born 
 in Pimlico. He was educated at 
 Christ's Hospital, and at the age 
 of 18, was appointed by Sir Robert 
 Peel, in recognition of his father's 
 genius and reputation, to a junior 
 clerkship in the Audit Office, and 
 in 1854 became chief clerk of that 
 depax'tment. He retired from the 
 public service in 18G0. Mr. Cun- 
 ningham, who is best known to the 
 public by his valuable " Handbook 
 of London," was the author or edi- 
 tor of several other works, among 
 which may be mentioned, " The 
 Life of Drnmmond of Hawthorn- 
 den," 1833 : '' Songs of England 
 and Scotland," 1835, for Murray's 
 " Library of British Classics ; " 
 Johnson's " Lives of the Poets," and 
 the "Letters of Horace Walpole." 
 He was also engaged conjointly 
 with Croker, on a new edition of 
 Pope's works. He was a contribu- 
 tor to the Athenaeum, the Illustrated 
 London Neivs, Fraser's Magazine, 
 and other periodicals. 
 
 CUNYNGHAME, General Sir 
 Arthur ArrGUSTUs Thurlotv, 
 G.C.B., Colonel-Commandant of the 
 King's Eoyal Eifle Corj)s, obtained 
 his first commission as second 
 lieutenant in the GOth, the King's 
 Rifle Corps, in November, 1830. 
 He went to China in 18 U, as aide- 
 de-camp to Genei*al Lord Saltoun, 
 and was present at the storming 
 and capture of Chin-kiang-Foo, 
 when he led the column of attack 
 on the heights of Maknikiow, and 
 at the investment of Nankin. In 
 1854 he accompanied the army to 
 the East as Assistant-Quarter- 
 master General to the 1st Division, 
 and was present at all the principal 
 actions of the Russian campaign 
 till 1855. For his services he re- 
 ceived the personal thanks of the 
 Sultan, and was created a lieuten- 
 
 ant-general in the Turkish army. 
 In October, 1855, he was sent to 
 occupy Kertch, and assisted to 
 maintain that position tliroughout 
 the second winter in tlic Crimea. 
 In 18G5 he commanded at Lahore 
 the reserve forces of the army em- 
 ployed in the Sittana campaign. 
 From October of that year to 
 March, 1877, he was the major- 
 general commanding the Dublin 
 district, and during his command 
 in Ireland received the thanks of 
 the Irish Government on the sup- 
 pression of the Fenian rising, and 
 in 18G9 was nominated a K.C.B. 
 He was Lieutenant-Governor, and 
 in command of Her Majesty's 
 troops at the Cape of Good Hope, 
 1877-78. In 187G he was appointed 
 Colonel Commandant of the 1st 
 battalion of the King's Eoyal Rifle 
 Corps, and in 1878 was nominated 
 a G.C.B. He died on board ship 
 on his way home from India, where 
 he had been on a pleasure tour, in 
 March, 1884. 
 
 CURE TON, Rev. 
 LL.D., F.R.S., &e. He 
 at Wesbury, Saloj), in 
 educated at New[)ort 
 school, and proceeded to Oxford 
 with a Careswell Exhibition, and 
 graduated in 1830. He was or- 
 dained priest m 1832, and in 1840 
 was nominated one of the select 
 preachers of the University of 
 Oxford. In 1817 he was appointed 
 Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen, 
 and two years later Canon of West- 
 minster, Rural Dean and Rector of 
 St. Margaret's, Westminster, in 
 1858 he took the degrees of LL.B. 
 and LL.D. by accumulation. In 
 early life he had been appointed 
 sub-librarian of the Bodleian Li- 
 brary, and in 1837 left that post to 
 become Assistant Keeper of the 
 MSS. of the British Museum, a 
 position for which his knowledge of 
 Oriental languages rendered him 
 admirably fitted. After this ap- 
 pointment Dr. Cureton j)ublished 
 several works relating to Eastern 
 MSS., Early Church History, and 
 
 William, 
 
 was born 
 
 1808, was 
 
 grammar 
 
238 
 
 CUREEE— CUST. 
 
 kindred subjects. Among them tlie 
 Syriac versions of the Epistles of 
 St. Ignatius to Polycarp, the Ephe- 
 sians and the Romans, and the 
 "Festal Letters" of St. Athana- 
 siuSj of which he had been the dis- 
 coverer. In May, 1863, Dr. Cureton 
 met with a railway accident, from 
 the effects of which he never 
 recovered, and died June 19, 1861. 
 
 CUEREE, Miss Mary Frances 
 EiCHARDsoN [1785 — 1861], was a 
 daughter of the Eev. Henry Ei- 
 chardson, M.A., Eector of Thorn- 
 ton-in-Craven, who assumed the 
 name of Currer on succeeding to 
 some property. They were de- 
 scended from the family of Eichard- 
 son, of Bierley in Craven. Miss 
 Currer's great-grandfather and 
 great-uncle having collected a very 
 valuable library, she devoted her- 
 self to the task of enriching it, and 
 attracted the notice of Dr. Dibdin, 
 who speaks in the highest praise of 
 her, and of the library, in his 
 " Literary Eeminiscenees," In 
 1820-23 the collection was cata- 
 logued, the number of volumes 
 estimated at 15,000 by Dr. Dibdin, 
 and at 20,000 in Burke's " Seats of 
 Great Britain," 1852. Eshton Hall 
 and its contents passed to Matthew 
 "Wilson, a half-brother of Miss 
 Currer. 
 
 CUEWEN, John [1816—1880], 
 son of the Eev. Spedding Cur wen, 
 of an old Cumberland family, 
 born at Heckmondwike, in York- 
 shire, was educated at Coward 
 College and the London Uiiiver- 
 Bity. He was appointed assistant 
 minister in the Independent 
 Church, Basingstoke, Hants, in 
 1838, where he experimented in 
 education, invented the '■' Look p^nd 
 say method of teaching to read," 
 and taught Sunda.y-school childi-en 
 to sing. He become co-pastor at 
 Stowmarket, Suffolk, in 1841, 
 whence he visited Miss Glover's 
 schools at Norwich, and where he 
 tried her singing plans in a large 
 Bible class ; and was elected pastor 
 at Plaistow, Essex, in 1844, where 
 
 he developed and promoted the 
 Tonic Sol-fa method of teaching to 
 sing for schools, homes, and congi-e- 
 gations ; using it in his schools, 
 Bible classes, and church, and 
 meanwhile lecturing on the art of 
 teaching generally for Sunday- 
 schools in various parts of the 
 country. Having to resign the 
 ministry through ill-health in 1867, 
 he established a printing and pub- 
 lishing business, in order the better 
 to create a Tonic Sol-fa literature. 
 Along with many co-workers he 
 founded the Tonic Sol-fa Associa- 
 tion for the propagation of the 
 method (1853), and the Tonic Sol-fa 
 College, for the education of teachers 
 and issue of certificates of profi- 
 ciency (1862). Mr. Curwen was the 
 author of " The Child's Own Hymn 
 Book," " Standard Course of the 
 Tonic Sol-fa Method;" "How to 
 observe Harmonj' ; " " Construction 
 Exercises in Elementary Musical 
 Composition," and other works. 
 
 CUST, General, The Hon. Sir 
 Edward [1794—1878], K.C.H., mi- 
 litary historian, was the youngest 
 son of the first Lord Brownlow, and 
 joined the army in 1810. He was 
 a general in the army, and colonel of 
 the 16th Dragoons, and served three 
 years under the Duke of Welling- 
 ton in the Peninsula. From 1818 
 to 1832 he represented Grantham 
 and Lostwithiel in Parliament, and 
 was for thirty years Master of the 
 Household, in this country, of Prince 
 Leopold of Saxe-Coburg till the 
 Prince quitted England to ascend 
 the throne of Belgium. He was nomi- 
 nated Master of the Ceremonies to 
 Her Majesty in 1817, a Deputy- 
 Lieutenant for Cheshire in the same 
 year and shortly afterwards a 
 K.G .C, of the Order of Leopold of 
 Belgium. He earned literary dis- 
 tinction as the author of "^"^ Annals 
 of the Wars of the Eighteenth and 
 Nineteenth Centuries," a standard 
 Avork of military history, and a 
 pamphlet on "Colonies and Colonial 
 Government." He was made an 
 honorary D.C.L. of Oxford in 1854. 
 
DACRE— DALHOUSIE. 
 
 239 
 
 D. 
 
 DACRE, Dowager Baroness, 
 Eight Hon. Barbarina Brand 
 [1787—1854], third daughter of 
 Admiral Sir Chalonor Ogle, Knight 
 and Baronet, married first Valen- 
 tine Henry Wilmot, of Farn- 
 borough, and secondly Thomas 
 Brand, 21st Lord Dacre, who died 
 in ISol. She "was a very accom- 
 plished woman, and her writings 
 met with much success in their 
 day. Her poetical works, entitled 
 "Dramas, Translations, and Occa- 
 sional Poems/' were printed in 
 1821. One of the dramas, '' Ida," 
 was produced at Drury Lane in 
 1815, but was not a success. Her 
 book also contained several transla- 
 tions of the sonnets of Petrarch, 
 and in 1832 Ugo Foscolo dedicated 
 his volume of essaj's on Petrarch 
 to her. In 1831 Lady Dacre edited 
 her daughter, Mrs. Sullivan's " Ee- 
 collections of a Chaperon," and in 
 1835. " Her Tales of the Peerage 
 and Peasantrv." 
 
 DALE, Eev. Thomas, M.A. 
 [1797—1870], Canon of St. Paul's, 
 was educated at Christ's Hospital 
 and at Corpus Christi College, 
 Cambridge. He maintained him- 
 self at college chiefly by his pen, 
 and having graduated, was or- 
 dained in 1822. Having filled 
 various other curacies, &c., he 
 was made minister of St. Matthew's 
 chapel, Denmark Hill, in 1830. In 
 1828 he accepted a Professorship of 
 English language and Literature 
 at the London University, but re- 
 signed it in 1830, and from 183G to 
 1839 held a similar appointment in 
 King's College, London. In 1835 
 he became Vicar of St. Bride's, 
 Fleet Street, was advanced to a 
 canonry in St. Paxil's, in 1843, and 
 three years later was presented to 
 the Vicarage of St. Pancras. He 
 resigned the latter appointment in 
 1857 and was appointed Eector of 
 Therfield,Herts. He published three 
 volumes of poems in different years. 
 
 and they passed through several 
 editions, and were collected in 
 183f) into a single volume. Among 
 his other works may be mentioned 
 " A Translation of Sophocles," 182 1, 
 numerous sermons, an edition of 
 Cowper, &c. 
 
 DALHOUSIE, George Eamsay, 
 9th Earl of [1770—1838], was edu- 
 cated at the High School in Edin- 
 burgh, and at the University. He 
 entered the army as cornet in the 
 3rd Dragoons, in 1788, went out to 
 Gibraltar to join the Eoyals, and 
 was made captain, 1791, and in 
 1794 was promoted to a lieutenant- 
 colonelcy. He took part in the 
 suppression of the Irish rebellion 
 in 1798, and in 1799 went to 
 Holland. He was appointed to the 
 staff in the Peninsula, and was en- 
 gaged at Vittoria and the Pyrenees, 
 where he distinguished himself and 
 received the thanks of Parliament. 
 He was made peer of the United 
 Kingdom in 1815, commanded in 
 Nova Scotia in 181G, and was made 
 Governor-in-chief of the forces in 
 North America in 1819. He was 
 made general in 1830. 
 
 DALHOUSIE, James Andrew 
 Broun Eamsay, Marquis of Dal- 
 housie, was the last of the historic 
 Gc)veruors General under the East 
 India Company, and may be ranked 
 with Warren Hastings, and the 
 Marquis AVellesley. He was the 
 third son of the ninth Earl of Dal- 
 housie, but the early death of his 
 brothers and father, made him 
 tenth earl when quite a youth. He 
 was born in 1812, was educated at 
 Harrow, and Christchurch, Oxford, 
 and in 1837 was elected Member for 
 Haddington, but in the following 
 year he was, by his father's death, 
 removed to the Upper House. In 
 neither House was he brilliant in 
 debate, but his adniinistrative 
 faculty was soon recognised by the 
 Tory leaders. In 1813 he became 
 Vice President of the Board of 
 Trade, and when, in lS-14, Mr. 
 Gladstone resigned the office of 
 President, he was succeeded by 
 
210 
 
 DALHOUSIE. 
 
 Loi"d Dalhousie, who was so much in 
 favour with both X)artieSj that when 
 the Whigs came into power Lord 
 John Eussell asked him to remain 
 in office. Lord Dalhousie declined, 
 but at the end of 1817 the Whig 
 Premier appointed the young Con- 
 servative Peer Governor General of 
 India, and he arrived at Calcutta 
 Jan, 12, 1818. At that time the 
 spirit of the whole Sikh population 
 was influenced by the most bitter 
 animosity against us : chief after 
 chief deserted our cause ; nearly 
 the whole army and council of 
 Eegency were openly arrayed 
 against us ; the Sikhs courted an 
 Afghan alliance, and the question 
 was no longer one of policy, but of 
 national safety. Lord Dalhousie 
 was a man of conunanding energy, 
 of indomitable courage, with the 
 intellect of a ruler of men, and the 
 spirit of a conqueror. Three 
 months after his arrival in India, 
 Moolraj, at Mooltan, murdered the 
 British officers Vans Agnew and 
 Anderson. By September, General 
 Whish was before Mooltan with an 
 avenging force, and on Oct. 5 Lord 
 Dalhousie announced a general war 
 against the Sikh Sirdars, and like 
 another Clive he conquered, 
 annexed, and reorganised the Pvm- 
 jaub in six months. His difficulties 
 were not yet at an end. The king 
 of Upper Burmah violated the 
 treaty of Yandaboo by a gross 
 outrage on certain British traders 
 in the Port of Eangoon, and, every 
 peaceful effort having failed, the 
 Government of India fought a 
 second Burmese war, and took pos- 
 session of the kingdom of Pegu, 
 thiis uniting the territories of 
 Arakan and Tenasserim into the 
 Province of British Burmah. The 
 consolidation of the Empire now 
 became the great work of Lord Dal- 
 housie. He made additions to the 
 British administration, not only by 
 conquest, but by annexing native 
 states, which lapsed to the suzerain 
 power on the failure of heirs, or, as 
 in the case of Oudh. for outra.ge 
 
 for the most 
 annexations ; 
 instances he 
 
 and hopeless misrule. To the king- 
 doms of the Punjaub and Pegu, 
 won by conquest, and to the king- 
 dom of Oudh, Lord Dalhousie 
 added that of Nagpore, " in the 
 absence of legal heirs." He also 
 added the Province of Berar, ceded 
 by the Nizam, for the permanent 
 maintenance of the Hyderabad con- 
 tingent (Nagj)ore and Berar are 
 now united in the Presidency of 
 Bombay); his last annexations were 
 the principality of Sattara and the 
 little chiefship of Jhansi. Yet 
 Dalhousie was l)y no means a mere 
 imperial pro-consul, thirsting to 
 enlarge the territory of his own 
 state at any risk. There was 
 reason enough to make out a 
 plausible case, even 
 questionable of his 
 and in one or two 
 resolved on annexation reluctantly, 
 and because things had come to 
 such a pass that he saw no safe 
 alternative. But however inevitable 
 these annexations might appear to 
 the English mind, none the less 
 must a succession of such acts pro- 
 duce a profound emotion among the 
 races in whose midst they were 
 accomplished. Lord Dalhousie had 
 not that dramatic instinct, that 
 sympathetic insight, by which a 
 statesman is enabled to understand 
 the feelings of races and men 
 wholly different from himself. The 
 subversion of thrones, the annexa- 
 tion of states, seemed to the natives 
 of India to form part of that vast 
 scheme for the uprooting of their 
 national religions and systems, con- 
 cerning which so many vague fore- 
 bodings had darkly warned the 
 land ; and, naturally enough, the 
 Indians preferred bad native rule 
 to the best of alien government. 
 For Lord Dalhousie's government 
 was of the best ; he introduced im- 
 provements, and reformed abuses 
 beyond number. He opened the 
 Civil Service to all native-born 
 subjects of the Crown, black and 
 white ; he introduced cheap postage 
 into India j he made railways j he 
 
DALIIOUSIE. 
 
 2 a 
 
 set up lines of electric telegraph; 
 and was the founder of a compre- 
 hensive scheme of native educa- 
 tion. He devoted much of his 
 attention to irrigation, to the work 
 of the Ganges Canal, and made the 
 great roads from Delhi through the 
 Punjaub, from Simla to Tibet, and 
 from Assam to Pegu. Trade and 
 agriculture were ever before him, 
 as though he had no other work to 
 do ; cotton and tea, iron and coal, 
 salt, and other resources, were 
 cai-efully dcveloixjd by him, and he 
 created a forest department. With 
 an iron hand he put down suttee in 
 u.itivc states, female infanticide, 
 and human sacrifice in our ownj 
 and he made treaties from the 
 Somaleo coast of Africa to the 
 Euphrat<?s and the Irrawaddy to 
 suppress the slave trade. Xor was 
 he blind to the danger of a native 
 rising ; he knew that England was 
 safe only so long as her power was 
 clearly felt, and his last official act 
 was to send home a series of 
 minutes pressing for a reorganisa- 
 tion and increase of the British 
 garrison., which had been reduced 
 to twenty -two white regiments. 
 This number Lord Dalhousie held 
 was insufficient, and he advised the 
 addition of fifteen white regiments, 
 and the reduction of the Sepoy 
 force by 14,000 men. It is impossi- 
 ble to say whether, had these 
 • •hanges been made, the mutiny 
 might have been averted. India 
 was ripe for rebellion ; the Afijhan 
 war had long since taught her 
 that British forces were not in- 
 vincible ; the news that reached 
 her of our difficulties in the 
 Crimea led her to imagine that 
 England was a waning power. 
 The train was laid, and the affair 
 of the greased cartridges was the 
 match that fired it. In 1855 Lord 
 Dalhousie's health had broken 
 do\\*n^ but he refused to leave his 
 post, and remained in India imtil 
 xVlarch C, 1S5G. His health was by 
 that time ruined ; he knew that he 
 had nothing but death to look for- 
 
 ward to, but his last hours must 
 have been embittered by the igno- 
 rant and unthinking denunciations 
 wliich tlie outbreak of the mutiny 
 called down on him, his work, and 
 his policy. The many chai-ges then 
 made against him may now be 
 reduced to these — that he lacked 
 the imagination to foresee the in- 
 evitable results of a series of con- 
 quests and annexations, and that 
 he ignored or misunderstood the 
 condition of the Sepoy army. Yet 
 never was there in any country an 
 alien administration of more suc- 
 cessful activity than that of Lord 
 Dalhousie's, and his deeds, if done 
 in Europe, would have ranked him 
 with the greatest leaders of otu' 
 day. He died at Dalhousie Castle, 
 Dec. 19, ISGO, aged -18. Accounts 
 of his administration v.'ill be found 
 in Marshman's "History of India," 
 vol. 3, Sir Charles Jackson's " Vin- 
 dication of the Policy of Dal- 
 housie's Indian Administriition," 
 and the Duke of Argyll's "India 
 under Dalhousie and Canning." 
 
 DALHOUSIE, 11th Earl of. 
 Right Hon. Fox Maule Eamsat, 
 K.T., G.C.B. [1801—1871], was the 
 eldest son of the Hon. William 
 Eamsay.who succeeded through his 
 grandmother Jean, daughter of the 
 Hon. Harry Maule, of Kellie, to the 
 estates of the Earls of Panmure, 
 and took the name of Maule, and 
 was created Baron Panmure in 
 1831. He was educated at the 
 Charterhouse, and on leaving school 
 entered the Army in the 7*Jth 
 Highlanders, from which regiment 
 he retired ■v\'ith the rank of captain. 
 He was elected M.P. for Perthshire 
 in the Liberal interest in 1S31, and 
 on the formation of the Melbourne 
 Ministry in 1835 became Under- 
 Secretary for the Home Depart- 
 ment. Though ejected from the 
 representation of Perthshire in 
 1837 he retained his office, and was 
 in 1838 elected member for the Elgin 
 burghs. He was again retui-ned 
 for Perth in 1811, and became Vice- 
 President of the Board of Trade, 
 
2i2 
 
 DALLAS— D ALTON. 
 
 and in 1846 Secretary at War, with 
 a seat in the Cabinet, a post he held 
 till 1852, when he went out to 
 India as President of the Board 
 of Control. The dissolution of 
 the Eussell Cabinet prevented 
 Mr. Fox Maule from trying his 
 powers as an Indian reformer, 
 and he, about the same time, suc- 
 ceeded his father in the peerage, 
 taking his place in the House 
 of Lords as Lord Panmure in 
 1852. Lord Panmure did not 
 hold office in Lord Aberdeen's Ad- 
 ministration ; but on the formation 
 of Lord Palmerston's first Adminis- 
 tration in 1855, he was appointed 
 Minister of War. This {post was 
 no sinecure ; and Lord Panmure, 
 during part of the Crimean War. 
 discharged the duties devolving 
 upon him with exemplary diligence. 
 His lordshii?, who was created K.T. 
 in 1853, and a G.C.B. in 1857, suc- 
 ceeded to the Earldom of Dalhousie 
 on the death of his cou.sin, the Go- 
 vernor-General of India, in 1860. He 
 took an active part in ecclesiastical 
 affairs, and was an influential mem- 
 ber of the Free Church of Scotland. 
 
 DALLAS, Eneas Sweetland, 
 was born in the West Indies, 
 but came to England and settled 
 in Loiidon, where he devoted him- 
 self to literature. Among his 
 works maybe mentioned, " Poetics/' 
 published in 1852, a long essay in 
 two vols. ujDon criticism, called 
 •"^The Gay Science,'' which ap- 
 peared about 1869, an edition of 
 Eichardson's "Clarissa," and one 
 of La Kochefoucauld's " Maximes." 
 He was a regular contributor to the 
 Times, and was well known in the 
 literary and theatrical circles of 
 London. He married the actress. 
 Miss Glyn, well known for her 
 Shakespearian readings. He died 
 very suddenly at his house in New- 
 man-street, Jan. 15, 1879. 
 
 DALTON, John, D.C.L. [1766— 
 1811], F.E.S., a President of the 
 Literary and Philosophical Society 
 of Manchester, was the son of 
 Joseph Dalton, a small farmer of 
 
 Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth, in 
 Cumberland. He was educated at 
 a school in his native j)lace kept by 
 a Quaker, and at the age of fifteen 
 went to Kendal to become an usher 
 in his cousin George Bewley's 
 school. There he became acquainted 
 with a Mr. Gough, who was keenly 
 interested in the study of natural 
 philosophy, and who allowed him 
 the use of his library, and himself 
 gave him some instruction. On 
 Mr. Gough 's recommendation in 
 1793, Dalton was appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Mathematics and Natural 
 Philosophy at the New College, 
 Mosley-street, Manchester, in Avhich 
 toAvn he spent the rest of his life. 
 The College was removed to York 
 in 1799, when Dalton resigned his 
 professorship, and gave private les- 
 sons in the same subjects. Later 
 he became a public lecturer, and 
 delivered his first course of twenty 
 lectures in the rooms of the Literary 
 and Philosojjhical Society of Man- 
 chester. He ha<l been for some 
 years Secretary and A'^ice-President 
 of that Society, and in 1817 was 
 elected President, and was re- 
 elected every year till his death. 
 His "New System of Chemical Phi- 
 losophy" (1808), in which he de- 
 veloj)ed the atomic theory as it is 
 now commonly received, may be 
 regarded as one of the epoch-inaking 
 works of science, comparable with 
 the works of Cuvier, and even of 
 Darwin. In 1826 he received the 
 Eoyal Society's first gold medal for 
 his discoveries in science, was made 
 a D.C.L. of Oxford, 1832, received a 
 pension of j£150 a year from Wil- 
 liam IV., and in 1831; was made an 
 LL.D. of Edinburgh University. 
 In 1836 his pension was raised to 
 ,£300 a year. His friends in Man- 
 chester subscribed .£2,000 and em- 
 ployed Chantrey to execute a statue 
 of him in marble, which was placed 
 in the entrance hall of the Eoyal 
 Manchester Institution. He died 
 at the age of 78, and received a 
 public funeral. His body lay in 
 state in the Town Hall, and was 
 
DALY— DANBY. 
 
 213 
 
 visited by upwai'ds of -10,000 
 people in a siuj^le day. Auiout^ his 
 ■works may be mentioned " Meteoro- 
 log'ical Observations and Essays," 
 8vo, published in 1793, soon after 
 he ■Nvent to Manchester ; " A New 
 System of Chemical Philosoi^hy," 
 IbOS, and innumerable papers on 
 heat, vapour, evaporation, rain, 
 wind, &.C., which appeared in the 
 " Manchester Transactions," Nichol- 
 son's Journal, the "Philosophical 
 Transactions," and the Philosophical 
 Magazine. 
 
 DALY, Sir Dominic [1798— 
 ISGSJ, son of Dominic Daly, Esq., 
 and nephew of the fii-st Lord 
 Wallscourt. Having obtained an 
 appointment in the colonial admi- 
 nistration, he acted for nearly 
 twenty-six years as Chief Secretary 
 in Canada, during which time he 
 was sent on several important mis- 
 sions by the local legislature, and 
 was aj^i^ointed, in 1851, Governor of 
 the island of Tobago ; whence, in 
 ISol, he was promoted to the post 
 of Lieutenant-Governor of Prince 
 Edward's Island, receiving the 
 honour of knighthood. This ap- 
 pointment he held until 1859, and 
 he succeeded Sir R. G. Macdonnell 
 as Governor of South Australia in 
 Nov., 18G1. 
 
 DALZELL, Sir John Graham, 
 Gth Bart., of Binns, antiquarian 
 and historian, was the second son 
 of Eobert, the fourth Bart., and 
 was admitted to the Scottish Bar 
 as advocate in 1797. He devoted 
 himself to the important collections 
 of MSS. in the Advocates' Library, 
 making numerous transcripts, dis- 
 tinguished for their accurac}' and 
 careful editorship. He Avas knighted 
 in 1836, and succeeded to the family 
 title on the death of his elder bro- 
 ther. Sir James, in 1811. Among 
 his best known works are : " Frag- 
 ments of Scottish History," 1798; 
 " Scottish Poems of the Sixteenth 
 Century," 1801; "Journal of Ki- 
 chard Bannatyne," 1806 ; " Darker 
 Superstitions of Scotland," 1831; 
 and " Kare and Remarkable Animals 
 
 of Scotland/' 1817-8. He died June 
 7, 1851. 
 
 DANBY, Francis, A.E. A. He was 
 born in Co. Wexford, Nov. 16, 1792, 
 and was educated in Dublin, where 
 he studied art with O'Connor. In 
 1813 he went to Bristol and settled 
 there as a drawing master, sending 
 pictures from time to time to the 
 London exhibitions. Among these 
 was the " Upas Tree," exhibited at 
 the British Institution in 1820, and 
 now in the South Kensington Mu- 
 seum. But it was not till the 
 exhibition of his " Sunset at Sea 
 after a Storm," in 1821, that 
 Danby's work attracted much public 
 notice. This picture was bought 
 by Sir Thomas Lawrence, and 
 encouraged by this success Danby 
 came to London in 1825, and ex- 
 hibited in 1S28 a still more re- 
 markable picture, " The Delivery of 
 Israel out of Egypt," which procured 
 his election as A.R.A. This work, 
 now at Stafford House, and several 
 others of later date, are in the style 
 of John Martin's extraordinary com- 
 positions, but Danby is most distin- 
 guished for his evening sea pieces, 
 generally sunsets. A rupture be- 
 tween himself and the Academy 
 was among the causes which in- 
 duced him to leave England in 
 1829. For eleven years he lived on 
 the Continent, mainly in Switzer- 
 land, and during this time sent 
 only two pictures to the London 
 exhibitions, but on his return to 
 England in 1811 he renewed his 
 contributions to the Academy, and 
 continued to exhibit there until his 
 death, which occurred at Exmouth 
 in 1861. Danby exhibited 69 works, 
 matiy of which have been engraved. 
 There is a small landscape by him 
 in the National Gallery. 
 
 DANBY, James Francis, son of 
 the above, was born at Bristol in 
 1816. He was a member of th^' 
 Society of British Artists, and a 
 constant exhibitor at the Academy. 
 He exhibited 123 paintings, for the 
 most i^art sunset effects, lie died 
 on Oct. 22, 1875. 
 
 £, 2 
 
244 
 
 DANIELL— DARK. 
 
 DANIELL, Thomas, R.A. He , 
 
 ■vvas the son of an innkeeper at i 
 Chertsey, and was born at King's- j 
 ton-on-Tliames, in 1749. After ; 
 having served his time to a heraldic 
 painter, he entered the Academy 
 schools in 1773, and in the follow- 
 ing year exhibited his first picture | 
 and sent landscapes and flower- j 
 pieces to the Academy exhibition 
 until 1784. In that year he went 
 to India, taking with him his 
 nephew, William Daniell, and the 
 two worked together for ten years 
 in what was then a new field for 
 artists. On their return to Eng- 
 land they began the publication of 
 their " Oriental Scenery," which 
 was completed in G vols, in 1808. 
 In 1795 Thomas sent some Indian 
 subjects to the Academy, and in 
 the next year was made an asso- 
 ciate and member in 1799. He 
 continued to exhibit Indian sub- 
 jects from time to time until 1828, 
 after which date his name ceases 
 to appear in the catalogue. He 
 exhibited 135 pictures, of which 
 one is in the National Gallery. 
 Besides the "Oriental Scenery," 
 he published the following Avorks : 
 " Views in Egypt ; " " Hindoo Ex- 
 cavations in Ellora ; " and " Pictu- 
 resque Voyage to China by way 
 of India." He was a Fellow of the 
 Royal Society, of the Asiatic 
 Society, and of the Society of Anti- 
 quaries. He died at Kensington^ 
 March 19, 1840. 
 
 DANIELL, William, R.A. He 
 was born in 17G9, nephew of the 
 above, whom he accompanied to 
 India in 1784. On his return lie 
 exhibited an Indian landscape — his 
 first picture in the Academy, and for 
 some years continued painting In- 
 dian subjects. In 1802 he began 
 painting in Scotland and the north- 
 ern English counties. He was made 
 an A ssociate of the Academy in 1807, 
 and member in 1822. Of the six vol- 
 umes of " Oriental Scenery," which 
 he published in conjunction with 
 his uncle, five were engraved in 
 aquatint by him. He also pub- 
 
 lished "A Picturesque Voyage to 
 India ; " " Zoography ; " " Ani- 
 mated Nature," 1807; ''Views of 
 London," 1812; and "Views of 
 Bhootan," from the drawings of his 
 brother Samuel. In 1814 he began 
 his " Voyage round Great Britain," 
 and to it devoted his summers 
 until its completion in 1825. In 
 1832 he, in conjunction with Mr. 
 Parris, painted a panorama of 
 Madras, and later, without help, 
 one of " The City of Lucknow." In 
 addition to all this black and white 
 and panorama work, he exhibited 
 232 pictures. He died at New 
 Camden Tovai, 1837. One of his 
 best pictures, the " View of the 
 Long Walk, Windsor," is in the 
 Royal Collection. 
 
 DARGAN, William, capitalist 
 and railway contractor, was born 
 in Ireland at the beginning of the 
 present century. He received a 
 good education, and on leaving 
 school was placed in a surveyor's 
 office. He was first engaged under 
 Telford in constructing the Holy- 
 head road, after which he re- 
 turned to Ireland, and embarked 
 in several minor undertakings, gain- 
 ing enough to form the nucleus 
 of a princely fortune, 
 contractor of the 
 KingstoAvn Railway, 
 Ireland, after which there was 
 scarcely a public work in Ireland, 
 with which he was not connected. 
 He was also an extensive holder of 
 railway stock, a steamboat proprie- 
 tor, flax-grower, and farmer. He 
 is said to have advanced as much 
 as ^100,000 towards the founding 
 of the Dublin Industrial Exhibi- 
 tion. It was arranged that if at 
 the close of the Exhibition, the 
 profits were sufficient, Mr. Dargan 
 was to be repaid his advances, with 
 5 per cent, interest ; if insufficient, 
 the loss Avas to be entirely his own. 
 The result was, unfortunately, that 
 he came off with a loss of some 
 ^820,000. He died Feb. 7, 1867. 
 
 DARK, James Henry [1795 — 
 1871], who began life in a humble 
 
 He was the 
 Dublin and 
 the first in 
 
DARLEY— DARAVTX. 
 
 213 
 
 capacity in Lord's Cricket Ground, 
 in 1830 bought the unexpired lease 
 of the ground, then held by Mr. 
 "Ward, and two years after, l)uilt 
 the spacious tennis court, with 
 billiard and bath rooms attached, 
 which is now in possession of the 
 M.C.C. 
 
 DARLEY, George. Except that 
 he was born in Dublin in 17S5, little 
 is known of the early life of Geoi'ge 
 Darley. He was a student of ma- 
 thematics, and wrote poetry and 
 prose for the Athenaeum and other 
 papers of the same class. His verses 
 recall those of the early poets, 
 whose manner he carefully studied, 
 and has well described in his pre- 
 face to Moxon's edition of Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher. Among his 
 original writings are "Familiar 
 Astronomy," '* Popular Algebra," 
 " Geometrical Companion," •' Errors 
 of Extasie and other Poems." 
 " Thomas a Becket, a Tragedy," 
 and '• Ethelstan." He died in lSi6. 
 
 DAELIXG, Grace Horsley, 
 whose death occurred on October 
 20, 18 A2, was the daughter of 
 William Darling, the keeper of the 
 Longstone lighthouse, situated on 
 a group of the Fame Islands, on 
 the coast of Xorthumberland, and 
 Wiis born in 1815. She was only 
 twenty-two when the incident oc- 
 curred which has made her name 
 famous. The " Forfarshire" steamer, 
 bound from Hull to Dundee with a 
 valuable cargo, and having on 
 board forty-one pissengers, was 
 completely wrecked in a terrible 
 storm, which occurred Septembers. 
 1838, off the Fame Islands. All 
 but nine of the crew were drowned, 
 and these managed to cling to the 
 wreck, hoping if they could hold 
 out long enough that someone 
 
 
 
 would come to their rescue. The 
 Darlings could see these poor 
 people from the lighthouse, but 
 William Darling thought it impos- 
 sible to get anv boat through such 
 a raging sea, and it was only Grace's 
 urgent entreaties that made him 
 consent to start with her on their 
 
 perilous journey. The difficulties 
 of the undertaking were almost in- 
 surmountable ; but father and 
 daughter rowed on with tremen- 
 dous courage and determina- 
 tion, and at last reached the 
 survivors, whom they took back 
 to the lighthouse, where, owing to 
 the continuance of the storm, they 
 had to remain for several days. A 
 subscription of TOOL was raised for 
 Grace, and was invested for her 
 benefit under the trusteeship of the 
 Duke of Xorthumberland and 
 Archdeacon Thorpe, besides which 
 she received numerous testimonials 
 of greater or less value from ad- 
 miring strangers. She died of con- 
 sumption at the house of her 
 sister in Bamborough, in which 
 place she is buried. 
 
 DARWIX, Charles Egbert. 
 He was the grandson of Erasmus 
 Darwin, author of " The Botanic 
 Garden ; " and of Josiah Wedgwood. 
 His father, Robert Waring Darwin, 
 was a physician at Shrewsbury, 
 where Charles Robert Darwin was 
 born, Feb. 12, 1809. He was edu- 
 cated fi.rst at Shrewsbury school, 
 under Dr. Butler, and afterwards 
 at Edinburgh University. Here 
 he studied, among other subjects, 
 marine zoology, and towards the 
 close of 182t3,read two short papers 
 before the Plinian Society of the 
 University. After spencling two 
 sessions at Edinburgh, Darwin 
 entered Chi-ist's College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he graduated B.A. 
 in i831, proceeding to M.A. in 
 1837. The intervening years were 
 the most eventful of his life. In 
 the autumn of 1831 Captain Fitz- 
 ro}' oifered to give up a part of his 
 cabin to any naturalist who would 
 accompany H. M. S. Beagle in her 
 surveying voyage i-ound the world. 
 Darwin volunteered his services 
 without salary, on condition that 
 he should have the entire disposal 
 of his collections ; and he eventu- 
 ally bestowed them on various 
 public institutions. The Beagle 
 sailed on Dee. 27, 1S31, and re- 
 
2iG 
 
 DARWIN. 
 
 turned Oct. 28, 1836, and during- 
 tliose five years circumnavigated 
 the world. Throug-liout the entire 
 voyage Darwin suffered terribly 
 from sea-sickness, yet single-handed 
 he did more for natural history 
 in its various departments than 
 any expedition has done since, and 
 in the simple yet intensely interest- 
 ing "Naturalist's Voyage Round 
 the World," we can trace the germs 
 of all that he did afterwards. In 
 this, as in all Darwin's best kno-\vn 
 and most influential works, there 
 is a wonderful simplicity and free- 
 dom from technicalities. The first 
 edition was published in 18i5, but 
 it was preceded by an account of 
 the zoology of the voyage, jDub- 
 lished under the superintendence 
 of Darwin in ISJO ; and two j'ears 
 later he lirought out liis first origi- 
 nal contribution to science, " Struc- 
 ture and Distribution of Coral 
 Reefs" (18i2), and '^ Volcanic 
 Islands visited during the Voyage 
 of the Beagle." In iSJG he pub- 
 lished " Geological Observations in 
 South America." In the meantime 
 Mr. Darwin had settled at Down, 
 Beckenham, Kent, where he lived, 
 and where, on April 19, 1882, he 
 died. Three years after his return 
 he married his cousin, Emma 
 Wedgwood, with whom he lived a 
 happy and singularly uneventful 
 life. Three of their sons are now 
 eminent men of science. From the 
 time that he took up his residence at 
 Down, Mr. Darwin's life was marked 
 only by the publication of those 
 works which have revolutionized 
 modern thought. No one who had 
 not reached manhood at the time of 
 the publication of " The Origin of 
 Species by means of Natural Selec- 
 tion " (1859), can realise the tem- 
 pest of conflicting opinion which it 
 roused. Without entering into 
 technicalities unsuited for this 
 work, we may say that the main 
 thesis of the " Origin of Species " 
 was that the different species of 
 animals and plants are not derived 
 from separately created ancestors. 
 
 but are evolved by steps that can 
 be clearly traced. The individuals 
 best adapted to their environments 
 survive in the " struggle for exist- 
 ence ; " the rest tend to die off. Of 
 the offsjDring, tliose that repeat the 
 strongest characteristics of the 
 parent survive, and in their turn 
 repeat themselves, and thus a 
 " species " is formed. Thus the 
 history of living creatures has been 
 a gradual but very slow ascent, 
 from the simpler elements to the 
 more complex. Theologians at 
 once laid hold of this book as con- 
 taining statements subversive of 
 all the received vicvrs as to the 
 origin of man ; and for a long time 
 the controversy raged very fiercely, 
 Mr. Darwin himself taking no part 
 in it. The "Origin of Species," 
 the most momentous of all his 
 works, was followed by " The Fer- 
 tilisation of Orchids " (1802) ; 
 " Cross and Self-Fertilisation of 
 Plants" (1867); "Variation of 
 Plants and Animals under Domes- 
 tication " (1868); and in 1871, 
 "The Descent of Man and Selec- 
 tion in relation to Sex," a v/ork 
 which caused even greater conster- 
 nation in orthodox circles than the 
 " Origin of Species " had evoked. 
 Yet this, like all Darwin's later 
 works, was but a development of 
 the great principles applied in the 
 "Origin of Species." In 1878, in 
 his " Forms of Flowers," Darwin 
 published the results of his investi- 
 gations in a different direction, and 
 variovis papers in scientific publica- 
 tions on the agency of insects in 
 fertilisation, opened up a new field 
 which has led to results of the 
 greatest interest and the greatest 
 infiuence on the knowledge of the 
 ways of plants. Other works on 
 similar subjects are those " On the 
 Movements and Halnts of Climbing 
 Plants ; " " Insectivorous Plants ; " 
 and " The Movements of Plants." 
 In 1872 he pviblished "The Ex- 
 pression of the Emotions in Men 
 and Animals," Avhich is, perhaps, 
 the most amusing of Darwin's 
 
DAUBEXEY— DAVEXrORT. 
 
 2J7 
 
 works, and a few months befora 
 his death he brought out a book 
 upon " Earthworms," investing 
 tho^e creatures with an ahnost 
 human interest. Darwin was never 
 a robust man, and the unceasing 
 sickness of his voyage in the Beagle 
 imi>aired his health for life. For 
 many years before his death he had 
 been an invalid, but the end was 
 sudden. He was buried in West- 
 minster Abbey, April 2G, 1882. 
 
 DAUBENEY, Charles Giles 
 Bridle [1795 — 1807], F. R. S., 
 M.Ii.I.A., Foreign Associate of the 
 Academy of Sciences at Munich, 
 S:c., younger son of the late Kev. 
 James Daubeney, born at Stratton, 
 Gloucestershire, in 1705, was edu- 
 cated at Magdalen College, Oxford, 
 where he graduated B.A. in 1814, 
 and proceeded to his other degrees. 
 He obtained a lay fellowshij) in his 
 college, and applied himself to the 
 study of medicine, in which fa<}ulty 
 he graduated, and for several years 
 practised at Oxford. Having left 
 the profession in 1829, he devoted 
 himself to the physical sciences, 
 especially to chemistry and botany. 
 He was Professor of Chemistry at 
 Oxford from 1822 to 1855 ; also Cura- 
 tor of the Botanical Gardens, and 
 Professor of Botany and Rural 
 Economy. Dr. Daubeney, who took 
 an active part in the meetings held 
 for the promotion of physical 
 science, and especially in those of 
 the British Association, of which 
 he was President in 1856, was a 
 voluminous wi'iter on scientific sub- 
 jects. His chief Avorks were a 
 Description of Active and Extinct 
 Volcanoes, of which a second edi- 
 tion appeared in 1S18 ; an Intro- 
 duction to the Atomic Theory, of 
 which a second edition was pub- 
 lished in 1850 ; Lectures on Roman 
 Agriculture, in 1857 ; Lectures on 
 Climate, in 1862, and "Essays on 
 the Trees and Shrubs of the 
 Ancients," in 1865. 
 
 DAVENPORT, John [1761.— 
 1818], Deputy - Lieutenant for 
 Staffordshire, and M.P. for Stoke- 
 
 upon-Trent, was the head of the 
 celebrated firm of manufacturers of 
 glass and porcelain, at Longport 
 and NcH-poi-t. The Messrs. Daven- 
 poi't began business at Longport in 
 1791, and in 1801 introduced the 
 manufacture of flint glass, or 
 crystal, for the ornamenting and 
 cutting of which they invented the 
 machinery. The}' also produced 
 some remarkable specimens of 
 stained glass, the best perhaps 
 being the window of St. Mark's 
 Church, Liverpool. Mr. Davenport 
 was three times returned to Parlia- 
 ment for Stoke-upon-Trent, in 
 1832, 1835, and 1837, and retired in 
 1811. 
 
 DAVENPORT, Mrs. [1759— 
 18-13], was born at Launceston, 
 Cornwall, and was the daughter of 
 a Mr. Harvey of that place. She 
 made her first appearance on the 
 stage at the Bath theatre, when she 
 was about twenty, and first per- 
 formed at Co vent Garden in 1791, 
 as Mrs. Hardcastle, in '' She Stoops 
 to Conquer," in which she was very 
 successful. She remained at that 
 house, then under the management 
 of the late Mr. Harris, for thirty- 
 eight years, and was associated 
 with John Kemble, Mrs. Siddons 
 (with both of whom she was a great 
 favourite), Holman, LcAvis, &c. 
 Her husband, Mr. Davenport, a 
 very meritorious actor, and secre- 
 tary to the Theatrical Fund, died 
 in 1841. 
 
 DAVENPORT, William Brom- 
 ley, M.P. [1821—1881-], was the 
 eldest son of the Rev. Walter Daven- 
 port Bromley, of Wootton Hill, Staf- 
 fordshire, who assumed the addi- 
 tional name of Bromley in 1822. 
 He was educated at Harrow and 
 Christ Church, Oxford. He was a 
 magistrate and deputy-lieutenant 
 for Staffordshire and Warwick- 
 shire, and for some years Lieute- 
 nant-Colonel of the Staffordshire 
 Yeomanry Cavalry, and a Militia 
 A.D.C. to the Queen. He first 
 entered Parliament in 1861 as 
 M.P. for the northern division of 
 
2 AS 
 
 DAVIES— DAVIS. 
 
 Warwickshire in the Conservative 
 interest, and represented that 
 place till his death. He died sud- 
 denly at Lichfield of heart disease, 
 while trying to quell a serious dis- 
 turbance which had occurred in 
 that city among members of the 
 Queen's Own iioyal Staffordshire 
 Yeomanry, who were out for their 
 annual week's training under his 
 command. Mr. Bromley Davenport 
 was a bright and interesting writer 
 on field-sports. 
 
 DAYIES, ScROPE Berdmore, 
 M.A., Senior Fellow of King's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, graduated B.A. 
 1806, M.A. 1809. He was an inti- 
 mate friend of Lord Byron, who, 
 on his death-bed, sent him a ring 
 by his valet Fletcher, and who 
 compliments him in the dedica- 
 tion to his '' Parisina." Mr. Davies 
 was almost the last of that circle 
 in London of which Lord Byron, 
 Douglas Kinnaird, Hobhouse, 
 Biekersteth, Brummell, and Lord 
 Alvanley were members. Having 
 lost almost all his fortune, he went 
 to live in Paris, where he died 
 May 24, 1852, at an advanced age. 
 
 DAVIS, Thomas Osborne, who 
 was a leader and, to a great extent, 
 the founder of the Young Ireland 
 Party, was born at Mallow in 1815, 
 and was educated at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin, where he graduated 
 in 183G ; two years later he was 
 called to the Irish Bar, but never 
 practised. Among his earliest 
 writings are a series of admirable 
 papers on the Irish Parliament of 
 James II., contributed to a monthly 
 magazine. The Citizen, but these 
 have never been republished, and 
 it was not until after the founda- 
 tion of The Nation newspaper in 
 1842 that Davis became in any 
 sense a popular wi-iter. Those 
 who have read O'Connell's organ. 
 The Pilot, will see how necessary 
 was some more intellectual paper 
 of nationalistic viev,-3 if it was to 
 appeal to the educated classes, 
 and m the hands of Davis, J. B. 
 Dillon and Sir Charles (then Mr.) 
 
 Duffy The Nation became a paper 
 of high class, with little but its 
 name to identify it with its present 
 degenerate self. Davis, who was 
 a profound Celtic scholar and a 
 member of the Irish Historical 
 Society, vrrote ballads and articles on 
 historic and j^atriotic subjects, al- 
 ways pointing out that Celtic, Nor- 
 man and Saxon Irishmonwereinfact 
 one nation, and using his influence 
 to do away with those enmities of 
 race and creed out of which O'Con- 
 nell made such shameful capital. 
 But Davis was himself a Protes- 
 tant, one of the first who joined 
 the Repeal Association, and O'Cou- 
 nell's perpetual attacks on Protes- 
 tants and Saxons were offensive 
 in the last degree to the younger 
 leaders of both creeds and races. 
 Thus the relations between the 
 older and younger repealers be- 
 came strained, and The Nation gave 
 great offence to O'Connell by pub- 
 lishing war songs, and by not very 
 practical or prudent references to 
 *' the Sword." It appeared to the 
 younger men that an appeal to the 
 sword was so improbable that they 
 were quite willing to leave this 
 question of abstract principle an 
 open one, but not so O'Connell, 
 who demanded of them a denuncia- 
 tion of rebellion and civil war 
 under all circumstances ; this the 
 young men would not give, and as 
 a result the Young Ireland Party 
 separated from the Repeal Asso- 
 ciation. But before the formal 
 separation had taken place the 
 noblest spirit of the Young Ire- 
 landers had fled, for on Sept. 16, 
 181-5, Thomas Davis died. His 
 influence had been chiefly personal 
 — the result of a singularly chivaMo 
 and enthusiastic nature, free to a 
 remarkable extent from the preju- 
 dices of religion and politics, and 
 temj^ered by a cajpacity for seeing 
 and loving justice. His life had 
 been so short and so active that 
 his literary remains are, though 
 of high class, quite out of propor- 
 tion to his immense influence. 
 
DAWSON— DEAN E. 
 
 240 
 
 His " Life of Wolfo Tone " was in 
 the press when he died, and his 
 poems and literary and historic 
 essays, collected after his death, 
 form two volumes of Duffy's 
 "Library of Ireland." 
 
 DA WSOX, George "1821—1870", 
 a popular loctur<n-, -was born in the 
 parish of St. Pancras, London. 
 After receiving: his education from 
 his father, he proceeded to the 
 University of Glasgow, and took 
 the degree of M.A. He was in- 
 tended for the Baptist ministry, and 
 having remained at home some time, 
 an opening occurred at Birming- 
 ham in ISil, when he became 
 minister of Mount Zion Chapel in 
 that town. The peculiarities of 
 his ministrations, and chieflv a 
 disregard of the merely conven- 
 tional usages of the sacred oflBce, 
 alienated from him a portion of 
 the congregation of Mount Zion 
 Chapel, and a separation took 
 place, when the majority seceded 
 with the minister. A subscription 
 was immediately commenced for 
 the erection of a new chapel for 
 Mr. Dawson, and in Aug., 1847, 
 the edifice was opened as " The 
 Church of the Saviour.'' Mr. 
 Dawson did not advocate j^ecu- 
 liarities of doctrine, but rather 
 made an earnest desire for truth, 
 and a life of obedience to God and \ 
 charity to man, the great tests ' 
 of a Christian spirit. He was a 
 very popular literary lecturer. He 
 wrote very little under his own name, 
 but was the reputed author of a 
 series of articles which appeared 
 in the Birmingham Daily Press, 
 a newspaper of which he was the 
 principal proprietor, and which has 
 ceased to exist. At the request 
 of the corporation, Mr. Dawson 
 delivered the inaugural address, 
 since published, at the opening of 
 the Free Reference Library in Bir- 
 mingham, Oct. 20, 1806. Mr. 
 Dawson was a member of the Bir- 
 mingham School Board. On Jan. 2, 
 1871, a new Liberal daily paper 
 called the Birmingham Morning 
 
 NeiL's, appeared, of which Mr. Dawson 
 was editor. 
 
 DAY, Alexander [1772— 1811], 
 miniature painter, spent most of hifi 
 early life iu Italy, studying paint- 
 ings and sculpture. He was setth-d 
 in Eome during the war with Na- 
 ples, and was for some years a 
 prisoner in the hands of the French. 
 On his return to England ho 
 brought with him a large number of 
 pictures, among which were some of 
 the finest of those now in the National 
 Gallery. Of these were the " De- 
 scent of Bacchus,'' ''Ganymede," 
 and "Venus and Adonis," by Titian, 
 the "St. Catherine" of Eaphael, 
 and the portrait of Pope Juliu.=5, 
 attributed to him ; the " Ecce Homu "' 
 by Correggio ; "The Flight of St. 
 Peter," by Caracci ; " The Land 
 Storm," by Salvator Rosa ; '• Abi-a- 
 ham and Isaac," by Gaspar Pous- 
 sin; and the " St. Ambrose and the 
 Emperor Theodosius," by Yandyck. 
 His miniatures, particularly those 
 of women, were painted with great 
 delicacy. 
 
 DAY, William [1797—1815], 
 lithographer, of the firm of Day 
 and Haghe, worked untiringly to 
 perfect the art of lithography in 
 this country, and in conjunction 
 with Mr. Louis Haghe, produced 
 some of the most beautiful works 
 that have ever been printed from 
 stone. Among which the most 
 celebrated are: Vivian's "Spanish 
 Scenery," Miiller's "Age of Francis 
 I.," Lord Monson's "Views in the 
 Valley of the Isere," Gaily Knight's 
 " Views," the " Ecclesiastical Ar- 
 chitecture of Italy " by George 
 Moore, " Sketches in Afghanistan," 
 and Roberts's " Sketches in the 
 Holy Land." 
 
 DEANE, Sir Thomas, born at 
 Cork in 1792, was employed as an 
 architect by private individuals, by 
 the municipal authorities, and by the 
 Govei'nment, in most of the improve- 
 ments which were made in the neigh- 
 boiu'hood of Cork during his time. 
 Amongst the works with which his 
 name is associated, are the Old and 
 
250 
 
 DEANE— DEEEING. 
 
 New Savings Banks, the Bank of 
 Ireland, the Commercial Buildings, 
 the Queen's College, the Court 
 House, the City G-aol, and the 
 Anglesey Bridge in Cork, and the 
 greater part of the Naval and Ord- 
 nance Depots on Haulbowline Isle, 
 in the Cove of Cork. He received 
 the honour of knighthood from the 
 Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1830, 
 in recognition of his public services 
 and professional distinction. He 
 died Oct. 2, 1871. 
 
 DEANE, William Wood. Ho 
 was born about 1S2G, and was edu- 
 cated as an architect. In 1811 he 
 entered the Academy Schools, and 
 in that and the following year pre- 
 miums were awarded him by the 
 Institute of British Architects. In 
 1853 he exhibited at the Academy a 
 "View of St. Peter's, Eome," and 
 in the following years views of the 
 churches of Capri and Venice. Turn- 
 ing his attention more and more to 
 pictorial art he "was elected an Asso- 
 ciate of the Institute of Painters in 
 Water Colours in 1863, and four 
 years later full member, but in 
 1870 he resigned his membership 
 and was, in the next year, chosen 
 an Associate of the Old Society of 
 Painters in Water Colours, He 
 died in Jan., 1873, aged 47. 
 
 DEAS-THOMSON, Sir Ed- 
 ward, C.B., K.C.M.G., was the 
 youngest son of the late Sir John 
 Deas-Thomson, K.C.H., at one 
 time Accountant-General of the 
 Navy, and was born in 1809. He 
 was educated at the Edinburgh 
 High School and at Harrow, and in 
 1828 emigrated to New South Wales. 
 From 1837 to 1856 he was Colonial 
 Secretary, but resigned upon the 
 first introduction of responsible 
 government into the Colony. He 
 had a seat in the first New South 
 Wales Cabinet from 1856 to 1857. 
 He was Vice-Chancellor of the Syd- 
 ney University in 1862, Chancellor 
 in 1865 ; nominated C.B., Civil 
 Division, 1856, and K.C. of the 
 Colonial Order of St. Michael and 
 St. George, in 1874. In 1833 he 
 
 married Anna Maria, daughter of 
 General Sir Eichard Bourke, Go- 
 vernor of New South Wales. He 
 died Aug. 16, 1879. 
 
 DEASY, Lord Justice, The 
 Eight Hon. Eichard [1812—1883], 
 second son of Mr. Eichard Deasy of 
 Clonakilty, Cork, was educated at 
 Trinity College, Dublin, where he 
 graduated and was called to the 
 Bar in 1835. In 1819 he was made 
 a junior counsel. His learning and 
 ability made him a fit object of 
 promotion, and the fact that he 
 was of the same creed as the mass 
 of the people was an additional 
 motive for his advancement by the 
 Liberal Government. In 1855 he 
 became Member for Cork, and left 
 his mark on the Statute Book in a 
 laudable effort to settle the land 
 question in Ireland by an Act of 
 Parliament which made contract 
 the basis of the future relations be- 
 tween landlord and tenant. In 1858 
 he became third Serjeant-at-Law, a 
 position of considerable dignity and 
 importance. In 1859 he was ap- 
 pointed Solicitor-General, and suc- 
 ceeded to the office of Attoi'ney-Gene- 
 ral in 1860. A year later he was made 
 Baron of the Court of Exchequer, 
 and in 1878 was promoted to the 
 office of Lord Justice of Appeal, his 
 eminent qualifications for the posi- 
 tion being universally admitted. 
 His death was a heavy blow to the 
 judicial strength of the Appellate 
 Court. 
 
 DEEEING, John Peter, E.A. 
 (alias Gandy), architect, was born 
 in 1787. His family name was 
 Gandy, but he took the name of 
 Deering with a large proj)erty in 
 Buckinghamshire in 1827. In 1805 
 he entered the Academy Schools, 
 and exhibited his first picture in 
 the next year. In 1811 he went on a 
 commission from the Dilettante So- 
 ciety to Greece, where he formed a 
 friendship with Lord Elgin, for 
 whom he afterwards built Broom 
 Hall in Scotland. On his return to 
 England in 1814 he exhibited in 
 the Academy " The Mystic Temple 
 
DE GREY~DE LA RUE 
 
 251 
 
 of Ceres ;" then for ten years his 
 name disappears from the eataloj^ue. 
 In 1820 lie was elected an Associate, 
 and in 1838 Academician, but he 
 never ai^ain exhibited. Indeed, his 
 contributions to the Academy had 
 been but 22 in all, 1-1; whilst he 
 was still called Gandy, and 8 after 
 he took the name of Deering. His 
 reputiition as an architect was high, 
 and he was a man of refined taste 
 and an excellent draughtsman. 
 His chief works are Exeter Hall, St. 
 Mark's Chapel, in North Audley- 
 strcet, the Phoenix Fire Office in 
 Charinj Cross, part of University 
 College, London, and, iu conjunction 
 with Wilkins, the Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge Club. He published in 1805, 
 "The Rural Architect," and in 
 1817, " Pompeiana," jointly vrith 
 Sir William Gell. After acquiring 
 his property he devoted himself 
 chiefly to its care and improvement. 
 On the passing of the Reform Bill 
 he was elected Member for Ayles- 
 bury, and in 1840 served as high 
 sheriff for his county. He died at 
 Lee in Bucks, Aug. 22, 1850. 
 
 DE GREY, Earl, the Rt. Hon. 
 Thomas Philip [1781 — 1859], 
 Baron Lucas of Crudwell, "Wilts, 
 and Baron Grantham, of Grantham, 
 Lincolnshire, and a Bart., was the 
 eldest son of Thomas Robinson, 
 second Lord Grantham, and was 
 born at Whitehall, in 1781. He 
 was educated at St. John's College, 
 Cambridge. He succeeded to the 
 barony in 178G, and to the earldom 
 in 1833. He was First Lord of the 
 Admiralty in 1831-35, and in 1841 
 was appointed Lord Lieutenant of 
 Ireland, an office he relinquished in 
 184 1, much to the regret of the 
 people of Dublin, with whom he had 
 been very popular. After his re- 
 tirement, except for an occasional 
 vote in support of the Liberal- 
 Conservative party, he took very 
 little interest in political matters. 
 He was Lord Lieutenant and Custos 
 Rotulorum of Bedfordshire, Aide- 
 de-Camp to Her Majesty, Lieut. - 
 Col. Commandant of the York- 
 
 shire Hussar Regiment of Y^'eo- 
 manry Cavalry, President of the 
 Institute of British Architects, a 
 Fellow of the Royal Society and 
 of the Society of Antiquaries, &.C., 
 and a K.G. He married, iu 1.S05, 
 Lady Henrietta Frances Cole, fifth 
 daughter of William Willougld^y, 
 first Earl of Enniskillen. He 
 changed his family name of Robin- 
 son for that of Weddell, and on 
 succeeding to the earldom assumed 
 that of De Grey only. The earl- 
 dom of De Grey, and the barony 
 of Grantham, devolved upon his 
 nephew, the Earl of Ripon, son of 
 his half-brother. 
 
 DE LA RUE, TH01IA3 [1793— 
 1866], was born in Guernsey, in 
 1793, and was educated in that 
 island, in which he was also 
 apprenticed at an early age to a 
 printer and publisher named Cheva- 
 lier. He subsequently came to 
 London, and after many years 
 of persevering industry established 
 the well-kno^vn house which bears 
 his name, and which is at present 
 carried on by his sons and late 
 partner. No one has done more to 
 improve the arts connected with 
 his business than Thomas De la 
 Rue, whose whole life was occupied 
 in adapting the discoveries of the 
 man of science to the piu-poses of 
 common life. We owe to him the 
 substitution of sulphate of barytes 
 as a pigment in the place of white 
 lead, and numerous improvements 
 in printing inks. The embossing 
 of bookbinders' cloths and paper- 
 hangings were his inventions, and 
 he took out several patents for 
 others ; among which we may 
 recall, as of the most general in- 
 terest, the improvements in play- 
 ing-cards, and the fixing of iri- 
 descent thin films on paper. He 
 was also well known as an accumu- 
 lator of articles of vertu, and as 
 the possessor of a most rare col- 
 lection of Wedgwood ware : indeed, 
 he may be stated to have been the 
 first who stimulated the collec- 
 ■ ion of this beautiful^ but long- 
 
252 
 
 DE MOEGAN— DENISON. 
 
 neglected ware, by_ his early 
 appreciation of its merits. 
 
 DE MOEGAN, Augustus [1806 
 — 1S71], born at Machira, in 
 Southern India, in 1806, was edu- 
 cated at Trinity Colleg'e, Cam- 
 bridge, and took his B.A. degree 
 in 1827 as fourth wi-angler. On 
 leaving Cambridge, he entered at 
 Lincoln's Inn, and commenced his 
 le^al studies, which he abandoned 
 on obtaining, in 1828, the Professor- 
 ship of Mathematics in the newly- 
 founded University of London, now 
 Universitv College. Mr. De Mor- 
 gan resigned his post in 1831, but 
 returned to it in 1836, on the death 
 of his successor, and resigned 
 definitely in 1866. He was a 
 voluminous vrriter on the principles 
 and history of mathematics, and on 
 points connected v.dth tlie profes- 
 sion of an actuary, Avhich he 
 practised for many years, although 
 not attached to any office. He 
 published works on arithmetic, 
 algebra, trigonometry, double 
 algebra, the differential calculus, 
 the calculus of functions, the theory 
 of probabilities, life contingencies, 
 the gnomonic projection, the use 
 of the globes, formal logic, arith- 
 metical books (bibliographical), 
 and a book called the " Book of 
 Almanacs," by which the whole 
 almanac of any year, past, present, 
 or future, in either style, may be 
 turned to at once. He wi'ote the 
 articles on mathtmiatics and some 
 on astronomy in the " Penny 
 Cyclopsedia," many biographies in 
 that work, in the " Gallery of Por- 
 traits," and in the uncompleted 
 Biographical Dictionary of the 
 Useful Knowledge Society, with 
 lives of Newton and Halley in 
 "Knight's British Worthies;'' 
 a series of articles in the " Com- 
 panion to the Almanac/' 1833-57 ; 
 many memoirs and papers in the 
 Transactions of the Cambridge 
 Philosophical Society, the PMlo- 
 sophical Magazine, the Cambridge 
 and Dublin Journal, Notes and 
 Queries, dc. Mr. De Morgan con- 
 
 tributed to the publications of the 
 Society for the Diffusion of Useful 
 Knowledge, of the committee of 
 which he was a member ; and it is 
 not uncommon to attribute to him 
 writings published anonymously by 
 that Society, to which he had no 
 claim whatever, especially the 
 treatise on " Probability," really 
 written by Sir John Lubbock and 
 Mr. Drinkwater-Bethune. He was 
 a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical 
 Society, and of the Cambridge 
 Philosophical Society, and was for 
 thirty years on the Council of the 
 Astronomical Society, during 
 eighteen of which he was one 
 of its secretaries. Mr. De Morgan, 
 who for many years wrote in 
 favour of the system of decimal 
 coinage, which was recommended 
 by a Committee of the House of 
 Commons, after 1846, advocated 
 large extensions of logic, and 
 propounded a system, of which the 
 most condensed view is to be found 
 in his "Formal Logic," published 
 in 1860. His somewhat too personal 
 controversy with Sir William 
 Hamilton on the subject, need 
 not be here entered upon. 
 
 DENISON, Et. Rev. Edward, 
 D.D. [1801— 1854J, Bishop of Salis- 
 bury, second son of John Denison, 
 of Ossington, Nottingham, was 
 educated at Eton and at Oriel Col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he graduated 
 with honours, and was elected a 
 Fellow of Merton College in 1823. 
 He was admitted to Holy Orders in 
 1827, and soon after obtained the 
 living of Wolvercot, a small parish 
 near Oxford. Having held the 
 living of Radcliffe, near Notting- 
 ham, from 1829 to 1833, he became 
 incumbent of St. Peter's in the 
 East, at Oxford. He was presented 
 to a stall in the cathedral of South- 
 well in 1834, and in the same year 
 appointed one of the select 
 Preachers of the University. In 
 April, 1837, he was consecrated 
 Bishop of Salisbury, being only 
 thirty-six years of age, and held 
 the see for sixteen years. During 
 
DENISON. 
 
 253 
 
 his episcopate he built in Wiltshire 
 22 new churches, and rebuilt 30 ; 
 and in Dorsetshire he built, re- 
 built, and enlarged 72 churches, 
 besides repairing and restoring 
 about 80 others. He worked in- 
 defatigably in his diocese, winning 
 the love and esteem of his people, 
 and at his death, as a monument to 
 his name, the beautiful old chapter- 
 house of Salisbury Cathedral was 
 restored, at a cost of ^85,000, which 
 was raised by subscription. 
 
 DENISON, Edwakd ,1810 — 
 1870], son of the above, and 
 nephew of the Speaker of the 
 House of Commons, was educated 
 at Eton and at Christchurch, 
 Oxford, on leaving which he Avas 
 obliged to go abroad for a time to 
 recruit his health. From 1862 to 
 18GG he read law, and travelled in 
 Italy, in the South of France, and 
 in Madeira, visiting St. Moritz in 
 18G6. It was as an almoner of the 
 Society for the Belief of Distress at 
 Stepney, that he Avas first brought 
 into direct contact with the London 
 poor, and he then resolved, seeing 
 as he writes, the "unsatisfactory 
 results of giving relief by doles," 
 to go and live in the East End of 
 London, and study the great 
 problem of pauperism face to face. 
 He therefore established himself 
 at Stepney, in the autumn of 18G7, 
 during the second year of the East 
 End distress, and there he remain- 
 ed for eight months, only paying 
 occasional visits to friends. During 
 that time he built and endowed a 
 school, in which he taught, a,nd 
 where he gave lectures to work- 
 men ; and in 1868 he visited Paris, 
 to study tlie working of the French 
 Poor Laws, and went to Edin- 
 burgh for a similar j^urpose. He 
 v,'as returned to Parliament, for 
 Newark, in 18G8, in the Liberal 
 interest. He became very ill in the 
 autumn of 1869, and undertook a 
 voyage to Melbourne, in hopes of 
 re-establishing his health. Unfoi*- 
 tunately, the voyage did not suit 
 him ; he became worse, and died 
 
 Jan. 2G, 1870, a fortnight after he 
 had landed. His letters, which are 
 most interesting, and wliich give 
 an account of his work at Stepney, 
 were edited by Sir Baldwyn Loigh- 
 ton, Bart., and published in 1872. 
 
 DEXISON, William Joseph 
 [1770—1819], M.P. for West Sur- 
 rey, a magistrate for Sun*ey and 
 Yorkshire, and senior partner in 
 the banking-house of Denison, 
 Hey wood and Kennard, of Lombard 
 Street, was the son of Joseph 
 Denison, who died in 180G, having 
 amassed an enorino^is fortune. 
 The son, William Joseph, went en 
 accumulating money as his father 
 had done, and died worth 
 c£2,300,000. He was the largest 
 landowner in Ayton, Cayton, and 
 Speeton in Yorkshire, and also in 
 the neighbourhood of Scarborough, 
 and of Watton, Cranswick, Elms- 
 well, and Kellythorpe, near Drif- 
 field, these estates alone being 
 valued at half a million. Mr. 
 Denison sat in the House for 
 Camelford from 179G to 1802 ; for 
 Kingston-upon-HuU in 180G ; and 
 for Surrey in 1808, being re-elected 
 for that county at the eight subse- 
 quent general elections. Mr. Deni- 
 son was unmarried. He had two 
 sisters, Elizabeth Marchioness of 
 Conyngham, and Maria Lady 
 Wenlock ; the former had two 
 children, the Marcpiis of Conyng- 
 ham and Lord Albert Denison 
 Conyngham, K.C.H., to whom Mr. 
 Denison left the greater part of 
 his large fortune. 
 
 DENISON, Sir William 
 TnoMAB [1810—1871], brother of 
 the Speaker of the House of Com- 
 mons and of tlie Bishop of Salis- 
 bury, was appointed Governor of 
 Tasmania in 1816, and during his 
 stay thei'e occurred the agitation 
 against the removal of convicts from 
 New South AVales to that colony 
 which made him for a time so un- 
 popular. He became Governor of 
 New South Wales in 1855, and has 
 left a lasting monument in the 
 fortifications at Sydney, which 
 
254 
 
 DENMAN— DENNISTOUN. 
 
 were named after him. He went 
 to Madras in 1801, and on the 
 death of Lord El^-in acted as 
 Governor-General of India until 
 the arrival of Sir John Lawrence. 
 He retired in 186G. He married 
 the daug-hter of Admiral Sir W. 
 Phipps Hornby. 
 
 DENMAN, Thomas, first Baron, 
 was the son of a well-known physi- 
 cian, and was born in London, July 
 23, 1779. He was educated first at 
 Palgrave School, in Norfolk, which 
 was then conducted by Mr. and Mrs. 
 Ba,rbauld, and afterwards at Eton 
 and St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 where he took his degree in ISUO. 
 In 1806 he was called to the Bar 
 at Lincoln's Inn, and in a few 
 years attained a position only in- 
 ferior to that of Brougham a,nd 
 Scarlett. He made a brilliant 
 defence of the Luddites, but his 
 most eloquent speech was that he 
 made as one of the counsel for 
 Queen Ccxroline, which many con- 
 sidered equal to the magnificent 
 oration of Lord Brougham. The 
 defence brought on Denman, as on 
 Brougham, the hatred of the King, 
 and stood in the way of his promo- 
 tion. He was returned at the 
 general election of 1818 as Whig 
 
 CD O 
 
 member for Wareham, and in the 
 following year for Nottingham, 
 whiah place he represented until 
 his elevation to the bench in 1832. 
 In 1822 he was appointed Common 
 Serjeant by the Corporation of 
 London ; in 1830 was made Attor- 
 ney-General, and two years later 
 Lord Chief Justice of the King's 
 Bench. He was raised to the 
 peerage in 1831. In 1850 he re- 
 tired from his profession, and re- 
 signed the Chief Justiceship of the 
 Queen's Bench. He died Sept. 2G, 
 1S54-. The memoir of Thomas, 
 first Lord Denman, by Sir Joseph 
 Arnould, v/as published in 1873. 
 
 DENNIE, Colonel William 
 Henry, C.B., Lieutenant-Colonel 
 of H.M. 13th Foot, and Aide-de- 
 camp to the Queen, entered the 
 army in 1800 as ensign. He served 
 
 in India under Lord Lake in 1805, 
 1806 ; was present at the capture 
 of the Isle of France in 1810, and 
 during the Burmese war in 1826-27, 
 in which latter he was severely 
 wounded. For his services on this 
 occasion he was made C.B. He 
 served during the Afghan war 
 from 182S to the time of his death, 
 which occurred while leading his 
 regiment against the enemy at 
 Jellalabad, April 0, 1842. He led 
 the storming party at Ghuznee, 
 and was the first man within the 
 Avails, but for some unexplained 
 cause seems to have disjDleased the 
 authorities, for he received abso- 
 lutely no acknowledgment for his 
 gallantry. In 1810 he was sent in 
 quest of the Wullee of Khooloom, 
 then in the field v/ith 10,000 men 
 in support of Dost Mahommed, 
 and at the battle of Bamecan on 
 Sept. 18, with a force of less than 
 1,000 men, dispersed 10,000 of the 
 enemy. This terminated the cam- 
 paign, and compelled Dost Mahom- 
 med to surrender. Colonel Dennie 
 was offered for this the second 
 class of the Dooranee order, but 
 refused it. 
 
 DENNIS, The Eev. James 
 Blatch Piggott, B.A. [1816— 
 1861], was the son of Philip Pig- 
 gott Dennis, an officer in tlie army. 
 He took his degree at Queen's Col- 
 lege, Oxford, and was ordained in 
 1839. He made many important 
 and interesting contributions to 
 Natural History, his microscopical 
 researches into the structure of bone 
 having established .the facts of the 
 existence of mammifers anterior to 
 the lias deposit, and of birds durinc 
 the deposition of the Stonesfield 
 slate. He contributed many papers 
 to the Geological Society and to 
 the Journal of Microscopical Science, 
 and was the aiithor of many pam- 
 phlets on theological and scientific 
 subjects. 
 
 DENNISTOUN, James [1803— 
 1855], of Dennistoun, Eenfrew- 
 shire, historian, essayist and art- 
 critic, v/as born at Colgraiu, and 
 
DE QUTNOEY -DERBY. 
 
 255 
 
 was tlio representative of one of 
 the oldest families in Scotland. 
 He was educated at the Glasgow 
 University, and was called to the 
 Scottish Bar in 1821, but having 
 an ample fortune he did not prac- 
 tise, devoting himself wholly to 
 literature. He spent much time 
 in the study of art and art litera- 
 ture, and was a constant contri- 
 butor to the Edinburgh and Quar- 
 terly Reviews, and the series of 
 antiquarian publications by the 
 Bannatyne and Maitland Clubs. 
 Among his other works are 
 " Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino " 
 published in 1852, and " Memoirs 
 of Sir Robert Strange and Andrew 
 Lumisden," 1855. He bequeathed 
 to the Advocates' Library a large 
 collection of unpublished MSS. re- 
 lating to the county of Dumbarton. 
 DE QUINCEY, Thomas. He was 
 the son of a Manchester merchant, 
 and was born at Greenhay, Aug. 
 loth, 1785. While he was still a 
 child, his father died, and left to 
 his widow and six children an in- 
 come of ^£1,600 a year. When 
 Thomas was eleven years old, his 
 mother removed to Bath, and for 
 two years the boy attended the 
 town grammar school, and for a 
 year he went to school at Wink- 
 field, in Wiltshire. His ability was 
 the wonder of liis teachers ; at 
 thirteen he wrote Greek with ease ; 
 at fifteen he could compose Greek 
 verses in lyric measures, and, as 
 one of his masters said of him, 
 '•■ could harangue an Athenian mob," 
 so liuently did he converse in Greek. 
 Towards the close of ISOO his guar- 
 dians placed him at Manchester 
 grammar school, but the wayw^ard 
 lad ran away, and finally hid him- 
 self in London, where he remained 
 for more than a year, but at length 
 he reconciled himself to his guar- 
 dians, and, in 1803, went to Oxford. 
 It was there, in the second year of 
 his college career, that he first 
 tasted opium. In 1808 he left the 
 University, and, four years later, 
 settled at Grasmcre, where he en- 
 
 joyed the friendship of Wordsworth, 
 Coleridge, Wilson, and Southey. 
 In 181G he married, and in 1820 
 removed, with his wife and family, 
 to London. In that year the famous 
 ''Confessions of an Opium Eater" 
 appeared in the London Magazine, 
 and afterwards in volume form. Of 
 all his writings, the confessions are 
 the most characteristic ; they at 
 once attracted a remarkable degree 
 of attention by their elegance of 
 diction, beauty of style, extraor- 
 dinary power of dream-painting, 
 and also by reason of the utter 
 shamelessness with which the 
 author discloses his excessive use 
 of opium and its effects, De Quin- 
 cey's writings all appeai-ed in 
 periodicals — Blachicood's Magazine, 
 Tail's Magazine, Hogg's Instructor, 
 »fcc. Like the " Confessions," they 
 are all steeped in egoism, and, to 
 enjoy them, the reader must bring 
 a wide knowledge of men and 
 books, or much of their charm will 
 be missed. They were collected and 
 published in sixteen volumes by A. 
 and C. Black, of Edinburgh. Dur- 
 ing his declining years, De Quincey 
 lived at Lasswade, near Edinburgh, 
 where he died Dec. Sth, 1859. A 
 Life of him by Mr. H. A. Page, 
 was published in 1877. A shorter 
 memoir, by Dr. Masson, was pub- 
 lished, 1881, in the series of "Eng- 
 lish Men of Letters." 
 
 DERBY, 13th Eakl of. The 
 Right Hon. Edward Smith Stan- 
 ley, K.G., President of the Zoolo- 
 gical Society, and F.L.S., was the 
 eldest son of Edward, the twelfth 
 earl, and was born in 1775. He 
 was educated at Eton and at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, where he took 
 his M.A. degree in 1795. He re- 
 presented Preston in the House of 
 Commons in 1790-1802 and 180G-7, 
 and in 1812 was elected one of the 
 members for Lancashire, which 
 place he represented till 1832, when 
 he was succeeded by his son. In 
 that year he was called up to the 
 House of Peers, with the title of 
 Caron Stanley of Bickerstaffe. He 
 
256 
 
 DEEBY. 
 
 became Earl of Derby on the death 
 of his father in 1834;, and was nomi- 
 nated K.G. in 1839. From 1826 
 till 1833 he was President of the 
 Linnean Society, and afterwards 
 became President of the Zoological 
 Society. He married, in 1798, his 
 cousin, Charlotte Margaret, second 
 daughter of the Eev. Geoffrey 
 Hornby. He died at Knowsley 
 Park, Lancashire, June 30, 1851. 
 
 DEEBY, Edward-Geoffrey 
 Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of 
 [1799—1869], Baron Stanley of 
 Bicterstaffe, and a Bart., one of 
 the most celebrated parliamentary 
 orators of his day, was the eldest 
 son of Lord Stanley, who subse- 
 quently became the thirteenth Earl 
 of Derby. He was educated at 
 Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, 
 where he gained the Chancellor's 
 prize for a Latin poem on " Syra- 
 cuse," but took only an ordinary 
 degree on leaving the University. 
 In mentioning his education, we 
 must not forget what he owed to 
 his step-grandmother. Lady Derby, 
 who, as Miss Eliza Farren, had 
 been a celebrated comedy actress. 
 She bestowed endless pains on the 
 elocution of the future statesman, 
 who became remarkable for his 
 silvery voice and the clever man- 
 agement of his breath in his long 
 and intricate sentences. In 1820 
 he was retiu-ncd to Parliament^ in 
 the Whig interest, as member for 
 Stockbridge, in Hampshire, one of 
 the nomination boroughs whoso 
 electoral rights were swept away 
 by the Eeform Bill of 1832. He 
 did not make his maiden speech 
 till 1821. It was on a Manchester 
 Gas Bill, and was so clear and 
 incisive as to elicit the warm ap- 
 proval of Sir James Mackintosh, 
 who welcomed him as an accession 
 to the Liberal ranks. His second 
 speech, in connection with a sub- 
 ject which was later to determine 
 more than one important step in 
 his political career, was in oppo- 
 sition to Mr. Joseph Hume's motion 
 <'May 6, 1824) for the reduction of 
 
 I the Irish Church Establishment to 
 some proportion with the services 
 it performed. From that time he 
 constantly spoke, and was soon ac- 
 knowledged to be one of the most 
 powerful speakers in the House. 
 At the general election of 1826 he 
 changed his seat in Parliament 
 from Stockbridge to Preston, where 
 he or his family owned almost every 
 house in the town. In 1827 he, 
 with several other eminent Whigs, 
 made a coalition with Canning on 
 the defection of the more unyield- 
 ing Tories, and began his official 
 life as Under-Secretary for the 
 Colonies. The coalition arrange- 
 ment was broken up by the death 
 of Canning. Lord Goderich then 
 became Premier, but only held office 
 for a few months. During the Wel- 
 lington administration (1828-30) 
 Stanley remained out of office, but 
 on the accession of Lord Grey to 
 power, in Nov., 1830, he was ap- 
 pointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, 
 a position which gave him ample 
 opportunity for both administrative 
 and debating skill. After his ap- 
 jDointment, he again stood for Pres- 
 ton, but was defeated, his opponent 
 being the Eadical, *^' Orator" Hunt. 
 He, however, i-e-entered the House 
 as one of the members for Windsor, 
 Sir Hussey Vivian having resigned 
 in his favour. In 1832 he changed 
 his seat for the third time, and 
 became member for North Lanca- 
 shire, which he continued to repre- 
 sent until his elevation to the House 
 of Lords. Mr. Stanley took a very 
 keen interest in, and was one of 
 the most ardent supporters of, the 
 Eeform Bill, and delivered one 
 specially good speech (March 4, 
 1831) on the adjourned debate on 
 the second reading of the bill. 
 Besides his connection with the 
 general policy of the Government, 
 he had his hands full with the 
 management of his own depart- 
 ment. His position as Irish Secre- 
 tary was one of peculiar difficulty, 
 the state of Ireland, excited by its 
 triumph in the struggle for Catholic 
 
DERBY. 
 
 :u/ 
 
 Emancipation, and bej^inning a new 
 agitation for the Repeal of the 
 Union, was full of danger. Murders 
 ■were frequent all over the country, 
 alarming riots, bloody battles be- 
 tween the peasants and constables, 
 burning of houses, &c. made it 
 necessary to pass a Coercion Act, 
 with other such measures, which 
 the Chief Secretary had to intro- 
 duce. Mr. Stanley possessed the 
 spirit which rises with difficulties, 
 and, undaunted by the fierce de- 
 nunciations of his bitter opponent, 
 O'Connell, he carried the Coercion 
 Bill triumphantly through the 
 House. Parliament has perhaps 
 rarely seen more personal encoun- 
 ters than those which took place at 
 this time between O'Connell and 
 the Irish Secretary, who defended 
 his position most gallantly. Indeed 
 it was generally felt that at last 
 O'Connell had found his match. 
 The title " Rupert of Debate,'' ap- 
 plied to him, thirteen years later, 
 by Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, in 
 " The Xew Timon,'' is certainly 
 most appropriate in connection w^th 
 his parliamentary war with O'Con- 
 neU— 
 
 " One after one the lords of time advance. 
 Here Stanley meets— how Stanley scorns 
 
 the glance : 
 The brilliant chief, irregnlarly great, 
 Frank, haughty, rash — the Rupert of De- 
 bat* ! " 
 
 Among the many useful measures 
 passed by him about this time : 
 should be mentioned the first 
 national education Act for Ireland, ' 
 and the Irish Temporalities Act, 
 by which two archbishoprics and 
 eight bishoprics were abolished, 
 and a remedy provided for nume- 
 rous abuses connected with the 
 revenues of the Church. In 1833 ; 
 he left the Irish office, and became \ 
 Secretary of State for the Colonies, i 
 an office which he also subsequently 
 filled under Sir Robert Peel. In 
 that position his greatest achieve- 
 ment was the emancipation of the , 
 negro slaves in all the colonies of ' 
 Great Britain, and his speech on , 
 
 introducing that measure was said 
 to be one of the finest specimens of 
 his elo<[uence, and proved him to 
 be a worthy follower of Clarkson, 
 Wilberforce, and the other cham- 
 pions of the cause. But in the 
 same year (1834), when the Govern- 
 ment proposed to appropriate the 
 surplus revenues of the Irish Church 
 to educational purposes, Mr. Stan- 
 ley violently and bitterly opposed 
 the measiire, left office, and soon 
 completely separated himself from 
 the Whig party, carrying with him 
 several friends, among whom were 
 Sir James Graham, the Earl of 
 Ripon, and the Duke of Richmond. 
 It was with reference to this seces- 
 sion that O'Connell quoted the 
 couplet from Canning's " Loves of 
 the Triangles" — 
 
 " Still down thy steep, romantic Ashbourne, 
 glides 
 The Derby Dilly carrying six insides." 
 
 Stanley declined to take part in 
 the Ministry formed by Sir Robert 
 Peel on Lord Grey's resignation, in 
 1834 ; but having acted in concert 
 with the Conservative Opi^osition 
 for seven years, he accepted the 
 seals of the Colonial Office in 1841, 
 and was summoned to the House of 
 Peers as Baron Stanley of Bicker- 
 staffe in Sept., IS U. When, in 1846, 
 Sir R. Peel accepted the policy of 
 free trade. Lord Stanley at once 
 retired from the Cabinet, and ap- 
 peared as the recognised leader of 
 the Protectionist party, having Lord 
 George Bentinck and Mr. Disraeli 
 to work Avith him in the Commons. 
 In 1852 Lord Derby, who had suc- 
 ceeded to the title in 1851, was called 
 upon to form his first Administra- 
 tion, but did not long enjoy his 
 Premiership. He was in a hopeless 
 minority in the House of Commons, 
 and in a few months the opposing 
 chiefs decided to sink their differ- 
 ences and to join in a coalition of 
 " all the Talents " under Lord 
 Aberdeen. For the next six years 
 Lord Derby remained at the head 
 of the Opposition, whose policy 
 
258 
 
 DEEBY— DEEWENTWATER. 
 
 gradually beeaine more Conserva- 
 tive, and less distinctly Protec- 
 tionist. In 1855, after Lord Aber- 
 deen's resignation, lie was asked to 
 form an administration, but de- 
 clined ; but in 1858, after the defeat 
 of Lord Palmerston on the Con- 
 spiracy Bill, he, for the second 
 time, assumed the reins of Govern- 
 ment. The Tory ministry of 1858- 
 59 made a good fight. In spite of 
 considerable resistance, they con- 
 trived to pass two most important 
 measures ; one, a bill to remove 
 Jewish disabilities, and the other 
 a bill to transfer the government 
 of India from the East India Com- 
 pany to the Crown. Next year the 
 Government introduced a bill for 
 parliamentary reform, which was 
 rejected by the House, and, on a 
 dissolution, rejected also by the 
 country. A vote of no confidence 
 having been passed in the new 
 Parliament on June 10, Lord Derby 
 at once resigned, and Lord Palmer- 
 ston returned to power. In 1866, 
 the Eeform Bill of Lord Eussell's 
 Government having been rejected. 
 Lord Derby, for the third and 
 last time, returned to power as 
 Premier. During the next year 
 an Act was passed establishing 
 household suffrage in the boroughs 
 — the Act which Lord Derby des- 
 cribed as " n leap in the dark" 
 — and then, on account of failing 
 health. Lord Derby resigned early 
 in 1868. He was succeeded by 
 Mr. Disraeli, to whom he yielded 
 the entire leadership of his party 
 as well as the premiership, himself 
 practically retiring into private 
 life. In 1852 he had succeeded the 
 Duke of Wellington as Chancellor 
 of the University of Oxford. His 
 interest in learning was not merely 
 nominal. He was a good Greek 
 scholar, and in 1864 he published 
 an excellent translation of the 
 Iliad in blank verse. For the last 
 years of his life his health was 
 terribly enfeebled by gout ; and he 
 died in 1869, aged 70. After his 
 death a statue was erected to him 
 
 at Preston, the subscriptions having 
 been strictly limited to one penny 
 each. 
 
 DEEBY, William. He was born 
 at Birmingham, Jan. 10, 1786, and 
 was taught drawing by Joseph 
 Barker. He came to London in 
 1808, and was engaged to make the 
 reduced drawings of the Stafford 
 Gallery for the engravers. He then 
 painted portraits and miniatures 
 till 1825, Avhen he was commissioned 
 to make drawings from the old 
 masters for " Lodge's Portraits of 
 Illustrious Persons." He also made 
 water-colour copies for the Earl of 
 Derby of all the known portraits of 
 the family. Some of his best works 
 are preserved at Knowsley Hall, 
 and there is a portrait of the Prin- 
 sess Charlotte ascribed to him in 
 the National Portrait Galler3^ He 
 died on New Year's Day, 1817. 
 
 DEEWENTWATEE', "Countess 
 OF.'* The lady who laid claim to 
 this title was of obscure origin, and 
 first came before the public about 
 1860, stating that she was descended 
 from John Eadcliffe, fourth Earl of 
 Derwentwater, who was known to 
 have died in London in 1731. The 
 " Countess " declaimed that he had 
 not died then, but had been taken 
 to Germany, where in 1741 he mar- 
 ried and left a large family, of 
 which she was the only living 
 representative in a direct line 
 through males. In 1869, having 
 gained the assistance of Mr. Harry 
 Brown, a bailiff of the Shotley 
 Bridge Court, she began to take 
 active measures for asserting her 
 " rights." On one of the rent days 
 she appeared upon the scene, and 
 called upon the tenants to pay their 
 rent to her, which they refused 
 to do. She then went to live in 
 some old ruins on the family estate, 
 from which she had to be forcibly 
 ejected, but, nothing daunted, took 
 up her abode in a shed by the way- 
 side, built by some of her friends, 
 where she lived until the highway 
 authorities interfered, and suc- 
 ceeded in getting rid of her. After 
 
DE VEKE— DEVONSHIRE. 
 
 2r>9 
 
 this she entered a (.listraiiit t\)r rent 
 on Newlands Farm on the Whitt<")n- 
 stall Estiite, wliich Vjelon^eil to the 
 Admiralty, and be^an to sell the 
 live stock by auction ; a riot en- 
 sued, which Wiis quelled with threat 
 difficulty, and the Admiralty 
 broui^ht an action acjainst her to 
 recover £oOO damages. She was 
 adjudicated a bankrupt, and com- 
 mitted to Newcastle Gaol. Later, 
 the "Countess's" claim was care- 
 fully investigated, and found to be 
 entirely groundless. She died Feb. 
 26, 1880. 
 
 DE VERE, Sir Aubrey [1788— 
 IStGJ, was born at Curragh Chase, 
 CO. Limerick. Educated at Amble- 
 side, Westmoreland, under a Mr. 
 Dawes, he early imbibed a love for 
 rural and mountain scenery, and 
 for the poetry of Wordsworth, who 
 in later life became one of his at- 
 tached friends. In 1822 he pub- 
 lished his first work, a drama, 
 called " Julian the Apostate," which 
 was followed by " The Duke of 
 Mercia," " The Lamentation of 
 Ireland," "The Song of Faith," 
 &c. Sir A. de Vere was a master 
 of the difficult art of writing son- 
 nets, full of condensed thought, 
 like those of his master, Words- 
 worth ; and his last poetical di-ama, 
 " Mary Tudor," written in the last 
 two years of his life, and published 
 posthumously, is placed by many 
 good judges on a level with Lord 
 Tennyson's play. Sir A. de Vere 
 was an excellent landlord, and de- 
 voted himself to the cause of re- 
 conciling the Irish peasantry to the 
 Union. He married a sister of the 
 first Lord Monteagle, whose inti- 
 mate friend ho was, and to whom 
 he dedicated " Mary Tudor." 
 
 D'EVEREUX, John [1778— 
 1860], a Lieutenant-General in the 
 armies of the Republics of Venezuela 
 and New Granada, was descended 
 from one of the oldest Norman 
 families in these islands, one branch 
 of which had for centuries been 
 settled in Wexford. Young D'Eve- 
 reux took part in the rebellion of 
 
 1798, being then only eighteen, 
 and commanded a division in the 
 rebel army. On the failure of the 
 rising he made his submission to 
 the Goverment, and received a free 
 pardon on condition of remaining 
 abroad for several years. The 
 treatment he received on this occa- 
 sion converted him from a rebel 
 into a truly loyal subject, and in 
 spite of overtures made to him by 
 the Emperor Napoleon, who offered 
 him a General's commission in his 
 army, and promised to restore the 
 old domain of Evereux if he would 
 serve in the army which he was 
 preparing for the invasion of Eng- 
 land, D'Evereux remained staunch. 
 In later life he went out to South 
 America with the Irish Legion 
 which he had himself raised, to 
 assist Bolivar in conquering the 
 independence of the South Ameri- 
 can republics. At the time of his 
 death he was the senior Lieutenant- 
 General of the Republics of 
 Venezuela and New Granada, and 
 in receipt of a large pension from 
 them. 
 
 DEVONSHIRE, 6th Duke of. 
 The Most Noble William Spen- 
 cer Cavendish, K.G,, etc., was the 
 only son of William, 5th Duke of 
 Devonshire, and was born in 1790. 
 He succeeded to the dukedom in 
 1811. He took very little part in' 
 j politics, and never spoke in the 
 House of Lords on any of the great 
 questions advocated or opposed hjj 
 the Whig Party. He was sent to 
 Russia in 1826 as Ambassador Ex- 
 traordinary at the Coronation of 
 ! the Emperor Nicholas, and took 
 ' with him a most magnificent reti- 
 nue, which is said to have cost him 
 ^£50,000 over and above the allow- *^ 
 ance made by Government. The 
 Emperor conferred on him the Rus- 
 sian Ordei-s of St. Andrew and St. 
 Alexander Newski. In 1827 his 
 Grace was made K.G. and a Privy 
 Councillor, and was appointed Lord 
 Chamberlain of George IV. "s house- *^ 
 hold. From 1830 to 1834 he was 
 also Chamberlain to William IV. 
 
 s 2 
 
260 
 
 DE WINT— DIBDIN. 
 
 The Duke was unmarried, and was 
 'succeeded by his kinsman, the Earl 
 of Burlington, son of William, 
 fourth Duke of Devonshire. He 
 died at Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire, 
 Jan. 18, 1858, and was buried in 
 the church of E denser, near Chats- 
 worth. 
 
 DE WINT, Peter. He was of 
 an old merchant family at Amster- 
 dam, but was born in 1784 at Stone 
 in Staffordshire, where his father, 
 who had married an English lady, 
 was in practice as a physician. The 
 boy Peter, wishing- to^be an artist, 
 was placed in 1802 under John Ea- 
 phael Smith, the crayon painter 
 and engraver. Here he had for fel- 
 low-student W. Hilton (afterwards 
 E.A.), with whom he formed a life- 
 friendship, and whose sister he 
 married. In 1807 he entered the 
 Academy Schools, and had in the 
 exhibition three water-colour land- 
 scapes. Three years later his name 
 first appears as an " associate exhi- 
 bitor," at the Water Colour Society, 
 where, for nearly forty years, his 
 drawings formed one of the most 
 attractive features of the exhibi- 
 tion. Here he sent almost all his 
 work, which consisted entirely of 
 landscape, Lincolnshire being his 
 favourite sketching ground, and his 
 views of the famous hill, with its 
 cathedral-crowned summit, being 
 numerous. But he travelled a good 
 deal, and varied his subjects not a 
 little. He was one of the most 
 fashionable di-awing-masters of his 
 day, and frequently visited the 
 families of his pupils in their 
 country-houses ; a fact to which we 
 owe the celebrated views of Low- 
 ther Castle, the drawings made for 
 Lord Windsor's family, &c. De 
 Wint's style was broad, fresh, and 
 individual ; his instinct and his 
 touch were marvellously sure ; and 
 he was a fine colourist. Sometimes, 
 but rarely, he painted in oil ; two 
 extremely tine pictures of his, given 
 by his daughter, Mrs. Tatlock, are 
 in the South Kensington Museum, 
 and many of his water-colours are 
 
 to be seen there and in the British 
 Museum, He never used body co- 
 lour, and only very seldom signed 
 a di-awing. His manners were 
 brusque, but he was far from being 
 personally unpopular. He lived 
 for many years in Upper Gower 
 Street, where he died June 30, 1849, 
 and he is buried in the churchyard 
 of the Savoy. A memoir of him is 
 announced as forthcoming (1885). 
 
 D'E YNCOURT, The Eight Hon. 
 CffARLEs Tennyson [1781 — 1801], 
 was the eldest surviving son of 
 George Tennyson, of Bayon's 
 Manor and Usselby Hall, Lincoln- 
 shire, and took the name of D'Eyn- 
 court in 1835. He was educated at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, and 
 was called to the bar in 180G, but 
 never practised. He represented 
 Great Grimsby in Parliament from 
 1818 till 1826, and Bletchingly from 
 1826 to 1831, when he obtained a 
 seat for Stamford in opposition to 
 Col. Chaplin. This election, wHich 
 created a good deal of excitement 
 all over the country, led to a duel 
 between Lord Thomas Cecil and 
 Mr. Tennyson, which, however, was 
 a harmless one. After the passing 
 of the Eeform Bill, Mr. Tennyson 
 was returned for Lambeth, which 
 he represented for twenty yeais, 
 till his retirement in 1852. Mr. 
 Tennyson was most assiduous in 
 his efforts for Parliamentary Ee- 
 form, and took an active part with 
 Lord John Eussell in attempting to 
 disfranchise the corrupt borough of 
 East Eetford, and also fought 
 beside him in the battles of the 
 Eeform Bill, and all the other par- 
 liamentai-y struggles of the time. 
 In 1830 he was appointed Clerk of 
 the Ordnance, and in 1832 was made 
 a Privy Councillor. 
 
 DIBDIN, Thomas [1771—1841], 
 dramatic author, was a son of the 
 long well-known Charles Dibdin,the 
 naval song writer. He was brought 
 out on the stage at the early age of 
 foiu', in 1775, and appeared as Cupid 
 in the pageant of " Shakespeare's 
 Jubilee," Mrs. Siddons appearing 
 
DIBDIN— DICK. 
 
 261 
 
 as Venus. He was apprenticed to 
 au upholstsrer, but ran away to 
 Folkestone to join a company of 
 actors under the management of 
 Mr. Ricklands. From 1789 till 
 1795 he acted at various theatres in 
 every department of the drama, 
 and wrote more than 1000 sonj^s. 
 In 1799 he got an engagement at 
 Covent Garden, and his lirst piece 
 called "The Mouth of the Nile," 
 w.is produced. He continu?d at 
 this theatre for fourteen years, and 
 amongst his works produced there 
 were : " The Cabinet," " The Eng- 
 lish Fleet," " Birthday," " Mother 
 Goose," and "The High Mettled 
 Easer," "The Jew and the Doctor," 
 " Valentine and Orson." and "Past 
 Ten o'clock." He is said to have 
 disd in great poverty. He was 
 buried at St. James's, Pentonville, 
 near the grave of his old fi-iend, 
 Grimaldi. 
 
 DIBDIN, Rev. Thomas Frog- 
 NALL, cousin of the above, and 
 son of the sailor Thomas Dibdin, 
 who was immortalised by his bro- 
 ther Charles as " Poor Tom Bow- 
 ling," was boi-n at Calcutta in 
 177G. Four years later the Dibdins 
 embarked for England, but both 
 parents died on the voyage, and 
 their son was brought up by a 
 maternal uncle. He was educated 
 at St. John's College, Oxford, but 
 left without taking a degree. He 
 intended to adopt law as his pro- 
 fession, but after a time determined 
 to take orders and was ordained in 
 1804. His ecclesiastical preferment 
 was slow, he did not obtain a living 
 till 1823, when that of Exning in Sus- 
 sex was conferred on him, and soon 
 afterwards he was appointed Rector 
 of St. Marj^'s, Bryanston Square. 
 The first of the numerous biblio- 
 graphical works on which Dibdin's 
 fame rests was his " Introduction 
 to the Knowledge of the Rare and 
 Valuable Editions of the Greek and 
 Latin Classics" (1803). Like all 
 Dibdin's work it is marred by inac- 
 ciu-acy in matters of detail, and 
 by inveterate garrulity, and is. 
 
 moreover, in many respects incom- 
 plete, but it supplied a blank in 
 English literature. After the pub- 
 lication of this work. Lord Spencer's 
 rich library at Althorp was thrown 
 open to the enthusiastic bibliogra- 
 pher, who spent much of his time 
 in it, and in 181 1 published his 
 " Bibliotheca Spenceriana." In the 
 meanwhile he had brought out his 
 very popular " Bibliomania" (1809). 
 a light discursive work written in 
 the form of dialogue. This ran 
 through several editions, and was 
 followed by a larger work of the 
 same class, the " Bibliographical De- 
 cameron" (1817) ; it has a higher 
 value than its predecessor, but was 
 never so popular. Among other 
 works Dibdin published, in 182 1, 
 " The Library Companion," an 
 ambitious effort, which was in- 
 tended to point out the best works 
 in all departments of literature. 
 But the author had not the wide 
 culture essential to such a work, 
 and the book materially injured his 
 reputation. Dibdin was the origi- 
 nator and Vice-President of the 
 Roxburghe Club, founded in 1812, 
 the first of the book-clubs which 
 have done such service to literature 
 in the present century. He died 
 Nov. 18, 1847. 
 
 DICK, Robert, the 
 Baker," Geologist, and 
 was born at Tullibody, Clackman- 
 nanshire, in 1811, and was the son 
 of Thomas Dick, an ofl&cer of 
 excise. He went for a short time 
 to the Barony School of Tullibody, 
 being a very apt scholar, and show- 
 ing a decided talent for languages. 
 At home he was ill-used by his 
 stepmother ; and in 1826 (his 
 father having removed to Mens- 
 trie) Robert was sent back to 
 Tullibody, and apprenticed to a 
 baker, and while employed in 
 delivering bread in the neighbour- 
 hood, took advantage x)f every 
 opportunity of studying the 
 country. After three years, his 
 apprenticeship being ended, he 
 travelled to Leith, Glasgow, and 
 
 " Thurso 
 Botanist, 
 
262 
 
 DICK— DICKENS. 
 
 Greenock, to seek work, and finally- 
 settled at Thurso, where he opened 
 business on his own account in 
 1830. Here he devoted all the 
 time he could spare from his busi- 
 ness to studying the geology and 
 botany of the Caithness district, 
 and the knowledge thus acquired 
 brought him acquainted with such 
 men as Hugh Miller, Charles 
 Peach, Agassiz, Sedgwick, and Sir 
 Eoderick Murchison, who, in his 
 address to the Leeds meeting of 
 the British Association, in 1858, 
 mentioned him in the most 
 flattering terms. Mr. Dick was 
 never a rich man, and a 
 few years before his death 
 his business began to fall away, 
 and he had a hard struggle to make 
 both ends meet. He caught cold 
 while hunting for grasses to com- 
 plete his herbarium, and died, after 
 much suffering, Dec. 21-, 1866, aged 
 55, and was buried at Thurso, 
 where a monument was afterwards 
 erected to his memory. He left a 
 considerable part of his collection 
 of fossils to his great friend, Hugh 
 Miller, and they are now to be 
 seen in the Museum of Science and 
 Art at Edinburgh, marked "Fossils 
 used by the late Hugh Miller to 
 illustrate his works." His herba- 
 rium was given to the Thurso 
 Scientific Society. Mr. Dick's life 
 has been written by Dr. Smiles. 
 
 DICK, Thomas, LL.D. [1774— 
 1857 J, author of the " Christian 
 Philosopher," published in 1827, 
 was born in Hilltown of Dundee, 
 and received his early education at 
 home. He entered the Edinburgh 
 University in 1794, and in 1795 was 
 appointed teacher in the Orjihans' 
 Hospital. Besides the "Christian 
 Philosopher," a quasi-scientific 
 work which obtained great popu- 
 larity, he was the author of " Philo- 
 sophy of a Future State," 1828 ; 
 " Celestial Scenery," 1837 ; besides 
 many other contributions to literary 
 and theological journals. He was 
 granted a pension of ^£50 from the 
 Civil List in 1847. 
 
 DICKENS, Charles, Novelist, 
 (born at Landport, in Portsea, 
 Feb. 7, 1812 ; died at Gad's Hill 
 Place, Eochester, June 9, 1870), 
 was the eldest son and second 
 child of John Dickens, then 
 stationed in the Portsmouth dock- 
 yard as a clerk in the Navy Pay 
 Ofiice. In 1814 his father removed 
 to London, and in 1816 to Chatham, 
 where the next five years of his 
 life were spent. In 1821 the 
 Dickens family returned to London, 
 and it Avas in Bayham Street, Cam- 
 den Town, that the future novelist 
 took his first imjn'essions of 
 struggling poverty, of which the 
 description gave to his writings 
 much of their sudden popularity. 
 In 1822 his father was imi^risoned 
 in the Marshalsea for debt, and his 
 mother opened a small school in 
 Gower Street, for the support of 
 her family. Here it seemed neces- 
 sary that Charles, although only 
 eleven years of age, should do 
 something for his own maintenance, 
 and accordingly he was placed in a 
 blacking warehouse, where he 
 remained for two years. In 1824 
 he was again sent to school, and 
 from 1827 to 1828 held a situation 
 as clerk in the ofiice of Mr. Edward 
 Blackmore. Here he studied short- 
 hand, and passed nearly two years 
 as a reporter for one of the offices 
 in Doctors' Commons. His first 
 engagement as a parliamentary 
 reporter was on the staff of the 
 True Sun, in 1831 ; and in 1834 he 
 became a reporter for the Morning 
 Chronicle, then edited by Mr. John 
 Black. His first literary attempt 
 was made in the pages of the Old 
 Monthly Magazine, in 1834. His 
 " Sketches of English Life and 
 Character " were first published in 
 the Morning Chronicle, and subse- 
 quently reprinted (in 1836) under 
 the title of "Sketches by Boz." 
 A comic opera, entitled " The 
 Village Coquettes," appeared in the 
 same year. The genuine humour 
 and powers of graphic description 
 exhibited in the " Sketches by 
 
DICKENS. 
 
 2G3 
 
 Boz," induced the publishers, 
 Messrs. Chapman &. Hall, to pro- 
 pose that Dickens should furnieh 
 them with a serial story in monthly 
 parts ; the result was the publica- 
 tion, in 1830-37, of the " Post- 
 humous Papers of the Pickwick 
 Club." These monthly numbers at 
 once obtained enormous popularity, 
 the oflBce in Fleet Street being 
 besieged by a crowd of buyers on 
 each day of publication. In 1830 
 he became the editor of " Bentley's 
 Miscellany," for which, in 1837. he 
 wrote his first novel on a connected 
 plan, " Oliver Twist." In this story 
 he narrated the adventures and 
 experiences of a "parish boy," 
 dealing with various phases of 
 life in a provincial workhouse, 
 and in the slums of London. 
 " Nicholas Nickleby," published in 
 monthly parts, was written with a 
 view of exposing the evils of cheap 
 schools. In I8i0 he undertook the 
 production of a collection of stories 
 in weeklv numbers, called " Master 
 Humphrey's Clock." This work 
 contained the two well-known 
 stories, " The Old Curiosity Shop " 
 (1S40), and " Barnaby Kudge " 
 (ISil), in addition to some detach- 
 ed papers, and a series of sketches 
 caUed " Mr. Weller's Watch." Of 
 the first number of this serial 
 neai-ly 70,000 copies were sold. In 
 1842 he visited America, where he 
 was very warmly received. On his 
 return he published his impres- 
 sions of the country, under the 
 title of " American Notes for Gene- 
 ral Circulation," which, naturally 
 enough, gave great offence in the 
 United States. "Martin Chuzzle- 
 wit" appeared in monthly parts in 
 1843 ; and, although said to be 
 " the most masterly of his ^-ritings 
 hitherto," was received at first with 
 less favour than his previous novels. 
 It has since, however, become one 
 of his most popular works, and two 
 or three of its characters (Mr. 
 Pecksniff, Mrs. G-amp, Mark Tap- 
 ley) are among the most famous 
 of his creations. " The Christmas 
 
 Carol," the first of a series of 
 shoi't stories, called " Christmas 
 Books," appeared in 1843, and had 
 very great success. The second of 
 the series, " The Chimes," was 
 published in 18U; "The Cricket 
 on the Hearth," in 1845 ; " The 
 Battle of Life," in 1816; "The 
 Haunted Man and the Ghost's 
 Bargain," in 1848. The greater 
 portion of the years 1845-46 was 
 spent in Italy. An account of his 
 residence and travels in that 
 country was subsequently publish- 
 ed. These sketches — "Pictures 
 from Italy," as they were entitled 
 — made their first appearance in the 
 Daily Neivs, of which he became 
 editor in January, 1840. In a few 
 months, however, he withdrew 
 from the editorship, and resumed 
 the imaginative and humorous 
 work for which his genius fitted 
 him more especially. Long-con- 
 tinued literary toil had made a 
 period of mental rest very neces- 
 sary, and, with the exception of 
 his Christmas books, he produced 
 nothing new, therefore, until the 
 close of the year 1840, when three 
 monthly numbers of " Dombey 
 and Son" made theii* appearance. 
 This story was not completed until 
 1848. In 1850, " David Copper- 
 field," perhaps the most remark- 
 able of all his works, was published 
 in a complete form, having previous- 
 ly made its appearance in twenty 
 monthly pai-ts. A great part of this 
 book was taken from the wi-iter's 
 own experiences, both as a child in 
 London, and as a struggling news- 
 paper reporter in later life. It thus 
 possesses a sort of autobiographical 
 interest of its own, apart from the 
 pathetic and humorous qualities 
 that characterise all the writings of 
 Charles Dickens. In the same 
 year, 1850, he started a cheap 
 weekly periodical called " House- 
 hold Words;" but this was dis- 
 continued in 1859, and succeeded 
 by " All the Year Round," which 
 he conducted until the end of his 
 life. "David Copperfield" was 
 
264 
 
 DICKENSON. 
 
 followed, in 1852-3, by "Bleak 
 House/' the story of a Chancery 
 suit, in which Chancery abuses and 
 delays were vividly dejDicted and 
 assailed. " Hard Times," the first 
 story written for " Household 
 Words/' dealt with the condition 
 of the working man, and the mis- 
 takes of those " who," as he him- 
 self remarked, " see figures and 
 averages, and nothing else." It 
 was finished at Boulogne in 1851 ; 
 and was followed by " Little 
 Dorrit," which was written chiefly 
 during his residence for some 
 months in Paris, and was published 
 in 1855-57. In 1856, he removed 
 from London to Gadshill Place, 
 near Rochester, where the remain- 
 ing years of his life were mainly 
 s;3ent. "A Tale of Two Cities," 
 appeared in "All the Year Round" 
 in 1S59 ; and in the previous year he 
 began his first series of public 
 readings, which, although a source 
 of great pecuniary profit, were un- 
 doubtedly very prejudicial to his 
 health and strength. '' Great 
 Expectations," in 1860-61, was pub- 
 lished in the pages of his magazine, 
 which also contained, from time to 
 time, the Christmas stories of 
 "The Haunted House," "Tom 
 Tiddler's Ground/' " Somebody's 
 Luggage," &c. ; but of these 
 Dickens wrote portions only. " Our 
 Mutual Fi'iend " appeared in 1864-5. 
 A second visit to America was paid 
 in 1867-8. Here he continued the 
 readings from his own works which 
 had been so popular in England : 
 their success also in the United 
 States was unprecedented. In 1868 
 he returned to England, and pub- 
 lished, in 1870, the first numbers of 
 his novel, " The Mystery of Edwin 
 Drood," which remained unfinished 
 at the time of his death. He had 
 frequently been warned by his 
 medical advisers that he was over- 
 working himself, and that the 
 public readings that he gave from 
 time to time were prejudicial to his 
 health ; but he paid little attention 
 to their warnings. His last reading 
 
 was given in March, 1870, in St. 
 James's Hall, when " The Christ- 
 mas Carol," and the Trial from 
 " Pickwick " were given with great 
 effect to an enthusiastic audience. 
 On Wednesday, the 8th of June, he 
 was seized with a fit at his resi- 
 dence, Gadshill Place, Higham, 
 near Rochester, and expired on the 
 following morning, June 9, 1870, in 
 the 59th year of his age. He was 
 buried on the 14th of June in 
 Poet's Corner, Westminster Abbey. 
 Charles Dickens married, in 1838, a 
 daughter of Mr. George Hogarth, a 
 musical writer of some eminence. 
 He was one of the founders of the 
 Guild of Literature and Art, and 
 an ardent advocate of reform in the 
 administration of the Literary 
 Fund. His generosity and kindli- 
 ness of heart to young and 
 struggling members of his own 
 profession are well known. The 
 writings of Charles Dickens will 
 always be dear to the English 
 heart, not only on account of the 
 broad humour exhibited in the 
 delineation of such characters as 
 Mr. Pickwick and Dick Swiveller, 
 but for the wonderful jjower which 
 he knew how to throw into his pleas 
 for the poor and the oppressed. 
 This power of pathos shows itself 
 chiefly in " Oliver Twist " and 
 "Nicholas Nickleby;" for his 
 genius was never more truly mani- 
 fest than when he tried to stir the 
 hearts of others with pity for the 
 evil and the suffering which the 
 world contains. His mirth was 
 always wholesome ; and lessons of 
 true charity lay beneath it. 
 
 DICKENSON, Captain Tho- 
 mas, R.N. [1786—1854], Captain of 
 Greenwich HosjDital, entered the 
 navy in 1796. He was wounded at 
 Trafalgar, where he gained his 
 lieutenancy, and also at the capture 
 of a warship La Trave, being dis- 
 abled for two years. He was made 
 commander in 1814, and in 1815 
 received a pension of ,£150 for his 
 wounds. In 1830 he went to Cape 
 Frio on the coast of Brazil, to try 
 
DICKSON— DILKE. 
 
 265 
 
 and rescue the fri;j^ate Thetis, which 
 had gone down in deep water, hav- 
 ing 810,000 dollars on board. He 
 worked indefatigably for fourteen 
 months in spite of unparalleled 
 diffijulties, and succeeded in reco- 
 vering all the guns and stores, and 
 about 600,000 dollars. He was 
 succeeded by Captain the Hon. 
 J. F. F. de Ros, who rescued 150,000 
 dollars more. On his return to 
 England he was rewarded with post 
 rank, but considered that he and his 
 crew had not been sufficiently re- 
 munerated, and the matter came 
 frequently before Parliament. He 
 Wiis admitted into the Royal Hos- 
 pital at Greenwich in Aug., 1817. 
 He was the author of a book enti- 
 tled " Narrative of the Operation 
 for the Recovery of the Public 
 Stores and Treasure sunk in H.M.S. 
 Thetis." 
 
 DICKSON, Vice-Admiral Ed- 
 ward Stirling [1765 — 1811], en- 
 tered the navy in 1772 at the early 
 age of seven, and in 1780 was made 
 lieutenant. He took part in the 
 relief of Gibraltar, and was wounded 
 on the " First of June," when he 
 was second lieutenant of the Ccesar, 
 which led the van. He led the 
 Fleet which reduced Trinidad in 
 1797, and took the towns of Carru- 
 pano and Rio Caribe on the Spanish 
 main, destroying their fortifica- 
 tions. For his services on this 
 occasion he was presented by the 
 governor and English inhabitants of 
 Trinidad with a sword worth 100 
 guineas, and was promoted to post 
 rank. In 1801 he recaptured the 
 Island of Goree, on the coast of 
 Africa, with a garrison of 300 men . 
 He was selected by Lord Exmouth 
 to command the expedition against 
 the fortress of Porto Ferrajo, and 
 by i*educing the island of Elba, he 
 achieved the only naval exploit of 
 the '"hundred days' war." He was 
 made Rear- Admiral in 1831. 
 
 DICKSON, Elizabeth, widow of 
 John Dickson, a naval siu'geon, was 
 well known for the active part she 
 took in bringing to the notice of 
 
 Government the inhuman treatment 
 to which the captives in Barbary 
 were subjected, and which led to 
 Lord Exmouth's famous expedi- 
 tion. She was living at the time 
 with her brother, British Vice- 
 Consul in Algiers, and was an eye- 
 witness of the horrible cruelties 
 inflicted on these unfortunate 
 people. For her labours in this 
 cause she was made a memh>er of 
 the "Anti-Piratical Society of 
 Knights and Noble Ladies, Libe- 
 rators of the Slaves in Africa," 
 with the honours and privileges of 
 a Lady Foundress. She died at 
 Tripoli at an advanced age, April 
 30, 1862. 
 
 DIGBY, Kenelm Henry [1800— 
 1880], youngest son of the Very 
 Rev. Wm. Digby, dean of Clonfert, 
 Ireland, a member of the family 
 represented by Lord Digby, was 
 educated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he gx-aduated B.A. in 
 1823, and soon after becoming a 
 convert to the Roman Catholic 
 Church, he studied extensively the 
 scholastic system of theology and 
 the antiquities of the middle ages. 
 Inspired by these studies, and tho- 
 roughly imbued with the spirit of 
 the ages with which he was so fami- 
 liar, he wrote " The Broad Stone of 
 Honour ; or. Rules for the Gentle- 
 men of England, in four books," 
 1829 ; " Mores Catholici, or Ages of 
 Faith," 1810; "Compitum, or the 
 Meeting of Ways at the Catholic 
 Church," 1851 ; " Evenings on the 
 Thames ; " and " The Epilogue to 
 previous Works in Prose and Verse," 
 1876. 
 
 DILKE, AsHTON Wentworth 
 [1850—1883], yoimger son of Sir C. 
 W. Dilke (q. v.), was educated at 
 Ti'inity Hall, Cambridge, of which 
 he was a scholar. He spent two years 
 in travellingabout in all parts of the 
 Russian Empire, including Hi, and 
 Turkestan, during which he became 
 an accomplished Russian scholar. 
 He wi'ote upon Siberia, Hi, and the 
 Caucasus in various magazines, and 
 published a considerable work on 
 
266 
 
 DILKE. 
 
 Eussia, which had been begun by 
 his brother in 1869-70, and was 
 completed by himself in 1873-74. 
 He published besides a translation 
 of Tourgeniers '^Terre Vierge," 
 and was the proprietor of the 
 Weekly Dispatch, &g., at the office 
 of which he printed several other 
 journals. He was returned to Par- 
 liament as member for Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne in 1880, as a Radical, and 
 brought forward several motions 
 upon such subjects as the business 
 of the House, election expenses, 
 &c. &c. Owing to extreme ill- 
 health, which had been brought 
 on by the hardships he had suffered 
 dui'ing his travels in Russia, he 
 resigned his seat early in 1883, and 
 was succeeded by Mr. John Morley. 
 He sjjent the last few months of 
 his life at Algiers, where he died 
 March 12, 1883. 
 
 DILKE, Charles Wentworth 
 [1789 — 1864], principal proprietor 
 and for many years editor of the 
 Athenceum, was the eldest son of 
 Charles Wentworth Dilke, born 
 1742. He began his career in the 
 Navy Pay Office. He early began 
 to contribute to the leading reviews 
 and magazines, including the West- 
 minster Review and the Betrosxjec- 
 tive; he also jjublished several works 
 connected with our own early drama 
 and literary history. On the con- 
 solidation of public offices, Mr. 
 Dilke withdrew from official duties, 
 and in 1832, together with Mr. 
 Holmes, he bought the Athenceum, 
 which had been unsuccessful under 
 its originator, Mr. J. S, Bucking- 
 ham, and afterwards under John 
 Sterling. He laid himself out de- 
 liberately to build it up into a 
 powerful and profitable literary 
 paper, by reducing its price, and 
 increasing its matter. He con- 
 tinued to act as its editor until 
 1816, in which year he became 
 manager of the Daily News, and 
 tried a similar experiment to that 
 on which he had ventured in the 
 Athencemn, but not with equal suc- 
 cess. He was a great authority on 
 
 the writings of Pope and Junius, 
 and contributed numerous papers 
 on those authors to the Athenceum. 
 He spent the last few years of his 
 life in retirement at a shooting 
 place in Hampshire, rented by his 
 son from the Woods and Forests, 
 and at that place, Alice Holt, he 
 died in 1864. [See "Papers of a 
 Critic,^' edited by his grandson. Sir 
 Charles Wentworth Dilke, Bart., in 
 1875.] 
 
 DILKE, Sir Charles Went- 
 worth, Bart. [1810 — 1869], son of 
 the above, was educated at West- 
 minster School, and Trinity Hall, 
 Cambridge. He studied law, and 
 took his LL.B. degree in 1834, but 
 did not practise. He helped his 
 father in his literary work and gave 
 up most of his time to several of 
 the learned societies. He was for 
 some years Chairman of the Coun- 
 cil of the Society of Arts, and took 
 an active jDart in the affairs of the 
 Royal Horticultural Society. He 
 was one of the earliest promoters 
 of the Great Exhibition of 1851, 
 and a member of the executive 
 committee. After the Exhibition 
 the honom- of knighthood was 
 offered him by the Queen, which, 
 however, he declined, and refused 
 all pecuniary reward for his assist- 
 ance. In 1853 he was appointed 
 English Commissioner at the New 
 York Industrial Exhibition, and 
 prepared a report on it, and again 
 refused all money rewards for his 
 services. He was one of the five 
 Royal Commissioners for the Great 
 Exhibition of 1862 ; and was created 
 a Baronet by the Queen soon after 
 the death of the Prince Consort. 
 In 1865 he became M.P. for Wal- 
 lingford. Four years later he was 
 sent to Russia as representative of 
 England at the Horticultural Exhi- 
 bition at St. Petersburg, and there 
 his health, which had long been 
 failing, utterly broke down, and he 
 died May 10, 1869. He was an 
 F.S.A. and a member of other 
 learned bodies. 
 
 DILLON, John Blake. He was 
 
DIRCKS— DISRAELI. 
 
 2g: 
 
 born in Mayo about 18 10, and was 
 educat<jd at Maynooth, but having 
 resolved to adopt the bar for his 
 profession, graduated at Trinity 
 College, Dublin, and was called to 
 the Irish Bar in 1811. Soon after 
 this he distinguished himself in 
 the Repeal Agitation, and in 1812 
 was joint founder, with Davis and 
 Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, of the 
 Nation newspaper, an organ started 
 to supersede O'Connell's Pilot. 
 When, in IS 16, the "Young Ire- 
 land Party " separated from the 
 Repeal Association, Dillon was 
 among the seceders ; and though 
 in the first instance he deprecated 
 the Rising of '48, he, when he saw 
 that the die was cast, was one of 
 the few who followed Smith O'Brien 
 into Tipperary, and led the rebels 
 at Mullinahone and Killenanee. 
 A reward of ^£300 was offered bv 
 the Government for his captiu'e, 
 but he succeeded in escaping to 
 New York, v.here he was honoured 
 by an immediate call to the bar, 
 and having been joined by his 
 wife, he remained in America until 
 the amnestv of 1855, when he re- 
 turned to Dublin. In 186G he was 
 elected member for Tipperary, and 
 strove to bring about an alliance 
 between the English Radicals and 
 the Home Rulers. Had life been 
 granted him, he might have 
 achieved much, for he was a man 
 whose integrity and noble kindly 
 nature attracted even his oppo- 
 nents ; but the cholera cut short his 
 career, and he died Sept. 15, 1860. 
 
 DIRCKS, Henry, LL.I;). [1806— 
 1873 J, Civil Engineer, and author 
 of several literary and scientific 
 works, was born in Liverix>ol. He 
 was apprenticed to a firm trading 
 to the East and West Indies, and 
 having short business hours, he 
 employed his leisure in study- 
 ing practical mechanics, chemical 
 science, and general literature. 
 Before he was twentv-one he de- 
 livered courses of lectiu-es on che- 
 mistry and electricity ; contributed 
 essays^ criticisms^, and tales to the 
 
 local press, and various scientific 
 articles to the Mechanics' Magazine, 
 and other journals. In 1837 he 
 became a life member of the British 
 Association, contributing among 
 numerous other papers one de- 
 scribing his invention of optical 
 illu3ions,afterwards properly known 
 as " The Ghost," which was read at 
 Leeds in 1858. Relinquishing mer- 
 cantile pursuits, he was till 1812 
 principally engaged as a practical 
 engineer, conducting railway, 
 canal, and mining works ; from that 
 date till his retirement from busi- 
 ness in 1858, he practised as a 
 consulting engineer. He was a 
 life-member of the Society of Arts, 
 the Society of Engineers, and 
 several other learned societies. 
 Among his works may be mentioned, 
 " Jordantype," 1852: " Electro- 
 Metallui-gy," 1863 ; " Optical Illu- 
 sions," 1863, &c. &c. 
 
 DISBROWE, Sir Edward 
 CROiiTVELL, G.C.H., was the son of 
 Colonel Edward Disbrowe, of Wal- 
 ton, Derbyshire, and Lady Char- 
 lotte Hobart, fourth daughter of 
 George, third Earl of Buckingham- 
 shire. He was for a time Secretary 
 of Legation in Switzerland, and 
 also represented England at the 
 Courts of Russia, Wiirtemberg, and 
 Sweden. At the time of his death 
 he was Envoy Extraordinary at the 
 Hague. He was made a K.G.C. 
 of the Hanoverian Guelphic order 
 in 1831. He died Oct. 29, 1851. 
 
 D'ISRAELI, Isaac. He belonged 
 to a Jewish family, which settled 
 as merchants at Venice towards the 
 close of the fifteenth century. In 
 1748 his father, then a boy of 
 eighteen, came to London, and 
 having rajiidly amassed a large 
 fortune, settled at Enfield, where 
 in May, 1766, Isaac D'Israeli was 
 born. The love of books which dis- 
 tinguished Isaac D'Israeli through- 
 out life was remarkable even in 
 childhood ; and he showed so strong 
 and constant a dislike to the idea 
 of a business career, that his father 
 gave up his intention of placing 
 
268 
 
 DIXON— DOB. 
 
 tlie boy in a commercial house in 
 Bordeaux, and let him have his 
 own will. When he was twenty- 
 one he published an attack on 
 " Peter Pindar/' a poem in the 
 manner of Pope, " On the Abuse of 
 Satire." Published at the right 
 moment, it at once became popular, 
 and secured for its author the long- 
 wished for introduction intoliterai*y 
 circles. Three years later D 'Israeli 
 published the first volume of his 
 "Curiosities of Literatui-e," 1791. 
 It was at once recognised as by far 
 the best work of the kind which 
 had appeared in England. In 
 1793 a second volume was added; 
 but the third was not produced 
 till twenty- four years later. Three 
 other volumes followed ; and the 
 first two volumes were revised 
 and much improved in the later 
 editions. With the " Curiosities 
 of Litei-ature " may be appro- 
 priately classed D'Israeli's " Mis- 
 cellanies or Literary Recreations," 
 1796 ; the " Calamities of Authors," 
 1812; and the "Quarrels of Au- 
 thors," 1814. In 1816 he brought 
 out a brief " Defence of James I. ;" 
 and between 1828-1831 a " Com- 
 mentary on the Life and Eeign of 
 Chaides I." In recognition of the 
 merits of the latter work the Uni- 
 versity of Oxford conferred on the 
 author the honorary degree of 
 D.C.L. D'Israeli had small in- 
 terest in the political aspect of 
 history ; but the honour has been 
 claimed for him of being one of the 
 founders of the modern school of 
 historical research. Towards the 
 close of his life D'Israeli began a 
 history of English literature ; but 
 loss of sight prevented him from 
 realizing his project, and the three 
 volumes he had prepared apjaeared 
 in 1811, under the name of " Ame- 
 nities of Literature." He died 
 after a few hours' illness at his 
 seat, Bradenham House, near High 
 V/ycombe, Jan. 19, 1818. A brief 
 memoir by his son, the Earl of 
 Beaconsfield, is prefixed to the 
 "Curiosities of Literature." 
 
 DIXON, William Hbpworth 
 [1821 — 1879], began his career as 
 the editor of a Chelteiham news- 
 paper, at the same time contribut- 
 ing sevaral poems to Douglas Jer- 
 rold's Illuminated Magazine. In 
 18 16 he left Manchester, and settled 
 in London, where he entered him- 
 self at the Inner Temple. He then 
 became a writer on the Daily News, 
 to which he contributed a series of 
 papers on the " Literature of the 
 Lower Orders," and on " London 
 Prisons," which appeared later in 
 a revised form under the title of 
 "John Howard, a Memoir." In 
 1851 appeared the " Life of William 
 Penn," in which Macaulay's charges 
 against the founder of Pennsylvania 
 were first met. In 1853 he was ap- 
 pointed chief editor of the Athe- 
 nceum, a post he resigned in 1869. 
 Having been appointed Lady Mor- 
 gan's literary executor, in conjunc- 
 tion with Miss Jewsbury he pub- 
 lished her memoirs. Among his 
 other works may be mentioned the 
 "Holy Land;" "Free Eussia;" 
 "The Switzers;" "Royal Wind- 
 sor ; " " British Cyprus ; " " Spiri- 
 tual Wives," a book on Mormonism ; 
 all of which Avere marked by some 
 of the qualities which command 
 popular success, being fluently 
 written, and picturesque at any 
 price. 
 
 DOD, Charles Roger [1793 — 
 1855], of Drumlease, Leitrim, best 
 known to the general public as the 
 author of the " Parliamentary 
 Companion," and the " Peerage, 
 Baronetage, and Knightage," was 
 the only' son of the Rev. Roger 
 Dod, vicar of Drumlease, where 
 he was born. After having been 
 editor and part-proprietor of a pro- 
 vincial journal, he came to London, 
 where he settled, and for twenty- 
 three years managed the parlia- 
 mentary reporting for the Times, 
 for which paper he also wrote bio- 
 graphical sketches. In 1841 he 
 wrote, in conjunction with his son, 
 the "Manual of Dignities, Privi- 
 lege, and Precedence," and was 
 
DON— DONKIN. 
 
 269 
 
 also the author of one or two minor 
 productions, which were not con- 
 tinued . 
 
 DON, David [1799—1841], Pro- 
 fessor of Botany in King's College, 
 London, was the second son of 
 George Don, curator of the Royal 
 Botanic Garden in Leith Walk, 
 near Edinburgh. Through the re- 
 commendation of the celebrated 
 botanist, Mr. Robert Brown, he 
 was appointed keeper of the Lam- 
 bertian Herbarium, and Librarian 
 of the Linnajan Society. He 
 went to Paris in 1821, where 
 he became acquainted with the 
 foremost Continental naturalists, 
 among whom were Humboldt, 
 Cuvier, and Delessert. Mr. Don's 
 " Prodromus Florae Nepaulensis," 
 and the many papers he contri- 
 buted to the Linncean Transactions, 
 brought him prominently into 
 notice, and he was appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Botany in King's Col- 
 lege. 
 
 DON, Geokge [1798—1856], was 
 a son of George Don of Forfar (the 
 field botanist, and discoverer of 
 many interesting plants in the 
 Highlands), and brother of the 
 above. He began bis career as 
 assistant in the Botanic Garden 
 at Chelsea, and afterwards tra- 
 velled in the West Indies, Sierra 
 Leone, and Brazil, as collector for 
 the Horticultui-al Society, whcse 
 collections he greatly enlarged. 
 His chief work was a " General 
 System of Gardening and Botany," 
 founded on Miller's "Gardener's 
 Dictionary." In 1855 he assisted 
 Mrs. Loudon in editing a new edi- 
 tion of her husband's " Encyclo- 
 pedia of Plants." 
 
 DONALDSON, John William 
 [1812—1861], philologist and bibli- 
 cal critic, was educated at the Lon- 
 don University, and at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, of which he 
 was elected a Fellow. He graduated 
 in 1831:, and then devoted himself 
 to the study of classical philology, 
 and published, five years later, his 
 '' New Cratylus/' a work of remark- 
 
 able erudition for so young a writer, 
 but like all the author's works, 
 rather fanciful than scientific. 
 In 1811 lie was appointed head- 
 master of King Edward's School at 
 Bury St. Ednumds, a position he 
 held for upwards of ten years. 
 When he resigned this post he 
 returned to Cambridge, where his 
 time was divided between literary 
 work and private tuition. At the 
 time of his death he was engaged 
 in preparing a Greek lexicon. His 
 work, entitled " Vai-ronianus," pub- 
 lished in 1811, gave rise to a most 
 unfortunate controversy between 
 himself and Professor Key, who 
 bi-ought against him a charge of 
 plagiarism. Among his other works 
 may be mentioned " Jashar, or 
 Fragments of Original Hebrew 
 Songs inserted in the Masoretic 
 text of the Old Testament," " The 
 Theatre of the Greeks," and a 
 Latin and a Greek Grammar of 
 considerable pretensions. 
 
 DONALDSON, Sir Stuart 
 Alexander [1812 — 1867], son of 
 Stuai-t Donaldson, a merchant of 
 London, emigrated to New South 
 Wales in 1835, and was for twenty 
 years agent for Lloyds at Sydney, 
 and head of the mercantile house 
 there which bore his name. He 
 was appointed one of the territorial 
 magistrates in 1838, subsequently 
 became a member of Council, in 
 which, and in the Assembly, he 
 held a seat from 1818 to 1859. In 
 1856 he formed the first ministry 
 there, responsible to the local Par- 
 liament. He was also a member 
 and Vice-President of the Execu- 
 tive Council, First Minister and 
 Colonial Secretary ; and was subse- 
 quently Colonial Treasurer and 
 Commissioner of Railways. He was 
 appointed Consul-General of Sar- 
 dinia in 1855, which post he 
 resigned on taking office as Colonial 
 Secretary. He returned to England 
 in 1859, when he was knighted. 
 
 DONKIN, General Sir Rufane 
 Shaw, K.C.B., G.C.H., Surveyor- 
 General of the Ordnance, Colonel 
 
270 
 
 DONKIN— DOEAN. 
 
 of the lltli Foot, and M.P. for 
 Sandwich, was the only son of 
 G-eneral Donkin. Having* entered 
 the 41th Foot in 1778, he accom- 
 panied Sir Charles Grrey to the 
 West Indies, was present at the 
 taking of Martinique, Gruadaloupe, 
 and St. Lucie, the siege of Fort 
 Bourbon, and the attack on Guada- 
 loupe in 1791. In 1798 he suc- 
 ceeded to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy in 
 the 11th Foot, and in May, 1805, 
 was made Permanent Assistant 
 Quartermaster - General, and em- 
 ployed at the sieg"e of Copenhagen. 
 In 1808 he went to Portugal as 
 Deputy Quartermaster-General, and 
 commanded a brigade at the pas- 
 sage of the Douro, at the battle of 
 Talavera, and in the retreat on 
 Portugal, in 1809. He afterwards 
 went to Bengal, and served as 
 second in command on the staff. 
 He was made Major-General in 
 1811, Lieutenant-General in 1821, 
 and General in 1838. For two 
 years he was Governor of the Cape 
 of Good Hope. He was returned 
 to Parliament for Berwick in 1832 
 and 1835, and in the latter year 
 was made Surveyor-General of the 
 Ordnance, a post he filled till his 
 death. May 2, 1811. He was twice 
 married, first to a daug'hter of Dean 
 Markham, and secondly to a daugh- 
 ter of the Earl of Minto. 
 
 DONKIN, William Fishbuhn 
 [1814 — 1869], was born at Bishop 
 Burton in the county of York, and 
 at a very early age showed a 
 marked taste for languages, mathe- 
 matics, and music. He was edu- 
 cated at St. Peter's School, York, 
 then i^resided over by Mr., after- 
 wards Archdeacon, Creyke, and in 
 1832 entered at St. Edmund's Hall, 
 Oxford. In 1834 he gained a clas- 
 sical scholarship at University 
 College ; in 1836 a first class, both 
 in classics and mathematics ; and a 
 year later the mathematical and 
 Johnson mathematical scholarships . 
 He remained at St. Edmund's Hall 
 for about six years after being 
 elected a Fellow of University, and 
 
 held the post of Mathematical 
 Lecturer and other college offices. 
 During that time he became known 
 to the general public by his writ- 
 ings, such as his " Essay on the 
 Theory of the Combination of Ob- 
 servations," for the Ashmolean So- 
 ciety, and some brilliant papers on 
 Greek music for Dr. Smith's " Dic- 
 tionary of Antiquities." In 1842 
 he succeeded Mr. Johnson (after- 
 wards Dean of Wells) as Professor 
 of Astronomy, and soon after 
 was made F.R.S. and F.R.A.S. 
 Bright hojDCs were entertained for 
 the cause ^of science by this ap- 
 l^ointment, but from the first fail- 
 ing health, which obliged him to 
 spend much time out of England, 
 cramped his efforts, and stood in 
 his way. In the intervals of im- 
 provement he devoted himself to 
 the duties of his Professorship, and 
 to the advance of science in all 
 its branches in Oxford, and during 
 1850-60 sent some important papers 
 to the E-oyal Society, among which 
 wex-e one " On the Equation of La- 
 place's Functions," and one " On a 
 Class of Differential Equations, in- 
 cluding those which occur in Dy- 
 namical Problems." The last work 
 upon which he was engaged was a 
 book on Acoustics for the Claren- 
 don Press series, but his increasing 
 ill-health delayed the work, and the 
 first part was passing through the 
 press when he died. 
 
 DOEAN, John, Ph. D., F.S.A. 
 [1807—1878], born in Ireland, and 
 brought up in France and Ireland, 
 begfin his literary career with a 
 melodrama, produced at the Surrey 
 Theati'e, when he was fifteen years 
 of age. He was then engaged on 
 the Literary Chronicle, till it was 
 purchased by Mr. John Sterling and 
 his friends. In 1835 he published 
 his "History and Antiquities of the 
 Town and Borough of Eeading," 
 and for eleven years acted as editor 
 of a weekly London newspaper. 
 Among his other works may be men- 
 tioned his " Filia Dolorosa," 1852 ; 
 " The Last Journals of Horace Wal- 
 
DOKIN— D'ORSAY. 
 
 271 
 
 pole," 1859 ; " Lives of the Princes 
 of Wales," 1859, etc., &.c. He was 
 at various times during many years 
 acting editor of the Athenceum, and 
 was a constant contributor to the 
 leading reviews and magazines of 
 the day. 
 
 DORIX, Joseph Alexander 
 '1802— 1872 ', was born at Edmon- 
 ton, Sept., 1802, educated at Hen- 
 ley, and obtained an appointment 
 in the East India Company's ser- 
 vice. Having gone out to India in 
 1821 as first prizeman of his year, 
 he entered the financial depart- 
 ment, rose rapidly, and in 18 i2 was 
 directed by Lord Ellenborough to 
 prepare a plan for the entire reor- 
 ganisation of Indian Finance. This 
 plan having been approved, ilr. 
 Dorin was appointed Financial 
 Secretary, and took a leading part 
 in Indian financial affairs until his 
 retirement from the service. In 
 1853 he became a member of 
 Council, and acted as President 
 during Lord Dalhousie's long 
 absence from Calcutta in 1855, and 
 Lord Canning's campaign in the 
 revolted districts in 185S. He dis- 
 cerned the true character of the 
 Mutiny earlier than his colleagues, 
 and in opposition to them recorded 
 his opinion that the refractory 
 regiments ought not to be dis- 
 banded, but punished with the 
 utmost severity of military law. 
 He returned to England at the ex- 
 piration of his tei'ui of office, and 
 spent the rest of his life in retire- 
 ment, dving at St. Lawrence, Isle 
 of Wight, Dec. 22, 1872. 
 
 D'ORSAY, CouxT Alfred "1798 
 — 1852 , the friend of Ladv Bles- 
 sington (q. v.), whose step-daugh- 
 ter. Lady Harriet Anne Gardiner, 
 he married, was born in Paris, and 
 was the son of General D'Orsay, 
 who was said to be one of the 
 handsomest men in the armies of 
 the Empire. He first visited Eng- 
 land about a week after the corona- 
 tion of George IV., when he ap- 
 peared at an entertainment given 
 by the French Ambassador (his 
 
 brother-in-law), tlie Due de Gram- 
 niont, to the King and the Royal 
 Family. Ho at once by his grace, 
 his good looks, and charm of man- 
 ner, took the town by storm and 
 became the leader of fashion. He 
 had entered the French Army at 
 an early age, and first became 
 acquainted with the Blessingtons 
 in 1822, at Valence on the Rhone, 
 where the Army of France was 
 quartered. This chance acquaint- 
 anceship soon ripened into intimacy, 
 and at Lord Blessington's in vita 
 tion the Count joined them in their 
 trip southwards, renouncing his 
 military career from that time. In 
 1823 the party met Byron at 
 Genoa, who was much struck by 
 the appearance and manners of 
 the young Frenchman, and was 
 allowed to read the famous MS. 
 joui-nal in which the Count had 
 jotted dowu his ideas of England 
 and the English. In 1827 he mar- 
 ried Lord Blessington's only daugh- 
 ter by a former marriage. Lady 
 Harriet Anne Gardiner, who was 
 only fifteen at the time, but a sepa- 
 ration followed soon after. Lord 
 Blessington died in Paris in 1829, 
 Count D'Orsay returned to England 
 with Lady Blessington, and their 
 house (Gore House, Kensington) 
 became the centre of a circle more 
 distinguished for art, literature, 
 and fashion, than for a respect for 
 social conventions. Not very long 
 after came the great crash at Gore 
 House, and Lady Blessington and 
 the Count were obliged to fly to Paris 
 to escape imprisonment for debt. 
 Lady Blessington died in 1849, and 
 the Count nearly four years later. 
 He had prepared his last resting- 
 place beside hers, in the village of 
 Chambourg beyond St. Germain-en- 
 Lave, where he built a monumental 
 pyramid in the rustic cemetery 
 adjoining the domains of the family 
 of De Grammont. In the sepul- 
 chral chamber are two sarcophagi, 
 one on either side, surmounted by 
 tablets of white marble. The one 
 : on the left contains the remains of 
 
272 
 
 DOUBLEDAY— DOWTON. 
 
 Lady Blessington, the one on tke 
 right those of Count D'Orsay. 
 
 DOUBLEDAY, Edward [1811— 
 1849], F.L.S.,F.Z.S., was descended 
 from an old and well-known Quaker 
 family of Epping. He and his 
 brother Henry first attracted notice 
 in the scientific world by their 
 beautiful collections of British birds 
 and insects. In 1835 Mr. Double- 
 day visited the United States, 
 bringing back with him large col- 
 lections of natural history speci- 
 mens, which he distributed to the 
 British Museum and various local 
 institutions. He was appointed 
 assistant in the zoological depart- 
 ment of the British Museum, 
 where he devoted much time to the 
 arrangement of the entomological 
 collections, especially to the classi- 
 fication of the various species of 
 Lepidopterous insects. Under his 
 superintendence the collection of 
 butterflies and moths in the Museum 
 became one of the most complete in 
 existence. At the time of his death 
 he was engaged in the publication 
 of a catalogue of the Diurnal Lepi- 
 doptera, and also upon a work on 
 the genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. 
 
 DOUBLEDAY, John [1799— 
 1856], who for more than nineteen 
 years was connected with the 
 department of antiquities in the 
 British Museum, began life as a 
 printer, and having gained much 
 experience in casting in metals and 
 other materials, he established 
 himself in business as a copyist of 
 coins, medals, and ancient seals. 
 He was employed chiefly in the 
 British Museum in repairing works 
 of art, and it was he who repaired 
 the Portland Vase, after it had 
 been wilfully broken into many 
 hundred pieces. 
 
 DOUGLAS, General Sir 
 Howard, Bart., G.C.B. [1770— 
 18G1], son of Sir Charles Douglas, 
 Bart., entered the aimy at an early 
 age, and served in Portugal and 
 Spain in the campaigns of 1808-9, 
 being present at Corunna under Sir 
 John Moore, and taking part in 
 
 many of the subsequent engage- 
 ments. He succeeded to the 
 baronetcy on the death of his 
 brother in 1809, and from 1823 to 
 1829 held the post of Governor of 
 New Bz'unswick. He was appointed 
 Lord High Commissioner of the 
 Ionian Islands in 1835, but resigned 
 in 1850. He sat as M.P. in the 
 Conservative interest for Liverpool 
 from 1842 to 1847. He obtained in 
 1841 the colonelcy of the 99th 
 Regiment of Foot, and was trans- 
 ferred to the colonelcy of the 15th 
 Foot in 1851. He was the author 
 of several scientific treatises on 
 the subjects of fortification and 
 gunnery. 
 
 BOWLING, Sir James [1787— 
 1844], was born in London, and 
 educated at St. Paul's School, 
 on leaving which he took to 
 journalism, writing for the daily 
 papers, and reporting the debates 
 in both houses of Parliament. He 
 was called to the bar of the Middle 
 Temple in 1815, edited several 
 legal text books, and published 
 nine volumes of Law Eeports, 
 known as " Dowling and Eyland's 
 Reports." In 1827 he was appoint- 
 ed Puisne Judge to the colony of 
 New South Wales, and went out in 
 1828. On the retirement of Sir 
 Francis Forbes he succeeded him 
 as Chief Justice, and received the 
 honour of knighthood. He died at 
 Sydney, Sept. 27, 1844. 
 
 DOWTON, William [1763— 
 1851], Comedian, was the son of an 
 innkeeper, at Exeter, and was 
 apprenticed to an architect, from 
 whom he ran away to join a com- 
 pany of strolling players. He 
 made his delut as Carlos, in the 
 "Revenge," at Ashburton. He 
 first played before a London 
 audience in 1794 as Sheva, in 
 Cumberland's play, "The Jew," 
 and was very siiccessful. He wrs 
 said to be unrivalled as Sir Hugh 
 Evans, in " The Merry Wives of 
 Windsor," and was considered the 
 best Malvolio ever seen on the 
 stage. 
 
 His other great successes 
 
DOYLE. 
 
 273 
 
 were : Russell, in the " Jealous 
 Wife," Sir Anthony AV)solute, in 
 " The Rivals/' Major Sturgeon, in 
 ''the Mayor of Garrett," Governor 
 Hartall, in "The Soldier's 
 Daughter," and Doctor Cantwell, 
 in " The Hypocrite." He remained 
 at Drury Lane for many years, 
 occasionally playing at the Hay- 
 market in the summer. On the 
 occasion of his benefit at the Hay- 
 market, in 1805, he had revived a 
 burlesque called "The Taylors," 
 which gave great offence to the 
 fraternity, and led to a tremendous 
 riot in the house during the per- 
 formance. Although Dowton was 
 a popular favourite in London, he 
 was never liked in the provinces, 
 so that with advancing years he 
 found himself almost as poor as 
 when he began his theatrical 
 career, and a benefit was got up to 
 assist him in 18iO, at Her Majesty's. 
 Coleman's comedy " The Poor Gen- 
 tleman " was played, with an ex- 
 cellent cast, and at the conclusion 
 an address wi'itten by Sheridan 
 Knowles was spoken. With the 
 money thus realised an annuity 
 was bought for him. 
 
 DOYLE, Sir Charles Hastings, 
 K.C.M.G. [ISOJ— 1883], was the 
 eldest son of Lieut. -Gen. Sir 
 Charles William Doyle, K.C.B., 
 G.C.H., and was educated at the 
 Military College, Sandhurst. He 
 entered the army as ensign in the 
 87th Foot, in 1819. He served 
 chiefly in the Colonies, in the East 
 and West Indies, and in British 
 North America. In the Crimea he 
 was Assistant Adjiatant-General of 
 the 3rd Division of the army. From , 
 1847 to 1856 he was on the staff as 
 Assistant Quarter-Master-Geueval, 
 and in the latter year was appointed • 
 Inspector-General of Militia in Ire- | 
 land, a post he held for five years. He j 
 was next appointed to command the ' 
 troops in Nova Scotia, and was 
 placed on the staff as Major- 
 General, becoming, in 18G7, Lieut.- 
 Governor of the Province of Nova 
 Scotia. He resigned the hitter 
 
 post in 1873, and returned home, 
 when he was appointed, in the 
 following year, to the command of 
 the Southern District. He was 
 appointed Colonel of the 70th Foot 
 in 1808, was transferred to the 87th 
 Foot in 1870, and on his compul- 
 sory retirement in 1873, Hon. 
 Colonel of the 1st battalion of the 
 regiment. He was nominated a 
 K.C.M.G. in 18(39. 
 
 DOYLE, John ("H. B."). He 
 was born of a respectable family in 
 Dublin, 1797, and became an art 
 student in the schools of the 
 
 Dublin Society. 
 
 don about 1822, 
 
 come a portrait 
 
 He came to Lon- 
 intending to be- 
 painter, and be- 
 
 tween 1825-35 exhibited six pictures 
 in the Royal Academy. The diffi- 
 culty of making a connection as a 
 portrait painter led him to litho- 
 graph and publish drawings of 
 some of the most prominent public 
 characters of the day, and his poli- 
 tical caricatures of the events be- 
 tween 1829-1840 attained an im- 
 mense popularity. He died Jan. 
 2, 1868, aged 70. A large collec- 
 tion of his dra^\'ings has lately been 
 acquired by the British Museum. 
 
 DOYLE, Sir John Millet, 
 K.C.B. [1781—1856], entered the 
 ai'iny as cornet in 1794, and served 
 in the Egj^^tian Camf)aign of 1801, 
 under Abercrombie. From 1809 to 
 1814 he served in the Peninsula, 
 first in command of a regiment, 
 and afterwards of a brigade, under 
 the Duke of Wellington. For his 
 services in Egypt he received a 
 medal, and a cross and one clasp 
 for Fuentes d'Onor, Ciudad Rod- 
 rigo, Yittoria, the Pyrenees, &c., 
 and was made K.C.B. in 1815. In 
 1832, he was requested by His 
 Majesty, Don Pedro, to join the 
 liberating army at Oporto, which 
 he did, and was gazetted a Major- 
 General in the Portuguese service, 
 and Aide-de-Camp to His Imperial 
 Majesty. After the war. Sir John 
 and his companions, instead of 
 receiving the just rewards of their 
 gallant services, were treated with 
 
 T 
 
274 
 
 DOYLE— DRAPER. 
 
 tlie basest ini^ratitude, tliro'v\Ti into 
 prison, insulted, and persecuted. 
 Their case often came before 
 Parliament, but nothing could be 
 done, and they never received any 
 redress. Sir John was appointed a 
 Military Knight of Windsor in 
 1853, and was shortly afterwards 
 appointed Sergeant-at-A.rms to Her 
 Majesty. 
 
 DOYLE, Richard [1826—1883], 
 was the son of John Doyle (q. v.) 
 the political caricaturist. He early 
 shoAved a great talent for draAving, 
 and while still a youth was ap- 
 pointed to the staii" of Punch, for 
 which periodical he designed the 
 famous cover. Being a Roman 
 Catholic, he was offended at the 
 attacks made by his paper upon the 
 Pope and Cardinal Wiseman dui'ing 
 the " Papal Aggression " panic, and 
 resigned his connection. Thence- 
 forward he devoted himself for 
 many years to book illustration, 
 and made the drawings for the 
 " Newcomes,'" and other works of 
 Thackeray, Leigh Hunt's "Jar of 
 Honey," Ruskin's " King of the j 
 Golden River," and many other . 
 volumes. But his real delight, now 
 and always, was in drawing fan- 
 tastic scenes of fairy-land in the 
 manner of which he had given an 
 example in the cover of Punch. 
 These he would design as quickly 
 as another man would wi*ite, and 
 with so much truth and certainty 
 that he never had to erase a line. 
 Many of these drawings were in 
 water-colour, and during the later 
 years of his life he used to exhibit 
 them annually in the Grosvenor 
 Gallery, where a commemorative 
 exhibition of his works was held 
 early in 1885. Richard Doyle died 
 suddenly on Dec. 11, 1883, to the 
 great grief of a wide circle of friends 
 who were endeared to him as mvich 
 by his personal charm as by his 
 graceful and unique talent. 
 
 D'OYLY, Rev. George, D.D. 
 [1778— 1816J,F.R.S., was the fourth 
 son of the Ven. Matthias D'Oyly, 
 Archdeacon of Lewes, and Rector 
 
 of Buxted, Sussex. He was a Fel- 
 low of Corpus Christi College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he graduated B.A. 
 1800, M.A. 1803, B.D. 1811, and 
 D.D. 1821. In 1810 he was ap- 
 pointed Chaplain in Ordinary to 
 George III. : in 1813 was made 
 one of the Examining Chaplains 
 to the Archbishop of Canterbury ; 
 and in 1815 was presented to the 
 living of Heme Hill, in Kent. He 
 resigned this living for the rectory 
 of Buxted, Sussex, vacant by the 
 death of his father, and later 
 became Rector of Lambeth, and of 
 Sundridge, in Kent. He was a 
 frequent contributor on theolo- 
 gical subjects to the Quarterly 
 Review," and in 1813 undertook, 
 in conjunction with the Rev. 
 Richard Mant, the Annotated Bible, 
 well known under the title of 
 " D'Oyly andMant's Bible," which 
 was first published in weekly num- 
 bers, and which for many years 
 had a place in the library of every 
 clergyman. 
 
 DRAKE, Sir William Henry, 
 K.C.B. [1812—1882], Director of 
 Supplies and Transport at the War 
 Office, was the son of Mr. John 
 Drake, of Exmouth, Devon, Com- 
 missary-General. He entered the 
 War office in 1831 ; was appointed 
 I Colonial Treasurer in Western 
 1 Australia from 1838 to 1818 ; As- 
 : sistant Commissary - General in 
 I 1845, and Commissary-General in 
 1849. In this capacity he served 
 in various colonies, as well as in 
 the Crimea, and at Kertch. He 
 also had charge of the Turkish Con- 
 tingent. In 1867 he became Con- 
 troller for Ireland, and two years 
 later Controller for Great Biitain 
 in the War Office. He was ap- 
 pointed Director of Supplies and 
 Transports from 1871 to 1877 ; was 
 nominated C.B. in 1856, and ad- 
 vanced to the dignity of a K.C.B 
 in 1871. 
 
 DRAPER, Hon. Edward 
 Alured [1776 — 1841], was born 
 in Oxfordshire. He was educated 
 at Eton, and while there was ap- 
 
DREW— DRUMMOND. 
 
 27i 
 
 pointed Pago of Honour to George 
 III. He entered the army in 171>2, 
 and after seeing service in Egypt, 
 he was appointed to the staft' of 
 General Grinfield, whom he after- 
 wards accompanied as Aide-de- 
 Camp and Secretary to the West 
 Indies. He Avas present at the cap- 
 ture of St. Lucia, and brought 
 home the dispatch announcing the 
 event, when he was promoted to a 
 brevet majority in the army, and 
 received from the King a gift of 
 .£500. Soon after his arrival in 
 England he published his " Address 
 to the British Public," in which 
 he accused the Commissioners ap- 
 pointed to inquire into Sir Thomas 
 Picton's administi-ation of the 
 Government of Trinidad of wilful 
 perjury, and a criminal informa- 
 tion was filed against him. He 
 was tried and sentenced to three 
 months' imprisonment. Among the 
 witnesses who came forward to 
 speak for him, and to testify to liis 
 high sense of honour, were their 
 Royal Highnesses the Dukes of 
 York, Cumberland, and Gloucester, 
 the Duke of Bedford, and Earl 
 Grosvenor, afterwards Marquis of 
 Westminster. On his release he 
 proceeded Avith his regiment upon 
 the expedition to Walcheren. In 
 1813^ having left the army, he was 
 appointed Chief Government Secre- 
 tary at the Island of Bourbon, then 
 belonging to the British Crown, 
 which he left to go to the Mauri- 
 tius, where he was employed in the 
 Civil Service for upwards of twenty- 
 six years, filling in succession many 
 high offices. In 1832 he headed 
 the party which refused to receive 
 Mr. Jeremie as Chief Judge, and 
 was consequently dismissed from 
 his offices, receiving, however, an 
 allowance of .£500 a year until he 
 could find another appointment at 
 Mauritius. . He afterwards held 
 the situation of Joint Stipendiary 
 Magistrate of Port Louis, and later 
 was made Treasurer and Paymaster 
 General of the Colony, a post which 
 he held till his death in 1841. 
 
 D R E W, Admiral Andrew 
 [1702— 1878J, entered the navy in 
 180G ; was present at the attack on 
 the French flotilla, off Boulogne, 
 at the siege of Coi)enhagen ; and 
 capture of the Danish fleet in the 
 following year. Under Sir John 
 Phillimore he took an active part 
 in the Ashantee hostilities at Cape 
 Coast Castle, where he landed, in 
 command of the seamen and ma- 
 rines, and assisted at the final 
 overthrow of the enemy on July 11, 
 1811. On his return home he was 
 rewarded with the rank of Com- 
 mander. In 1838, having settled 
 in Upper Canada, he turned out 
 voluntarily to aid in the defence 
 of the country diu-iug the rebellion, 
 and was called upon to destroy the 
 rebel steamer Caroline, employed 
 in conveying arms, ammunition, 
 and men from the United States 
 shore to Mary Island, then in pos- 
 session of the rebels. This was a 
 most dangei'ous service, on account 
 of the rapids on one side, Mary 
 Island on the other, and the dark- 
 ness of the night. Yet with only 
 five small boats, each carrying 
 about seven men, he crossed the 
 river where the stream was run- 
 ning between five and six miles 
 an hour, captured the vessel, and 
 sent it burning over the Falls of 
 Niagcira. For this service he re- 
 ceived the thanks of the Houses of 
 Parliament of Upper Canada. He 
 became Rear- Admiral in 18G3, Yice- 
 Admiral in 18G9, and Admiral in 
 1875. 
 
 DRUMMOND, Edward, Private 
 Secretary to Sir Robert Peel, was 
 the eldest son of Charles Drum- 
 mond, the banker at Charing 
 Cross. At an early age be became 
 a Clerk of the Treasury, and was 
 afterwards Private Secretary to the 
 Earl of Ripon, when he was Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer, to Mr. 
 Ccinning, the Duke of Wellington, 
 and Sir Robert Peel. His ability 
 and zeal made him especially valu- 
 able to them all ; and on one 
 occasion the Duke of Wellington 
 
 T 2 
 
276 
 
 DRUMMOND. 
 
 piiblicly stated in the House of 
 Lords his great satisfaction that 
 Mr. Drummond had done him the 
 honour to become his private secre- 
 tary. Mr. Drummond was assas- 
 sinated by a man named Daniel 
 M'Naughten, while on his way 
 from the bank, Avhere he had been 
 to see his brother, Jan. 25, 1843. 
 He was in his fifty-first year, 
 having been born in 1792. The 
 assassin was supposed to have mis- 
 taken Mr. Drummond for Sir R. 
 Peel. 
 
 DRUMMOND, Henry [1786— 
 1860], banker, politician, and mis- 
 cellaneous Avriter, Avas the eldest 
 son of Henry Drummond, a pro- 
 minent London banker. He was 
 educated at Harrow, and at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, where in 1825 he 
 founded the Professorship of Poli- 
 tical Economy. In 1847 he was 
 returned to Parliament as member 
 for West Surrey, and continued to 
 represent it till his death. He 
 took an active interest in nearly 
 all departments of politics ; was 
 thoroughly independent, and often 
 eccentric in his views, but gene- 
 rally acted with the Conservative 
 party. He was a most effective 
 speaker, clear and concise, and on 
 occasions caustic and severe. He 
 published numerous books and 
 pamphlets on the interpretation 
 of prophecy, the circulation of the 
 Apocrypha, the jDrinciples of Chris- 
 tianity, &c., which attracted a good 
 deal of attention. He was from 
 the first connected with the spread 
 of the Catholic Apostolic or " Ir- 
 vingite " Church ; and meetings of 
 those who sympathised with Irving 
 were held for the study of jrro- 
 phecy at his residence, Albury 
 Park, in Surrey. He contriljuted 
 liberally to the funds of the new 
 Church, and became one of its 
 leading office-bearers. He wrote 
 numerous works in defence of its 
 distinctive doctrines and practice. 
 
 DRUMMOND Samuel, A.R.A. 
 He was born in London on Christ- 
 mas Day, 1763. At the age of 
 
 fourteen he went to sea, but six or 
 seven years later left the service, 
 and took to drawing portraits in 
 crayons, and afterwards painting 
 in oil. He was entirely self-taught, 
 but with such success, that he was 
 employed for several years on the 
 European Magazine. He first ex- 
 hibited in the Academy in 1791. 
 His naval subjects gained him 
 some repute, and in 1808 he t. as 
 elected an Associate. His pict", es 
 of "The Death of Nelson," and 
 "The Battle of Trafalgar," were 
 engraved, and his large picture, 
 ' ' Admiral Duncan receiving the 
 sword of Admiral De Winter," was 
 presented by the British Institu- 
 tion to the Greenwich Hospital. 
 He continued to exhibit at the 
 Academy and the British Institu- 
 tion, where, in 1827, he received a 
 premium of ,£50. He exhibited no 
 fewer than 401 pictures, of which 
 303 appeared on the walls of the 
 Academy. He died in August, 
 1844. His portraits of Mrs. Fry, 
 and of Isambard Brunei, are in the 
 National Portrait Gallery. 
 
 DRUMMOND, Wm. Hamilton. 
 He Avas born at Larne, County 
 Antrim, in 1778, and was educated 
 at the Belfast Academy, and after- 
 wards at Glasgow University. In 
 1798, while still at Glasgow, he 
 produced " The Man of the Age," a 
 poem of political purport, which 
 nearly cost him his freedom. In 
 1800 he became a Pastor of the 
 Second Congregation in Belfast, 
 and about the same time published 
 I a metrical translation of the first 
 j book of " Lucretius," " Trafalgar," 
 I a poem, and " The Giant's Cause- 
 I way." In 1810, he received the 
 title of D.D. from the University of 
 Aberdeen, and in 1815 removed to 
 Dublin, and, taking part in the 
 discussions of the time, pviblished 
 a great number of essays and con- 
 troversial writings. His nature was 
 intensely religious, and all his 
 works reveal the bent of his mind ; 
 he was also a patriotic Irishman. 
 I Among his works may be mentioned. 
 
DUCIE— DUFF. 
 
 277 
 
 "The Autobiography of Hamil- 
 ton Rowan" with additions, 
 " Brace's Invasion of Irehind," 
 " Ancient Irish Minstrelsy," " An 
 Essay on the Doctrine of the 
 Trinity," "The Pleasures of Bene- 
 volence," "The Life of Michael 
 Servetus." He died Oct. 10, I8G0. 
 DUCIE, Second Earl, the Kt, 
 Hon. Henry George Francis 
 Reynolds Moreton, [1802 — 1853], 
 was the eldest son of Thomas, first 
 Earl Ducie. In 1S31, Mr. Moreton 
 was elected one of the Knights of 
 Gloucestershire, and in 1832 was 
 chosen for the eastern division of 
 the county, which he resigned to 
 his brother, the Hon. Augustus H. 
 Moreton, in 1835. He succeeded to 
 the Peerage in 1810, and in 18 IG 
 was appointed Lord in Waiting to 
 the Queen, an office he resigned in 
 1817. Lord Ducie took a keen in- 
 terest in agriculture, w^as President 
 of the Royal Agricultural Society 
 in 1853, and was the inventor of 
 the Ducie cultivator, and many 
 other agricultui'al implements now 
 in use. He was also an extensive 
 and veiy successful breeder of 
 stock. He was a staunch advocate 
 of free-trade principles, and in the 
 Corn Law debates was an able and 
 frequent speaker. 
 
 DUCKETT, Sir George Floyd, 
 Bart., F.S.A. [1811—1877] son of 
 Sir George Duckett, Bart., F.R.S., 
 was educated at Harrow, and at 
 Christ Chui'ch, Oxford. He served 
 for some years in the army, both in 
 the cavalry and infantry, and suc- 
 ceeded to the title on his father's 
 death in 185G. He was the author 
 of a " Technological Military Dic- 
 tionary," in German, English, and 
 French, which was much praised 
 by competent authorities, and for 
 which he received gold medals 
 from the Emperor of Austria, from 
 the Emperor of the French, and 
 from the King of Prussia. He also 
 wrote a genealogical work, entitled 
 " Duckettiana," which forms an 
 important addition to the county 
 histories of Westmoreland, Wilt- 
 
 shire, and Cambridgeshire, and 
 contains copious notices and pedi- 
 gi'ees of families in Yorkshire and 
 Dorsetshire. 
 
 DUCKOW, A. [1791— 1812], the 
 popular equestrian performer, and 
 part proprietor of Astley's Theatre, 
 is said to have realised by it pro- 
 perty to the amount of nearly 
 .£GO,000. In 1810 the theatre was 
 burnt to the ground, and Mr. 
 Ducrow never recovered from the 
 shock he then received. For a 
 time his mind gave way, and when 
 he had partly regained his senses 
 he Wcis seized with paralysis, of 
 which he died. He left ^SOO for 
 the decoration of the family tomb 
 at Kensal Gi'een, and ^2200 to be 
 invested, and the interest used to 
 buy flowers for his monument. 
 
 DUFF, Rev. Alexander [180G 
 — 1878], Indian Missionary, was 
 born near Pitlochry, Perthshire, 
 and was educated at the St. 
 Andrew's University, where he 
 graduated in honours. In 1829 he 
 was sent out by the Established 
 Church of Scotland as its first 
 Indian missionary, and on his 
 arrival in India, entered with 
 eagerness into the task of elevating 
 the native races by the aid of 
 churches, schools, and benevolent 
 institutions, "which he established 
 in many populous parts of India. 
 He seceded from the Establishment 
 in 1813, when he undertook work of 
 ; the same kind in Calcutta, for the 
 ! Free Church. During a visit to 
 Scotland in 1850, he was chosen 
 ! Moderator of the Free Assembly in 
 1851, was examined before a Com- 
 mittee of the House of Lords on 
 Indian affairs in 1853, and contri- 
 buted valuable materials for the 
 famous Education Despatch of 
 1851. He was obliged to leave 
 India in 18G3, owing to ill-health. 
 On his return, he was chosen the 
 first Professor of Evangelistic 
 Theology in New College, and in 
 1873 was again made a Moderator 
 ; of the Free Assembly. He was the 
 i author of " India and Indian 
 
278 
 
 BUFF— DUNBAE. 
 
 Missions/' 1839; "Letters on 
 Indian Eebellion/' 1858 ; and for 
 a time edited the Calcutta Revieiv. 
 [See " Memoir " by Dr. G. Smith, 
 1879.] 
 
 DUFF, James Grant, was the 
 eldest son of Mr. Grant, of Kincar- 
 dine O'Neil, and was born in Banii, 
 Jnly 18, 1789. At the ag-e of six- 
 teen he went to India, and having 
 studied for a time at the Cadet 
 School, was ordered to join the 
 Bombay Grenadiers, and greatly 
 distinguished himself at the attack 
 on the fortified town of Maliah. 
 He was afterwards appointed 
 assistant to Mountstuart EljDhin- 
 stone, and in that capacity was 
 actively engaged, partly in a mili- 
 tary and i^artly in a civil capacity, 
 in the overthrow of the Mahrattas, 
 and received the " blue riband of 
 Western India." He was after- 
 wards sent, with only one European 
 companion and a body of native 
 soldiery, into the centre of the 
 Mahratta confederacy, to establish 
 order and peace there, his eiiorts 
 being completely successful. The 
 worry and anxiety of this mission 
 entirely broke down his health, and 
 he was compelled to return to Eng- 
 land. He assumed the name of 
 Duff on succeeding to the estate of 
 Eden, which had been left to his 
 mother during his absence. He 
 married, in 1825, the only child of 
 Sir Whitelaw Ainslie, and settled 
 at Eden, where he spent the 
 remainder of his life. He died 
 Sep. 22, 1858. He was the author 
 of the well-known and excellent 
 "History of the Mahrattas," and 
 was the father of the Et. Hon. 
 Mountstuart Elphin stone Grant 
 Duff, now Governor of Madras. 
 
 DUFFEEIN, Lady, Helena 
 Selina Sheridan, who was the 
 grand-daughter of Eichard Brinsley 
 Sheridan, was born in 1807, and 
 was brought up in Hampton Court, 
 wherein, on the death of her hus- 
 band, Mrs. Sheridan had a suite of 
 rooms allotted to her. When only 
 eighteen years old Helena married 
 
 the Hon. Price Blackwood, after- 
 wards Lord Dufferin. She wi-ote a 
 number of verses and songs which 
 had for their subject the griefs and 
 joys of the Irish peasantry. The 
 exquisitely touching " Irish Emi- 
 grant," is her best and most widely 
 knoA\Ti poem. Lord Dufferin died 
 in 1811, and after twenty-one years 
 of widowhood Lady Dufferin mar- 
 ried Lord Gifford, who had then only 
 two months to live. Lady Gifford 
 died June 12, 18G7. 
 
 DUMAEESQ, Lieut.-Colonel 
 Henry [1792—1838], entered the 
 army at the age of sixteen, and saw 
 a good deal of active service in the 
 Peninsula and at Waterloo. He 
 attained the rank of lieutenant- 
 colonel in 1817. At the battle of 
 Waterloo he was shot through the 
 lungs, but being charged with a 
 message to the Duke of Wellington, 
 in spite of his wound, he went on 
 and succeeded in reaching the duke 
 before he fell. The ball was never 
 extracted, and is supposed to have 
 caused his death twenty-three years 
 afterwards. He had succeeded 
 Captain Sir Edward Parry, E.N., as 
 chief commissioner of the Austra- 
 lian Agricultural Company in New 
 South Wales, and repeatedly 
 received the thanks of the directors 
 for his able superintendence of their 
 affairs. 
 
 DUNBAE, Duncan [1803—1862], 
 one of the largest shipowners and 
 merchants in the City of London, 
 was the son of a poor Scotchman 
 who settled in England as a small 
 brewer at Limehouse, and being 
 successful in business bought a few 
 trading vessels, which were the 
 foundation of the fleet afterwards 
 acquired by his son. This son, 
 Duncan, was educated at the Maris- 
 chal College, Aberdeen, and entered 
 his father's counting-house in 1819, 
 being made partner in 1823. His 
 career was a most successful one, 
 he being possessed at the time of 
 his death of more than fifty large 
 vessels trading to every part of the 
 world, and of stocks, shares, houses^ 
 
DUNBAR— BUNCOMBE. 
 
 •270 
 
 and investments, worth more than 
 half a million. 
 
 DUNBAR, George, M.A. [1773— 
 1851], Professor of Greek Literature 
 in the Edinburgh University, and 
 F.R.S.E., was born of humble 
 parentage at Coldingham, in Ber- 
 wickshire, and was intended by his 
 parents for a gardener. He was 
 seriously injured by a fall from a 
 tree, and while suffering from the 
 effects of it attracted the notice of 
 a neighbour, who helped him to pro- 
 cure a good education. He worked 
 so successfully that in 1805 he 
 become Professor of Greek in the 
 Edinburgh University. He pub- 
 lished numerous works connected 
 with the Greek language and litera- 
 ture, the most important and best 
 known being his " Lexicon of the 
 Greek Language,'" upon which he 
 was engaged for eight yeai's ; "Ex- 
 ercises on the Greek Language," 
 1832; "Elements of the Greek 
 Language,'' 1834 ; " Extracts from 
 Greek Authors, with Notes," 1811, 
 and '-An Enquiry into the Struc- 
 ture and A£Bjiity of the Greek and 
 Latin Languages," 1827, &c., &c. 
 
 DUNCAN, Eey. Henry, D.D. 
 [177^1 — 1846], the founder of sav- 
 ings banks in Scothind, was born at 
 Lochrutton Manse, Dumfriesshire, 
 of which place his father, the Rev. 
 George Duncan, was minister. In 
 1790 he entered a banking-house at 
 Liverpool, but at the end of three 
 years gave it up to enter the 
 ministry. He was presented to the 
 parish of Ruthwell in his native 
 county in 1798. In 1803 he joined 
 the local volunteer force, and in 
 1804 established the "Scottish 
 Cheap Repository," a series of 
 tracts addressed to the humbler 
 classes. In 1809, with three others, 
 he started the Dumfries Courier, a 
 newspaper which he edited for some 
 time in the Whig interest. In 
 1810 he successfully started a sav- 
 ings bank in his own parish, as pai*t 
 of a scheme to avert the introduc- 
 tion of poor rates, which served as 
 a model for other institutions of a 
 
 like kind. In \\.',J. he received the 
 special thanks of the Society of 
 Antiquaries of Scotland for a mas- 
 terly paper on the Runic Cross 
 found in Ruthwell, besides which, 
 in 1827, he discovered the traces of 
 extinct animals in the new red 
 sandstone of Dumfriesshire. He 
 received the degree of D.D. from 
 the University of St. Andrew's in 
 1823. He Wii.s one of the seceders 
 from the Established Church in 
 1813, and in face of many difficulties 
 he established a Free Church near 
 Ruthwell. Here he died suddenly 
 while addressing his people, Feb. 
 12, 1846. He was the author of 
 numerous works for the people, and 
 on the public questions in which he 
 was interested, and also wrote the 
 " Sacred Philosophy of the Seasons,'" 
 1837; "The South Country Wea- 
 ver," and " Scottish Exiles." 
 
 DUNCOMBE, Thomas Slingsby 
 [1796— 18G1], eldest son of Thomas 
 Duncombe, Esq., of Copgrove, York- 
 shire, served for some j-ears in the 
 Coldstream Guards, but retired 
 from the army in 1826. In that 
 year he was returned to Parliament 
 as Member for Hertford, which 
 borough he represented till 1832, 
 when he was unseated. In 1834 he 
 was returned for Finsbury by a con- 
 siderable majority, and there he 
 remained to the day of his death. 
 Amid all the vicissitudes of poli- 
 tical change he remained as on a 
 rock, which nothing could shake. 
 He was an advocate of "advanced" 
 Liberal measures, and voted for 
 the ballot, for triennial parlia- 
 ments, and extended suffrage. He 
 was immensely popular with his 
 constituents, who for twenty-seven 
 years loved him and rettu'ned him. 
 For that, if for nothing else, he will 
 be remembered. The public lost in 
 him a "chai*acter" — an odd sort of 
 man, all points and angles, who 
 made himself wonderfully popular, 
 who was not so successful in win- 
 ning respect, who was always amus- 
 ing, and who in almost every 
 assembly, whether select as a club 
 
280 
 
 DUNDAS— DUNDONALD. 
 
 or multifarious as a mob, managed 
 to make his presence felt. 
 
 DUNDAS, Sir James Witley 
 Deans, G.C.B. [1785—1862], son of 
 James Deans, M.D., of Calcutta, 
 was born Dec. 4, 1785. He assumed 
 tbe names of Witley and Dundas 
 on marrying in 1808, Janet, only 
 daughter of Lord Amesbury. He 
 was educated at the Edinburgh 
 High School, and entered the navy 
 in 1799, and took jiart in the expe- 
 ditions to Holland and Egypt. 
 Having seen much active service in 
 the interim, he was nominated a 
 naval A.D.C. to William IV. in 
 1831, and held office as a Lord of the 
 Admiralty under the Whig Admi- 
 nistration of Lord Melbourne. He 
 attained flag I'ank in 1841. He 
 held the naval command in the 
 Black Sea at the commencement of 
 the war in the Crimea, and assisted 
 in the disembarkation of the troops 
 and the early operations against 
 Sebastopol. In Dec, 1854, he re- 
 tired from command of the Black 
 Sea Fleet, his term of service having 
 expired, and was succeeded by Ad- 
 miral Lord Lyons. For his services 
 in the Black Sea Admiral Dundas 
 was created a K.C.B. and subse- 
 quently a G.C.B. , received the Cri- 
 mean medal, and from the Sultan, 
 the Order of the Medjidie of the 
 First Class. He was a Deputy- 
 Lieutenant for Berks, and sat in 
 Parliament, in the Liberal interest, 
 as M.P. for Devizes in 183G-38, and 
 for Greenwich in 1841-52. 
 
 DUNDAS, Vice-Admiral The 
 Hon. Sir Eichard Saunders, 
 K.C.B. [1802—1861], senior naval 
 Lord of the Admiralty, officer of the 
 Legion of Honour, and D.C.L., was 
 the second son of Eobert Saunders 
 Dundas, second Viscount Melville. 
 He was educated at Harrow, and at 
 the Eoyal Naval College, and entered 
 the navy in 1817, serving in the first 
 Chinese war, where he greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself, and for which, 
 in 1841, he was created C.B. From 
 1829 to 1830 he acted as private 
 secretary to his father, then first 
 
 Lord of the Admiralty, and, in 
 1845-6, served the Earl of Had- 
 dington in the same capacity. He 
 was made Captain Superintendent 
 of Deptford Dockyard in 1851, and 
 one of the Lord Commissioners of 
 the Admiralty in 1852, which office 
 he resigned in 1855, when he became 
 Commander-in-Chief of the Baltic 
 fleet in succession to Sir Charles 
 Napier. He retained this position 
 till the end of the war, but the 
 achievements of the fleet were not 
 remarkable. He was made K.C.B. 
 in 1856. 
 
 DUNDAS, Vice-Admiral Sir 
 Thomas, after seeing a good deal 
 of service in the North Sea and 
 British Channel, became a Post- 
 Captain 1798. In 1801 he was 
 appointed to the Naiad frigate, in 
 which vessel he made prize of a 
 Spanish ship worth 200,000 dollars, 
 captured two French ships, the 
 Fanny and Superb, and his ship 
 was appointed one of the " re- 
 peaters" to Lord Nelson's fleet in 
 the battle of Trafalgar, where he 
 did good service by towing the 
 Belleisle from her dangerous posi- 
 tion near the shoals where she was 
 fast drifting. He became Eear- 
 Admiral in 1825, and Vice-Admiral 
 in 1837, and for his services was 
 nominated K.C.B. in 1831. He 
 died at Eeading March 29, 1841. 
 
 DUNDONALD, Thomas Coch- 
 rane, 10th Earl of [1775 — 1860], 
 one of the most dashing naval 
 commanders in history, known 
 during his naval career as Lord 
 Cochrane, was the eldest son of 
 Archibald, the ninth earl, and 
 was born at Annsfield, in Lanark- 
 shire. He entered the navy in 
 1792, at the age of seventeen, and 
 early distinguished himself by 
 daring exjjloits against the Spanish 
 fleet. He was appointed to the 
 sloop Speedy in 1800, and she soon 
 became the terror of the Spanish 
 coasts, and once or twice a frigate 
 was especially detached to try and 
 capture her. During her cruise of 
 thirteen months she captiu-ed up- 
 
DUNDRENNAN— DUNFERMALINE. 
 
 281 
 
 wards of fifty vessels, but was at 
 last seized upon by three French 
 liue-of -battle ships, and Lord Coch- 
 rane was taken prisoner. He was 
 soon exchanged, however, and in 
 1801 was i^roiuoted somewhat tar- 
 dily to post rank. In 1803 he was 
 appointed to the Arab, an unsea- 
 worthy collier, and took part in the 
 blockade of Boulogne. He Wiis 
 next appointed, in 1801, to the 
 Pallas, with which he captured 
 several valuable prizes. In 1807 
 he was returned to Parliament as 
 memb3r for Westminster, in the 
 Radical interest. In 1809 he was 
 entrusted with the hazardous duty 
 of destroying, by means of fire- 
 ships, the French fleet blockaded 
 in Basque Roads, but he only partly 
 succeeded, owing to the refusal of 
 Lord Gambler, the commander, to 
 order a general attack. Lord Coch- 
 rane was bitterly disappointed, and 
 complained of his commander, the 
 result being a court-martial, which 
 acquitted Gambier, and, by impli- 
 cation, disgraced Cochrane. For 
 four years he held no command, 
 but did what he could in the House 
 of Commons to secure a reform in 
 naval administration, which, how- 
 ever, did not tend towai'ds a better 
 understanding with the Admiralty 
 and the Government. In 1811 he 
 was wrongly accused of being con- 
 cerned in originating, for Stock 
 Exchange purposes, false rumours 
 regarding the abdication of Na- 
 poleon, and was fined, imprisoned, 
 and expelled the House of Com- 
 mons. He was, however, later, 
 again returned for Westminster, 
 and his constituents paid his fine 
 of ^£1,000. His name having been 
 struck off our navy list, he ac- 
 cepted, in 1818, the command of 
 the fleet of the Republic of Chili, 
 in whose service he very greatly 
 distinguished himself. He after- 
 wards accepted the command of the 
 Brazilian fleet against the Poi'tu- 
 guese, and later became Admiral of 
 the Greek fleet, fighting in the 
 cause of Greek independence. He 
 
 was restored to his rank in the 
 British navy in 1830, and a year 
 later succeeded his father as Earl 
 Dundonald. The honour of the 
 knighthood of the Bath was re- 
 stored to him in 1817, and in 1818 
 he was appointed to the command 
 of the North American and West 
 Indian station, which post he filled 
 till 1851. When unfitted by ad- 
 vancing age for active service, he 
 turned his attention to scientific 
 inventions for the navy, i.e., im- 
 proved signal lights, improved pro- 
 jectiles. Sec, and also wrote one or 
 two works, such as " Notes on the 
 Mineralogy, Government, and Con- 
 dition of the British West India 
 Islands," and " Autobiography of a 
 Seaman." He died at Kensington, 
 and was buried in Westminster 
 Abbey. 
 
 DUNDRENNAN, Thomas Mait- 
 LAND, Lord Dundrennan, one of 
 the Lords of Session and Judiciary, 
 was the eldest son of Mr. Adam 
 Maitland of Dundrennan, co. Kirk- 
 cudbright. He was born Oct. 9th, 
 1792, was educated at Edinburgh, 
 and was called to the Scottish bar 
 in Dec, 1813. In 1810 he succeeded 
 Lord Wing as Solicitor-General, and 
 was again appointed to that office 
 when the Whigs returned to power 
 in 18 16. He was raised to the 
 bench in 1850, and assumed the 
 title of Lord Dundrennan. In 1815 
 he was returned to Parliament by 
 his native county. Lord Dundren- 
 nan was famous not only as an 
 eminent pleader and conscientious 
 judge, but as a connoisseur and 
 collector of rare and curious books. 
 He died in Edinburgh, aged 59, 
 July 10, 1851. 
 
 DUNFERMALINE, James 
 Abercromby, Lord [1770 — 1858], 
 third son of Commander Sir Ralph 
 Abercromby, was educated for the 
 English Bar, and became a barris- 
 ter in 1801. He was returned to 
 Parliament as member for Mid- 
 hurst in 1807, and at once joined 
 the Whig opposition, of which 
 party he became a staunch sup- 
 
282 
 
 DUNFERMALINE— DUEAND. 
 
 porter. In 1812 he was returned for 
 Calne, and represented that borough 
 until his elevation to the judicial 
 bench of Scotland in 1830. He na- 
 turally took a deep interest in Scotch 
 affairs, and by introducing, on two 
 separate occasions, a motion for the 
 redress of some glaring abuses, he 
 gave a strong impulse to the grow- 
 ing desire for a general reform. 
 In 1827, on the accession of the 
 Whigs to power under Mr. Can- 
 ning, Abercromby was appointed 
 Judge Advocate - General, and a 
 Privy Councillor, and in 1830 was 
 raised to the judicial bench as 
 Chief Baron of the Exchequer in 
 Scotland. This office was abolished 
 in 1832, and about the same time 
 Edinburgh, being newly enfran- 
 chised, had to return two members 
 to the reformed Parliament . Francis 
 Jeffrey and James Abercromby were 
 returned. In 1831 Mr. Abercromby 
 was made Master of the Mint, and 
 a year later elected Speaker of the 
 House of Commons, by 31G votes to 
 310 recorded fcr Manners- Sutton. 
 He resigned the office in 1839, and 
 was created a peer, with the title of 
 Lord Dunfermaline. He spent the 
 rest of his life at Colinton, near 
 Edinburgh, where he died, aged 82. 
 He took an active part in originat- 
 ing and supporting the United 
 Industrial School in Edinburgh for 
 ragged children. 
 
 DUNFEEMALINE (Lord), The 
 Eight Hon. Ealph Abercromby 
 [1803 — 1865], only son of the above, 
 was born April 6, 1803, and having 
 been educated at Eton and at Peter- 
 house, Cambridge, entered the di- 
 plomatic service. He became Precis 
 Writer in the Foreign Office in 1827 ; 
 Secretary of Legation to Viscount 
 Strangford's Special Mission to 
 Brazil in 1828, Secretary of Lega- 
 tion to Viscount Ponsonby's Special 
 Mission to Brussels for the Settle- 
 ment of the Affairs of Belgium and 
 Holland in 1830 ; Secretary of Le- 
 gation at Berlin in 1831 ; Minister 
 at Florence, to the Germanic Con- 
 federation, at Tm-in, and at the 
 
 Hague, May 30, 1810, and retired on 
 a pension in 1858. He represented a 
 younger branch of the family of 
 Lord Abercromby ; was made a 
 K.C.B. March 1, 1851, and succeeded 
 his father as second baron, April 
 17 1S58 
 
 buNEAVEN AND MOUNT- 
 EAEL, Earl of, Edwin Eichard 
 Windham Wtndham-Quin, Baron 
 Kenry, was the eldest son of Wind- 
 ham Henry, second Earl of Dun- 
 raven and Mountearl, by his wife 
 Caroline, daughter of Thomas 
 Wyndham of Dunraven Castle, 
 Glamorganshire, and was born in 
 1812. He sat in Parliament for 
 Glamorgan as Lord Adare from 
 1837 to 1850, and in the latter year 
 succeeded his father in the peer- 
 age. He was essentially an Irish- 
 man, deeply interested in the 
 literature and archaeology of his 
 country ; was the author of " Me- 
 morials of Adare,'' and at the time 
 of his death was investigating the 
 subject of Irish Crosses. It was to 
 him that Montalembert dedicated 
 one of the volumes of " The Monks 
 of the West." He died Oct. 6, 
 1871. 
 
 DUEAND, Sib Henry [1812— 
 1871], K.C.S.I., C.B., and Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor of the Punjaub, was 
 educated at Addiscombe, and re- 
 ceived a commission as second lieu- 
 tenant in the Bengal Engineers in 
 1828. He was chiefly employed in 
 I the North-West Provinces, and from 
 1834 to 1838 was Superintendent of 
 Feroze Shah's Canal. When Lord 
 Auckland determined to send a 
 British force into Afghanistan to 
 re-instate Shah Sujah, Durand ac- 
 companied the force, and on him 
 devolved the critical task of laying 
 the bags and lighting the portfire, 
 by which the blowing up of the 
 Cabul Gate at Ghuzni was effected, 
 and Ghuzni was won. He was 
 engaged in the second Sikh war of 
 1848-49, in which he joined Lord 
 Gough's army before the field of 
 Chillianwalla, and took part in the 
 victory of Guzerat. For his services 
 
D'URBAN— DURHAM. 
 
 283 
 
 he Avas made Brevet-Major, June 
 7, 18 10, and received the ■\var-modal 
 with two clasps. He was soon after 
 transferred to the Indian Civil Ser- 
 vice, and just before the nuitiny 
 broke out was appointed political 
 agent at Indore. On July 1, 1857, 
 Indore became the scene of massacre 
 and arson, the Residency was at- 
 tacked, and thirty-four men, women, 
 and childi-en murdered in cold 
 blood. Durand escaped with his 
 wife. Captain and Mrs. Shakspear, 
 and thirty-one Euroj)ean officers, ci- 
 vilians, ladies, and children, to Bom- 
 bay, where he used every exertion 
 to induce the Government to send 
 a force to restore order. On the 
 2nd August, Durand accompanied 
 the moveable column known as the 
 Mhow Field Force under Brigadier 
 Charles S. Stuart, and the rebellion 
 was effectually quelled. In recog- 
 nition of his services on that occa- 
 sion, he received the Indian Mutiny 
 Medal, was nominated C.B., and 
 made Brevet-Colonel. Durand re- 
 turned to England and sat for 
 three years at the Council of the 
 Secretary of State for India. In 
 18G2 he again went to India as 
 Secretary to Lord Canning, was 
 promoted to the office of military 
 member of the Governor-General's 
 Council in ISGo, and in 1870 was 
 appointed by the Earl of Mayo 
 Lieutenant-Governor of the Pun- 
 jaub. He was killed by a fall from 
 an elephant as he was entering the 
 frontier principality of Tonk in the 
 Dera Ismail Khan district, Dec 31, 
 1870, where he had gone to inspect 
 a new chain of outposts constructed 
 to overawe the "VVaziris. He left a 
 name as one of the ablest of Anglo- 
 Indian administrators. 
 
 D'URBAN, Lieutenant-Gene- 
 BAL Sir Benjamin, G.C.B., K.C.H. 
 [1773—18-19], Colonel of the 51st 
 Foot, and Commander of Her 
 Majesty's Forces in North America, 
 entered the army in 1793 as Cornet 
 in the 2nd Dragoon Guards. In 
 1807, being then Lieut. -Col,, he was 
 appointed Assistant-Quarter-Mas- 
 
 ter-General on the staff in Ireland, 
 and in 1808 removed to a Lieute- 
 nant-Colonelcy in the second West 
 India Regiment, and in the autumn 
 of that year went to Spain, where 
 he served during the Peninsular 
 war with the successive rank of 
 Colonel, Brigadier-General, and 
 Major-General in the Portuguese 
 service. In 181 1 he was made a 
 Knight Commander of the Tower 
 and Sword of Portugal, and in 1815 
 was nominated a K.C.B. He be- 
 came Major-General in 1837, was 
 promoted to the grade of G.C.B. in 
 1810, and in 1811 was appointed 
 Governor of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 In 1817 he was appointed com- 
 mander of the forces in Canada. 
 
 DURHAM. Joseph. A.R. A., F.R.S. 
 He was born in London in 181 1, and 
 first exhibited in the Academy of 
 1835, and was elected an associate 
 in 1866. He worked hard, and ex- 
 hibited a large number of works, of 
 which the most celebrated are, 
 among- the portraits, "Jenny Lind" 
 (lS±8y, "H.M.The Queen" (1856), 
 four statues for London Univer- 
 sity, and '' Sir F. Crossley," de- 
 signed for Halifax. His best classi- 
 cal works are " Hermione " and 
 "^Alastor," now in the Mansion 
 House, and ''Leander and the 
 Siren" (1875). He died Oct. 27, 
 1877. He exhibited 132 works. 
 His " Charles Knight," " Sir George 
 Pollock," and " Thackeray " are in 
 the National Portrait Gallery. 
 
 DURHAM, Admiral Sir Philip 
 Charles Calderwood Hender- 
 son, G.C.B. [1762—1845], Grand 
 Cross of the Sword of Sweden, and 
 of St. Ferdinand, and Merit of 
 Sicily, Equerry to the Duke of 
 Cambridge, &c., was the third son 
 of James Calderwood, Durham, of 
 Largo, Fifeshire. He entered the 
 navy in 1777 ; was made lieutenant 
 1782, and commander 1700. He 
 was appointed to command the 
 Spitfire in 1793, the Hind in 1701, 
 and to the Anson in 1795, which 
 ship formed part of Sir John B. 
 Warren's expedition against Qui- 
 
284 
 
 DYCE. 
 
 beron, where Captain Durham 
 greatly disting-uished himself. In 
 command of the Defence he took 
 an active part in Sir Robert Cal- 
 der's action with the combined 
 fleets of France and Spain on July 
 22, and at the battle of Trafalgar, 
 Oct, 21, 1805. He attained the rank 
 of Rear-Admiral in 1810 ; Com- 
 mander - in- Chief on the Leeward 
 Islands 1813; was nominated K.C.B. 
 in 1815 ; and in the same year 
 assisted Sir James Leith in re- 
 ducing Guadaloupe. For the cap- 
 ture of Guadaloui^e he was made 
 Commander of the Military Order 
 of Merit of France, and was said 
 to be the only British subject who 
 wore the cross of that order. He 
 was nominated G.C.B, in 1820, and 
 in 1839 was made Commander-in- 
 Chief at Portsmouth. He was mem- 
 ber for Queensborough in 1830, and 
 for Devizes from 1835 to 183G. 
 
 DYCE, Eev. Alexander, B.A. 
 [1798—1869], son of a general 
 officer in the East India Company's 
 service ; was educated at the Edin- 
 burgh High School, and at Exeter 
 College, Oxf ord,where he graduated 
 in due course. He entered the 
 Church, and having been succes- 
 sively Curate of Lantegloss, Corn- 
 wall, and of Nayland, in Suffolk, 
 in 1827, he settled in London. He 
 was a voluminous writer, his ear- 
 liest publications being transla- 
 tions from Quintus Smyrnseus, an 
 edition of the poet Collins, and 
 " Sj)ecimens of British Poetesses." 
 He edited, with notes and biogra- 
 phies, the dramatic and poetical 
 works of Peele, Greene, Webster, 
 Middleton, Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 and Marlowe (all of which are now 
 rare and valuable), and brought out 
 an edition of " Shakespeare " in 1857:, 
 which was favoiu-ably received, and 
 a new edition of which, in nine 
 volumes, he published later. Among 
 his other works may be mentioned 
 " Specimens of British Sonnets," 
 "A Few Notes on Shakespeare," 
 " Recollections of the Table-Talk 
 of Samuel Rogers/' &c. &c. He 
 
 was one of the founders of the 
 Percy Society, and several tracts of 
 the series were edited by him. He 
 earned a high reputation by his 
 industry and judgment in the diffi- 
 cult task of collecting materials 
 for the biographies of our early 
 writers, and in determining the 
 true text of their works. He be- 
 queathed his splendid collection of 
 books, drawings, and engravings to 
 the South Kensington Museum. 
 
 DYCE, William, R.A. He was 
 the son of a physician, at Aber- 
 deen, where he was born, in 180G. 
 When he was sixteen years old he 
 entered the Scottish Academy, and 
 later that of London ; but he dis- 
 liked the course of study there, and 
 while yet under twenty went to 
 Italy, and there learned the quasi- 
 classical style by which he was after- 
 wards distinguished. He returned 
 to Scotland in 182G, and in the next 
 year exhibited " Bacchus Nursed by 
 the Nymphs." Shortly afterwards 
 he revisited Italy, whence he sent 
 home a " Madonna and Child," 
 which attracted much notice. After 
 two years of study he settled in 
 Edinbui'gh, where he remained 
 eight years, practising chiefly as a 
 portrait painter. In 1835 he was 
 elected an Associate of the Scottish 
 Academy. In 1837 he published 
 a pamphlet on " Schools of Design 
 as a Part of State Education," and 
 accepted the post of Superin- 
 tendent of Schools established by 
 G overnment ; he was commissioned 
 to investigate the systems of art 
 education on the Continent, and 
 his rejoort was published as a Par- 
 liamentary paper. In 1842 he was 
 appointed Inspector of Provincial 
 Art Schools, but resigned the office 
 two years later, though he continued 
 a member of the Council of Go- 
 vernment Schools until 1848, when 
 he finally resigned. His exhibits 
 at the Academy during this time 
 were mostly portraits ; but his 
 " Descent of Venus " attracted 
 much notice in 1836 ; and in 1844 
 he was elected an Associate^ and 
 
DYER— EAST. 
 
 28; 
 
 in 18i8 a Member of the Academy. 
 He was employed on the fresco 
 decorations of the Houses of Par- 
 liament, and in 1815 finished the 
 first fresco, " The Baptism of St. 
 Ethelbert." As a fresco painter 
 he was very successful, and in 
 1818 was commissioned to decorate 
 the Queen's robing*-room with fres- 
 cos of the legend of King Arthur ; 
 but only four were completed at 
 the time of his death, which oc- 
 curred in Feb. 1861. He exhibited 
 only forty-five pictures in London. 
 He also painted a series of frescos 
 in the Chvu-ch of All Saints, Mar- 
 garet Street : these were completed 
 in 1859. He published several books 
 and pamphlets more or less con- 
 nected with art matters. 
 
 DYER, George, B.A. [1755— 
 1841], was born in London, of hum- 
 ble parentage, and was educated at 
 Christ's Hospital, and at Emanuel 
 College, Cambridge. He had an 
 extensive knowledge of books, 
 having visited all the public, and 
 many of the private libraries, 
 throughout England and Scotland, 
 and was a good classical scholar. 
 The great work of his life was the ! 
 share he took in bringing out . 
 A'alpy's edition of the Classics, in I 
 1J:1 vols., upon which he was en- 
 gaged from 1819 to 1830, and for ' 
 which he wrote all the original 
 matter with the exception of the 
 preface. When he had finished 
 this work he became totally blind. 
 DYMOKE,The Hon. Sir Henry, 
 Bart. [1801—1865], of Scrivelsby 
 Court, near Horncastle, Lincoln- 
 shire, the titular " Champion " of 
 England, was the eldest son of 
 the late Rev. John Dymoke, of 
 Scrivelsby. He was by descent and 
 feudal tenure as owner of Scrivelsby, 
 the " Hereditary Grand Champion 
 of England," inherited by him from 
 the Lords Mannion, of Scrivelsby, 
 to which title he was understood to 
 prefer a claim. He discharged the 
 duty and office of " Champion " at 
 the Banquet in Westminster Hall, 
 at the coronation of Bling George 
 
 IV., but the ceremony was omitted 
 from the programmes of the 
 pageants at the coronation of 
 William IV. and of Queen Victoria. 
 Sir Henry was Vice-Lieutenant of 
 Lincolnshire, and was understood 
 to have received a baronetcy at the 
 hands of Lord Melbourne in 18 tl, 
 as a recompence for waiving his 
 right to act as *' Champion " at the 
 coronation of Her Majesty. 
 
 DYKES, Rev. John Bacchus, 
 Mus. Doc. [1823—1876], was born 
 in Hull, and received his musical 
 instruction from the organist of St. 
 John's Church — one Skelton. Pro- 
 ceeding to Cambridge, he studied 
 music under Walmisley. In 1849 
 he became Preceptor of Durham. 
 He ^vrote many services and 
 anthems, some of them very good, 
 and manv hvmn tunes. But he is 
 best known as joint compiler of 
 " Hymns, Ancient and Modern," 
 a publication Avhich has carried his 
 name all over the world. 
 
 E. 
 
 EADIE, The Rev. John, D.D., 
 LL.D. [1813—1876], a native of 
 Stirlingshire, was educated at the 
 University of Glasgow. Having en- 
 tered the United Presbyterian 
 Church of Scotland, he held for 
 many years, together with a pasto- 
 ral charge in Glasgow, the Pro- 
 fessorship of Biblical Literatiu-e in 
 the Divinity Hall of that Church. 
 He published the " Bible Cyclo- 
 pa?dia," "Commentaries" on the 
 Greek text of sevei-al of St. Paul's 
 epistles, a " Life of Dr. Kitto," &c.; 
 was a contributor to the Journal 
 of Sacred Literature, Nort?i British 
 Review, &c. ; and was a member of 
 the New Testament Committee of 
 Biblical Revision. 
 
 EAST, The Rt. Hon. Sir 
 Edward Hyde [176 i— 1817], a 
 Privy Councillor, Bencher of the 
 Inner Temple, and F.R.S., was 
 born in Jamaica, and was the 
 1 eldest son of Edward East, of that 
 
286 
 
 EASTHORPE— EASTLAKE. 
 
 island. He was called to the bar ' 
 in 1786. In 1813 he was appointed 
 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 
 of Judicature at Calcutta, and was 
 knighted by the Prince Regent. 
 He was greatly interested in the 
 subject of the education of the 
 natives, and was mainly instru- 
 mental in the establishment of the 
 Hindoo College, for which service 
 the native inhabitants raised a 
 large subscription to erect a statue 
 to him. This statue was executed 
 in marble by Chantrey, and is in 
 the grand jury-room of the Supreme 
 Court at Calcutta. On his return 
 to England, in 1823, he was created 
 a baronet, and in 1831 was sworn a 
 Privy Councillor, and aj^pointed a 
 member of the Judicial Committee 
 of the Privy Council. He was 
 the author of " A Treatise on the 
 Pleas of the Crown,"' published in 
 1804^. He represented Great Bed- 
 win in Parliament in 1792, and 
 Winchester from 1823 to 1830. 
 
 EASTHOPE, Sm John, Bart. 
 [1784 — 1865], son of a gentleman 
 of Gloucestershire, was born at 
 Tewkesbury in 1784. In 1826 he 
 entered Parliament as M.P. for St. 
 Alban's, and subsequently repre- 
 sented Banbury for a short time in 
 the Liberal interest. In 1834 he 
 became the proprietor of the Morn- 
 ing Chronicle, then the leading- 
 organ of the Liberal party. In 
 1837 he was elected M.P. for 
 Leicester, which borough he con- 
 tinued to represent until 1847, 
 when he sold his interest in the 
 Chronicle, and retired from public 
 life. He had previously received 
 the reward of his political ad- 
 herence to the Whig party in the 
 shape of a baronetcy from Lord 
 Melbourne just before the latter 
 quitted oiEce. 
 
 EASTLAKE, Sir Charles Lock 
 [1793— 1865], President of the Royal 
 Academy, was the son of a solicitor 
 at Plymouth, and Judge-advocate 
 to the Admiralty. He was edu- 
 cated at the Charterhouse, which 
 he quitted at an early age. After 
 
 the usual probation at the Royal 
 Academy, under Faseli, he painted 
 a picture of '' The Raising of 
 Jairus's Daughter," purchased by 
 Mr. Jeremiah Harman, one of the 
 leading connoisseurs of the time, 
 by whom he was employed to make 
 copies from celebrp^ted pictures in 
 the Louvre ; an occupation to which 
 the " Hundred Days " put an end. 
 On his return home he employed 
 himself chiefly in poi'trait-painting 
 in his native town, and on the arri- 
 val at Plymouth of the Bellerophon, 
 with Napoleon Bonaparte on board, 
 he managed, from sketches made 
 daily alongside, to paint a full- 
 length life-size portrait of the ex-em- 
 peror as he appeared at the gangway 
 of the ship. In 1816 Mr. Eastlake 
 visited Italy, and in 1819 Greece, 
 accompanying his friend Charles 
 Barry. In the following year he 
 made the tour of Sicily, after which 
 he returned to Rome, where he re- 
 mained several years. The first 
 year in which we find any pictures 
 from his pencil in the Royal Aca- 
 demy was in 1823, when he exhi- 
 bited views of the Bridge and 
 Castle of St. Angelo, the Coliseum, 
 and St. Peter's. Soon afterwards, 
 he began to jDaint those costume 
 groups, illustrative of Italian life, 
 for which the neighbourhood of 
 Rome affords such abundant mate- 
 rials, a class of subjects then much 
 sought for by its occasional visitors. 
 1 The first of his works of this kind 
 I sent over to England for exhibition 
 was "^A Girl of Albano leading a 
 I Blind Woman to Mass" (1825) ; to 
 which succeeded, in 1827, a more 
 ambitious attempt, " The Spartan 
 Isadas." In 1827 Mr. Eastlake was 
 elected an Associate of the Royal 
 Academy, and in the year ensuing 
 he produced his " Pilgrims arriving 
 in sight of Rome," a celebrated pic- 
 ! ture in its day. During his residence 
 i at Rome he painted many pictures, 
 of cabinet size, of subjects con- 
 ' nected with Roman banditti, con- 
 ' tadini, &c. In 1830 he attained 
 i the rank of Royal Academician, 
 
EASTWICK— EDGEWORTH. 
 
 287 
 
 and returned to Enf^land, when he 
 
 abandoned 
 groups for 
 
 his Italian costume 
 a liiufhor walk of art. 
 He still continued, however, to il- 
 lustrate Italian history, poetry, and 
 manners ; and his " Contadina and 
 Family returning from a Festa made 
 prisoners by Banditti," a repetition 
 of a similar subject painted by him 
 in Kome, and " Escape of Francesco 
 di Carrara and his Wife," must 
 always rank among his most suc- 
 cessful efforts. In a similar cate- 
 gory may be classed several of his 
 scenes of the Turco-Greek war ; his 
 "Greek Fugitives;" his "Arab 
 selling his Captives ; " his " Gaston 
 de Foix," &c. About this period 
 he began to devote himself more 
 especially to religious subjects, and 
 his "Christ Blessing the Little 
 Children," " Christ Weeping over 
 Jerusalem,^^ " Hagar and Ishmael," 
 remind us in sentiment of some of 
 the best works of Ary Scheffer, but 
 are more agreeable in colour. The 
 reputation attained by Mr. Eastlake 
 both as an artist and connoisseur 
 led to his appointment, in 1811, by 
 Sir Robert Peel, to the office of 
 Secretary to the Royal Commission 
 of Fine Arts. In 1843 he was ap- 
 pointed Keeper of the National 
 Gallery ; but he resigned the office 
 in 1817. In 1850, on the death of 
 Sir M. A. Shee, he was elected Pre- 
 sident of the Royal Academy, and 
 received the honour of knighthood. 
 In 1855 Sir Charles Eastlake was 
 appointed Director of the National 
 Gallery, under the new organiza- 
 tion. He did not exhibit after 
 that date. Sir Charles Eastlake 
 made several valuable contribu- 
 tions to the literature of the Fine 
 Arts, among which may be men- 
 tioned his translation of " Goethe 
 on Colour," "Notes to Kiigler's 
 Hand-book of Painting," and " Con- 
 tributions towards a History of Oil- 
 Painting." His widow is also a 
 well-knoAvn writer on art, and his 
 son holds the place which he once 
 occupied, of Keeper of the National 
 Gallery. He was one of the trustees 
 
 of the National Portrait Gallery 
 and also, ex offi.cio, a trustee of the 
 
 He died at Pisa, 
 
 brought 
 
 to Eng- 
 
 liritish Museum, 
 but his body was 
 
 land and buried at Kensal Green 
 Cemetery. He exhibited sixty- 
 nine pictures. Two of his paintings 
 are in the South Kensington col- 
 lection, and several in the National 
 Gallery. 
 
 EASTWICK, Edward Back- 
 house, C.B. He was born in 1811, 
 and in 183G he went to Bombay as 
 cadet of Infantry, where he at once 
 devoted himself to the study of 
 Oriental languages. In 1813 he 
 translated " Kessahi San j an, or 
 the History of the Arrival of the 
 Parsees in India," also " The 
 Life of Zoroaster." In 1815 
 he was appointed professor of 
 Hindustani at Haileybury. Two 
 years later he published a Hindus- 
 tani grammar, followed by various 
 translations from Oriental Ian- 
 He was elected a F.R.S. 
 1851, and in 1859 was appointed 
 
 guages. 
 
 m 
 
 to the political department in the 
 Indian Office, He was called to 
 the Bar in the following year, and 
 also made secretary of Legation at 
 the Court of Persia. In 1863 he 
 returned to England, and published 
 the " Journal of a Diplomate." 
 Lord Cranborne (the present Lord 
 Salisbury), Secretary of State for 
 India, nominated him his private 
 secretary in 18GG, and in 18G8 
 he was elected Conservative mem- 
 ber for Penrhyn and Falmouth, 
 and sat in the House of Commons 
 till 1871. He wT.'ote " Sketches of 
 Life in a South American Repub- 
 lic," "The Lay of the Empress," 
 Murray's handbooks for Madras, 
 Bombay, Bengal, and the Punjab, 
 and made many important trans- 
 lations from Eastern languages. 
 He died at Yentnor July IGth, 
 1883. 
 
 EDGEWORTH, Maria. She 
 was born in Bourton Abbots, in 
 Oxfordshire, Jan. 1st, 17G7, and was 
 the eldest daughter of Richard 
 Lovell Edgeworth, of Edgeworths- 
 
288 
 
 EDWAEDES. 
 
 tovm, CO. Longford, whither her 
 father returned in 1773, and where 
 Maria Edge worth passed most of 
 her life. She was her father's 
 pupil, and wrote, in conjunction 
 with him, though their first joint 
 production, " A Treatise on Prac- 
 tical Education," was not published 
 until 1798. It was followed, in 
 1802, by their famous essay on 
 Irish Bulls. In 1801 Maria Edge- 
 worth had published " Castle Eack- 
 rent," her first independent work, 
 and in many respects one of her 
 best. It had an immediate success, 
 and was followed by " Belinda/' 
 " Leonora," " Popular Tales," 
 " Tales of Fashionable Life " (in- 
 cluding the "Absentee")," Patron- 
 age/' " Harrington/' " Ormond," 
 &c. Miss Edgeworth displayed 
 much versatility in her works, 
 being by turns philosophic, humor- 
 ous and pathetic, but through all 
 her moods one sees the constant 
 endeavour to do good. In 1817 
 came the great sorrow of Maria 
 Edge worth's life, for in that year 
 her much loved father died. He 
 had been married four times, and 
 left a very numerous family, but 
 these ties do not seem to have 
 weakened the very strong affection 
 and sympathy which existed be- 
 tween himself and his eldest 
 daughter, who writes of him thus : 
 " Few, I believe, have ever enjoyed 
 such happiness or such advantages 
 as I have had in the instruction, 
 society, and unbounded confidence 
 of such a father, and such a friend." 
 } is memoirs were published by his 
 daughter in 1820. Ten years earlier 
 she had published " Early Lessons," 
 in ten parts, and in 1815 her father 
 had added to this work, to which 
 she published as a sequel, in 1822, 
 "Eosamond/' which was followed 
 by " Harry and Lucy/' and " The 
 Parent's Guide," for the education of 
 her numerous step-brothers and 
 sisters had by this time given Miss 
 Edgeworth an experience which en- 
 titled her to the authority of a 
 parent. In 1824 she published 
 
 " Helen," which many consider her 
 best work. After it she wrote only 
 one book — a child's story, entitled 
 " Orlandino," and on May 22, 1849, 
 she died of heart disease, at Edge- 
 worthstown. She never consented 
 to sit for her portrait, and thus the 
 record of her small pale face, blue 
 eyes, irregular, but sweet features, 
 and tiny hands and feet, is but a 
 verbal one. For many years no 
 life of her was published, jjrobably 
 in deference to that wish of hers, 
 that her " only remains should be 
 in Edgeworthstown churchyard." 
 From time to time notices of her 
 have appeared, though, until the 
 publication of Miss Zimmern's 
 biography, published in 1883 for 
 " The Eminent Women Series," no 
 serious life of her had been brought 
 out in this country. 
 
 EDWAEDES, Col. Sir Herbert 
 Benjamin, K.C.B., K.C.S.I. [1819 
 — 1865], was born at Frodesley, 
 Shropshire, at the rectory of his 
 father, the Eev. B. Edwardes, the 
 second son of Sir John Thomas 
 Cholmondeley Edwardes, Bart., of 
 Shrewsbury. The family, an old 
 Welsh one, descended from the 
 kings of Powysland, was settled in 
 Shropshire in the reign of Henry I., 
 took the name of Edwardes in that 
 of Henry VII., and was rewarded 
 for eminent services to Charles I. 
 by a baronetcy in 1664. He was 
 educated at a private school and 
 at King's College, London, was 
 nominated to a cadetship in the 
 service of the E. I. ComiDany in 1810, 
 landed in India early in 1841, and 
 was posted to the 1st Bengal Euro- 
 pean Fusiliers, with which corps 
 he remained till Nov. 1845, when, 
 having passed examinations in the 
 Hindustani, Hindi, and Persian 
 languages, he attracted attention 
 as a political writer by twenty-four 
 letters in the Delhi Gazette, from 
 " Brahminee Bull in India to his 
 cousin John Bull in England." He 
 was appointed Aide-de-Camp to Sir 
 Hugh Grough, then Commander-in- 
 Chief, shoi*tly before the first Sikh 
 
EDWARDES. 
 
 289 
 
 war broke out, and was engaf^ed at 
 Moodkec and at Sobraon, having 
 been sevei'ely wounded at the 
 former battle. The close of the 
 campaign led to the establishment 
 of intimate political relations be- 
 tween the English and the Sikh 
 Governments^ which it was their 
 object if possible to maintain. Sir 
 Henry La^vl•ence was appointed 
 Resident at Lahore, and Lieut. Ed- 
 wardes became his confidential sec- 
 retary. In the autumn of 18 16 he 
 was deputed to the court of Jummoo, 
 to aid Kajah Goolab Sing in the 
 suppression of the rebellion of the 
 Sheikh Imamoodeen, governor of 
 Cashmere, whom he induced to sub- 
 mit. In the spring of 18 i7 he ac- 
 companied an expedition sent pe- 
 riodically by the Sikh Government 
 to coerce Bunnoo, a tributary Aff- 
 ghan valley on the Indus. The re- 
 sult of the expedition was incom- 
 plete, and Lieut. Edwardes drew up 
 a plan for another, which should 
 annex Bunnoo permanently to the 
 Sikh territory, by razing the numer- 
 ous little forts of the native chiefs, 
 and building one strong Sikh fort in 
 their stead. How successfully this 
 was accomplished is told in his 
 " Year on the Punjaub Frontier in 
 18i8-9." In the spring of 1848 he 
 was wounded in a skirmish under 
 the Tukht-i-Soliman, or "Solo- 
 mon's Throne," and in expelling a 
 wandering tribe of AfEghans from 
 the pastures of the Sikh border. 
 The rebellion of Dewan Moolraj, 
 of Mooltan, against his own Sikh 
 government, broke out in May, 
 1848. Lieut.Edwardes first marched, 
 with the small force that was with 
 him, to rescue the British officers 
 at Mooltan ; but finding that Mr. 
 Vans Agnew and Lieut. Anderson 
 had been murdered, he conceived 
 the design of wresting the country 
 from the rebel governor, and shut- 
 ting him up in his fortress at Mool- 
 tan till a regular army could be 
 sent against him from Lahore. By 
 concentrating the Sikh troops which 
 were in the Derajat, under Col. 
 
 Cortlandt, of the Sikh service ; rais- 
 ing a largo force of irregular horse 
 and foot from among the warlike 
 tribes of the frontier ; and calling 
 to his aid the troops of the loyal 
 Nawab of Bhawulpoor on the Sutlej, 
 Lieut. Edwardes effected his enter- 
 prise, and after defeating Moolraj 
 in two pitched battles, and taking 
 ten of his guns, forced him to 
 retire into his citadel, and abandon 
 almost all his province to the con- 
 querors, who subsisted on the re- 
 venue till the close of the war. 
 The regular siege of Mooltan by 
 the British force under Gen. Whish 
 followed, and Moolraj surrendered 
 Jan. 22, 1849, just as the breach 
 was about to be stormed. In the 
 course of these operations Lieut. 
 Edwardes lost the use of his right 
 hand by the accidental explosion 
 of a pistol in his belt. For his 
 services in this war he received, 
 though a subaltern, a brevet majo- 
 rity, and was created an extra 
 Companion of the Bath, by a special 
 statute. The Directors of the East- 
 India Company, at a court held 
 Sept. 13, 1848, unanimously voted 
 him a gold medal in testimony of 
 their high approbation of his ser- 
 vices, and on another occasion 
 added a good-service pension of 
 dfilOO a year. On the restoration of 
 peace. Major Edwardes visited Eng- 
 land to recrviit his health, return- 
 ing to India in the following year, 
 where he resumed civil and poli- 
 tical employ in the Punjaub under 
 Sir Henry Lawrence, President of 
 the Board of Administration. After 
 holding charge successively of the 
 districts of JuUundhur and Hazara, 
 he succeeded Col. Mackeson as Com- 
 missioner of the Peshawur frontier, 
 in Nov. 1853. In this important 
 charge he effected a reconciliation 
 between his own and the Afifghan 
 governments, which proved of vital 
 importance in the great mutiny of 
 the native army in 1857, securing 
 as it did the neutrality of Dost 
 Mahommed Khan, and the tribes 
 of Affghauistan. Lieut. -Col. Ed- 
 
290 
 
 EGAN— EGLINTON. 
 
 wardes was enabled to raise about 
 5,000 hardy soldiers on the border, 
 and send them down to aid in the 
 recovery of Delhi. For maintain- 
 ing peace on the frontier at such 
 a critical period he was made a 
 K.C.B., Civil division, in 1860, and 
 in Oct. was promoted to the rank of 
 brevet colonel. In May, 1859, he 
 again visited England, returning to 
 the Punjaub in Jan. 1862, as Com- 
 missioner of the Umballa division, ' 
 and Agent to the Lieut. -Governor ' 
 for the cis-Sutlej states (Patialla, 
 Nabah, Jeendh, &c.), but was 
 obliged by failing health to leave 
 India in Feb. 1865, and to return 
 to England. In 1S65, the year of 
 his lamented death,' he received I 
 from the Crown a second good- | 
 service pension of .£100 a year, and [ 
 in 1866 was created a Knight Com- 
 mander of the Star of India. Sir i 
 Her bert Edwardes,whowas an Hono- 
 rarv D.C.L. of Oxford, and LL.D. 
 of Cambridge, was one of those who, 
 with Sii" John Lawrence, the Go- : 
 vernor-Genrt'al of India, advocated | 
 an openly Clu'istian coiu'se in the \ 
 government of India, granting tole- 
 ration to native religions, but 
 withdrawing from them all coun- 
 tenance and support, and making 
 the Bible a class-book in the Go- 
 vernment schools. 
 
 EGAN, Pierce, who was one 
 of the pioneers of cheap literature, 
 was the son of Pierce Egan, the 
 author of " Boxiana " and '' Life in 
 Loudon," and was born Dec. 19, 
 1814. He was educated as an artist 
 in the Academy Schools, and for 
 some years worked as much with 
 the pencil as the pen, and illus- 
 trated his own early works, " Eobin 
 Hood," " Wat Tyler," and "Quen- 
 tin Matsys," which were published 
 in penny numbers, the fii'st in 1837. 
 When in 1842 the Illustrated London 
 News was founded, Egan joined the 
 artists' staff, and he also provided 
 the etchings for " Webster's Acting 
 Dramas," &c. In 1817 he started a 
 periodical which he called the Home 
 Circle, and which had the aim of sup- 
 
 plying pure and wholesome enter- 
 tainment for the million, but the 
 jDajDer lived only five years, and 
 Egan subsequently returned to his 
 penny number system, upon which 
 he published " The Black Prince," 
 "Clifton Grey," and " The London 
 Apprentice." In later life he wi'ote 
 domestic novels for the people, and 
 published them in serial form, first 
 in Reynolds's Miscellany, and after- 
 wards in the London Journal, with 
 which paper he was connected until 
 a short time before his death, July 
 6, 1880. 
 
 EGG, Augustus Leopold, R.A. 
 He was born in Piccadilly on May 2, 
 1810, and in 1836 he entered the 
 Academy schools, and in the next 
 year exhibited his first picture. In 
 1844 his " Buckingham rebuffed " 
 attracted much notice, and " The 
 Wooing of Catherine " (1846), and 
 " Lucretia and Bianca " (1847), gave 
 him high rank as a jDainter. In 
 1848 he was elected A.R.A., and 
 E.A. in 1860. His health had been 
 gravely affected for many years, 
 and in 1862 he resolved to winter 
 in Algiers. He died there, March 
 25, 1863. He exhibited forty-six 
 paintings, chiefly of historical sub- 
 jects. 
 
 EGLINTON, 13th Earl of. 
 The Right Hon. Archibald Wil- 
 liam Montgomerie,K.T.,&c. [1812 
 — 1861], was the only son of Archi- 
 bald, Lord Montgomerie, and was 
 born at Palermo, where his father 
 held a diplomatic post. In his eighth 
 year, on the death of his grand- 
 father, Hugh, the twelfth earl, he 
 succeeded to the honours of the 
 family and to the large ancestral 
 domains in Scotland. He was a 
 leading patron of the turf, and pos- 
 sessed one of the largest and best 
 racing studs in the country. He 
 became famous by the tournament 
 of 1839, which he got up at his own 
 expense, and at which Prince Louis 
 Bonaparte, afterwards Emperor of 
 the French, was one of the knights, 
 and the Duchess of Somerset, 
 then Lady Seymour^ the Queen of 
 
ELDER-ELDON". 
 
 201 
 
 Beauty. Lord Eglinton was a 
 staunch Conservative, but was very 
 popular with his political oppo- 
 nents, it beinj^ said of him that he 
 had '"never made an enemy or lost 
 a friend." In 1852 he was made 
 Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and 
 again in 1858-9, and before retiring 
 from office in the latter year Lord 
 Derby conferred on him the earldom 
 of Winton. He was elected Lord 
 Rector of Glasgow University in 
 Nov., 18.52. 
 
 ELDER, John, an eminent engi- 
 neer, was the second son of David 
 Elder, manager in the works of 
 Messrs. Napier, shipbuilders and 
 engineers, and was born in 1821. 
 He joined the firm of Randolph & 
 Co. (which afterwards became j 
 known as Randolph, Elder & Co.) I 
 in 1852, and in 1868 invented the 
 round war-ship, which he patented, j 
 He was one of the founders of the | 
 British and African Steam Naviga- 
 tion Co. His wife presented o£5000 I 
 to the Chair of Mechanics and En- ; 
 gineering in Glasgow University. I 
 He died in London, Sept. 17, 1869. 
 
 ELDER, The Rev. William, 1 
 D.D., who was Head Master of the 
 Charterhouse School from 1853 to ; 
 1858, was educated at the Charter- 
 house, and at Oxford, having won 
 an open scholarship at Balliol. He 
 was a First-Classman in Lit. Hum. 
 in 1831, and subsequently gained 
 the prize for the Ellerton Theolo- 
 gical Essay. In 1839 he was ap- 
 pointed Head Master of the Durham 
 School, which he left in 1853 to go 
 to the Chartei'house. He died 
 AprH 6, 1858. 
 
 ELDON, Earl of. John Scott 
 was the son of William Scott, a 
 " fitter," or water-carrier and coal 
 broker, at Newcastle, and was born 
 June 1, 1751. He, with his brother 
 William, afterwards Lord Stowell, 
 was educated at Newcastle Gram- 
 mar School, but he was noted 
 rather as an inveterate truant and 
 ringleader of mischief than as a 
 scholar. In May, 1766, he entered 
 University College, Oxford, with a 
 
 view of taking orders and a college 
 living. In the following year he 
 obtained a fellowship, graduated in 
 1770, and in 1771 won the prize 
 English Essay. But at College he 
 was not much more diligent than 
 he had been at school, and it was 
 not until after his marriage that he 
 began the study of the law. In 
 Nov., 1772, young Scott eloped with 
 Miss Surjxies, the daughter of a 
 Newcastle banker, carried her to 
 Blackshiels, in Scotland, where he 
 married her. Thus he forfeited his 
 fellowship, and as, during his 
 " year of grace," no college living 
 fell vacant, he became a student at 
 the Middle Temple in Januai-y, 
 1773, and was called to the bar 
 three years later. He succeeded 
 fairly well on his first cii'cuit, and 
 was never without work, but his 
 first triumph was obtained in the 
 case of Ackroyd v. Smithson, 1780, 
 and in the following year his ap- 
 pearance in the Clitheroe Election 
 case ensured the success of his 
 career. In two years he obtained 
 a silk gown, and soon afterwards 
 entered Parliament for Weobley. 
 In 1788 he was made Solicitor- 
 General, and was knighted, and it 
 is said that he drew the Regency 
 Bill, introduced in 1789. In 1793 
 Sir John Scott was promoted 
 Attorney-General, and instigated 
 and conducted the memorable 
 prosecutions for high treason 
 against British sympathisers with 
 Fi'ench Republicanism. In 1799 
 he was appointed Chief Justice of 
 the Court of Common Pleas, and 
 entered the House of Peers as 
 Baron Eldon. In February, 1801, 
 he became Lord Chancellor, and 
 remained in office until the death 
 of Pitt, in January, 1806 ; and in 
 the following spring returned to 
 office under Lord Liverpool's ad- 
 ministration, and for about twenty 
 years was, in everything but name. 
 Prime Minister of England. He 
 finally retired in 1827. In 1821 
 Lord Eldon had been created Earl 
 by George IV., whom he managed 
 
 u 2 
 
292 
 
 ELGIN. 
 
 to conciliate, partly by espousing 
 his cause against his wife, and 
 partly by zeal against the Catholics. 
 He died in London, Jan. 13, 1838. 
 " Lord_ Eldon was no legislator — 
 his one aim in politics was to keep 
 in office, and maintain things as he 
 found them ; and almost the only 
 laws he helped to pass were laws 
 for pojjular coercion. For nearly 
 forty years he fought against 
 every improvement in law, or in 
 the constitution — calling God to 
 witness on the smallest proposal 
 of reform, that he foresaw from it 
 the downfall of the country. 
 Without any political principles 
 properly so called, and without in- 
 terest in or knowledge of foreign 
 affairs, he maintained himself and 
 his party in power for an unprece- 
 dented period by his gi-eat tact, 
 and in virtue of his two great poli- 
 tical proj)erties — of zeal against 
 every species of reform, and zeal 
 
 against the Roman Catholics " (^" ^y • 
 Brit.). There is a memoir of him 
 
 in Lord Campbell's " Lives of the 
 Lord Chancellors ;" and " The Pub- 
 lic and Private Life of Lord Eldon" 
 has been written by Sir Travers 
 Twiss. 
 
 ELGIN, Thomas Bruce, 
 Seventh Earl of [1766—1841] 
 succeeded his brother in the Scotch 
 earldoms of Elgin and Kincardine 
 at the age of seven. He was edu- 
 cated at Harrow^ Westminster, and 
 the University of St. Andrews, 
 after which he proceeded to the 
 Continent to study international 
 law at Paris, and military science 
 in Germany. He entered the army 
 in 1785, and rose to the rank of 
 General in 1837. He entered the 
 diplomatic service in 1790 ; was 
 appointed envoy at Brussels two 
 years later, and in 1795, envoy 
 extraordinary at Berlin. From 
 1799 to 1802 he was envoy extra- 
 ordinary at the Porte. It was 
 during his stay at Constantinople 
 that he resolved to remove from 
 Athens the celebrated sculptures 
 knoAvn as the Elgin Marbles. His 
 
 , proceedings were looked upon by 
 
 ; some as vandalism, and doubts 
 were even expressed as to the 
 
 i artistic value of many of the 
 marbles, but he succeeded in en- 
 
 j tirely vindicating himself in his 
 pamphlet, " Memorandum on the 
 Subject of the Earl of Elgin's Pur- 
 suits in Greece," 1810. The collec- 
 tion was bought by the nation in 
 1816 for .£36,000, and placed in the 
 British Museum, the outlay in- 
 curred by Lord Elgin being up- 
 wards of .£50,000. He was a Scotch 
 representative Peer for fiftv years. 
 ELGIN AND KINCARDINE, 
 James Bruce, Eighth Earl of 
 [1811—1863], eldest son of the 
 above, was educated at Eton, and 
 at Christ Chui'ch, Oxford, where he 
 graduated in high honours in 1833, 
 and was subsequently Fellow of 
 Merton College. Among his school- 
 fellows and comjDanions at college, 
 were Lord Dalhousie, Canning, and 
 Mr. Gladstone. In 1841 he was 
 returned to Parliament as member 
 for Southampton, as a Liberal- 
 Conservative, though he did not 
 identify himself with a party. In 
 1812 he was nominated to the 
 Governorship of Jamaica, which he 
 filled with great ability till 1846, 
 
 j when he was appointed Governor- 
 General of Canada. His adminis- 
 
 1 tration, practically sanctioned by 
 
 ; six successive Secretaries of State 
 for the Colonies, was extremely 
 popular, and his relations with the 
 United States, his hearty support 
 of the self-government and defence 
 of the colony, and his settlement of 
 the free-trade and fishery questions 
 led to his being raised to the 
 British peerage. He returned to 
 England in 1855, and in the follow- 
 ing year was sent on a special 
 mission to China, to settle with the 
 Chinese authorities the disputed 
 jjoints which had arisen out of 
 Sir John Bowring's administration. 
 An account of this mission will be 
 found in a " Narrative of the Earl 
 of Elgin's Mission to China and 
 Japan," by Laurence Oliphant, his 
 
ELIOT. 
 
 293 
 
 private secretary. He succeeded in 
 enforcing a treaty with the i 
 Emperor of China, by which China 
 was pi-actically thrown open to 
 European commerce, and through ; 
 his instrumentality, a similar treaty 
 was concluded with Japan. He 
 held the office of Postmaster- [ 
 General under Lord Pabnerston in ' 
 1859-60, and was elected Lord 
 Rector of the Glasgow University. \ 
 In 1861 he was appointed to succeed 
 Lord Canning as Governor- General 
 of India, and succeeded in carrying 
 out the vnse and equitable policy of , 
 his predecessor, with great firmness 
 and dignity. He died while on a 
 tour to Simla and the Punjaub. 
 [See " Letters and Journals of 
 James, eighth Earl of Elgin" 
 (John Murray), and for an account 
 of his Indian administration, the 
 " Friend of India," 1862-63.] 
 
 ELIOT, GEOEGE. Mary Ann 
 Evans, better known as George 
 Eliot, was born at South Farm, 
 Griff, in Warwickshire, on Nov. 22, 
 1819. Her father began life as a 
 carpenter, and, like A.dam Bede, 
 rose to be first a forester, and after- 
 wards a land-agent. He was twice 
 married, and Mrs. Hackett, in 
 " Amos Barton," is said to be an 
 exact portrait of his second wife, 
 George Eliot's mother. When 
 Mary Ann was a baby, the family 
 removed to Griff House — a charm- 
 ing old place, half manor, half 
 farm, with a large "flowery bushy 
 garden," Here Mary Ann passed 
 her childhood, much as Maggie 
 Tulliver sj^ent hers ; she was sent 
 to school, first to Nuneaton and 
 then to Coventry, and at the for- 
 mer place formed a friendship with 
 a Miss Lewis, which for some years 
 gave her religious opinions a strong 
 evangelical colour. "When she was 
 sixteen her mother died, and after a 
 time her brother and sister, who 
 were both older than she, married. 
 For some years she and her father 
 lived alone together at Griff House, 
 but in ISlrl they removed to Foles- 
 hill, near Coventry. Here the young 
 
 mistress had fewer household cares, 
 and devoted more of her time to 
 study ; here, too, she formed some 
 of her warmest friendships, such as 
 her intimacy with Mr. and Mrs. 
 Charles Bray, and Miss Hennell. 
 She now, within a very few weeks, 
 suddenly and finally abandoned her 
 orthodox views, to the intense grief 
 of her father. Her new friends were 
 able to sympathise with her religious 
 and philosophic difficulties, and in 
 18-1:2 she Vjecame acquainted with 
 Miss Brabant, a very young lady, 
 who was then translating Strauss' 
 " Life of Jesus." Soon afterwards 
 Mr. Hennell married the young 
 translator, who relinquished her 
 task to Miss Evans. This, her first 
 literary labour, was an arduous one, 
 and demanded three years of patient 
 toil and study, but in 1846 it was 
 completed, and published by Mr. 
 John Chapman. The merit of the 
 translation was recognised at once, 
 and Miss Evans set herself to 
 translate Feuerbach's "Essence of 
 Christianity." In 1819 her father 
 died, to her great sorrow. After a 
 time she made a Continental tour 
 in company with Mrs. Bray, and 
 afterwards stayed several months 
 in Geneva, in the house of her life- 
 long friends the D' Alberts. On her 
 return to England she resided with 
 the Brays till 1851, when Mr. John 
 Chapman invited her to assist in 
 I editing the Westminster Reviexc. 
 She accepted the offer, and went to 
 London, living fii'st in Mr. Chap- 
 I man's family, and afterwards in 
 j Cambridge Terrace, Hyde Park. 
 I Her work on the Westminster was 
 i mainly editorial, but the folio-wing 
 ; essays from her pen appeared in its 
 , pages: "Carlyle'sLife of Sterling" 
 • (Jan., 1852) ; "Women in France: 
 Madame de Sable" (Oct. 1854); 
 " Evangelical Teaching, Dr. Cum- 
 ' mings " (Oct. 1855) ; " German 
 Wit, Heinrich Heine" (Jan., 1856); 
 I " The Natural History of German 
 ' Life " (Julv, 1856) ; " SiUy Novels 
 by Lady NoveHsLs" (Oct., 1856) ; 
 " Worldliness, and Other- Worldli- 
 
294 
 
 ELLENBOROUGH. 
 
 ness : the Poet Young " (Jan., 
 1857). In 1854 her translation of 
 Feuerbach's " Essence of Christi- 
 anity " was published. This year 
 was the most eventful of her life, 
 for it was then that she became, in 
 every sense except the legal one, 
 the wife of George Henry Lewes. 
 Soon after forming this union she 
 resolved to wi-ite a short story, and 
 " Amos Barton " was the result. It 
 was sent by Lewes to John Black- 
 wood, who, after some hesitation, 
 accepted it for the magazine, where 
 it appeared in Jan., 1857. It was 
 followed by the other " Scenes 
 from Clerical Life," and the series 
 was completed in November of the 
 same year. They appeared anony- 
 mously, and it was not until, at the 
 close of the year, they were reprint- 
 ed in volume form, that the name 
 of George Eliot was adopted. The 
 success of the Scenes encouraged 
 their author to write " Adam 
 Bede," which was published in 
 
 1859, and at once made the name 
 of George Eliot a household word 
 throughout England. The real 
 authorship was by this time an 
 open secret in literary circles, 
 though impostors were not wanting 
 who claimed the credit of it, and 
 the publication, in 1860, of "The 
 Mill on the Floss," removed all 
 doubt from the mind of George 
 Eliot's Warwickshire friends. In 
 
 1860, the short story " The Lifted 
 Veil" ajjpeai-ed in BlacTcu-ood's 
 Magazine. In 1861, " Silas Mar- 
 ner," the shortest and perhaps 
 the most perfect of George Eliot's 
 novels, was published. " Eomola " 
 followed in 1863, and the less suc- 
 cessful '-'Felix Holt" in 1866. 
 Then, for five years, she published 
 only a few poems. During 1871-72 
 " Middlemarch " came out in num- 
 bers, and in 1876 "Daniel 
 Deronda" was published in the 
 same way. In the meantime, 1874, 
 she had produced a volume of verse, 
 "Jubal, and other Poems." To- 
 wards the close of 1878 George 
 Lewes died, and it was during the 
 
 first bitterness of her widowhood 
 that she prepared for the press her 
 last work, " Theophrastus Such." 
 On May 6, 1880, George Eliot be- 
 came the wife of Mr. John "Walter 
 Cross, a friend of twenty years 
 standing, but this new happiness 
 that had come upon her in the 
 autumn of life was shortlived ; in 
 Dec. of the same year, Mrs. Cross 
 took a severe chill, and on the 22nd 
 she died. She is buried beside 
 G. H. Lewes in Highgate Ceme- 
 tery, Her life, as told in her let- 
 lers, has just been published (1885) 
 by her husband, Mr. J. W. Cross, 
 in 3 vols. 
 
 ELLENBOROUGH, Earl of, 
 Rt. Hon. Edward Law, G.C.B. 
 [1790—1871], eldest son of Baron 
 Ellenborough, Chief Justice of the 
 Court of King's Bench, was edu- 
 cated at Eton, and at St. John's 
 College, Cambridge. He represent- 
 ed the subsequently disfranchised 
 borough of St. Michael's in the 
 House of Commons, until his 
 father's death, in 1818, gave him a 
 seat in the House of Lords. He 
 was Lord Privy Seal, and after- 
 wards President of the Board of 
 Control, in the Wellington adminis- 
 tration of 1828-30, and was reap- 
 pointed to the latter office in Sir 
 Robert Peel's first administration of 
 1834-5. He was appointed Gover- 
 nor-General of India by Sir Robert 
 Peel in 1842, and discharged the 
 duties of that position from Feb. 
 28, 1842, to Jime 15, 1841, when he 
 was recalled by the directors. On 
 account of his policy towards 
 Afghanistan, and the army and 
 captives there, his conquest of 
 Scindia, and his campaign in 
 Gwalior, his Indian administration 
 of two and a half years was, from 
 first to last, a subject of hostile 
 criticism. His Indian career may 
 be described in a few words. 
 Though, on first landing, he pro- 
 fessed pacific intentions, it was not 
 long before he found it necessary 
 to draw the sword in earnest. 
 Affairs in Afghanistan having been 
 
ELLENBOROUOH— ELLESMERE. 
 
 295 
 
 brought to a successful issue, the 
 British forces evacuated that 
 country, bearing the gates of 
 Somnath in "triumph," and hav- 
 ing destroyed the fortress of 
 Ghuznee. This had scarcely been 
 accomplished, when the Ameers of 
 Scinde took up arms. General Sir 
 C. J. Najjier was despatched against 
 them by Lord Ellenborough ; and 
 after one or two decisive victories, 
 including the bloody battle of 
 Meeanee, the territory of Scinde 
 was formally annexed to the 
 British dominions. In 1843 he 
 invaded the independent Mahratta 
 state of Gwalior, in conjunction 
 with General Lord Gough, for the 
 purpose of putting an end to the 
 civil strife which raged there. The 
 war had scarcely been brought to a 
 close by the defeat of the Mahratta 
 troops, when Lord Ellenborough 
 was recalled by the Board of East 
 India Directors, contrary to the 
 vtashes of the Government of Sir 
 Robert Peel, who, almost imme- 
 diately on his return to England in 
 18-A4, appointed him First Lord of 
 the Admiralty, and raised him in 
 the peerage as Earl of Ellenborough 
 and Viscount Southam. Having 
 resumed office in 1858, under Lord 
 Derby, as President of the Board 
 of Control, he resigned in May of 
 that year, on account of an attack 
 made upon him for a despatch 
 which he had addressed to Lord 
 Canning respecting his policy in 
 dealing w4th Oude. He advocated 
 the abolition of the Court of 
 Directors as a governing body, the 
 opening of the Civil Service to the 
 army, the transference of the 
 Government to the Crown, and the 
 appointment of a council to advise 
 the minister who should take the 
 place of the President of the Board 
 of Control, all which suggestions 
 were carried out by his successor. 
 Lord Stanley (Earl of Derby), in 
 1858. He was certainly in the first 
 rank of orators in the House of 
 Lords, down almost to the year of 
 his death, and on his retirement 
 
 from office, he devoted himself to 
 vigilant criticisms of Indian and 
 European politics. He bequeathed 
 his letters to the nation. I See 
 " History of the Indian Adminis- 
 tration of Lord Ellenborough," 
 edited by Lord Colchester. 187 i.] 
 ELLENBOROUGH, Jane Eliza- 
 beth, Lady, daughter of Admiral 
 Sir John Digby, a famous heroine of 
 the modei'n Chronique Scandaleuse, 
 was born 1807 ; was married in 
 1824 to Lord Ellenborough ; was 
 divorced in 1830, and in 1832 
 married Baron Venningen. She 
 afterwards married a Greek gene- 
 ral, who desex'ted her. In 1855 she 
 left Athens for the East, and on the 
 road to Palmyra met the Arab 
 chief, Midjouel, whom she married. 
 The union is said to have been a 
 happy one, possibly because there 
 was a stipulation that Midjouel was 
 to spend only half the year with 
 this English wife, and the remain- 
 der with his harem in the desert, 
 " lanthe," as the lady called her- 
 self, visiting him there only once a 
 month. She lived this curious 
 desert life to the endj and died in 
 Sept., 1881. 
 
 ELLESMERE, first Eakl of, 
 THE Rt. Hon. Francis, K.G., Lord- 
 Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum 
 of Lancaster, &c., was born in 1800, 
 and was the second son of Georgre 
 Granville, Marquis of Stafford, 
 afterwards Duke of Sutherland. 
 Lord Francis Leveson-Gower, as he 
 was then called, was educated at 
 Eton, and at Christchurch, Oxford. 
 He was returned to Parliament for 
 Bletchingley in 1822, and began 
 his career as a Liberal-Conserva- 
 tive, and a wai-m supporter of Mr. 
 Canning. He was made a Privy 
 Councillor in 1828, and soon after 
 went to Ireland as Chief Secretary, 
 He sat for Sutherland from 1826 to 
 
 I 1834, when he was returned for the 
 
 i Southern Division of Lancashire, 
 which he represented until his 
 
 : elevation to the peerage in 1846. 
 
 I He was devoted to literature and 
 the fine arts, and was the author of 
 
296 
 
 ELLIOTSON— ELLIOTT. 
 
 several poems, including a trans- 
 lation of "Faust." He died at 
 Bridgewater House, St. James's, 
 Feb. 18, 1857. 
 
 ELLIOTSON, John, M.D., 
 F.R.S., was born in London towards 
 the end of the last centui-y, and 
 educated at Edinbiu'gh, and at 
 Cambridge, where he graduated 
 M.D. In 1831 he was appointed 
 Professor of the Practice of Medi- 
 cine at the London University, 
 and in 1834, succeeded in effecting 
 the establishment of a hospital in 
 University College, where his lec- 
 tures drew large audiences. He 
 was one of the first in this country 
 to introduce and inculcate the lase 
 of the stethoscope, brought quinine 
 into general use in England, and 
 made many very useful and im- 
 portant discoveries in the uses of 
 certain medicines in cases of heart 
 disease, dj^spepsia, &c. His lec- 
 tures on the practice of medicine, 
 published in a separate form, are 
 said to be one of the best works 
 extant on the subject, and his 
 translation of Blumenbach's Phy- 
 siology passed through several 
 editions. He was the founder, and 
 was elected the President of the 
 Phrenological Society, the President 
 of the Eoyal Medical and Chirur- 
 gical Society of London, F.E.S., 
 and Fellow of the Royal College 
 of Physicians. In 1837 he tui-ned 
 his attention to the study of mes- 
 merism, as applied to the cure of 
 diseases, and in 18-49 opened a 
 mesmeric hospital, where numerous 
 wonderful cures were performed. 
 He resigned his professorship at 
 University College in 1838. The 
 " Zoist," a mesmeric a;nd phreno- 
 logical joui'nal, established by him, 
 and completed in 13 volumes, re- 
 cords his principal labour's in mes- 
 merism. On the completion of the 
 " Zoist," he wrote on subjects 
 connected with mesmeric in- 
 fluences in the Medical Times. He 
 died in July of 1868. It was to 
 Dr. Elliotson that Thackeray dedi- 
 cated " Pendennis," in grateful 
 
 acknowledgment 
 
 of his care and 
 attention during a very severe ill- 
 ness, in which Thackeray's life was 
 despaired of, and when the Doctor 
 refused all fees. 
 
 ELLIOTT, Ebenezer [1781— 
 18-49], the Corn Law Rhymer, was 
 born at Masoorough, Yorkshire, his 
 father being a commercial clerk in 
 the iron works there. In early 
 youth, according to his own account, 
 he was very idle, and it was a love 
 of botany which first made him 
 determine to work. He became an 
 ardent botanist, and his first poeti- 
 cal attempt was an imitation in 
 rhyme .of Thomson's " Thunder 
 Storm," which he was induced to 
 write, by hearing his brother 
 recite the passage in " Spring," 
 describing the polyanthus and 
 auricula. A friend of his, a poor 
 curate, having bequeathed his 
 library to him, he applied himself 
 industriously to imi^roving his 
 mind. Barrow, Young, Shenstone, 
 and Milton, were special favourites ; 
 and when he had thoroughly 
 studied them, Shakespeare, Ossian, 
 Junius, Schiller, and Gibbon, were 
 eagerly read. His first published 
 poem was " The Vernal Walk," 
 soon followed by " Night, or the 
 Legend of Wharncliffe," " Tales of 
 Night," and " Spirits and Men." 
 " The Ranter," and the " Corn Law 
 Rhvmes," are the fruits of his 
 thoughts on political subjects. He 
 will be remembered in history by 
 his determined opposition to the 
 " bread-tax," as he called the corn- 
 laws, the bad results of which he 
 pictured very vividly in the 
 " Rhymes." Carlyle spoke of his 
 poems as " hues of joy and har- 
 mony, painted out of troublous 
 tears." His chief works were pub- 
 lished between 1830-36. He carried 
 on business as an iron-founder, in 
 Sheffield, for twenty years, and so 
 successfully, that he was able to 
 retire to an estate at Great Hough- 
 ton, near Barnsley, in 1841, where 
 he lived till his death. His life 
 has been written by his son-in-law^ 
 
lOLLICE— ELLIS, 
 
 2i)7 
 
 John Watkins, and there is a 
 biography of him by January 
 Searle. 
 
 ELLICE, Rt. Hon. Edward, 
 M.P. [1787— 1863J, son of Alex- 
 ander Ellice, a wealthy London 
 merchant, was long known in jjoli- 
 tical circles as an active and influ- 
 ential member of the Whig party. 
 He was for some years a merchant 
 in the City, and had a considerable 
 share in the Hudson's Bay Co., be- 
 sides being a proprietor in Cana- 
 dian and West Indian lands. He 
 entered Parliament in 1818, in the 
 Liberal interest, as M.P. for Coven- 
 try, and, with the exception of the 
 four years from 1826 to 1830, con- 
 tinued to represent that con- 
 stituency until his death. His 
 early political opinions were what 
 in his day were contemptuously 
 termed "Radical," and they clung 
 to him more or less throughout his 
 public career. Among his intimate 
 friends were Burdett, Lord King, 
 Lord Radnor, Lord Althorpe, Sir 
 John Cam Hobhouse (Lord Brough- 
 ton), and Lord Byron. In the 
 opposition minorities of the first 
 three parliaments of which he was 
 a member, he generally voted in 
 Mr. Hume's divisions. Early in life 
 he had married a daughter of Earl 
 Grey ; and when that nobleman be- 
 came Premier, in 1830, he appointed 
 Mr. Ellice firstly Secretary to the 
 Treasui'y and " Whip " of the 
 House of Commons, and afterwards 
 his Secretary at War, both of which 
 posts he filled in a thoroughly busi- 
 ness-like fashion. Though he did 
 not take an active or prominent 
 part in the public debates, he was 
 acknowledged on all hands to be 
 one of the most practically influen- 
 tial members of the Whig party. 
 He took a keen and active interest 
 in the negotiations which followed 
 the introduction of the Reform 
 Bill, and with Lord Durham and 
 others, stood fast by the clauses 
 enfranchising the Metropolitan 
 boroughs. He received, in 1862, 
 the honorary degree of D.C.L, 
 
 from the University of St. An- 
 
 ELLIS, Sir Henry, K,H. [1777 
 — 1860], born in London, was the 
 son of John Ellis, Esq., descended 
 from a family resident for several 
 generations in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire. He was educated at 
 Merchant Taylors' School, was 
 elected Scholar to St. John's Col- 
 lege, Oxford, in 1796, and became 
 Fellow of his college. Having held 
 for four 3'ears the post of a sub- 
 librarian in the Bodleian Library, 
 in 1800 he received an appointment 
 in that of the British Museum. 
 In 1806 he became Keeper of the 
 Printed Book Department, from 
 which he afterwards removed to the 
 Department of MSS., and in 1827, 
 upon the death of Joseph Planta, 
 Esq., was appointed Principal Li- 
 brarian, retaining it till 1856, when 
 he retired upon a pension. Sir 
 Henry Ellis was for many years 
 one of the secretaries of the Society 
 of Antiquaries, and held the office 
 of Director of the society. His first 
 work, a " History of the Parish of 
 St. Leonard, Shoreditch," was pub- 
 lished in 1798. He was the author, 
 amongst other works, of an " In- 
 troduction to the Domesday Sur- 
 vey, with Indices," published in 
 1833, and edited three series of 
 " Original Letters, illustrative of 
 English. History," of which the first 
 appeared in 1824, the second in 
 1827, and the third in 1816. Fe 
 contributed to the Library of En- 
 tertaining Knowledge a work on 
 the " ToAVTiley Marbles," in 1833 ; 
 and another on the *' Elgin and 
 Phigaleian Marbles," in 1836. He 
 was the chief editor and writer of 
 the English portion of the edition 
 of Dugdale's " Monasticon," pub- 
 lished in 1817-30, and received the 
 third class of the Guelphic Order 
 from King William IV. in 1833, 
 
 ELLIS, The Rev. William, was 
 born in London towards the close 
 of the last century. In early life he 
 became connected with the London 
 Missionary Society, and was em- 
 
298 
 
 ELLIS— ELMORE. 
 
 ployed as a clergyman in missionary 
 work among the inhabitants of the 
 islands of the Southern Ocean. He 
 returned home in 1825, and publish- 
 ed the results of his experience of 
 the natives and the leading features 
 of those islands, under the title of 
 " Polynesian Eesearches/' in 1829. 
 He was Foreign Secretary of the 
 London Missionaiy Society from 
 1833 to 18 10, and was the author of a 
 " History of Madagascar," publish- 
 ed in 1838 ; " Three Visits to Mada- 
 gascar," in 1858 ; " Vindication of 
 the South-Sea Missions," in 1831 ; 
 and " History of the London Mis- 
 sionary Society," in 1844.. He died 
 June 9, 1872. His wife. Miss Sarah 
 Stickney, a member of a well-known 
 Quaker family, only survived him a 
 few days. She was born about 1812, 
 and early connected herself with 
 literature, and published " Pictures 
 of Private Life." She Avas one of the 
 first to treat social subjects in rela- 
 tion to women, and gained great 
 popularity as the authoress of " The 
 Women of England," " The Daugh- 
 ters of England," " Social Distinc- 
 tion," " Family Secrets," &c. She 
 wrote upwards of thirty works, most 
 of which were very popular. 
 
 ELLIS, Wynn, a well-known 
 patron of the fine arts, was the son 
 of Mr. Thomas Ellis, of Oundle, 
 Northamptonshire, and was born in 
 1790. He possessed a very fine 
 collection of paintings, among them 
 about 400 by the old masters, and 
 bequeathed to the National 
 Gallery all, or any of them that the 
 trustees might select. The chosen 
 pictures, mostly excellent but not 
 first-rate examples of the Dutch 
 school, are now in the "Wynn 
 Ellis room" in the gallery. Mr. 
 Ellis twice represented the borough 
 of Leicester in the Liberal interest, 
 and retired in 1847 into private 
 life. He died at his house, Cado- 
 gan Place, Sloane Street, Nov. 20, 
 1875. 
 
 ELMES, Hebvet Lonsdale, 
 Architect. He was the son and 
 pupil of James Elmes, was a young 
 
 man of great talent and promise, 
 and in 1836, was selected out of 
 eighty-five competitors to build St. 
 George's Hall, Liverpool, and after- 
 wards the Collegiate Institution 
 and the Assize Courts in that city, 
 and the County Lunatic Asylum for 
 West Derby. But his designs were 
 left for the completion of others ; 
 he died of consumption, Nov. 2G, 
 1847, at the early age of 34. St. 
 George's Hall was completed under 
 the superintendence of C. E. 
 Cockerell, K.A. 
 
 ELMES, James, Architect. He 
 was born in London, 1782, and was 
 a student at the Royal Academy, 
 where he gained a silver medal for 
 architectural designs, in 1805. He 
 erected several buildings in Lon- 
 don, and was, in 1809, Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the Architectural Society, 
 and Surveyor of the Port of Lon- 
 don. But it is as a writer on art 
 matters that he is best known. He 
 published "Lectures on Architec- 
 ture," " Memoirs of the Life and 
 Works of Sir Christopher Wren," 
 (1823) ; " The Arts and Artists," 
 (1825) ; " Bibliographical Dictionary 
 of the Fine Arts," (1826) ; and was a 
 large contributor to the periodical 
 art literature of his day. He died 
 at Greenwich, April 2, 1862. 
 
 ELMORE, Alfred, R.A. 
 [1815—1881], born at Clonakilty, 
 in the county of Cork, first ex- 
 hibited at the Royal Academy in 
 1834. Among his earlier pictures 
 were " The Crucifixion," exhibited 
 at the British Institution in 1838 ; 
 and " The Martyrdom of Becket," 
 at the Academy in 1839. The latter 
 was painted for Mr. O'Connell, and 
 both are in a Catholic church in 
 Dublin. Mr. Elmore having visit- 
 ed Italy, on his return exhibited 
 "Rienzi in the Forum," in 1844. 
 One or two pictures of slighter 
 pretension at the British Institu- 
 tion, the gleanings of Italian 
 travel, were selected by the Art- 
 Union prizeholders. Historical or 
 semi-historical incidents, treated by 
 him in the spirit of the genre 
 
ELPHTNSTONE. 
 
 299 
 
 painters, proved even more success- 
 ful. The "Ori^'in of the Guelph 
 and Ghibelline Quarrel," of 1815, 
 gained a purchaser in the holder of 
 the Art-Union's highest prize — 
 .£300, and in the same year Mr. 
 Elmore was elected Associate of the 
 Academy. The " Fainting of 
 Hero," from " Much Ado about 
 Nothing," in 1846, was the choice 
 of the Art-Union's leading prize- 
 holder. Among Mr. Elmore's chief 
 pictui'es were "The Invention of 
 the Stocking-Loom" (1817) ; " The 
 Death-bed of Robert, King of 
 Naples, Wise and Good" (1818); 
 " Keligious Controversy in the Time 
 of Louis XIV." (1819) ; "Griselda" 
 (1850); "Hotspur and the Fop" 
 (1851; "A Subject from Pepys' 
 Diary — ' Mr. Hale began my Wife's 
 Portrait'" (1852). 
 
 ELPHINSTONE, Major-Gen., 
 George William Keith, C.B. 
 [1782—1812], Commander-in-Chief 
 in Bengal, was the third son of the 
 Hon. William Fullerton Elphin- 
 stone, a Director of the East India 
 Company, and entered the army as 
 Ensign in 1801. As Lieut. -Col. in 
 the 33rd Foot, he was present at 
 the battle of Waterloo, and for his 
 distinguished services on that occa- 
 sion was made a C.B. He was 
 placed on half-pay in 1822, made 
 Aide-de-Camp to the King, with 
 the rank of Colonel, in 1825, and 
 Major-General in 1837. He was 
 left in Afghanistan as Commander- 
 in-Chief of the British forces, after 
 Shah Sujah had been placed upon 
 the throne. In the retreat fi'om 
 Cabul General Elphinstone was 
 taken prisoner by Akhbar Khan, 
 and succumbed to the hardships he 
 had to undergo. 
 
 ELPHINSTONE, Thirteenth 
 Baron [1807 — 1860], Rt. Hon. 
 John Elphinstone, G.C.B. and 
 G.C.H., formerly Governor of 
 Madras, and afterwards of Bombay, 
 was the only son of the twelfth 
 Baron Elphinstone. He succeeded 
 his father at the age of seven in the 
 ancient Scottish barony. He 
 
 entered the army for a short time, 
 but gave it up in 1837 to become 
 Governor of the Madras Presidency, 
 where he remained till 18 12, when 
 he returned to England. From 
 1817 to 1852 he wtis Lord-in-Wait- 
 ing to the Queen, returning to 
 India in 1853 as Governor of Bom- 
 bay. During the latter part of 
 his tenure of this office, on the 
 occasion of the outbreak of the 
 Indian Mutiny, Lord Elphinstone 
 displayed an amoiint of tact and 
 resolution which secured him the 
 hearty goodwill of all parties. He 
 succeeded with a mere handful of 
 European troops, in quelling the 
 rising among the native population, 
 for which he received the thanks of 
 Parliament. He was nominated a 
 G.C.B. in 1859, and created a Peer 
 of the United Kingdom, by the 
 title of Baron Elphinstone, of 
 Elphinstone, Stirling. He had 
 been made a member of the Privy 
 Council in 1836, and a G.C.H. 
 
 ELPHINSTONE, The Hon. 
 Mountstuart, the eminent In- 
 dian statesman, fourth son of John 
 eleventh Lord Elphinstone, was 
 born in Scotland, 1779. Having 
 received an appointment in the 
 Company's Civil Service, he reach- 
 ed Calcutta in the beginning of 
 1796, and in 1801 was appointed 
 assistant to the British Resident at 
 Poonah, at the court of the Peishwa, 
 the most important of the Mahratta 
 princes. In 1803, the first Mah- 
 ratta war broke out, and Elphin- 
 stone acted as aide-de-camp and 
 interpreter to General Wellesley, 
 with whom he rode flank to flank 
 at the battle of Assaye. Through- 
 out the whole campaign he displayed 
 such knowledge and courage, that 
 Wellesley told him he had mistaken 
 his calling, for that he was born a 
 soldier. At the close of the war 
 (1806) Elphinstone was appointtd 
 British Resident at Nagpore, and 
 two years later was appointed the 
 first British Envoy to the Couit 
 of Cabul, with the object of secur- 
 ing a friendly alliance with the 
 
300 
 
 ELTON— EMPSON. 
 
 Afg-lianSj in view of a possible in- 
 vasion. The danger of invasion 
 passed away, and the really impor- 
 tant result of the mission was 
 Elphinstone's " Account of the 
 Kingdom of Cabul, with its de- 
 pendencies in Persia and India " 
 (1815), which is still regarded as a 
 work of the highest authority. In 
 1811 Elphinstone was appointed 
 Resident at Poonah. It was an 
 important post, and the complica- 
 tion of Mahratta politics made it a 
 difficult one. The English resi- 
 dent proved himself equal to his 
 position, both in the early years of 
 seeming peace, and during the 
 fourth Mahratta war, which broke 
 out in 1817, and the success of the 
 English troops was chiefly due to 
 his command during the battle of 
 Kirkee. When Poonah fell his 
 authority suppressed a seemingly 
 inevitable sack of the town by the 
 incensed soldiers, and after the 
 annexation of the province he dis- 
 charged the responsible duties of 
 Commissioner with rare judgment 
 and ability. He had imagination 
 and insight enough to enter into 
 the feelings of the Hindoo cha- 
 racter, and mindful of the deep- 
 seated conservatism of the race, 
 he avoided needless change, and 
 sought to bring about reform from 
 within rather than from without. 
 By his conciliatory administration 
 he not only endeared himself to all 
 classes, but established the British 
 authority in a newly-annexed ter- 
 ritory, which by a different policy 
 might easily have been brought to 
 throw off the yoke. In 1820 El- 
 phinstone was appointed Lieutenant • 
 Governor of Bombay, which post he 
 held for seven years. This period 
 of his career was historically un- 
 eventful, and the governor devoted 
 himself to internal reforms with 
 that happy combination of zeal and 
 discretion which always charac- 
 terised his administration. His 
 principal achievement was the 
 drawing up of the Elphinstone 
 code ; but his efforts to promote 
 
 native education had probably more 
 beneficial and far-reaching results 
 than any other department of his 
 activity. By his policy of respect- 
 ing the customs, opinions, feelings, 
 i and even the prejudices of the 
 native population, he won their 
 attachment in a quite exceptional 
 degree ; and when, in 1827, he re- 
 signed his post, his presidency was 
 most appropriately commemorated 
 in the endowment by the native 
 conun unities of the Elphinstone 
 College. After his return to Eng- 
 land Elphinstone took no part in 
 public affairs. He twice declined 
 the governor-generalship of India, 
 and refused to take any permanent 
 part in home politics ; he was, in 
 fact, deficient in ambition, and his 
 ' health had suffered from his long 
 I residence in India. But the retire- 
 ! ment in which he spent the last 
 thirty years of his life was far from 
 I being indolent. Soon after his re- 
 turn he began his " History of 
 India," a work of great research 
 and value, embracing the Hindoo 
 ! and Mahomedan periods, published 
 in 1811. He died at Limpsfield, 
 Surrey, Nov. 20, 1859. His life has 
 been published, edited by Sir T. E. 
 Colebrooke, and in 1884, selections 
 from his Official Papers, edited by 
 G. W. Forrest. 
 
 ELTON, Sir Charles Abraham 
 [1778—1853], the sixth bart., of 
 Clevedon Court, Somerset, was the 
 only son of the Rev. Sir Abraham 
 Elton, the fifth bart. He had great 
 literary taste, and was the author 
 of several historical works and 
 volumes of poems. But the work 
 by which he was chiefly known was 
 his " Specimens of the Classic 
 Poets, in a Chronological Series, 
 from Homer to Tryphiodorus ; 
 translated into English verse," 
 which contains passages from 
 ; thirty-three Greek and twenty- 
 j seven Latin poets. He succeeded 
 to the baronetcy on the death of 
 his father in 1812. 
 
 EMPSON, William [1790— 
 1852], Professor of Law in Hailey- 
 
ENGLAND— ERRINGTOX. 
 
 301 
 
 bury College, and for some time 
 editor of the Edinburgh Revieic, 
 received his education at Win- 
 chester School, and at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge. He first wrote 
 for the Ediyiburgh Review in 1823, j 
 when Francis Jeffrey, whose only 
 child he afterwards married, was 
 editor, Mr. Empson succeeded Mr. 
 Macvey Napier as editor in 1830. 
 He succeeded Sir James Mackintosh 
 as Professor of Law at Haileybury 
 College. 
 
 ENGLAND, General Sir 
 KicHARD, G.C.B. [1793—1883], a 
 son of Lieut. -General Kichard Eng- 
 land, of Lifford, Clare, Ireland, 
 was born in Canada, but was edu- 
 cated at Winchester College, and 
 the Eoyal Military College, at 
 Marlow. He entered the army in 
 1808, and served at the siege of 
 Flushing, on the staff in Sicily, 
 and throughout the campaign in 
 France. He was appointed Military 
 Commandant' in Caffraria in 1832, 
 and took an active part in the 
 direction and conduct of the Caffre 
 war 1835-36. He next served in 
 India, where he distinguished him- 
 self, and received the thanks of 
 Parliament for his services, and 
 was nominated K.C.B. He was 
 present in the Crimea during the 
 battles of the Alma, Inkermann, and 
 at Sebastopol, and was made a Lieu- 
 tenant-General and a G.C.B. He 
 was made full General in 1863, and 
 was placed on the retired list in 1877. 
 ENGLEHEAET, Francis, en- 
 gi-aver. He was born in London in 
 1775 ; was apprenticed to Joseph 
 CoUyer, and afterwards assistant 
 to James Heath. He first gained 
 notice by his engi-avings after 
 Stothard and Cook. In the early 
 years of the century he engraved 
 the portraits for a collection of the 
 English poets, and nearly thirty 
 plates, from Smith's designs, for 
 " Don Quixote." His most im- 
 portant works are " Duncan Gray," 
 after Wilkie, and "Sir Calepine 
 rescuing Serena," after Hilton. 
 He died Feb. 15, 1819. 
 
 ERLE, The Right Hon. Sib 
 William [1793—1880], for some 
 time Chief Justice of the Common 
 Pleas, the son of a Dorset clergy- 
 man, was born at Fifehead Mag- 
 dalen, in that county, and educated 
 at Winchester and at New College, 
 Oxford. His father, the Kev. Chris- 
 topher Erie, of Gilliugham, Dorset, 
 was descended from a family of 
 some antiquity and note in the 
 West of England. Having gra- 
 duated B.C.L. in 1818, Mr. Erie 
 was called to the bar in 1819, and 
 went the Western circuit. In 1831 
 he married the eldest daughter of 
 the Rev. Dr. Williams, warden of 
 New College, and prebendary of 
 Winchester, and became King's 
 Counsel ; and in 1837 was returned 
 to the House of Commons by the 
 city of Oxford, Avhich he continued 
 to represent till the dissolution of 
 1841. In Parliament he was a 
 silent member, steadily supporting 
 the Whig party, and devoting him- 
 self to his profession, in which he 
 attained the highest eminence. In 
 1841 he was appointed one of the 
 Judges of the Court of Common 
 Pleas; in 1816 was transferred to 
 the Coiu't of Queen's Bench ; in 
 1859 was promoted to the Chief 
 Justiceship of the Common Pleas, 
 on the elevation of Lord Campbell 
 to the woolsack, and retired into 
 private life, taking his farewell of 
 the bench, Nov. 26, 1866. He was 
 elected an honorary fellow of New 
 College, Oxford, in Feb. 1870. After 
 his retirement from the bench he 
 presided over the Royal Commission 
 on Trades Unions. 
 
 EREINGTON, John Edward 
 [1807—1862], C.E., and Vice-Pre- 
 sident of the Institution of Civil 
 Engineers, was for many years, in 
 conjunction with Mr. Locke, engi- 
 neer to the Glasgow and Greenock 
 Railway and Dock, the Lancaster 
 and Carlisle, the Caledonian, the 
 East Lancashire, the Scottish Cen- 
 tral, Scottish Midland and Aber- 
 deen Railways. About 1850 he was 
 appointed again with Mr. Locke, 
 
802 
 
 EESKINE— ETTY. 
 
 Consulting Engineer for the Nor- 
 thern division of the London and 
 North- Western Railway, and con- 
 structed many of their branches 
 and extensions. At the time of his 
 death he was Engineer-in-Chief to 
 the London and South- Western 
 Railway. 
 
 ERSKINE, The Hon. Edward 
 Morris, C.B. He was the fourth 
 son of David Montague, second 
 Lord Erskine, and brother of the 
 late and present peers. His mother 
 was a daughter of General John 
 Cadwallader, and he was born in 
 March, 1817. In 1852 he was ap- 
 jDointed Secretary of Legation at 
 Florence ; was transferred to Wash- 
 ington early in 1858, and to Stock- 
 holm in the same year. In 1860 he 
 he was transferred to St. Petersburg, 
 and afterwards to Constantinoi)le. 
 Mr. Erskine was appointed Envoy 
 to the King of the Hellenes in 
 1864, and to the King of Sweden 
 in 1872. In the following year he 
 was nominated C.B. (Civil Divi- 
 sion) ; he fulfilled his duties as 
 British Minister at Stockholm down 
 to 1881, when he retired. He died 
 at Twickenham, April 19, 1883. 
 
 ERSKINE, Thomas, LL.D., of 
 Linlathen, an eminent Scottish 
 writer on theological subjects, was 
 born in 1788, and was a grandson 
 of John Erskine, of Carnock, and 
 nephew of another John, an evan- ! 
 gelical preacher. He studied law, 
 and was admitted to the Scottish 
 bar in 1810, but did not practise. 
 He lived chiefly at Linlathen and 
 Edinburgh, paying occasional visits 
 to Paris and Geneva, and through- 
 out his life corresponded exten- 
 sively with his many distinguished 
 friends, of whom F. D. Maurice was 
 one of the chief. His letters — 
 which, together with the beauty of 
 his character, gave him extraordi- 
 nary influence — were afterwards 
 collected and published by Mr. 
 Hanna, and more recently by his 
 relative. Principal Shairp. The 
 degree of LL.D. was conferred upon 
 him by the Edinburgh University 
 
 in 1866, on the installation of his 
 friend Thomas Carlyle as Lord 
 Rector. He was the author of 
 " Remarks on the Internal Evidence 
 of Revealed Religion," "Uncondi- 
 tional Freeness of the Gospel," 
 " Doctrine of Sacrifice," and " Spi- 
 ritual Order." He died in March, 
 1870. 
 
 ESTCOURT, The Right Hon. 
 Thomas Sutton Sotheron [1801 — 
 1876], eldest son of the late T. G. 
 B. Estcourt, Esq., of Estcourt, near 
 Tetbury (many years M.P. for Ox- 
 ford University), was educated at 
 Hai'row and Oriel College, Oxford. 
 He was returned to the House of 
 Commons in 1829, in the Conserva- 
 tive interest, for Marlborough, 
 which he represented till 1832. 
 From 1835 till 1811- he sat for De- 
 vizes, and in the latter year suc- 
 ceeded Sir Francis Burdett as one 
 of the members for North Wilts. 
 In 184'8 he was appointed by Lord 
 Derby President of the Poor-Law 
 Board, and sworn a member of the 
 Privy Council ; and early in 1859, 
 when Mr. Walpole resigned, owing 
 to a difference of opinion respecting 
 reform, he became his successor at 
 the Home Office. In both these 
 capacities he showed ability, indus- 
 try, and administrative talents of a 
 high order, and retired with his 
 party in June, 1859. The Right 
 Hon. S. Estcourt, who represented 
 a family which had been seated on 
 the same property on the borders 
 of Wilts and Gloucestershire for 
 upwards of 500 years, retired from 
 public life in March, 1865, on 
 account of a severe attack of ill- 
 ness. 
 
 ETTY, William, R.A., painter. 
 He was born March 10, 1787, at 
 York, where his father was a baker 
 and miller. From childhood he had 
 a great love of drawing, and longed 
 to be an artist, but at the age of 
 eleven was apprenticed to a printer 
 at Hull, and passed seven dreary 
 years as a compositor. When his 
 time was up, his uncle, William 
 Etty, himself a draughtsman in pen 
 
EVANS. 
 
 303 
 
 and ink, took pity on the boy and 
 invited him to London. For a 
 time Etty drew in his uncle's house 
 and in a phister Ciist shop neai* 
 Smithfield, whei'C he copied a Cupid 
 and Psyche, Avhich {gained him ad- 
 mittance to the Acadtiuiy Schools. 
 In July, 1808, his uncle placed him 
 for a year as indoor pupil to Sir 
 Thomas, then Mr,, Lawrence. The 
 great painter could sjjare but little 
 time lor his puj^il, who learned what 
 he could by copying some of his 
 master's portraits, " Despair," 
 wi-ites Etty of this time, " almost 
 overwhelmed me : I was ready to 
 run away, I felt that I could not 
 get on, but a voice within me said, 
 persevere . . . , but I was very nearly 
 beaten," In distress at his many 
 failures, he sought the advice of 
 his master. " He said that I had a 
 very good eye for colour, but that I 
 was lamentably deficient in almost 
 all other respects." This judgment 
 was on the whole a fair one, and 
 throughout life Etty remained de- 
 ficient in those qualities of style 
 and drawing which so distinguish 
 the work of Lawrence. When his 
 year with Lawrence was completed, 
 Etty painted without instruction 
 from nature, and from the old 
 masters in the British Gallery ; he 
 was also a constant attendant at 
 the evening life class at the 
 Academy, a custom he never relin- 
 quished even after he became an 
 K.A. He competed for all the 
 medals but gained none, nor till 
 1811 did he succeed in getting his 
 pictures into any exhibition. But 
 in that year "Telemachus rescuing 
 Antiope," was hung in the Academy, 
 and "Sappho" sold at the British 
 Institution for ^£25, and from that 
 time some work of his found a place 
 each year in one or other of these 
 exhibitions. In 181G he went to 
 Italy, but homesickness and ill- 
 health brought him home before 
 three months had passed ; notwith- 
 standing which he retiu-ned six 
 years later and remained eighteen 
 months studying the old masters — 
 
 more especially the great colourLsts 
 of the Venetian school. In 1820 he 
 exhibited "Pandora Crowned by the 
 Seasons," was elected A.R. A. in 1824, 
 and in this year he began his long 
 contemplated series of nine great 
 pictures. Etty tells us in his auto- 
 biography, published in the Art 
 Journal of 1849, that his aim in all 
 these was " to paint some great 
 moral on the heart: ' The Combat ' — 
 beauty of mercy; the three Judith 
 pictures — Patriotism . . . . ' Be- 
 naiali, David's chief captain ' — 
 Valoxir ; Ulysses and the Syrens 
 .... a Homeric paraphrase on * The 
 Wages of Sin is Death.' Three 
 pictures of Joan of Arc, Religion, 
 Loyalty, Patriotism, like the mo- 
 dern Judith." This claim of 
 Etty's to be considered a moralist 
 was perfectly sincere ; pure-minded 
 himself, he was unable to believe 
 that his pictures were voluptuous, 
 or to see anything unseemly in the 
 nude form of " God's noblest work — 
 Woman." In 1828, he was elected 
 Academician, and continued paint- 
 ing and studying in London till 
 1848 when, his health failing him, 
 he went to York, where he died 
 Nov. 13, 1849. He had exhibited 
 217 pictures, among the most re- 
 markable of these are " The Judg- 
 ment of Paris," " Venus Attired by 
 the Graces," " The Wise and Fool- 
 ish Virgins," " Hylas and the 
 Nymphs," "The ProcUgal Son," 
 " The Bevy of Fair Women," "The 
 Destruction of the Temple of Vice," 
 " The Eape of Proserpine," " Hero 
 and Leander," " Zephyr and Au- 
 rora," " Robinson Crusoe," and 
 " Yovith at the Prow and Pleasure 
 at the Helm," now in the National 
 Gallery, where are also " The Lute 
 Player," and "The Bather." Se- 
 veral life studies, heads and nude 
 female figures are in the South 
 Kensington Museum. There is a 
 bust of Etty in the National Por- 
 trait Gallery, and his life, written 
 by A. Gilchrist, was published in 
 1845. 
 EVANS, General Sir de Lacy, 
 
304 
 
 EVANS— EWAET. 
 
 O.C.B. [1787—1870], a distin- 
 sTuisliecl soldier, was a son of John 
 Evans, of Milltown, Limerick, Ire- 
 land, where he was born. He en- 
 tered the army in 1807, as ensign 
 in the 22nd Eegiment of Foot, and 
 was at once sent to India, where he 
 remained for three years, and dur- 
 ing that time served with distinc- 
 tion in various actions. In 1812 he 
 joined Wellington's Army in the 
 Peninsula, and greatly distinguished 
 himself by his skill and bravery in 
 the Portuguese and Si^anish Cam- 
 paigns of 1812, 1813, and 1814. He 
 gained rapid promotion, and in 
 1814 was made Lieutenant-Colonel. 
 In the same year he was sent to 
 take part in the war against the 
 United States, and specially distin- 
 guished himself at the capture of 
 Washington, and took part in the 
 attack on Baltimore, and the ope- 
 rations before New Orleans. Re- 
 turning to England in 1815, he 
 accompanied Wellington's expedi- 
 tion to Flanders, and was Assistant- 
 Quartermaster-General at Quatre 
 Bras and Waterloo. He accompa- 
 nied the army to Paris and remained 
 there during the occupation of the 
 city by the allies. In 1835 he was 
 chosen to command the British 
 Auxiliary Legion raised to aid the 
 Queen of Spain against Don Carlos, 
 and for his brilliant successes dur- 
 ing his two years' stay there, was 
 made a K.C.B. He became a Ma- 
 jor-General in 1846, and in 1854, 
 on the breaking out of the Eussian 
 war, he was appointed to the com- 
 mand of the second division of the 
 Army of the East. For his services 
 in the Crimea, on his return to 
 England, he received the thanks of 
 the House of Commons, and in the 
 Bame year was made a G.C.B., and 
 received from the University of 
 Oxford the degree of D.C.L. In 
 1856 he received the Grand Cross 
 of the Legion of Honour, and was 
 gazetted General in 1861. In 1831 
 he was I'eturned to Parliament as 
 member for Rye, as an advanced 
 Liberal, was elected for Westmin- 
 
 ster in 1833, and re-elected in 1846, 
 retiring at the General Election of 
 1865. 
 
 EVANS, Egbert Harding [1777 
 — 1857], a well-known book auc- 
 tioneer of Pall Mall, was the son of a 
 bookseller in the Strand. He set up 
 in business on his own account in 
 Pall Mall, and undertook the cata- 
 loguing and sale of the famous li- 
 brary of the Duke of Eoxburghe, 
 which led him to establish himself 
 as a professional book auctioneer. 
 Among the many celebrated col- 
 lections which passed through his 
 hands, were the Hanley, Elchorne, 
 and Townley libraries, those of 
 Mr. Edwards, the Duke of Grafton, 
 the White Knights Collection, and 
 a part of Heber's. Mr. Evans pre- 
 sented the marked catalogues of 
 these sales to the British Museum, 
 and they were placed in the library 
 there. 
 
 EVEEAED, Major-General 
 Mathias, C.B. and K.H., entered 
 the army in 1804, and in 1807 led 
 the forlorn hope at Montevideo, and 
 for his gallant services on that 
 occasion was promoted to a com- 
 pany; presented with a sword by 
 the Committee of the Patriotic Fund 
 at Lloyd's, and received the freedom 
 of the city of Dublin. He served 
 in the Walcheren Expedition, and 
 the siege of Flushing in 1809 ; the 
 siege and capture of Hatras in 
 1817, and in the Pindaree and Mah- 
 rattas wars, 1817-18. He was pro- 
 moted to the rank of Major in 1821. 
 In 1826 he commanded the 14th 
 Eegiment at the siege and storm- 
 ing of Bhurtpore, and for his ser- 
 vices was made Lieutenant-Colonel. 
 He was promoted to Colonel in 1841, 
 and Major-General in 1851. Her 
 Majesty afterwards conferred ^200 
 a year on him as a reward for dis- 
 tinguished services. He died at 
 Southsea, April 20, 1857. 
 
 EWAET, William [1798—1869], 
 second son of the late William 
 Ewart, Esq., merchant, of Liver- 
 pool, was educated at Eton and 
 Christ Church, Oxford, where he 
 
EWING— EYKE. 
 
 303 
 
 graduated B.A. in 1821, having ob- 
 tained the university prize for 
 English verse. He was returned 
 to the House of Commons in 182S 
 as a Free-trader and Liberal for 
 the disfranchised borough of Bletch- 
 ingley ; represented his native city, 
 Liverpool, in 1830 and 1831, and 
 again fi*om 1833 till the dissolution 
 of 1837, when he was defeated by 
 Sir C, Cresswell ; was elected for 
 Wigan, in Lancashire, for a short 
 time in the next Parliament ; and 
 in 18 11 was chosen for the Dumfries 
 district of boroughs, by which he 
 was returned at every subsequent 
 general election up to 18G7. In 
 Parliament Mr. Ewart exerted him- 
 self in order to secure the abolition 
 of capital punishment, and the 
 establishment in tovrns of schools 
 of design and public libraries, free 
 and open to all classes of the com- 
 munity, for the formation of which 
 he succeeded, in 1850, in passing an 
 Act (which bears his name). In 
 1860 he brought in a bill for facili- 
 tating the building of labourers' 
 cottages in Scotland ; and in 1862 
 obtained a select committee on 
 weights and measures, and in 1864 
 carried a bill legalizing the use of 
 the metric system. 
 
 EWING, Eev. Alexander [1814 
 — 1873], a clergyman of the Scotch 
 Ejjiscopal Church, Bishop of Argyll 
 and the Isles, was the eldest son of 
 John E-sving of Shelagreen, Aber- 
 deenshire, and was educated at 
 Aberdeen and at Oxford. He was 
 ordained in 1838, and about 1841 
 was requested to take the charge 
 cf the Episcopal Congregation at 
 Forres, where he remained till 1846, 
 w^hen he was elected first Bishop of 
 the newly-restored diocese of Ai'gyll 
 and the Isles, the duties of which 
 position he discharged till his death. 
 In 1851 he received the degree of 
 D.C.L. from the University of Ox- 
 ford. He was a representative of 
 the Broad school of thought among 
 Scottish Episcopalians, and pub- 
 lished various letters to the papers, 
 and pamphlets expressive of his 
 
 views. (See " Memoir of Alexander 
 Ewing, D.C.L.," by A. J. Koss, 
 B.D., 1877.) 
 
 EWING, James, LL.D., West 
 India Merchant, to whose munifi- 
 cence the city of Glasgow owes so 
 much, was born in that city in 
 1774, and was chosen one of its 
 first representatives in the reformed 
 Parliament of 1834. The degree of 
 LL.D. was conferred upon him by 
 the Glasgow University. At his 
 death, which occurred in 1853, he 
 left .£70,000 to various asylums and 
 charities in Glasgow. 
 
 EYKE,]VIajor-General Sir Vin- 
 cent C.B., K.C.S.I. [1811—1881], 
 of the Bengal Artillery^ was edu- 
 cated at the Military College, Ad- 
 discombe, entered the Bengal Ar- 
 tillery in 1828, served in Afghanistan 
 in 1841-2, and as a volunteer with 
 the Horse Artillery during the in- 
 surrection in Cabul, in which he 
 was severely wounded. He accom- 
 panied the army on its retreat, was 
 made prisoner by Akbar Khan, and 
 after a captivity of eight months 
 effected his escape to Sir G. Pol- 
 lock's camp in Sept., 1842, and 
 published an interesting account 
 of the "Military Operations at 
 Cabul," in 1843. He showed his 
 skill as a practical engineer by 
 several scientific inventions, and 
 was the author of a pamphlet on 
 " Metallic Boats and Floating Wag- 
 gons for Naval and Military Ser- 
 vice ; with Observations on Ameri- 
 can Life-preserving Cars," pub- 
 lished in 185 1. Major-General 
 Eyre, who distinguished himself 
 during the trying period of the 
 Indian Mutiny, was a Fellow of 
 the Eoyal Geographical Society, 
 and of other learned bodies, was 
 made a C.B. in 1858, and a Knight 
 Commander of the Order of the 
 Star of India in 1867 in reward for 
 his Indian services. During the 
 Franco-German war he was chair- 
 man of the Boulogne branch of the 
 English National Society for Aid to 
 the Sick and Wounded, and made 
 public some of his experiences in a 
 
306 
 
 EYTON— FAIRBAIEN. 
 
 little work entitled " A J'ortnight's | son of Mr. Andrew Fairbairn of 
 
 Kelso^ Roxburghshire . He was well 
 
 Tour among French Ambulances/' 
 1870. 
 
 EYTON, THE Eev. Egbert W. 
 [1815 — 1881], was the son of the 
 Eev. John Eyton, vicar of Wel- 
 lington and Eyton, Salop. He was 
 educated at Eugby and at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, where he graduated 
 in 1839. From 18 11 to 1863 he was 
 rector of Eyton, and during this 
 time wrote his great work, in 12 
 volumes, entitled " The Antiquities 
 of Shropshire." He was also the 
 author of " Digests of the Domesday 
 of Dorset, Somerset, and Stafford- 
 shire," and of the " Itinerary of 
 King Henry II.," and edited the 
 " Pijje Eolls " and early charters 
 of Staffordshire for the William 
 Salt Archeeological Society. 
 
 F. 
 
 FAGGE, Charles Hilton, M.D., 
 F.E.S. [1838—1883], was born at 
 Hythe, Kent, and educated at 
 Guy's Hospital. He graduated 
 M.B. in the University of Lon- 
 don, with high honours, in 1861, 
 and proceeded to the degree of 
 M.D. in the following year. In 
 1870 he became a Fellow of the 
 Eoyal College of Physicians, Lon- 
 don. He was appointed Assistant- 
 Physician at Guy's Hospital in 
 1867; Physician in 1880; Lecturer 
 on Pathology in 1873 ; and Exa- 
 miner in Medicine in the Univer- 
 sity of London in 1879. He was 
 the author of many original papers 
 and memoirs in the Proceedings of 
 the Eoyal Society, the Guy's Hos- 
 pital Eeports, the Medico-Chirur- 
 gical Transactions, and the Medical 
 Journals ; and editor of " The Gviy's 
 Hospital Eeports ; " and translator 
 of Hebra's v/ork on " Diseases of 
 the Skin," for the New Sydenham 
 Society. 
 
 FAIEBAIEN, Sir Peter, Knight 
 [1800—1861], a magistrate of the 
 West Eiding of Yorkshire and the 
 borough of Leeds, was the youngest 
 
 known as an inventor and improver 
 of machinery, his machines being 
 in use all over the world. His im- 
 l^rovements in flax and hemp pre- 
 paring machinery were invaluable, 
 and greatly lessened the cost of 
 production. During the latter part 
 of his life he had been much inte- 
 rested in the construction of all 
 kinds of engineering tools, and 
 during the Crimean war was em- 
 ployed by the Government in mak- 
 ing special tools, and constructed 
 numerous machines for the manu- 
 facture of fire-arms. He was 
 knighted in 1858 on the occasion 
 of the Queen's visit to Leeds, of 
 which town he was mayor. 
 
 FAIEBAIEN, Sir William, 
 Bart., F.E.S. [1789—1874], civil en- 
 gineer, elder brother of the fore- 
 going, was a native of Kelso, Eox- 
 burgh shire. Having received his 
 early education at Newcastle-on- 
 Tyne, he entered into business at 
 Manchester, at first in partnership 
 with Mr. Lillie, and afterwards on 
 his own account. Not long after the 
 opening of the first railway, he 
 commenced some experiments in 
 the building of iron vessels, which 
 he brought to maturity in 1835 or 
 1836. He aided Stephenson with 
 his practical knowledge in the erec- 
 tion of his bridge across the Menai 
 Straits, and the profession are in- 
 debted to him for many important 
 successful experiments on the 
 strength of iron, iron shipbuilding, 
 the collapse of tubes, and a series 
 of papers to the Eoyal Society, for 
 which he received the royal medal. 
 He was one of the founders and 
 first members of the British Asso- 
 ciation for the Advancement of 
 Science, and was the author of 
 many able paj)ers on subjects con- 
 nected with his profession ; he 
 published several imjjortant works ; 
 amongst which may be noticed, 
 " Mills and Mill Work," " Iron— its 
 History and Manufacture," " Appli- 
 cation of Iron to Building Purposes," 
 
FAIKHOLT— FALCONEE. 
 
 307 
 
 " Iron Shipbuilding," and first, 
 second, and third series of " Useful 
 Information for Ent^ineers." Sir 
 William was a corresponding mem- 
 ber of the National Institute of 
 France, and of the Royal Academy 
 of Turin, a Chevalier of the Legion 
 of Honour, and was at one time 
 President of the British Association 
 for the Advancement of Science. 
 He was created a Baronet in Octo- 
 ber 1809. 
 
 FAIKHOLT, Frederick Wil- 
 liam. He was of German origin, 
 but was born in London in 1818, 
 and was brought up as a tobacco 
 manufacturer. But the prospect 
 of passing his life in cigar making 
 did not please him ; he studied art, 
 gave drawing lessons, and got oc- 
 cupation first as a scene-painter, 
 then as an illustrator of books. His 
 taste was, however, essentially an- 
 tiquarian, and it is as an antiquary 
 that he is chiefly remembered. His 
 '• History of the Old City Pa- 
 geantry" was published by the 
 Percy Society ; his " History of 
 Costume in England " and " Die- 
 tionary of Terms in Art" are 
 "widely known. At the time of his 
 death, April 2nd, 1860, he was 
 engaged on a work on the pageants 
 of the Middle Ages ; this unfinished 
 MS., and his collection of books on 
 pageants, he bequeathed to the 
 Society of Antiquaries. His Shake- 
 spearian collection he willed to the 
 Stratford Museum, and the pro- 
 ceeds of the sale of his library to 
 the Literary Fund. 
 
 FAIELIE, Louisa, Avell known 
 in her day as the editress of " Por- 
 traits of the Nobility," a series of 
 engravings from the drawings of 
 A. E. Chalon, kc, "with illustra- 
 tions in verse by distingviished 
 contributors," and of several 
 volumes of verse, was the wife of 
 John Fairlie, Esq., and a daughter 
 of John Hume Purvis. She was a 
 niece of Lady Blessington, with 
 whom she often stayed at Gore 
 House, and who wrote several 
 papers and poems for the annuals 
 
 edited by Mrs. Fairlie. She died 
 at Cheveley, near Newmarket, April 
 2, 18 W. 
 
 FALCONER, Edmund, drama- 
 tist, was born in Dublin, and first 
 became known by a volume of 
 poems which obtained some favour- 
 able notice. His first piece, " The 
 Cagot ; or, Heart for Heart," was 
 produced at the Lyceum in 1850, 
 the principal part being taken by 
 Mr. Charles Dillon. His successful 
 play, " The Lady of St. Tropery," 
 in Avhich he acted himself, was 
 brought out at Sadler's Wells in 
 1857, and in 1858 he became for a 
 short time manager of the Lyceum, 
 where he produced his most suc- 
 cessful play, " Extremes ; or. Men 
 of the Day." In 1800 his adapta- 
 tion of Victor Hugo's " Ruy Bias " 
 was produced at the Princess's with 
 Charles Fechter in the chief part, 
 and in ISOl " Peep o' Day ; or, Sa- 
 voiu-neen Deelish," came out at the 
 Lyceum. From 1804-5 he was joint 
 lessee of Drury Lane, and sole 
 manager of Her Majesty's in 1800. 
 His later productions, "' A Wife 
 Well Won," " Innisf alien," and 
 " Eileen Oge," were not very suc- 
 cessful. He cUed Sept. 29, 1879. 
 
 FALCONEE. The Rev. Thomas, 
 M.A., M.D. 1772—1839], was born 
 at Bath, and was the only child of 
 Dr. Falconer, a physician of that 
 city. He was educated at the 
 Cathedral school at Chester, and at 
 Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 
 where he succeeded to a fellowship 
 in 1795. In 1810 he was elected 
 Bampton lecturer, and his lectures 
 were published Tinder the title of 
 " Certain Principles in Evanson's 
 Dissonance of the four Evangelists." 
 He was also the author of a transla- 
 tion, with notes, of the " Periplus of 
 I Hanno," and edited, in conjunction 
 j with Mr. Halliwell, of Brasenose, 
 ; the once celebrated Oxford edition 
 , of Straho, from notes by his uncle, 
 Thomas Falconer. At the time of 
 his death he was engaged in pre- 
 paring for the press a translation of 
 ; the *' Geography of Strabo." He 
 
 X 2 
 
308 
 
 FANE— FAEADAY. 
 
 took his M.D. degree in 1822, hav- 
 ing studied at Edinburgh. 
 
 FANE, General Sir Henry, 
 G.C.B. [1779—1840], Commander- 
 in-Chief in India, Colonel of the 1st 
 Dragoon Guards, and D.C.L., was 
 the eldest son of the Hon, Henry 
 Fane, of Filbeck, Lincoln, and en- 
 tered the army in 1792 as a cornet 
 in the 6th Dragoon Guards. Hav- 
 ing served in Ireland in 1797, he 
 was appointed, in 1808, Brigadier- 
 General, and accompanied the army 
 under Sir Arthur Wellesley to Por- 
 tugal. He was placed in command 
 of the advanced guard of that 
 army, and served with them at 
 Eoleia and Vimiera. He took an 
 active part in the campaigns of 
 1810 and 1811, after which he had 
 to return to England on account of 
 ill-health. He again joined the 
 army in 1813, before the advance 
 from the frontier of Portugal, and 
 had command of the cavalry at- 
 tached to Lieutenant-General Hill's 
 corps, which he held to the end of 
 the campaign. He commanded the 
 cavalry and horse artillery in 181 X, 
 at the battles of Orthes and Aire, 
 and at Toulouse. He was j^romoted 
 Lieutenant-General on the Conti- 
 nent in 1817, and appointed to the 
 command of the cavalry and horse 
 artillery of the British army of 
 occupation in France. 
 
 FAEADAY, Michael, F.E.S. 
 [1791 — 1867], was born in the parish 
 of Newington, Surrey, Sept. 22, 1791. 
 His father, James Faraday, a native 
 of Yorkshire, obtained his livelihood 
 as a working smith. Michael's 
 education as a child was of the most 
 ordinary description, comprising 
 little more than the rudiments of 
 reading, wi-iting, and arithmetic, 
 obtained at a common day school 
 in the neighbourhood. At thirteen 
 he went to Mr, Eiebau, of Bland- 
 ford Street (to whom he was ap- 
 prenticed in the following year), to 
 learn the business of a bookseller 
 and bookbinder, and continued to 
 work at that trade till 1812. 
 During his term of apprenticeship 
 
 a few scientific works occasionally 
 fell into his hands. These he read 
 with avidity, and, aided by patient 
 study and such rough experiments 
 in chemistry as could be accom- 
 plished by a youth with little 
 leisure and still less pocket-money, 
 he gradually mastered their con- 
 tents. Among these were the 
 treatise on " Electricity " in the 
 " Encyclopsedia Britannica," and 
 Mrs. Marcet's well-known " Con- 
 versations on Chemistry." The 
 perusal of the former led to the 
 construction of his first electrical 
 machine with a- glass phial, on 
 which he afterwards improved by 
 constructing another with a jjroper 
 cylinder, and added other simple 
 apparatus for the purpose of trying 
 a variety of experiments with elec- 
 tricity. Through the kindness of 
 Mr. Dance, a member of the Eoyal 
 Institution, and a customer of his 
 master, Mr. Faraday was enabled 
 to attend the last four lectures de- 
 livered in. that building by Sir 
 Humphry Davy, in the early part 
 of 1812. Of these he took careful 
 notes, from which he wrote out the 
 lectures in a fuller form, interspers- 
 ing them with such drawings as he 
 could make to illustrate their con- 
 tents. His strong desire for some 
 scientific occuj)ation, even of the 
 humblest kind, induced him to 
 wi'ite in the December following to 
 Sir H. Davy, inclosing his notes 
 and illustrations as a proof of his 
 earnestness in the cause of science. 
 The reply was prompt, as well as 
 kind and favourable. Nor was it 
 without its results. Early in 1813, 
 his patron, acting for themanageis 
 of the Eoyal Institution, offered 
 him the situation of Chemical As- 
 sistant under himself as Honorary 
 Professor, and Mr. Brande as Pro- 
 fessor of Chemistry. This post he 
 accepted, and shortly afterwards 
 entered upon his duties, taking up 
 his abode at the Eoyal Institution, 
 where he chiefly resided. In the 
 autumn of the same year, Mr. Fara- 
 day went abroad as assistant and 
 
FARADAY. 
 
 300 
 
 anicanuensis to Sir H. Davy, in 
 whose company he visited France, 
 Italy, Switzerland, the Tyrol, and 
 other parts of the Continent, and 
 returned to Enjrland in April, 1815, 
 when he resumed his place at the 
 Royal Institution. After a number 
 of various experiments, of which he 
 published accounts from time to 
 time in different scientific journals, 
 in 1820 he discovered the chlorides 
 of carbon, in 1821 the mutual rota- 
 tion of a ma<jfnetic pole and an elec- 
 tric current, and in 1823, some new 
 and important facts as to the con- 
 densation of gases. In 1829 he 
 laboured hard, and, as he thought 
 at the time, fruitlessly, on the 
 production of optical glass ; but, 
 though unsuccessful in his im- 
 mediate object, his experiments 
 produced the heavy glass which 
 afterwards proved of great assist- 
 ance to him in his magnetical in- 
 vestigations. In 1831 the series of 
 " Experimental Researches in Elec- 
 tricity," published in the " Philo- 
 sophical Transactions," began with 
 the development of the induction 
 of electric currents and the evolu- 
 tion of electricity from magnetism. 
 Three years later he established the 
 principle of definite electrolytic 
 action, and in 1810 received at 
 one time the Royal and the Rom- 
 ford medals for his discoveries 
 of diamagnetism, and of the in- 
 fluence of magnetism upon light. 
 In 1817 he declared the magnetic 
 character of oxygen, and the mag- 
 netic relations of flame and gases. 
 His papers including other contri- 
 butions to the store of modern 
 science are too numerous to men- 
 tion in detail. It should be ob- 
 served that the " Researches," 
 though termed " Experimental," 
 contain many hyjiothetical ideas, 
 and many inquiries into theories 
 generally adopted up to their time. 
 Amongst these may be specified the 
 considerations respecting static in- 
 duction, atmospheric electricity, 
 and those relating to lines of force, 
 both representative and physical. 
 
 on which, having sufficiently stated 
 liis views, he was content to leave 
 them for solution to time and fu- 
 ture experience. It may be added 
 that his last hypothetical view re- 
 lates to the conservation of force, 
 a generalization which later re- 
 searches have established, and that 
 one of his latest papers treats of 
 the division of gold and other 
 metals. The researches of Mr, 
 Faraday were pursued almost ex- 
 clusively in the Royal Institu- 
 tion, Albemarle Street, London, 
 where he delivered lectures on 
 scientific subjects every year 
 from 1827, when he first ap- 
 peared at the lecture-table in the 
 great theatre. In conjunction with 
 his friend the late Mr. Brande, he 
 had for some three years previously 
 delivered early morning lectures 
 to students in the laboratory. In 
 1833, when Mr. Fuller founded the 
 chair of Chemistry, called after his 
 name, in the Royal Institution, he 
 nominated Mr. Faraday the first 
 professor, expressly desiring that 
 he should hold the chair so long as 
 he was attached to the Institution, 
 without being required to give lec- 
 tui'es, or having any other duties 
 exacted of him, in consideration of 
 the value of his researches to the 
 caiise of science. In Nov., 1835, 
 Professor Faraday received from 
 Lord Melbourne's Government a 
 pension of .£300 per annum, as a 
 recognition of the importance of his 
 scientific discoveries. In 183G he 
 was appointed scientific adviser on 
 lights to the Trinity House, and 
 became a member of the Senate of 
 the University of London. From 
 1829 to 1812 he was chemical lec- 
 
 ' turer to the cadets at the Royal 
 MilitaryAcademy at WoohHch. He 
 was also appointed scientific adviser 
 on lights to the Board of Trade. In 
 
 j 1823 Professor Faraday was elected 
 Corresponding Member of the Aca- 
 demy of Sciences at Paris, in 1825 
 was chosen a Fellow of the Royal 
 Society, and in 1832 the University 
 of Oxford conferred upon him the 
 
810 
 
 FAEIBAULT— FABQUHAE. 
 
 honorary degree of Doctor of Civil 
 Law, He was a knig-lit of the 
 Prussian Order of Merit, a knight 
 of the Italian Order of St. Maiirice 
 and Lazarus, one of the eight 
 foreign associates of the Imperial 
 Academy of Sciences at Paris, 
 where he was appointed a Com- 
 mander of the Legion of Honour in 
 1855, and w^as a member of many 
 learned and scientific bodies, not 
 only in this country, but on the 
 Continent and in the United States. 
 He might have had a title, but he 
 always refused it in any form. The 
 last summers of his life were spent 
 at Hampton Court Palace, where 
 the Queen had given him a resi- 
 dence, and he occupied his apart- 
 ments at the Eoyal Institution 
 during only part of the year. 
 
 FARIBAULT, George Barthe- 
 LEMi, French Canadian Archaeo- 
 logist, was born in Quebec in 1789, 
 and was the son of a Parisian 
 notary Avho had gone out to settle 
 in Canada in 1757. He received a 
 very meagre education, and owed 
 most of his learning to his own 
 unaided exertions. He entered the 
 legal profession in 1811, and in 
 1822 was appointed one of the staff 
 of extra writers to the Legislative 
 Assembly of Lower Canada, from 
 which he was promoted to be As- 
 sistant-Clerk to the House in 18.32. 
 He had early taken an interest in 
 Archaeology, and in 1837 published 
 his " Catalogue d'ouvrages sur 
 I'Histoire de I'Amerique, et en par- 
 ticulier sur celle du Canada, de la 
 Louisiane, de I'Acadie, et autres 
 lieux, cidevant connus sous le nom 
 de Nouvelle-France, avec des notes 
 bibliographiques, ci'itiques et lit- 
 teraires, en trois parties," which 
 is still consulted as an authority 
 by American bibliographers. He 
 was sent to England in 1851, to 
 make a second collection for the 
 Parliamentary Library, which had 
 been burnt in 1819. Before his 
 death, which occurred in December, 
 1866, he presented his valuable 
 collection of manuscripts, maps and 
 
 plans, and his private library to 
 the Laval University. Of his other 
 writings many were published by 
 the Literary and Historical Society 
 of Quebec, of which he was the 
 founder. They were historical and 
 descriptive ; some original, and 
 some editions of the books of early 
 travellers and historians. 
 
 FARQUHAR, Sir Arthur [1772 
 —18 13], Rear- Admiral of the White, 
 C.B. and K.C.H., was the son of 
 Robert Farquhar of Newhall, Kin- 
 cardine, and entered the navy in 
 1787. Having gained his Lieu- 
 tenancy he quitted the Royal Navy 
 and proceeded to the East Indies 
 as a free mariner. He had hai-dly 
 arrived there, however, when the 
 war broke out between Great 
 Britain and the French Republic, 
 and he returned to the King's 
 service. In command of a Dutch 
 armed vessel he took part in the 
 attack on Amboyna and Banda in 
 1796, and having been actively 
 employed in the Channel, Mediter- 
 ranean, Baltic, and North Sea 
 stations, was advanced to the rank 
 of Commander in 1802. He was 
 pi'omoted to post rank in 1805, and 
 for distinguished services received 
 a sword worth .£100 from the 
 Patriotic Fund. He was next ap- 
 pointed to the Desirce, and for 
 three years commanded a squadron 
 at the blockade of the Texel, He 
 destroyed several strong batteries 
 on the Weser and the Elbe rivers, 
 and took an active part in the 
 attack on Gluckstadt, an important 
 fortress, which surrendered after 
 an investment of sixteen days, and 
 a bombardment of six. For his 
 services on this occasion he was 
 created a Knight of the Sword, by 
 the Crown Prince of Sweden, and 
 a K.C.H. He was made C.B, in 
 1815. He subsequently served in 
 the West Indies, and for his con- 
 duct during a rebellion among the 
 negroes, received the thanks of the 
 House of Assembly at Jamaica, and 
 a sword worth ,£150. He was made 
 a Rear- Admiral in 1837. 
 
FARQUHAR— FARREN. 
 
 311 
 
 FARQUHAR, Captain [1809— 
 1883], a Fellow of the Royal Col- 
 lege of Surgeons, London, was for 
 eleven years surgeon to the British 
 Consulate at Alexandria, Avhere he 
 organised an hospital for the gari'i- 
 son for Mehemet Ali, who bestowed 
 on him the title of Bey. During 
 the Crimean War Captain Farquliar 
 organised the hospital at Balaclava, 
 and was present at the fall of Se- 
 bastopol. In his later years he 
 was captain of the Royal Aber- 
 deenshire Highlanders. 
 
 FARR, W]LLiAM, C.B., M.D., 
 F.R.S., D.C.L. [1807— 1S83], late 
 Superintendent of the Statistical 
 Department of the Registrar-Gene- 
 ral's Office, Somerset House, born 
 at Kenley, Shropshire, was educated 
 at Dorrington and Shrewsbury, 
 entered the University of Paris, 
 and proceeded to the University 
 of London in 1831. At an early 
 age he showed a strong taste for 
 statistical inquiry and the systema- 
 tizing of figures. He discharged 
 the duties of house surgeon of 
 Shrewsbury Infirmary for six 
 months in 1832, and afterwards 
 commenced the practice and teach- 
 ing of medicine in London ; edited 
 the Medical Annual and the British 
 Annals of Medicine, was appointed 
 Compiler of Abstracts in the Regis- 
 trar-General's Office in 1838, and 
 organised there the statistical 
 department, of which he continued 
 to be the superintendent till 1880. 
 He assisted the Registrar-General 
 in taking the census in 1851, 1861, 
 and 1871 ; he was a member of the 
 Royal Commission for Inquiring 
 into the Sanitary Condition of the 
 Army in India in 1859 ; and was 
 delegated by the Government to 
 attend the International Statistical 
 Congresses held at various times in 
 the chief capitals of Europe. He 
 was the author of many contribu- 
 tions to the medical journals, the 
 article "Vital Statistics," in Mc- 
 CuUoch's " Statistics of the British 
 Empire," annual official Reports on 
 the Public Health, and on the 
 
 Causes of Death in England (1837 
 -78), the " Finance of Life Assur- 
 ance," " Paper on the Income-Tax ; " 
 and parts of the Census Reports 
 1851 and 1801. He contributed 
 many papers to the Statistical 
 Society of London ; reported in 
 detail on the Cholera Epidemic of 
 1819 ; framed a New Statistical 
 Nosology ; and constructed the 
 English Life Tables, with Values 
 of Annuities and Premiums for 
 Single and Joint Lives. Dr. Farr 
 read a paper before the Royal 
 Society, in 1859, describing the 
 method of constructing Life Tables, 
 and the application of Scheutz's 
 calculating machine to that pur- 
 pose. He was chosen a correspond- 
 ing member of the French Institute 
 in May, 1872. 
 
 FARRE, John Richard, M.D. 
 [1775 — 1862], son of Richard John 
 Farre, a doctor practising at Bar- 
 badoes, was born at that place, and 
 partly educated there. In 1792 he 
 accompanied his father to London, 
 and entered as student at the United 
 Borough hospitals. He paid two long 
 visits to Barbadoes, where he prac- 
 tised surgery, and midwifery, and 
 returned to England finally in 1800. 
 He took his M.D. degree at Aber- 
 deen in 1806, and in the same year 
 was admitted a Licentiate of the 
 College of Physicians, and began 
 business as a physician in London. 
 Together with Mr. John Cunning- 
 ham Saunders he established the 
 Royal London Ophthalmic hospital, 
 of which place he is considered the 
 joint founder. He became physician 
 to that hospital, and held the post 
 for nearlv fiftv years. 
 
 FARREN, William, comedian 
 ,'1787 — 1861], belonged to a drama- 
 tic family, being the son and brother 
 of actors who were very popular in 
 their day. He first appeared at 
 Covent Garden about the year 1818, 
 playing almost exclusively old 
 men's parts, in some of which he 
 is said never to have been excelled. 
 Although he very rarely gave up 
 the line of old men, he would occa- 
 
312 
 
 FAWCETT. 
 
 sionally undertake a young part^ 
 wliicli he could play with great 
 spirit and grace. He also once or 
 tv/ice appeared most successfully 
 in the parts of old women. Some 
 of his best roles were. Sir Peter 
 Teazle, Lord Ogleby, and Dr. Prim- 
 rose. Several of his sons adopted 
 the stage as a profession. 
 
 FAWCETT, Eight Hon. Henry, 
 M.P. [1833— 188J.], Postmaster- 
 General, was the son of Mr, W. 
 Fawcett, J. P. of Salisbury, one of 
 the earliest members of the Anti- 
 Corn-Law League, well known to 
 Cobden and Bright, by both of 
 whom he was very highly esteemed. 
 Henry Fawcett was sent at the age 
 of fourteen to Queenwood College, 
 Hampshire, after which he went 
 for a time to King's College, 
 London, and in 1852 to Trinity 
 Hall, Cambridge. He graduated 
 in 185G with high mathematical 
 honours, and in the same year was 
 elected a Fellow of his Hall. He 
 was totally deprived of his sight 
 by a terrible accident while out 
 shooting, Sept. 17, 1858. Two 
 shots from his father's gun pierced 
 the centre of both his eyes, and in 
 a moment he was rendered quite 
 blind, the eyes being absolutely 
 destroyed. Most men in face of 
 such a calamity would have suc- 
 cumbed to absolute despair ; not so 
 Mr. Fawcett ; in a marvellously 
 short time he regained his cus- 
 tomary elasticity of spirits, and 
 resolved not to give up. He 
 returned to Cambridge University, 
 and devoted himself to his favourite 
 pursuit, the stvidy of political eco- 
 nomy. Having written and pub- 
 lished "A Manual of Political 
 Economy," the " Economic Posi- 
 tion of the British Labourer," 1865, 
 and having been an extensive con- 
 tributor of articles on economic 
 and political science to various 
 magazines and reviews, he was 
 elected in 1863, Professor of Poli- 
 tical Economy in the University. 
 He unsuccessfully contested, on 
 Liberal principles, Southwark in 
 
 1857, the borough of Cambridge, in 
 1862, and Brighton in Feb. 1864 ; 
 was returned for the last-named 
 constituency at the general election 
 in July 1865 ; and was re-elected 
 in 1868. He was unseated at 
 Brighton at the general election 
 of Feb. 1874, and was elected for 
 Hackney in April of the same year. 
 Mr. Fawcett was keenly interested 
 in all the great political questions 
 affecting our country and its 
 dependencies, especially India, and 
 the question of University Educa- 
 tion in Ireland, which he started 
 towards the close of the Session o: 
 1869, and upon which the Govern- 
 ment was defeated in 1873. On 
 that occasion the Roman Catholic 
 members joine^ with the Conser- 
 vatives, and placed the Govern- 
 ment in a minority of three in a 
 House of 571 members. The 
 Premier resigned office, but Dis- 
 raeli being unwilling at the 
 time to succeed him. Ministers 
 resumed their places. He wished 
 to effect broad reforms in the 
 administration of India, and in 
 1872 delivered an excellent speech 
 upon the financial condition of 
 that country, and obtained a com- 
 mittee of the House of Commons 
 to inquire into the condition of 
 the Indian finances. The courage 
 with which he contended against 
 his physical affliction, his efforts 
 in connection with India, and his 
 endeavours to preserve Epping 
 Forest for the peojjle, made him 
 very popular with his Hackney 
 electors. On the formation of Mr. 
 Gladstone's Administration in 
 April 1880, he was appointed Post- 
 master-General. Among the re- 
 forms introduced by him into the 
 Post office may be mentioned, the 
 Money Orders Act, the object of 
 which was to reduce the charge for ' 
 orders, and to facilitate their cur- 
 rency, a reform in the Savings 
 Bank by which it was provided 
 that forms having twelve sj^aces 
 each could be obtained at the Post 
 Office, and when a j)eiiiiy stamp 
 
FECHTER— FELLOWES. 
 
 313 
 
 had been affixed in each place, the 
 form could be given in at a post 
 office, and an account opened in 
 the depositoi''s name ; and also the 
 Parcels Post. His great scheme 
 of Post Office annuities came into 
 operation in June of 188 i. A new 
 and revised edition of his "Manual 
 of Political Economy " was pub- 
 lished in 1869, with two new 
 chapters on " National Education," 
 and " The Poor Laws and their 
 influence on Pauperism," and an- 
 other edition with some additional 
 chapters appeared in 1871-. He 
 ■wrote besides " Pauperism, its 
 Causes and Eemedies," 1871 ; 
 " Speeches on some current Poli- 
 tical Questions," 1873 ; and " Free 
 Trade and Protection,"1878,a fourth 
 edition of which was published in 
 1882. He married in April 18G7, 
 Millicent, daughter of Mr. Newson 
 Garrett, of Aldeburgh, Suffolk. 
 Mrs. Fawcett was the author of 
 " Political Ecouomv for Beginners " 
 (18G9) ; " Tales in Political Eco- 
 nomy," and jointly with her hus- 
 band of a volume of essays and 
 lectures on political and economical 
 subjects. Mr. Fawcett wa^s sworn 
 in a member of the Privy Council 
 in May 1880, and in the same year 
 received the honorary degree of 
 D.C.L. from the University of 
 Oxford. In 1882 the University 
 of Wiirtzburg, on the occasion of 
 its tercentenary, conferred upon 
 him the honoraiy degree of Doctor 
 in Political Economy. Mr. Fawcett 
 died after an illness of a few days 
 at his residence 18, Brookside, 
 Cambridge, and was buried in the 
 old chiu'chyard at Trumpington, 
 a small village two or three miles 
 to the south of Cambridge. 
 
 FECHTEE, Charles [182.3— 
 1879], actor, was bom in Hanway 
 Yard, Oxford Street, London, his 
 father being German, and his 
 mother English. He was educated 
 in Fi-ance, and began life as a 
 sculptor, but soon gave that up, 
 and went on the stage, appearing 
 for the first time at a little theatre. 
 
 known as the Salle Moliere, in 
 " Le Mari de la Veuve." He then 
 spent some weeks studying in the 
 ' Paris Conservatoire, after which 
 I he joined a travelling company, 
 and visited Italy, Berlin, and 
 lastly, London. After a time he 
 returned to Paris, where he ap- 
 peared with great success as Duval 
 , in " La Dame aux Camelias." On 
 the English stage he became known 
 by his imi^ersonation of Hamlet, 
 I in which character he first ap- 
 peared at the Princess's Theatre 
 in 18G0, and performed Othello at 
 the same house in 18G1. He obtained 
 a certain amount of success as 
 Hamlet, but his personation of 
 Othello was considered very fan- 
 tastic. In 18G0 he undertook the 
 lesseeshij) of the Lyceum, where 
 he produced romantic dramas, such 
 as the "Duke's Motto," "Bel 
 Demonio," "The Long Strike," 
 and other successful piec3s, in most 
 of which he played the principal 
 character. He withdrew from the 
 '■ management of the Lyceum in 
 Xov. 18G7, and in the following 
 month appeared as Obeni-eizer, in 
 Charles Dickens and Wilkie Col- 
 lins' play, " No Thoroughfare." 
 This play was brought out in Paris 
 later, under the title " L'Abime," 
 and Fechter again played the chief 
 part. He went to America in 1870, 
 and remained till 1872, when he 
 reajjjjeared in London, acting at 
 the Adelphi, in " Euy Bias," and 
 at the Princess's, in " Hamlet." 
 He returned to America in the same 
 year, and remained there until his 
 death, acting in different places. 
 
 FELLOWES, Sir James, M.D. 
 [1771 — 1857], son of "William Fel- 
 lowes, M.D., was born in Edin- 
 burgh, and educated at Eugby, at 
 Peterhouse, Cambridge, and at 
 Caius College, of which he after- 
 wards became a Fellow, on the 
 Perse foundation. He took his 
 M.D. degree in 1803, and was 
 admitted a Candidate of the Col- 
 lege of Physicians in 1804, a Fellow 
 in 1805. He then entered the armv 
 
314 
 
 FELLOWES— FEEGUSON. 
 
 as a hospital assistant, and joined 
 the military hospitals in Flanders, 
 under the Duke of York, in 1794. 
 At the end of the campaign he was 
 made Phj^sician to the Forces, and 
 went with the fleet, under Admiral 
 Christian, to St. Domingo. For 
 his services at Gibraltar, on the 
 breaking out of the pestilential 
 fever there, he was knighted by 
 George III., and soon after ap- 
 pointed chief of the medical de- 
 partment of the British army at 
 Cadiz. He retired in 1S15, being 
 then inspector-general of military 
 hospitals. 
 
 FELLOWES, Eear-Admiral 
 Sir Thomas [1778—1853], Knt., 
 C.B., D.C.L., &c., was born in 
 Minorca, and was a son of William 
 Fellowes, M.D., of Bath, who 
 was Physician Extraordinary to 
 George IV., when Prince Eegent. 
 Sir Thomas entered the Eoyal Navy 
 in 1797, as master's mate, on board 
 the Royal George, and saw a good 
 deal of service before the peace of 
 1802. In 1808 he helped in the 
 capture of the island of Descada, 
 where, with only forty men under 
 him, he compelled the regular 
 troops and militia to lay do^vn 
 their arms. At the attack on 
 Basseterre in 1809, he landed with 
 twenty-four men, spiked the guns 
 of a battery, and seized the enemy's 
 colours, in spite of the resistance 
 of the regular troops; numbering 
 five times his own force, and retired 
 with the loss of one midshipman 
 killed, and seven men wounded. 
 He was made commander, and in 
 1810 appointed to the command of 
 the Cadiz flotilla, v.dth which he 
 distinguished himself by his per- 
 sonal gallantry. He received post 
 rank in 1811, was made C.B. in 
 1815, and had the Spanish order of 
 King Charles III. conferred on 
 him in 1822, for his services in the 
 defence of Cadiz. In 1827, in 
 command of six fire-ships, and four 
 other vessels, he took part in the 
 battle of Navarino, and succeeded 
 in saving the French Admiral's 
 
 flag-ship La Sirene from destruc- 
 tion, for which service he received 
 the insignia of the Legion of 
 Honour, the second class of St. 
 Anne of Eussia, and the order of 
 the Eedeemer of Greece, and was 
 knighted on his return to England. 
 In 1841 he was appointed Naval 
 Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, in 
 1843 Superintendent of the Eoyal 
 Naval Hospital and Victualling 
 Yard at Plymouth, and was made 
 Eear-Admiral in 1849. He was at 
 the time of his death in receipt of 
 a good service pension. 
 
 FELLOWS, Sir Charles, was 
 the son of John Fellows, of Not- 
 tingham, and was born in 1799. In 
 1838 he published his " Journal of 
 an Excursion in Asia Minor," an 
 account of his travels in the in- 
 terior of that country, where he 
 had gone to search for antiqui- 
 ties, especially sculpture. In 
 exploring the sides of the river 
 Xanthus, he discovered numerous 
 architectural remains and beautiful 
 sculptures, of which he made draw- 
 ings for his book, and which he 
 received permission from the Sultan 
 to remove to Ehodes. An expedi- 
 tion was afterwards sent out by 
 the British Museum, under Mr. 
 Fellows, to bring these remains to 
 London, and they were placed in 
 " The Lycian Eoom" of the British 
 Museum. In 1841 he wrote " Journal 
 of my Second Excursion in Asia 
 Minor," and was the author of 
 several other valuable works on the 
 monuments, coins, and history of 
 that district. He was knighted in 
 1845. He died at his house, in 
 Montague Place, Eussell Square, 
 Nov. 8, 1860. 
 
 FEEGUSON, Sir Adam, an in- 
 timate friend and companion of Sir 
 Walter Scott, was the son of Adam 
 Ferguson, LL.D., historian and 
 moral philosopher, and was born in 
 1771. He. entered the army about 
 the year 1800, became Captain of 
 the 101st Foot in 1808, and served 
 under Wellington in the Peninsular 
 war. He was taken prisoner in the 
 
FERGUSOI^. 
 
 315 
 
 course of the Duke of "WoUin^ton's 
 retreat from Burj^os in 1812, and 
 remained in captivity till the peace 
 of 1818^ when he returned to Scot- 
 land, and settled with his sisters, 
 at Huntly Burn, in the neighbour- 
 hood of Abbotsford. He was ap- 
 pointed Deputy - Keeper of the 
 Scottish Regalia, and knighted by 
 George IV., on the occasion of his 
 visit to Edinburgh in 1822. He 
 died at Edinburgh, Dec. 25, 1854, 
 aged eighty-four. His portrait was 
 inti'oduced by Sir David Wilkie 
 into his picture, " The Abbotsford 
 Family," painted in 1817, and is 
 said to be a perfect likeness. Scott 
 and his family are represented as 
 peasants. Sir Adam as a game- 
 keeper. 
 
 FEEGUSOX, John, of Cairn- 
 brock, the founder of the Ferguson 
 Bequest Fund, was born in 1787. 
 He possessed a very large fortune, 
 amounting at the time of his death 
 to about ,£1,300,000, which had 
 been chiefly accumulated by his 
 uncles, and which came to him by 
 succession. At his death, which 
 occurred in 185G, he left .£12,000 
 for the poor of Irvine ; j£80,000 for 
 religious and educational purposes, 
 part of which went to found Fer- 
 guson Scholarships ; and about 
 .£375,000 to found the Ferguson Be- 
 quest Fund, the interest of which 
 is spent in building and repairing 
 Scottish churches and schools, sup- 
 plementing stipends of ministers, 
 and salaries of missionaries and 
 school teachers, and in assisting 
 public libraries. 
 
 FERGUSON, THE Right Hon. 
 Robert Cutler, of Craigdarroch, 
 M.P. [1708—1838], entered at Lin- 
 coln's Inn, and was called to the 
 Bar in 1797. In 1799 he was im- 
 prisoned in the Queen's Bench for 
 twelve months, for having at- 
 tempted, in conjunction with the 
 Earl of Thanet, to assist O'Connor 
 to escape during his trial for treason 
 at Maidstone. On his release he 
 went out to Calcutta, where for 
 twenty years he practised with 
 
 great success. At the end of that 
 time he returned to England, and 
 was chosen M.P. for the Stewartry 
 of KircudVjright, which he con- 
 tinued to represent till his death, 
 which took place Nov. 16, 1838. 
 He had been appointed Judge Ad- 
 vocate-General in the Ministry of 
 Lord Melbourne, 183 4. 
 
 FERGUSON, General Sir 
 Ronald Crawford [1773 — 18 41], 
 Colonel of the 79th Regiment, and 
 M.P. for Nottingham, was the 
 second son of William Ferguson of 
 Raith, Fifeshire. He entered the 
 army at an early age, and served with 
 distinction in Flanders and at the 
 Cape of Good Hope. He was made 
 Colonel in 1800, Brigadier-General 
 in 180-4, and in 1805 was appointed 
 to the command of the Highland 
 Brigade, with which he took part 
 in the successful attack upon Cape 
 Town. In 1808 he had command 
 of a brigade under Sir Arthur "Wel- 
 lesley, who, in his dispatches relat- 
 ing to the battles of Roleia and 
 Vimiera, mentioned him in the 
 most flattering terms ; and he also 
 received the thanks of the Houses 
 of Parliament. In 1810 he was ap- 
 pointed second in command at Cadiz, 
 which j)Ost he was obliged to resign 
 owing to ill-health. He returned 
 to England, and in 1813 was made 
 Lieutenant-General, being in the 
 following year appointed second in 
 command of the ti'oops in Holland. 
 He was made K.C.B. in 1815, and 
 full general in 1830, in which j'ear 
 he was elected M.P. for Notting- 
 ham. 
 
 FERGUSON, Robert, M.D. 
 ^1799—1865^, Phvsician Extraordi- 
 nary to the Queen, was of Scottish 
 extraction, and was bom in 1799. 
 He was educated in England and 
 the Univei'sity of Edinburgh, where 
 he graduated M.D. in 1823. Having 
 settled in London, he gained a high 
 reputation for his skill, and Avas 
 appointed to the post which he 
 held in the royal household. He 
 was the author of a treatise on 
 " Puerperal Fever/' &c., and held 
 
316 
 
 FERGUSSOM— FERRIER. 
 
 the joost of consulting physician to 
 King's College Hospital. 
 
 FEEGUSSON, Sir William, 
 Bart., F.E.S. [1808— 1877], surgeon, 
 born at Prestonpans, East Lothian, 
 March 20, 1808, was educated at the 
 Grammar-school of Lochmaben, and 
 at the High School and University 
 of Edinburgh. At the age of 
 eighteen he commenced his profes- 
 sional studies under the celebrated 
 anatomists Dr. Knox and John 
 Turner, Professor of Surgery to the 
 Royal College of Surgeons, Edin- 
 burgh, to both of whom he about 
 twelve months after became confi- 
 dential assistant. His connection 
 with Dr. Knox continued about 
 nine years, during which period he 
 had numerous oj^portunities of pur- 
 suing his favourite study — anatomy. 
 He became a Licentiate of the Eoyal 
 College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 
 in 1828, a FelloAv of that corpora- 
 tion in 1829, began to lecture on 
 the principles and practice of sur- 
 gery in 1831, was appointed As- 
 sistant-Surgeon to the Eoyal In- 
 firmary in 183G, and became a Fel- 
 low of the Eoyal Society of Edin- 
 burgh in 1839. He settled in Lon- 
 don in 18-10, having been appointed 
 Professor of Sui'gery in King's Col- 
 lege, London, and Surgeon to King's 
 College Hospital. He was Professor 
 of Clinical Surgery in King's Col- 
 lege, London. He was elected 
 President of the Eoyal College of 
 Surgeons of England on July 14, 
 1870, was for some time Professor 
 of Surgery and Human Anatomy 
 in that institution, delivering two 
 courses of lectures on "The Pro- 
 gress of Anatomy and Surgery in 
 the Nineteenth Century,"' which 
 have since been published. He 
 was for five years Examiner in 
 Surgery at the University of Lon- 
 don, was a Fellow of the Eoyal 
 Society of Great Britain, Vice- 
 President of the Eoyal Medico- 
 Chirurgical Society, a Fellow of 
 the Obstetrical Society, and was at 
 one time President of the Patholo- 
 gical Society. He was Consulting 
 
 Surgeon to the Hospital for Con- 
 sumption and Diseases of the Chest, 
 to the British Home for Incurables, 
 to the Hospital for Diseases of the 
 Throat, to the Scottish Hosj^ital, 
 to the Caledonian Asylum, Hono- 
 rary Surgeon to the St. George's 
 and to the London Scottish Volun- 
 teers. He was Sergeant-Surgeon 
 to her Majesty, and was Surgeon 
 in Ordinary to Prince Albert. In 
 addition to sj^ecial jjapers on Cleft 
 Palate, Lithotomy, and Lithotrity, 
 Excision of Joints, Aneurism, &c., 
 he was the author of " A System of 
 Practical Surgery," which has now 
 reached its fifth edition, and is held 
 in the highest estimation by the 
 profession : and was the inventor 
 of numerous surgical instruments, 
 embodying ingenious improve- 
 ments. He was created a baronet 
 in 18G5, " in consideration of dis- 
 tinguished merit and eminence as 
 a sui'geon." 
 
 FEEEIEE, James Frederick, 
 professor of morals and political 
 economy in the University of St. 
 Andrews, a nephew of Miss Ferrier, 
 authoress of "Marriage," &c., was 
 born in Edinburgh in 1808, and 
 educated at the university there, 
 and at Oxford. He afterwards 
 became a student at one of the 
 German universities, devoting him- 
 self to the study of German litera- 
 ture, especially its poetry, and 
 became of such service in inter- 
 preting the poetry of Goethe and 
 Schiller, that Sir E . Bulwer Lytton 
 dedicated his translation of Schiller 
 to him. He studied for the law, 
 and passed advocate in 1832, but 
 did not practise, beginning about 
 this time to write for Blackwood, 
 to which magazine he contributed 
 papers on philosophical and literary 
 subjects. In 1845 he was aj^pointed 
 to the professorship of moral philo- 
 sophy and political economy at the 
 University of St. Andrews, after 
 which he contested the chairs left 
 vacant in Edinburgh University by 
 his father-in-law. Professor Wilson, 
 and Sir William Hamilton, but was 
 
FERRIER— FEUCHfiRES. 
 
 317 
 
 unsuccessful, and so continued at 
 St. Andrews till his death, which 
 occurred Jinic 11, 180 k Besides 
 his numerous contrilutious to 
 Blackwood, he was the author of 
 " Institutes of Metaphysics : Theory 
 of Knowing and Bein*^," published 
 in 185 A. His " Lectures and Philo- 
 sophical Remains " were published 
 after his deaths and attracted much 
 attention from the attractiveness 
 of their style and the lucidity of 
 their explanations of the German 
 philosophical systems. 
 
 FERRIEE, SusAX Edmoxston. 
 She "was born in Edinburgh, 1782, 
 Her father, James Ferrier, was for 
 some time factor to the Duke of 
 Argyll, and it was in conjunction 
 with Miss Clavering, the grand- 
 daughter of the Duke, that Miss 
 Ferrier began her first novel, " Mar- 
 riage." But Miss Clavering soon 
 tired of the work, and " Marriage/' 
 as it appeared in 1818, was the 
 work of Miss Ferrier alone. Six 
 years later it was followed by " In- 
 heritance," a better constructed 
 and more mature work, and the 
 author's last novel, " Destiny," was 
 published in 1831. All the novels 
 were brought out anonymously, but 
 by their clever portraiture of Scot- 
 tish life everyone felt thtm to be 
 the work of one born north of the 
 Tweed, and many attributed them 
 to Scott. Sir Walter, was, indeed 
 among her warmest admirers, 
 and himself undertook to make the 
 arrangements for the publication 
 of " Destiny ; " and when the great 
 author was dj'ing. Miss Ferrier was 
 asked to go to Abbotsford to help 
 to lighten the hours of his infirmity. 
 At her death. Miss Ferrier left un- 
 published a very interesting ac- 
 count of her long friendship with 
 Scott, entitled "Recollections of 
 Visits to Ashestiel and Abbotsford. 
 She died in Edinburgh, Nov. 5th, 
 1854. 
 
 FERRET, Bexjamix, F.S.A. 
 [1810—1880], born at Christchurch, 
 Hants, April 1, 1810, and educated 
 at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar 
 
 School, Wimbome, Dorset, was ar- 
 ticled in 1825 to the elder Augustus 
 Pugin, father of the distinguished 
 "\Vell>y Pugin, architect, and ac- 
 companied the former in his several 
 travels when publishing " The An- 
 tiquities of Normandy " and other 
 works. On completing his articles, 
 he entered the oflBce of Walter 
 Wilkins, R.A., and began to prac- 
 tise as an architect on his own 
 account in 1832. He was ap- 
 pointed honorary diocesan architect 
 to the diocese of Bath and Wells in 
 1835. In May, 1870, he received 
 the Royal Gold Medal, annually 
 awarded, with her Majesty's sanc- 
 tion, to some eminent architect or 
 architectural savant. Mr. Ferrey 
 executed numerous churches and 
 other public and private build- 
 ings : among the former may be 
 noticed St. Stephen's, Westminster, 
 for the Baroness Burdett Coutts, 
 and St. James's Church, Morpeth. 
 He published the " Antiquities 
 of the Priory Church of Christ- 
 church," 1834; and "Recollections 
 of Augustus Welby Pugin," ISGl. 
 With the exception of the late Sir 
 Gilbert Scott, he built more 
 churches than any other architect 
 of the present da v. 
 
 FEUCHERESIThe Bakoxxede, 
 who died in London in Dec, 18-10, 
 was an Englishwoman by birth, 
 whose maiden name was Daws. 
 Soon after her marriage with the 
 Baron de Feucheres, he separated 
 from her, and she then went to live 
 with the Due de Bourbon, over 
 whom she obtained the most extra- 
 ordinary ascendency, and whom 
 she induced to settle by will wpon 
 her part of the immense property 
 of the house of Conde, the rest to 
 go to Louis Philippe's fourth son, 
 the Due d'Aiunale. The will was 
 disputed by the Princes de Rohan, 
 the Due de Bourbon's kinsmen, 
 but was declared valid by the 
 French courts. Madame de Feu- 
 cheres died worth about <£S00,00O, 
 the bulk of which she left to her 
 niece, the daughter of one of her 
 
318 
 
 FIELDEN— tiNLAISON. 
 
 sisters, who had also married a 
 Frenchman, M. Thanaron. She 
 bequeathed ,£2000 to a servant of 
 the Due de Bourbon, " the only 
 witness who gave his evidence 
 honestly " in the lawsuit she had 
 to sustain after the Due's death. 
 
 FIELDEN, John. He was ori- 
 ginally an artizan, but raised him- 
 self to be a master manufacturer. 
 In 1832 he was elected as a Kadical 
 Reformer for Oldham, and honour- 
 ably distinguished himself by his 
 exertions in regard to the memor- 
 able Ten Hours Bill. He repre- 
 sented Oldham till 1847, when he 
 was defeated. He died May 28, 
 1849. 
 
 FIELDING, Anthony Vandyke 
 Copley. He was born in 1787, and 
 both parents were painters in water 
 colour. Following the familv tra- 
 dition, Coj)ley devoted himself to 
 that branch of art, became the 
 pupil of John Varley, and was 
 elected associate exhibitor of the 
 Water Colour Society in 1810, 
 member in 1813, treasurer in 1817, 
 and secretary in 1818. In 1831 he 
 was chosen President, and held 
 that office until his death. He was 
 a most prolific painter, often send- 
 ing -10 or 50 drawings yearly 
 to the Society, besides an occa- 
 sional oil painting to the Aca- 
 demy ; added to all this he was 
 much employed as a teacher. His 
 drawings are of varied quality, but 
 the best are first-rate, and place 
 him near to David Cox and De 
 Wint, and not immeasurably below 
 Turner. They generally represent 
 either the sea, or the wide, open 
 downs of Sussex ; and their great 
 merit lies in the extreme delicacy 
 of hand with which Fielding has 
 rendered his waves or his hillsides, 
 and in his mastery of light and 
 shade. His drawings, when of the 
 highest quality, are and have al- 
 ways been greatly valued. As a 
 teacher, Copley Fielding shared 
 with De Wint the leading position 
 of his day ; his fine, polished man- 
 ners were as far removed from De 
 
 Wint's brusque simplicity as was 
 his delicate, highly finished style 
 of drawing from De Wint's breadth 
 and boldness. He died at Worth- 
 ing, March 3, 1855. There is an 
 oil painting and about 18 water 
 colour drawings by him in the 
 South Kensington Galleries. His 
 younger brother, Thales Fielding 
 (1793 — 1837) was also an artist of 
 merit, and many of his early draw- 
 ings are like Copley's. He was 
 teacher of drawing at the Wool- 
 wich Military Academy. 
 
 FINDEN, Edward Francis 
 and William, engravers, were two 
 brothers, the pupils of James 
 Mitan, who always worked toge- 
 ther. They first engaged in il- 
 lustrating " The Arctic Voyage " 
 published by Murray. They also 
 engraved " Landscape Illustrations 
 of Byron," " The Landscape Bible," 
 " Beauties of the Poets," " The 
 Graces,'^ and other minor works. 
 Their great work, " The Gallery of 
 British Art," though it achieved 
 an artistic success, proved a very 
 heavy commercial failure. William 
 died in 1852, aged 61, and Francis 
 1857, in the GGth year of his age. 
 
 FINLAISON, John. He was 
 born Aug. 27th, 1783, at Thurso in 
 Caithness, was educated for the 
 Scottish Bar, but entered the civil 
 service, and was appointed to the 
 Admiralty in 1805. He suggested 
 an entire reorganisation of the sys- 
 tem by which the correspondence 
 of the department was carried on, 
 and it was he who first compiled 
 the Navy List in its present semi- 
 official form. A scheme for the 
 establishment of a widows' fund in 
 the civil service and for widows of 
 naval medical officers first drew 
 his attention to vital statistics, 
 and in 1821, as the result of his 
 general services on this question, 
 he was appointed Government 
 Actuary. From this time until his 
 retirement in 1851 his counsel and 
 calculating power were called into 
 requisition whenever the public 
 measures involved considerations 
 
FINLAY— FITCH. 
 
 319 
 
 of political arithmetic. After his 
 retirement Finlaison devoted him- 
 self to the study of Scriptural 
 chronology, and to the universal re- 
 lationship of ancient and modern 
 weights and measures, and the 
 opinions he formed were decidedly 
 adverse to the introduction of the 
 decimal system into this country. 
 He died April 13, 18G0. 
 
 FINLAY, KIRKM4N, M.P. for 
 Glasgow, a merchant, was born in 
 that to^vn in 1773, and early inte- 
 rested himself in extending the 
 commercial importance of the city. 
 In 1793 he introduced cotton manu- 
 facture there as a distinct branch 
 of trade, and at the same time 
 joined in the agitation, which was 
 ultimately successful, for doing 
 away with the English monopoly 
 sanctioned under the old charter of 
 the East India Company. He be- 
 came a magistrate of Glasgow in 
 1801, was Lord Provost from 1812 
 to 1815, and M.P. for Glasgow from 
 1812 to 1818. In the latter year 
 he bought some land in the parishes 
 of Dunoon and Kilnuin, and built 
 Castle Toward from designs by 
 David Hamilton. He died there, 
 aged G9, in 1812. A bust of him 
 executed by Gibson was jjlaced in 
 the Glasgow Royal Exchange. 
 
 FIRTH, Mark [1818— 1S80], the 
 founder of the Firth College at 
 Sheffield, to the building of which 
 he contributed .£20,000, was the son 
 of Mr. Thomas Firth, a steel 
 melter employed at the works of 
 Sanderson Brothers, of Sheffield. 
 In 1813 his father set up for him- 
 self, and took his two sons into 
 the business, which prospered so 
 well that in 18 19 they were enabled 
 to build the Norfolk works, and 
 soon amassed an enormous fortune. 
 A great part of this fortune they 
 devoted to enriching the town of 
 Sheffield. In 18G9 Mr. Mark Firth 
 built the '"Mark Firth Almshouses,'' 
 at a cost of ^830,000, at Eanmoor, 
 near his own house, and presented 
 " Firth Park," which was opened 
 by the Prince of Wales in 1875, to 
 
 the town. The almshouses con- 
 sisted of 30 houses, with accommo- 
 dation for 39 persons, and are left 
 to the poor of the town for ever. 
 Mr. Firth's principal claim to notice 
 is, however, tlie College which he 
 founded, and which ranks as one of 
 the most notable of those which the 
 movement for University extension 
 brought into existence Vjetween 
 1870 and 1880. 
 
 FISCHER, John George Paul, 
 miniature painter, was the son of 
 an engraver, and was born in 
 Hanover, Sept. 16, 178G. At the 
 age of fourteen he became the pupil 
 of Heinrich Bamberg, Court painter 
 in Hanover to George III. In 1810 
 he came to England, and painted 
 miniatures, now at Windsor, of 
 Queen Charlotte and of all the 
 vounger meiubers of the Royal 
 Family. In 1819 and 1820 he 
 painted miniatures of the Infant 
 Princess Victoria ; he also painted 
 20 examples of costumes for the 
 Prince Regent. He died Dec. 12, 
 1875. 
 
 FISHER,WiLLiAM [1780—1852], 
 Rear-Admiral of the Red, entered 
 the navy at an early age, and, hav- 
 ing done good service in capturing 
 the privateer L'Amiral Gantheaume, 
 the slaver El Temerario, and a 
 large heavily armed pirate schooner, 
 was appointed to the Asia on the 
 Mediterranean station. In 1810 he 
 commanded a squadron at the 
 blockade of the fleet at Alexandria, 
 and afterwards personally conveyed 
 to Mehemet Ali the announcement 
 of his deposition. He also under- 
 took the responsibility of keeping 
 open the Indian mail communica- 
 tion through Egj'pt. For his ser- 
 vices he received tlie Turkish gold 
 medal, sword, and diamond decora- 
 tions, and in 18-12 the good service 
 pension was conferred ujjon him. 
 He wi'ote two naval novels, " The 
 Petrel" and "The Albatross," 
 which had considerable success. 
 
 FITCH, William Stephenson 
 [1792 — 1859], antiquary, was the 
 possessor of some most interest- 
 
320 
 
 FITTON— FITZGEEALD. 
 
 ing topographical and antiquarian 
 papers relating to the history of 
 Suffolk, These papers were pub- 
 lished in thirty volumes, and placed 
 in the Museum of the West Suffolk 
 Archaeological Society at Bury St. 
 Edmunds. Besides this work he 
 edited several ancient Tracts, among 
 which " Maitland's Narrative of the 
 Principal Acts of the Eegency du- 
 ring the Minority, and other Papers 
 relating to the History of Mary, 
 Queen of Scotland/' is, perhaps, the 
 most interesting. It is by the son 
 of the Maitland who was Mary's 
 secretary, and was Avritten to jus- 
 tify his father. In one of the 
 letters, also in this volume, the 
 murder of Rizzio is mentioned ten 
 days before it happened, and it 
 intimates that Darnley suspected 
 Mary of being implicated in it. 
 Mr. Fitch's collection also contained 
 many papers and letters relating 
 to Mary and Scotch affairs during 
 her life. 
 
 FITTON, Lieutenant Michael, 
 E.N, [17GG— 1852], entered the 
 Navy in 1780, and was present in 
 that same year at the capture of 
 the American packet, having on 
 board Mr. Laurens, ex-president of 
 Congress, who was on his way to 
 Holland with a secret treaty of 
 alliance with the Dutch. This 
 treaty was thrown overboard, but 
 Mr. Fitton managed to recover 
 possession of it, and the result was 
 that war was declared against the 
 Dutch. He afterwards took an ac- 
 tive part in the American War, and 
 at the siege of Gibraltar, and in 
 1801, while cruising in the Spanish 
 main in command of a small felucca, 
 he took possession of a Spanish 
 guardacosta, which he drove ashore 
 on the island of Varus, and then 
 plunging into the sea with his 
 sword in his mouth, and followed 
 by most of his crew, also armed, 
 boarded and carried her. For his 
 services in the operations against 
 Cura9oa in 1804 he was made Lieu- 
 tenant, and for capturing La 8u- 
 jperhej a dangerous privateer which 
 
 at that time was injuring the trade 
 of the West Indies, he received the 
 thanks of the Admiralty, and a 
 sword worth £oO from the Patriotic 
 : Society. He became one of the 
 Lieutenants of Greenwich Hospital 
 in 1835. 
 
 FITZGEEALD, Edward. He 
 was born March 31st, 1809, at 
 ■ Bredfield, in Suffolk, and was edu- 
 [ catcd at the grammar school of 
 j Bury St. Edmunds and Trinity Col- 
 , lege, Cambridge, where he gra- 
 ] duated in 1830. He was of inde- 
 I pendent means and never followed 
 any profession, but with his strong 
 literary taste was combined a lite- 
 rary faculty so remarkable that 
 nothing but his absolute indiffer- 
 ence to fame and dislike of publi- 
 city could have prevented him 
 taking rank among the first writers 
 of his time. He preferred rather 
 to be the interpreter of the thoughts 
 of others than the prophet of his 
 owTi. Hence most that he wrote 
 took the form of translation or 
 transfusion, for no translations were 
 ever so much like originals. Such 
 were the " Six Dramas of Calderon" 
 (1853), the only work to which he put 
 his name. His rendering of "La 
 Vida es Sueuo" and "El Magico 
 Prodigioso," were privately printed ; 
 so, in the first instance, were his 
 ''Agamemnon," and a translation 
 from '' the Eubaiyat of Omar Khay- 
 yam and of the Salaman and Absal of 
 Jami." To a small volume of extracts 
 called "Polonius, a Collection of 
 Wise Saws and Modern Instances,'' 
 he added a preface full of subtle and 
 delicate humour, but with no hint 
 of his identity. About 1880 he 
 privately printed a version of the 
 " QEdii^us Tyrannus," and " OEdipus 
 Coloneus," but only one copy was 
 given in this country, and that 
 under the strictest bond of secrecy. 
 For some years before his deatli, 
 which occurred June, 1883, he had 
 resided at Boulge, near Wood- 
 bridge. 
 
 FITZGEEALD, Baron, the 
 Eight Hon. William Vesey Fitz- 
 
FITZHARDINGE. 
 
 321 
 
 GERALD, JBaKON FiTZGEBALD OF 
 
 Desmond and Clangibbon, Cork, 
 a Privy Councillor, President of the 
 Board of Control, Lord-Lieutenant 
 and Custos Kotulorum of County 
 Clare, President of the Institute of 
 Irish Architects, M.E.I. A. and 
 F.S.A., &c., was the eldest son of 
 the Right Hon. James Fitzgerald, 
 Prime Serjeant of Ireland. He 
 was made a Lord of the Treasury 
 and Privy Councillor in Ireland in 
 1809, receiving in 1S12 the appoint- 
 ments of. Lord of the Treasury of 
 Great Britain, a Privy Councillor 
 of the United Kingdom, Chancellor 
 of the Exchequer, and Fii-st Lord of 
 the Treasury in Ireland. He went 
 to Sweden in 1820 as Minister 
 Plenipotentiary. He represented 
 County Clare in the House of Com- 
 mons in 1826, Lostwithiel 1830, 
 and Ennis 1831. From 1826-28 he 
 was Paymaster-General of the 
 Forces, being appointed in the latter 
 year President of the Board of 
 Trade, and Treasurer of the Navy. 
 He succeeded to his Irish peerage 
 in 1832, and to the peerage of the 
 United Kingdom in 1835. He died 
 May 11, 1843, and was buried in 
 Kensal Green Cemetery, his funeral 
 being attended by Sir Robert Peel 
 and several other members of the 
 Cabinet. 
 
 FITZHARDINGE, Earl, The 
 Eight Hon. "William Fitzhak- 
 dinge Berkeley [1786 — 1857], Ba- 
 ron Segrave, Lord-Lieutenant of 
 Gloucester, and Colonel of the South 
 Gloucester Militia, was the eldest 
 son of Frederick Augustus, fifth 
 Earl of Berkeley, by Mary, daugh- 
 ter of William Cole, of Gloucester, 
 and was born in Mount Street. 
 Grosvenor Square. It "will be re- 
 membered that the validity of the 
 marriage said to have taken place 
 in 1785, between the father and 
 mother of Lord Fitzhardinge, was 
 disputed, and became the subject 
 of a Parliamentary inquiry, the 
 result of which was that the House 
 of Lords declared the marriage non- 
 proven, so that Lord Fitzhardinge 
 
 had no right to the earldom of 
 Berkeley, and was known as Colonel 
 Berkeley. He retiiined possession 
 of Berkeley Castle, which had been 
 bequeathed to him by his father. 
 He was elevated to the peerage as 
 Baron Segrave on the coronation of 
 William IV., and in 18 il became 
 Earl Fitzhardinge. He was never 
 married, so that on his death the 
 earldom, and the barony of Segrave 
 became extinct. [See p. 78.] 
 
 FITZHARDINGE (Baron), The 
 Right Hon. Maurice Frederick 
 Fitzhardinge Berkeley [1788 — 
 1867], second son of the 5th earl of 
 Berkeley, was born Jan. 3, 1788, 
 and entering the navy in 1802, 
 served with distinction on the 
 "West Indian and other stations, 
 part of the time under Sir Thomas 
 M. Hardy. In 1810 he was sent up 
 the Tagus in charge of a division 
 of gun-boats, for the purpose of co- 
 operating with the troops occupy- 
 ing the lines of Torres Yedras, and 
 he received the thanks of Lord V^^el- 
 lington, in the public orders, for 
 his gallantrv on that occasion and 
 for his descent on Yillafranca. In 
 1840 he took part in the operations 
 on the coast of Syria, was present 
 at the camp at Djourni, at the 
 bombardment of Bevrout, the 
 storming of Sidon, and the capture 
 of St. Jean d'Acre, for which he 
 was nominated a C.B., and received 
 the Turkish gold medal. In 1846 
 he was appointed a naval A.D.C. to 
 her Majesty, in 1849 obtained flag 
 rank, and in 1855 was sworn a 
 Privy Councillor and created a 
 K.C.B., and made a G.C.B. in 1861. 
 He rej^resented Gloucester in the 
 Liberal interest from Dec. 1832, to 
 the following April, when he was 
 unseated ; from 1835 to the disso- 
 lution of 1837, and from 1841 till 
 1857. He held a seat at the Admi- 
 ralty Board under Sir James Gra- 
 ham and Lord Auckland, in the 
 Grev and Melbourne administra- 
 lions, and again under the Earl of 
 Minto, from 1837 to 1839, when he 
 resigned his post on account of a 
 
 Y 
 
322 
 
 FITZ-EOY— FLEMING. 
 
 difference with, his colleagues as to 
 the propriety-'of sending ships to 
 foreign stations with reduced com- 
 plements of men, on which he set 
 forth his views in detail in a 
 " Letter addressed to Sir John Bar- 
 row, Bart./' published in 1839. He 
 resumed his post at the Admiralty 
 under Lord Auckland and Sir Fran- 
 cis Baring in Eaid E-ussell's admi- 
 nistration, and from Dec, 1852, till 
 1857, under Sir James Graham and 
 Sir Charles Wood, in the Aberdeen 
 and Palmerston administrations ; 
 and during a great part of the lat- 
 ter period was First Sea Lord. He 
 was created Baron Fitzhardinge, 
 Aug. 5, 1861. 
 
 FITZ-EOY, Sir Charles Augus- 
 tus, K.C.B., son of General Lord 
 Charles Fitz-Roy, was born in 1796. 
 He served for many years in the 
 Horse Giiards, and in 1837 went out 
 to Prince Edward's Island as Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor, a post he held till 
 18 11, when he was appointed Gover- 
 nor of the Leeward Islands. In 1846 
 hebecame Governor-General of Ncav 
 South Wales, which was followed 
 by his appointment to the Gover- 
 nor-Generalship of all the Austra- 
 lian Colonies, a post he held till 
 1854, in which year he was knighted. 
 He was made K.C.B. 1820, and mar- 
 ried in that year Lady Mary Len- 
 nox, daughter of the fourth duke 
 of Richmond. He died in Clarges 
 Street, Piccadilly, Feb. 16, 1858^ in 
 his 61st year. 
 
 FITZEOY, Vice-Admiral Eg- 
 bert [1805 — 1865], youngest son of 
 General Lord Charles Fitzroy, by 
 his second marriage, entered the 
 navy in 1819, and attained the rank 
 of lieutenant in 1821. After serv- 
 ing on the Mediterranean and South 
 American Stations, he was em- 
 ployed as commander and captain 
 of the Beagle, 1828-1836, in impor- 
 tant hydrographical operations in 
 South America and elsewhere, car- 
 rying on surveys and a chain of 
 meridional distances round the 
 globe. He was an unsuccessful 
 candidate for the representation of 
 
 Ipswich in 1831, and sat for Durham 
 in the Conservative interest from 
 1811 to 1843, when he accepted the 
 post of Governor of New Zealand. 
 He became rear-admiral in 1857, 
 and vice-admiral in 1863. In 1854, 
 when the meteorological depart- 
 ment of the Board of Trade was 
 established. Captain Fitzroy was 
 placed at its head, and in that ca- 
 pacity superintended the transmis- 
 sion by telegraph of tidings of 
 approaching storms to the various 
 ports and harbours of Great Bri- 
 tain. An account of the progress 
 of meteorological science and of the 
 results attained by the department 
 over which Admii-al Fitzroy pre- 
 sided will be found in the annual 
 reports published under his super- 
 intendence. His indefatigable zeal 
 and devotion to his duties may be 
 said to have cost him his life, for 
 not content with doing his best in 
 his own department, he would un- 
 dertake the details which belonged 
 to his assistants, the consequence 
 being that his mind gave way, and 
 worn out with overwork, he put an 
 end to his own life. He was found 
 in his bathroom with his throat cut, 
 and died quickly from the terrible 
 wound he had inflicted on himself. 
 He was a member of the Eoyal So- 
 ciety, and of various other learned 
 societies, and a corresponding Mem- 
 ber of the Institute of France. He 
 wrote an account of the voyages of 
 H.M. ships Adventure and Beagle, 
 between the years 1824-33, " Ee- 
 marks on New Zealand," 1846 ; and 
 " Sailing Directions for South 
 America," 1858. 
 
 FLEMING, Eev. Alexander, 
 D.D., was born at Kilmarnock in 
 1770, and educated for the church 
 at Glasgow University, being or- 
 dained to the charge of the parish 
 of Neilston in 1801. His church 
 was too small to hold all his 
 parishioners, and the excessive 
 demand for seats gave rise to many 
 unpleasant scenes at the yearly 
 rouping (auction). This led him 
 to try to abolish rouping alto- 
 
FLINTEil— FOLEY. 
 
 .323 
 
 gether, and institute instead tb • 
 rental of seats, but the com mitt e 
 of heritors would not agree to t, 
 and for a time Mr. Flemi ig 
 preached from a tent in the church- 
 yard. The discontent arising from 
 this cause in Neilston and other 
 parishes led finally to the intro- 
 duction of the Church Extension 
 Scheme. He was a D.D. of St. 
 Andrews, and author of numerous 
 pamphlets on the subject of the 
 disputes in his parish, and the use 
 of the organ in public worship. He 
 died June 10, 1845, aged 75. 
 
 FLINTEE, General, an Irish- 
 man of good family who had served 
 under the Duke of Wellington in 
 Portugal and Spain, was one of the 
 officers who received permission 
 from our Government to take 
 service during the first Carlist 
 war. During his camijaign in the 
 Basque Provinces he was appointed 
 chief of the Staff to Mina, the 
 " Christinist " general, and at the 
 battle of Toledo he greatly distin- 
 guished himself by his conduct of 
 one of the few brilliant and suc- 
 cessful actions of the campaign. 
 The Spanish authorities not ap- 
 proving of liis success, he was re- 
 called after the battle and set 
 aside. This forced inactivity seems 
 to have preyed on his mind, and 
 he committed suicide at Madrid, 
 Sept. 9, 1838. He was the author 
 of a work on the colonies, contain- 
 ing much information on the sub- 
 ject of free negro labour. 
 
 FOGGO, George, painter. He 
 was born in London in 1793, and 
 was the younger brother of James 
 Foggo, with whom he for the most 
 part worked in conjunction, though 
 fifty-seven paintings were exhibited 
 under his name. Besides his artis- 
 tic work he was addicted to litera- j 
 ture, and was the author of "A 
 Letter to Lord Brougham on the 
 History and Character of the Royal 
 Academy ;" " Eeport of a Meeting 
 to Promote the Fi-ee Admission to 
 St. Paul's and "Westminster Abbey ; " 
 ** A. Catalogue of the National Gal- 
 
 lery, with Critical Notes/' etc. He 
 died Sept. 26, 1869. 
 
 FOGGO, James, painter. He was 
 the elder of two brothers who, in 
 the early part of the century 
 devoted themselves to historic 
 painting, but with as little success 
 as was achieved by Hilton and 
 Hay don. He was born in London 
 in 1790, but on the suspension of 
 the Habeas Corpus Act in 1799 his 
 father, who was an ardent politician, 
 went to Paris, where his sons James 
 and George were taught painting 
 in the French Academy. In IS 15 
 James returned to England. His 
 first exhibited work, " Hagar and 
 Ishmael," was favourably noticed 
 when it was seen at the British 
 Institution, and in 1819 his brother 
 George joined him. After this the 
 brothers worked for forty years 
 together, painting large historical 
 works which for the most part 
 remained unsold, and the painters 
 supported themselves by teaching. 
 In 1822 they finished their large 
 work " Christians at Parga pre- 
 paring to Emigrate,'' in 182-4 
 " Christ healing the Impotent 
 Man," and in 182G " The Entomb- 
 ment," now the altar-piece of the 
 French Protestant Church in St. 
 Martin's-le-Grand. Thirty-five pic- 
 tures were exhibited under James 
 Foggo's name, but of these only 
 five obtained a place on the walls 
 of the Academy. He died in Lon- 
 don, Sept. 14, 1800. 
 
 FOLEY, John Henry, R.A., 
 sculptor. He was born in Dublin 
 in 1818, and studied at the schools 
 of the Eoyal Dublin Society. In 
 1834 he came to London and entered 
 the Academy Schools. He first 
 exhibited " The Death of Abel " in 
 1839, and in the following year his 
 classic work " Ino and Bacchus " 
 made his name known. He ex- 
 hibited at the National competition 
 in Westminster Hall in 1844 "A 
 Youth at a Stream," and three 
 years later his model for " Hamp- 
 den." He was elected an associate 
 in 1847, and Academician in 1858, 
 
 T 2 
 
324 
 
 FOLLETT— FONBL ANQUE . 
 
 but after a disagreement with the 
 Council in 1861 he ceased to ex- 
 hibit^ having contributed forty-nine 
 works. Among his chief ideal 
 works are " Ino and Bacchus/' i 
 " Caractacus/' "The Mother," | 
 " Grief/' " The Muse of Painting/' i 
 and the group of " Asia/' for the 
 Albert Memorial. Notable among 
 his portrait statues are Hampden 
 and Selden in St. Stephen's Hall; 
 Goldsmith, Burke, and Grattan 
 at Dublin ; Father Matthew, Cork ; 
 Lord Clyde, Glasgow ; John Stuart 
 Mill ; Stonewall Jackson ; the two 
 line equestrian statues of Sir 
 James Outram and Lord Hardinge, 
 India ; and the statue of the Prince 
 Consort for the Albert Memorial. 
 This was not cast till after the 
 sculptor's death, which occurred at 
 Hampstead, Aug. 27, 187-1. 
 
 F O L L E T T, Sir William, 
 Knight, Attorney-General to Her 
 Majesty. He was born Dec. 2, 1798, 
 and at the early age of fifteen en- 
 tered Ti-inity College, Cambridge, 
 vfhere, in 1818, he took an cegrotat 
 degree, and in the same year became 
 a member of the Inner Temple. 
 In 1821 he began practice as a 
 special pleader, was called to the 
 Bar in 1821, and in the summer of 
 the next year joined the western 
 circuit. His talent was so marked 
 that, although he had neither 
 wealth nor influence, his success 
 was assured from the first, but 
 through life he was heavily handi- 
 capped by a tendency to consump- 
 tion, and he finally succumbed to 
 that disease. In Nov., 1834, he was 
 appointed Solicitor-General, but re- 
 signed in the following April, when 
 Peel retired from office. In tha.t year 
 he entered Parliament as Conser- 
 vative member for Exeter, and was 
 knighted by William IV. When, 
 in 1841, Peel returned to office. Sir 
 W, Follett was re-appointed Soli- 
 citor-General, and became Attor- 
 ney-General in 1844. His health 
 was now broken ; still, he could not 
 resign himself to an invalid's life, 
 and though forced to take repeated 
 
 holidays, he clung to his profession 
 ^nd parliamentary career. He died 
 June 28th, 1845. 
 
 FONBLANQUE, Albany Wil- 
 LxAM [1797—1872], probably the 
 most influential journalist of his 
 day in England, was the son of 
 John de Grenier Fonblanque, an 
 eminent equity lawyer and K.C., 
 and brother of Mr. Commissioner 
 Fonblanque (q. v.). He was origi- 
 nally intended for the Bar, and be- 
 came the pupil of Chitty, but re- 
 linquished the profession and ap- 
 plied himself to literature, princi- 
 pally to political writing. " Castle- 
 reagh's Six Acts," it is said made 
 a political writer of him. At first he 
 contributed political articles to the 
 Chronicle under Perry and Black. 
 On the death of the former, 
 Clements, who had purchased the 
 paper, dispensed with his services, 
 and he became the chief contri- 
 butor to, and afterwards the pro- 
 prietor and editor of the Examiner, 
 the then leading London weekly 
 newspa^Der, which he conducted for 
 many years with great brilliancy 
 and ability. In 1837 he published 
 a selection from his editorial con- 
 tributions to that paper, under the 
 title of " England under Seven 
 Administrations," his only pub- 
 lished book. Having been ap- 
 pointed by Lord John Russell's 
 Government Chief of the Statis- 
 tical Department of the Board of 
 Trade, he withdrew in a great 
 measure from literary pursuits. 
 
 FONBLANQUE, John Samuel 
 Martin [1787 — 1865], Commis- 
 sioner of Bankruptcy, eldest son of 
 John Fonblanque, K.C., of the Mid- 
 dle Temple, was educated at the 
 Charterhouse, and at Caius College, 
 Cambridge. Being ordered change 
 of climate on account of his health, 
 he obtained a commission in the 
 21st Fusiliers, with which regiment 
 he served at Cadiz, Gibraltar, in 
 Sicily, the Greek Islands, and in 
 Italy. He then went to America, 
 where in the repulse before New Or- 
 leans he was made prisoner within 
 
FOKBES. 
 
 325 
 
 the enemy's lines, being one of the i 
 very few who succeeded in crossin-^ i 
 the works. After servin;^ with the 
 Army of Occupation in France lie I 
 returned to Fu^^land, and in 18J«j ' 
 was called to the bar, bavin*; kept 
 the necessary terms at Lincoln's 
 Inn durin<; his residence at Cam- , 
 bridge. In 1817 he was appointed | 
 by Lord Eldon one of the seventy 
 Commissioners of Bankrupts. In 
 1826, together with Sutton, Sharpe, 
 and Richard Goff, he started the . 
 Jurist, a quarterh' journal of j\u-is- 
 prudence and legislation, the fii-st 
 periodical which systematically ad- 
 vocated the amendment of the law. 
 Neither Goff nor Sutton Sharpe lived 
 to see the result of their work, but 
 Fonblanque was more fortunate, 
 and having attracted the notice of 
 Lord Brougham as a law reformer, 
 he was appointed one of the original 
 Commissioners of the newly insti- 
 tuted Court of Bankruptcy. In 
 1823 appeared his " Treatise on 
 Medical Jui-isprudence," which he 
 published in conjvmction with Dr. 
 Paris, afterwards President of the 
 College of Physicians. 
 
 FCTeBES, The Eight Eev. 
 Alexander Penrose, D.C.L. ^1817 
 — 187o], Bishop of Brechin, second 
 son of Lord Medwyn, a Scotch 
 judge of Session, was born at Edin- 
 burgh, and educated at Brasenose 
 College, Oxford, where he obtained 
 the Boden Sanscrit Scholarship in 
 1841, and graduated B.A. in 1844. 
 He was soon afterwards ordained, 
 and in 1847, on the death of Bishop 
 Moir, was consecrated Bishop of 
 Brechin, in Scotland, when he 
 received the honorary degree of 
 D.C.L. He was the author of 
 numerous devotional works, based 
 on the writings of the eai-ly Fathers 
 of the Church ; including Commen- 
 taries on the Canticles, the Litany, 
 the Seven Penitential Psalms, and 
 the Te Deum : an Explanation of 
 the Xicene Creed, and of the Thirty- 
 nine Articles ; and sundi-y volumes 
 of sermons. Bishop Forbes also 
 edited *' The Eemains of the late 
 
 Arthur West Hadden, B.D., rector 
 of Barton-on-the- Heath," 1874. 
 
 FORBES, Sir Charles, Bart. 
 [1773— 18 to], of Newe and Edin- 
 glassie, AVjordeen, and Deputy- 
 Lieutenant for that county, was 
 the son of the Eev. George Forbes, 
 of Lochell, and Wius for more than 
 forty years head of the firm of 
 Forbes & Co., of Bombay. He re- 
 presented Beverley in Parliament 
 in 1812, and Malmesbury from 1818 
 to 1832. Having spent most of his 
 time in India, where he amassed 
 the greater part of his fortune, and 
 being deeply interested in every- 
 thing concerning that country, he 
 was mostly known in the House by 
 his staunch advocacy of " justice 
 for India." It was mainly owing 
 to him that the people of India 
 obtained the rights of sitting as 
 jurymen, and acting as justices of 
 the peace. When he retired from 
 India, the natives presented him 
 with a splendid service of plate, 
 and twenty-seven years after sub- 
 scribed j69,000 for the erection of a 
 statue to him. This statue was exe- 
 cuted by Chantrey, and placed in 
 the Town-hall at Bombay. He was 
 created a Baronet in 1S23. 
 
 FOEBES, Sib Charles Fergus- 
 son, M.D., K.C.H., studied medi- 
 cine in London, and in 1798 entered 
 the Army Medical Service. He ac- 
 companied the expedition to the 
 Helder in 1799, served in Egypt un- 
 der Sir Ealph Abercromby in I8(.il ; 
 and in 1808-9 was in Gallicia under 
 Sir John Moore, and in other parts 
 of the Peninsula under the Duke of 
 Wellington. He received the war 
 medal with 5 clasps for Egypt, 
 Corunna, Busaco, Badajos, and St. 
 Sebastian. He was a Knight of 
 the Crescent, and a K.C.H. In 
 1814 he was admitted a Licentiate 
 of the College of Physicians, and a 
 Fellow in 1841, and at the time of 
 his death was a deputy inspector- 
 general of army hospitals. 
 
 FOEBES, Major-General 
 David, C.B., entered the army in 
 1793 as Ensign in the 78th Regi- 
 
326 
 
 FOEBES. 
 
 ment, or Ross-shire Highlanders, 
 and in 1794 went with his Regi- 
 ment to Holland, where, in the 
 very first action, his corps greatly 
 distinguished itself, and Lieutenant 
 Forbes was noticed for good con- 
 duct. He took part in the capture 
 of the Isle de Dieu, on the coast of 
 France, in 1795, and in the follow- 
 ing year went to India, where, in 
 1803, he was present at the storm- 
 ing of the Pettah of Ahmednuggur. 
 In 1811 he went with his regiment 
 to Java, where he took a very dis- 
 tinguished jDart in the actions at 
 Weltevi*ecede, at Fort Cornelis, and 
 at Samarang ; and where, in 1813, 
 he earned the thanks of the Colo- 
 nial Government for quelling the 
 insurrection which had broken out 
 in the eastern division of Java. 
 For his services on this occasion 
 he was recommended by the Colo- 
 nial Government to the Duke of 
 York for promotion, and was made 
 Lieutenant-Colonel. He returned 
 to England in 1817, and was 
 made Major-General. He died at 
 Aberdeen, March 29, 1849. 
 
 FORBES, Edvvard [1815—1851], 
 F.R.S., an eminent naturalist, and 
 Regius Professor of Natural His- 
 tory in Edinburgh University, was 
 born at Douglas, Isle of Man, and 
 was the son of Edward Forbes, 
 Esq., of Oakhill and Croukbane, 
 near Douglas. From a very early 
 age he amused himself collecting 
 and arranging insects, shells, mine- 
 rals, fossils, specimens of plants, 
 and other natural history objects. 
 He was educated at Athole House 
 Academy, in Douglas, kept by Mr. 
 J. H. Garvin, and at Edinburgh 
 University, where he studied medi- 
 cine. His vacation in 1832 he 
 spent in diligently studying the 
 natural history of the Isle of Man, 
 and in the following year made a 
 tour in Norway, where he devoted 
 himself to his favourite pursuit, 
 and published the botanical results 
 of his journey in Lovidon's " Maga- 
 zine of Natural History," 1835-36. 
 In 1836 he abandoned the idea of 
 
 becoming a doctor, and determined 
 to devote himself to science and 
 literature. Having spent some 
 time on the Continent collecting 
 specimens, and studying, he re- 
 turned to Edinburgh in 1837, was 
 registered as a student of litera- 
 ture, and delivered a course of 15 
 lectures on the natural history of 
 the animals in the British seas. 
 In 1841-2 he was appointed natu- 
 ralist to H.M.'s surveying ship 
 Beacon, and was employed in in- 
 vestigating the botany, zoology, 
 and geology of the Mediterranean 
 region. The results of his re- 
 searches will be found in his " Re- 
 port on the Mollusca and Radiata 
 of the ^gean Sea," presented to 
 the British Association in 1843, 
 and in " Travels in Lycia," pub- 
 lished in conjunction with Lieu- 
 tenant Spratt in 1846. He was 
 appointed to the Chair of Botany 
 at King's College in 1842 ; palaeon- 
 tologist to the Geological Survey, 
 with a salary of d£300 a year, in 
 1844; and in 1851 was aj)pointed 
 professor of natural history to the 
 Royal School of Mines. In 1853 
 he became President of the Geolo- 
 gical Society of London, and a year 
 later was appointed Professor of 
 natural history in the Edinburgh 
 University, vacant by the death of 
 his former teacher, Jameson. Here, 
 in the summer session of 1854, he 
 lectured to a large and apprecia- 
 tive audience, and was looking 
 forward to having more time to 
 devote to his natural history pur- 
 suits, when he succumbed to an 
 attack of nephritic disease, from 
 which he had suffered on several 
 previous occasions. He was only 
 40 at the time of his death. 
 Among his writings may be men- 
 tioned, besides those named above, 
 his " Malacologia Monensis," 1838 ; 
 " A History of Bi-itish Star-fishes," 
 1841, &c. (See "Memoir of Ed- 
 ward Forbes, by G. Wilson and A. 
 Seikle," 1861 ; and the Royal So- 
 ciety's " Catalogue of Scientific 
 Papers," Vol. ii., pp. 654-658.) 
 
FORBES— FORD. 
 
 327 
 
 FORBES, 17th Lord, the Right 
 Hon. James Ochancar Forbes 
 [1765— 18 13], Premier Baron of 
 Scotland and Representative Peer, 
 was the eldest son of James, six- 
 teenth Lord Forbes. He went in 
 1793 to Flanders as senior lieu- 
 tenant in the Coldstream Regiment 
 of Foot Guards, being present in 
 all the important actions of that 
 campaign ; and in 1799, in command 
 of the grenadier company of the 
 Coldstream Regiment, accompanied 
 Sir Ralph Abercromby to the Hel- 
 der. He was made major-general 
 in 1802, and in that year was 
 placed on the staff in command 
 of the troops stationed at Ashford, 
 in Kent, which post he resigned to 
 undertake the charge of the garrison 
 at Dover. In 1808 he was ap- 
 pointed second in command of the 
 forces in the Mediterranean, under 
 Sir John Stuart, whom he accom- 
 panied to Sicily, where he remained 
 for three years and a half. He 
 was made lieutenant-general in 
 
 1808, and general in 1819. He 
 succeeded to the peerage on the 
 death of his father in 1804, and 
 was elected a representative peer 
 of Scotland. 
 
 FORBES, James David [1809— 
 1868], D.C.L.,LL.D., Principal of St. 
 Salvator's and St. Leonard's College, 
 St. Andrew's, son of Sir William 
 Forbes, Bart., of Pitsligo, born at 
 Colinton, near Edinburgh, April 20, 
 
 1809, was educated at the University 
 of Edinburgh, where he obtained 
 several prizes, and held the pi'ofes- 
 sorship of Natural Philosophy from 
 1833 till 1860. He was the author of 
 several papers on Heat, and other 
 works on Physical Science ; " Tra- 
 vels in the Alps of Savoy," " Nor- 
 way and its Glaciers," " Papers 
 on the Theory of Glaciers," &c. ; 
 received the Keith medal of the 
 Royal Society of Edinburgh on 
 three different occasions, between 
 1837 and 1866, and the Rumford 
 and Royal medals of the Royal 
 Society of London, for vai-ious 
 papers published in the Transac- 
 
 tions of those bodies. In 1812 he 
 was appointed corresponding mem- 
 ber of the Institute of France. 
 
 FORBES Sir John, M.D.. 
 D.C.L., and F.R.S. [1787—1861], 
 fourth son of Alexander Forbes, of 
 Enzie, Banffshire, was educated at 
 Aberdeen, and at the Edinburgh 
 University, where he took his M.D. 
 degree in 1817. In 181 1-15 he was 
 flag- surgeon to the commander- 
 in-chief in the West Indies, and 
 was present at several naval en- 
 gagements, for which he received 
 the war medal. He then practised 
 at Penzance, and afterwards at 
 Chichester, where he established an 
 infirmary. Dr. Forbes was the first 
 to make the profession in this 
 country fully acquainted by his 
 translation and notes, with the 
 works of Ayenbrugger and Laennec, 
 works which may be said to form a 
 great era in the progress of medical 
 science. His two best literary 
 achievements were the "Cyclo- 
 paedia of Practical Medicine," and 
 the " British and Foreign Medical 
 Review," both of which he edited. 
 He removed to London in 1840, and 
 was knighted in 1853. He was 
 physician-in-ordinary to the Prince 
 Consort and physician to the royal 
 household. He died at Reading, 
 where ill-health had compelled him 
 to retire, aged 74. 
 
 FORD, Richard. The eminent 
 art collector and connoisseur, and 
 author of " The Handbook 1 3 Spain," 
 was born in London, 17^6^ and was 
 educated for the Bar, but did not 
 pursue that profession. After the 
 fall of Napoleon had opened the 
 Continent to British travellers. 
 Ford went abroad, and in early life 
 developed his taste for the fine arts, 
 and began making his collections 
 of books, drawings, and bi'ic-a-brac. 
 In 1830 he visited Spain, and seven 
 years later published a pamphlet on 
 the Spanish question, followed in 
 1845 Vjy his famous " Handbook for 
 Spain," which had an immediate and 
 a lasting success. In 184:6 he pvib- 
 lished " Gatherings from Spain,"" but 
 
323 
 
 FORREST— FOESHALL. 
 
 tlie greater part of his writings were 
 contributed to the Quarterly Review ; 
 he was also an occasional writer for 
 the Edinhurgh and Westminster R-- 
 vieivs, and the admirable " Life ox 
 Velasquez " in the Penny Cyclo- 
 pcedia, is from his pen. But Ford 
 was as noted for his art collection 
 as for his writings. His Parme- 
 giano etchings and drawings are 
 now in the print room of the Bri- 
 tish Musevxm, his majolica collection 
 contained some of the finest speci- 
 mens, and few libraries are so rich 
 as Avas his in Spanish literature. He 
 died at Heavitree, Exeter, Sept. 1, 
 1858. 
 
 FORREST, Robert, sculptor. 
 He was born at Carluke, Lanark- 
 shire, 1790, and wrought as a stone- 
 mason in Clydesdale quarries. As 
 an artist he was self-taught. His 
 first public work, the statue of 
 Wallace at Lanark, was erected in 
 1817. In 1832 he opened his exhi- 
 bition of statuary on the Calton 
 Hill, at Edinburgh ; in course of 
 time the gallery was extended to 
 about thirty groups, and took its 
 place as one of the most popular 
 exhibitions in Edinburgh. Forrest 
 died Dec. 29, 1852. 
 
 FORRESTER, Alfred Henry 
 (Alfred Crowquill). He was 
 born in London in 1806, and was 
 brought up as a notary in the Royal 
 Exchange. At the age of sixteen 
 he began contributing to several 
 London papers, and later illustrated 
 his own articles, and in 1829 joined 
 the staff of the new Monthly Maga- 
 zine, but did not retire from the 
 Stock Exchange until 1839. His 
 works, which were very humorous, 
 were among the most popular. He 
 was connected with Punch, v^ith. the 
 Illustrated London News,Sind was an 
 occasional exhibitor at the Academy. 
 He published "Alfred Crow quill's 
 Sketch Book," " A Bundle of Crow- 
 quills," "Eccentric Tales," "Comic 
 Grammar," " Comic Arithmetic," 
 &c. He died Mav 7th, 1872. 
 
 FORRESTER, Charles Robert 
 [1802—1850], Avas the elder of the 
 
 owo brothers Forrester, who, under 
 T-,he nam de j^ilume of " Alfred Crow- 
 quill," published so many amusing 
 contributions to our light literature. 
 Mr. Charles Forrester afterwards 
 became an extensive contributor to 
 the i^eriodical literature of the day. 
 Among his works may be mentioned 
 "Castle Baynard," "Sir Roland," 
 "Absurdities," "Eccentric Tales," 
 " The Battle of the Annuals," and 
 "Lord Mayor's Fool." He practised 
 as a public notary at the Royal 
 Exchange, but every moment he 
 could sjDare from his profession he 
 gave to literary pursuits. 
 
 FORRESTER, Baron de, in Por- 
 tugal, Joseph James Forrester 
 I [1810— 18G1], had spent most of 
 his time in Portugal, where he had 
 made a considerable fortune. He 
 passed twelve years in making and 
 completing a survey of the river 
 Douro, for the purpose of imjDroving 
 its navigation, for which he was 
 thanked by the Municipal Chamber 
 of Oporto, the Agricultural Society 
 of the Douro, and other 25ublic 
 bodies, and had the report of his 
 surveys adopted by the Portuguese 
 Government as national works. 
 They were afterwards, by order of 
 the House of Commons, reprinted 
 in England. He was elected a 
 member of many distinguished 
 foreign societies, and received many 
 Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian 
 Orders. He devoted his time to 
 promoting the commerce of Por- 
 tugal, and in 1851 gained the prize 
 offered by Mr. Oliveirafor an Essay 
 on Portugal, in reference to its 
 commercial resources. He was 
 drowned in the Douro, during the 
 floods of 1861. On the news of his 
 death reaching Lisbon and Oporto, 
 all the vessels in port lowered their 
 flags half-mast high. The rank 
 of Baron was conferred on Mr. 
 Forrester by the late Queen of 
 Portugal. 
 
 FORSHALL, Rev. Josiah, M.A., 
 F.R.S. [1797—1864], Fellow and 
 Tutor of Exeter College, Oxford, 
 and afterwards Keeper of MSS. and 
 
FORSTEli. 
 
 329 
 
 Secretary of the British Museum, 
 entered Exeter Colle<^e, Oxford, in 
 18 14, and graduated M.A. in 1S21. 
 He was for some years Fellow and 
 Tutor of his College, and during 
 that time was admitted to deacon's 
 and priest's orders. He was ap- 
 pointed Assistant-Keeper of MSS. 
 in the British Museum by Areh- 
 bishoji Howley in 1821, and later 
 became Keeper of the MSS. and 
 Secretary. He afterwards resigned 
 the office of Keeper, finding the 
 work too arduous. Most of his 
 leisure time during seventeen years 
 Avas employed in editing in con- 
 junction with Sir Frederick Mad- 
 den, the Wycliffe versions of the 
 Bible, and he also edited the Gos- 
 pels of St. Mark, St. Luke, and St. 
 John, arranged in paragraphs, with 
 marginal and chronological refer- 
 ences. At the time of his death he 
 was engaged upon a critical exami- 
 nation of the received text of the 
 Greek Testament, some part of 
 which was printed at the Clarendon 
 Press. He was the author, among 
 other works, of a "Catalogue of 
 MSS. in the British Museum," 
 1851 ; " Description of Greek Pa- 
 pyri in the British Museum," 1839. 
 He was for thirty-four years chap- 
 lain to the Foundling Hospital. 
 
 FORSTER, Rev. Charles, B.D., 
 was born about 1790, and educated 
 at Trinity College, Dublin, where 
 he took the usual degrees. Havinof 
 taken holy orders he was presented 
 by Archbishop Howley to the rec- 
 tory of Stisted, near Braintree, 
 Essex, in 1838, and in 1835 was ap- 
 pointed one of the six preachers in 
 Canterbury Cathedral. He was a . 
 voluminous writer, and wrote, 
 among other things, "The One 
 Primeval Language Traced Experi- 
 mentally through Ancient Inscrip- 
 tions," which appeared in 1851, and 
 is a monument of laborious and 
 mis-directed learning. He died at 
 Stisted, aged 81, Aug. 20, 1871. 
 
 FORSTER, John [1812—1876], 
 English historian, biographer and l 
 journalist, was the son of a butcher ■ 
 
 ; at Newcastle, where he was bom. 
 I He was educated for the Bar, to 
 ' which he was called, l)ut at an early 
 age devoted himself to literature, 
 ! He was an extensive contributor to 
 the Examiner forxnorc than eighteen 
 3'ears, during ten of which he was 
 j its editor, and also succeeded 
 I Dickens for a short time as editor of 
 j the Daily iVcu's, after the retirement 
 j of that gentleman in 1818. But 
 his literary reputation was made 
 principally by his contributions to 
 I the Quarterly, the Edinburgh, and 
 the Foreign Quarterly (of which he 
 j was for some time editor), and other 
 1 Reviews. His best articles were 
 essays ujjon toi:)ic3 of biography and 
 histoi-y, and he made a special study 
 1 of the times of Charles I. and 
 the Commonwealth. His "States- 
 men of the Commonwealth of Eng- 
 land,'' 1831-1 ; " Arrest of the Five 
 Members by Charles I.," &c., show 
 how completely familiar he had 
 made himself with the transactions 
 of that period of history. But he 
 was even more successful in literary 
 biography. In 181S appeared his 
 capital " Life of Oliver Goldsmith," 
 and in 1861 " Walter Savage Lan- 
 dor, a Biography," but these were 
 only the introduction, as it were, 
 to his most impoi'tant labours in 
 this field. Charles Dickens died in 
 1870, and to Mr. Forster was en- 
 trusted the care of writing his life. 
 They had been for j^ears the closest 
 friends, and to no one, perhaps, 
 could the task have been so ap- 
 propriately confided. The work 
 appeared in three volumes in 
 1871-74, and had a prodigious suc- 
 cess. Forster had intended to write 
 another biography, "The Life of 
 Swift," and for years had been 
 gathering together materials for 
 the undertaking, which, however, 
 he did not live long enough to 
 complete. Towards the close of 
 1875, the first volume of his " Life 
 of Swift " was published, and he had 
 made some progress in the prepa- 
 ration of the second when he was 
 seized with an illness which termi- 
 
330 
 
 FORSTEE— FOETE SCUE . 
 
 nated fatally. In 1855 he had been 
 appointed secretary to the Lunacy 
 Commission, and for several years 
 after 18G1 held the office of a com- 
 missioner in lunacy. In 1860 the 
 degree of LL.D. was conferred upon 
 him by the Edinburgh University. 
 His valuable collection of MSS., to- 
 gether with his books and pictures, 
 was bequeathed to the South Ken- 
 sington Museum. 
 
 FOESTER, John [died 1878], 
 at one time M.P. for Berwick, was 
 distinguished as a student of old 
 Spanish and Catalan literature, and 
 as the possessor of a fine Spanish 
 library. His chief work, a transla- 
 tion of the Chronicle of James I. of 
 Aragon, was published after his 
 death through the care of his friend, 
 Sefior Pascual de Gayangos. 
 
 FOESTEE, William [1781— 
 185 1], philanthropist, son of Wil- 
 liam Forster, a land-agent and sur- 
 veyor, was born at Tottenham, near 
 London. He entered his father's 
 business, but on being chosen (in 
 1805) a minister of the Society of 
 Friends, he gave up all secular pur- 
 suits to devote himself with great 
 fervour to his new duties. Having 
 spent eleven years in preaching and 
 attending services in nearly all 
 parts of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 and the adjacent islands, he, in 
 1816, married Anna Buxton, eldest 
 daughter of Thomas Fowell Buxton, 
 of Earle's Colne, Essex. In 1820 
 he visited America, travelling about 
 to visit the different branches of 
 the Society of Friends as he had 
 already done in England, and on 
 his return, settled with his family 
 at Bi-adpole, Dorset. Here his son, 
 now the Eight Hon. W. E. Forster, 
 M.P. for Bradford, was born. At 
 the close of 1837 he removed to a 
 place near Norwich, and at once 
 interested himself in the benevo- 
 lent institutions of that town, work- 
 ing indefatigably to ameliorate the 
 condition of the jDOor. In 1844-4^5 
 he visited France as a minister of 
 the Gospel, travelling through Brit- 
 tany and Normandy, after which 
 
 he spent some time at home, till in 
 1849 he was commissioned by the 
 yearly meeting of Friends to join a 
 deputation to Indiana, sent out on 
 account of a diversity of opinion 
 which had arisen among Friends 
 there as to the right course of pro- 
 ceeding in regard to anti-slavery 
 efforts. Having accomplished the 
 service for which it was sent out, 
 the deputation returned to Eng- 
 land, and in 1846-7, during the 
 Irish Famine, "W illiam Forster un- 
 dertook a journey through the most 
 suffering districts, with a view to 
 devise the best means of affording 
 relief. His services were of the 
 utmost use in bringing to the know- 
 ledge of the Eelief Committee in 
 Dublin the deplorable state of the 
 people all over the country, and in 
 suggesting means of helping them. 
 In 1849 he was sent by the yearly 
 meeting of London to present an 
 address on slavery and the slave- 
 trade to the sovereigns and rulers 
 of Christendom ; and having had 
 interviews with many European 
 monarchs, he went to the United 
 States in 1853 to present the ad- 
 dress to the President, and to 
 the governors of several Southern! 
 States. While engaged in this 
 mission, he died on the Holston 
 Eiver in Blount County, Tennessee, 
 in 1854, aged 69, and was buried 
 there, near the Friends' Meeting- 
 house at Friends ville. His memoirs, 
 edited by Benjamin Seebohm, ap- 
 j)eared in 1865. 
 
 FOETESCUE, Earl, Viscount 
 Ebrington of the county of 
 Gloucester, and Baron Fortescue, 
 all in the peerage of England, K.G., 
 Lord-Lieutenant and Vice- Admiral 
 of Devonshire, Colonel of the Devon 
 Militia, D.C.L., and F.E.S., was 
 the eldest son of Hugh, first earl 
 Fortescue, and was boi-n in 1783. 
 He was educated at Brasenose Col- 
 lege, Oxford. He first entered 
 Parliament in 1804, as member for 
 Barnstaple, which place he repre- 
 sented until 1807. He sat for Tavi- 
 stock from 1820 to 1831, and for the 
 
FOETUNE— FOSS. 
 
 331 
 
 northern division of Devon from 
 1831 to 1839, when his father died 
 and he was summoned to the House 
 of Peers as Baron Fortescue. He 
 was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland 
 from 1839 to 1811, and from 18 Mj- 
 5U was Lord Steward of Her Ma- 
 jesty's Household. He was a 
 staunch supporter of the Whitj 
 party, and had done good service 
 to his party during his long career 
 in the House of Commons, esjje- 
 cially during the Reform agitation. 
 He died Sept. 11, 18G1, aged 78. 
 
 FORTUNE, Robert, author and 
 botanist, born in Berwickshii-e 
 about 1813, was educated at a vil- 
 lage school in the Merse. Having 
 selected horticulture as his occupa- 
 tion, he worked for a time in the 
 Botanical Gardens of the Scotch 
 capital, and later was promoted to 
 a post in the Gardens of Chiswick. 
 In 1842 the Horticultiu-al Society of 
 London appointed him its collector 
 of plants in Xorthern China, and in 
 1817 he published the results of his 
 lalx)ui-s in that country under the 
 title of " Three Years' Wanderings 
 in China." The book attracted 
 much attention, and its author 
 was, in the summer of 1848, en- 
 trusted by the East India Company 
 with a mission to make investiga- 
 tions respecting the tea-plant. 
 After an absence of three years he 
 returned to England, and having 
 published his " Two Visits to the 
 Tea-Countries of China," again left 
 to prosecute his scientific researches. 
 In 1857 he was employed by the 
 United States Patent Office to col- 
 lect in China the seeds of the tea- 
 shrub and other plants, a duty 
 he discharged with considerable 
 success. He died in 1880. 
 
 FOSBROKE, The Rev. Thomas 
 DuDLEY,M.A.,F.S.A. [1770—1842], 
 Honorary Associate of the Royal 
 Society of Literature, was descended 
 from a respectable Staffordshire 
 family. He was educated at St. 
 Paul's School, London, and at Pem- 
 broke College, Oxford, where he 
 took his B.A. degree in 1789, his 
 
 M.A. 1792. He took holy orders, 
 and was curate of Horaley, Glouces- 
 ter, from 1791 to 1810, when he re- 
 moved to Walford on the banks of 
 the Wye, of which place he after- 
 wards became vicar. He wrote 
 many antiquarian and topographi- 
 cal works, the best known of which 
 are, " British Monachism," " His- 
 tory of the City of Gloucester," 
 "The Wye To^vn," "The Encyclo- 
 paedia of Antiquities and Elements 
 of Archaeology," and " The Tourists' 
 Grammar." 
 
 FOSS, Edward, F.S.A. [1787— 
 1870], biographer, and author of 
 " The Judges of EngUnd," was the 
 eldest surviving son of Edward 
 Smith Foss, a solicitor, of Essex 
 Street, Strand. He was educated 
 at Dr. Charles Burney's school at 
 Greenwich, where he remained till 
 he was articled to his father in 
 1804. He early began to write, 
 and articles of his appeared in the 
 London and Gentleman's Magazines, 
 the Morning Chronicle, &.C. He was 
 admitted a partner with his father 
 in 1811, and having married, settled 
 for a time in Bernard Street, and 
 then in Camberwell Grove. In 
 1830, on the death of his father, he 
 removed to Essex Street, and in 
 ]837 took a house at Streatham. 
 He finally retired from business in 
 1840, and proceeded to collect ma- 
 terials for his work, " The Judges 
 of England," 1848-1857. He con- 
 tinued to write in various publica- 
 tions, particularly in the Standard, 
 the Legal Observer, and Notes and 
 Queries. He was appointed a ma- 
 gistrate for Kent, and later Deputy- 
 Lieutenant for that county. Among 
 his other works may be mentioned 
 " The Grandeur of the Law, or the 
 Legal Peers of England," 1843 ; 
 " The Beauties of Massinger," and 
 
 An 
 
 Abridgment 
 
 of 
 
 Blackstone's 
 Commentaries." He took a keen 
 interest in the Incorporated Law 
 Society, was on the first Council, 
 and was President in 1842-43. He 
 was also connected with the Law 
 Life Assurance Society from its 
 
332 
 
 FOURDEINIEE— FOX. 
 
 foundation in 1823, and was for 
 many years one of tlie directors. 
 He was one 9f the oldest members 
 of the Society of Antiquaries, was 
 made a Fellow in 1822, and elected 
 to its council in 1854-G9, and was 
 on the council of the Camden So- 
 ciety 1850-1853, and from 1865 till 
 his death. He was a member of 
 the Eoyal Society of Literature 
 from 1837, and took an active inte- 
 rest in the Eoyal Literary Fund, 
 being on the council and for many 
 years auditor. 
 
 FOUEDEINIEE, Henry [1706 
 — 1851], who, together with his 
 brother Sealy, invented the paper- 
 making machine, in perfecting 
 which they expended nearly 
 ^£60,000, was descended from an 
 ancient French family driven out 
 of France by religious persecution. 
 He was born in Lombard Street, 
 and succeeded his father as a paper- 
 maker and wholesale stationer. 
 The paper-making machine ruined 
 the two brothers, for their patent 
 was invaded, and they could gain 
 no redress, until, in 1839, the 
 matter was brought before Parlia- 
 ment, and in 1810 ^7000 was voted 
 to them in compensation for their 
 loss by the defective state of the 
 law of patents, it being proved that 
 the invention j^roduced an increase 
 to the revenue of .£500,000 per 
 annum, and a saving of ^8,000,000 
 to the country. Mr. Sealy Fourd- 
 rinier died in 1817, and his brother 
 Henry in 1S51-, in Staffordshire, 
 where he had lived in retirement 
 for some years before his death. 
 A subscription was got ujd among 
 members of the paper trade, and 
 annuities bought for Mr. H. Fourd- 
 rinier's two surviving daughters. 
 
 FOWKE, Francis, Capt., E.E. 
 [1823 — 1865], architect, was edu- 
 cated at Woolwich, obtained his 
 first commission in the Engineers 
 in 18J:2, and attained the rank 
 of captain in 1854. He designed 
 the biiilding used for the Inter- 
 national Exhibition of Works of 
 Industry and Art in 1862, was 
 
 appointed architect of the South 
 Kensington Museum, and built the 
 picture galleries there, and the 
 North and South courts. He was 
 also the architect of the National 
 Gallery of Ireland (interior), and of 
 the Edinburgh Museum of Science 
 and Art, &e. 
 
 FOWLEE, Charles, architect. 
 He was born in May, 1792, at 
 CoUumpton, Devon, and was ap- 
 prenticed to a builder and surveyor 
 at Exeter. In 1811 he came to 
 London, and after spending three 
 or four years in the office of Laing, 
 set up for himself. His first Avork, 
 the Court of Bankruptcy in Basing- 
 hall Street, was completed in 1821. 
 He built Covent Garden Market, 
 1830 ; Hungerford Market — a work 
 of great skill, which has since 
 been pulled down — 1831 ; and 
 Exeter Lower Market, 1835 ; Char- 
 mouth Church and Honiton Church, 
 1835; Brickley Church, 1838; the 
 Devon Lunatic Asylum, 1818 ; and 
 the London Fever Hospital, 1852. 
 For many years he was Honorary 
 Secretary of the Institute of British 
 Architects, and later Vice-Presi- 
 dent. He died at Great Marlow, 
 Sept. 26, 1867. 
 
 FOX, Caroline. She was a 
 daugrhter of Eobert Ware Fox, of 
 the well-known Quaker family, and 
 was born at Falmouth, May 21, 
 1819. At the age of sixteen she 
 began keeping the interesting 
 journal of which a great part has 
 been published since her death 
 under the title of " Memories of 
 Old Friends."' Caroline Fox was 
 of a somewhat delicate constitution, 
 and was consequently educated at 
 home, but the best part of her edu- 
 cation was gained after she became 
 mistress of her own time. Many 
 and varied were the subjects taken 
 up and the books she read, and 
 the association with her father's 
 friends exercised the utmost influ- 
 ence upon her receptive nature. 
 How thoroughly she appreciated 
 their conversation is shown in the 
 many lucid notes in her journal, 
 
FOX. 
 
 :]33 
 
 wherein such fijj^urcs as John Ster- 
 ling-, Mill, Carlyle, Eunsen, and 
 other members of that charmed 
 circle are vigorously sketched. In 
 181-8 she broke a blood-vessel, and 
 in 18(33 the old weakness reap- 
 peared ; she became subject to 
 chronic bronchitis, and died Jan. 
 12, 1871. 
 
 FOX, Charles, engraver. He 
 was born March 17, 179G, at Cossey 
 near Norwich, where his father 
 was steward to Lord Stafford. He 
 was apprenticed to an engraver at 
 Bungay, and afterwards assistant 
 to John Burnet. His best plates, 
 engraved in the line manner are, 
 " Sir George Murray,'^ after Pickers- 
 gill, and " Village Eecruits," and 
 •'Queen Victoria's First Council," 
 after Wilkie. He engraved for 
 several annuals, and for Cadell's 
 edition of Scott's works. He had 
 considerable talent, and painted 
 several good water-colour portraits. 
 He died at Leyton in Essex, Feb. 
 28, 1819. 
 
 FOX, Sir Charles [1810—1874], 
 civil engineer, son of the late 
 Francis Fox, Esq., M.D., of Derby, 
 where he was born, was articled at 
 an early age to his brother for the 
 medical profession ; but a taste for 
 engineering led him to devote to 
 mechanical science every leisure 
 moment, and the impression pro- 
 duced upon his mind by the open- 
 ing of the Liverpool and Man- 
 chester Eailway induced him to 
 relinquish medicine and become 
 an engineer. His first employer 
 was Capt. Ericsson. Mr. Fox 
 struggled on as a lecturer, as a 
 scientific assistant, and occasionally 
 as a practical mechanist, until he 
 ■was appointed by Eobert Ste^Dhen- 
 son assistant engineer to the 
 London and Birmingham Eailway 
 Company, at the commencement 
 of the construction of that line. 
 He remained with the Company 
 until a year after the opening of 
 the line, in all five years, when he 
 joined the late Mr. Bramah in 
 establishing the firm of Bramah, 
 
 Fox & Co., the name of whidi, on 
 the retirement of the former, wa.s 
 changed to that of Fox, Henderson 
 & Co. His gi-eatest triumph was 
 the construction of the building for 
 the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, 
 in 1851. The drawings for this 
 edifice occupied Mr. Fox eighteen 
 hours a day for seven weeks, and 
 he received the honour of knight- 
 hood in recognition of his genius 
 and skill. He constructed the 
 Crystal Palace at Sydenham, 
 executed many extensive railway 
 and other engineering works, and 
 was the senior partner in the firm 
 of Sir Charles Fox & Sons, civil 
 engineers. 
 
 FOX, William Johnson [1786 
 — 1861-], a politician and lecturer, 
 the son of a small farmer, was born 
 at Uggeshall Farm, near Wrentham, 
 in Suffolk. He was intended for 
 the ministry of the Congregational 
 Nonconformists, and with that view 
 was sent to Homerton College, then 
 under the direction of Dr. Pye 
 Smith, but afterwards he embraced 
 tenets allied to Socinianism, and 
 became a preacher of the Unitarian 
 body ; eventually he took a posi- 
 tion independent of all sectarian 
 denominations, and for many years 
 preached at the Unitarian Chapel, 
 South Place, Finsbury. He took 
 an active part in the politics of the 
 day, and employed both his pen 
 and his eloquent voice in supjiorting 
 the extreme Liberal party. During 
 the Anti-Corn Law agitation, he 
 was a frequent and able speaker at 
 the meetings of the League, and 
 wrote the "Letters of a Norwich 
 Weaver-boy," which appeared in 
 its newspapers. He also published 
 " Lectures to the Working Classes," 
 and a philosophical work on " Eeli- 
 gious Ideas." He was elected M.P. 
 for Oldham in 1847, for which 
 borough he was re-elected in 1852. 
 He was again elected in 1857, and 
 continued to represent that borough 
 in the advanced Liberal interest 
 until his retirement in 1861. He 
 was one of the chief wi-iters for 
 
334 
 
 FRANCATELLI— FEANKLIN. 
 
 the Weel-ly Dispatch newspaper ; | 
 and was also connected with the 
 foundation of the Westminster 
 Review, and wi'ote the first article 
 of its first number, as well as 
 various subsequent contributions. 
 He wrote besides for the Retrospective 
 Review and other periodicals, and 
 for some years edited the Monthly 
 Repository . 
 
 FRANCATELLI, Charles Elmk 
 [1805— 187G], the well-known chef 
 de cuisine, of Italian extraction, 
 born in London, Avas educated in 
 France. Havini^j had the good 
 fortune to study under the cele- 
 brated M. Carome, he took a high 
 view of culinary science, and 
 making his art an honourable pro- 
 fession, rose to become successively 
 chef to the establishments of the 
 Earls of Chesterfield and Dudley. 
 Lord Kinnaird, and Mr. Rowland 
 Errington. He afterwards man- 
 aged St. James's Club, better 
 known as Crockford's, whence he 
 removed to the Royal household, 
 where he remained some years as 
 mattre d'hotel and chief cook in 
 ordinary to her Majesty. He next 
 farmed the once flourishing Coven- 
 try House Club, and for seven years 
 held the post of chef to the Refoi'm 
 Club. He was successful as an au- 
 thor ; his first work, the " Modern 
 Cook," published in 18i5, having 
 gone through twelve editions. " The 
 Cook's Guide and Butler's Assist- 
 ant" appeared in 1861, and was fol- 
 lowed by " Cookery for the Working 
 Classes," and " The Royal English 
 and Foreign Confectionery Book.'^ 
 He was also manager of the Free- 
 masons' Tavern. 
 
 FRANCIS, J. GooDALL [1819— 
 1881], who played a conspicuous 
 part in the history of the Austra- 
 lian Colonies, was born in London, 
 and emigrated to Tasmania in his 
 loth year. He was engaged in 
 business for many years in Tas- 
 mania, but afterwards removed to 
 Melbourne, where he became widely 
 known as one of the leading mer- 
 chants. He was elected a director 
 
 of the Bank of New South Wales 
 in 1855, and President of the Cham- 
 ber of Commerce in 1857. In 1859 
 he was returned to the Victorian 
 Legislative Assembly for Richmond. 
 For a short time he held oifice as 
 Commissioner for Public Works, 
 and in the first M'Culloch Admi- 
 nistration became Commissioner for 
 Trade and Customs, an office which 
 he subsequently exchanged for that 
 of Treasurer. He led the Opposi- 
 tion during the latter part of the 
 Duffy Administration, and when 
 the Premier was defeated, in .June, 
 1872, he was sent for by the Go- 
 vernor. He accepted office, being 
 then at the head of a strong party. 
 Among the imporLant measures 
 passed during his Administration 
 were those authorizing the con- 
 struction of railways from Mel- 
 bourne to Sale, Ararat to Stawell 
 and Hamilton, Hamilton to Port- 
 land, Sandhurst to Inglewood, 
 Maryborough to Avoca, and Gee- 
 long to Colac, the whole being 
 estimated to cost about ,£2,250,000. 
 Mr. Francis resigned in 1874, hav- 
 ing acted for neai-ly 26 months as 
 Chief Seci'etary. 
 
 FRANKLIN, Jane Griffin, 
 Lady, the second wife of the re 
 nowned Arctic explorer, was the 
 second daughter of John Griffin, 
 and was born in 1792. She mar- 
 ried Captain Franklin in 1828, and 
 between that date and 1814 she 
 travelled with him in the East, 
 in Van Diemen's Land, to which 
 her husband was appointed Gover- 
 nor, and in New Zealand, and 
 was the first lady who travelled 
 overland from Melbourne to Syd- 
 ney. When, in 1845, Franklin 
 started on his third expedition to 
 the Northern seas, and when serious 
 apprehensions were entertained re- 
 specting the fate of the Erebus and 
 Terror, Lady Franklin's name be- 
 came familiar to the public. She 
 offered large rewards for any in- 
 formation respecting the fate of 
 the expedition, and in 1850 and 
 subsequent years fitted out expe* 
 
FRANKLIN. 
 
 335 
 
 ditions chiefly at her own cost, 
 supplementary to those sent by the 
 Government. The results of the 
 latest effort of Lady Franklin in 
 sending]: out the Fox under Captain 
 (later Sir Leopold) M'Clintock in 
 1857 are well knowm. They brought 
 home proof that Sir John Franklin j 
 and his party must have perished 
 as far back as June 11, 1847, not 
 however before they had attained 
 the knowledge that they had ac- 
 complished the discovery they were 
 sent out to make, viz., the existence 
 of the North- West Passage. The 
 House of Commons voted ^£8,000 to 
 the officers and crew of the Fox, 
 and ^2,003 for a statue of Sir Jolin 
 Franklin, to be erected in London, i 
 Lady Franklin was the fii'st, and, 
 with one exception, the only woman 
 upon whom the gold medal of the 
 Eoyal Geographical Society was 
 confei-red (18G0). She never ceased : 
 throughout her long life in her ! 
 efforts to bring to light the deeds I 
 and sufferings of her husband's ' 
 expedition, and one of her last acts | 
 was the completion of her husband's ; 
 monument in Westminster Abbey. 
 She died at the age of 83, July 18, 
 1875. 
 
 FEANKLIN, Eeae -Admiral 
 Sir Johx, was born April 16th, 17S<3, ' 
 at Spilsby, in Lincolnshire. His 
 ancestors were " franklins " or free- 
 holders, who had for many years 
 lived on their own land, but John 
 Franklin's father, who had twelve 
 children, sold the deeply-mortgaged 
 estate and went into business. John, 
 who was the youngest son, was in- ■ 
 tended for the Church, but his boy- 
 passion for the sea was so great that , 
 his father, hoping to cure him of the ; 
 fancy, sent him to Lisbon on board 
 a trading vessel. But the lad re- 
 turned only the more determined, 
 and his father obtained for him a 
 midshipman's berth on the Pohj- 
 phemus, and he was on board her 
 at the battle of Copenhagen (April 
 2, 1801). Two months later he was 
 serving in the Investigator, which 
 was sent out on a voyage of dis- i 
 
 covery to the coasts of Australia, 
 and during this voyage young 
 Franklin acquired, besides much 
 practical seamanship, a valuable 
 knowledge of the more theoretical 
 and difficidt branches of nautical 
 surveying. After many adven- 
 tures he returned to England, was 
 appointed to the Bellerophon, and 
 had charge of her signals during 
 the battle of Trafalgar. He then 
 served for two years with the 
 Channel fleet and the Eochefort 
 squadron, and afterwards joined 
 the Bedford, serving on her during 
 the blockade of Flushing, off the 
 coast of Portugal, on the Brazil 
 station, and at the disastrous at- 
 tack on New Orleans in 1814. Here 
 he was in command of the gunboats, 
 and acquitted himself with such gal- 
 lantry, that he was promoted Lieu- 
 tenant on the Forth. Soon after the 
 Peace, the attention of Government 
 was attracted towards Arctic explor- 
 ation, and in 1818 two expeditions 
 were sent out to discover the North- 
 West Passage. Both were failures, 
 but under each captain served a 
 Lieutenant destined to immortal 
 fame, and in 1S19 Parry was en- 
 trusted with an expedition by sea 
 to find a westward outlet from 
 Lancaster Sound, and John Frank- 
 lin commanded an attempt by land 
 to strike the mouth of the Copper- 
 mine Eiver and trace the coast 
 eastward. His party travelled 
 5,550 miles, mostly over groxind 
 unknown, and diu-ing their imsuc- 
 cessful wanderings endured priva- 
 tions and sufferings, the historv of 
 which, as told in Franklin's simple 
 manly language, is one of the 
 noblest records of heroic exertion 
 and patient endurance ever i^re- 
 sented for our admii-ation. Of 
 Franklin's own conduct, it is only 
 necessary to say that in all those 
 terrible days the affection of neither 
 men nor officers failed, and that, 
 when in 1822 the unsuccessful ex- 
 pedition returned to England, two 
 out of the three Englishmen who 
 returned with their leader voluU' 
 
336 
 
 FRANKLIN. 
 
 teered -with him for a second expe- 
 dition. Their services were ac- 
 cepted, and in 1825 Franklin left 
 England on a second exploration. 
 Descending the Mackenzie River, 
 he traced the North American 
 coast from the mouth of the Cop- 
 permine River to the 150th meri- 
 dian, so that he left only fifty 
 leagues of coast unsurveyed from 
 Point Turnagain to Icy Cape. 
 After an absence of two years and 
 seven months, he reached Liver- 
 pool, Sept. 1st, 1827, having lost 
 only two men. He had now added 
 to the maps of North America a 
 coast line of 1,200 miles, and was re- 
 warded with well-merited honours. 
 In 1829 he was knighted, and 
 English and foreign imiversities 
 united to award him honorai*y 
 degrees, but the sum of <£5,000, 
 which had been offered for the 
 successful navigation of that part 
 of the sea which had been traversed 
 by his men, was withheld on the 
 contemptible plea that it had been 
 performed in boats, and not in 
 ships ; yet, in 1828, the offer of 
 reward was abolished on the ground 
 that the object had been achieved. 
 In 1832 he was appointed to the 
 conunand of the frigate Rainbow 
 on the Mediterranean station, and 
 in 1836 he accepted the Governor- 
 ship of Van Diemen's Land, and 
 during liis seven years' stay in the 
 settlement gained the esteem and 
 attachment of the Colonists by his 
 cordiality and kindness, his justice, 
 strict impartiality and enlightened 
 devotion to their interests. After 
 nine years' devoted labour a.mong 
 the Colonists, who were at that 
 time mostly of the convict class, 
 Franklin returned to England, and 
 in 1815 sailed in command of the 
 disastrous expedition which cost 
 him his life. The expedition con- 
 sisted of the Erebus, with a crew of 
 70 men, and the Terror, with 68 
 hr.uds. Well officered, well manned, 
 and well victualled, the expedition 
 sailed from Greenhithe on May 
 19th, 1815, and arrived at Whale 
 
 Fish Island, in Greenland, on July 
 4th. Here the transport ship re- 
 turned to England, candying the 
 last despatch ever received from 
 Franklin. On the 26th of the 
 same month a whaling vessel 
 sighted the expedition, then for 
 two years there was silence, and 
 when the last days of 1817 j^assed 
 away, it was resolved to send out a 
 search expedition. Each year for 
 twelve years an expedition Avas sent 
 out to learn the fate of the missing 
 ships ; each year passed without 
 news. No less than 10 expeditions 
 were made between 1817 and 1859, 
 but till in 1850 three graves were 
 found on Beechey Island not a 
 trace was discovered of the missing 
 travellers. These graves are dated 
 January and April of 1846, and 
 after their discovery four more years 
 rolled by without the fate of the 
 other 134 men being accounted for. 
 In 1854 Dr. Rae sent home vague 
 reports which had been communi- 
 cated to him by the Esquimaux, 
 and five years later Capt. M'Clin- 
 tock found a number of relics, 
 among them a cairn containing a 
 record of Franklin's expedition. 
 It is dated May 28, 1847, lat. 70" 
 
 o 
 
 N. ; long. 98° 23' W, ; and states 
 that the Erebus and Terror ascended 
 the Wellington Channel in 1845 as 
 far N. as 77^^, returned southward 
 round Cornwallis Island, and win- 
 tered in Beechey Island. Another 
 record was found at Gore Point 
 similar to the foregoing, but with 
 a marginal addition to the effect 
 that Franklin died June 11th, 1847, 
 and that the ships were aba^ndoned 
 April 22, 1848, by 105 survivors, 
 commanded by Capt. Crozier. They 
 took to the boats, making for the 
 Fish River, along the coast of King 
 William's Island, and gradually 
 perished of scurvy and starvation. 
 Sir John Franklin wrote a narra- 
 tive of his first and second expedi- 
 tions ; his life has been written by 
 S. psborn, J. Parsons, W. J. Snell- 
 ing, S. Mossman, and A. H. Beesly, 
 M.A. (The New Plutarch series). 
 
FEANKS— FKASEK. 
 
 337 
 
 Accounts of their discoveries have 
 been published by Dr. Rae and 
 Capt. M'Cormick. 
 
 FEANKS, Major-General Sir 
 Thomas Harte, K.C.B. [1808— 
 1SG2], was the second son of Wil- 
 liam Franks, of Carrig Ciistle, near 
 Mallow, Cork. He went to India, 
 where he greatly distinguished 
 himself in the Sutloj campaigns of 
 ISti, 181-5, and 18 iG, and was made 
 a C.B. In August of 1S4S he was 
 in command of the troops which 
 repulsed the attack on the British 
 camj) at Mothee Thol, and was 
 present at the defeat of the enemy 
 at Mooltan. He led the attack on 
 Scarg Kond, and, without firing a 
 shot, captured the whole of the 
 enemy's guns. For his gallantry 
 at the battle of Goojerat, where he 
 commanded the 10th Eegiment, 
 under 'i|Lord Gough, he was re- 
 warded with a medal and clasps. 
 He took a leading part in the sup- 
 pression of the Indian Mutiny, and 
 was highly commended in the 
 despatches of General Sir Colin 
 Campbell. He was made a Colonel 
 in 1854, and Major-General in 1858, 
 when he was nominated a K.C.B. 
 for distinguished services in com- 
 mand of a column, during the opera- 
 tions in India, before and after the 
 capture of Lucknow. 
 
 FRASEK, Alexander [1786— 
 1865], one of the earliest members 
 of the Society of British Artists, 
 was born in Scotland, and, although 
 an exhibitor for more than thirty- 
 five years in London, may be con- 
 sidered, both in style and sub- 
 ject, a member of the Scottish 
 school. Many of the subjects of his 
 most successful pictures were se- 
 lected from Scottish life. One of 
 the most favourable specimens of 
 his art will be found in the Vernon 
 Gallery, under the title of " Inte- 
 rior of a Highland Cottage." 
 Among other prominent efforts of 
 his pencil may be enumerated 
 " Tapping the Ale-barrel," " War's 
 Alarms," ''The Village Sign- 
 painter," and above all, " Eobinson 
 
 Crusoe reading the Bible in his 
 Cabin," charmingly conceived and 
 forcibly executed. This picture 
 was painted many years ago for 
 the late Lord Northwick. Among 
 his successful delineations of Scot- 
 tish and rustic life, of more amh)i- 
 tious aim, are such pieces as a 
 " Scene from the Heart of Mid- 
 Lothian " (1813), the ''Laird's 
 Dinner interrupted by Claver- 
 house's Dragoons," and the " Last 
 Moments of Mary Queen of Scots " 
 (1817). 
 
 FRASEE, James, the publisher 
 of Fraser's Magazine, founded by 
 Hugh Eraser, from whom it took 
 its name, and by Dr. Maginn in 
 Feb., 1830, was descended from a 
 family which came originally from 
 Inverness. He carried on business 
 at 215, Eegent Street, and there 
 Dr. Maginn introduced Hugh 
 Eraser to him, and induced him to 
 undertake the publication of the 
 new magazine, which he was 
 anxious to start as a rival t<? Black- 
 icood. The early numbers of the 
 Magazine were brilliantly "wi-itten, 
 and it soon attained a high position 
 among contemporary periodicals, 
 and a very wide circulation. All 
 went well till in August, 1830, 
 Maginn's contemptuous review 
 of Grantley Berkeley's novel, 
 " Berkeley Castle," appeared, 
 which so enraged the author that 
 he determined to take summary 
 justice upon the publisher. Accoi-d- 
 ingly he went with his brother to 
 215, Eegent Street, where they 
 found Mr. Eraser alone, and ad- 
 ministered such a terrible horse- 
 whipping that the poor man never 
 fully recovered from the effects of 
 it, and died, after a long and severe 
 illness, Oct. 2, 1811. Immediately 
 after the assault proceedings were 
 commenced in a court of law, 
 " Eraser v. Berkeley and another," 
 which was tried before Lord 
 Abinger in the Exchequer Court at 
 Westminster, Dec. 3, 1836, and re- 
 sulted in damages for the plaintiff 
 of =£100. A duel was also fought be- 
 
338 
 
 FRASER— FREND. 
 
 tween Maginn, who on hearing of 
 the assault at once avowed the 
 authorship of the article, and 
 Berkeley. The meeting took place 
 in a field on the New Barnet Road, 
 but without further damage than 
 a graze on the heel of Maginn's 
 boot, and one on Berkeley's collar. 
 A full account of the trial "\vill be 
 found in Fraser's Magazine for J nn., 
 1837, and also Maginn's defence. 
 After Eraser's death his business 
 was carried on by Mr. G. W. 
 Nickisson. Daniel Maclise's "Gal- 
 lery of Illustrious Literary Charac- 
 terb " first ajDpeared in Fraser's 
 Magazine. 
 
 ERASER, James Baillie [1781 
 — 1856], traveller and novelist, be- 
 gan his career in the East India 
 Civil Service, in which he distin- 
 guished himself. He was appointed 
 by Government to take charge of 
 the Persian princes when they 
 visited this country, and on their 
 return accompanied them as far as 
 Constantinople. Not being able to 
 stand the Eastern climate he re- 
 turned to England, and settled 
 down on his Highland estate. Here 
 he wrote numerous works from his 
 own history and experiences, deal- 
 ing with Persia, the Himalayas, 
 <S:c., and also a memoir of Colonel 
 Skinner, an intimate friend of his 
 brother, William Eraser. He mar- 
 ried in 1823 a daughter of Lord 
 Woodhonselee. 
 
 FREEBURN, Captain James, 
 the inventor of the time and con- 
 cussion fuse which bears his name, 
 and which was adopted into the 
 service in 1853, died at Woolwich, 
 where he had lived for many years, 
 August, 1876. He had devoted 
 most of his life to the advancement 
 of artillery science, and was the 
 author of several other inventions 
 which were not so generally known, 
 but were of great merit. 
 
 FREEMAN, The Ven. Philip, 
 M.A., Archdeacon of Exeter, who 
 died in Feb., 1875, from the effects 
 of au accident which occurred 
 while he was getting out of a train 
 
 at the Chalk Farm station, was, 
 from 1846 to 1858, Principal of the 
 Theological College at Chichester. 
 In the latter year he was presented 
 to the living of Thorverton, He 
 was appointed Archdeacon of Exe- 
 ter in 1865. He was an authority 
 on liturgical and architectural 
 questions, and wrote " Principles 
 of Divine Service," " Proportion in 
 Gothic Architecture," a volume on 
 " The Architecture and Historj'- of 
 Exeter Cathedral," and several 
 other works. 
 
 FREND, William, M.A. [1757 
 — 1811], was the second son of Mr. 
 George Frend, Mayor of Canter- 
 bury. He was educated at King's 
 School in that city, and at Christ 
 College, Cambridge, where he took 
 his B.A. degree in 1780, being 
 second ^vrangler and Smith's j^rize- 
 man of his year. He afterwards 
 removed to Jesus College, of which 
 he was elected fellow and tutor. 
 In 1783 he took Holy Orders, and 
 was presented to the small living of 
 Madingley in Cambridgeshire, 
 where he remained till 1787, when 
 he resigned owing to a change in 
 his religious views. His motives 
 for this step are explained in the 
 preface to the first edition of 
 " Thoughts on Subscription to Re- 
 ligious Tests,' and in a " Letter to 
 the Rev. H. W. Coulthurst, B.D." 
 This step was soon followed by the 
 loss of his office as tutor of the 
 College. In 1793 appeared his 
 pamphlet, " Peace and Union 
 recommended to the Associated 
 Bodies of Republicans and Anti- 
 Republicans," for the publication 
 of which in the University he was 
 expelled. Mr, Frend afterwards 
 took the case into the Court of 
 Delegates, where, however, the 
 sentence of the Vice-Chancellor 
 was affirmed, and later he appealed 
 to the King's Bench at Westmin- 
 ster, but that Court refused to in- 
 terfere in the matter. After leaving 
 Cambridge he went to live in 
 London, living chiefly in his cham- 
 bers in the Middle Temple. In 
 
FKERE. 
 
 339 
 
 1796-99 he published his "Prin- 
 ciples of Algebra," and several 
 other tracts and pamphlets. 
 
 FREKE, Bartholomew, at one 
 time Minister Plenipotentiary at 
 Constantinople, was the fifth son 
 of John Frere, F.R.S., F.S.A., 
 M.P. for Norwich, and younger 
 brother of the Right Hon. John 
 Hookham Frere [q. v.]. He died at 
 his house in Old Burlington Street, 
 May 29, 1851, in his 71th year. 
 
 FRERE, Right Hon. Sir Henry 
 Bartle Edward, Bart., G.C.B., 
 G.S.I., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. [1815 
 — 1884], was the fifth son of Edward 
 Frere, J.P. for Brecon and Mon- 
 mouth, and nephew of John Hook- 
 ham Frere, M.P. [q. v.]. He Avas 
 bora at Clydale, co. Brecon. He 
 received his early education as a 
 day scholar at King Edward VI. 's 
 Foundation-school at Bath, and at 
 Haileybury College, where he ob- 
 tained gold medals in law and 
 mathematics, and prizes in politi- 
 cal economy and classics. At the 
 end of 1833 he passed from Hailey- 
 bury as its foremost student into 
 the ranks of the East India Com- 
 pany's Civil Service, being the first 
 cadet of the company's service to 
 make his way there by the overland 
 route. After holding some revenue 
 appointments, he became in 181:2 
 secretary to Sir George Arthur. Up 
 to that point in his career, he had 
 only filled subordinate positions, 
 although they were such as required 
 great tact and accurate knowledge, 
 but in 1817 he succeeded Outram as 
 Resident at Sattara. Just after 
 his appointment what is known as 
 the Sattara lapse occurred, by 
 which that place ceased to be an 
 independent principality, and Mr. 
 Frere 's appointment was changed 
 from that of Resident to Commis- 
 sioner. He remained at Sattara 
 for upwards of two years, and in 
 1850 was transferred to Scinde as 
 Chief Commissioner in succession 
 to Sir Charles Napier. He at once 
 set to work to improve the commu- 
 nications, construct canals, and to 
 
 establish a great sea-port at Kurra- 
 chee, as the most convenient outlet 
 for the resources of the province and 
 of the country beyond. He came to 
 Enghind in 185G, and on his return 
 in the spring of the following year 
 to India, learnt at Kurrachee of the 
 outbreak at Mcerut. He at once 
 took in the whole situation, and 
 realizing that everything depended 
 on the preservation of tranquillity 
 in the Punjaub, and the recovery 
 of Delhi, recognized it as his duty 
 to send off the strongest of his 
 English regiments without delay to 
 Mooltan. This prompt measure 
 secured the strong fortress of Mool- 
 tan throughout the worst days of 
 the mutiny. He repressed three 
 distinct attempts at mutiny among 
 his native troops, and having i-e- 
 stored. some sense of discipline to 
 their ranks, he despatched one Be- 
 loochee regiment to the Punjaub, 
 and some of his artillery to Central 
 India, on which occasion he wrote 
 to Lord Elphinstone, that " when 
 the head and heart are threatened, 
 the extremities must take care of 
 themselves." For his eminent ser- 
 vices during that troublous time 
 he was created K.C.B. (civil divi- 
 sion), and twice received the thanks 
 of Parliament. After the close of 
 the Mutiny, he was nominated to 
 the Viceroy's Council, and left 
 Scinde for Calcutta. There, in addi- 
 tion to his own work, he acted as 
 financial minister from the death of 
 the Right Hon. James "Wilson till the 
 appointment of Mr. S. Laing, and 
 again for six months subsequently 
 dui'ing the illness of Mr. Laing. 
 He was appointed Governor of Boni- 
 ! bay in 1862, and at once devoted 
 himself with chai'acteristic energy 
 to improving the condition of the 
 people and increasing the prosperity 
 of the great city and presidency 
 under his charge. He founded nu- 
 merous public buildings, and gave 
 Bombay a municipality. He re- 
 turned to England in 1867, when 
 I he was created a G.C.S.I., and nomi- 
 nated a member of Her Majesty's 
 
 z 2 
 
340 
 
 FEEEE. 
 
 Indian Council at home, a post lie 
 lield for ten years. In 1872, he 
 was sent as "Special Commissioner 
 to the East Coast of Africa, and in 
 the following May negotiated the 
 treaty with the Sultan of Zanzibar, 
 by which slavery was abolished in 
 his dominions. On his return, he 
 was chosen to accompany the Prince 
 of Wales on his tour through India, 
 and in Jan., 1877, was appointed 
 Governor and Commander-in-Chief 
 at the Cape of Good Hope, and High 
 Commissioner for the settlement of 
 native affairs in South Africa. 
 There after personally risking his 
 life to if possible avert war, he con- 
 ducted to a successful issue, in 
 spite of the most arduous difficul- 
 ties, the Kaffir war of 1877-8. For 
 this war, however. Sir Eartle Frere's 
 policy of too rapid confederation 
 was answerable. To a great extent, 
 too, he must be charged with the re- 
 sponsibility of the Zulu war of 1877- 
 1878, which was marked by the disas- 
 trous incident of Isandhlana. But it 
 is not for his conduct of affairs in 
 South Africa, which was somewhat 
 unfortunate, that he will be re- 
 membered by his countrymen, 
 but as a distinguished Anglo-In- 
 dian administrator, whose long resi- 
 dence in India was marked by 
 great services rendered not only to 
 his country, but to the causes of 
 justice and good government on 
 more than one critical occasion. 
 His death was generally mourned, 
 and he had an imposing funeral in 
 St. Paul's Cathedi-al. 
 
 FEEEE, John Hookham. He 
 came of an old Suffolk family re- 
 markable for ability, and was born 
 in London, May 21, 1769. In 1785 
 he went to Eton, and there began 
 his friendship with Canning. Hav- 
 ing left Eton he entered Caius 
 College, Cambridge, and graduated 
 B.A. in 1792. He entered the pub- 
 lic service in the Foreign Office 
 under Lord Grenville, and from 
 1796 tiU 1802 sat for the close 
 borough of Looe in Cornwall. 
 During the early period of his pub- 
 
 lic life he was one of the chief 
 writers in the Anti-Jacohin, contri- 
 buting, among other pieces, " The 
 Loves of the Triangles," and sharing 
 with Canning the honoiu' of " The 
 Needy Knife-grinder" and "The 
 Eovers." In 1817 he published a 
 mock heroic poem called a " Pro- 
 spectus and Specimen of a National 
 Work by William and Eobert 
 Whistlecraft, of Stow Market in 
 Suffolk, harness and collar makers, 
 intended to comprise the most in- 
 teresting particulars relating to 
 King Arthur and his Eound Table." 
 It is now comparatively forgotten, 
 but at the time attracted much 
 attention, and served to bring into 
 fashion the octave stanza of the 
 Italians, and was the acknowledged 
 model of the versification of Byron's 
 " Beppo " and " Don Juan." In 
 1799 Frere succeeded Canning as 
 Under Secretary of State ; in Oct., 
 1800, he was appointed envoy extra- 
 ordinary and plenipotentiary to Lis- 
 bon, and in Sept., 1802, was trans- 
 ferred to Spain. He was recalled 
 two years later on account of a 
 personal disagreement with " The 
 Prince of Peace," but the Ministry 
 approved of his conduct, and in 
 1808 he was again sent out as pleni- 
 potentiary to Ferdinand VII. After 
 the retreat to Corunna Frere was 
 recalled, and never again took any 
 part in public affairs. He refused 
 to undei'take an embassy to St. 
 Petersburg, and twice declined a 
 peerage . He finally settled in Malta, 
 and devoted himself to literature. 
 By his translations of Aristophanes 
 Frere holds an almost unrivalled 
 position in English literature. His 
 renderings of " The Acharnians," 
 " The Knights," " The Birds," and 
 "The Frogs" were privately print- 
 ed, and were first brought before the 
 public by Sir G. Cornewall Lewis in 
 the Classical Musewm for 18-17. They 
 were followed by " Theognis Eesti- 
 tutus," which was also published 
 posthumously, Frere having died 
 at Malta in 1841, His collected 
 works were published in 1871, with 
 
FROST— FRY. 
 
 3H 
 
 a memoir by his nephews, W. E, 
 and Sir Bartle Frere. 
 
 FROST, William Edward,R.A. 
 [1810—1877], was born at Wands- 
 worth, Surrey. Having received 
 an education suited to an artistic 
 career, he was introduced, at the 
 n^e of fourteen, to Mr. Etty, and 
 by his advice placed at Mr. Sass's 
 academy in Bloomsbury, which he 
 attended for three years, studying- 
 also at the British Museum. In 
 1829 he was admitted a student of 
 the Royal Academy, and in the 
 course of fourteen years painted 
 upwards of three hundred portraits. 
 Aspiring to higher success, he be- 
 came, in 1839, a competitor for the 
 gold medal of the Academy, the 
 subject being "Prometheus Bound/' 
 and won the prize. In the compe- 
 tition of 1813, at Westminster 
 Hall, he gained a prize (in the 
 third class of ^£100) for his cartoon, 
 " Una alarmed by Fauns." In the 
 same year, an Art-Union prize 
 holder selected his " Christ Crowned 
 with Thorns," exhibited at the 
 Royal Academy. The turning- 
 point in Mr. Frost's career had 
 arrived, and he abandoned portrait- 
 painting. Pictures in the peculiar 
 class for which the painter is 
 known, followed, and readily found 
 purchasers : — "^ A Bacchanalian 
 Dance " and " Nymphs Dancing," 
 both in 18U ; " Sabrina," in IS 15 ; 
 and " Diana and Actseon," painted 
 for Lord Northwick, in 18143. The 
 last secured for him his election as 
 Associate of the Academy in that 
 year. In 1817 his " Una and the 
 Wood Nymphs " was purchased by 
 her Majesty; in 1818 " Euphro- 
 syne," commissioned by Mr. Bick- 
 nell, attracted the notice of royalty, 
 and procured for him a command 
 to paint a group for the Queen, 
 " The Sirens," in 1849. Among 
 his principal pictures are " The 
 Disarming of Cupid," painted for 
 Prince Albert ; "Andromeda," both 
 in 1850 ; " Wood Nymphs," and 
 " Hylas," in 1851 ; " May Morn- 
 ing," in 1852 ; " Chastity," in 1854; 
 
 " Bacchante and Faun,'* in 1855 ; 
 " The Graces," in 1856 ; " Narcis- 
 sus," in 1857 ; " Zephyr and Au- 
 rora," in 1858 ; " Daughters of 
 Hesperus," in 18G0 ; " Venus and 
 Cupid," in 1801; "Panope," in 
 1S62; "The Graces." in 1803; 
 " L'Allegro," in 1801 ; "The Death 
 of Adonis," in 1865 ; Scene from 
 " The Tempest," in 1866 ; " Hylas," 
 in 1867 ; " Aurora and Zephyr," in 
 1868 ; " By the Waters of Baby- 
 lon," in 1869 ; the " Bacchanalian 
 Revel," in 1870 ; and " Serena, 
 found of Salvages," in 1871. He 
 was elected a Royal Academician, 
 Dec. 30, 1870. At the time of his 
 death he had exhibited 112 pictures. 
 
 FROUDE, William, F.R.S., was 
 born in 1810 ; he was the younger 
 brother of Richard Hurrell Froude, 
 and elder brother of Mr. James 
 Anthony Froude, the historian. He 
 was educated at Westminster School 
 and at Oriel College, Oxford, where 
 he took a first class in mathematics 
 in 1832. Being known as one of 
 the greatest masters of applied 
 mathematics in modem times, he 
 was called to serve on Lord Duf- 
 ferin's committee on the designs 
 upon which ships of war have been 
 constructed, and also upon the 
 committee which was appointed to 
 examine and report upon the stabi- 
 lity of the Inflexible turret ship. 
 William Froude' s attention was 
 largely devoted to investigations 
 on wave resistance, the oscillation 
 of ships, the usefulness of bilge 
 keels, on frictional air and wave- 
 making resistances, on the ratio of 
 effective to indicated horse power, 
 and on the best form of screw pro- 
 pellers and rudders. In Nov., 1878, 
 he went for a holiday cruise to the 
 Cape, and died on May 4, 1879, at 
 St. Simon's Town. 
 
 FRY, Elizabeth Gukxey, was 
 born at Nor^\^ch, May 21st, 1780. 
 Her father, John Gumey, was a 
 wealthy merchant and banker, and 
 the family had for several genera- 
 tions belonged to the Society of 
 Friends. As a child, Elizabeth 
 
342 
 
 FULLEE— FUST. 
 
 (Turnej showed signs of benevo- 
 lence, clearness of judgment, and 
 strength of purpose, but it was not 
 until her 18th year that she became 
 an ardent "Friend." In August, 
 1800, she was married to Joseph 
 Fry, a London merchant. For 
 some years the home of the Frys 
 was St. Mildred's Co\irt, City, but 
 they afterwards removed to Plashet 
 House, Essex. Amid increasing 
 family cares, Elizabeth Fry was 
 constant in the service of the poor, 
 and in 1813 she first visited New- 
 gate and other prisons, but her 
 public life did not begin till in 
 April, 1817, "The Association for 
 the Improvement of Female Pri- 
 soners in Newgate" was formed. 
 The good done by the Association, 
 of which Mrs. Fry was the leading 
 spirit, was undeniable, and similar 
 sot^iaties were soon formed in other 
 places. In 1818 Mrs. Fry and her 
 brother visited the gaols of the 
 North of England and Scotland, 
 and the publication of her notes of 
 this tour led to a great increase of 
 her correspondence, which now ex- 
 tended to all parts of the United 
 Kingdom, to Italy, Denmai'k, and 
 Russia. In 1827 she made a tour 
 in Ireland, and was there led to 
 direct her attention to other places 
 of detention besides jDrisons, p^nd 
 from her observations arose many 
 reforms in the hospital system and 
 the treatment of the insane. In 
 1838 she made a philanthropic visit 
 to France, Switzerland, and South 
 Germany ; two years later the 
 same cause took her to Holland, 
 Belgium, and Prussia, and in 1811 
 she went to Copenhagen. That 
 was her last foreign mission ; in 
 the next year her health gave way, 
 and in 1841- she v/as seized by the 
 malady of which she died, Oct. 
 12th, lSi5. After Howard, Mrs. 
 Fry was the chief promoter of 
 prison reform in Europe : through 
 her exei'tions were established 
 many details of what are now 
 regarded as the first principles of 
 jjrison government ; the separation 
 
 of the sexes, classification of cri- 
 minals, female supervision of 
 female prisoners, and adequate 
 provision for their instruction, 
 religious and secular, and for the 
 useful employment of their time. 
 Before her death, Mrs. Fry had 
 the satisfaction of knowing that the 
 authorities, in almost every quarter 
 of Europe, were giving practical 
 effect to her suggestions. Her " Me- 
 moirs," edited by two of her daugh- 
 ters, were first published in 1849. 
 
 FULLER, Lieutenant-General 
 Sir Joseph, G.C.H., Colonel of the 
 7oth Foot, entered the army in 
 1792 as Ensign in the 2nd Foot, 
 with which he served throughout 
 the campaign in Flanders. He 
 was actively engaged during the 
 rebellion in Ireland, went in the 
 expedition to the Holder, and 
 greatly distinguished himself 
 throughout the Peninsular war, 
 especially at the passage of the 
 Douro, in 1809, and at Talavera, 
 where he commanded the Cold- 
 stream Guards. He was made 
 Lieutenant-General in 1825, was 
 appointed Colonel of. the 7oth 
 Regiment in 1832, and was for 
 many years Chairman of the Board 
 of General Officers, He died at 
 his house in Bryanston Square, 
 October IG, 1841. 
 
 FUST, THE Right Hon. Sir 
 Herbert Jenner, Knt. [1777 — 
 1852], LL.D., Dean of Arches, 
 Judge of the Prerogative Court of 
 Canterbury, President of the Col- 
 lege of Advocates, a Privy Coun- 
 cillor, Master of Trinity Hall, Cam- 
 bridge, and a Bencher of Gray's 
 Inn, was the second son of Robert 
 Jenner, Esq., Proctor of Doctor's 
 Commons. He entered at Trinity 
 Hall, Cambridge, was called to the 
 Bar in ISOO, and was made Advo- 
 cate in the Ecclesiastical and Ad- 
 miralty Courts, and a Fellow of the 
 College of Doctors of Law, 1803. 
 He became Advocate-General in 
 1828, and was knighted. From 
 1832 to 1834 he filled the office of 
 Yicar-General to the Archbishop 
 
FYFE— GALIGNANI. 
 
 343 
 
 of Canterbury, which he resigned 
 to become Official Principal of the 
 Arches, and Judge of tlie Preroga- 
 tive Court of Canterbury, and was 
 sworn a Privy Councillor. He was 
 elected Master of Trinity Hall, Cam- 
 bridge, in 18 i3. He married, in 1803, 
 Miss Lascelles, daughter of Lieuten- 
 ant-General Lascelles. He took the 
 name of Fust on succeeding to some 
 property belonging to the late Sir 
 John Fust in Gloucestershire. 
 
 FYFE, James Hamilton, born 
 in 1S37, was called to the Bar 
 in 18'33, but devoted himself almost 
 exclusively to literature. While 
 studying for the Bar, he produced 
 two works, " Peace hath her Vic- 
 tories no less than War," a history 
 in popular form of invention and 
 discovery, and " British Enterprise 
 lieyond the Sea," an account of the 
 planting of our colonies. In 1864 
 he wrote a history of commerce, 
 entitled " Mercantile Enterprise," 
 and from that time gave himself 
 up to journalism. From 1867 to 1871 
 he was assistant editor of the Pall 
 Mall Gazette, which he left to take a 
 like position on the Saturday Review. 
 In 1878 ill-health forced him to re- 
 tire, and he died early in May, 1880. 
 
 G. 
 
 GAISFORD, Very Eev. Thomas, 
 D.D. [1779—1855], Dean of Christ 
 Church, Oxford, a Prebendary of 
 St. Paul's and of Llandaff, was the 
 eldest son of John Gaisford, of 
 Iford, in Wiltshire. He was edu- 
 cated at a school at Winchester 
 kept by the Eev. Mr. Richards, of 
 Hj'de Abbey, and at Oxford, where 
 he entered as a commoner at Christ 
 Church in 1797, and was elected a 
 student in 1800. He took his M.A. 
 degree in 1801, and was for several 
 years a tutor of his College. His 
 elaborate edition of the " Enchiri- 
 dion " of Hephsestion, published in 
 1810, at once established his rejju- 
 tation as a profound scholar. He 
 filled the office of public examiner 
 
 in 1809-10; and in 1811 was ap- 
 pointed Regius Professor of Greek. 
 In 1825 he was preferred to a prebend 
 of Worcester, which he resigned in 
 1828 ; was from 1815 to 18 17 Rector 
 of Westwell in Oxfordshire, and in 
 1833 was collated to a prebend of 
 St. Paul's, and to a prebend of 
 Llandaff. Bishop Van Mildertalso 
 conferred upon liim in 1829 a stall 
 at Durham, wliich he exchanged in 
 1831 with Dr. Samuel Smith for 
 the deanery of Christ Church. 
 After his death a Greek prize was 
 founded at Oxford, called ''The 
 Gaisford Prize." He Avas a vo- 
 luminous writer and classical com- 
 mentator, two of his best known 
 works, perhaps, being the edition 
 of the "Lexicon of Suidas," 3 
 vols., 1831, and the " Etymologi- 
 con Magnum," 1818, upon both of 
 which he spent a vast amount of 
 labour at home and in foreign 
 libraries. As head of the greatest 
 College in Oxford, Dean Gaisford 
 occupied a commanding social and 
 academical position ; but his 
 brusqueness of manner and despotic 
 temper stood greatly in his way. 
 Still, he remains one of the Di 
 ma j ores of the Oxford mythology. 
 
 GALIGNANI, John Anthony, 
 and his younger brother, William, 
 were born in London, the former in 
 1796, the latter in 1798. Their 
 father, a native of Brescia, opened 
 an English book-selling and pub- 
 lishing business in Paris in 1800, 
 and in 1809 started a monthly 
 English review. He founded 
 GalignanVs Messenger in 181-1, and 
 died in 1821, when it became a daily 
 issue, and was carried on by the 
 two sons, under whose intelligent 
 and indefatigable exertions it 
 steadily extended its influence for 
 upwards of half a century. John 
 founded near Paris the " Galignani 
 Hospital," intended specially for 
 indigent English subjects ; and. 
 together with his brother, defrayed 
 the whole expense of building, 
 near their country residence, the 
 large hospital of Corbeil. He died 
 
34i 
 
 GALLOWAY— a AEDINEE. 
 
 in Paris in Dec, 1873, aged 77 ; 
 William died in Dec, 1882, aged 
 85. He was' Mayor of Soisy-sous- 
 Etiolles, and a Knight of the Legion 
 of Honour. One of the last of his 
 many good deeds was the presenta- 
 tion of premises for an English 
 orphanage at Neuilly, accompanied 
 by a handsome yearly contribution 
 towards its support. 
 
 GALLOWAY, General Sir 
 Archibald, K.C.B. [1780—1850], 
 who was for 35 years in the service 
 of the Hon. East India Company in 
 India, was the son of Mr. James 
 Galloway, of Perth. He Avas made 
 Colonel of the 58th Native Infan- 
 try in 1836, was pi'esent at the 
 siege of Delhi, and took a distin- 
 guished part in the siege of Bhurt- 
 pore, where he commanded the 
 corps of sappers celebrated for its 
 gallantry and daring. Having 
 seen a good deal of hard service, he 
 held several important offices on 
 the staff, and for many years filled 
 a principal place in the military 
 branch of the service, under the 
 supreme Government of India. For 
 his services Colonel Galloway re- 
 ceived the thanks of the Com- 
 manders-in-Chief in India on nine 
 different occasions, and was also 
 more than thirty times thanked by 
 the Suj^reme Government of India or 
 the Court of Directors in England. 
 He was the author of " A Commen- 
 tary on the Mohammedan Law," 
 and one on " The Law, Constitu- 
 tion, and Government of India," 
 and his woi-k on "The Sieges of 
 India " was reprinted by the Court 
 of Directors, and used at their 
 Military College, and was also dis- 
 tributed to the army. He was 
 nominated C.B. in 1838, K.C.B. in 
 1818, a Director of the East India 
 Comjjany in 1846, and for a year 
 before his death acted as Chairman 
 to the Company. 
 
 GAEBETT, The Yen. James, 
 M.A. [1802 circa— 1879], was edu- 
 cated at Brasenose College, Oxford, 
 where he graduated B.A., taking 
 first-class honours in 1822. He was 
 
 elected to a Michel fellowship at 
 Queen's College, afterwards became 
 Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose, and 
 Public Examiner at Oxford in 1829. 
 From 1842 to 1852 he held the post 
 of Professor of Poetry. Archdea- 
 con Garbett, in his day, was the 
 representative of the more old- 
 fashioned Oxford theologians. In 
 1841 the Tractarians and their oppo- 
 nents contested the poetry professor- 
 ship. Keble's tenure had just ter- 
 minated, and the party of Dr. New- 
 man had a successor prepared in the 
 person of Isaac Williams, but amid 
 the most vehement enthusiasm the 
 low church champion carried the 
 day. In 1842 he occupied the Univer 
 j sity pulpit as Bampton Lecturer with 
 high distinction. In 1835 he was 
 appointed to the Eectory of Clay- 
 ton, Sussex. A prebendal stall in 
 Chichester Cathedral was given 
 him in 1835, and in 1851 he suc- 
 ceeded Dr. Manning as Archdeacon 
 of Chichester. He was the author 
 of " Prselectiones Academicae " and 
 " Archidiaconal Charges." 
 
 GAEDINEE, Allen Francis, 
 the founder of the Patagonian 
 Missionary Society, was the fourth 
 son of Samuel Gardiner, Esq., of 
 Coombe Lodge, Oxford, and entered 
 the navy about the year 1808, attain- 
 ing to the rank of Commander in 
 1826. This ended his naval career, 
 and he then turned his attention 
 wholly to missionary work among 
 the aboriginal trilDCS of South 
 Africa and South America. He 
 went to the Zulu country in 1834, 
 and established the Hambanarti 
 Church Missionary Association at 
 Hambanarti, but an incursion of 
 Boers from the Cape destroyed the 
 mission property. After this Cap- 
 tain Gardiner went to South 
 America, where he laboured for 
 some years, returning to England 
 about the year 1843, when he 
 formed the Patagonian Missionary 
 Society. He set out with a band 
 of devoted fellow labourers to 
 travel further into the interior of 
 South America in 1850, but never 
 
GARDINER— GARNETT. 
 
 315 
 
 returned, the whole party having 
 died of starvation. 
 
 GARDINER, Sir Robert Wil- 
 liam [1782 — 1864], an eminent 
 artillery officer, was the son of 
 Captain John Gardiner, and brother 
 of Sir John Gardiner, K.C.B. 
 Havino^ received his education at 
 Woolwich, he entered the Artillery 
 at an early age, and served with 
 mnch distinction in the Peninsula 
 and at Waterloo. He held the 
 governorship and chief command 
 at Gibraltar from ISJ^ to 1855. 
 He became a full general in 1854, 
 was created a K.H. in 1820, and 
 G.C.B. in 1859. He was an hono- 
 rary D.C.L. of Oxford, and the 
 author of a " Life of Admiral Sir 
 Graham Moore." 
 
 GARDNER, George [1812— 
 1819], the author of "Travels in 
 the Interior of Brazil," was born 
 in Glasgow, and educated for the 
 medical profession at the Glasgow 
 TJniversitv. He went to Brazil in 
 183G, and made a splendid collec- 
 tion of botanical specimens of that 
 part of South America. In 1843 
 he was appointed superintendent 
 of the Botanic Garden of Ceylon, 
 and was preparing a flora of Ceylon, 
 when he died while on a visit to the 
 Governor, Lord Torrington, at 
 Nem-ia Ellia, March 10th, 1849, at 
 the early age of 37. 
 
 GARNEAU, Francois Xavier 
 [1809—1866], Canadian historian, 
 was educated at the Quebec Semi- 
 nary, and afterwards studied for 
 the legal profession. He visited 
 England and France in 1831, re- 
 maining in the former country as 
 secretary to Mr. D. V. Viger, dele- 
 gate from the Assembly of Lower 
 Canada to the Imperial Govern- 
 ment until 1833, when he returned 
 to Canada. Soon after his return 
 he wrote some interesting accounts 
 of his journey to Europe, which 
 appeared in Le Journal de Quebec. 
 He began writing his " History of 
 Canada " in 184l», the fii'st volume 
 appearing in 1845 ; the second in 
 1846, and the third (bringing the 
 
 history down to 1792) in 1848. It 
 was received with much favour, 
 and well reviewed by the French 
 press in France and Canada. A 
 second edition (bringing the history 
 down to the Union of the Canadas 
 in 1840) appeared in 1852, and a 
 third in 1859, when it was trans- 
 lated into English by Mr. Bell. 
 Mr. Garneau was for some time in 
 the employment of the Canadian 
 Legislature, and at the time of his 
 death was city clerk to the Corpo- 
 ration of Quebec. 
 
 GARNETT, Jeremiah, for forty 
 years one of the editors of the 
 Manchester Guardian, was born 
 Oct. 2, 1793, at Otley, in Yorkshire, 
 and was the third son of Mr. Wil- 
 liam Gamett, paper manufacturer. 
 He was apprenticed to a printer, 
 and about 1814 entered the office 
 of Wheeler's Chronicle, then the 
 leading paper at Manchester. With 
 the exception of a brief interval, 
 during which he edited a news- 
 paper at Huddersfield, he remained 
 connected with the Chronicle, until, 
 in 1821, he aided Mr. John Edward 
 Taylor [q. v.] in establishing the 
 Manchester Gxiardian under the cir- 
 cumstances stated in the memoir of 
 the latter. He was publisher, prin- 
 ter, business manager, and at first 
 sole reporter, and dui'ing the early 
 struggles of the journal used to set 
 up his notes, taken in a shorthand 
 invented by himself, and which no 
 one else could read or understand, 
 without any intermediate copy. 
 As the paper prospered, his share 
 in the literary department in- 
 creased, and upon the death of his 
 partner, in January, 1844, he be- 
 came principal editor, which posi- 
 tion he retained until his retire- 
 ment, in January, 18G1. During 
 this time he exerted great public 
 influence as the director of a journal 
 which had become under his part- 
 ner, as it has continued under him- 
 self and his successors, the most 
 extensively circulated in the North 
 of England. He took an important 
 rather than a conspicuous part in 
 
310 
 
 GAENETT. 
 
 most of the political and social 
 uiovements in Mancliester during 
 his time. He was a consistent 
 Liberal, but opposed to the " Man- 
 chester School ; " and the expulsion 
 of Mr. Bright and Mr. Milner Gib- 
 son from the representation of the 
 city, in 1857, was principally owing 
 to his initiative. Few men have 
 done more to mould jjublic opinion 
 in Manchester, or have been more 
 intimately identified with the pros- 
 perity and jjrogress of the city. He 
 died Sept. 27. 1870. 
 
 GARNETT, Eichard, eldest 
 brother of Jeremiah, was born at 
 Otley, July 25, 1789. After acquir- 
 ing such an education as the gram- 
 mar school of his native to^vn could 
 bestow, he was placed with Mr. 
 Facio, a Swiss gentleman, to learn 
 French and Italian preiiaratory to 
 entering a counting-house ; while 
 about the same time he laid the 
 foundation of his subsequent phi- 
 lological eminence by teaching him- 
 self German, that he might read a 
 book on natural historv. He even- 
 tually forsook trade for the Church, 
 and, after having taught for two 
 years in a school at Southwell, was 
 ordained in 1813. He became as- 
 sistant master of the grammar 
 school at Blackburn, and incum- 
 bent of Tockholes, near that town. 
 In 1829 grief for the death of his 
 wife and infant daughter induced 
 him to remove to Staffordshire, 
 where he was successively Priest 
 Vicar of Lichfield Cathedral, and 
 Yicar of Chelsey. In 1838 he was 
 api)ointed Assistant Keeper of 
 Printed Books at the British 
 Museum. While at Blackburn he 
 wi'ote largely on the Eoman Ca- 
 tholic controversy ; but he after- 
 wards devoted himself to philology, 
 and obtained more or less acquaint- 
 ance with almost every written 
 language. His philological essays, 
 collected by his son in 1858, consist 
 partly of articles in the Quarterly 
 Review, treating of English lexico- 
 graph}^ and dialects, and the Celtic 
 languages ; and partly of papers. 
 
 frequently profound and abstruse, 
 communicated to the. Philological 
 Society. " It is a loss to mankind,'' 
 says Mr. Kington-Oliphant, " that 
 Garnett has left so little behind 
 him. He seems to have been the 
 nearest approach England ever 
 made to bringing forth a Mezzo- 
 fanti." He is esj^ecially distin- 
 guished for having been, after Dr. 
 Prichard, the first English scholar 
 to recognise and demonstrate the 
 Indo-European character of the 
 Celtic languages. He also studied 
 natural history, and science gene- 
 rally, and contributed a remark- 
 able paper to the Transactions of 
 the Eoyal Institution " On the 
 Formation of Ice at the Bottoms of 
 Eivers." He died Sept. 27, 1850. 
 
 GAENETT, Thomas, younger 
 brother of Eichard and Jeremiah, 
 was born at Otley, Jan. 18, 1799. 
 At an early age he entered the 
 establishment of his uncle, cotton 
 manufacturer, at Low Moor, Cli- 
 theroe, in which he sjjent the re- 
 mainder of his life, and of which 
 he became principal proprietor long 
 before his death. The time he 
 could spare from business was de- 
 voted to agriculture and natural 
 history. He is especially entitled 
 to remembrance for having been 
 the first to advocate the artificial 
 propagation of the salmon, and to 
 prove its practicability ; and for 
 his persevering and ultimately suc- 
 cessful efforts to obtain legislative 
 protection for the fish. His mind 
 was singularly fertile and open to 
 new ideas ; he made numerous ex- 
 periments in agriculture, and pub- 
 lished the results; and was one of 
 the first, if not the very first, to 
 point out the commercial irajDort- 
 ance of alpaca wool and of guano. 
 He was also an observant practical 
 naturalist, and a freqvient contri- 
 butor to journals of natural his- 
 tory. His zoological and agricul- 
 tural essays, together with his 
 writings on the salmon, were edited 
 for private circulation by his 
 nephew, Eichard Garnett, of the 
 
GASKELL. 
 
 3t7 
 
 British Museum, in 1883. He died 
 
 May 28, 1878. 
 
 GASKELL Mrs. (Elizabeth 
 Cleohorn Stevenson), was born at 
 Cheyne Eow, Chelsea, Sept. 20, 
 1810. Her father, William Ste- 
 venson, had begun life as classical 
 tutor in the Manchester Academy, 
 but at the time of his daughter's 
 birth was keeper of the records to 
 the Treasury. Mrs. Stevenson died 
 in giving birth to Elizabeth, who 
 was brought up by her mother's 
 sister, Mrs. Lumb, at the village 
 of Knutsford in Cheshire. In 1832 
 Miss Stevenson married the Rev. 
 William Gaskell, of Cross Street 
 Chapel, Manchester, and some years 
 later, after the loss of her little son, 
 she turned her attention to litera- 
 ture as a distraction from her grief. 
 Her first stories were published in 
 The People's Journal, and in 1S4S 
 " Mary Bai'ton " appeared anonym- 
 ously. The story, the result of 
 Mrs. Gaskell 's knowledge of the 
 Manchester poor, created a great 
 stir and was widely read. It was 
 followed in 1850 by "The Moorland 
 Cottage,'' and three years later both 
 " Ruth " and " Cranf ord " were pub- 
 lished. Like all Mrs. Gaskell's best 
 work, " Cranford " was the result of 
 her own observation and experience, 
 for Cranford was in truth the sleepy 
 Knutsford, whei*e she had passed so 
 much of her youth. By this time 
 Mrs. Gaskell ranked among the first 
 English novelists, and had made 
 many literary friends, among them 
 Charlotte Bronte, whose " Biogra- 
 phy " she published in 1857. In 
 1855 " North and South " appeared, 
 followed in 1859 by "Round the 
 Sofa," "Right at Last," in 18G0, 
 and " Sylvia's Lovers," in 1863. The 
 charming story, " Cousin Phyllis," 
 came out in 18G5, and " Wives and 
 Daughters " was still unfinished 
 when on Nov. 2 of that vear Mrs. 
 Gaskell died. 
 
 GASKELL, Rev. William, M.A. 
 [1805 — 1881.], senior minister of 
 Cross Street Chapel, Manchester, 
 was the son of William Gaskell of 
 
 Warrington, a member of a well- 
 known Lancashire family, to which 
 J. Milnes-Gaskell. M.P. for Wen- 
 lock, belonged. He was educated 
 at a school at Warrington, and at 
 the Glasgow University, where he 
 took his M.A. degree. He went for 
 his theological training to the Man- 
 chester New College, York, then 
 under the presidency of the Rev. 
 Charles Wellbeloved, an<l had 
 among his college friends, l)r. 
 Martineau and Dr. Beard. In 1828 
 he was appointed, together with 
 the Rev. J. G. Roberds, jmstor of 
 Cross Street Chapel, where he re- 
 mained for a period of fifty-six 
 years. When he had completed 
 the fiftieth year of his ministry 
 (1878), he was presented by his 
 congregation, in acknowledgment 
 of his unwearied services among 
 them, with a sum of ,£2,200 — ,£1,750 
 of which he gave toAvards founding 
 a " Gaskell Scholarship," to be 
 held at Owen's College, in connec- 
 tion with the Unitarian Home Mis- 
 sionary Board. He married Miss 
 Cleghorn Stevenson (q. v.), autho- 
 ress of " Mary Barton," &c., in 1832, 
 and their house became a meeting- 
 place for some of the most distin- 
 guished people of the day, among 
 whom may be mentioned Carlyle, 
 Wordsworth, Coleridge, Barry Corn- 
 wall, Emerson and Charlotte Bronte 
 Mr. and Mrs. Gaskell were amongst 
 the first to recognise the genius of the 
 last-named. In 1820 William Gaskell 
 was appointed one of the trustees 
 of the Manchester College, where he 
 received his theological ti'aining, 
 and as secretary of the College 
 1810-4G ; from the latter year till 
 1853 was professor of English his- 
 tory, literatui-e, and composition, 
 and in 1851 was appointed chair- 
 man of the committee of the col- 
 lege. He also was a professor of 
 Owen's College of the Unitarian 
 Home Mission Board, where he 
 took the Green New Testament 
 class, and the literatiu'e and history 
 classes. Several of his sermons 
 were printed, and he also published 
 
348 
 
 GATTY— GEDDES. 
 
 anonymously a small volume of 
 temperance poems, entitled, " Tem- 
 perance Rhymes," dedicated to the 
 working men of Manchester. 
 
 GATTY, Mrs. Alfred (Marga- 
 ret Scott) [1809—1873], better 
 known to the public under her?iom de 
 plume of " Aunt Judy," who for 
 nearly a quarter of a century en- 
 joyed a wide celebrity as a writer of 
 children's stories, was the younger 
 daughter of the Rev. Dr. Scott, 
 Lord Nelson's Chaplain on board 
 the Victory at Trafalgar. In 1839 
 she married the Rev. Alfred Gatty, 
 D.D., Vicar of Ecclesfield, near 
 Sheffield, and Sub-Dean of York 
 Cathedral. Up to that time she 
 had never published anything, but 
 in association with her liusband she 
 brought out in 1842 " The Life of 
 Dr. Scott," her father. Her first 
 independent work, " The Fairy 
 Godmothers, and other Tales,'* ap- 
 peared in 1851, a charming collec- 
 tion of fanciful stories, which was 
 most favourably received. Next 
 followed the first volume of her 
 " Parables from Nature," the fifth 
 and last volume of which appeared 
 in 1871. After that time she wrote 
 continuously, with ever increasing 
 success, and soon began to be 
 known as a delightfully humorous 
 writer for children, under her as- 
 sumed name of " Aunt Judy." 
 *'Aimt Judy's Tales," and "Aunt 
 Judy's Letters," still further popu- 
 larised the name, and in May, 186G, 
 appeared her well-known monthly 
 journal for children, called Aunt 
 Judy's Magazine, than which no 
 publication of the kind has ever 
 enjoyed greater popularity among 
 the little people for whom it was 
 intended. Her three last works 
 were "A Book of Emblems, with 
 Interpretations thereof," "The Mo- 
 ther's Book of Poetry," and " The 
 Book of Sundials." 
 
 GAUNTLETT, Henry John 
 [1806 — 1876], a profound, though 
 perhai)s, never very successful mu- 
 sician. He was the son of a clergy- 
 man, and gained his first musical 
 
 knowledge from his father, becom- 
 ing organist of Olney church, Bucks, 
 at the age of nine. At twenty-one 
 he became organist of St. Olave's, 
 Southwark. Some years afterwards 
 he effected a revolution in organ- 
 building, by carrying through to a 
 practical issue, in the face of the 
 strongest opposition, the idea of C 
 organs in place of the old F and G in- 
 struments. Hill, the organ-builder, 
 joined him in his reform. In 1842, 
 Dr. Howley, Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, gave him the degree of Mus. 
 Doc. From this time onward he 
 threw himself with increased ardour 
 into his work, labouring to promote 
 Gregorian music, and also to in- 
 troduce the study of Bach, Han- 
 1 del, Beethoven, Spohi-, Cherubini, 
 I and others of the great composers. 
 I For upwards of forty years he 
 I worked as composer and editor of 
 l^salm and hymn tunes, and church 
 music generally, lecturing also, and 
 criticising and reviewing. He was 
 chosen by Mendelssohn himself to 
 play the organ part in the " Elijah " 
 on its first production at Birming- 
 ham in 1846. 
 
 GEDDES, Andrew, A.R.A., por- 
 trait painter. He was born in Edin- 
 burgh about 1789, and entered the 
 office of his father, who was auditor 
 of assize, but at his father's death 
 resolved to follow his natural bent, 
 and in 1807 came to London and 
 entered the Academy Schools. 
 After a few years of study he went 
 back to Edinburgh, and began prac- 
 tice as a jDortrait painter, but in 
 1814 he returned to London. In 
 1828 he visited Italy, whence he 
 sent home portraits of John Gibson, 
 Cardinal Weld, and others. On 
 his return to London, 1831-2, he 
 was elected an Associate of the 
 Academy. He died in London, 
 May 5, 1844. He first exhibited in 
 1806, before he began studying art 
 as a profession, and from then to 
 the time of his death exhibited 128 
 pictures ; of these 100 were hung in 
 the Royal Academy. His small 
 full-length portraits are his best 
 
GENDALL— GIBSON 
 
 310 
 
 work, and several of these have 
 been entjraved. There is a small 
 picture by him of '* A Man Smok- j 
 ing," in the Sheepshanks Collec- , 
 tion, and the altar-piece for St. 
 James* church, Garlick Hill, was 
 painted by him about 1832. 
 
 GENDALL, John. He was born 
 about 1790, and was largely enj^aged 
 on the " Picturesque Views " pub- 
 lished in the early part of the present 
 century, and painted many oil and 
 water colour ruins in Devonshire, 
 and between 184(3 and 18G3 was a 
 constant exhibitor of these at the 
 Academy, where he exhibited 25 
 works. His home was in Exeter, 
 where he died, March 1, 1875. 
 
 GIBB, John, engineer, was born 
 at Kirkcows, near Falkirk, in 177G. 
 Having served an apprenticeship 
 to a mechanical trade, he learnt 
 the higher departments of civil en- 
 gineering under his brother-in-law, 
 who was engaged in constructing 
 the Lancaster and Preston Canal un- 
 der Rennie. Soon after this he began 
 business on his own account, and was 
 employed by the town-council of 
 Greenock in building the new har- 
 bour of that town under Eennie's 
 superintendence. In 1809, he was 
 chosen by Mr. Telford as resident 
 engineer to the harbour works at 
 Aberdeen, in which he was assisted 
 by his son, his work being highly 
 approved of by Mr. Telford. He 
 next completed the Crinan Canal. 
 His last work was the erection of 
 the Glasgow Bridge, designed by 
 Mr. Telford, and for which he re- 
 ceived a gift of plate. He died at 
 Aberdeen, aged 74, Dec. 3, 1850, 
 being one of the oldest members of 
 the Institution of Civil Engineers of 
 London. 
 
 GIBSON, David Cooke, was born 
 in Edinbui-gh, March 4, 1827, and 
 was taught drawing by his father, 
 a portrait-painter, who died young, 
 and left his son unprovided for. 
 The boy went from town to town 
 painting portraits, till he was able 
 to enter the Scottish Academy, 
 where in 1845 he gained a medal. 
 
 He afterwards came to London, and 
 in 1855 exhibited in the Academy 
 " The Little Stranger," and " Rus- 
 tic Education," which were con- 
 sidered works of great promise. 
 He was, however, in declining 
 health, and spent the savings of 
 his short hard life in a journey to 
 Spain. Here he jjainted " Un Cor- 
 rillo Andaluz," which was ex- 
 hibited in 185G, but his health 
 becoming worse he returned to 
 England, and died Oct. 6, 1850. 
 His last picture, "Gypsies of Se- 
 ville ," was exhibited in the Academy 
 of the following spring. His life, 
 with some poems, written by him, 
 was published by a brother artist in 
 1858, and there is a short biogaphy 
 of him in Miss Erightwell's " Men 
 of Mark.'' 
 
 GIBSON, John, R.A. He was of 
 Scottish extraction, but was the son 
 of a market gardener, near Conway, 
 where he was born in 1790. When 
 the boy was about nine yeai-s old 
 his father moved to Liverpool, and 
 the child, ah-eady fond of drawing, 
 found much amusement in copying 
 the engravings and paintings he 
 saw in the printsellers' windows. 
 When fourteen years old he was 
 apprenticed to a cabinet-maker, and 
 later passed on to a wood-carver, but 
 after two years of this work Mr. 
 Samuel Francis, seeing the boy's 
 great talent, purchased his time, 
 gave him every encouragement, and 
 introduced him to Mr. William 
 Roscoe, who permitted the young 
 sculptor to copy in the galleries of 
 his covmtry seat. Roscoe's friends, 
 appreciating young Gibson's talent, 
 subscribed money to send him for 
 two years to Rome, and in 1817 he 
 left England, and all his life after- 
 wards lived in Rome. He took 
 with him introductions to Flaxman 
 and Canova, whose pupil he became. 
 In 1821 he produced his first im- 
 portant work — the " Mars and Cu- 
 pid," now in the collection of the 
 Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth ; 
 this was followed by "Psyche and 
 Zephyi'," for the late Sir George 
 
350 
 
 GIFFAED— GILBAKT. 
 
 Beaumont, and which was copied 
 both for Prince Torlonia and a 
 Eussian Grand Duke. Still Gib- 
 son considered himself only a stu- 
 dent, and on the death of Canova 
 entered the studio of Thorwaldsen. 
 In 1833 he was elected an Asso- 
 ciate of the Academy, and E.A. in 
 183C, but he still lived almost en- 
 tirely in Eome, making from time 
 to time a visit to Eug-land. His 
 death was sudden ; he was in appa- 
 rent health when he was attacked 
 by paralysis, and died Jan. 27, IcSGG. 
 He is buried in the Protestant 
 Cemetery outside the walls of 
 Eome. But thoug-h Gibson lived 
 so much abroad, England contains 
 many of his works. Liverpool is 
 particularly rich in them, having 
 among others a statue of Huskis- 
 son in the cemetery, and a bronze 
 of the same at the Custom-house. 
 The chief works of Gibson in 
 London are, "Hylas Surprised by 
 Nymphs," in the National Gallery, 
 the statues of the Queen in Buck- 
 ingham Palace and Westminster 
 Pcilace, the colossal Huskisson for 
 Lloyd's Eooms, and the busts of 
 Kemble and of himself in the 
 National Portrait Gallery, where 
 there is also a portrait of him by 
 Mr. Carpenter. But the most 
 charming presentment of Gibson's 
 wise and gentle face is Sir "William 
 Boxall's painting in the Diploma 
 Gallery at Burlington House, where 
 there is also a good collection of 
 casts from liis. statues, and several 
 original works, among them a 
 slightly tinted "Nymph," an ex- 
 amplcj though but a faint one, of 
 Gibson's coloured statues. There 
 is also a collection of some eighteen 
 or twenty casts at the Crystal 
 Palace. His biography, by Lady 
 Eastlake, was published in 1870. 
 
 GIFFAED, Sir George Mark- 
 ham [1813 — 1870], was the son of 
 Admiral Giffard by Susannah, 
 daughter of Sir John Carter, and 
 was born at Portsmouth. He was 
 educated at "Winchester, and New 
 College, Oxfordj and was called to 
 
 the Bar in 1840. He obtained a 
 silk gown in 1859, and became 
 attached to the court of Vice- 
 Chancellor Sir "William Page 
 "V^''ood (afterwards Lord Chancellor 
 Hatherley), whom he succeeded in 
 186S as Vice-Chancellor. In De- 
 cember of the same year he became 
 Lord Justice, on Sir "William Page 
 "Wood succeeding to the woolsack. 
 He had a high reputation as a 
 commercial lawyer. 
 
 GILBAET, J. W. [1791— 18G3], 
 a writer on banking, was of Cornish 
 extraction, and was born in Lon- 
 don. Failing to obtain admission 
 into a Government office, he en- 
 tered a London banking-house as a 
 junior clerk in 1813, and remained 
 until the failure of the house in 
 1825. In 1827 he published his 
 " Practical Treatise on Banking," 
 and soon after was appointed 
 manager of a branch of the Pro- 
 vincial Bank of Ireland. In 1833 
 he resigned this jDost to accept the 
 office of General Manager of the 
 London and "Westminster Bank, 
 which post he held until Dec.^, 1859. 
 The difficulties with which Mr. 
 Gilbart had to contend at the out- 
 set of his career in this position 
 from the Bank of England, the 
 private bankers, the state of the 
 law, and the indifference of the 
 public, will be found recorded in the 
 Bankers' MagazineiorOct., 1814; and 
 for the principles introduced by Mr. 
 I Gilbart, with the sanction of the 
 directors, into the management of 
 ; the London and Westminster Bank 
 : we must refer our readers to his 
 ' "Elements of Banking," 4th ed., 
 1860. In 1846 he was presented 
 with a handsome service of j^late 
 by the Joint Stock Bank of Eng- 
 land, in recognition of the services 
 which he had rendered to the prin- 
 ciple of Joint Stock Banking ; and 
 in the same year he was elected a 
 F.E.S. In 1860, after he had re- 
 tired from the office of General 
 Manager of the London and West- 
 I minster Bank, the shareholders 
 1 elected him a Director. He was 
 
GILBERT— GILFlLLAxN. 
 
 351 
 
 one of the Committee of the Inter- 
 national Statistical Congress held 
 in July, 18G0, and a paj>ei' of his 
 read on that occasion was printed 
 in the " Transactions " of the Con- 
 gress. Besides the works already 
 mentioned he wrote " Logic for the 
 Million," " The History and Prin- 
 ciples of Banking," " The Logic of 
 Banking," kc, Sac. 
 
 GILBERT, John Graham, was 
 a native of Glasgow, and was born 
 in 1794. He became a student of 
 the Koval Academy of Edinburgh 
 when somewhat past- the usual age, 
 obtained the gold medal, and sub- 
 sequently visited Italy to complete 
 his artistic education by the study 
 of the old masters. Returning to 
 his native country, he took to por- 
 trait-painting, in which he rose to 
 acknowledged eminence. Mr. Gil- 
 bert was a member of the Royal 
 Academy of Scotland. He died 
 June 5, 186G. There is a portrait 
 of Sir Walter Scott by him in the 
 National Portrait Gallery. He ex- 
 hibited only ten paintings in 
 London. 
 
 GILBERT, Richard [1791— 
 1852], head of the firm of Messrs. 
 Gilbert and Rivington, printers, of 
 St. John's Square, Clerkenwell, 
 was the author of several useful 
 works, among which may be men- 
 tioned his " Liber Scholasticus," 
 " The Clerical Guide, or Ecclesias- 
 tical Directory," superseded in 1810 
 by the annual publication of " The 
 Clergy List," and the "Clergy- 
 man's Almanac and Pocket Com- 
 panion," which first appeared in 
 1819. 
 
 GILBERT, Lieutenant-Gex- 
 ERAL Sir "Walter Raleigh, Babt., 
 G.C.B. [1785—1853], who was de- 
 scended from the half-brother of 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, was born at 
 Bodmin, Cornwall, and entered the 
 Bengal army in 1800, greatly dis- 
 tinguishing himself throughout the 
 Indian campaign, especially on the 
 Sutlej and in the Punjaub. Lord 
 Gough thus spoke of his services : 
 * I want words to express my grati- 
 
 tude to Major-General Gil}>ert. 
 Not only have I to record that in 
 this great fight (Ferozeshah) all 
 was achieved by him which, as a 
 commander-in-chief, I could desire 
 to have executed ; not only on this 
 day was his division enabled, by 
 his skill and courageous example, 
 to triumph over obstacles from 
 which a less ardent spirit would 
 have recoiled as insui*mountable, 
 but, since the hour when our load- 
 ing columns moved out of Um- 
 ballah, I have found in the Major- 
 General an officer who has not 
 merely caiTied out my orders to 
 the letter, but whose zeal and tact 
 have enabled him, in a hundred 
 instances, to perform valuable ser- 
 vices in exact anticipation of my 
 wishes." He was appointed Colonel 
 of the 1st European Fusiliers in 
 1832 ; nominated a K.C.B. and a 
 Knight Grand Cross in 1850, and in 
 the same year appointed a provi- 
 sional member of the Council of 
 India, and made a Lieutenant- 
 General in 1851, when he was 
 created a Baronet. 
 
 GILCHRIST, John BoRTHWiCK, 
 LL.D., orientalist ]1759— 1841], 
 was born in Edinburgh, and edu- 
 cated at Heriot's Hospital. He 
 studied medicine, and went out to 
 Calcutta as assistant-surgeon in 
 the East India Company's service. 
 Here he acquired a thorough know- 
 ledge of the Sanscrit, Persian, and 
 Hindustani languages, and pub- 
 lished in 1786-90 his " Anglo- Hin- 
 dustani Dictionary," and in 179G 
 his " Hindustani Grammar." On 
 the foundation of the Fort "William 
 College at Calcutta, he was ap- 
 pointed Professor of Hindustani 
 and Persian. He was obliged to 
 return to England in 1801 owing to 
 ill-health, and settled in London as 
 a teacher of Oriental languages. 
 He wrote numerous treatises on his 
 favourite studies, among others the 
 " British Indian Monitor," which 
 is, perhaps, his best known work. 
 
 GILFILLAN, Eev. George 
 ri813— 18781, critic and essayist. 
 
352 
 
 GILFILLAN— GILPIN. 
 
 was born at Comrie, where liis 
 father was minister of the Secession 
 Church, Havinjy been educated 
 for the ministry, he "was appointed 
 minister of the Schoolwynd Chiirch 
 at Dundee, but devoted a consider- 
 able portion of his time to literary 
 pursuits. The best known, perhaps, 
 of his many works was the " Gallery 
 of Literary Portraits," orig-inally 
 published in the Dumfries Herald. 
 He was a constant contributor to 
 periodical literature, and frequently 
 lectured both in England and Scot- 
 land on literary subjects. 
 
 GILFILLAN, Robert [1708— 
 1850], editor of I'ait's Magazine, 
 and author of numerous well-known 
 Scotch songs and miscellaneous 
 poems, was born in Dunfermline 
 of humble parentage. Having 
 served his apprenticeshii? to a 
 cooper in Leith, and acted as clerk 
 in various places of business, he 
 was in 1837 appointed collector of 
 police rates in Leith. He published 
 his "Original Songs," including 
 the well-knoAvai " Peter M'Craw " 
 and "Why I left my hame," in 
 1831, and a second enlarged edi- 
 tion in 1835, on which occasion he 
 was entertained at a public dinner 
 at Edinburgh and presented with 
 a splendid silver cup. In Nov., 
 1837, he was appointed Grand Bard 
 to the Grand Lodge of Freemasons 
 in Scotland, an office originally 
 created and filled by Robert Burns, 
 and was for some years President 
 of the Ayi'shire Burns Club, for 
 which he wrote several songs to the 
 memory of Robert Burns. He was 
 an industrious contributor to the 
 Scotsman and other papers. 
 
 GILLESPIE, The Rev. Thomas, 
 LL.D., Professor of Humanity in 
 the University of St. Andrew's, 
 had succeeded the Rev. Mr. Wil- 
 kie, father of Sir David Wilkie, 
 as minister of Cults in the 
 Presbytery of Cupar. Dr. Gillespie, 
 who had a keen admiration for the 
 genius of Wilkie, in the course of 
 his pilgrimage in Cults, collected 
 many of the anecdotes of Sir 
 
 David's early efforts, which after- 
 wards appeared in Allan Cunning- 
 ham's " Life of Sir David Wilkie." 
 He resigned the living of Cults in 
 1828, and settled in the city of St. 
 Andrews. He was the author of 
 numerous Avritings in prose and 
 poetry, which appeared in the 
 magazines of the day. He died at 
 Dunino, N. B., Sept. 11, 1844. 
 
 GILLOTT, Joseph, steel pen 
 manufactiu'er, began his career as 
 an operative grinder at Sheffield, 
 where he was employed in steel 
 toy or tool making. He soon be- 
 gan to turn his attention to the 
 making of steel pens, which were 
 then made by hand at a cost of 
 3s. GcL each. He was the first to 
 use machinery for the purpose, and 
 the annual production at his fac- 
 tory (which he had set up at Bir- 
 mingham) was said to be, in 1872, 
 150,000,000, and the number of 
 workpeople employed 450. Mr. Gil- 
 lott possessed one of the most splen- 
 did private picture galleries in the 
 country, containing works by Etty, 
 Turner, David Cox, Linnell, David 
 Roberts, Leslie, Ward, Wilkie, 
 Muller, William Hunt, Maclise, 
 Collins, &c., which, after his death 
 (Jan. 5, 1872), were sold by Messrs. 
 Christie and Manson. Since the 
 sale of the Bicknell collection in 
 1863, no such excitement had been 
 seen at Messrs. Christie's as took 
 place during the four days' sale of 
 Mr. Gillott's collection. Coming 
 at a moment of great commercial 
 prosperity, the auction was a bril- 
 liant success. Some of the pictures 
 were sold for more than twenty 
 times the sum they originally cost, 
 and the whole sale realized the 
 enormous sum of ^130,322. 
 
 GILPIN, Charles, M.P. [1815— 
 1874], born in Bristol, and brought 
 up to trade, was a member of 
 the Society of Friends. He was 
 for some years a member of the 
 Common Council of London (in 
 which capacity he carried the abo- 
 lition of street tolls), was Chairman 
 of the National Freehold Land So- 
 
GIRDLESTONE— GLENELG. 
 
 353 
 
 ciety. Director of the South-Eastem 
 Kailway, and Chairman of the Na- 
 tional Provident Institution. Hav- 
 ing been an unsuccessful candidate 
 for Perth^ in May, lSo2, he was 
 elected in the Libei'al interest for 
 Northampton in 1857, re-elected at 
 the t^eneral elections in 1859, 18G5, 
 and 18G8, was appointed Secretary 
 to the Poor-Law Board on the re- 
 turn of Lord Palmerston to office in 
 June, 1850, and resigned in Feb., 
 18G5. 
 
 GIRDLESTONE, Rev. Edward 
 [1805—1881], was educated at Bal- 
 liol College, Oxford, where he took 
 his M.A. degree in 1829. He be- 
 came Vicar of Deane, Lancashire, 
 in 1830 ; Canon Residentiary of 
 Bristol in 1854 ; Vicar of St. Nicho- 
 las with St. Leonard's, Bristol, in 
 1855 ; Vicar of Wapley, Gloucester- 
 shire, 1858 ; Vicar of Hallerton, 
 Devonshire, 1862 ; and in 1872 
 Vicar of Olveston, near Bristol. 
 From 1867 to liis death he took a 
 keen and active interest in the 
 cause of the agricultiu-al labourer. 
 At a meeting of the British Asso- 
 ciation at Norwich in 1868 he made 
 the first suggestion of an Agricul- 
 tural Labourers' Union ; and sub- 
 sequently in London, Exeter, Bris- 
 tol, Bath, and other places read 
 papers, and spoke on the same 
 subject at meetings of the British 
 Association, the Social Science 
 Congress, and the Chui'ch Congress. 
 He removed no fewer than 600 
 families from the badly-paid dis- 
 tricts of the West of England to the 
 better paid districts of the North, 
 and thus gave the first imjjulse to 
 a movement which was afterwards 
 largely extended. 
 
 GISBORNE, Thomas, a popular 
 member of the Anti-Corn Law 
 League, sat for Stafford in the 
 House of Commons 1830-31 for the 
 Northern Division of Derbyshire in 
 the first reformed Parliament, and 
 again in 1835, and was elected for 
 Nottingham in 18 13, with Mr. John 
 Walter, junior. He took an active 
 and vigorous part in the Anti-Corn 
 
 Law struggle, joined freely in the 
 discussions in the House, and wjis 
 a popular speaker at the Free Trade 
 gatherings in Drury Lane. It was 
 said of him that he " was a Whig, 
 and a good deal more. He pos- 
 sessed strong political convictions, 
 and had a peculiarly racy and clear- 
 headed way of exjjressing them. 
 His career in Parliament was broken 
 and disjointed ; but, when a mem- 
 ber of the House, he always pos- 
 sessed its ear, and he sat and voted 
 with the Radical party." He died 
 at Yoxall Lodge, Staffordshire, in 
 his 58th year, July 20, 1852. 
 
 GLASS, Sir Richard Atwood 
 [1820—1873], bom at Bradford, 
 Wilts, began life in the office 
 of an accountant in the City, and 
 in the course of his professional 
 duties became acquainted with Mr. 
 Elliot, who was connected with the 
 wire-rope manufactui'ing works of 
 Messrs. Kuper and Co. In 1852 
 Mr. Glass first adapted the wire- 
 covering to submarine cables, ap- 
 plied it to the Dover and Calais 
 cable (then partly completed), and 
 afterwards to numerous others. In 
 the early days of Atlantic tele- 
 graphy, Mr. Glass gave most valu- 
 able support to the enterprise by 
 the manufacture of various kinds 
 of cable, and those for the Atlantic 
 of 1865 and 1866 were made under 
 his superintendence. He received 
 the honoiu- of knighthood for his 
 exertions in the laying of the At- 
 lantic cable, Nov. 27, 1866. Mr. 
 Glass quitted the Telegraph Con- 
 struction and Maintenance Company 
 in 1867, and afterwards became 
 chairman of the Anglo-American 
 Telegraph Company. He repre- 
 sented Bewdley in the House of 
 Commons from Dec. 1868 to March, 
 1869. 
 
 GLENELG, Lord the Right 
 Hon. Charles Grant [1780 — 1866 ', 
 first and last Baron Glenelg, of 
 Glenelg, in Inverness-shire, was 
 the eldest son of Mr. Charles Grant, 
 many years M.P. for Inverness- 
 shire, and brother of the Right 
 
 A A 
 
35A 
 
 GLOUCESTEE. 
 
 Hon. Kobert Grant, some time 
 Governor of Bombay. He was 
 born in India, and educated at 
 Magdalen College, Cambridge, 
 ■\vliere he graduated in high honours 
 in 1801. In 1807 he was called to 
 the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, but never 
 practised, preferring his chance of 
 political to legal honours. He 
 entered Parliament as member for 
 Montrose in 1807, which he repre- 
 sented without interruption till 
 1818, when he was elected for 
 Inverness-shire, and sat for that 
 county till his elevation to the 
 Peerage, in 1835. From 1819 to 
 1822 he was Chief Secretai'y for 
 Ireland; from 1823 to 1827 Vice- 
 President, and from 1827 to 1828 
 President of the Board of Trade. 
 From 1830 to 1834, as a Whig, he 
 was President of the Board of 
 Control; and from 1831 to 1839 
 Secretary to the Colonies. The 
 Canadian rebellion (1838), however, 
 proved fatal to his reputation, and 
 he resigned his office in Jan., 1839. 
 He approved of the celebrated 
 *' Ordinance " of Lord Durham, by 
 which the rebels, who confessed 
 their guilt, and submitted to the 
 Queen's pleasure, were to be sent 
 off to Bermuda — under constraint — 
 and punished with death if they 
 returned. The ordinance was dis- 
 allowed. Lord Durham was recalled, 
 and Lord Glenelg, because he had 
 approved of his conduct, resigned. 
 He did not again hold office, except 
 as a commissioner of land-tax, and 
 accepted the pension of ,£2,000. 
 He could not be called a brilliant 
 statesman, but he was a very active 
 politician, and to the last, behind 
 the scenes. As he was never mar- 
 ried, the title became extinct. 
 
 GLOUCESTER, H.E.H. Prin- 
 cess Mart, Duchess or, fourth 
 daughter and last siu-viving child 
 of George III., was born April 25, 
 1776, and married July 22, 1816, 
 her cousin. Prince William Frede- 
 rick, Duke of Gloucester and Edin- 
 burgh. In early life she was knoAvn 
 p,s the Princess Mary, and spent 
 
 most of her time at Windsor, where 
 she endeared herself to the poor 
 and suffering by her active and 
 cheerful benevolence . There would 
 seem to have been a kind of under- 
 standing between herself and the 
 Duke of Gloucester for some little 
 time before the birth of the Prin- 
 cess Charlotte put an end to their 
 hopes. The Duke of Gloucester 
 was to be kept single to marry the 
 presumjDtive heiress to the Throne, 
 in case no eligible foreign prince 
 appeared to claim her hand. The 
 Duke and Princess Avere kept wait- 
 ing for 20 years, during which time, 
 in 1805, he succeeded to his father's 
 title. At last, when the Princess 
 Charlotte married the Prince of 
 Orange, the Duke and Duchess 
 were married a few weeks later, 
 July 22, 1816. They did not apply 
 to Parliament for an increase of 
 income, but managed to make their 
 means suffice, besides setting aside 
 something for benevolent objects. 
 They lived together 18 years, the 
 Duke dying in 1834, after which 
 the Princess lived a very retired 
 life, and died at her residence, 
 Gloucester House, Park Lane, aged 
 80, April 30, 1857. 
 
 GLOUCESTEE, H.E.H. Prin- 
 cess Sophia Matilda of [1773 — 
 1844], Eanger of Greenwich Park, 
 was the eldest child of Prince Wil- 
 liam Henry, Duke of Gloucester 
 (George III.'s brother), by Maria, 
 Countess Dowager of Waldegrave, 
 widow of James, second Earl of 
 Waldegrave, K.G. As the King had 
 not countenanced his brother's mar- 
 riage, the infant princess had been 
 privately baptized by Dr. Moss, 
 Bishop of St. David's (June 26), the 
 sponsors being the Princess Amelia 
 and the Duke and Duchess of Cum- 
 berland . For some years before her 
 death the Princess had lived alter- 
 nately in Curzon Street, Mayfair, 
 and at Blackheath, The last-named 
 residence was assigned to her as 
 Eanger of Gi'eenwich Park, in ad- 
 dition to which she received a grant 
 of d£7,000 a year. She died some- 
 
GLOVER— GOB A'l'. 
 
 
 what suddenly at her official resi- 
 dence at Blackheath, aged 71, Nov. 
 20, 1814, and was buried in St. 
 George's Chapel, Windsor. 
 
 GLOVER, Mrs. [1781—1850], 
 actress, was born at Newry, in Ire- 
 land, being the daughter of an 
 actor of some talent, who bore the 
 illustrious name of Betterton. She 
 began her theatrical career at a 
 very early age, and having gained 
 some experience in the provinces, 
 came to London and made her debnf 
 at Covont Garden in 1797, as Elwina 
 in Hannah More's " Percy/' and 
 was a great success. She after- 
 wards confined herself to comedy. 
 She appeared for the last time at 
 Drury Lane, July 12, 1850, on the 
 occasion of her benefit, in her fa- 
 voiu'ite character of Mrs. Malaprop, 
 but was so ill at the time that she 
 could barely accomplish the task, 
 and had to omit the farewell ad- 
 dress which had been written for 
 the occasion. She died four days 
 after, July 10, in her 70th year. 
 
 GLOVER, John water-colour 
 painter. H e was born at Houghton- 
 ou-the-Hill, in Leicester, where his 
 father was a small farmei", Feb. 18, 
 1767. As an artist he was self- 
 taught. In 1786 he was chosen 
 master of the free scliool of Ajspleby , 
 but in 1791 removed to Lichfield, 
 and gave himself up to drawing and 
 art teaching, in which he had great 
 success. He now began painting in 
 oil, but never attained to the sau\e 
 excellence in that medium as in 
 water-colour ; he painted landscape 
 exclusively, and was remarkable for 
 the beauty and delicacy of his at- 
 mospheric effects. After a time he 
 settled in London, and was one of the 
 foundation members of the Old 
 Water-Colour Society, and in 1815 
 president, but only held that office 
 a year. At this time he finished 
 his large oil painting of Durham 
 Cathedral, which sold for .£500, and 
 all his work of this period fetched 
 high prices. He Avas ambitious of 
 becoming a member of the Academy, 
 and, with that intent, retired from 
 
 the Old Water-colour Society in 
 1818; but the Academy did not elect 
 him, and in 1821: he was among tlie* 
 founders of the Society of British 
 Artists. Here he exhibited till 18:{(>, 
 when he went to Australia, ancl 
 finally settled in Tasmania. For 
 some years he sent homo pictures 
 for exhibition, but they did not find 
 a ready market, and during his later 
 years he painted little. He died 
 in Tasmania, Dec. 9, 1819. There 
 are two water-colour drawings by 
 him in the South Kensington Col- 
 lection. 
 
 GLOVER, William Howaud 
 [1819 — 1875], son of the well-known 
 actress, Mrs. Glover [q. v.], was born 
 at Kilburn. His early life was varied 
 and his talents versatile, for he 
 played the parts here and abroad of 
 teacher, violinist, conductor, com- 
 poser, and sometimes actor. He 
 also wrote the musical articles for 
 the Morning Post. His principal 
 works were, " Tarn O'Shanter " 
 (1855), a cantata, and the operas of 
 "Ruy Bias" (1861), and "xVminta," 
 besides operettas and many songs. 
 In 1868 he left England for Ame- 
 rica, Avhere he remained till his 
 death. 
 
 GOB AT, Samuel, D.D. [1700— 
 1870] , Anglican bishop in Jerusalem, 
 was born in Switzerland. Very 
 little is known of his early history, 
 except that he was a Presbyter of 
 the Lutheran Church in Prussia, 
 under which he served for some 
 time as a missionary in Abyssinia, 
 and was Vice-Principal of Malta 
 Protestant College. He was conse- 
 crated first bishop of Jerusalem in 
 1816, on the nomination of the 
 King of Prussia. The creation of 
 this see caused much controversy 
 and difficulty at the time when the 
 Oxford Tractarian movement was at 
 its height, and Cardinal Xewman 
 said of it in his "Apologia" — ''I 
 never heard of any good or harm it 
 has ever done, except what it has 
 done for me ; which many think a 
 great misfortune, and I one of the 
 greatest of mercies. It brought me 
 
 a A 2 
 
356 
 
 GODKIN— GOOD 
 
 to the beg-inning of the end." His 
 travels in Abyssinia were for a 
 long time tlie most authentic ac- 
 count of that country which we j)OS- 
 
 GODXm, James [1806—1879], 
 was born at Gorey, co. Wexford. 
 He was ordained as pastor of a dis- 
 senting congregation at Armagh in 
 1831, and afterwards became a 
 general missionary to Eoman Ca- 
 tholics, in connection with the Irish 
 Evangelical Society. That connec- 
 tion ceased in consequence of his 
 Avriting a prize essay on Federalism 
 called "The Rights of Ireland." 
 He came to London in 1817, and 
 became a leader-writer for several 
 provincial journals, Irish and 
 Scotch, and a contributor to reviews 
 and magazines. He was editor of 
 the Christian Patriot, a weekly 
 journal, which he established in 
 Belfast, of the Dcrry Standard, and 
 of the Dublin Daily Express, which 
 he conducted for about ten years. 
 While in that office he acted for 
 nearly seven years as Dublin corre- 
 spondent of the Times. He is the au- 
 thor of " Ireland and her Churches," 
 " The Land- War in Ireland," 
 " The Religious History of Ire- 
 land." " Illustrated History of Eng- 
 land " from 1820 to the death of the 
 Prince Consort, " Religion and Edu- 
 cation in India," and "The New 
 Handbook of Ireland." Early in 
 life he wrote several controversial 
 works. A few years before his 
 death, on Mr. Gladstone's recom- 
 mendation, the Queen conferred on 
 Mr. Godkin a pension for "literary 
 merit." 
 
 GOLDING, EiCHAED, engraver. 
 He was born in London, Aug. 15, 
 1785, and was a^DiDrenticed to an 
 engraver. He was employed by 
 West to engrave his " Death of 
 Nelson," and in 1818 he reproduced 
 Sir Thomas Lawrence's portrait of 
 the Princess Charlotte. After this 
 he received many commissions, but 
 despondency, indolence, and failing 
 eyesight frustrated his career, and 
 he died poor, lonely, and forgotten. 
 
 in Dec, 1865, Proofs of his work 
 are valuable and rare. 
 
 G M M, Field-Marshal Sir 
 William Maynard [1781—1875], 
 G.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Colonel-in- 
 chief of the Coldstream Guards, 
 and Constable of the Tower of 
 London, was the son of Lieut. -col. 
 William Gomm, and entered the 
 army in 1798 as ensign in the 9th 
 Foot. Wlum he was only fourteen 
 or sixteen years of age he carried 
 the colours of his regiment into ac- 
 tion in the campaign in Holland, 
 and served throughout those opera- 
 tions in 1799. He took an active part 
 also in the expeditions to France 
 and Spain in 1801, to Hanover in 
 1803, to Stralsund and Copenhagen 
 in 1805, and to Walcheren, at the 
 siege of Flushing, and throughout 
 the Peninsular campaign. He took 
 part in the campaign under the 
 Duke of Wellington in Flanders in 
 1815, and at the battle of Waterloo 
 acted as Quartermaster-General to 
 the division under Sir Thomas 
 Picton. At the close of the war he 
 was made a K.C.B., and was one of 
 the officers transferred for distin- 
 guished services from the Line 
 Regiments to the Guards (1839). 
 he also received the gold medal 
 and clasps for Badajoz, Salamanca, 
 Vittoria, San Sebastian, and Nive, 
 and the silver medal and clasps for 
 Roleia, Vimiera, Corunna, Busaco, 
 Fuentes d'Onor, and Nivelle. He 
 subsequently held the posts of 
 Commander of the Forces, and 
 Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica, 
 Commander of the Northern Dis- 
 tricts, Governor and Commander- 
 in-chief of the Mauritius, and Com- 
 mander-in-chief in India. He was 
 created a Field-Marshal Jan. 1, 
 1868, and in Nov., 1872, was ap- 
 pointed Constable of the Tower, 
 
 GOOD, Thomas Sword. He was 
 born at Berwick-on-Tweed, 1789, 
 and began life as a house- j)ainter, 
 but later painted figure pieces in 
 the style of Wilkie — small in scale, 
 highly finished, and full of charac- 
 ter. He first appears as an exhi- 
 
GOODALL— GOODFORD. 
 
 357 
 
 hitor to the Acadoniy in 1S20. ami 
 coininj;" up to London in 1822 was a 
 constant exhibitor till IKi'.i, wlicn, 
 after havin*^ exhibited sixty-four 
 works, and attained considerable 
 repiitation, he ceased to paint pro- 
 fessionally. He died in 1872. Amonj^ 
 his works may be mentioned, " A 
 Scotch Shepherd," his first exhibit, 
 "The Truant," "The Industrious 
 Mother," " The Merry Cottagers," 
 "Smugglers Resting;" also "The 
 Newspaper," "No News," "Study 
 of a Boy," which are in the National 
 Gallery, and a brilliant little por- 
 trait of Thomas Bewick, which is 
 in the Museum at Newcastle. 
 
 GOODALL, Edward, engraver. 
 He was born at Leeds in Sept., 
 1795, and from the age of sixteen 
 devoted himself to the study of art, 
 more especially of engraving. His 
 work attracted the attention of 
 Turner, who made him a standing 
 otfer to engrave his paintings as 
 they were produced. From that 
 time Goodall abandoned painting 
 entirely ; he reproduced in exqui- 
 site "line" many of Turner's finest 
 landscapes, besides small plates for 
 book illustrations, such as, " The 
 South Coasts," Rogers' " Italy,'^ and 
 the "Literary Souvenir." He died 
 at his house in the Hampstead 
 Road, April 11, 1870. 
 
 GOODALL, The Rev. Joseph, 
 D.D. [1700— 18 iO], Provost of Eton, 
 Canon of Windsor, and Rector of 
 West Ilsley, Berks, was educated 
 at Eton, and at King's College, 
 Cambridge, where he obtained a 
 scholarship in 1782, and in 1783 was 
 made a Fellow of his college. In 
 the latter year he was recalled to 
 Eton as assistant-master, and suc- 
 ceeded to the head-mastership in 
 1801, on the resignation of Dr. 
 George Heath. In 1808 
 made canon of Windsor, 
 the death of Dr. Davies, 
 pointed provost at the 
 desire of George HI. 
 
 GOODE, The Very Rev. Wil- 
 liam, D.D., F.S.A. [1801— 18G8], 
 Dean of Ripon^ son of the late Rev. 
 
 he was 
 
 and on 
 
 was ap- 
 
 express 
 
 William Goodo, rector of St. An- 
 drew's and St. Ann's, Blackfriars, 
 was educated at St. Paul's School 
 and Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 where lie took a first-class in 1822, 
 and graduated in 1825. He was or- 
 dained in 1825, was appointed in 
 1835 rector of St.Antholin, Watling 
 Street, whence he was transferred, 
 in 1819, to Allhallows the Great, 
 Thames Street ; and in 1850 to St. 
 Margaret's, Lothbury. For several 
 years he was editor of the Christian 
 Observer, and was indefatigable in 
 his exertions in the cause of what 
 are generally known as E vangelical 
 principles in the Church of England. 
 In 180O he was advanced l>v Lord 
 Palmerstonto the Deanery of Ripon. 
 He is the author of a "Memoir" of 
 his father, of a large number of 
 tracts, pamphlets, letters, and 
 speeches upon the Church-rate ques- 
 tion, the Tractarian controversy, &c. 
 (of which the most important is his 
 letter to the bishop of Exeter on 
 the Gorham case) ; of the following 
 larger and more permanent works: — 
 "The Divine Rule of Faith and 
 Practice " (a systematic exposition 
 of the leading doctrines of Protes- 
 tant theology); "The Doctrine of 
 the Church of England as to the 
 Effects of Baptism in the case of 
 Infants ; " and " The Nature of 
 Christ's Presence m the Eucharist," 
 a vindication of the reformed doc- 
 trine on the subject against the 
 teaching of Archdeacons Denison 
 and Wilberforce and Dr. Pusev. 
 
 GOODFORD, Rev. Charles 
 Old, D.D. [1812—1881], Provost of 
 Eton College, was the eldest son of 
 Mr. John Goodford, of Chilton 
 Cantelo, near Ilchester, Somerset- 
 shire. He was educated as a " col- 
 leger " at Eton, whence he passed 
 in due coui'se to King's College, 
 Cambridge. He took his B.A. de- 
 gree in 1830, and proceeded M.A. 
 in 1839. He held his fellowship 
 only for a short time, vacating it 
 on his marriage in 18 IL He was 
 ordained deacon 18 13, and admitted 
 into priest's orders in the following 
 
358 
 
 GOODMAN— aOOLD. 
 
 year. He was for several years an 
 assistant master of Eton College, 
 and held tlie Head-Mastership of 
 Eton from 1853 to 1862, when he 
 was promoted to the Provostship of 
 the College in the jDlace of Dr. 
 Hawtrey. Dr. Goodford was some- 
 what conservative and unwilling- to 
 introduce changes in the school 
 routine as Head-Master, or to 
 sanction them as Provost ; but he 
 was kindly, amiable, and jDopular 
 with those who were brought into 
 official relations with him. In 
 1854 he edited an edition of the 
 comedies of Terence. He held the 
 family living of Chilton Cantelo 
 Avith Ashington from 1818. 
 
 GOODMAN, Major-General 
 Stephen Arthur, C.B., K.H., 
 entered the army in 1791 as ensign 
 in the -18th Foot, and obtained his 
 lieutenancy in 1795 in the same 
 regiment. He was present at the 
 battle of Marengo and the sur- 
 render of Malta in 1800, and in 1809, 
 having obtained his company in 
 the iSth, went to join the army of 
 the Peninsula, where he distin- 
 guished himself, and was appointed 
 Judge-Advocate-General and Assis- 
 tant-Adjutant-General to the staff. 
 He received his majority in 1813, 
 and took an active part in the siege 
 of Burgos and dui-ing the retreat 
 of the British army from before 
 that town to the frontier of Portu- 
 gal. He was soon after appointed 
 Judge- Advocate-General to the 
 army under the Prince of Orange 
 at Brussels, a post he subsequently 
 filled to the army of the Duke of 
 Wellington. He was made Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel in 1813, was present 
 at the battle of Waterloo, 1815, 
 and in 1819 was appointed Colonial 
 Secretary to the colony of Berbice. 
 From 1821 to the time of his death 
 in 1844, he was Vendue-Master of 
 Demerara and Essequibo, a very 
 lucrative post in those days . He ob- 
 tained the rank of Colonel in 1830, 
 and Major-General in 1842. He 
 died in British Guiana, Jan. 2, 
 1844. 
 
 GOODWIN, Charles Wycliefe 
 [1817—1878], son of Charles Good- 
 win, Esq., and born at King's 
 Lynn, and educated at St. Cathe- 
 rine's College, Cambridge, where 
 he graduated B.A. in high classical 
 honours in 1838, and was chosen 
 Fellow of his College. He ceased 
 to be a Fellow in 1817, and was 
 called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn 
 in 1848. He edited the "Anglo- 
 Saxon Life of St. Guthlac ; " the 
 " Anglo-Saxon Legends of St. An- 
 drew and St. Veronica ; " a " Greek 
 Fragment upon Magic ; " the 
 " CojDyhold Enfranchisement Act ;" 
 the " Succession Duty Act ; " and 
 the " Probate Act ; " was the author 
 of an essay on " Hiei-atic Papyri," 
 in the " Cambridge Essays " for 
 1858 ; and of a much-discussed 
 paper on "The Mosaic Cosmogony," 
 in the celebrated volume called 
 " Essays and Keviews." 
 
 GOOLD, Thomas, one of the 
 Masters of the Court of Chancery 
 in Ireland, was born in Cork, and 
 called to the Irish Bar in 1791, 
 being, it was said, with the excep- 
 tion of Lord Plunkett, one of the 
 last of that brilliant assembly of 
 wits that shone in Ii'eland towards 
 the close of the last century. He 
 was the contemjDorary and asso- 
 ciate of all the celebrities of that 
 day, of Flood, Woolfe, Fitzgibbon, 
 Ogle, Saurin, Plunkett, Grattan, 
 and Bushe. He spent a large for- 
 tune in entertaining all these bril- 
 liant friends, and was obliged at 
 an advanced age to devote himself 
 seriously to his business. He 
 worked with such vigoui- and per- 
 severance that in a short time he 
 had established himself at the head 
 of liis branch of the profession, and 
 was said to be the best nisi prius 
 lawyer who ever held a brief at the 
 Irish Bar. He was apjDointed third 
 Serjeant in 1823, King's serjeant in 
 1830, and Master in Chancery in 
 1832. He died at the seat of his 
 son-in-law. Sir Robert Gore Booth, 
 Bart., Lissadell, (;o. Sligo, July 10, 
 184C. 
 
GORDON, 
 
 359 
 
 GORDON, Lord, The Right 
 Hon. Edward Strathearn, M.P. 
 [181-i— 1879], son of Major John 
 Gordon, 2nil Queen's Ke«>inient, 
 was born at Inverness, and educated 
 at the Edinburj^h University. He 
 was called to the Scotch Bar in 
 1835, and from 1858 to 1800 held 
 the post of Sheriff of Perthshire. 
 He represented Thetford in the 
 Conservative interest from the end 
 of 1807 until the disfranchisement 
 of the borough in the following 
 year, and the Universities of Glas- 
 gow and Aberdeen from 1809 till 
 his elevation to a peerage. In 
 1800-7 he was appointed Solicitor- 
 General for Scotland, and in 1807-8 
 Lord Advocate. The latter office 
 he also held from 1874, when the 
 Conservatives returned to power, 
 until 1870, when he was created a 
 Lord of Appeal, under the Appellate 
 Jurisdiction Act of that year, and 
 created Baron Gordon. The title 
 was not hereditary. 
 
 GORDON, Sir James Alexan- 
 der, Admiral R.N., G.C.B. [1782 
 — 1809], son of the late Charles 
 Gordon, Esq., of Wardhouse, Aber- 
 deenshire, entered the navy at 
 an early age, and took part in 
 Lord Bridport's action off Basque 
 Roads, and in the battles of St. 
 Vincent and the Nile. He was 
 employed in the Adriatic, fought 
 two frigate actions in 1811, losing 
 his leg in the second ; afterwards 
 served with distinction in cominand 
 of the expedition to the Potomac, 
 captured Alexandria, near Wash- 
 ington, and was engaged at the 
 siege of New Orleans. He was ap- 
 pointed Lieut. -Governor of Green- 
 wich Hospital in 1840, was promoted 
 to the post of Governor in 1853 ; 
 and had a pension of ^300 a year. 
 
 GORDON, Sir John Watson, 
 Knt., R.A., P.R.S.A. He was the 
 son of a captain in the navy, and 
 was born in Edinburgh, 1790. In 
 early life he painted genre and his- 
 torical subjects, but eventually 
 found his true j^lace as a portrait- 
 painter, and had many of his more 
 
 distinguished countrymen among 
 his sitters. At the death of Rae- 
 burn, in 1823, he monopolised most 
 of the Scotch practice, but for 
 many years his fame remained 
 local. He was one of the first 
 members of the Scottish Academy, 
 and was chosen President in 1850. 
 In that year he was appointed 
 Queen's Limner for Scotland and 
 knighted. He was also elected a 
 member of the Academy in London, 
 to whose exhibition he contributed 
 123 works. His portraits, especially 
 his male heads, are full of vigour 
 and character, and have the quali- 
 ties of touch and tone for which 
 the best Scotch art has been dis- 
 tinguished since the days of 
 Raeburn. He died suddenly on 
 June 1, 1801, aged 7-1. There are 
 three portraits by him in the 
 National Portrait Gallery at South 
 Kensington. He left funds to en- 
 dow a Professorship of Fine Art in 
 the Edinburgh University. 
 
 GORDON, Sir John William, 
 K.C.B. [1814— 1870J, w^as the eldest 
 son of Thomas Gordon, Esq., of 
 Harperfield, and grandson of John 
 Gordon-Cumming,Esq., of Pitburg, 
 Aberdeenshire. He entered the 
 Royal Engineers in 1833, and pro- 
 ceeded to Bermuda, from whence 
 he retiu-ned in 1818. On the out- 
 break of the Crimean war he was 
 named for one of the first detach- 
 ments of Engineers to be sent to 
 the East. Within a month he was 
 raised to the command of his regi- 
 ment, under the supervision of Sir 
 John Burgoyne, and took part in 
 the battles of the Alma and Inker- 
 mann. At the siege of Sebastopol 
 he directed the right attack, and 
 was severely wounded while re- 
 pelling a sortie in the trenches be- 
 fore the fortress. For four months 
 he commanded the Engineers 
 during the expedition to Kertch 
 and Yeni Kale, when the state 
 of his wounds compelled him 
 to return to England. He was 
 then appointed to the com- 
 mand of th*e Engineers at Ports- 
 
360 
 
 GOEDON. 
 
 mouth, and made aide-de-camp to 
 the Queen. His services were 
 varied by a «all to Canada when 
 the " Trent " affair threatened us 
 in that quarter. In 1865 he was 
 nominated a K.C.B., and promoted 
 to the rank of Major-General in 
 1866. He also held the appoint- 
 ment of Inspector-General of Eoyal 
 Engineers. He was a Knight of 
 the Legion of Honour, and of the 
 third chiss of the Order of the 
 Mejidie. 
 
 GOEDON, Lucie, Lady Duff 
 [1821 — 1869], born in London, was 
 the only child of John and Sarah 
 Austin (q. v.). Up to the age of 
 fifteen she was educated at home, 
 and then she was sent to a school 
 at Clapham, In ISK) she mar- 
 ried Sir Alexander Cornewall 
 Duff-Gordon, third Baronet of 
 Halkin, in the county of Ayr. 
 She produced several excellent 
 translations of valuable foreign 
 works. Among them may be men- 
 tioned Niebuhr's" Greek Legends," 
 ♦' The Amber Witch," " The French 
 in Algiers," and Feuerbach's " Ee- 
 markable German Crimes and 
 Trials." Lady Duff-Gordon had 
 long been an invalid, and went to 
 Egypt in 1862, where she died at 
 Cairo. 
 
 GOEDON, THE Eight Hon. Sir 
 Egbert, G.C.B., G.C.H. [1791— 
 1847], at one time Her Majesty's 
 Ambassador at the Court of Austria, 
 was the fifth son of George Lord 
 Haddo. He was educated at Christ 
 Chui-ch, Oxford, and in 1810 was 
 appointed attache to the embassy 
 at Persia. Having served as secre- 
 tary of embassy at the Hague, and 
 at Vienna, he went, in 1826, to the 
 Brazils, as Envoy Extraordinary 
 and Minister Plenipotentiary, and 
 was sworn a Privy Councillor. He 
 was afterwards successively Am- 
 bassador Extraordinary at Constan- 
 tinople, and to the Court of Vienna. 
 He was made a G.C.H. in 1819, 
 andaG.C.B. in 1829. 
 
 GOEDON, Theodore [1786— 
 18-15], Deputy-Inspector-General of , 
 
 Army Hospitals stationed in Lon- 
 don, was, in 1803, appointed As- 
 sistant-Surgeon of the 16th Gar- 
 rison Battalion, and in 1805 ac- 
 companied Lord Cathcart's army to 
 Germany. He went with Sir Arthur 
 Wellesley's army to Poi'tugal in 
 1S07, and fought under him at 
 Vimiera, Salamanca, Vittoria, the 
 sieges of Badajos and St. Sebastian, 
 kc. He accompanied the victorious 
 army to France, but being wounded 
 in the neck by a musket-ball, he 
 had to return home to have the 
 ball extracted. He was appointed 
 Staff Surgeon at Chelsea Hospital, 
 where he remained till 1815, when 
 the Waterloo campaign called all 
 the medical officers of the army 
 into requisition, and he was sent 
 to Brussels in charge of one of the 
 largest hospitals for the wounded. 
 He Avas subsequently promoted to 
 be Physician to the Forces, and 
 fx'om 1815 to 1836 was Professional 
 Assistant at the Medical Board of 
 the Army Medical Department. 
 He was made Deputy Inspector- 
 General of Hospitals in 1836. He 
 married, in 1822, a niece of Major- 
 General Sir Eobert Barclay, K.C.B. 
 Hon. East India Company's Service. 
 He died at Brighton, April 30, 1815. 
 GOSS, Sir John [1800—1880], 
 was born at Fareham, Hants, his 
 father being organist of that place. 
 Early in 1811 he became one of the 
 " young gentlemen " of the Chapel 
 Eoyal, St. James's, under the charge 
 of John Stafford Smith ; was a jDupil 
 of Thomas Attwood, and succeeded 
 him as organist of St. Paul's, in 
 April, 1838, having previously been 
 organist at St. Luke's, Chelsea. He 
 was appointed Composer to Her 
 Majesty's Chapels Eoyal on the 
 death of Mr. William Knyvett, in 
 1856. Mr. Goss composed the " Te 
 Demn," and the Anthem " The 
 Lord is My Strength," performed 
 at the Thanksgiving service held 
 in St. Paul's Cathedral, Feb. 27, 
 1872, in commemoration of the 
 recovery of the Prince of Wales 
 from a dangerous sickness. This 
 
GOSSELIN— GOUGH. 
 
 3G1 
 
 gained for him the honour of 
 kniirhthoocl. Sir Jolin Goss re- 
 
 signed the post of 
 
 organist 
 
 of 
 
 St. Paul's in 1872. He was also 
 the author of various orchestral 
 compositions (MS.), including over- 
 tures in F minor and E flat, as 
 well as of numerous glees and 
 anthems. Of the glees may be 
 mentioned, " There is Beauty on 
 the Mountain" and "O Thou 
 "Whose Beams." Amongst the 
 anthems we may name, " If we 
 believe," a dirge composed for the 
 funeral of the Duke of Wellington, 
 in 1852, and "Praise the Lord, O 
 my Soul," written for the bicen- 
 tenary festival of the Sons of the 
 Clergy. His later compositions in- 
 clude the " Wilderness " and " O 
 Saviour of the World ; " besides the 
 Thanksgiving " Te Deum" and 
 anthem alreadv mentioned. 
 
 GOSSELIN, Sib Thomas Le , 
 Marchant [1765 — 1857], was the 
 second son of Joshua Gosselin, Co- \ 
 lonel of the North Eegiment of 
 Militia, by Martha, daughter of 
 Thomas Le Marchant, of Guernsey. 
 He entered the navy in 1778, and 
 in 1779, while serving on board the i 
 Ardent, was taken prisoner, and ' 
 kept at Alen^on, in Normandy, for i 
 three months. He afterwards : 
 served under Sir Samuel Hood at , 
 the reduction of the island of St. , 
 Eustatius, and at the actions off | 
 St. Kitts, 1792. In 1798 he went : 
 out to Jamaica and the Leeward : 
 Islands, taking out the Governor- | 
 General, Major-Gen. Bowyer, and 
 Staff, and was presented with a 
 valuaVjle sword by the masters of 
 the merchantmen, as a mark of j 
 their esteem. He was appointed ^ 
 to the Audacious, 74, in 180G, ' 
 and went out to the West Indies 
 in pursuit of Jerome Bonaparte. 
 After this he was employed in 
 conducting the armv under Sir 
 John Moore to and from Gotten- 
 burg, in conveying that officer, ' 
 with Sir Harry Burrard and Sir 
 John Hope, to Portugal, where he ' 
 took charge of the transports, and , 
 
 superintended the embarkation of 
 the army after the battle of Co- 
 runna. For his services on the 
 latter occasion he received the 
 thanks of both Houses of Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 GOUGH (Viscount), The Right 
 Hon. Hugh, K.P., G.C.B. [1779— 
 1809], a field-marshal in the army, 
 the son of George Gough, Esq., of 
 Woodstown, Limerick, was born 
 Nov. 3, 1779, entered the army in 
 179A, served at the capture of the 
 Cape of Good Hope and the Dutch 
 fleet in Saldanha Bay, in 1795, and 
 afterwards in the West Indies, in- 
 cluding the attack on Porto Eico, 
 the brigand war in St. Lucia, and 
 the capture of Surinam. He pro- 
 ceeded to the Peninsula in 18U9, 
 and commanded the 87th at the 
 battles of Talavera, Barossa, Yit- 
 toria, and Nivelle, for which en- 
 gagements he received a cross, and 
 at the sieges of Cadiz and Tariff a, 
 where he was wounded in the head. 
 At Barossa, his regiment captured 
 the eagle of the 8th French regi- 
 ment, and at Vittoria the baton of 
 Marshal Jourdan. At Nivelle he 
 was again severely wounded. He 
 commanded the laud force at the 
 attack on Canton, for which he was 
 made a G.C.B. ; and during nearly 
 the whole of the operations in 
 China in 1811-2, for which services 
 he was created a baronet. With the 
 right wing of the army of Gwalic)r, 
 he defeated a Mahratta force at 
 Maharajpore, and captured fifty- 
 six guns. Dec. 29, 1813. In 1845 
 and 1810, the army under his com- 
 mand, supported by Lord Hardinge, 
 then Governor-General, in person, 
 defeated the Sikh army at Moodkee, 
 Ferozeshah, and Sobraon ; and for 
 these services he received the thanks 
 of both Houses of Parliament, and 
 was raised to the peei-age. During 
 the last desperate struggle with the 
 Sikhs in 1S18-9, Lord Gough dis- 
 played his usual valour and deter- 
 mination, and subdued the warlike 
 enemy, though at a great expendi- 
 ture of human life. For this, in 
 
3G2 
 
 GOULBUEN— GRACE. 
 
 1850, he received from his sovereign 
 additional rank in the peerage ; 
 from the East-India Company an 
 annual pension of .£2,000 ; and a 
 similar pension from Parliament 
 for himself and his next two suc- 
 cessors in the viscountcy. Lord 
 Gough was Colonel of the Roval 
 Horse Guards, Colonel-in-chief of 
 the GOth Royal Rifles, Colonel of 
 the London Irish Volunteer Rifles ; 
 a Knight of St. Patrick, of the Star 
 of India, and of St. Charles of 
 Spain, and a Privy Councillor. In 
 1SG2 he received the Field-Mar- 
 shal's b'Uon. 
 
 GOULBURN, THE Right Hon. 
 Henry [178t— 185G],M.P. for Cam- 
 bridge, a Deputy-Lieutenant of 
 Surrey, M.A. and D.C.L., was the 
 eldest son of Munbee Goulburn, 
 Esq., of Portland Place, and was 
 educated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge. He represented the borough 
 of Horsham in Pai-liament in 1807, 
 was made Under-Secretai*y of State 
 for the Home Department in 1810, 
 and in 1812 was elected for St. 
 Germans. From the latter year 
 till 1821 he was Under-Secretary 
 of State for the Colonies. He sat 
 in the House for West Looe, 1818- 
 1820, and for Armagh, 1826-1831. 
 He was made Chief Secretary for 
 Ireland in 1821, and Chancellor of 
 the Exchequer in 1828, an office he 
 held till the retirement of the Duke 
 of Wellington, in 1830. Mr. Goul- 
 bui'u was returned for the Univer- 
 sity of Cambridge in 1831, and 
 continued to represent it till his 
 death, in 1856. He was made 
 Secretary of State for the Home 
 Department in 1834, and in 1841 
 again became Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer, under Sir Robert Peel. 
 He retii-ed with Sir Robert Peel in 
 1846, and took no very active part 
 in politics afterwards. He was 
 created D.C.L. by the University 
 of Oxford, in 1834. He married, 
 in 1811, the Hon. Jane Montagu, 
 third daughter of Matthew, fourth 
 Lord Rokeby. 
 
 GOULD, John, F.R.S. [1804— 
 
 1881], was born at Lyme in Dorset- 
 shire. He early developed a strong 
 liking for the study of nature, and 
 spent the interval between his 
 fourteenth and twentieth years 
 with Mr. J. T. Alton at the Royal 
 Gardens, Windsor, where he soon 
 acquired a taste for botany and 
 floriculture. He afterwards con- 
 tinued his studies in London. In 
 1830 he became possessed of a fine 
 series of birds from the hill 
 countries of India, and in the fol- 
 lowing year he proceeded to illus- 
 trate the more important species in 
 a work, which he published under 
 the title of " A Century of Birds 
 from the Himalaya Mountains." 
 Next came a " Monograph of the 
 Ramphastidae " (Toucans), 1834; 
 the "^Icones Avium,"" 1837; a 
 " Monograph of the Trogonidae," 
 1838 ; and the great work on the 
 " Birds of Europe," 1837. In 1838 
 Mr. Gould Avent to Australia for 
 j the purpose of studying the natural 
 j productions of that country. The 
 result of this visit was " The Birds 
 of Australia," a work in seven folio 
 { volumes, containing figures and 
 ; descriptions of upwards of six hun- 
 dred species. His next great com- 
 pleted works were the " Birds of 
 Great Britain," and the " Mammals 
 of Australia," those on the " Birds 
 of Asia " and the " Birds of New 
 Guinea" being still unfinished at 
 the time of his death. Mr. Gould 
 devoted much attention to hum- 
 ming birds, and formed an un- 
 rivalled collection, which he exhi- 
 bited in 1851 at the Zoological 
 Society's Gardens. These, with 
 various other specimens, stuffed 
 with extraordinary skill by Mr. 
 Gould, were, in 1882, purchased 
 by the British Museum. He was 
 elected a Fellow of the Zoological 
 Society in 1840, and contributed 
 largely to its Proceedings, and to 
 other scientific journals. 
 \ GRACE, Gilbert Frederick, 
 : the youngest of the three cricketers 
 j known as " The Three Graces." 
 \ died quite suddenly of inflammation 
 
GRAFTON— GRAHAM. 
 
 3G3 
 
 of the lun«:ifs at an hotel in Basin«^- 
 stoke, Sept. 22, 1880, at the early 
 age of 2i>. The last match that he 
 played in was the " South of En<jf- 
 land versus Stroud." He was not 
 so famous as his brothers, Imt was 
 in many respects a first-rate 
 cricketer. 
 
 GRAFTON, Fourth Duke of. 
 Most Noble George Henry Fitz- 
 ROY [17G0 — 1811], was born in 
 George II. 's reign, so that he had 
 lived to be the suVjject of five suc- 
 cessive monarchs. His father was 
 Chancellor of the University of 
 Cambridge, and there he was edu- 
 cated at Trinity College, and sub- 
 sequently became one of the repre- 
 sentatives of the University in 
 Parliament. He and Pitt were 
 returned for the University in 
 
 1781, in opposition to Lord John 
 Townshend and Mr. James Mans- 
 field (afterwards Chief Justice), 
 who were partisans of Fox's 
 memorable India Bill, of which 
 their constituents mostly disap- 
 proved. He continued to sit for 
 Cambridge for 27 years, his parlia 
 mentary connection with the Uni- 
 versity only ceasing when he was 
 raised to the peerage on the death 
 of his father in 1811. He entered 
 Parliament as a Tory, but long 
 before the death of Pitt he became 
 a Whig. He married, in 1781, 
 Lady Maria Charlotte Waldegrave, 
 second daughter of James, Second 
 Earl Waldegrave, whose widow 
 married the Duke of Gloucester, an 
 event which was said to have had 
 considerable influence in producing 
 tlie Royal Marriage Act. 
 
 GRAHAM, Miss Stirling, was 
 born at Seagate, Dundee, May 4, 
 
 1782, and was the daughter of 
 Patrick Stirling, Esq., of Pitten- 
 di-eich, Forfarshire. She was the 
 last representative of the Royalist 
 House of Dundee, the line, on the 
 death of Viscount John at Killie- 
 crankie, having been taken up by 
 her ancestor David, of Duntrune. 
 She was a highly gifted woman, 
 v>'ell kno-sxii in Edinburgh society 
 
 in the palmy days of Jeffrey, Cock- 
 Imrn, Ac, and was possessed of an 
 extraordinary power of mimicry. 
 An amusing account of her p<'rso- 
 nations of other people will b»' found 
 in her " Mystifications," published 
 in 1808, which is dedicated to 
 her friend Mrs. Gillies. In 1829 
 she translated " The Bee Book," 
 from the work of De Gelien, for 
 which she received a medal from 
 the Highland Society. Sir Walter 
 Scott met her at an evening party, 
 and has written an account of her 
 very clever personation of an old 
 lady. She died Aug. 2'.i, 1877. 
 
 GRAHAM, Thomas, M.A., 
 D.C.L., F.R.S. [1805—1809], Mas- 
 ter of the Mint, and one of the 
 most eminent chemists of the day, 
 w^as born Dec. 21, 1805, at Glasgow, 
 where his father carried on business 
 as a merchant and manufacturer. 
 After attending the Glasgow- 
 School, he entered the University 
 of Glasgow, took the degree of 
 M.A. in 1820, passed two years in 
 Edinburgh, and returned to his 
 native place, w^here he established 
 a laboratory for the practical study 
 of chemistry, and tigui-ed as lec- 
 turer to the Mechanics' Institute. 
 Elected Andersonian Professor at 
 Glasgow, he held that office till 
 1837, when he was appointed to 
 the Professorship of Chemistry in 
 the London University, which post 
 he retained till, on the retirement 
 of Sir John Herschel, in 1855, he 
 received the Mastership of the 
 Mint. Mr. Graham's scientific ac- 
 quirements were attested by his 
 discoveries and his works. Among 
 the most remarkable of the former 
 is the law of the diffusion of gases, 
 to which the Keith Prize of the 
 Royal Society of Edinburgh was 
 awarded in 1831; his specxilations 
 on the constitution of phosphates 
 and other salts, and his discovery 
 of the diffusion of liquids, and of 
 the new method of separation 
 known as dialysis, which were re- 
 warded by tlie Copley Medal of the 
 Royal Society in 1802. Among his 
 
361 
 
 GRANT. 
 
 works may be mentioned " Ele- 
 ments of Chemistry/' whieli has 
 passed throu-gh two editions in 
 England, and been extensively cir- 
 culated in Germany. In 183G Mr. 
 Graham was elected a Fellow of 
 the Eoyal Society ; in 1818 a corres- 
 ponding Member of the Academy 
 of Sciences of the Institute of 
 France ; and in 1855 was created 
 an honorary D.C.L. by. the Univer- 
 sity of Oxford. 
 
 GRANT, Sir Francis, P.R.A. 
 He was born in Edinburgh in 1801, 
 stvidied for the bar, but about 1828 
 decided to become a painter, and 
 received no regular artistic educa- 
 tion. He first exhibited, in 1831, 
 " The Breakfast at Melton," and 
 for many years devoted himself to 
 sporting pictures, which were very 
 popular, and frequently engraved. 
 " The Meet of His Majesty's Stag- 
 hounds " (1837), contained thirty- 
 six portraits of eminent sports- 
 men ; it was followed by "The 
 ]\Ielton Hunt," "The Ascot Hunt," 
 &c. In 1811 he was elected A.R.A., 
 and Academician in 1851. At this 
 time he was a fashionable portrait 
 painter, and had many distin- 
 guished sitters ; one of the first 
 portraits he painted was the well- 
 known equestrian one of Count 
 D'Orsav, and later he painted "Sir 
 Colin Campbell " ( 1861) ; "Disraeli " 
 (1863) ; " Lord Palmerston" (1874) ; 
 Landseer, Lockhart, and Macau- 
 lay. On the death of Sir Charles 
 Eastlake, he was, in 1866, elected 
 P.E.A. and knighted, he exhibited 
 in the Academy until the year of 
 his death, which occurred suddenly, 
 of heart disease, at his home. The 
 Lodge, Melton Mowbray, on Oct. 6, 
 1878. Sir Francis Grant exhibited 
 267 paintings, mostly portraits ; his 
 portraits of Lord Campbell, Sir E. 
 Landseer, E. A., Viscount Hardinge, 
 and Lord Macaulay, are in the 
 National Portrait Gallery. 
 
 GEANT, James [1805—18/9], 
 born at Elgin, Morayshire, became, 
 in his nineteenth year, a contribu- 
 tor to the Statesman, a Loudon 
 
 evening paper, and wrote for the 
 Imperial Magazine a series of essays 
 entitled " Solitary Hours." In 
 1827 he took part in establishing 
 the Elgin Courier, of which he 
 became editor. In 1833 he re- 
 moved to London, and after a short 
 connection with the Chronicle, at- 
 tached himself to the Morning 
 Advertiser, the editorial control 
 of which was entrusted to him 
 from 1850 to 1871. He Avrote 
 several books, such as " Ran- 
 dom Recollections," "The Great 
 Metropolis," and " The Bench and 
 the Bar," and gave much attention 
 to theological subjects. After 
 leaving the Morning Advertiser he 
 published " The NcAvspaper Press," 
 a work on jirovincial newspapers, and 
 a biography of Sir George Sinclair. 
 GRANT, Lieutenant-General 
 Sir James Hope, G.C.B. [1808— 
 1875], was the youngest son of 
 Francis Grant, Esq., of Kilgraston 
 at Pitcaithly, Perthshire, and bro- 
 ther of Sir Francis Grant, President 
 of the Royal Academy. He entered 
 the army in 1826, and rose, through 
 a series of gallant and eminent ser- 
 vices, to the rank of a general in 
 1872. He served with his regiment, 
 the 9th Lancers, at Sobraon in 
 1816, and commanded it during the 
 greater part of the Punjab cam- 
 paign, including the battles of 
 Chillianwallah and Goojerat. In 
 1858 he was nominated a K.C.B. 
 for his eminent service in command 
 of the cavalry division at the siege 
 of Delhi, and in that of a division 
 at the relief of Lucknow under Sir 
 Colin Campbell, as also in the sub- 
 sequent operations at Cawnpore. 
 He commanded the British forces 
 in China throughout the campaign 
 of 1860, for which he received the 
 thanks of Parliament, and was no- 
 minated a G.C.B. From 1861 to 
 1865 he was commander-in-chief at 
 Madras, and Quartermaster-General 
 at headquarters from 1865 to 1870, 
 when he succeeded Sir James Scar- 
 lett in the command of the camp at 
 Aldershot. 
 
GRANT— GEANVILLE. 
 
 3(;5 
 
 GRANT, The Right Hon. Sir 
 Robert [1785—1838], G.C.H., Go- 
 vernor of Bombay, was the second 
 son of Charles Grunt, Esq., M.P. for 
 Inverness. He was educated at 
 Magdalen College, Cambridge, and 
 was called to the bar in 1807. He 
 sat in the House of Commons for 
 the Inverness district of burghs in 
 1826, for Norwich in 1830 and 1831, 
 and for Finsbury in 1831, in which 
 year he was sworn a privy coun- 
 cillor. In 1832 he was appointed 
 Judge-Advocate-General, and in 
 183 1 was made Governor of Bombay, 
 a post he held till the time of his 
 'death in 1838. He was the author 
 of a pamphlet entitled " The Expe- 
 diency Maintained of Continuing 
 the System by which the Trade and 
 Government of India are now regu- 
 lated," published in 1813, and of 
 "A Sketch of the History of the 
 East India Company from its first 
 Foundation to the passing of the 
 Regulation Act of 1773." 
 
 GRANT, Sir Thomas Tassell, 
 K.C.B., F.R.S. [1795—1859], the 
 inventor of numerous useful me- 
 chanical improvements in connec- 
 tion with the naval service, was for 
 many years comptroller of the vic- 
 tualling and transport office of the 
 Admiralty. Among his many well- 
 known inventions may be mentioned 
 his steam-machinery for manufac- 
 turing biscuit, which made a saving 
 to the country of .£30,000 annually, 
 and for which he received from 
 Parliament ^2,000, besides medals 
 from the King: of the French, and 
 the Society of Ai*ts. He invented 
 the feathering paddle-wheel, and 
 the patent fuel which bore hiis 
 name, and was extensively used in 
 the navy. But his greatest achieve- 
 ment and one by which his name 
 will alwavs be remembered, was 
 the distilling of fresh water from sea- 
 water. The Wye, which was fitted 
 up with the distilling apparatus 
 and sent out to the Crimea, pro- 
 duced 10,000 gallons of fresh water 
 daily. He retired into private life 
 about the vear 1858, and for his 
 
 distinguished services was made a 
 K.C.B. 
 
 GRANT, General Sii4 William 
 Keir, K.C.B. [1772— 1852], Colonel 
 of the 2nd Dragoons, a Baron of 
 Austria, and Knight of the Order 
 of Maria Theresa, a G.C.H. and a 
 Grand Cross of the Lion and Sun 
 of Persia, was the son of Archibald 
 Keir, Esq., of the East India Com- 
 pany's service. He entered the 
 army at an early age, and first 
 served in Flanders, being one of 
 the eight English officers who re- 
 ceived the Order of Maria Theresa 
 for saving the Emperor from being 
 taken prisoner at Chateau Cam- 
 bresis in 1794. From 1799 to 1801, 
 he served in Italy, and in 1803 was 
 appointed acting A.D.C. to H.R.H. 
 the Prince of Wales. In 1800 he 
 was aj^pointed Adjutant-General to 
 His Majesty's forces in India, and 
 served for fifteen years in the East 
 Indies. In 1815 he became Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the forces in 
 Java ; in 1817-18 commanded the 
 Guzerat field-force in the army of 
 the Deccan, and in 1819 took an 
 active part in the conquest of the 
 principality of Cutch. He was 
 made a K.C.B. in 1822, and G.C.H. 
 in 1835. 
 
 GRANVILLE, Earl, Right Hon. 
 Granville Leveson-Gower, Eng- 
 lish statesman [1773 — 1846], was 
 the third and youngest son of 
 Granville, first Marquis of Stafford. 
 He first entered Parliament as Mem- 
 ber for Lichfield in 1795, but re- 
 signed that seat in 1799, in order 
 to stand for the county of Stafford, 
 which he continued to represent 
 until raised to the peerage in 1815. 
 His father's great friend, Pitt, be- 
 came his political patron, and in 
 1800 appointed him a Lord of the 
 Treasury, an office he filled till Pitt 
 was succeeded by Addiugtou as 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer in 
 1802. In 1801 Lord Granville Le- 
 veson-Gower was sworn a Privy 
 Councillor, and appointed Ambas- 
 sador Extraoi'dinary and Plenipo- 
 tentiarv to the Coiui; of Russia, at 
 
3GG 
 
 GR ATT AN— GRAVE S . 
 
 the time when Napoleon was using 
 all his influence to reconcile the 
 Emperor Alexander to the territo- 
 rial conquests gained by the French 
 Army in Prussia and Austria. He 
 returned from Russia in 1805, hav- 
 ing concluded the treaty with which 
 he had been entrusted. He was 
 then made Envoy and Minister- 
 PleniiJotentiai-y at the Hague, and 
 subsequently sent to France as 
 ambassador. When Mr. Perceval 
 was shot in the lobby of the House 
 of Commons, the bullet was sup- 
 posed to have been intended for 
 Lord Granville Leveson-Gower, in 
 revenge for imputed ill-treatment 
 which Bellingham had received at 
 his hands in Russia. In 1815 Lord 
 Granville av;is made a Viscount of 
 the United Kingdom, and in 1825 
 nominated a G.C.B. During Earl 
 Grey's administration he was again 
 sent as ambassador to Paris, and 
 remained there until the resignation 
 of Lord Melbourne's Government. 
 In 1833 he was created Baron Leve- 
 son and Earl Granville. 
 
 GRATTAN, T. C. He was born 
 in Dublin in 1795, but soon after 
 his birth was taken to Clayton 
 Lodge, CO. Kildare, which was 
 burnt doAvn by the rebels in 1798, 
 when his family fled to and settled 
 at Athy. It was Grattan's wish 
 to enter the army, but this desire 
 was so long opposed by his parents 
 that the peace was declared before 
 he got his will. He therefore 
 determined to help the South 
 Americans to shake off the Spanish 
 yoke, and sailed for Bordeaux, 
 where he was to take ship for 
 America. But on the Bordeaux 
 boat was a young Irish lady whom 
 Grattan fell in love with and mar- 
 ried, and the pair settled in France. 
 Grattan adopted lit3rature for a 
 profession, and after a time became 
 foreign contributor to the West- 
 minster and Edinburgh Reviews, 
 and the Isew Monthly Magazine. 
 Through the advice of Washington 
 Irving, he wrote '*^ Highways and 
 Byways," which after having been 
 
 rejected by four publishers was 
 brought out with great success by 
 Whittaker ; it was soon followed 
 by a traged}'-, " Ben Nazir the 
 Saracen," which fell rather flat ; by 
 " Fruits of Travel " (1829) ; "The 
 Heiress of Bruges" (1830); and a 
 " History of the Netherlands," 
 which, till the appearance of Mot- 
 ley's work was the standard book 
 on the subject, and formed part 
 of Lardner's Cyclopaedia (1830). 
 The disturbed state of Paris caused 
 Grattan to take his family to 
 Brussels, but the revolution forced 
 him to go to Antwerp, where he 
 wrote his " History of Switzerland/' 
 and " Men and Cities." From Ant- 
 werp he went Avith the Prince of 
 Orange to the Hague, where he 
 wi'ote " Jacqueline of Holland," 
 etc. In 1832 he settled in Heidel- 
 berg, and wi'ote his most successful 
 work, " Legends of the Rhine," and 
 on his return to Brussels published 
 one of his best novels, " Agnes of 
 Mansfeldt." After this time he 
 devoted himself to politics, and in 
 1839 was appointed British Consul 
 for Massachusetts, and was in 
 I Boston till 1853, when he returned 
 ; to England, and lived in London 
 : till his death, June 4th, 1861. 
 
 GRAVES, Robert, A.R.A., en- 
 I graver. He was born in 1798, and 
 was a member of the oldest family 
 of printsellers in London. In 
 1812 he became a pupil of John 
 Romney, the engraver, and prac- 
 tised in the Line manner. He 
 eng^raved for the illustrations of 
 the Waverley Novels and soon be- 
 came widely employed, and in 1830 
 was elected an Associate of the 
 Royal Academy. Among his most 
 important works are " The Abbots- 
 ford family," after Wilkie; "The 
 Highland Whiskey Still," after 
 Landseer ; " The Slide," after Web- 
 ster ; " The Children of George III." 
 after Copley ; " The Sisters," after 
 Eastlake. In later days he was 
 much employed upon engraving 
 the paintings of Gainsborough and 
 Reynolds. He died at Highgate 
 
GKAY. 
 
 307 
 
 Road, Feb. 28th, 1873. His cn- 
 gravinfj^s, of which twenty-five were 
 exliibitocl in the Academy, and 
 thirteen in Siillolk Street, are very 
 numerous and highly esteemed. 
 
 GKAY, Captain Charles, R.N., 
 was born in Anstruther, Fifeshire, 
 in 1782. He entered the navy with 
 a commission in the Royal marines, 
 and having served for thirty-six 
 years retired on full pay in 1839. 
 In 1811 he published a small 
 volume of poems and songs, and 
 in 1811 " Lays and Lyrics," which 
 he dedicated to his friend and 
 schoolfellow William Tennant, 
 author of *' Anster Fair," &c. He 
 contributed numerous songs to 
 " Wood's Book of Scottish Song," 
 and about 1845 wrote for the 
 Glasgow Citizen, a series of papers 
 on the songs of Burns. He died 
 in Edinburgh, where he had spent 
 the latter part of his life, April 13, 
 1851, aged 69. He was said to be 
 the author of the song " Keen 
 blaws the wind o'er Donocht head." 
 
 GRAY, David, author of "The 
 Luggie," and other poems, was the 
 son of a poor weaver, and was born 
 at Merkland on the banks of the 
 Luggie, about eight miles from 
 Glasgow, January 29, 1838. He 
 was educated at the Kirkintilloch 
 parish school, where he showed 
 great quickness and aptitude for 
 his Avork, and at Glasgow, to which 
 place he was sent at the age of 
 fourteen to study for the ministry. 
 Here he managed to supjjort him- 
 self by teaching, and in his spare 
 time attended the University 
 Classes. Under the pseudonym 
 of "Will Gurney," he began to 
 write verses for the Glasgoiv Citizen, 
 and the favourable reception ac- 
 corded them induced him finally 
 to decide ujjon literature as a pro- 
 fession. For this purpose he went 
 to London, where however, rapidly 
 failing health frustated all his 
 plans, and he ])ecame almost desti- 
 tute. Lord Houghton hearing of 
 the case came to his rescue, had 
 him properly cared for, and even 
 
 sent him to Italy, but without much 
 permanent improvement following. 
 Gray then returned to Merkland, 
 where he died at the early age of 
 twenty-four, Dec. 3, 18G1. He was 
 buried in the " Auld Aisle," Kirkin- 
 tilloch, where in 1805 his friends 
 and admirers erected a memorial 
 to his memory. A specimen page 
 of his poem " The Luggie " reached 
 him the very day before his death. 
 GRAY, John Edw^ard, F.R.S. 
 [1800 — 1875], naturalist, son of 
 Mr. S. F. Gray (author of the 
 " Supplement to the Pharmaco- 
 poeia," and of other works), born 
 at Walsall, was educated for the 
 medical profession. In 1821 he 
 published, in his father's name, the 
 "Natural Arrangement of British 
 Plants," the first w^ork in the 
 English language on the Natural 
 method, now almost universally 
 adopted. In 182 i he was appointed 
 an assistant in the Natural History 
 department of the British Museum, 
 and, rising by gradual promotion, 
 succeeded, in 1840, to the post of 
 Keeper of the Zoological Collection. 
 He assisted in the formation of the 
 Zoological, Entomological, Geogra- 
 phical, Microscopical, and Palceon to- 
 logical Societies ; took an active 
 part in the management of the 
 Zoological Society (of which he 
 was a vice-president), and was 
 president of the Entomological and 
 Botanical Societies, and Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the Royal Microscopical 
 Society. He was a Fellow of the 
 Royal, the Linnaean, the Geogra- 
 phical and the Geological Socie- 
 ties, an honorary Doctor of 
 Philosophy of the University of 
 Munich, for having formed " the 
 largest zoological collection in 
 EurojDe ; " and in 1851 was ap- 
 pointed acting chairman of one of 
 the juries of the Great Exhibition. 
 He was offered an order by the 
 king of Wiirtemberg, who, on being 
 informed that English scientific 
 men were not allowed to wear 
 them, sent him a large gold medal, 
 inscribed for " the worthv." Dr. 
 
3G8 
 
 OEAY. 
 
 Gi*ay, in addition to his labours as 
 a naturalist, took an active part, 
 T3oth by writing' and in evidence 
 before the Parliamentary com- 
 mittees and commissions, in ques- 
 tions relating' to sanitary and 
 metropolitan improvements, public 
 education, prison discipline, and 
 especially to the opening of 
 museums, picture galleries, and 
 gardens to the public. He was the 
 founder of the Greenwich Society 
 of Useful Knowledge, one of the 
 few Mechanics' Institutes which 
 have lasted to the present time. 
 He was a jui*or of the Educational 
 section in the Exhibition of 18G2 ; 
 claimed to have been the original 
 suggester of a uniform low rate of 
 postage, to be prepaid by stamps, 
 which was afterwards brought into 
 use by Sir Rowland Hill, and took 
 great interest in opposing the 
 changes to the pound and mil- 
 decimal system of money, weights 
 and measures. He was the author 
 of " Illustrations of Indian Zoo- 
 logy," " The Knowsley Menagerie," 
 " A Manual of British Land and 
 Freshwater Shells," and also con- 
 tributed to the Transactions of 
 several of the learned societies with 
 which he was connected. The 
 public were indebted to Dr. Gray 
 for the commencement of a series 
 of catalogues of the different sec- 
 tions of the zoological collections 
 in the British Museum. Dr. Gray 
 married, in 1826, the widow of his 
 cousin, a lady who assisted him in 
 all his studies, and who was the 
 author of " Figures of Molluscous 
 Animals selected from various au- 
 thors," 18 i2. In 18G9 he was elected 
 an honorary member of the Eoyal 
 Physiographical Society of Lund, 
 in Sweden. 
 
 GEAY, George Egbert, F.E.S., 
 F.L.S. [1808—1872], youngest son 
 of Samuel Frederic Gray, author 
 of various works on pharmacy, 
 chemistry, &c., and brother of Doc- 
 tor John Edward Gray [q. v.], was 
 born at Little Chelsea. On leaving 
 a public school, he commenced the 
 
 study of zoology at the British 
 Museum several years prior to his 
 appointment in the zoological 
 department, which he entered in 
 1831, and after rising by gradual 
 promotion was appointed in 18G9, 
 to the post of assistant keeper of 
 the zoological collections. He was 
 the author of several works and 
 many j^apers on entomology and 
 ornithology in the various scientific 
 journals, and in the Proceedings of 
 the Zoological Society, and in 1832 
 was a contributor to the entomolo- 
 gical portion of the English edition 
 of " Cuvier's Animal Kingdom." 
 He published in 18 10 " A List of 
 the Genera of Birds," which work 
 reappeared in an improved form in 
 in the following year, and " as a 
 tabular index," it was considered 
 by the late Mr. Strickland, ''one 
 of the most complete works ever 
 produced in any branch of zoology." 
 A further improved edition ap- 
 peared in 1855. In 1841 he com- 
 menced the publication of his large 
 work, under the title of the " Genera 
 of Birds," comprising their generic 
 characters with an extensive list 
 of species. This work, illustrated 
 with upAvards of 350 plates by the 
 late David William Mitchell, and 
 completed in 1849, is styled by Sir 
 William Jardine " a ready index 
 to the whole subject of ornithology." 
 In 1870 was commenced his " Hand 
 List of the Genera and Species of 
 Birds," embracing 2915 genera 
 and sub-genera, with a comprehen- 
 sive list of 11,1G2 species, i-ecording 
 at the same time the synonyms 
 which belong to each division and 
 species. These works are generally 
 considered to have exercised a very 
 beneficial influence on the science 
 of ornithology. 
 
 GEAY, Sir John, M.P. [1815 
 — 1875], third son of Mr, John 
 Gray, of Claremorris, co. Mayo, 
 and educated at Trinity College, 
 Dublin, was a magistrate for the 
 city of Dublin. He was for many 
 years a member of the municipal 
 council of Dublin, and took an ac- 
 
GRAY— GREEN. 
 
 309 
 
 live part in favour of every liberal 
 lueasuro, and was the propriotxir 
 and chief e<litor of the Freeman's 
 Journal. In reward <>f liiri piildic 
 services, more especially in arran^- 
 inp for the supply of Dublin with 
 water, the honour of knij^hthood 
 was conferred uptn him in l!Slj;{ l»y 
 the Lord Lieutenant <»f Irehunl, 
 the earl of Carlisle. Sir John Gray 
 was returned to the House of Com- 
 mons for Kilkenny at the general 
 election in July, l.s«>5. He declined 
 the oflSce of Lord Mayor of Dublin 
 for 18G8-9, to which he was elected 
 during his absence in London by a 
 vote of 3S to 7. 
 
 GRAY, The Right Rev. Ro- 
 bert, D.D. [1800—18721, Bishop 
 of Cape Town, son of Bishop Gray 
 of Bristol, was bom at Bishop 
 Wearmouth, co. Durham. From 
 Eton School he was sent to Univer- 
 sity College, Oxford, where he 
 gi-aduated B.A. in 1831, and M.A. 
 in 1831. Having taken orders, 
 he became perpetual curate of 
 "VVhitworth, Durham, in 1834 ; 
 vicar of Stockton-on-Tees in 1845 ; 
 an honorary canon of Duiham in 
 18 U), and the first bishop of Cape 
 Town in 1847. His name was fre- 
 quently before the English public, 
 in connection with the proceed- 
 ings against Dr. Colenso, Bishop 
 of Natal. When that prelate's work 
 on the Pentateuch had been con- 
 demned by the Convocation of the 
 Province of Canterbury in 18G 4, sen- 
 tence of deposition was pronounced 
 against him by his Metropolitan, 
 the Bishop of Cape Town. The 
 courts of law were then appealed 
 to by Dr. Colenso, and eventually 
 Dr. Gray, finding he could not 
 legally oust the Bishop of Natal, 
 consecrated the Rev. Wm. Kenneth 
 Macrorie to the see of Maritzburg 
 (Natal), Jan. 25, 1809, as "bishop 
 for the faithful clergy of the dio- 
 cese of Natal." The ceremony 
 took place at Cape Town, and a 
 protest, signed by 129 persons 
 against Mr. Macrorie's consecration, 
 was presented to the Metropolitan, 
 
 who replied that it could not be 
 accepted as a i)rote8t, as the signers 
 had no right to protest, but that 
 he would receive it as " the expres- 
 sion of views of certiiin individuals." 
 Besides a number of pamphlets on 
 the subject of the Natiil bishopric, 
 and some episcopal charges. Dr. 
 (iray puldished "Cape of Good 
 Hope Journals of Two VisiUitions 
 in 18 48 and 1850." London, 1852; 
 *' Three Months' Visitation in the 
 Autumn of 1855, with an account 
 of his Voyage to the Island of 
 Tristan d'Acunta in March, 1850," 
 London, 1850 ; and " Journal of a 
 Visitation of the Diocese of Natal 
 in 1804," London, 1804. At the 
 time of its foundation in 1847 the 
 diocese of Cajje Town included the 
 whole of the Cape of Good Hope, 
 Port Natal, and St. Helena, but in 
 1853 it was confined to the western 
 districts w^th the island of St. 
 Helena, and made metropolitan in 
 jurisdiction, while two new dioceses, 
 Graham's Towti and Natal were cut 
 off and made dioceses. Still later, 
 in 1859, St. Helena was erected 
 into a separate diocese. 
 
 GREEN, John Richard [1837— 
 1883], was born at Oxford, and 
 received his early education at 
 Magdalen College School. At 15 
 he was placed under the care of 
 private tutors, and three years 
 later obtained one 
 scholarships open to 
 at Jesus College, 
 undergraduate cai*eer, finding little 
 advantage to be gained from the 
 College Lectures, he devoted him- 
 self to wide promiscuous reading, 
 chiefly historical, and made no at- 
 tempt to obtain university honours. 
 After taking his degree, in 1800, 
 he was ordained, and became curate 
 of the Church of St. Barnabas, 
 King Square, E.C., where he re- 
 mained two years, afterwards 
 becoming curate-in-charge of Holy 
 Trinity, Hoxton, and subsequently 
 Vicar of St. Philip's, Stepney. 
 The severe work of an East London 
 parish, and especially his exertions 
 
 6 B 
 
 of the few 
 Englishmen 
 Durincr his 
 
370 
 
 GKEEN. 
 
 among the cholera patients in 18G7, 
 told seriously upon a frame that 
 was never strong, and before he 
 left St. Philip's the seeds of con- 
 sumption had been sown. He 
 worked his parish admirably, and 
 was not less remarkable as a 
 preacher than he afterwards became 
 as an historian. But the state of 
 his licalth on the one side, and on 
 the other increasing intellectual 
 difficulties with regard to his 
 position, caused him in time to 
 resign his jmrish, and to throw 
 himself more entirely into litera- j 
 ture. Dr. Tait, soon after his ap- | 
 pointment to the Archbishopric of 
 Canterbury, appointed Green his 
 librarian at Lambeth, a post which 
 gave him ample leisure for writing. 
 For some years he contributed re- 
 gularly to the Saturday Review, 
 and meanwhile was accumulating 
 the vast stores of knowledge which 
 he afterwards poured forth in his 
 " Short History of the English 
 People." This book, written partly 
 in London and partly during the 
 winters which he was compelled 
 to sjDend in the South of Europe, 
 appeared in 1875, and immediately 
 met with a most astonishing suc- 
 cess. All the reviews spoke warmly 
 of it ; scholars admired it ; and the 
 general public found for once that 
 the history of England could be 
 told in a manner at once new and 
 deeply interesting. In a few years 
 some 80,000 cojDies of the book were 
 sold, and Green was encouraged to 
 devote the remainder of his life to 
 elaborating and reconstructing a 
 work so Avell begun. He re-wrote his 
 history in library form, and pub- 
 lished it in four volumes, under the 
 title of "A History of the English 
 People." He also at this time 
 edited for Messrs. Macmillan a 
 very successful series of "^Historical 
 Primers." Then, although disease 
 was rapidly wearing out his strength, 
 he turned to deal in detail with the 
 beginnings of English history, and 
 published ''The Making of Eng- 
 land/' dealing with the settlement 
 
 of the English and the history of 
 the country down to 829. It was 
 written, as his widow has said, 
 " under the shadow of death," and 
 yet " with such sustained zeal, such 
 eager conscientiousness was the 
 work done, that much of it was 
 wholly re-written five times, other 
 parts three times." Even this was 
 not enough. He felt that the story 
 of the formation of England as he 
 wished to tell it was not complete, 
 and in the midst of a daily struggle 
 with death he achieved the greater 
 part of the volume which was after 
 his death revised and issued by his 
 widow under the name of " The 
 Conquest of England." He died 
 at Mentone in March, 1883, leaving 
 behind him the memory of one of the 
 most widely learned, as well as of 
 the brightest and most active 
 minds of this generation. 
 
 GREEN, Mrs. Mary, was born 
 in 1770, and was the daughter of 
 a landscape engraver, William 
 Byrne. In 1805 she married James 
 Green, the portrait painter. At 
 that time she was already an emi- 
 nent miniature painter, and had 
 exhibited in the Academy since 
 1796. She continued to exhibit 
 till 1834, when she retired from her 
 profession, having exhibited 120 
 works, two of which, " Queen Ade- 
 laide " and " Lady Alicia Peel," 
 were engraved. She died Oct. 2, 
 1815. 
 
 GEEEN, Thomas Hill ri836— 
 1882], Whyte's Professor of Moral 
 Philosophy in the University of 
 Oxford, and Fellow of Balliol. He 
 was educated at Rugby, took a first 
 class (Classics) in 1859, was elected 
 FeUow of Balliol in 1860, and ob- 
 tained the English prize in 1862. 
 As an Assistant Commissioner 
 under the Schools Inquiry Commis- 
 sion of 1864, he contributed a valu- 
 able report on the schools of Staf- 
 fordshire and Warwickshire. After 
 being for some years a tutor of 
 Balliol, during which time he was 
 twice examiner in Literis Humani- 
 orihus, he was elected to the chair 
 
GREENOUGH -GREG. 
 
 371 
 
 of Monil Philosophy in 1878. His 
 princii>iil work in conneotion with 
 the subject of his chair, besides 
 various strikiii<^ articles on Aris- 
 totle's Ethics, and other ])hiloso- 
 j)hit'al subjects which iii)peared in 
 different iH'ritxlicnls, was an edition 
 of HuMi«''s " l'hilo.sop]ii<>al Works." 
 which he edited jointly with Mr. 
 T. H. Gross, and to which he 
 contributed, in particular, an ini- 
 p'>rtant general introduction. Kut, 
 perha}>s, he exercised most intluence 
 in the University as an oral 
 teacher. He was a profound and 
 devoted student of the philosophy 
 of He;j:el, and may be said to have 
 founded a Hegelian School at Ox- 
 ford. Professor Green was also 
 known for his consistent attempts 
 to break down the ancient barriers 
 between the University and City. 
 "NVith this end he became a mem- 
 ber of the City Council, and took 
 the leadiui^ part in the foundation 
 of the Oxford High School for 
 Bovs. 
 
 GREEXOUGH, George Bellas 
 F.R.S. [1778— 1S55], first President 
 of the Geological Society, and after- 
 wards of the Royal Geographical So- 
 ciety', was educated at Peter House, 
 Cambridge, and at the Gottingen 
 University. He bought a seat in 
 the House of Commons for the 
 borough of Gatton, for which place 
 he sat in 1807-12. He early devoted 
 himself to science, his favourite 
 study being geology, and in 18U7 in 
 conjunction with several other 
 eminent men, founded the Geologi- 
 cal Society, of which he was made 
 President. The meetings of the 
 Society first took place at the pri- 
 vate house of Dr. Babington, then 
 in the Temple, and later in Bedford 
 Row, the Society not being incor- 
 porated by royal charter till 182G. 
 Mr. Greenough was the author of 
 several remarkable maps, the firet, 
 " A Geological Map of England and 
 Wales," "General Sketch of the 
 Physical Features of British India," 
 and"^ A Geological Map of all India." 
 He was twice Vice-President of 
 
 the Royal Society, was a Fellow of 
 the Linntean, Astronomical, Geo- 
 graphical, Ethnological Societies, 
 and for two years was President of 
 the (>t'ograj)hical Society. 
 
 GREEN WELL. Dora, the author 
 of numerous works of a theological 
 character, and of much devotional 
 poetry, was a daughter of Mr. T. 
 Greenwell, J. P., D.L., «fcc., of 
 Green well Ford, Durham. The 
 following is a list of her chief 
 works : — " Poems," a small volume, 
 1848; "Stories that Might be 
 True," ISoO; "The Patience of 
 Hope," 18(30 ; " Poems," 18G1 ; 
 " Two Friends," 1SG5 ; " Carmina 
 Crucis," 1869 ; " CoUoquia Crucis," 
 a sequel to "Two Friends," 1871 ; 
 " Life of Father Lacordaire," 
 " Liber Humanitatis," " The Cove- 
 nant of Life and Peace," " Camera 
 Obscura," 187G ; "Essays," and 
 " A Basket of Summer Fruit," 1877. 
 She was besides a constant contri- 
 butor to Good Words and other 
 journals. She died at her brother's 
 house at Clifton, March 29, 1882. 
 
 GREG, William Rathbone 
 [1809—1881], born at :Manchester, 
 was the voungest son of Mr. Samuel 
 Greg, of that city. In 185G he was 
 appointed a Commissioner of Cus- 
 toms, and from iSGi till 1877 he 
 held the post of Controller in her 
 Majesty's stationery office. In 
 1810 he published a work descrip- 
 tive of the "Efforts for the Ex- 
 tinction of the African Slave 
 Trade," and this was almost imme- 
 diately followed by some pamphlets 
 on behalf of the Anti-Corn Law 
 League. " The Creed of Christen- 
 dom," 1851, a trenchant analysis 
 of modern belief, introduced his 
 name to a wider circle of readei-s ; 
 and his volume on the " Enigmas 
 of Life," 1872, passed through 
 eight editions within three years. 
 Another collection of essays, " Rocks 
 Ahead ; or. The Warnings of Cas- 
 sandra." 1874-, attracted consider- 
 able attention both for its own 
 merits, and from the circumstance 
 that its publication agreed with a 
 
 B B 2 
 
372 
 
 GREGG— GKEIG. 
 
 change in the governing spirit of 
 England. He was a frequent con- 
 tributor to the Pall Mall Gazette 
 and the Edinburgh and other 
 Reviews. 
 
 GREGG, The Right Rev. John 
 D.B. [1798 — 1878], Bishop of 
 Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, ion. of 
 Richard Gregg, Esq., of Capita, co. 
 Chire,was elected Scholar of Trinity 
 College in 1822, and graduated 
 B.A. in 1825, but did not proceed 
 M.A. till 18G0, when he became, 
 per saltum, M.A., B.D., and D.D. 
 He was ordained in 1820, became 
 minister of the French church, 
 Portarlington, vicar of Kilsalaghan 
 in 1S28, minister of Bethesda, 
 Dublin, in IH'.ib, and of Trinity 
 church, Dublin, in 1839. He was 
 made Archdeacon of Kildare in 
 1857, and was consecrated Bishop 
 of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross in 1802. 
 Dr. Gregg published a great num- 
 ber of sermons preached on va- 
 rious occasions, which met with 
 much success ; and other religious 
 works. 
 
 GREIG, Admiral Alexis [1775 
 — 1845], for many years Com- 
 mandei'-in-Chief of the Black Sea, 
 Governor of Sebastopol and Nicho- 
 laef, &c., was the son of Admiral 
 Sir Samuel Greig, a Scotchman, 
 who, after serving for many j^ears 
 in the British navy, entered the 
 Russian service in 1763, and be- 
 came Commander-in-Chief. Alexis' 
 sponsors were the Empress Cathe- 
 rine of Russia and Count Alexis 
 Orloff, after whom he was named. 
 At the age of ten he was ap- 
 pointed lieutenant and A.D.C. 
 to the Empress, and sent to Scot- 
 land to be educated. In 1792 
 he volunteered into the British 
 navy, and after serving with it for 
 four years, joined the Russian 
 squadron in the Mediterranean, 
 and in 1799 was made post captain. 
 Having been on active service in 
 Holland, he was appointed by the 
 Emperor Alexander President of a 
 Commission for rebuilding and en- 
 larging the fort and harbour of 
 
 Cronstadt, and planned and began 
 to build the wonderful fortifications 
 there which were completed in the 
 Emperor Nicholas' reign. For that 
 service he received a valuable dia- 
 mond ring from the Emperor, and 
 was advanced to the rank of com- 
 modore. He distinguished himself 
 in the Turkish war during 1800-7, 
 till the peace of Tilsit which inter- 
 rupted the amicable relations then 
 subsisting between the two coun- 
 tries. Greig refused to bear arms 
 against his fatherland, and remained 
 in retirement at Moscow till 1812. 
 In 1813 he was sent to besiege 
 Danzig, then in the hands of the 
 French, and for his success in the 
 undertaking was appointed Vice- 
 Admiral. In 1810 he was made 
 Commander-in-Chief of the Black 
 Sea fleet and ports, and Military 
 Governor of Sebastopol and Nicho- 
 laef, with unlimited power, which 
 gained for him many enemies. He 
 took up his headquarters at Nicho- 
 laef, and at once began making 
 important improvements in the 
 fleet, and organising the sailors. 
 For his valuable services he, in 
 1818, received the order of St. 
 Alexander Newski, and was pub- 
 licly thanked by the Emperor. 
 Upon the breaking out of war 
 with the Turks in 1828, the Black 
 Sea Fleet was called into active 
 service, and Greig, on taking 
 Anapa, was made Admiral of the 
 Fleet. He also compelled Varna to 
 capitulate, and was rewarded with 
 the Order of St. George, 2nd class. 
 His military career ended with the 
 termination of the Turkish war^ 
 and the last years of his govern- 
 ment of the Black Sea were chiefly 
 emj)loyed in improving the different 
 civil and military departments 
 under his command. He resigned 
 his command in 1833, and was ap- 
 pointed a member of the Imperial 
 Council of Russia, bringing the 
 same indomitable energies to bear 
 on his new duties that had done so 
 much for the old. He may certainly 
 be said to have created the fleet in 
 
GRENVILLE— OKEVILLE. 
 
 373 
 
 the Black Si'ii, whicli, when he as- 
 sunu'd comuuind in ISK;, was in a 
 porfi'ctly useless condition, but 
 which he left in a hi«;h stnte of 
 efliciency. On Dec. KS, ISW, he 
 wascrcatt^'da Kni^htof the Imperial 
 Onlor of St. An<ln'w, the hi^^hcst 
 in the Kussian Empire. At his 
 death he received a ])u})lic funeral, 
 which was attendetl by all the 
 princes of the Imperial family, the 
 Kussian and foreign ministers, the 
 members of the Council, the Senate, 
 &c. 
 
 GRENVILLE, Kight Hon. 
 Thomas 1735 — ISKJ], a Privy 
 Councillor, Chief Justice in Ej-re, 
 South of Trent, Trustee of the 
 British Museum, &c., was the son 
 of the Ki»rht Hon. George Grenville, 
 some time Chancellor of the Ex- 
 chequer. He was educated at Eton 
 and at Christ Church, Oxford, on 
 leaving which he entered the army, 
 in 1778, as an ensign in the Cold- 
 stream Guards, and was gazetted 
 lieutenant in the following year. 
 He then quitted the service, and 
 in Oct., 1779, was returned to Par- 
 liament as member for Bucking- 
 hamshire, in the Tory interest. He 
 became a follower of Fox, who, 
 when the American war was draw- 
 ing to a close, sent him to negotiate 
 the terms of peace with Dr. Frank- 
 lin and M. Vergennes. He went to 
 Paris and made some progress in 
 arranging the treaty, but further 
 negotiations were stopped by a 
 change of ministry at home. On 
 his return he found himself without 
 a seat in Parliament, but in 1790 
 was returned as member for Alde- 
 burgh, Suffolk, which he repre- 
 sented till 179G, when he was re- 
 turned for the town of Buckingham. 
 In 1795 he was sent on a special 
 mission to the Court of Berlin, and 
 suffered shipwreck twice on the 
 way. In ISOO he was appointed 
 Chief Justice in Eyre, South of 
 Trent, a sinecure place worth about 
 .£2.aX) a year. In Feb., 180G, after 
 the death of Pitt, his brother. Lord 
 Grenville, and Fox formed theii- 
 
 ' c«'k'brated administration; in Jul}' 
 Mr. (irenville succeeded to the pre- 
 sidency of the Board of Control ; 
 in Sept., on the death of Fox, Lord 
 Howick was removed from the Ad- 
 miralty to the Foreign Office, and 
 Mr. Grenville became First Lord. 
 He retired altogether from Parlia- 
 ment in ISIS, and from that time 
 till his death devoted himself to 
 his friends and his books. His 
 splendid library, the result of a 
 continued and unwearied pursuit 
 of nearly 50 years, which was valued 
 at £ t2,0(X), he bequeathed to the Bri- 
 tish Museum. There were about 
 20,250 volumes, chiefly of printed 
 books, containing best and first edi- 
 tions of the classics, including an 
 unrivalled collection of Homers, 
 the most complete series existing of 
 the early editions of Ariosto, the 
 scarcest Spanish and Italian poems, 
 .*L-c. 
 
 GEE SWELL, The Rev. Edward, 
 D.D. [1797—1869], third son of the 
 Rev. Wm. Parr Greswell, was born 
 in Manchester. Having been edu- 
 cated chiefly under his father's care, 
 in 1815 he entered at Brasenose 
 College, Oxford, and was soon after- 
 wards elected Scholar of Corpus 
 College, whei-e he graduated B.A. 
 in 1819, taking first-class honours, 
 and Vjecame fellow of his college. 
 He was the author of " Harmonia 
 Evangelica," " Prolegomena" to 
 the same, and " Dissertations on 
 the Gospels ; " published a labo- 
 rious treatise on sacred chrono- 
 logy, entitled " Fasti Temporis 
 Catholici ;" " Origines Kalendariae," 
 or the history of the Primitive 
 Calendar among the Greeks before 
 and after the time of Solon ; and 
 " Origines Kalendaria? Italicee," 
 showing the early Calendars of 
 Romulus, of Numa Pompilius, of 
 the Decemvirs ; and translated into 
 Greek verse both the "Comus" 
 and " Samson Agonistes " of Milton. 
 Most of his works were issued by 
 the University Press. 
 
 GREVILLE, Charles C. F., was 
 
 , the eldest son of Charles Greville, 
 
374 
 
 GREY. 
 
 Esq., by his wife. Lady Charlotte 
 Cavendish Bentinck, and was born 
 in 179 i. He was educated at Eton 
 and at Christ Church, Oxford. 
 J^'rom 1821 to 18G0 he filled the 
 post of joint clerk to the Privy 
 Council with the Right Hon. Wil- 
 liam Bathurst, and was also for a 
 time secretary to the Board of 
 Trade and Plantations. He was 
 deeply interested in the subject of 
 Catholic Emancii:)ation, and wrote 
 a book entitled " Past and Present 
 Policy of England towards Ireland," 
 18 1-5, advocating the completion of 
 the measure of relief to the Catho- 
 lics by the payment of their clergy. 
 He was one of the oldest members 
 of the Jockey Club, and a firm sup- 
 l)orter of the Turf, his connection 
 with whicli brought liim into fre- 
 quent communication with George 
 IV. He was not, however, suc- 
 cessful on the race-course, never 
 having woii the Derby, and only 
 once the St. Leger. He was the 
 owner of Alarm, Preserve, Orlando, 
 and of several more of the most 
 splendid animals ever bred in 
 England. He died, unmarried, 
 January 18, 18G5. His posthumous 
 Memoirs, which appeared in 187i, 
 are still remembered for the sensa- 
 tion which many passages of them 
 produced. 
 
 GREY, The Right Hon. Sir 
 Charles Edward [1785 — 18G5], son 
 of Ralph W. Grey, Esq., of Back- 
 Avorth, Northumberland, was edu- 
 cated at University College, Oxford, 
 where he graduated B.A. in 1806, 
 and Avhence he was elected to a Fel- 
 lowship at Oriel College : soon after- 
 wards he obtained the Chancellor's 
 prize for the Latin essay. Having 
 been called to the bar at Lincoln's 
 Inn, he was appointed in 1817 a 
 Commissioner in Bankruptcy, and 
 in 1820 promoted to a judgeship at 
 Madras. In 1825 he was advanced 
 to the Chief Justiceship of Bengal. 
 In 1835 he went to Canada as one 
 of the Commissioners of the Affairs 
 of Lower Canada ; and soon after 
 his return to England, became 
 
 member for Tynemouth, having 
 unseated his opponent on petition. 
 He was Governor of Barbadoes, &c., 
 from 1811 to 181G, when he was ap- 
 pointed to the Governorshij) of 
 Jamaica. 
 
 GREY, Earl [1764—1815], 
 Right Hon. Charles, 2nd Earl 
 Grey, and Viscount Howick, Prime 
 Minister of England, was the eldest 
 surviving son of General Sir Charles 
 Grey (afterwards the first Earl), a 
 distinguished military commander. 
 He was born at Palloden, near 
 Alnwick, and educated at Eton and 
 King's College, Cambridge, where 
 one of his companions was William 
 Pitt, then in residence as a Master 
 of Arts. In 1786, being then just 
 21, he was returned to Parliament 
 as member for Northumberland, 
 joining the Whig party, of which 
 he soon became one of the most 
 prominent members, and eventu- 
 ally, after the death of Fox, the 
 leader. His first success as an 
 orator was made as one of the 
 managers of the imiDcachment of 
 Warren Hastings, in Avhich he Avas 
 associated with Fox, Burke, and 
 Sheridan. In 1792 he became a 
 member of the great political con- 
 fedei-atiou knoAvn as the " Friends 
 of the People," the object of v/hich 
 Avas to obtain a reform in the system 
 of Parliamentary representation. 
 It united the forces of all the 
 patriotic societies already existing 
 in the counti'y, and at the head of 
 it stood the names of the principal 
 members of the Whig party. Of 
 this agitation Grey declared him- 
 self the Parliamentary mouth- 
 piece. But the alarm caused by the 
 progress of the French Revolution 
 enabled Pitt to suppress the agita- 
 tion with a strong hand, and later 
 Grey expressed regret for his share 
 in the movement. It was Grey who 
 moved the impeachment of Pitt 
 and the whole body of ministers 
 for misapplying the public money. 
 He also promoted the " Secession," 
 by which it was resolved that as 
 Parliament did not properly repre- 
 
GREY. 
 
 375 
 
 sent the nation, and would not be 
 reformed, it must bo disowned ; 
 and the 0j)po6ition declared they 
 were ^oin<jf to ** secede " or syste- 
 maticiilly absent themselves from 
 their places in Parliament. This 
 futile movement was stalled by 
 Grey, Lauderdale, and the Duke of 
 Bedford, but I'itt soon succeeded 
 in puttinj^ an end to it. In 1800, 
 when Pitt died, and Fox was called 
 to the head of affairs, Grey, who 
 by the elevation of his father to 
 the Peerage had become Lord 
 Howick, was appointed First Lord 
 of the Admiralty. On the death 
 of Fox, Lord Grenville became 
 Premier, and Lord Howick was ap- 
 pointed Secretary of State for 
 Foreign Affairs, but the Whig 
 ministry was soon after dismissed. 
 Parliament was dissolved, and on 
 the death of Lord Howick's father, 
 in 1807, he entered the Upper 
 House. On several subsequent oc- 
 casions efforts were made to pro- 
 mote such a union among the lead- 
 ing men of both parties as should 
 give public confidence and satis- 
 faction, but too many difficulties 
 presented themselves. In 1812 the 
 Perceval Administration was suc- 
 ceeded by that of Lord Liverpool, 
 and on his retirement, in 1827, 
 Lord Grey declined to support his 
 successor. Canning. But on the 
 abrupt tenuination of the Wel- 
 lington Administration, in 1830, 
 in obedience to the wish of Wil- 
 liam IV., he assumed the reins of 
 Government, and during his four 
 years of office had the supreme 
 satisfaction of seeing the two 
 measures for which he had so long 
 fought successfully carried through 
 Parliament — Parliamentary Ke- 
 form, and the Abolition of Slavery 
 in the British possessions. After 
 his retirement he took no further 
 part in politics, and spent his re- 
 maining years chiefly at Howick, 
 where he died, in 1815, aged 82. 
 He had taken a prominent part in 
 the trial of Queen Caroline before 
 the House of Peers, and greatly 
 
 distinguished himself, on the 
 Queen's side, in the debates upon 
 that occasion. He was succeeded 
 by his son, the present Earl Grey, 
 well known as a statesman, and 
 still better as a Whig critic of 
 Liberal Governments. 
 
 GREY, Colonel George Henry 
 [1835— 187 ij, E(iuerry to H.R.H. 
 the Prince of Wales, was the only 
 son of the Right Hon. Sir George 
 Grey, Bai't., G.C.B., at one time 
 Secretai-y of State for the Home 
 Department [q. v.]. He joined 
 the Rifle Brigade in 185 1, and 
 served in the Crimea from June 
 10, 1855, to the end of the war. 
 He afterwards took part in the 
 Indian Mutiny, and was present at 
 Cawnpore and Lucknow, receiving 
 medals and clasps for both cam- 
 paigns. He retired from the army 
 in 186 1, and was appointed to the 
 command of the Northumberland 
 militia, on the retirement of the 
 Duke of Northumberland. He mar- 
 ried, in 1860, Harriet Jane, daugh- 
 ter of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles 
 Pearson, and had two children — a 
 son (the present baronet) and a 
 daughter. 
 
 GREY, Right Hon. Sib George, 
 2nd Bart., G.C.B. [1799—1882], son 
 of Sir George Grey, the first Bart., 
 and nephew of Earl Grey, the 
 great Whig leader and reformer, 
 was born at Gibraltar, May 11, 
 1799. He was educated at Oriel 
 College, Oxford, where he gained a 
 first class in classics, and graduated 
 M.A. He was called to the bar in 
 1826, and succeeded to the baronetcy 
 on the death of his father, two years 
 later. In 1832, having relinquished 
 the profession of the law, he was 
 returned to the House of Commons 
 as member for Devouport, which he 
 continued to represent till 1817. 
 For a few months in 1831 he held 
 the office of Under-Secretary for 
 the Colonies, and occupied the same 
 post under Lord Melbourne from 
 April, 1835 to 1839, when he became 
 Judge- Advocate. His chief speeches 
 for many years were delivered in 
 
376 
 
 GEEY 
 
 connection with Canadian affairs, at 
 that time in a verj disturbed state, 
 and occupying- a great deal of at- 
 tention in the House of Commons. 
 His speeches, in answer to Mr. Roe- 
 buck, the paid agent of the Colonial 
 Assembly, who was heard at the 
 Bar of the House against Lord John 
 Russell's Bill for temporarily sus- 
 pending the Lower Canadian Con- 
 stitution, were very able and com- 
 prehensive. He also spoke at 
 length on the subject of Jamaica, 
 and both on that question and 
 Canada was of invaluable assistance 
 to the Government. In 1841 he 
 exchanged the oflfice of Judge-Advo- 
 cate for that of Chancellor of the 
 Duchy of Lancaster, retiring with 
 his colleagues in that year. He took 
 no part in the Free Trade and Corn 
 Law debates and agitations of the 
 next few years, but devoted his 
 attention mainly to Irish questions. 
 On the formation of Lord Russell's 
 first administration in 1810, he was 
 appointed Secretary of State for 
 the Home Department, and during 
 the memorable year 1848 attained 
 the height of his fame as a practical 
 and administrative statesman. The 
 country was greatly distux-bed by 
 Chartist riots at liome, and by the 
 momentous events constantly oc- 
 curring on the Continent, but 
 thi'oughout the whole time Sir 
 George Grey fulfilled the duties of 
 his office with discrimination and 
 vigour. He successfully carried 
 through the House of Commons the 
 Crown and Government Security 
 Bill and the Alien Bill. At the 
 time of the Chartist meeting in 
 London, April 10, 18Jr8, his precau- 
 tionary measures met with the 
 warmest approbation, and it was in 
 a great measure due to his prudent 
 conduct on that occasion that a 
 serious outbreak of popular violence 
 was averted. More than 150,000 
 special constables were sworn in ; 
 Feargus O'Connor and his disciples 
 were cowed, and the day passed 
 peacefully. Meanwhile the condi- 
 tion of Ireland was causing much 
 
 alarm, and it was decided to re-in- 
 troduce the measure for the sus- 
 pension of the Habeas Corpus Act, 
 the task of bringing the question 
 before the House falling to the lot 
 of Sir George Grey, who managed 
 to get the proposal carried. In the 
 session of 1851 he supported the 
 Ecclesiastical Titles Bill of Lord 
 John Russell, which created such a 
 commotion in the country. At the 
 general election in Aug., 184'7, he 
 was returned for North Northum- 
 berland, was defeated at the general 
 election in July, 1852, elected for 
 Moi'peth in Jan., 1853, and after 
 holding aloof from the Coalition 
 Ministry for a time, he, in June, 
 1854, accepted the seals of the 
 Colonial Office. On the formation 
 of Lord Palmerston's first adminis- 
 tration in 1855 he returned to the 
 Home Office. In 1857 he introduced 
 an important Bill on the subject of 
 secondary punishments, in which 
 the ticket-of -leave system was re- 
 modelled. Lord Palmerston's Go- 
 vernment having been defeated on 
 the Conspiracy Bill in 1858, went 
 out of office, but returned again in 
 the following year, when Sir George 
 Grey was appointed Chancellor of 
 the Duchy of Lancaster. He re- 
 turned to the Home Office again in 
 1861. He retired with the Russell 
 Administration in 1866, when his 
 official career closed, but he retained 
 his seat in Parliament till 1874, 
 after which he retired altogether 
 from jDublic life. 
 
 GREY, Sir William, K.C.S.I., 
 a distinguished member of the 
 Civil Service of India, was the 
 fourth son of the Hon. and Right 
 Rev. Edward Grey, Bishop of Here- 
 ford, and was born in 1818. He 
 was educated at Haileybury Col- 
 lege, and went to India in 1840 as 
 a writer on the Bengal Establish- 
 ment. From 1862 to 1867 he was 
 a member of the Governor-General's 
 Council, Lieutenant-Governor of 
 Bengal from 1867 to 1871, and fi'om 
 1874 to about the year 1877 Governor 
 of the island of Jamaica. He was 
 
GRIFFIN -GROSVENOKV 
 
 377 
 
 knipfhtcd in 1870. He died at his 
 resi<lonco, I'aiktii'ld, Tonjuay, De- 
 von, in May, IS7S. a<?ed Gl. 
 
 GKIFFIX, (Jkkam). He Avas 
 born in liimeriik, Dee. 12, iSOli, 
 and while still very younj^ bej^an 
 writing for the Linieriek news- 
 pajHTs, and eomposL-d his tra«^edy, 
 " A;^uire," which he believed 
 would "revolutionize the dra- 
 niatie taste of the time." To dis- 
 jvise of this the poor lad went to 
 London in 1823, but thouj^h he 
 failed to get it accepted he set to 
 work on a second drama, "Gisip- 
 pus," which, though never acted in 
 his lifetime was played with suc- 
 cess after his death. After the re- 
 jection of this second play Griffin, 
 acting o'l the advice of his friend, 
 John Banim, became a newspaper 
 correspondent and reporter, and at 
 length obtained the magnificent 
 offer of .£1 per page for his contri- 
 butions to tfte Fashion Neu's. En- 
 couraged by this success. Griffin 
 WTote his first novel, " Hollandtide," 
 which was well received, and then, 
 in the short space of four jnonths, 
 he completed the well-known 
 •' Tales of the Munster Festivals," 
 and soon afterwards that work by 
 which his fame chiefly lives, " The 
 Collegians," better knowTi as " The 
 Colleen Ba^s-n," which was pub- 
 lished ia 1828, and which at once 
 obtained a success. Yet Griffin was 
 not satisfied with literary life, he 
 studied law for a while, and after- 
 wards devoted himself for some 
 time to Irish history, and the out- 
 come of this study was a novel, 
 " The Invasion,'' which had only a 
 small circulation. In 1830 he pub- 
 lished " The Christian Physiologist : 
 or. Tales of the Five Senses," and 
 five years later, "The Rivals," 
 "The Duke of Monmouth," and 
 " Tales of My Neighbourhood." In 
 the autumn of this year he an- 
 nounced his intention ot entering 
 a monastery, and on the 8th of 
 Sept., 1838, entered the monastery 
 of the Christian Brothers in Dublin, 
 having first burnt his unpublished 
 
 MSS., including his luckless but 
 still beloved "Aguin*." In the 
 following summer he was removed 
 to Cork, where he caught a fever 
 and died June 12, 18 U>, aged 3G 
 years. There is a collected e<lition 
 of his works comprising his life 
 by his brother Daniel Griffin, " The 
 Collegians," "Card Drawing," " The 
 Half Sir," " Suil Dhuv," "The 
 Rivals," "Tracey's Ambition," 
 " Hollandtide," "The Duke of Mon- 
 mouth," "Tales of the Jury Room," 
 and poetry. 
 
 GRIFFITH, Sir Richard John, 
 Bart. [1781— 1878], author of "The 
 Irish Land Question and English 
 Public Opinion, with a Supplement 
 on Griffith's Valuation," 1881, was 
 born in Dublin, in 1781. He early 
 entered the service of the State, 
 having been appointed in 1809 to 
 inquire into the best means of 
 draining and improving the Irish 
 bogs. He became Professor of 
 Geology and Mining Engineer to 
 the Royal Dublin Society in 1812, 
 and in 1825 was appointed Commis- 
 sioner for the general valuation of 
 lands and tenements in Ireland. 
 In 1851 he was elected Chairman 
 of the Boai'd of Public Works in 
 Ireland, and for the indefatigable 
 zeal and industry with which he 
 discharged his public duties in this 
 and in other capacities, as well as 
 in reward of the many improve- 
 ments in roads and agriculture 
 which he was instrumental in in- 
 troducing he was raised to a ba- 
 ronetcy by Lord Palmerston, April 
 20, 1858. For his " Geological Map 
 of Ireland " he obtained the "VVol- 
 laston Medal of the Geological 
 Society in 185 1. He was made hono- 
 rary LL.D. by Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin, in 1851, and retired from the 
 Chairmanship of the Board of Pub- 
 lic Works in Ireland in 1801. 
 
 GROSVENOR, Field-Marshal 
 Thomas [1764—1851], was the third 
 son of Thomas Grosvenor, M.P. for 
 Chester. During the Bank of Eng- 
 land riots in 1780, he commanded 
 the guard. In 1793 he served in 
 
378 
 
 GROTE. 
 
 Flanders and Holland, and in 1799 
 went with the expedition to the 
 Helder, and was slightly wounded 
 at Zuyj)e. He became Major-Gene- 
 ral in 1802, and was appointed to 
 serve in the West of England under 
 Lieutenant-General Simcox. He 
 went to Copenhagen in 1805, and 
 commanded a brigade at the attack 
 on that city, and in 1809 joined the 
 Walcheren expedition. He was 
 raised to the rank of Field-Marshal 
 in 1846. He represented the City 
 of Chester in the House of Commons 
 during eight Parliaments. He was 
 twice married, first in 1797, to 
 Elizabeth, sister of Sir Gilbert 
 Heathcote, Bart., and secondly in 
 1831, to Anna, youngest sister of 
 George Wilbraham, of Delamere 
 House, Cheshire. 
 
 GROTE, George, D.C.L., F.R.S. 
 [179 i— 1871], the historian of 
 Greece, and for many years of his 
 life the leader of the " Philosophic 
 Radical" party, was born at Clay 
 Hill, near Beckenham, Kent. His 
 ancestors came to this country from 
 Germany, and his grandfather 
 founded, in conjunction with Mr. 
 George Prescott, the banking-house 
 in Threadneedle Street, of Grote, 
 Prescott & Co., 17G6. He was edu- 
 cated at the Charterhouse, and at 
 the age of sixteen entered his 
 father's bank as a clerk, and worked 
 there for 32 years. All his leisure 
 time he devoted to the study of 
 classical authors, began also to 
 learn German, and in 181G he 
 speaks of having made a sort of 
 abridgement of Sismondi's " His- 
 tory of the Italian Republics.^' 
 Soon after tliat ho became ac- 
 quainted with James Mill, to whose 
 views on the subjects of Democratic 
 (Jovernment and the Established 
 Church he gradually became con- 
 verted, and even enrolled himself 
 as one of the band of young men 
 who, in the twelve or fifteen years 
 before the passing of the Reform 
 Bill, undertook to promulgate the 
 views of Mill and Bentham, and 
 to oppose equally the Whigs and 
 
 Tories. With the rest of Mill's 
 followers Grote studied political 
 economy. In 1820 he married Miss 
 Harriet Lewin, and their house in 
 Threadneedle Street soon became 
 the centre of a choice circle of 
 friends who used to meet to discuss 
 all kinds of political and metaphy- 
 sical questions. Among them were 
 David Ricardo, John Romilly, John 
 Austin, Charles BuUer, the two 
 Mills, &c., and it was under the in- 
 fluence of this society, and urged 
 thereto by his wife, that Grote first 
 began to think of his " Histoi-y of 
 Greece," 1823. In the winter of that 
 year he jDublished the result of his 
 studies in a crushing article on 
 Mitford's History, in the newly- 
 started Westrtxinster Review, an ar- 
 ticle which attracted much atten- 
 tion. The London University was 
 founded about that time, and Grote, 
 with Brougham, James Mill, and 
 others, formed part of the original 
 council. Grote lost his father in 
 1830 during the stirring times of 
 the July Revolution in Paris, and 
 the beginning of the Reform agita- 
 tion in England ; and having be- 
 come the head of the bank, and 
 being known as a sound man of 
 business and an ardent politician, 
 he was looked to as a likely man 
 for the representation of the City. 
 But being busy on the History it 
 was not till the dissolution after 
 the passing of the Reform Bill 
 that he came forward as a candi- 
 date for the City, and was returned 
 triumphantly at the head of the 
 poll by a majority of 921 votes, 
 his total being 8,788. Parliament 
 met in February, and Grote at 
 once gave notice of a motion for 
 the vote by ballot in parliamentary 
 elections, which he brought })eforo 
 the House on April 25 following. 
 His speech on that occasion took 
 rank in the minds of some expe- 
 rienced members as one of the two 
 or three best speeches delivered in 
 the House of Commons in that 
 generation. But though he dis- 
 charged his political duties ear- 
 
GROTE— GRUNEISEN. 
 
 379 
 
 nestly and faithfully and was 
 keenly interested in all the great 
 questions of the day, his parlia- 
 mentary career was only an episode 
 in his life. He sat in three succes- 
 sive parliaments from 1833 to 1841, 
 and saw the gradual passage from 
 the first ti'iumphs of reform to the 
 Conservative reaction under Sir 
 Robert Peel, and the decay of his own 
 sect of Philosophic Radicalism. He 
 retired altogether from Parliament 
 in 1841, and from that time became 
 simply the man of letters, and the 
 " History of Greece " became prac- 
 tically what it had long been 
 secretly, the object of his life. The 
 first two volumes appeared in 1846, 
 and at once attracted attention in 
 the world of scholars. He worked 
 on steadily, generally giving eight 
 hours a day to the book, and in 
 1850 the ninth and tenth volumes 
 were almost ready for the press. 
 From that time, having previously 
 given up all connection with the 
 bank, his time was incessantly 
 spent in writing. The History pro- 
 gressed rapidlj'. In April, 1853, 
 the eleventh volume appeared, and 
 on Dec. 23, 1855, the last proofs of 
 the twelfth and last volume were 
 returned to the printer. He was 
 made a Trustee of the British 
 Museum, and in 1864 Foreign As- 
 sociate of the French Institute in 
 succession to Lord Macaulay. In 
 1862 he was appointed Vice-Chan- 
 cellor of the University of London, 
 and throusrhout his tenui-e of that 
 office strenuously endeavoured to 
 carry out the original design of the 
 University. In 1865 he finished 
 his elaborate work on " Plato and 
 the other Companions of Sokrates," 
 Avhich, with the " Aristotle " (pub- 
 lished after his death), formed the 
 supplement to the " History of 
 Greece." He died tranquilly and 
 painlessly Juno 18, 1871, and was 
 buried in "Westminster Abbey in 
 the Poet's Corner, near Macaulay. 
 He had been offered a peerage by 
 Mr. Gladstone, but declined it. 
 GROTE, Harriet, wife of the 
 
 above [1792— 1878], was the second 
 daughter of Thomas Lewin, author 
 of "The Life and Travels of St. 
 Paul," and was born at Bexley in 
 Kent. Her writings are " A Memoir 
 of the Life of Ary Scheffer," 1860 ; 
 *' The Personal Life of George 
 Grote," 1873 ; and " Collected 
 Papers (original and reprinted) in 
 Prose and Verse," 1862. She was 
 a contributor to the Westminster 
 and Edinburgh Revieifs, and the 
 Spectator. 
 
 GRUNEISEX, Charles Lewis 
 [1806 — 1879], born in London, was 
 the son of a natiu-alised German. 
 He was educated at home by a pri- 
 vate tutor, and at a school at Pen- 
 tonville, his studies being com- 
 pleted in Holland. He began his 
 journalistic career in 1832 as sub- 
 editor of the Britannia. He was 
 afterwards connected with the 
 Morning Post, the Illustrated Lon- 
 don News, the Athenceum, (tc. In 
 1837-8, while he was war correspon- 
 dent of the Post in Spain, Don 
 Carlos conferred two crosses on him 
 for having with some risk saved 
 the lives of several prisoners who 
 were about to be killed by the Car- 
 lists. Mr. Gruneisen was himself 
 taken prisoner by the Christinos, 
 and had a narrow escape of being- 
 shot. After great sufferings at 
 Logrono he wasreleased through the 
 influence of Lord Palmerston and 
 Count Mole, the Premier of Louis 
 Philippe. While in Paris from 
 1839 to 1844, as correspondent of 
 the Morning Post, he organised an 
 express system to convey corre- 
 spondence to the London journals. 
 He also carried out during the fine 
 months a complete communication 
 with London from Paris hx dis- 
 patches conveyed by pigeons. In 
 1847 he was the main founder and 
 originator of the Royal Italian 
 Opera, Covent Garden. He pub- 
 lished a short " Memoir of Meyer- 
 beer," a brochure, entitled "The 
 Opera and the Press," and a lecture 
 on " The Civil War in Spain." 
 
 GUEST, Edwin, LL.D., F.R.S., 
 
3 so 
 
 GUEST— GURNET. 
 
 was born in 1802. He graduated 
 at Cains College, Cambridge, in 
 1824, and was called to tlie bar in 
 1828. He was elected Master of 
 Cains in 1852, took his LL.D. de- 
 gree 1853, a,nd was made Vice- 
 Chancellor of the University in 
 1854. He was a Fellow of the 
 Royal Society, and for nia,ny years 
 a Justice of the Peace for the 
 county of Oxford and for the 
 borough of Cambridge. He wrote 
 a " History of English Rhythms " 
 in two volumes 1838, and various 
 papers published in the historical 
 journals, including one on "' Early 
 English Settlements in South Bri- 
 tain." Many of these papers were 
 collected and published by W. 
 Stubbs and C. Deedes under the 
 title of " Origines Celticae (a frag- 
 ment) and other Contributions to 
 the History of Britain.'"' Although 
 almost all his writings were of a 
 fragmentary character. Dr. Guest 
 was one of the leaders of the 
 modern school of scientific English 
 historians, and was regarded with 
 high esteem by such men as Dr. 
 Stubbs, Dr. E. A. Freeman, and the 
 late Mr. J. R. Green. He married, in 
 1859, Ann, daughter of Mr. Joseph 
 Ferguson, of Morton, near Carlisle, 
 and widow of Major Robert Murray 
 Banner. He died, Nov. 23, 1880, 
 at his country residence in Oxford- 
 shire. 
 
 GUEST, Sir Josiah John, Bart., 
 an eminent iron founder, was born 
 at Dowlais, Feb. 2, 1785, and was 
 the son of Thomas Guest, the man- 
 ager of the iron foundry of which 
 the son afterwards became the 
 head. On the death of his father 
 in 1807, Josiah became the sole 
 manager of the firm, and soon, by 
 his splendid business talents, raised 
 the produce of the mines to G8,000 
 tons, and cleared it from debt. In 
 1819 the whole property in the 
 Dowlais works became vested in 
 him. He was returned to Parlia- 
 ment for Honiton in 182G, was re- 
 chosen in 1830, but lost his seat in 
 1S31 owing to the liberality of 
 
 his opinions. He afterwards sat 
 for the boroughs of Merthyr, Aber- 
 dare, and Vaynor. He was created 
 a Baronet by patent in 1838. He 
 Avas twice married, first in 1817 to 
 Maria Elizabeth, daughter of Wil- 
 liam Rankin, and secondly in 1833 
 to Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Bertie, 
 only sister of Lord Lindsey, the 
 translator of " The Mabinogion," 
 which she rendered from the 
 Welsh with notes. He died at 
 Dowlais House^ Glamorganshire 
 Nov. 26, 1852. 
 
 GULLY, James Manby, M.D. 
 [1808—1883], born at Kingston, 
 Jamaica, was educated at Liver- 
 pool, and at the College de St. 
 Barbe, Paris. He entered the 
 University of Edinburgh in 1825, 
 as Undergraduate in Medicine, 
 and took the degree of M.D. in 
 1829, in which year he became a 
 Licentiate of the Royal College of 
 Surgeons in that city. He after- 
 wards was elected a Fellow of the 
 Royal Medical and Chirurgical 
 Society of London, From 1832 to 
 1836 he edited the London Medical 
 Journal, and the Liverpool Medical 
 Gazette. In 1842 Dr. Gully re- 
 moved to Malvern, where he prac- 
 tised hydropathy, and to him, in a 
 great measure, Malvern owes its 
 reputation as a place of sanitary 
 resort. He was the author, inter 
 alia, of " Symptoms and Treat- 
 ment of Neuropathy," and " The 
 Water Cure in Chronic Disease." 
 His unfortunate connection with 
 the notorious Bravo Case greatly 
 damaged his reputation, and on the 
 conclusion of it his name was re- 
 moved from all the medical societies 
 and journals of the day. 
 
 GURNEY, Sib Goldsworthy 
 [1793 — 1875], son of John Gurney, 
 Esq., of Trevorgus, CoruAvall, by 
 Isabella, daughter of the Rev. 
 Elias Carter, Rector of St. Ervan, 
 and grandson of the Rev. Gregory 
 Gurney, Rector of Tregony and 
 Cubert, in the same county, was 
 educated for the medical pro- 
 fession, and at an early age 
 
GURNEY. 
 
 381 
 
 turned his attention to the prac- 
 tical study of chemistry. He was 
 the author of "A Course of Lec- 
 tures on Chemical Science, delivered 
 at the Surrey Institution in 1822/' 
 and published in 1823 ; from which 
 it appears that he was the inventor 
 of the "Oxyhydrogen BloAviDipe," 
 for which he received the gold 
 medal of the Society of Arts in 
 1823, the '• Lime Light," and of 
 the " Magnesium Light;" and that 
 he fii-st produced the startings of 
 the magnetic needle by electrical 
 cross-ciu'rents from the voltaic bat- 
 tery, which forms the basis of the 
 electric telegraph. He was the in- 
 ventor of the " Bude Light," of 
 the "Oil Vapour Light," of the 
 " High-pressui-e Steam Jet," of the 
 " Tubular Boiler,'" and other im- 
 provements in steam, which led to 
 his driving a steam-carriage from 
 London to Bath on the common 
 turnpike-road, July 28, 1829, at the 
 rate of foiu'teen miles an hour-. 
 By his high -pressure steam- jet, 
 which was lirst applied to rail- 
 wav locomotives at the celebrated 
 trial at EainhiU, Oct. 8, 1830, the 
 rate was suddenly increased from 
 twelve to thirty miles an hour. 
 He suggested, before a Committee 
 of the House of Lords in 1835, the 
 high - pressiu*e steam- jet for the 
 ventilation of coal-mines, which 
 has been successfully used at Sea- 
 ton Delaval since 18J:8 ; extin- 
 guished the fire of a biu'ning 
 coal-mine by means of the high 
 pressure steam- jet at Astley, Lan- 
 cashire, in 1849, and afterwards 
 extinguished the fire in another 
 mine in Clackmannan, which 
 had been biu-ning to waste for 
 more than twenty years. He ex- 
 hausted and consumed the poi- 
 sonous gases from Great Friar 
 Street sewer, London, by means of 
 the steam- jet in 1849 ; introduced 
 a new mode of lighting into the 
 House of Commons in 1839 ; ar- 
 ranged the lighting and ventilating 
 in the Xew Houses of Parliament 
 in 1852j and held an appointment 
 
 (by vote of the House, and under 
 the Office of Works) to take 
 charge of the same, extend its 
 application, and be in attendance 
 during the sittings of Parliament, 
 from 1854 to 18G1-. Sir G. Gurney 
 was a magistrate for Devon and 
 for Cornwall ; he received the 
 honour of knighthood in 18G3, and 
 two months afterwards became 
 disabled by a violent attack of 
 paralysis. He resided at Eeeds, 
 near Bude, in Cornwall. 
 
 GUKXEY, Joseph John [1788— 
 1847], banker at Norwich ; was the 
 third, son of John Gurney, also a 
 banker of that place, and brother 
 of Mrs. Elizabeth Fry (q. v.). At 
 the age of four he lost his mother, 
 and his early education was en- 
 trusted to his three elder sisters, 
 one of whom probably had no small 
 amount of influence in inspiring 
 h*s mind with those philanthropical 
 principles to which they both 
 later became so devoted. He went 
 to Oxford, but did not become a 
 member of the University, or sub- 
 scribe to the Thirty-nine Articles. 
 He adhered to the views of the 
 Society of Friends^ among whom 
 he had been born, and in 1818 
 became a recognised minister of 
 that body. In 1818, together with 
 Mrs. Fry, he visited the prisons of 
 Scotland ; in 1827 those of Ireland, 
 and in 1837 visited America, where 
 he remained three years, travelling- 
 through most of the Northern 
 States of the Union, and in Upper 
 and Lower Canada. He subse- 
 quently paid three visits to the 
 Continent, the first in 1841, to 
 Paris, with his brother Samuel 
 Gurney, on the question of the 
 Abolition of Slavery ; in the same 
 year, with Mrs. Fry, he visited 
 HoUpiud, Belgium, Germany, Den- 
 mark, and Prussia ; and in 1843, 
 visited the same places with 
 Mrs. Fry and his wife. They 
 held religious meetings evervwhere 
 for the instruction and improve- 
 ment of all classes. Mr. Gui-ney 
 was the author of "Notes on Pri- 
 
382 
 
 GUENEY— GUTHRIE . 
 
 sons and Prison Discipline/' '' A 
 Winter in the West Indies," "^ Es- 
 says on the Evidences, Doctrines, 
 and Practical Operations of Chris- 
 tianity," etc., beside numerous 
 tracts on religious and philan- 
 throphical subjects. " Memoirs of 
 his Life," by J. H. Braithwaite, 
 aj)j)eared in 1854. 
 
 GUENEY, The Eight Hon. 
 EussELL, M.P. [180i— 1878], son 
 of Sir John Gurney, a Baron of the 
 Exchequer, was born at Norwood, 
 in Surrey, and educated at Trinity 
 Colleg-e, Cambridge, where, in 1826, 
 he took his B.A. degree. He was 
 called to the bar in 1828, and 
 having been for some years a Com- 
 mon Pleader of the City of London, 
 was in 1815 made a Q.C., when he 
 relinquished his connection with 
 the local City Courts. In 1856 he 
 was elected by the Court of Alder- 
 men to the distinguished office of 
 Eecorder of London, a position he 
 filled till 1878. In addition to his 
 duties as chief legal adviser to the 
 Corporation of London, he acted 
 as Judge of the Mayor's Court, and 
 as one of the Commissioners of the 
 Central Criminal Court. In 1865 
 he was chosen one of the commis- 
 sioners to inquire into the dis- 
 turbances in Jamaica, his colleagues 
 being Sir Henry Storks and Mr. 
 Maule, Eecorder of Leeds. Mean- 
 while he had entered Parliament, 
 in the Conservative interest, for 
 SouthamiDton, and on his return 
 from Jamaica was sworn a Privy 
 Councillor. He was again chosen 
 in 1871 by another Liberal Govern- 
 ment to act as Her Majesty's Com- 
 missioner for the settlement of 
 British and American claims, under 
 the 12th Article of the Treaty of 
 Washington. After spending some 
 time in the United States, he re- 
 turned home, and resumed his 
 judicial and other functions, con- 
 tinuing them till Feb. 1878, when 
 on account of failing health, h6 
 was ol>liged to retire. In 1874 he 
 succeeded in passing through the 
 House of Commons the Public 
 
 Worship Eegulatioil Bill, one of 
 the most important measures of 
 the session, which had been in- 
 troduced into the House of Lords by 
 the Archbishops of Canterbury and 
 York. 
 
 GUEWOOD, Colonel John, 
 C.B., private secretary to the Duke 
 of Wellington, whose Despatches 
 he edited, entered the army, in 
 ISOS, as ensign in the 52nd Foot, 
 and served in the Peninsula from 
 that year till 1812. At the attack 
 on Ciudad Eodrigo, in 1811, he 
 received a wound in his skull from 
 a musket-ball, from the effects of 
 which he suffered for the rest of 
 his life. Having taken the Go- 
 vernor, General Banier, prisoner, 
 in this action, he was presented, by 
 the Duke of Wellington, with his 
 sword. In 1812 he was appointed 
 A.D.C. to Lord Edward Somerset, 
 and later to Sir Henry Clinton, 
 who was then second in command 
 of the army, under the Prince of 
 Orange, in the Netherlands. He 
 served throughout the campaign of 
 1815, and was again severely 
 wounded at Waterloo. He became 
 major in 1817, lieutenant-colonel 
 in 1827, and colonel in 1841. In a 
 fit of despondency, he committed 
 suicide, December 25, 1845. 
 
 GUTHEIE, Eev. Thomas, D.D. 
 [1803—1873], was the son of an 
 influential merchant and banker 
 in Brechin, Forfarshire, where he 
 was born. He studied for the 
 Church of Scotland at the Univer- 
 sity of Edinburgh, and devoted 
 two additional winters to the study 
 of chemistry, natural history, and 
 anatomy. In 1825 he was licensed 
 as a preacher by the Presbytery of 
 Brechin, and then went to Paris 
 for six months for the purpose of 
 studying comparative anatomy, 
 chemistry, and natural philosophy, 
 with a view of being able to give 
 the poor medical advice when en- 
 gaged in his pastoral duties. On 
 his return to Scotland, he for two 
 years conducted the affairs of a 
 bank agency in Brechin. In 1830 
 
 ( 
 
GU YON— G W ATKIN 
 
 383 
 
 he was ordained minister of the 
 parish of Arbirlot, m his native 
 county, and in 1837 he removed to 
 Old Greyfriars, Edinburgh. Here 
 his eloquence, combined with de- 
 voted labours to reclaim the de- 
 graded popuhition of one of the 
 worst districts of the city, soon 
 won for him a high phice in public 
 estimation. In 1810 he became 
 minister of St. John's, a new chiu'ch 
 in Edinburgh, erected chiefly in 
 consequence of his popularity. In 
 conjunction with Dr. Chalmers, 
 Cunningham, and Candlish, he 
 took a prominent part in the Xon- 
 intrusion Controversy, and in other 
 ecclesiastical questions, which re- 
 sulted in the formation of the Free 
 Church in 1843. His fervent and 
 heart-stirring ajDpeals to the bene- 
 volent on behalf of the destitute 
 and homeless children of the Scot- 
 tish capital led, in 1817, to the 
 establishment of the Edinburgh 
 Original Eagged or Industrial 
 School, which was productive of 
 incalculable benefit to the poorer 
 classes of that city. He also ear- 
 nestly exerted himself to combat 
 the evils of intemperance and other 
 prevailing vices. Dr. Guthrie was 
 Moderator of the General As- 
 sembly of the Free Church of 
 Scotland in May, 1862. He was 
 the author of " Pleas for Eagged 
 Schools," ^^Ezekiel," ^' The Inherit- 
 ance of the Saints," and for some 
 time was editor of the Sunday 
 Magazine. 
 
 G U T O X, Geneeal Eichaed 
 Debatteee [1813 — 1856], third son 
 of John Guyon, of Eichmond, Sur- 
 rey, was born at Bath, and edu- 
 cated there. At the age of 18 he 
 obtained a commission in the Aus- 
 trian armv, where in time he at- 
 tained the rank of captain. In 
 1838 he married a daughter of 
 Field-Marshal Baron Spleny, com- 
 mander of the Hungarian Life 
 Guards, after which he went to 
 live near Pesth, spending his time 
 chiefly in hunting. He always at- 
 tributed one of his greatest vic- 
 
 tories, the famous battle of Komorn, 
 to the fact of having got to know 
 the whole district thoroughly by 
 hunting over it. In 1818 he took 
 up arms at the head of a section of 
 revolutionists to oppose Jellachich, 
 the Ban of Croatia, who, in spite of 
 specious promises, had invaded 
 Hungary at the head of 50,000 
 men. In Sept., 1848, the battle of 
 Sukoro was fought, in which Jel- 
 lachich was thoroughly beaten. 
 For his success and bravery at the 
 battle of Schwechat, when Manns- 
 worth was gained, after a terrible 
 struggle, Guyon was made a colonel 
 on the field. His career from that 
 time is a matter of history, the 
 brilliant and victorious engage- 
 ments he led, and his overthrow 
 with Bernard Kmety, through the 
 treacherous surrender of Gorgey. 
 Guyon fled, with the rest of the 
 Hungarian leaders, to Turkey, and 
 accepted service under the Govern- 
 ment of that country. He was 
 sent to Damascus with the rank of 
 lieutenant-general, on the staff, 
 and with the title of " Khourschid 
 Pasha" (the Sunj, wliich soon after 
 became as famous as the name by 
 which Eiu"0j)e had hitherto known 
 him. He refused to embrace the 
 Mahometan faith, and finallv the 
 authorities at Constantinople were 
 obliged to accept his services on 
 his own terms. He was the first 
 Christian who obtained the rank of 
 pasha and a Tiu'kish military com- 
 mand without betraying his reli- 
 gion. On the breaking out of the 
 Eussian war he undertook to re- 
 model the army of Asia Minor, but 
 all his endeavours were rendered 
 fruitless bv the stupidity and in- 
 capacity, and above all by the cor- 
 ruption of the Turkish authorities, 
 so that when in time an army was 
 collected in some strength and dis- 
 cipline, the presumption of the 
 Turkish pashas exposed it to defeat 
 and destruction. 
 
 GWATKIX, Eobeet Lovell, 
 M.A. [1756 — 1843[, who married 
 Miss Theophila Palmer, Sir Joshua 
 
384 
 
 HAKEWILL— HALDANE. 
 
 Eeynold's niece, '' Offie " (The 
 '" Strawberry Girl"), was educated 
 at St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 and took his B.A. and M.A. degrees 
 in 1778. At college he was the in- 
 timate friend of William Pitt, 
 though he declined, being a con- 
 sistent AVhig, to follow that states- 
 man into public life. He spent 
 the last ten years of his life at 
 Plymouth, where he was very po- 
 jmlar among all classes of society. 
 
 H. 
 
 HAKEWILL, James, art illus- 
 trator. He Avas born Nov. 25, 1778, 
 was a son of John Hakewill, the 
 painter, and was educated as an 
 architect. He however, preferred 
 painting, and is best known by his 
 publications on art, chiefly of an 
 architectural character. He jDub- 
 lished in 1813, a " History of 
 Windsor," illustrated by himself ; 
 in 1818-20, ''Picturesque Italy;" 
 in 1825 " A Picturesque Tour in 
 the Island of Jamaica ; " " Plans 
 of the Abattoirs of Paris" 1828, 
 and in 1835 a small tract on Eliza- 
 bethian architecture. He was en- 
 gaged on a work on the Rhine 
 when he died May 28th, 18J.3. In 
 addition to his art writings, he was 
 the author of " Coelebs Suited." 
 
 HAKEWILL, Arthur Wm., 
 architect. He was a son of the 
 above, was born in 1808, was edu- 
 cated by his father, and in 1826 
 became the pupil of Mr. Decimus 
 Burton. He however, preferred 
 literature to the practice of archi- 
 tecture, and was the author of 
 several works on Architectiu'e. In 
 1818 he was appointed lecturer to 
 the Architectural Society. He died 
 June 19th, 1856. 
 
 HALDANE, James Alexander, 
 the founder, in conjunction with 
 his brother Eobert, of the sect of 
 Dissenters which bears their name, 
 was born at Dundee in 1768, and 
 was the son of Captain James 
 Haldane of Airthrey, Stirling. He 
 
 was educated at the Grammar 
 School of Dundee, and at the 
 Edinburgh University, and entered 
 the service of the East India Com- 
 pany in 1785, as midshipman on 
 board the Dnhe of Montrose. He 
 became Commander of the Melville 
 Castle in 1793, but retired from the 
 service in 1794, and returned to 
 Scotland, devoting himself from 
 that time to preaching, in Edin- 
 burgh and the surrounding villages. 
 He established several congrega- 
 tions throughout the country in 
 spite of much opposition from 
 recognised religious bodies. Just 
 before his death he adopted Bap- 
 tist view^s. He died Feb. 8, 1851, 
 aged 83. He was the author of 
 numerous books and pamphlets on 
 religious subjects. 
 
 HALDANE, Egbert, brother of 
 the preceding, and inseparably 
 associated with him in his religious 
 works, was born in 1764, and edu- 
 
 ! cated with his brother at Dundee 
 and Edinbm-gh. He had a strong 
 wish to enter the ministry, but was 
 dissuaded from doing so, and en- 
 tered the navy in 1780, serving 
 under his uncle and guardian 
 Admiral Duncan He retired from 
 the service in 1783, and after living 
 for some time at Gosport, he again 
 entered the Edinburgh University, 
 dividing his time between studying 
 there and travelling on the Conti- 
 nent. He afterwards joined his 
 brother in his preaching tours in 
 Scotland, and with him was among 
 those Avho in December 1797, esta- 
 blished in Edinburgh " The Society 
 for propagating the Gospel at home." 
 Up to this time they had not seceded 
 from the Church of Scotland, but 
 the excitement produced in the 
 country by their preaching, drew 
 from the General Assembly a '' Pas- 
 toral Admonition," warning the peo- 
 
 j pie against strange preachers, and 
 prohibiting Episcopalians or other 
 strangers from occuj^ying the pul- 
 pits of the Scottish church. This 
 led to Mr. Eobert Haldane erect- 
 ing at an expense of .£30^000 large 
 
HALE— HALL. 
 
 385 
 
 places of worship in Edinbur<:fh, 
 Glasgow, Dundee, Perth, Dumfries, 
 &c. In 181G Mr. Eobert Haldane 
 undertook a missionary tour on 
 the Continent, residing chiefly at 
 Geneva and Montauban, where he 
 published his " Commentary on the 
 Romans," 1817. This visit was to 
 a great extent the cause of the split 
 in the Church of Geneva, which 
 led to the founding of the " Ora- 
 toire," Haldane was the author 
 of numerous other religious works, 
 and at the time of his death was 
 engfaored on a careful revision of 
 his " Exposition of the Romans." 
 He died December 12, 1812 in his 
 79th year, and was buried within 
 one of the aisles of the old cathedi-al 
 of Glasgow. 
 
 HALE, Warren Stormes, one 
 of the alderman of the City of 
 London, highly esteemed for the 
 conspicuous part he took in the 
 reconstruction of the City of London 
 School, as also for promoting the 
 foundation of the Freemen's Or- 
 phan School by the Corporation of 
 London, was a member of a re- 
 spectable family settled at Bening- 
 ton in Hertfordshire, and came to 
 London in 1804. He apprenticed 
 himself to his brother, a manufac- 
 turer in London, and became a 
 successful man of business, taking 
 a keen interest in all civic af- 
 fairs, and specially in the promo- 
 tion of education. He became a 
 sheriff of London in 1858, and Lord 
 Mayor in 1864. He died at his 
 house at Hampstead^ Aug. 23, 1872, 
 in his 82nd year. 
 
 HALIBURTOX, Thomas Chand- 
 ler, M.P. [179G— 1865], Judge of 
 the Supreme Court of Xova Scotia, 
 and author of " Sam Slick," was 
 the son of the Hon. Mr. Jus- 
 tice Halibiu'ton, and was born at 
 Windsor, Nova Scotia. He wiis 
 educated at King's College, Wind- 
 sor, and became a member of 
 the Bar in his native country, 
 and also a member of the House 
 of Assembly. He filled the office 
 of Chief Justice of Common 
 
 Pleas, and Judge of the Supreme 
 Court of Nova Scotia. His earliest 
 literary undertaking was a series 
 of letters contributed, in 1835, to 
 a weekly newspaper of Nova Scotia, 
 and designed to exliil^it the most 
 peculiar features of the Yankee 
 chai-acter, as the " Lucubrations of 
 Sam Slick, the Clockmaker." The 
 letters attracted so much attention 
 that they were collected into a 
 duodecimo volume, and had an 
 immense circulation, as well in 
 England, where they were re- 
 printed, as in the United States. 
 In 1842, on his retirement from his 
 judicial duties, he came to England 
 as an attache of the American Le- 
 gation to this country, and his ob- 
 servations on the aspects of British 
 society were published soon after- 
 wards, under the title of " The At- 
 tache; or, Sam Slick in England." 
 He received the honorary degree of 
 D.C.L. from the University of Ox- 
 ford in 1858. He eventually settled 
 permanently in England, and in 
 1859 was elected M.P. for Launces- 
 ton, on Conservative principles. 
 Judge Halibui'ton was the author of 
 the following works : — " Historical 
 and Statistical Account of Nova 
 Scotia;" '^Sam Slick, the Clock- 
 maker " (1st, 2nd, and 3rd series) ; 
 "Letters to Lord Durham;" '^Bub- 
 bles from Canada ; " " The Letter- 
 Bag of the Great Western;" "The 
 Attache" (1st and 2nd series) ; "The 
 Old Judge, or Life in a Colony," 
 " Rule and Misrule of the Ensflish 
 in America," "Nature and Human 
 Nature," "Wise Saws," &c. He 
 also edited several other works, 
 including one on the " Settlement 
 of New England." 
 
 HALL, Captain Basil, E.N., 
 traveller and author, was a son of 
 Sir James Hall, of Dunglass, East 
 Lothian, and was born in Edin- 
 burgh in 1788. He entered the 
 navy in 1802, and received his first 
 commission as lieutenant in 1808. In 
 1813, when in command of the Theban 
 on the East India Station, he tra- 
 velled with Admiral Sir Samuel 
 
 c c 
 
38(3 
 
 HALL. 
 
 Hood over the greater part of tbe is- 
 land of Java. In 1816;, in command 
 of the L]ira, he accompanied Lord 
 Amherst on his China mission^ on 
 which occasion he visited all the 
 jjlaces of note in the adjacent seas, 
 and on his return to England pub- 
 lished "A Voyage of Discovery to 
 the Western Coast of Corea, and 
 the Great Loo-Choo Island in the 
 Japan Sea/' which excited great 
 attention, and afterwards formed 
 the first volume of Constable's Mis- 
 cellany. In it Captain Hall gives 
 an account of his interview with 
 the exiled Emperor Napoleon at 
 St. Helena. He was next employed 
 on the South American station 
 during the struggle for independ- 
 ence of the Spanish Colonies, and 
 on his return published extracts 
 from his journal, written while on 
 that station. Captain Hall was 
 from time to time a visitor at Ab- 
 botsford, where his habit of taking 
 notes during dinner considerably 
 surprised and rather annoyed Sir 
 Walter. It was at his suggestion 
 that Sir James Graham, then First 
 Lord of the Admiralty, placed a 
 Government ship at Sir Walter's 
 disposal during his last illness. In 
 1842 Captain Hall's mind gave way, 
 and he was placed in the Eoyal 
 Hospital at Portsmouth, where he 
 died Sept. 11, 1844, aged 56. Be- 
 sides the works already mentioned, 
 he was the author of many volumes 
 of travel, and wi^ote numerous scien- 
 tific papers for the Eoyal Society 
 Transactions. 
 
 HALL, Vice -Chancellor Sir 
 Charles [1814 — 1883], was the 
 fourth son of John Hall, a Man- 
 chester merchant, who lost a great 
 deal of money through the failure 
 of a bank. Charles Hall went to 
 no public school or college, but was 
 jilaced in an attorney's office, which, 
 liowever, he soon loft and entered 
 as a student at the Middle Temi^le 
 in 1835. Having studied for an 
 unusually long time with a pleader, 
 William Taprell, of Hare Court, 
 and later with Mr. Lewis Duval, he 
 
 married, in 1837, Miss Sarah Duval' 
 his teacher's niece, and at his death 
 succeeded to much of his lucrative 
 practice. He began to apjDear be- 
 fore the courts, and his greatest 
 achievement as a comparatively 
 young man in court was to prompt 
 Sir Kichard Bethell and Sir Fitzroy 
 Kelly as their junior in the great 
 Bridgewater case in 1853, in which 
 the House of Lords took the opinion 
 of the judges, and then overruled 
 them in favour of the contention 
 which Mr. Hall had supported. 
 His next great success was in the 
 case of "Allgood v. Blake," when 
 the Lord Chief Baron said that 
 Mr. Hall's address in the Court of 
 Exchequer was the most perfect 
 argument he had ever listened to. 
 He was under-conveyancer to the 
 court in 1862, and became a Bencher 
 of his Inn ten years later. He is 
 said to have made a larger profes- 
 sional income than any other stutf- 
 gownsman, his earnings during his 
 last years at the bar amounting to 
 more than .£10,000. He received in 
 his pupil-room many young men 
 who subsequently rose to distinc- 
 tion, among them being Mr, Jus- 
 tice Lopes, Lord Justice Fry, Mr. 
 Justice North, Sir John Karslake, 
 Mr. Fox, Premier of New Zealand, 
 Mr. Justice Richmond of the same co- 
 lony, Mr. E. H. Hutton of the Sjoecta- 
 tor, and others. After his elevation to 
 the Bench, he had to decide on many 
 important cases. In June, 1882, as 
 he was returning home on foot from 
 his court he was struck with pa- 
 ralysis, and resigned his post as 
 Vice-Chancellor before the close of 
 the long vacation. He rallied for 
 a short time, but his illness soon 
 became critical, and he died at liis 
 country-house, Farnham Chase, 
 Dec. 12, aged 70. 
 
 HALL, General Henry, C.B. 
 [1789—1875], at the time of his 
 death one of the oldest officers of 
 the Indian Army, was the fourth 
 son of the Ven. Archdeacon Hall, 
 and entered the Bengal Army at 
 the age of sixteen. He took part in 
 
HALL. 
 
 387 
 
 the great Pindarce war of 1817-18, 
 acting as Deputy-Assistant-Quar- 
 termaster-General to Sir David 
 Ochterlony's division, and from that 
 time till 1823 undertook the duties 
 of the Guide and Intelligence De- 
 partment for Sir David, In 1822 
 he Avas chosen by the Marquis of 
 Hastings to undertake the impor- 
 tant task of civilising the rebellious 
 race of Mhairs, for which purpose 
 he raised a corps among that tribe, 
 which, by its discipline and fidelity, 
 greatly distinguished itself during 
 the Bengal Mutiny of 1857. General 
 Hall, by his unceasing exertions, 
 was mainly instrumental in putting 
 a stop to female infanticide, slavery, 
 sale of women, and other barbarous 
 practices which prevailed among 
 some of the Indian tribes. He was 
 created a C.B. in 1838. He died at 
 his seat at Knockbrack, County Gal- 
 way, in the latter part of August, 
 1875, in his 86th year. 
 
 HALL, The Rev. Peter, M.A., 
 Rector of Milston, Wilts [1803— 
 1849], was educated at Winchester 
 College, and at Brasenose College, 
 Oxford, and was ordained in 1828. 
 He was the author of numerous 
 religious and topographical works, 
 the best known of which are perhaps 
 his "Harmony of the Pi'otestant Con- 
 fessions," "Reliquise Liturgicae," 
 the " Complete Works of Bishop 
 Hall,'' in 12 vols, " Ductor Vindo- 
 gladiensis, an Historical and De- 
 scriptive Guide to the Town of 
 Wimborne Minster," " Picturesque 
 Memorials of Winchester," and 
 "Picturesque Memorials of Salis- 
 bury." He also started a small 
 periodical publication under the 
 title, "The Crypt, or Receptacle 
 for Things Past, an Antiquarian, 
 Literary, and Miscellaneous Jour- 
 nal," but did not continue it after 
 the first year. 
 
 HALL, Mrs. S. C. (Anna Maria 
 Fielding) [1802— 1881],wasanative 
 of Wexford, and by the mother's 
 side, mingled French and Swiss 
 descent. She quitted her native 
 country at the age of fifteen, to 
 
 reside in London, and was married 
 to Mr. S. C. Hall in 1821. Her 
 first work, " Sketches of Irish Cha- 
 racter," which appeared in 1828, 
 did much to soften political and 
 religious prejudices in Ireland. A 
 volume for children, "Chronicles of 
 a Schoolroom," preceded " The 
 Buccaneer," with which Mrs. Hall 
 made her debut as a novel-writer, in 
 1832. It was followed by " Tales of 
 Woman's Trials," in 1831; "The 
 Outlaw," a novel of the reign of 
 James II., in 1835 ; " Uncle Ho- 
 race," and " Lights find Shadows 
 of Irish Character." "The Groves 
 of Blarney," a tale which occupies 
 part of the first volume of this 
 work, was brought out at the 
 Adelphi in 1838; her drama, "The 
 French Refugee," having previously 
 made a hit at the St. James's The- 
 atre. "Marian ; or, a Young Maid's 
 Fortunes," perhaps the most popu- 
 lar of this lady's novels, has gone 
 through several editions, and has 
 been translated into German and 
 Dutch. " Stories of the Irish Pea- 
 santry" were published in a col- 
 lected form, after their appearance 
 in Chambers' 'Edinburgh Journal. 
 Mrs. Hall's name was associated 
 with her husband's in an illustrated 
 work on " Ireland, its Scenery, Cha- 
 racter, &c." She wrote " The White 
 Boy," a novel, 1815 ; "Midsummer 
 Eve," a fairy tale, originally jh-o- 
 duced in the pages of the Art Jour- 
 nal, published in 1817; "A Woman's 
 Story," 1857 ; " Can Wrong be 
 Right ? " 18G2 ; and " The Fight of 
 Faith," a story of Ireland, 1808-9. 
 In addition to numerous contribu- 
 tions to periodicals, Mrs. S. C. Hall 
 also wrote a collection of illus- 
 trated sketches of the homes and 
 haunts of genius and virtue in 
 England, which appeared under the 
 title of " Pilgrimages to English 
 Shrines," in the Art Journal, and 
 assisted her husband in " The Book 
 of the Thames" and " The Book of 
 South Wales." She was the authoress 
 of several books for children ; 
 amongst them, of " Daddy Dacre." 
 
 c c 2 
 
3SS 
 
 HALL— HALLIDAY. 
 
 " The Prince of tlie Fair Family/' 
 an illustrated fairy tale^ appeared 
 in 186G. Mrs. Hall also wrote 
 several stories and sketclies to illus- 
 trate the value of temperance. 
 
 HALL, Thomas James [1788— 
 1876], at one time chief metropoli- 
 tan magistrate, was the son of Mr. 
 Crossley Hall, of Hyde Hall in 
 Jamaica, where he was born. He 
 was educated at Harrow and at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, was 
 called to the Bar in 1815, ap- 
 pointed Judge-Advocate and Ad- 
 vocate-General of Jamaica in 1819 ; 
 went on the northern circuit in 
 1824 and shortly after the passing 
 of the Reform Bill was made sti- 
 pendiary magistrate of Liverpool. 
 He refused the Attorney-General- 
 ship of Canada, and an appointment 
 in Penang, and in 1839 was made 
 chief magistrate of London, which 
 office he resigned in 1864. He 
 declined to be knighted or to accept 
 a baronetcy. 
 
 HALLAM, Henry. The personal 
 history of Henry Hallam is little 
 known and was singularly unevent- 
 ful. He was the son of the Dean 
 of Bristol, was born at Windsor in 
 1777, and was educated at Eton and 
 at Christ Church, Oxford, where he 
 graduated in 1799. He was called 
 to the Bar and afterwards became 
 a bencher of the Inner Temple, 
 but never practised, having early 
 devoted himself to literature. 
 Throughout life he was a sincere 
 and ardent Whig, but he took no 
 active ]3art in politics. In 1818 he 
 published his " View of the State of 
 Europe during the Middle Ages," 
 followed in 1827 by " The Constitu- 
 tional History of England," which 
 has become an authority to which 
 all parties appeal, and is still our 
 leading guide to the constitution 
 from the accession of Henry VI. to 
 the accession of George III. In 
 1837 Hallam published the last of 
 the three great works on which his 
 fame rests, his " Introduction to 
 the Literature of Europe in the 
 Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seven- 
 
 teenth Centuries." In 1848 he 
 brought out a volume of " Supple- 
 mentary Notes" to his '^^ Middle 
 Ages." These dates represent, all 
 the facts of his career. His private 
 life was darkened by much sorrow. 
 In 1833 his eldest son, the A. H. H. 
 of Tennysoi#'s " In Memoriam," 
 died at the age of 22, In 1850, his 
 younger son, then only 26, died 
 suddenly when on the Continent. 
 Hallam also followed both his daugh- 
 ter and his wife to the grave. He died 
 at Pickhurst, Kent, Jan. 21, 1859. 
 No biography of Hallam has been 
 published. There is an excellent 
 notice of his life and works in the 
 ninth edition of the '' Encyclopaedia 
 Britannica." 
 
 HALLIDAY, Sir Andrew, M.D. 
 [1783 — 1839], physician, was born 
 in Dumfriesshire, and educated for 
 the Church, but adopted the medi- 
 cal profession instead. Having 
 taken his M.D. degree in 1806, he 
 practised for a short time at Hales- 
 worth, near Birmingham, and sub- 
 sequently served on the staff of the 
 army in Portugal and Spain, and 
 was present at the battle of Water- 
 loo. He was admitted a Licentiate 
 of the College of Physicians in 
 1819, and was knighted by George 
 IV. in 1821. Later he went to the 
 West Indies as inspector of hospi- 
 tals, but returned in a few years 
 quite broken in health, and retired 
 to Dumfries. In 1817 he was ad- 
 mitted a Licentiate of the Edin- 
 burgh College of Physicians, and 
 in 1827 was admitted a fellow of 
 that body. He wrote, among other 
 things, "Observations on Emphy- 
 sema," 1807 ; "Memoir of the Cam- 
 paign of 1815;" "A General 
 History of the House of Guelph," 
 1821, &c. 
 
 HALLIDAY, Andrew, whose 
 full name was Andrew Halliday 
 Duff, was the son of the Eev. Wil- 
 liam Duff, of Grange, Banffshire, 
 Scotland, and was boi^n in 1S30. 
 He was educated at Marischal Col- 
 lege and University, Aberdeen, and 
 on completing his studies went to 
 
HALPINE— HAMILTOX 
 
 389 
 
 London and devoted himself to 
 literature. His first entjaoreruent 
 was on the Moi-ning Chronicle, and 
 he also wrote for the Leader, some 
 of his essays in which attracted the 
 attention of Thackeray, and he 
 became a contributor to the Corn- 
 hill Magazine. In 1861 he joined 
 Dickens's staff on All the Year 
 Round, and for several years was 
 one of the principal contributors to 
 that periodical. Three vols, of his 
 essays contributed to Dickens' serial 
 were republished, viz. " Every Day 
 Papers," " Sunnyside Papers," and 
 "Town and Country." One of his 
 best known papers is entitled " My 
 Account with Her Majesty," and 
 explains the working of the Post 
 Office Savings' Bank svstem. At 
 a later period he devoted himself 
 almost exclusively to di-amatic 
 literature, and besides many farces 
 and burlesques, produced numerous 
 plays and dramatic adaptations 
 of novels, such as " Little Em'ly," 
 " XeU," " Amy Eobsart," " Heart's 
 Delight," &c. He died April 7, 
 1877. 
 
 HALPIXE, Charles Graham. 
 He was born at Oldcastle, Meath, 
 in 1829. He inherited a literary 
 taste from his father, the Eev. 
 Xicholas Halpine, who was a journa- 
 list, and at one time editor of the 
 Dublin Evening Ma il. After taking 
 his degree at Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin, young Halpine came to London 
 in search of literarv work, but like 
 most of the talented Irish vouths 
 of his day he became associated 
 with the " Young Ireland " party, 
 and after the disturbances of 18i8 
 went to New York, where he ob- 
 tained abundant employment upon 
 the leading journals. At the out- 
 break of the Civil war he joined 
 the Confederate army as a lieu- 
 tenant in the famous G9th regiment, 
 and before the close of the war had 
 earned a distinguished post. He 
 afterwards became a political leader 
 of the Democratic party, and 
 honoiu-ably strove to purge that 
 body from political corruption. 
 
 His poems appeared for the most 
 part in newspapers and magazines 
 over the nam de plume of Private 
 Miles O'Reilly, and they have been 
 collected and republished by Messrs. 
 Harper Brothers, New York. Hal- 
 pine died suddenly on Aug, 3, 
 1868. 
 
 HAMILTON, Alexander, 
 Tenth Duke or, was the eldest 
 son of Archibald, the ninth Duke, 
 and was born in 1767. In early 
 life he travelled for many years in 
 Italy, acquiring considerable know- 
 ledge of the fine arts, and collect- 
 ing many of the beautiful pictures 
 and objects of vei'tu with which he 
 afterwards adorned Hamilton 
 Palace. He was returned to Par- 
 liament as member for Lancaster 
 in 1803, sitting as Marquis of 
 Douglas, and on the accession of 
 the Whigs to power in 1806, he 
 was sent as British ambassador to 
 the Court of St. Petersburg, being 
 recalled in 1807. He was summoned 
 to the House of Peers as Baron 
 Dutton in 1806, and succeeded to 
 the dukedom on the death of his 
 father in 1819. He officiated as 
 Lord High Steward at the corona- 
 tions of William lY. and Queen 
 Yictoria. He was nominated K.G. 
 in 1836. He held two dukedoms, 
 two marquisates, three earldoms, 
 and eight baronies. He married, 
 in 1810, the beautiful heiress, 
 Susan Euphemia Beckford, second 
 daughter of William Beckford, of 
 Fonthill Gifford, Wilts, the author 
 of " Yathek ; " and thus inherited 
 a collection of fiumiture, pictures, 
 and books, which, together with 
 those piu'chased by himself, made 
 up the magnificent assemblage sold 
 in 1SS3-J: for more than half a 
 million sterling. Duke Alexander 
 died at his residence in Portman 
 Square, Aug. 18, 1852, in his 85th 
 year, and was buried in a splendid 
 mausoleum which he had built in 
 the Park of Hamilton. 
 
 HAMILTOX, Lady Anne, the 
 confidential friend and adviser of 
 Queen Caroline, wife of George lY., 
 
390 
 
 HAMILTON. 
 
 was the eldest daugliter of Archi- 
 bald, ninth Duke of Hamilton, and 
 was born March 16, 1766. She re- 
 ceived a legacy of ^£10,000 from the 
 Duke of Queensberry, which she 
 made over entire to her brother. 
 Lord Archibald, though at the time 
 she was herself not in affluent cir- 
 cumstances. She was appointed one 
 of the ladies-in-waiting to the 
 Princess of Wales (afterwards 
 Queen Caroline), whom, however, 
 she did not accompany abroad in 
 1814, but when she became Queen 
 and returned to this country Lady 
 Anne joined her, and engaged with 
 much ardour in her cause. After 
 the Queen's death she retired into 
 private life, and it was then that a 
 friend and confidante of Lady 
 Anne's obtained from her by false 
 pretences some valuable letters and 
 papers, and founded on them the 
 book, afterwards published under 
 the title " A Secret History of the 
 Court of England from Accession 
 of George III. to Death of 
 George IV. ,^' for which Lady Anne 
 was held responsible, though it 
 had been done entirely without 
 her consent. The whole affair 
 caused Lady Anne so much annoy- 
 ance and worry that for a time she 
 went to reside in France. She re- 
 turned to this country, and died 
 at Pentonville, aged about 80, 
 Oct. 10, 1846. 
 
 HAMILTON, Lord Claud. He 
 was the youngest son of James 
 Viscount Hamilton, was born July 
 27, 1813, and was educated at Har- 
 row and Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 Lord Claud Hamilton represented 
 Tyrone (of which county he was 
 deputy-lieutenant) , in the Conserva- 
 tive interest from 1835 to 1837, and 
 again from 1839 to 1874. He was ' 
 appointed Treasurer to the Queen's i 
 Household in 1852, when he was I 
 made a Privy Councillor, and was I 
 Vice-Chamberlain from July, 1866, 
 to Dec, 1868. He died at his 
 residence in Portland Place, June 
 4, 1884. 
 
 HAMILTON, Right Hon. 
 
 George Alexander, D.C.L., J. P., 
 and D.L. [1802—1871], was the 
 elder son of the Eev. George 
 Hamilton, of Tyrella, co. Down, 
 and was educated at Rugby and at 
 Trinity College, Oxford. He un- 
 successfully contested the county 
 of Dublin in the Conservative in- 
 terest in 1826, 1830, and 1832, but, 
 in 1835, was returned to Pa^rlia- 
 ment for the city of Dublin, after 
 a jjetition against the return of 
 O'Connell. Defeated at the elec- 
 tion of 1837, he was returned for 
 the University of Dublin in 1842, 
 and continued one of the members 
 of that constituency till 1859, when 
 he accepted the office of permanent 
 Secretary of the Treasury, having 
 been appointed Financial Secretary 
 to the Treasury in Lord Derby's 
 first and second administrations of 
 1852 and 1858. To him was mainly 
 due the formation of the Conser- 
 vative Society for Ireland, which 
 formed in that country the rallying 
 point for the Conservative party 
 after the passing of the Reform 
 Bill. 
 
 HAMILTON, Janet [1795— 
 1873], the "Coatbridge poetess," 
 was born at Corshill, Shotts parish, 
 Lanarkshire, the daughter of a 
 shoemaker, and married at a 
 very early age John Hamilton, 
 her father's assistant in the busi- 
 ness. Her only education, except 
 what she had managed to acquire 
 by reading every book she could 
 get hold of, had been given her by 
 her mother from the Bible^ as she 
 sat at the spinning-wheel. She is 
 said to have got her love for poetry 
 and also her knowledge of grammar 
 from Shakespeare, to whose Avorks 
 she was devoted. She began rather 
 early to Avrite verses, and between 
 the ages of seventeen and nineteen 
 had produced about twenty pieces 
 in rhyme. Her first poems appeared 
 in Cassell's Working Man's Friend, 
 and were collected and published 
 in 1863, entitled " Poems and 
 Songs ; " " Sketches " ajjpeared in 
 1865, and her last work, " Ballads," 
 
HAMILTON. 
 
 301 
 
 in 1868, In her old age slic became 
 quite blind, but bore her misfor- 
 tune with the utmost cheerfulness 
 till her death at the rij^e ajj^e of 78. 
 
 HAMILTON", Thomas, author of 
 " Cyril Thornton/' a novel, and a 
 constant contributor to Blackwood's 
 Magazine, began his career as a 
 soldier, serving throughout the 
 Peninsular and American cam- 
 paigns. He possessed great literary 
 taste, and devoted all the time he 
 could spare from his active military 
 duties to the cultivation of litera- 
 ture. His chief work, " Cyril 
 Thornton," appeared in 1827, and 
 at once became very popular, 
 reaching a second edition soon 
 after its publication. It was fol- 
 lowed by " Annals of the Peninsular 
 Campaign " and " Men and Manners 
 in America," the latter of which was 
 translated into German and French. 
 He died at Pisa, Dec. 7, 1812. 
 
 HAMILTON, The Eight Eev. 
 Walter Kerr, D.D., Bishop of 
 Salisbury [1808—1869], eldest son 
 of Archdeacon Hamilton, was edu- 
 cated at Eton, and at Christ Church, 
 Oxford, and was elected a Fellow 
 of Merton College in 1831. He 
 became vicar of St. Peter's in the 
 East, Oxford, in 1837, Canon Resi- 
 dentiary of Salisbury 18J:1, Pre- 
 centor of Salisbury in 1812, and 
 was consecrated to the Bishopric 
 of Salisbury in 1851_, in succession 
 to Bishop Denison. He belonged 
 to an advanced section of the 
 High Church party, and his con- 
 duct while Bishop of Salisbury 
 gave rise to an immense amount 
 of controversy. Hearing that he 
 was accused of believing doctrines 
 which he dared not proclaim, and 
 which were, in the opinions of his 
 accusers, inconsistent with the 
 teaching of the English Church, he 
 determined, as he said, "to make a 
 clean breast of it." Accordingly, 
 during his fourth triennial visita- 
 tion of his diocese in 1867, he de- 
 livered his famous charge, in 
 which he emphatically stated his 
 opinions, and which created a great 
 
 sensation throughout his diocese. 
 He declared his belief " that cer- 
 tain men have had entrusted to 
 them by God some supernatural 
 powers and prerogatives ; " that in 
 blessing the bread and wine of the 
 communion, j)ower was given to 
 the ministers " to make them the 
 channels of conveying to the soul 
 for its strengthening and refresh- 
 ing, the body and blood of Christ," 
 and that God had also given to his 
 ministers the power of forgiving 
 sins. No episcopal charge was for 
 years so vigorously criticised or so 
 hotly denounced as this, and he 
 received endless remonstrances 
 from clergymen and laymen on the 
 subject. On Sept. 22, 1867, a peti- 
 tion was presented to the House of 
 Lords praying them to appoint a 
 tribunal to settle all cases of con- 
 troverted doctrine or practice in 
 the diocese. He bravely and 
 staunchly defended his opinions in 
 the House, and the petition was 
 ordered to lie on the table. His 
 earnest devotion and entire unsel- 
 fishness soon, however, won for 
 him the keenest respect and sym- 
 pathy among the clergy and laity, 
 and they learnt in time to rej)Ose 
 full confidence in him. He was 
 Provincial Precentor of Canter- 
 bury, and patron of 51 livings. 
 His episcopal jurisdiction extended 
 over Wiltshire and Dorsetshire, 
 and the see was of the annual value 
 of ^5000. 
 
 HAMILTON, William Eichard 
 [1777—1859], President of the Geo- 
 graphical Society, F.E.S., and one 
 of the Trustees of the British 
 Museum, was for many years en- 
 gaged in the diplomatic service, 
 and while on a mission to Egypt 
 contrived to obtain possession of 
 the Eosetta stone which the French 
 were on the point of carrying off 
 with them. It Avas placed in the 
 British Museum. A few years 
 after, while bringing to England 
 the celebrated Elgin marbles, he 
 was shipwi'ecked at the entrance to 
 the port of Cerigo, the ship. 
 
392 
 
 HAMILTON. 
 
 marbles and all going to tlie bot- 
 tom. Mr. Hamilton at once set to 
 work, and, witli tbe aid of exj^e- 
 rieneed divers, succeeded with 
 great difficulty in regaining posses- 
 sion of these works of art. He was 
 also instrumental in recovering 
 from the French and restoring to 
 Italy, the pictures and statues 
 taken by the Imperialists from the 
 Italian palaces and churches. His 
 work on Egyj^t, entitled "Egyp- 
 tiaca," was of some importance in 
 its day, though the increase of know- 
 ledge on Egyptian subjects has 
 caused it to be now almost for- 
 gotten. 
 
 HAMILTON, Sir William, 
 Bakt. [1788 — 1856], metaphysician, 
 was born in Glasgow, and educated 
 at that city, at Edinburgh, and at 
 Oxford, where he graduated with 
 honours. He was admitted a mem- 
 ber of the Scottish Bar in 1813, but 
 the study of law having no in- 
 terest for him, in 1820 he competed, 
 though unsuccessfully, for the 
 Edinburgh chair of Moral Philo- 
 sophy, and a year later was elected 
 Professor of Universal History in 
 the University, and gave several 
 courses of lectures on the history 
 of modern Eurojje, and the history 
 of literature. He began his career 
 as an author in 1829, when his 
 well-known essay on the *' Philo- 
 sophy of the Unconditional" ap- 
 peared in the Edinburgh Revieiv. 
 In 1836 he succeeded Dr. Ritchie 
 in the chair of Logic and Meta- 
 physics at the Edinburgh Univer- 
 sity, and from that time may be 
 dated the influence which for the 
 next twenty years he exercised over 
 the thought of the rising genera- 
 tion in Scotland. At about the 
 same time he began to jDrepare an 
 annotated edition of Eeid's works, 
 but in the midst of this undertaking 
 ho was struck with paralysis of 
 the right side, which seriously 
 crippled him, though it left his 
 mind quite unimpared. The edition 
 of Reid appeared in 1816, but in an 
 incomplete condition. To it was 
 
 prefixed "^ An Essay on a New Ana- 
 lytic of Logical Forms," which 
 gave rise in 1847 to a sharp contro- 
 versy with Professor De Morgan, of 
 University College. In 1852-53 
 appeared the first and second edi- 
 tions of his " Discussions on Philo- 
 sophy, Literature, and Education," 
 a reprint of his contributions to the 
 Edinburgh Review, and in 1851-55 
 an edition in nine volumes of 
 Stewart's works. The last volume 
 of this he was unable to edit 
 owing to failing health. He taught 
 his class for the last time in the 
 winter of 1855-56, and soon after 
 the close of the session was taken 
 ill and died at his house in Edin- 
 bui'gh. Sir William Hamilton was 
 Avidely and deeply read in litera- 
 ture both ancient and modern, and 
 his general scholarship found ex- 
 pression in his library, which after 
 his death was presented to the Uni- 
 versity of Glasgow, and forms a 
 distinct portion of the library of 
 that place. He was keenly inte- 
 rested in the subject of education, 
 an interest manifested in his teach- 
 ing and writings, and adopted views 
 on the subject which, when carried 
 out or advocated by him, met with 
 general recognition. (See "Memoir 
 of Sir W. Hamilton" by Professor 
 Veitch, 1869 ; and J. S. Mill's " Ex- 
 amination of Sir W. Hamilton's 
 Philosophy.") 
 
 HAMILTON, Sir William 
 EowAN, LL.D. [1805—1865], As- 
 tronomer E-oyal for Ireland, and 
 one of the most distinguished 
 mathematicians of the age, was 
 the son of Archibald Hamilton, an 
 attorney in Dublin, where he was 
 born. He showed remarkable ta- 
 lents at a very early age ; and 
 Avhen only fourteen was familiar 
 with the rudiments of Hebrew, 
 Latin, Greek, French, Italian, 
 Spanish, German, Syriac, Arabic, 
 Sanscrit, Hindustani, and Malay, 
 In mathematics he was almost 
 entirely self-taught. He entered 
 Trinity College, Durham, in 1822, 
 and graduated in high mathema- 
 
HAMPDEN— HAMPTON. 
 
 393 
 
 tical liouours ; and a paper on 
 caustic curves, read by him before 
 the Royal Irish Academj' in 182 i^ 
 at X)nce placed him iu the front 
 rank of scientific Irishmen. In 
 1827 he was apj^ointed Andi-ews 
 Professor of Astronomy in the 
 University, and Superintendent of 
 the Observatory at Dunsink, near 
 Dublin. He was the author of 
 several able essavs on mathema- 
 tical and jjhysical subjects, among 
 which may be mentioned "The 
 Theory of Systems of Eays," works 
 on the " General System of Dyna- 
 mics/' and the " Calculus of Qua- 
 ternions," &c. He was knighted 
 in 1835, on the occasion of the first 
 meeting in Dublin of the British 
 Association, and in 1837 was elected 
 President of the Eoyal Irish Aca- 
 demy. He had a great love of 
 poetry, and niunbered among his 
 friends Coleridge, Southey, Words- 
 worth, and Mrs. Hemans. He pre- 
 dicted on theoretical grounds the 
 previously unimagined phenomenon 
 of the conical refraction of a ray 
 of light. 
 
 HAMPDEN, The Eight Eey. 
 Eenx Dickson, D.D. (Bishop of 
 Hereford) [1793 — 1868], a de- 
 scendant of the celebrated John 
 Hampden, born in Barbadoes, en- 
 tered Oi'iel College, Oxford, in 
 1810, and took his degree of B.A. 
 in 1813 as a Double First. He 
 obtained the prize for the Latin 
 Essay in 1814, and was Fellow and 
 Tutor of Oriel College. In 1829 
 and in 1831 he filled the office of 
 Public Examiner in Classics j in 
 
 1832 was Bampton Lecturer ; in 
 
 1833 was appointed by Lord Oren- 
 ville, then Chancellor of the Uni- 
 versity, Principal of St. Mary's 
 Hall ; and in 1833 was elected 
 Whyte's Professor of Moral Phi- 
 losophy, In 1836 he was nominated 
 Eegius Professor of Divinity by 
 Lord Melbourne. Imputations of 
 unsound doctrine were brought 
 against him, in the form of a 
 pamphlet, entitled " Elucidations 
 of the Bampton Lectures," by the 
 
 Eev. J. H. Newman, then Fellow 
 of Oriel College. Party spirit run- 
 ning high at the time (the High- 
 Church and Low-Church parties 
 having united their strength in 
 1836, in order to encounter what 
 they considered the conunon foe), 
 a vote of censure was passed upon 
 Dr. Hampden in the University 
 Convocation. It was remarked at 
 the time that the very work which 
 formed the ground of attack on 
 Dr. Hampden in 1836, was largely 
 instrumental in procuring for him 
 the Principalshij) of St. Mary's Hall, 
 on the recommendation of Bishop 
 Copleston of Llandaff, at the hands 
 of Lord Grenville. In 1842 the 
 vote of censure, though formally 
 remaining on the Statute Book of 
 the University, was in reality re- 
 pealed by his nomination, in virtue 
 of his office, to a seat at the New 
 Theological Examination Board, 
 under a statute which jjassed Con- 
 vocation without opposition. In 
 Dec. 1847, Dr. Hampden was ap- 
 pointed to the see of Hereford, 
 when a violent but fruitless oppo- 
 sition was made to his consecration 
 by the High-Church party. Dr. 
 Hampden contributed the article on 
 Thomas Aquinas to the " Encyclo- 
 paedia Metropolitana," and articles 
 on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle 
 to the " Encyclopaedia Britannica." 
 He was the author of two volumes 
 of Sermons, one of them pi'eached 
 before the University of Oxford ; 
 of a work on "The Philosophical 
 Evidence of Christianity;" and a 
 volume of "Lectures Introductory 
 to the Study of Moral Philosophy." 
 Of his Bampton Lectures, Mr. 
 Hallam, in his " History of Litera- 
 ture," speaks as the only attempt 
 made by an English writer to 
 penetrate to the depths of the 
 scholastic philosophy. 
 
 HAMPTON (Lord), The Eight 
 Hon. John Somerset l1799 — 1880], 
 was the only son of "William Eussell, 
 Esq., of Powick Court, Worcester- 
 shire, by Elizabeth, eldest daughter 
 of Sir Herbert Perrott Pakington, 
 
394 
 
 HANCOCK— HA.NNAY. 
 
 Bart., of Westwood. He was born 
 at his father's seat, Feb. 20, 1799, 
 was educated at Eton and at Oriel 
 College, Oxford, and in 1831 as- 
 sumed the name of Pakington, as 
 heir of his maternal uncle. He was 
 nominated in 1834 Chairman of the 
 Worcestershire Quarter Sessions, 
 and in 1837 was returned to the 
 House of Commons in the Conserva- 
 tive interest as member for Droit- 
 wich, which he represented till the 
 general election of Feb., 1874, when 
 he lost the seat. Sir John Paking- 
 ton opposed the free-trade measures 
 of the late Sir E. Peel, who created 
 him a baronet in July, 184G, and 
 when, in 1848, during Lord Eussell's 
 first administration, the state of the 
 West India colonies rendered the 
 sugar duties the question of the 
 day, he was one of the committee 
 of which Lord Gr. Bentinck was the 
 chairman, and as the advocate of a 
 differential duty, took a prominent 
 part in the discussions that ensued. 
 Sir John Pakington was appointed 
 Colonial Secretary in Lord Derby's 
 first administration in 1852, and 
 was sworn a Privy Councillor ; and 
 was First Lord of the Admiralty in 
 Lord Derby's second administration 
 in 1858-9. On the retirement of Lord 
 Derby in June, 1859, the Queen con- 
 ferred upon him the Grand Cross of 
 the Bath, civil division. Sir John, 
 appointed to his former post at the 
 Admiralty in Lord Derby's third 
 administration in June, 1866, on 
 the resignation of Gen, Peel, suc- 
 ceeded him as Secretary of State 
 for War, March 8, 1867, and re- 
 tained that office imtil Dec, 1868. 
 He presided over the Congress of 
 the Social Science Association held 
 at Leeds in Oct., 1871. In March, 
 1874, he was, on the recommenda- 
 tion of Mr. Disraeli, raised to the 
 House of Peers by the title of 
 Baron Hampton, of Hampton Lo- 
 vett, and of Westwood, in the 
 county of Worcester. He was ap- 
 pointed First Civil Service Com- 
 missioner in Nov., 1875, in the 
 room of Sir Edward Eyan, a nomi- 
 
 nation which gave rise to consider- 
 able criticism at the time. He was 
 three times married. 
 
 HANCOCK, Albany, F.L.S. 
 [1807—1878], was the son of a 
 citizen of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
 who, although an assiduous man of 
 business, found time to piirsue the 
 study of natural history, and to 
 direct the tastes of his sons — Albany 
 and John, the well-known orni- 
 thologist — into the same channel. 
 Albany, after serving his articles, 
 abandoned the profession of the law, 
 in order to devote himself to the 
 study of natural science, particularly 
 physiology and comparative ana- 
 tomy. The Eoyal Society awarded 
 him the gold medal for his con- 
 tribiitions to science, and his re- 
 searches on the organization of the 
 Brachiopoda are still held in high 
 estimation. He was a Fellow of 
 the Linnoean Society, and a cor- 
 responding member of the Zoologi- 
 cal Society, also a coi-respondent of 
 the Academy of Natural Sciences 
 of Philadelphia, and a member of 
 the Imperial Eoyal Zoologico-Bo- 
 tanical Society of Vienna, 
 
 HANCOCK, Eear-Admiral, en- 
 tered the navy in 1834, and was 
 promoted lieutenant ten years later, 
 as a reward for having passed the 
 best examination at the Portsmouth 
 Eoyal Naval College, He served 
 in the West Indies, and was pro- 
 moted to post rank for his services 
 in connection with the Darien Sur- 
 veying Expedition in 1855, He 
 afterwards served on the North 
 American and West Indian station, 
 during the Civil war in America 
 and was favourably mentioned by 
 Sir Alexander Milne for his gal- 
 lantry in the " Trent Affair." He 
 was made Commander-in-Chief of 
 the Pacific station in 1876, which 
 post he was obliged to resign owing 
 to ill-health. He died September 
 20, 1876, in his 57th year, 
 
 HANNAY, James [1827—1873], 
 a cadet of the ancient Galloway 
 family of Hannay of Sorbie, born 
 at Dumfries, entered the royal navy 
 
HANSON— HAECOURT. 
 
 395 
 
 at the age of thirteen. After serv- 
 ing in various ships till the autumn 
 of 1815, he left the navy, and de- 
 voted his attention entirely to lite- 
 rature, contributing to many jour- 
 nals and periodicals, from Punch to 
 the quarterly reviews. Mr. Hannay 
 was the author of " Singleton Fon- 
 tenoy," published in 1850 ; of 
 " Sketches in Ultra-Marine," in 
 1853 ; and of another novel, " Eus- 
 tace Conyei's," in 1857, which has 
 been translated into German, In 
 the summer of 1853 he delivered in 
 London a series of lectures on " Satire 
 and Satirists." At the general elec- 
 tion in May, 1857, he was a candi- 
 date in the Conservative interest 
 for the Dumfries burghs, which his 
 father had twice contested, and was 
 defeated by the former member, 
 Mr. William Ewart. He published, 
 in 18G1, his contributions to the 
 Quarterly. Mr. Hannay, who he- 
 came editor otthe Edinhnrgh Courant 
 in 1860, resigned in 1864, and pub- 
 lished afterwards "^A Course of 
 English Literature," 1866 ; and a 
 family history, called " Three Hun- 
 dred Years of a Norman House, the 
 Barons of Gournay, from the 10th 
 to the 13th Centm-y,'' 1867. He 
 Avas appointed her Majesty's Consul 
 at Barcelona, July 13, 1868. 
 
 HANSON, Sir Eichard Davies 
 [1805—1876], Chief Justice of South 
 Australia, was born in London. 
 He was articled in 1822 to Mr. 
 John "VVilks, subsequently M.P. for 
 Boston, and after his admission as 
 an attorney in 1828, practised for a 
 short time in London. In 1830 he 
 became associated with the attempt 
 to found the colony of South Aus- 
 tralia, which was at first unsuc- 
 cessful, owing to the refusal of 
 Lord Goderich to assist the under- 
 taking ; but it was afterwards re- 
 newed in another form, and received 
 the sanction of Parliament in 1834. 
 In consequence, however, of the 
 delay in the establishment of the 
 colony, Mr. Hanson did not form 
 one of the first body of colonists. 
 In 1838 he accompanied Lord Dur- 
 
 ham to Canada as assistant Com- 
 missioner of Inquiry into Crown 
 lands and immigration, in which 
 capacity he conducted an investi- 
 gation, the results of which were 
 embodied in a report, signed by 
 the late Charles Buller, as head of 
 the commission, and laid before 
 Parliament. He subsequently 
 visited New Zealand, and resided 
 in the settlement of Wellington 
 till 1816, when he removed to South 
 Australia. In 1851, the constitu- 
 tion of that colony having been 
 changed by the introduction of the 
 elective element into the Legisla- 
 tive Council, he was appointed by 
 Sir Henry Young to the office of 
 Advocate-General, which he held 
 till the introduction of responsible 
 government in 1856. He then be- 
 came Attorney-General, and con- 
 tinued in that office till 1859, when, 
 on the election of a new legislature, 
 he was compelled to resign. In 
 Nov., 1861, he was appointed Chief 
 Justice. He visited England in 
 1869, and on the 9th of July in 
 that year received the honour of 
 knighthood. 
 
 HAECOUET, The Eight Hon. 
 AND Most Eev. Edward, D.C.L., 
 Lord Archbishop of York, &c., &c., 
 was born in 1757, and was the 
 youngest son of George, first Lord 
 Vernon. He was educated at West- 
 minster School, and at Christ 
 Chiu'ch, Oxfoi'd, where he took his 
 B.C.L. degree in April, 1786, and 
 his D.C.L. in the following month. 
 In 1785 he was appointed a Pi-e- 
 bendary of Gloucester and a Canon 
 of Christ Church; in 1791 conse- 
 crated Bishop of Carlisle, and in 
 1807, on the death of Archbishop 
 Markham, was translated to the 
 see of York. Dr. Dibdin who 
 visited him at Bishopthorpe in 
 1836, spoke in most glowing terms 
 of his kindliness and hospitality. 
 The archbishop preached a vale- 
 dictory sermon at York Minster 
 in 1838, but though unable, owing 
 to extreme age, to take much active 
 part in the duties of his ministra- 
 
396 
 
 HAEDINa— HAEDINGE . 
 
 tion, liis interest in his archdio- 
 cese continued keen to the last. 
 He died at Bishopthorpe Palace^ 
 Nov. 5, 1847;, in his 90th year, and 
 was buried in the vault of the 
 Harcourt family at Stanton Har- 
 court, Oxfordshire. He married in 
 178 i Lady Ann Leveson Gower, 
 third daughter of Granville, first 
 Marquis of Stafford, by whom he 
 had eleven sons and three daugh- 
 ters, all of whom except one sur- 
 vived him, 
 
 HAEDING, James Duffield, 
 water-colour painter. He was born 
 at Deptford in 1798, and was taught 
 drawing first by his father, and 
 afterwards by Samuel Prout. In 
 1818 he gained the medal of the 
 Society of Arts for an original 
 landscajDC, and in the same year 
 exhibited his first ^Dicture at the 
 Water-Colour Society, of which he 
 became an associate in 1821, and 
 member in the following year. He 
 was at that time a popular art 
 teacher, and x)ublished " Lessons 
 on Art ; " "A Guide and Com- 
 panion to Lessons on Art," and 
 '•' Principles and Practice of Art." 
 In 1830 he visited Italy, and in 
 1836 published " Sketches Abroad 
 and at Home,'' and in 1812 "The 
 Park and the Forest." He now 
 became ambitious of gaining^ aca- 
 demic honours, and began exhibit- 
 ing oil landscapes in the Academy, 
 and in 1817 withdrew from the 
 Society in order to become a candi- 
 date for the Academy, He tried 
 several times but without success, 
 and in 1857 rejoined the Water- 
 Colour Society. In 18G1 he jmb- 
 lished " Selections from the Pic- 
 turesque," and a series of excel- 
 lent lithographs of sketches after 
 Eonington, He died at Barnes, 
 Dec, 4th, 18G3, Among his better- 
 kno-vvn works are " Anglers on the 
 Loire ; " " View of Fribourg," and 
 "The AlpsatComo." 
 
 HAEDING, Joseph [1782— 
 1813], bookseller, was the youngest 
 brother and assistant of Mr, J. 
 Harding, agricultural bookseller of 
 
 St, James's Street. Having worked 
 for a time as printer in the firm of 
 Harding and Wright in St. John's 
 Square, he joined the firm of book- 
 sellers, Lackington, Hughes, Mavor 
 & Co, in Finsbury Square of which 
 he subsequently became the head, 
 and removed to Pall Mall, East, 
 He published numerous costly 
 works, chiefly by subscription, 
 among which may be mentioned 
 Mr, Ormerod's " History of Che- 
 shire ; " Dugdale's " Monasticon," 
 edited by Dr, Bandinel, Mr. Cayley, 
 and Sir Henry Ellis ; Dugdale's 
 "St, Paul's;" Wood's " Athense 
 Oxonienses," edited by Dr, Bliss, 
 and "Portraits of Illustrious Per- 
 sonages of Great Britain, with 
 Lives," by Edmund Lodge, 
 
 HAEDINGE, The Eight Hon. 
 Henry, First Viscount, a Field- 
 Marshal, &.C., &c. [1785 — 1856], was 
 the third son of the Eev. Henry 
 Hardinge, Eector of Stanhope, 
 Durham, He entered the army at 
 an early age, served throughout 
 the Peninsula war, and at Corunna, 
 where, by his skill and activity, he 
 gained the favourable notice of 
 Marshal Beresford, who ever after- 
 wards proved his friend. From 
 1809 to 1813 he served in the Por- 
 tuguese army as deputy-quarter- 
 master-general, and greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself at the battle of 
 Albuera, the success of which was 
 mainly due to a manoeuvre exe- 
 cuted by him without orders, and 
 on his own responsibility. After 
 the return of Napoleon from Elba, 
 he joined the Duke of Wellington 
 in Belgium, and was appointed 
 Commissioner at the Prussian head- 
 quarters, in which capacity he at- 
 tended Bliicher's staff at the battle 
 of Ligny, where one hand was shot 
 off, which jjrevented him from 
 being present at Waterloo. He was 
 created Clerk of the Ordnance in 
 1823, entered Parliament in 1826, 
 and was made Secretary at War on 
 the accession of the Duke of Wel- 
 lington to the Premiership. He 
 was Secretary for Ireland in 1830, 
 
HAEDWICK— HARDY. 
 
 307 
 
 and agrain in 183^35. From ISi-i 
 to lSJr7 he was Governor-General 
 of India, and was afterwards re- 
 warded for his splendid services in 
 superintending the conduct of the 
 Sikh war by being created Viscount 
 Hardinge of Lahoi*e, and receiving 
 from the East India Company a 
 pension of ^g 5,000 a year, and from 
 Parliament a further grant of 
 j£3,000 a year for himself and his 
 next two successors. On the death 
 of the Duke of "Wellington, in 1852, 
 Lord Hardinge was made Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, and in 1855 ad- 
 vanced to the rank of Field-Marshal. 
 He held his high office throughout 
 the Crimean war. 
 
 HAEDWICK, Philip, E.A. [1792 
 — 1870], architect, son of Mr. Tho- 
 mas Hard-wdck (architect, and a 
 jDupil of Sir TV. Chambers), was 
 brought up in his father's office. 
 His first great works were the build- 
 ings at St. Katherine's Docks. He 
 designed several classical edifices 
 in London, including the Gold- 
 smiths' Hall (generally considered 
 his fijiest work) ; the gx-and entrance 
 to ^he Xorth-Western Eailway 
 Station, Euston Square ; the Globe 
 Insurance Office, the City Club, and 
 the great hall at Lincoln's Inn. 
 
 HAEDWICKE (The Eael of). 
 The Eight Hon. Charles Philip 
 ToRKE, Admiral, E.X., P.C, 
 D.C.L., F.E.S., son of Sir Joseph 
 S. Yorke, K.C.B., born April 2, 
 1799, was educated at Harrow and 
 at the Eoval Xaval College. Enter- 
 ing the navy, he saw much active 
 service in early life, and served as 
 a midshipman at the attack on 
 Algiers under Lord Exmouth. He 
 sat in the House of Commons for 
 Eeigate in 1831-2, and represented 
 Cambridgeshire in the Conservative 
 interest from 1832 until he suc- 
 ceeded his uncle as fourth earl, 
 Xov. 18, 1831. He was captain of 
 the Vengeance in 1848, and on the 
 revolt of Genoa against Victor 
 Emmanuel he succeeded in handing 
 the town over to the legitimate 
 government. He attained the rank 
 
 of Admiral, was Lord-Lieutenant of 
 Cambridgeshire, and a Lord-in- 
 Waiting to the Queen during Sir 
 R. Peel's administration. He was 
 Postmaster-General under Lord 
 Derby's first administriition in 
 1851, when he was sworn a Privy 
 Councillor, and held the post of 
 Lord Privy Seal in Lord Derby's 
 second administration, 1858-9. He 
 died Sept. 17, 1873. 
 
 H A E D Y, Vice -Admiral Sir 
 Thomas, Bart., G.C.B,, and Go- 
 vernor of Greenwich Hospital, was 
 the second son of Joseph Hardy, of 
 Portisham, Dorsetshire. He entered 
 the navy at the age of twelve, was 
 promoted lieutenant in 1793, and 
 commander in 1797, when he ac- 
 companied Xelson, and took part 
 in the action of the Xile. In 18U3 
 he joined the Victory under Xelson, 
 whom he never afterwards left. 
 Captain Hardy was present at the 
 death of his great chief; com- 
 manded the Victory when it re- 
 turned home with Xelson's body ; 
 and at the funeral bore the banner 
 of emblems immediately before the 
 relations of the deceased. He was 
 created a baronet in 180G, from 
 which year to 182 1 he was on active 
 service in the "West Indies and on 
 the coasts of Xorth and South 
 America. In 1830, after thirty-six 
 years' service, he was appointed a 
 Lord of the Admiralty, and in 183 1, 
 on the death of Sir Eichard Keats, 
 became Governor of Greenwich 
 Hospital. He died there, Sept. 20, 
 1839, and was buried in the mauso- 
 leum of the Hospital. 
 
 HAEDY, Sir Thomas Durrrs, 
 D.C.L. ri804— 1878\ son of Major 
 T. B. p. Hardy, of the Eoyal Artil- 
 lery, was born at Poi't Eoyal, Ja- 
 maica, and entered the public ser- 
 vice as junior clerk in H.M.'s 
 Eecord Office, Tower, in 1819. On 
 the death of Mr. Henrv Petrie, 
 keeper of the records in the Tower, 
 the comjiilation of the " Monu- 
 menta Historica Britannica^' was 
 entrusted to him by the Govern- 
 mentj to which work he wrote the 
 
898 
 
 HAEE— HAREWOOD. 
 
 general introduction. In 1861, on 
 the death of Sir Francis Palgrave, 
 he was ai^pointed Deputy Keeper 
 of the Public Records, and in the 
 following year undertook the pre- 
 pai'ation of his invaluable *' De- 
 scriptive Catalogue of Materials for 
 the History of Great Britain and 
 Ireland." Eight years later he 
 was knighted, and in 1870 made a 
 D.C.L, of Oxford. His chief service 
 to literature was the establishment 
 of the " Rolls Series/' of critical 
 editions of the old chronicles, &c., 
 bearing on English history, which 
 he persuaded the Master of the 
 Rolls to found. 
 
 HARE, Julius Charles [1795 — • 
 1855], M.A., Archdeacon of Lewes, 
 a canon of Chichester, rector of 
 Hurstmonceaux, and chaplain to 
 the Queen, was born at Valdagno, 
 near Vicenza, in Italy, and accom- 
 panied his parents to England in 
 1798. In 1804-5 he sj^ent a winter 
 with his parents at Weimar, where 
 he became acquainted with Goethe 
 and Schiller, and acquired the taste 
 for German literature which in- 
 fluenced his style throughout his 
 whole career. He was educated at 
 the Charterhouse school, and at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, where 
 he obtained a fellowship in 1818, 
 and in 1822 was appointed assistant- 
 tutor at Trinity College, a post he 
 held for ten years. Among the 
 distinguished men who attended 
 his lectures there, were John Ster- 
 ling, Frederick Denison Maurice, 
 and Richard Trench, all of whom 
 admired and loved him as a teacher, 
 and became his staunch, life-long 
 friends. Other remarkable men 
 among his friends at that time, 
 were Thirlwall, Sedgwick, Dr. Whe- 
 well, W. M. Praed, and Dr. Arnold. 
 He took holy orders in 182G, and 
 in 1832, on the death of his uncle, 
 succeeded to the family living of 
 Hurstmonceaux, in Sussex, where 
 he collected a library, consisting 
 of about 12,000 volumes, particu- 
 larly rich in German literature. 
 Before settling in his parish he 
 
 visited Rome, where he met the 
 Chevalier Bunsen, who subsequently 
 dedicated to him part of his work, 
 " Hippolytus and His Age." In 
 1840 he was appointed archdeacon 
 of Lewes, and in that year, and 
 again in 1818, preached a course of 
 sermons at Cambridge. He was 
 collated to a prebend in Chichester 
 in 1851, and in 1853 appointed one 
 of the Queen's chaplains. Among 
 his writings may be mentioned the 
 translation which he undertook, in 
 conjunction with Canon Thirlwall 
 (afterwards bishop of St. David's), 
 of Niebuhr's " History of Rome," 
 1828-32; "Vindication of Luther 
 against his recent English Assail- 
 ants," 185-i, and an edition of the 
 " Remains of John Sterling," who 
 had at one time been his curate. 
 Carlyle's " Life of John Sterling " 
 was written through disap^Jroval of 
 this work. 
 
 HAREWOOD, Second Eabl of. 
 The Right Hon. Henry Las- 
 CELLES, Lord-Lieutenant and Custos 
 Rotulorum of the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, &c., was boi*n in 1767, 
 and was the second son of Edward, 
 I the first Earl. He was returned 
 j to Parliament as one of the mem- 
 I bers for Yorkshire, in the Tory 
 : interest, in 1796, being re-elected 
 in 1802. In 1807, at the general 
 election, occurred the famous con- 
 test for Yorkshire, the first that 
 had been attemj^ted for thirty-six 
 years, when Mr. Lascelles was 
 beaten by a small majority. He 
 was soon after elected for West- 
 bury, and in 1812 for Pontefract. 
 On the retirement of Mr. Wilber- 
 force, he was returned for the 
 county of York, with Lord Milton 
 for his colleague. He succeeded to 
 the Peerage on the death of his 
 fathei*, in 1820, and as a rej^reson- 
 tative of moderate Conservative 
 opinions, is said to have had a 
 good deal of influence in the House 
 of Peers and on the Government. 
 He married, in 179 1, Henrietta, ol- 
 dest daughter of Sir John Saunders 
 Sebright, Bart., and had a family 
 
IIAKLEY— HARRIS. 
 
 399 
 
 of four sons and three daughters. 
 He died suddenly while out hunting 
 at Bramhaiu, Yorkshire, November 
 2i, 1841, in his 71th year. 
 
 HAELEY, John Pkitt, an actor, 
 who was struck with jsaralysis 
 while acting Launcelot Gobbo in 
 " The Merchant of Venice " at the 
 Princess's, Aug. 22, 1858, was born 
 in London about the year 1790, and 
 went on the stage in 1807, at the 
 age of seventeen. He acted in the 
 provinces till 1815, when he made 
 his first appearance in Loudon at 
 the Lyceum, then under the man- 
 agement of Mr. Arnold. In Sep- 
 tember of the same year he 
 appeared at Drury Lane, and at 
 once took a position as one of the 
 principal comedians at that house. 
 As an actor of Shakesi)earian clowns 
 he is said to have stood entirely 
 alone. 
 
 HARMAX, Jeremiah, banker, 
 was the head of the old fii-m first 
 known as Gurnell, Hoare & Har- 
 man, then Harman_, Hoare Sc Co., 
 and lastly Harman & Co. The 
 house were bankers to the Russian 
 Court for more than half a centui'v. 
 Mr. Harman had been a Director 
 of the Bank of England from 179Jr 
 to 1827, and was made Governor of 
 the Bank in 1816, in which year 25 
 per cent, was added to the capital 
 of Bank stock. On his retirement 
 in 1827 the thanks of the General 
 Coxu't were voted to him for his 
 long and valuable services. Mr. 
 Harman was known to all the 
 ministers of the day, was fre- 
 quently consulted by Mr. Pitt and 
 Lord Liverpool on all questions of 
 importance, and gave evidence be- 
 fore the Bullion Committee of 1810, 
 before the Committees on the re- 
 sumption of cash pajTuents in 1819, 
 and on the Bank Charter in 1832. 
 He died in Adams Court, Broad 
 Street, Feb. 7, 18U, in his 81st 
 year. 
 
 HARMER, James, at one time 
 an Alderman of London, was the 
 son of a Spitalfields weaver, and 
 was left an orphan at the age of 
 
 ten. He was long well known as 
 an attorney in the Criminal Court, 
 and his legal experience is said to 
 have had much influence upon pub- 
 lic opinion and even upon legis- 
 lation ; his evidence before the 
 Committee for the Reformation of 
 the Criminal Law being pronounced 
 by Sir James Mackintosh to be un- 
 equalled in its effect. He exposed 
 the shortcomings of witnesses, and 
 was mainly instrumental in the 
 abolition of the blood-money sys- 
 tem, by which persons turning in- 
 formers were paid so much per case, 
 sometimes £iO, by Government. 
 In 1833, on being elected Alderman 
 of the ward of Farringdon Without, 
 he relinquished his legal practice. 
 He was Sheriff of London and 
 Middlesex in 1831, but was never 
 elected to the mayoralty on account 
 of his connection with the Weekly 
 Dispatch. For some years before 
 his death he lived at his residence. 
 Ingress Park, near Greenhithe, 
 which he had built chiefly from 
 the stone taken from old London 
 Bridge. He died at Cricklewood, 
 Middlesex, June, 1853. 
 
 HARRIS, Lieutenaxt-General 
 TTiLLiAM George, Second Lord, 
 K.C.H., C.B.,K.W.H. [1782—1845], 
 entered the army in 1797, and 
 served as lieutenant in the cam- 
 paign of Seringapatam, where he 
 greatly distinguished himself, and 
 was highly commended by Sir David 
 Baird. He next went with Sir 
 Hyde Parker's expe<iition to the 
 Baltic, and took an active part in 
 the siege of Copenhagen, after 
 which he was ordered to India. 
 On his way out he took j^art, as 
 second in command under Lord 
 Macdonald, at the capture of the 
 Cape of Good Hoj^e. As Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel of the second bat- 
 talion of the 73rd Regiment, in 
 1812, he was ordered to join General 
 Gibbs' exjjedition to Stralsmid, 
 where he served with distinction 
 under General Walmoden on the 
 plains of Golinde in Hanover. 
 From 1813 to 1815 he was on active 
 
400 
 
 HAEEIS— HAEEISON. 
 
 service in Holland. In the latter 
 year lie was ordered to join tlie 
 army of tlie Duke of Weilington, 
 which he accompanied to Qviatre 
 Bras, his regiment being nearly cut 
 to pieces in that memorable action, 
 and he himself being severely 
 wounded in the right shoulder. On 
 retiring on half -pay, the officers of 
 his regiment presented him with a 
 splendid sword. From 1823 to 
 1828 he was Major-General on the 
 staff in Ireland and Yorkshire, and 
 took a prominent ])a,Yt in quelling 
 the disturbances in the maniifac- 
 turing districts. On succeeding 
 to the title in 1829 he retired to 
 his country seat of Belmont in 
 Kent. 
 
 HAERIS (Baron), Sir George 
 Francis Egbert Harris, Third 
 Lord [1810 — 1872], eldest son of 
 the above, and grandson of the 
 first peer who stormed Seringa- 
 patam, born Aug. 14, 1810, was 
 educated at Christ Church, Ox- 
 ford, where he graduated B.A. in 
 1831. In 1840 he was nominated 
 Lieutenant-Governor of Trinidad, 
 of which he became Governor and 
 Commander-in-Chief ; held that 
 post until nominated, early in 1854, 
 to the Governorship of Madras, 
 which he administered with great 
 ability through the Indian mutiny, 
 and returned to England in 1859, 
 when he had conferred upon him 
 the Order of the Star of India. His 
 Lordship, who succeeded his father 
 as third baron May 30, 1845, was 
 appointed lord in waiting to the 
 Queen in 18G1, and Chamberlain of 
 the Household to the Princess of 
 Wales, March 10, 18G3. 
 
 HAEEIS, Sir William Snow, 
 Knt., F.E.S. [1792—1867], was a 
 son of Thomas Harris, Esq., of 
 Plymouth, where he was born. 
 In early life he became a mem- 
 ber of the College of Surgeons, and 
 devoted himself from the first to 
 the cause of scientific discovery. 
 He was well known as the inventor 
 of the fixed and continuous electric 
 conductors for preserving ships 
 
 from lightning, now universally 
 employed in the Eoyal Navy, and 
 also as the inventor of a new steer- 
 ing compass. Sir William was the 
 author of many papers on electri- 
 city and magnetism, an elaborate 
 rej^ort on damage done by light- 
 ning in the navy, printed by order 
 of the House of Commons, and on 
 other scientific subjects, as also of 
 a work on thunderstorms. Many 
 of his papers have been published 
 in the Transactions of the Eoyal 
 Society, and in the Transactions 
 of the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh, 
 of the British Association, and 
 other works. He also received the 
 Copley Medal of the Eoyal Society 
 in 1835, in acknowledgment of his 
 contributions to scientific know- 
 ledge, and in 1845 a magnificent 
 vase from the EmiDeror of Eussia, 
 as a testimonial of his Imj)erial 
 Majesty's recognition of his scien- 
 tific labours. 
 
 HAEEISON, The Hon. Egbert 
 Alexander, D.C.L., Chief Justice 
 of Ontario, was born at Montreal 
 in 1833, and was the eldest son of 
 Eichard Harrison, Esq., formerly 
 of Skegarvey, co. Monaghan. He 
 was educated at Upper Canada Col- 
 lege, and studied law, being called 
 to the Bar in 1855, and from that 
 time till his elevation to the Bench 
 there was hardly a case of public 
 imj)ortance in which he was not 
 retained. He was made a Q.C. in 
 1867 ; was elected a Bencher of 
 the Law Society in 1871 ; and in 
 1875 succeeded Sir W. B. Eichards 
 as Chief Justice of Ontario. He 
 wrote and edited several very use- 
 ful law-books. The first, " Eobin- 
 son a,nd Harrison's Digest,'" pub- 
 lished about 1850, is still a standard 
 book of reference. In 1857 he 
 annotated the Common Law Pro- 
 cedure Act, and one of the most 
 important works with which his 
 name is connected, " Harrison and 
 O'Brien's Digest," was prepared by 
 Mr. O'Brien under Mr. Harrison's 
 supervision, and published in 1863. 
 He was also a constant contributor 
 
HARKISON— HAREOWBY. 
 
 4ni 
 
 to sevei'al Canadian law journals. 
 He died Nov. 1, 1878. 
 
 HARRISON, Captaix William, 
 Commander of the Great Eastern, 
 was di-owned by the upsetting of 
 his boat in a squall off Southamp- 
 ton docks, Jan. 21, 1860, in his 
 46th year. He had been captain 
 of the Great Eastern from the first, 
 and in spite of the misfortunes 
 which attended her, every confi- 
 dence was felt in Captain Harri- 
 son's great skill as a seaman. He 
 was buried at St. James's Cemetery, 
 Liverpool, his funeral almost par- 
 taking of the character of a public 
 ceremony. 
 
 HARRISON, William [1813— 
 1868], one of the best-known and 
 most popular tenors of the last 
 generation. He took to singing 
 from an early age, and became a 
 student at the Royal Academy of 
 Music, appearing fii-st as a profes- 
 sional in 1837. Two years later he 
 sang at Covent G-arden in Rooke's 
 opera " Henrique," and from this 
 time the stage claimed him more 
 than the concert room. He took 
 part in nearly all the best kno"ttTi 
 English operas, and achieved much 
 success. In 1856 he took the step 
 by which he is most likely to be 
 remembered. In partnership with 
 Miss Louisa Pyne he established 
 an English Opera Company, pro- 
 ducing at the Lyceum, in an excel- 
 lent manner, works by Balfe, 
 Wallace, Benedict, Mellon, and 
 other composers, and introducing 
 to the public many most excellent 
 singers. In 1861; he removed to 
 Her Majesty's, still giving English 
 operas there. He died at Kentish 
 Town in the autumn of 1868. 
 
 HARROWBY, Fiest Eael of. 
 Eight Hon. DrDLZY Ryder [1762 
 —1847], a Privy CounciUor, D.C.L., 
 F.S.A., &c., was the eldest son of 
 Nathaniel, first L ord Harro wby . He 
 was educated at St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, where he took his M.A. 
 degree in 1782, and two years later 
 was returned to Parliament as 
 member for the family borough of 
 
 Tiverton. In 1789 he was appointed 
 Under-Secretary of State for Fo- 
 reign Affairs, and a year later Con- 
 troller of the Household, and a 
 member of the India Board and of 
 the Privy Council. In Feb., 1791, 
 through the influence of his friend, 
 Pitt, he was appointed Paymaster 
 of the Forces and Vice-President of 
 the Board of Trade, and in the 
 same year was chairaian of the Fi- 
 nance Committee. He was highly 
 esteemed by his colleagues in office, 
 and enjoyed in no small degree the 
 personal friendship of Pitt, to 
 whom he acted as second in the 
 memorable duel with Tierney (May 
 27, 1798). In May, ISOO, he ac- 
 cepted the Treasurership of the 
 Navy, became second Baron Har- 
 rowby on the death of his father in 
 1803, and.in 1801 received the seals 
 of the Foreign Office. He resigned 
 that post at the end of eight months, 
 retaining, however, his seat in the 
 Cabinet, and subsequently was for 
 a short time Chancellor of the 
 Duchy of Lancaster. In Nov., 1805, 
 he was sent on a special mission to 
 Berlin, Vienna, and St. Petersburg, 
 to open negotiations for a fresh 
 coalition against France, but, al- 
 though he was successful at Berlin, 
 his fui-ther plans were frustrated by 
 the victory of Napoleon at Auster- 
 litz. He held the office of President 
 of the Board of Control for a few 
 months in 1809, in July of which 
 year he was created Earl of Har- 
 rowby and Viscount Sandon. In 
 the Liverpool administration of 
 1812 he was appointed President of 
 the Council, an office he held till 
 Lord Goderich (Earl of Ripon) be- 
 came head of the Goverment. He 
 was chairman of the Currency Com- 
 mittee of 1819, of which he pre- 
 pared the report, and supported the 
 repeal of the Test and Corporation 
 ! Acts. It was Lord Harrowby who 
 : first became aware of the Cato 
 j Street Conspiracy (1820), from the 
 communications of a man whom he 
 met in the park. It was called the 
 Gato Street Conspiracy from a place 
 
 D D 
 
402 
 
 HARROWBY— HAETOa. 
 
 near the Edgware Eoad where Tliis- 
 tlewood and his colleagues were 
 found assembled in a hayloft. Lord 
 Harrowby retired from office in 
 1827 
 
 HARROWBY, 2nd Earl of. 
 The Right Hon. Dudley Ryder, 
 K.G. [1798—1882], son of the 
 above, was educated at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, where he gra- 
 duated B.A. in 1820, and after- 
 wards M.A. and D.C.L. In 1819 
 he was returned to the House of 
 Commons as one of the members 
 for Tiverton, which he represented 
 till 1830, when he was chosen for 
 Liverpool. He sat for that town 
 till 1847, when he succeeded to his 
 father's seat in the House of Lords. 
 He was secretary to the India 
 Board during the earlier part of 
 Earl Grey's administration, was 
 appointed Chancellor of the Duchy 
 of Lancaster under Lord Palmer- 
 ston's first administration in 1855, 
 and exchanged that post for the 
 office of Lord Privy Seal, which he 
 resigned in Dec, 1857. He was 
 made a K.G. in 1859. Although he 
 did not take a very prominent part 
 in politics, he was often consulted 
 by the leaders of both parties, and 
 in all public questions relating to 
 religion his co-opera,tion was sought 
 by statesmen and bishops alike. 
 
 HART, Solomon, R.A. He was 
 born in Plymouth in April, 1806, 
 but in 1820 his father removed to 
 London, and the boy was appren- 
 ticed to Samuel Warren, the line 
 engraver. Three years later he 
 entered the Academy Schools, and 
 in 182G exhibited a miniature por- 
 trait of his father, but the picture 
 by which he gained earliest notice 
 was "Isaac of York in the Donjon 
 of the Castle of Reginald Front de 
 Boeuf." In 1836 he was elected 
 Associate, and in 18±0 full member. 
 In 1857 he succeeded Leslie as Pro- 
 fessor of Painting at the Royal Aca- 
 demy, and held that office till 1863. 
 In 1805 he was elected librarian, 
 and to his untiring energy the 
 Royal Academy owes the excellence 
 
 of its present library. He was, for 
 some years, curator of the pictui-es 
 in Greenwich Hospital, and one of 
 the Art examiners at South Ken- 
 sington. To the great injury of 
 his artistic reputation he continued 
 painting after his sight and strength 
 had failed, and his last pictui'e was 
 exhibited in the Academy exhibition 
 which was open at the time of his 
 death, which occurred June 11, 
 1881. He exhibited 180 pictures. 
 His " Interior of a Synagogue " is 
 in the National Gallery. 
 
 HARTOG, Edward Numa [1846 
 — 1871], the first Jew who ever won 
 the blue riband of Cambridge, was 
 the elder son of M. Alphonse Har- 
 tog, and was born in London. He 
 received his early education from 
 his father, and at University Col- 
 lege, London, where he highly dis- 
 tinguished himself in classics, 
 mathematics, natural philosophy, 
 and modern languages. In 1862 he 
 obtained the Jews' Commemoration 
 Scholarship of ,£15 per annum, and 
 in the following year gained a 
 scholarshiiD for d£80 for mathematics 
 and natural jDhilosophy, and again 
 in 1861 a similar honour. He 
 gained the Andrew Exhibition, and 
 took his degree at London Univer- 
 sity with honours and emoluments 
 for proficiency in mathematics, 
 classics, French and German. He 
 then entered at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, where, in 1865, he 
 gained a senior scholarship, and 
 followed up that success by winning 
 at the end of his first year a Foun- 
 dation Scholarship at the same 
 college. In 1869 he was senior 
 wrangler, but the second great 
 mathematical reward of the year 
 would have been beyond his reach 
 ov^ing to his religious convictions 
 had not a special grace of the 
 senate been passed to confer upon 
 him the degree of B.A. Soon after 
 taking his degree, being in common 
 with other Nonconformists ex- 
 cluded from a fellowship, he re- 
 ceived an appointment in the 
 Treasury, which ho subsequently 
 
HARTSnORNE— HARVEY. 
 
 403 
 
 gave up for employment under 
 Mr. Thring, the Parliamentary 
 draughtsman. His friends expected 
 for him a distinguished career, 
 either in the public service or at 
 the Bar, but he did not live to see 
 the passing of the University Tests 
 Bill, dying suddenly of small-pox 
 at the eai'ly age of twenty-five. 
 
 HARTSHORNS, Rev. Charles 
 Henry, M.A., was born about 1803, 
 and educated at St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, where he graduated 
 B.A. in 1825, Having taken holy 
 orders, he held several cura,cies in 
 succession, and in 1838 was ap- 
 pointed rector of Cogenhoe, North- 
 amptonshire. In 1850 he received 
 from the Crown the rectory of 
 Holdenby in the same county, 
 which he held till his death. He 
 was an enthusiastic antiquary, and 
 a voluminous writer. Among his 
 works may be mentioned " Histo- 
 rical Remains of Northampton," 
 " Memoirs Illustrative of the His- 
 tory and Antiquities of Northum- 
 berland,'^ and " Salopia Antiqua, 
 or an Enquiry into the Early Re- 
 mains in Shropshire.'" He also 
 edited ''Ancient Metrical Tales,'" 
 and contributed papers to the 
 Archoeological and other journals. 
 He died at Holdenby, March 11, 
 1865. 
 
 HARTT, Charles Frederick, 
 M.A. [18 W— 1878], Superintendent 
 of the Geological Survey of the 
 Empire of Brazil, was born in 
 Fredericton, Canada. In 18G2 he 
 went to Harvard College and stu- 
 died zoology under Professor 
 Agassiz, whom later he accom- 
 panied to Brazil on an exploring 
 expedition. In 1871 he was sent 
 by the Harvard and Cornell Col- 
 leges on an expedition to the valley 
 of the Amazon, for the purpose of 
 studying its geographical struc- 
 ture ; he remained there a year, 
 and on his return published " The 
 Geology and Physical Geography 
 of Brazil." He was sent to Brazil 
 again in 187-4 by the Government 
 to make a geological survey of the 
 
 empire. This was the great work 
 of his life, and, though he was not 
 able to complete it, it established 
 his reputation as one of the fore- 
 most scientific explorers of the day. 
 HARVEY, Sir C^eorge, P.R.S.A. 
 [1805 — 187G], painter of historical 
 pictures, landscapes, and tableaux 
 de genre, was born at St. Ninian's, 
 a small village near Stirling. He 
 disjilayed a taste for drawing at an 
 early age, but having been ajipren- 
 ticed to a bookseller, had only 
 limited opportunities for cultivating 
 his talent. From 1823 till 1825 he 
 studied at the school of the Trus- 
 tees' Academy, Edinburgh. In 
 1826, when the Scottish artists re- 
 solved to establish an academy of 
 their own, framed upon the model 
 of the Royal Academy of London, 
 Harvey was invited to join it as an 
 associate, and he became academi- 
 cian in 1829. Incidents from the 
 history of the Covenanters supplied 
 the subjects for some of the pic- 
 tures by which he first won fame ; 
 such as, " Covenanters Preaching," 
 in 1830 ; " Covenanters' Baptism," 
 in 1831 ; '' Curlers," 1835 ; '' Battle 
 of Drumclog," from Scott, in 1836 ; 
 " Shakespeai-e before Sir Thomas 
 Lucy on a charge of Deer-Steal- 
 ing," 1837 ; and '• The Covenanters' 
 Communion," in 1840. "First 
 Reading of the Bible in Old St. 
 Paul's," in 1847, first made him 
 knowTi at the London exhibitions. 
 He painted many domestic sub- 
 jects ; such as, " Examination of a 
 Village School," in 1832 ; " John 
 Bunyan in Gaol," in 1838; "A 
 Castaway," in 1839 ; " Dismissal of 
 a Village School," in 1840 ; " Quit- 
 ting the Manse," and " The Past 
 and Present — Children blowing: 
 Bubbles in the old Greyfriars 
 Churchyard," in 1840; "A High- 
 land Funeral," in 1844; "John 
 Bunyan and his Daughter selling 
 Laces at the • door of Bedford 
 Gaol," in 1857 ; " Sabbath in the 
 Glen," and "The Penny Bank," 
 in 1864. Sir George Harvey's 
 popularity has been increased by 
 
 D D 2 
 
40-i 
 
 HARVEY. 
 
 good engravings from his Cove- 
 nanters' pictures, and otlier subjects 
 which appeal to the sympathies of 
 a large class. " Dawn Eevealing 
 the New World to Columbus/' and 
 " Quitting the Manse," are in the 
 Scottish National Gallery. Sir 
 George Harvey, who was elected 
 President of the Eoyal Scottish 
 Academy on the death of Sir John 
 Watson Gordon in 1864, was 
 knighted in 1867. Sir George was 
 the author of an interesting volume 
 of "Notes of the Early History of 
 the Eoyal Scottish Academy," pub- 
 lished at Edinburgh in 1870. 
 
 HAEVEY, Captain John, E.N., 
 the inventor conjointly with his 
 nephew. Commander Frederick 
 Harvey, of the torpedo which bears 
 their name, died at Folkestone, 
 Sept. 3, 1882, aged 88. He was a 
 member of the Society of Naval 
 
 HAEVEY, Sir John, K.C.B. and 
 K.C.H. [1778—1852], Lieutenant- 
 Governor of Halifax, Nova Scotia, 
 Lieutenant-General in the army, 
 and Colonel of the 59th Foot, 
 entered the army in 1791 as ensign 
 in the 80th regiment. He served 
 in Holland under the Duke of 
 York, during the campaign of 
 1791-5, and in 1796, having gained 
 his lieutenancy, went to the Cape 
 of Good Hope, where he was pre- 
 sent at the surrender of the Dutch 
 fleet in Saldanha Bay. He served 
 in Ceylon from 1797 to 1800, and in 
 1801 took i)art in the Egyptian 
 campaign under Sir David Baird. 
 Having seen much active service in 
 India, he was, in 1812, appointed 
 Deputy Adjutant-General in Ux)per 
 Canada, and served throughout 
 the campaigns of 1813-11. He was 
 appointed Governor of Nova Scotia 
 in 1816, having previously been 
 Governor of New Brunswick, and 
 Governor and Commander-in-Chief 
 at Newfoundland. He was nomi- 
 nated K.C.H. in 1842, and K.C.B. 
 in 1848. He married in 1806, the 
 Hon. Elizabeth Lake, daughter of 
 Gerrard, first Viscount Lake^ K.B. 
 
 HAEVEY, Vice-Admiral Sir 
 Thomas, K.C.B. [1776 — 1841], 
 Commander-in-Chief in the West 
 Indies and North America, was the 
 fourth son of Sir Henry Harvey, 
 K.B. He began his naval career 
 as master's mate on board the 
 Bamilies in Lord Howe's action, 
 was made Lieutenant of the Prince 
 of Wales, 98, which formed part of 
 the fleet under Lord Bridport in 
 1795, and in the following year 
 was apj)ointed to the command of 
 the Lacedemonian and Pelican. In 
 the former he took part in the re- 
 duction of the island of Trinidad, 
 when he was jDromoted post-captain 
 of the Prince of Wales. He accom- 
 panied Lord Hugh Seymour in the 
 expedition against Siu-inam in 1799, 
 and commanded the Standard in 
 the celebrated passage of the Dar- 
 danelles. He was nominated C.B. 
 in 1815, Colonel of the Eoyal 
 Marines in 1821, Eear-Admiral in 
 the same year, and K.C.B. in 1833. 
 He succeeded Sir Charles Paget as 
 Commander-in-Chief on the West 
 India and North American stations 
 in 1839. 
 
 HAEVEY, William [1800— 
 1866], was born at Newcastle-on- 
 Tyne, and served an apprenticeship 
 as a wood engraver with Thomas 
 Bewick. In 1817 he came to Lon- 
 don, and in a short time afterwards 
 became a j)npil of B. E. Hay don, 
 the historical painter, with a view 
 of improving himself in di-awing, 
 and of thus further qualifying him- 
 self for the profession of a designer 
 on wood. While studying under 
 Haydon, he drew and engraved his 
 large cut of the " Death of Den- 
 tatus," from a painting by his 
 master ; this admirable cut was 
 published in 1821, In 1824 Harvey 
 drew and engraved the beautiful 
 vignettes and tail-pieces in Dr. 
 Henderson's " History of Ancient 
 and Modern Wines." With those 
 cuts he may be considered as hav- 
 ing closed his career as an en- 
 graver, and to have entered on 
 that of a designer on wood. lu 
 
HASTINGS— HATHERLEY. 
 
 405 
 
 the latter capacity ;, perhaps no 
 other artist has furnished more 
 employment for -wood entjravers. 
 Amon^ the numerous works illus- 
 ti-ated by him, the following spe- 
 cially deserve favourable mention : 
 — " Northcote's Fables/' first and 
 second series ; the " Tower Mena- 
 gerie ; " the " Gardens and Mena- 
 gerie of the Zoological Society ; " 
 White's " Selborne ; " Lane's " Ara- 
 bian Nights ; " the Illustrated 
 Edition of the " Common Prayer ; " 
 and Charles Knight's "' Pictorial 
 Shakspeare." 
 
 HAS'lTNGS, Sir Chaeles, M.D. 
 [179 i — 1S66], a younger son of the 
 Kev. James Hastings, rector of 
 Martley, Worcestershire, was edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh, where he 
 graduated M.D. in 1818. He sub- 
 sequently settled at Worcester, 
 where he obtained an extensive 
 practice. He has published a 
 " Treatise on Inflammation of the 
 Mucous Membrane of the Lungs ; " 
 "Illustrations of the Natiu-al His- 
 torv of Worcestershire." and other 
 works more or less nearly connected 
 with the science and practice of his 
 profession. Sir Charles was also 
 the founder of the Provincial 
 Medical and Sui'gical Association, 
 now called the British Medical 
 Association, and served for several 
 years as President of the Council. 
 Sir Charles, who was an honorarv 
 D.C.L. of Oxford, and a deputy- 
 lieutenant for Worcestershii-e, re- 
 ceived the honoiu' of knighthood 
 in 1850. 
 
 HATCHELL, The PaoHT Hon. 
 John [1783 — 1870 , born in county 
 Wexford, was educated at Trinity 
 College, Dublin, where he obtained 
 several TJniversitv honours and a 
 scholarship, was called to the Irish 
 bar in 1809, and in 1847 was ap- 
 pointed Solicitor-General for Ire- 
 land. Mr. Hatchell became Attor- 
 ney-General in 1850, when he was 
 sworn of the Privy Council in 
 Ireland, was twice returned to the 
 House of Commons for Windsor, 
 and sat from Jan., 1850, till July, 
 
 1852. He was appointed a Com- 
 missioner of National Education, 
 and of Charitable Donations and 
 Bequests in Ireland in 1853, but 
 withdrew from the Board of Edu- 
 cation on its re-construction in 
 1801. Mr. Hatchell was a short 
 time Commissioner of the Insolvent 
 Covirt in Ireland, previous to its 
 amalgamation vrith the Court of 
 Bankruptcy. 
 
 HATHEELEY, Lord, Eight 
 Hon. William Page Wood, F.E.S. 
 [1801 — 1881], was the second son 
 of Alderman Sir Matthew Wood, 
 the friend of Queen Caroline. He 
 was educated at Winchester, from 
 which he was expelled in 1818, for 
 taking part in the memorable 
 barring out of that year. It was 
 at Winchester that his lifelong 
 friendship with Dean Hook began. 
 He was next sent to Geneva, where 
 he studied Eoman law at the Uni- 
 versity, attending the lectures of the 
 celebrated Eossi. Having been em- 
 ployed as translator and interpreter 
 to the Commissioners sent on Queen 
 Caroline's behalf to collect evidence 
 in Italy, he retui^ned to England, 
 and in 1819 entered Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he gradu- 
 ated in high honours, and obtained 
 a Fellowship. He was called to 
 the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1827, 
 and began practice as an equity 
 draughtsman and conveyancer. He 
 attached himself to Yice-Chancellor 
 Wigram's Court in 1841, and in 
 1845 was made a Q.C. He was one 
 of the members in the Liberal in- 
 terest for the city of Oxford from 
 Aug., 1817, to Dec, 1852, Yice- 
 Chancellor of the County Palatine 
 of Lancaster from 1849 till 1851, 
 and Solicitor-General from 1851 
 till 1852. He retired with his po- 
 litical chief in the latter year, 
 and went back to private practice. 
 In the interim he had served on 
 the Commission for reforming the 
 procedure in Chancery, and was 
 made an honorary D.C.L. of Ox- 
 ford. In 1852 he was made a 
 Yice-Chancellorj and in 1868 was 
 
406 
 
 HATHEETON— HAVELOCK. 
 
 appointed a Lord Justice of the 
 Court of Appeal in Chancery, and 
 sworn of the Privy Council. In 
 the same year when Mr. Gladstone 
 became Prime Minister, the dignity 
 of Lord Chancellor of Great 
 Britain was conferred on Sir Wil- 
 liam Page Wood, who, on Dec. 10, 
 was created Baron Hatherley, of 
 Down Hatherley, Gloucestershire. 
 He resigned the office of Lord 
 Chancellor in 1872 owing to failing 
 eyesight, and was succeeded by 
 Lord Selborne. He never took any 
 active part in public matters after 
 that, though occasionally he sat in 
 the House of Peers as a law lord, 
 and at Downing Street in impor- 
 tant appeals to the Judicial Com- 
 mittee of the Privy Council. 
 
 HATHERTON, Lord [1791— 
 1863], better known under his 
 former name of the Eight Hon. 
 Edward John Littleton, son of 
 Moreton Walhouse, Esq., was edu- 
 cated at Eugby and at Brasenose 
 College, Oxford. Soon after reach- 
 ing his majority he assumed the 
 name and arms of Littleton, on the 
 death of his maternal grand-uncle, 
 the last baronet of that name, to 
 whose estates he succeeded. In 
 the same year he was elected M.P. 
 in the Liberal interest for Stafford- 
 shire, which he represented until 
 the end of 1832, Avhen he was 
 chosen for the southern division of 
 that county. He was an unsuccess- 
 ful candidate for the Speakership 
 of the House of Commons in Feb., 
 1833, against Mr. Manners Sutton 
 (Viscount Canterbury), and for a 
 short time in the follov/ing year 
 held the iDOst of Chief Secretary for 
 Ireland under Lord Melbourne. On 
 the return of the Whig party to 
 office and j^ower in the spring of 
 1835, he was raised to the peerage, 
 but did not subsequently hold any 
 public post or mix miich in political 
 life. He was lord-lieutenant of 
 Staffordshire . 
 
 HAVELL, William, landscape 
 painter. He was the son of a drawing- 
 master at Ecading, where he was 
 
 born in 1782. His name first ap- 
 pears in the Academy catalogue in 
 180J;, in which year he was also a 
 foundation member of the Old 
 Water Colour Society, but on the 
 reorganisation of the society in 
 1813 he was among the seceders. 
 In 1807 he went to Westmoreland 
 and lived there till, in 1816, he was 
 appointed draughtsman to Lord 
 Amherst's Embassy. He went to 
 China, but in the following year 
 l^roceeded to India, where he re- 
 mained till 1S25. On his return he 
 again joined the Water Colour 
 Society, but after three years ceased 
 to exhibit there, and in future sent 
 his water colours, as well as his oil 
 paintings, to the Academy, in which 
 gallery he exhibited 103 works. 
 His subjects were chiefly small 
 sunny Italian landscapes, varied 
 by Welsh and lake country scenes. 
 His style was original and charac- 
 teristic, his colour true, though 
 somewhat yellow in tone. He died 
 at Kensington, Dec. 16, 1857. There 
 are two drawings by him in the 
 South Kensington Museum. 
 
 HAVELOCK, Major-General 
 Sir Henry, K.C.B. [1795—1857], 
 was the son of a merchant and 
 shipbuilder at Sunderland, and was 
 born at Wearmouth, a suburb of 
 that town. He was educated at 
 the Charterhouse, on leaving which 
 he entered at the Middle Temple 
 in 1813, and became a pupil of 
 Chitty. Owing to some misunder- 
 standing with his father who with- 
 drew his support, he was obliged to 
 relinquish the law, and on the advice 
 of his brother William, then just 
 returned from the battle of Water- 
 loo, he entered the army. He ob- 
 tained a commission as second 
 lieutenant in the rifle brigade (the 
 95th), and after serving for eight 
 years in England, Scotland, and 
 Ireland, he exchanged into the 13th 
 Light Infantry, and embarked for 
 India in 1823. At the beginning 
 of the first Burmese war (1821), he 
 was appointed deputy - assistant- 
 adjutant-general of the expedition 
 
HAVELOCK. 
 
 407 
 
 and was present at several actions. 
 On the conclusion of the war in 
 182G ho rejoined his regiment at 
 Dinapore,and in 1827 was appointed 
 adjutant to the dep6t of King's 
 troops at Chinsurah. In the same 
 year he began to write his " Cam- 
 paigns in Ava," which appeared a 
 year later at Serampore. The work 
 gave great offence, owing to his 
 free comments upon the faults of 
 the commanders. In 1838 he was 
 promoted captain, after having 
 served for twenty-three years as 
 subaltern . During the first Afghan 
 campaign he took an active part at 
 the storming of Ghuznee and the 
 occupation of Cabul, and Avi-ote a 
 " Memoir of the Afghan Campaign," 
 which was a failure as far as the 
 sale of the book went, but has 
 remained, nevertheless, a str^ndard 
 work on the campaign. Having 
 joined Sir Robei't Sale's brigade he 
 was present at the forcing of the 
 Khoord Cabul Pass, and at all the 
 other engagements of that force till 
 it reached Jellalabad, and in the 
 final attack on Mahomed Akbar 
 (1812), he commanded the right 
 column and defeated him before 
 the other colum.ns could come to 
 his aid. For his gallant conduct 
 on that occasion he was promoted 
 to a brevet-majority and made a 
 C.B. He took an important part 
 in the action at Italiff, which he 
 planned and carried out himself. 
 In 184'3 he was simultaneously 
 appointed major of his regiment 
 and Persian interpreter to Sir Hugh 
 Gough. In 1811 he was promoted 
 to the rank of lieutenant-colonel by 
 brevet, and in the following year 
 went with the army to meet the 
 invasion of the Sikhs, and took a 
 distinguished part in the battles of 
 Moodkee, Ferozeshuhur, and So- 
 braon. His twenty-six years of 
 incessant work he had spent in 
 India now began to tell upon his 
 health, and in 1819 he was ordered 
 to Europe on furlough. After two 
 years spent in England he returned 
 to Bombay in 1851. In ISol- he 
 
 was appointed quartermaster-ge- 
 neral, and in the following year 
 adjutant- general of the Queen's 
 troops, with the rank of brevet- 
 colonel. On the despatch of the 
 expedition to Persia in 185G ho was 
 appointed to the second division, 
 and commanded the troops at 
 Mohumra. Peace being concluded 
 between the two nations in the fol- 
 lowing year Havelock returned to 
 Bombay, and was sent almost at 
 once to Allahabad as brigadier- 
 general to command the column 
 appointed to quell the formidable 
 mutiny which had then just broken 
 out (1857). He left Allahabad on 
 July 7 with about 1000 Europeans 
 from the 61-th and 81th Foot, the 
 78th Highlanders, Madras Fusiliers, 
 Eoyal Artillery, and Volunteer 
 Cavalry, and nearly 200 natives, 
 and in eight days Cawnpore was 
 occupied, the troops having marched 
 126 miles. Nana Sahib's army was 
 defeated in four engagements, at 
 Futtehpore on the 13th, at Pandoo 
 Nuddee twice on the 15th, and at 
 Cawnpore on the 16th. Leaving 
 Lucknow on the 29th, he gained 
 the battles of Oonao and Busseeruth- 
 gunge, and on receiving reinforce- 
 ments under Sir James Outram, he 
 entered Lucknow, Sept. 25, which 
 place he held till the garrison was 
 finally relieved by Sir Colin Camp- 
 bell (Lord Clyde) on Nov. 6. His 
 health Avas utterly broken down by 
 the anxieties he had endured, and 
 he succumbed to an attack of 
 dysentery Nov. 21, 1857, four days 
 after ho had heard that he was 
 appointed K.C.B. The Queen had 
 conferred a baronetcy upon him by 
 the title of Sir Henry Havelock of 
 Lucknow, with a pension of .£1000 
 a year for life, but he died the day 
 before the patent was sealed, and 
 the title and pension were trans- 
 ferred to his son. Captain Henry 
 Marsham Havelock. 
 
 HAVELOCK, Lieutenant-Colo- 
 nel William, who was killed in 
 action at the head of his regiment, 
 the llrth Light Dragoons, in their 
 
408 
 
 HAVEEGAL— HAWKEE. 
 
 desperate but successful attack on 
 the Sikh army at Eamnugp^ur in 
 the Punjaub, was born in 1795, and 
 was the eldest son of William Have- 
 lock, of Ingress Park, Kent. He 
 entered the army at an early age, 
 served throughout the Peninsular 
 campaign, 1810-1814, and at Water- 
 loo, where he was wounded and 
 received the Cross of the Hanove- 
 rian Order. He exchanged into 
 the 4th Light Dragoons, and with 
 that regiment went first to Bombay, 
 where he became A.D.C. to Sir 
 Charles Colville, and afterwards to 
 Madras as Military Secretary to 
 Lord Elphinstone. His last ex- 
 change was into the 14th Light 
 Dragoons, in command of which 
 regiment, at the glorious charge on 
 the Sikh army, he lost his life, Nov. 
 22, 1848. 
 
 HAVEEGrAL, Frances Eidley, 
 youngest child of the Eev. William 
 Henry Havergal [q. v.], was born 
 December 14, 1836, at the rectory 
 of Astley, Worcestershire. At the 
 age of seven she began writing 
 hymns and religious rhyme, and 
 two years later wrote long letters 
 to her relations and friends in 
 rhyme. She was sent to school in 
 1850 to Mrs. Theed at Belmont, 
 and two years later went to the 
 Louisenschule at Diisseldorf. She 
 returned to England in 1854, and 
 devoted herself to the study, of 
 German, French, and Greek, at the 
 same time systematically studying 
 the scriptures, and acquiring a 
 great part of them by heart, be- 
 sides earnestly taking up parish 
 work, teaching in the Sunday 
 school, etc. It was not till 1860 
 that she wrote for publication, and 
 then her poems api^eared in Good 
 Words. As quite a child she was 
 very fond of music, and in 1865 
 began to turn her musical talents 
 to account, learning singing, and 
 composing several hymns, for which 
 she also wrote the words. The loss 
 of her father in 1869 was a great 
 blow to her ; for years he had loeen 
 her kindly helper and critic in her 
 
 writings, which as time went on 
 absorbed more and more of her 
 time. From then till her death, 
 June 3, 1879, she devoted herself to 
 good works, writing religious books 
 and songs, visiting the sick, work- 
 ing for various missions, among 
 others, for the Irish Society Mis- 
 sions, and also using all her in- 
 liuence with her surroundings in 
 the cause of temperance. She died 
 very happily and quietly, and was 
 buried beside her father in Astley 
 churchyard. Among her works 
 may be mentioned : " Four Happy 
 Days ; " " Ben Brightboots, and 
 other True Stories, Hymns, &c. ; " 
 ''Footprints and Living Songs;" 
 " The Ministry of Song/' &c. Some 
 of her works — prose and jDoems — 
 were collected and published after 
 her death by her sister M. V. G. 
 Havergal. 
 
 HAVEEGAL, The Eev. William 
 Henry [1793 — 1869], was educated 
 at St. Edmund's Hall, Oxford, 
 where he graduated B.A, in 1815, 
 and M.A, in 1819. He became 
 Eector of Astley, in Worcestershire, 
 in 1829, Eector of St. Nicholas, 
 Worcester, and Honorary Canon of 
 Worcester Cathedral, in 1845, and 
 Perpetual Curate of Shareshill,near 
 Wolverhampton, in 1860, from 
 Avhich he was compelled to retire 
 on account of failing health. Mr. 
 Havergal was one of the first autho- 
 rities in sacred music of the age ; 
 and much of his music is in use in 
 our cathedrals. Mr. Havergal 
 practised musical composition in 
 hours when prevented by illness 
 from attending to j^astoral work, in 
 which his whole heart was engaged. 
 He was the author of various ser- 
 mons, including one on ordination, 
 published in 1845; of Death for 
 Murder — Assize Sermon, in 1847 ; 
 and of two volumes of Historical 
 Sermons, in 1853. 
 
 HAWKEE, Peter [1786—1853], 
 Lieut. -Col. of the North Hants 
 Militia, and author of the celebrated 
 " Instructions to Young Sportsmen 
 in all that relates to Guns and Shoot- 
 
IIAWKEE— HAWKINS. 
 
 409 
 
 ing/' was also the inventor of many 
 improvements in fire-arms, some of 
 which were exhibited at the Great 
 Exhibition of 1851. He had enter- 
 tained great hopes that some of these 
 inventions would have been adopted 
 by Government, and it is supposed 
 that disappointment in this matter 
 brought on the disease of which he 
 died, Aug. 7, 1853, in his 67th year. 
 
 HAWKEE, Egbert Stephen, 
 the poet whose stirring Cornish 
 baUad, " And Shall TrelawneyDie ?" 
 took in so good a judge as Sir 
 Walter Scott, was born at Ply- 
 mouth, in 1805. He was educated 
 at Pembroke College, Oxford, and 
 gained the Newdigate prize in 1827. 
 In 1834 he was presented to the 
 vicarage of Morwenstow, on the 
 North coast of Cornwall ; and here 
 he spent the last forty years of his 
 life. Mvstical in his religious views, 
 and eccentric in conduct. Hawker 
 was undoubtedly a man of genius, 
 though it was the srenius " to 
 madness near allied." The wild 
 neighbourhood where he lived was 
 full of stories of the strange vicar 
 of Morwenstow, his fondness for 
 cats and birds, and his patriarchal 
 manner of unitincr the functions of 
 farmer and priest. He wrote many 
 books in verse and prose, his '•' Cor- 
 nish Ballads " (collected in 1869), 
 being the most original. Just before 
 his death (1875), after a melan- 
 choly old age, he was received into 
 the Church of Eome. His life was 
 written by Mr. Baring Gould, and 
 again by the Eev. Dr. Lee (1876). 
 
 HAWKINS, CiSAE, F.E.S. [1798 
 — 1884], Sergeant-Surgeon to the 
 Queen, and Consulting Surgeon to 
 St. George's Hospital, with which 
 his family had been connected for 
 150 years, was a son of the Eev. 
 Edward Hawkins, and grandson of 
 Sir Caesar, the first baronet of the 
 family, his elder brother (q. v.) hav- 
 ing been the well-known Provost of 
 Oriel. He received his early edu- 
 cation at Christ's Hospital, which 
 he left in 1813, and in 1818 entered 
 as a pupil at St. George's Hospital 
 
 under Sir Benjamin Brodie. He 
 became a member of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons in 1821. He 
 taught anatomy with Sir Charles 
 Bell in the Hunterian school, and 
 was appointed surgeon to St. 
 George's Hospital in 1829, an office 
 he held till 1861, when he was 
 appointed consulting-surgeon. He 
 was elected a trustee of the Hun- 
 terian Museum in 1871 ; and in 
 1862 on the death of Sir Benjamin 
 Brodie, was appointed Sergeant- 
 Surgeon to the Queen, having pre- 
 viously been one of her Majesty's 
 surgeons. In 1871 he printed for 
 private circulation, two volumes 
 containing all his communications 
 to different scientific societies and 
 to the medical journals, and of 
 these volumes it was said in a 
 medical joui'nal which was review- 
 ing them, " No one who is not 
 acquainted with Mr. Hawkins' 
 writings can have studied ade- 
 quately, any more than he could 
 who was unacquainted -with the 
 writings of Brodie." He was for 
 a long time the only surgeon who 
 had jDerformed the operation of 
 ovariotomy with success in a metro- 
 politan hospital; and although he 
 was rather conservative in surgical 
 matters, he was never opposed to 
 novelty upon the ground that it 
 was new. 
 
 HAWKINS, Edwaed, F.E.S. , 
 F.S.A., and F.L.S. [1780—1867], 
 numismatist and archaeoloo-ist, born 
 at Macclesfield, was educated at 
 Macclesfield Grammar-school. In 
 1821 he succeeded Tavlor Coombe, 
 Esq., as Keeper of Antiquities in 
 the British Museum, which office he 
 retained till the close of 1860. Mr. 
 Hawkins had for many years de- 
 voted himself to the study of 
 archaeology in general, and to that 
 of coins and medals in particular, 
 and his very important collection 
 of medals illustrative of English 
 history, commenced in early life, 
 was purchased by the trustees 
 of the British Museum. He pos- 
 sessed the largest collection ever 
 
410 
 
 HAWKINS— HAWTEET. 
 
 made of political caricatures relat- 
 ing to England, some as early as 
 the reign of Henry VIII., and 
 formed an extensive collection, com- 
 menced in boyliood, of printed 
 books, &c., as well as of views and 
 portraits of places and j)ersons il- 
 lustrative of the county of Chester. 
 He was elected in 1846 one of the 
 treasiirers of the Society for Pro- 
 moting Christian Knowledge, and 
 was the author of "The Silver 
 Coins of England,"' published in 
 1811 ; of " Description of the Anglo- 
 Gallic Coins in the British Museum," 
 in 182G ; of the 7th to the 10th part, 
 both inclusive, of " Description of 
 the Ancient Marbles in the British 
 Museum,'' and of various papers in 
 the " Archseologia " and in the 
 Numismatic Jounuil. 
 
 HAWKINS, Edwaed, D.D., 
 Provost of Oriel College, Oxford 
 [1789 — 1882], eldest brother of 
 Mr. Caesar Hawkins, was educated 
 at Merchant Taylor's School, and 
 at St. John's College, Oxford, where 
 he graduated B.A. in high honours 
 in 1811. In 1813 he was elected to 
 a Fellowship at Oriel, and his sub- 
 sequent life was wholly connected 
 with that college, which became 
 the centre of the Oxford move- 
 ment. He was appointed a Tutor 
 of his college in 1819, together with 
 Keble, Yv^hately, and Tyler, and 
 had besides for his contemporaries 
 Arnold, Hurrell Froude, the two 
 Wilberforces, Edward Denison, and 
 J. H. Newman. He was chosen, in 
 1828, to succeed Dr. Copleston as 
 Provost of Oriel, to which office a 
 canonry in E-ochester Cathedral, 
 and the Eectory of Biu-leigh, Essex, 
 are annexed. The choice for the 
 Provostship lay between Keble, 
 Newman, and Hawkins, and to 
 everyone's surprise Newman gave 
 his whole support to Hawkins, 
 which determined the votes of the 
 junior Fellows, and the election. 
 But very shortly the new Provost 
 came into collision with his Tutors, 
 who wished to introduce various 
 reforms in the studies and methods 
 
 of study with which the Provost 
 did not agree. Newman and two 
 others resigned their tutorships, 
 and from that time, according to 
 Mark Pattison, the position of 
 Oriel began to change. Dr. Haw- 
 kins became Bampton Lecturer in 
 1840, and was apjDointed Dean Ire- 
 land's Professor of Exegesis in 1847. 
 His active connection with Oxford 
 ceased in 1874, and the Vice-Pro- 
 vost, Mr. D. B. Monro, undertook 
 the management of Oriel College. 
 Dr. Havrkins was the very intimate 
 friend of Dr. Arnold, of whom he 
 pi'edicted that if he were elected to 
 Eugby " he would change the face 
 of education throughout the public 
 schools of England." 
 
 HAWKINS, Captain John CRorT 
 [1798 — 1851], was descended from 
 the renowned Admiral Sir John 
 Hawkins, of Queen Elizabeth's 
 reign. Captain Hawkins entered 
 the royal navy at the age of thir- 
 teen, and in 1812 was admitted to 
 the marine service of the Hon. 
 East India Company. He served 
 with distinction at the reduction of 
 Eas al Khyma and Beni Boo Alee ; 
 and in 1834, for his services in 
 rescuing the crew and cargo of the 
 Sylx>h, of Calcutta, which had been 
 wrecked at the entrance to the 
 China seas, he received the tlianks 
 of the Sui)reme Government, the 
 Bombay Government, and the Go- 
 vernment of the straits of Malacca, 
 and was presented with ^£1,500 for 
 his personal risk and exertions. 
 He was made captain in 1839, and 
 in 1844 was appointed commodore 
 of the Persian Gulf squadron, and 
 on the death of Sir Eobert Oliver, 
 in 1848, served for a time as Acting 
 Superintendent and Commander-in- 
 Chief of the Indian navy. He re- 
 ceived the thanks of the British 
 Parliament and of the Indian Go- 
 vernment for his skill and energy 
 in fitting out the expedition sent 
 to Mooltan. He was killed by being 
 thrown from his curricle at Bombay, 
 August 25, 1851, in his 53rd year. 
 HAWTEEY, Eev. Edward 
 
HAY— HAYDN. 
 
 411 
 
 Craven, D.D. [1789— 18G2], was 
 the only son of the Rev. Edward 
 Hawtrey, Fellow of Eton College, 
 E-ector of Monxton-, Hants, and 
 Vicar of Burnham-with-Boveney. 
 His family had been connected with 
 Eton for two centuries, for, besides 
 his father, his uncle Avas Fellow of 
 King's, and Vicar of Kingwood ; 
 his grandfather was Fellow of 
 King's, and Rector of Dunton 
 Waylett, Essex ; and his great- 
 grandfather. Fellow of King's and 
 Eton successively, and Rector of 
 Sanderstead, Surrey. Dr. Hawtrey 
 was educated on the foundation of 
 Eton, and in due course proceeded 
 to King's in 1808. Having taken 
 his B.A. degree in 1812, he became 
 an assistant-master of Eton under 
 Dr. Keate, whom he succeeded as 
 head-master in 1831. He raised 
 the number of the school to 777 in 
 one year, and having held the post 
 till 1853, became Provost of Eton 
 on the death of the Rev. F. Hodg- 
 son, B.D. (the well-knoAvn friend 
 and associate of Lord Byron), in 
 that year. In 1848 he received an 
 ad eundeni D.D. degree at Oxford. 
 He was appointed Rector of Maple- 
 Durham, Oxfordshire, in 1854, and 
 was vicar of that place at the time 
 of his death. He was a good lin- 
 guist, and s^Doke and wrote three or 
 four languages, especially French 
 and Italian, fluently. In 181:7 ap- 
 peared a volume of English Hexa- 
 meters, translations from Goethe, 
 Schiller, Homer, and Callimachus, 
 to which Sir John Herschel, Arch- 
 deacon Hare, Dr. Whewell, Dr. 
 Hawtrey, and the Rev. J. G-. Lons- 
 dale contributed. His contributions 
 to the " Arundines Cami " are also 
 well known to scholars. He printed 
 privately, in 1839, a volume of 
 Italian poetry, called " II Trifo- 
 glio," which was much admired by 
 Italian scholars,;and a few notes on 
 Virgil, which appeared in Yonge's 
 " ^neid.". He printed besides two 
 or three volumes of sermons. Dr. 
 Hawtrey was also the possessor of 
 a very choice and valuable library. 
 
 HAY, Sir Edward Drummond 
 [1815—1884], Governor of St. He- 
 lena, was the eldest son of Mr. 
 Edward William Auriol Drummond 
 Hay. He entered the Colonial 
 Office in 1834, and in 1839 was 
 appointed Governor of the Virgin 
 Islands. In 1850 he was nomi- 
 nated Lieutenant-Governor of St. 
 Kitts, and in 1855 transferred to 
 the Governorship of St. Helena, 
 which appointment he held till 
 18G3, when he retired Tvdth a 
 pension. He was knighted in 1859. 
 
 HAY, Lieutenant - General 
 James, C.B., Colonel of the 79th 
 Highlanders, served throughout the 
 campaign of Sj^ain and Portugal, 
 being present at the passage of the 
 Douro, the capture of Oporto, the 
 battles of Salamanca, Talavera, 
 Fuentes d'Onor, &c., and greatly 
 distinguished himself in a skirmish 
 near Especia, where he took 79 
 prisoners, for which he was very 
 favourably mentioned in the Duke 
 of Wellington's despatches. He 
 commanded a regiment at the at- 
 tack on Burgos, and at the battles 
 of Vittoria, the Nivelle, and the 
 Nive, and received n, medal and 
 clasp for his services at the battles 
 of Vittoria and the Nive, and was 
 promoted lieutenant-colonel. He 
 commanded the 16th Lancers at 
 Quatre-Bras and Waterloo, where 
 he was very severely wounded. He 
 was promoted to be major-general 
 in 181;1, and lieutenant-general in 
 1851. He died at his seat near 
 Kilburn, Longford, Feb. 25, 1854. 
 
 HAYDN, Joseph, who died in 
 Crawley Street, Oakley Square, 
 Jan. 17, 1856, was the compiler of 
 the following works : — " The Die- 
 tionary of Dates and Universal 
 Reference relating to all Ages and 
 Nations," 1841, a book which has 
 passed through many editions and 
 is still in general use ; " The Book 
 of Dignities, containing Rolls of the 
 Official Personages of the British 
 Empire, Civil, Ecclesiastical, Judi- 
 cial, Military, Naval, and Munici- 
 pal ; together with the Sovereigns 
 
412 
 
 HAYDON. 
 
 of Europe, the Peerage of England 
 and of Great Britain/' &c., 1851 ; 
 besides which he edited the last 
 impression of Lewis's "Topogra- 
 phical Dictionaries/' Shortly be- 
 fore his death a pension of ,£25 was 
 conferred upon him from her 
 Majesty's privy jourse ; this was 
 afterwards augmented into a rather 
 larger annuity for his widow. 
 
 HAYDON, Benjamin Robert, 
 historical painter. He was the son of 
 a bookseller at Plymouth, where he 
 was born, Jan. 26, 1786, was edu- 
 cated at the Grammar School, and 
 afterwards came to London and 
 entered the Academy schools. May, 
 1801. Three years later he exhi- 
 bited his first picture, " Joseph and 
 Mary," and then went to Plymouth 
 to paint portraits, though neither 
 the bent of his talent nor his eccen- 
 tric character were suited to that 
 branch of art. He returned to 
 London in 1808, and drew from 
 the Elgin marbles, whose beauty 
 he was the first to recognise ; about 
 this time he produced his " Denta- 
 tus." This was badly hung in the 
 Academy of 1809, and this circum- 
 stance and the rejection of his 
 subsequent work led to a quarrel 
 with the Academy in 1813, In the 
 meantime Haydon was deep in 
 debt and in great poverty ; 
 the ,£100 prize awarded by the 
 British Institution for " Denta- 
 tus " only partly relieved him ; 
 his works did not find a market, 
 and his large " Judgment of Solo- 
 mon" was painted in a time of 
 great privation. His great picture 
 " Christ's entry into Jerusalem/' 
 was finished in 1820, and by the en- 
 trance money Haydon made £1700, 
 a sum which is, however, by no 
 means large when we consider the 
 expense incurred in painting and 
 exhibiting a large work. It found 
 no purchaser, but Haydon at once 
 set to work on " The Raising of 
 Lazarus," a huge production with 
 twenty figures on a scale of nine feet 
 v/hich was exhibited in 1823, and at- 
 tracted great notice ; but during its 
 
 progress Haydon had been arrested 
 for debt. In 1826 he finished 
 "Venus appearing to Anchises," 
 followed by " Alexander taming 
 Bucephalus " and " Euclus." He 
 was again thrown into prison, and 
 this time made an appeal to the 
 public, by which money enough 
 was raised to clear him. On his 
 release he painted the " Mock 
 Election " from a burlesque scene 
 which occurred in the prison. This 
 was bought by the king, and was 
 exhibited with a companion picture, 
 " Chairing the Member," and 
 brought the artist a good sum, but 
 in 1830 he was again in gaol. The 
 sale of " Chairing the Member " 
 may have taught Haydon that 
 English taste was not for historic 
 art, for on his release he painted a 
 reform bill picture, "Waiting for 
 the Times," and " The Reform 
 Banquet," a portrait commission 
 from Lord Grey ; still in 1835 he 
 was again in gaol. His " Xeno- 
 phon " was raffled for, and on his 
 release he gave a series of lectures 
 on art, by which he maintained 
 himself and his family for two or 
 three years, but another disap- 
 pointment awaited him ; he was 
 not chosen to share in the decora- 
 tion of the new House of Commons. 
 Angry, disappointed, baffled, he 
 set to work on six frescos for the 
 House of Lords — not as a commis- 
 sion, but as a protest and appeal. 
 The effort was too great ; his mind 
 gave way, and on June 26, 1816, 
 having written in his diary, " God 
 forgive me ! Amen. Finis. ' Stretch 
 me no longer on the rack of this 
 rough world,' Lear " he put an end 
 to the life that had brought him 
 little but sorrow and disappoint- 
 ment. Haydon's art belongs to an 
 age more lenient in its judgment 
 than our own, and his work, truly 
 remarkable for its time, no longer 
 seems admirable. He exhibited 57 
 works in public galleries, besides 
 those which he showed for money 
 at the Egyptian Hall. His "Rais- 
 ing of Lazarus" was till lately hung 
 
HATES— HAYTER. 
 
 -il3 
 
 on the staircase of the National 
 Gallery, and in the National Por- 
 trait Galleiy there is a small sketch 
 of himself, a painting of " Leigh 
 Hunt," and a huge composition of 
 the Anti-Slavery Convention. In 
 the South Kensington collection 
 there is also a drawing by him. 
 His lectures on painting have been 
 published, and his diary, a tragic 
 record of the sufferings of an 
 erratic genius, was given to the 
 world in 1853. 
 
 HAYES, Catherine [1825— 
 1861], a soprano of Irish birth and 
 education. Her masters were 
 chiefly Garcia in Paris and Eonconi 
 in Milan, but though they developed 
 her beautiful voice, they did not 
 or could not make her a musician. 
 This, however, never seems to have 
 stood much in her way, for^ from 
 her first appearance at Marseilles 
 in 1815, her career was most bril- 
 liant throughout. She appeared 
 in London in 1819 as Linda, after 
 having won laurels in Italy and 
 Austria, and soon afterwards began 
 a tour of the world. She sang in 
 America, India, and Australia, 
 and, returning in 1857, married. 
 But her life, if brilliant, was short, 
 for she died at Sydenham four 
 years later. 
 
 HAYTER, Sir George, Knt., 
 portrait painter. He was born in 
 London in 1792, and while very 
 young became an art student at 
 the Academy, where he obtained 
 two gold medals. In 1808 he was 
 rated as a midshipman, but re- 
 turned to his art in the following 
 year, and painted miniatures in 
 "Winchester and Southampton. In 
 1815 the dii-ectors of the British 
 Institution awarded him a pre- 
 mium of 200 guineas for his picture 
 of the " Prophet Ezra," and in the 
 same year he was appointed painter 
 of portraits and miniatui-es to the 
 Princess Charlotte and Prince Leo- 
 pold of Saxe-Coburg (afterwards 
 King of the Belgians). In 1816 he 
 went to Rome, and there studied 
 art for three years. His picture 
 
 of "The Trial of Lord William 
 Russell, 1683," exhibited in 1825, 
 was engraved, and made his name 
 widely known. He afterwards 
 painted " The Trial of Queen Caro- 
 line " and " The Meeting of the 
 First Reformed Parliament." The 
 heads in both these pictures are 
 mostly portraits, and the latter is 
 now in the National Portrait Gal- 
 lery. In 1826 he went back to 
 Italy and remained there, painting 
 porti'aits and miniatures at various 
 Courts till 1831, when he came to 
 London to paint portraits of her 
 Majesty, then Princess Victoria, 
 and H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent. 
 On the accession of the Queen he 
 was api)ointed her portrait jsainter, 
 and painted the well-known picture 
 of her Coronation in AVestminster 
 Abbey. In the following year his 
 last exhibited work, the portrait of 
 the young Queen, was in the Aca- 
 demy. He exhibited only 89 pic- 
 tures in all, but many of his 
 portraits were painted for jDrivate 
 galleries both in England and 
 abroad. He was knighted in 1812, 
 and died in 1871. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Academies of Rome, 
 Florence, Bologna, and Venice, but 
 not of the English Academy. 
 
 HAYTER, The Right Hon. Sir 
 William Goodenough, Bart., 
 youngest son of the late John Hay- 
 ter, Esq., of Winterbourne Stoke, 
 Wilts, born Jan. 28, 1792, was edu- 
 cated at Winchester and at Trinity 
 College, Oxford, where he took a 
 second-class in classics. He was 
 called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 
 in Nov., 1819, practised for some 
 years in the Court of Chancery, but 
 retired in 1S39, having shortly be- 
 fore obtained a silk gown. In 
 July, 1837, he was returned to the 
 House of Commons as one of the 
 members for Wells, which he re- 
 presented until the general elec- 
 tion in July, 1865, when he retired 
 from political life. He was Judge- 
 Advocate-General from Dec, 1817, 
 till May, 1819, when he became 
 Financial Secretary of the Trea- 
 
414 
 
 HAYW ARD— HE AD . 
 
 sary, and in July, 1850, Parliamen- 
 tary Secretary. The delicate and 
 responsible duties of tliis latter 
 post lie discharged, except in the 
 short period during which Lord 
 Derby's first administration held 
 office, till 1858, when he retired, 
 and was rewarded for his services 
 by a baronetcy. In 1861 a dinner 
 was given in his honour at Willis's 
 Eooms by Lord Palmerston and 365 
 members of the House of Commons, 
 when a handsome service of plate 
 was presented to him, " in remem- 
 brance of the courtesy, fairness, 
 and efficiency" with which he had 
 discharged his duties as Liberal 
 Whip. He retired from public 
 life in 1865. On Dec. 26, 1878, he 
 was accidentally drowned in a 
 small lake near his house. South 
 Hill Park, Berkshire. 
 
 HAYWAED, Abraham [1802— 
 1881], author and barrister, was 
 the eldest son of a gentleman of 
 Lyme Regis, and was born at 
 Wishford in Wiltshire. He was 
 educated at the Tiverton Grammar 
 School, on leaving which he was 
 articled to a solicitor. On coming 
 of age he entered at the Middle 
 Temple, and after some practice as 
 a special pleader was called to the 
 bar in 1832. From the first, how- 
 ever, he neglected law for letters, 
 and in 1833 came to a turning-point 
 of his career, when he brought out 
 his prose translation of Goethe's 
 " Faust." Among the many dis- 
 tinguished Germans who entered 
 into a corresjiondence with him were 
 Tieck, Von Chamisso, De La Motte 
 Fouque, Franz Horn, Dr. Hitzig, 
 Retzsch, and Madame de Goethe. In 
 1828 he founded the Law Magazine, 
 which he edited till 1811, and in 
 1848 was engaged in writing for 
 the Morning Chronicle, when that 
 paper was bought by the Peelites 
 and transformed into an organ for 
 the advocacy of their opinions. He 
 received the silk gown in 1815 
 from Lord Lyndhurst. In 1861 he 
 edited the "Letters and Litei*ary 
 Remains ofMrs. Piozzi,"and three 
 
 years later he published his " Se- 
 lection from the Diary of a Lady 
 of Quality," the lady being a 
 daughter of Sir Watkin Wynn, the 
 fourth baronet. But his literary 
 reputation will rest on his essays 
 and articles, the best of which were 
 re-published by Messrs. Longman 
 and Mr. Murray. He contributed 
 for many years to The Times and 
 to the Edinburgh and Quarterly Re- 
 views. He was in early life a 
 Tory, but latterly embraced Liberal 
 opinions, and laid himself out to 
 forv/ard the interests of the Liberal 
 party. His influence was even 
 more social than literary. He knew 
 everybody, and went everywhere. 
 He was consulted by statesmen and 
 social leaders ; for his mind was a 
 storehouse of political and personal 
 experience, and his judgment was 
 singularly acute. 
 
 HEAD, The Right Hon. Sir 
 Edmund Walker, Bart., K.C.B., 
 an eminent administrator and a 
 favourite writer on art, son of the 
 Rev. Sir John Head, Bart., was 
 born in 1805, and educated at Win- 
 chester, and Oriel College, Oxford, 
 where he graduated as a first-class 
 in classics in 1827, and was elected 
 Fellow of Merton College. In 
 1834 he was appointed University 
 Exa,miner. In 1838 he became an 
 Assistant Poor-Law Commissioner, 
 and was promoted to a Comniis- 
 sionership, which he resigned in 
 1847 on being aj^pointed Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor of New Bruns- 
 wick. In 1854 he was nominated 
 Governor-General of Canada, and 
 resigned in 1861. During his go- 
 vernor-generalship the principle of 
 Free Trade was adopted in Canada, 
 which added greatly to the commer- 
 cial prosjierity of the country. He 
 left that country just as the civil war 
 between the Northern and Southern 
 States of America broke out, and 
 was succeeded by Lord Monck. 
 On his return to England he was 
 nominated a Civil Service Commis- 
 sioner. In 1857 he was sworn of 
 the Privy Council, and in 1860 
 
HEAD— HEARDER. 
 
 415 
 
 made a K.C.B., and had received 
 the degrees of D.C.L. at Oxford, and 
 LL.D. at Cambridge. He was the 
 author of " The Handbook of 
 Spanish and French Schools of 
 Painting/' 1817, and of a " Hand- 
 book of Painting of the German, 
 Flemish, Dutch, Spanish, and 
 French Schools," 1851, &c, 
 
 HEAD, The Right Hon. Sir 
 Francis Bond, Bart.,K.C.H. [1793 
 — 1875], and Knight of the Prus- 
 sian Military Order of Merit, son 
 of James Roper Head, Esq., was 
 born at Hermitage, near Rochester, 
 Jan. 1, 1793. After serving with the 
 Royal Engineers at Waterloo, and 
 under the Prussian general Ziethen 
 at Fleurus, in which battle his 
 horse was twice shot under him, he 
 took charge of an association which 
 started from Falmouth to Rio de la 
 Plata in 1825, to work the gold and 
 silver mines. He rode six thousand 
 miles, and drew up a narrative of 
 travel under the title of " Rough 
 Notes of a Journey across the 
 Pampas," jDublished in 1826. In 
 1835, while holding the post of 
 Assistant Poor-Law Commissioner 
 in the county of Kent, he was ap- 
 pointed by Lord Glenelg, at a 
 moment's notice. Governor of Upper 
 Canada. Here, under the greatest 
 difficulties, with the aid of the 
 militia, he not only suppressed an 
 internal rebellion, but repelled the 
 invasion of large bodies of " sym- 
 pathizers " from the United States, 
 for which services, having received 
 the thanks of the legislatures of 
 Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and 
 Upper Canada, he was created a 
 baronet in 1838. He jjublished in 
 1839 an account of his administra- 
 tion in Upper Canada. The title 
 of Privy Councillor was conferred 
 on him Dec. 21, 1867. He wrote 
 " Bubbles from the Briinnen of 
 Nassau," 1833 ; a '' Life of Bruce, 
 the African Traveller," 1830; "The 
 
 Emigrant," 1847 
 
 Stokers and 
 
 Pokers," 1850; "The Defenceless 
 State of Great Britain," 1850; "A 
 Faggot of French Sticks," 1855 ; "A 
 
 Fortnight in Ireland," 1852 ; " De- 
 scriptive Essays," 1857 ; "The Horse 
 and his Rider," 18G0 ; and "The 
 Royal Engineer," 1870. He enjoyed 
 a pension of .£100 a year " in con- 
 sideration of his contributions to 
 the literature of this country." 
 
 HEAD, Sir George, Knt. [1782 
 — 1855], Deputy Knight Marshal 
 to Her Majesty, was the eldest 
 son of James Roper Head, Esq., of 
 the Hei'initage, Kent, and was 
 descended on his father's side from 
 Fernando Mendez, a Portuguese 
 Jew, physician to Charles II. In 
 1809 Sir George Head held an 
 appointment in the Commissariat 
 and joined the British Army before 
 Badixjoz, being present at the battles 
 of Busaco, Vittoria, the Pyrenees, 
 the Nivelle, Orthes, and Toulouse. 
 Of this period of his life he has left 
 an account in his " Memoirs of an 
 Assistant Commissary - General," 
 published in 1832, with the second 
 part of his "Home Tour," He 
 next served on the American Lakes, 
 and for three years at Halifax and 
 Nova Scotia, and on his return 
 published his " Forest Scenery and 
 Incidents in the Wilds of North 
 America." His other works are, 
 " A Home Tour through the Manu- 
 facturing Districts of Enoiand in 
 the Summer of 1835," to which he 
 afterwards added a sequel, entitled 
 "A Home Tour through Various 
 Parts of the United Kingdom, in- 
 cluding the Channel Islands and 
 the Isle of Man," and " Rome, a 
 Tour of Many Days." He was, 
 besides, a frequent contributor to 
 the Quarterly Review, and translated 
 " Historical Memoirs of Cardinal 
 Pacca," 1850, and the "Metamor- 
 phoses of Apuleius," 1851. He 
 was knighted in 1831. 
 
 HEARDER, Dr. Jonathan, an 
 electrician and scientific discoverer 
 of some celebrity, was one of the first 
 to see the practicability of laying 
 down a cable across the Atlantic, 
 and he invented a cable, a slight 
 modification of which was afterwards 
 adopted for Atlantic telegraphing. 
 
416 
 
 HEATH— HEATON, 
 
 He also made many valuable dis- 
 coveries in connection with the 
 induction-coil, and tlie therapeutic 
 application of electricity, and in- 
 vented several special forms of 
 stoves, and fishing gear. He prac- 
 tised as a medical electrician, and 
 was appointed electrician to the 
 South Devon Hospital. He died 
 July 16, 1876. 
 
 HEATH, John Benjamin, Baron 
 Heath of the Kingdom of Italy, 
 Italian Consul-General in this coun- 
 try, F.E.S. and F.S.A. [1790— 
 1879], was educated at Harrow, 
 where he was contemporary with 
 Lord Byron and Palmerston. To 
 the last he retained a great love 
 for his old school, and was a fre- 
 quent guest on the annual " Speech 
 Day." For many years he dis- 
 charged the duties of Italian Con- 
 sul-General in this country, and it 
 was for those services that he re- 
 ceived his title of nobility. He was 
 a man of very polished manners, 
 and of high scientific attainments. 
 a connoisseur of art, and a collector 
 of fine books. He was one of the 
 oldest Governors of the Foundling 
 Hospital, having been elected Go- 
 vernor in 1S17, and Vice-President 
 in 1817. 
 
 HEATHCOAT, John [1785— 
 1861], who was for nearly thirty 
 years M.P. for Tiverton, and well 
 known as the inventor of a machine 
 for making French or Buckingham 
 lace, was the son of a small farmer 
 in Leicestershire, and was in early 
 life apprenticed to a frame-smith. 
 Here he was engaged in the manu- 
 facture of the stocking-frame and 
 warp machine, and managed to 
 pick up a good deal of practical 
 knowledge of machinery which was 
 most usaful to him afterwards for 
 his own invention. This was pa- 
 tented in 1808. In 1816 his factory 
 at Loughborough was attacked by 
 the Luddites, and the lace-frames 
 destroyed ; this led to the removal 
 of it to Tiverton, where it restored 
 the prosperity which had been lost 
 by the decay of the woollen trade. 
 
 He was first returned for Tiverton 
 in 1831, and continued to represent 
 it till 1859. 
 
 HEATHCOTE, Sir Gilbert, 
 Fourth Bart. [177-1 — 1851], of 
 Normanton Park, Rutland, was the 
 eldest son of Sir Gilbert, the third 
 bart., and succeeded to the title in 
 1785. At the age of 21 he entered 
 Paidiament as member for Lincoln, 
 and was again returned for the same 
 place in 1796—1802 and 1806. He 
 represented Rutland from 1812 to 
 1811, when he retired from political 
 life, and devoted himself to the 
 turf, of which he was in his day 
 one of the best-known patrons. 
 
 HEATHCOTE, The Eight Hon. 
 Sir William [1801—1881], was the 
 eldest son of the Rev. William 
 Heathcote, some time Prebendary 
 of Winchester, and was educated 
 at Winchester College and at Oriel 
 College, Oxford. Having taken his 
 degree, he was elected to a Fellow- 
 ship at All Souls, which he resigned 
 in 1825, on succeeding to the baro- 
 netcy. He represented the county 
 of Hants in 1826-31, and served as 
 its high sheriff in 1832. From 
 1837 to 1819 he sat for the Northern 
 Division, in the Conservative inte- 
 rest, gaining the respect and esteem 
 of both parties ; and having re- 
 mained out of Parliament for a few 
 years, returned, in 185^, as Mr. 
 Gladstone's colleague in the repre- 
 sentation of Oxford University. 
 This seat he retained until 1868, 
 when he retired into private life, 
 and was soon after sworn a member 
 of the Privy Council. He was twice 
 married, first, in 1825, to a daughter 
 of the first Lord Arden, and 
 secondly, in 1811, to the eldest 
 daughter of Mr, Evelyn J. Shirley, 
 M.P. 
 I HEATON, Mrs. Charles (Mary 
 I Margaret Keymer) [1836—1883], 
 I authoress, was the eldest daughter 
 of James Keymer, the intimate 
 friend of Douglas Jerrold, and 
 niece of Laman Blanchard. She 
 married Professor Charles Heaton 
 in 1863. The most important work. 
 
HELPS— HEMANS. 
 
 ■il7 
 
 and the one by which she will be 
 best remembered, is her " History 
 of the Life of Albrecht Diirer/' 
 which first chained for her a wide 
 reputation for literary skill. Al- 
 most simultaneously with her work 
 appeared William Bell Scott's " Life 
 and Works of Albert Diirer," a 
 chance which, instead of I'ivalry, 
 led to a lasting friendship between 
 the two. It was owing to her 
 " Life of Diirer" that she became 
 acquainted with Dr. Appleton, 
 through whom her connection with 
 the Academy began, a connection 
 which lasted for nine years, no 
 number of that Eeview appearing 
 during those years without some- 
 thing from her pen. Her next best 
 work was her " Concise History of 
 Painting," 1872, and, besides other 
 work, she edited a new edition of 
 Allan Cunningham's " Lives of 
 British Painters," with additional 
 biographies. 
 
 HELPS, Sm Arthur [1817— 
 1875], youngest son of Thomas 
 Helps, was born at Balham Hill, 
 near Streatham, SuiTcy. His father 
 was the head of a large mercantile 
 house in the city of London, and 
 for the last twelve or thirteen years 
 of his life Treasurer of St. Bartho- 
 lomew's HosjHtal. Young Helps 
 was educated at Eton, and at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, where he took 
 his M.A. degree in 1839. Althouijh 
 he won no high honours at the 
 University, he was looked upon by 
 his contemporaries as a man sure to 
 make his mark in the world, and 
 was honoured by being elected a 
 member of the Apostles' Society, 
 started in 1820 for the discussion 
 of social and literary questions, 
 and which in its early days in- 
 cluded such men as Trench, Arthur 
 Hallam, Monckton Milnes, Alfred 
 Tennyson, &c. On leaving the Uni- 
 versity, he entered the public ser- 
 vice as private secretary to Mr. 
 Spring Eice (Lord Monteagle), at 
 that time Chancellor of the Exche- 
 quer, and was appointed Commis- 
 sioner of French, Danish, and Span- 
 
 ish Claims. He held this appoint- 
 ment till 1810, when he became 
 private secretary to Lord Morpeth 
 (Earl of Carlisle), then Chief Secre- 
 tary of State for Ireland. But 
 with the fall of the Melbourne ad- 
 ministration his official experience 
 came to an end for nearly twenty 
 years. In 1850, upon the retire- 
 ment of the Hon. W, L, Bathurst 
 from the clerkship of the Privy 
 Council, Mr. Helps was appointed 
 his successor, an office which brought 
 him into personal communication 
 with the Queen and Prince Consort, 
 whose " Speeches" he was employed 
 to edit after his death. He also 
 prepared for the press the Queen's 
 " Leaves from the Journal of our 
 Life in the Highlands," 18G8, t) 
 which he wrote an introductory pre- 
 face. During his early official career 
 he devoted himself to literature, 
 and among his numerous and varied 
 writings the following may be men- 
 tioned: his "Essays written in the 
 Intervals of Business," 1841 ; 
 "Claims of Labour, an Essay on 
 the Duties of the Employers to the 
 Employed," 1841, followed by one 
 or two plays, which were not very 
 successful. " Friends in Council, 
 a Series of Headings and Discourse 
 thereon," 1817-51, which made for 
 him a high and enduring reputa- 
 tion ; " The Conquerors of the New 
 World and their Bondsmen," 1852 ; 
 " The Spanish Conquest in Ame- 
 rica," 1855-61, a book both bril- 
 liant and solid ; " The Life of Pi- 
 zarro," 18(39; three novels, "Real- 
 mah," "Casimir Maremma," and 
 " Ivan de Biron ; " " Thoughts upon 
 Government," 1871 ; and the best of 
 his later works, " Some Talk about 
 Animals and their Masters," 1873. 
 In 1861 he received the honorary 
 degree of D.C.L. from the Univer- 
 sity of Oxford ; was made a C.B. 
 in 1871, and K.C.B. in the following 
 year, when he Avas knighted. 
 
 HEMAXS, Charles I., author 
 of "A History of Media" val Chris- 
 tianity and Sacred Art in Italy," 
 " Historic and Monumental Eome," 
 
 £ £ 
 
418 
 
 HENDEESON— HENLEY. 
 
 &c.^ was a son of Mrs, Heinans, the 
 poetess. He lived mostly on the 
 Continent, settling finally in Italy, 
 where he devoted himself to his 
 favourite studies of history and 
 archa?ology. He was appointed 
 secretary and librai-ian to the Eng- 
 lish ArcliEeological Society in Rome, 
 in the interests of which he worked 
 from its beginning. He died at 
 Lucca, October 26, 1876. 
 
 HENDEESON, J. Scott, a well- 
 known journalist and litterateur, 
 was a rative of Berwickshire, and 
 for some time a banker at Paisley. 
 He gave up this occujoation, how- 
 -.ever, to devote himself to litera- 
 ture, and for some years conducted 
 the Ayr Observer. He then removed 
 to Bristol, where he took charge of 
 the Times und Mirror. Eeturning to 
 Scotland, Mr. Henderson was editor 
 of the Edinburgh Cotirant from 1867 
 to 1872, after which he removed to 
 London, where he contributed to 
 various journals until his death, 
 and conducted the Bullionist news- 
 paper. He was familiar with most 
 systems of German philosophy, and 
 wrote upon these and cognate sub- 
 jects in the leading periodicals. 
 He died in London at the early age 
 of 45, in Sept., 1883. 
 
 HENDEESON, Thomas [1798— 
 1844], Professor of Astronomy at 
 the Edinburgh University, was born 
 at Dundee, the son of a tradesman 
 of that town. Having worked for 
 six years in a solicitor's office, de- 
 voting all his spare time to the 
 study of astronomy, at the age of 
 21 he went to Edinburgh, where he 
 became acquainted with Professors 
 Leslie and Wallace, Captain Basil 
 Hall, and other distinguished per- 
 sons. He first came prominently 
 before the public as an astronomer 
 in 1824, when he communicated to 
 Dr. Young, Secretary to the Board 
 of Longitude, a method of comput- 
 ing an observed occultation of a 
 fixed star by the moon, which was 
 published under the title of an im- 
 provement on his own method in 
 the Nautical Almanac for 1827. In 
 
 1831 he was appointed director of 
 the Eoyal Observatory at the Cape 
 of Good Hope, where he made ob- 
 servations which resulted in set- 
 tling the parallax " Centauri,'' the 
 nearest fixed star to our system. 
 Compelled by ill-health, he re- 
 turned to Scotland in 1833, and 
 again settled in Edinburgh, being 
 appointed, soon after his arrival. 
 Astronomer Eoyal and Professor of 
 Astronomy at the university of 
 that town. During the years 1834 
 and 1839 he published five voliTmes 
 of observations, the result of his 
 labours at the Edinburgh Observa- 
 tory. He died at Edinburgh, in 
 his 47th year, 1844. 
 
 HENLEY, Eight Hon. Joseph 
 Warner, M.P. for Oxfordshire 
 [1793—1884], only son of Mr. 
 Joseph Henley, was educated at 
 Magdalen College, Oxford, of which 
 he was a Gentleman Commoner, 
 and where he took his B.A. degree 
 in 1815. He proceeded M.A. in 
 1834-, and was created an honorary 
 D.C.L. in 1852. Long before he 
 entered Parliament he had become 
 known in his own locality as an 
 active and consistent Conservative, 
 and when he took his seat as M.P. 
 for Oxfordshire, in 18 11 , he quickly 
 became one of the leading members 
 of Sir E. Peel's working majority, 
 and staunchly supported his leader 
 until the latter adopted Free Trade 
 views. He still sat for the same 
 constituency during Lord John 
 Eussell's premiership, and when, 
 in 1852, Lord Derby first came to 
 power, Mr. Henley was appointed 
 President of the Board of Trade, in 
 succession to Lord Stanley of Al- 
 derley, and was sworn in a Privy 
 Councillor. He held the same 
 office on the return of Lord Derby 
 to the Treasury in 1858, but re- 
 signed it in the following year on 
 account of dissatisfaction with the 
 Eeform Bill. He accepted the 
 Chiltern Hundreds in 1878. He 
 was an active magistrate and a 
 deputy-lieutenant for Oxfordshire, 
 and was also for some years chair-" 
 
HENSLOW— HEEBERT. 
 
 419 
 
 man of the Oxfordshire Quarter 
 Sessions. 
 
 HENSLOW, The Eev. John 
 Stevens, M.A., F.S.A. [179G— 
 18G1], Professor of Botany at Cam- 
 bridge, was the son of a solicitor 
 at Eochester. He was educated at 
 the Free School of that to"wn, and 
 at St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 In 1822 he was appointed Professor 
 of Mineralogy, in 1825 Professor of 
 Botany, and in 1837 was presented 
 to the Crown living of Hitcham, 
 which under him became known as 
 a model parish. He was the author 
 of the following works : "A Geo- 
 logical Description of Anglesey," 
 " The Principles of Descriptive and 
 Physiological Botany," " The 
 Bouquet des Souvenirs," "Eeport 
 on the Diseases of Wheat," " Ac- 
 count of Eoman Antiquities found | 
 at Eougham," " Dictionary of Bo- \ 
 tanical Terms," and " Flora of 
 Suffolk," which was written con- 
 jointly with Mr. E. Skupper. 
 
 HEEAPATH, William [179G— 
 ISGS], F.C.S., &c., chemist, son of 
 a maltster at Bristol, was early 
 called upon by the exigencies of 
 the business to which he succeeded, 
 to study the practical application 
 of chemistry, and became a profi- 
 cient in the more strictly scientific 
 l^art of his studies. Having given 
 wp his business, he devoted himself 
 to chemical science, and more espe- 
 cially to toxicology. He was one 
 of the founders of the Chemical 
 Society of London (of which he was 
 a Fellow), and of the Bristol Medi- 
 cal School, in which he became 
 Professor of Chemistry on its first 
 Oldening in 1828. Mr. Herapath, 
 who was the senior magistrate for 
 Bristol, was frequently consulted, 
 both in his native city and in other 
 parts of England, in the analysis 
 of the remains of persons and 
 animals supposed to have died 
 from the effects of poison. He was 
 extensively engaged in analyses for 
 the arts, manufacture s^ and agri- 
 culture. 
 
 HEEBEET, Heney William, 
 
 better known under his riom de 
 plume of " Frank Forrester," was 
 the eldest son of the Dean of Man- 
 chester, the Hon. and Very Eev. 
 William Herbert, and was born in 
 London in 1807. He was educated 
 at Eton, and at Caius College, 
 Cambridge, after which he emi- 
 grated to the United States. There 
 he became professor of classics in a 
 school, and wrote books on field 
 sports, and numerous novels and 
 stories. His best known works are 
 perhaps his '^ Fish and Fishing in 
 North America," and "Field Sports 
 of North America." Among his other 
 works may be mentioned, " The 
 Brothers," '^ A Tale of the Fronde," 
 "Oliver Cromwell," "The Eoman 
 Traitor," "Marmaduke Wyvill," 
 and a poetical translation of the 
 "Agamemnon" and "Prometheus" 
 of JEschylus. He died by his own 
 hand at the Stevens House, Broad- 
 way, New York, May 17, 1858. 
 
 HEEBEET, Lord, of Lea, Eight 
 Hon. Sidney [1810— 18G1], was the 
 second son of Oeorge Augustus, 
 11th Earl of Pembroke, and was 
 educated at Harrow, and at Oriul 
 College, Oxford. He was returned 
 to Parliament as member for the 
 southern division of Wiltshire in 
 the Conservative interest in 1832, 
 and continued to represent that 
 place till 18G0, when he was called 
 to the Upper House. He took a 
 leading part in opposition to the 
 Government and the Ballot, and 
 became a staunch supporter of Peel, 
 who, when he became First Minister 
 in 1811, appointed Sidney Herbert 
 Secretary of the Admimlty. In 
 1815 he was promoted to be Secre- 
 tary at War with a seat in the 
 Cabinet, and in that same year, 
 when Cobden moved for a select 
 committee to inquire into the 
 effects of legislative protection upon 
 the landed interests, he was put 
 forward to oppose it, almost unsup- 
 ported. In a few months, however, 
 a great change had taken lAace, 
 Peel had become a convert to Free 
 Trade, and, with the exception of 
 
 E E 2 
 
420 
 
 HEEBEET— HEERIES. 
 
 Lord Stanley, his Cabinet Avas con- 
 verted with him. Herbert was one 
 of the converts, and frankly ad- 
 mitted that he had been in the 
 wrong, and that free trade in corn 
 was the only wise policy. He retired 
 with his political chief in 18^16, and 
 after Peel's death in 1850, he, with 
 Sir James Graham, Gladstone, the 
 Duke of Newcastle, Cardwell, and 
 a few others, formed a party fami- 
 liarly called " The Peelites," hold- 
 ing Liberal-Conservative views, and 
 refusing to join with either politi- 
 cal extreme, so that for some years 
 the country was deprived of the 
 services of some of its most respect- 
 able statesmen. However, on the 
 formation of the Aberdeen adminis- 
 tration in 1852, Mr. Gladstone be- 
 came Chancellor of the Exchequei', 
 Sir James Graham, First Lord of the 
 Admiralty, the Duke of Newcastle 
 First Secretary of State for War, and 
 Sidney Herbert returned to his old 
 post of Secretary at War, which 
 office he held during the Russian 
 war, but again withdrew from the 
 public service in consequence of 
 the resolutions of the Sebastopol 
 Committee (1855). In 1859 he be- 
 came Secretary of State for War 
 under Lord Palmerston, where he 
 increased his already high reputa- 
 tion. Under him the Volunteer 
 Force sprung up and had to be or- 
 ganised and promoted, the Indian 
 army and the Royal army had to 
 be amalgamated, the artillery was 
 reconstituted on the principle of 
 rifled ordnance, and fortifications 
 were reconstructed on correspond- 
 ing jDrinciples. His exertions for 
 the public good were untiring, but 
 his close application to his duties 
 told on his health, and he died of a 
 lingering and painful illness in 
 August of 1861. In Jan, of that 
 year he had been raised to the 
 peerage as Baron Herbert of Lea. 
 A fine bronze statue of him, exe- 
 cuted by Foley, was placed in front 
 of the War Office, Pall Mall, in 
 1867. 
 HERBERT, Vice-Admikal Sir 
 
 Thomas, K.C.B. [1793—1861], en- 
 tered the navy in 1803, and was 
 present at the reduction of the 
 Danish West India Islands in 1807. 
 In 18 iO, on the outbreak of the first 
 Chinese War, he went out to China, 
 where he held conunand of the 
 blockading force until the arrival 
 of Rear- Admiral the Hon. George 
 Elliott. In the following year he 
 conducted the attack on the enemy's 
 forts at Chuenpee, when eleven 
 powerful junks, the best ships in 
 the Chinese fieet, were destroyed. 
 In June of the same year he suc- 
 ceeded to the command of the whole 
 force in the river, and greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself at the taking of 
 Amoy, Chusan, and the reduction 
 of Chinghae. He returned to Eng- 
 land in 1813, and from February to 
 December, 1852, was one of the 
 Junior Lords of the Admiralty. He 
 sat for Dartmouth in the House of 
 Commons from 1852 to 1857. 
 
 HERBERT, The Hon. and Vert 
 Rev. William, D.C.L., Dean of 
 Manchester, and Rector of Spof- 
 forth, Yorkshire, was born in 1778, 
 and was the third son of Henry, 
 first Earl of Carnarvon. He was 
 educated at Eton and at Merton 
 College, Oxford, and became Dean 
 of Manchester in 1810, He pos- 
 sessed much literary taste and was 
 the author of numerous works, 
 editing the '' Musse Etonenses," a 
 selection of Greek and Latin poetry, 
 by Etonians, 1795, and writing a 
 number of poems, which had some 
 success in their day. He died at 
 his residence in Park Lane, May 
 28, 1817, in his 70th year. 
 
 HERRIES, Right Hon. John 
 Charles [1778 — 1855J, was the son 
 of a London merchant, and was 
 educated at the University of 
 Leipsic. He entered the public 
 service in 1798 as a junior clerk in 
 the Treasury, was successively i^ri- 
 vate secretary to Mr. Vansittart 
 and Mr. Perceval, and in 1811 was 
 made comptroller of army accounts. 
 His next office was that of commis- 
 sary-in-chief, which he filled until 
 
IIERRIES— HEKRING , 
 
 421 
 
 the conclusion of the war, and 
 devoted much time and attention 
 to the financial reform of the Civil 
 List, for which he was appointed 
 auditor of the Civil List, a newly 
 created oflBce. In 1821 he was made 
 a member of the Commission of 
 Inquiry into the Eevenue Board, 
 and succeeded with his colleagues 
 in effecting an entire alteration in 
 the customs and excise departments. 
 In the following year he accepted 
 the office of Secretary of the Trea- 
 sury, and soon after was returned 
 to Parliament as member for Har- 
 wich, which he represented till 
 1811. After the death of Canning, 
 Mr. Herries became in 1827 Chan 
 cellor of the Exchequer in the 
 Coalition Cabinet of Lord Goderich, 
 but that administration did not 
 last long. In 1828 Mr. Herries 
 resigned, and tlie Government being 
 a very weak one was dissolved. In 
 the Duke of Wellington's adminis- 
 tration he was a member of the Cabi- 
 net as Master of the Mint and Presi- 
 dent of theBoard of Trade, and took 
 an active part in the i^roceedings of 
 Sir Henry Parnell's Finance Com- 
 mittee which sat in that year. He 
 left office in 1830, but returned in 
 1835, when he was Secretary at 
 War in Sir E. Peel's short Govern- 
 ment. In 1841 he unsuccessfully 
 contested the borough of Ipswich, 
 and remained out of Parliament 
 for six years, during which time 
 Sir E. Peel had again been in 
 office, had carried the repeal of the 
 corn laws, and had resigned. Mr. 
 Herries returned to Parliament as 
 member for Stamford in 1817, and 
 became a prominent member of the 
 protectionist party. In 1852 he 
 was appointed President of the 
 India Board during Lord Derby's 
 administration, and resigned with 
 his party when it came to an end. 
 Mr. Herries retired altogether from 
 Parliament in 1853. 
 
 HEEEIES, Sir Charles, K.C.B. 
 [1815—1883], Chairman of the 
 Board of Inland Eevenue, was the 
 eldest son of the Eight Hon. J. C. 
 
 Herries, M.P. (q. v.), and was edu- 
 cated at Eton and at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge. He was appointed 
 a Commissioner of Excise in 1812 
 by Sir Eobert Peel ; was chosen by 
 Sir George Cornewall Lewis in 1850 
 to fill the deputy chair of the Board 
 of Inland Eevenue ; and in 1877 
 succeeded to the chairmanship of 
 that Board upon the nomination of 
 Lord Beaconsfield. In 1871 he was 
 nominated C.B., and in 1880 ad- 
 vanced to K.C.B., on the recom- 
 mendation of Mr. Gladstone, in 
 recognition of his services to the 
 revenue. Failing health obliged 
 him to retire from the public ser- 
 vice in Nov., 1881, and his emi- 
 nent financial and adiuinistrative 
 abilities were acknowledged in a 
 Treasury minute dated Dec. 2, 
 1881, and subsequently presented to 
 Parliament. While the sagacity 
 and ability disx^layed by Sir Charles 
 Herries in the administration of a 
 great Eevenue DejDartment received 
 these successive marks of approval 
 from various political superiors, 
 his kind and sympathetic nature 
 had Avon the affectionate respect of 
 his official subordinates, and in 
 1882 no less than 4,382 members 
 past and present of the Inland 
 Eevenue Department joined in tes- 
 tifying to their warm ajDpreciation 
 of the kindness of their former 
 chief. 
 
 HEEEING, John Frederick 
 [1795 — 1865], painter of animals, 
 was for some years a leading mem- 
 ber of the Society of British Artists, 
 at whose exhibitions, as well as at 
 those of the British Institution, he 
 principally appeared before the 
 public. He was entirely self- 
 taught. For many years he painted 
 racehorses, especially the winners 
 of the St. Leger, and thus obtained 
 a wide connection in the sporting 
 world. Not being satisfied, how- 
 ever, with his efforts, he for a time 
 gave up painting and took to 
 driving, and was nearly foui* years 
 on the road, finishing his career as 
 coachman on the old and celebrated 
 
422 
 
 HEESCHEL. 
 
 coach, the "York and London 
 Highflyer." At last Frank Hawkes- 
 worth persuaded him to give up 
 driving and resume the pencil^ and 
 he became a most successful painter 
 of hunters and hounds. The Queen 
 had eight horses painted by him. 
 More interesting works, however, 
 were his coloured studies from the 
 farmyard, with its motley iDopula- 
 tion of horses, . cows, pigs, and 
 poultry. Many of his best produc- 
 tions were bought for America, 
 where he was almost as highly es- 
 teemed as Sir Edwin Landseer in 
 England. Among his works may 
 be mentioned his " Derby Day," 
 " Market Day," " Horse Fair," and 
 " The Eoad." 
 
 HEESCHEL, Caroline Lu- 
 CBETiA [1750 — 1848], sister of Sir 
 William Herschel, the great astro- 
 nomer, and aunt of Sir John Her- 
 schel (q. v.), was born at Hanover, 
 where her father, a musician, was 
 employed as hautboy player in the 
 Hanoverian Guards. Her early 
 education was very scanty, her 
 mother not wishing her to learn 
 more than was necessary to make 
 her useful in the family. In 1767, 
 after the death of her father, she 
 was allowed to learn millinery and 
 dressmaking, but still continued to 
 helj) her mother in the household 
 till the autumn of 1772, when she 
 went to England, and joined her 
 brother William at Bath, where he 
 had established himself as a music 
 teacher. She at once threw herself 
 heart and soul into his work, and 
 became his right hand both in his 
 professional duties and in the astro- 
 nomical pursuits to which he had 
 already begun to devote all his 
 spare time. When he was Astro- 
 nomer Eoyal in 1782, she became 
 his constant assistant in his 
 observations, and it was she who 
 undertook the laborious calcula- 
 tions connected with them. For 
 these services George III. granted 
 her, in 1787, a salary of ^650 a-year. 
 She spent all her leisure time in 
 sweeping the heavens with a small 
 
 Newtonian telescope planted on the 
 lawn, with the help of which she 
 succeeded in detecting many of the 
 small nebulae included in Sir Wil- 
 liam Herschel's catalogue, and 
 discovered seven comets, to five 
 of which her claim to priority was 
 admitted, namely, those of 1786, 
 1788, 1791, 1793, and 1795. In 1797 
 she j)repared for the Eoyal Society 
 a catalogue of 560 stars taken from 
 Flamsteed's observations and not 
 included in the British catalogue. 
 On the death of her brother in 
 1822 she returned to Hanover, 
 where she spent the remaining 
 years of her life, preserving to the 
 last her interest in science. In 
 1828 she completed the reduction 
 to Jan., 1800, of 2500 nebulse dis- 
 covered by her brother. The 
 Astronomical Society presented her 
 with their gold medal, and elected 
 her an honorary member of the 
 Society in 1835, and in 1846 the 
 King of Prussia gave her a gold 
 medal. {See " Memoir and Corre- 
 spondence of Caroline Herschel " 
 by Mrs. John Herschel, 1876.) 
 
 HEESCHEL, Sir John Frede- 
 rick William, Bart. [1792 — 
 1871], astrononer, born at Slough, 
 near Windsor, the only son of the 
 great astronomer. Sir Frederick 
 William Herschel, was educated at 
 St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 where he became Senior Wrangler 
 and Smith's Prizeman in 1813, and 
 devoted himself to the pursuits 
 which had already made the name 
 of Herschel illustrious. His earliest 
 mathematical researches are con- 
 tained in his reconstruction of La- 
 croix's treatise " On the Differential 
 Calculus," undertaken in conjunc- 
 tion with Dean Peacock. Sometimes 
 alone, and sometimes in conjunction 
 with South, he devoted a consider- 
 able portion of the year 1816 to ob- 
 servations on the multij^le stars, for 
 which the Eoyal Astronomical So- 
 ciety voted to each of them their 
 gold medal, Feb. 7, 1826. As the 
 first result of these observations, 
 ten thousand in number, he pre- 
 
HERTFOED. 
 
 423 
 
 sented to the Royal Society of 
 London, in 1823, a catalo<^uo of 
 three hundred and eighty double 
 and triple stars, whose positions 
 and apparent distances had never 
 until then been fixed. In 1827 he 
 published a second cataloi^ue of 
 two hundi-ed and ninety-five stars 
 of this kind ; and in 1828, another, 
 in which three hun^lred and 
 twenty-four more were set down. 
 In 1830 he published important 
 measTirements of twelve hundred 
 and thirty-six stars, wliich he had 
 made with his twenty-foot reflect- 
 ing telescope ; contributed to the 
 " Transactions of the Astronomical 
 Society " a paper which contained 
 the exact measurement of three 
 hundred and sixty-four stars, and 
 a great number of observations on 
 the measurements of double stars. 
 At the same time he was occupied 
 with the investigation of a number 
 of questions on j^hysics, the results 
 of which ajjpeared in his " Treatise 
 on Sound," in the " Encyclopaedia 
 Metropolitana ; " a "Treatise on 
 the Theory of Light ; " a " Pre- 
 liminary Discourse on the Study of 
 Natural Philosophy," in Lardner's 
 " Cyclopaedia," in his " Treatise on 
 Astronomy," forming part of the 
 same series ; and in a great number 
 of memoirs, many of which relate 
 to photography, published in the 
 " Transactions of the Royal So- 
 ciety " and elsewhere. The Astro- 
 nomical Society again voted him 
 their gold medal for his Catalogue 
 of Nebulae, Jan. 8, 1836. He spent 
 four years at the Cape of Good 
 Hope in 1831-8, where he examined, 
 under circumstances the most fa- 
 vourable, the whole southern celes- 
 tial hemisphere, and suggested the 
 idea of making exact meteorological 
 observations on given days, and 
 simultaneously at diii'erent places. 
 The expedition to the Cape was 
 undertaken at his own expense. 
 The interest which was felt in 
 Herschel's expedition by the edu- 
 cated classes outside the circle of 
 astronomers was manifested in 
 
 the honours showered upon him on 
 his return. A considera))le num- 
 ber of the members of the Royal 
 Society offered their suffrages for 
 his election to the presidency of 
 that body, vacant by the resigna- 
 tion of the Duke of Sussex — an 
 honour, however, which he did not 
 seek. In 1838 he was created a 
 baronet ; in 1839 an honorary 
 D.C.L. of Oxford ; and in 1812 was 
 elected Lord Rector of Marischal 
 College, Aberdeen. In 1818 the 
 Astronomical Society voted him 
 a testimonial for his work on 
 the Southern Hemisi:)here, during 
 which year he filled the office of 
 President. In 1850 he published 
 his " Outlines of Astronomy," a 
 most valuable manual ; and in Dec. 
 of that year was appointed Master 
 of the Mint ; which post he resigned 
 in Feb. 1855. 
 
 HERTFORD, Fourth Marquis, 
 Most Noble Richard Seymour 
 Conway, Earl of Hertford, Earl of 
 Yarmouth, etc. [1800—1870], was 
 the elder of the two sons of Francis 
 Charles third Marquis. He entered 
 the army, rose to be captain of the 
 22nd Dragoons, and was attache to 
 the embassy at Paris in 1817, and 
 again in 1819. He sat as member 
 for Antrim from 1823 to 182G, but 
 never took any active part in 
 jjolitics, and having succeeded to 
 the family honours and estates in 
 1812, left England soon after that 
 date, and settled in Paris. Having 
 a great love for art, he there de- 
 voted himself to making collections 
 of works of art of the richest and 
 rarest kinds, which collections are 
 I now to be seen at Hertford House. 
 [ His contributions to the Musee 
 i Rctrospectif at Paris were said to 
 I be only excelled in splendour and 
 ' value as well as in their rarity by 
 those contributed from the Impe- 
 rial treasures. The whole of his 
 personal property and superb col- 
 lections were left to Mr. Richard 
 Wallace, who was soon after made 
 a baronet. The Marquis was sup- 
 posed to be the original of Thacke- 
 
421 
 
 HERTFOED— HIGGINS. 
 
 ray's Marquis Steyne^ and of D 'Is- 
 raeli's Marquis of Monmouth. 
 
 HERTFORD, Francis Hugh 
 George Seymour, Marquis of Hert- 
 ford, was born Feb. 11, 1812. He was 
 educated at Harrow, and entered 
 the army. He became Lieutenant- 
 General in 1868, General in 1876, 
 and was placed on the retired list 
 in 1881. In 1870 he succeeded to 
 the family honours on the death of 
 his cousin Richard, the fourth Mar- 
 quis [q. v.] . His Lordshij) was sworn 
 a member of the Privy Council in 
 1871, and in 1879 was nominated 
 G.C.B. and G.C.H. In 1839 he 
 married Lady Emily Murray, 
 daughter of the Earl of Mansfield, 
 by whom he left issue four sons 
 and five daughters. The Marquis 
 of Hertford died from the effects of 
 a hunting accident, Jan. 25, 1884. 
 
 HEWITSON, William C. [1806 
 — 1878], naturalist, was born at 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne. At an early 
 age he showed the bent of his tastes 
 by making collections of shells, 
 birds' eggs, and insects, and on 
 leaving school was articled to a 
 land-surveyor at York. In 1831 
 he began " The British Oology,'' 
 originally published by subscrip- 
 tion, and explored the Shetland 
 Islands and the coast of Norway, 
 from Drontheim to the Arctic 
 Circle, in search of materials for 
 the work. In 1816 he joined Mr. 
 E. Doubleday in publishing "The 
 Genera of Diurnal Lepidoj)tera," 
 afterwards completed in conjunc- 
 tion with Mr. Westwood. In 1818 
 he settled at Oatlands, Surrey, 
 having purchased a portion of the 
 ancient park, and in 1852 began 
 the " Exotic Butterflies.'' In 1862 
 the trustees of the British Museum 
 puljlished the first j^art of the cata- 
 logue of Lycsenidse by this author, 
 wlio, on their declining to proceed 
 with it, commenced in the follow- 
 ing year a new work, " Illustrations 
 of Diurnal Lepidoptera." After 
 the commencement of his study of 
 the subject, Mr, Hewitson was un- 
 ceasingly engaged in forming a 
 
 collection of exotic butterflies. It 
 was the best extant, and contained 
 upwards of 4000 species. 
 
 HEWLETT, The Rev. Joseph 
 T., M.A., Rector of Little Stam- 
 bridge, Essex [1810—1847], was 
 educated at the Charter House, and 
 at Worcester College, Oxford, where 
 he took holy orders, and was ap- 
 pointed head-master of Abingdon 
 Grammar School. In 1839 he re- 
 signed this appointment and ac- 
 cepted the curacy of Wantage, in 
 Berkshire, which he gave up on 
 being appointed rector of Little 
 Stambridge, near Rochford, Essex. 
 He wrote several novels, among 
 which the best-known are " The 
 Life and Times of Peter Priggins, 
 College Scout and Bedmaker ; " 
 " The .Parish Clerk," 18 11 ; " Col- 
 lege Life," 1842; "^ Parsons and 
 Widows," 1841 ; and " Dunster 
 Castle, a Tale of the Great Rebel- 
 lion ; " besides which he was a con- 
 stant contributor to Colburn's Naw 
 Monthly Magazine. He died in great 
 poverty, and after his death a public 
 subscription, to which the Literary 
 Fund contributed ,£100, was raised 
 for the benefit of his children. 
 
 HIGGINS, Matthew James, 
 better known by his pseudonym of 
 "Jacob Omnium" [1810—1868], 
 was born at Benown Castle, co. 
 Meath, and was the youngest child 
 and only son of Matthew Higgins. 
 Losing his father at an early age, 
 he was brought up under the care 
 of his mother. He was educated 
 at Eton, and at New College, Ox- 
 ford, on leaving which he travelled 
 on the Continent for a time. In 
 1838, and again in 1849, he visited 
 the West Indies, and the know- 
 ledge which he then acquired of 
 the colonies was afterwards of 
 great use to him as a public 
 writer. In 1846-17, Avhen the potato 
 famine was at its 'height in the 
 south and west of Ireland, he offered 
 his services to the Relief Commit- 
 tee, and for several months took an 
 active part in relieving the distress 
 of the north-western district of Con- 
 
HIGGINS. 
 
 425 
 
 naught. In 18^7 he stood for the 
 borough of Westbury, but was de- 
 feated by Mr. James Wilson, later 
 Financial Secretary of the Treasury, 
 and Finance Minister in India. 
 About this time the Morning Chron- 
 icle newspaper, once the famous 
 organ of the Whigs, had suffered 
 revei'ses, and was advertised to be 
 sold. It was bought, it was sup- 
 posed, by Mr. Sidney Herbert (Lord 
 Herbert, of Lea), and the Duke of 
 Newcastle, and early in 18 18 became 
 the recognised organ of the " Peel- 
 ites." Mr. J. Douglas Cook (after- 
 wards the well-known editor of 
 the Saturday Revieic) was the editor, 
 and it was supported by the chief 
 politicians and men of letters among 
 Peel's supporters. Mr. Higgins 
 became one of the chief writers 
 for it, and together with his friend, 
 Mr. John Eobert Godley, took 
 charge of the Colonial department. 
 In spite, however, of the talent and 
 spirit with which the Chronicle was 
 conducted, it never became a com- 
 mercial success, and was sold at a 
 low rate in 1851, and soon after 
 that died out altogether. Higgins 
 then joined the staff oi The Times, 
 to which he was for upwards of 
 twenty years a constant {contri- 
 butoi', chiefly of letters on all 
 kinds of questions, political, mili- 
 tary, colonial, educational, &c. 
 He wrote under all kinds of 
 pseudonyms, as " Jacob Omnium," 
 "J. 0.,'^ '^CiviHan," "Paterfami- 
 lias," " West Londoner," " Bel- 
 gravian Mother," " A Thirsty 
 Soul," " Providus," and others ; 
 but his most important letters were 
 always signed "J. O.," and indeed 
 his clear terse style always revealed 
 " Jacob," no matter what other 
 name he assumed for the time 
 being. At this same time he also 
 wrote for the Quarterly and Edin- 
 burgh Reviews, the Cornhill Maga- 
 zine, and other leading periodicals, 
 and in 1857 some of his early maga- 
 zine articles, together with a few 
 essays, were collected, and printed 
 later under the title " Social 
 
 Sketches." In 1803 Mr. Higgins's 
 long connection with the Times 
 came to an abrupt termination, on 
 account of the condemnatory articles 
 he wrote on the subject of the 
 famous court-martial on Lieut. - 
 Colonel Crawley, of the Gth, or In- 
 niskilling Dragoons (Aldershot, 
 18G3). It was the outcome of 
 another court-martial, held at 
 Mhow, in India, in Aj^ril and June, 
 1802, on Captain Smales, during 
 which an important witness for the 
 defence, Sergeant-Major Lilley, and 
 his wife, were placed under close 
 arrest by order of Colonel Crawley, 
 and died. The affair aroused strong 
 sympathy in India and at home, 
 and during the session of 1803 the 
 matter was frequently before the 
 House of Commons, and was end- 
 lessly discussed in all the news- 
 papers. The Times wrote strongly 
 against Colonel Crawley, and the 
 court-martial at Mhow was very 
 severely criticised in its columns 
 by Mr. Higgins, who also took the 
 lead in condemning the authorities 
 at the Horse Guards for not en- 
 quiring more particularly into the 
 
 i unfortunate affair. This led to the 
 court-martial at Aldershot. In time 
 
 I public opinion veered round and 
 took Colonel Crawley's part, and in 
 this opmion the Times concui-red. 
 Mr. Higgins, however, still retained 
 his views on the subject, and with- 
 drew from the staff of the Times. 
 During the rest of his life he wrote 
 chiefly for the Pall Mall Gazette, to 
 which he contributed delightful 
 " Occasional Xotes." As a wi-iter 
 for the New Monthly, he became 
 acquainted with Thackeray, an ac- 
 quaintance which ?oon ripened into 
 friendship. Thackeray has immor- 
 talized him in the ballad " Jacob 
 Omnium's Hoss " to be found in 
 the "Bow Street Ballads, by Po- 
 liceman X.," and also in the dedi- 
 cation to " The Adventures of 
 Philip," " in Grateful Eemembrance 
 of Old Friendship and Kindness." 
 Mr. Higgins married, in 1850, 
 
 , Emily Blanche, daughter of Sir 
 
426 
 
 HILL. 
 
 Henry Joseph Tichborne;, of Ticli- 
 borne, a connection whicli caused 
 him to be nmch interested in the 
 Tichborne trials during which he 
 took an active part in examining- 
 and exposing- Arthur Orton's chiims. 
 
 HILL^ David Octavius, R.S.A. 
 He was born at Perth in 1812, and 
 became the pupil of Andrew Wilson 
 at Edinburgh, where he settled 
 and painted Scotch subjects. In 
 1830, at the early age of eighteen, 
 he was one of the foundation mem- 
 bers of the Scottish Academy. His 
 early pictures were illustrative of 
 the manners of the Scottish pea- 
 santry, and in 1813 he painted 
 "The Establishment of the Free 
 Kirk," with 470 portraits. Later 
 he devoted himself to landscajDe. 
 His works were little known in 
 England, and he did not exhibit in 
 London until 1852, when he sent a 
 picture to the Academy : this was 
 followed by three others — all land- 
 scapes. He died at Edinburgh, 
 May 17th, 1870. 
 
 HILL, Matthew Davenport, 
 Q.C. [1792—1872], was the eldest 
 son of Mr. Thomas W. Hill, and 
 brother of Sir Eowland Hill, 
 K.C.B., and was educated chiefly 
 by his father. He was called 
 to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 
 1819, and went the Midland cir- 
 cuit. He was one of the mem- 
 bers in the Liberal interest for 
 Kingston-upon-Hull from 1832 till 
 1834. In the latter year he re- 
 ceived a silk gown with a patent of 
 precedence. He was appointed Re- 
 corder of Birmingham and Com- 
 missioner in Bankruptcy for the 
 Bristol district. The latter office 
 he held until its abolition at the 
 close of the year 1809, but resigned 
 the former in 186G. Mr. M. D. 
 Hill was well known for his exer- 
 tions in promoting the establish- 
 ment of reformatories for juvenile 
 criminals, and published in a col- 
 lected form, under the title of 
 " Suggestions for the Repression of 
 Crime," a large number of charges 
 addressed by him to grand juries 
 
 in his capacity of Recorder of Bir- 
 mingham ; besides various pam- 
 phlets ; among which may be men- 
 tioned " Practical Suggestions to 
 the Founders of Reformatory 
 Schools," " Mettray," " Tuscan 
 Jvirisprudence," and Letter to the 
 Right Hon. C. B. Adderley, "On 
 the Insufficiency of Punishments 
 simj)ly Deterrent." He edited Bio- 
 graphies of men and women who 
 became benefactors of their country. 
 HILL, Right Hon. Rowland, 
 Viscount Hill, of Hawkstone [1772 
 —1842], a Privy Councillor, G.C.B., 
 D.C.L., &c., was the second son of 
 Sir John Hill, Bart., of Hawkstone. 
 He entered the army at an early 
 age, as ensign in the 38th Regi- 
 ment, and at the same time received 
 leave of absence to enter a military 
 academy at Strasburg, where he re- 
 mained, after removing into the 
 53rd Regiment, with the rank of 
 lieutenant. Early in 1793 he raised 
 an independent company, and was 
 promoted to a caj)taincy. In the 
 same year he went out to Toulon, 
 and served with distinction at the 
 siege of that place as A.D.C. to the 
 three successive generals command- 
 ing there — Lord Mulgrave, General 
 O'Hara, and Sir David Dundas. In 
 1797, as colonel of the 90th Regi- 
 ment, he accompanied Sir Ralph 
 Abercromby's expedition to EgyjDt, 
 where he greatly distinguished him- 
 self, and was wounded at the battle 
 of Alexandria. He was gazetted 
 brigadier-general in 1803, and in 
 1808 went to Spain under Sir Arthur 
 Wellesley, whose untiring and gal- 
 lant coadjutor he proved through- 
 out the whole campaign. He was 
 made lieutenant-general in 1809, 
 and in 1810 received the inde- 
 pendent command of the 2nd Army 
 Corps of Wellington in Portugal. 
 He greatly distinguished himself 
 at Arroyomolinos (Caceres) in 1811, 
 having succeeded in routing the 
 army under Gerard, and for his 
 conduct on that occasion was made 
 C.B. In 1814 he captured the forts 
 of Almarez, which cut oft" the com- 
 
HILL. 
 
 427 
 
 munication between the French 
 armies on the north and south sides 
 of the Tagus, and was rewarded with 
 the title of Baron Hill of Ahnarez. 
 In 1813 he for a short time held 
 the command of the En^^lish and 
 Hanoverian troops in Belgium, and 
 two years later, at Waterloo, was 
 at the head of the brigade which 
 repulsed the final effort of the 
 French imperial guard. In 1828, 
 when "Wellington became premier, 
 he was appointed General Com- 
 manding-in-Chief, and on resign- 
 ing that office, in 1812, was created 
 a viscount. He was a gallant and 
 energetic soldier, possessed of great 
 strategic skill and military capa- 
 city, and for his attention to the 
 moral and physical welfare of the 
 army gained for himself the title 
 of '* the soldier's friend." 
 
 HILL, Sir Eowland, K.C.B., 
 D.C.L., F.E.S. [1795—1879], was 
 the third son of Thomas Wright 
 Hill, a schoolmaster near Birming- 
 ham, and was named after the 
 famous preacher Eowland Hill of 
 Surrey Chapel. At the age of 
 twelve he became an assistant 
 in his father's school, into which 
 with the aid of his eldest brother 
 Matthew, he introduced many im- 
 portant reforms. About 1827 he 
 started a bmnch school at Bruce 
 Castle, Tottenham, but his health 
 giving way under the long con- 
 tinued strain of hard work, he 
 began to look about for fresh em- 
 ployment, and being interested in 
 Mr. E. G. Wakefield's scheme of 
 colonisation of South Australia, he 
 was apjDointed secretary to the 
 commissioners appointed by Parlia- 
 ment. About this time he began 
 to turn his attention to the subject 
 of postal reform, and in 1837 ap- 
 peared his famous pamphlet headed 
 "Post Office Eeforms," which was 
 treated with scorn by the autho- 
 rities at St. Martin' s-le-Grand, but 
 soon roused public interest. Asso- 
 ciations were formed to carry it 
 through, petitions were presented 
 to Parliament in its favoui*, and in 
 
 1838 a committee of the House of 
 Commons was apjxiinted to con- 
 sider the i^lan . Though the Govern- 
 ment seemed still indisposed to ac- 
 cept it, the country was thoroughly 
 in earnest on the subject, and at 
 last on Jan. 10, 1810, penny postage 
 came into effect. The changes 
 brought about by it are enormous. 
 Till then there were only 3000 post- 
 offices for the 11,000 parishes of 
 England and Wales, the rates of 
 postage were very liigh, the ser- 
 vices were irregular and the system 
 of " franking " much abused. The 
 number of letters posted advanced 
 during the years 1838-64 from 
 76,000,000 to 612,000,000. In order 
 to thoroughly reorganise the postal 
 service. Hill accepted an office in 
 the Treasury at a salary of ^1500 
 a year. But that position conferred 
 on him no authority whatever, in 
 spite of which he made some great 
 improvements, and his footing 
 seemed about to become more 
 secure when in 1812 a change of 
 government having taken place, he 
 was removed from office, on the 
 alleged ground that his services — • 
 the value of which Government 
 fully acknowledged — were no longer 
 required. The public, however, 
 justly considered him ill-used, and 
 he was rewarded in 1816, by a 
 public testimonial of the value of 
 ^13,360. In 1813 he was made 
 first a Director, and later Chair- 
 man of the Brighton Eailway, and 
 it was he who started the first 
 excursion train and the fii'st ex- 
 press. In 1841) he was appointed 
 Secretary to the Postmaster- 
 Generiil, and in 1854 Chief-Sec- 
 retarv, in the room of Colonel 
 Maberly. He was made K.C.B. 
 in 1860, in acknowledgment of his 
 services at the Post-Office. He 
 retired in 1864 on account of ill- 
 health, and the Treasury m a 
 highly complimentary minute, de- 
 claring the entire success of his 
 plans, awarded him for life his full 
 siilary of ^£2000 a year. In the 
 same year he received a Parlia- 
 
423 
 
 HILL— HILTON. 
 
 mentary grant of .£20,000, the First 
 Albert Gold Medal of the Society 
 of Arts, and the honorary degree 
 of D.C.L. (Oxon.). A few weeks 
 before his death the freedom of 
 the City of London was conferred 
 npon him. He died Aug. 27, 1879, 
 in his 84th year, and was buried 
 in Westminster Abbey. A bronze 
 statue of him was afterwards placed 
 behind the Royal Exchange. 
 
 HILL, Thomas, art patron, and 
 a great book collector, began life 
 as a drysalter in Queenhithe, but 
 meeting with losses in his business 
 he gave it up altogether, and retired 
 to some property which he possessed 
 in the north. During his life he 
 made a wonderful collection of old 
 English poetry, part of which after 
 his death was bought by Messrs. 
 Longman & Co., and catalogued in 
 their famous " Bibliotheca Anglo- 
 Poetica," 1815. Mr. Hill was a 
 constant contributor to the Moming 
 Chronicle and the Herald, for both 
 of which he wrote criticisms of 
 books, of interesting book sales, 
 &c., and was for many years, in 
 conjunction with Mr. Lichfield, 
 proprietor of the Monthly Mirror 
 magazine. He died at his chambers, 
 James Street, Adelphi, Dec. 20, 1847. 
 
 HILLS, E,OBERT, water-colour 
 painter. He was born at Islington, 
 June 26th, 1769, and first exhibited 
 in the Royal Academy of 1791. 
 This early work was a landscape, 
 but later he painted exclusively 
 animal subjects. He was one of 
 the foundation members of the 
 Society of Painters in Water- 
 Colours (1804), and was a constant 
 exhibitor till 1818, when for four 
 or five years he sent his drawings, 
 with his oil-paintings, to the Aca- 
 demy. He then rejoined the Water- 
 Colour Society to which gallery alone 
 he had, at the time of his death con- 
 tributed 599 works. He sketched 
 much from nature, but painted his 
 pictures entirely in the study ; for 
 this cause his sketches and etchings, 
 mostly outlines and very lightly 
 shaded studies, are in many respects 
 
 superior to his pictures. There is 
 a collection of 1240 of his etchings 
 in the print-room of the British 
 Museum, and in the South Ken- 
 sington Galleries three water-colour 
 drawings, two entirely by him, and 
 a j)icture of deer with the land- 
 
 ] scape by Barrett, in connection with 
 whom, and more frequently with 
 
 ' Robson, Hills sometimes worked. 
 
 ' He died in Golden Square, May 14, 
 1844. 
 
 HILLYAR, Sir James, K.C.B., 
 K.C.H., Rear- Admiral of the White 
 [1769 — 1843J, was born at Portsea, 
 and was the eldest son of James 
 Hillyar, a surgeon of the Royal 
 Navy. He entered the navy in 
 1779, served in the Chatham, Prin- 
 cess Royal, and Aquilon, in which 
 last he took part in Lord Howe's 
 action, June 1, W94. He was made 
 Commander in 1800 in the Niger 
 troop-ship, and afterwards served 
 throughout the Egyptian campaign, 
 being in the immediate confidence 
 of Sir Sydney Smith. In 1804, on 
 the strong recommendation of Lord 
 Nelson, the Niger was altered to a 
 post - ship, and Captain Hillyar 
 appointed to command her. In 
 the Phoebe, a 36-gun frigate, Cai)tain 
 Hillyar took an active jDart in the 
 reduction of the Mauritius in 1810, 
 and in 1814 did good service in 
 capturing the United States frigate 
 Essex, of 46 guns and 328 men, which 
 had been for some time committing 
 great depi'edations on British com- 
 merce in the South Seas. He was 
 made C.B. in 1815 for his services, 
 having been on active service for 
 nearly 44 years. He was promoted 
 to be Rear- Admiral in 1837, was 
 made a K.C.H. in 1834, and in 1840 
 a K.C.B. In 1837 a good service 
 pension of ^£300 a year was con- 
 ferred upon him. 
 
 HILTON, John, F.R.S. [1807— 
 1878], Surgeon-Extraordinary to 
 the Queen, was born at Sible 
 Hedingham, Essex, Sept. 22, 1807, 
 and educated at the Grammar 
 School, Chelmsford, and at Bou- 
 logne-sur-Mcr. He was appointed 
 
HTLTOX— HTXCKS. 
 
 429 
 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy at Guy's 
 Hospital in 1828, Lecturer on Patho- 
 logical Anatomy, Anatomy and 
 Physiology, and on Surgery ; Assist- 
 ant-Surgeon, then Surgeon, and 
 afterwards Consulting-Surgeon to 
 Guy's Hospital. The museum at 
 Guy's Hospital contains numerous 
 models of his extremely minute 
 dissections of various parts of the 
 human body, especially of the 
 nervous system. He was President 
 of the Eoyal College of Surgeons 
 of England, and Professor of 
 Anatomv at the College, where he 
 delivered his lectiu-es on Pain and 
 Best, which have contributed largely 
 to the more scientific treatment of 
 siu'gical diseases. 
 
 HILTON, William, E.A., figure 
 painter. He was the son of Wil- 
 liam Hilton, portrait painter, and 
 was born at Lincoln, 1786. He 
 was, with Peter de Wint, the 
 pupil of Eaj)hael Smith, and as 
 early as 1803 was an exhibitor in 
 the Academv. In 1806 he entered 
 the Academy schools, and in 1811 
 exhibited " The Entombment," for 
 which he was awarded a second- 
 class i^remium by the British In- 
 stitution. This was followed by 
 " Christ restoring the Sight to the 
 Blind '^ and " Mary anointing the 
 feet of Jesus,^' which was bought 
 by the directors of the British 
 Institution, as was, in 1825, 
 "Christ Crowned with Thorns." 
 Of private patrons Hilton had but 
 few, and his paintings remained 
 for the most part unsold, but his 
 talent, though of a kind little ap- 
 preciated by the public, was recog- 
 nised by artists, and he was elected 
 an Associate in 1813 and Academi- 
 cian in 1820. At this time he was 
 doing his best work, " Nature 
 blowing bubbles to her children," 
 1821 ; " Comus, the Ladv in the 
 Enchanted Chair," 1823 J " Christ 
 Crowned with Tliorns," 182-5 ; " The 
 Crucifixion " — a fine triptych now 
 in Liverpool, but in a grievous 
 state of decay— 1827 ; " Sir Cale- 
 pine rescuing Serena" — bought. 
 
 '■ after Hilton's death, by the Aca- 
 demy students fo? the National 
 Gallery, and engraved by Engle- 
 heart — 1831 ; " The Angel releasing 
 ; Peter from Prison," 1831 ; " Una " 
 j — engraved for the Art Union — 
 ! 1832 ; " Editha seeking the dead 
 body of Harold" — for which the 
 British Institution voted the 
 painter a complimentary sum of 
 .£100—1831 ; and in 1838 " Herod." 
 In 1828 he had married the sister of 
 , his friend and fellow-pupil, Peter 
 I de Wint, and she had died in 1835. 
 Hilton, always shy, delicate, and 
 retiring, never recovered from that 
 * great grief. His chief consolation 
 lay in the friendship' of De Wint 
 and his family. But soon the asthma 
 from which he always suffered be- 
 came worse, and, after four years of 
 sorrow and weakness, he died Dec. 
 : 30th, 1839. He was buried in the 
 ; Savoy. His paintings, of which 
 ; 56 were exhibited, have fallen into 
 a premature decay from the use of 
 perishable pigments, chiefiy asphal- 
 tum. "Sir Calepine" has been 
 removed from the National Gallery, 
 where there is now no painting by 
 Hilton, who was unquestionably 
 one of the greatest English painters 
 of his day. There is in the South 
 i Kensington Museum a " Samson 
 and Delilah " after Eubens by his 
 , hand, and a portrait of John Keats 
 
 in the National Portrait Gallery. 
 i HINCKS, Eev. Edward, D.D. 
 l]792 — 1866], a distinguished phi- 
 lologist and archaeologist, was 
 born in Cork, and educated at 
 Trinity College, Dublin, where he 
 graduated in 1812, and was elected 
 I a FeUow- in 1813. In 1819 he took 
 the college living of Ardtrea, and 
 in 1826 exchanged it for that of 
 Killileagh, which he held until his 
 I death. Three years later, 1829, he 
 proceeded D.D. Dr. Hincks was 
 celebrated for his knowledge of 
 I Egyptian and Assyrian inscriptions, 
 J and we owe to him the determina- 
 ! tion of the numerals, the name of 
 Sennacherib on the monuments of 
 : Konyunjik, and of Nebuchadnezzav 
 
430 
 
 HINDMAESH— HINTON. 
 
 on the bricks of Babylon. He 
 threw much light on the grammar 
 of the Assyrian language, on cunei- 
 form writings generally, and in 
 many ways greatly aided, subse- 
 quent investigators. Most of his 
 investigations were published in 
 the " Transactions of the Eoyal 
 Irish Academy.'" He published 
 in 185i a " Eeport to the Trustees 
 of the British Museum respecting 
 certain Cylinders and Terra- Cotta 
 Tablets, with Cuneiform Inscrip- 
 tions;" and in 1863 a "Letter on 
 the Polyphony of the Assyrio-Baby- 
 lonian Cuneiform Writing." In 
 the latter year he received the in- 
 siu-nia of the Prussian Order of 
 Merit in the Department of Science 
 and Literature. 
 
 HINDMAESH, Eear-Admiral 
 Sir John, K.H. [1786—1859], first 
 Governor of South Australia, 
 entered the navy in 1793 as first- 
 class volunteer on board the Belle- 
 Toplion, in which ship, during the 
 battle of the Nile, he greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself, saving her (by 
 cutting her cable and letting her 
 drift away), from being blown up 
 with the L' Orient, which had 
 caught fire. For his services on 
 that occasion the ship's officers pre- 
 sented him with a sword, and he 
 was publicly thanked by Lord 
 Nelson. He served at Trafalgar, 
 at Aix Eoads, and at the capture of 
 the He de France ; was made com- 
 mander 1814, and post-captain 
 1830. Three years after he was 
 appointed to the Buffalo, and 
 founded the province of South 
 Australia, of which he was the first 
 Governor. From 1840 to 1857 he 
 was Governor of Heligoland, and 
 while there received many long-de- 
 layed honours, being invested with 
 the insignia of a Knight of Hanover, 
 and receiving from the Queen the 
 honour of knighthood, with a good- 
 service pension and the war medal 
 and seven clasps. He was made 
 Eear- Admiral in 1856. 
 
 HINDS, Eight Eev. Samuel, 
 D.D., Bishop of Norwich [1793— 
 
 1872], was the son of Abel Hinds, 
 of Barbadoes, on which island he 
 was born. He was educated at 
 Queen's College, Oxford, where he 
 graduated in 1815, and became 
 Vice-Principal of St. Alban Hall 
 (under Dr. Whately). He was 
 Principal of Codrington College, 
 Barbadoes ; was Vicar of Yardley, 
 Herts, from 1834 till 1843, and in 
 the latter year he went to Ireland 
 and became Eector and Prebendary 
 of Castleknock, Dublin, and Chap- 
 lain to Archbishop Whately. In 
 1846 he was appointed Chaplain to 
 the Earl of Bessborough, in 1847 
 to his successor the Earl of Claren- 
 don, in 1848 succeeded Dr. Cramer 
 as Dean of Carlisle, and in 1849 
 succeeded Dr. Stanley in the see of 
 Norwich. Having embraced some- 
 what rationalistic views which in- 
 terfered with his work . at Norwich, 
 he resigned his see in 1857. Among 
 his writings may be mentioned an 
 " Introduction to Logic," " A Free 
 Discussion on Eeligious Topics," 
 and " A History of the Eise and 
 Progress of Christianity." 
 
 H I N T O N , James, M.E.C.S. 
 [1822 — 1875], an eminent aural 
 surgeon, was the son of the Eev. 
 John Howard Hinton, and was 
 born at Eeading. He was educated 
 at various private schools, and in 
 1838 came to London and was ap- 
 prenticed to a clothier in White- 
 chapel. There he remained for a 
 year, after which he entered an 
 insurance office. Then his health 
 being enfeebled by over study he 
 determined to go to sea, but instead 
 of doing so, on the advice of a 
 friend began to study medicine. 
 He entered at St. Bartholomew's, 
 made rapid progress, was made 
 M.E.C.S. in 1847, and in the follow- 
 ing year was sent out to Sierra 
 Leone, to take surgical charge of a 
 ship carrying free blacks from that 
 port to Jamaica. He remained in 
 the latter place for two years, after 
 which he visited America, and on 
 his return to England began practice 
 as a surgeon. Soon, however, he 
 
HO ARE— nOBHOUSE . 
 
 431 
 
 turned his attention to aural sur- 
 gery, which he practised with dis- 
 tinguished success, and in 18G3 was 
 elected aural surgeon to Guy's 
 Hospital, a post he held till 1871, 
 when he relinquished his profession 
 in order to devote himself entirely 
 to philosophical studies. His 
 " Atlas of 13iseases of the Mem- 
 brana Tympani " and " Questions 
 of Aural Surgery " still form one 
 of the chief authorities on the 
 subject. His chief philosophical 
 works are " Man and his Dwelling 
 Place," 1858 ; " Life in Nature," 
 and " The Mystery of Pain," all of 
 which, written with profound sin- 
 cerity, have greatly impressed large 
 numbers of readers. His " Life 
 and Letters," edited by lEllice 
 llojikins, appeared in 1878. 
 
 HOAKE, Sir Eichard Colt, 
 Bart., F.E.S., F.S.A., F.L.S. [1758 
 — 1838], was the eldest son of Sir 
 Kichard Hoare, the first Bart., and 
 began his career as a clerk in his 
 father's bank, from which his 
 grandfather removed him, giving 
 up to him during his life all his 
 landed property. After the loss of 
 his wife, who died in 1785, he tra- 
 velled for a time, and wrote ac- 
 counts of his travels, the first, " A 
 Classical Tour through Italy and 
 Sicily, tending to illustrate some 
 districts which have not been de- 
 scribed by Mr. Eustace in his Clas- 
 sical Tour," was published in 1818, 
 and was followed by " Accounts of 
 some Journeys in Wales and Ire- 
 land." But his principal work, 
 and the one by which he is still 
 remembered, was the " History of 
 Ancient Wiltshire," published in 
 1821. He wrote besides a " History 
 of South Wilts," and numerous 
 papers for the Society of Antiquaries 
 and the Gentleman' s Magazine. His 
 fine library and collection of 
 works of art, after remaining at 
 Stourhead till recently, were sold 
 by Messrs. Christie in 1883 and 
 1881. 
 
 HOBAET, Vere Henry, Lord, 
 Governor of Madras, was the eldest 
 
 son of the Earl of Buckingham- 
 shire, and was born in 1818. He 
 was educated at Trinity College, 
 Oxford, and in 1812 appointed a 
 clerk in the Board of Trade. He 
 accompanied Sir H. Ellis on his 
 special mission to Brazil in 1813, 
 as his private secretary, and filled 
 the same post to Sir George Grey 
 at the Colonial Office, 1851, and at 
 the Home Office, 1855. He was 
 made special Commissioner to en- 
 quire into the condition of Turkish 
 finances in 18G1, and in the follow- 
 ing year was appointed a member 
 of the Consolidated Commission at 
 Constantinoi)le, after which he be- 
 came Director-General of the Impe- 
 rial Ottoman Bank at Constanti- 
 nople. He succeeded Lord Napier 
 of Ettrick as Governor of Madras 
 in 1872. He married Mary Cathe- 
 rine, daughter of the Eight Eev. 
 Dr. Carr, Bishop of Bombay. He 
 died at Madras, Ajjril 27, 1875. 
 
 HOBHOUSE, The Eight Hon. 
 Henry [1776 — 1854], Keeper of her 
 Majesty's State Papers, one of the 
 Ecclesiastical Commissioners for 
 England, D.C.L. and F.S.A., was 
 the only son of Henry Hobhouse, 
 Esq. He was called to the bar in 
 1801, and in 1806 was appointed 
 Solicitor to the Customs, an office 
 he afterwards held in the Treasury. 
 From 1817 to 1827 he w^as Under- 
 Secretary of State for the Home 
 Department., and being obliged to 
 resign on account of ill-health, 
 a pension of dei,000 was conferred 
 upon him. He was sworn a Privy 
 Councillor in 1828. In 1826 he 
 was made Keeper of His Majesty's 
 State Papers, and was also one of 
 the Commissioners appointed to 
 select for publication such papers 
 from the store of unarranged docu- 
 ments in the State Paper Office, 
 as might jH'Ove important to histo- 
 rical literature. Mr. Hobhouse Avas 
 chosen to edit the result of their 
 labours, which was published under 
 the title " State Pajjers, Henry 
 VIII." in 11 vols., 4to, the last 
 part of which appeared in 1853, 
 
432 
 
 HODGSON— HODSON. 
 
 He died at Hadspen House, Somer- 
 setshire, April 13, 1854^ in his 78th 
 year. 
 
 HODGSON, The Eev. Francis, 
 B.D. [1780 — 1852], Provost of 
 Eton, and Eector of Cottesford, 
 Oxfordshire, was educated at Eton, 
 and at King's College, Cambridge, 
 where he became acquainted with 
 Lord Byron, and a friendship 
 sprang up between them which 
 only ended with the death of the 
 poet. He was an accomplished 
 scholar of the old fashioned type. 
 Among his writings may be men- 
 tioned a clever translation of Ju- 
 venal, " Lady Jane Grey, with 
 Miscellaneous Poems in English 
 and Latin," 1809 ; " Sir Edgar," a 
 tale in two cantos, 1810, and 
 several works on the art of versifi- 
 cation written specially for Eton. 
 He also contributed numerous poems 
 in Latin to the '' Arundines Cami," 
 a collection of poems in Latin and 
 Greek, the forerunner of the " An- 
 thologia Oxoniensis," and " Sabrinse 
 Corolla." He was elected Provost 
 of Eton in 1810 by the Fellows on 
 Her Majesty's recommendation, 
 and soon after became Eector of 
 Cottesford, one of the livings at- 
 tached to Eton. 
 
 HODGSON, The Eev. John, 
 antiquarian and collector of all 
 documents and relics relating to' the 
 northern counties, -svrote numerous 
 archaeological treatises, and pub- 
 lished part of an elaborate history of 
 the county of Northumberland. He 
 was Vice-President of the Society 
 of Antiquaries of Newcastle. He 
 died at Hartburn, Northumberland, 
 of which parish he was the vicar^ 
 June 12, 184G, in his 6Gth year. 
 
 HODGSON, William Ballan- 
 TYNE, LL.D., Professor of Economic 
 Science in the University of Edin- 
 burgh, was born at Edinburgh in 
 1815, and educated in the High 
 School and University of that city. 
 Up to the year 1839 he was en- 
 gaged in private study and instruc- 
 tion in Edinburgh, and from 1839 i 
 to 18 1-7 he was first Secretary and ! 
 
 then Principal of the Liverpool 
 Institute, one of the largest and 
 most important groitps of schools 
 in the kingdom. In the three 
 day-schools (two for boys and one 
 for girls) and in the evening 
 classes attached to it, about 1,700 
 pupils were regularly taught by 
 from sixty to seventy male and 
 female teachers ; public evening 
 lectures were delivered twice a 
 week, for forty weeks in the year, 
 to an audience of from 800 to 1,200 
 persons ; and there were, besides, 
 a large library, sculpture gallery, 
 and museum. Over every part of 
 this organization it was Mr. Hodg- 
 son's duty to exercise a general 
 supervision, while he acted also as 
 Head Master of the High School. 
 In 1846 he received from the Uni- 
 versity of Glasgow the diploma of 
 LL.D." From 1847 to 1851 he was 
 Princij^al of the Chorlton High 
 School, Manchester. In 1851 he 
 went abroad, and resided for some 
 time in I'rance, Germany, Italy, 
 and Switzerland. Several winters 
 between 1854 and 1860 he spent in 
 Edinburgh, endeavouring to ex- 
 tend and improve instruction in 
 schools, chiefly by introducing the 
 elements of economic and sanitary 
 science. In 1858-59 he was engaged 
 in the Eoyal Commission on Pri- 
 mary Schools, and his report on the 
 London district is appended to the 
 general Eeport of the Commission. 
 From 1863 to 1870 Dr. Hodgson 
 resided mainly in London ; and 
 from the former year to 1868 he 
 acted as Examiner in Political 
 Economy in the University of 
 London. On July 17, 1871, he was 
 elected to the Professorship of 
 Commercial and Political Economy 
 and Mercantile Law in the Univer- 
 sity of Edinburgh. He wrote 
 several useful educational works, 
 one or two on Political Economy. 
 He died at Brussels, aged ijo, Aug. 
 25, 1880, 
 
 HODSON, Lieutenant William 
 Stephen Eaikes, of the First 
 European Eegiment, Bengal^ was a 
 
HOFLAND. 
 
 433 
 
 son of the Yen. George Hodson, 
 Archdeacon of Stafford, and was 
 bom in 1821. He went to India as 
 a cadet in 1845, and served through- 
 out the Sutlej campaign, and ob- 
 tained for his services at Sobraon a 
 medal and two clasps. He was ap- 
 pointed Commandant of the corps 
 of Guides in the expedition sent 
 under Colonel Makeson against the 
 Hussunzai tribes on the Black 
 Mountains in 1852-53, and in the 
 latter year commanded the same 
 corps in the attack on the Affreedies 
 above Baree in Xovember. He 
 greatly distinguished himself at 
 the head of the famous corps of 
 Hodson's Irregular Horse in re- 
 pelling the attack of the mutineers 
 on the camp at Delhi, and at the 
 storming of that city followed the 
 King of Delhi who had taken to 
 flight, and managed to take two of 
 the princes prisoners. An attempt 
 was made on the road to Delhi to 
 rescue the princes, whereupon 
 Hodson shot them both, with car- 
 bines which he had seized from his 
 soldiers. He died before Lucknow, 
 in April, 1858. An elaborate dis- 
 cussion of Hodson and his character 
 "w-ill be found in Mr. Bosworth 
 Smith's " Life of Lord Lawrence " 
 (last edition.) 
 
 HOFLAXD, Thomas Cheisto- 
 PHEE, landscape painter. He was 
 the son of a cotton manufacturer 
 at Worksop, Notts, where he was 
 born Dec. 25, 1777. He was brought 
 up in wealth, but his father failed, 
 and at the age of 19 he had to 
 support himself. He chose art for 
 his profession, and began giring 
 lessons in drawing. In 1808 he 
 married Mrs. Hoole (q. v.), whose 
 literary talents were of great service 
 to him through life, and who sur- 
 vived him. He went to Derby as 
 drawing master, but returned to 
 London about 1811, and exhibited 
 with success at the Academy. In 
 1814 his "Storm off the Coast of 
 Scarborough" gained the British 
 Gallery prize of 100 guineas. He 
 was now on the road to prosperity. 
 
 I but in 1817 the Duke of Marl" 
 j borough commissioned him to pre- 
 ! pare an extensively illustrated ac- 
 : count of the seat of White Knights. 
 ' On this Hofiand laboured for some 
 j years, and unfortunately made 
 i himself responsible to the printers 
 ' and engravers ; for this expense 
 ; he was never reimbursed, and 
 being deep in debt, he returned to 
 London and recommenced teaching. 
 But he did not give up painting, and 
 about this time produced some of his 
 best work, "A Lake View of Win- 
 dermere," ''Jerusalem at the Time 
 of the Crucifixion," "Windsor Cas- 
 tle by Moonlight," 1823; " Llan- 
 berris Lake," and "TwiUght," 
 1833. At the age of G3 he was free 
 from debt and able to visit Italv, 
 but while in Florence he contracted 
 a low fever from which he never 
 really recovered, and he died at 
 Leamington in the 6Gth year of 
 his age, Jan. 3, 1843. He was an 
 original member of the Society of 
 British Artists, to which he was a 
 regular contributor. He exhibited 
 331 paintings, and wrote and illus- 
 trated "The British Anglers' 
 Manual," published 1839, and re- 
 published in 1848 by Bohn, with 
 many additional illustrations and 
 a memoir of the author, by his 
 son. 
 
 HOFLAXD, Mes. Baebaea 
 [1770—1844], wife of the above, 
 authoress of "The Son of a Ge- 
 nius," &c., was a daughter of 
 Mr. Eobert Wreaks, partner in 
 a large manufactory at Sheffield, 
 where she was bom. At the 
 age of 2^ she married Mr. T. 
 Bradshaw Hoole, who died two 
 years afterwards, leaving her in 
 very straitened circumstances. 
 Her fii'st work was a volume of 
 poems, which was very favourably 
 received, and with the proceeds 
 of which she opened a school at 
 Harrogate. Here she continued to 
 write small works, chiefly in prose, 
 one, "The Clergyman's Widow," 
 I'unning through several editions. 
 Ten years after the death of her 
 
 r F 
 
434 
 
 HOGAN— HOGG. 
 
 first husband, she married Mr. 
 Hofland, and went to live in Lon- 
 don, where she devoted herself 
 entirely to literature, pulilishing in 
 the course of the year 1812 five 
 different works. She wrote "The 
 Daughter-in-Law," " Emily," &c., 
 but her best-known work was " The 
 Son of a Genius,^' which was trans- 
 lated into several languages, and 
 received with immense favour in 
 the United States. She was, be- 
 sides, a constant contributor to 
 magazines and annuals, either 
 anonymously or under assumed 
 names. She died at Eichmond in 
 her 75th year, 1844. 
 
 HOGAN, John, sculptor, was 
 born in 1800 at Tallow, co. Water- 
 ford, where his father was a builder. 
 At the age of twelve he was placed 
 in a solicitor's oifice at Cork, but 
 after two years changed into the 
 office of an architect. Although 
 entirely self-taught he i^roduced at 
 this time a wood carving bas-relievo 
 of fifteen figures. In 1823 he mo- 
 delled a "Minerva" of so miich 
 promise that his friends raised a 
 fund to send him to Eome, and he 
 started in November of the same 
 year. His first production in Italy 
 was "Eve Picking up a Dead Bird," 
 followed by a monumental group to 
 the memory of Dr. Doyle, which 
 gained him admission as an Asso- 
 ciate of the College of Art at Eome. 
 He next completed " O'ConneU,'' 
 now in the Dublin Exchange, and 
 " The Drunken Faun." On his re- 
 turn he practised in Dublin, and 
 only exhibited twice at the 
 Academy, in 1833 a marble figure 
 of the dead Eedeemer, and in 1850 
 two busts, and the model of a mural 
 monument. He died at Dublin, 
 March 27, 1858, in his 57th year. 
 Irish in all his associations, he has 
 been called "The Irish Sculptor."' 
 
 HOGAETH, George [1777— 
 1S70], musical critic and author, 
 born in Scotland, began his career 
 as writer to the signet in Edinburgh 
 towards the close of the last cen- 
 tury. He is chiefly known to the 
 
 public by his works in musical 
 literature. His " Musical History, 
 Biography, and Criticism," was 
 published in 1836, and the second 
 edition, considerably enlarged, ap- 
 peared in 1838. "Memoirs of the 
 Musical Drama" appeared in 1839, 
 and a second edition, under the 
 title of " Memoirs of the Opera," in 
 which the view of the musical stage 
 was brought down to the period of 
 publication, in 1851. These books 
 have been received as the best 
 modern authorities on the subjects 
 of which they treat. Mr. Hogarth, 
 who conducted for many years the 
 musical and dramatic criticism 
 of the Morning Chronicle, on the 
 establishment, in 1846, of the Daily 
 Neivs by his son-in-law, Mr. Charles 
 Dickens, joined the staff of that 
 paper in a similar capacity. 
 
 HOGG, The Eight Hon. Sir 
 James Weir, Bart. [1790—1876], 
 was the eldest son of Mr. William 
 Hogg, and was born at Lisburn, 
 CO. Antrim. He was educated at 
 Dr. Bruce's school at Belfast, and 
 at Trinity College, Dublin, where 
 he won the gold medal for oratory, 
 his chief competitor being Eichard 
 Lalor Shell. Having been called 
 to the Bar, he proceeded to India 
 in 1814, where he speedily won a 
 large and lucrative practice. In 
 1822 he was appointed Eegistrar of 
 the Suj)reme Court of Judicature, 
 Calcutta, at that time a highly-paid 
 office, which he held till his return 
 home in 1833. In 1834 he was re- 
 turned to Parliament as member 
 for Beverley, as a Liberal-Conser- 
 vative, and rej^resented that place 
 till 1847, when he was elected for 
 Honiton, for which he sat till the 
 general election in 1857. He then 
 lost his seat by two votes, having 
 been one of those who voted against 
 Lord Palmerston on the occasion of 
 the rupture with China, in conse- 
 quence of the seizure of the Loreha 
 Arrow. He was twice chairman of 
 the East India Company, and when, 
 in 1858, the Government of India 
 was transferred to the Crown, he 
 
HOGG— HOLL. 
 
 43* 
 
 was elected a member of the Coun- 
 cil of India, in which he sat till 
 1872, when he resigned. In the 
 House of Commons he was known 
 by the nickname of " Superior Per- 
 son," which had been given him by 
 D'lsraeli. He took an active part 
 in general politics as a staunch 
 supporter and intimate friend of 
 Sir Robert Peel, who created him a 
 baronet in 1810, and on one occa- 
 sion offered him the post of Judge- 
 Advocate-General, which he refused, 
 not Avishing to sever his connection 
 with India. He was succeeded in 
 the baronetcy by his son, Lieute- 
 nant-Colonel Sir James Macnaugh- 
 ten Hogg, K.C.B., M.P. for Truro. 
 
 HOGG, Thomas Jefferson [1792 
 — 1862], was the eldest son of John 
 Hogg, barrister-at-law of Lincoln's 
 Inn, and was bom at Xorton in 
 Durham. He was educated at the 
 grammar-school of Durham, and at 
 University College, Oxford, where 
 he first became acquainted with 
 Percy Bysshe Shelley. This inti- 
 macy quickly ripened into an 
 ardent friendship which only ended 
 with the unfortunate death of the 
 poet. He studied law and was 
 called to the bar at the Middle 
 Temple in Michaelmas Term, 1817. 
 For many years he regularly at- 
 tended the Durham and Northum- 
 berland sessions and assizes, and 
 obtained some practice. In 1833 
 he was elected one of the Municipal 
 Corporation Commissioners for 
 England and Wales, and subse- 
 quently was for upwards of twenty 
 years revising barrister for Xorth- 
 umberland, Berwick, and the 
 northern boroughs. Besides his 
 " Life of P. B. Shelley," the first two 
 vols, of which appeared in 1858, and 
 which he never lived to complete, 
 he wi'ote a very amusing account 
 of his travels, entitled " Two Hun- 
 di'ed and Nine Days ; or, the Jour- 
 nal of a Traveller on the Continent ; " 
 a novel, " Memoirs of Prince Alexy 
 Haimatoff," 1813, which he wrote 
 under the pseudonym "John 
 Brown,^' and which he pretended 
 
 to have translated from the Latin, 
 some papers for the New Monthly 
 a})Out Shelley, some articles for the 
 Edinburgh Review, and two on "Al- 
 phabet," and "Antiquities," to the 
 " Encyclopedia Britannica." 
 
 HOLKER, Sir Johx, Q.C, M.P. 
 [1828—1882], son of Mr. Samuel 
 Holker, manufactui-er, of Bury, 
 Lancashire, was born there, anvl 
 educated at the grammar-school. 
 He was intended for the Church, 
 but choosing instead the profession 
 of the law he entered as a student 
 at Gray's Inn, and was called to the 
 bar in 1854, being then 26 years 
 of age. Not being successful in 
 London he removed to Manchester, 
 where, for a time, he had a very 
 hard struggle, and was principally 
 engaged in conducting causes at 
 sessions. He left Manchester in 
 186i to settle in London, and at 
 that time was making a consider- 
 able professional income. He was 
 made Q.C. in 1868, and became one 
 of the leaders of the northern cir- 
 cuit. In 1872 he was returned to 
 Parliament as member for Preston in 
 the Conservative interest, and soon 
 afterwards was ajipointed by 
 D'lsraeli to the post of Solicitor- 
 General, on which occasion he was 
 knighted. In 1875 he succeeded Sir 
 R. Baggallay as Attorney-General, 
 and shortly before his death was 
 appointed one of the Lords Justices 
 by Mr. Gladstone. 
 
 HOLL, Francis, A.R.A. [1815— 
 1884], son of the eminent engraver, 
 William Holl, and father of Frank 
 Holl, R.A., was born in Camden 
 Town, and educated by his father. 
 His chief large works are his plates 
 after Frith's "Railway Station," 
 " Coming of Age," and " The 
 Stocking Loom," after Alfred El- 
 more, R.A. But he was best known 
 as an engraver of portraits, espe- 
 cially of those charming chalk 
 heads drawn by George Richmond. 
 During the last twenty years of his 
 life he was employed by the Queen 
 in engraving portraits of the royal 
 family, private commissions which 
 
 F F 2 
 
436 
 
 HOLL— HOLLAND. 
 
 never came before tlie public. He 
 also executed the engravings in Mar- 
 tin's " Life of the Prince Consort." 
 He was elected an A.E.A. Jan. 16, 
 1883, and died just a year after. 
 He was probably among the last of 
 English line engravers, for fine 
 engraving, whether in mezzotint or 
 in line, seems to be doomed, owing 
 to the impossibility of competing 
 with the rival processes — so much 
 cheaper — discovered by modern 
 ingenuity. 
 
 HOLL, WiLiiiAM, engraver. He 
 was the eldest son of William Holl, 
 the eminent portrait engraver, and 
 was born at Plaistow, Essex, in 
 1807. He studied under his 
 father, and during his career en- 
 graved many portraits in the 
 stipple manner, and illustrated 
 Moore's works, Blackie's Bible, &c. 
 His first large work, executed in 
 1851, was " An English Merry- 
 making," after Frith ; followed by 
 Frith's "Village Pastor" and 
 " Gleaner ; " a number of portraits 
 after G. Eichmond, E.A., "Ee- 
 bekah," &c. He died in London 
 Jan. 30, 1871. Twenty-two of his 
 plates were exhibited in the 
 Academy. 
 
 HOLLAND, 3rd Baron, Eight 
 Hon. Henry Eichard Vassall, 
 M.A., F.E.S., and F.S.A., was the 
 only son of Stejihen, second Lord 
 Holland, elder brother of the Eight 
 Hon. Charles James Fox, and was 
 born in 1773. He succeeded to the 
 peerage when only a year old, and 
 was educated at Eton and at 
 Christ Church, Oxford. On leaving 
 the university he visited Denmark, 
 France, and S"svitzerland, and was 
 at Paris when Louis XVI. accepted 
 the Constitution. He afterwards 
 travelled in Sj)ain and Italy, and in 
 the latter country formed an inti- 
 macy with the wife of Sir Godfrey 
 Webster, Bart., who brought an 
 action against him and obtained 
 jeC,000 damages. After Lady Web- 
 ster's divorce. Lord Holland mar- 
 ried her in 1797, when he took the 
 surname of Vassall, which was 
 
 not, however, assumed by his chil- 
 dren. He began his Parliamentary 
 career in 1798, and remained 
 throughout an uncompromising 
 advocate of the Catholic claims 
 and an asserter of popular rights. 
 When the Whigs came into office 
 in 1830 he became a Cabinet 
 Minister and Chancellor of the 
 Duchy of Lancaster. During his 
 life Holland House was the centre 
 of all that was brilliant in the 
 world of literature and art. He 
 died Oct. 22, 1840. He was the 
 author of " Foreign Eeminis- 
 cences," " Memoirs of the Whig 
 Party," &c. 
 
 HOLLAND, Lady, Eight Hon. 
 Elizabeth Vassall, wife of the 
 preceding, was the daughter and 
 heiress of Eichard Vassall, of 
 Jamaica, and was born about the 
 year 1769. In 1786 she married 
 Sir Godfrey Webster, of Battle 
 Abbey, Sussex, but in 1797 this 
 marriage was dissolved by Act 
 of Parliament, and she then mar- 
 ried Henry Eichard, 3rd Lord 
 Holland (q. v.). She played a very 
 conspicuous part in the society of 
 her day, political and literary, and 
 her great social talents placed her 
 at the head of Whig fashion. Of 
 the charming hosj^itality of Hol- 
 land House during her life nume- 
 rous accounts have been written. 
 She died at her residence in South 
 Street, Grosvenor Square, November 
 16, 18-45, and was buried at Ampt- 
 hill, Bedfordshire. 
 
 HOLLAND, Sir Henry, Bart., 
 M.D. [1788—1873], author and 
 physician, was the eldest son of 
 Peter Holland, a doctor in the town 
 of Knutsford, in Cheshire, where 
 he was born. He was educated for 
 the medical profession at the Edin- 
 burgh University, where he took 
 his M.D, degree in 1811. Having 
 spent some few years in travelling 
 about in Europe, and published 
 accounts of his travels, he was in 
 1816 admitted a Licentiate of the 
 College of Physicians, and then 
 began his i)rofessional life in Lou- 
 
HOLLINS— HOLLO WA Y, 
 
 437 
 
 don, v.'here he became at once a ' 
 success. In the summer of 1814 
 he was appointed domestic physi- 
 cian to Caroline, Princess of Wales, 
 and was one of the witnesses called 
 at the Queen's trial. In 1835 he 
 was gazetted physician extraor- 
 dinary to AYilliam IV., but his 
 relations with the Court were 
 merely nominal until, in the fol- 
 lowing reign, he was appointed one 
 of Her Majesty's physicians extra- 
 ordinary, and on the Queen's mar- 
 riage received a like appointment 
 on the establishment of the Prince 
 Consort. He became physician in 
 ordinary to the Queen in 1852, and 
 was created a baronet in 1853. His 
 love of travel continued to the end, 
 and during his long professional 
 career in London he visited every 
 capital in Europe, most of them 
 repeatedly. Having gained a firm 
 footing in polite society, it became 
 his hobby to be on intimate or 
 apparently intimate terms with 
 everyone of note, and in his 
 " Recollections of Past Life " will 
 be foTind accounts of most of the 
 celebrities of liis day. He wrote 
 some books of travel and " Medical 
 Notes and Refiections," but he 
 made no additions to medicine. 
 
 HOLLINS, John, A.R.A. He 
 was the son of a glass painter, and 
 was born at Birmingham, June 1st, 
 1798, and began exhibiting por- 
 traits in 1818. In 1822 he came to 
 London, and in 1825 went to Italy, 
 where he remained for two years. 
 From the time of his return he was 
 a constant exhibitor at the Aca- 
 demy, and was elected associate in 
 1842. He died in Berners Street, 
 March 7, 1855. He exhibited 142 
 works, chiefly of historical sub- ■ 
 jects and flower pieces. Some of ; 
 the latter are admirable. j 
 
 HOLLIS, Yice-Admikal Aiskew 
 Paffard [1761 — 1844], entered the 
 Royal Navy in 1774, and gained his 
 lieutenancy in 1781. He was pre- 
 sent in Lord Howe's victory of 
 June 1, 1794, where he was seri- 
 ously wounded j and in 1797 was at 
 
 the Cape of Good Hope, and did 
 distinguished service in suppressing 
 the mutiny on board the Crescent 
 frigate. He was advanced to post 
 rank in 1798. From 180 i to 1807 
 he served in the West Indies, and 
 in 1809 in the Standard, joined the 
 Danish fleet under Sir James Sau- 
 marez, and commanded a small 
 squadron at the attack on the 
 Danish island of Anholt, and in 
 1811 took part in the blockade of 
 Toulon. After much active service 
 in the Adriatic he returned to Eng- 
 la,nd in 1813, and remained on 
 half-pay till 1816, when he was ap- 
 pointed to the Rivoli, stationed at 
 Portsmouth. He was made colonel 
 of Royal Marines on the corona- 
 tion of George lY., and rear-admiral 
 and vice-admiral in 1837. 
 
 HOLLOWAY, Thomas, is said to 
 have been born at Devonport, Sept. 
 22, 1800, and at an early age went to 
 Penzance, where his father kejjt an 
 inn. After his father's death he 
 and his mother and brother set uj) 
 a grocery business at Penzance, 
 but later " Tom " appeared in Lon- 
 don as interpreter and secretary to 
 a gentleman. How he got into the 
 ointment and pill business is not 
 very clear, though one authority 
 says that the receipt for the pills 
 was given to Mr. Holloway's mother 
 by an old German woman, and that 
 the son determined to try his for- 
 tune in London with it. His first 
 shop was opened in Broad Street 
 Buildings, and, according to one of 
 his advertisements, the 15th day of 
 October, 1837, was the first day 
 his advertisements appeared in any 
 paper. One authority says that 
 he spent .£100 the first week in 
 advertising, while another gives 
 the impression that he went much 
 more warily to work, and that it 
 was by a slowly developed experi- 
 ence that he realized how important 
 a factor in the growth of a business 
 is judicious advertising. In spite 
 of all his advertising and exertions, 
 however, he did not get on at first, 
 and eventually had to declare him- 
 
438 
 
 HOLMAN— HOLMES. 
 
 self insolvent, and passed some 
 time in Wliitecross Street Prison. 
 His creditors were for tlie most 
 l^art newspaper proprietors, and he 
 obtained his release by arranging 
 with them for the payment of a 
 comi^osition. He soon began busi- 
 ness again, and took a shop in the 
 Strand, a little to the west of 
 Temple Bar, where the Law Courts 
 now stand, and his indefatigable in- 
 dustry soon had its reward. At the 
 time of his death the firm spent week- 
 ly ,£1,000 in advertising, and the pro- 
 prietor was making about ,£50,000 
 a year profit from his patent medi- 
 cines alone. For many years he 
 lived above the shop in the Strand, 
 and later above the great shop in 
 Oxford Street. He began during 
 his lifetime the philanthrox)ical 
 schemes with which his name will 
 always be connected. At Lord 
 Shaftesbury's suggestion he built a 
 sanatorium or hospital for the 
 mentally afflicted of the lower 
 middle class, and after his wife's 
 death in 1877 he began the building 
 of the Ladies' College at Egham to 
 her memory. These two institu- 
 tions when finished will have cost 
 a million sterling. He was lavish 
 in his expenditure when their 
 efficiency or adornment was con- 
 cerned. He bought for the college 
 Landseer's " Man Proposes and God 
 Disposes " for £6,000, and the art 
 gallery contains pictures for which 
 he paid in the aggregate £100,000. 
 Until within a few years of his death 
 he daily attended at his establish- 
 ment in Oxford Street. He died 
 after a comparatively short illness 
 at Sunninghill, his country resi- 
 dence, on Dec. 26, 1883, aged 83. 
 
 HOLMAN, Lieutenant James, 
 E.N.,F.R.S.,the " Blind Traveller," 
 entered the navy in 1798, as first- 
 class volunteer on board the Royal 
 George. He was obliged to leave 
 the service at the age of 25, on 
 account of ill-health, which resulted 
 in the total loss of his sight, and 
 from that time he devoted himself 
 to travelling and writing accounts 
 
 of his travels. He visited all the 
 chief countries in Europe, Asia, 
 Africa, America, and Australasia. 
 His chief work a " Voyage round 
 the World," was published in 183 4, 
 and was dedicated to the Queen. 
 He was engaged in preparing fresh 
 journals for the press at the time 
 of his death, which occurred July 
 29, 1857. Although totally blind, 
 he never took a servant with him 
 on any of his travels. 
 
 HOLMES, Alfked [1837—1876], 
 a violin player of great attainments. 
 He was born in London and gained 
 his first lessons from his father, 
 and, by the help of those lessons 
 and Spohr's " Violin School," at- 
 tained great proficiency. His 
 younger brother Henry and he 
 became quite the vogue for their 
 playing of duets. At ten years 
 old, Alfred, who could sing as well 
 as play, was made j)rincipal treble 
 at the Oratory, and in the same 
 year the brothers made their first 
 public appearance as violinists at 
 the Haymarket Theatre, playing 
 the overture to " Masaniello," ar- 
 ranged as a duet. From this time 
 to 1861 they were almost entirely 
 together, visiting most of the musi- 
 cal cities of Europe, and every- 
 where meeting with success. In 
 1861< Alfred definitely settled in 
 Paris, and two years later suc- 
 ceeded in establishing a quartet 
 there. His compositions at this 
 period include a symphony called 
 " The Youth of Shakspere,'^ and an 
 opera, " Inez de Castro." Later 
 he wrote four other symphonies 
 and several overtures. His best- 
 known work is the " Jeanne d'Arc " 
 symphony, a piece with solos and 
 chorus, which was given in 1875 at 
 the Crystal Palace. Holmes was 
 a thoroughly conscientious, as well 
 ; as a highly gifted, musician, and 
 j his death was a real loss to the 
 cause of music. 
 
 HOLMES, Edward [1797— 
 
 1859], received his mvisical educa- 
 
 1 tion from Novello, and became, for 
 
 ! a time, a teacher of the piano. In 
 
HOLMES— HONE. 
 
 439 
 
 1828 he puVjlislied a work entitled 
 " A Ramble among the Musicians 
 of Germany," the book becoming 
 rather popular, and reaching a 
 third edition. But the most im- 
 portant work of his career was 
 "The Life of Mozart," published 
 in 1845. Competent critics spoke 
 of it very highly, and Otto Jahn — 
 himself a famous biographer — de- 
 clared that lip to his time no Life 
 of the great composer had appeared 
 which was at the same time so full 
 and trustworthy. Holmes also wrote 
 a "Life of Piu'cell," an " Analytical 
 and Thematic Index of Mozart's 
 Pianoforte Works," and much other 
 valuable musical matter. 
 
 HOLME S, James, miniature 
 painter. He was born in 1777; was 
 apprenticed to an engraver, but 
 in 1813 joined the Water-Colour 
 Society. Here he exhibited por- 
 traits and small numerous rural 
 subjects, among them " Hot Por- 
 ridge ; " " Going to School ; " " The 
 Doubtful Shilling," which was en- 
 gi-aved and very popular ; " Girl 
 protecting chickens from a Hawk," 
 and " The UnskiKul Carver," which 
 was bought by the king. In 1822 
 he left the society and exhiVjited 
 both in oil and water-colours at 
 the Academy where he had first 
 contributed in 1819. He was a 
 promoter of the Society of British 
 Artists, and became a member in 
 1829. He painted chiefly minia- 
 ture portraits, and had many dis- 
 tinguished sitters, among them 
 Lord Byron, who was a warm ad- 
 mirer of his work. He died Feb. 
 1860. He exhibited 18 works in 
 the Academy, and 112 in Suffolk 
 Street. 
 
 HOLMES, William, at one time 
 Treasurer of the Ordnance, and for 
 many years whip to the Tory party, 
 was born in Sligo^ and began his 
 career as a soldier. He served for 
 some years in the West Indies, 
 where he was military secretary to 
 Sir Thomas Hislop, but retired from 
 the army in 1807, on his man-iage 
 with Lady Stronge^ widow of the 
 
 Rev. Sir James Stronge, Bart. He 
 sat in the House of Connnons suc- 
 cessively for Grampound, Tregony, 
 Bishop's Castle, Haslemere, and 
 Berwick-on-Tweed, and as a Tory 
 whip it was said of him that " in 
 the private management of the 
 members of an unreformed House 
 of Commons, he was without a 
 rival." He was appointed treasurer 
 of the Ordnance in 1820, an oflfice 
 he held till the breaking up of the 
 Wellington Administration in 1830. 
 He was with Mr. Perceval when 
 that gentleman was assassinated. 
 He died in Grafton Street, Bond 
 Street, January 26, 1851. 
 
 HOME, Colonel Robert, C.B., 
 R.E., Avho died Jan. 29, 1879, at 
 the early age of -41, first saw active 
 service in the Crimea, where he 
 established his reputation as a 
 practical engineer. He afterwards 
 served on the West Coast of Africa, 
 being chosen bv Sir Garnet Wol- 
 seley to command the Engineers 
 in the Ashantee War. In 1875 he 
 was appointed to preside over the 
 Intelligence Department of the 
 Army, in which he effected very 
 great improvements. His last ap- 
 pointment was as English Chief 
 Commissioner for the delimitation 
 of^Roumania according to the pro- 
 visions of the Treaty of Berlin, and 
 it was while discharging the duties 
 of this office that he caught the 
 fever of which he died. A pension 
 of ,£300 a year was confex-red upon 
 his widowj in recognition of his 
 services. 
 
 HONE, WiLLiABi [1779—1842], 
 bookseller and miscellaneous writer, 
 was born at Bath at which place 
 his father was a preacher among 
 the Dissenters. He was intended 
 for the law, but gave it up and 
 began business as a print and book- 
 seller in Lambeth Walk, London. 
 Having struggled through many 
 failiu'es and troubles, he began 
 about 1812 to write for the Critical 
 Beviev: and the British Lady's Maga- 
 zine. In 1815 he started the 
 Traveller newspaper, and in 1816 
 
440 
 
 HONEY— HOOD. 
 
 tlie Reformists' Register in which 
 he ably couihated Eohert Owen's 
 doctrines. Soon after that he was 
 persuaded to write a series of poli- 
 tical satires, one of which^ the 
 " Political House that Jack Built/' 
 went through fifty editions. It 
 was illustrated by woodcuts from 
 designs of George Cruikshank^ who 
 first became extensively known in 
 these works of Mr. Hone. Another 
 successful production was entitled 
 '•' A Slap at Slop," a burlesqiie on 
 Ths New Times newspaper, which 
 was followed by a satire on the 
 government of the day written in 
 the forui of a parody upon the 
 liturgy. For this he was prose- 
 cuted by the Government, and 
 brought to trial on three separate 
 charges. He defended himself for 
 three days with great courage and 
 ability, and as the Government was 
 at the time very inipopular with 
 the reform party, a verdict was 
 returned in his favour. His case 
 excited much sympathy, and a 
 large sum of money was collected 
 for him as a " persecuted but 
 triumphant champion of the press." 
 He again started in business as a 
 bookseller on Ludgate Hill, and 
 began to bring out jDublications of 
 a more useful kind, such as the 
 " E very-Day Book," " Table Book," 
 &c. But though the sale of these 
 books was large he could not make 
 enough to support himself and 
 family, and was arrested for debt 
 and thrown into prison, where he 
 remained for some time. On his 
 relePcSe, with the help of friends, 
 he started the Grasshopper coffee- 
 house in Gracechurch Street, but 
 that also failed. About that time 
 he became acquainted with the 
 K-ev. T. Binney, an Independent 
 minister, and was induced by him 
 to try his powers in the j^ulpit. 
 This connection led to his becoming 
 sub-editor of the Patriot newspaper, 
 a post which he filled till his death 
 in 1812. 
 
 HONEY, Mrs. [1817—1813], who 
 for some years acted in London 
 
 under the name of Laura Bell, was 
 the daughter of Mrs. Young, an 
 actress of some note, and was 
 brought out on the stage at a very 
 early age. In early life she was 
 engaged at Sadler's Wells, the 
 Olympic, Victoria, and Surrey 
 theatres, where she exhibited much 
 ability, and became a general fa- 
 vourite. At the age of sixteen she 
 married Mr. Honey, a lawyer's 
 clerk, a union which proved most 
 unhappy, Mr. Honey being jealous 
 of the attentions lavished upon his 
 wife . He was accidentally drowned 
 in the Thames in 1836. Mrs. Honey 
 was engaged at the New Strand 
 Theatre in 1833, where she first 
 attracted public attention in the 
 character of Lilias, in Lenian 
 Rede's drama, "The Loves of the 
 Angels." She next played at the 
 Adelphij where she was very popu- 
 lar, in the burletta of "Cupid," 
 and at the Haymarket, where she ap- 
 peared in Buckstone's farce, " Open 
 House." Having established her- 
 self as a public favourite, she 
 visited nearly all the provincial 
 theatres with great pecuniary ad- 
 vantage. She died at the early 
 age of 26, at her house, in Albany 
 Street, Regent's Park. 
 
 HOOD, Lieutenant-General 
 Charles Hood, entered the army 
 in 1844, and obtained a lieutenancy 
 in 1816, in which year he was em- 
 ployed as secretary on a special 
 public mission to the Argentine 
 Republic to settle the difference 
 on the part of the combined Powers 
 of England and France, and Gene- 
 ral Rosas, the Governor of Buenos 
 Ayres. The gallant officer was 
 promoted to the rank of captain in 
 1851, and from May, 1855, till the 
 following January, he served in the 
 Crimea with the Buffs, taking jDart 
 in the siege and fall of Sebastopol. 
 He commanded the ladder party of 
 the above regiment in the assault 
 of the Redan, and he marched his 
 regiment, with colours flying, into 
 the Karabelnaia, these being the 
 only English colours that entered 
 
HOOD. 
 
 441 
 
 Sebastopol. For his services in the 
 Crimea he obtained the brevet rank 
 of major, the 5th chxss of tlie Med- 
 jidie, and the English and Turkish 
 medals. He became a colonel in 
 18G5, and major-general in 1870. 
 He died Feb. 8, 1883, aged 57. 
 
 HOOD, Thomas [1789—1845], 
 humorous writer and poet, was the 
 son of Mr. Hood, bookseller, of the 
 firm of Vernon and Hood. He was 
 early placed in the counting-house 
 of a friend of his family, but failing 
 health soon put an end to his com- 
 mercial career, and he was shipped 
 oft' to a relation of his father's 
 in Dundee. This relation refusing 
 to help him or have anything to do 
 with him, he was thrown on his own 
 resources, and before long began to 
 contribute humorous and poetical 
 articles to the provincial news- 
 papers and magazines. He did not 
 however at once accept literature 
 as a profession, but on his return 
 to London was apprenticed to an 
 engraver, where he acquired a skill 
 that in after years became a most 
 valuable assistance to his literary 
 labours. Mr. John Scott, the editor 
 of the London Magazine, being killed 
 in a duel in 1821, that periodical 
 passed into the hands of Messrs. 
 Taylor and Hessey, who proposed 
 to Hood to take a part in its publi- 
 cation. He became a sort of sub- 
 editor, a post which brought him 
 acquainted with the best literary 
 society of the day. Among his in- 
 timate friends were Charles Lamb, 
 Cary, De Quincey, Allan Cunning- 
 ham, Proctor, Talfoui-d, Hartley 
 Coleridge, Clare the peasant poet, 
 and others. " Odes and Addreses,'' 
 his first work, written in conjunc- 
 tion with his brother-in-law, T. H. 
 Reynolds, Keats's friend, brought 
 him first prominently before the 
 public. It was soon followed by 
 *' Whims and Oddities,'' " National 
 Tales," " The Plea of the Midsum- 
 mer Fairies," and " Tylney Hall," 
 a novel. In the Comic Annual series, 
 a publication which he started, and 
 continued, almost unassisted, for 
 
 several years, he treated all the 
 leading events of the day in a fine 
 spirit of caricature. For one year 
 ho also edited another annual. The 
 Gem, in which appeared the poem 
 on the, story of " Eugene Aram." 
 He started a magazine in his own 
 name, which was mainly carried on 
 by himself, and in which appeai'ed 
 the" Song of the Shirt," the "Bridge 
 of Sighs," and the " Song of the 
 Labourer." Extreme ill-health 
 brought with it straitened circum- 
 stances, and Sir Robert Peel was 
 applied to to place his name on the 
 pension list. This was done with- 
 out delay, and the pension was con- 
 tinued to his wife and family after 
 his death. Nine years after .that 
 event a monument was raised to 
 his memory at Kensal Green Ceme- 
 tery, where he was buried. 
 
 HOOD, Tom [1835—1874], son of 
 the above, was born at Lake House, 
 Wanstead, Essex, Jan. 19, 1835. He 
 was educated at University Col- 
 lege School and Louth Grammar 
 School; and entered as a com- 
 moner at Pembroke College, Ox- 
 ford, in 1853, where he passed 
 all the examinations for the de- 
 gree, but did not put on the gown 
 of B.A. His first work, " Pen and 
 Pencil Pictures," written at Oxford, 
 was published in 1854-5. It was 
 followed by " Quips and Cranks," 
 and " Daughters of King Daher, 
 and other Poems," in 1861 ; "Loves 
 of Tom Tucker and Little Bo Peep, 
 Rhyming Rigmarole," in 1862 ; 
 "Vere Vereker's Vengeance : a Sen- 
 sation," in 1864 ; " Captain Mas- 
 ters's Children : a Novel," and 
 " Jingles and Jokes for the Little 
 Folks," in 1865. "A Disputed 
 Inheritance," " Golden Heart," 
 " Money's Worth," and " Love and 
 Valour," 1871, are amongst other 
 novels he has written. He was 
 also author of " Rules of Rhyme," 
 a guide to versification. He 
 wrote several books for juveniles, 
 and illustrated his father's comic 
 verses, "^ Precocious Peggy," having 
 on other occasions wielded pencil 
 
442 
 
 HOOK. 
 
 as well as pen^ and was appointed 
 editor of Fun, wlaicli had passed into 
 the hands of a new proprietor, in 
 May, 1865. Tom Hood was a contri- 
 butor to many magazines and perio- 
 dicals, edited various editions of his 
 father's works, and had some expe- 
 rience as a journalist. 
 
 HOOK, Theodore Edward [1788 
 — 1841], novelist, dramatist, and a 
 very clever imjDrovisatore, was the 
 son of James Hook a favourite 
 musical composer, whose house was 
 the resort of all the popular cha- 
 racters of the day. He was sent 
 for a short time to Harrow, 
 where he had for companions Lord 
 Byron and Sir Eobert Peel. There 
 he learned very little, and matri- 
 culated at Oxford ; he never ac- 
 tually resided at the University. 
 On the death of his mother in 
 1802, he seems to have given up 
 all idea of serious study, and the 
 early development of his musical 
 and metrical gifts soon made him 
 a centre of [attraction among his 
 father's friends. In 1805 he in'O- 
 duced " The Soldier's Eeturn ; or. 
 What can Beauty do ? " a comic 
 opera in two acts, first represented 
 at Drury Lane. It had an enor- 
 mous success, and was followed in 
 rapid succession with a series of 
 over a dozen sparkling productions 
 of the same kind. But a too great 
 love of society prevented him from 
 making a lucrative career as a 
 dramatic author, and some ten of 
 the best years of his life were 
 given up to the pleasures of the 
 town, where his inimitable powers 
 of improvisation and mimicry, and 
 the audacity of his practical jokes, 
 soon gained for him a foremost 
 place in the world of fashion. His 
 great gifts and popularity attracted 
 the notice of the Prince Eegent, 
 who appointed him Accountant- 
 General and Treasurer of the 
 Mauritius with a salary of de2000 
 a year (1813). There he remained 
 for five years, five years of merri- 
 ment and festivities, which came 
 to an abrupt end in 1817, when a 
 
 serious deficiency was discovered 
 in the Treasury accounts, and he 
 was arrested and sent to England 
 on a criminal charge. A sum of 
 dei2,000 had been abstracted by a 
 deputy ofiicial, and Hook was held 
 responsible for the sum. While 
 the matter was being investigated 
 he supported himself by writing 
 for magazines and newspapers. In 
 1820 he started the John B\dl, a 
 Tory newspaj^er which, by its witty 
 criticism and pitiless invective, ob- 
 tained a large circulation, and by 
 which during the first year he 
 gained an income of ^62000. As 
 however he made no effort to pay 
 his debt to the State, he was ar- 
 rested and confined for eight months 
 in a sponging-house in Shire Lane, 
 and afterwards in the King's Bench 
 prison. During his incarceration 
 he produced the first series of his 
 " Sayings and Doings." On re- 
 gaining his liberty he worked most 
 industriously for the remaining 
 twenty-three years of his life, pro- 
 ducing altogether thirty - eight 
 volumes, besides innumerable arti- 
 cles and sketches. His novels, 
 which were very popular in their 
 day, are now almost forgotten ; 
 among them may be mentioned 
 " Maxwell " (1830) ; " Love and 
 Pride ;" " Jack Brag " and " Pere- 
 grine Bunce." He never recovered 
 from the effects of the unfortunate 
 Maiu'itius affair, and his last years 
 were made miserable by failing 
 health and pecuniary embarrass- 
 ments. He still seemed outwardly 
 to enjoy the same flow of spirits, 
 but his diary at that pei-iod dis- 
 closes a degree of mental angiiish 
 and anxiety which few about him 
 suspected. He died at Fulham, 
 Aug. 24, 1841, aged 53. 
 
 HOOK, Walter Farquhar, 
 Dean of Chichester [1798—1875], 
 son of the Eev. Dr. James Hook, 
 Dean of Worcester, and nephew of 
 Theodore Hook {q. v.), was born 
 in London, and educated at Win- 
 chester School, and at Christ Church, 
 Oxford, where he graduated in 1821. 
 
HOOKER. 
 
 443 
 
 He was ordained in the same year, 
 and became curate at Whipping- 
 ham, Isle of Wight, of which parish 
 his father was rector. He was 
 curate of St. Philij^'s, Birmingham, 
 in 1827, Vicar of Trinity Church, 
 Coventry, 1829, and in 1837 was 
 elected to the Vicarage of Leeds. 
 He was at that time, as he himself 
 confesses, " a High churchman, and 
 something more,^' and his general 
 adhesion to the principles advo- 
 cated in the earlier " Tracts of the 
 Times," brought him at first into 
 collision with the Evangelical party 
 at Leeds, but in the end his tact 
 and ability won the day, his pa- 
 rishioners learnt, however widely 
 they might dissent from some of 
 his opinions, to admire the zeal 
 with which he laboured for Chiu'ch 
 extension, for the cause of general 
 education, and for the elevation of 
 the working man. Dui'ing his in- 
 cumbency of 22 years at Leeds, 
 22 new churches, in addition to 
 the parish church (rebuilt at a 
 cost of .£40,000), 32 new parsonages, 
 and more than 60 new schools were 
 erected in his parish. In 1827 he 
 was appointed Chaplain in Ordinary 
 to George IV., an office which he 
 continued to hold under William 
 IV. and Queen Victoria. On the 
 accession of her Majesty he preached 
 in the Chapel Eoyal his famoiis 
 sermon "Hear the Church,^' of 
 which upwards of 100,000 copies 
 were sold within a month, and 
 which created almost as great an 
 excitement as three years later 
 Newman's "Tract No. 90." This 
 sermon was never forgiven by 
 those in high place. From that 
 time Hook was regarded as one of 
 the popular leaders of the Angli- 
 can High Church movement, but 
 as soon as he discerned its Rome- 
 ward tendency, he began to hold 
 aloof from it. He sympathised 
 neither with Pusey nor Newman. 
 In 1846 he suddenly astonished his 
 party by coming forward, in spite of 
 his High Church theories, as the ad- 
 vocate of a larger and broader sys- 
 
 tem of national education than that 
 hitherto accepted by the clergy of 
 the Establishment, and his letter 
 to the Bishop of St. David's " On 
 the Means of Rendering more effi- 
 cient the Education of the People," 
 attracted great attention for the 
 boldness and liberality of its views. 
 In 1859 he was appointed to the 
 Deanery of Chichester, and in that 
 capacity restored the Cathedral, 
 and took part in its reopening in 
 1867. He was the author of " The 
 Lives of the Archbishops of Canter- 
 bury," from the earliest times down 
 to the post-Reformation era ; the 
 " Church Dictionary ; " " Ecclesias- 
 tical Biography ; " " Devotional 
 Library," &c. He was elected an- 
 F.R.S. in 1862. His "Life and 
 Letters," by his son-in-law, W. R. 
 W. Stejjhens, appeared in 1879. 
 
 HOOKER, Sir William Jack- 
 son [1785 — 1865], botanist, and 
 curator of the Royal Gardens at 
 Kew, was the only surviving son 
 of Joseph Hooker of Exeter, and a 
 member of the family which pro- 
 duced the learned author of " The 
 Ecclesiastical Polity." He early 
 devoted himself to the study of 
 botany, and travelled extensively 
 for the purpose of collecting plants. 
 Having lived for five years at 
 Halesworth in Suffolk, where he 
 began to form a splendid herba- 
 rium, he removed, in 1820, to Glas- 
 gow, where he was appointed 
 Regius Professor of Botany in the 
 University, a post he held for many 
 years. He was subsequently ap- 
 pointed to the Curatorship of the 
 Royal Gardens at Kew, which under 
 his management were greatly ex- 
 tended and gradually out-rivalled 
 any establishment of the kind in 
 the world. On the recommenda- 
 tion of Viscount Melbourne he was 
 knighted in 1S35, and in 1845 was 
 created an honorary D.C.L. of 
 Oxford, in recognition of his scien- 
 tific attainments. He was a mem- 
 ber of nearly all the learned and 
 scientific societies both upon the 
 Continent and in America, and a 
 
444 
 
 HOPE— HOEN. 
 
 Kniglit of the Legion of Honour. 
 He wi-ote numerous botancial works, 
 all of which are of standard autho- 
 rity. Among" them may be men- 
 tioned "The British Flora;" "A 
 Century of Ferns ; " " Journal of 
 a Tour in Iceland/" and the botani- 
 cal portion of Admiral Beechey's 
 account of his voyage of dis- 
 covery in the Arctic regions. He 
 also wrote a great deal for the 
 periodical litera,ture of botany. 
 
 HOPE, Charles, Lord President 
 of the Court of Session, and Lord 
 Justice-General of Scotland, was 
 the eldest son of John Hope, a 
 merchant in London, and was born 
 June 29, 1763. He was educated 
 at the Enfield School in Middlesex, 
 and at the High School and Uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh, where he 
 studied for the bar, and passed 
 advocate in 1781. He was appointed 
 deputy-advocate in 1786, sheriff of 
 Orkney in 1792, and Lord- Advo- 
 cate in 1801. He soon after re- 
 ceived the freedom of the city 
 of Edinburgh, and was presented 
 with a piece of plate for his services 
 in helping the magistrates to ob- 
 tain a Poor's Bill for the city. He 
 was elected M.P. for the Dumfries 
 district of burghs in 1802, but on 
 the elevation of the Et. Hon. Henry 
 Dundas to the peerage, he suc- 
 ceeded him in the representation of 
 Edinburgh. On the death of Lord 
 Eskgrove, he was appointed to suc- 
 ceed him as Judge and Lord-Jus- 
 tice-Clerk, 1804. He succeeded 
 Eobert Blair of Avontown as Lord 
 President in 1811, an office which 
 he held for thirty years, being the 
 longest occupant of the president's 
 chair next to Lord Hare, who had 
 held it for thirty-nine years. He 
 was created Lord Justice General 
 by Act of Parliament, on the death 
 of the Duke of Montrose in 1836, 
 and five years latei", at the age of 
 78, resigned his seat on the bench 
 and retired into private life. He 
 died in Oct., 1851, aged 88. He 
 had married, in 1793, his cousin. 
 Lady Charlotte Hope, eighth daugh- 
 
 ter of the second Earl of Hopetoun, 
 and had a numerous family. 
 
 HOPE, Eev. Frederick Wil- 
 liam, F.E.S.,M.A.,&c.[1797— 1862], 
 an eminent entomologist, was the 
 second son of John Thomas Hope, 
 and was educated at Christ Church, 
 Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 
 1820 ; M.A., 1823 ; and Honorary 
 D.C.L. in 1855. He is known as 
 the author of "The Coleopterist's 
 Manual," and as the munificent 
 contributor of a library of books 
 and a splendid entomological col- 
 lection to the Oxford University 
 Museum (in which he founded a 
 professorship of zoology, 1861), and 
 also of many thousands of engraved 
 portraits of all ages and nations. 
 The portraits, with a numerous col- 
 lection of biographical works in 
 various languages, were placed in 
 the Eadcliffe Library in 1861. 
 
 HOPE, Admiral Sir James, 
 G.C.B. [1808—1881], the only sou 
 of Admiral Sir George Johnstone 
 Hope, K.C.B., and a relative of 
 the Earl of Hopetoun, was born 
 at Edinburgh. At the age of 
 twelve he entered the Eoyal Naval 
 College, became a midshipman in 
 1822, attained the rank of cap- 
 tain in 1838, and saw some active 
 service in the expedition to the 
 river Plate in 1844-5, and in the 
 Baltic Fleet during the Eussian 
 war, in 1854-6. He held the chief 
 command of our naval forces on the 
 East-Indian station, and on the 
 Chinese coast in 1859-60, and was 
 nominated a K.C.B. for his ability 
 and skill in that capacity, especially 
 in the operations which led to the 
 I capture of Pekin. In 1863 he was 
 transferred to the chief command 
 of the West Indian Station. He 
 was promoted to the rank of Admiral 
 in 1870 ; was ajDpointed princii^al 
 naval aide-de-camp to the Queen in 
 1873 ; and was placed on the retired 
 list, March 9, 1878. Sir James was 
 a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant 
 for CO. Linlithgow. 
 
 HOEN, Charles Edward [1786 
 — 1849], born in London of German 
 
HOENE. 
 
 <lri5 
 
 parents, received the chief part of 
 his musical teaching from his father. 
 He first began the world as a con- 
 cert singer, but, not succeetling in 
 this, took to the stage, where his 
 histrionic talent helped the poor 
 quality of his voice to pass with the 
 public. He made a great success 
 in Storace's " Siege of Belgrade,^' 
 and also in " Der Freischiitz." 
 Then he became director of the 
 music at the Olympic, and after 
 this he appeared in America. An 
 illness, however, ruined his voice, 
 and he had to take to teaching^. 
 He returned to England in 1843, 
 and produced an oratorio entitled 
 " Satan." He divided his time 
 during the next four years between 
 England and America, and died at 
 Boston in 1849. Horn was an in- 
 dustrious composer. The list of his 
 theatrical pieces is large, but none 
 of them are remembered by the 
 present generation. Some of his 
 songs, however, are still popular, 
 and deservedly so. Such are " IVe 
 been Eoaming," " Cherry Eipe," 
 " The Deep, Deep Sea," and the 
 duet, " I Know a Bank." 
 
 HOENE, EicHAED Henry, born 
 Jan. 1, 1803, was educated at 
 Sandhurst, and entered the Mexican 
 navy as a midshipman. He was 
 present at the bombardment of 
 Vera Cruz, the capture of the for- 
 tress of San Juan, Ullva, and fol- 
 lowed the fortunes of the Mexican- 
 Spanish war to its close. He next 
 went to the United States, visiting 
 several Indian encampments, and 
 after innumerable and perilous ad- 
 ventures retiu'ned to England, 
 where he now devoted himself to 
 literature. Among his published 
 works are, " The Spirit of Peers and 
 People," "The Death of Marlowe," 
 " Cosmo de Medici,'^ " Gregory 
 VII.," dramas in which not a little 
 of the Elizabethan fire and spirit 
 are reproduced, and "Orion," the 
 poem by which he is most widely 
 known. This latter work, an epic 
 poem, was originally published at a 
 farthing, partly with the view of 
 
 obtaining a wide circulation for the 
 first three editions of the work, of 
 which no person was allowed to 
 buy more than one copy. " Orion " 
 is now in the eleventh edition, hav- 
 ing appeared in various forms and 
 at various prices. In 18-4G Home 
 published " Ballads andEomances," 
 which are distinguished by their 
 energy, originality, and healthy 
 sentiment. He was also a prolific 
 prose writer, and edited and partly 
 wrote " Spirits of the Age," ac- 
 counts of some of the most illus- 
 trious characters of the day. To this 
 work Mrs. Barrett Browning was 
 a contributor. In 1869 he returned 
 to England after a long sojourn 
 in Australia, where his career had 
 been full of interest and adventure. 
 He had left England in 1852 with 
 William Howitt, and for some time 
 was commander of the gold escort 
 of Melbourne. He also became one 
 of the chamjDion swimmers of Aus- 
 tralia, and it is stated that he once 
 swam bound hand and foot. But 
 with all his gifts he had no turn for 
 money-making, and in 187-1 was 
 glad to accept a Civil List Pension 
 of d8100 per annum. In 1877 he 
 collected and published the letters 
 that had been addressed to him by 
 Mrs. Barrett-Browning, and this is 
 the only correspondence of Mrs. 
 Browning's that has been given 
 to the public. Mr. Home died at 
 Margate, March 13, 1884. 
 
 HOENE, Eev. Thomas Hart- 
 well, B.D. [1780—1862], son of 
 William Horne, a barrister's clerk, 
 was educated at Christ's Hospital, 
 and in 1819 was ordained by the 
 Bishop of London. In 1800-2 he 
 published his first theological work 
 on the "Necessity and Truth of the 
 Christian Eevelation," which he 
 followed up by "A Compendium of 
 the Admiralty Laws and Eegu- 
 lations," ''Wallis's Itinerary," 
 " Hints on Sunday Schools," " His- 
 tory of the Mahomedan Empire in 
 Spain," &c. In 1818 appeared his 
 elaborate "Introduction to the Cri- 
 tical Study of the Holy Scriptures," 
 
446 
 
 HOREIE— HOESLEY. 
 
 in 5 vols. 8vo,, whicli readied a 
 fifth edition in 1850. It was the 
 publication of this work which in- 
 duced Bishop Howley to offer to 
 ordain Mr. Home, in spite of the 
 fact that he had not been educated 
 at either of the Universities, and 
 led the University of Cambridge 
 subsequently to confer on him the 
 degree of B.D. In 1833 he was 
 presented to the rectory of the 
 united parishes of St. Edmund and 
 St. Nicholas, in the City of London. 
 Mr. Home also edited the catalogue 
 of Harleian MSS. vol. 4 (folio, 1812), 
 and wrote the " Illustrated Eecord 
 of Important Events," 1812-15 (folio, 
 1815), in conjunction with Dr. Gil- 
 lies and Professor Shakespeare. He 
 also wrote an "Elucidation of Ho- 
 garth's Works," " Outlines for the 
 Classification of a Library," " Ma- 
 nual of Bibliography," &c. He 
 edited at various times " Murphy's 
 Arabian Antiquities of Spain,'" 
 " Van Leeuwen's Commentaries 
 on the Eoman and Dutch Law,'" 
 and other learned books, and was 
 an extensive contributor to the 
 " Encyclopsedia Metropolitana," 
 and also to various periodicals. 
 
 HOEEIE, Commander David 
 (1745 — 1840J, began his naval career 
 as a common sailor, being promoted 
 to the quarter-deck for his gallantry 
 at the mutiny of the Nore, when 
 serving on the Inflexible. He died 
 at Peterhead in his 95th year, Nov. 
 30, 1840. 
 
 HOESBUEGH, John, en- 
 graver. He was bom at Preston- 
 pans in 1791, studied drawing at 
 the Trustees' Academy, and was 
 apprenticed to Eobert Scott, the 
 engraver. He practised in the 
 line manner, and was largely en- 
 gaged in book illustration. Among 
 his best works are " Mackie as 
 Baillie Nicol Jarvie " after Allen, 
 Simson's " Prince Charles," Mcln- 
 ne's " Italian Shepherds," Law- 
 rence's " Portrait of Walter Scott," 
 and some fine plates after Turner. 
 He was for forty years an unpaid 
 minister in the Scotch Baptist 
 
 Church, and his addresses with a 
 short memoir were published in 
 1869. He died in Edinburgh, 
 Sept. 24, 1869, aged 79. 
 
 HOESLEY, Charles Edward 
 [1822—1876], son of William Hors- 
 ley, from whom and from Mosche- 
 les he received his earlier musical 
 education. On Mendelssohn's ad- 
 vice he was sent, in 1839, to Cassel, 
 to study with Hauptmann, and 
 afterwards to Leipzig, Avhere he got 
 instruction from Mendelssohn him- 
 self. He was a musician of very 
 considerable powers, but his works 
 are not heard now as often as 
 they deserve. "David" and "Jo- 
 seph" oratorios, written for Liver- 
 pool, and "Gideon" for Glasgow, 
 are important works, and an air 
 from the last-named — "Lord, in 
 youth's eager years" — is still some- 
 times heard at concerts. In 1868, 
 Horsley left England for Australia, 
 but in a short time he removed to 
 New York, where he died. He pro- 
 duced as well as vocal music several 
 instrumental works. 
 
 HOESLEY, William, Mus. Bac. 
 [1774 — 1858], born in London. He 
 became acquainted with Callcott, 
 and the intimacy induced him to 
 turn his mind to vocal composition, 
 in which he succeeded very well. 
 His glees, " By Celia's Arbour," 
 " See the Chariot at Hand," and 
 others, are still much liked by all 
 who know anything of that form 
 of writing. He was appointed or- 
 ganist of Ely Chapel, and shortly 
 afterwards assistant to Callcott at 
 the Asylum for Female Orphans. 
 In 1800 he took his degree of Mus. 
 Bac. at Oxford, and in the next 
 year, when the vocal concerts were 
 revived, he wrote many composi- 
 tions for them, including three full 
 symphonies. In 1837 he became 
 organist of the Charterhouse. It is 
 as a glee writer, however, that he 
 is best known, many of his works 
 of this class being of first-rate ex- 
 cellence. He was one of the several 
 English comjjosers who were friends 
 of Mendelssohn. 
 
HORSMAN— HOTHAM. 
 
 4i7 
 
 HOESMAN, The Right Hon. 
 EdwabDj M.P. for Liskeard [1807 
 — 1876], was the son of William 
 Horsman, of Stirling, and nephew 
 of the Earl of Stair. He was edu- 
 cated at Rugby. In 1832 he was 
 called as an advocate to the Scottish 
 Bar, and four years later entered 
 Parliament on a casual vacancy 
 as M.P. for Cockemuouth in the 
 Liberal interest, and continued to 
 represent that borough till 1852, 
 when he was defeated. In 1853 
 he was returned for Stroud, for 
 which place he sat till the gene- 
 ral election in Dec, 186S, when he 
 retired. In 1869 he was returned 
 for Liskeard, and represented it 
 till his death in 1876. He held 
 office under Lord Melbourne's 
 Ministry in 1841 for a short time 
 as one of the Junior Lords of the 
 Treasury, and from 1855 to 1857 
 was Chief Secretary for Ireland, 
 and was sworn a Privy Councillor. 
 Diu*ing the last years of his life he 
 acted as an Independent Liberal, 
 and in the Reform crisis of 1866 
 he formed one of the " Cave of 
 Adullam," which opposed the Rus- 
 sell-Gladstone Bill and broke up 
 the party. At one time he took an 
 active part in exposing the short- 
 comings in our ecclesiastical sys- 
 tem, and had also acted as a 
 Commissioner of Church Inquiry 
 in Scotland. 
 
 HORTON, The Right Hon. Sir 
 Robert John Wilmot, Second 
 Bart., of Ormaston, Derby, G-.C.H., 
 Privy Councillor, and at one time 
 Governor of Ceylon, was born in 
 1784, and was the eldest son of Sir 
 Robert Wilmot, the first Bart. He 
 was educated at Christ Chiu'ch, 
 Oxford, where he took his B.A. de- 
 gree in 1806, his M.A. in 1815. He 
 sat in Parliament for Newcastle- 
 under-Lyne in 1818 and 1820, when 
 he resigned on becoming Governor 
 of Ceylon. In 1827 he was made 
 Under-Secretary of State for the 
 Colonies and a Privy Councillor, 
 and succeeded to the baronetcy on 
 the death of his father in 1834. 
 
 He married, in 1806, Anne Beatrix, 
 eldest daughter and co-heir of 
 Eusebius Horton, of Catton, Derby- 
 shire, and on the death of his 
 father-in-law in 1823 assumed the 
 additional name of Horton. He 
 died at Sudbrooke Park, Peter- 
 sham, May 31, 1841, aged 57. 
 
 HOSKINS, Captain, R.N. [1777 
 — 1861], entered the navy in 1790 
 under his cousin. Admiral Lord 
 Viscount Hood, K.B., and served 
 in the flagship Victory at the reduc- 
 tion of Toulon, the siege of Corsica, 
 and also in Lord Hotham's action 
 at Hyeres Bay in 1795. He accom- 
 panied Lord Nelson in his pursuit 
 of Admiral Villeneuve round the 
 West Indies, and successfully 
 piloted the fleet through the 
 passage of the Bocca of Trini- 
 dad, for which service Lord Nel- 
 son appointed him master of the 
 fleet. In 1846 he received his 
 promotion, and a pension was con- 
 ferred upon him for a wound which 
 he had received in the face in the 
 action with the French near the 
 Isle of Brehat. 
 
 HOTHAM, Sir Charles, K.C.B. 
 [1805 — 1855], Captain-General and 
 Governor-in-Chief of Victoria, a 
 captain in the Royal Navy, and 
 Naval A.D.C. to Her Majesty, was 
 the eldest son of the Hon. and Rev. 
 Frederick Hotham, Rector of Den- 
 nington in Suffolk. He entered 
 the navy in 1818, was made Lieu- 
 tenant in 1833, and appointed to 
 the steam-sloop Gorgon, stationed 
 on the south-east coast of America. 
 Here in 1845 he took a distin- 
 guished part, in conjunction with 
 Captain Trehouart, in destroying 
 four heavy batteries at Punta 
 Obligado, where he landed, and, 
 with a force of 180 seamen and 145 
 marines, completely routed the 
 enemy 3,500 strong, and captured 
 22 guns. For his services in this 
 affair he was nominated a K.C.B. 
 in 1846. In 1852 he was mainly 
 instrumental in negotiating a treaty 
 between this country and South 
 America, by which the internal 
 
4 is 
 
 HOWAED— HOWAED OF GLOSSOP. 
 
 trade between the two countries 
 was opened up through the Parana 
 and Paraguay rivers. For this 
 service he was appointed Governor 
 of the colony of Victoria in 1853. 
 During his Governorship a rebellion 
 broke out in the colony, which was 
 only suppressed after considerable 
 bloodshed, and which gave rise to 
 perpetual conflicts between the 
 Governor and the Legislature. 
 These troubles seem to have under- 
 mined his health, and he died of 
 irritation of the brain brought on 
 by over-anxiety, only a year after 
 his appointment. 
 
 HOWAED, Edward, whose 
 death took place suddenly, Dec. 30, 
 1841, was best known to the public 
 by his marine novel, " Eattlin the 
 Eeefer," which was edited by his 
 friend and fellow officer. Captain 
 Marryat. His other works were : 
 "Jack Ashore," "The Marine 
 Ghost," "The Buccaneer," "Out- 
 ward Bound," "The Old Commo- 
 dore," and a " Memoir of Admiral 
 Sir Sydney Smith." 
 
 HOWAED DE WALDEN 
 (Baron), Sir Charles Augustus 
 Ellis, G.C.B. [1799—1868], son of 
 Charles Eose Ellis, Esq. (who was 
 created Lord Seaford), was educated 
 at Eton. He inherited the title of 
 Lord Howard de Walden through 
 his mother, July 8, 1803. Early 
 in life he served in the Grenadier 
 Guards, and entering the Foreign 
 Office, became Under-Secretary of 
 State for Foreign Affairs under Mr. 
 Canning. In 1832 he was accredited 
 Minister to Stockholm, whence he 
 was transferred in 1833 to Lisbon, 
 and thence to Brussels in 1846. 
 His lordship married, Nov. 8, 1828, 
 a sister of the Duke of Port- 
 land. 
 
 HOWAED, Eleventh Baron, 
 [1767 — 1845], the Eight Hon. 
 Kenneth Alexander Howard, Earl 
 of Effingham, a general in the 
 army, colonel of the 3rd Foot, 
 G.C.B. and K.T.S., was the only 
 son of Henry Howard, of Arundel, 
 a captain in the army. He entered 
 
 the 2nd Foot Guards in 1786, 
 served in Flanders from 1793 to 
 1795 ; was major of brigade during 
 the Irish rebellion 1798, and went 
 in the same capacity to Holland in 
 the following year. In 1802 he 
 was appointed deputy-inspector- 
 general of foreign corps, and on 
 the abolition of that office, com- 
 mandant of the Foreign Depot. 
 He was appointed A.D.C. to the 
 King with the rank of colonel, 
 1805 ; and in 1810 a major-general. 
 He served throughout the Penin- 
 sular campaign under the Duke of 
 Wellington, and was very favour- 
 ably mentioned in Lord Hill's dis- 
 patches for his gallant conduct at 
 the action of Arroyo de Molinos. 
 In June, 1813, he was appointed to 
 the entire command of the Guards, 
 which he held till the end of the 
 war in 1814. He was made colonel 
 of the 70th Foot in 1816, was for a 
 time Lieutenant-Governor of Ports- 
 mouth, and became lieutenant- 
 general in 1819, attaining the full 
 rank of general in 1837. He was 
 named K.C.B. in 1815, and G.C.B. 
 in 1820. On the death of Eichard, 
 fourth Earl of Effingham, that 
 title became extinct, General 
 Howard succeeding to the barony, 
 which had been conferred in 1554 
 on Lord William Howard, High 
 Admiral of England. In 1837, 
 however, the dignity of Earl was 
 revived in his favour. He married, 
 in 1800, Lady Charlotte Primrose, 
 eldest daughter of Neil, third Earl 
 of Eosebery. 
 
 HOWAED OF GLOSSOP 
 (Baron), The Eight Hon. Edward 
 George Fitzalan Howard [1818 — 
 1883], the second son of Henry 
 Charles, thirteenth Duke of Nor- 
 folk, by Lady Charlotte Sophia 
 Leveson-Gower, eldest daughter of 
 George, first duke of Sutherland, 
 was educated at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. Lord Edward Howard, 
 as he was then called, was Vice- 
 Chamberlain of her Majesty's 
 household fi-om 1846 to 1852, and 
 Deputy Earl-Marshal of England 
 
HOWARD— HOWE. 
 
 4i9 
 
 from 18G1 to 18G3. He unsuccess- 
 fully contested Shoreliam in 181-7, 
 and Horsham in 1848, but on peti- 
 tion was seated in the same year 
 for the latter borough. He con- 
 tinued to represent it in the Liberal 
 interest till 1852, "when he was 
 returned for Arundel, which con- 
 stituency he represented till 18G8. 
 During the twenty years in which 
 he sat in the House of Commons, 
 Lord Edward Howard was regarded 
 as the mouthpiece of the English 
 Koman Catholics, whose claims, 
 especially in the matter of educa- 
 tion for the poor; he unflinchingly 
 supported, as he afterwards did in 
 the House of Peers, to which 
 assembly he was summoned in 
 Nov. 18G9, by the title of Baron 
 Howard of Glossop, in the county 
 of Derby. In 1870 Lord Howard 
 unsuccessfully contested Westmin- 
 ster for the London School Board. 
 
 HOWARD, Hexrt, E.A., figure 
 painter. He was born in London 
 Jan. 31st, 1769, became a pupil of 
 Philip Eeinagle, and in 1788 en- 
 tered the Academy schools where, 
 two years later, * he took the two 
 first medals of the year. In the 
 follo"rting year he went to Italy, 
 and returned to London in 1794, 
 when he was employed by the 
 Dilettante Society on a series of 
 drawings from the antique for 
 their publications. From this year 
 he was a constant exhibitor to the 
 Academy, sending small subjects, 
 chiefly from the poets, with, be- 
 tween 1798 — 1821, many portraits. 
 In 1801 he married Miss Eeinagle, 
 and was elected associate in the 
 same year and academician in 1808. 
 In tins year he painted ■' Christ 
 Blessing Little Children," now the 
 altarpiece of the chapel in Ber- 
 ^^^ck Street. He made some de- 
 signs for book illustrations and 
 for Wedgwood pottery, and in 1811: 
 obtained a premium for designing 
 the medal for the Patriotic Fund. 
 It was he who designed the Great 
 Seal. In 1811 he was appointed 
 secretary to the Academy, and 
 
 about this time painted his best 
 works, " Sunrise," for which the 
 British Institution awarded him 
 100 guineas ; " The Birth of Venus" 
 and " Story of Pan " in 1815 ; and in 
 1824, "Lady in Florentine dress." 
 In 1833 he was appointed Professor 
 of Painting at the R. A., and 
 thougli his lectures do not show 
 much originality or talent they 
 have been published, with a short 
 memoir by his son. In 181^3 he 
 was awarded one of the £100 pre- 
 miums at the Westminster Hall 
 competition. He died Oct. 5, 1847. 
 He never fulfilled the brilliant 
 l^romise of his youth, though he 
 was an industrious and fertile 
 artist, and exhibited 333 paintings. 
 Of these three are in the National 
 Collection at South Kensington. 
 
 HOWDEN (Barox), Sir John 
 HoBART Caradoc, G.C.B. [1799 — 
 1873], only son of General Sir John 
 Francis Caradoc, who was made a 
 peer of Ireland in 1819, and of 
 the United Kingdom in 1831, 
 was born in Dublin, and en- 
 tered the army at an early age, 
 succeeding to his father's title in 
 July, 1839. As Colonel Caradoc he 
 was present at Navarino, having 
 been sent thither on a special mis- 
 sion, and in a similar capacity at 
 the siege of Antwerp. In 1847 he 
 went on a special mission to Eio 
 Janeiro, and from 1850 till 1858 
 held the post of Minister at the 
 Court of Madrid. He was for 
 twenty years equerry to the Duch- 
 ess of Kent. He was a Lieutenant- 
 General in the army, and was cre- 
 ated a G.C.B., civil division, in 
 1858. He sat in the House of Com- 
 mons for Dundalk for a short time, 
 just before the passing of the Ee- 
 form Act. As he died -without 
 issue his title became extinc^t. 
 
 HOWE, Hon. Joseph [1804— 
 1873], born in Halifax, Nova 
 Scotia, was apj^renticed to a 
 printer, and in 1828 became sole 
 editor and proprietor of the Kova 
 Scotian. Mr. Howe advocated the 
 right of the cities of the British 
 
 Q G 
 
450 
 
 HOWITT 
 
 colonies to municipal privileges, 
 and thoug'li tried for libel on the 
 local government (when he was ac- 
 quitted) and compelled to fight a 
 duel with the younger Haliburton, 
 he became in 1840 a member of the 
 Provincial Government, and after 
 a wearisome correspondence with 
 the Home authorities, succeeded in 
 exposing the abuses of the old 
 system and in obtaining a muni- 
 cipal charter for Halifax. Mr. 
 Howe officiated several times as 
 colonial agent in Great Britain, 
 and only resigned his office of Pro- 
 vincial Secretary to superintend 
 the construction of the railway 
 from Halifax to Quebec. He was 
 considered one of the originators of 
 the idea of resjionsible government 
 in the British colonies. Halibur- 
 ton's " History of Nova Scotia " 
 was published by him in 1828. 
 He identified himself with the 
 question of responsible government 
 in the British colonies, and in 1858 
 published on this subject " Speeches 
 and Public Letters," in Avhich were 
 included several addressed to Lord 
 John Eussell. In 1870 he was ap- 
 pointed Secretary of State for the 
 Provinces in the Government of 
 the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 HOWITT, William [1795— 
 1879], a miscellaneous writer and 
 poet, was born at Heanor in Derby- 
 shire, where the Howitts had long 
 been settled. His father, having 
 married into the Society of Friends, 
 joined that sect, and brought up 
 his family in theii* principles. 
 William Howitt, who received his 
 earlier education at various schools 
 connected with the Society, after- 
 wards studied chemistry, natural 
 and moral philosophy, and litera- 
 ture. In 1823 he married Miss 
 Mary Botham, of Uttoxeter, a 
 Quaker lady possessing, like him- 
 self, literary tastes, and in conjunc- 
 tion with whom he became a fre- 
 quent contributor to the serial 
 literature of the day. Their first 
 joint work appeared in 1823, under 
 the title, "The Forest Minstrel, 
 
 and other Poems." After a pedes- 
 trian tour in Scotland they settled 
 at Nottingham, where Howitt 
 started in business as an apothe- 
 cary. In 1824 appeared his " A 
 Poet's Thoughts at the Interment 
 of Lord Byron," followed in 1827 
 by " The Desolation of Egam, the 
 Emigrant, and other Poems." In 
 1840' Mr. and Mrs. Howitt took up 
 their abode at Heidelberg, for the 
 benefit of the education of their 
 children ; and in the two following 
 years Mr. Howitt published his 
 " Rural Life in Germany," " Ger- 
 man Experiences," and a transla- 
 tion of Chamisso's " History of 
 Peter Schlemihl." During their 
 stay in Germany they studied the 
 Swedish language, which induced 
 Mary Howitt to translate Miss 
 Bremer's novels ; and a more ex- 
 tended acquaintance with the 
 Northern languages enabled them 
 to produce in 1852 the " History of 
 Scandinavian Literature." From 
 1846 to 1848 HoAvitt edited the 
 Peojyle's Journal, but a disagree- 
 ment leading to his withdrawal, he 
 started in 1847 a rival called 
 Hoiuitt's Journal, which was not 
 very successful, however. In 1852, 
 accompanied by his two sons and 
 some friends, he visited Australia, 
 where he remained for tAvo years 
 travelling about, and spending 
 some time at the " diggings," where 
 he under Avent many hardships. 
 While there he Avrote " A Boy's 
 Adventures in the Wilds of Austra- 
 lia," and on his return to England 
 jjublished the results of his obser- 
 vations on the Australian Colonies 
 in the Avork " Land, Labour, and 
 Gold ; or. Two Years in Victoria, 
 Avitli Visits to Sydney and Van 
 Diemen's Land." After their re- 
 turn to England the Howitts settled 
 at West Hill, Highgate, Avhere they 
 continued their energetic literary 
 labours. There they Avere engaged 
 on Cassell's " Illustrated History of 
 England," "The Ruined Castles 
 and Abbeys of Great Britain and 
 Ireland/^ &c. 
 
HUDSON— nUGHES. 
 
 451 
 
 HUDSON, George, well known 
 as the " Kailway King," from his 
 vast railway speculations, was born 
 at York about 1800. Soon after 
 the first railways were started in 
 England;, Mr. Hudson's name ap- 
 peared among shareholders and 
 directors, and in 1837, when the 
 York and North Midland Bill was 
 passed, he was elected chairman of 
 the company. He made enormous 
 sums by his speculations, and seemed 
 to turn all that he touched to gold, 
 and diu'ing the railway mania of 
 1845-6 he made the best of it, and 
 turned it to account for himself and 
 the nation. He certainly did great 
 things towards developing the rail- 
 way system of the North of Eng- 
 land, and to dii'ect the national 
 enterprise into that channel. The 
 north country people stood by him 
 for years, and his Sunderland con- 
 stituents returned him to Parlia- 
 ment in the Conservative interest 
 from 1845 till 1859. He possessed 
 tremendous speculative courage, 
 and at first took people's breath 
 away by the vastness of his 
 schemes ; but he soon succeeded in 
 persuading them that the larger 
 the project and the bolder the 
 scheme the more likely it was to 
 pay. He showed confidence by in- 
 vesting more largely than anyone 
 else, and undertaking all sorts of 
 responsibilities, and for years was 
 regarded as possessing the key to 
 untold treasiu-es. People went wild 
 about him, and the richest men in 
 England subscribed .£20,000 as a 
 tribute to him for his services to 
 the public. When he was elected 
 for Sunderland the event was 
 thought to be of such importance 
 that a special train was sent to 
 London w ith an account of the pro- 
 ceedings. But at last, in 1848, 
 came the great railway crisis, and 
 it was found that his ovra private 
 affairs were inextricably involved 
 with those of the companies which 
 he managed ; legal proceedings 
 were commenced against him, which 
 lasted for years and overthrew his 
 
 credit, and robbed him of his 
 wealth. The people who, dui-ing 
 his successes, had cringed to him 
 and flattered him, now turned 
 round and avenged themselves by 
 savage reprobation. However, to 
 the last he remained an energetic 
 and daring speculator, and if he 
 had only had capital enough to 
 start with would surely have built 
 up a second fortune. But after 
 his fall he had to content him- 
 self vriih a very obscure and limited 
 field. For a time he went abroad 
 and engaged in continental en- 
 terprises, but was not success- 
 ful. During the last years of 
 his life he was in great pecuniary 
 difficulties, and several of his 
 friends in the north subscri?jed to 
 buy an annuity for him. He was a 
 deputy-lieutenant for Durham, and 
 three times Lord Mayor of York. 
 
 HUE, Clement, M.D., son of a 
 merchant at St. Helier's, in Jersey, 
 was born there, and educated at 
 Abingdon under Dr. Lempriere, 
 and at Pembroke College, Oxford, 
 of which he became a Fellow. He 
 took his M.D, degree in 1807, and 
 was admitted a candidate of the 
 College of Physicians, In 1808 he 
 became a Fellow, was Censor in 
 1812, and in 1836 Consiliarius. 
 Having been for several years lec- 
 turer on chemistry, materia medica, 
 and the practice of medicine at 
 St, Bartholomew's Hospital, he was, 
 in 1823, elected physician to that 
 institution, an office which he filled 
 for upwards of forty years. From 
 1815 to 1837 he was physician to 
 the Foundling Hospital, and in 182 4 
 succeeded Dr. Hervey as Registrar 
 of the National Vaccine establish- 
 ment. He died June 23, 1861, 
 aged 82, 
 
 HUGHES, John [1787—1857], 
 author of the " Boscobel Tracts re- 
 lating to the escape of King Charles 
 II. after the battle of "Worcester," 
 was a son of Mr. Hughes, for many 
 years Canon Eesidentiary of St. 
 Paul's, and his mother was the 
 " good Mrs. Hughes,"' mentioned 
 
 gg2 
 
452 
 
 HUOHES— HULLAH. 
 
 in Lockhart's " Life of Sir Walter 
 Scott/' and in his son's "^Life of 
 Soutliey." Mr. Hughes wrote a 
 g'ood deal for the magazines under 
 the nom de plume "Buller of Brase- 
 nose/' and was also the author of 
 the oncp famous song "The Small 
 Coal Man/' which was for a long 
 time attributed to Theodore Hook 
 and Mr, Barhani. He died at 
 Brompton, Dec. 13^ 1857. 
 
 HUGHES, The Eev. Thomas 
 Smart J B.D., perpetual curate of 
 Edgware, Middlesex, and a canon 
 of Peterborough, was a member of 
 St. John's College, Cambridge, of 
 which he was elected a Fellow, 
 taking his B.A. degree in 1808, his 
 M.A. 1811, and B.D. in 1818, and 
 gaining numerous prizes. In 1812 
 he accompanied Eobert Townley 
 Parker, Esq., of Cuerden Hall, Lan- 
 cashire, in his journey to some of 
 the countries on the Mediterranean 
 coast, an account of which he after- 
 Avards wrote under the title " Travels 
 in Sicily, Greece, and Albania/' pub- 
 lished in 1820. In 1817 Mr. Hughes 
 was Proctor of the University of 
 Cambridge, and in 1822 was elected 
 Christian Advocate, which office he 
 held till 1829. Besides several 
 works of divinity, Mr. Hughes 
 wrote a continuation of the " His- 
 tory of England from 1760 to 1835," 
 a work in several volumes, showing 
 much research. He died at Edgware, 
 Middlesex, Aug. 11> 1847. 
 
 HUGO, Eev. Thomas, M.A., 
 F.S.A. [1820—1876], son of Dr. 
 Charles Hugo, Avas educated at 
 Worcester College, Oxford, where 
 he graduated B.A. in 1842. In 
 1868 he was presented to the rectory 
 of West Hackney, Stoke Ne wing- 
 ton, and became one of the most 
 prominent members of the extreme 
 High Church party, and won a 
 great reputation as a preacher. 
 He was an excellent musician, and 
 contributed several hymns to 
 " H;y'mns Ancient and Modern." 
 He was an active member of the 
 Society of Antiquaries, on the 
 Council and Executive Committee 
 
 of which he served for a number of 
 years ; of the London and Middle- 
 sex Archaeological Society, of Avhich 
 he was the reputed founder ; of the 
 Eoyal Society of Literature ; and 
 of the Genealogical Society of Great 
 Britain. He was the author of 
 numerous antiquarian works, more 
 or less successful, and in 1866 he 
 prepared a catalogue, critical and 
 descriptive, of the works of the 
 brothers Bewick, of Newcastle, of 
 which he possessed one of the finest 
 collections ever formed, including 
 many of the original wood blocks. 
 A supplement followed in 1868, and 
 in 1870 a volume containing 2,000 
 impressions from the blocks just 
 mentioned. 
 
 HULLAH, John, LL.D. [1812— 
 1884], whose name is a household 
 word among musical people, was 
 born at Worcester, but came, at an 
 early age, to London. Here he had 
 instruction from William Horsley, 
 and (while a student at the Eoyal 
 Academy) from Crivelli. At 24 he 
 composed music to Charles Dickens's 
 opera, " The Village Coquettes," 
 and then wa'ote ''The Barbers cf 
 Bassora," which was produced at 
 Covent Garden. About 1838 he 
 visited Paris to witness the results 
 of Mainzer's teaching, and in 1840 
 went again to that caj^ital, where 
 Wilhem's classes were in full work. 
 On his return to England he, with 
 the assistance of Sir James Kay 
 Shuttleworth and Mr. E. C. Tuf- 
 nell, opened those classes which, 
 in a short time, by their efficiency 
 and enthusiasm, redounded so 
 greatly to his credit. Like most 
 new departures, in art esj)ecially, 
 his system was unsparingly at- 
 tacked, but Hullah lived to see its 
 triumph. Little l)y little he ex- 
 tended the size and scope of the 
 classes, passing from a few students 
 in Battersea to schoolmasters, Avhoni 
 he taught at Exeter Hall, and on 
 to professors and the public gene- 
 rally. From these he formed a 
 large and excellent choir, with 
 which he gave concerts. In 1847 
 
HULLM ANDEL— HUME . 
 
 453 
 
 his friends determined to show him 
 some mark of appreciation, and 
 built for him St. Martin's Hall, in 
 Long Acre. Here HuUah con- 
 tinued his work till the hall was 
 destroyed by fire, in ISGO. Having 
 lost heavily by this disaster, his 
 friends again rallied round him, 
 and gave him a handsome testi- 
 monial. It is said that in twenty 
 years 25,000 persons received the 
 benefit of his instruction. In 18 1 Ihe 
 was made Professor of Vocal Music 
 in King's College, London, and 
 later held like offices in Queen's 
 College and Bedford Colleq:e. He 
 was also a Professor at the Royal 
 Academy of Music. In 1858 he 
 was appointed organist of the 
 Charterhouse. In 1872 the Go- 
 vernment made him the first In- 
 spector of Music in Training Schools; 
 and in 1876 Edinburgh, always 
 honourably connected with, music, 
 conferred on him the degree of 
 LL.D. His "svi-itings are sound and 
 learned, " A History of Modern 
 Music" being especially good. His 
 musical compositions are not so 
 interesting, though some of his 
 songs — such as " TheThree Fishers " 
 and " The Storm " — reached a con- 
 siderable level of popularity. 
 
 HULLM AND EL, Charles 
 Joseph, lithographer. He was the 
 son of a German musician, but was 
 born in London about 1789, and 
 studied art. In 1818 he first tried 
 lithography, and devoted him- 
 self thenceforward to that art, in 
 which he invented many imijrove- 
 inents. It was he who first suc- 
 ceeded in producing a gradual tone, 
 and in white high lights ; he in- 
 vented the Lithotint i^rocess ; the 
 use of liquid ink on the stone with 
 a brush ; and exf)erimented in the 
 use of the stump on the stone. He 
 died in Great Marlborough Street, 
 Nov. 15, 1850. 
 
 HUME, Andrew Hamilton 
 [1762—1849], was born at Hills- 
 borough, county Down, and was a 
 son of the Eev. James Hume, a 
 Scotchman, who had settled in the 
 
 north of Ireland in 1751. Mr. 
 Hume went out to the Australian 
 colonies in 1787, being one of the 
 first settlers in those lands, and 
 there, by his industry and persever- 
 ance, became very prosperous. Ho 
 settled finally in New South Wales, 
 where he was known as "The 
 Father of the Colony." having 
 lived there longer than anyone 
 else. He died September 23, 1819, 
 aged 87. 
 
 HUME, David [175J— 1838], 
 Baron of the Exchequer of Scot- 
 land, and author of the "Com- 
 mentaries on the Law of Scotland 
 respecting the Description and 
 Punishment of Crimes," was a 
 nej^hew of the historian, David 
 Hume. He was sheriff of Berwick- 
 shire and West Lothian, Professor 
 of Scotch law in the Edinbui'gh 
 University, and Baron of the Ex- 
 chequer till 1830, when the Court 
 was abolished. At his death his 
 valuable collection of MSS. were 
 left to the Eoyal Society of Edin- 
 biu'gh. They contained letters from 
 many distinguished foreigners — 
 Eousseau, Condamine, &c., to the 
 historian, David Hume, and a few 
 of Hume's letters, together with nu- 
 merous essays and other writings. 
 
 HUME, Hamilton, F.E.G.S., an 
 Australian explorer of some cele- 
 brity, who was the first, in con- 
 junction with Mr. W. H. Ho veil, to 
 make the overland journey from 
 Sydney to Port Phillip, was a son 
 of Hamilton Hume, of the Com- 
 missariat Department at Parra- 
 matta, N.S.W., where he was born 
 in 1797. Mr. Hume's first tour of 
 discovery was made in 1814, when 
 he was a lad of 17, and comprised 
 the country round what is now- 
 known as Berrima and Bong Bong, 
 or Toom-boong, situated towards 
 the east coast of New South Wales. 
 He returned to the "new country" 
 in 1817, and further discovered the 
 upper part of the Shoalhaven Eiver, 
 Lake Bathui'st, the Goulburn Plains, 
 &c., and for his services received a 
 errant of 300 acres of land near. 
 
454 
 
 HUME— HUNT. 
 
 Appin, where lie lived for some 
 years. On the journey from Sydney 
 to Port Phillip, undertaken in 1824^ 
 he and Mr. Hovell discovered the 
 Yass Plains, Tumut, and the rivers 
 Murrumbidgee, Hume, Ovens, and 
 the Hovell, now named the Goul- 
 burn. He afterwards accompanied 
 Captain Sturt in his great expedi- 
 tion to trace the Macquarie Eiver. 
 He died at his residence, Yass, 
 April 19, 1873, in his 76th year. 
 
 HUME, Joseph [1777—1855], 
 political reformer, was the son of 
 the master of a coasting vessel, and 
 was born at Montrose, in Scotland. 
 He studied medicine, and having 
 completed his medical course at the 
 Edinburgh University, he sailed, 
 in 1797, for India, as surgeon to a 
 regiment, and there his business 
 talents and knowledge of the 
 native languages soon procured 
 for him the posts of interiDreter 
 and commissary-general. He served 
 in the army in India during Lord 
 Lake's Mahratta war, and then, in 
 1808, on the restoration of peace, 
 he returned to England with a 
 moderate fortune. Having travel- 
 led about in England and on the 
 Continent in 1810-11, he was, in 
 1812, returned to Parliament as 
 member for Weymouth and Mel- 
 combe-Eegis, but was soon com- 
 pelled to retire, when it was found 
 that he had the audacity to talk of 
 reform. He remained six years out 
 of Parliament, during which time 
 he became acquainted with James 
 Mill, whose doctrines he imbibed, as 
 well as those of Bentham. He joined 
 a body of philanthropists who were 
 employed in relieving and improving 
 the condition of the working classes, 
 labouring especially to establish 
 schools for them on the Lancas- 
 terian system, and promoting the 
 formation of savings banks. In 
 1818 he was again returned to Par- 
 liament for the Aberdeen biu'ghs, 
 and subsequently sat for Middle- 
 sex, Kilkenny, and for the Montrose 
 burghs. In the House he was 
 a prominent reformer, became the 
 
 self-elected guardian of the public 
 purse, and in spite of almost insur- 
 mountable difficulties laboured hard 
 to reduce the burden of taxation 
 under which the country groaned. 
 It was he who unravelled the Orange 
 Lodge conspiracy, by which it was 
 sought to place the Duke of Cum- 
 berland on the throne instead of 
 William IV. Among his other 
 labours may be mentioned his suc- 
 cessful protests against the laws 
 that hampered workmen and fa- 
 voured masters ; the repeal of the 
 laws prohibiting the export of ma- 
 chinery, his warfare against flog- 
 ging in the army, the impressment 
 of sailors, and imprisonment for 
 debt, &c. At first he was very un- 
 popular for his tenacity of purpose 
 in carrying out his reforms, but in 
 the end he gained universal respect, 
 and was acknowledged to be one of 
 the most useful members in the 
 House. 
 I HUME, Joseph [1756—1846], 
 j scientific and practical chemist, and 
 I a member of most of the learned 
 i societies of Europe, was the author 
 j of numerous discoveries in science, 
 I and contributed numerous papers 
 j to the PhilosopMcal Magazine. In 
 i 1811 he published his " Analysis of 
 , the Water from the ebbing and 
 \ flowing stream discovered by Bor- 
 ing in the Harbour of Bridlington,'' 
 and later, for the Philosojihical 
 Magazine, "Method of detecting 
 Arsenic ; " " Observations on the 
 Detection of Arsenic ; " Observa- 
 tions on the Similarity of Silver 
 and Copper in their application for 
 the detection of Arsenic,'" &c. He 
 died at Thornbury in his 90th year, 
 1846. 
 
 HUNT, Frederick Knight, edi- 
 tor of the Daily Neivs, and author 
 of " The Fourth Estate ; a History 
 of the English Newspaper Press," 
 began his career in a very humble 
 position in the printing office of 
 the Morning Herald, working by 
 day as clerk to a barrister in the 
 Temple. At the same time he 
 studied medicine at the Middlesex 
 
HUNT. 
 
 455 
 
 Hospital, and established the Medi- 
 cal Times. He next went to Nor- 
 folk as surgeon to a union, where 
 he remained a year, and on his 
 return to London became sub-editor 
 of the Illustrated London News, 
 and afterwards editor of the Picto- 
 rial Times. In 18 WJ, on the estab- 
 lishment of the Daily News, Charles 
 Dickens chose him as one of his 
 assistant editors. In 1851 he be- 
 came editor-in-chief. He died at 
 his house at Forest Hill, Nov. 18, 
 1854, in his 40th year. 
 
 HUNT, The Right Hon. George 
 Waed, M.P. [1825—1877], only 
 survivinsr son of the Rev. George 
 Hunt, of Buckhurst, Berkshire, and 
 Wadenhoe House, Oundle, North- 
 amptonshire, by Emma, daughter 
 of Mr. Samuel Gardiner, of Coombe 
 Lodge, Oxfordshire, was born at 
 Buckhurst, and educated at Eton 
 and at Christ Church, Oxford (B.A. 
 1848; M.A. 1851; Hon. D.C.L. 
 1870). Mr. Hunt was called to the 
 bar in 1851, and went the Oxford 
 circuit, but he relinquished j^ractice 
 before entering Parliament. In 
 1852 and 1857 he unsuccessfully 
 contested the borough of North- 
 ampton in the Conservative inte- 
 rest, but in Dec, 1857, on the death 
 of Mr. Augustus Stafford, he was 
 returned for the northern division 
 of the county of Northampton. 
 Always an active and industrious 
 member of the House of Commons, 
 Mr. Hunt took, in 18GG, a very 
 prominent position by introducing 
 a bill for dealing with the cattle 
 plague, and by pressing it on 
 with energy, pari passu with the 
 measure of the Government. On 
 the accession of Lord Derby to 
 power in June, 1866, Mr. Hunt was 
 nominated Financial Secretary to 
 the Treasury, and he was Chancel- 
 lor of the Exchequer from Feb. to 
 Dec, 1868. He was sworn of the 
 Privy Council on being appointed 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer. In 
 Feb., 1874, when Mr. Disraeli 
 formed his Cabinet, Mr. Hunt was 
 appointed First Lord of the Admi- 
 
 ralty. Mr. Hunt was a Magistrate 
 and Deputy-Lieutenant for North- 
 amjitonshire, and was elected 
 Chairman of Quarter Sessions for 
 that county in April, 186G. He 
 married, in 1857, Alice, third 
 daughter of the Right Rev. Robert 
 Eden, Bishop of Moray and Ross. 
 
 HUNT, James Henry Leigh 
 [1784—1859]. He was the son 
 of a Philadelphian barrister, who, 
 having espoused the loyalist side 
 at the revolution, was forced to 
 fly to England, where he entered 
 holy orders. Leigh Hunt was born 
 at Southgate, Middlesex, Oct. 
 19, 1784, and was educated at 
 Christ's Hospital. "When eighteen 
 years of age he published a volume 
 of verses, and soon afterwards 
 began to wi-ite for newspapers. He 
 was also clerk at the War Office. 
 In 1805 he became dramatic ci'itic 
 to the News, a paper started by his 
 brother, John Hunt, and in 1807 he 
 published a volume of dramatic 
 criticisms. In the following year 
 he left the "War Office, and became 
 the editor of the Examiner, a sjDecu- 
 lation of John Hunt. The Examiner 
 soon achieved success, and won for 
 itself a high rei)utation, none the 
 less so that its founders were more 
 than once tried for libel, and in 
 May, 1813, published an article on 
 " The First Gentleman in EuroiDe," 
 for which both John and Leicfh 
 Hunt were sentenced to two vears' 
 imprisonment. Leigh Hiuit be- 
 came the hero of the hour. Horse- 
 monger Lane Gaol was visited by 
 Moore, Byron, Brougham, and 
 other sympathisers, and a political 
 direction was given to Hunt's 
 career. In 1816 he published •' The 
 Story of Rimini," a poem which 
 had an almost unequalled influence 
 on English narrative poetry. Hunt's 
 return to the looser metre of Mar- 
 lowe's " Hero and Leander " in 
 place of the heroic couplet which 
 had superseded it since the time of 
 Pope, paved the way for Keats' 
 " Lamia " and Shelley's " Julian 
 and Maddalo." In 1817 Keats 
 
456 
 
 HUNT. 
 
 dedicated to him his first volume 
 of poems. Hunt was at this time 
 living at Hampstead surrounded 
 by literary friends^ among- whom 
 were Byron, Keats, Hazlitt, Lamb, 
 Procter, and, above all, Shelley, 
 whose generosity saved Hunt, 
 always helpless in money matters, 
 from ruin. It was this dependent 
 attitude of Hunt's that Dickens 
 caricatured in Harold Skimpole, 
 in "Bleak House." But though 
 Hunt was so incapable of under- 
 standing the value of money, he 
 was an admirable editor, and the 
 Indicator, started about this time, 
 had a success imequalled since 
 the days of Addison and Steele. 
 In 1821 Hunt's health gave way, 
 and in November he ' started for 
 Italy ; but, pursued by his usual ill- 
 luck, he did not arrive till the fol- 
 lowing June, and soon afterwards 
 by Shelley's death he was left a 
 dependent on Byron. It had been 
 the intention of the three friends 
 to start a paper of more advanced 
 views than they dared propound in 
 England ; but any frail hope of 
 success for the Liberal was crushed 
 by Shelley's death, and after four 
 quarterly numbers, the periodical 
 collapsed, and Byron sailed for 
 Greece, leaving Hunt in Genoa, to 
 live as best he might. Here he 
 remained two years, employing 
 himself with his unrivalled trans- 
 lation of Redi's "Bacco in Toscana," 
 and a religious work, " The Eeligion 
 of the Heart." A law-suit with 
 his brother recalled him to England 
 in 1825, and in 1827 he published 
 that "Lord Byron and his Con- 
 temporaries," by which he gave a 
 blow to his own reputation, from 
 which it has never entirely re- 
 covered. The book outraged the 
 British idea of what was manly 
 and right, it was ill received by 
 the public and reviewers ; and for 
 many years after Hunt's life was a 
 fight against poverty, in which he 
 was handicapped by ill-health. In 
 ISiO his "Legend of Florence" 
 was successfully put on the stage. 
 
 and about two years later he began 
 writing for the Edinburgh Review. 
 The tide of fortune had now turned. 
 In 1841 Mrs. Shelley and her son, 
 the f>resent baronet, settled an 
 annuity of .£120 upon him ; and 
 three years later a Civil List 
 pension of ,£200 was conferred 
 upon him. During the ensuing- 
 years of comparative comfort and 
 ease of mind Hunt wrote much of 
 his best work. " Wit and Humour," 
 " Imagination and Fancy," "A Book 
 for a Corner," "The Town," 
 " The Old Court Suburb," " Men, 
 Women, and Books," " A Jar of 
 Honey from Mount Hybla," and 
 his "Autobiography" (1850)— all 
 belong to this period. He died at 
 Putney, Aug. 28, 1859. The main 
 authorities for Hunt's life are his 
 " Autobiography," reprinted since 
 his death, with corrections and 
 additions, and his " Correspond- 
 ence," published by his son in 1862. 
 Mr. Alexander Ireland has pub- 
 lished a full bibliography of his 
 works. 
 
 HUNT, Thornton [1810—1878], 
 son of the above, was educated to 
 be a painter, but the inactivity of 
 life in the studio induced him to 
 devote himself to literature, and to 
 become a critic on works of art. 
 Through Mr. Laman Blan chard 
 he was introduced to a short- 
 lived morning paper, the Con- 
 stitutional, of the political de- 
 partment of which he was for a 
 time sole conductor. On the break- 
 down of the Constitutional he be- 
 came editor of the North Cheshire 
 Reformer, and then of the Glasgoiv 
 Argus, and with the experience he 
 had gained of the local workings 
 of our institutions, our trade, and 
 the condition of the i^eople, he 
 returned to London in 1810, and 
 formed a connection with the Spec- 
 tator, which lasted until 1860. In 
 that interval he had relations with 
 some of the chief daily papers and 
 other periodicals. In addition to a 
 few pamjihlets, chiefly on practical 
 subjects, he produced no work 
 
HUNT— HUTT. 
 
 457 
 
 under his own name, except the 
 " Foster-Brothers," an historical 
 romance, published in 18 i5, and 
 suggested by his early residence in 
 Italy, his political studies, and his 
 admii*ation for the patriotic states- 
 man. Carlo Zeno. He edited his 
 father's " Autobiography," pub- 
 lished in 1850, and his " Corre- 
 siDondence," published in 18G2. 
 
 HUNT, William, water-colour 
 painter. He was born March '2>^, 
 1700, in Old Belton, now Endell, 
 Street, Long Acre, and was appren- 
 ticed by his father to John Yarley, 
 the artist. In 1808 he entered the 
 Academy Schools, he had exhibited 
 three oil paintings in the previous 
 year, and was an exhibitor till 1811. 
 He began exhibiting at the Old 
 "Water-colour Society in 1811-, was 
 elected Associate in 1824, and mem- 
 ber in 1827, and from that time he 
 was a constant and extensive exhibi- 
 tor, sending yearly between twenty 
 or thirty works. These dra^'ings 
 show an immense development of the 
 artist's power. Hunt's early work 
 being the aqua - tinted slight 
 sketching of the early water-coloiu' 
 period, while his later works are 
 gems of colour and brightness. He 
 was all his life more or less of an 
 invalid, and spent much of his 
 time at Hastings, where he painted 
 many of his most charming land- 
 scapes. But his best known works 
 are his still-life studies, the " Study 
 in Brown," " Study in Gold "—a 
 smoked pilchard ; the mushroom, 
 "Study in Gold and Grey," the 
 "Dead Humming Bird," many 
 di'awings of fruit, birds'-nests, 
 &c., and also two small jSgure 
 pictures of a small boy and large 
 tart, "Attack" and "Defeat," 
 which are well kno'v\Ti thi'ough 
 engravings. His works of this 
 class were largely imitated during 
 his lifetime, and have often been 
 forged since his death. Genuine 
 examples of good quality command 
 great prices at the present day. 
 Hunt died in Stanhope Street, Lon- 
 don, Feb. 10, 1864. There is a col- 
 
 lection of his paintings in the 
 water-colour gallery at South Ken- 
 sington. 
 
 HUNTER, John Kelso [1802— 
 1873], " artist and cobbler," as he 
 called himself, was born in Dun- 
 donald, Ayrshire. He began his 
 career as a shoemaker ; but while 
 following his craft managed to 
 teach himself painting, and secured 
 a respectable position as a portrait- 
 painter, working alternately at the 
 easel and on the cobbler's bench. 
 He exhibited at the Eoyal Academy 
 a very remarkable portrait of him- 
 self as a cobbler. He was the 
 author of " Eetrosj^ect of an Ai-tist's 
 Life," in which he tells his own 
 experiences, published in 1808 ; 
 " Life Studies of Character," and 
 " Memorials of West Country Men 
 and Manners." 
 
 HUELSTONE, Frederick: 
 Teates [1801 — 1869], artist, was 
 born in London, and at an early 
 age entered the Eoyal Academy as 
 a student. He exhibited there 
 from 1821 to 1830, portraits chiefly, 
 with an occasional historical piece. 
 He was President of the Society of 
 British Artists, at whose exhibitions 
 his pictui'es were leading attractions 
 for upwards of twenty years. In 
 addition to numerous portraits he 
 regularly contributed subject- 
 pieces, which may be divided into 
 two classes, — pictiu'es of sentiment 
 from Byron, Moore, &c., and 
 "romantic" scenes from the South, 
 such as " The Italian Boy," " The 
 Moorish Peasant Girl," kc. To 
 the International Exhibition of 
 1S55 held in Paris, he sent " Arthur 
 and Constance," and " The Fare- 
 well of Boabdil to Granada," and 
 was one of those to whom a gold 
 medaJ was awarded by the French 
 Government through the Council 
 of the French Academy of Arts. 
 
 HUTT, The Eight Hon. Sir 
 William, K.C.B. [1803 — 1882], 
 son of E. Hutt, Esq., of Apple- 
 by, in the Isle of Wight, and 
 nephew of Capt. Hutt, who was 
 killed in Lord Howe's great naval 
 
458 
 
 HYLTON— IMLAH. 
 
 victory, June 1, I79i, was born in 
 1803, and educated at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where lie gra- 
 duated B.A. and M.A. In 1832 
 he entered Parliament as one of 
 the members in the Liberal inte- 
 rest, for Kingston-upon-Hull, which 
 he rejDresented till 184-1, when he 
 was chosen for Gateshead, which 
 place he continued to represent in 
 the House of Commons till 1874, 
 He was an authority in all matters 
 relating to the shipping and com- 
 mercial interests ; was appointed 
 Vice-President of the Board of 
 Trade in 18G0, when he was sworn 
 a member of the Privy Council, 
 He went to Vienna to negotiate a 
 commercial treaty in 1865 j retired 
 from the vice-presidency of the 
 Board of Trade in November of 
 that year, and was made a K.CB, 
 
 HYLTON, Lord, better known 
 as Sir William Jolliffe, was the 
 eldest son of the E,ev. William 
 John Jolliife, and was born Dec. 7, 
 1800, He was for more than thirty 
 years a member of the House of 
 Connnons. He unsuccessfully con- 
 tested Petersfield in the Conserva- 
 tive interest in 1832, but was seated 
 on petition in the following year. 
 He again unsuccessfully contested 
 Petersfield in 1835, but was returned 
 at the ensuing general election in 
 1837, and continuously represented 
 the borough till his elevation to the 
 peerage in 1866, He was for several 
 years "^ whipper-in ^' to the Conser- 
 vative phalanx in the House of 
 Commons, and at the termination 
 of his political services was pre- 
 sented with a handsome testimonial 
 in plate by the united Conservative 
 body. He was Under-Secretary of 
 State for the Home Depai-tment in 
 Lord Derby's first Administration 
 — from March to Dec. 1852, and 
 during that statesman's second 
 Administration was Parliamentary 
 Secretary to the Treasury from 
 March 1858 to June 1859, in which 
 latter year he was made a Privy 
 Councillor, He was created a 
 Baronet in 1821, and when in 1806 
 
 he was raised to the peerage he 
 selected the title of Baron Hylton 
 as heir and representative on his 
 grandmother's side of the Barons 
 Hylton, formerly of Hilton Castle, 
 Durham, He was succeeded by his 
 son the Hon. Hedworth Hylton 
 Jolliffe (2nd Baron), who was born 
 in 1829. 
 
 IMAGE, The Eev. Thomas, 
 M.A., F,G.S, [1772—1856], geolo- 
 gist, rector of Whepstead and Sun- 
 ningfield, in Suffolk, From an 
 early age he had been devoted to 
 the study of geology, and spent 
 more than fifty years of his life 
 in making one of the finest collec- 
 tions in England, part of which 
 (containing his complete collection 
 of fossils) he gave to the Wood- 
 war dian Museum at Cambridge, 
 and the rest was sold by auction 
 after his death. He died at the 
 Rectory House, Whepstead, near 
 Bury St. Edmunds, March 8, 1856, 
 in his 84th year. 
 
 IMLAH, John, Scottish song- 
 writer, was the son of an inn-keeper 
 at Aberdeen, at which place he was 
 born in 1799. Having received a 
 fair education at the grammar- 
 school of his native town, he was on 
 leaving it ajDprenticed to a piano- 
 forte maker. There he learnt to 
 be an expert tuner, and coming 
 to London, found employment with 
 the Messrs. Broadwood & Co., 
 travelling professionally during 
 most of the summer in Scotland, 
 From his boyhood he had composed 
 songs, and in 1827 published " May 
 flowers," a volume of lyrics, mostly 
 in the Scottish dialect, which was 
 followed in 1841 by " Poems and 
 Songs," He contributed to the 
 Edinburgh Literary Journal, and 
 to Macleod's " National Melodies." 
 He died of fever while visiting a 
 brother in Jamaica, Jan. 9, 1816. 
 Two of the best known of his songs 
 are, " There lives a young lassie far 
 
INGLIS— INGKAM. 
 
 459 
 
 down yon lang glen," and " Oh ! 
 gin I were where Gadie rins." 
 
 INGLIS, Sir J. Eakdley Wil- 
 MOT, K.C.B. [1814—1862], son of 
 the Rev. Dr. Inglis, Bishop of Nova 
 Scotia, entered the army in 1833, 
 and served through the Canadian 
 rebellion of 1837, and in India 
 through the Punjaub campaigns of 
 1818-9. He succeeded to the com- 
 mand of one of the columns of 
 attack at the siege of Mooltan, 
 and was raised to the I'ank of 
 Brcvet-Lieutenant-Colonel for his 
 bravery in Guzerat. In conjunc- 
 tion with Sir Henry Lawrence he 
 defended the Residency at Lucknow 
 when besieged by the mutineers in 
 1857, and after that officer's death 
 he continued the defence alone 
 until relieved by Outram and Lord 
 Clyde. For his gallantry on that 
 occasion he was created a K.C.B. , 
 and raised to the brevet rank of 
 Major - General, and was subse- 
 quently appointed to the Colonelcy 
 of the 32nd Foot. He married a 
 daughter of Lord Chelmsford. 
 
 INGLIS, Sir Egbert Harry, 
 second Bart., of Milton Bryant, 
 Bedford, D.C.L., F.E.S., Professor 
 of Antiquity in the Eoyal Aca- 
 demy, kc, was the only son of Sir 
 Hugh Inglis, and was born in 1786. 
 He was educated at "Winchester 
 College, and at Christ Church, 
 Oxford, where he took his D.C.L. 
 degree in 1828. He was called to 
 the Bar in 1818, but did not follow 
 law as a profession. He first entered 
 Parliament in 1824 as member for 
 Dundalk, and in 1826 was elected 
 for Eipon. In 1829, when Sir 
 Eobert Peel had offended his sup- 
 porters by his change of policy in 
 regard to the Eoman Catholic 
 claims, and had resigned his seat 
 for Oxford University to give his 
 constituents an opportiinity of pro- 
 nouncing on his conduct. Sir 
 Eobert Inglis was chosen by the 
 Protestant party to contest the 
 representation of the University, 
 and after a hard struggle succeeded 
 in gaining his seat, from which 
 
 time till his retirement in 1853, he 
 continued to represent the Univer- 
 sity. Sir Eo>)ert was very popular 
 and hardworking in the- House of 
 Commons, was Vice-President of 
 the Society of Antiquaries, &c. 
 He married in 1807, the eldest 
 daughter of Joseph Seymour Biscoe, 
 of Penhill, Surrey, but had no 
 children, so that the baronetcy 
 became extinct on his death, which 
 occurred at his residence, 7, Bed- 
 ford Square, May 5, 1855. 
 
 INGRAM, Herbert, M.P. for 
 Boston, the founder of the Illus- 
 trated London News, was born at 
 Boston in 1811, of humble parent- 
 age, and was educated at the 
 grammar school of that town. 
 Having served his apprenticeship 
 to a printer, he set up in business 
 on his own account, and was very 
 successful. But being ambitious, 
 the position of a country printer, 
 however thriving, did not satisfy 
 him, a.nd he came to London, where 
 he at once started the Illustrated 
 London Neivs, by which he raade 
 a large fortune. One of the 
 shilling numbers of that paper, 
 containing an account of the 
 funeral of the Duke of Wellington, 
 was said to have reached the cir- 
 culation — unheard of at that time 
 — of a quarter of a million cox^ies. 
 The Lady's Newspa^jcr and the 
 Illustrated Times, were also the 
 property of Mr. Ingram. He left 
 England in August, 1859, accom- 
 panied by an artist to illustrate 
 the toiu' of the Prince of Wales 
 in Canada and the United States. 
 They followed the Prince to Mon- 
 treal, but there Mr. Ingram left 
 his comjDanion and embarked on 
 the steamer Lady Elgin to go to 
 Chicago. This steamer was run 
 into by the schooner Augusta and 
 totally wrecked. Mr. Ingram was 
 among those who perished, but his 
 body being washed ashore was sent 
 to England for interment. A 
 public funeral was bestowed on his 
 remains by his fellow -to\\"nsmen 
 and constituents of Boston. He 
 
460 
 
 INGEAM— lEELAND. 
 
 had been elected M.P. for Boston 
 in 1856. He was 49 at the date of 
 his death, Sept. 8, 1860. 
 
 INGRAM, The Rev. James, 
 D.D. [1775—1850], President of 
 Trinity College, rector of Garsing- 
 ton, Oxfordshire, and F.S.A., was 
 born at East Codford, and educated 
 at Warminster School, at Winches- 
 ter School, and at Trinity College, 
 Oxford, of which he subsequently 
 became Fellow and Tutor. In 
 1803 he was elected Anglo-Saxon 
 Professor on the foundation of Dr. 
 Rawlinson ; in 1815 was appointed 
 Keeper of the Archives of the 
 University ; and, besides editing 
 the " Saxon Chronicle," he was the 
 author of the well-known " Memo- 
 rials of Oxford," written for a 
 series of plates prepared by Mr. 
 J. H. Parker. He was elected a 
 Fellow of the Society of Anti- 
 quaries in 1824. He bequeathed 
 some pictures to the University 
 galleries at Oxford, a valuable col- 
 lection of coins to the Ashmolean 
 Museum, and a greater part of his 
 library to his college. 
 
 INNES, Cosmo, advocate and 
 antiquary [1798 — 1874], was born 
 at the old manor-house of Durris, 
 on Deeside, and was a son of the 
 laird of Leuchars, a scion of the 
 house of Innes of Innes. He was 
 one of the most active writers be- 
 longing to the Bannatyne, Mait- 
 land, and SjDalding Clubs, editing 
 for the members the most valuable 
 of the old Cartularies of the old 
 religious houses, with other im- 
 portant academical and municipal 
 documents. In 1840 he was ap- 
 pointed Sheriff of Moray, and in 
 1846 was elected to the (then un- 
 paid) Chair of History at the Edin- 
 burgh University. He wrote 
 several good books on early Scot- 
 tish history, and was a successful 
 
 INVERNESS (Duchess of), 
 Cecilia Letitia Underwood 
 [1788—1873], eldest daughter of 
 the second Earl of Arran, born 
 about 1788, was married May 14, 
 
 1815, to Sir George Buggin, who 
 died April 2, 1825. The lady soon 
 after contracted a marriage with 
 his Royal Highness the Duke 
 of Sussex (resuming by royal 
 licence her mother's maiden name 
 of Underwood), but the alliance, 
 though binding in conscience, was 
 not recognised by the law. She 
 was raised to the peerage as 
 Duchess of Inverness (one of the 
 titles which had belonged to the 
 Duke of Sussex), April 10, 1840. 
 
 IRBY, The Hon. Frederick 
 Paul, Rear-Admiral of the White, 
 C.B., a magistrate and De^Duty- 
 Lieutenant of Norfolk, was the 
 second son of Frederick, second 
 Lord Boston, and was born in 1779. 
 He entered the navy in 1791, took 
 part in Lord Howe's action, June 1, 
 1794, and fought at Camperdown 
 under Lord Duncan, after which he 
 was appointed captain of the 
 A^nelia, and did good service in 
 capturing several French ships of 
 war. In February, 1813, he greatly 
 distinguished himself in a severe 
 and sanguinary action fought with 
 a French frigate, L' Arethuse, off the 
 Isle of Los, on the coast of Guinea. 
 It lasted three hours and fifty 
 minutes, the Amelia having 145 
 killed and wounded, L' Arethuse 150. 
 Both vessels retired, utterly worn 
 out with the struggle. Admiral 
 Irby died at Boyland Hall, Nor- 
 folk, April 24, 1844, aged 65. 
 
 IRELAND, The Very Rev. 
 John, D.D., Dean of Westminster 
 and Dean of the Order of the Bath, 
 was born at Ashburton in Devon- 
 shire, in 1761. He was educated 
 at Oriel College, Oxford, where, 
 after taking his D.D. degree, he 
 was ordained, and appointed to a 
 small curacy near Ashburton. In 
 1793 he was jDresented to the vicar- 
 age of Croydon, in Surrey, which 
 he held till 1816, when he was ad- 
 vanced to the deanery, on the death 
 of Dean Vincent, and appointed 
 rector of Islip. Dr. Ireland was 
 the author of numerous theological 
 works, and was a constant contri- 
 
IRONS— ISBISTER. 
 
 461 
 
 butor to the early nvimbers of the 
 Quarterly Bevieiv. But his chief 
 claim to be remembei-ed lies in his 
 having founded (in 1825) the famous 
 " Ireland Scholarship " at Oxford, 
 for the promotion of classical 
 learning. He died at the Deanery, 
 Westminster, in 18J:2, leaving 
 de2,(X)0 to Oriel College and ,£10,000 
 to the jUniversity, for the endow- 
 ment of a Professor of the Exegesis 
 of Holy Scripture. 
 
 IRONS, Rev. William Josiah, 
 D.D. [1812—1883], son of the Rev. 
 Joseph Irons, an eminent Inde- 
 pendent minister, was educated at 
 Queen's College, Oxford, Avhere he 
 graduated B.A. in 1833. Having 
 held a curacy, and later an incum- 
 bency in the southern suburbs of 
 London, he was appointed vicar of 
 Barkway, Herts, in 1838, and vicar 
 of Brompton, Middlesex, in 1842, a 
 post he held for 30 years. Having 
 afterwards held for a short time the 
 Crown living of Wadingham, in 
 Lincolnshire, he in 1872 became 
 rector of St. Mary Woolnoth, a 
 church in the heart of the city, 
 « close to the Bank of England. He 
 had been appointed a Prebendary 
 of St. Paul's in 1860, and was 
 Bampton Lecturer in 1870. He 
 was a voluminous writer, and among 
 his works may be mentioned his 
 translation of the " Dies Irae ; " 
 his Bampton Lectures, entitled 
 " Christianity as taught by St. 
 Paul ; " " The Whole Doctrine of 
 Final Causes ; " replies to Darwin, 
 Mill, and Tyndall, &c. 
 
 IRVING, David, LL.D., bio- 
 grapher and librarian, was born in 
 Langholm, Dumfriesshire, Dec. 5, 
 1778. While at Edinbiu-gh Uni- 
 versity he published a " Life of 
 Robert Fergusson, the Poet," and 
 in 1801, being then M.A., he pub- 
 lished the " Elements of English 
 Composition,'" said to be one of his 
 most successful works. In 180-1 
 came '"' The Lives of Scottish Poets.'' 
 The years 1805-6 he spent in Lon- 
 don, working in the Library of the 
 British Museum, consulting rare 
 
 books for his next publication — the 
 " Memoirs of the Life and Writings 
 of George Buchanan" (1807), of 
 which Sir William Hamilton re- 
 marked, that it was a work " which 
 for curious and recondite erudition 
 has been but seldom surpassed." 
 He was made an LL.D. of Marischal 
 College, Aberdeen, in 1808, and in 
 1820 was appointed Librarian to 
 the Faculty of Advocates, an office 
 he resigned in 1819. He wrote 
 largely for the Maitland and Ban- 
 natyne Clubs, and contributed the 
 lives of Scottish authors to the 
 seventh edition of the Encyclopaexlia 
 Britannica. He died at Edinburgh, 
 aged eighty-two, March 10, 1860. 
 Among his other writings may be 
 mentioned "Observations on the 
 Study of Civil Law," 1815 ; " Lives 
 of Scottish Writers," 1839 ; and a 
 " Histoi-y of Scottish Poetry from 
 the Middle Ages down to the close 
 of the 17th Century," 1861. 
 
 ISBISTER, Alexandeu Ken- 
 nedy, M.A., LL.B. [1823—1883], 
 Dean of the College of Preceptors, 
 was the eldest son of Mr. Thomas 
 Isbister, an officer of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company, and was born in 
 Canada. He was educated at the 
 Edinburgh University, where he 
 graduated M.A., and in 1866 took 
 his LL.B. degree in the University 
 of London. He studied law, and 
 was called to the Bar, but never 
 practised. It was as a writer of 
 school books that he first became 
 interested in education. Having 
 edited " Chambers' Educational 
 Course," and " Gleig's School 
 Series," he Avas in 1861 made head 
 master of the Stationers' Company 
 School, a post he filled for twenty 
 years. He was for several years 
 editor of the Educational Times, 
 and published numerous educa- 
 tional works, Avhich have been ex- 
 tensively adopted as text-books in 
 the principal schools of the country, 
 and in 1872 was elected Dean of 
 the College of Preceptors. It was 
 greatly owing to his business-like 
 management that that institution 
 
462 
 
 JACKSON— JACOB. 
 
 rose to be sucli a financial success. 
 Having been appointed in Ib-iO 
 Standing Counsel and Agent of the 
 Red Kiver Colony, at that time 
 struggling to emancipate itself 
 from the government of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company, he directed 
 the attention of the English Govern- 
 ment to the imj3olicy of the mono- 
 poly enjoyed by the la-tter Company, 
 and in 1856 obtained a Committee 
 of the House of 'Commons to in- 
 vestigate the whole subject. After 
 some years of correspondence and 
 negotiation between the Imperial 
 Government, the Government of 
 Canada, and the Hudson's Bay 
 Company, it was settled that for a 
 consideration of ^6300,000 the Com- 
 pany surrendered all their rights 
 of territory, exclusive trade, and 
 j urisdiction in North America . That 
 surrender paved the way to the 
 annexation of British Columbia 
 and Vancouver's Island, and for 
 the subsequent confederation of 
 all the British North American 
 colonies under one government, 
 under the title of the Dominion of 
 Canada. 
 
 J. 
 
 JACKSON, John Eichardson. 
 This mezzotint engraver was born 
 at Portsmouth^ Dec. 1-1, 1819, and 
 in 1836 began studying line en- 
 graving under R. Graves, A.R.A., 
 but a,bandoned this method for 
 mezzotint. His first important 
 work, engraved in 1847, was " The 
 Otter and the Salmon," after Sir 
 Edwin Landseer, but later he de- 
 voted himself to portrait work. He 
 exhibited tAventy-seven engravings 
 in the Academy, and died May 10^ 
 1877. 
 
 JACKSON, Samuel. He was the 
 son of a Bristol merchant, and was 
 born in 1795, but did not begin to 
 study art until the age of thirty, 
 when he became a pupil of Danby. 
 In 1832 he was elected Associate 
 Exhibitor of the Old Water Colour 
 
 Society, and constantly exhibited 
 there tin til 1818, when he withdrew. 
 In 1853 he exhibited in the Aca- 
 demy, but did not continue to do 
 so. He died in 1870. There are 
 two drawings by him in the water- 
 colour galleries of South Kensington 
 Museum. 
 
 JACOB, Brigadier-General 
 John, the famous commander of 
 the Scinde Horse, obtained his 
 first appointment in the Bombay 
 Artillery, which he entered in 
 1827, and with which corps, com- 
 posed of Europeans, he passed his 
 first seven years of service. At 
 the end of that time he was 
 appointed to command a small 
 detached company of Native Artil- 
 lery, and then undertook civil 
 instead of military duties, and 
 served awhile in the provincial ad- 
 ministration of Guzerat. He was 
 soon called from those duties, how- 
 ever, by the outbreak of war, and 
 took part as an artillery officer in 
 the Afghan campaigns. He did 
 not go to Cabul, for before the 
 retreat from that city he had re- 
 ceived the appointment which was, 
 to make his name famous. In 1839, 
 when all North-Western India was 
 in a state of rebellion, it was 
 determined to raise some squadrons 
 of irregular horse for service there, 
 and the idea had been so far carried 
 out, that some 500 men stood en- 
 rolled in 1811 as the Scinde Horse. 
 Colonel Outran! chose the young 
 Artillery Lieutenant Jacob for the 
 chief command. During the cam- 
 l^aigns and conquest of Scinde, 
 Jacob and Jacob's Horse at once 
 gained a great reputation, which 
 further operations only tended to 
 increase. After the annexation of 
 Scinde, it was necessary to protect 
 it, as a frontier province, with 
 organised garrisons, and in those 
 duties a very prominent part was 
 taken by the Scinde Horse. They 
 were left almost entirely to them- 
 selves, and the regiment was com- 
 manded as its colonel thought 
 riglitj without much interference 
 
JAMES. 
 
 463 
 
 from other autliorities. From a few 
 troops, the force was (gradually 
 expanded, till it included two 
 strong regiments, and mustered 
 1,600 of the best horsemen in 
 India. To them was given the 
 patrol of the frontier, -Jacob being 
 the sole head, and having only 
 four officers under him for the dis- 
 charge of the entire duty. He was I 
 idolized by his soldiers, who knew ' 
 no will but his, and whose dis- 
 cipline was perfection itself. The 
 wild tribes regarded him with 
 superstition and dread, but even 
 the wildest of them respected his 
 authority, and obeyed his man- 
 dates. During the thirteen years 
 that he held the command, the spot 
 where his troopers had first pitched 
 their tents, a barren waste, became 
 a city, named after him Jacob- 
 abad, with 30,000 inhabitants ; and 
 he left the sru-rounding district a 
 fertile garden. He died at Jacob- 
 abad of brain fever, Dec. 6, 1858, 
 and his loss was mourned through- 
 out India and at home as an 
 irreparable calamity. The extra- 
 ordinary influence exercised by 
 him over the thousands under his 
 command, his great energies and 
 abilities, will always cause his 
 name to be remembered in the 
 history of India. 
 
 JAMES, Edwin, Q.C, M.P., at 
 one time a distino-uished member 
 of the legal jjrofession, was the 
 eldest son of Mr. John James, a 
 solicitor, and for many years Secon- 
 dary of the City of London. He 
 was born about 1812, and educated 
 at a private school. He was called 
 to the Bar in 1836, and for some 
 years went the Home Circuit. After 
 distinguishing himself in many 
 criminal cases, especially the trial 
 of Palmer of Eugely, he very ably 
 defended Dr. Bernard, tried at 
 the Old Bailey for complicity in 
 the plot of Orsini against the life 
 of the Emperor Napoleon (1858), 
 and mainly owing to that success 
 was returned to Parliament in the 
 Liberal interest for Marylebone 
 
 in 1859 as the colleague of Sir 
 Benjamin Hall (Lord Llanover). 
 He obtained silk in 1850, and in 
 1855 was appointed to the recorder- 
 ship of Brighton. Early in 1861 
 he was made Solicitor-General, but 
 before he had held the post long 
 enough to be kniglited he became 
 heavily involved in i)ecuniary diffi- 
 culties, and in the summer of the 
 same year the Benchers of the 
 Inner Temple, by a formal resolu- 
 tion, struck his name off the books 
 of that society. He accepted the 
 Chiltern Hundreds, gave up his 
 recordership, and sailed for Ame- 
 rica, where he soon acquired a 
 large and remunerative business 
 at the law courts. Later he re- 
 tiu'ned to England, and tried to 
 have his case re-heard, but without 
 success. After that he was heard 
 of as a friend and supiDorter of 
 Garibaldi, as a private adviser in 
 lesral matters, and also as an occa- 
 sional writer of magazine litera- 
 ture. He died suddenly, March 5, 
 1882. 
 
 JAMES, George Payne Eayns- 
 roKD, novelist, British Consul-Ge- 
 neral, and Historiographer Eoyal, 
 was born in London in 1801, and 
 was the son of a physician. His 
 early youth was spent on the Con- 
 tinent, mostly in France and Italy. 
 He was a great admirer of Scott, 
 who at that time was in the zenith 
 of his fame; and he determined, 
 like so many others of that day, 
 to enter the lists with him in the 
 historical school of novel- writing. 
 He began by writing for the maga- 
 zines numerous tales and pieces 
 which are now forgotten, but which 
 at the time attracted the notice of 
 Washington Irving, who persuaded 
 him to try something more am- 
 bitious. Acting on his advice, he 
 wrote the novel " Eichelieii," which 
 came out in 1828, and had a great 
 success, gaining the favourable 
 notice of Sir Walter himself. Soon 
 after appeared " Darnley," which 
 was no less widely read, and deter- 
 mined Mr. James's career. From 
 
461 
 
 JAMES— JAMESON. 
 
 that time lie wrote incessantly, 
 and almost always witii success, 
 liis works beipig as popular in the 
 United States as in England, and 
 several of them having been trans- 
 lated into foreign languages. He 
 wrote some strictly historical works 
 which were not of much value, 
 except that they obtained for him 
 the post of Historiographer Royal to 
 William IV, In 1850 he accepted 
 the appointment of British Consul 
 in Massachusetts, U.S., and in 1856 
 was appointed Consul-General of 
 the Austrian ports in the Adriatic. 
 He died at Venice, in his 59th year. 
 May 9, 1860. Mr. James's principal 
 novels are : " Darnley ; " " Philip 
 Augustus '," " Henry Masterton ; " 
 " Dark Scenes of History ; " " The 
 Huguenot ; " &c. To the present 
 generation he is almost unknown, 
 and quite unreadable ; but the 
 public of forty years ago honestly 
 admired his long-drawn stories, his 
 interminable conversations, his con- 
 ventional sentiment, and his ques- 
 tionable history. 
 
 JAMES, Major-Gen. Sir Henry, 
 F.E.S. [1803—1877], son of John 
 James, Esq., of Truro, Cornwall, 
 was born at Eose-in-Vale, near 
 St. Agnes, in that county. He was 
 educated at the Grammar School, 
 Exeter, and at the Eoyal Military 
 Academy, Woolwich. He entered 
 the corps of Engineers in 1825, and 
 rising by successive steps, became 
 Col. in 1857, and Major-General in 
 1868. Whilst performing his mili- 
 tary duties. Sir Henry was Director 
 of the Geological Survey in Ireland, 
 of the Admiralty Engineering 
 Works at Portsmouth, of the Ord- 
 nance Survey of the United King- 
 dom, and of the Topographical 
 and Statistical Department of the 
 War Office ; wrote several works 
 on geology, engineering, meteoro- 
 logy, &c., and superintended the 
 execution and publication of the 
 operations described in the " Ac- 
 count of the principal Triangu- 
 lation of the United Kingdom, with 
 the Figure, Dimensions, and mean 
 
 specificGravity of the Earth derived 
 therefrom." He received the honour 
 of knighthood in 1860, and dis- 
 covered the art of photo- zinco- 
 graphy, by means of which he 
 produced a fac-simile of the whole 
 of " Domesday-Book," in 32 volumes. 
 
 JAMES, Sir William Mil- 
 bourne [1807 — 1881], one of the 
 Lords Justices of Appeal, was a 
 Welshman, being the son of Mr. 
 Christopher James, of Swansea. 
 He was sent to the Glasgow Uni- 
 versity, where he took his M.A. 
 degree, and having studied law, 
 was called to the Bar at Lincoln's 
 Inn in 1831. He took silk in 1853, 
 and first became known to the 
 general public in connection with 
 the great ecclesiastical suits which 
 came before the Courts in 1863-1. 
 He was emjDloyed as counsel for 
 Dr. Colenso, and for Mr. Mackono- 
 chie in " Martin v. Mackonochie," 
 on both of which occasions he dis- 
 tinguished himself. He was ap- 
 pointed, in 1853, Vice-Chancellor 
 of the Duchy of Lancaster, a post 
 he held till 1869, when he succeeded 
 Sir George Giffard as Vice-Chan- 
 cellor. In 1870 he was raised to 
 the Court of Apj)eal, having Sir 
 George Mellish for his colleague, and 
 there began the brightest period 
 of his career. During the last ten 
 years of his life he was engaged 
 in almost all the most important 
 decisions which occurred during 
 that time in the Chancery Courts 
 or Chancery Division, and won 
 great praise for the able judgments 
 which he delivered. He twice tried 
 to enter Parliament in the Liberal 
 interest, but without success. He 
 served on several of the commis- 
 sions which preceded the reforms 
 in equity procedure, and at a later 
 date on the Indian Code Commis- 
 sion and that for the Abolition of 
 Purchase in the Army, as well as 
 on the Judicature Commission, in 
 which he went so far as to propose 
 the abolition of pleadings alto- 
 gether. 
 
 JAMESON, Mrs. Anna. She 
 
JAMESON— JARDINE. 
 
 4435 
 
 was the daughter of D. B. Murphy, 
 a miniature-painter of some note, 
 and was born in Dublin in 1796. 
 In 1823 she married Mr. Jameson, 
 who was at that time Vice-Chan- 
 cellor of Canada, but soon sepa- 
 rated from her husband. In 1831 
 she brought out her first book, 
 "Memoirs of Female Sovereigns," 
 and from that date published a 
 volume almost every year. Among 
 the best known are " Sketches of 
 Germany" (1837), " Memoirs of the 
 early Italian Painters" (18-15), and 
 "Memoirs and Essays" (1816). 
 But her best and most important 
 works are the charming series of 
 books on sacred pictures and their 
 legends, illustrated by the author. 
 The first of these, " Sacred and 
 Legendary Art," was published in 
 1848 ; it was followed by " Legends 
 of the Monastic Orders," 1851, 
 "Legends of the Madonna," 1852, 
 and "The History of our Lord as 
 exemplified in works of Art," which 
 was completed by Lady Eastlake, 
 and published four years after Mrs. 
 Jameson's death, which occurred at 
 EaHng, March 19th, 1860. 
 
 JAMESON", Robert, naturalist, 
 Regius Professor of natiu-al history 
 at the Edinburgh University, and 
 Keeper of the University Museum, 
 was the third son of Thomas Jame- 
 son, a soap manufacturer, of Leitli, 
 in which place he was born in 1772. 
 He was educated for the medical 
 profession, but gave it up to devote 
 himself entirely to his favourite 
 study of natural history. He pub- 
 lished his first work, " Outlines of 
 the Mineralogy of the Shetland 
 Islands," in 1798, being then in his 
 twenty-fifth year, and two years 
 afterwards his " Outlines of the 
 Mineralogy of the Scottish Isles." 
 Having mastered all that the Brit- 
 ish schools could teach him, he 
 went to Germany, and at Frey- 
 burg, in Saxony, became a disciple 
 of Werner, of whose theories he 
 became an enthusiastic expounder, 
 and in grateful remembrance of 
 whom he founded the Wernerian 
 
 Society at Edinburgh. On the 
 death of Dr. Walker, in 1801, he 
 was appointed to the chair of natu- 
 ral philosophy in the Edinburgh 
 University. In 1808 he published 
 his "System of Mineralogy," and 
 in 1819 he began, in conjunction 
 with Sir David Brewster, the Edin- 
 burgh PhilosophicalJournal, oi yfhich 
 he eventually became the sole editor, 
 and which he continued, with the 
 greatest ability, to the day of his 
 death. He was the author of 
 numerous other works on minera- 
 logy and geology, and contributed 
 many valuable papers to the " Wer- 
 nerian Transactions," and to IVi- 
 cholson's Journal. He may most 
 justly be considered the founder 
 and builder of the Edinburgh 
 Museum, which was in a deplorable 
 condition when he took it in hand, 
 and which his energy and determi- 
 nation brought to its present state 
 of perfection. He died at Edin- 
 burgh, in his 81st year, April 19, 
 1854. 
 
 JAMIE SON, John, D.D., philo- 
 logist [1759 — 1838], was the son of 
 a minister at Glasgow, and was 
 himself a minister, being licensed 
 to preach 1779, and soon after ap- 
 pointed to a charge in Forfar. He 
 quickly became known for his anti- 
 quarian knowledge, and in 1815 he 
 was appointed joint secretary of the 
 Scottish Society of Antiquaries, to 
 whose Transactions he was a regular 
 contributor. He had established his 
 reputation at the head of Scottish 
 philologists by his great " Etymo- 
 logical Dictionary of the Scottish 
 Language" (1809-10), which has 
 continued to hold its ground till 
 our OAvn day, and of which a new 
 and revised edition has lately ap- 
 peared. He died in Edinburgh in 
 1838, in his 80th year. 
 
 JARDINE, Sir Wii.liam,Bart., 
 LL.D., F.R.S. [1800— 1874], natural- 
 ist, son of Sir A. Jardine, Bart., of 
 Applegarth, Jardine Hall, co. Dum- 
 fries, was educated at Edinburgh, 
 and succeeded to the title on his 
 father's decease in 1821. He was 
 
 H H 
 
466 
 
 JAY— JEFFEEY. 
 
 a mag-istrate of tlie county, Vice- 
 Lieutenant for Dunifriessliire, Pre- 
 sident of the Dumfriesshire and 
 Galloway Natural History and 
 Antiquarian Society, and a member 
 of the Eoya.1 Linna^an and other 
 learned societies. He published, 
 jointly with Mr. Prideaux J. Selby, 
 Sir Stamford Eaffles, Dr. Horsfield, 
 and other ornithologists, "Illustra- 
 tions of Ornithology," and edited 
 an edition of Wilson's " North 
 American Ornithology," and edited 
 the " Natui-alist's Library," in forty 
 volumes, which included the four 
 branches. Mammalia, Ornithology, 
 Ichth3'ology, and Entomology. Sir 
 William was joint editor of the 
 Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 
 and wrote " British Salmon- 
 idse," " Ichnology of Annan dale," 
 " Memoirs of the late Hugh Strick- 
 land," " Contributions to Ornitho- 
 logy," "Ornithological Synonyms," 
 and various papers in scientific 
 transactions and periodicals. He 
 edited White's " Natural History 
 of Selborne." 
 
 JAY, The Eev. William, Non- 
 conformist Minister, was born at 
 Tisbury, Wiltshire, in 1769, of 
 humble parentage, and while a boy 
 worked as a mason. The Eev. Mr. 
 Winter, a Presbyterian Minister of 
 his village, having noticed the 
 boy's shrewdness and abilities, put 
 him under the care of the Eev. 
 Cornelius Winter, of Marlborough, 
 to study for the Ministry. He 
 began to preach before he was 16. 
 and before he was 21 is said to 
 have delivered nearly a thousand 
 sermons. In 1791 he was appointed 
 minister of Argyle Chapel, Bath, 
 where he continued to officiate for 
 62 years, and in 1841, having com- 
 pleted the fiftieth year of his 
 ministry, was j^^'^sented with a 
 beautiful silver salver and a jDurse 
 containing d£650. His ^\^*itings con- 
 sist for the most j^art of sermons, 
 of which eight volumes were pub- 
 lished, and passed through several 
 large editions. He died at Bath, 
 December 27, 1853, in his 85th year. 
 
 J E B B, Sir Joshua, K.C.B. 
 [1793—1863], son of Joshua Jebb, 
 of Walton, Derbyshire, and a rela- 
 tive of Bishop Jebb, was educated 
 at the Eoyal Military College and 
 at Woolwich. In 1812 he entered 
 the Eoyal Engineers, and served in 
 Canada, America, and the West 
 Indies. In 1838 he accepted civil 
 einj^loyment under the Secretary of 
 State for the Home Department, 
 and subsequently was appointed 
 Surveyor-General of Prisons and 
 Inspector-General of Military Pri- 
 sons, and in 1848 chairman of the 
 directors of convict prisons. He 
 was well known as the founder and 
 promoter of the ticket-of -leave 
 system. He was created a K.C.B. 
 (civil division), and promoted to 
 the rank of major-general in 1859. 
 He was the author of several im- 
 portant works upon the subject of 
 prison discipline and the treatment 
 of convicts. He died very sud- 
 denly at Charing Cross, June 26, 
 1863, aged 70. 
 
 JEENS, Charles Henry [1827— 
 1879 J, one of th^ most dexterous and 
 painstaking engravers of this cen- 
 tury, was from i860 connected with 
 the firm of Macmillan and Co., for 
 whom most of his best small work 
 was done. He was noted for the 
 firmness and delicacy of his work, 
 best seen, jperhaps, in his j)ortraits, 
 which were wonderfully character- 
 istic and life-like, and, apart from 
 their value as likenesses, of high 
 artistic value. He would work for 
 weeks on an engraving which most 
 engravers would have thought 
 ready for the jDi-inter. The beauti- 
 ful vignettes in the early volumes 
 of the " Golden Treasury Series " 
 were engraved by him, as also the 
 portraits of " Scientific Worthies " 
 in Nature, and many plates for the 
 Art Journal and Art Union, &c. 
 He engraved a very delicate plate 
 of Eomney's " Lady Hamilton " for 
 Messrs. Colnaghi, of Pall Mall. 
 
 JEFFEEY, Francis, a judge in 
 the Court of Session in Scotland 
 [1773 — 1850], was the son of George 
 
JELF. 
 
 467 
 
 Jeffrey', a deputy-clerk in the Su- 
 preme Court of Scotland^ and was 
 born at Lawn Market in Edin- 
 burgh. He was educated at the 
 Edinburgh High School, and at the 
 Glasgow University, and having 
 spent a session at Queen's College, 
 Oxford, returned to Edinburgh in 
 1792, and studied law. At this 
 time he joined the famous Si)ecu- 
 lative Society, in whose debates he 
 took a prominent part, and where 
 he became acquainted with Scott, 
 then busy with his " Minstrelsy,'' 
 the Rev. Sydney Smith, Brougham, 
 Francis Horner, Lord Kinnaird and 
 others. He was called to the Scot- 
 tish Bar in 1794, and then^ having 
 in the meantime adopted Whig 
 politics, which were at that time 
 an obstacle to legal success, he 
 began to turn his thoughts to 
 literature. At a supper after a 
 debate at the Speculative Society 
 the Edinburgh Revieiv was first 
 thought of, and on Oct. 10, 1802, 
 the first number appeared under 
 the editorship of the Eev. Sydney 
 Smith, its original pro j ector . When 
 Sydney Smith left for England 
 soon after, the management of the 
 Review devolved on Jeffrey, v.-ho 
 after an arrangement with Con- 
 stable, the publisher, was appointed 
 editor at a fixed salary, a post he 
 held for about twentj'-six years. 
 The new Review was a comjDlete 
 success, and after a few numbers, at- 
 tained to a circulation and influence 
 beyond all precedent in publica- 
 tions of a similar nature. Most of 
 the writers belonged to the Whig 
 party in politics, and that school 
 gave a colour to its whole cha- 
 racter. Jeffrey himself said of it ; 
 that it " has but two legs to stand i 
 on : Literature, no doubt, is one of j 
 them — but its right leg is Politics." 
 His own contributions, more con- j 
 cerned with the literature than 
 the politics of the Review, num- 
 bered 200, and selections were 
 published from them in 1813 in 
 four volumes. Amongst some of 
 its most famous contributors were 
 
 Mackintosh, Smith, and Brougham 
 in its earlier years, and later 
 Macaulay, Hallam, Brown, Play- 
 fair, &c. In spite of its great 
 success, however, the Review oc- 
 casionally got into trouble through 
 the severity of its criticisms, as for 
 instance its criticism of the " Lake 
 Poets," of Byron's " Hours of Idle- 
 ness," and its cool notice of " Mar- 
 mion," which made Scott go over 
 to the rival Quarterly. Jeffrey 
 always continued to look to the 
 Bar as the chief field of his ambi- 
 tion, and being elected Dean of 
 the Faculty in 1829, he resigned 
 the editorship of the Review though 
 he still continued to write for it 
 occasionally. When the Whigs 
 came into office in 1831 he became 
 Lord Advocate, and was returned 
 to Parliament as a member for the 
 Perth burghs. After the passing 
 of the Reform Bill, of which measure 
 he had taken charge as far as it 
 related to Scotland, he was returned 
 together with Mr. Abercrombie 
 (Lord Dunfermline) for Edin- 
 burgh. His parliamentary career, 
 which was not so successful as his 
 friends had hoped, terminated with 
 his elevation, in 1831, to the judicial 
 bench as Lord Jeffrey. He was a 
 well-known figure in London society, 
 where his wit and lively repartee 
 made him welcome everywhere. 
 His " Life and Correspondence " 
 by Lord Cockburn, appeared in 
 1852. 
 
 JELF, The Rev. Richard Wil- 
 liam, D.D. [1798—1871], Principal 
 of King's College, London, and 
 Canon of Christ Church, Oxford, 
 son of Sir John Jelf, was born 
 about 1798, and educated at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, where he graduated 
 B.A. in 1820, taking first class 
 honours, and was elected to a 
 Fellowship at Oriel, of which col- 
 lege he became tutor. In 1826 he 
 was appointed Preceptor to H.R.H. 
 Prince George of Cumberland (after- 
 wards King of Hanover), and in 
 1814 was appointed Principal of 
 King's College, London. He wrote 
 
 H h2 
 
468 
 
 JELF— JEEDAN. 
 
 sermons on " The Means of Grace/' 
 being the Bampton Lectures for 
 184r4 ; " Via Media," a sermon on 
 the High Church movement ; 
 "Grounds for laying before the 
 Council of King's College, London, 
 certain Statements contained in the 
 Theological Essays of the Eev. F. 
 D. Maurice/' &c. It was this last 
 publication that caused the de- 
 plorable action of the Council in the 
 Maurice case. 
 
 JELF, The Eev. William 
 Edward [1811 — 1875], son of Sir 
 James Jelf, of Oaklands, Glouces- 
 tershire, and younger brother of 
 the above, was born at Gloucester, 
 and educated at Eton and Christ 
 Church, Oxford, where he graduated 
 B. A. in 1833, taking first-class 
 honours in the classical schools. 
 Having been Tutor and Censor of 
 his college. Public Examiner, and 
 Proctor of the University, he was 
 appointed, in 1846-8, one of the 
 preachers at "Whitehall, and 
 preached the Bampton Lectures 
 before the University in 1857. He 
 published a " Greek Grammar " in 
 2 vols., based on that of Kiihner, 
 and edited "Aristotle's Ethics, 
 with English Notes," a text- 
 book in use at Oxford. He also 
 published Sermons preached at 
 Whitehall ; an answer to Dr. 
 Temple's essay on " The Education 
 of the World ; " " Quousque ; " 
 and " An Examination into the 
 Doctrine and Practice of Confes- 
 sion/' 1875 
 
 JENKINS, Sir Eichard, G.C.B. 
 [1778 ?— 1853], went out to India 
 in 1800 as a writer on the Bombay 
 establishment, and in 1805 was 
 appointed assistant-secretary to Sir 
 Barry Close, Bart., Eesident at the 
 Poona Durbar. He was afterwards 
 for some years Eesident at Scindia's 
 Court, and also at Nagpore in Berar. 
 He fulfilled both appointments with 
 such ability as to call forth the 
 thanks of the Company and of the 
 English Government. He returned 
 to England after an absence of 
 twenty-seven years, and was elected 
 
 a Director of the East India Com- 
 pany, and later its Chairman. He 
 was returned to the House of 
 Commons for Shrewsbury in 1830, 
 and again represented it in 1831 
 and 1837, retiring in 1841. He 
 was made a G.C.B. in 1838 for his 
 public services. 
 
 JENKYNS, The Vert Eev. 
 Eichard, D.D., Dean of Wells, and 
 Master of Balliol College, Oxford, 
 was a son of the Eev. John Jen- 
 kyns, B.C.L., a Prebendary of 
 Wells, and Vicar of Evercreech. 
 Having been appointed Fellow of 
 Balliol, he was made Tutor in 1804, 
 Master of the Schools in 1809, and 
 Public Examiner in 1810-12. On 
 the death of Dr. Parsons in 1819 
 he was elected Master of his Col- 
 lege, and during his government 
 succeeded in throwing open to 
 competition the scholarships which 
 were in the gift of the Master and 
 Fellows. By this and other means 
 he may be said to have been the 
 founder of the modern greatness 
 of Balliol, which in his day took 
 the position which it has ever since 
 retained. On the death of Dr. 
 Goodenough in 1845, Dr. Jenkyns 
 was appointed to the Deanery of 
 Wells. He died at his lodgings, 
 Balliol College, March 6, 1851, 
 aged 72. 
 
 JEEDAN, William, F.S.A., 
 M.E.S.L. [1782—1869], critic and 
 miscellaneous wi'iter, was born at 
 Kelso, Eoxburghshire, and was the 
 son of Mr. John Jerdan. He was 
 educated at Kelso, and afterwards 
 by Dr. Eutherford. He started as 
 a journalist in London in 1804, and 
 having contributed to numerous 
 daily papers, in 1817 became editor 
 and part proprietor of the Literary 
 Gazette, with which his name was 
 associated for thirty-four years. In 
 1821 he assisted in founding the 
 Eoyal Society of Literature, and 
 took a prominent part in adminis- 
 tering the Literary Fund. He 
 wrote for the Edinburgh and Quar- 
 terly Reviews, Bentley's, Fraser's, and 
 other magazines, and published 
 
JEEEMIE— JERROLD. 
 
 469 
 
 his " Autobiography " and reuii- i 
 niscences entitled " Men I have i 
 Known " (1852-3). During the j 
 last vears of his life he received 
 a pension of <£100 a year from the ' 
 Crown. He was the first person j 
 to seize Bellingham in the lobby 
 of the House, after the assassi- ' 
 nation of Mr. Pei'ceval, 1812. 
 
 JEREMIE, The Very Eev. James 
 Amiraux, D.D.^ Hon. D.C.L. Oxford 
 [1800 — 1872], was educated at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, where : 
 he graduated in 182J;. He obtained 
 the Norrisian prize in 1823 and 
 1825, the Hulsean prize in 1821, i 
 and the Members' prize in 1826. ; 
 Having in 1830 been ordained by 
 Dr. Xaye, Bishop of Lincoln, being 
 then a Fellow of Trinity College, ' 
 he was .appointed Professor of 
 Classical Literature in the East 
 India College at Haileybury, a post 
 which he occuj)ied for twenty years. 
 In 1833 he was elected Christian 
 Advocate in the University of Cam- 
 bridge ; in 1848 was appointed 
 sub-dean and canon residentiary 
 of Lincoln Cathedral ; in 1849, on 
 the elevation of Dr. A. Ollivant 
 to the bishopric of Llandaff, he was 
 elected to the Regius Professorship 
 of Divinity at Cambridge ; and in 
 1864 became Dean of Lincoln. He 
 resigned the Regius Professorship 
 of Divinity Sept. 30, 1870. Dr. 
 Jeremie Avi"ote "History of Rome 
 from Constantine to the Death of 
 Julian ; " " History of the Church 
 in the Second and Third Cen- 
 turies," in the " Encyclopaedia 
 Metropolitana ; " and many ser- 
 mons and pamphlets on theological 
 and ecclesiastical questions. He 
 preached the Latin Sermon at St. 
 Paul's at the assembly of the new 
 Convocation of the Province of 
 Canterbury in 1852, and again in 
 1868, and at the last Exhibition 
 of 1862 he preached in French, in 
 the nave of Westminster Abbey, to 
 a congregation composed chiefly of 
 foreigners. In 1870 Dr. Jeremie 
 gave to the University of Cam- 
 bridge the sum of .£1000 to found 
 
 two annual prizes for the en- 
 couragement of a critical study of 
 the LXX. version of the Old Testa- 
 ment, and such other Hellenistic 
 literature as may serve to illustrate 
 the New Testament. 
 
 JERMY, Isaac [1789—1848], 
 Recorder of Norwich, was, with his 
 son, assassinated at his residence, 
 Stanfield Hall, near Wymondham, 
 in Norfolk, February 26, 1848, and 
 his murder caused intense excite- 
 ment throughout the country at the 
 time. He was the eldest son of the 
 Rev. George Preston, rector of Bees- 
 ton, St. Lawrence, and Tasburgh, 
 and had ^taken the name of Jermy 
 on succeeding to some j^roperty in 
 1838. This property had been the 
 cause of much ill-feeling in the 
 family, one or two members of 
 which thought they had a nearer 
 claim to it than Mr. Jermy. On 
 one occasion a claimant of the name 
 of Larner, accompanied by about 
 90 labourers and small tradesmen, 
 took forcible possession of the hall, 
 ejecting all the inmates and barri- 
 cading the place, and were only 
 finally expelled by a military force. 
 Another claimant, the man Rush, 
 with whom Mr. Jermy had had 
 several very violent disputes, got 
 into the house one night while most 
 of the servants were out, and shot 
 Mr. Jermy as he was crossing the 
 hall to the front door. His son, 
 who ran to his rescue, was also 
 shot, as were the son's wife and a 
 maid-servant. Mr. Jermy was 69 
 at the time of his death, and his 
 son only 27. 
 
 JERROLD, Douglas, dramatist, 
 novelist, and humourist [1803 — 
 1857], was the son of Samuel Jer- 
 rold, an actor, and was brought up 
 at Sheerness, where his father was 
 manager of a theatre. Here, his 
 time being spent mostly amongst 
 the sailors who swarmed in the port 
 during the war with France, he 
 imbibed a love for the sea, and 
 became a midshipman under Cap- 
 tain Austen, brother of Miss Austen, 
 the novelist. When peace was de- 
 
470 
 
 JEREOLD. 
 
 clared in 1815^ he found himself 
 without employment^ and, coming 
 to London with his family, began 
 life again as a printer's apprentice, j 
 All his leisure time he devoted to 
 the study of Latin and English 
 literature, pinching himself sorely 
 to get books from the library. In 
 1819 he entered the printing- 
 office of the Sunday Monitor, and, 
 having already written short papers 
 for the sixpenny magazines, he 
 became fired with the ambition to 
 contribute to the Monitor. Accord- 
 ingly, one evening he dropped into 
 the editor's box a critique of the 
 opera " Dev Freischiitz," and the 
 next morning received his own 
 coj^y to set up, and a note from the 
 editor soliciting further contribu- 
 tions from the anonymous author. 
 From that time he became a jour- 
 nalist. Before he was 20 he had 
 wi'itten several pieces for the stage, 
 some of which are still occasionally 
 played, like '' More Frightened 
 than Hurt," played at Sadler's 
 Wells for the first time in 1821. In 
 1825 he was engaged to produce 
 dramas and farces to the order of 
 Mr. Davidge, manager of the 
 Coburg Theatre, Avith whom he re- 
 mained till 1829, when a quarrel 
 between them caused him to leave 
 the Coburg for the Surrey Theatre, 
 where " Black-eyed Susan " was 
 brought out. This piece, the best 
 of his naval plays, met with a tre- 
 mendous success, and was played 
 for 300 nights successively, with T. 
 P. Cooke as " William." The play 
 made the fortune of the Surrey, 
 and Elliston, the manager, made 
 thousands of pounds out of it. 
 Jerrold only got about ,£70 for it, 
 but his fame as a dramatist was 
 completely established. Many 
 plays followed, such as " Nell 
 Gwynne," ''The School Fellows," 
 "The Eent Day," &c. In 1830 he 
 was asked to adapt some things 
 from the French for Driuy Lane, 
 but this he sternly refused to do, 
 and in the following year was re- 
 ceived at that house on his own 
 
 terms. The other best theatres 
 also opened their doors to him, and 
 in 1836 he became co-manager of 
 the Strand, but the venture was 
 not a successful one. At the same 
 time he had been steadily gaining 
 ground as a prose writer, contri- 
 buting chiefly to magazines, his 
 articles being received gladly by 
 the Monthly Magazine, Blackwood's, 
 the New Monthly, and the Athencexim. 
 Soon after the establishment of 
 Punch, the woi'k of ail others with 
 which his name is associated, he 
 became its editor, and one of its 
 most constant contributors. Among 
 his best knoAvn writings for it may 
 be mentioned the " Q. Papers," 
 " Punch's Letters to his Son," 
 " Sketches of the English," '' Mrs. 
 Caudle's Curtain Lectures," and 
 "The Story of a Feather." He 
 started and edited for some time, 
 but not very successfully, the 
 Illuminated Magazine (1843), Jer- 
 rold's Shilling Magazine, Douglas 
 Jerrold's Weekly Newspaper, and in 
 1852 became editor of Lloyd's 
 Weekly Newspaper, at a salary of 
 .£1000 a year. He held that post 
 till his death, and under his 
 management the paper rose to a 
 circulation of 182,000. His " Life " 
 was published by his son, Blan chard 
 Jerrold, in 1858, and his " Works," 
 collected by himself in 1851 — 55, 
 and again in 1859. 
 
 JEEEOLD, William Blan- 
 CHARD [1826—1884], eldest son of 
 Douglas Jerrold [q. v.], whom he 
 succeeded as editor of Lloyd's 
 Weekly News, early studied as an 
 artist and was able to illustrate 
 some of his father's articles. In 
 1855 he went to Paris to describe 
 the Universal Exhibition for a 
 London paper, and published the 
 result of his observations in a con- 
 densed form in " The Children of 
 Lutetia," "At Home in Paris," 
 " On the Boulevards," &c. Under 
 the name of Fin Bee he wrote the 
 " Cupboard Papers," " The Epi- 
 cure's Year-Book," " The Dinner 
 Bell ; " and edited the paper en- 
 
JERVIS— JESSE. 
 
 471 
 
 titled "Knife and Fork." It was 
 in France that he became the 
 intimate co-worker of Gustave 
 Dore, whose biography he was 
 wi'iting at the time of his death. 
 " London — a Pilgrimage," illus- 
 trated by Gustave Dore, was one of 
 Mr. Jerrold's best known works, 
 but his m<3st important literary 
 undertaking was the " Life of 
 Napoleon ill.," an apology of 
 the imjierial regime. Mr. Jerrold 
 founded the English branch of the 
 International Literary Association, 
 of which he was president, and 
 which led to his obtaining the 
 Palmes Acadcmiqiies, with rank of 
 Officer of Public Instruction from 
 the French Government, and the I 
 Knighthood of the Order of Christ i 
 from the Government of Portugal. 
 
 JEEYIS, The Eight Hex. Sir \ 
 John, Chief Justice of the Court of ; 
 Common Pleas, was called to the [ 
 bar in 1824, previous to which he 
 had served in the army for some 
 tune. He was made Q.C., and in 
 1S4G became Attorney-General, dis- 
 tinguishing himself greatly by his '. 
 tact and discretion duiing the 
 troubles of 1848, when it was his { 
 duty to prosecute Smith O'Brien, 
 M'Manus, and Meagher, on the > 
 charge of high treason. He was 
 made Chief Justice of the Common I 
 Pleas in 1850, succeeding Lord 
 Truro, who became Chancellor. In 
 politics he was g^ consistent Whig, i 
 and sat for Chester from 1832 to ' 
 1850. He died quite suddenly at 
 his house, 47, Eaton Square, Nov. 1, ; 
 1856. i 
 
 JEEYIS WOODE (Lord), The 
 Hon. Charles Baillie, F.E.S.E. 
 [1804—1879], brother of the Earl 
 of Haddington, was called to the , 
 Scotch bar in 1830, and was ap- ' 
 pointed successively. Advocate De- 
 pute and Sheriff of Stirlingshire, I 
 and, in 1858, Solicitor-General for 
 Scotland, having been in the same 
 year promoted to the office of Lord 
 Advocate. In 1859 he was ap- 
 pointed a Judge of the Supreme 
 Court in Scotland, when he took 
 
 the courtesy title by which he was 
 kno\\'n, and he held that post till 
 1874. He represented Linlithgow- 
 shire from Feb. 1859, until the dis- 
 solution of Parliament in April of 
 that year. He was a member of the 
 University Court of the University 
 of St. Andrews, as Assessor of the 
 General Council ; and, imder ap- 
 pointment by the Cro^v'n, one of Her 
 Majesty's sole and only Printers in 
 Scotland (Bible Board) ; one of the 
 Trustees of the Board of Manufac- 
 tures ; and a Commissioner of the 
 Board of the Herring Fishery. 
 
 JESSE, Edward' [1780—1868], 
 son of the Eev. William Jesse, 
 Vicar of Hutton Cranswick, York- 
 shire, and afterwards of Bewdley, 
 Worcestershire, born at the former 
 place in Jan. 1780, was educated 
 privately, and at eighteen years ef 
 age entered the public service as a 
 clerk in the St. Domingo office. He 
 was private secretary to Lord Dart- 
 mouth, President of the Board of 
 Control, and that nobleman, on be- 
 coming Lord Steward of the House- 
 hold, obtained for Mr. Jesse the 
 court office of Gentleman offt the 
 Ewry. Mr. Jesse became Con- 
 troller of the Copper Coinage issued 
 by Messrs. Bolton and Watt at 
 Birmingham ; in 1812 was ap- 
 pointed a Commissioner of Hackney 
 Coaches, and soon afterwards De- 
 puty Surveyor General of the Eoyal 
 Parks and Palaces. This post he 
 held, together with his office at 
 Court, until 1S30, when both offices 
 were abolished, and he retired on 
 a pension. Mr. Jesse wrote a 
 well-known book, " Anecdotes of 
 Dogs," published in 1816; "Fa- 
 vourite Haunts andEural Studies," 
 in 1847 ; and edited with notes 
 Izaak Walton's " Compleat Angler," 
 and White's " Selborne," published 
 in one of Mr. Bohn's series in 1849 : 
 and Eitchie's " Windsor Castle." 
 His eldest daughter, Mrs. Houston, 
 has written " Voyage to Texas and 
 I Gvilf of Mexico," p\iblished in 1813; 
 " Hesperos, or Travels in the West," 
 I in 1850, a work most favourably 
 
472 
 
 JESSE— JEUNE. 
 
 noticed by Lockliart ; and some 
 novels^ including "Recommended 
 to Mercy/' "Such Things Are/' 
 &c. 
 
 JESSE, John Heneage [1815— 
 1874], son of the above, for 
 many years held a post in the 
 civil employ of the Crown, His 
 first work, " Memoirs of the Court 
 of England during the Eeign of 
 the Stuarts," drawn chiefly from 
 contemporary memoirs, English 
 and French, ajjpeared in 1839-40, 
 and was followed by " Memoirs of 
 the Court of London from the Re- 
 volution in 1688 to the death of 
 Greorgell. ;" " Greorge Selwyn and 
 his Contemporaries," published in 
 1843 ; " Memoirs of the Pretenders 
 and their Adherents," in 18 15 ; 
 " Literary and Historical Memoirs 
 of London/' in 1847 ; and a second 
 series of the same book under the 
 title of " London and its Celebri- 
 ties," in 1850. " London, a Frag- 
 mentary Poem," appeared in 1847 ; 
 and " Richard the Third and his 
 Contemporaries/' in 1861. This 
 work throws considerable light 
 upon the unfair treatment which 
 that king's character has received 
 from most writers of English his- 
 tory. His latest works were " Me- 
 moirs of the Life and Reign of 
 King George the Third, with 
 Original Letters of the King and 
 other unpublished MSS." 1867 ; 
 and " London : its celebrated 
 Characters and Places^," 3 vols., 
 1870. 
 
 JESSEL, Sir George [1824— 
 1883], Master of the Rolls, was of 
 Jewish birth, being the youngest son 
 of Zadok Aaron Jessel, a Jewish mer- 
 chant, living in Savile Row. He was 
 born in London, and educated at 
 University College, London, where 
 he graduated B.A. in 1843, as a Uni- 
 versity Scholar in Mathematics, and 
 proceeded M.A. in the following 
 year, obtaining a gold medal in ma- 
 thematics. He was called to the 
 bar at Lincoln's Inn, in May, 1847, 
 and began to practise as a Con- 
 veyancer, and for some time he 
 
 did not make more than ,£600 
 a year. He was made a Q.C. and 
 a Bencher of his Inn in 1865, 
 attaching himself to the Rolls 
 Court, of which Lord Romilly was 
 at that time master. There he 
 soon made a name for himself, and 
 became the leader of the Court, 
 making for some time before his 
 retirement from the bar an income 
 of ^620,000 a year. He entered 
 Parliament in 1868, as Member for 
 Dover, in the Liberal interest, and 
 by his speech on the Bankruptcy 
 Bill in the following year attracted 
 the special notice of Mr. Gladstone, 
 and in 1871 was made Solicitor- 
 General. He was knighted in 1872. 
 In 1875 he was, on the recommen- 
 dation of Mr. Gladstone, appointed 
 Master of the Rolls, in succession 
 to Lord Romilly, and soon distin- 
 guished himself by the lucidity of 
 his judgments, his great know- 
 ledge of law, and his wonderfully 
 rapid manner of getting through 
 business. He was the first Jew who 
 ever occupied a seat on the judicial 
 bench in this country. By an Act 
 of Parliament, jDassed in 1881, the 
 Master of the Rolls became the 
 ordinary President of the Court of 
 Appeal. In 1880 Sir George Jessel 
 was appointed Vice-Chancellor of 
 London University. The last years 
 of his life were spent mostly on a 
 small estate of his in Kent, which 
 he had laid out himself, and there 
 he devoted himself to gardening, 
 and the study of botany. He died 
 at his house in Hyde Park Gar- 
 dens, and his funeral was attended 
 by nearly all the judges and leaders 
 of the bar. Soon after his death 
 a baronetcy was conferred upon his 
 eldest son as an acknowledgment 
 of his great and useful talents, and 
 his services to his country. 
 
 JEUNE, The Right Rev. Dr. 
 Francis, D.C.L. (Bishop op Peter- 
 borough) [1806 — 1866], was the 
 son of Francis Jeune, Esq., of Jer- 
 sey, who was the representative 
 of a family which took refuge 
 in Jersey at the revocation of the 
 
JEVONS— JEWITT. 
 
 473 
 
 Edict of Nantes. His early educa- 
 tion was at a French college, and 
 in 1823 he became a scholar of 
 Pembroke College, Oxford, where 
 he graduated in 1827, taking a 
 first-class in classics. In 1829 he 
 went to Upper Canada as tutor 
 to the sons of Lord Seaton, 
 the Governor - General, and on 
 his return became a Fellow and 
 Tutor of Pembroke College, and 
 Public Examiner, and in 1834 Head 
 Master of Birmingham School. He 
 was a very efficient and enlightened 
 headmaster, until, in 1S38 he was 
 appointed by Lord Jolin Eussell to 
 the deanery of Jersey. Victoria 
 College was built on a plan re- 
 commended by him ; and he 
 busied himself in erecting several 
 churches, and improving the con- 
 dition of the clergv of the island. 
 In 1843 he was chosen head 
 of his college, with which was 
 connected a stall at Gloucester 
 and the rectory of Taynton. Dr. 
 Jeune, who was one of the chief 
 and earliest supporters of university 
 reform at Oxford, strongly recom- 
 mended to the Government the 
 commission of inquiry, of which 
 he became a leading member. He 
 wrote the greater part of the re- 
 port, and afterwards assisted in 
 most of the reforms subsequently 
 effected in Oxford ; such as the es- 
 tablishment of natui-al science and 
 law and history schools, of the 
 local examinations, &c. He was a 
 strong opponent of the party of Dr. 
 Pusey, particularly in the case of 
 Dr. Hamjjden. In 1858 he became 
 Vice-Chancellor of the University. 
 In 1862 he preached a French sermon 
 to a crowded audience at a special 
 service in Westminster Abbey. As 
 canon and treasurer of Gloucester 
 Cathedral, bv skilful management 
 of the Chapter j^roperty, he obtained 
 funds to restore the cathedral, and 
 increase the salaries of its officers. 
 In 1864 he was promoted to the 
 Deanery of Lincoln, and shoi-tly 
 afterwards to the Bishopric of Peter- 
 borough. He published several 
 
 sermons, one of which was preached 
 at the consecration of the Bishop 
 of Lincoln, his former pupil. 
 
 JEVONS, "William Stanley, 
 F.R.S., LL.D. [1S35— 1882], son of 
 an iron merchant of Liverpool, and 
 grandson of William Eoscoe, author 
 of the biographies of Lorenzo de 
 Medici, and Leo X., was born in 
 Liverpool, and educated at Uni- 
 versity College, London, where he 
 took his M.A. degree in 1862, and 
 was made Fellow of his College in 
 1864. From 1851 to 1859 he was 
 Assayer to the Australian Eoyal 
 Mint at Sydney, and wrote during 
 his leisure time " Data concerning 
 the Climate of Australia and New 
 Zealand." He was appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Logic, Mental and Moral 
 Philosophy, and Cobden Lecturer 
 in Political Economy, in Owens 
 College, Manchester, in June, 1866, 
 and in 1872 elected a F.R.S. In 1876 
 he received the honorary degree of 
 LL.D. from the Edinburgh Uni- 
 versity, and in the same year re- 
 signed his professorship in Man- 
 chester on being appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Political Economy in 
 University College, London. In 
 1881 he gave up academic work 
 altogether, to devote himself en- 
 tirely to literature. One of his 
 early books, " The Coal Question," 
 attracted much attention through 
 the reference made to it by J. S. 
 Mill in the House of Commons. 
 Among his other writings may be 
 mentioned, " The Principles of 
 Science,'' 1874-1877 ; " Theory of 
 Political Economy," 1871 : '•' Ele- 
 mentary Lessons in Logic," 1870 ; 
 " Money and the Mechanism of 
 Exchange," &c. All these showed 
 a keen intelligence, a wide know- 
 ledge of facts, and a mastery of 
 deductive reasoning. Prof. Jevons 
 was accidentally drowned while 
 bathing at Bexhill, near St. Leo- 
 nards, Aug. 13, 1882, no one being 
 near at the time to see how the 
 accident occurred. 
 
 J E W I T T, THo:yrAs Oklaxdo 
 Sheldon. He was born in Derby- 
 
474 
 
 JEWSBUEY— JOHNS. 
 
 shire 1799, and in his sixteenth year 
 illustrated with woodcuts his elder 
 brother's "Wanderings of Memory," 
 and later made the wood engravings 
 for The Northern Star, a magazine 
 of which his father was the pub- 
 lisher. He afterwards connected 
 himself with Messrs. Parker of Ox- 
 ford, and illustrated " Memorials of 
 Oxford ; " the first editions of the 
 " Glossary of Architecture," and 
 " Domestic Architecture in Eng- 
 land." In 1838 he went to live 
 in Oxford, and after that date 
 was employed on Murray's " Cathe- 
 drals ; " Scott's " Westminster 
 Abbey ; " Street's works on Spain 
 and on Venice. He illustrated 
 several works on Natural History, 
 and drew from Nature many of the 
 specimens in Reeve's " Land and 
 Fresh Water Molluscs." He died 
 at Camden Town, May 30, 1869. 
 
 JEWSBUEY, Geraldine , 
 authoress of " The Sorrows of Gen- 
 tility," "The Half Sisters," &c., 
 was born at Manchester in 1812. 
 Coming to London in 1854 her 
 earnest desire was to become a 
 joui-nalist on the staff of a daily 
 newspaper, but ill-health jDrevented 
 her carrying out her purpose. She 
 joined the Athenccum staff soon 
 after the publication of her first 
 works had gained for her a position 
 in the literary world, and worked 
 on it for many years, till failing- 
 sight obliged her to desist from 
 regular work. Besides the works 
 above-mentioned she wrote "^ Zoe, 
 or the History of Two Lives " 
 (1845) ; " Marian Withers" (1851) ; 
 " Constance Herbert" (1855) ; " The 
 History of an Adopted Child " 
 (1856); and "Eight or Wrong," 
 founded on a French cause celcbre 
 in 1859. She was for many years 
 the familiar friend of Lady Morgan, 
 whom she helped in the preparation 
 of some of her works for the press, 
 and in general society was a great 
 favourite on accoimt of her fine 
 sense of humour, kindly sympathy, 
 and conversational brightness. To 
 the last she kept up friendly inter- 
 
 course with a quickly lessening 
 number of old friends, among 
 whom may be mentioned the Car- 
 lyles. She died in Burwood Place, 
 Edgware Eoad, Sept. 23, 1880. 
 
 JOBSON, The Eev. Frederick 
 James, D.D. [1812— 1881], was born 
 at Lincoln, and articled to Mr. 
 Willson, F.S A., an architect of 
 that city. Mr. Jobson received 
 much literary instruction from the 
 Catholic clergy who frequented Mr. 
 Willson's House, but he remained 
 a Protestant, and in 1834 entered 
 the Wesleyan ministry. He was 
 stationed in some of the most im- 
 portant circuits in the Methodist 
 connection, including the First 
 London, First Leeds, Fifth Man- 
 chester, and Bradford circuits. He 
 was also appointed by the Con- 
 ference to visit the Methodist 
 Ei^iscopal Church in America, in 
 company with Dr. Hannah, Dr. 
 Jobson filled some of the most 
 important posts in the Methodist 
 body, and was officially con- 
 nected with chapel-building and 
 schools for ministers' sons, the 
 Theological Institution, the Eelief 
 and Extension Funds, and day- 
 school education, and also acted 
 as Clerical Treasurer for the Foreign 
 Missionary Society. In 1869 he 
 was elected President of the Wes- 
 leyan Conference for the ensuing 
 year. In addition to several devo- 
 tional works which attained success 
 in Methodist literature. Dr. Jobson 
 published " Chapel and School Ar- 
 chitecture as appropriate to the 
 Buildings of Nonconformists," 1850 ; 
 "America and American Metho- 
 dism," 1857 ; and " Australia, with 
 Notes by the Way on Egj'^pt, 
 Ceylon, Bombay, and the Holy 
 Land," 1862, 
 
 JOHNS, Ambrose Bowden, He 
 was a native of Plymouth, and was 
 born in 1776, was apprenticed to 
 Haydon the bookseller, but finally 
 became a landscape painter. His 
 works have only a local celebrity, 
 but possess some originality of com- 
 position and treatment, and are 
 
JOHNS— JOHNSON 
 
 475 
 
 Turneresque in colour. Some of 
 his paintingSj of which thirteen 
 were exhibited in the Academy, 
 are in the collection of Lord Morley 
 at Saltram. He died at Plymouth, 
 Dec. 10, 185S. 
 
 JOHNS, The Eev. Charles 
 Alexander, B.xV., F.L.S. [ISll— 
 IST-i], was educated at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin, where he gained four 
 Vice-Chancellor's Prizes in Greek 
 and Latin verse, and graduated 
 B. A. in 1841. Having held a 
 country ciu'acy for a short time, 
 and a responsible office in the 
 National Society's Central Schools, 
 Westminster, he was appointed, in 
 1813, Head Master of Helston 
 Grammar-school, Cornwall. On re- 
 signing, in 1847, he established and 
 conducted with success a prepara- 
 tory school for Eton, Harrow, &c. 
 Mr. Johns, who was a Fellow of 
 the Linngean Society, and an ac- 
 comj^lished botanist, wrote " Botani- 
 cal Eambles," "The Forest Trees 
 of Britain," " A Week at the Lizard 
 Point," "Bird's Nests," "Flowers 
 of the Field," " Gardening for 
 Children," and " British Birds in 
 their Haunts," " Home Walks and 
 Holiday Eambles." Mr. Johns was 
 elected in 1869, the first Pi'esident 
 of the Hampshire and Winchester 
 Scientific and Literary Society. 
 
 JOHNSON, The Very Eev. 
 George Henry Sacheverell, 
 M.A., F.E.S. [1808—1881], born 
 at Keswick, in Cumberland, was 
 educated at Queen's College, Ox- 
 ford, of which he became a scholar. 
 He gi-aduated B.A. in 1828 as a 
 double first-class, having gained 
 the Ireland University Scholarship 
 the year before. He obtained also 
 the Senior Mathematical (Univer- 
 sity) Scholarship two years after, 
 being, with the late Henry Smith, 
 the only man who ever won both 
 these distinctions. He was tutor of 
 his College for many years, and num- 
 bered among his pupils, public and 
 private, men who afterwards became 
 the;Ai-chbishops of Canterbury and 
 York (Dr. Tait and Dr. Thomson), 
 
 Lord Selbornc, the Deans of AVest- 
 minster (Dr. Stanley), Durham 
 (Dr. Lake), and Norwich (Dr. 
 Goulbxu'n), besides many others, 
 who subsequently attained to the 
 greatest eminence. Mr. Johnson 
 was twice Public Examiner in the 
 University ; held the Savilian Pro- 
 fessorship of Astronomy from 1839 
 till 1842 ; and the Professorsliip of 
 Moral Philosophy from that date 
 till 1845 ; was one of the leading 
 members of the Oxford University 
 Commission of 1851 ; was appointed 
 Preacher at Whitehall in 1852 ; 
 and in 1854 became Dean of Wells. 
 In this office he formed one of 
 the Parliamentary Commission by 
 whichjthe statutes of the University 
 and of the colleges and halls were 
 amended, mainly according to the 
 recommendations of the first Com- 
 mission. Mr. Johnson, who was 
 well known as a mathematician, 
 wrote a " Treatise on Optics," pub- 
 lished in 1836 ; a volume of Ser- 
 mons preached in Wells Cathedral, 
 and published in 1857 ; and was 
 jointly with the editor and the 
 Eev. C. Elliott responsible for the 
 Psalms in the " Speaker's Com- 
 mentary." 
 
 JOHNSON, Captain, a notorious 
 smuggler, who in 1809 was released 
 from prison, in order to accompany 
 the Walcheren expedition, and to 
 pilot the English fleet into the 
 harbour of Flushing, died in Vaux- 
 hall Bridge Eoad in March 1839, 
 aged 67. For his services at 
 Flushing, the Government granted 
 him .£100^ a year on condition that 
 he would give up smuggling. 
 
 JOHNSON, James, M.D.'[1777— 
 1845], the youngest son of an Irish 
 farmer, having served his appren- 
 ticeship to a surgeon-apothecary at 
 Port Glenone, and vrorked for two 
 years under a Mr. Bankhead of 
 Belfast, came to London and passed 
 at Surgeon's Hall in 1798. In the 
 same year he was appointed sur- 
 geon's mate in the navy, and visited 
 Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. 
 In 1800 as surgeon to the Cynthia. 
 
476 
 
 JOHNSON. 
 
 sloop of war he accompanied tlie 
 expedition to Egypt, and in 1801 
 as surgeon to„tlie Driver he served 
 in the North Sea. Having spent 
 three years in the East as surgeon 
 to the Caroline, he returned to 
 England, and spent some time in 
 studying at the borough hospitals. 
 In 1808 he was appointed to the 
 Valiant, and saw much active ser- 
 vice during the five years he 
 remained with her. From 1812 
 to 1811 he served as flag-surgeon 
 to Sir William Young, then in 
 command of the North Sea fleet, 
 and when peace was declared was 
 retained by the Duke of Clarence 
 who then assumed the command. 
 He was placed on half -pay in 181-4, 
 and settled in general practice at 
 Portsmouth, whence he removed in 
 1818 to London. He was made 
 M.D. by the University of St. 
 Andrews in 1821, and in the same 
 year was admitted a Licentiate of 
 the College of Physicians. Among 
 his works may be mentioned " The 
 Influence of Tropical Climates on 
 European Constitutions," 1812 ; 
 •^'The Economy of Health, or the 
 Stream of Human Life," 1836, 
 &c. He was besides the editor of 
 the Medico-Chirurgical Journal, 
 which became the Medico-Chirur- 
 gical Review, and was .published 
 quarterly. 
 
 JOHNSON, John, printer, and 
 author of the " Typographia, or 
 the Printer's Instructor ; including 
 an Account of the Origin of Print- 
 ing, with Biographical Notices of 
 the Printers of England, from 
 Caxton to the close of the Sixteenth 
 Century," was a native of Cheshire, 
 and was bred as a comj)Ositor. In 
 1813 he and a pressman, Warwick, 
 induced Sir Egerton Brydges to let 
 them set up a private press at his 
 seat, Lee Priory, which they carried 
 on successfully — issuing thence a 
 number of poetical reprints, &c., 
 of high value, till 1817 when they 
 quarrelled, and Johnson left. He 
 next set about compiling his " Typo- 
 graphia," which was published in 
 
 1820, and was very favourably 
 received. He afterwards produced, 
 in a curious style of ornamental 
 printing, Thomson's " History of 
 Magna Charta," and his " Chronicles 
 of London Bridge." He died in 
 Brooke Street, Holborn, Feb. 17, 
 1848, in his 7lst year. 
 
 JOHNSON, Manuel John [1805 
 — 1859], M.A., astronomer, was edu- 
 cated at Addiscombe, and entered 
 the Artillery in 1821. He was sent 
 out to St. Helena, where he re- 
 mained for ten years, employing 
 his leisure in making observations 
 j of the stars, and in superintending 
 j the building of the St. Helena Ob- 
 . servatory, which was finished in 
 ' 1829. Here he worked diligently, 
 giving his whole attention to the 
 study of the southern hemisphere. 
 The result of his labours he pub- 
 lished in 1835, under the title 
 " Catalogue of 606 Principal Fixed 
 Stars of the Southern Hemisphere." 
 After the disbanding of the Artil- 
 lery corps in St. Helena, Mr. John- 
 son returned to England, and en- 
 tered at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 
 and having but recently taken his 
 degree, was appointed to the charge 
 of the Radcliffe Observatory, which 
 had become vacant by the death of 
 Mr. Rigaud. He continued his as- 
 tronomical labours, and was able 
 to add 15,000 stars to the Groom- 
 bridge Catalogue. After the erec- 
 tion, in the Observatory, in 1849, 
 of the heliometer, the work of Rep- 
 sold, of Hambui'g, Mr. Johnson 
 made numerous observations by 
 means of it, which were afterwards 
 published in 1853. A second series 
 followed in 1857. 
 
 JOHNSON, Thomas Mark [1826 
 — 1874], born at Appleby, Lin- 
 colnshire, was educated at Win- 
 terton, Lincolnshire, and at Kipon. 
 Brought up as an engineer he 
 became a member of the Insti- 
 tute of Civil Engineers in 1863. 
 After being Resident Engineer on 
 the River Nene, Norfolk Estuary, 
 and other important works, he be- 
 came Resident Engineer of the Me- 
 
JOHNSTON. 
 
 477 
 
 tropolitan Railway, and superin- 
 tended the designs and the execu- 
 tion of the works from their com- 
 mencement to completion. In con- 
 junction with Mr. John Fowler, 
 President of the Institution of 
 Civil Engineei's, he designed the 
 "Inner Circle" and "The Metro- 
 politan and St. John's Wood" Rail- 
 ways, Avhich were approved and 
 sanctioned by Parliament in 186i, 
 and in the capacity of joint engi- 
 neer he had the charge of the 
 designs and construction of those 
 railways until the end of the year 
 1869, before which time the St. 
 John's Wood Railway had been 
 opened for traffic, and the Metro- 
 politan District Railway had been 
 nearly completed to Queen Victoria 
 Street, City. 
 
 JOHNSTON, The Rt. Hon. Sir 
 Alexander Knight [1775 — 1849], 
 of Karnsalloch, Dumfries, a Privy 
 Coimcillor, and F.R.S., was ap- 
 pointed Advocate-General in the 
 King's Court at Ceylon in 1802, 
 became Chief Justice in 1805, and 
 in 1810 was made Judge of the 
 Admiralty Court, and President of 
 His Majesty's Council in that 
 island, on which occasion he was 
 knighted. He returned to England 
 in 1819, having during his stay in 
 the island greatly distinguished 
 himself by establishing freedom of 
 conscience, trial by jury, and the 
 abolition of the slave trade. Earl 
 de Grey, in speaking of him in the 
 House of Lords, said that " no 
 person had ever before had the 
 honour of introducing three such 
 measures into any country, and 
 that his conduct in the Island of 
 Ceylon alone had immortalized his 
 name." He was sworn a Privy 
 Councillor in 1832. He married, in 
 1799, Louisa, only daughter of Lord 
 William Campbell, car)tain R.N. 
 
 JOHNSTON, James Finlat 
 Weir, practical chemist, was born 
 in Paisley in 1796, and educated at 
 the Glasgow University for the 
 ministry, supporting himself by 
 giving lessons to his fellow 'students. 
 
 He became a licentiate of the Church 
 of Scotland, after which he removed 
 to Durham, and opened a school 
 there. His marriage with a daugh- 
 ter of Thomas Ridley, Esq., of Park 
 End, enabled him to give up the 
 school, and devote himself to the 
 study of chemistry, for which he 
 had always had a great preference. 
 In order to perfect himself in that 
 science he went to Sweden, and 
 became the pupil of Berzelius. On 
 the foundation of the Durham Uni- 
 versity, in 1833, he was appointed 
 Reader in Chemistry and Mine- 
 ralogy, an office he held till his 
 death, making the neighbourhood 
 of Edinburgh his regular home, 
 and only going to Durham during 
 term time. In 1843 he was ap- 
 pointed chemist to the Agricultural 
 Society of Scotland, then newly 
 established, and his laboratory in 
 Edinburgh became the central point 
 of the agricultural chemistry of 
 Scotland. His chief literary work 
 -was his " Catechism of Agricultural 
 Chemistry and Geology," which 
 passed through numerous editions, 
 and was translated into several 
 languages. He published besides 
 " Notes on North America," the 
 result of a tour in the United 
 States and Canada ; " Chemistry of 
 Common Life," " Geology of Com- 
 mon Life," and was besides a con- 
 stant contributor to BlacJcivood's 
 Magazine, the Edinburgh Review, 
 and other literary and scientific 
 journals. He died in Dui-ham of 
 rapid decline September 18, 1855, 
 aged 59. 
 
 JOHNSTON, Alexander Keith, 
 LL.D., F.R.S. [1804—1871], geo- 
 grapher, born at Kirkhill, near 
 Edinburgh, educated at the High 
 School with a viev>^ to the medi- 
 cal profession, became apprentice 
 to an engraver, and acquired 
 that artistic skill which charac- 
 terizes his woi'ks. He early com- 
 menced the stiidy of geography, 
 with a view to founding a school of 
 that science in his own country, 
 and having mastered the works of 
 
478 
 
 JOHNSTON— JOHNSTONE. 
 
 the "best English and foreign writers, 
 published his " National Atlas " in 
 1843. This procured him the honour 
 of being appointed Geographer to 
 the Queen for Scotland. Mr. John- 
 ston was best known for having 
 made, on a large scale, the appli- 
 cation of physical science to geo- 
 graphy. Founding his researches 
 on the wi'itings of Humboldt and 
 Eitter, and, aided by the counsel of 
 the former, he produced "The Phy- 
 sical Atlas of Natural Phenomena " 
 in 1848, an abridged edition in 
 1850, and a new and enlarged 
 edition of the folio atlas in 1856. 
 He was, at different times, elected 
 honorary or corresponding member 
 of the principal geographical socie- 
 ties of Europe, Asia, and America, 
 and a Fellow of the Eoyal Society 
 of Edinburgh; and the University 
 of that city in 1865 conferred upon 
 him the honorary degree of LL.D. 
 His writings on medical geography 
 procured him the diploma of the 
 Epidemiological Society of London, 
 and for the first physical globe he 
 was awarded the medal of the Great 
 Exhibition of London, in 1851. 
 Among his other works are " The 
 Dictionary of Geography," pub- 
 lished in 1850; "An Atlas of the 
 Historical Geography of Europe ; " 
 " Atlas of Astronomy," in 1855 ; 
 " General and GeologicpJ Maps of 
 Europe," in 1856; "Atlas of the 
 United States of N. America," in 
 1857 ; a series of well-known edu- 
 cational works ; atlases of general, 
 physical, and classical geography ; 
 " The Eoyal Atlas of General Geo- 
 graphy," dedicated by special per- 
 mission to the Queen, the only atlas 
 for which a prize medal was awarded 
 at the International Exhibition of 
 , London in 1862 ; the" Handy Atlas 
 of General Geography ;" and a series 
 of six library maps of the great divi- 
 sions of the globe, each on four sheets 
 imperial, of which Europe, Asia, 
 Australasia, N. and S. America, 
 were published in 1864, and Africa 
 in 1866. 
 JOHNSTON, Alexander Keith 
 
 [1816 — 1879], son of the preceding, 
 was educated pai'tly by his father, 
 and partly at the famous Insti- 
 tute of Goth a, under Dr. Peter- 
 mann. He gave much promise 
 of one day making a great name 
 for himself, and was chosen by 
 the Eoyal Geographical Society to 
 conduct an expedition into Africa, 
 where unfortunately he succumbed 
 to the climate, dying at Berobero, 
 the chief town of the Wakhutu, 
 about 150 miles south-west of Dar- 
 es-Salaam, June 28, 1879. He pub- 
 lished, in 1877, his " Book of Phy- 
 j sical Geography," and in 1879 an 
 ■ enlargement of Hellwald's "Africa," 
 i besides a large number of minor 
 I papers. 
 
 JOHNSTONE, James, who was 
 I for more than twenty years the sole 
 proprietor of the Standard news- 
 paper, died at Hooley House, Couls- 
 don, in October, 1878. He was a 
 staunch Conservative, and his am- 
 I bition was to found a paper which 
 i should represent the spirit of Brit- 
 ish Conservatism, but yet be inde- 
 ! pendent of any particular ministry. 
 He bought the Morning Herald and 
 the Evening Standard, which were 
 at that time almost valueless, and 
 merged them into the Standard, 
 which he lived to see in the full 
 tide of success. He left a very 
 large fortune to the present pro- 
 prietors of the paper. 
 
 JOLLY, The Et. Eev. Alexan- 
 der, D.D., Bishop of Moray [1756 
 — 1838], which see became extinct 
 at his death, was born at Stone- 
 haven, Kincardineshire, where his 
 father carried on business. He was 
 educated at Marischal College, 
 Aberdeen, after leaving which he 
 became tutor in the family of a 
 Mr. Leslie of Eothie, which he left 
 to study for the piiesthood, under 
 Bishop Petrie. He was ordained 
 in 1776, and in the following year 
 was apj)ointed to the living of Tur- 
 riff. He was made Bishop of Moray 
 February 14, 1798. Of his writings 
 (which were all of a religious 
 character) the most valuable was a 
 
JONES. 
 
 479 
 
 work on the Eucharist, published 
 in 1831, and much esteemed at the 
 time. He died during the night of 
 the 29th June, 1838, and was found 
 the next morning laid out for 
 burial, having himself closed his 
 eyes, covered his face with a napkin, 
 and folded his arms on his breast 
 in the form of a cross. 
 
 JONES, Eknest, son of Major 
 Jones, equerry to the Duke of 
 Cumberland, was born in Berlin in 
 1819. He was educated in Germany, 
 and came to England in 1S38. 
 His romance entitled "The Wood 
 Spii'it,"' appeared in 1SJ.1, and 
 he conti'ibuted to the Metropoli- 
 tan and other magazines. Called 
 to the Bar by the Middle Temple 
 in Easter term, 1841, he com- 
 menced his professional career 
 with success, but soon turned his 
 attention to politics, joined the 
 Chartist movement in 1845, and 
 rapidly became its leader, a position 
 which he retained uutil its extinction 
 in 1858. During this period he 
 issued The Labourer, Notes of the 
 People, and other periodicals, and 
 established a newspaper called The 
 People's Pajjer, which was the organ 
 of the Chartists, and was continued 
 for eight years. Whilst connected 
 with the Chartist movement he 
 never accepted of any emolument, 
 but spent large sums in its support, 
 and voluntarily resigned a fortune 
 of nearly ^2,000 per annum, left to 
 him on condition that he should 
 abandon the Chartist cause. He 
 unsuccessfully contested Halifax 
 in 1847, and Nottingham in 1853 
 and 1857. In 1848 he was tried 
 for a seditious speech, and sen- 
 tenced to two years' solitary con- 
 filienient, and refused to petition 
 for a commiitatiou of the sentence. 
 The severity of his treatment was 
 made the subject of a debate in 
 Pai'liament. While in prison he 
 composed an ej^ic poem (published 
 in 1851, after he had regained his 
 liberty), entitled "The Eevolt of 
 Hindostan." It was written with 
 his blood, on the leaves of the 
 
 prison prayer-books, as he had been 
 refused the use of pen, ink, and 
 paper, for the first nineteen months 
 of his imprisonment. " The Battle- 
 Day " appeared in 1855, followed 
 by other poems— "The Painter of 
 Florence," and " The Emperor's 
 Vigil," in 185G ; " BeldagonChurch,'* 
 and" Corayda," in 1800. He died 
 Jan. 26, 1869. Only three days 
 before his death he was returned in 
 the Liberal interest as member for 
 Manchester. 
 
 JONES, Geokge, E.A. [1786— 
 1869], son of John Jones, a mezzo- 
 tinto engraver of repute, admitted 
 a student of the Eoyal Academy in 
 1801, continued to devote himself to 
 painting till the Peninsular war 
 broke out, when he obtained a com- 
 mission in a militia regiment, and 
 having attained the rank of captain, 
 volunteered with his company 
 to join the troops then in Spain. 
 He served under Wellington, and 
 formed part of the army of occupa- 
 tion in Paris, in 1815. On the 
 termination of the war, Mr. Jones 
 resumed practice as a painter, was 
 elected an Associate of the Academy 
 in 1820, and became E.A. in 1824. 
 William IV. appointed him Libra- 
 rian to the Academy, a post which 
 he held from 1834 till 1840, resign- 
 ing it to become Keeper, which posi- 
 tion he relinquished in 1850. At the 
 commencement of his career as an 
 artist, liis pictures consisted chiefly 
 of views of English and Continental 
 towns, but afterwards he chose 
 battle scenes, and later in life, 
 representations of Old Testament 
 narrative. The last are principally 
 dra'u'ings done in sepia. Among 
 his principal pictures are "The 
 Battle of Waterloo," which he 
 painted several times (on two oc- 
 casions — namely, in 1820 and 1822 — 
 the British Institution awarded him 
 its premium of 200 guineas for his 
 painting on this subject), " The 
 Battle of Vittoria," " The Battle of 
 Borodino," " The Passing of the 
 Eoman Catholic Eelief Bill," and 
 " The Opening of New London 
 
480 
 
 JONES. 
 
 Bridge." Mr. Jones was the author 
 of a " Life of Chantrey/' published 
 in 18 i9, and was one of the execu- 
 tors of the mil of J. M. W. Turner, 
 K.A. There are four pictures by 
 him in the Vernon Gallery. 
 
 JONES, Lieut. -Gen. Sir Harry 
 David, G.C.B. [1792—1866], Go- 
 vernor of the Eoyal Military Col- 
 lege, was the youngest brother of 
 Lieut.-Gen. Sir John Thomas Jones, 
 Bart., K.C.B. and A.D.C. to the 
 Queen, and was educated at Wool- 
 wich. He entered the Eoyal En- 
 gineers in 1808, and having next 
 year taken part in the expedition 
 to Walcheren, served in the cam- 
 paigns in Spain from 1810 to 1814-, 
 and led the forlorn hope at the 
 first assault on St. Sebastian, where 
 he was wounded severely, and taken 
 prisoner. After the battle of Water- 
 loo, and the occupation of Paris 
 by the Allies, he was commanding 
 engineer in charge of the fortifica- 
 tions on Montmartre. In 1835 he 
 was appointed one of the Commis- 
 sioners for fixing the municipal 
 boundaries of English boroughs, 
 and afterwards Chairman of the 
 Board of Works in Ireland, 1845-50. 
 In August, 1851, he commanded 
 the English forces during the siege 
 operations at Bomarsund, and next 
 year conducted the engineering- 
 operations at Sebastopol, down to 
 1855, in the course of which he 
 was severely wounded. For these 
 services he was invested with the 
 Order of the Bath, made Com- 
 mander of the Sardinian Order of 
 Savoy, and promoted to the local 
 rank of Lieut. -General in Turkey. 
 He was also a Commander of the 
 Legion of Honour, and bore the 
 Turkish Order of the Medjidie 
 2nd Class. He was a G.C.B., and 
 in 1856 was appointed Governor of 
 the Military College at Sandhurst. 
 He also formed one of the council 
 of war, held in Paris, in Jan. 1856, 
 and was President of the Commis- 
 sion on National Defences, in 1859. 
 He was appointed Col. -Commandant 
 of the Eoyal Engineers, Aug. 2, 1860. 
 
 JONES, John, who bequeathed 
 to the South Kensington Museum 
 his unique and invaluable collec- 
 tion of 18th century furniture, and 
 articles of vertu, was born in Mid- 
 dlesex about 1808. In 1825 he set 
 up in business as a tailor, at 6, 
 Waterloo Place, and retired from 
 active business in 1850. It is pro- 
 bable that he began forming his 
 collection after this date ; for when 
 fifteen years later he removed from 
 the rooms above the shop to No. 95, 
 Piccadilly, he had not a quarter of 
 the curios that now form the Jones 
 Bequest. In Piccadilly Mr. Jones 
 continued to live a quiet, unpre- 
 tentious life, making the formation 
 of his collection his great interest 
 and sole luxury. He bought with 
 great judgment and knowledge : 
 each object being a gem in its way ; 
 and the collection, which numbers 
 only about 650 lots, has been valued 
 by good judges at ^£250,000, and is 
 one of the most magnificent gifts 
 ever received by the English nation, 
 exceeding in value even the famous 
 Grenville Library. Mr. Jones, whose 
 long life was singularly free from 
 ill-health, died at his house in 
 Piccadilly, Jan. 7th, 1882. 
 
 JONES, John Gale, political 
 agitator,was by profession a surgeon. 
 In Feb. 1810, he was committed to 
 Newgate for the publication of 
 what was called a scurrilous hand- 
 bill, and was only liberated on the 
 prorogation of Parliament in June, 
 when Sir Francis Burdett was also 
 released from the Tower. He was 
 a most eloquent and successful 
 orator, and was a member of the 
 London Corresponding Society, and 
 of the British Forum, two insti- 
 tutions much out of favour with 
 the authorities. He also Avi-ote 
 numerous pamphlets, ttc. For some 
 years before his death he had lived 
 in retirement, and taken no part 
 in politics. He died in Somers' 
 Town, April 4, 1838, aged sixty- 
 seven. 
 
 JONES, John Winter, F.S.A. 
 [1805 — 1881], born in Lambeth, was 
 
Jones, 
 
 481 
 
 the son of Mr. John Jones, for 
 some years editor of the Naval 
 Chronicle and European Maijazinc. 
 He was educated at St. Paul's 
 School, and studied for the Chancery 
 bar, l»ut entered the public service 
 in 1S;J7, became Assistant Keeper 
 of the printed books in the liritish 
 Museum in 1850, Keeper in 1850, 
 on the promotion of Mr. Panizzi to 
 the olfice of Principal Liljrarian ; 
 and Principal Librarian on the 
 retirement of Mr. Panizzi, in June, 
 180tj. He retired in consequence 
 of failintj health in Aujj. 1878. 
 Mr. Jones edited for the Hakluyt 
 Society, " Divers Voyages touch- 
 ins^ the Discovery of America,'' 
 published in 1850 ; and "The 
 Travels of Nicolo Conti in the 
 East, translated from the Italian 
 of Po«^gio liracciolini," in 1858 ; 
 and he translated for the same 
 Society, " The Travels of Ludovico 
 di Varthema in Eg^ypt, Syi'ia, Ara- 
 bia Deserta and Felix, in Persia. 
 India, and Ethiopia, a.d. 1503 to 
 1508," published in 1863. He 
 wrote a guide to the printed 
 books exhibited to the public in 
 the Grenville Library and King's 
 Library, published in 1858 ; was a 
 contributor to the " New Biogra- 
 phical Dictionary," j^ublished by 
 the Society for the Diffusion of 
 Useful Knowledge ; and contri- 
 buted to the Quarterly and North 
 British Reviews. 
 
 JONES, Leslie Grove, Colonel 
 of the 1st Eegiment Grenadier 
 Guards, was the welI-knoA\'n author 
 of numerous very violent letters 
 signed " Eadical," which appeared 
 in the Times during the progress 
 of the first Eeform Bill. He died 
 in Buckingham Street, Strand, 
 March 12, 1839, in his 60th year. 
 
 JONES, General George, R.M., 
 died at Southsea, Feb. 20, 1857. This 
 gallant officer was in Lord Howe's 
 action "of the glorious 1st of June," 
 1794;, on board the Valiant, Captain 
 Pringle; in Sir Robert Calder's 
 fleet, when the Valiant chased three 
 frigates and took La Gloirc and 
 
 Gentil; on board the Ri'volution- 
 nairc in Lord IJridport's battle of 
 the 23rd June, 1795; in the night 
 action when the Rvvolutionnaire 
 took L' Unitd, a,nd in several other 
 dashing engagements ; he was three 
 times the first to board the ships 
 of the enemy ; and was wrecked 
 in the Magnificent on the coast of 
 France. 
 
 JONES, Owen [1809—1874], ar- 
 chitect, cultivated more particu- 
 larly the decorative portion of his 
 art. He was known as the author 
 of " An Attempt to Define the Prin- 
 ciples which should regulate the 
 Employment of Colour in Decora- 
 tive Arts," published in 1852 ; the 
 " Grammar of Ornament," in 1856 ; 
 and wrote extensively on the prin- 
 ciples of the art of illuminating. 
 He desifrned the illuminated illus- 
 trations to the Prayer Book and 
 many of the first works of the day, 
 decorated the interior of the Great 
 Exhibition building in Hyde Park 
 in 1851, and that of the Crystal 
 Palace at Sydenham, where he de- 
 signed and erected the EgjT^)tian, 
 Greek, E-oman, and Alhambra 
 courts. Mr. Owen Jones wi-ote 
 " Plans, Elevations, and Sections 
 of the Alhambra," 1818; "Intro- 
 duction to the Catalogue of the 
 DeiDartment of Practical Art," 1852 ; 
 and "Descriptions of the Greek, 
 the Alhambra, and Egyptian Courts 
 at the Crystal Palace." He de- 
 signed and erected St. James's 
 Hall, Piccadilly. 
 
 JONES, EiCHARD, comedian, was 
 born in Birmingham, where he first 
 appeared in the characters of Ham- 
 let, EomeOj and Douglas. Being- 
 very successful in the character of 
 Gossamer, in Eeynold's comedy 
 " Laugh when you can," he deter- 
 mined to devote hiuiself entirely 
 to comedy. He came out at Co vent 
 Garden in 1807, as Goldfinch in 
 the "Eoad to Ei^in," and under- 
 took several of the characters which 
 had belonged to the late favourite 
 Lewis. His most successful roles 
 were Puff in the " Critic," and 
 
 I I 
 
482 
 
 JONES— JOSEPH. 
 
 Mercutio, in whicli he was said to 
 rival Charles Kemble. He gave 
 up the stage in 1833^ and became 
 a teacher of elocution. He wrote 
 several successful pieces, among 
 which may be mentioned " The 
 Grreen Man," a play in three acts ; 
 " Too late for Dinner," a farce ; 
 " Peter Fin's Trip to Brighton," a 
 farce, and " The School for Gal- 
 lantry," a little comedy. He died 
 in Chapel Street, Belgrave Square, 
 Sept. 30, 1851, aged 73. 
 
 JONES, The Eev. Ei chard, 
 M.A. [1791—1855], one of the Chief 
 Commissioners of the Charitable 
 Trust Commission, and Professor 
 of Political Economy and History 
 in Haileybury College, was educated 
 at Caius College, Cambridge, on 
 leaving which he entered into holy 
 orders, and was engaged for several 
 years in active ministerial duties in 
 Kent and Sussex. He devoted all 
 his leisiu'e to the study of political 
 economy, and published a valuable 
 work "On Rent," which brought 
 him prominently into notice as a 
 practical political economist, and 
 led to his appointment in 1835 to 
 the Professorship of Political Eco- 
 nomy and History at Haileybury 
 College. Mr. Jones belonged to 
 the inductive school of Political 
 Economy as opposed to the deduc- 
 tive system or school of Ricardo. 
 Having with Mr. Drinkwater Be- 
 thune taken part in the scheme of 
 compromise for the commutation of 
 tithes, which settled the tithe rent- 
 charges in England and Wales, he 
 was appointed one of the Chief 
 Commissioners for carrying out 
 that measure. Before his death 
 he resigned his Professorship at 
 Haileybury College. He died at 
 the College, January 26, 1855. 
 
 JONES, Thomas Rymee, F.R.S., 
 studied for the medical profession 
 in London and Paris, and became a 
 member of the College of Surgeons 
 in 1833, but relinquished his profes- 
 sion on account of deafness, and 
 devoted himself to the study of 
 <;omparative anatomy. He was ap- 
 
 pointed Professor of Comparative 
 Anatomy in King's College, London, 
 on its establishment, and in 1810 
 became Fullerian Professor of 
 Physiology in the Royal Institu- 
 tion. He published several papers 
 on the forms of Mammalia, and his 
 great work, " A General Outline of 
 the Animal Kingdom," appeared in 
 1838. He was an eloquent and at- 
 tractive lecturer on natural his- 
 tory, and was a contributor to the 
 " Cycloi^sedia of Anatomy and Phy- 
 siology." He died Dec. 10, 1880. 
 
 JOSEPH, George Francis, 
 A.R.A., was born Nov. 25, 1764, 
 entered the Academy Schools in 
 1784, and first appears as an exhi- 
 bitor in 1788, He generally painted 
 portraits, but in 1792 he exhibited 
 "Adam and Eve," and, with a 
 " Scene from Coriolanus," gained 
 the Gold Medal. Shortly after this 
 he took for a time to miniature 
 painting, but did not entirely give 
 up larger work. He was awarded 
 a premium of =£122 by the British 
 Institution in 1811 for " The Return 
 of Priam with the dead body of 
 Hector," and 100 guineas in the 
 following year for his " Procession 
 to Mount Calvary." In 1813 he 
 was elected A.R.A., and after that 
 date confined himself chiefly to 
 portrait painting, though in 1824 
 he drew the illustrations for a 
 serial edition of Shakespeare. At 
 the age of seventy he retired to 
 Cambridge, where he died in 1846. 
 He exhibited 160 pictures, and 
 there is a portrait by him of 
 Spencer Perceval in the National 
 Portrait Gallery. 
 
 JOSEPH, Samuel, R.S.A. He 
 was a cousin of G. F. Joseph, and 
 the son of the Treasurer of St. 
 John's, Cambridge. He studied at 
 the Academy, and in 1815 was 
 awarded the Gold Medal for his 
 modelling of "Eve Supplicating 
 Forgiveness." For some years he 
 practised as a sculptor in London, 
 but in 1823 removed to Edinburgh, 
 and was elected R.S.A. In 1828 
 he returned to London^ but had not 
 
JOSI— JULLIEN. 
 
 483 
 
 the success that he had attained in 
 Scotland. He exhibited 100 works 
 in the Academy ; the last year in 
 which his name appears is 181G, 
 but he did not die till 1850. His 
 chief practice in London was as 
 a modeller of busts, but the fine 
 full length " Wilberforce " in West- 
 minster Abbey is by him, as is also 
 the "Wilkie" in the Vestibule of 
 the National Gallery. 
 
 JO SI, Henry, for several years 
 Keeper of the Prints and Drawings 
 in the British Museum, was the son 
 of a Dutchman, Christian Josi, 
 an engraver, who settled in this 
 country about the year 1816. Henry 
 Josi was educated at Dr. Burney's 
 well-known school at Greenwich, 
 after leaving which he assisted his 
 father in his business, and finally 
 set up a shop on his own account 
 in Newman Street. He siicceeded 
 Mr. Ottley as Keeper of the Prints 
 and Drawings in the British 
 Museum in 1836, and at once set 
 to work to increase the value of 
 the department, sparing no pains 
 to that end. We owe to him the 
 purchase of Mr. Sheepshanks' col- 
 lection of Dutch and Flemish 
 drawings and etchings ; Mr. Har- 
 ding's collection ; a very valuable 
 collection of specimens of early 
 mezzotint engravers ; Eaphael 
 Morghen's collected works ; and 
 Mr. Cunningham's collection of 
 prints by the early German en- 
 gravers. Mr. Josi painted a little 
 himself, and was vei'y skilful in 
 cleaning and repairing prints. He 
 spoke Dutch, French, and German 
 fluently, an accomplishment of much 
 value to him at the Museum. He 
 died in Upper Wharton Street, 
 Pentonville, Feb. 7, 1815, in his 
 43rd year. 
 
 JUKES, Joseph Beete, M.A., 
 F.E.S., F.G.S., M.E.I.A., &c. [1811 
 — 1869], was educated at the Gram- 
 mar School, Wolverhampton, King 
 Edward's School, Birmingham, and 
 at St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 where he graduated B.A. in 1836, 
 M.A. in 1841. In the beginning 
 
 of 1839 he was appointed Geo- 
 logical Surveyor of the Colony of 
 Newfoundland, returning to Eng- 
 land at the end of 18 iO, and in 
 Jan. 1842 was appointed by the 
 Admiralty, naturalist to H. M. S. 
 Fly, about to start on a surveying 
 and exploring voyage to the shores 
 of Australia and New Guinea, 
 under the command of Captain 
 Blackwood. The expedition re- 
 turned to England in Jime 1846, 
 and in Sept. he was appointed to a 
 post on the Geological Survey of the 
 United Kingdom, under the late Sir 
 Henry De la Beche, the Director- 
 General, In Nov. 1850 he became 
 local Director of the Survey in Ire- 
 land, and on the establishment of a 
 scientific lectureship in the Museum 
 of Irish Industry, under Sir R. 
 Kane, in 1854, was appointed Lec- 
 turer on Geology to that institu- 
 tion. He wrote numerous geolo- 
 gical works, among which may be 
 mentioned " Popular Physical Geo- 
 logy;" "The Student's "Manual of 
 Geology ; " " School Manual of 
 Geology." 
 
 JULLIEN, Louis Antoine [1812 
 — 1860], for nearly twenty years an 
 influential and popular figure with 
 the English musical public. He 
 was born in Paris, his father being a 
 bandmaster, and was educated at the 
 Conservatoire under Le Carpentier 
 and Halevy. His career there was 
 hoAvever, the reverse of brilliant, 
 and on leaving it he became con- 
 ductor of some concerts at the 
 Jardin Ture. He here began that 
 system of gigantic "^ arrangements," 
 which he called quadi'illes, that 
 were afterwards so popular in Lon- 
 don. In 1S40 he gave a series of 
 shilling concerts at Drury Lane, 
 and in the next winter another 
 series. Two years later he or- 
 ganised and conducted some better 
 concerts at the Lyceum, at which 
 Rossini's " Stabat Mater " was first 
 performed in England. He always, 
 however flimsy the rest of the pro- 
 gramme might be, gave at least 
 one piece of acknowledged excel- 
 
 I I 2 
 
484 
 
 JUTSUM— KAVANAGH. 
 
 lence — a movemejit from one of 
 Mozart's symplionies^ for example^ 
 or a classical -overture ; and his 
 performers^ instrumental and vocalj 
 were the best he could engage. By 
 these means he was able (in his 
 own words) to " popularise music/' 
 and it is not too much to say that 
 Jullien's influence is still felt. 
 The splendid bands we hear at 
 "promenade concerts" now, and 
 the good music they perform, are 
 the result of his judgment and 
 liberality. He engaged Ernst, 
 Sivori, Bottesini, Sainton, Arabella 
 Goddard, Sims Reeves, and many 
 other artists of the first repute, 
 and his concerts were not confined 
 to London alone, but were given 
 in Scotland and Ireland as well as 
 in the English provinces. He was, 
 however, most unfortunate ; and, 
 after losing large sums, he returned 
 to Paris, where, from protracted 
 anxieties, his mind gave way, and 
 he died in 1860. 
 
 JUTSUM, Henry. He was born 
 in London in 1816, and exhibited 
 his first landscape in the Academy 
 of 1836, and three years later be- 
 came the pupil of James Stark. In 
 1843 he was elected a member of 
 the New Water Colour Society, 
 but continued exhibiting in the 
 Academy, and in 1847 withdrew 
 from the Society, resolved to devote 
 himself to painting in oil, and ex- 
 hibited at the Academy, the British 
 Institution, and the Suffolk Street 
 Galleries, contributing in all 162 
 works. He died at St. John's 
 Wood, March 3, 1869. His " Foot 
 Bridge " formed part of the Towns- 
 end bequest to the nation. 
 
 K. 
 
 KAESLAKE, Eight Hon. Sir 
 John Burgess, Q.C. [1821—1881], 
 son of Mr. Henry Karslake, a soli- 
 citor, and grandson on his mother's 
 side of the great conveyancer, 
 Richard Preston, Q.C, M.P., was 
 born at Bencham, near Croydon. 
 
 He was educated at Harrow, and 
 called to the Bar at the Middle 
 Temple in Jan. 1846, joining the 
 Western Circuit, of which he soon 
 became one of the leaders. There 
 was a keen rivalry on the circuit 
 between him and his contemporary 
 Coleridge, the present Lord Chief 
 Justice. They were born in the 
 same year, called to the Bar in 
 the same year, and long ran neck 
 and neck at the head of the circuit. 
 Both obtained silk in 1861, and 
 Sir John Karslake was appointed 
 Bencher of his Inn in the same 
 year. He entered the House of 
 Commons in 1867, as member in 
 the Conservative interest for An- 
 dover, Coleridge having been re- 
 turned to the House two years 
 previously as Liberal member for 
 Exeter. When the Earl of Derby 
 came into office in 1866, Karslake 
 was appointed Solicitor-General ; 
 was advanced to the post of Attor- 
 ney-General in 1867-68' and acted in 
 the latter capacity again for a time 
 in Disraeli's Government in 1874 ; 
 but was obliged to resign his office 
 in the following April in conse- 
 quence of failing sight, which 
 resulted in total blindness. He 
 was knighted Jan. 1, 1867, and 
 sworn of the Privy Council on final 
 retirement from Parliament in 
 1876. He lost his seat for Andover 
 in 1868, and remained out of Par- 
 liament till 1873, when he came in 
 at a bye-election for Huntingdon, 
 having unsuccessfully contested 
 Exeter against Coleridge in 1868. 
 He was an extremely popular man ; 
 had a very large practice ; and 
 would certainly have been raised to 
 the Bench but for his blindness. 
 
 KAVANAGH, Julia [1824— 
 1877], born at Thurles, in child- 
 hood accompanied her parents to 
 London, and afterwards to Paris, 
 where they eventually took up their 
 abode. In that city she gained 
 that minute insight into French 
 life which she reproduced in so 
 many of her works. Miss Kava- 
 nagh, who returned to London in 
 
KAY-SHUTTLE WOETII—KA YE . 
 
 485 
 
 18i4, to devote herself to literature 
 as a profession, began by writing 
 tales and essays for the periodi- 
 cals of the day ; and published in 
 1817 her fii-st book, a tale for chil- 
 dren entitled " The Three Paths," 
 to which, in 18i8, succeeded the 
 well-known story of " Madeleine/' 
 founded on the life of a pea- 
 sant girl of Auvergne. "Women 
 in France during the Eighteenth 
 Century," containing cleverly- 
 executed pictures of the female 
 celebrities of France who figured 
 at that remarkable period, ap- 
 peared in 1850 ; " Nathalie," in 
 1851; followed by "The Women 
 of Christianity," in 1852 ; " Daisy 
 Burns," a domestic novel, in 1853 ; 
 and soon after the publication of the 
 last-mentioned wox'k this authoress 
 travelled through Fi-ance, ST\-itzer- 
 land, and Italy. Among her other 
 publications are a novel entitled 
 "Grace Lee," 1855, and "Eachel 
 Gi-ay," a tale published in 1856 j 
 " Adele," a novel, 1857 ,- " A Sum- 
 mer and a Winter in the Two 
 Sicilies," 1858 ; " Seven Years, and 
 other Tales," 1859 ; " French 
 Women of Letters," 1861; "Eng- 
 lish Women of Letters," 1862 ; 
 "Queen Mab," 1863; "Beatrice," 
 1865 ; " Sybil's Second Love," 1867 ; 
 " Dora," 1868 ; " Sylvia," 1870 ; 
 "Bessie," 1872; and "John Dor- 
 rien," 187^. 
 
 KAY-SHUTTLEWOETH, Sir 
 James Phillips, Bart. LlSO-i — 
 1877], son of Eobert Kay, Esq., born 
 July 20, 1804, and educated at Scotch 
 and Foreign Universities, was for 
 some time Secretary to the Com- 
 mittee of Privy Council on Educa- 
 tion, and was created a Baronet, 
 Dec. 22, 181:9, on resigning that 
 post, in which he had been mainly 
 instrumental in establishing a sys- 
 tem of school inspection by officers 
 appointed by the Government. Sir 
 James, who assumed the additional 
 name of Shuttleworth by royal 
 licence on marrying, Feb. 21:, 1842, 
 the heiress of the Shuttleworths of 
 GawthorpCj co. Lancaster, was a 
 
 Magistrate and Deputy-Lieutenant 
 for the cotinty of Lancaster. He 
 received the honorary degree of 
 D.C.L. from the University of Ox- 
 ford in 1870. 
 
 KAYE, Sib John William, 
 K.C.S.I., F.E.S.[1811r— 1876], Secre- 
 tary in the Political and Secret 
 Department of the India Office, was 
 the second son of Mr. Charles Kaye, 
 solicitor to the Bank of England. 
 He was educated at Eton, and at 
 the Eoyal Military College at Addis- 
 combe, and was for some years an 
 officer in the Bengal ai'tillery. He 
 resigned the service in 1841 in order 
 to devote himself to literatiu-e. 
 Diu'ing his stay in India he had 
 started the Calcutta Rsvieir, edited 
 the earlier numbers, and contri- 
 buted a large portion of the articles. 
 In 1856 he entered the Home Civil 
 Service of the East India Company ; 
 and on the transfer of the Govern- 
 ment of India to the Cro"mi, was 
 appointed Secretary to the Political 
 and the Secret Department of the 
 India Office in succession to John 
 Stuart Mill, an office he filled till 
 obliged by ill-health to retire in 
 1874. In 1871 he was created a 
 K. C.S.I, in recognition of his ser- 
 vices- in the above capacity. He 
 will be remembered as the author of 
 several very valuable and brilliant 
 works relating to the histoiy and 
 politics of India, among which may 
 be mentioned " The History of the 
 War in Afghanistan ; " " The His- 
 tory of the Administration of the 
 East India Company; " " The Life 
 and Correspondence of Lord Met- 
 calfe ; " A History of the Indian 
 Mutiny," &c. He also wrote exten- 
 sively for periodical literature, and 
 was the author of several biogra- 
 phies of Indian generals and states- 
 men. 
 
 KAYE, Thk Eight Eev. John, 
 D.D., Lord Bishop of Lincoln, Chan- 
 cellor of the province of Canterbury, 
 F.E.S., &c., was born in 1783 at 
 Hammersmith, and was the son of 
 Mr. Abraham Kaye, a linendraper 
 in Angel Eow. He was educated 
 
486 
 
 KEAN. 
 
 at Dr. Burney's school at Hammer- 
 smith, and at Christ's College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his B. A. 
 degree in ISO^ and gained the 
 highest University distinctions in 
 classics and mathematics. He was 
 appointed Master of Christ's College 
 in 1814, and in the same year was 
 elected Vice-Chancellor. He suc- 
 ceeded Dr. Watson as Eegius Pro- 
 fessor of Divinity in 181G, when he 
 delivered his lectures on eccle- 
 siastical history as illustrated by 
 the writings of Tertullian and 
 Justin Martyr, which were after- 
 wards published. In 1820 he was 
 appointed to the bishopric of Bristol, 
 vacant by the death of Dr. Mansell, 
 Master of Trinity, and in 1827 
 advanced to the see of Lincoln. 
 He resigned the Mastership of his 
 College and the Eegius Professor- 
 shijD of Divinity in 1830. Besides 
 several sermons he was the author 
 of an ""Account of the Writings 
 and Oj^inions of Clement of Alex- 
 andria," and a work on " The 
 Council of Nicsea, in connection 
 with the Life of Athanasius." He 
 built almost at his sole expense the 
 beautiful church of Eiseholme. In 
 1818 Bishop Kaye was elected by 
 the Master and Fellows of Balliol 
 College, Oxford, to be their Visitor. 
 He married in 1815 Eliza, eldest 
 daughter of John Mortlock, Esq., 
 of Abington Hall, Cambridgeshire. 
 He died Feb. 19, 1853, in his 70th 
 year. 
 
 KEAN, Charles John, F.S.A., 
 F.E.G.S. [1811—1868], tragedian, 
 the second and only surviving son 
 of Edmund Kean, was born at 
 Waterford, where his father was 
 then performing. In 1811 he was 
 sent to Eton, whence he was re- 
 moved owing to his father's em- 
 barrassed circumstances. Having 
 declined an East India appoint- 
 ment offered to him by Mr. Cal- 
 craft, M.P., unless he could see his 
 mother properly provided for, she 
 being at the time in broken health, 
 and separated from Jier husband, 
 he accejjted an engagement for 
 
 three years under Mr. Price at 
 Drury Lane. There he made his 
 debut Oct. 1, 1827, as Young Nerval 
 in Home's tragedy of " Douglas," 
 but was not very successful . Having 
 become reconciled to his father in 
 1828 he travelled about with him, 
 in the provinces, playing Brutus, 
 Bassanio, lago, &c., and earning a 
 fair amount of success. He went to 
 America in 1830, and was most cor- 
 dially receivedjiplaying Richard III., 
 Hamlet, Sir Edward Mortimer, &c. 
 Having returned to England he 
 acted with his father for the first 
 and last time in London, being the 
 lago to Edmund's Othello at Co vent 
 Grarden. That proved to be Ed- 
 mund Kean's last apj)earance, for 
 utterly shattered in health he 
 fainted in his son's arms and was 
 carried off the stage to his dressing 
 room, where he recovered conscious- 
 ness and was removed to Eichmond, 
 and died May 15, 1833. He was buried 
 in Eichmond churchyard. In 1837 
 Charles accepted an engagement 
 from Mr. Bunn to act for twenty 
 (afterwards extended to forty-three) 
 nights at Drury Lane, at a salary 
 of d£50 a night. His api^earance as 
 Hamlet, Jan. 8, 1838, was a trium- 
 phant success. His reputation was 
 now established, his society was 
 courted by the great and distin- 
 guished of all professions, and he 
 was entertained at a public dinner 
 in Drury Lane Theatre, March 30, 
 when a silver vase of the value of 
 ^£200 was presented to him. During 
 this, his first important engagement 
 in London, he appeared in only 
 three characters — Hamlet, Eichard 
 III., and Sir Giles Overreach. It 
 appears from Mr. Bunn's " The 
 Stage, Before and Behind the Cur- 
 tain," that the receipts diu-ing this 
 engagement were, allowing for the 
 difference in prices, almost equal 
 in amount to the receipts during 
 his father's triumphant career at 
 the same theatre in 1811. He 
 married at Dublin, Jan. 29, 1812, 
 Miss Ellen Tree (q. v.), an in- 
 valuable coadjutor in his profes- 
 
KEAN— KEANE. 
 
 487 
 
 sion. In 1850 he became lessee of 
 the Princess's Theatre, and began 
 those magnificent revivals of some 
 of Byi-on's and Shakespeare's his- 
 torical plays which for years made 
 that theatre, hitherto obscure, one 
 of the most fashionable resorts 
 in London. His most successful 
 appearance , at this time was as 
 Louis XI. in Dion Boucicault's 
 version of M. Delavigne's phiy. He 
 retired from the management of 
 the Princess's in 1859, on which 
 occasion a banquet was given in 
 his honour, presided over by the 
 Duke of Newcastle, and at which 
 Mr. Gladstone spoke, and presented 
 him from his old Etonian friends 
 with a piece of plate. Soon after 
 that Mr. and Mrs. Kean visited 
 the provinces, returning to London 
 in 1861 and playing at Drury Lane, 
 where they appeared for the last 
 time May 22, 1862. In 1863 they 
 visited Australia and the United 
 States, returning to England in 
 1866, when they reappeared at the 
 Princess's. Charles Kean appeared 
 for the last time on the stage. 
 May 28, 1867, as Louis XI. at the 
 Prince of Wales Theatre, Liver- 
 pool. The next day he was taken 
 seriously ill, and died Jan, 22, 
 1868. 
 
 KEAN, Mrs. Charles, formerly 
 well known by her maiden name of 
 Miss Ellen Tree, was the daughter 
 of a gentleman who held an ap- 
 pointment in the East India House. 
 Born early in the century, she first 
 appeared in public at Covent G-ar- 
 den, in the character of Olivia, in 
 " Twelfth Night," for the benefit of 
 her sister. Miss M. Tree, who in 1825 
 married Mr. Bradshaw, some time 
 member for Canterbury, and then 
 retired from j)rofessional life. Miss 
 E. Tree, having performed in Edin- 
 bvu'gh and Bath, was engaged at 
 Driu-y Lane, her first part being 
 Violante, in " The Wonder." In 
 1S29 she transferred her services to 
 Covent Garden, and made her first 
 appearance as Lady Townley, in 
 the ''Provoked Husband." For 
 
 her benefit she played Eomeo to 
 Miss Fanny Kemble's Juliet, and 
 her success was so great that the 
 manager entrusted to her the 
 heroine in Miss Kemble's play of 
 " Francis I." She was the original 
 Mariana in Sheridan Knowles's 
 play of " The Wife ; " the original 
 Myrrha, in Lord Byron's " Sarda- 
 napalus ; " the original Countess, 
 in Sheridan Knowles's i^lay of 
 "Love;'' but her name is chiefly 
 associated with Shakespeare's Rosa- 
 lind and Viola, and with Talfourd's 
 ''Ion." Between 1836 and 1839 
 she visited the United States, 
 where she met with an enthu- 
 siastic reception. She was married 
 tO; Mr. Charles Kean, Jan. 29, 
 1842, and retired from the stage 
 on the death of her husband, which 
 occurred Jan. 22, 1868. She died 
 Aug. 20, 1880, at her residence 
 Queensborough Terrace, Bayswater, 
 in her 7J:th year. 
 
 KEAN, Mrs. Mary, relict of 
 Edmund Kean, the actor, and 
 mother of Charles Kean, died at 
 the house of the latter, Keydell, 
 near Horndean, March 30, 1849. 
 
 KEANE, Baron, The Plight 
 Hon. Sir John Keane, of Ghuznee, 
 in Afghanistan, G.C.B., K.C.H., 
 was born in 1780, the second son 
 of Sir John Keane, of Belmont, 
 Waterford. He entered the army 
 at an early age, and was made 
 Ensign in 1793. During the Egyp- 
 tian camjDaign he served as A.D.C. 
 to Lord Cavan, and took part in 
 the actions of the 13th and 21st of 
 March, 1801. He was appointed 
 Colonel in 1812, and soon after 
 Lieutenant - Colonel in the 60th 
 Foot, and went out to Madrid, 
 where he was intrusted with the 
 command of a brigade in the third 
 division, and served until the end 
 of the war with France, in 1814. 
 He became Major-General in 1814, 
 and received the Egyjjtian medal, 
 and a cross and two clasps for 
 Martinique, Yittoria, Pyrenees, 
 Nivelle, Orthes, and Toulouse. He 
 was sent out to Jamaica in August, 
 
488 
 
 KEAEY— KEBLE. 
 
 1814j to undertake the command 
 of the military force intended to 
 co-operate with Sir Alexander Coch- 
 rane for the attack on New Orleans 
 and Louisiana, and distinguished 
 himself on Dec. 23, by repulsing, 
 with only 1,800 bayonets, an attack 
 of 5,000 of the enemy, assisted by 
 three large armed vessels on their 
 flank. He held the command till 
 the arrival of Sir Edward Paken- 
 ham, who took command of the 
 entire army. Sir John Keane after- 
 wards went to Jamaica, where he 
 spent eight years as Commander- 
 in-Chief of the Forces. He went 
 to India in 1833, as Commander- 
 in-Chief of the Army in Bombay, 
 and for his services in 1839, in 
 the capture of the fortress of 
 Grhuznee, which up to that time 
 had been considered impregnable, 
 received the thanks of the Directors 
 of the East India Company ; was 
 raised to the peerage, with a pen- 
 sion of d82,000 a year, and was 
 thanked by both Houses of Parlia- 
 ment. He attained the rank of 
 Lieutenant-General, and 'was aj)- 
 pointed Colonel of the 43rd Regi- 
 ment in 1839, He died at Burton 
 Lodge, in Hampshire, August 26, 
 1844, aged sixty-four. 
 
 KEAEY, Annie. She was the 
 daughter of an Irish clergyman, who 
 held a living at Bath, where she 
 was born March 3, 1825. Though 
 born in England, Annie Keary was 
 Irish by nature and sympathy, and 
 her best writings deal with Ireland 
 and the Irish. Her work, " Early 
 Egyptian History," was published 
 in 1861, before which time she had 
 written chiefly children's stories — 
 " Mia and Charlie ;" " Eival Kings," 
 &c. ; and her first novel, " Through 
 the Shadows." In 1875 "Castle 
 Day " appeared, her best known and 
 most interesting work. The pur- 
 pose of the story was to bring about 
 a better mutual understanding be- 
 tween English and Irish landlord 
 and tenant. But the author had 
 skill and experience enough to con- 
 ceal her purpose under a well-told 
 
 and interesting story, so that the 
 reader while he is learning Anglo- 
 Irish politics, is only conscious that 
 he is reading an absorbing tale . Miss 
 Keary's last work, "A Doubting 
 Heart," was published in volume 
 form after her death, which oc- 
 curred at Eastbourne, March 3, 
 1879. Her sweet and loveable 
 nature is most touchingly portrayed 
 in the charming memoir of her 
 written by her sister. Miss Eliza 
 Keary. 
 
 KEATE, The Eev. John, D.D., 
 Canon of Windsor, and Eector of 
 Hartley Westpal, and at one time 
 Head Master of Eton School, was 
 a native of Wells, and son of Dr. 
 Keate, surgeon to George III. He 
 was educated at Eton, and at King's 
 College, Cambridge, where he car- 
 ried off four of Sir William Bro"\vne's 
 medals. He was soon after appointed 
 Assistant Master of Eton, and be- 
 came Head Master in 1810. He 
 was appointed Canon of Windsor 
 in 1820. He married Miss Frances 
 Brown, daughter of Sir Charles 
 Brown, Physician to the King of 
 Prussia. As head master of Eton 
 he made himself more feared than 
 loved ; but his influence on the 
 school was, on the whole, healthy. 
 He died at his rectory. Hartley 
 Westpal, Hants, March 5, 1852, 
 aged seventy-nine. 
 
 KEBLE, Eev. John, M.A. 
 [1792— 1866 J, author of the Chris- 
 tian Year, was the son of the Eev, 
 John Keble, sometime Fellow of 
 Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 
 and was born at Fairford, Glou- 
 cestershire. He was educated at 
 Corpus Christi College, Oxford, of 
 which he was scholar, and Avhere 
 he gi'aduated B.A, in first-class 
 honours in 1810. He was soon 
 afterwards elected to a Fellowship 
 at Oriel, where he was the con- 
 temporary and friend of Dr. Arnold, 
 as he had been at his former col- 
 lege. He graduated M.A. in 1813. 
 After discharging for some years 
 the posts of Tutor at Oriel College, 
 Public Examiner in the University, 
 
KEEGAN— KEIGHTLEY. 
 
 480 
 
 and finally that of Professor of 
 Poetry, he was preferred to the 
 Rectory of Hursley, near Win- 
 chester, which he held till his 
 death. The Christian Year appeared 
 anonymously in 1827 ; was most 
 enthusiastically received at Oxford, 
 and soon gained notice in the out- 
 side world, and became one of the 
 most widely circulated and in- 
 fluential religious works of the age. 
 It passed through ninety-two edi- 
 tions during the author's life-time, 
 and out of the proceeds of it he en- 
 tirely rebuilt, at a great cost, his 
 chtu-ch at Hurslev. In 1S32, after 
 the passing of the Eeform Bill, he 
 was one of the four members of the 
 University who started the Trac- 
 tarian movement, and •RTote several 
 of the " Tracts for the Times," the 
 first of which apj^eared in 1833. 
 On Sunday, July 14, 1833, he 
 preached his famous assize sermon 
 at Oxford, on "Xational Apostasy," 
 which may be looked upon as the 
 definite beginning of the Oxford 
 movement. Amono' his other works 
 may be mentioned his " Lji-a Inno- 
 centum," 181:0 ; and jointly with 
 Newman, Froude, and others, his 
 "Lyra Apostolica," his Latin lec- 
 tures as Professor of Poetry, and a 
 new and valuable edition of Hooker. 
 Keble College, Oxford, of which the 
 first stone was laid April 25, 1868, 
 and which was opened in 1870, was 
 founded as a memorial to him. A 
 memoir of him by Sir J. T. Cole- 
 ridge api^eared in 1871. 
 
 KEEGAX, JoHx. This peasant 
 poet was born in a small farm- 
 house, on the banks of the Xore, 
 Queen's county, 1809. He was 
 sent to a hedge school, but cared 
 little for books, and seemed an idle 
 boy, though in truth the child was 
 busy learning the mind and heart 
 and thoughts of the people among 
 whom he dwelt. In very early 
 life he began writing tales and 
 poems of the Irish peasantry, many 
 of which appeared in Dolman's 
 Magazine. But Keegan never be- 
 came a purely literary man; he 
 
 lived a peasant's life, "WTiting his 
 poems after his day's labour in 
 the fields, to the great gain of his 
 verses, which are " racy of the 
 soil." His productions appeared 
 in various magazines ; and it did 
 not occur to him to collect them 
 until 1848 ; and in the following 
 year he died, with his labour still 
 unfinished. The collection has 
 never been comjjleted, but many 
 of his poems may be found in 
 "Hayes' Ballads of Ireland," "iThe 
 Haii3 of Erin," and "Ballad Poetry 
 of Ireland." 
 
 KEELEY, Egbert [1793— 1809], 
 comic actor, made his first appear- 
 ance in London in 1818. The 
 part in which Mr. Keeley acquired 
 popularity in London was that of 
 Jemmy Green, in Moncrieff's drama 
 of "Tom and Jerry," produced at 
 the Adelphi in 1821 with the 
 greatest success. Among his nu- 
 merous subsequent "hits" may 
 be mentioned the parts of Innocent 
 Lambskin ; Eumfit, an inane tailor ; 
 Xatty Larkspiu' ; and Billy Black, 
 in the successful farce of "The 
 ^lOU Xote." Mr. Keeley became 
 manager of the Lyceum Theatre 
 about 184rl, held the post for some 
 years, and in 1850 joined Mr. 
 Charles Kean in the management 
 of the Princess's Theatre. Their 
 partnership did not last beyond 
 two seasons, and Mr. Keeley soon 
 after retired from the stage. 
 
 KEIGHTLEY, Thomas [1789— 
 1872], historian, born in Dublin, re- 
 ceived an ordinary education at a 
 country school, and entered Trinity 
 College, Dublin. He was intended 
 for the Bar, but delicacy of constitu- 
 tion and other causes excluded him 
 from this as from the other profes- 
 sions. He settled in England in 
 1824, in order to devote himself to 
 literature, and having assisted T, 
 Crofton Croker in the "' Fairy Le- 
 gends of the South of Ireland," be- 
 gan to write in the Foreign Quarterly 
 and other reviews. He will be best 
 remembered by readers of the pre- 
 sent day as the author of several 
 
490 
 
 KEITH— KELLY. 
 
 useful school-books, particularly 
 his histories of Eome, Greece, and 
 England ,- his "-Outlines of His- 
 tory/' his edition of " Virgil's 
 Bucolics and Georgics," with notes, 
 and his " Fairy Mythology," &c. 
 He was for some years before his 
 death in receipt of a literary 
 pension, 
 
 KEITH, Eev. Alexander, D.D. 
 [1791—1880], minister first of the 
 Established Church of Scotland, 
 and later of the Free Church, and 
 a writer on prophecy, was born at 
 Keithall, N. B., and educated at 
 Mareschal College, Aberdeen, for 
 the ministry. He was licensed by 
 the Presbytery of Garioch in 1813, 
 and presented by the Crown to the 
 St. Cyrus Charge in 1816. In 1823 
 he published the first edition of his 
 "Evidences of the Truth of the 
 Christian Religion derived from the 
 Literal Fulfilment of Prophecy," a 
 work wlaich became a text-book in 
 England and Scotland, and which 
 reached a thirty-seventh edition 
 in 1859. It was followed by " Signs 
 of the Times," 1831 ; " The Har- 
 mony of Prophecy," 1851, and other 
 works of a like kind. He was made 
 a D.D. of Aberdeen in 1833 ; joined 
 the deputation sent from the 
 Church of Scotland to Palestine to 
 make researches respecting the 
 actual condition of the Jews, and 
 wrote an account of the mission in 
 " A Narrative of the Mission to 
 the Jews," 1839. He resigned his 
 pastoral work in 18^0, and seceded 
 from the Establishment at the dis- 
 ruj)tion in 184.3. His eldest son, 
 the Eev. Alex. Keith, M.A., was 
 the author of a " Commentary on 
 Isaiah." 
 
 KEITH, Hester Maria, Vis- 
 countess, was the eldest daughter 
 of Henry Thrale, the friend of Dr. 
 Johnson, and was born in 1762. 
 She, like Fanny Burney, was a 
 great favourite with Dr. Johnson, 
 and " Queenie," the name he had 
 given her, frequently occurs in his 
 memoirs. The first eighteen years 
 of her life were passed in familiar 
 
 intercourse with such celebrities as 
 Johnson, Eeynolds, Garrick, Bos- 
 well, Beau clerk, and Langton. 
 After the death of her father, and 
 her mother's marriage with Signor 
 Piozzi, Miss Thrale found herself 
 rather thrown upon her own re- 
 sources, the home was given vip, 
 and though she was a wealthy 
 heiress she was still a minor, and 
 only possessed the few hundreds 
 which her father had settled on 
 her during her nonage. Under 
 these circumstances she retired 
 with a faithful old servant to a 
 house of her father's at Brighton, 
 where she remained until she came 
 of age, devoting her time to study 
 and acquiring an amount of know- 
 ledge rare in the women of that 
 day. On coming of age she esta- 
 blished herself with her sisters, who 
 were her juniors by many years, in 
 a handsome house in London, and 
 here when her mother returned 
 from her long wedding tour, she 
 received her very affectionately, 
 although the marriage with Mr. 
 Piozzi had been a severe mortifi- 
 cation to her. Dr. Johnson had 
 died before Miss Thrale removed 
 to her town house, and she had 
 felt deeply the loss of her old 
 friend and preceptor, whose death- 
 bed she assiduously attended. She 
 married • in 1808, George Keith 
 Elphinstone, Viscount Keith, a very 
 distinguished naval commander. 
 Viscount Keith died in 1823, leaving 
 her with an only daughter, the Hon. 
 Georgina Augusta Elphinstone, who 
 married the Hon. Aiigustus Vil- 
 liers, second son of the Earl of Jer- 
 sey. For some years after the loss 
 of her husband Viscountess Keith 
 continued to hold a distinguished 
 position in London society, but the 
 last years of her life she spent in 
 retirement, devoting herself to 
 works of charity. She died at her 
 house, 110, Piccadilly, at the ad- 
 vanced age of 95, March 31, 1857, 
 
 KELLY, The Eight Hon. S114 
 FiTZROY [1796—1880], son of Capt, 
 Hawke Kelly, E.I^.,borii in Loudon, 
 
KELLY— KEMBLE. 
 
 491 
 
 was, in 1824, called to the Bar at 
 Lincoln's Inn, and went the Nor- 
 folk circuit. In 1835 he was made 
 a King's counsel, elected a Bencher 
 of Lincoln's Inn, and one of the 
 members for Ipswich, and having 
 been unseated on petition, was 
 returned in Feb., 1838, and occu- 
 pied the seat till the general elec- 
 tion in July, 1811, when he was 
 defeated. In March, 181-3, he was 
 returned as one of the members for 
 Cambridge, which he continued to 
 represent till 1847, having in the 
 meantime, diu-ing the administra- 
 tion of Sir E. Peel, held the office 
 of Solicitor-General, and received 
 the honour of knighthood. At the 
 general election in Aug., 1847, Sir 
 F. Kelly contested Lyme Regis, 
 but without success, and he did 
 not again obtain a seat in the 
 House of Commons till April, 1852, 
 when, having accepted the post of 
 Solicitor-General in Lord Derby's 
 first administration, he was re- 
 turned as one of the members for 
 Harwich. Before taking his seat 
 for this borough he was elected 
 one of the members for East Suf- 
 folk, in which division of the 
 county he had acquired property, 
 and he remained one of its members 
 till he was raised to the bench. 
 Sir Fitzroy Kelly, who was Attor- 
 ney-General in Lord Derby's second 
 administration in 1858-9, was made 
 Lord Chief Baron of the Coui't of 
 Exchequer on the resignation of 
 Sir Frederick Pollock, in June, 
 1866. He was an energetic member 
 of the Society instituted with a view 
 of promoting the reform and amend- 
 ment of the law. The cases by 
 which he is best known as a lawyer 
 are his defence of Frost and his 
 brother-Chai'tists at Newport in 
 1840, his defence of the murderer 
 Tawell, the Quaker, in 1845, and 
 his prosecution of Dr. Bernard for 
 being concerned in the Orsini con- 
 spiracy, during his Attorney-Gene- 
 ralship in 1858. 
 
 KELLY, Miss Frances Maria. 
 This once famous actress^ who first 
 
 made her appearance on the stage 
 at a very early age as a member of 
 the chorus at Drury Lane, was born 
 Dec. 15, 1790. She was, in the early 
 part of the century, the associate of 
 Edmund Kean, Mrs. Siddons, and 
 the Kembles, and was noted for 
 tragic and melodramatic powers, 
 and is said to have been the 
 original of Lamb's Barbara S. The 
 popular plays of " The Sergeant's 
 Wife," "The Maid and the Mag- 
 pie," and " The Innkeeper's Daugh- 
 ter," are specially associated with 
 her name. She must have pos- 
 sessed great personal attractions, 
 since her life was twice attempted 
 by admirers who had been rendered 
 insane by her rejection of them, but 
 she never married. She died at Fel- 
 tham, Dec. 6, 1882. She built the 
 Eoyalty Theatre, long known as 
 Miss Kelly's Theatre, and it was 
 opened by her for operas and mono- 
 logues, in which she took part, in 
 1840. Three weeks before her 
 death, she received from the Crown 
 a grant of =£150. 
 
 KELLY, Patrick, LL.D. [1756 
 — 1842], author of the "Universal 
 Cambist," and well known to the 
 literary world by his many valuable 
 treatises on sevei'al branches of 
 science, was the friend of Herschel, 
 Maskelyne, Hutton, Yince, Biu-ney 
 Eaine, and many other eminent 
 men of that dav, and devoted his 
 whole life to the promotion of 
 practical science. He was often 
 consulted by both Houses of Par- 
 liament on questions of currency 
 and exchanges, and his principal 
 work, the " Universal Cambist," is 
 still considered a standard autho- 
 rity on such matters. He wrote 
 besides " A Practical Introduction 
 to Spherics," 1813 ; '' A Disserta- 
 tion on Weights and Measures and 
 the best means of revising them," 
 1817; and '^ Oriental Metrology/' 
 1832. 
 
 KEMBLE, Charles [1775 — 
 1854], comedian, son of Roger 
 Kemble, an actor, and brother of 
 John Philip Kemble, and Mrs. 
 
492 
 
 KEMBLE. 
 
 Siddons, was born at Brecknock in 
 Soutli Wales, where his father at 
 that time was manager of the 
 theatre. He was, like his brother 
 John, educated at the Eoman 
 Catholic College of Donai, which 
 he left in 1792, and returned to 
 England. He obtained a situation 
 in the post-office, but soon threw 
 that over to go on the stage, and 
 made his debut at Sheffield as 
 Orlando in " As You Like it." He 
 was not very successful at first, and 
 received but scant notice from the 
 critics, though the secondary parts 
 which he undertook in conjunction 
 with his brother and sister were 
 l^layed with grace and finish, and 
 deserved a better fate. However, 
 he won his way slowly but surely, 
 and came to excel in such characters 
 as Archer, Doricourt, Charles Sur- 
 face, and Eanger. Nature had been 
 bountiful to Charles Kemble, and 
 had endowed him with a fine com- 
 manding figure, a classical counte- 
 nance, and a sweet full-toned voice, 
 all of which greatly aided him in 
 the historical parts which he played, 
 such as Henry V., Anthony, Alci- 
 biades, and Orestes. His last years 
 were made miserable by money 
 embarrassments in connection with 
 his joint-proprietorship in Covent 
 Garden Theatre. He practically 
 retired from the stage in Dec. 183G, 
 but made his final appearance on 
 April 10, 1810, shortly after which 
 he accepted the office of Examiner 
 of Plays. He subsequently ap- 
 peared in public occasionally as a 
 reader of Shakespeare.. He mar- 
 ried in 1806, Miss Decamj), a clever 
 comedy actress, and had three 
 children — John Mitchell Kemble, 
 M.A., author of " The Saxons in 
 England ; " Fanny Kemble (Mrs. 
 Butler), author of " Records of a 
 Girlhood," &c. ; and Adelaide Kem- 
 ble (Mrs. Sartoris), the singer. 
 
 KEMBLE, John Mitchell, ar- 
 chaeologist and Anglo-Saxon scholar, 
 oldest son of Charles Kemble (q. v.), 
 was born in 1808. He Avas j^artly 
 educated by Dr. Eichardson, author 
 
 of the " Dictionary of the English 
 Language," and partly at the Gram- 
 mar School of Bury St. Edmunds, 
 after which he entered at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge. On leaving the 
 University he went abroad, living 
 mostly in Germany, where he be- 
 came acquainted with Professors 
 Ast and Thiersch, and the brothers 
 Grimm, and in Spain. He very 
 early devoted himself to the study 
 of the Anglo-Saxon language and 
 literature, and gained a high repu- 
 tation by his edition of " Beowulf " 
 and the " Traveller's Song ; " his 
 reviews of " Jjlkel " in the Foreign 
 Quarterly Review, and his contri- 
 butions to the " Museum Philolo- 
 gicum." He next published an 
 edition of the " Saxon Charters," 
 Codex Diplomaticus, and a work of 
 great research and of permanent 
 value, " The History of the Saxons 
 in England." During his last stay 
 in North Germany from 1819-55, he 
 turned his attention to the study 
 of the civil and military antiqui- 
 ties of the Teutonic races, more es- 
 pecially their funeral ceremonies, 
 and supei i atended extensive excava- 
 tions on the Luneburg Heath, and 
 the surrounding districts. At the 
 same time he collected from the 
 archives of the State Paper Office 
 at Hanover, the materials for the 
 work which he j3ublished in 1855, 
 entitled " State Papers and Corre- 
 spondence Illustrative of the Social 
 and Political State of Europe, from 
 the Revolution to the Accession of 
 the House of Hanover." He died 
 at Dublin, March 26, 1857, aged 
 49. 
 
 KEMBLE, Adelaide [1811— 
 1879J, singer, daughter of Charles 
 Kemble the well-known actor. Her 
 first aiDpearanco Avas in London, but 
 she met with small success, and 
 fared no better at the York Fes- 
 tival of 1835. She then went 
 abroad to study, visiting France, 
 Germany, and Italy. In 1839 she 
 appeared in Venice as Norma, and 
 the improvement on her earlier per- 
 formances was very decided. Having 
 
XEMBLE— KEMPT. 
 
 493 
 
 sung through 1810 at many well- 
 known towns in Italy, she returned 
 to England in 1811, and apf)eared 
 as Norma with great success. " Le 
 Nozze di Figaro/' " La Sonnam- 
 bxila" and " Semiramide'' also gave 
 her opportunities of Avinning suc- 
 cess. She retired from the stiisre 
 on her marriage with Mr. Sartoris 
 in 1813. Her charming and amus- 
 ing story, entitled " A Week in a 
 French Country House," appeared 
 in 1867. 
 
 KEMBLE, Priscilla, the widow 
 of John P. Kemble, the actor, died 
 at Leamington at the advanced age 
 of ninety. May 13, 1845. She had 
 been twice married, fii-st to Mr. 
 "^rereton, an actor of some talent, 
 and not many years after his death 
 to Mr. Kemble. After Mr. Kemble's 
 death in 1S25, she settled at Lea- 
 mington, working amongst the poor 
 of that place, to whom she was a 
 most liberal friend. 
 
 KEMP, George Meikle. He 
 was the son of a shepherd on the 
 Pentland Hills, was born in 1794, 
 and was apprenticed to a joiner, 
 and, having a great love of Gothic 
 architecture, visited the cathedral 
 towns of Scotland and England, 
 earning his living as a journeyman 
 joiner. In 1824 he worked his way 
 to London, and thence to France 
 and Belgium, where he maintained 
 himseK for two years. On his re- 
 turn he was able to get work as an 
 architectural draftsman. He made 
 a model of Dalkeith Palace, which 
 led to a commission for the draw- 
 ings for " The Ecclesiastical Anti- 
 .quities of Scotland," and he also 
 made a model for the Kestoration 
 of Glasgow Cathedral. At this 
 time he competed successfully for 
 the erection of the monument to 
 Sir Walter Scott, but while return- 
 ing from a professional engagement 
 on the dark night of March 6th was 
 accidentally drowned, 1841. 
 
 KEMP, Kenneth T., an expert 
 practical chemist, was born in Edin- 
 burgh in 1805, the son of a clothier 
 of that town. He early devoted 
 
 himself to the study of chemistry, 
 and became a lecturer on that 
 science first in Surgeon's Square, 
 and subsequently at the Edinburgh 
 University, making many success- 
 ful and valuable experiments on 
 the theory of combustion, and the 
 liquefaction of the gases. He was 
 the first chemist in this country 
 who succeeded in solidifying car- 
 bonic a<2id gas. He took a keen 
 interest in electricity and magnet- 
 ism in all their forms, and it was 
 he who introduced amalgamated 
 zinc plates into galvanic batteries. 
 He died in Edinbiu'gh at the early 
 age of 36, November 28, 1842. 
 
 KEMP, Thomas Bead [1782— 
 1845], the founder of Kemp Toaati, 
 Brighton, was the only son of 
 Thomas Kemp, Esq., of Lewis 
 Castle and Hurstmonceux Park. 
 His father was Lord of one moiety 
 of the manor of Brighthelmstone- 
 Lewis, by bequest of his uncle, 
 John Kemp, who had bought it in 
 1770 for ^£300. Mr. Thomas Kemp 
 sat for Lewes from 1812 to 1816, 
 and from 1826 to 1837. The build- 
 ing of Kemp Town, the east part of 
 Brighton, which covers his own 
 estate, was started about 1820. 
 Mr. Kemp was twice married, his 
 first wife having been Frances, 
 fourth daughter of Sir Francis 
 Baring, Bart. 
 
 KEMPT, General the Eight 
 Hon. Sir James, G.C.B., a Privy 
 Councillor, Colonel of the First 
 E^giment of Foot, K.C.H., kc, was 
 born in Edinburgh in 1764, and was 
 the son of Gavin Kempt, of that 
 city. He entered the army in 1783, 
 served in Ireland in the following 
 year, and in 1796-7 was appointed 
 Inspecting Field Officer of the 
 recruiting service in Scotland. In 
 1797 he became A.D.C. to Sir Ealph 
 Abercromby, whom he accompanied 
 to Holland, being present at several 
 actions, and gaining his lieutenant- 
 colonelcy. In 1800 he was ap- 
 pointed military secretary as well 
 as A.D.C. to Sir Ealph, whom he 
 served till his death at Alexandria. 
 
494 
 
 KENDALL— KENEALY. 
 
 He then became A.D.C. to Lord 
 Hutchinson, and served throughout 
 the Egyptian campaign. In 1809 
 he was appointed A.D.C. to the 
 King, with the rank of colonel, and 
 served with distinction in Spain 
 and Portugal, "being severely 
 wounded at Badajoz. He was made 
 major-general in 1812, appointed 
 colonel-commandant in the 60th 
 Foot in 1813, after which he served 
 on the staff in America and Flan- 
 ders, and was nominated C.B. in 
 
 1815. He was severely wounded at 
 the battle of Waterloo, and was 
 promoted a G.C.B. in place of Sir 
 Thomas Picton, who was killed. 
 He also received several foreign 
 orders, and was made a G.C.H. in 
 
 1816. In 1820 he succeeded Lord 
 Dalhousie as Governor of Nova 
 Scotia, and in 1828-30 was Governor 
 of Canada. On his arrival at Quebec 
 he found the country in a very dis- 
 turbed state, the Legislature and 
 Executive being in direct opposition 
 to each other, but he soon managed, 
 ny the wise measures which he 
 idopted, to tranquillize it, and on 
 nis departure received numerous 
 complimentary addresses from all 
 the public bodies. On his return 
 to England, in 1830, he was ap- 
 pointed Master-General of the Ord- 
 nance, and was sworn a Privy 
 Councillor. He attained the full 
 rank of General in 1841. He died 
 at his house in South Audley Street, 
 December 20, 1854, aged 90. 
 
 KENDALL, Henry [1842—1882] , 
 an Australian poet, was born at 
 XJlladulla, New South Wales, and 
 educated privately. From 1860 to 
 1869 he wrote for the Empire, the 
 Herald, the Sydney Punch, and other 
 periodicals, and in 1862 published 
 " Poems and Songs," which how- 
 ever he suppressed in 1865. After 
 holding a situation in the Lands 
 Department, he went to the Colonial 
 Secretary's Office, but resigned that 
 post in 1869. He then went to Mel- 
 bourne, and continued his journal- 
 istic career, writing for the Argus, 
 the Daily Telegrcqjh, the Melbourne 
 
 Punch, &c., and won a prize for the 
 best iDoem upon an Australian sub- 
 ject. In conjunction with Charles 
 E. Horsley, he composed the can- 
 tata for the opening of the Mel- 
 bourne Town Hall. 
 
 KENDRICK, Emma Eleonora. 
 She was the daughter of Josephus 
 Kendrick, the sculptor, and was 
 born about 1789. She first exhi- 
 bited in the Academy of 1811, and 
 soon achieved great success as a 
 miniature-painter. Between 1815-20 
 she exhibited several classic sub- 
 jects at the Water Colour Society, 
 and in 1831 was appointed minia- 
 ture-painter to the King. In 1840 
 she ceased sending her works to the 
 Academy, wherein she had exhi- 
 bited 84 paintings, and in the fol- 
 lowing year contributed for the last 
 time to the British Artists, in whose 
 galleries 74 of her paintings had 
 been hung. Her professional life 
 was now closed, but she did not die 
 until April 6th, 1871. In 1830 she 
 published a book on miniature- 
 painting. 
 
 KENEALY, Edward Vatjghan, 
 who is still remembered as the coun- 
 sel for the defence in the famous 
 Tichborne trial, was the son of 
 a merchant at Cork, and was born 
 about 1818. He was called to the 
 Irish Bar in 1840, and in 1847 
 was called to the English Bar, and 
 joined the Oxford Circuit. In 1868 
 he was made a Q.C., and chosen a 
 Bencher of his Inn, but did not 
 attain notoriety before his defence 
 of the Tichborne claimant. 
 Throughout the trial he was re- 
 peatedly reproved for his conduct 
 by the judge, and when, on its 
 close, he became proprietor and 
 editor of a libellous journal which 
 he called The Englishman, his call 
 to the Bar was vacated, and he was 
 expelled from the bench. Neverthe- 
 less he was popular with a large 
 class of people; his " Magna Charta 
 Association'' met with some tem- 
 porary support ; and in the following 
 year Dr. Kenealy was returned in- 
 dependent member for Stoke-upon- 
 
KENMURE— KENNEDY. 
 
 •i95 
 
 Trent, but lost his seat in the gene- 
 ral election which took place early 
 in 18S0. He died on April 10th of 
 that year at his house in Tavistock 
 Square. He was the author of sun- 
 dry works, among them " The Book 
 of God," " The Book of Enoch," 
 " Poems," &c., and "A New Panto- 
 mime." 
 
 KENMURE, The Right Hon. 
 John Gordon, Viscount, and Lord 
 of Jiochinvar [1749—1810], was the 
 second son of John Gordon, Esq., 
 an officer in the army. The title 
 which was restored to his lordship 
 by Geo. IV. in 1824 had been 
 forfeited by his grandfather, the 
 fifth viscount, during the rebellion 
 of 1715, for his share in which he 
 was beheaded on Tower Hill in 
 1716. Lord Kenmure was married, 
 but had no children, so that his 
 titles Avent to his nephew. Lieutenant 
 Adam Gordon, R.N. 
 
 KENNEDY, Sib Arthur E.,C.B., 
 G.C.M.G. [180S— 1883], Governor of 
 Queensland, was the fourth son of 
 Hugh Kennedy, of Cultra, co. Down. 
 He was educated at Trinity College, 
 Dublin, and entered the army in 
 1827 as ensign in the 27th Foot ; 
 became captain of the 68th Regi- 
 ment in 1840, and retired from the 
 army in 1848. He was an inspector 
 on Sir John Burgoyne's Relief Com- 
 mittee during the Irish famine, and 
 shortly after was appointed Gover- 
 nor of the Gambia, and later of 
 Sierra Leone in 1852. In 1854-1862 
 he acted in the same capacity in 
 Western Avistralia, was transferred 
 to Vancouver's Island in 1863, and 
 in 1867 was appointed Governor of 
 the "West African Settlements, a 
 post he held for five years. He was 
 made Governor and commander-in- 
 chief of Hong-Kong and its depen- 
 dencies in 1872, and at the end of 
 his term of office was transferred to 
 Queensland, the governorship of 
 which he resigned a few weeks before 
 his death. He was created C.B. in 
 1862, knighted in 1867, and received 
 G.C.M.G. in 1871. 
 
 KENNEDY, General Sir James 
 
 Shaw, K.C.B. [1788—1865], was 
 educated at the Royal Military Col- 
 lege, and entered the army as ensign 
 in the 43rd Regiment in 1805. He 
 was present at the siege of Copen- 
 hagen, and the battle of Kioge in 
 1807, after which he served with 
 distinction in the Peninsular war, 
 more especially at the siege of 
 Ciudad Rodrigo, and the storming 
 of Badajoz. Sir William Napier 
 mentions his gallant conduct in the 
 latter action, in his " History of 
 the Peninsular "War." He took an 
 active part in the battle of Water- 
 loo, serving as the only officer of 
 the Quartermaster-general's de- 
 partment to the third division of 
 Wellington's army |at Quatre Bras 
 and Waterloo. After Waterloo, 
 where on the 18th June he was 
 wounded, and for a time disabled, 
 he commanded at Calais the estab- 
 lishment formed there during the 
 tbree years of the army of occupation, 
 to keep up communication between 
 the army and England. After his re- 
 turn to England he was for nine 
 years assistant-adjutant-general at 
 Manchester. He was made major- 
 general in 1846, and full general in 
 1862. He was nominated C.B. in 
 1838, and K.C.B. in 1861. He mar- 
 ried in 1820, Mary, daughter of 
 David Kennedy, Esq., and took his 
 wife's name in addition to his own. 
 He died at Bath, May 30, 1865, 
 1 aged 76. 
 
 , KENNEDY, Right Hon. Thomas 
 : Francis, of Dalquhari-an, Ayrshire, 
 was born in 1789, and was a son of 
 Thomas Kennedy, Esq., of Dunure. 
 He was educated at Harrow and at 
 : the "University of Edinburgh. He 
 represented Ajv Burghs in the 
 i Liberal interest from 1818 to 1834 ; 
 j was clerk of the Ordnance in 1832, 
 and in 1833-4 was a Lord of the 
 Treasury. He was appointed pay- 
 ' master of civil services in Ire- 
 land in 1837, on which occasion he 
 was sworn a Privy Councillor, and 
 was a Commissioner of Woods and 
 ' Forests, 1850-54. He died at Dal- 
 ; quhari-an, April 1, 1879, aged 90, 
 
496 
 
 KENNEDY— KENT. 
 
 KENNEDY, William, author, 
 was born near Paisley in 1799, and 
 at the age of 25 published his first 
 work, " My Early Days,'' which was 
 followed in 1827 by " Fitful Fan- 
 cies," and "The Arrow and the 
 Rose." He afterwards went to re- 
 side in London, and Avrote with 
 Leitch Ritchie, the editor of the 
 annual "Friendship's Offering." In 
 1838 he accompanied the Earl of 
 Durham to Canada as his private 
 secretary, and on his lordship's re- 
 tirement was made British Consul 
 at Galveston in Texas, where he re- 
 mained for some years, but finally 
 retired on a pension, and returning 
 to England settled in London. He 
 wrote a work on Texas in 1811, and 
 was the author of "The Pirate's 
 Serenade," " I Love the Land," and 
 " Lines at the Grave of Mother- 
 well." He had been an intimate 
 friend of Motherwell, whom he 
 assisted in the management of the 
 Paisley Magazine. He died in Lon- 
 don in 1819, aged 50. 
 
 KENNEY, James. He was born 
 in Ireland in 1788. His first play 
 and his best known was "Raising 
 the Wind," with the immortal 
 Jeremy Diddler for its hero. This 
 was followed by "Love, Law, and 
 Physic," " The Boy," " Matrimony," 
 "The World," "The Illustrious 
 Stranger," " Sweethearts and 
 Wives," and "Ella Rosenberg." 
 He was also the author of several 
 poems, the most important of which, 
 " Society," created quite a stir at 
 the time of its publication. But in 
 his old age Kenney fell into great 
 poverty, and the members of the 
 dramatic profession got up a benefit 
 in his favour, which was to take 
 place on the afternoon of July 25, 
 1819, but on the morning of that 
 day Kenney died, after a very short 
 illness, and quite unexpectedly. 
 
 KENT, Duchess of, H.R.H., 
 Maria Louisa Victoria, Mother 
 of the Queen, was the sixth and 
 youngest child of his Serene High- 
 ness Francis, Duke of Saxe-Saal- 
 field Coburg, and was born August 
 
 17, 1786. At the age of 17 she 
 married the reigning Prince of 
 Leiningen, by whom she had a son 
 and daughter, and on the death of 
 the prince, eleven years later, she 
 was left to be guardian of her chil- 
 dren and regent of her husband's 
 principality. Two years afterwards 
 her brother Leopold married the 
 Princess Charlotte, after whose 
 death it was decided that the bro- 
 thers of the Prince Regent should 
 marry in order to avert any diffi- 
 culties about the succession, and 
 within a few weeks of each other, 
 the Duke of Clarence, the Duke of 
 Kent, and the Duke of Cambridge, 
 married German princesses. The 
 Duke of Kent married Prince Leo- 
 pold's sister, the Princess of Lein- 
 ingen, in May, 1818, at Coburg, 
 the ceremony being repeated at 
 Kew in July. Up to the age of 32 
 no adequate provision had been 
 made for the Duke, so that his cir- 
 cumstances were very embarrassed, 
 and for the sake of economy they 
 lived at Leiningen. They came to 
 England for the birth of their child, 
 the Princess Victoria, which took 
 jDlace at Kensington Palace, May 2^^, 
 1819. Eight months later the 
 Duke died, and the Duchess was 
 left sole guardian of her little 
 daughter, and in very cramped 
 circumstances, owing to the Duke 
 having died deeply in debt. His 
 widow gave up all his j^rojDerty to 
 the creditors, and was without fur- 
 niture or outfit, having only her 
 jointure of .£6000 a year, which, for 
 some months after the Duke's death, 
 she could not touch owing to some 
 defect in the Act of Parliament. 
 Her brother Leopold allowed her an 
 additional .£3000 a year out of his 
 income until 1831, when he became 
 King of the Belgians, and gave up 
 his income of ,£50,000 a year from 
 this country. The House of Com- 
 mons then allowed the Duchess of 
 Kent another £10,000 a year. On 
 June 20, 1837, her daughter became 
 Queen of Great Britain, and she 
 went to live with her at Bucking- 
 
KEOGH— KEY. 
 
 497 
 
 ham Palace, until her marriage 
 (Feb. 10, 18^0), after which most 
 of her time was spent either at 
 Kensington Palace or at Frogmore. 
 Her last years were clouded with 
 great suffering from cancer, of 
 which she died at Frogmore, March 
 IG, 1861, aged 74. Of her two chil- 
 dren by her first marriage only one 
 survived her, the Princess Anne- 
 Feodore, who lived with her in 
 England, and who married in 1822 
 Ernest-Christian-Charles, Prince of 
 Hohenlohe Langenburg, a general 
 in the Wurtemberg service. Her 
 son, Charles Frederick, Prince of 
 Leiningen, died in 1829. 
 
 K E O G H, The Eight Hon. 
 William [1817 — 18^8], son of 
 "William M. Keogh, of Corkip, co. 
 Eoscommon, clerk of the Crown for 
 the county and city of Kilkenny, 
 was educated at Trinity College, 
 Dublin, where he graduated and ob- 
 tained the highest honours in sci- 
 ence and history. He entered as a 
 student at Lincoln^s Inn, was called 
 to the Irish Bar in 1840, became a 
 Q.C. in 1849, and on the formation 
 of Lord Aberdeen's Coalition Minis- 
 try, in 1852, was offered the post 
 of Solicitor-General for Ireland. 
 Though with the late John Sadleir, 
 and other Irish members, he had 
 agreed not to take ofB.ce under any 
 government which did not concede 
 the repeal of the Ecclesiastical 
 Titles Bill, he accepted the Solicitor- 
 Generalship, which he held till 
 1855, when he became Attorney- 
 General, and was sworn a Privy 
 Councillor for Ireland. He was re- 
 turned to the House of Commons 
 as member for Athlone in Aug., 
 1847, and continued to represent 
 that borough till April, 1853, when 
 he was made one of the Judges of 
 the Common Pleas in Ireland. He 
 was not much heard of in England 
 till 1872, when his name was in 
 everybody's mouth, owing to his 
 famous judgment in the Gal way 
 election case of Captain Xolan and 
 Captain Trench. Those two gen- 
 tlemen came forward for Galway, 
 
 the first-named professing Home 
 Eule principles was supported by 
 the Eoman Catholic clergy; the 
 latter by the gentry of all parties, 
 and of both religions. The violence 
 of both parties was almost without 
 precedent even in Ireland, and at 
 the election Captain Nolan polled 
 nearly 2000 votes. Captain Trench 
 only G58. The return of the former 
 was petitioned against, and the 
 case came before Mr. Justice Keogh, 
 who, in an eloquent harangue, 
 couched in somewhat strong lan- 
 guage, decided that undue influence 
 and intimidation had been used, and 
 Captain Nolan was unseated. This 
 judgment caused intense excitement 
 in Ireland. Judge Keogh was de- 
 nounced in the most virulent lan- 
 guage, burnt in efSgy, and his life 
 threatened, and to the end of his 
 life the bitter feeling roused against 
 him did not wholly subside. He 
 wrote some political pamphlets and 
 a work on the " Practice of the Court 
 of Chancery in Ireland," and an 
 '•Essay on the Prose Writings of 
 Milton." 
 
 KEYL, Fkederick William. He 
 was born Sept. 17, 1823, at Frank- 
 furt-am-Main, and became a pupil 
 of Terboekhoven. In May, 1845, he 
 came to London and became the 
 sole pupil of Sir Edwin Landseer. 
 In 1847 he contributed " FideHty,'' 
 his first picture, to the Academy, 
 and between that date and 1872, 
 when liislast paintings, "Waiting,"' 
 and ''Lambs," were posthumously 
 exhibited, he had shown 76 pic- 
 tures. He died in London, Dec. 5, 
 1871. 
 
 KEY, Thomas Hewitt, M.A., 
 F.E.S. [1799 — 1875], son of 
 Thomas Key, M.D., of London, 
 and brother of the eminent sur- 
 geon, Mr. Aston Key, was for 
 nearly ten years a pupil in Bunt- 
 ingford Grammar School. He en- 
 tered St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge, in 1817, whence he migrated 
 to Trinity College, and graduated 
 as a Wrangler in 1821. AJfefe? stu- 
 dying medicine, he accepted, in 
 
 K K 
 
498 
 
 KICKHAM— KING. 
 
 1824, the Mathematical Professor- 
 ship in the University of Virginia, 
 U.S., and returning to England in 
 1S27, became Professor of Latin in 
 the (then called) London Univer- 
 sity, on its establishment in 1828. 
 He was subsequently made Head 
 Master of the School in the same 
 college, and resigned the Professor- 
 ship of Latin for that of Compara- 
 tive Grammar, in 1841. In early 
 life Mr. Key was a contributor to 
 the " Penny Cyclopsedia " and the 
 "Journal of Education.'' He after- 
 wards wrote many papers in the 
 Proceedings and Transactions of 
 the Philological Society of London. 
 His more formal works, which 
 show ability, though of an over- 
 fanciful kind, are a " Larger " and 
 " Smaller Latin Grrammar," " Philo- 
 logical Essays," and a systematic 
 treatise on comparative grammar, 
 published in 1874, and entitled 
 " Language : its origin and develop- 
 ment." He was for many years en- 
 gaged upon a " Latin English Dic- 
 tionary," which he did not live to 
 complete. 
 
 KICKHAM, Charles Joseph. 
 He was born in 1830 at MuUena- 
 hone, CO. Tipperary. When only 
 13 he was deprived of hearing and 
 his eyesight injured by a quarry 
 exj)losion, and as a result of this 
 accident took to literature. When 
 the Fenian organisation was founded 
 Kickham was one of the few literary 
 men who joined it. For a secret so- 
 ciety a newspaper is an anomaly, yet 
 there was a Fenian journal, and Kick- 
 ham its chief contributor, and he 
 was consequently one of those upon 
 whom the G-overnment descended. 
 He was tried, convicted of treason- 
 felony, and sentenced to fourteen 
 years' imprisonment, but four years 
 later, having suffered much in 
 health and become almost blind, 
 was released. Kickham published 
 many people's songs and ballads, 
 and two stories, " Sally Cavanagh," 
 and " Knocknagon," which attained 
 an enormous and well-deserved 
 popularity in Ireland. He died 
 
 near Dublin, in August, 1882. A 
 collected edition of his works is 
 published by Duffy and Sons, 
 Dublin. 
 
 KIDD, The Eev. Samuel, A.M., 
 Professor of Oriental and Chinese 
 Literature at University College, 
 London, was born near Hull in 
 1801. Having made his mark as 
 a student of languages, he was sent 
 out by the London Missionary 
 Society as principal of their Anglo- 
 Chinese College, where he worked 
 indef atigably to become thoroughly 
 acquainted with Chinese literature, 
 and was recognized at the time 
 of his death as the first Chinese 
 scholar in this country. He was 
 obliged to leave Malacca on account 
 of ill-health, and returning to this 
 country was appointed Professor of 
 Chinese Language and Literature 
 at the London University, and in 
 1841 published a valuable work 
 entitled " Illustrations of the Sym- 
 bols, &c. of China." He died in 
 Camden Town, June 12, 1843, in 
 his 42nd year. 
 
 KINDERSLEY, The Eight 
 Hon. Sir Eichard Torin [1792 — ■ 
 1879], Vice-Chancellor, eldest son 
 of the late Nathaniel E. Kinder- 
 sley, Esq., of Sunning Hill, Berks, 
 was educated at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, where he graduated 
 B.A, in 1814, as fourth Wrangler, 
 and was afterwards elected Fellow. 
 In 1818 he was called to the Bar 
 at Lincoln's Inn, was appointed a 
 King's Counsel in 1835, held the 
 office of a Master in Chancery from 
 1848 to 1851, and in the latter year 
 was appointed one of the Vice- 
 Chancellors. He was sworn a 
 member of the Privy-Council, Nov. 
 13, and resigned the Vice-Chan- 
 cellorship in Dec. 1866. 
 
 KINGr, Eear-Admiral Philip 
 Parker, F.E.S., F.L.S., &c., was a 
 son of Philip Gidley King, Governor 
 of New South Wales, and was bom 
 at Norfolk Island in 1791. He 
 entered the navy in 1807, became 
 lieutenant in 1815, and in 1817 was 
 sent on an expedition to survey 
 
KIXG— KIXGSDOTVX. 
 
 409 
 
 the coasts of Australia, returning 
 to England in 1823. He wrote 
 an account of his adventures, and 
 his charts were published by the 
 Admiralty. In 1825 he was sent 
 on a second expedition to survey 
 the southern coast of America, from 
 the entrance of the Rio Plata round 
 to Chiloe and Terra del Fuego, and 
 published, in conjunction with Cap- 
 tain Fitzroy, an account of their 
 journey, 1832, He was paid off in 
 1830, and returned to Australia, 
 where he became manager of the 
 Australian Agricultural Society. 
 He was a nominee Member of the 
 Council, being elected in 1851 for 
 Gloucester and Macquarie. He 
 died at his residence, Grantham, 
 Sydney, N.S.W., in Feb. 1856. 
 
 KING, EicHARD John, M.A., 
 author and archaeologist, was edu- 
 cated at Exeter College, Oxford, 
 where he graduated in 1841. His 
 best known work is the series of 
 Handbooks to the Cathedrals of 
 England and "Wales, besides which 
 he edited for Murray the Hand- 
 books to Devon and Cornwall, Kent 
 and Sussex, Surrey and Hants, 
 Yorkshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cam- 
 bridge, and Essex. He was an 
 authority on all matters connected 
 with the history and antiquities of 
 Devon, and wrote many valuable 
 essays on the " Forest of Dartmoor 
 and its Borders," and at the time 
 of his death was editing that part 
 of the Domesday Survey relating 
 to Devonshire. He wrote for the 
 Quarterly Review, and a few years 
 before his death reprinted a volume 
 of essays from that magazine. He 
 died in Feb. of 1879. 
 
 KINGSCOTE, Henry [1801— 
 1882], the founder of several phi- 
 lanthropical institutions in London, 
 was a member of a well-known 
 Gloucestershire family, and was 
 educated at Harrow. He was a 
 great cricketer, and president of 
 the M.C.C. He was mainly instru- 
 mental in conjunction with Bishop 
 Blomfield in founding the Metro- 
 politan Visiting and Eelief Asso- 
 
 ciation, and the Church of England 
 Scripture Readers' Association. He 
 also took an active interest in emi- 
 gration, and helped to found the 
 British and Colonial Emigration 
 Society (1868) ; besides which he 
 was one of the chief movers in the 
 establishment of the Southwark 
 Fund for Schools and Churches, 
 1846-51. Mr. Kingscote, in con- 
 junction with Mr. Spring Rice, did 
 a great deal towards relieving the 
 distress in Ireland during the 
 famine of 1847; and also during 
 the Crimean war helped to raise 
 a fund for the relief of the troops, 
 and sent out private supplies of 
 clothes, food, and bedding. 
 
 KINGSDOWN (Baron), The 
 Eight Hon. THOiiAs Pemberton- 
 Leigh [1793 — 1867], the eldest sur- 
 viving son of Mr. Robert Pember- 
 ton, of the Inner Temple, barrister- 
 at-law, and brother of Mr. Edward 
 Leigh Pemberton, the eminent 
 equity draughtsman, &c., of Lin- 
 coln's Inn, was called to the Bar in 
 1816 at Lincoln's Inn (of which he 
 was a Bencher), and was appointed, 
 in 1829, a King's Counsel. He was 
 returned member for Rye in the 
 Conservative interest in 1831, and 
 at the general election in Jan., 
 1835, was elected one of the mem- 
 bers for Ripon, and was rechosen 
 without a contest as the colleague 
 of Sir Edward B. Sugden (after- 
 wards Lord St. Leonards) in Aug. 
 1837, and in June, 1841. In Jan. 
 1843, he succeeded to the estates 
 of Sir Robert Holt Leigh, Bart., of 
 Hindley Hall, Lancashire, and, in 
 compliance with the testator's will, 
 assumed the surname and arms 
 of Leigh in addition to his own. 
 In 1841 he was appointed Attorney- 
 General to the Prince of Wales ; 
 in May, 1843, was promoted to 
 the post of Chancellor and Keeper 
 of the Great Seal to H.R.H., and 
 sworn a member of the Privy 
 Council, and was for many years 
 one of the most active members 
 of the Judicial Committee of the 
 Privy Council. He was raised to 
 
 K K 2 
 
600 
 
 KmasLET. 
 
 the peerage as Baron Kingsdowii;, 
 Aug. 28, 1858, It is said that when 
 Lord Derby accepted office in 1852, 
 he offered the seals to Mr. Pem- 
 berton-Leighj who declined the 
 offer. 
 
 KINGSLEY, Canon, The Eev. 
 Charles [1819 — 1875], son of the 
 Eev. Charles Kingsley, Eector of 
 Chelsea, was the representative of 
 an ancient family of Cheshire, the 
 Xingsleys of Kingsley, in the forest 
 of Delamere, who joined the Par- 
 liamentary army under Cromwell, 
 and afterwards Charles II. under 
 Monk. He was born at Holme 
 Vicarage, on the borders of Dart- 
 moor, Devon, and educated at home 
 until the age of fourteen, when he 
 became a pupil of the Eev. Der- 
 went Coleridge, and afterwards a 
 student at King's College, London. 
 From there he went to Magdalen 
 College, Cambridge, where he was 
 very successful and took his B.A. 
 degree in 1842, coming out as 
 a senior optime with a first-class 
 in classics. At the end of the year 
 he was ordained by Dr. Sumner, 
 Bishop of Winchester, and became 
 curate at Eversley, a mooi'land 
 parish in Hampsliire, and that 
 living becoming ^vacant he was 
 presented to it by the patron Sir 
 John Cope, Bart. (1844), holding 
 that benefice for thirty years. He 
 was appointed Eegius Professor of 
 Modern History at Cambridge in 
 1859, but resigned that office ten 
 years later on being ajjpointed by 
 the Crown Canon of Chester. He 
 only held that office for four years, 
 as on the death of Canon Nepean 
 in 1873 he was offered the West- 
 minster canoury. He was Chap- 
 lain in ordinary to the Queen 
 (1859), one of the Chaplains to the 
 Prince of Wales, and Domestic 
 Chaplain to Lord Sydney. In early 
 life he was an eager apostle of 
 socialism and democracy, and was 
 one of a small party of young men 
 who keenly and actively interested 
 themselves in the cause of the 
 working - classes after the col- 
 
 lapse of political Chartism in 1848, 
 and earned for himself the title 
 of the "Chartist parson." They 
 started a magazine called Politics for 
 the Peojple, addressed meetings and 
 set up the College in Eed Lion 
 Square. To this period and its pre- 
 vailing influences belong the first 
 noteworthy "WT^itings of Charles 
 Kingsley, such as "Yeast,'' "Alton 
 Locke, Tailor and Poet," "Hypatia, 
 or New Foes with an Old Face," and 
 "Two Years Ago." Among his 
 other works may be mentioned 
 " Westward Ho," a stirring tale of 
 the Elizabethan sea-rovers ; " Here- 
 ward the Wake," a story of the 
 struggle between the Saxons in the 
 Fen Country and their Norman con- 
 queror; and "The Water Babies," 
 a story for children. He also wrote 
 poetry, and some of his songs have 
 taken a permanent place in Eng- 
 lish literature. He was a brilliant 
 amateur writer on natural history, 
 as in his " Glaucus, or the Wonders 
 of the Shore." His sermons were 
 striking ; his historical and con- 
 troversial works were of less merit. 
 But his name deserves to live as 
 that of a high-minded and coura- 
 geous apologist for truth and 
 liberty, and as an imaginative 
 writer of a very high order. 
 
 KINGSLEY, Henry [1830— 
 1876], brother of the above, was edu- 
 cated at King's College, London, 
 and Worcester College, Oxford. He 
 left Oxford in 1853, and proceeded 
 to Australia, where he resided five 
 years, returning in 1858. He 
 contributed to the North British 
 and Fortnightly Reviews, and to 
 Fraser's and Macmillan' s Magazines. 
 His best-known novels are, " Eecol- 
 lections of Geoffry Hamlyn," pub- 
 lished in 1859 ; " Eaveushoe," in 
 18G1 ; " Austin Elliot," in 18G3 ; 
 " The Hillyars and the Burtons : a 
 Story of Two Families," in 18G5 ; 
 " Leighton Court : a Country House 
 Story," in 1866; "Mademoiselle 
 Mathilde," which appeared in the 
 Gentleman's Magazine; "Stretton," 
 "Hetty," 1871; and "Old Mar- 
 
KINGSTON— KINNAIRD. 
 
 501 
 
 garet/' 2 vols., 1871. Leaving his 
 work of story writing for a time, 
 he undertook the editorship of the 
 Daily Review, the paper which re- 
 presents the Free Church party in 
 Edinburgh. Finding a difficulty in 
 getting a war correspondent he went 
 to the campaign himself, was jJX'esent 
 at the battle of Sedan, and was after- 
 wards the first Englishman in the 
 town. After eight weeks of ex- 
 perience as war cori*espondent, Mr. 
 Kingsley returned, and, giving up 
 the Daihj Revieiv after eighteen 
 months' editorship, took to his old 
 work as a novelist. After that he 
 published, " Hornby Mills, and 
 other Stories/' 2 vols., 1872 ; " Va- 
 lentin : a French Boy's Story of 
 Sedan," 2 vols., 1872 ; and " Eegi- 
 nald Hetherege," 3 vols., 1874. 
 
 KINGSTON, William Henry 
 Giles, the boys' novelist, and 
 author of numerous stories of stir- 
 ring adventure, was born in Lon- 
 don in 1814, and was the son of Mr. 
 Lucy Henry Kingston, of Oporto, 
 in which place his youth was chiefly 
 spent. As a boy it had been his 
 earnest wish to enter the navy, but 
 this wish could not be gratified, 
 and for a time he worked in his 
 father's office. He did not begin 
 writing till 1844, his first work 
 being " The Circassian Chief," 
 which was very favourably received, 
 and which was followed in quick 
 succession by " The Prime Minis- 
 ter : a Story of the Days of the 
 Great Marquis of Pombal," and 
 '•^ Lusitanian Sketches," an ac- 
 count of his own travels and ad- 
 ventures in Portugal. In 1850 ap- 
 peared " Peter the Whaler," which 
 was most successful, and which in- 
 duced him to give up business and 
 devote himself entirely to litera- 
 ture. From that time to his death 
 he had been constantly employed 
 in the production of books, chiefly 
 for boys, and wrote upwards of 130 
 volumes. His sea-stories were the 
 most popular, and gained for him 
 the name of the ''Modern Mar- 
 ryat." The best-known of them 
 
 are " The Three Midshipmen," " The 
 Three Lieutenants," "The Three 
 Commanders," and " The Three 
 Admirals." He was among the 
 first promoters of the Volunteer 
 movement, employing his pen 
 vigorously in the cause. He was 
 knighted by the Queen of Portugal, 
 and received a grant from Queen 
 Victoria in acknowledgment of his 
 literary labours. A few months 
 before his death he had started a 
 paper for boys called the Union 
 Jack, the editorship of which he 
 transferred to Mr. G. A. Henty, 
 I war-correspondent of the Standard. 
 He died at his house at Willesden, 
 after a painful illness, August 5, 
 1880. . 
 
 KINLOCH, William Penney, 
 Lord, one of the Judges of the 
 Coiu-t of Session, Edinburgh, was 
 born in Glasgow in 1801, and was 
 the eldest son of William Penney, 
 a merchant of that city. He was 
 educated at the Glasgow Univer- 
 sity, and at Edinburgh, where he 
 studied for the Bar, and passed 
 Advocate in 1824. He succeeded 
 Lord Handyside on the bench, with 
 the title of Lord Kinloch, in 1858. 
 He was the author of various re- 
 ligious works in prose and verse, 
 among which may be mentioned 
 " The Circle of Christian Doctrine," 
 " Studies for Sunday Evening," 
 and "Time's Treasure." He was 
 twice married, first to a daughter 
 of Mr. Charles Campbell, of Leck- 
 nury, Argyleshire, and secondly to 
 a daughter of Mr. John Campbell, 
 of Kinloch, Perthshire, and left a 
 family of thirteen sons and daugh- 
 ters. He died at Hartrigge House, 
 Jedburgh, October 30, 1872, aged 
 71. 
 
 KINNAIED, George William 
 Fox, ninth Lord, a Knight of the 
 Thistle, a Privy Councillor, and 
 Lord-Lieutenant of Perthshire, was 
 born in 1807, educated at Eton, 
 and succeeded his father in 182G. 
 He was a Grand Master of the 
 Freemasons of Scotland, and from 
 1839 to 1841 held the office of 
 
602 
 
 KIEBY— KITTO. 
 
 master of the buckhounds to the 
 Queen. He was a Liberal in poli- 
 tics, and was keenly interested in 
 all movements concerning the well- 
 being of the working classes. He 
 was one of the few peers who 
 belonged to the Anti-Corn Law 
 League, and presided over one of 
 the great meetings held in Covent 
 Garden Theatre. He married, in 
 1837, Frances, only daughter of the 
 first Lord De Mauley, and had two 
 children, a son and daughter. He 
 died at his seat, Eossie Priory, 
 Perthshire, January 7, 1878, aged 
 70. 
 
 KIEBY, The Eev. William, 
 M.A., Eector of Barham, Suffolk, 
 Eural Dean of the deanery of Clay- 
 don, and an Hon. Canon of Norwich ; 
 Honorary President of the Ento- 
 mological Society of London, Presi- 
 dent of the Ipswich Museum, Fellow 
 of the Eoyal Linnsean, Zoological, 
 and Geological Societies, and an 
 honorary member of several foreign 
 societies, was born in 1758. In 
 1782 he was appointed to the cura- 
 cies of Barham and Coddenham, in 
 which places he fulfilled the duties 
 of parish priest for 68 years. He had 
 been from an early age much inte- 
 rested in natural science, and on 
 going to reside at Barham devoted 
 all his spare time to studying the 
 habits of various insects which he 
 came across in his daily walks. In 
 1801 he published his " Monographia 
 Apum Anglise,^^ in which he de- 
 scribed upwards of 200 of the wild 
 bees of this country ; and in 1815, 
 in conjunction with Mr. William 
 Spence, the well-known naturalist, 
 he published " An Introduction to 
 Entomology ; or Elements of the 
 Natural History of Insects,^' which 
 was translated into several foreign 
 languages. Besides this, he wrote 
 many valuable papers for the Lin- 
 nsean Society, some sermons, and 
 was chosen by Mr. Davies Gilbert 
 to va-ite one of the Bridgewater 
 Treatises, which was published in 
 1835 under the title " The History, 
 Habits, and Instincts of Animals." 
 
 He was made an honorary canon of 
 Norwich Cathedral in 1841. He 
 died at Barham, Suffolk, in his 
 92nd year, July 4, 1850. 
 
 KITTO, Eev. John, D.D. [1804 
 — 1854], a voluminous writer on 
 Biblical subjects, was the son of a 
 mason, and was born at Plymouth. 
 He was a weakly child, and only 
 received a very scant amount of 
 school learning. In spite, however, 
 of his unlikely surroundings, he 
 early developed a passionate love 
 of books, and a great thirst for 
 learning. At the age of 12 he 
 began to attend upon his father at 
 his work, and while so occupied, in 
 Feb., 1817, fell from the roof of a 
 house, and received considerable 
 injury, permanently losing the 
 sense of hearing. Being thus un- 
 able to continue the trade of a 
 mason, he tried to support himself 
 by preparing rude drawings and 
 coloured cards in large capital let- 
 ters, but could not make much by 
 it, and had to go into the work- 
 house. In 1821 he was apprenticed 
 to a shoemaker, who, however, ill- 
 treated him so shamefully, that he 
 was obliged to return to the work- 
 house. Soon after a subscription 
 was raised for him, and in 1823 he 
 went to board with the clerk of the 
 guardians, and while there pub- 
 lished by subscription a small 
 volume of miscellanies. In 1825 
 he obtained employment in the 
 printing-office of the Church Mis- 
 sionary Society, at Islington, and 
 was sent by that society to Malta. 
 He returned to England at the end 
 of six months, and then accompanied 
 the two sons of Mr. Groves, as tutor, 
 on a Christian mission to Bagdad. 
 He retui'ned to England in 1832, 
 and was engaged in preparing 
 numerous serial publications for 
 the Society for the Diffusion of 
 Useful Knowledge, among which 
 may be mentioned the " Pictorial 
 History of Palestine" and the 
 " Pictorial Bible." After that time 
 his life was one of incessant literary 
 labour. He received an annuity of 
 
KNIGHT. 
 
 503 
 
 jeiOO from the Royal Civil List in 
 1850, and later an additional fund 
 was raised on his behalf. He died 
 at Cannstatt, on the Neckar. 
 
 KNIGHT, Charles [1791— 1873], 
 publisher and author, was born at 
 Windsor. In partnership with his 
 father, a bookseller, he established 
 in 1811 the Windsor and Eton Ex- 
 press, which he continued to edit till 
 1827, and at the same time printed 
 the Etonian. In connection with 
 Mr. Locker, Commissioner of Green- 
 wich Hospital, he edited the Plain 
 Englishman, which was published 
 monthly in 1820-22, being the first 
 attempt to produce cheap literature 
 of an improving character. In 1822 
 he removed to Pall Mall East, Lon- 
 don, where he published several 
 important works ; amongst them 
 Milton's " Christian Doctrine," in 
 Latin and English, edited by Dr. 
 Sumner, Bishop of Winchester, and 
 " Horace Walpole's Letters to Lord 
 Hertford. '^ His connection and 
 friendship with some of the Eton 
 scholars who contributed to the 
 Etonian, led to the commencement, 
 in 1822, of a magazine on a more 
 extended plan, under the title of 
 Knight's Quarterly Magazine, in 
 which several of Macaulay's earlier 
 productions appeared. In 1827 he 
 became the editor and publisher of 
 several of the works of the Useful 
 Knowledge Society, the '^ British 
 Almanac," and " Companion to 
 the Almanac," an€l the " Library 
 of Entertaining Knowledge." In 
 1832 he commenced the editorship 
 and publication of the Penny Maga- 
 zine, which he continued for eleven 
 years ; and in 1838 he commenced 
 the " Penny Cyclopsedia," a work 
 in the course of which forty thou- 
 sand pounds were expended by him 
 for original contributions. Mr. 
 Knight was the author of " William 
 Shakspere, a Biography ; " and he 
 edited the " Pictorial Shakspere." 
 He published two pamphlets, " The 
 Struggles of a Book against Exces- 
 sive Taxation," and " The Case of 
 the Authors as regards the Paper 
 
 Duty ; " and the public are indebted 
 to him for his assistance in obtain- 
 ing the removal of the oppressive 
 duty on paper, "Once upon a 
 Time," published in 1853, consists 
 of a collection of papers, many of 
 Avhich were contributions to various 
 periodicals ; and ** Knowledge is 
 Power," published in 1855, is a re- 
 issue, with large additions, of two 
 small volumes — " Results of Ma- 
 chinery," and " Rights of Indus- 
 try," — which had a large circulation 
 at a time when a spirit hostile to 
 scientific progress and to the proper 
 union of capital and labour, was 
 too common amongst the producing 
 classes. This indefatigable author 
 edited the "English Cyclopsedia," 
 in twenty-two volumes, based upon 
 the " Penny Cyclopsedia," and was 
 for seven years engaged on his 
 " Popular History of England," 
 completed in 1862. His " Passages 
 of a Working Life during half a 
 Century," of which the first volume 
 was published in 1863, the second 
 in 1864, and the third in 1865, is 
 an autobiography, referring more 
 to persons literary and political 
 with whom he had associated, than 
 to his own private life. Mr. Charles 
 Knight compiled " Half -Hours with 
 the Best Authors," '^Half-Hours of 
 English History," and "Half -Hours 
 with the best Letter- Writers." 
 
 KNIGHT, Henry Gally, of 
 Firbeck Hall and Langold, York- 
 shire, traveller and antiquary, was 
 born in 1786, the only son of Henry 
 Gally Knight, barrister - at - law. 
 Mr. Knight succeeded to the family 
 estates on the death of his father 
 in 1808. In 1810-11 he travelled 
 in Spain, Sicily, Greece, the Holy 
 Land, and Egypt, and afterwards 
 published accounts of these jour- 
 neys. In 1831 he made a tour 
 through Normandy to examine the 
 buildings and libraries of that 
 country, and on his return pub- 
 lished "An Architectural Tour in 
 Normandy." He next visited Sicily 
 in 1836, and two years later pub- 
 lished a sequel to the Tour, entitled 
 
501 
 
 KNIGHT— KNOLLYS. 
 
 " The Normans in Sicily ; " this 
 contains an historical notice of the 
 events which led to the establish- 
 ment of the Normans in the south 
 of Europe. Among his other works 
 may be mentioned " Europa Eedi- 
 viva/' a poem, published in 1814; 
 a volume of poems, 1815 ; " Phro- 
 syne, a Grecian Tale/' and " Alash- 
 tar, an Arabian Tale/' 1817 ; " Han- 
 nibal in Bithynia/' a dramatic poem, 
 1839; and his last and principal 
 work, " Ecclesiastical Architecture 
 of Italy, from the time of Constan- 
 tino to the fifteenth century/' il- 
 lustrated by Owen Jones. He was 
 elected M.P. for Aldborough some 
 time between the years 1824-28, sat 
 for Malton in 1830, and in 1835-7 
 for North Nottinghamshire. He 
 married, in 1828, Henrietta, third 
 daughter of Anthony Hardolph 
 Eyre, of Grove, Nottinghamshire, 
 but had no children. He died at 
 his house, in Lower Grosvenor 
 Street, February 9, 1846, aged 59. 
 
 KNIGHT, John Prescott, E.A. 
 He was the son of Edward Knight, 
 the actor, was born at Stafford 
 in 1803, and became clerk in a 
 merchant's office in London, but 
 showing great talent for drawing, 
 he became a pupil of Henry Sass 
 and George Clint, and in 1823 
 entered the Academy schools. He 
 attained much success as a portrait- 
 painter, was elected Associate in 
 1836, a Member in 1844, and was 
 Secretary of the Eoyal Academy 
 from 1827 to 1873, when he resigned. 
 Among his sitters were the Duke of 
 Cambridge (in Christ's Hospital), 
 Edward Frere, Sir Titus Salt, and 
 F. C. Burnand. He exhibited 275 
 pictures in London. His death oc- 
 curred in London, March 26th, 
 1881. 
 
 KNIGHT, Thomas Andrew, 
 F.E.S. [1759—1838], President of 
 the Horticultural Society of Lon- 
 don, was the youngest son of the 
 Eev. Thomas Knight, and was edu- 
 cated at Ludlow and at Balliol 
 College, Oxford. He was a keen ' 
 sportsman, and his long rambles ! 
 
 with his gun afforded him much 
 time for studying nature and lay- 
 ing up stores of information which 
 formed the basis of many of his 
 subsequent investigations. He first 
 became known as a vegetable phy- 
 siologist about the year 1795, when 
 his first paper entitled " Upon the 
 Inheritance of Decay among Fruit- 
 Trees, and the Propagation of De- 
 bility by Grafting," was read before 
 the Eoyal Society. This was fol- 
 lowed by many very valuable papers 
 on the subjects of vegetable fecun- 
 dation, sap in trees, germination, 
 &c., all of which were written 
 with remarkable care and research. 
 Mr. Knight succeeded Lord Dart- 
 mouth as President of the Horti- 
 cultural Society in 1811, an office 
 he continued to fill for the remainder 
 of his life. A selection from his 
 writings, published in the Trans- 
 actions of the Eoyal and Horticul- 
 tural Societies, was published by 
 Messrs. Longman in 1840. 
 
 KNOLLYS, Sir William [1797 
 — 1883], eldest son of General 
 William KnoUys, who for many 
 years held the title of Earl of 
 Banbury, and who himself was 
 known in early youth as Viscount 
 Wallingford, was educated at Har- 
 row, and began his military career 
 as a cadet at the Eoyal Military 
 College of Sandhurst. While there 
 he had to drop the title by which 
 he had hitherto been known, as 
 the Committee of Privileges of the 
 House of Lords decided against his 
 father's claim to the title of Earl 
 of Banbury. The Banbury peerage 
 case came before the House of Lords 
 for the last time in 1813, when it 
 was decided that the petitioner had 
 not made out his case. Charles I., 
 in 1626 had made Sir William 
 Knollys, Viscount Wallingford, 
 Earl of Banbury, in spite of the 
 remonstrances of the peers, who 
 declared the step unconstitutional, 
 and after the first Eai'l's death his 
 + W0 sons claimed the title in suc- 
 cession. The complicated questions 
 arising out of the dispute were 
 
KNOWLES. 
 
 505 
 
 finally settled in 1813, against the 
 claims of the Knollys family. Wil- 
 liam Knollys joined his father's old 
 regiment the Scots Fusilier Guaixls 
 in 1813, and accompanied them to 
 Spain. He took part in the invest- 
 ment of Bayonne, and was present 
 at the repulse of the sortie, in 
 which 800 English were killed and 
 wounded. During the peace which 
 followed that event he returned 
 to England, and next was sent to 
 Paris to reinforce the army of 
 occupation there. On his return 
 to England he was made adjutant 
 of his battalion, which he subse- 
 quently commanded. In 1854 he 
 .was made Governor of Guernsey, 
 and a year later appointed to the 
 command of the division then form- 
 ing at Aldershot. In 1861-2 he was 
 Vice-President of the Council of 
 Military Education, resigning that 
 post to become Treasurer and Comp- 
 troller of the Household of the 
 Prince of "Wales. In 1877 he was 
 made Gentleman Usher of the 
 Black Eod, and became Groom of 
 the Stole of the Prince of Wales. 
 A few days before his death he 
 siicceeded Lord Eodney as Colonel 
 of the Scots Guards, which regi- 
 ment he had entered seventy years 
 before. 
 
 KNOWLES, James Sheridan. 
 He came of a literary family, was 
 related to Eichar^ Brinsley Sheri- 
 dan, and was born at Cork, May 
 12th, 1784. When only fourteen 
 years old he published an ojDera, 
 " The Chevalier Grillon," and other 
 literary productions. His father 
 was at that time living in London, 
 and young Knowles became the 
 friend of Coleridge, Lamb^ and 
 Hazlitt. In 1808 he went on to 
 the stage, made his first apj^earance 
 at the Crow Street Theatre, Dublin, 
 and afterwards acted in the com- 
 pany of which Kean was the star, 
 and who appeared in the drama 
 " Leo, or the Gypsy,'' which Knowles 
 produced at this time. He having 
 by this time acquired that know- 
 ledge of stage business essential to 
 
 a playwright retired from the stage, 
 and went to live in Belfast, where 
 his father had a school. Here he 
 gave lessons in grammar and elocu- 
 1 tion while at the same time he was 
 writing "Brian Boroihme," which 
 was brought out at the Belfast 
 Theatre in 1815. The name alone 
 secured an Irish success, but 
 i Knowles' next piece, " Caius Grac- 
 j chus," was also well received, and the 
 I play by which he is still remembered 
 in 1820, "Virginius, a Tragedy," 
 was acted with success in Covent 
 Garden. This established the 
 author's fame, which was well sus- 
 tained by "William Tell," acted 
 in 1825, at Drury Lane. "Caius 
 Gracchus" was cast for the same 
 theatre, Macready playing the title 
 role in both pieces. In 1828 he 
 brought out "The Beggar's Daugh- 
 ter of Bethnal Green," and in 1831 
 " Alfred the Great " was played 
 at Drury Lane. Knowles now 
 went on the stage again, and in 
 1832 produced and played the lead- 
 ing part in the " Hunchback," the 
 play by which he is still remembered, 
 and in the following year "The 
 Wife." Three years elaj^sed before 
 he brought out "The Daughter," 
 which was acted at Drury Lane in 
 183G. Knowles had at this time 
 completed a tour through England 
 and Ireland, acting his own plays, 
 and in this year he went on the 
 same errand to America, where he 
 was most enthusiastically received. 
 But the fatigue and excitement 
 told severely on his health, and 
 on his return he retired from the 
 stage, and devoted some years to 
 dramatic literature, producing 
 "The Love Chase," 1837; "The 
 Maid of Mariendorpt," and "Wo- 
 man's Wit," 1838 ; " Love," 1839 ; 
 "John of Procida," 1810; "Old 
 Maids," 1841 ; " The Eose of Arra- 
 gon," 1842, and "The Secretaiy," 
 1843, in which year he brought out 
 a collected edition of his di'amas. 
 Four years later he published two 
 novels, "Fortescue" and "George 
 Lovell ; " he^ was also at this 
 
606 
 
 KONIG— LADE. 
 
 time a lecturer on oratory and 
 tlie drama, but his mind was 
 mucli occupied witli religious 
 thoughts^, and in 1849 the ex-actor 
 and playwright produced " The 
 Eock of Eome/' and two years 
 later " The Idol Demolished by its 
 Own Priest/" a reply to a work by 
 Cardinal Wiseman. He had now 
 retired from literature and settled 
 in Scotland, where he became a 
 Baptist preacher. He died at Tor- 
 quay, whither he had gone to seek 
 health, Dec. 1, 1862. 
 
 KONIG, Chaeles, K.H., F.E.S., 
 F.L.S., Keeper of the Mineralogical 
 Collections in the British Museum, 
 was born in Brunswick, and edu- 
 cated chiefly at the University of 
 Gottingen. He came to England 
 in 1800, for the purpose of arrang- 
 ing the natural history collections 
 belonging to Queen Charlotte, and 
 was soon after put in charge of Sir 
 Joseph Banks' library and herba- 
 rium. At this time he devoted 
 himself chiefly to the study of 
 botany, and edited in conjunction 
 with Dr. John Sims the " Annals of 
 Botany," a clever periodical, which 
 contained many papers from his 
 pen. In 1807 he succeeded Dr. 
 Shaw as Assistant-Keeper of the 
 Natin-al History Department of the 
 British Museum, becoming head of 
 it in 1813, after which he tiu-ned 
 his attention almost exclusively to 
 the study of mineralogy and fossil 
 remains. At the time of his ap- 
 pointment the Museum was very 
 poor in these departments, but the 
 purchase of the Greville collection 
 of minerals, which Mr. Konig ar- 
 ranged and greatly enlarged, laid 
 the foundation of the present 
 splendid collection. He died of 
 apoplexy, Aug. 29, 1851. 
 
 KYNASTON,The Eev. Herbert, 
 D.D. [1809—1878], son of Eoger 
 Kynaston, Esq., a member of the 
 ancient family of Kynaston of 
 Hoodley and Hardwick End, co. 
 Salop, born at Warwick, was edu- 
 cated at Westminster, and thence 
 elected student of Christ Church, 
 
 Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 
 in 1831, taking a first class in 
 classics. He acted for some years 
 as tutor of Christ Church, and 
 taking orders in 1834, he was ap- 
 pointed, in 1838, High Master of 
 St. Paul's School, London, in addi- 
 tion to a small living in the city 
 of London, and a prebendal stall 
 in St. Paul's Cathedral. He was 
 an unsuccessful candidate for the 
 Chair of Poetry at Oxford in 1867. 
 Dr. Kynaston was also a Select 
 Preacher in the University of 
 Oxford, and was known as the 
 author of " Miscellaneous Poetry," 
 published in 1841 ; and of " Da- 
 miani's Glory of Paradise," 1857 j 
 " Occasional Hymns," 1861 ; " Car- 
 mina Coletina," 1867, &c. He was 
 a good scholar of the " elegant " 
 type, and wrote polished Latin 
 
 verses. 
 
 L. 
 
 LACKINGTON, George [1768— 
 1844], an eminent bookseller and 
 publisher, of the Temple .of the 
 Muses, in Finsbury Square, was a 
 nephew of the Mr. Lackington, 
 who had started the business, and 
 who, on realising a large fortune, 
 had retired to live in the country. 
 George Lackington's father, a large 
 coal merchant, bought a share in 
 the business for his son, who be- 
 came a publisher, and carried on 
 business, in partnership with Mr, 
 Allen and Mr. Hughes. These 
 three built the Temple of the 
 Muses, one of the most extraor- 
 dinary libraries in the world — so 
 large, that when it was completed, 
 a coach-and-four was driven round 
 the interior of the dome : a few 
 years after its erection it was en- 
 tirely destroyed by fire. During 
 the latter part of his life Mr. 
 Lackington was one of the official 
 assignees of bankrupts. He died 
 at his house in Circus Eoad, St. 
 John's Wood, April 31, 1844. 
 
 LADE, Sir John, Bart. [1758— 
 1838], was a son of John Inskip, 
 
LAIDLAW— LAING. 
 
 507 
 
 Esq., who assumed the name of 
 Lade, and was created a Baronet 
 in 1758. During his minority he 
 was in ward to his uncle Mr. Thrale, 
 of Streatham, Dr. Johnson's friend ; 
 and his wild conduct is said to 
 have provoked many of the Doctor's 
 reflections on education and morals, 
 recounted by his biographers. Mr. 
 Croker wrote of him : — '* This 
 young heir was the well-known 
 Sir John Lade ; and Dr , Johnson's 
 sagacity had, no doubt, detected in 
 him a disposition to that profusion 
 for which he was afterwards so 
 remarkable. He entered eagerly 
 into all the follies of the day, was 
 a remarkable whip, and married a 
 woman of the town." He had no 
 children, so that on his death the 
 baronetcy became extinct. 
 
 LAIDLAW, William [1780— 
 1845], the author of the well- 
 known ballad of " Lucy's Flitting," 
 and the trusted companion and 
 steward of Sir Walter Scott, at 
 Abbotsf ord, was the son of a sheep- 
 farmer, at Black House, on the 
 Douglas Burn, Selkirkshire. Hogg, 
 the Ettrick Shepherd, was for 
 several years a servant of his father; 
 and a lasting friendship sprang up 
 between him and young Laidlaw. 
 *' Lucy's Flitting" first appeared 
 in 1810, in Hogg's " Forest Min- 
 strel." In 1817, while on the look 
 out for a farm, he was invited by 
 Mr., afterwards Sir Walter Scott, 
 to Abbotsford, as a steward on the 
 estate, and Scott found full employ- 
 ment for him both as man of busi- 
 ness and man of letters. Under 
 Scott's direction Laidlaw wrote and 
 compiled the Chronicle depart- 
 ment, for the Edinburgh Annual 
 Register, besides writing for other 
 magazines ; and in 1819 he and 
 John Ballantyne acted as his 
 amanuenses. To them Scott dic- 
 tated the greater part of the 
 novels, " Bride of Lammermoor," 
 " Legend of Montrose," and " Ivan- 
 hoe," Laidlaw is supposed to have 
 suggested the story of " St. Eonan's 
 Well." On Scott's death Mr. Laid- 
 
 law 's superintendence over the es- 
 tate of Abbotsford ceased, and he 
 subsequently became factor on the 
 estate of Sir Charles Lockhart Koss, 
 of Balnagowen, Ross-shire. Later 
 on, on account of failing health, 
 he went to live with his brother 
 James at Contin, in the same 
 county, where he died in 1815, in 
 his sixty-fifth year. 
 
 L A I N G, Alexander [1778 — 
 1838], miscellaneous writer and 
 antiquarian, whose chief work was 
 the " Donian Tourist," written in 
 verse, with notes, giving an ac- 
 count of the battles, castles, fami- 
 lies, &c., on the banks of the river ; 
 wrote besides this " The Caledonian 
 Itinerary ; or, a Tour on the Banks 
 of the Dee ;" and compiled The 
 Eccentric Magazine, a collection of 
 curious epitaphs, found in church- 
 yards in Aberdeenshire. 
 
 L A I N G, Alexander [1787 — 
 1857] , author of "Wayside Flowers," 
 and other poems, was born at Bre- 
 chin, where he was educated for a 
 short time. On leaving school he 
 was apprenticed to a flaxdresser, 
 continuing in that business till 
 disabled by an accident. He issued 
 two editions of Burns, and wrote 
 several pieces for " The Laird of 
 Logan." His best known pieces 
 are " Archie Allan," and the song 
 of "Adam Glen." 
 
 L A I N G, Dr. David [1790— 
 1878], for upwards of forty years 
 Librarian of the Signet Library at 
 Edinburgh, was the son of William 
 Laing, a bookseller and printer of 
 that town. David engaged in his 
 father's business from 1821 to 1837, 
 in which latter year he was ap- 
 pointed Signet Librarian. He was 
 Honorary Secretary to the Banna- 
 tyne Club, started by Sir Walter 
 Scott for the printing of rare books 
 on Scottish history and literature, 
 from its commencement in 1823, to 
 its close in 1860. He was made 
 an LL.D. of the Edinburgh Uni- 
 versity in 1864. Among his works 
 may be mentioned the " Life and 
 Works of John Knox," and editions 
 
508 
 
 LAIED— LAMB. 
 
 of the works of Sir David Lynd- 
 say, William Dunbar^ and Eobert 
 Henryson. He was engaged at the 
 time of his death on the third and 
 concluding volume of Wynton's 
 "Chronicle of Scotland/^ and a 
 new edition of " Sir David Lynd- 
 say's Works." The first part of 
 his extensive library was sold in 
 London by Sotheby over eleven 
 days, Dec. 1879, for ^13,288. 
 
 LAIRD, Macgkegoe, an African 
 explorer, was at an early age asso- 
 ciated with Richard Lander in con- 
 ducting the first steam expedition up 
 the river Niger, to try to open up the 
 commerce of the interior. After 
 his return to England, he turned 
 his attention for a time to trans- 
 Atlantic steam navigation . The last 
 twelve years of his life were devoted 
 exclusively to the development of 
 the trade and civilisation of Africa, 
 the only means in his opinion of 
 stamping out the slave trade. Hav- 
 ing obtained a contract from the Go- 
 vernment he established the African 
 Steam-ship Company, and in 1854 
 fitted out a trading and exploring 
 expedition at his own expense, with 
 which he managed to penetrate 150 
 miles beyond the furthest point 
 that had previously been navigated. 
 Encouraged by the results, with 
 the help of the Government, he 
 fitted out a second expedition on a 
 larger scale, and opened up com- 
 munication with the interior and 
 established several trade dejaots. 
 He died Jan. 27, 1861. 
 
 LAKE, Colonel Sir Henry At- 
 WELL, K.C.B. [1809— 1881], was the 
 third son of Sir James Samuel Wil- 
 liam Lake, Bart., by Maria, daugh- 
 ter of Mr. Samuel Turner. He was 
 appointed to the Madras Engineers 
 in 1826, attained the rank of Cap- 
 tain in 18 11, and of Lieutenant-Col. 
 in Nov., 1855. He gave up a valu- 
 able Y>ost in India for service in 
 Turkey at the outbreak of the Rus- 
 sian war, and volunteered to go, on 
 a reduced salary, to Kars, where he 
 rendered valuable services to Gen. 
 Williams, hj whose side he stood 
 
 throughout the hard-pressed siege, 
 and by his skill rendered the for- 
 tress almost impregnable, so that 
 he was called by the Russians " The 
 English Todleben." The surrender 
 of this fortress, owing not to th. 
 superior skill or strategy of Moura- 
 vieff, but to the failure of the pro- 
 mised support from Constantinople, 
 was severely criticised in Parlia- 
 ment. Col. Lake accompanied his 
 chief as a prisoner of war to Russia, 
 where he was honourably treated, 
 and on the conclusion of peace re- 
 turned to England, and published, 
 in 1856, an account of his Eastern 
 reminiscences entitled " Kars and 
 our Captivity in Russia," as well 
 as a professional work called " The 
 Defence of Kars." He was nomi- 
 nated an Aide-de-Camp to Her 
 Majesty in 1856 with the rank of 
 Colonel in the army, and was Chief 
 Commissioner of Metropolitan Po- 
 lice in Dublin, from 1858 to Aug., 
 1877. Col. Lake was transferred to 
 H.M. Army in 1856 as a Lieut. -Col. 
 unattached. He was created a Com- 
 panion of the Bath in 1856, and a 
 Knight Companion of the Order in 
 March, 1875. 
 
 LAMB, Mary Anne, sister of 
 Charles Lamb, author of the " Es- 
 says of Elia," was born in CroAvn 
 Office Row, Inner Temple, Dec. 3, 
 1761, being the third, as Charles 
 was the youngest, of seven children, 
 all of whom, except three (herself, 
 Charles, and John), died in infancy. 
 She, with her brother Charles, was 
 educated at a day-school in Fetter 
 Lane, Holborn, where they were 
 taught mostly by an usher named 
 Starkey, afterwards immortalised in 
 the sketch called " Captain Starkey." 
 Owing to the ill-health of both 
 parents, Mary was early obliged to 
 do something for her o"svii mainten- 
 ance, and for eleven years sujDported 
 herself almost entirely by her 
 needle. Besides this Avork, which 
 she often had to pursue far into the 
 night, she had the constant charge 
 of her mother, who was bedridden ; 
 and, harassed by overwork beyond 
 
LAMBERT— LANCE. 
 
 509 
 
 all endurance, she lost her reason, 
 and in a fit of insanity suddenly- 
 killed her mother, September, 1796. 
 She was delivered by the jury's 
 verdict into the keeping of her 
 brother Charles, who thenceforth 
 gave up the rest of his life to 
 watching over her. Except at in- 
 tervals, when she voluntarily re- 
 moved for a time to an asylum, she 
 was restored to a perfectly sane 
 state, and tenderly repaid her bro- 
 ther's devotion. The " Tales from 
 Shakespeare " were begun by the 
 brother and sister in 1806, and as 
 soon as they were finished Mary 
 wrote "Mrs. Leicester'^ School," a 
 volume of stories for children, three 
 of which were wi-itten by Lamb. 
 Her next work was a volume of 
 poetry for children, to which her 
 brother also contributed two or 
 three poems. In 1815 appeared her 
 " Essay on Needlework," written 
 for the British Lady's Magazine. 
 Charles died in 1834, and for a 
 whole year after his death Mary 
 was out of her mind. Then she re- 
 covered and survived him for a few 
 years, lucid intervals alternating 
 with ever lengthening fits of in- 
 sanity, till in May, 1847, she too 
 died, and was laid to rest beside 
 her brother in Edmonton church- 
 yard. 
 
 LAMBERT, Atlmer Bourke, 
 V.P.L.S., F.R.S. and F.S.A., of 
 Grosvenor Street, and Boyton 
 House, Wiltshire, only son of Ed- 
 mund Lambei't of Boyton, was born 
 Feb. 2, 1761. After leaving college 
 he turned his attention wholly to 
 the study of botany, and published 
 numerous splendid works on that 
 subject, and on natural history. 
 He was one of the original members 
 of the Linnean Societv, founded in 
 1788, and was for many years a 
 Vice-President of that institution. 
 His " Herbarium " is mentioned by 
 Dr. Clarke in the preface to his 
 first volume of "Travels," as one 
 of the finest in Europe. At his 
 death, which occui-red in 1842, he 
 bequeathed the whole of his library 
 
 and collections to the British 
 Museum. 
 
 LANCASTER, Hume . He was a 
 painter of sea pieces, and first exhi- 
 bited in the Academy of 1836, and 
 at about the same time began sending 
 pictures to the British Artists, of 
 which society he was made a mem- 
 ber in 1841. He continued exhi- 
 biting at both these institutions 
 until 1849, and exhibited in all 132 
 paintings, chiefly French and Dutch 
 coast subjects. He died at Erith, 
 Kent, July 3, 1850. 
 
 LANCASTER, Joseph, the well- 
 known author of the system of 
 mutual instruction called the 
 " Lancasterian System of Educa- 
 tion," published in 1821, was born 
 Nov. 27, 1778, and bred a Quaker. 
 With the kind help of influential 
 friends, Mr. Lancaster was enabled 
 to travel all over the kingdom, 
 delivering lectures and founding 
 schools. He also in 1805 had an 
 interview with George III. about 
 his system, and the king subscribed 
 .£100, Queen Charlotte j£50, and 
 the Princes .£25 each, towards it, a 
 practice which has been continued 
 by every succeeding monarch. In 
 1820, having become involved in 
 pecuniary difficulties through the 
 failure of a large school which he 
 had established at Tooting, he left 
 England and settled in America, 
 where he became very successful. 
 He died in New York, Oct. 24, 1838, 
 aged 60. There is a portrait of 
 him in the National Collection. 
 
 LANCE, George. This eminent 
 fruit and still life painter was bom 
 at Little Easton, near Colchester, 
 on March 24, 1802. His father was 
 then Adjutant of the Essex Yeo- 
 manry, but later removed to London 
 and became an inspector of the Bow 
 Street horse patrol. As a child 
 George Lance showed a great love 
 of drawing ; his parents, however, 
 placed him with a relative, a manu- 
 facturer at Leeds, but the boy had 
 so great a distaste for business that 
 he returned to London and became 
 a pupil of Haydou, and student in 
 
510 
 
 LANDELLS— LANDON. 
 
 the Academy Scliools. He first 
 exhibited at Suffolk Street in 1824, 
 and four years later sent his first 
 " Still Life " to the Academy. At 
 this time he still painted subject 
 pictures, but the beauty of his work 
 was always the treatment of the 
 accessories, and after 1845 he 
 painted still life exclusively. Three 
 of his paintings, "A Basket of 
 Flowers'' (1834), "Eed Cap'' (1847), 
 and "Fruit" (1848), are in the 
 National Gallery, and three " Fruit " 
 (1843), "Fruit-piece" (1848-9), and 
 a " Portrait of himself " (about 
 1830), in the South Kensington 
 Collection. He exhibited 221 pic- 
 tures in London — the last two years 
 before his death, which occurred on 
 June 18, 1864. 
 
 LANDELLS, Ebenezer. He was 
 born at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1808, 
 and was a pupil of Bewick. When 
 21 years of age he came to London 
 and worked for several illustrated 
 periodicals, among them Punch, 
 with which he was connected from 
 its beginning. In 1842 the Illus- 
 trated London News employed him 
 to sketch and engrave the Queen's 
 visit to Scotland, and he subse- 
 quently illustrated several of Her 
 Majesty's tours, both at home and 
 on the Continent. He died at 
 Brompton, Sept. 1, 1860. 
 
 LANDELLS, Egbert Thomas. 
 He was for many years the special 
 artist of the Illustrated London News, 
 and in the interest of that journal 
 was present in all the campaigns 
 from the Crimean to the Franco- 
 German war, in which he contracted 
 his fatal illness. He received four 
 medals from foreign governments 
 in recognition of his services and 
 valour, and his drawings of military 
 subjects were much esteemed. He 
 never contributed to the Academy, 
 but 24 of his works were exhibited 
 in the Suffolk Street Galleries. He 
 died at Chelsea, July 5, 1877, at the 
 early age of 43. Several of his 
 commemorative drawings are in the 
 possession of the Queen. 
 
 LANDON, Letitia Elizabeth 
 
 (Mrs. Maclean) [1802—1839], 
 better known by her initials L. E. L., 
 was born at Hans Place, Old 
 Brompton, in 1802, and was the 
 eldest child of John Landon, an 
 army agent, and niece of Dr. Lan- 
 don, Dean of Exeter. Her father 
 dying, and leaving the family in 
 reduced circumstances, just as she 
 was becoming celebrated, she was 
 fortunately able to take his place, 
 and support herself and her rela- 
 tives. Her poems in the Literary 
 Gazette having attracted much at- 
 tention, the editor, Mr. Jerdan, 
 employed her in criticising books 
 of general literature, mostly poetry 
 and works of fiction, and for many 
 years her work on the Gazette was, 
 as Mr. Jerdan himself said, little 
 less than his own. At the age of 
 eighteen, in 1820, she published 
 her first volume, "The Fate of 
 Adelaide, a Swiss Eomantic Tale, 
 and other poems ; " immediately 
 after which she began " Poetical 
 Sketches," in the Literary Gazette. 
 In 1824 appeared the " Improvisa- 
 trice, and other poems ; " a year 
 later, " The Troubadour ;" in 1826, 
 " The Golden Violet ; " in 1829, " The 
 Venetian Bracelet," " The Lost 
 Pleiad," and other poems. She also 
 wrote constantly for the annuals, 
 and published three novels, "Eo- 
 mance and Eeality," "Francesca 
 Carrara," and "Ethel Churchill," 
 which was her best prose work, and 
 which appeared in 1836. Although 
 she was herself a very bright and 
 lively person, her poems are very 
 sentimental, and for the most part 
 melancholy. She married, in 1838, 
 George Maclean, Governor of Cape 
 Coast Castle, whom she accompanied 
 to Africa, where she died a few 
 months after her arrival. Her death 
 was occasioned by an overdose of 
 prussic acid, which it appeared she 
 had been in the habit of taking as a 
 remedy for spasmodic affections, to 
 which she had been subject. The 
 news of her death appeared in the 
 London papers, just as her family 
 were reading the first letters re- 
 
LANDOR. 
 
 511 
 
 ceived from her after her departure 
 for Africa. 
 
 LANDOR, Egbert Eyres, M.A. 
 [1782—1869], brother of the fol- 
 lowing, was scholar, and then Fel- 
 low, of Worcester College, Oxford, 
 and afterwards for forty years rec- 
 tor of Birlinghani, "Worcestershire, 
 during which time he was never, 
 for a single Sunday, absent from 
 his parish. He was the author of 
 '' The Impious Feast " (a poem on 
 the story of Belshazzar), and two 
 classical novels, full of original and 
 striking thoughts, " The Fountain 
 of Arethusa," and "The Fawn of 
 Sertorius," the latter of which was 
 at first universally ascribed to his 
 brother, of whom he was an 
 amiable likeness. Like all his 
 brothers he was long-lived, dying 
 in his eighty-eighth year. 
 
 LANDOR, Walter Savage 
 [1775—1864], a gifted writer and 
 poet, was the son of Walter Landor, 
 Esq., of Ipsley Coiu-t, Warwick- 
 shire, by his second marriage with 
 the daughter and co-heiress of 
 Clark Savage, Esq., of Tachbrook. 
 He was educated at Rugby, and at 
 Trinity College, Oxford, but owing 
 to insubordination of temper left 
 the University without taking a 
 degree. From his earliest years 
 he had been rather unmanageable 
 owing to his imperious temper, 
 and now refused to enter the army, 
 to study the law, or to take any 
 steps suggested by his friends. He 
 soon, however, developed his great 
 abilities, and at the age of twenty 
 published a collection of poems, 
 remarkable for vigour of style and 
 fluency of verse, which was fol- 
 lowed by "Gebir'' (1798), a work 
 which at once established his name 
 among the great names in English 
 poetry. " Gebir " had first ap- 
 peared in Latin ; for Landor' s skill 
 in Latin verse was remarkable. 
 " Poems from the Arabic and Per- 
 sian" appeared in 1800. Differ- 
 ing very widely both in reli- 
 gious and political views from his 
 fa^nily, his relations with them 
 
 became so unpleasant, that he left 
 England, and travelled on the Con- 
 tinent for some years. In 1808, 
 having succeeded to the family 
 estate, and become a rich man, he 
 left England for Spain as a volun- 
 teer, to serve in the national army 
 against Napoleon at the head of a 
 regiment, raised and supported at 
 his sole expense. He received a 
 Colonel's commission, though he 
 never distinguished himself in the 
 field ; and in 1814, on the restora- 
 tion of Ferdinand VII., he left the 
 Peninsula, and returned to Eng- 
 land. Though his design failed, 
 he brought back in his mind the 
 materials for one of the most 
 beautiful poems in our language — • 
 the tragedy of "Count Julian," 
 which was published anonymously 
 in 1812. In May, 1811, he married 
 Miss Julia Thuillier, a lady of 
 Swiss extraction, whose father, a 
 banker at Banbury, having failed, 
 had gone to Spain to retrieve his 
 fortune. Landor met her at a ball 
 at Bath, and married her very soon 
 afterwards. But the union was a 
 most unhappy one, and finally ended 
 in a separation. For a time they 
 settled at Llanthony Abbey, in 
 Monmouthshire, and there he de- 
 voted himself to trying to im- 
 prove the sterility of the land, 
 and raising the condition of the 
 peasantry. At the end of three 
 years he left that place, and 
 went to France, where he spent a 
 short time, and then settled at 
 Como, remaining three years. He 
 went to Florence in 1821, and in 
 1824 appeared the first series of 
 his " Imaginary Conversations," of 
 which the second series was pub- 
 lished in 1829. It is on this work 
 — a series of " dialogues of the 
 dead," remarkable for their classic 
 purity of style, and for a curiosa 
 felicitas both of thought and exjDres- 
 sion — that Landor's fame as a wi-iter 
 will chiefly rest. Among his other 
 works may be mentioned : — " The 
 Citation and Examination of Wil- 
 liam Shakspeare," 1834; "Pericles 
 
512 
 
 LANDSEER. 
 
 and Aspasia," 1836; "The Penta- 
 nieron," 1837, to whicli was originally- 
 added " The Eentalogia ;" " The 
 Hellenics of Walter Savage Landor." 
 1847 ; and " The Last Fruit off an 
 Old Tree/' 1853. In 1858 appeared 
 a miscellany^ entitled, " Dry Sticks 
 Fagoted by W. S. Landor/' which 
 contained among other things a 
 satirical attack upon a lady living 
 at Bath, who took the case into 
 Court, and obtained a verdict of 
 ^1000 against Landor, to avoid 
 paying which he returned to Flo- 
 rence, where he spent the last six 
 years of his life, and where he died 
 Sept. 17, 1864. His life and works 
 were published by John Forster in 
 1876 J and a memoir by S. Colvin 
 appeared in the "English Men of 
 Letters" series in 1878. 
 
 LANDSEEE, Charles, E.A. 
 [1799 — 1879], son of John Landseer, 
 A.E.A., and elder brother of Sir Ed- 
 win Landseer, having first been in- 
 structed by his father, became one 
 of Haydon's pupils, and entered the 
 schools of the Academy as a student 
 in 1816. In early life he accom- 
 panied the late Lord Stuart de 
 Eothesay to Portugal, and to Eio de 
 Janeiro, on his mission to negotiate 
 a commercial treaty with Don Pe- 
 dro I., for whom he made a large col- 
 lection of drawings and sketches. In 
 1828 he exhibited at the Academy, 
 " Dorothea ;" and at the British 
 Institution studies from Conti- 
 nental subjects — a " Group of Portu- 
 guese Peasants," and " The Tyrolese 
 Hunter /' but did not again exhibit 
 there till 1832. His picture, " Cla- 
 rissa Harlowe in the Prison-room of 
 the Sheriff's Oflacer/' is in the Ver- 
 non Gallery ; and the " Plundering 
 of Basing House/' and the •' Battle 
 of Langside," led to his election as 
 Associate of the Academy in 1837. 
 His pictures of the " Departure in 
 Disguise of Charles II, from Colonel 
 Lane's/' in 1842; -'The Monks of 
 Melrose," in 1843; and the "Eeturn 
 of the Dove to the Ark," in 1841, 
 secured the favour of Art Union 
 prize-holders for ^300, jglOO, and 
 
 ^800 respectively. Elected E.A. 
 in 1845, he succeeded Mr. Jones as 
 Keeper of the Academy in 1851, 
 and he held that office till May, 
 1873, when the council, in con- 
 sideration of his long and valuable 
 services, voted him a pension 
 equivalent to his former salary. 
 He exhibited 110 pictures, three 
 of which are in the South Ken- 
 sington Galleries. 
 
 LANDSEEE, Sir Edwin Henry, 
 E.A., third and youngest son of 
 John Landseer, A,E.A.,born in Lon- 
 don in 1802, excelled while a boy 
 in the painting of animals, and 
 became a student of the Academy 
 in 1816. He began to exhibit when 
 little more than fourteen years of 
 age, and his earliest productions 
 attracted attention, and gave great 
 promise of future excellence. He 
 soon obtained an amount of public 
 favour, such as had been given to 
 no other painter of that generation. 
 His knowledge of animal life, his 
 power of drawing and painting, and 
 his happy knack of choosing sub- 
 jects that touched some strong sen- 
 timent, gave him extraordinary 
 popularity ; which was increased 
 by the mode in which the Queen 
 and Prince Albert interested them- 
 selves in his a,rt. Among the best- 
 known of his numerous pictures are 
 the following, all of which have been 
 exhibited at the Eoyal Academy : — 
 "A Highland Breakfast;" "The 
 Drover's Departure ;" " The Dog and 
 the Shadow;" "A Fireside Party;" 
 "There's no Place like Home;" 
 " The Twa Dogs ;" " The Old Shep- 
 herd's Chief Mourner;" "A Jack in 
 Office ;" " Tethered Eams ;" " San- 
 cho Panza and Dapple /' " The 
 Angler's Guard ;" " Suspense ;" 
 " Comical Dogs ;" " Young Eoe- 
 buck and Eough Hounds ;" and 
 "The Eagle's Nest." All of the 
 above-mentioned, as well as his 
 famous compositions of " War " 
 and " Peace," are in the Sheep- 
 shanks Collection at South Ken- 
 sington. Equally celebrated are 
 " Bolton Abbey in the Olden Time /' 
 
LANDSEER. 
 
 )13 
 
 " Titania ;" " Laying down the 
 Law;" and "The late Duke of 
 Wellington, accompanied by his 
 Daughter-in-Law, visiting the Field 
 of Waterloo." In 1858 he exhi- 
 bited " Deer-stalking," the first of 
 his large drawings in chalk which 
 have since become so popular ; in 
 
 1859 his picture of " Doubtful 
 Crumbs," and " A Kind Star ;" in 
 
 1860 his " Flood in the Highlands ;" 
 and in 1861 " The Shrew tamed ;" 
 with three large drawings in chalk ; 
 and more recently "Windsor Park," 
 " Squirrels Cracking Nuts," and 
 " Man Proposes, but God Dis- 
 poses," a scene in the Arctic 
 regions. The majority of his com- 
 positions have become popular from 
 the engravings by Samuel Cousins, 
 Thomas Landseer, and others. His 
 grand bronze figure of the " Stag at 
 Bay" was in the Eoyal Academy 
 Exhibition of 1866, and the four 
 lions in bronze for the base of the 
 Nelson column, Trafalgar Square, 
 for which he received the commis- 
 sion from the Government in 1859, 
 were placed on the pedestals and 
 uncovered Jan. 31, 1867. After the 
 death of Sir Charles Eastlake, in 
 1866, Sir Edwin was elected Presi- 
 dent of the Eoyal Academy. He re- 
 fused to accept the honour, and an 
 adjournment for a week took place, 
 in order to give him time for con- 
 sideration. As Sir Edwin could 
 not be induced to alter his deter- 
 mination, the Presidency was offered 
 to Mr. Maclise, who also positively 
 declined it, whereupon Sir Francis 
 Grant was elected. He died Oct. 1, 
 1873, having exhibited 277 pic- 
 tures. Besides the paintings quoted 
 above, there are thi-ee drawings 
 by him in the South Kensington 
 Galleries, and portraits of John 
 Allen and Sir Walter Scott in the 
 National Portrait Gallery. The 
 following are in the National Gal- 
 lery : — " Spaniels of King Charles' 
 Breed ;" " Low Life— High Life ;" 
 " Highland Music ;" "' The Hunted 
 Stag;" "Peace;" "War;" "The 
 Sleeping Bloodhound j" " Dignity 
 
 and Impudence ;" " The Defeat of 
 Comus;" "Shoeing;" "Highland 
 Dogs ;" " Alexander and Diogenes ;" 
 and " The Maid and the Magpie." 
 
 LANDSEER, John. This emi- 
 nent engraver was born at Lincoln, 
 in 1769. His father, who was a 
 jeweller, apprenticed him to the 
 landscape engraver, William Byrne. 
 Among his first works were vig- 
 nettes, after De Loutherbourg, for 
 " Macklin's Bible," and " Bowyer's 
 History of England," published in 
 1793. Two years later he engraved 
 twenty views of the South of Scot- 
 land, after James Moore, and about 
 the same time a series of animals, 
 after Eubens, Eembrandt, Snyders, 
 Stubbs, &c. He was always opposed 
 to the Academy, on the ground that 
 they did not admit engravers to 
 the honour of full membership. He 
 was elected Associate Engraver in 
 1806, but continued his agitation 
 on this subject, and did not live to 
 see this honour conceded to en- 
 gravers. He exhibited only seven- 
 teen works in the Academy. He 
 lived to see his three sons eminent 
 — Charles and Edwin as painters, 
 and Thomas as an engraver ; and 
 among his finest plates is that 
 executed from EdT\±a Landseer's 
 picture, "The Dogs of Mount St. 
 Bernard." He died in 1852. He 
 was the author of " Sabsean Ee- 
 searches," 1823 ; a " Catalogue of 
 the Earliest Pictures in the Na- 
 tional Gallery," 1834; and other 
 works ; and he published his " Lec- 
 tures on Engraving," delivered 
 before the Eoyal Institution in 
 1806 ; and also a course on "En- 
 graved Hieroglyphics," delivered 
 in 1823. 
 
 LANDSEEE, Thomas, A.E.A., 
 elder brother of Charles Landseer, 
 E.A., born towards the close of the 
 last century, occupied for many 
 years a distinguished place as an 
 engi'aver, and constantly exhi- 
 bited at the Eoyal Academy. His 
 best engravings are after his bro- 
 ther's pictures, of which he man- 
 aged to cat<?h not only the spirit. 
 
 L L 
 
$u 
 
 liANE. 
 
 but even the style in which they 
 are painted, giving almost the 
 touches of the brush. His finely- 
 executed plate of Eosa Bonheur^s 
 "Horse Fair/' published in 1861, 
 added greatly to his reputation. 
 He "was elected A.R.A. in 1868. 
 He published the "Life and Letters 
 of William Bewick, Artist/' 2 vols. 
 1871. He died Jan. 20, 1880. 
 
 LANE, Edwakd William [1801 
 — 1876], son of the E,ev. Theophilus 
 Lane, LL.D., Prebendary of Here- 
 ford, born at Hereford, was a brother 
 of Mr. E. J. Lane, A.E.A., and of 
 Mrs. Poole, author of " The English- 
 woman in Egypt." He was edu- 
 cated for the Church, but a strong- 
 desire to visit eastern countries 
 induced him to turn his attention 
 to the study of Arabic, and of some 
 branches of practical science neces- 
 sary for a traveller. In 1825 he 
 went to Egypt ; and after having 
 made two voyages up the Nile, 
 returned to England in 1828, 
 and jDrepared for the press a work 
 on Egypt and Nubia. The Com- 
 mittee of the Society for the Diffu- 
 sion of Useful Knowledge having 
 requested Mr. Lane to write a 
 work, to be published under their 
 superintendence, on the Manners 
 and Customs of the Modern Egyp- 
 tians, he went a second time to 
 Egypt in 1833, and returned to 
 England in 1835 with the work, 
 which was published in 1836. Soon 
 after Mr. C. Knight engaged him 
 to undertake a new translation of 
 " The Thousand and One Nights/' 
 which was completed in 1841. Mr. 
 Lane wi-ote a small volume of 
 " Selections from the Kur-Jin," 
 which was incorrectly printed, 
 having been published when the 
 author was abroad, and unable to 
 correct the proofs ; and he after- 
 wards undertook, under the patron- 
 age of the Duke of Northumber- 
 land, the composition of an "Arabic 
 Lexicon," and visited Egypt a third 
 time in 1842, in order to avail him- 
 self of the valuable stores in the 
 libraries of some of the mosques 
 
 of Cairo. On this occasion he was 
 accompanied by his sister (Mrs. 
 Poole), with her two sons, and 
 remained in Egypt until 1849. 
 Lord Eussell, at that time Prime 
 Minister, granted him an annual 
 allowance of dBlOO from the Special 
 Service Fund, and it was continued 
 by Lord Aberdeen. The first part 
 of his Lexicon was published in 
 1863, when a civil-list pension of 
 £100 was granted to him " in testi- 
 mony of its value ; " and in the 
 following year he was elected a 
 Corresponding Member of the Insti- 
 tute of France. He was also an 
 honorary member of several learned 
 societies, British and Foreign. The 
 University of Leyden conferred on 
 him the honorary degree of Master 
 of Philosophy and Doctor of Litera- 
 ture in Feb. 1875. His Life, by his 
 great nephew, Stanley Lane Poole, 
 appeared in 1877. 
 
 LANE, EiCHARD James, A.E.A., 
 brother of the above, was born in 
 1800, and was the son of the Eev. Dr. 
 Lane, Prebendary of Hereford ; his 
 mother was a niece of Gainsborough. 
 He was articled at the age of sixteen 
 to Charles Heath the line engraver, 
 but eventually devoted himself to 
 the new art of lithography in which 
 he attained great success. Among 
 his first works were a charming 
 series of " Sketches from Gains- 
 borough," remarkable, like all 
 Lane's work, for tenderness and 
 delicacy, and later a number of 
 imitations of " Sketches by Sir 
 Thos. Lawrence/' quite deceptive 
 by their imitative power. He was 
 appointed Lithographer to the 
 Queen, and executed many prints 
 of members of the royal family 
 after Winterhalter ; and also some 
 excellent reproductions of the work 
 of his friend Alfred Chalon, E.A. 
 In 1827 he was elected Associate 
 Engraver, and in 1864 became 
 director of the etching class at 
 South Kensington. He died at 
 Kensington, Nov. 21, 1872. He 
 exhibited sixty-seven lithographs 
 in the Academy. 
 
LAXG— LAXKESTEE. 
 
 515 
 
 LAXG, The Eev. John Dun- 
 moke, D.D., born at Largs, Ayr- 
 shire, about the commencement of 
 the present century, emigrated to 
 Sydney at an early age, and became 
 Principal of the Australian Col- 
 lege. He was the author of " The 
 History of Xew South "Wales both 
 as a Penal Settlement and as a 
 British Colony," published in 1834, 
 being the first large important his- 
 tory of the colony, containing much 
 acciu'ate information respecting the 
 state of morals, religion, and educa- 
 tion in that country, in the earlier 
 stages of its existence. This author 
 also Avrote several works on the 
 colony. The most recent of these 
 ■was entitled '' The Coming Event ; 
 or Freedom and Independence for 
 the Seven United Provinces of 
 Australia," 1870. He died in 1878. 
 
 LAXGDALE, Lord, The PtioHx 
 Hox. Henry Bickersteth [1783 
 — 185 1[, a Privy Councillor, a Ben- 
 cher of the Inner Temple and M.A., 
 and Master of the Eolls, was born 
 at Kirkby Lonsdale, in "Westmore- 
 land, and was the second son of 
 Mr. Henry Bickersteth, a country 
 surgeon. He was educated at the 
 free grammar-school of his native 
 place, after which he served his 
 apprenticeship to his father. Later 
 he entered at Caius College, Cam- 
 bridge, and was called to the Bar 
 in 1811. He became a King's 
 Counsel and a Bencher of the Inner 
 Temple in 1827, and was made 
 Treasurer in 1836. In 1835 Sir 
 Eobert Peel offered him a seat on 
 the bench (afterwards filled by Mr. 
 Sergeant Coleridge), but he declined 
 it. A year later he was appointed 
 Master of the Eolls, was called to 
 the House of Peers, and sworn a 
 Privy-Councillor. Soon after taking 
 his seat in the House of Lords, he 
 delivered a remarkable speech on 
 the administration of justice in the 
 Court of Chancery. Upon the 
 resignation of Lord Cottenham the 
 great seal was more than once 
 offered to Lord Langdale by Lord 
 John Eussell, but owing to ill- 
 
 health he was obliged to decline 
 it. He married late in life, in 
 1835, Lady Jane Elizabeth Harley, 
 eldest daughter of the Earl of 
 Oxford, by whom he left one 
 daughter, so that with him the 
 peerage became extinct. 
 
 LAXKESTEE, Edwin, M.D., 
 LL.D.,F.E.S. [1814— 187-4], coroner 
 for Middlesex, was born at Melton, 
 Suffolk, and educated at "SN^ood- 
 bridge, where he was apprenticed 
 to a surgeon. From 1834 to 1837 
 he studied Medicine at University 
 College, London, and in the latter 
 year was made a member of the 
 College of Sui'geons, and a licen- 
 tiate of the Apothecaries' Society. 
 He graduated at Heidelberg in 
 1839, and in 1843 became Lectiu-er 
 on Materia Medica and Botany at 
 the St. George's School of Medi- 
 cine. He was elected an F.E.S. 
 in 1845. In 1850 he was appointed 
 Professor of Xatural History, Xew 
 College, London, in 1851 received 
 the degree of LL.D. from Amherst, 
 U.S. ; in 1853 became Lecturer on 
 Anatomy and Physiology at Gros- 
 venor Place School of Medicine, 
 and in 1858 Superintendent of the 
 Food Collections at the South 
 Kensino'ton Museum. In 1862 he 
 was appointed Examiner in Botany 
 to the Science and Ai-t Department 
 at South Kensington, and elected 
 Coroner for Central Middlesex, the 
 office in which he was best known 
 to the public. He was a volumi- 
 nous writer on science, and occu- 
 pied a prominent position in several 
 scientific bodies. Among his works 
 may be mentioned " The Xatural 
 History of Dee-side," which he 
 ; edited by command of the Queen ; 
 ! the article on sanitarv science in 
 I the " Encyclopgedia Britannica," 
 written in conjunction with Dr. 
 Letheby; '^'^A Guide to the Food 
 Collection at South Kensington 
 Museum ; " "A Course of Lectui-es 
 on Food," kc. He contributed also 
 numerous scientific papers to the 
 Naiuralist, Athenoeum, Quarterly 
 Journal of Microscopical Science^ 
 
 L L 2 
 
516 
 
 LANSDOWNE. 
 
 Nature^ &c. He delivered lectures 
 on Natural History and its various 
 branches^ at tlie Royal Institution ; 
 several courses on Physiology and 
 Botany at the London Institution ; 
 and several courses on Botany be- 
 fore the Eoyal Botanical Society of 
 London. 
 
 LANSDOWNE, Second Marquis 
 OF, Henrt Pettt-Fitz-Matjrice, 
 K.G. [1780-1863], was descended 
 from an old Irish family, who held 
 the baronies of Kerry and Lixnaw as 
 far back as the 12th century, and 
 was the only • son by his second 
 marriage of the first marquis, who, 
 as Earl of Shelburne, was Premier 
 of the Coalition Ministry of 1782, 
 and was created Marquis of Lans- 
 doAVTi in 1784. Lord Henry Petty 
 was educated at "Westminster 
 School, at Edinburgh, under 
 Dugald Stewartj in whose society 
 he became deeply indoctrinated 
 with liberal principles, and at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, where 
 he graduated M.A. in 1801 without 
 offering himself as a candidate for 
 university distinctions. Having 
 travelled for a few months upon 
 the Continent in company with 
 M. Dupont, he prepared himself 
 for entering public life, and soon 
 after reaching his majority was 
 returned to Parliament for the 
 family borough of Calne, in Wilt- 
 shire. In 1804 he made his maiden 
 speech upon the affairs of Ireland. 
 The Liberal party were at this 
 time in opposition, and under the 
 working of the Bank Restriction 
 Act the Irish comnuTnity was 
 threatened Avith serious losses from 
 the extensive issue of paper money 
 from private banks. Though at 
 that time he was little more than 
 24 years of age, his speech was 
 remarkable for the soundness and 
 clearness of his views on the general 
 economic bearings of the currency 
 question, and thus he showed that 
 he was no unworthy descendant of 
 Sir William Petty, who has been 
 called the father of the science of 
 political economy in this country. 
 
 In the following year Lord Henry 
 Petty added the reputation of an 
 orator to that of an economist and an 
 incipient statesman. Pitt, who was. 
 still Premier, defended his friend 
 Lord Melville against the charge 
 of official corruption, with an 
 earnestness not warranted by the 
 circumstances of the case, and 
 was assailed with proportionate 
 severity by Lord Henry Petty. 
 The speech is said to have taken 
 the House by surprise, and to 
 have established the fame of its 
 author as a parliamentary orator. 
 Pitt died within the year ; with his 
 death his party was broken up, and 
 the Whigs, under Fox and Gren- 
 ville, came into office. In this 
 ministry, which is familiarly known 
 as that of "^ all the talents,"" Lord 
 Henry Petty was made Chancellor 
 of the Exchequer, and at the same 
 time was returned to Parliament 
 as member for the University of 
 Cambridge, in the place of Pitt. 
 The dui'ation of Lord Grenville's 
 ministry was scarcely sufficient to 
 test his capabilities as a financier ; 
 but on looking back over the history 
 of the last half century we find the 
 name of Lord Lansdowne actively 
 associated with all the leading 
 measures of the Whig party ; such, 
 as the abolition of slavery, which 
 he at first advocated in 1807, and 
 again by specific motion in 1814 
 and 1821. He was also a consistent 
 advocate of the repeal of the penal 
 laws, and the granting of Catholic 
 emancipation ; and on this subject he 
 spoke with the more weight, as the^ 
 Irish estates of the Lansdownes are; 
 large. This was the question on. 
 which the Grenville administration, 
 suffered ship^ATreck, the introduction 
 of LordHowick's Religious Test Bill 
 proving a fatal blow. Lord Henry 
 Petty was obliged, of course, to re- 
 sign office with his party ; and with 
 office he lost, what he valued far 
 more, his seat for Cambridge Uni- 
 versity. He sat for a few months 
 as M.P. for Camelford, when he was. 
 transferred to the House of Peers^ 
 
LARCOM— LAEDNER. 
 
 517 
 
 the Marquisate of Lansdowne de- 
 volving upon him by the death of 
 his half-brother. In 1820 he anti- 
 cipated the measures of the present j 
 day by a speech in favour of free 
 trade, and the removal of the 
 shackles from commerce at home 
 and abroad. In 1822 he brought 
 forward a motion for the considera- 
 tion of the sujfferings and grievances 
 of Ireland, and in 1824: strongly 
 urged upon the Government of Lord 
 Liverpool the necessity of ackno"w- 
 ledging the independence of the 
 South American republics. In 1828, 
 when Canning took office on mode- 
 rate liberal principles. Lord Lans- 
 downe responded to his call, and be- 
 came Home Secretary. Under his 
 successor. Lord Goderich, he held 
 the seals of the Foreign Department^ 
 "but the short diu*ation of the minis- 
 try gave him scarcely time to de- 
 velop his capacity in the wide range 
 of foreign politics. After remain- 
 ing in opposition to the Duke of 
 Wellington from 1829 to 1831 he 
 took office under Earl Grey, as Lord 
 President of the Council, in which 
 position his judgment and expe- 
 rience were of great service to his 
 party, and he aided in carrying the 
 Reform Bill through each of its 
 successive stages. On the acces- 
 sion of Sir Robert Peel, Lord Lans- 
 downe became the recognised leader 
 of the Opposition in the House of 
 Lords, a position in which his 
 manly coui'tesy, his dignity and 
 generous disposition, found full 
 scope for their display. Though 
 during Lord John Russell's tenure 
 of office he had held the President- 
 ship of the Council, and had gone 
 into opposition with him, on the 
 advent of Lord Derby, yet he re- 
 fused the reins of government, and 
 suffered them to pass into the hands 
 of Lord Aberdeen in Dec, 1852, 
 though requested by the Queen to 
 undertake the Premiership. He 
 consented, however, to hold a seat 
 in the Cabinet without a portfolio. 
 Towards the end Lord Lansdowne' s 
 influence upon his party was rather 
 
 conservative in its bearing. By 
 his wife, a daughter of the Earl of 
 Ilchester, who died in April, 1851, 
 he had an only daughter, wife of 
 the Hon. J. K. Howard, and two 
 sons, of whom the elder, William 
 Thomas, Earl of Kerry, died in 
 183G, while M.P. for Calne ; the 
 younger, the Earl of Shelburne, 
 sometime Secretary of State for 
 Foreign Affaii-s, was called, in 1856, 
 to the Upper House, in his father's 
 barony of Wycombe, having repre- 
 sented Calne since the general 
 election of 1837. 
 
 LARCOM, The Right Hon. Sib 
 Thomas Atskew, Bai*t., K.C.B., 
 F.R.S. [1801—1879], second son 
 of Capt. Joseph Larcom, R.N., was 
 educated at the Royal Military 
 Academy, Woolwich, and obtained a 
 commission in the Royal Engineers 
 at the age of nineteen. In 1828 he 
 was entrusted with the direction of 
 the Irish Ordnance Survey Office, 
 of which post he discharged the 
 duties until 1846, when he was ap- 
 pointed a Commissioner of Public 
 Works in Ireland, of which he be- 
 ca,me deputy-chaii'man, and in 1853 
 was appointed Under-Secretary for 
 Ireland. In 1858 he attained the 
 rank of Major-General. He was 
 employed on various parliamentary 
 inquiries and commissions, organ- 
 ised the system of agricultui'al 
 statistics in Ireland, contributed to 
 the Transactions of several learned 
 societies, and edited Sir W. Petty's 
 " History of the Survey of Ireland, 
 A.D. 1656." Sir Thomas, who was 
 a F.R.S., M.R.LA., LL.D. of the 
 University of Dublin, and a Mem- 
 ber of the Senate of the Queen's 
 University in Ireland, became a 
 Major-General in the Engineers and 
 C.B. in 1858. and was created a 
 K.C.B. (civil division) in 1860. On 
 his retirement from the office of 
 Under-Secretary in 1868, he was 
 created a baronet, and a member of 
 the Privy Council in Ireland. 
 
 LARDXER,Rev. Dr. Dioxysius, 
 almost the first English writer who 
 strove to popularize science, was 
 
518 
 
 LASSELL. 
 
 born in Dublin April 3rd, 1793 . At 
 the age of fourteen lie entered the 
 office of his father, who was a solici- 
 tor, but showed so great a bent for 
 science that his father sent him to 
 Trinity College. Here he took Ids 
 B.A. in 1816, M.A. in 1819, and in 
 1827 LL.B. and LL.D. In the 
 meantime he had taken Holy- 
 Orders. While at college he pub- 
 lished several treatises on mathe- 
 matics, and delivered, before the 
 E-oyal Dublin Society, a series of 
 lectures, for which he was awarded 
 a gold medal. In 1827 he accepted 
 the professorship of natural philo- 
 sophy and astronomy in London 
 University, and set to work to 
 realize his long-cherished projects 
 for popularizing science. For this 
 end he began his great work, 
 ''Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia," 
 which extended to 133 volumes, 
 and in which he was assisted by 
 contributions from Scott, Macin- 
 tosh, Herschel, Nicolas, Brewster, 
 Southey, and others. Among other 
 popular works, he was the author 
 of " Lectures on the Steam Engine," 
 1828; "Lectures on Locke's Es- 
 says," 1847 ; " Eailway Economy," 
 1850; "Handbooks on Natural 
 Philosophy and Astronomy," 1854- 
 56 ; " Popular Essays on Scientific 
 Subjects," &.C. Since 1845 Lardner 
 had made his home in Paris, but he 
 died in Naples, April 29th, 1859. 
 
 LASSELL, William, F.E.S., 
 LL.D., [1799—1880], astronomer, 
 was bom at Bolton, in Lancashire, 
 and was educated at a day-school 
 in that town, and at a small school 
 at Rochdale. Having served a 
 seven years' apjjrenticeship in a 
 merchant's office in Liverpool, he 
 began business there as a brewer in 
 1825, devoting all his spare time to 
 his favourite study of astronomy, 
 and the mechanics connected there- 
 with. Not being able to afford 
 to buy the expensive instruments 
 necessary for his observations, he 
 began about 1820 to make his own, 
 constructing reflecting telescopes of 
 both the Newtonian and Gregorian 
 
 forms — chiefly the former. He 
 began simultaneously with a New- 
 tonian of 7-inch diameter, and a 
 Gregorian of the same size. Being 
 successful with these, he after- 
 wards made a Newtonian of 9-inch 
 aperture of great excellence, which 
 was, in 1839, mounted equatorially 
 at Starfield, near Liverpool. With 
 it he detected, without previous 
 knowledge of its existence, the sixth 
 star in the trapezium of Orion. In 
 1844 he constructed a reflector of 
 2-ft. aperture, and 20-ft. focal 
 length, which was mounted in the 
 same manner. While preparing 
 the speculum for that instrument, 
 he contrived a polishing-machine 
 for imitating as nearly as possible 
 the movements of the hand, by 
 which up to that time he had 
 managed to produce perfect sur- 
 faces on smaller specula. With 
 that instrument he discovered, in 
 Sept., 1847, the satellite of Neptune ; 
 and in Sept., 1848, simultaneously 
 with Professor Bond, in America, 
 Hyperion, an eighth satellite of 
 Saturn. In 1851, after long and 
 careful search, he discovered two 
 additional satellites of the planet 
 Uranus (Umbriel and Ariel), in- 
 terior to the two discovered by Sir 
 William Herschel in 1787. In 1852 
 he took this telescojDe to Malta, 
 making observations there through 
 the winter of that year. Mr, Las- 
 sell's last work in astronomical 
 science was the construction of a 
 larger equatorial telescope than 
 had previously been made, mounted 
 generally like the former ones, but 
 of 4-ft. diameter, and 37-ft. focus. 
 This instrument was erected at 
 Malta in 1861, and for the next 
 four years the work done with it 
 consisted chiefly of observations of 
 the satellite of Neptune and the 
 satellites of Uranus, observations 
 of nebulae and planets, and a cata- 
 logue of the places of 600 new 
 nebulae discovered with that in- 
 strument at Malta. [See Vol. 36 
 of the " Memoirs of the Eoyal As- 
 tronomical Society ."J On his return 
 
LATHAM— LATTER. 
 
 519 
 
 from Malta, he settled at Maiden- 
 head, where he carried on his obser- 
 vations with his equatorial telescope 
 of 2-ft. apertiu-e, and where he con- 
 structed a new foi'ui of polishing- 
 machine. He was elected a F.R.A.S. 
 in 1839, received its gold medal in 
 1849, and in 1870 was elected its 
 president. He was a F.R.S. in 
 18 i9, and also an honorary Fellow 
 of the Royal Societies of Edinburgh 
 and XJpsala. 
 
 LATHAM, Peter Mere, M.D. 
 [1789 — 1875], was educated at the 
 free school of Sandbach, at the 
 grammar school of Macclesfield, 
 and in due course entered at Brase- 
 nose College, Oxford. He studied 
 medicine at St. Bartholomew's Hos- 
 pital, and at the public dispensary 
 under Dr. Bateman, and took his 
 M.D. degree in 1816. He became 
 a Fellow of the College of Phy- 
 sicians in 1818 ; was Censor in 1820, 
 1833, and 1837 ; Gulstonian lecturer 
 in 1819 ; Lumleian lecturer in 1827- 
 28 ; Harveian orator in 1839, and 
 was several times placed on the 
 Council. He became physician to 
 the Middlesex Hospital in 1815, an 
 office he filled till 182^ when he 
 was appointed physician to St. Bar- 
 tholomew's Hospital. The medical 
 school of that hospital gained 
 greatly under him in efficiency and 
 reputation, and his clinique soon 
 came to be recognised as one of the 
 best and most painstaking in Lon- 
 don. Later, together with Sir 
 George Burrows, he lectured on the 
 theory and practice of medicine in 
 the hospital school, and an account 
 of his method of teaching will be 
 found in his " Lectui'es on Diseases 
 of the Heart " (184:5), which was his 
 most important work, and which is 
 still regarded as an authority. He 
 was obliged to resign his appoint- 
 ment at St. Bartholomew's in 1841 
 on account of ill-health, and in 
 1865 he retired altogether into 
 private life, and spent the last 
 ten years of his life at Torquay. 
 He was appointed physician extra- 
 ordinary to the Queen in 1837, 
 
 and retained that office till his 
 death. 
 
 LATHBURY, Rev. Thomas, 
 M.A [1798—1865], a native of 
 Northamptonshire, was educated at 
 St. Edmund's Hall, where he gra- 
 duated B.A. in 1821, and M.A. in 
 1827. Having entered orders, he 
 held for many years the curacy of 
 the Abbey Church at Bath, and was 
 nominated to the incumbency of 
 St. Simon's, Bristol, by Bishop 
 Monk, in 1848. Mr. Lathbury was 
 the author of many important 
 works bearing upon the history 
 and antiquities of the Anglican 
 Church, of which his " History of 
 the Nonjurors" is the most widely 
 known. He also published a " His- 
 tory of Convocation to the time of 
 its suppression in 1742," a " History 
 of the Book of Common Prayer," 
 and various iDamj)hlets on the reli- 
 gious controversies of the times. 
 
 LATTER, Captain Thomas 
 [1816—1853], a son of Major Barre 
 Latter, entered the Indian service 
 in 1836 as captain of the 67th 
 Bengal Infantry, then in Arracan. 
 He devoted all his leisui^e time to 
 the study of languages, for which 
 he had great talent, and became 
 an excellent Biu'uiese scholar, of 
 which language he published a 
 grammar. On the opening of 
 negociations with the Burmese 
 previous to the war, he joined 
 Commodore Lambert's expedition 
 as chief interpreter, and served 
 General Godwin in the same capa- 
 city during the war. The last year 
 of his life was spent *at Prome, where 
 he occupied the post of deputy- 
 commissioner, and by his vigilance 
 made himself obnoxious to the 
 Court of Ava. The Government of 
 Ava had for months determined on 
 his assassination, and at last ac- 
 complished it, causing him to be 
 murdered in his sleep at 2 a.m. on 
 the morning of December 8, 1853, 
 A soldier on guard, hearing him cry 
 out, ran to his assistance, but was 
 too late to help him. His throat had 
 been cut, and he had received four 
 
520 
 
 L AUDEE— LAUDEED ALE . 
 
 otlier wounds. He was buried at 
 Prome with military honours. 
 
 L A U D E E, James Eckford, 
 E.S.A. He was born in 1812, and 
 studied first under Sir William 
 Allan, in Edinburgh, and after- 
 wards in Eome. In 1839 he was 
 made Associate of the Eoyal Scot- 
 tish Academy, and Member in 1846. 
 In 1847 he was awarded .£200 by 
 the Committee for the decoration 
 of "Westminster Hall for his " Wis- 
 dom" and ''^ Unjust Steward. "" Many 
 of his wox'ks have been engraved. 
 Among the most popular are " Fer- 
 dinand and Miranda;" "Lorenzo 
 and Jessica ;" "The Toilet; '' "The 
 Parable of the Ten Virgins ; " 
 " James Watt and the Steam 
 Engine," &c. He died in 1869, 
 having exhibited only 14 pictures 
 in London. 
 
 L AUDEE, Egbert Scott, E.S.A. 
 He was born at Silvermills, near 
 Edinburgh, in 1802, and, at the 
 age of fifteen, became a student of 
 the Trustees' Academy, and later 
 went to London, and for three years 
 drew from the antiques in the 
 British Museum. He then returned 
 to Edinburgh, where in 1830 he 
 was one of the foundation members 
 of the Eoyal Scottish Academy. 
 At that time he painted chiefly 
 small portraits, his subject pic- 
 tures being of later date. In 1833 
 he went to Italy, where he remained 
 five years studying the works of 
 the great masters ; he then went to 
 live in London until 1850, when he 
 returned to Edinburgh, and became 
 principal teacher at the Trustees' 
 Academy. He died in Edinburgh, 
 April 21, 1869, after several years 
 of ill health and suffering. He ex- 
 hibited 36 pictvires in London ; his 
 subjects were chiefly chosen from 
 Scottish history and romance, and 
 many of his works have been en- 
 graved. His " Christ teaching 
 Humility " is in the Scottish Na- 
 tional Galleries, but none of his 
 paintings are in the public galleries 
 of London. 
 
 LAUDEE, Sir Thomas Dick 
 
 [1784—1848], of Fountainhall and 
 Grange, a distinguished author, 
 was the eldest son of Sir Andrew 
 Lauder, Bart., of Fountainhall and 
 Grange in Haddingtonshire. He 
 served for a short time in the army, 
 and afterwards went to live in 
 Morayshire, where he married Miss 
 Cumin, only child and heiress of 
 George Cumin, of Eelugas, on the 
 banks of the Findhorn, Here he 
 remained till 1832, when he re- 
 moved to the Grange, near Edin- 
 burgh. He succeeded to the 
 baronetcy in 1820. He was one of 
 the earliest contributors to Black- 
 wood's Magazine, started in 1817, 
 and the first story he wrote for it, 
 " Simon Eoy, Gardener at Dum- 
 phail," was for a time mistaken for 
 one of Sir Walter Scott's. Among 
 his best known works are : " Loch- 
 andhu," 1825; "The Wolf of 
 Badenoch," 1827 ; " Account of the 
 Great Moray Floods of 1829," 1830 ; 
 " Highland Eambles and Legends to 
 Shorten the Way," 1837; "Legends 
 and Tales of the Highlands," 1841 ; 
 " A Tour round the Coast of Scot- 
 land," 1842; and "The Qiieen's 
 Visit to Scotland in 1842." In 
 1839 Sir Thomas was appointed 
 Secretaiy to the Board of Scottish 
 Manufactures and Fisheries, in 
 both of which subjects he was much 
 interest ed, and into which he intro- 
 duced various useful improvements. 
 In politics Sir ThCmas had up to 
 the time of his apj^ointment been a 
 prominent member of the Whig 
 party, but he then retired alto- 
 gether from political life. His 
 latest literary work consisted of a 
 series of papers descriptive of the 
 rivers of Scotland, written for Tail's 
 Magazine, 1847-49. 
 
 LAUDEED ALE, James, Eighth 
 Earl of, was born at Hatton, Mid 
 Lothian, Jan. 26, 1759, and educated 
 a,t the Edinburgh and Glasgow 
 Universities, and at Paris. He 
 studied for the bar, and in 1780 was 
 admitted a member of the faculty 
 of advocates. In the same year he 
 wag elected M.P. for Newport in 
 
LAUDERDALE— LAW. 
 
 521 
 
 Cornwall, and in 1784 was chosen 
 for Malmesbury. He was a staunch 
 supporter of his friend, Mr. Fox, 
 and was chosen one of the managers 
 of the impeachment of Warren 
 Hastings in 1788. In the following 
 year he succeeded his father, and 
 was soon after elected a represen- 
 tative peer for Scotland, In 1792 
 he accompanied Dr. Moore to Paris, 
 and was present when the Tuileries 
 was attacked, and the Eoyal Family- 
 thrown into prison. He was a fre- 
 quent speaker in the House of Lords, 
 where he appeared on one occasion 
 in rough Jacobin costume. On the 
 formation of the Grenville adminis- 
 tration in Feb., 1806, he was made 
 a Baron of the United Kingdom, 
 and sworn a Privy Councillor. In 
 the July following he was made 
 Keeper of the Great Seal of Scot- 
 land. In August of the same year 
 he undertook a diplomatic mission 
 to France to try to secure peace 
 with that country, but failed. Lord 
 Lauderdale passed the last ten 
 years of his life in retirement, en- 
 gaged for the most part in agricul- 
 tural pursuits. He died at Thirls tane 
 Castle, Berwickshire, Sept. 13, 1839, 
 in his 80th year, and left a family 
 of four sons and five daughters. 
 He was the author of numerous 
 treatises on wealth, the public 
 finances of the country, and criti- 
 cisms on passing events. 
 
 LAUDEEDALE, Eleventh 
 Eakl of. The Eight Hex. Thomas 
 Maitlaxd, Earl and Viscount of 
 Lauderdale, &c., was the son of Gene- 
 ral the Hon. William Mordaunt 
 Maitland, and was born in 1800. He 
 succeeded to the Scotch peerage and 
 baronetcy on the death of his cousin 
 Anthony in 1863, He entered^ the 
 navy in 1816, and after serving un- 
 der Sir Augustus Clifford and Sir 
 Eobert W, Otway, was appointed to 
 the Sparroiuhaiv}:, and afterwards to 
 the Tweed, of which he retained com- 
 mand until posted in 1837, for his 
 services during the civil war in 
 Spain, He then became Flag Caj)- 
 tain to Sir Frederick L, Maitland 
 
 and Sir Gordon Bremer, under 
 whom he saw active service in the 
 Persian Gulf and China, where he 
 distinguished himself, and for his 
 services was nominated a C,B., and 
 in 1843 was knighted. From 1860 
 to 1863 he commanded the fleet in 
 the Pacific. In 1873 he was nomi- 
 nated a G.C.B., and was placed on 
 the retired list. He was for some 
 years naval A.D.C. to the Queen, 
 but resigned that appointment on 
 being promoted Admiral of the 
 Fleet in 1877. He died Sept. 1, 
 1878. 
 
 LAUEIE, Sir Peter [1777— 
 1861_, a well-known London magis- 
 trate, was born of humble parentage 
 at Stichill, Eoxburghshire, and 
 was intended by his parents for the 
 ministry of the Scotch Established 
 Church. Instead of training for 
 the Church, however, he went to 
 London, where, as clerk in a 
 saddler's counting-house, by dint 
 of great perseverance and good 
 business talents, he soon amassed a 
 fortune. Eventually he married 
 his master's daughter, and set up 
 in business for himself, becoming a 
 contractor for the Indian army. He 
 was elected Sheriff of London and 
 Middlesex in 1823, Alderman of 
 Aldersgate Ward in 1826, and Lord 
 Mayor of London in 1832. He ex- 
 auiined into many imjjortant cases 
 at the Mansion House, among others, 
 those of Joseph Ady, begging im- 
 postor, the Di-yad insurance frauds, 
 the suicide mania from Blackfriars 
 Bridge, and the Caoutchouc Com- 
 pany Patent impositions. For 
 some years before his death he was 
 Governor of the L^'nion Bank of 
 London. 
 
 LAW, The Hon. Charles Ewan, 
 LL.D. [1792—1850], Eecorder of 
 London, Steward of the Borough of 
 Southwark, Q.C., and M.P. for 
 Cambridge, was the second son of 
 Edward, first Lord Ellenborough, 
 Lord Chief Justice of the King's 
 Bench. He was educated at Cam- 
 bridge, and called to the bar in 
 1817, when he joined the Oxford 
 
522 
 
 LAW— LAWRENCE. 
 
 circuity and was made a King^s 
 Counsel in 1829. He was elected 
 one of the four Common Pleaders 
 of the City of London in 1823, be- 
 came in 1828 one of the two judges 
 of the Sheriff's Court, and in 1830, 
 when Lord Denman was made 
 Attorney-General, he was appointed 
 Common Serjeant. He was made 
 E-ecorder of London in 1833. He 
 entered Parliament for Cambridge 
 in the Conservative interest in 1835, 
 and was re-elected for the same 
 place in 1837, 18^1, and 1847. He 
 married at an early age Elizabeth 
 Sophia, third daughter of Sir 
 Edward Nightingale, Bart., of 
 Kneesworth, Cambridge, and left a 
 family of two sons and three 
 daughters. 
 
 LAW, Hugh, Lord Chancellor of 
 Ireland, was born in 1818. During 
 the early part of his career he took 
 no part in politics, but when the 
 question of disestablishing the Irish 
 Church was brought into promi- 
 nence he declared himself on the 
 Liberal side, and much of the suc- 
 cess attending the working and 
 interpretation of the Act is attri- 
 buted to the skill with which he 
 drafted it. In 1872 he was made 
 Solicitor-General, and in 1880 At- 
 torney-General for Ireland, and in 
 this capacity conducted the state 
 trials of the Traversers. He took 
 a substantial part in the drafting 
 of the Land Act, and on the retire- 
 ment, in 1881, of Lord O'Hagan, 
 was created Lord Chancellor. He 
 died of inflammation of the lungs 
 in Sept., 1883. 
 
 LAWLESS, John. He was born 
 about 1773, and was connected with 
 Emmet's rebellion, but his fame and 
 popularity were mainly due to his 
 opposition of the veto and still 
 more of the famous " Wings." It 
 will be remembered that O'Connell 
 was willing to accept Catholic 
 emancipation hampered by " wings " 
 providing for the State payment of 
 the Eonian Catholic clergy, and 
 the total disfranchisement of the 
 forty shilling freeholders. Lawless, 
 
 in the Catholic Association, opj)osed 
 these "^ wings" so vehemently that 
 O'Connell was forced to abandon 
 them ; but he never forgave his op- 
 ponent, and at the Meath election 
 made a furious attack on Lawless, 
 who, however, retained the respect 
 of all parties. He died in London, 
 Aug. 8, 1837. 
 
 LAWEENCE, George Alfred 
 [1827 — 1876], was educated at 
 Eugby and Balliol College, Oxford, 
 where he graduated in 1848 as a 
 second class in classics, and was 
 called to the bar about 1852. He 
 was the author of "^Guy Living- 
 stone," and " Sword and Gown," 
 both published anonymously ; and 
 of " Barren Honour," which first 
 appeared in Fraser's Magazine. Mr. 
 Lawrence held a lieutenant's com- 
 mission in the Northamptonshire 
 Militia. 
 
 LAWEENCE, General Sir 
 George St. Patrick, K.C.S. I., C.B. 
 [1805—1884], the last but one of 
 the famous Lawrence brotherhood, 
 son of Colonel Alexander William 
 Lawrence, was born at Trincomalee, 
 Ceylon. He was educated at Foyle 
 College, Londonderry, and at Ad- 
 discombe College, Surrey, and in 
 1821 became a cornet in the Bengal 
 Light Cavalry. But he did not see 
 active service until the Afghan 
 campaign seventeen years later, 
 when he joined the army of the 
 Indus, and took part in the capture 
 of Ghuzni, and in the futile ftursuit 
 of Dost Mahomed through the 
 Bamian Pass. His Afghan expe- 
 riences culminated in the treacher- 
 ous murder of Sir William Macnagh- 
 ten — an act of which he was a spec- 
 tator, and which he described in his 
 work, " Forty-three years in India." 
 On that occasion he was seized and 
 made prisoner, and shared with Vin- 
 cent Eyre and Colin Mackenzie, the 
 pains of an Afghan dungeon, until 
 the advance of General Pollock re- 
 leased them. At the end of the first 
 Sikh war he was appointed political 
 assistant at Peshawur, and when 
 the second war broke out was again 
 
LAWRENCE. 
 
 523 
 
 taken prisoner, and only regained 
 his freedom on the liberation of 
 prisoners after the battle of Goo- 
 jerat. His services in the political j 
 deijartment, both at Peshawnir, and , 
 later at Eajpootana, were most ; 
 valuable, and led to his being 
 raised, on the eve of the mutiny, to 
 the responsible office of agent ! 
 for Kajpootana. He contrived by 
 his energy and prompt action to I 
 keep that place quiet during all the 
 troublous months of 1S57. In the 
 last year of the mutiny Sii* George | 
 Lawrence took the field against 
 the Thakore of Awah, and a few 
 months later administered well- , 
 merited chastisement to the ruler of 
 Kotali. His last service was to , 
 take part in the pursuit and capture 
 of Tantia Topee, after the dispersal 
 of his troops round Gwalior. He 
 was made Major-General of the 
 Bengal Staff Corps in Sept., 1S61, 
 and retired on full pay with the | 
 honorary rank of Lieutenant-Gene- ; 
 ral in Jan., 1S67. He was nomi- 
 nated a C.B. in 1860, and a K.C.S.I. 
 in 1866. 
 
 LAWEEXCE, SiE Hexet 
 MoxTGOMERT. He was a son of , 
 Colonel Alexander Lawrence, who, ' 
 originally a poor Irish soldier of for- 
 tune, volunteered to lead the forlorn 
 hope at Seringapatam in the pre- 
 sence of Baird and "Wellington, j 
 Henry Lawrence was born at Ma- | 
 tui*a, Ceylon, June 20th, 1806, and '■ 
 was educated at Fovle College, ' 
 Derry, of which his uncle, the Eev. . 
 James Knox, was principal. His 
 puritan training and impressions ' 
 had a marked influence on his after , 
 life, and he inherited from his 
 father a stern devotion to duty and 
 Celtic impulsiveness, tempered by : 
 gentleness. In 1820 he followed ' 
 his brother George St. Patrick to 
 Addiscombe, and early in 1823 he 
 joined the Bengal Artillery at the 
 Calcutta suburb of Dimi Dum. In 
 1825 he served in the first Burmese 
 war, and was appointed adjutant i 
 of artillery. Dui^ing the campaign ' 
 he was attacked by fever, and was j 
 
 invalided at home for two years, 
 part of the time being engaged 
 on the Ordnance Survey of Ireland. 
 On his return to India in 1829 he 
 wjis appointed revenue surveyor, 
 and spent five years in the survey 
 of Moradabad, Futtyguhr, Goruck- 
 pore, Allahabad : in 1831 heman-ied 
 his cousin Honoria Marshall, "as 
 high-minded, noble hearted a wo- 
 man as was ever allotted for a life's 
 companion to one called to accom- 
 plish a laborious and honourable 
 career.'' At the outbreak of the 
 fii'st Afghan war, towards the close 
 of 1838, he was recalled to a bri- 
 gade, and when disaster came 
 was sent to Peshawar to push up 
 supports for the relief of Sale and 
 the garrison of Jalalabad. No one 
 but Henry Lawrence could manage 
 the disorderly contingent wliich the 
 Sikhs reluctantly supplied to Pol- 
 lock's avenging force in 1842. He 
 helped, on April 5, to force the 
 Khyber Pass, for which assistance 
 he was specially thanked, and ap- 
 pointed to the well-paid office of 
 resident at the protected Coui-t at 
 Xepaul, where he planned the 
 schools for the children of European 
 soldiers, known as the Lawi-ence 
 Military Asylums, and from 1844 
 he devoted the bulk of his income 
 to this and other forms of charity. 
 In the meantime he was contribut- 
 ing a series of articles to the Cal- 
 cutta Review, and in 1845 he pub- 
 lished "Adventures of an Officer in 
 the Service of Eunjeet Singh." These 
 writings led Lord Hardinge to sum- 
 mon Lawrence to his side during the 
 first Sikh war, and for four years 
 he became Eunjeet Singh's vir- 
 tual successor in the government 
 of the Punjab. In 1846 he became 
 Lieut. -Colonel, and in 1848 was 
 created K.C.B. In March, 1849, 
 Lord Dalhousie proclaimed the 
 Punjaub up to the Khyber Bri- 
 tish territory, and Henry Law- 
 rence was made president of the 
 new board of administration 
 [see article on John Lawrence], 
 but was subsequently removed to 
 
524 
 
 LAWEENCE. 
 
 the charge of the great nobles at 
 Eajpootana. Here he wrote a 
 series of articles on army reform, 
 pointing out the latent causes of 
 mutiny, and uttering warnings to 
 be only too soon verified. In March, 
 1857, he was appointed Chief Com- 
 missioner and Agent to the Gover- 
 nor-General in Oude, and went to 
 Lucknow. Almost immediately af- 
 terwards the Mutiny broke out. 
 In ten days his magic rule put 
 down administrative difficulties, 
 but with a force of only 700 Eui'O- 
 pean soldiers what could he effect ? 
 On the 30th of May mutiny burst 
 forth in Oudh, and he was ready. 
 Pressed by his colleagues and 
 wasted by unceasing toil, on June 
 29 he led 336 British and 220 native 
 soldiers out to Chinhat, where he 
 was defeated with a loss of 118 
 Europeans. The natives joined the 
 insurgents ; the residency was be- 
 sieged ; and on July 2, while rest- 
 ing on a couch listening to an officer 
 reading the orders he had dictated, 
 Henry Lawrence was struck by a 
 shell, and he died on the -4th July, 
 1857, aged 51. A baronetcy was 
 conferred on his son and, as a 
 national memorial of '' The noblest 
 man that has lived and died for 
 India,"' a marble statue has been 
 placed in St. Paul's Cathedral. 
 The authorities for his career are, 
 his own wi'itings. Sir H. B. Ed- 
 wardes's " Life of Sir Henry Law- 
 rence," and Bank's " Three In- 
 dian Heroes,'' Herman Meri vale's 
 " Life," and the '^Mutiny Papers." 
 LAWRENCE, John Laird 
 MuiR, First Baron [1811—1879], 
 born March 4, 1811, at Richmond 
 in Yorkshire, was the sixth son of 
 Colonel Alexander Lawrence, a 
 brilliant but unsuccessful Indian 
 officer, and his wife, Letitia Knox, 
 a descendant of the Reformer. As 
 a boy he did not excel, although 
 sufficiently distinguished at Hailey- 
 bury, the Indian College, which he 
 entered in 182 7, on accepting a 
 civil service nomination, though 
 strongly desiring to follow his three 
 
 elder brothers into the army. His 
 Indian career began in 1831 at 
 Delhi, whither he was sent at his 
 own request, choosing active work 
 rather than routine. The extraor- 
 dinary speed of his journey was an 
 earnest of his future devotion to 
 work. In the Delhi district he re- 
 mained till 1838, becoming familiar 
 with the administration of both 
 city and country, the characteristics 
 of different races, and the difficul- 
 ties caused by famine. In 1838 
 he joined the survey of the North- 
 west provinces, and by such wide 
 experience he made possible many 
 future reforms. Illness, however, 
 forced him to go home for three 
 years in 1840. On this furlough, 
 he met and married Harriette 
 Hamilton, daughter of the rec- 
 tor of Culdaff in Donegal. At 
 the end of the honeymoon came 
 the disastrous news of the first. 
 Afghan war. In spite of illness,, 
 John Lawi-ence decided on return- 
 ing to India, whatever the risk to* 
 himself. His next appointment, 
 was again in the Delhi district.. 
 His work at first being too little,, 
 he fell to investigatiiig the causes, 
 of a great outbreak of fever. Be- 
 coming chief magistrate and col- 
 lector of Delhi, he brought about, 
 the final success of the first Sikh, 
 war by his admirable transport, 
 arrangements. This was the tui'n- 
 ing jDoint in John Lawrence's career.. 
 Sir Henry Hardinge selected hinx 
 to administer the JuUundur Doab,, 
 between the Sutlej and the Beas, 
 which had been taken from the de- 
 feated Sikhs. Here for three 
 months he did on a small scale 
 what he was afterwards to do in the 
 Punjab, abolishing such customs as 
 infanticide and suttee, i-^ducing 
 turbulent chieftains, often without 
 bloodshed, by the timely display of 
 superior force, and settling the 
 revenue, which was i*oformed by 
 substituting money payments ioY- 
 the old payments in kind ; so that 
 taxation, but not the revenue, was; 
 reduced by the abolition of middle- 
 
LAWRENCE. 
 
 S25 
 
 men. But at the end of three 
 ttionths John Lawrence was driven 
 td Simla by an attack of fever. 
 Scarcely rested, he was appointed 
 to, act for his bcpther Henry at the 
 
 runr 
 
 Lahoi^ resid^Ky, as well as to 
 carry on the Junundur government. 
 The duties of the Eesident at the 
 Sikh court were very delicate. 
 With a strong force at his com- 
 mand, he was to support the young 
 Kajah's government until it was 
 ;able to stand alone. A genuine 
 chance of independence was offered 
 to the Sikhs. That the Punjab 
 'finally became English was due to 
 the intrigues of the regent and the 
 -queen, who were at last banished, 
 and still more to the fears and 
 jealousies of the Sirdars, who dared 
 not assume the full responsibilities 
 of government^ but begged the 
 English to stay on with full power 
 for eight years. The second Sikh 
 war (1848), which arose from slack- 
 ness in coping with a difficulty at 
 IVIooltan, and thus had time to be 
 fanned into a religious war, ended 
 in the annexation of the Punjab by 
 Lord Dalhousie. This was a step 
 advocated bv ^ohn Lawrence, who 
 considered that the government of 
 the Sirdars was a perpetual danger 
 to the neighbouring English territo- 
 ries ; their rights, won but lately 
 with the sword, should not be 
 allowed to burden the people over 
 and above an English administra- 
 tion. Henry Lawrence^ on the 
 ;her hand, supported the cause of 
 the Sirdars, wishing to infringe no 
 existing^ '"^rights, and to conciliate 
 the inflT ,:;ntial classes. The Punjab 
 was at first governed by a Board of 
 three members, the two Lawrences, 
 and Charles Mansel, who acted as 
 a balance between the opposing 
 tendencies of the brothers. In 
 1850, however, his place was filled 
 by Eobert Montgomery, an old 
 schoolfellow and friend of the Law- 
 rences. The Board, indeed, was 
 intended to be only provisional, to 
 found a government uniting civil 
 and military elements, and repre- 
 
 4. ti< 
 
 senting the two chief schemes of 
 settlement. But the centrifugal 
 tendency in the two brothers led to 
 its dissolution in 1852, when John 
 Lawrence was appointed sole Com- 
 missioner of the Punjab. As chief 
 Commissioner Lawrence gathered 
 round him the most efficient men 
 he could find, and was equally suc- 
 cessful in assigning each to his most 
 effective position. The general 
 contentment made possible Law- 
 rence's plans for the suppression of 
 the Mutiny — prompt action, espe- 
 cially in recovering Delhi and restor- 
 ing English prestige ; the disarma- 
 ment of Sepoys ; the raising of Sikh 
 irregulars, though not too many, lest 
 they should discover their strength ; 
 the employment of Mohammedans 
 against Hindus ; and the support 
 of the protected states. He pre- 
 vented a rising in the Punjab by 
 persuading the Sikh chiefs that this 
 was the opportunity for condoning 
 their rebellion of 1848, and was 
 ready to restore the dangerous and 
 costly position of Pesha-wTu* to the 
 Afghans, thus securing their friend- 
 ship while falling back on the Indus 
 frontier, if the siege of Delhi forced 
 him to send down the large garri- 
 son of Peshawar. Himself at Eawul 
 Pindi, he was in an admirable posi- 
 tion for directing affairs, while 
 away from the heat and details of 
 government at Lahore. It was the 
 continual stream of men and money 
 from the Punjab which saved the 
 Indian empire. It was not till 
 1859, when all was settled, that 
 Lawrence went home on leave, worn 
 out with the strain of sixteen years' 
 constant work since he was last in 
 England. Before his return, how- 
 ever, the Punjab had been converted 
 into a Lieutenant-Governorship, a 
 change he had long advocated. 
 At the end of Lord Dalhousie's 
 governorship, in 1856, John Law- 
 rence had been knighted ; on his 
 return to England he was created a 
 baronet, and for four years was on 
 the Indian Council, until created 
 Viceroy of India, on the death of 
 
)26 
 
 LAWEEKCE. 
 
 Lord Elgin. He was the first 
 commoner and the first civil ser- 
 vant to be appointed. His vice- 
 royalty was outwardly uneventful. 
 His policy was to secure India by 
 good government from within^ not 
 by pvxshing her outposts beyond the 
 InduS;, irritatingly near Afghani- 
 stan. He had negotiated a treaty 
 with Dost Mohammed in 1857, 
 whereby the Afghans promised 
 friendship to England in return for 
 a subsidy, to be regulated by Eng- 
 lish officers at Candahar. The 
 Dost begged that they might not 
 be sent to Cabul, as the people 
 were jealous of the slightest foreign 
 aggression, and would probably 
 murder the envoys. As it was, the 
 commissioners were practically pri- 
 soners in Candahar, Sir John 
 Lawrence considered that the sup- 
 port of the de facto ruler only, and 
 the guarantee of Afghan indepen- 
 dence by laying down a limit to 
 Russia, were the best safeguards of 
 English interests, as there would 
 be everything to gain from England. 
 It would, finally, be better to meet 
 an army emerging from the diffi- 
 culties of Afghanistan near a secure 
 English base than in the midst of 
 a barren country and a suspicious 
 population. The money necessary 
 for the regular occupation of 
 distant posts, which could yet 
 be secui'ed on emergency, would 
 be better spent at home on 
 public works for the masses, 
 hard pressed between the tax- 
 gatherer and starvation. This was 
 the policy, followed by every 
 governor after Lord Auckland till 
 Lord Lytton, of which Lord Law- 
 rence from his personal knowledge 
 was pre-eminently the champion, 
 and for which he protested with 
 the last act of his life. In the in- 
 ternal affairs of India, Lawrence in- 
 stituted the irrigation works against 
 famine, built by public loan rather 
 than by private companies, to se- 
 cure Government control ; extended 
 railways, and began a system of 
 general sanitation. He strongly 
 
 wished to maintain the income 
 tax, as on any other system public 
 burdens fell almost completely on 
 the poor. Finally, he preserved 
 tenant right, founded on the an- 
 cient usage of India, which had 
 been over-ridden in attempts to es- 
 tablish the English land system : — 
 in Bengal, against the planters, 
 who, under the rent law, compelled 
 the ryots to cultivate unremunera- 
 tive crops of indigo, by forbidding 
 rents to be raised without an en- 
 hancement of value in the crops : 
 in Oude, by resuscitating the inter- 
 mediate tenancy rights which had 
 been passed over in Lord Canning's 
 general confiscation of lands and 
 foundation of a landed aristocracy : 
 in the Punjab, by defining and 
 legalising the tenant rights which 
 had existed since the British occu- 
 pation. E.eturning to England in 
 1869, Lawrence was raised to the 
 peerage. The last ten years of his 
 life were still active, though he was 
 oppressed with growing blindness. 
 From 1870 to 1873 especially, he was 
 Chairman of the new London School 
 Board. The last public act of his 
 life was to organise a vigorous pro- 
 test against Lord Lytton' s Afghan 
 war, which could only end like its 
 predecessor, in ruining Afghanistan 
 without checking Russia. He did 
 not, however, live to see the result 
 he prophesied. His death took 
 place on Dec. 27, 1879. He was a 
 man great and yet simple ; equally 
 powerful in intellect and physique. 
 Capable of unlimited work, he 
 spared himself even less than he 
 spared others. A man of action, 
 he was often compared to Cromwell. 
 His energy, justice, and real sym- 
 pathy underlying outward rugged- 
 ness won the love and faith of the 
 natives. He carried out all details 
 himself, and was said by the natives 
 to know everything. The thoi'ough- 
 ness of his early work prepared the 
 Avay for his later triumphs : and 
 these were only the reflection 
 of his own sincei'ity and devo- 
 tion to justice. [See " Life of 
 
LAWRENCE— LAWSON. 
 
 527 
 
 Lord LawTL'ence/' by R. Bosworth 
 Smith.] 
 
 LAWRENCE, Sir William, 
 F.R.S. [1783—1867], Serjeant-Sur- 
 geon to the Queen, was the son of a 
 surgeon of Cirencester, Gloucester- 
 shire, in which place he was born. 
 He was educated at a school near 
 Gloucester, on leaving which he was 
 apprenticed to Abernethy in 1799. 
 Three years later he was appointed 
 demonstrator at St. Bartholomew's, 
 a post he held for twelve years. He 
 was admitted a member of the 
 Royal College of Surgeons in 1805, 
 was appointed assistant-surgeon to 
 St. Bartholomew's in March, 1813, 
 and in May, 1821, one of the prin- 
 cipal surgeons. He was apwkiuted 
 surgeon to the Eye Infirmary in 
 181J?, and in 1815 to the Royal Hos- 
 pitals of Bridewell and Bethlehem, 
 as also professor of anatomy and 
 surgery to the Royal College of 
 Surgeons, where he lectured for 
 four years. Those lectures were 
 published under the title, "The 
 Physiology, Zoology, and the Na- 
 tural History of Man," a work 
 which gave rise to very severe criti- 
 cisms, esj)ecially from Abernethy, 
 who denounced his pupil as a 
 materialist, and accused him of 
 misusing his office of lecturer to 
 the College of Surgeons to promul- 
 gate false and pernicious doctrines. 
 The Governors of the Royal Hospi- 
 tals called upon Lawrence to resign 
 his appointment or his opinions, 
 and he accordingly withdrew the 
 papers complained of from publica- 
 tion, and did not again touch on 
 similar subjects. In 1828 he was 
 elected a member of the Council of 
 the Royal College of Surgeons, and 
 in 1834 and 1846 delivered the 
 Hunterian orations. He was elected 
 a member of the Court of Examiners 
 in 1840, and was twice elected Pre- 
 sident of the College of Surgeons, 
 in July, 1846, and again in 1855. 
 He was Serjeant- Surgeon to the 
 Queen, and a few weeks before his 
 death was created a Baronet. 
 
 LAWSON, Cecil. He was the 
 
 youngest son of Mr. William Law- 
 son of Edinburgh, a portrait painter, 
 and was born near Wellington, in 
 Shropshire, on Dec. 3, 1851. His 
 childhood and youth were spent in 
 London. He studied art a little 
 under his father's guidance, but 
 as an artist was chiefly self taught, 
 and while still a boy devoted him- 
 self to landscape painting, depicting 
 nature in her grander and more 
 impressive moods. In 1870 he 
 exhibited his first work in the 
 Academy, but his paintings were 
 generally so ill hung that it was 
 not until the opening of the Gros- 
 venor Gallery that Lawson's work 
 attracted public attention. His 
 first pictures exhibited there were 
 "The Minister's Garden" (now in 
 the Corporation Art Gallery, Man- 
 chester), and the poetic " Pastoral in 
 the Valley." In 1879 he exhibited 
 " A Morning Mist ; " " The Hop 
 Gardens of England ; " " Sunrise 
 after a Storm;" in 1880 "The 
 August Moon," now in the National 
 Gallery, and "The Voice of the 
 Cuckoo," almost the only landscape 
 into which he introduced figures ; 
 in 1881 "The Valley of Desola- 
 tion," and " Wharfedale, York- 
 shire ; " in 1882 " The Wet Moon," 
 and " The Storm Cloud." At this 
 time the painter was suffering from 
 chest disease ; he went in search of 
 health to the Riviera, but returned 
 no stronger, and died on June 10, 
 1882, aged thirty-one. " The 
 August Moon " was presented to 
 the nation by his widow in fulfil- 
 ment of her husband's wish. The 
 winter exhibition of the Grosvenor 
 Gallery of 1882-3 was partly devoted 
 to Lawson's works ; technically im- 
 perfect and immature as many of 
 them are, they all show the artist's 
 rare insight into nature, and sym- 
 pathy with her varied moods. Side 
 by side hung tender hazy moon- 
 lights, exquisitely ti*emulous and 
 delicate ; stormy nights and angry 
 sunsets, and windblown stretches 
 of hilly country -with swift chasing 
 clouds and masses of sun and 
 
52S 
 
 LAWSO:tT— LEAKE. 
 
 shadow — all rendered with, equal 
 fidelity, sympathy, and poetic 
 feeling. A memoir of Lawson, 
 written by Mr. E. W. Gosse, and 
 illustrated with etchings from the 
 painter's work, has been published 
 by the Fine Art Society. 
 
 LAWSON, Henry [1774—1856], 
 Fellow of the Eoyal and Astro- 
 nomical Societies, was a younger 
 son of the Very Rev. Johnson Law- 
 son, Dean of Battle. Henry began 
 life as an apprentice to an optician 
 in Cornhill, but a fortune being 
 left to his family he did not engage 
 in business, but devoted himself 
 to the study of science, especially 
 to astronomy. He was elected an 
 F.E.A.S. in 1833, and an F.R.S. in 
 1840. He built an observatory at 
 Bath, and published several papers 
 on the results of his observations. 
 Later, when advancing age hindered 
 his further pursuit of astronomy, 
 he wished to establish an obser- 
 vatory at Nottingham, and offered 
 all his valuable instruments to it, 
 but owing to some unfortunate 
 disputes this project fell to the 
 ground. Some of his best instru- 
 ments he presented to public estab- 
 lishments, and his meteorological 
 instruments and books he left to 
 Mr. Lowe, who had an observatory 
 at Beeston, Notts. 
 
 LAYCOCK, Thomas, M.D. [1812 
 — 1876], born at Witherby, co. York, 
 received his education at the Wes- 
 leyan Acaden^y, Woodhouse Grove ; 
 University College, London ; Paris ; 
 and at the University of Gottingen, 
 where he graduated Doctor of 
 Medicine and Surgery. He was 
 appointed Professor of the Practice 
 of Medicine in the University of 
 Edinburgh in 1855 ; Physician to 
 the Queen in Scotland in 1869, and 
 he was formerly Lecturer on the 
 Practice of Medicine in the York 
 Medical School. Dr. Laycock ad- 
 vocated the appointment of the 
 Health of Towns Commission in 
 1840 ; reported on the sanitary 
 condition of York and on the his- 
 tory of epidemics there ; sketched 
 
 a complete plan of Political Medi- 
 cine (now known as State Medicine) 
 in a series of letters in the Dublin 
 Medical Press for 1841 ; first de- 
 veloped the scientific data of un- 
 conscious and involuntary brain- 
 function, and went far to explain 
 thereby the phenomena of mesmer- 
 ism, dreaming, and insanity, in his 
 " Treatise on the Nervous Diseases 
 of Women," 1840. He extended 
 these views in 1844 at the meeting 
 of the British Association for the 
 Advancement of Science at York, 
 in a paper " On the Reflex Func- 
 tions of the Brain ; " and completed 
 them as a system of Practical Philo- 
 sophy in "^ Mind and Brain ; or, the 
 Correlations of Consciousness and 
 Organization," 2 vols. 1860, second 
 edition 1 869 . He was also the author 
 of " Principles and Methods of 
 Medical Observation and Research," 
 and of numerous essays in the 
 Journals and Transactions of learned 
 societies. 
 
 LEAHY, Patrick. This distin- 
 guished prelate was born May 31, 
 1806, at Cork, where his father, an 
 eminent civil engineer was county 
 surveyor. He Avas educated at 
 Maynooth, and after his ordination 
 became curate of Scartheen in the 
 diocese of Cashel. As a boy he 
 had distinguished himself by his 
 brilliant literary and classical at- 
 tainments, and after a time was 
 made President of the College of 
 Thurles, whence he was transferred 
 to be Priest of that parish and 
 Vicar-General of the Diocese. On 
 the establishment of the Roman 
 Catholic University he was ap- 
 pointed Vice-Rector under Cardinal 
 Newman, and in 1857 was conse- 
 crated Archbishop of Cashel and 
 Emly. He died Jan. 25, 1875. 
 
 LEAKE, Lieutenant- Colonel 
 William Martin, F.R.S. [1777— 
 1860], the well-known investigator 
 of the antiquities of Greece, entered 
 the Royal Artillery, in which he 
 rose to the rank of Colonel, and 
 from which he retired in 1823. 
 During the early part of his career. 
 
LE BLA^'O^LEE. 
 
 o: 
 
 29 
 
 he was employed on special service 
 in the East, and travelled over the 
 whole of Greece and Asia Minor, 
 giving to the world the results of 
 his travels in four or five works 
 published at intervals between 1813 
 and 1830. Of these the best known 
 are his " Travels in Asia Minor ; " 
 " Travels in the Morea ; " " Athe- 
 nian Topography," and " Travels 
 in Northern Greece." He had only 
 just completed the supplement to 
 his most elaborate work, the 
 "Numismata Hellenica," a cata- 
 logue of Greek coins, at the time 
 of his death. This work is dedi- 
 cated to his wife, to whom he says 
 he was " mainly indebted for the 
 completion of the present catalogue, 
 and whose skill in the most delicate 
 processes of electrotyiDe has enriched 
 the collection with between 500 and 
 GOO of the rarest coins." 
 
 LE BLAXC, Thomas, D.C.L. 
 [1773— 1S13], Master of Trinity 
 Hall, Cambridge, and at one time 
 Master of the Court of Queen's 
 Bench, was educated at the Charter 
 House, and at Trinity Hall, Cam- 
 bridge, of which college he was 
 elected a Fellow in 1800. He was 
 called to the Bar in 1803, and 
 went the Western Circuit. In 1814 
 he was appointed Second Master of 
 the Pleas side of the Coiu't of King's 
 Bench, and about four years after 
 became Master. Mr. Le Blanc was 
 elected Master of Trinity Hall in 
 1815, but two years later resigned 
 his Mastership. He died at 
 Xorthaw, Herts, aged 10, January 
 23. 1843. 
 
 LE COXTEUR, Sir John, Knt. 
 [1790 — 1875], Yiscount of Jersey, 
 and A. B.C. to the Queen, had been 
 for many vears connected with the 
 Government of Jersey. In early 
 life he served in the army, from 
 which he retired with the rank of 
 Captain. He then retui-ned to Jer- 
 sey, where in a few years he became 
 a Judge of the Eoyal Court, and 
 in 1812 was made Yiscount of the 
 Island. He was one of the founders 
 of the Eoyal Jersey Agricultural 
 
 ' and Horticultural Society, and 
 I Hon. Colonel of the St. Helier's 
 Battalion of Royal Militia. 
 
 LEE, Frederick Richard, ex- 
 R.A. [1798 — 1879], landscape- 
 painter, born at Barnstaple, Devon, 
 received a commission in the 5Gth 
 Foot at a very early age, and served 
 in the Netherlands. He first ex- 
 hibited his pictures in London at the 
 British Institution, from whose di- 
 rectors he afterwards received a 
 MoO prize ; commenced exhibiting 
 at the Royal Academy in 1821; was 
 elected Associate in i834, and R.A. 
 in 1838. He excelled in cheerful 
 landscapes, representing English 
 I rivers and avenues of trees, and in 
 : Scotch scenery. Some of his finest 
 ■ works are, or were, in the collec- 
 tions of the Marquis of Breadal- 
 bane, the late Lord Lansdowne, 
 Lord Ellesmere, Lord Spencer, Sir 
 G. Philipps, Sir J. "VVan-ender, Sir 
 T. Baring, Alderman Salomons, J. 
 Cunningham, Esq., of Carshalton^ 
 and Messrs. A. and T.Burnand. The 
 , "Ploughed Field" was pm-chased 
 , from the Academy by Mr. Beck- 
 \ ford, who showed the value he 
 set upon it by reserving it in his 
 will. In 1848 he commenced his 
 series of joint works with Thomas 
 Sidney Cooper, the cattle-painter. 
 Among Mr. Lee's latest works are 
 the '-'Bay of Biscay," '-'The Ply- 
 mouth Breakwater," the '•' Signal 
 Station at Gibraltar," " View of 
 Gibraltar from the Sands, on the 
 Western Shore," and "View of 
 Garibaldi's Residence at Caprera,'* 
 done from painted sketches made 
 on the island during a fortnight's 
 residence with the General. This 
 pictui-e, with " Cressingham," 
 " Bay of Biscay," and the '*' Signal 
 Station, Gibraltar," was in the 
 possession of Mr. Chi-istie, of . Vic- 
 toria Street, Westminster. His 
 " Land we Live in " was at the 
 Royal Academy Exhibition of 1867. 
 He exhibited, between 1822 and 
 1870, 326 pictures, and after the 
 latter date retired from the Aca^ 
 demy. 
 
 M it 
 
530 
 
 LEE. 
 
 LEE, Miss Hareiet [1756— 
 1851], one of the authors of " The 
 Canterbury Tales/ ^ a collection of 
 stories rather popular in their day, 
 was a daughter of Mr. John Lee, an 
 actor at Co vent Garden Theatre. 
 After the death of her father, she 
 and her sister Sophia opened a 
 school at Bath, which they carried 
 on for many years. Harriet was the 
 principal author of " The Canter- 
 bury Tales," published in 5 vols., 
 1797-1805, in which her tale of 
 " Kreutzner " suggested to Byron 
 his tragedy of " Werner." She pub- 
 lished besides a novel " Clara Len- 
 nox,'' 1797, and several plays, which 
 were acted at the time with small 
 success, and are now forgotten. Her 
 sister, who died in 182'1, wrote only 
 the " Young Lady's Tale," and the 
 "Clergyman's" for the "Canter- 
 b\u-y Tales," besides which she was 
 the author of " The Eecess," 1783, 
 an historical romance, and several 
 plays. Harriet Lee died at Clifton 
 in her 95th year, Aug. 1, 1851. 
 
 LEE, Jas. Prince [1801^1869], 
 Bishop of Manchester, son of Mr. 
 Stephen Lee, Secretary and Libra- 
 rian to the Eoyal Society, was edu- 
 cated at St. Paul's School, and 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, where 
 he obtained a Craven scholarship, 
 graduated B.A. in high honours in 
 1828, and became a Fellow. He was 
 Assistant Master of Rugby School 
 under Dr. Arnold, and Head Master 
 of King Edward's Grammar- School, 
 at Birmingham, from 1838 till 18 18, 
 when he was appointed to the newly- 
 erected see of Manchester, with an 
 income of ,£1,600 a year, and the 
 alternate patronage of thirty-seven 
 livings. 
 
 LEE, Joseph, enamel painter. 
 He was born about 1780, and began 
 exhibiting enamel miniatures from 
 nature, and paintings in the Royal 
 Academy of 1809. In 1818 he was 
 appointed Enamel Painter to the 
 Princess Charlotte, whose likeness 
 he exhibited in the same year ; 
 and in 1832 the Duke of Sussex 
 appointed him his portrait painter. 
 
 He exhibited twenty-nine paint- 
 ings in the Academy, the last in 
 1853, but his career was not very 
 successful. He died at Gravesend 
 Dec. 26, 1859. 
 
 LEE, Egbert, M.D. [1793— 
 1877], graduated M.D. at the Edin- 
 burgh University, in 1814, and 
 became a Member of the College 
 of Surgeons in Edinburgh. After 
 spending a few months in the 
 country, he returned to Edinburgh, 
 and was for a long time Physi- 
 cian's Clerk at the Eoyal Infirmary, 
 to Dr. James Hamilton, senior. 
 Having studied anatomy in Paris, 
 under Breschet, and attended the 
 lectures of Beclard, Desormeaux, 
 and Capuron, he returned to Lon- 
 don, and in 1823 was admitted a 
 Licentiate of the College of Physi- 
 cians, and began practice in London 
 as an obstetric physician. He 
 obtained through Dr. Granville 
 the appointment of Domestic Phy- 
 sician to the family of Prince 
 Woronzow, at that time Governor- 
 General of the Crimea, and of the 
 Eussian provinces on the Black 
 Sea. He left England for Odessa 
 in 1824, and in the autunui of 1825 
 accompanied the Prince to the 
 Crimea, where he was presented 
 to the Emperor Alexander. Some 
 years later he wrote an account of 
 the Czar's death, entitled, " The 
 Last Days of the Emperor Alex- 
 ander." He returned to London 
 in 1826, and recommenced practice 
 as an accoucheur, being appointed 
 in the following year Physician to 
 the British Lying-in Hospital, 
 where he lectured on midwifery. 
 He was appointed Eegius Pro- 
 fessor of Midwifery in the Glasgow 
 University in 1834, but did not 
 long retain it, preferring to live in 
 London. He was next appointed 
 to the Chair of Midwifery at St. 
 George's Hospital, a post he held 
 for thirty years, resigning it in 
 1866. He was admitted a Eellow 
 of the College of Physicians in 
 1811 ; delivered the Lujinleian Lec- 
 tures of 1856-57 i the Croonian 
 
LEE. 
 
 631 
 
 Lectures of 1862 ; and was Harvoian 
 Oratoi' for 180 i. He was the author 
 of several medical works, the most 
 important one being "The Ana- 
 tomy of the Nerves of the Uterus/' 
 1811. 
 
 LEE, Rev. Egbert, D.D. [ISOJr— 
 1868], Professor of Biblical Criti- 
 cism in the Edinburgh University, 
 and one of the ministers of that 
 city, was born at Tweedmouth, 
 North Durham, and educated at 
 the Grammar School of Berwick- 
 upon-Tweed, and at St. Andrews 
 from 1821 to 1832. He became 
 minister of the Grey Friars Church, 
 Edinburgh, in 1843, and in 1846 
 was appointed to the Chair of 
 Biblical Criticism and Biblical 
 Antiquities in the Edinburgh Uni- 
 versity. In that office his great 
 learning and ability gave him wide 
 influence among the younger clergy. 
 He was the leader of the liberal 
 party in the Presbyterian Church 
 of Scotland J and was formally 
 accused of departing from its 
 narrow traditions by the introduc- 
 tion of painted windows, the prac- 
 tice of kneeling, repeating "Amen/' 
 &c., in public service. The General 
 Assembly, however, in 1859;, de- 
 clined to entertain the charges, 
 and by so doing gave a tacit sanc- 
 tion to the innovations. He was a 
 Dean of the Chapel Eoyal, and one 
 of Her Majesty's Chaplains in 
 Ordinary in Scotland. He was 
 a voluminous writer, chiefly of 
 devotional works, 
 
 LEE, Mrs. Sarah [1791—1856], 
 better known as Mrs. Bowdich, the 
 biographer of Cuvier, and author of 
 several excellent zoological works 
 for young people, was the only 
 daughter of John Eglinton Wallis, 
 Esq., of Colchester. At the age of 
 twenty-one she married Mr. T. E. 
 Bowdich, an eminent naturalist, in 
 whose pursuits she became keenly 
 interested, and soon learnt to work 
 with him. A few years after their 
 marriage she accompanied her 
 husband to Africa, and on their 
 return they published the results 
 
 of their labours in some admirable 
 works on the geography and natural 
 history of the countries they had 
 journeyed through. In 1823 they 
 returned to Africa, and on this 
 journey Mr. BoAvdich died at Ba- 
 thurst, in Jan. 1824. Mrs. Bowdich's 
 first care was to arrange her hus- 
 band's MSS. for publication ; and 
 in March of the following year she 
 published a quarto volume, illus- 
 trated by coloured geological sec- 
 tions, views, and costumes, and 
 zoological figures. In 1818 she and 
 her husband had visited Paris, 
 where they had made the acquaint- 
 ance of Cuvier ; and now on the 
 occasion of her widowhood she 
 returned there, and was received 
 by Baron Cuvier almost as a 
 daughter. She spent some years 
 in Paris, becoming acquainted with 
 many distinguished men, and on 
 the death of Cuvier she published 
 an interesting biographical memoir 
 of him, in which work she was 
 assisted by Baron Pasquier^ M. 
 Laurillard, Dr. Duvernoy, and 
 Baron Humboldt. Three years 
 before this she published a •' His- 
 tory of British Freshwater Fishes," 
 illustrated by herself, which Cuvier 
 pronounced to be tres-helle. After 
 her marriage with Mr. Lee, her 
 literary work consisted for the 
 most part of the composition of 
 books of less importance, chiefly 
 accounts of her experiences in 
 travel, and natural history re- 
 searches. During the last two 
 years of her life she received a 
 pension of jBoO from the Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 LEE, The Rev. Samuel, D.D. 
 [1783—1852], Rector of Barley, 
 Canon of Bristol, and Regius Pro- 
 fessor of Hebrew in the University 
 of Cambridge, was born at Long- 
 nor, in Shropshire, in the Charity 
 School of which place he was 
 educated till his twelfth year. 
 He was then apprenticed to a 
 carpenter and joiner. At the age 
 of seventeen he began to study the 
 Latin language, saving out of his 
 
 M M 2 
 
532 
 
 LEECH. 
 
 wages, of 6s. a week, enough to 
 buy one book at a time, which he 
 afterwards sold to buy another 
 one, and so on. In this manner 
 he read the Latin Bible, Florus, 
 some of Cicero's " Orations," 
 Caesar's "Commentaries," Justin, 
 Sallust, Virgil, Horace's "Odes," 
 and Ovid's " Epistles." He next 
 turned his attention to the study 
 of Greek and Hebrew, in which 
 with great perseverance he became 
 very proficient. At the age of 
 twenty-five he married, and for 
 awhile gave up his studies to apply 
 himself wholly to his craft. How- 
 ever, Archdeacon Corbett, hearing 
 of his devotion to study, came to 
 his aid, and he was enabled to con- 
 tinue his studies. By this time 
 he was quite familiar with the 
 Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee, 
 Syriac, and Samaritan languages, 
 and in the course of a few months 
 more added to this a knowledge of 
 Arabic and Persian, and consider- 
 able proficiency in French, German, 
 and Italian. Previous to 1813, he 
 held the Mastership of Bowdler's 
 Foundation School in Shrewsbury, 
 and also obtained some work as a 
 private tutor. In 1813 he entered 
 Queen's College, Cambridge, and 
 took his B.A. degree in 1817. Two 
 years later he was elected Arabic 
 Professor of the University of Cam- 
 bridge, and in 1831 Eegius Pro- 
 fessor of Hebrew, gaining his D.D. 
 degree in 1833. Among his works 
 may be mentioned " The Syriac 
 New Testament," 1816 ; " The Hin- 
 dustani Prayer Book, and Morning 
 and Evening Prayers in Persic;" 
 in 1820, a " Grammar and Vocabu- 
 lary of the New Zealand Lan- 
 guage ;" in 1821, " Sylloge Libro- 
 rum Orientalium ;" his " Hebrew 
 Grcimmar," 1830 ; " Travels of Ibn 
 Batuta, translated from the Ara- 
 bic," 1833 ; in 1837 the " Book of 
 Job, translated from the original 
 Hebrew ;" and in 1810, a " Hebrew, 
 Chaldaic, and English Lexicon." 
 
 LEECH, John. He was born in 
 1817, and was the son of Mr. Leech, 
 
 of the London Coffee House, Lud- 
 gate Hill, but was of Irish descent. 
 He was educated at Charter House, 
 and being destined for the medical 
 profession, was placed with the 
 eccentric practitioner, Mr. Eawkins, 
 immortalized by Albert Smith. In 
 these student days young Leech 
 spent much of his time making jsen 
 and ink sketches of his master and 
 fellow-students. Fate threw some 
 of these in the way of the Eev. 
 E,. H. Barham, better known as 
 Thos. Ingoldsby, who introduced 
 the young artist to Mr. Bentley, 
 by whom he was commissioned to 
 illustrate "The Ingoldsby Legends," 
 and thenceforward he abandoned 
 Mr. Rawkins' surgery for ever. In 
 1841 he joined the staff of Punch, 
 his first sketch, " Foreign Affairs," 
 aj)pearing in August of that month, 
 and his last on the day of his 
 funeral, an interval of twenty- three 
 years. During the whole of this 
 time he remained on the active 
 staff of that pei'iodical, contributing 
 sketches so full of charm and 
 beauty, that they cannot rightly 
 be called caricature ; indeed, by 
 them he may be said to have 
 founded a new school of art — 
 humorous, full of character and 
 variety, but always genial, kindly, 
 pure, and refined. He was a 
 man of Avide sympathies, entering 
 heartily into every phase of the 
 many sided English life, and draw- 
 ing sportsmen, children, lovely 
 women, and snobs, with an equally 
 delightfiil touch. Among the great 
 number of works illustrated by 
 Leech are " Jack Brag," by Theo- 
 dore Hook ; " The Story of a 
 Feather," by Douglas Jerold ; 
 several novels by Albert Smith ; 
 " Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures ;" 
 " The Comic English Grammar ;" 
 " The Comic Latin Grammar ;" 
 " The Comic History of England ;" 
 " The Comic History of Eome ;" 
 " Jack Hinton ;" " Young Trouble- 
 some ;" " Master Jacky in Love ;" 
 "The Book of British Song;" 
 " Puck on Pegasus j" " Paul's 
 
LE FANU— LEICESTEE. 
 
 533 
 
 Dashes of American Humour ;" 
 " Life of a Foxhound ;" " The 
 Cricket on the Hearth;'' "The 
 Chimes ;" '' Punch's Pocket Book," 
 till 18GI ; many volumes of Bentley's 
 Miscellanies; Once a Week, and 
 Christmas numbers of the Illus- 
 trated London News. By this amount 
 of work he seriously injured his 
 health, and aggravated the heart 
 disease from which he suffered. For 
 some time before his death he was 
 much out of health, but the end 
 came so suddenly, that at the mo- 
 ment of his death there was a chil- 
 dren's party in his house. He died 
 at BromjDton, whither he had re- 
 moved from Brunswick Square for 
 greater quiet, on Oct. 29, 1861. He 
 is btu'ied beside his friend Thacke- 
 ray, in Kensal Green Cemetery. 
 
 LE FANU, J. Sheridan. He 
 was the son of the Eev. J. P. 
 Le Fanu, and grandson of Alicia 
 Le Fanu, the favourite sister of 
 R. Brinsley Sheridan, and was born 
 in DubUn, Aug. 28, 1814. He 
 graduated with honours at Trinity 
 College, and adopted journalism 
 as his profession. Shortly after 
 its beginning he joined the staff of 
 the Duhlin University Magazine, of 
 which he became the proprietor a 
 few years before his death. His 
 greatest successes in this periodical 
 were with half - humorous, half- 
 pathetic verses ; but some of his 
 best short stories appeared in the 
 early numbers of the Magazine. 
 He also ■«i'ote a number of novels, 
 remarkable for their grim and vivid 
 sensationalism. Among these mav 
 be mentioned, " The Cock and the 
 Anchor," 1850 ; " The House by the 
 Churchyard." 1863; "Willing to 
 Die ; " " Uncle Silas " (the master- 
 work of this class of literature) ; 
 and "The Tenants of Malory." 
 He died at his house, in Merrion 
 Square, Dublin, Feb. 7, 1873. 
 
 LEFEYEE, Sir John George 
 Shaw, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.E.S. [1797 
 — 1879] father of the present Post- 
 master-General, and younger bro- 
 ther of Viscount Eversley, born 
 
 [ in London, was educated at Eton 
 I and Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 ! where he graduated, in 1818, as 
 I Senior Wrangler, and became a 
 j Fellow. In 182 i he was called to 
 [ the Bar at the Inner Temple, and 
 j represented Petersfield in the Libe- 
 1 ral interest in the first Eeformed 
 I Parliament. He was Under-Secre- 
 tary of State for the Colonies (1833) ; 
 a Commissioner of the Poor-Laws 
 (183-4) ; Joint Assistant-Secretary 
 to the Board of Trade (1841) ; De- 
 puty Clerk of the Parliaments 
 (1848) ; and a Civil Service Com- 
 missioner. In 1856 he was ap- 
 pointed Clerk of the Parliaments, 
 which office he resigned in March, 
 1875. He was an Ecclesiastical 
 Commissioner, and Yice-Chancellor 
 of the University of London. 
 
 LEFEOY, The Eight Hon. Tho- 
 mas [1776—1869], sometime Chief 
 Justice of the Queen's Bench in 
 Ireland, eldest son of Lieut. -Col. 
 Anthony Lefroy, of French Hugue- 
 not extraction, was educated at 
 Trinity College, Dublin, where he 
 graduated towards the close of the 
 last century, and was called to the 
 Irish Bar in 1797. He was ap- 
 pointed a Bencher of King's Inn 
 in 1819, and having represented 
 the University of Dublin in Parlia- 
 ment, in the Conservative interest, 
 from 1S30 till 1841, when he was 
 appointed a Baron of the Exche- 
 quer in Ireland, was promoted in 
 1852 to the Chief Justiceship, and 
 retired from the bench in July, 
 1866. 
 
 LEICESTEE, Earl of. The Et. 
 Hon. Thomas William Coke [1752 
 — 1842], wai the son of Wenman 
 Eoberts, Esq., who assumed the 
 surname and arms of Coke on suc- 
 ceeding to the estates of his mater- 
 nal uncle, Thomas Coke, Earl of 
 Leicester. On the death of his 
 father, which took place in 1776, 
 he was chosen to succeed him as 
 one of the members for Xorfolk, 
 was re-chosen in 1780, 1790, 1796, 
 and 1802. In 1807 he was again 
 elected for Norfolk^ and continued 
 
534 
 
 LEIFCHILD— LEIGHTON. 
 
 to represent that place till 1832. 
 He was a zealous Whig, and op- 
 posed the American War, the war 
 against revolutionary France, and 
 the general policy of Pitt. After 
 the death of the Duke of Bedford 
 in 1802, he took the lead in every 
 movement for the improvement of 
 agriculture, and introduced various 
 reforms into his Norfolk estates, 
 which became renowned for their 
 splendid management. He was 
 raised to the peerage in 1837, being 
 then 85 years old. He was twice 
 married, first in 1775, to Jane, 
 youngest daughter of James Len- 
 nox Button, by whom he had three 
 daughters, and secondly, in 1822, 
 being then 70 years of age, to Lady 
 Anne Amelia Keppel, third daugh- 
 ter of the Earl of Albemarle, a girl 
 of 19, by whom he had one son. 
 
 LEIFCHILD, Dr. John, D.D. 
 [1779 — 1862], an eminent Indepen- 
 dent minister, was the son of a 
 cooper at Barnet. He was early 
 apprenticed to a cooper at St. 
 Albans, but although he worked 
 steadily at his trade, his earnest 
 wish was to become a preacher, and 
 with that end in view, in his leisure 
 hours he went to hear all the best 
 preachers, repeating in private 
 their discourses. Some of his 
 friends and admirers placed him at 
 the Hoxton Academy for the train- 
 ing of young men for the ministry, 
 and at the age of 28 he was chosen 
 for the ministry of the Hornton 
 Street Chapel, Kensington, where 
 he became very popular. About 
 the year 1812 he removed to Bristol, 
 on being chosen minister of the 
 Bridge Street Chapel there, and he 
 was soon recognised as one of the 
 leading dissenting ministers. Six 
 years later he returned to London 
 and took charge of the Craven 
 Chapel, where he worked with a 
 zeal and devotion that carried all 
 before them. Losing his wife in 
 185G, he retired into private life, 
 and died at his house at Primrose 
 Hill, aged 83, June 30, 1862. Dr. 
 Leif child left very few written ex- 
 
 amples of his great powers as a 
 preacher. 
 
 LEIGH, The Hon. Augusta 
 Mart [1783—1851], Lord Byron's 
 half-sister, to whom he was deeply 
 attached, to whom he dedicated 
 those beautiful lines, beginning : — 
 
 " Thougli the daj- of my destiny's over," 
 
 and whose name often occurs in his 
 poems, was a daughter of the di- 
 vorced Duchess of Leeds, Amelia 
 Darcy Baroness Conyers. She mar- 
 ried, in 1807, her cousin, Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Geoi'ge Leigh, of 
 the 10th Light Dragoons, who died 
 in 1850, leaving several children. 
 
 LEIGH, Sir Egbert Holt, Bart. 
 [1762—1813], M.P. for Wigan, was 
 the eldest son of Holt Leigh, Esq., 
 of Hindley and Whitley Halls, Lan- 
 cashire. He was an M.A. of Christ 
 Church College, Oxford, but did not 
 take his degree at the University 
 until he was 70 years old. He re- 
 presented Wigan in the Conserva- 
 tive interest for many years, being 
 first returned for that constituency 
 in 1802, and continuing to sit for it 
 until 1820, when he resigned and 
 was succeeded by Lord Lindsay 
 [Earl of Balcarres] . He was created 
 a baronet in 1815, but as he never 
 married the title became extinct. 
 During the Reform agitation in 
 1831 he was severely maltreated by 
 the mob at the Wigan Election, 
 where he appeared as the proposer 
 of his friend, W. Hodson Kearsley, 
 one of the candidates. In 1798, 
 during the riots in Lancashire, he 
 took an active part as commandant 
 of the Wigan Arms Association in 
 ti-ying to restore peace to the county. 
 He was for many years senior trustee 
 of the Wigan Free Grammar School, 
 in which he took a keen interest. 
 He died possessed of a large pro- 
 perty, and a magnificent library of 
 books. 
 
 LEIGHTON, Alexander [1800— 
 187 J)], writer of most of the stories 
 known as " Wilson's Tales of the 
 Borders," was born in Dundee, and 
 educated at the Academy there and 
 
LEITCII— LE MESURIER. 
 
 535 
 
 at Edinburgh, for the legal profes- ' 
 sion. With the help of Hugh 
 Miller and other friends he began 
 to devote himself to literature, 
 writing at first exclusively for 
 "Wilson's Tales," started in Ber- 
 wick by John Wilson, and conducted 
 in Edinburgh by his brother James. 
 Besides his many "Tales," he 
 wrote several volumes of sketches, 
 the best known of which is his 
 " Romance of the Old Town of 
 Edinburgh." 
 
 LEITCH, William Leighton. 
 Born in Glasgow in 180 i, he was 
 educated at the Highland Society 
 School, and placed by his friends in 
 a lawyer's office. He had, however, 
 resolved to "be a painter, and took 
 employment with a decorator and 
 sign i^ainter. He afterwards came 
 to London and worked in several of 
 the theatres as a scene painter. 
 Here he became acquainted with 
 David Roberts and Stanfield, who 
 were for many years his most inti- } 
 mate friends. He then went to 
 Italy to study, remaining about , 
 five years, and on his return con- : 
 tributed many fine classical paint- 
 ings to the Academy and other 
 exhibitions. He became Vice-Pre- 
 sident of the Institute of Painters 
 in Water Colours, and teacher of 
 water colours to the Queen, Prince 
 of Wales, Princess Royal, and other 
 members of the Royal Family. He 
 died April 2o, 18S3. A memoir of 
 him, by A. Macgeorge, was pub- 
 lished in ISSi. 
 
 LE KEUX, Hexry. He was the 
 son of a large pewter manufacturer, 
 was born in Bishopsgate, 1787, 
 and was articled to James Basire 
 the engraver. He was first engaged 
 upon his master's large plates for 
 the Society of Antiquaries and the 
 Oxford Almanacs, and later for 
 " The Beauties of England and 
 Wales." He was also employed 
 with his brother upon " Britton's 
 Cathedrals." He executed a great 
 number of plates, among them 
 " Simmer lake," after Tui-ner ; 
 " Yenice/' after Prout j and one 
 
 of his latest was from Claude's 
 " Embarkation of St. Ursula." He 
 retired from his profession about 
 1838, and joined a crape maniifac- 
 tory at Bocking, in Essex, where 
 he died Oct. 11, 18G8. 
 
 LE KEUX, JoHxV, brother of the 
 above, was born in Bishopsgate, 
 June 4, 1783, and was apprenticed 
 to his father, but at the age of seven- 
 teen became the pupil of Basire, 
 whom he came to excel both in free- 
 dom and minuteness of work. He 
 engraved for " Architectural An- 
 tiquities ; " " Cathedrals ; " Pugin's 
 "Antiquities of Xormandy," and 
 "Gothic Specimens ;" Xeale's "Me- 
 morials of Oxford ; " and other ar- 
 chitectural works ; but his plates 
 from Tui-ner's "Easby Abbey" and 
 " Rome " ai*e considered his master- 
 pieces. He died April 2, 1846, 
 
 LE MARCHANT, Sir Denis, 
 Bart. [1795 — 1874], second son of 
 Major-General Le Marchant, the 
 originator of the establishment of 
 the Royal Military College at Sand- 
 hurst, was educated at Eton and 
 Trinity College, Cambridge. He 
 was called to the .Bar at Lincoln's 
 Inn in 1823 ; was appointed Princi- 
 pal Secretary to Lord Brougham in 
 1830 ; held the jDOst of Secretary 
 of the Board of Trade from 1836 
 till 1841 ; and that of Secretary to 
 the Treasury at the close of Lord 
 Melbourne's administration in 1841 ; 
 and became Under-Secretary for 
 the Home Dej^artment. In 1850 
 he was appointed Chief Clerk to 
 the House of Commons, and was 
 raised to a baronetcy by Lord 
 Melbourne in August, 1841. He 
 retired from the public service in 
 1871, on which occasion he received 
 a formal vote of thanks from the 
 House of Commons. Sir Denis Le 
 Marchant wrote a "Report of the 
 Proceedings on the Claim to the 
 Barony of Gardner ; " and edited 
 Walpole's "Memoii's of George 
 III." He was succeeded in his 
 baronetcy by his elder son, Henry 
 Denis, barrister. 
 
 LE MESURIER, Lieut.-Gen. 
 
53G 
 
 LEMMENS— LEMON. 
 
 John [1781— 1843J, entered the 
 army in 1791 as Ensign in the 
 132nd Eegiment, and purchased his 
 Captain-Lieutenancy in 1796. He 
 served in the south of Ireland 
 during the whole of the rebellion 
 of 1798, and in the following year 
 accompanied his regiment to the 
 Mediterranean, where he took an 
 active part in the siege of Malta. 
 He served under Sir Ralph Aber- 
 cromby throughout the Egyptian 
 campaign, in wdiich he did distin- 
 guished service, and was afterwards 
 appointed to a company. He served 
 in Ireland from 1802 to 1805, when 
 by the death of his father he suc- 
 ceeded to the Governorship of Alder- 
 ney. In 1824 he resigned the grant 
 of the Island to the Government, 
 and wished to enter the army 
 again, but j)eace and the rank he 
 then held i^revented his services 
 being accepted. He obtained the 
 brevet rank of Lieut. -Colonel in 
 1810; of Colonel in 1819; Major- 
 General in 1830, and Lieutenant- 
 General in 1841. 
 
 LEMMENS, Nicolas Jaques 
 [1823 — 1881J, musician, born in 
 Belgium. His father was an 
 organist, and to the organ young 
 Lemmens soon became devoted. 
 When sixteen years of age he 
 entered the Conservatoire at Brus- 
 sels and became the pupil of Fetis, 
 distinguishing himself by ability 
 and hard work. He gained high 
 prizes both for comi^osition and 
 organ -playing, and in 1846 his 
 government sent him to study at 
 Breslau under the famous organist 
 Adolph Hesse. There he remained 
 for a year, and some time afterwards 
 becaine professor at the Conserva- 
 toire, Brussels. His work in that 
 institution was productive of much 
 good. He married in 1857 our 
 English soprano Miss Sherrington, 
 and resided in this country till 
 "within a short time of his death. 
 His works for the organ are im- 
 portant and fairly numerous, and 
 his " l^cole d'Orgue " has become a 
 text-book at the Conservatoires of 
 
 several European capitals. His 
 mastery over his instrument was 
 complete, and his playing was 
 highly appreciated at the numer- 
 ous concerts at which he appeared. 
 He was in every way a sound musi- 
 cian and an excellent artist. 
 
 LEMON, Mark [1809—1870], 
 editor of Punch for nearly thirty 
 years, was born in the neighbour- 
 hood of Oxford Street, and educated 
 at a school at Cheam, near Epsom. 
 He was for many years a writer 
 for the stage, and as a member of 
 the Guild of Literature and Art, 
 occasionally donned the sock and 
 buskin. He was one of the knot 
 of authors who established Punch 
 in 1841, and from the first acted 
 as joint editor. Upon the secession 
 of Mr. Henry May hew about two 
 years later he became editor. He 
 was the author of upwards of sixty 
 dramatic pieces, among which per- 
 haps the best known and most 
 successful were "The Ladies' Club," 
 ''The School for Tigers,'' and 
 '' What will the World say ? " 
 Besides these he wi'ote numerous 
 articles for Household Words, Once 
 a Week, the Illustrated London News 
 and the Illuminated Magazine, some 
 of which were collected and pub- 
 lished in a separate form under the 
 title " Prose and Verse." He wrote 
 "The Enchanted Doll," a fairy tale 
 (1849) ; "Legends of Number Nip " 
 (from the German) ; " Tom Moody's 
 Tales," and three or four novels, 
 " Loved at Last," " Falkner Lyle ;" 
 " Story of Two Wives," &c., edited 
 a collection of jests in one volume, 
 and wrote about 100 songs. In 
 1862 he delivered a very popular 
 course of lectures " About London," 
 at the Gallery of Illustration, later 
 published under the title " The 
 Streets of London." In 1868-69 he 
 delivered another course of lectures 
 and readings at the same place, 
 representing Falstaff in scenes from 
 Henry IV., an entertainment which 
 was very attractive, and drew large 
 audiences both in London and thQ 
 provinces, 
 
LESLIE. 
 
 537 
 
 LESLIE, Charles Robert, 
 E.A., was born in Clerkenwell of 
 American parents, Oct. 11, 179 A. 
 Five years later his father removed, 
 with his family, to Philadelphia, 
 where at the age of ten Cliarles 
 Robert, the eldest of a young 
 family, was left to the care of a 
 widowed mother. Notwithstanding 
 his wish to be a painter he was 
 apprenticed to a bookseller and 
 publisher, but spent his spare time 
 in drawing, and a likeness of Cooke 
 the tragedian, which he sketched 
 at the theatre, showed so much 
 talent that his friends foiind means 
 to send him to study art in London, 
 and in 1813 he entered the Academy 
 Schools, where he became the pupil 
 of West and Washington Allston. 
 In that year he had his first i)icture 
 "Murder," in the Academy, in the 
 next "The Witch of Endor," and 
 in 181G " The Death of Rutland." 
 But his first jminting in what came 
 to be his own peculiar field was 
 " Anne Page and Slender," followed 
 in 1819 by " Sir Roger de Cover- 
 ley," his first notable success ; and 
 in 1821 "May-day in the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth," which procured 
 him his election as A.R.A., and in 
 1826 he became full academician. 
 His fine " Sancho Panza and the 
 Duchess" (of which there is a 
 slightly altered repetition in the 
 National Gallery) was exhibited in 
 the previous year. In 1827 he 
 exhibited " Lady Jane Grey pre- 
 vailed on to accept the Cro^^Ti : " 
 in 1831 "The Dinner at Page's 
 House," and the famous " Widow 
 Wadman and Uncle Toby," now 
 in the National Gallery. In 1833 
 he accepted the appointment of 
 Professor of Drawing at the Mili- 
 tary Academy of West Point, New 
 York, but after a few months 
 gave up the post and returned 
 to London, and from this time few 
 years passed without his sending 
 some important work to the Aca- 
 demy, though he contributed but 
 seventy-six pictures altogether. 
 Among the most remarkable were 
 
 "The Merry Wives of Windsor" 
 (1838), now in the Sheepshanks 
 collection ; " Sancho Panza " ( 18 It) ; 
 "Katherineand Petruchio" (1850) ; 
 " Falstaff personating the King " 
 (1851), and " The Rape of the Lock " 
 ( 185 1) . In 1848 he had been elected 
 Professor of Painting to the Aca- 
 demy, but ill-health caused him to 
 resign three years later, and in 1855 
 his lectvu-e^ were published under 
 the title of " A Handbook for 
 young Painters." He had already 
 appeared as an author, for in 1815 
 he brought out his interesting 
 " Life of Constable," and at the 
 time of his death, which occurred 
 at his house in St. John's Wood, 
 May 5th, 1859, he was prejoaring 
 his Autobiographical Recollections 
 for publication, and was also en- 
 gaged on a Life of Reynolds ; both 
 works were completed and pub- 
 lished by his friend the late Mr. 
 Tom Taylor, There is a collection 
 of twenty-seven pictures and studies 
 by Leslie in the Sheepshanks col- 
 
 ! lection at South Kensington, among 
 them " Katherine and Petruchio ; " 
 "The Merry Wives of Windsor," 
 and a replica of "Widow Wadman." 
 His " Lord Holland " is in the 
 National Portrait Gallery, and 
 "Cooke as Richard III.," and "The 
 Murder of Rutland " are in the 
 Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts. 
 His " Queen Victoria receiving the 
 Sacrament at her Coronation " 
 (1838), for which there is a sketch 
 in the Sheepshanks Collection, 
 "Columbus and the Egg" (1835) ; 
 " Gulliver introduced to the Queen 
 of Brobdingnag" (1838), and other 
 works are well known by engravings. 
 Leslie occupies a high place among 
 painters of the British School ; of 
 him Mr. Ruskin writes, " The more 
 I learn of Art the more I respect 
 Mr. Leslie's painting as such, and 
 for the way in which it brings out 
 the expressional result which he 
 requires. Given a certain quantity 
 of oil colour to be laid on "ndth one 
 
 , touch of pencil so as to produce at 
 once the subtlest and largest ex. 
 
538 
 
 LESLIE— LEVER. 
 
 pressional result possible, there is 
 no man now living; who seems to 
 me to come at all near Mr. Leslie, 
 his work being in places equal to 
 Hogarth for decision, and here 
 and there a little lighter and more 
 graceful." 
 
 LESLIE, Professor Thomas 
 Edward Clipfe [1S27 — 1882], an 
 eminent political economist, was of 
 Scotch descent, but was born at 
 Wexford in Ireland. He was the 
 second son of the Rev. Edward 
 Leslie, prebendary of Dromore and 
 rector of Annahilt in the county 
 Down. He received his early edu- 
 cation from his father, and at the 
 age of ten was sent to King Wil- 
 liam's College in the Isle of Man, 
 where he remained till 1842, when 
 he entered Trinity College, Dublin. 
 After a course of unusual brilliancy 
 there, devoted chiefly to classical 
 and philosophical studies, he be- 
 came a law student at Lincoln's 
 Inn, and was called to the Bar. 
 On being appointed to the pro- 
 fessorship of jurisprudence and 
 political economy in Queen's Col- 
 lege, Belfast, he abandoned the 
 study of law and became a con- 
 tributor to some of the leading 
 quarterly and monthly reviews. 
 In 1870 he published his "Land 
 Systems and Industrial Economy 
 of Ireland, England, and Conti- 
 nental Countries," being a collec- 
 tion of Essays containing much 
 novel information on the subject 
 of Continental agriculture, collected 
 in his various tours through Bel- 
 gium and France. This work was 
 most favourably reviewed by J. S. 
 Mill in a paper in the Fortnightly 
 Review, in which he said of Leslie 
 that he was " one of the best living 
 writers on applied political eco- 
 nomy." Later Leslie turned his 
 attention to the general methods 
 of political economy, and became 
 almost the originator in England 
 of the historical or inductive treat- 
 ment of that science. . He had for 
 many years contemplated and had 
 partly written a work on English 
 
 economic and legal history, but 
 unfortunately the MS. he had 
 prepared was lost while he was 
 travelling ou the Continent in 1872. 
 In 1869 he was appointed Examiner 
 in Political Economy in the Univer- 
 sity of London, on his retirement 
 from which at the usual term of 
 live years he received the honorary 
 degree of LL.D. from the Dublin 
 University. He died at Belfast, 
 Jan. 27, 1882, in his fifty-fifth year. 
 
 LETHE BY, Henry, M.B. [1816 
 — 1876], became a Bachelor of 
 Medicine in 181.3, Ph.D. and M.A. 
 in 1858 ; was well known as the 
 Medical Officer of Health for the 
 City of London ; Lecturer on 
 Chemistry and Toxicology in the 
 London Hosj^ital ; Chemical Analyst 
 to the Corporation of London ; and 
 a Fellow of the Linnsean and 
 Chemical Societies. He compiled 
 " Reports on the Sanitary Con- 
 dition of the City of London ; " a 
 series of papers on the " Mode of 
 Conducting Post-mortem Examina- 
 tions in Cases of Suspected Murder," 
 which appeared in the Lancet ; a 
 course of lectures on Practical 
 Toxicology, in the Medical Times ; 
 and a valuable work on "^ Food ; " 
 and contributed to the Transactions 
 of learned societies and to various 
 medical journals and reviews. 
 
 LEVER, Charles James [1806— 
 1872] , son of an architect, was born 
 in Dublin. At an early age he was 
 destined for the medical profession, 
 and entered Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, attended lectures, and in 
 1831 took the degree of Bachelor 
 of Medicine ; afterwards passing 
 through a course of study at Got- 
 tingen, where he also obtained a 
 degree. When the cholerii broke 
 out in Ireland, in 1832, Mr. Lever 
 was appointed medical suj)erinten- 
 dent of an extensive and populous 
 district, which included the city 
 of Londonderry and the towns of 
 Newtown-Limavady and Coleraine. 
 In that j)osition he rendered goo(i 
 . service, and when the disorder had 
 abated, he went to Brussels, not as3 
 
LEWES. 
 
 539 
 
 has been generally stated as phy- 
 sician to the embassy there, a post 
 to which he was never formally 
 appointed, though he had hoped 
 to gain it, but as a private prac- 
 titioner, carrying letters of intro- 
 duction to the secretiiry of the Eng- 
 lish legation, and in time gaining 
 a good private practice. Whilst 
 occupying this j^ost, he produced 
 " Harry Lorrequer," commenced as 
 a serial, a brilliant and amusing 
 novel of Irish life and character, 
 the success of which led to his 
 writing other novels, mostly in 
 a serial form. Of these the best 
 known are — " Charles O'Malley," 
 "Jack Hinton," "Our Mess," "The 
 O'Donoghue," " St. Patrick's Eve," 
 " Roland CasheU," " The Knight of 
 Gwynne," "The Daltons," '-'The 
 Dodd Family Abroad/' and " Ai-thur 
 O'Leary." He was very successful 
 in these and many others, touching 
 chiefly on the various phases of 
 Irish military life, which were 
 illustrated by the pencil of Mr. 
 Hablot Browne, Whilst engaged 
 upon these productions, he under- 
 took the editorship of the Duhlin 
 University Magazine, 1842-15, con- 
 tributing to its pages ; after which 
 he retired to the Continent, esta- 
 blishing himself first in a castle 
 in the Tyi-ol, and afterwards at 
 Florence. He was appointed by 
 Lord Derby Consul at Spezzia, 
 Nov. 26, 1S58, and was transferred 
 to Trieste in Feb., 1867. Amongst 
 the best of his works published 
 anonymously are " Diary of Horace 
 Templeton," and " Con Cregan ; " 
 and his more recent productions, 
 some of them wi-itten in a manner 
 quite unlike his early and more 
 characteristic works, are "One of 
 Them,".- '• Barrintrton," " LuttreU 
 of Ai-ran," "' A Day's Eide," " Sir 
 Brook Fosbroke," a tale originally 
 published in BlacTcwoocVs Magazine, 
 and "The Bramleighs of Bishop's 
 FoUy," 186S. The University of 
 Dublin conferred on him the des^ree 
 of LL.D., honoris causx, June 28, 
 1871. (A Life of Charles Lever, by 
 
 William John Fitzpatrick, appeared 
 in I87r>.) 
 
 LEWES, George Henry [1S17 
 — 1878], critic and miscellaneous 
 writer, was born in London, and 
 educated partly under Dr. Burney at 
 Greenwich and at schools in Jersey 
 and Brittany. On leaving school he 
 became a clerk in the establishment 
 of a Russian merchant, but quitted 
 business, and pursuing anatomy 
 and physiology only as branches of 
 philosophic study, finally o.dopted 
 literature as a profession. With 
 this end in view, he went through 
 a course of training in Germany, 
 in 1838-9, when he returned to 
 London, and became a contributor 
 to the press and to periodical litera- 
 ture. His early writings belong 
 chiefly to the lighter departments 
 of letters, and consist for the most 
 part of critical studies on a wide 
 variety of subjects. Of those writ- 
 ings the best are those on the drama, 
 republished in 1875 under the title 
 "'Actors and the Art of Acting," 
 and the volume on " The Spanish 
 Drama," 1846. In 1845-6 appeared 
 his elaborate "Biographical His- 
 tory of Philosophy," republished in 
 1857, and again in 1871 under the 
 title ■"' History of Philosophy from 
 Thales to Comte." He next tried 
 the world of fiction, and was not so 
 successful. In 1847-48 he published 
 " Eanthorpe : a Tale," and " Eose, 
 Blanche, and Yiolet," which, 
 though showing a certain clever- 
 ness in plot and construction, 
 failed to attract the public. In 
 1849 he became one of the founders 
 of the clever but unsuccessful news- 
 paper, the Leader, for which he 
 wrote the di-amatic criticisms under 
 the nom de plume of Vivian until 
 July, 1854. In that year began 
 his connection with George Eliot 
 (q.v,), who thenceforth became 
 his faithful companion and sympa- 
 thetic helper, to whose influence 
 and encouragement he undoubtedly 
 owed some of his best work. His 
 " Life of Goethe," perhaps the best 
 known of his books, appeared in 
 
540 
 
 LEWIN— LEWIS. 
 
 1855, and though not an immediate 
 success, was a solid one, especially 
 in Germany,-^ where it was highly 
 appreciated in spite of the boldness 
 of its criticism, and the unpopu- 
 larity of some of its views. From 
 about 1853 he began to turn his 
 attention to scientific, especially 
 biological work, and published the 
 results of his investigations in 
 " Seaside Studies," 1858 ; " Physio- 
 logy of Common Life,"' 1859 ; 
 "Studies in Animal Life,'' 1862; 
 and " Aristotle, a Chapter from the 
 History of Science," 1861'. On the 
 starting of the Fortnightly Review 
 in 1865, he became its editor, a 
 post he retained till succeeded by 
 Mr. John Morley in 1867. He 
 however remained a contributor, 
 and it was for that review he wrote 
 the last paper which appeared 
 publicly under his name. His 
 latest work was " Problems of 
 Life and Mind," which was never 
 completed owing to his sudden 
 death in 1878. Mr. Lewes attained, 
 and deserves, a high place as a 
 writer, but probably he was more 
 remarkable as a talker and as a 
 man whose extraordinary versa- 
 tility of talent impressed all with 
 whom he came in contact. 
 
 LEWIN, Thomas, M.A., F.S.A. 
 [1805 — 1877], one of the Convey- 
 ancing Counsel to the Court of 
 Chancery, was the son of the 
 E,ev. S. J. Lewin, vicar of Ifield, 
 Sussex. He was educated at Mer- 
 chant Taylors' School, and was 
 entered at Worcester College, Ox- 
 ford, but shortly afterwards ob- 
 tained a scholarship at Trinity, and 
 migrated to that college, where he 
 gained a first-class in classics in 
 1828, and in due course took the 
 degrees of B.A. and M.A. He 
 was called to the Bar in 1833, and 
 • after practising successfully at the 
 Chancery Bar for some years, was, 
 in 1853, appointed one of the Con- 
 veyancing Counsel to the Court, 
 which office he held till his death. 
 The work by which he will be best 
 remembered was his " Treatise on 
 
 the Life and Epistles of St. Paul," 
 to which he devoted most of his 
 spare hours during 40 years . Among 
 his other works may be mentioned 
 his " Siege of Jerusalem by Titus," 
 " Caesar's Invasion of Britain," and 
 his " Fasti Sacri ; or a Key to the 
 Chronology of the New Testament." 
 
 LEWIS, George E. He was born 
 in London in 1782, entered the Aca- 
 demy schools, and studied under 
 Fuseli. In 1818 he accompanied the 
 Kev. Dr. Frognall Dibdin on his 
 " Bibliographical and Picturesque 
 Tour through France and Ger- 
 many," making all the illustrations 
 for that work. He also drew some 
 of the illustrations for Dibdin's 
 " Decameron," and was the author 
 of " Groups of the People of France 
 and Germany." He began exhi- 
 biting portraits in the Academy of 
 1820 with from time to time a sub- 
 ject picture. He exhibited 15 paint- 
 ings in the Academy, and nearly 
 an equal number in smaller galle- 
 ries. But painting pictures was not 
 his only Avork ; he published a book 
 on " The Muscles of the Human 
 Frame," the plates engraved by 
 himself after drawings from his 
 own dissections ; " The Early Fonts 
 of England;" "British Trees," 
 and other works. He died at 
 Hampstead, May 15, 1871. 
 
 LEWIS, Frederick Christian, 
 brother of the above, was born 
 in London, March 14, 1770, was 
 apprenticed to Stadler, the en- 
 graver, and studied at the Aca- 
 demy. His first work was for 
 Young Ottley's " Italian School of 
 Design," and he was afterwards em- 
 ployed by Lawrence to engrave in 
 the stipi)le manner some of his 
 chalk portraits, and until the 
 painter's death in 1830 was chiefly 
 employed on this work. He had 
 also much talent for landscape 
 painting, and between 1815-20 was 
 an exhibitor at the old Water 
 Colour Society, and until 1853 at 
 the Academy and other galleries. 
 In 1821 he published " Picturesque 
 Scenery of the River Dart," 
 
LEWIS. 
 
 541 
 
 sketched and eng'raved l»y liiinself. 
 This was followed in 1823 by 
 " Scenery of the Tauiar and the 
 Tavey," and in 1827 by " Scenery 
 of the Exe." He also engraved 
 about 100 plates from the drawings 
 by Claude in the British Museum. 
 He held the appointments of en- 
 graver to the Princess Charlotte, 
 King Leopold of the Belgians, to 
 George IV., William IV., and to 
 H.M. the Queen. He died at 
 Enfield, Dec. 18, 185G. 
 
 LEWIS, John Frederick, R.A., 
 son of the above, was born in 
 London, July 14, 1805. He be- 
 gan his career by a series of 
 studies of animals engraved by 
 himself, and in early life devoted 
 his attention to animal j^ainting. 
 In 1820 he had his first picture in 
 the British Institution, in 1821 
 began exhibiting in the Academy, 
 and in 1828 was elected a member 
 of the Water Coloiu- Society. Soon 
 after this he travelled in Spain, 
 Italy, Turkey, and the East, paint- 
 ing his "Spanish Bull Fight," 
 " Monks Preaching at Seville," 
 " Easter Day," and, while in Cairo, 
 " The Interior of a Harem," one 
 of his best and most beautiful 
 works. In 183G his drawings of 
 Spanish life were published in 
 lithography, but he did not re- 
 turn to England until 1851 ; his 
 execution had by this time become 
 much more minute and his colour 
 more brilliant than in early life. 
 In 1857 he was elected President of 
 the Water Colour Society, and ex- 
 hibited " Frank Halt in the desert 
 of Mount Sinai," which Euskin has 
 called the " climax of water-colour 
 drawdng." In 1857 he was elected 
 honorary member of the Scottish 
 Academy, and in 1858 was chosen 
 A.E.A., and full E.A. in 18G5. In 
 the spring of 1876 he withdrew to 
 the retired list, and died at Walton 
 on Aug. 15 of the same year. There 
 is a collection of his [studies and 
 di-awings in the South Kensington 
 Museum. 
 
 LEWIS, Charles George, 
 
 also a son of F. C. Lewis, the 
 engraver ; followed his father's 
 profession, and was best known by 
 his renderings of Landseer's and 
 Eosa Bonheur's work, but he also 
 engraved from the paintings of his 
 brother, F. C. Lewis. He died at 
 Bognor, June 10, 1880, aged 72. 
 
 LEWIS, Frederick C. He was a 
 brother of the above, and was bom in 
 1813. He studied under Lawrence, 
 and became a painter at a very 
 early age. In 1814 he went to 
 Persia, and thence through Asia 
 Minor to India, where he lived for 
 many years, painting large Indian 
 subjects, of which a number have 
 been engraved by his brother, 
 Charles George Lewis. He died in 
 1875. 
 
 •' LEWIS, Eight Hon. Sir George 
 CoRNEWALL, Bart. [1806 — 1863], 
 son of Sir Thomas Frankland 
 Le^vds, was educated at Eton, and 
 at Christ Church, Oxford, where 
 he graduated as a first-class in 
 classics and second in mathematics 
 in 1828. In 1831 he was caUed to 
 the Bar at the Middle Temple. He 
 was employed on the Commission 
 of Inquiry into the relief of the 
 poor, and into the state of the 
 Church in Ireland, 1835, and on 
 the Commission of Inquiry into the 
 affairs of Malta, 1836. On the 
 resignation of his father, in 1839, 
 he was appointed a Poor-law Com- 
 missioner. He entered Parliament 
 in 1817 as member for Hereford- 
 shire, and was Secretary to the 
 Board of Control from Nov., 18J:7, 
 to May, 18J;8, when he Avas ap- 
 pointed Under- Secx'etary for the 
 Home Department. In July, 1850, 
 he became one of the Secretaries 
 to the Treasury, which office he 
 held until the resignation of Lord 
 John Eussell's ministry in Feb., 
 1S52. He was an unsuccessful can- 
 didate for Herefordshire at the 
 general election of 1852, and at 
 Peterborough soon afterwards ; but 
 in Feb., 1855, he obtained the seat 
 which his father had occuj^ied in 
 Parliament as member for the 
 
542 
 
 LEWIS— LICHFIELD. 
 
 Radnor burghs. He published 
 •works on " The Romance Lan- 
 guages/' " On the Use and Abuse 
 of Political Terms/' the most im- 
 portant of his earlier works, v»^hich 
 shows great power of clear original 
 thinking ; translated Boeckh's 
 '' Public Economy of Athens/' and 
 Mliller's " History of Greek Litera- 
 ture/' besides contributing numer- 
 ous valuable papers to the Law 
 Magazine. In 1836 he went with 
 John Austin to Malta, where they 
 remained for about two years, re- 
 porting on the condition of the 
 island, and framing a new code of 
 laws. On the death of Professor 
 Empson he became editor of the 
 Edinburgh Review, a post he held 
 till he joined the administration of 
 Lord Palmerston in 1855. During 
 that time he wrote the " Treatise 
 on the Methods of Observation and 
 Reasoning in Politics," and the 
 *' Enquiry into the Credibility of 
 the Early Roman History," an im- 
 portant work in which he attacks 
 the theory of epic lays and other 
 theories on which Niebuhr's recon- 
 struction of that History had pro- 
 ceeded. He succeeded his father 
 in the baronetcy in 1855, and was 
 made Chancellor of the Exchequer 
 by Lord Palmerston in the same 
 year. In 1859 he became Home 
 Secretary, and in 1861 succeeded 
 Lord Herbert of Lea at the War 
 Office. His two latest literary 
 works were .the " Survey of the 
 Astronomy of the Ancients," and 
 the " Dialogue on the Best Form 
 of Grovernment." All his writings 
 are remarkable for scholarly re- 
 search and cool common sense. He 
 married Lady Theresa Lister, sister 
 of the Earl of Clarendon, a lady of 
 literary tastes, and their house, 
 Kent House, Knightsbridge, was 
 the meeting place of a delightful 
 circle of friends, among whom were 
 the Grotes, the Austins, J. S. Mill, 
 the Duff Gordons, and others. 
 
 LEWIS, Lady Maria Theresa 
 [1803 — 1865], eldest sister of the 
 Earl of Clarendon, married in 1830 
 
 Thomas Henry Lister, of Armitage 
 Park, Yorkshire, a gentleman of 
 some literary reputation in his day 
 as the author of " Granby," &c., 
 and in 1814 the Right Hon. Sir 
 George Cornewall Lewis, Bart., 
 M.P. (q. v.). She had begun at a 
 very early age to write short tales 
 and dramatic trifles, such as " The 
 Story of Beauty and the Beast, 
 dramatised for juvenile perform- 
 ers," " The Story of Cinderella," 
 &c., published privately, and en- 
 couraged by the success these met 
 with she determined to try some- 
 thing more ambitious, and in 1852 
 published " The Lives of Lord 
 Clarendon's Friends and Contem- 
 poraries." This was followed some 
 years later by "^'Extracts of the 
 Journals and Correspondence of 
 Miss Bei'ry," edited by Lady 
 Theresa. She did not wx'ite the 
 two novels generally ascribed to 
 her, " The Semi-Detached House," 
 and " The Semi- Attached Couple,'* 
 but edited them, they being 
 written by the Hon. Emily Eden. 
 Though her works show no great 
 origina-1 research or power, they 
 were very popular, and gained for 
 her a place in a circle which com- 
 prised the choicest intellects of the 
 day. 
 
 LICHFIELD, Earl of. The 
 Right Hon. Thomas William 
 Anson [1795 — 1851], a Privy Coun- 
 cillor, Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
 Queen's Own Regiment of Stafford- 
 shire Yeomanry, and D.C.L., was 
 the eldest son of Thomas, first 
 Viscount Anson, whom he succeeded 
 as Viscount Anson in 1818. He was 
 sworn a Privy Councillor in 1821, 
 and appointed master of his Ma- 
 jesty's Buckhounds, an office he 
 held till 1831. He became Earl of 
 Lichfield at the coronation of Wil- 
 liam IV. From 1835 to 1811 he 
 was Postmaster-General, and dur- 
 ing that time the system of a uni- 
 form penny-postage came into ope- 
 ration. One of the most remark- 
 able coincidences in his political 
 life was the assemblage a,t his house 
 
LINDLEY— LINDSAY. 
 
 513 
 
 of a great party gathering, called 
 together to make some arrange- 
 ments with O'Connell and other 
 Irish members, and often refeiTed to 
 afterwards as the " Lichfield House 
 Compact." In 18 i-2 the Earl fell into 
 pecuniary difficulties, and his house 
 in St. James's Square had to be 
 dismantled and the contents sold 
 by public auction. 
 
 LINDLEY, John, M.D., Ph.D., 
 F.K.S. [1799— 1 805], an eminent 
 botanist, was born at Calton, near 
 Norwich, where his father, who 
 wrote " A Guide to the Orchard 
 and Kitchen Garden," kept a nur- 
 sery garden. He was sent to Nor- 
 wich Grammar School, and soon 
 developed a taste for the studies 
 in which he afterwards distin- 
 guished himself. His earliest work, 
 a translation of the " Analyse du 
 Fruit" of Richard, appeared in 
 1819, and was followed a year later 
 by an original '' Monographia Eo- 
 sarum," and other works of a like 
 kind, which soon attracted public 
 notice. He went to London in 1828, 
 where he was chiefly employed by 
 Loudon in writing the descriptive 
 part of the " Encyclopaedia of 
 Plants." That w^ork was published 
 in 1829, and for some years after 
 that Lindley wrote and published 
 numerous books and papers on the 
 arrangement, genera, and species 
 of plants, all teaching and advo- 
 cating the " natural system " of 
 Jussieu as oj^jDosed to the " arti- 
 ficial " system of Linnaeus followed 
 in the Encyclopaedia. In 1829 
 Lindley, who had been assistant- 
 secretary to the Horticultural So- 
 ciety since 1822, was appointed to 
 the chair of botany in University 
 College, London, besides which he 
 lectured on botany at the Royal 
 Institution, and at the Botanic 
 Gardens, Chelsea. During his pro- 
 fessorship, which lasted upwards of 
 thirty years, he "WTote numerous 
 scientific and popular works, and 
 contributed very largely to the 
 Botanical Register, of which he was 
 editor^ and to the Gardeners' 
 
 Chronicle. He was a D.C.L., held 
 an honorary degree of Ph.D. from 
 the University of Munich, and was 
 a Fellow of the Royal, Linnean, 
 and Geological Societies, and was 
 admitted to a large number of 
 foreign scientific bodies. He re- 
 signed his chair in 1860. He was 
 associated with Sir Joseph Paxton 
 in superintending the interior of 
 the first Crystal Palace, and the 
 library and museum of the Horti- 
 cultural Society were for many 
 years under his care. 
 
 LINDLEY, Robert [1776—1855], 
 perhaps the greatest of English 
 violoncellists. He was born at 
 Rotherham, and began the violin 
 at five years old, and the violoncello 
 at nine. For seven years he worked 
 assiduously, and then James Cer- 
 vetto, hearing him play, undertook 
 his instruction. His first appear- 
 ance was made at the Brighton 
 Theatre. In 1791 he took the 
 post of principal violoncello at the 
 Opera, and for nearly sixty years 
 retained undisjDuted sway in all 
 concerts. His tone was rich and 
 mellow in the extreme, but he 
 played on much thicker strings 
 than are used now, his first string 
 being equal to that used as second 
 by players of this day. As a com- 
 poser he did not shine, but for 
 style and execution he has very 
 rarely, if ever, been surpassed. 
 
 LINDSAY, William Schaw 
 [1816 — 1877], merchant and ship- 
 owner, was born in Ayi-, N.B., 
 At fifteen years of age he left 
 home with only a few shillings 
 in his pocket to go to sea, and 
 worked his passage to Liverpool by 
 trimming coals in a steamer. He 
 arrived there friendless and desti- 
 tute, and seven weeks passed before 
 he was able to obtain employment 
 when he was engaged as a cabin- 
 boy in the Isabella, West Indiaman. 
 After undergoing many hardships, 
 he became second mate in 1831, 
 chief mate in 1835, and was ap- 
 pointed to the command of a mer- 
 chantman in 1836, being then in 
 
544 
 
 LINaABD— LINNELL. 
 
 his nineteenth year. In 1837 Mr, 
 Lindsay left the sea, and in 1841 
 was appointed agent for the Castle- 
 Eden Coal Company, in which capa- 
 city he was mainly instrumental 
 in getting Hartlepool made an in- 
 dependent port, and rendered ma- 
 terial assistance in the establish- 
 ment of its docks and wharves. In 
 1845 he removed to London, and 
 laid the foundation of that exten- 
 sive business which entitled him to 
 rank as one of the " merchant 
 princes"^ of the metropolis. He 
 wrote various pamj^hlets and letters 
 on questions connected with the 
 shijjping interest, as well as im- 
 portant works, entitled " Our Navi- 
 gation and Mercantile and Marine 
 Laws considered," published in 
 1853 ; " Our Merchant Shipping," 
 in 18G0 ; and his large and impor- 
 tant " History of Merchant Ship- 
 ping and Ancient Commerce," 
 1874, He was an unsuccessful can- 
 didate for Monmouth in Aj^ril, and 
 for Dartmouth in July, 1852. Un- 
 daunted by these defeats, he per- 
 severed, and was elected, after a 
 severe contest, for Tynemouth and 
 North Shields, in March, 1854 ; was 
 re-elected, without opposition, in 
 March, 1857 ; was returned one of 
 the members for Sunderland at the 
 general election in Aj)ril, 1859, and 
 on account of ill-health did not seek 
 re-election. His parliamentary 
 career was marked by zealous at- 
 tention to maritime interests, both 
 naval and commercial, and he took 
 an active part in the formation of 
 the Administrative Reform Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 LINGARD, John [1771—1851], 
 the Roman Catholic historian of 
 England, was born of humble pa- 
 rentage at Winchester. He was 
 educated at the English College at 
 Douay, where he remained until a 
 short time after the declaration of 
 war by England in 1793. In 1794 
 he, with seven other members of 
 the old Douay College, settled at 
 Crook Hall, near Durham, and es- 
 tablished a new Seminary there, of 
 
 which he became vice-presidents 
 In 1811, after declining the presi- 
 dency of the college at Maynooth, 
 he retired to the secluded mission 
 at Hornby, in Lancashire, where 
 he spent the rest of his life. In 
 1821 Pope Pius VII. created him 
 doctor of divinity and of canon and 
 civil law, and in 1825 Leo XII. is 
 said to have offered him a cardinal's 
 hat. Among his works may be 
 mentioned " The Antiquities of the 
 Anglo-Saxon Church," 1806, of 
 which a third edition appeared in 
 1845; and his great work, "A 
 History of England, from the first 
 invasion by the Romans to the com- 
 mencement of the reign of William 
 III.," which ajjpeared originally in 
 8 vols, at different times between 
 1819 and 1830. A fifth edition in 
 10 vols. 8vo, appeared in 1849, and 
 a sixth, with life of the author, by 
 Tierney, 1854-55. Soon after its 
 appearance it was translated into 
 French, German, and Italian. Mr. 
 Hallam, in his " Constitutional 
 History," characterizes Dr. Lingard 
 as " a late writer whose acuteness 
 and industry would raise him to a 
 very respectable place among our 
 historians if he could have re- 
 pressed the inveterate partiality of 
 his profession," while Macaulay 
 sjjoke of him in his Essays as 
 " undoubtedly a very able and 
 well-informed writer, but whose 
 fundamental rule of judging seems 
 to be that the popular opinion on 
 an historical question cannot pos- 
 sibly be correct." 
 
 LINNELL, John, painter, born 
 in London in June, 1792, painted in 
 oil as early as 1804, and was, about 
 1805, fellow-pupil with William 
 Hunt, the water-colour j)ainter, for 
 one year, of John Varley, the father 
 of the existing school of water-colour 
 painting. He first exhibited at the 
 Academy in 1807, " Fishermen, a 
 Scene from Nature," and at the 
 British Institution in 1808. He 
 obtained a medal at the Royal Aca- 
 demy in 1807, for a drawing from 
 the life, and another, in 1810, for 
 
LINTON— LINWOOD. 
 
 545 
 
 the best model from the life, and 
 the prize of fifty guineas at the 
 British Institution for the best 
 landscape, in Jan., 1809. He exhi- 
 bited at the Academy again in 1821, 
 landscape and portraits. During 
 the interval he painted many views 
 in Wales and elsewhere, and from 
 1818 till 1820 he had exhibited at 
 the Society in Spring Gardens. 
 Throughout the earlier and greater 
 part of Linnell's career, he painted 
 a much larger number of portraits 
 than of landscapes. The latter in- 
 clude " A View in Windsor Forest," 
 " A Sandy Road," and " A Heath 
 Scene." Among his numerous por- 
 traits are ''A Family Group — the 
 Artist's Children," a miniature on 
 ivory, in 1825 ; his portraits of fel- 
 low-artists, Calcott in 1832, Mul- 
 ready in 1833, Philips in 1835; of 
 such men as Malthus in 1833, Emp- 
 son in 1834, Warren in 1837, Whately 
 in 1838, the elder Sterling and 
 Thomas Carlyle in 1844, Sir Robert 
 Peel (twice, in 1838 and 1839), and 
 Lord Lansdowne in 1840. His sub- 
 sequent landscape pictures include 
 "The Morning Walk," in 1847; 
 "The WindmiU," and "A Wood 
 Scene," both in the Vernon Gal- 
 lery; " Eve of the Deluge," in 
 1848; "The Return of Ulysses," 
 in 1849. His more recent pictures 
 ■were "Christ and the Woman of 
 Samaria at the WeU," " The Dis- 
 obedient Prophet," "The Last 
 Gleam before the Storm," "Cross- 
 ing the Brook," " The Timber Wag- 
 gon," "Barley Harvest," "Under 
 the Hawthorn," " Chalk," and " Har- 
 vest Showers," in the exhibition of 
 the Royal Academy for 1868, " The 
 Lost Sheep," in 1869; "Sleeping 
 for Sorrow," in 1870 ; " Shelter," 
 in 1871 ; " The Ford," in 1872 ; "A 
 Coming Storm," in 1873; and 
 "Woodcutters," in 1874; "Woods 
 and Forests," in 1875 ; " The Hol- 
 low Tree," in 1876 ; " Autumn," in 
 1877; and "The Heath," in 1878. 
 Linnell refused to become a member 
 of the Academy, as he considered 
 himself to have been Blighted by 
 
 that body; but out of 276 pic- 
 tures which he exhibited 176 ap- 
 peared in the Academy. There are 
 three pictures by him in the Na- 
 tional Gallery, and three in the 
 South Kensington collection. He 
 died January 20th, 1882. 
 
 LINTON, William. He was 
 born in Liverpool towards the end 
 of the last century, was brought up 
 to trade, but became an artist, and 
 exhibited his first painting in 1819. 
 He painted a number of landscapes 
 of Italian, Greek, and Eastern sub- 
 jects : "The Temple at Psestum" 
 is in the National Gallery. He ex- 
 hibited 236 pictures, chiefly at the 
 British Artists', of which society he 
 was a member. He died in 1876. 
 
 LINWOOD, Miss Mary, whose 
 artistic and wonderful needlework 
 has excited so much admiration in 
 England and on the Continent, 
 since it was first exhibited in 1798, 
 was born in Birmingham in the 
 year 1755. Her work differed from 
 the famous Gobelins tapestry in so 
 far as the latter was produced with 
 the shuttle, the artist working from 
 behind, while Miss Linwood worked 
 entirely with the needle, and stand- 
 ing: before the canvas. Her sub- 
 jects were chosen from the paintings 
 of the best masters, and so exqui 
 sitely wrought that it was almost 
 impossible to tell that they were 
 produced by the needle and not by 
 the pencil. The entire collection 
 consisted of nearly one hundred 
 pictures, the largest of which, "The 
 Judgment upon Cain," she com- 
 pleted in her 75th year. Perhaps 
 the best one was the " Salvator 
 Mundi," worked by her from the 
 original by Carlo Dolce, and which 
 she bequeathed to the Qaeen, 
 having refused the offer of 3,000 
 guineas for it. In 1804 her works 
 were exhibited in Edinburgh, and 
 afterwards at Glasgow, Belfast, 
 Limerick, and Cork. In 1809 they 
 were transferred to some rooms in 
 Leicester Square, where they re- 
 mained for some time on exhibition. 
 Miss Linwood died at her residence, 
 
 N N 
 
546 
 
 LISaAE— LISTON. 
 
 Belgrave Gate, Leicester, March 2, 
 1845, aged 90. 
 
 LISGAR (Baron), The Eight 
 Hon. John Young, G.C.M.G., 
 G.C.B. [1807— 1876], was the eldest 
 son of Sir William Young, of Bailie- 
 horough, an East Indian director, 
 who was created a baronet in 1821. 
 His mother was Lucy, youngest 
 daughter of Lieut.-Col. Frederick, 
 K.B., and niece of Sir John Frede- 
 rick, of Burwood-park, Surrey. His 
 family is of ancient Scotch extrac- 
 tion, thoughsettled in Ireland from 
 the time of our earlier Stuart sove- 
 reigns. He was educated at Corpus 
 Christi College, Oxford, of which he 
 was a gentleman commoner, and 
 where he took his bachelor's degree 
 in 1829. In 1834 he was called to 
 the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, but never 
 appears to have actively followed 
 the profession. He entered Parlia- 
 ment at the general election of 
 1831 as one of the members for the 
 county of Cavan, sitting in the 
 Conservative interest ; his Toryism, 
 however, was of a very moderate 
 character, and in his career he fol- 
 lowed on the whole the fortunes of 
 the Peelite party. He was ap- 
 pointed a Lord of the Treasury by 
 Sir Robert Peel on his accession to 
 office in 1841, and held the Secre- 
 taryship of the Treasury from 1844 
 to the fall of the administration of 
 his chief. He acted as Chief Secre- 
 tary for Ireland under Lord Aber- 
 deen's administration from 1852 to 
 1855, and as Lord High Commis- 
 sioner of the Ionian Islands from 
 the latter date down to 1859. From 
 1861 to 1867 he was Governor of 
 New South Wales, and returning 
 to England was soon after nomi- 
 nated to the Governor- Generalship 
 of Canada, which post he held till 
 June, 1872. He succeeded his fa- 
 ther as second baronet May 10, 
 18 48 ; was sworn of the Privy Coun- 
 cil in 1852 ; was nominated a 
 G.C.M.G. in 1855, and a Knight 
 Gi-and Cross of the Bath (civil divi- 
 sion) in 1868 ; and was raised to 
 the peerage of the United Kingdom 
 
 by the title of Baron Lisgar, of 
 Lisgar and Bailieborough, co. 
 Cavan, Oct. 8, 1870. He married, 
 in 1835, Adelaide Annabella, daugh- 
 ter of Marchioness of Headfort, by 
 her first husband, Mr. Edward Taite 
 Dalton, but left no issue. 
 
 LISTER, Thomas Henry, best 
 known as the author of the novel, 
 " Granby," was born in 1801, and 
 was the son of Thomas Lister, 
 cousin-german to the first Lord 
 Ribblesdale. Besides the novel 
 just mentioned, which appeared in 
 1826, he wrote "Herbert Lacy," 
 ''Arlington,'' ''Annie Gray,'* 
 " Hulse House," and one or two 
 others. He was for many years 
 Registrar-General of Births, Deaths, 
 and Marriages. He died at Kent 
 House, Knightsbridge, the residence 
 of his relative, the Earl of Morley, 
 June 5, 1842. 
 
 LISTON, John, the well-known 
 comedian, was the son of a watch- 
 maker in the parish of St. Anne's, 
 Soho, where he was born in 1776. 
 He began life as teacher in a day- 
 school in Castle Street, Leicester 
 Square, which he left to go on the 
 stage. He was for many years a 
 tragedian, and indeed only disco- 
 vered that he had mistaken his 
 powers after he had been jilaying 
 for some time at Newcastle-upon- 
 Tyne, in the company of Stephen 
 Kemble. Under Kemble's manage- 
 ment he became a very successful 
 performer of low comedy, and re- 
 ceiving a strong recommendation 
 from Charles Kemble, he came to 
 London and was engaged by Colman 
 for the Haymarket in 1805, In the 
 same year he was engaged by Mr. 
 Harris for Covent Garden, where 
 he appeared as Jacob Gawkey, in 
 " The Chai)ter of Accidents," and 
 where he continued to act till 1823, 
 when he removed to Drury Lane at 
 a salary of dB40 a week. In 1831 he 
 was engaged by Madame Vestris 
 for the Olyanpic Theatre at a salary 
 of dBlOO a week, and at that theatre 
 he may be said to have closed his 
 theatrical career, for with the ex- 
 
LISTON— LIVING STONE . 
 
 547 
 
 ception of a few nights at Covent 
 Garden afterwards, he did not accept 
 any fresh engagements. While 
 Liston was playing '"^Paul Pry" at 
 the Haymarket the proprietor 
 cleared ^7,000, Liston receiving 
 a large salary. For several years 
 when starring for a few nights in 
 the provinces he received from =£250 
 to d£350 as his share of the receipts 
 of one week, and being a prudent 
 man he died possessed of considera- 
 ble wealth. He appeared for the last 
 time in public at Covent Garden, at 
 the benefit of Mr. George Eodwell 
 the composer, who married his only 
 daughter, Emma Liston. He mar- 
 ried, in 1807, Miss Tyrer, of Covent 
 Garden Theatre, and left two chil- 
 dren, a son and a daughter. He 
 died at his residence, George's Ter- 
 race, near Hvde Park Corner, March 
 22, 1846, aged 69. 
 
 LISTOX, Mrs. [1780—1854], 
 widow of the actor Liston, whose 
 maiden name was Tyrer, was her- 
 self an actress of some note, a 
 pupil of Kelly and Mrs. Crouch. 
 She first appeared in public at the 
 concerts of the Eotunda in Dublin. 
 In 1800 she was engaged by JSIr. 
 Colman for the Haymarket, appear- 
 ing as Josephine in " The Children 
 in the "Wood," and was very well 
 received. Soon after she appeared 
 at Covent Garden as Margerv in 
 " Love in a Tillage.^' She married 
 Liston in 1S07, and continued on 
 the stage till 1823, becoming a great 
 favourite with the public. In sta- 
 ture she was almost a dwarf. 
 
 LIVINGSTONE , T^e Eev. Da- 
 vid [1817—1873], African traveller 
 and missionary, was born at Blan- 
 tyre, upon the banks of the Clyde, 
 near Glasgow. Though descended 
 from a respectable line of Highland 
 ancestors, hi^ parents were in hum- 
 ble circumstances, and his father, 
 who kept a small tea-dealer's shop 
 at Hamilton, is represented by 
 his son in the biographical sketch 
 prefixed to his travels, as having 
 been much too honest and conscien- 
 tious to become a wealth v man. 
 
 He died in 1856, having lived to 
 witness the fruits of that love of 
 honest industry, active exertion, 
 and benevolence, which he early 
 instilled into the breast of his son. 
 David Livingstone, sent as a youth 
 to earn his livelihood in the cotton- 
 mills of Blantyre, was, even at that 
 time, possessed with a genuine love 
 of learning. Enabled by hard la- 
 bour to purchase the means of 
 gratifying his thirst for informa- 
 tion, he piu'sued his studies at 
 Glasgow during the winter months, 
 resuming his occuj^ation at the 
 mills dvu-ing the summer vacation 
 of the classes. In this way he con- 
 trived to pick up some acquaint- 
 ance with the classical writers. As 
 he grew to manhood, he resolved to 
 devote himself to missionary life, 
 cherishing a hope that Africa or 
 China would be the scene of his 
 labours. His wishes in this respect 
 were realized, for after having 
 studied medicine for a few years, 
 during which period he attended 
 one or two courses of theological 
 lectures by Dr. Wardlaw, and hav- 
 ing been admitted a Licentiate 
 of the Factdty of Physicians and 
 Surgeons in 1838, he offered himself 
 to the London Missionary Society 
 for missionary work in Africa, and 
 his offer was accepted. Having 
 been ordained to the pastoral office 
 in 1840, he soon after left England 
 for Port Natal, where he became 
 acquainted with his countryman, 
 the Eev. Eobert Moffat, one of the 
 most active and enterprising of 
 African missionaries, whose daugh- 
 ter he eventually married, and she 
 accompanied him in his travels 
 until her premature death in 1862. 
 From 1840 till his return to Eng- 
 land at the close of 1856, he la- 
 boured perseveringly, as one of the 
 agents of the London Missionary 
 Society, at Kuruman, Mabodson, and 
 other stations in Southern Africa, 
 and made several expeditions into 
 the interior. He became acquainted 
 with the language, habits, and re- 
 lictions notions of several savage 
 
 ^' N 2 
 
548 
 
 LIVINGSTONE. 
 
 tribes, and twice crossed the entire 
 continent, a little south of the tropic 
 of Capricorn, from the shores of the 
 Indian Ocean to those of the At- 
 lantic. In May, 1855, the Victoria, 
 or Patron's Gold Medal, was he- 
 stowed upon him by the Eoyal 
 Geographical Society for having 
 " traversed South Africa from the 
 Cape of Good Hope, by Lake Ngami 
 to Linganti, and thence to the 
 Western Coast, in ten degrees south 
 latitude." In 1855 Dr. Livingstone 
 retraced his steps eastwards, and 
 having again traversed those re- 
 gions as far as Linganti, followed 
 the Zambesi down to its mouths 
 upon the shore of the Indian Ocean, 
 thus completing the entire journey 
 across Southern Africa. He re- 
 turned to England at the close of 
 1856, and was present at a meeting 
 of the Eoyal Geographical Society, 
 Dec. 15, when the president. Sir E.. 
 Murchison, reminded his audience 
 that " they were met together for 
 the purpose of welcoming Dr. Liv- 
 ingstone, on his return home from 
 South Africa, after an absence of 
 sixteen years, during which, whilst 
 endeavouring to spread the blessings 
 of Christianity through lands never 
 before trodden by the foot of any 
 European, he had made geographi- 
 cal discoveries of incalculable im- 
 portance. In all his various jour- 
 neys. Dr. Livingstone had travelled 
 over no fewer than 11,000 miles of 
 African territory, and he had come 
 back to England as the pioneer of 
 sound and useful knowledge; for, 
 by his astronomical observations, 
 ho had determined the sites of 
 numerous places, hills, rivers, and 
 lakes, nearly all of which had been 
 hitherto unknown, while he had 
 seized upon every opportunity of 
 describing the physical features, 
 climatology, and geological struc- 
 ture of the countries which he had 
 explored, and had pointed out many 
 now sources of commerce as yet 
 unknown to the scope and the en- 
 terprise of the British merchant." 
 Probably this is not an exagger- 
 
 ated estimate of the value of 
 Dr. Livingstone's explorations in 
 South Africa, considered merely in 
 a commercial point of view. This 
 distinguished traveller modestly 
 propounded his views on the ques- 
 tion of African civilization, by re- 
 commending the growth of cotton 
 upon an extensive scale in the inte- 
 rior of that continent, and the 
 opening up of commercial relations 
 between this country and the South 
 African tribes, as measures likely 
 to contribute to the abolition of the 
 slave-trade, and to advance the 
 cause of European civilisation. In 
 March, 1858, he returned to Africa, 
 accompanied by a small band of 
 assistants, sent out by Her Ma- 
 jesty^s Government. He entered 
 Lake Nyassa, Sept. 2, 1861, and 
 made further explorations. His 
 wife, who had accompanied him in 
 many of his perilous journeys, died 
 of fever at Shupanga, April 27, 
 1862, and what was termed the 
 Zambesi expedition was recalled in 
 July, 1863. Dr. Livingstone reached 
 London, July 20, 1864, and after 
 giving interesting particulars re- 
 specting his discoveries, and mak- 
 ing arrangements for other explo- 
 rations, again quitted England in 
 April, 1865. A report reached Eng- 
 land early in March, 1867, to the 
 effect that Dr. Livingstone had 
 fallen in a skirmish with the natives 
 near Lake Nyassa ; but the accu- 
 racy of the rumour was questioned. 
 An expedition to the interior of 
 Africa in search of this distinguished 
 traveller, left England under the 
 command of Mr. E . D. Young, June 9, 
 1867. On Jan. 18th, 1868, intelli- 
 gence was received in London to 
 the effect that the members of the 
 Search Expedition were satisfied 
 that Dr. Livingstone was still alive, 
 and this conclusion was soon shown 
 to be correct, as on the 8th of April 
 letters were received here from the 
 great traveller himself, dated from 
 a district far beyond the place where 
 he was said to liave been murdered, 
 and announcing that he was in good 
 
LIZARS— LLOYD. 
 
 510 
 
 health. In July, 1868, he was near 
 Lake Bangweolo, in South Central 
 Africa, whence he wrote to say he 
 believed he might safely assert that 
 the chief sources of the Nile arise 
 between 10° and 12" south latitude, 
 or nearly in the position assigned 
 to them by Ptolemy, whose River 
 Rhapta is probably the Rovuma. 
 This letter was printed in the Times 
 of Nov. 10, 1869. The last commu- 
 nication was received from Dr. 
 Livingstone, dated Ujiji, May 13, 
 1869. Supplies were sent to him, 
 but hardly any of them reached 
 him. In Feb. 1871, the editor of 
 the New York Herald sent Mr. H. 
 M. Stanley in search of Living- 
 stone. He was found in Ujiji, 
 Nov. 3, 1871, very ill, and reduced 
 to the last extremity. He refused 
 to return to England, however, 
 having determined if possible to 
 discover the true sources of the 
 Nile. He struggled on, getting 
 more and more feeble, and at last 
 was carried to Ulalu, where he 
 died. May 1, 1873. His body was 
 brought to England, and buried in 
 Westminster Abbey. Dr. Living- 
 stone wrote "Travels and Re- 
 searches in South Africa," pub- 
 lished in 1857 ; and " Expedition 
 to the Zambesi and its Tributaries," 
 in 1865. " The Last Journals of 
 David Livingstone in Central 
 Africa, from 1865 to his death," 
 appeared in 1871. 
 
 LIZARS, William Home. He 
 was the son and pupil of his 
 father Daniel Lizars, an engraver 
 and copperplate printer of Edin- 
 burgh, where William Home was 
 born in 1788. In 1802 he became a 
 student of the Trustees' Academy, 
 where he studied painting. Among 
 his first engravings is "The Es- 
 cape of Queen Mary from Loch- 
 leven," and soon after this was 
 published he began exhibiting por- 
 traits and subject pictures. His 
 "Reading the WHl," and "A 
 Scotch Wedding," were exhibited 
 in the Academy of 1812, and after- 
 wards engraved. But at this time 
 
 his mother and a large family 
 were, by his father's death, left 
 dependent on him, and for their 
 support he sacrificed his artistic 
 hopes and devoted himself to the 
 printing business. He died in Edin- 
 burgh, March 30, 1859. 
 
 LLANOVER, Right Hon. Lord 
 [1802 — 1867], better known under 
 his former name of Sir Benjamin 
 Hall, Bart., was the eldest son of 
 Benjamin Hall, Esq., of Hensol 
 Castle, Glamorgan. He was edu- 
 cated at Westminster, and Christ 
 Church, Oxford, and entered Par- 
 liament in 1831 as M.P. for Mon- 
 mouth, which borough he repre- 
 sented, with a slight interruption, 
 down to 1837, when he was elected 
 for Marylebone, and sat for that 
 constituency until 1859, when he 
 was elevated to the peerage. He 
 was appointed in 1854 President of 
 the Board of Health, and sworn a 
 member of the Privy Council, and 
 held the post of First Commissioner 
 of Works and Public Buildings from 
 Aug., 1855, till the retirement of 
 Lord Palmerston's Government in 
 Feb. 1858. That position was no sine- 
 cure to him, and he discharged its 
 duties with efficiency and ability. In 
 Parliament, before taking office, he 
 was distinguished by his zeal in the 
 cause of ecclesiastical reform. In 
 1861 he was appointed Lord-Lieu- 
 tenant of Monmouthshire. Lady 
 Llanover earned some reputation in 
 literary circles by editing " The 
 Diary of Mrs. Delany," published 
 in 1861. 
 
 LLOYD, The Rev. Bartholo- 
 mew, D.D. He was Provost of Trinity 
 College, Dublin, President of the 
 Roval Irish Academy, &c. He died 
 at Dublin, Nov. 21th, 1837. 
 
 LLOYD, Rev. Humphrey, D.D., 
 D.C.L., F.R.S. [1800—1881], eldest 
 son of the Rev. Bartholomew Lloyd, 
 was born in Dublin, and educated 
 at a school there and at Trinity 
 College (1815). He was elected 
 scholar in 1818, and graduated in 
 1820, having won the gold medal 
 for science, and was elected a 
 
550 
 
 LOCKHOEE— LOCKHAET. 
 
 Tellow and Tutor in 1824-. In 1831 
 he resigned the office of tutor on 
 being elected Professor of Natural 
 Philosophy. During- his tenure of 
 this office Professor Lloyd devoted 
 himself specially to the sciences of 
 light and magnetism. In 1832 he un- 
 dertook the experimental investiga- 
 tion of the laws of refraction in 
 bisexal crystals, and succeeded in 
 verifying the law of polarization in 
 the emergent cone. In 1838, at 
 his suggestion, the Board of Trinity 
 College founded a magnetical ob- 
 servatory in Dublin^ which was 
 placed under his direction. In the 
 same year he was appointed by the 
 British Association one of a com- 
 mittee, the other members of which 
 were Sir John Herschel, Mr. Whe- 
 well, and Mr. Peacock, to represent 
 to the Government the scientific 
 importance of sending out a naval 
 expedition to the southern hemi- 
 sphere, to suj)ply the deficiency of 
 our knowledge of terrestrial mag- 
 netism, and of establishing mag- 
 netical observatories at certain 
 points of the British Colonies in 
 India. The Government took up 
 the idea, and invited the other 
 princijDal states of Europe to co- 
 operate. Professor Lloyd and Co- 
 lonel Sabine visited Berlin and 
 Gottingen in 1839, to invite the 
 assistance of Humboldt, Gauss, and 
 Kupfer. The preparation of the 
 written instructions for the conduct 
 of the observatories was committed 
 to Professor Lloyd, who likewise 
 undertook, at the request of the 
 Board of Ordnance and the East 
 India Company, to instruct the 
 officers ai:ipointed to direct them in 
 the use of the instruments. He 
 resigned the chair of natural philo- 
 sophy in 1843 on succeeding to a 
 Senior Fellowship. • He was or- 
 dained a minister of the United 
 Church of Enghmd and Ireland 
 shortly after taking his degree at 
 Trinity College. He was a F.R.S. 
 of London and Edinburgh, and an 
 honorary member of the Philoso- 
 phical Societies of Cambridge and 
 
 Manchester, and of several scienti- 
 fic societies of Europe and America. 
 He received from the Irish Academy 
 the Cunningham medal for his re- 
 searches in light and magnetism, 
 and the British Association chose 
 him for its President at the meet- 
 ing held at Dublin in 1857. He 
 was a D.D. of Trinity College, and 
 an hon. D.C.L. of Oxford (1856). 
 In 1867 he was appointed Provost 
 of Trinity College (an office previ- 
 ously held by his father) by the 
 Government of Mr. Disraeli. 
 
 LO CHORE, Robert [1762— 
 1852], author of " Tales in Rhyme 
 and Minor Pieces, in the Scottish 
 Dialect,"^ 1815, and an intimate 
 friend of Burns, was born at 
 Strathaven, and began life as a 
 shoemaker. Among his best known 
 pieces are " Walter's Waddin," 
 " A Kintra Laird's Courtship," and 
 " Last Speech of the Auld Brig of 
 Glasgow on being Condemned to 
 be taken down," the latter of which 
 he wrote at the age of eighty-two. 
 He was the founder of the Glasgow 
 Annuity Society. 
 
 LOCKHART, John Gibson. He 
 was born at Cambusnethan, in 
 Lanarkshire, June 12, 1794, where 
 his father was minister; but two 
 years later Dr. Lockhart moved to 
 Glasgow, and was for nearly fifty 
 years minister of Blackfriars 
 Church. John Lockhart was edu- 
 cated at Glasgow High School and 
 College, and at the age of fourteen 
 entered Balliol College, Oxford, 
 on a Snell exhibition, and in his 
 nineteenth year came oiit first in 
 classics, notwithstanding the most 
 audacious employment of his time 
 in caricaturing the examiners. Ho 
 was destined for the Scottish bar, 
 but before settling to study, tra- 
 velled in Germany, and translated 
 Schlogers " Lectures on the Study 
 of History." In 1S16 he was called 
 to the Scottish bar,lmt his brilliant 
 powers of conversation did not com- 
 prise that of piiblic speaking, and 
 he adopted literature as a i>rofes- 
 sion. In 1817 he joined the staff 
 
LOCKH ART— LOCKE . 
 
 531 
 
 of the then newly-founded Black- 
 wood's Magazine, to which he con- 
 tributed scholarly papers on various 
 subjects, his translations of " Spa- 
 nish Ballads/' and many attacks 
 and recriminations on the "Whig 
 party, and on the Edinburgh Review. 
 In 1818 the brilliant and handsome 
 young writer was introduced to Sir 
 Walter Scott, whose eldest daughter 
 he married, April, 1820. Between 
 1818 and 1825 he was writing much 
 for Blackwood, and was indefati- 
 gably at work on his own account. 
 In 1819 he published " Peter's 
 Letters to his Kinsfolk;" "Vale- 
 rius, a Eoman Story/' in 1821 ; 
 '* Adam Blair," in 1822 ; and " Ee- 
 ginald Dalton," in 1823. On the 
 death of Gifford, in 1826, the editor- 
 ship of the Quarterly Review was 
 offered to Lockhart, and accepted, 
 and he conducted that important 
 organ of the Tory party for twenty- 
 eight years. He contributed largely 
 to the Review, but found time to 
 keep up his connection with Black- 
 wood, and wrote for Constable's 
 Miscellany, what still remains the 
 most charming of the biographies 
 of Burns ; and in 1829 undertook 
 the superintendence of the series 
 known as " Murray's Family Li- 
 brary," which he opened with a 
 " Life of Napoleon." But the work 
 with w^hieh Lockhart' s name is 
 pre-eminently associated is his "Life 
 of Walter Scott," a task of duty 
 and of love, from which the writer 
 reaped no part of the proceeds, but 
 resigned them absolutely to Scott's 
 creditors. Lockliart's London life, 
 though one of social and literary 
 success^ was darkened by heavy 
 sorrows. In 1831 his eldest boyj 
 the " Hugh Little John " of the 
 " Tales of a Grandfather," died. Sir 
 Walter Scott died in 1832; and 
 Anne Scott, who had come to live 
 with the Lockharts, followed him 
 in 1833. He lost his wife in 1837 ; 
 and the death of his son Walter, 
 1852, was as grievous as his 
 
 m 
 
 life had been. Failing health com- 
 pelled Lockhart to resign the edi- 
 
 torship of the Quarterly in 1853, 
 and he retired, to the seclusion of 
 Abbotsford, where he died Nov. 25, 
 1854. He is buried in Dry burgh 
 Abbey, at the feet of Walter 
 Scott. 
 
 LOCKHART, Colonel Laurence 
 Maxwell [1832—1882], of the 92nd 
 Highlanders, was a nephew of the 
 preceding. . He made his first ap- 
 pearance as a novelist, with the 
 extravaganza, " Double or Quits," 
 and afterwards wi-ote two clever 
 stories, " Fair to See," and " Mine 
 is Thine." After the death of 
 Colonel Pemberton, he became 
 Times Correspondent during the 
 Franco-German war of 1870. He 
 died at Mentone, aged 50, Mar. 23, 
 1882. 
 
 LOCKE, Joseph, M.P. [1805— 
 1860], civil engineer, was born at 
 Attercliffe, near Sheffield, in 1805, 
 and educated at the Grammar 
 School, at Barnsley, in Yorkshire, 
 after which he was placed under 
 Geoi-ge Stephenson, at Xewcastle- 
 on-Tyne, remaining with him for 
 a period of five or six years. In 
 1826 George Stephenson becoming 
 chief engineer of the Manchester 
 and Liverpool Railway, Mr. Locke 
 was employed upon the works of 
 that line until it was opened in 
 1830. Soon after the completion 
 of this line, the railway from War- 
 rington to Birmingham was started 
 in 1832-33. George Stephenson 
 was at first the engineer, but the 
 line was subsequently formed by 
 Mr. Locke, and opened in 1837, 
 being called the Grand Junction. 
 The Lancaster and Preston line 
 was begun in 1837, and opened in 
 1840, in which latter year the 
 Sheffield and Manchester line was 
 also begun, Mr. Locke being chief 
 engineer in both undertakings. 
 Before the completion of the Grand 
 Junction line, a railway had been 
 begun from London to Soiithamp- 
 ton, and Mr. Locke now undertook 
 to finish it. The first section of the 
 line from Nine Elms to Woking 
 was opened in 1838, and the whole 
 
552 
 
 LOCOCK— LODGE, 
 
 main line completed in 184D. Mr, 
 Locke next undertook the con- 
 struction of several Continental 
 lines, among wliicli may be men- 
 tioned the Paris and Kouen, and 
 Eouen and Havre lines^ the Caen 
 and Cherbourg line, opened in 
 1856 ; the line between Barcelona 
 and Mattaro, in Spain ; and the 
 Dutch Rhenish Railway, com- 
 pleted in 1856. In conjunction 
 with John Edward Errington he 
 constructed the Lancaster and 
 Carlisle, the East Lancashire, the 
 Caledonian, the Scottish Central, 
 the Scottish Midland, the Aber- 
 deen, and the Greenock Railways, 
 besides which he built docks in 
 the last-named place. The Cale- 
 donian Railway, with its platforms 
 and roadside stations, was built 
 for less than ^£16,000 a mile. Mr. 
 Locke was the inventor of the 
 '• Crewe Engine." He was returned 
 to Parliament for Honiton in 1847, 
 of which place he was lord of the 
 manor. He died at Moffat, in 
 Annandale, Sept. 18, 1860, aged 55. 
 LOCOCK, Sir Chaeles, Bart., 
 M.D„ D.C.L. [1799 — 1875], for 
 many years first physician ac- 
 coucheur to the Queen, was the 
 son of Henry Locock, M.D., of 
 Northampton, in which town he 
 was born. He studied medicine 
 in London, under Mr. (later Sir 
 Benjamin) Brodie, whose private 
 pupil he was for nearly three years. 
 By the advice of Sir Benjamin he 
 devoted himself to midwifery, and 
 studied in Edinburgh, where he 
 took his M.D. degree in 1821, and 
 soon after settled in London. In 
 1825 he succeeded to the midwifery 
 part of Dr. Gooch's business when 
 the latter was obliged to retire on 
 account of failing health from all 
 but the prescribing part of his 
 profession. Dr. Locock rose rapidly, 
 and soon gained the first position 
 as an accoucheur in London. In 
 IS 10 he was appointed first Physi- 
 cian Accoucheur to the Queen, and 
 was in attendance at the birth of 
 all Her Majesty's children. For ' 
 
 his services he was created a 
 Baronet in 1857. He was admitted 
 a Licentiate of the College of 
 Physicians in 1823, a Fellow 1836, 
 and was Consiliarius in 1840-41-42. 
 He was for several years Physi- 
 cian to the Westminster General 
 Lying-in Hospital. He wrote nu- 
 merous articles for the Cyclopcedia 
 oj Practical Medicine, and for the 
 iiihrary of Medicine; and we are 
 indebted to him for the discovery 
 of the efficacy of bromide of po- 
 tassium in epilepsy. He was a 
 D.C.L. of Oxford, a magistrate and 
 deputy - lieutenant for Kent, and 
 unsuccessfully contested the Isle 
 of Wight, in the Conservative 
 interest, in 1865. 
 
 LODER, Edward James [1813— 
 1865], a composer of marked abi- 
 lity, of whose works too little is 
 heard now. He was born at Bath, 
 and studied under Ries, at Frank- 
 fort. His first work was " Nourja- 
 bad,'^ produced at the English 
 Opera House in 1834, but it was 
 heavily handicapped by a poor 
 libretto. In the next year he wrote 
 "The Dice of Death," and then 
 engaged himself to turn out works 
 week by week for his publishers. 
 As might have been expected, this 
 plan did not answer, though a few 
 of the songs achieved a certain 
 popularity. His greatest work, 
 " The Night Dancers," was pro- 
 duced in 1846, at the Princess's, 
 and has several times been re- 
 vived. Among other good numbers 
 in this opera, the serenade " Wake, 
 my love," is singularly sweet and 
 graceful. " The Island of Calypso " 
 was composed for Her Majesty's 
 in 1850, but was not hoard till the 
 next year. " Raymond and Agnes " 
 was given {it Manchester in 1855. 
 Loder's works also include some 
 cliamber music, and many songs, 
 of which "The Diver" may bo 
 mentioned as an excellent speci- 
 men. 
 
 LODGE, Edmund [1756—1839], 
 K.H., Clarenceux King of Arms, 
 and F.S.A., was the only surviving 
 
LONDONDERRY. 
 
 553 
 
 son of the Rev. Edmund Lodge, 
 rector of Carshalton. He entered 
 the army at the age of sixteen, but 
 soon gave it up to devote himself 
 to literature. In 1782 he became 
 Bluemantle Pursuivant-at-arms, 
 was promoted to be Lancaster 
 Herald in 1793, Norroy in 1822, and 
 Clarenceux in 1838. His best 
 known literary production was the 
 memoirs to the " Portraits of Illus- 
 trious Personages of Great Britain," 
 published in 1821. Besides this he 
 wrote " Illustrations of British 
 History," the memoirs for Cham- 
 berlaine's " Imitations of Original 
 Drawings by Hans Holbein," 1792, 
 and " The Life of Sir Julius Caesar, 
 with memoirs of his family and 
 descendants," 1810. 
 
 LONDONDERRY, Chaeles 
 "William Vane, Third Makquis 
 OF, K.G., G.C.B. [1778—1854], was 
 the only son of Robert, the first 
 Marquis, by his second wife, and 
 was born in Mary Street, Dub- 
 lin. In his fifteenth year he re- 
 ceived a commission as ensign in 
 the 108th Foot, and joined the ex- 
 pedition under the Earl of Moira 
 to relieve the Duke of York, after 
 the reduction of Ypres and the 
 capture of Charleroy. For a few 
 months he was Assistant-Quarter- 
 master-General to a division of the 
 forces under General Doyle ; he 
 then accompanied Colonel Craw- 
 ford's mission to Vienna, and while 
 thus occupied was severely wounded 
 at the battle of Donauwerth. On 
 his return he became A.D.C. to his 
 uncle. Earl Camden, at that time 
 Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. Hav- 
 ing gained his majority in 1796, he 
 was in 1797 made Lieutenant- 
 Colonel of the 5th Dragoon Guards, 
 " the worst of bad regiments," 
 which he commanded through the 
 Rebellion of 1798. This regiment 
 was disbanded afterwards for in- 
 subordination, and he was then ap- 
 pointed to the command of the 
 18th Light Dragoons, which he 
 accompanied to Egypt under Sir 
 Ralph Abercromby. He was again 
 
 wounded during this expedition. 
 In 1803 he was appointed A.D.C. to 
 his Majesty with the rank of Colonel, 
 and was for a short time Under- 
 Secretary of State in the War De- 
 partment. He next served in Por- 
 tugal under Sir John Moore, and 
 later under Sir Arthur Wellesley, 
 as Adjutant-General, and rendered 
 important services at the pursuit 
 of Marshal Soult's army across the 
 Douro and at Talavera, for which 
 he received the thanks of the House 
 of Commons. Since 1801 he had 
 represented Londonderry in Par- 
 liament, and continued to do so till" 
 1814, when he was raised to the 
 peerage as Lord Stewart, and be- 
 came a Privy Councillor. In 1813 
 he was nominated K.B., and 
 received Portuguese, Russian, and 
 Prussian honours in recognition of 
 his services in the field and as Minis- 
 ter Plenipotentiary at the Court 
 of Berlin, where he was Commis- 
 sioner to the allied sovereigns and 
 specially charged with the super- 
 vision of Bernadotte, the Swedish 
 king, who had armed his troops by 
 help of subsidies from England, 
 but was wavering in his allegiance. 
 In 1814 he was appointed Ambassa- 
 dor to Austria, and in the follow- 
 ing year one of the plenipoten- 
 tiaries at the Congress of Vienna, 
 together with his brother. Lord 
 Castlereagh, the Duke of Welling- 
 ton, and Lords Cathcart and Clan- 
 carty. Having been for some years 
 a widower, in 1819 he married 
 the only daughter and heiress of 
 Sir Harry Vane Tempest, Bart., 
 and assumed the name and arms of 
 Vane. On the death of his brother 
 in 1822 he succeeded to the mar- 
 quisate, and in 1823 was advanced 
 to the dignities of Earl Vane and 
 Viscount Seaham. In 1837 he at- 
 tained the rank of General, became 
 a Colonel in the Life Guards in 
 1843, and in 1852 received the 
 Order of the Garter, which had 
 become vacant by the death of 
 the Duke of Wellington. He 
 was the author of "A History 
 
554 
 
 LONDONDEEEY— LONGLEY. 
 
 of the Peninsular War/' 1808-13, 
 and edited the correspondence of 
 his brother Kobert, the second 
 Marquis, published in 1850. He 
 died at Holdernesse House, Lojidon, 
 March 1, 1851, and was succeeded 
 in the marquisate and Irish estates 
 by his eldest son, William Eobert, 
 Viscount Castlereagh, the earldom 
 of Vane and his English estates 
 passing to the eldest son of his 
 second marriage, George, Viscount 
 Seaham. 
 
 LONDONDEEEY, Fourth Mar- 
 quis OF, Frederick William 
 Egbert Stuart, was the only 
 son of the preceding, and was 
 born in 1805. He succeeded to 
 the marquisate and other family 
 honours in 1854. Soon after coming 
 of age he was returned to the 
 House of Commons as member for 
 the county Down, retaining his 
 seat until the death of his father. 
 He was a Junior Lord of the Ad- 
 miralty in 1821, and in 1834 was 
 made Vice-Chamberlain to William 
 IV. During his early career in the 
 House of Commons he adopted 
 Conservative views, but later he 
 became a staunch supporter of Vis- 
 count Palmerston. In 1845 he was 
 appointed Lord Lieutenant of the 
 county Down, a position he had to 
 relinquish in 1864 on account of 
 mental malady. He married in 
 184G Elizabeth Frances Charlotte, 
 widow of Viscount Powerscourt, 
 and eldest daughter of the Earl of 
 Eoden. He died Nov. 22, 1872, 
 and was succeeded by his half- 
 brother, George Henry E. C. W. 
 Vane-Tempest, Earl Vane. 
 
 LONG, George, M.A. [1800— 
 1879], classical scholar, born at 
 Poulton, Lancashire, was educated 
 at Macclesfield School, proceeded 
 thence to Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he was the contem- 
 porary of Macaulay, and with him 
 was elected to the Craven Scholar- 
 ship. He graduated B.A. as first 
 Chancellor's Medallist in 1822, be- 
 came a Fellow of his college, and 
 having held for some years a 
 
 professorship in the University of 
 Virginia, U.S., returned to En gland, 
 and took an active part in the lite- 
 rary labours of the Society for the 
 Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 
 under Avhose auspices he edited the 
 Quarterly Journal of Education, and 
 superintended the i)ut)lication of 
 the " Penny Cyclopaedia," from 
 its commencement in 1833 to its 
 completion in 1846. Having been 
 called to the bar at the Inner 
 Temple in 1837, he was appointed 
 by the benchers of the Middle 
 TemjDle to deliver a three years' 
 course of lectures on Jurisprudence 
 and Civil Law, was for some years 
 Professor of Greek and of Latin in 
 the University of London (now 
 University College), and until mid- 
 summer, 1871, held a similar post 
 in Brighton College. In 1873 the 
 Queen, on the recommendation of 
 Mr. Gladstone, granted Professor 
 Long a pension of dBlOO a year. 
 Mr. Long wrote " Two Dis- 
 courses on Eoman Law, delivered 
 in the Middle Temple Hall," in 
 1846 ; " Egyptian Antiquities of 
 the British Museum," and " His- 
 tory of France and its Eevolutions," 
 in 1849 ; in conjunction with Mr. 
 G. E. Porter, " Geography of Eng- 
 land and Wales," in 1850 ; and 
 " Geography of America," and 
 " Decline of the Eoman Eepublic," 
 5 vols., 1864-74. He translated 
 " Thoughts of the Emperor Marcus 
 Aurelius Antoninus," and " Select 
 Lives from Plutarch ; " edited 
 Cicero's " Orations," Ca?sar's " Gal- 
 lic War," Sallust, and the " Biblio- 
 theca Classica ; " and was an 
 extensive contributor to Dr. 
 Smith's " Classical Dictionaries.'' 
 He also edited the seven volumes 
 of the " Biographical Dictionary of 
 the Society for the Diffusion of 
 Useful Knowlege," 1842-41. 
 
 L O N G L E Y, Eev. Charles 
 Thomas, Archbishop or Canter- 
 bury [1794—1868], fifth son of John 
 Longley, Esq., Eecorder of Eoches- 
 ter, was educated at Westminster 
 and Christ Church, Oxford, where he 
 
Longman— LONSDALE. 
 
 555 
 
 distinguished himself as a first-class 
 in classics. He was afterwards 
 College Tutor, Censor, and Public 
 Examiner ; Perpetual Cui-ate of 
 Cowley, Oxon, in 1823 ; and Rector 
 of West Tytherley, Hants, from 
 1827 to 1829, when he was elected 
 Head Master of Harrow School, in 
 which post he remained till he was 
 appointed the first Bishop of Ripon 
 in 183G. On the resignation of Dr. 
 Maltby, in 1856, he was translated 
 to Durham ; on the death of Arch- 
 bishoj) Musgrave, m 1860, to York ; 
 and on the death of Archbishop 
 Sumner, in 1862, to Canterbury. 
 
 LONGMAN, Thomas [1804r— 
 1879], head of the publishing firm 
 in Paternoster Eow, was the eldest 
 and last surviving son of Thomas 
 Longman, publisher, who died in 
 1842. He was educated at the Glas- 
 gow University, after leaving which 
 he entered the firm in Paternoster 
 Eow, becoming a partner in 1832. 
 Mr. Longman was closely con- 
 nected in business with Macaulay, 
 of his transactions with whom he 
 always spoke with pride, with Tom 
 Moore, Sydney Smith, Cornwall 
 Lewis, Empson, Napier, and other 
 distinguished men of letters. 
 The great work of Mr. Long- 
 man's life, and the one in which 
 hfe was most keenly interested, 
 was the completion of his illus- 
 trated edition of the New Testa- 
 ment, which stands alone as a 
 specimen of illustration on wood. 
 No expense or trouble were spared 
 to make this work a success. His 
 object was to produce in black and 
 white the ejffect i^roduced in colour 
 in the old illuminated MSS. The 
 earliest title-page that bears the 
 name of Longman is said to be that 
 of " The Countess of Moreton's 
 Daily Exercise ; or a Book of Prayers 
 and Rules,"'' the date of which is 
 1665. The copy in Mr. C. J. Long- 
 man's possession was one of an edi- 
 tion reprinted in 1848 for private 
 circulation at the desire of Anne 
 Isabella, Viscountess Hawarden. 
 Mr. Thomas Longman left two 
 
 j sons, Thomas Norton Longman, 
 and George Henry Longman, both 
 established in Paternoster Row. 
 
 LONSDALE, Henry, M.D. [1810 
 — 1870], member of several colleges 
 and scientific societies, born at 
 Carlisle, studied medicine in Edin- 
 burgh and Paris. In 1837 he 
 instituted an experimental inquiry 
 into the physiological effects of 
 prussic acid, and solved some dis- 
 puted questions relating to its 
 toxicology. This inquii-y won him 
 graduation honour's. He afterwards 
 lectured in Edinburgh on anatomy 
 and physiology ; and occupied the 
 presidential chair of the Royal 
 Medical, Hunterian, and other 
 societies. In 1841 he discovered 
 the " terminal loops " of the nerves 
 in the brain and spinal cord of man 
 (Edin. Med. and Sxirg. Journal). In 
 1845 the state of his health induced 
 him to return to Carlisle, where he 
 was appointed Physician to the 
 Cumberland Infirmary. His obser- 
 vations on scurvy in the Border 
 counties (after the potato famine 
 of 1840) enabled him to contravene 
 some new theories on the origin of 
 the disease, and to re-establish the 
 views of the older authors. Among 
 the early sanitary reformers, he 
 wrote several articles in the Journal 
 of Public Health, and lent willing 
 aid in promoting the Health of 
 Towns Act. He contributed to 
 various periodicals, literary and 
 medical, and wrote among other 
 things " The Life and Works of 
 M. L. Watson, the Sculptor," 1800 ; 
 " The Life and Writings of Robert 
 Knox, the Anatomist," 1870 ; and 
 " The Worthies of Cumberland." 
 
 LONSDALE, James. He was 
 born in Lancashire, May lOth, 1777, 
 came to London, was received by 
 Romney as a pupil, and entered the 
 Academy Schools. When, in 1807, 
 Opie died, Lonsdale bought his 
 house in Berners Street, and lived 
 in it all his life. He painted por- 
 traits, mostly men, and had many 
 distinguished sitters, but from time 
 to time exhibited a subject-picture. 
 
556 
 
 LONSDALE. 
 
 In 1818 he painted " Talma as Ham- 
 let/' and for the Duke of Norfolk 
 he executed a large canvas of " John 
 Signing the Magna Charta." He 
 was one of the founders of the 
 Society of British Artists, where 
 he exhibited 87 works, while to the 
 Academy he contributed 138 can- 
 vases. He died in Berners Street 
 Jan. 17th, 1839. His portrait of 
 Lady Ann Hamilton is in the South 
 Kensington Collection, and his por- 
 traits of Lord Brougham, Sir Philip 
 Francis Nollekins, William Sharp, 
 Abraham Eees, and Queen Caroline, 
 are in the National Portrait Gal- 
 lery. 
 
 LONSDALE, The Eight Eev. 
 John, D.D., Bishop of Lichfield 
 [1788—1867], eldest son of the 
 Eev. John Lonsdale, B.A., vicar 
 of Darfield, Yorkshire, was edu- 
 cated at Heath School, near Hali- 
 fax, and at Eton, whence he passed, 
 in 1806, to King's College, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he became Fel- 
 low. He obtained Sir William 
 Browne's medal for the best Latin 
 ode in 1807 and 1809 ; in the latter 
 year he won the Battle University 
 Scholarship, took the degree of 
 B.A. in 1811, M.A. in 1814, B.D. in 
 1824, and D.D. in Nov., 1843, on his 
 elevation to the bishopric. In 1821 
 he was appointed Christian Advo- 
 cate for the University of Cam- 
 bridge and Assistant Preacher at 
 the Temple Chiu-ch. Having been 
 domestic chaplain to two arch- 
 bishops of Canterbury, he became 
 successively rector of Mersham, 
 Kent, of St. George's, Bloomsbury, 
 Precentor and Canon of Lichfield 
 Cathedral, Prebendary of St. Paul's 
 Cathedral, and in the early part of 
 1839 obtained the important post 
 of Principal of King's College, Lon- 
 don, which he held till his elevation 
 to the episcopal bench. In the mean- 
 time he held other appointments, 
 having been Eector of Southfleet, 
 Kent, from 1836 till 1842 ; Preacher 
 of Lincoln's Inn from 1835 till 18 1.3 ; 
 and Archdeacon of Middlesex in 
 1842-3. In the latter year he was 
 
 appointed by Sir E^Dbert Peel 
 to the see of Lichfield, and on 
 his elevation to that dignity he 
 became a member of the Commis- 
 sion to inquire into the question of 
 marriage with a deceased wife's 
 sister, and was nominated one of 
 the Cambridge University Com- 
 missionGrs 
 
 LONSDALE, The Eight Hon. 
 William Lowther, Earl of, was 
 born in 1757, and was the elder son 
 of the Eev. Sir William Lowther, 
 Bart., Eector of Swillington, in 
 Yorkshire, Mr. Lowther sat in the 
 House as member for Carlisle from 
 1780 to 1784, and must have been 
 one of the last survivors of that 
 Parliament. He was returned for 
 Eutland in 1796. He succeeded to 
 the title of baronet, on the death 
 of his father, in 1788, and on the 
 death of his cousin James, Earl of 
 Lonsdale, in 1802, he became Vis- 
 count and Baron Lowther. He was 
 a munificent patron of literature 
 and art, and a great friend of the 
 poet Wordsworth, who dedicated 
 the " Excursion " to him. He mar- 
 ried, in 1781, Lady Augusta Fane, 
 eldest daughter of John, 9th Earl 
 of Westmoreland, and had a family 
 of five sons and two daughters. He 
 died at his residence, York House, 
 Twickenham, March 19, 1844, aged 
 86. 
 
 LONSDALE, Second Earl of. 
 Eight Hon. Sir William Low- 
 ther, F.E.S. [1787—1872], was the 
 eldest son of the above, whom he 
 succeeded March 19, 1844. He was 
 educated at Harrow, and at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, where he gra- 
 duated M.A. in 1808. In the same 
 year he was returned to Parliament 
 as memlier for Cockermouth in the 
 Conservative interest, and repre- 
 sented that borough till 1813, when 
 he was returned for Westmoreland. 
 Having represented the now dis- 
 franchised borough of Dunwich in 
 1831, at the general election of 1832 
 he was elected for Cumberland and 
 Westmoreland, but took his seat 
 for the latter county, and rei^re- 
 
LORD— LOUDON. 
 
 557 
 
 sented it till 1811, when lie was 
 summoned to the Upper House in 
 his father's barony of Lowther. 
 Soon after entering Parliament he 
 succeeded Viscount Palmerston as 
 one of the Lords of the Admiralty, 
 1809, and filled that office till 1813, 
 when he was made a Lord of the Trea- 
 sui-y. He held that post till 182G, 
 with an interval between 1817 and 
 1820, and from 1828 to 1838 was 
 Chief Commissioner of Woods and 
 Forests, being on his appointment 
 made a Privy Councillor. He was 
 Treasurer of the Navy and Vice- 
 President of the Board of Trade in 
 Sir R. Peel's first administration in 
 183-i-5, Postmaster-G-eneral in his 
 second administration, 1811-5, and 
 Lord President of the Council in 
 Lord Derby's fii'st administration 
 in 1852. He remained in the Cabinet 
 till the dissolution of Lord Derby's 
 government in December of that 
 year. He was a staunch Conserva- 
 tive, and an excellent man of busi- 
 ness, and though during the latter 
 years of his life he did not take a 
 very active part in politics, still 
 on all important occasions his name 
 Av^as generally to be found among 
 the "pairs." He was the eldest 
 surviving commissioner of the Me- 
 tropolitan Eoads, and for many 
 years discharged the office of Chair- 
 man of the Commission. He was 
 for years, till 1858, Lord-Lieu- 
 tenant and Custos Rotulorum for 
 the counties of Cumberland and 
 Westmoreland, and Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Commandant of the West- 
 moreland militia from 1818 to 1861. 
 He was succeeded in the earldom 
 and extensive estates in Westmore- 
 land and Cumberland by his nephew, 
 H. Lowther, M.P. for West Cum- 
 berland, eldest son of Col. the Hon. 
 H. Cecil Lowther. 
 
 LOED, John Keast [1817— 1872], 
 manager of the Brighton Aquarium, 
 had been originally a captain in the 
 Royal Artillery, having served in 
 the Crimea and taken part in the 
 battle of Balaklava. He quitted 
 the army at the end of the Russian 
 
 war, and from that time devoted 
 himself to the study of natiu*al 
 history, of which he had always 
 been extremely fond. He spent 
 some time in Vancouver Island, and 
 published the results of his labours 
 afterwards in "The Naturalist in 
 Vancouver Island," followed a little 
 later by " The Naturalist on the 
 Amazons." He next served on the 
 North American Boundary Com- 
 mission, after which he went to 
 Egypt, whence he was recalled by 
 the directors of the Aquarium to 
 fill the office of manager. He died 
 at his house, Dorset Gardens, Brigh- 
 ton, December 9, 1872. 
 
 LOUDON, John Claudius [1783 
 — 1813], an eminent landscape gar- 
 dener and botanist, and writer of 
 numerous popular works on garden- 
 ing, agriculture, and architecture, 
 was the son of a farmer living at 
 Kerse Hall, Gogar, near Edinburgh. 
 He was born at Cambuslang, in 
 Lanarkshire, and educated at Edin- 
 burgh. Brought up as a landscape 
 gardener, he went to England in 
 1803, taking many letters of intro- 
 duction to some of the first landed 
 proprietors in the kingdom, and 
 soon gained a large practice. About 
 the year 1806 he took a farm at 
 Tew Park, Oxfordshii-e, where he 
 established an agricultui'al college 
 for instructing young men in farm- 
 ing. He travelled a good deal on 
 the Continent on various occasions 
 in order to study the public gardens 
 of the great cities. His literary 
 labours were very extensive, and 
 comprised, among others, the " En- 
 cyclopaedia of Gardening,*' 1822 ; 
 " Encyclopaedia of Agriculture," 
 1825 J " Arboretum Fruticettim 
 Britannicum," 1838, and numerous 
 other useful works for the use of 
 schools, &c. In spite of great 
 bodily suffering, Mr. Loudon man- 
 aged, besides all this work, to carry 
 on no fewer than four periodicals. 
 
 LOUDON, Mrs., wife of the 
 above, and herself a botanist of 
 note, was the daughter of Thomas 
 Webb, Esq., of Ritwell House, near 
 
558 
 
 LOUGH— LOVELACE . 
 
 Birmingham. Her father meeting 
 with reverses. Miss Webb deter- 
 mined to turn her talents to ac- 
 count, and in 1827 published a 
 novel, "The Mummy," which at- 
 tracted much attention, and led Mr. 
 Loudon to seek an introduction to 
 the authoress, whom he soon after- 
 wards married. She became an in- 
 valuable assistant to her husband 
 in his literary labours, most of his 
 subsequent work owing much to her 
 industry. After his death, which 
 took place at their house in Bays- 
 water in 1843, she edited several 
 of his most important works. The 
 works by which she is individually 
 best known to the public are : "The 
 Ladies' Flower Garden," " Botany 
 for Ladies," " Gardening for 
 Ladies," " The Lady's Companion 
 to the Flower Garden," " The Lady's 
 Country Companion," the " Isle of 
 Wight," &c. Mrs. Loudon received 
 a pension of ^£100 from the Civil 
 List in recognition of her own and 
 her husband's literary services. 
 Their only daughter, Agnes Loudon, 
 was the authoress of some short 
 tales and children's books. 
 
 LOUGH, John Graham. He was 
 the son of a small Northumberland 
 farmer, was born at Greenhead, 
 near Hexham, in 1806, and was 
 apprenticed to a stonemason at 
 Newcastle. He afterwards came to 
 London, studied the Elgin marbles, 
 and in 1820 exhibited a bas-relief, 
 "The Death of Turnus," in the 
 Academy, and in the following 
 year an ideal statue, " Milo," which, 
 with its companion, " Samson," was 
 bought by the Duke of Wellington. 
 In 1832 " Duncan's Horses " at- 
 tracted public notice, and in 1831 
 ho went to Italy, where he studied 
 for four yeai'S. Among his best- 
 known portrait statues are " H. M. 
 tlie Queen," in the Koyal Exchange, 
 1815, "The Prince Consort," for 
 Lloyds, 1847, "The Marquis of 
 Hastings," executed for Malta, 
 1848, "Southey," for Keswick 
 Church, and the colossal bronze of 
 " George Stei)henson," at New- 
 
 castle. Among his ideal works 
 may be mentioned " Night's Swift 
 Dragon," "The Mourners," and 
 " Midsummer Night's Dream." He 
 exhibited 65 works in London. He 
 died on April 8th, 1876. 
 
 LOVE, Lieut.-Gen. Sir James 
 Frederick, K.C.B., was born about 
 the year 1789, and entered the 
 army at an early age. He served 
 in Sweden and in the Peninsula 
 under Moore, and subsequently 
 under the Duke of Wellington ; at 
 the bombardment of Antwerp under 
 Lord Lynedoch, also before New 
 Orleans and at Waterloo. He took 
 an active part in suppressing the 
 riots at Bristol in 1831. He served 
 as British Eesident at Zante, and 
 commanded a division in Canada 
 in the rebellion of 1835-6, was em- 
 ployed in suppressing the Rebecca 
 and Chartist Kiots in 1838-9, and 
 held the Lieutenant-Governorship 
 of Jersey from 1851 to 1857, when 
 he was placed in command of the 
 camp at Shorncliffe. He resigned 
 that post on being nominated 
 Inspector-General of Infantry. He 
 was Colonel of the 57th Foot. 
 
 LOVELACE, Lady Augusta 
 Ada Byron, the only child of Lord 
 Byron, " sole daughter of his house 
 and heai't," was born in 1815, and 
 in January of the following year 
 her mother and father separated 
 never to meet again. Her mother 
 was Anna Isabella, only daughter 
 of Sir Ealph Millbanke Noel, Bart., 
 and co-heir to the Barony of Wont- 
 worth. The third book of " Childe 
 Harold," written in 1816, begins 
 and concludes with lines addressed 
 to Ada, over whom lior father 
 yearned, and whose name con- 
 stantly aijpcars in his correspond- 
 ence, at one time begging for her 
 miniatui*e, at another acknowledg- 
 ing a lock of hair " which is soft 
 and pretty, and nearly as dark as 
 mine was at twelve." Ada was 
 little more than eight years old at 
 her father's death. She did not 
 much resemble him ; no one, it is 
 said, would have recognised the 
 
LOVER— LOW. 
 
 559 
 
 Byron features — the finely chiselled 
 chin, or the expressive lips or eyes 
 of the poet, in the daughter; and 
 
 • yet some who saw her on her wed- 
 ding morning thought her very 
 like him. Lady Lovelace cared 
 little about poetry, her favoui-ite 
 study being mathematics, which she 
 
 • studied under Mr. Babbage. She 
 married in 1835 Lord Lovelace^ 
 then Lord King, and left three 
 children, two sons and a daughter. 
 She died at her house in Great 
 Cumberland Place, aged 37, Xov. 
 27, 1852, and was buried beside her 
 father in the vault of Hucknall 
 Torcard Church, near Newstead 
 Abbey. 
 
 LOTEE, Samuel [1797—1868], 
 novelist, poet, musician, and artist, 
 whose father was a member of the 
 Stock Exchange in Dublin, was 
 born in that city, and began life 
 as an artist. He was in 1828 elected 
 an academician of the Eoyal Hiber- 
 nian Society of Arts, of which he 
 later became secretary, and then 
 started as a miniature painter in 
 Dublin, attracting to his studio the 
 chief of the local aristocracy, who 
 sat to him for their portraits. One 
 of his best known portraits was 
 that of Paganini, exhibited at the 
 Eoval Academv. His roving taste, 
 however, led him to abandon art 
 for litei'ature, his first work to 
 attract attention being his " Legends 
 and Stories of Ireland," 1832^ which 
 procured him introductions to the 
 best society in Dublin. He went 
 to London about 1835, where he 
 finished his " Irish Sketches," and 
 began a series of contributions to 
 magazine literature, the best known 
 being " Handy Andy," which ap- 
 peared first in Bentley's Miscellany, 
 1838. He was very popular in 
 society, appearing often at Lady 
 Blessington's evening receptions, 
 where he sang several of his own 
 songs, which were so well received 
 that he published them in 1839, 
 under the title "Songs and Bal- 
 lads." Among the best known of 
 them are "Molly Carew/' "Eory 
 
 O'More," "Molly Bawn," "The 
 Four-leaved Shamrock," and " The 
 May Day." " Eory O'More, a 
 National Eomance," appeared in 
 1837, and at once established his 
 reputation as a novelist, and later 
 ! was dramatized by him for the 
 i Adelphi. Finding that his health 
 was suffering from the strain of 
 his numerous pursuits, he gave up 
 writing for a time, and instead 
 substituted a series of public enter- 
 tainments which he called " Irish 
 Evenings," which comprised gra- 
 phic sketches of Irish humour, and 
 in which he embodied songs and 
 \ music of his own composition. 
 j These were very popular both in 
 England and America. Among his 
 ' other works may be mentioned 
 " The Lyi'ics of Ireland," which he 
 edited, 1858, " Treasure Trove," 
 18U, and "Metrical Tales and 
 other Poems," 1860. For some 
 years before his death he was in 
 receipt of a literary pension from 
 Grovernment. 
 
 LOYETT, William [1799—1877], 
 Chartist reformer, was born at Xew- 
 lyn in Cornwall. He went to Lon- 
 don at the age of twenty-one to try 
 to find work as a ropemaker, but not 
 succeeding in this he became a jour- 
 neyman carpenter, and it was while 
 learning the trade of a cabinet- 
 maker that he became acquainted 
 with Hetherington, Cleave, Watson, 
 and other well-known Eadicals of 
 the last generation. He took an 
 active part in suppressing the 
 stamp-tax upon newspapers, and 
 from that time his name became 
 identified with the Chartist agita- 
 tion. He drew up most of their 
 petitions and addresses, and in 
 1839 was sent to prison for twelve 
 months for publishing resolutions 
 condemning the conduct of the 
 police at the Bull-ring riot in Bir- 
 mingham. He published his auto- 
 biography about a year before his 
 death. 
 
 LOW, Bishop David, D.D., 
 LL.D. LI 768 — 1855], was born at 
 Brechin, at which place he was 
 
560 
 
 LOWDEEr-LOWE. 
 
 educated, going afterwards to 
 Marischal College, Aberdeen. 
 During his college vacations he 
 acted as tutor to the family of 
 Mr, Carnegie of Bahiamoon in the 
 parish of Menmuir, through whose 
 influence he was in 1785, appointed 
 schoolmaster of Menmuir parish. 
 Later he went to study under 
 Bishop Gleig at Stirling, on whose 
 recommendation he became tutor 
 to the family of Mr. Patullo of 
 Balhouffie, East Fifeshire. He 
 was ordained deacon in 1787, and 
 appointed to the charge of a non- 
 juring congregation at Perth. He 
 was admitted to full orders in 1789, 
 and settled as pastor of the Epis- 
 copal congregation at Pittenweem, 
 officiating there and at Crail. In 
 1819 he was consecrated Bishop of 
 Eoss, Moray, Argyll, and the Isles, 
 and in the following year received 
 the degree of LL.D. from Marischal 
 College. In 1847 he effected the 
 separation of Argyll and the Isles 
 from his episcopal charge, erecting 
 them into a separate see, which he 
 endowed with a moderate income. 
 Bishop Low was one of the last of 
 the Scottish Ei)iscopal clergy who 
 declined on principle to pray for 
 the reigning family, till the death 
 of Prince Charles Edward in 1788 
 released them from their allegiance 
 to the House of Stuart. He lived 
 and died at the old priory of Pitten- 
 ween, setting apart fully two-thirds 
 of his income for objects connected 
 with his church. He resigned his 
 see, December 1850, on account 
 of advancing age. "His appear- 
 ance," writes Lord Lindsay, "was 
 most striking — thin, attenuated, 
 but active — his eye sparkling with 
 intelligence, his whole appearance 
 that of a venerable French abbe of 
 the old regime." 
 
 LOWDER, The Eev. Charles 
 FuGE [1820—1880], Vicar of St. 
 Peter^s, London Docks, was edu- 
 cated at Exeter College, Oxford, 
 and took his B.A. degree in 1843, 
 his M.A. in 1845. He was ordained 
 deacon in 1843, priest in 1844. For 
 
 about seven years after 1851 he was 
 curate of St. Barnabas, Pimlico, of 
 which the Hon. and Eev. Eobert 
 Liddell was at that time vicar. 
 He next became curate to Mr. 
 Bryan King at St. George's-in-the- 
 East, and established in Wellclose 
 Square one of the most successful 
 missions in the East of London. 
 Here he was joined later by the Eev. 
 A. H. Mackonochie and other high- 
 church clergy and laymen, and they 
 opened schools, and set on foot soup 
 kitchens, Bible and communicant 
 classes, and other institutions for 
 the welfare of the people. He be- 
 came Vicar of St. Peter's in 1866. 
 ^' Father Lowder," as he was called, 
 became very popular with the rough 
 people among whom he worked, 
 and could venture alone into the 
 small thoroughfares where the 
 police were afraid to enter. He 
 died in the Austrian Tyrol while 
 away for his holiday, Sept. 9, 
 1880. An interesting biography 
 of him appeared soon afterwards. 
 
 LOWE, Lieutenant-General 
 Sir Hudson, K.C.B., G.C.M.G., 
 and Colonel of the 50th Foot, began 
 his military career as Ensign in 
 the East Devon Militia, and in 
 1787 was appointed Ensign in the 
 50th Eegiment, in which he ob- 
 tained his Lieutenancy in 1791. 
 He served at Gibraltar for six 
 years, and afterwards at Toulon 
 and in Corsica. In 1803 he re- 
 ceived a majority in the 7th Foot, 
 and was appointed permanent As- 
 sistant-Quartermaster General in 
 the Western district. In the same 
 year he was sent by Lord Hobart 
 on a secret mission to Portugal, 
 and on a similar errand to Sardinia. 
 In 1804 he raised and trained the 
 corps of Eoyal Corsican Eangers, 
 of which he was made Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Commandant. In the ex- 
 pedition to the Bay of Naples under 
 Sir John Stuart, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Lowe commanded the first line of 
 advance, and was second in com- 
 mand to Colonel Oswald in the 
 expedition to the Greek Islands. 
 
LOWER— LUCAS. 
 
 501 
 
 In 1812 he was appointed Colonel 
 of the Koyal Corsican Rangers and 
 in 181i Major-General. In the 
 latter year he was knighted, and 
 in 1815 was appointed to the cus- 
 tody of the Emperor Napoleon at 
 St. Helena, where he remained 
 until the Emperor's death. He 
 became Lieutenant-General in 1830, 
 and Colonel of the 50th Foot in 
 1812. He died of paralysis, Jan. 
 10, 1814. 
 
 LOWER, Mark Anthony, M.A., 
 F.S.A. [1813—1876], was born at 
 Chiddingly, Sussex, received a 
 rudimentaiy education under his 
 father, Mr. Richard Lower, author 
 of " Stray Leave?," and other poems, 
 adopted the profession of a school- 
 master, and was for many years 
 the proprietor of a boarding-school 
 at Lewes, though he was best kno"«Ti 
 to the public as an antiquary , His 
 principal works are : " English Sur- 
 names, an Essay on Family Nomen- 
 clattu'e," published in 1812 ; " Curio- 
 sities of Heraldry," in 1845 ; " The 
 Chi"onicle of Battel Abbey^" trans- 
 lated from a Latin MS. of the 
 twelfth century, in 1851 ; " Contri- 
 butions to Literature, Historical,'"' 
 &c., in 1854 ; " Patronymica Britan- 
 nica," a dictionary of family names, 
 the first work of its kind published 
 in England, and the germ of what 
 may hereafter prove to be an im- 
 portant branch of philological re- 
 search, in 1860; "The Worthies 
 of Sussex," a series of biographical 
 sketches, in 1865 ; " A Compendious 
 History of Sussex," 2 vols., 1870 ; 
 and " Wayside Notes in Scandi- 
 navia," 1874. Mr. Lower was a 
 member of the Society of Anti- 
 quaries and of other English and 
 foreign archaeological institutions. 
 In 1846 the hon. degree of M.A. 
 was conferred upon him by Trinity 
 College, Hartford, U.S., in recog- 
 nition of his literary laboui-s. He 
 was one of the founders of the 
 Sussex Archaeological Society, and 
 a principal contributor to its volu- 
 minous Collections. 
 
 LUBBOCK, Sir John William 
 
 [1803 — 1865], son of Sir John 
 Lubbock, Bart., was bom in Lon- 
 don, and educated at Eton, and 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 where he graduated B.A. in 1825, 
 and M.A. in 1833. He was head 
 of the London banking firm of 
 Lubbock & Co., but devoted most 
 of his time to scientific pursuits. 
 He was for many years Treasurer 
 of the Royal Society, Vice-Chan- 
 cellor of the London University, 
 and in 1834 received fron the 
 Royal Society a royal medal for 
 his papers on the " Tides." Besides 
 his labours in the higher depart- 
 ments of astronomy he wrote a 
 capital work on "Probability," 
 in conjvmction with his friend 
 Drinkwater-Bethune. It was pub- 
 lished anonymously, and for years 
 ascribed to Professor De Morgan. 
 Among his other works may be 
 mentioned " Mathematical Tracts," 
 
 1834 ; " Treatise on the Computa- 
 tion of Eclipses and Occultations," 
 
 1835 ; " Treatise on the Tides ;" 
 and " The Stars in Six Maps on 
 the G-nomonic Projection," 1865. 
 
 LUCAS, Charles [1808-1869], 
 a well- known musician, was a native 
 of Salisbury, to the cathedi-al of 
 which city he was attached as a cho- 
 rister. Coming to London, he en- 
 tered the Royal Academy of Music 
 as a pupil of Lindley for the vio- 
 loncello, and Dr. Crotch for har- 
 mony and composition. In 1830 
 he entered Queen Adelaide's pri- 
 vate band, and two years later 
 took Cij^riani Potter's baton at the 
 Academy. He was a member of 
 the Opera orchestra, and organist 
 of Hanover Chapel, Regent Street, 
 and when Lindley retired, he took 
 his place as principal violoncello. 
 In 1859 he became head of the 
 Royal Academy — a post he only 
 left through ill-health, Lucas' 
 comx)Ositions include an opera, 
 three symphonies, chamber-music, 
 songs, &c. 
 
 LUCAS, Frederick, M.P. 
 [1812 — 1855], was the second son 
 of Mr. Samuel Lucas^ a member of 
 
 
 
652 
 
 LUCAS— LUCY. 
 
 the Society of Friends. He was 
 educated at University College, 
 London, where he was one of the 
 earliest scholars. He was called 
 to the bar in 1838, and a year later 
 joined the Roman Catholic Church. 
 His reasons for becoming a Catholic 
 he published at the time in a 
 pamphlet, entitled, "Reasons for 
 Becoming a Roman Catholic, espe- 
 cially addressed to the Society of 
 Friends." He took an active part 
 in the proceedings of the Catholic 
 Institute, and started the Tablet 
 newspaper in London in 184^0. In 
 18-49 he removed the Tablet to 
 Dublin, He was returned for Meath 
 at the general election of 1852. 
 Having advocated in the Tablet 
 the right of the Irish priesthood 
 to interfere in politics, and being 
 rebuked by some of the Irish 
 Roman Catholic bishops, he went 
 to Rome early in 1855, to pro- 
 secute his appeal against Dr. Cul- 
 len's decision, the result of the 
 journey being the utter prostration 
 of his strength, and his premature 
 death, at the age of 43. He married 
 in 18K), Elizabeth, eldest daughter 
 of William Ashby, Esq., of Staines, 
 and left one son. His elder brother, 
 Mr. Samuel Lucas, married a sister 
 of Mr. Bright. 
 
 LUCAS, John [1807—1874], born 
 in London, and educated privately, 
 commenced life as a mezzotint en- 
 graver, under Mr. S. W. Reynolds, 
 eiigraver to George III., and at the 
 close of his apprenticeship, in 1829, 
 became a portrait painter. He 
 painted a number of portraits of 
 members of the royal family, and 
 of the aristocracy, as well as of the 
 most distinguished men of the 
 age, and many of these have been 
 engraved. Amongst several por- 
 traits of the Duke of Wellington, 
 one was painted for the Trinity 
 House, and another for the Uni- 
 versity of Oxford. He executed 
 portraits of Admiral Sir George 
 Cockburn, Lord Hardinge, Sir 
 James Graham, Bart., of Mr. Glad- 
 stone, and of Sir Samuel Rogers, 
 
 for Sir Robert Peel's Gallery at 
 Drayton Manor, and a portrait of 
 Joseph Hume for the University of 
 London. 
 
 LUCAS, Samuel [1818—1868], 
 son of a merchant, born at Bristol, 
 having been educated at a private 
 school, entered Queen's College, 
 Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 
 in 1842. In 1841 he obtained the 
 Newdigate prize for English verse, 
 the subject being "The Sandwich 
 Isles ;" and in 1845 the Chancellor's 
 prize for an English essay : " A 
 Comparison between the Causes 
 and Consequences of National Re- 
 volutions of Ancient and Modern 
 Times." Having in 1846 been called 
 to the Bar at the Inner Temple, he 
 for some years went the Western 
 circuit, and in 1853, with the sup- 
 port of the leaders of the Con- 
 servative party, became the founder 
 and first editor of the Press news- 
 paper, which he conducted with 
 much success, in opposition to the 
 Coalition Ministry, for about a year 
 and a half. Shortly after his re- 
 signation of the editorship of the 
 Press newspaper, he was understood 
 to have become literary reviewer 
 for the Times ; and some of the 
 reviews attributed to his jjen were 
 published in sejDarate volumes 
 by Messrs. Routledge. He edited 
 "Charters of the Old EngUsh Colo- 
 nies of America," published in 
 1850, and was the author of many 
 pamphlets on Indian and colo- 
 nial questions, contributed to the 
 Quarterly and Edinburgh Reviews. 
 He was editor of Once a Week 
 from its commencement in 1859 
 till 1865. In 1858 he declined 
 the appointment of Distributor of 
 Stamps for the county of Derby, 
 oifered him by the Conservative 
 Government at that time in power. 
 His " Secularia, or Surveys on the 
 Main Stream of History," was pub- 
 lished in 1862, and he edited the 
 Shilling Magazine, which appeared 
 in 18G5, and had but a short 
 existence. 
 
 LUCY, Charles. He was born 
 
LUKE— LUNDGREN. 
 
 503 
 
 at Hereford about 181 i, and after 
 serving his apprenticeship to an 
 uncle, who was a chemist, came to 
 London to study painting, and after 
 a short time went to Paris, and 
 entered the Ecole des Beaux Arts, 
 and afterwards became a student 
 in the Academy Schools. He first 
 exhibited a portrait in 1838, and in 
 1810 the " Interview between Mil- 
 ton and Galileo." For the West- 
 minster Hall Competition he began 
 a series of large historic works, 
 exhibiting there, in 1844, " Agrip- 
 pina," for which he was awarded 
 a premium of <£100, and in 1817, 
 " The Embarkation of the Pilgrim 
 Fathers," which he followed, in 
 the Academy of 1818 by "The 
 Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers." 
 In 1850 he painted " The Parting 
 of Charles I. and his Children ;" 
 and in 1852, " The Parting of Lord 
 and Lady Eussell." Many of his 
 pictures have been engraved ; among 
 them ''The Pilgrim Fathers;" 
 "The Death of Mrs. Claypole ;" 
 " Shakespeare before Sir Thomas 
 Lucy ;" and "Nelson in the Cabin 
 of the Victory." He exhibited sixty- 
 three pictures in various galleries ; 
 his portraits of Mr. Gladstone, 
 Mr, Bright, Joseph Hume, M.P., 
 Cobden, Beaconsfield, Nelson, Crom- 
 well, and Garibaldi, are in the 
 South Kensington Galleries. He 
 died at Xotting HiU, May 19, 1873, 
 aged 59 years. 
 
 LUKE, George Rankixe, M.A. 
 [1837 — 1862], student and tutor 
 of Christchurch, was accidentally 
 di-owned in the Isis, at the age of 
 25. He was educated at the Edin- 
 biu'gh Academv, at the Glasgow 
 University, and at Christchurch, 
 Oxford, at each of which he greatly 
 distinguished himself. " He was 
 certainly," wrote one of his college 
 friends, " one of the most remark- 
 able students who ever came up to 
 Oxford. He won all the principal 
 University distinctions ; but his 
 extreme modesty and retiring dis- 
 position might have prevented a 
 casual observer from seeing that 
 
 there was far more in him than is 
 necessarily implied in any number 
 of academical decorations." As 
 tutor of Christchurch, during his 
 short tenure of the post, he made 
 a deep impression, working unre- 
 mittingly for the good of his pupils, 
 by all of whom he was deeply re- 
 spected and beloved. 
 
 LUMLEY, Benjamix [1812— 
 1875], was a solicitor h»y profession, 
 but through being engaged with 
 the affairs of Laporte, became 
 enamoured of the opera, and in 
 18 11 took Her Majesty's. He knew 
 little or nothing of music, but was 
 favoui'ed by much good fortune. 
 For instance, when, by the pro- 
 minence he gave to the ballet, he 
 had disgusted his performers and 
 driven them in a body to Covent 
 Garden, Jenny Lind was discovered, 
 and was his mainstay for three 
 seasons ; and, on her retirement, 
 Sontag came again before the pub- 
 lic, and kept the house open some 
 time longer. But, in 1852, aflfairs 
 became so bad, that Lumley was 
 compelled to close the house. On 
 the burning of Covent Garden, 
 however, in 1856, he again came 
 forward, but at the end of his 
 third season finally retired. "While 
 manager he produced some of the 
 most popular operas this generation 
 has heard, among others being the 
 " Figlia del Reggimento," "Linda 
 di Chamounix," "' La Favorita," 
 " La Traviata,"and " II Trovatore.'' 
 He introduced, besides Jenny Lind, 
 Cruvelli, Piccolomini, Tietjens, 
 Gardoni, Giuglini, and Belletti. 
 His book, "Reminiscences of the 
 Opera," 186-4, is one of the most 
 egotistical works ever published, 
 but highly amusing and enter- 
 taining. 
 
 LUNDGREN, Egron. He was 
 a Swede by birth, received his art 
 education in Paris, and came to 
 London in 1853, and in 1864 was 
 elected Associate of the Society of 
 Painters in Water Colours, and 
 two years later full member. He 
 was a frequent and successful ex- 
 
 o o 2 
 
564 
 
 LUPTON— LUSHINGTON. 
 
 hibitor, his work being noted for 
 richness and beauty of colour. He 
 travelled uiuch^ and made numerous 
 sketches in India by command of 
 Lord Clive, which were sold at 
 Christie's in 1855. In 1861 the 
 Kino- of Sweden created him 
 Knight of the Order of Gustavus 
 Vasa. His "Letters from Spain/' 
 and " Letters from India/' were 
 pviblished in Stockholm, where he 
 died, Dec. 16, 1875, aged 59 years. 
 
 LUPTON, Thomas Goff. He 
 was born in Clerkenwell in 1791, 
 and was the son of a working gold- 
 smith. He was apprenticed in 1805 
 to G. Clint, the engraver, and at 
 the end of his time produced some 
 good plates after Lawrence and 
 other portrait painters of his day. 
 For his application of soft steel to 
 the process of mezzotint engraving 
 the Society of Arts awarded him 
 the Isis Gold Medal in 1822. He was 
 successful in establishing the use 
 of steel, and also worked in copper. 
 Among his works are, the "Infant 
 Samuel," after Eeynolds : " Bel- 
 shazzar's Feast," after Martin ; 
 " Newcastle -on- Tyne," " Wark- 
 worth Castle," and " Dartmouth " 
 for Turner's Rivers of England. He 
 re-engraved fifteen plates for the 
 "Liber Studiorum," in 1858. He 
 died May 18, 1873. 
 
 LUSH, Eight Hon. Sir Egbert 
 [1807—1881], Lord Justice of Ap- 
 peal, was born at Shaftesbury, and 
 was the son of Mr. Eobert Lush, of 
 that town. He studied law, and 
 tAvo years before his call to the bar 
 jjublished " The Act for the Aboli- 
 tion of Arrest on Mesne Process " 
 (1 & 2 Vict. c. 110), with notes and 
 an index (1838) ; and " Pi'actice of 
 the Superior Courts of Common 
 Law at Westminster in Actions 
 and Proceedings over which they 
 have a Common Jurisdiction" 
 (1810). In the latter year he was 
 called to the bar and joined the 
 Home Circuit, practising as a spe- 
 cial pleader within the bar. He 
 was made a Q.C. in 1857, and 
 elected a Bencher of his Inn^ and 
 
 practised for eight years with great 
 success as a leading counsel. In 
 1865 he was appointed one of the 
 Judges of the Queen's Bench, and 
 was knighted. He sat in the same 
 court with Sir Alexander Cockburn, 
 and Sir Colin Blackburn, and was 
 engaged in many important investi- 
 gations, the one which will be best 
 remembered by the public perhaps 
 being the trial of Thomas Castro, 
 alias Arthur Orton, for perjury and 
 foi'gerv in the " Tichborne Case." 
 He served on many commissions 
 and committees of judges, one of 
 his last tasks being to consider Sir 
 James Stephen's well-known draft 
 code relating to indictable offences. 
 He was sworn a member of the 
 Privy Council in 1879. 
 
 LUSHINGTON, The Eight Hon. 
 Stephen Eumbold, D.C.L. [1775 
 —1868], son of the Eev. J. S. 
 Lushington, was educated at Eugby. 
 He was returned to the House of 
 Commons as member for Eye in 
 1807, and sat for that borough, and 
 afterwards for Canterbui-y, until 
 1837. He was for nearly fourteen 
 years Chairman of Ways and Means 
 in the House of Commons, and from 
 1814 till 1827 was Joint-Secretary 
 to the Treasury ; was Governor of 
 Madras from 1827 till 1832, and 
 published the "Life and Services 
 of General Lord Harris," the con- 
 queror of Seringapatam, whose 
 daughter he married. He was 
 sworn a Privy Councillor in 1827, 
 and was created an honorary 
 D.C.L. by the University of Oxford 
 in 1839. 
 
 LUSHINGTON, The Eight Hon. 
 Stephen, D.C.L. [1782 — 1873], 
 sometime judge of the High Court 
 of Admiralty, and one of the Judi- 
 cial Committee of Privy Council, 
 was the second son of Sir Stephen 
 Lushington, Bart., and was boi-n in 
 London. He was educated at Eton, 
 and at All Souls' College, Oxford, 
 where he graduated M.A. in 1806, 
 B.C.L. in 1807, D.C.L. in 1808, and 
 gained a Fellowship. He was called 
 to the bar at the Inner Temple in 
 
LYALL— LYELL. 
 
 565 
 
 1806, was admitted an advocate at 
 Doctor's Commons in 1808, and de- 
 voted himself to practice in the 
 courts of civil and ecclesiastical 
 law. He was retui'ned to Parlia- 
 ment in the Liberal interest in 
 1820 as member for Yarmouth, and 
 represented that place, Winchelsea, 
 the Tower Hamlets, &c., till his 
 retirement from political life in 
 1811, on the passing of the Act dis- 
 qualifying the Judge of the Admi- 
 ralty Court from holding a seat in 
 the House of Commons. He was a 
 zealous and consistent political re- 
 foi'mer, and earnestly advocated 
 the abolition of the slave trade and 
 other liberal measures. He was 
 appointed Judge of the Consistory 
 Court in 1828, and Judge of the 
 High Coiu't of Admiralty in 1838. 
 He greatly distinguished himself 
 as one of the counsel for Queen 
 Caroline. When Byron and his 
 wife quarrelled, the latter appealed 
 to Dr. Lushington for advice, and 
 it was in consequence of his letter, 
 written in 1830, that the separation 
 of Lord and Lady Byron was de- 
 cided upon. Dr. Lushington's de- 
 cisions, especially on the ecclesiasti- 
 cal cases which came before him, 
 were remarkable for their learning 
 and for their scrupulous fairness. 
 He retained his great faculties 
 up to the very end of his long 
 life. 
 
 LYALL, John Edwardes [1811 
 — 1815], Advocate-Greneral of Ben- 
 gal, who died suddenly of cholera 
 at the age of 31, was the eldest son 
 of George Lyall, M.P. for London, 
 and was educated at Eton, at Hai- 
 leybury, and at Balliol College, 
 Oxford. He was called to the bar 
 in 1837, and after practising for 
 some years on the Home Circuit, 
 was in 1812 appointed by the Direc- 
 tors of the East India Company 
 Advocate-General of Bengal. He 
 was keenly interested in promoting 
 the welfare and happiness of the 
 natives of India, and specially de- 
 voted himself to the subject of 
 Hindoo education, voluntarily deli- 
 
 vering lectures on law at the Hin- 
 doo College. 
 
 LYALL, The Very Rev. Wil- 
 liam RowE, D.D., Dean of Canter- 
 bury [1788 — 1857], was born in 
 London, and was the son of John 
 Lyall, Esq., of Findon, Sussex. He 
 was educated for the church at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, where 
 he gained a scholarship and took his 
 B.A. degree in 1810. Two years 
 later he was ordained to the curacy 
 of Fawley, in Hampshire. While 
 at Fawley he wrote two articles for 
 the Quarterly Review on the " Phil- 
 osophy of Dugald Stewart," which 
 drew attention to his literary merits, 
 and a few years after he was ap- 
 pointed editor of the British Critic. 
 In 1817 he became Chaplain to St. 
 Thomas's Hospital, and was soon 
 after appointed Assistant-Preacher 
 at Lincoln's Inn. In 1820 he un- 
 dertook the management of the 
 Encyclopcedia Metrox>olitana, which 
 he conducted for some years. He 
 was appointed archdeacon of Col- 
 chester in 1821, archdeacon of Maid- 
 stone in 1841, and in 1845, upon the 
 recommendation of Sir Robert Peel, 
 he was appointed Dean of Canter- 
 bury. He married, in 1817, Cathe- 
 rine, youngest daughter of Joseph 
 Brandreth, M.D., of Liverpool. 
 
 LYELL, Charles [1767—1849], 
 of Kinnordy, Forfarshire, a botanist 
 of some note, and father of Sir 
 Charles Lyell, the geologist, was 
 educated at St. Andrew's College, 
 and at Cambridge. He returned 
 to his paternal estate in the parish 
 of Kirriemuir in 1826, and began to 
 devote himself to scientific, botani- 
 cal, and literary pursuits. H(^ 
 translated the lyrical poems of 
 Dante, and published an essay con- 
 cerning the anti-papal spirit shown 
 by the great Italian poet. At his 
 death he left a large collection of 
 the various editions of Dante's 
 works, and the writings of his com- 
 mentators, and also a valuable 
 botanical library. He discovered 
 numerous British plants, unknown 
 till then, and a genus of plants , 
 
566 
 
 L TELL— LYNDHUEST. 
 
 Lyellia, was named after liim by 
 Mr. Eobert Brown. He married^ in 
 1796, Frances, only daughter of 
 Thomas Smyth, Esq., of Maker 
 Hall, Swaledale, Yorkshire. 
 
 LYELL, Sir Charles, Bart. 
 [1797 — 1875], a distinguished geolo- 
 gist, was the eldest son of the above. 
 He was educated principally at 
 Midhurst, and then went to Exeter 
 College, Oxford, where Dr. Buck- 
 land's lectures first enticed him to 
 the serious study of geology. He 
 took his M.A. degree in 1821, and 
 in 1825 was called to the bar at 
 Lincoln's Inn, and went the western 
 circuit for two years. In 1819 he 
 was elected a member of the Lin- 
 nean and Geological Societies, and 
 communicated his first paper, " On 
 the Marls of Forfarshire," to the 
 latter society in 1822. In 1823 he 
 visited France, carrying introduc- 
 tions to Cuvier, Humboldt, and 
 other men of science, and in the 
 following year made a geological 
 tour in Scotland with Dr. Buckland. 
 In 1826 he was made a F.E.S., and 
 in 1827 entirely gave up the legal 
 profession to devote himself wholly 
 to the study of geology, which 
 thenceforth became the passion of 
 his life. He had already made a 
 sketch of his chief work, "The 
 Principles of Geology,'' the first 
 edition of which appeared in 1833, 
 the 10th in 1868. The " Elements 
 of Geology," was published in 1838. 
 The principal object of these trea- 
 tises was to show that the early 
 progress of geology was retarded 
 by a prevailing belief that the 
 former changes of the earth and its 
 inhabitants were the effects of 
 causes differing in intensity, and 
 some of them in kind, from those 
 now in operation, whereas the true 
 key to the interpretation of geologi- 
 cal monuments is to be found, ac- 
 cording to the author, in a know- 
 ledge of the changes now going on 
 in the organic and inorganic worlds. 
 All the time that he could spare 
 from his writings he spent in tra- 
 velling about making investiga- 
 
 tions. In 1831 he was for a short 
 time Professor of Geology in King's 
 College, London, and while there 
 delivered a course of lectiu'cs which 
 became the foundation of the 
 " Elements of Geology." In 1834 
 he visited Denmark and Sweden, 
 publishing the results of his inves- 
 tigations in a paper for the Eoyal 
 Society, " On the Proofs of the 
 Gradual Eising of Land in Certain 
 Parts of Sweden," and one for the 
 Geological Society, " On the Creta- 
 ceous and Tertiary Strata of Seeland 
 and Moen.'' He again visited Nor- 
 way and Sweden in 1837, and in 
 1841 spent a year travelling about in 
 the United States, Canada, and Nova 
 Scotia. The last-mentioned journey, 
 and a second one to America in 
 1845, furnished the subject-matter 
 for several original papers, and also 
 for his two works, not strictly geolo- 
 gical, entitled "Travels in North 
 America " (1845), and " A Second 
 Visit to the United States " (1849), 
 in which, by bringing his immense 
 knowledge of European geology to 
 bear upon the massive formations 
 of North America, he rendered a 
 great service to geologists both in 
 that country and our own. The 
 last great work upon which he was 
 engaged was a treatise on " The 
 Geological Evidences of the Anti- 
 quity of Man ; with Eemarks on 
 Theories of the Origin of Species 
 by Variation," which appeared in 
 1863. The Eoyal Society conferred 
 its gold medal upon him in 1833, and 
 its Copley Medal in 1858. He was 
 President of the Geological Society 
 in 1838, and again in 1850, and in 
 1855 received the honorary dogvce 
 of D.C.L. from Oxford. In 1832 ho 
 married a daughter of Mr. Leonard 
 Horner, but had no children, so 
 that with him the title became 
 extinct. 
 
 LYNDHUEST, Baron, The 
 Eight Hon. John Singleton Cop- 
 ley, F.E.S., D.C.L. [1772—1863], 
 who was four times Lord Chancellor 
 of England, was the only son of J. 
 S. Copley, E.A., whose father emi- 
 
LYNDHTJES'T. 
 
 507 
 
 grated from the county of Limerick 
 to America, and settled at Boston, 
 U.S. Copley was Vjorn there, and, 
 having received his early education 
 under the Rev. Mr. Home, a pri- 
 vate tutor of Oxford, he was en- 
 tered in 1790 at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, where he took his B.A. 
 degree in 1791, as Second Wrangler 
 and Smith's Junior Mathematical 
 Prizeman. His original destination 
 was the Church, but having been 
 elected a Fellow of his college in 
 1797, he resolved to follow the law, 
 and entered himself as a student at 
 Lincoln's Inn. He was called to 
 the bar in 1804, and by degrees 
 gained a considerable practice, 
 though he did not come prominently 
 before the public till 1817, when he 
 was one of the counsel for Doctor 
 Watson, tried for taking part in the 
 Spa Fields riot. Copley greatly 
 distinguished himself on that occa- 
 sion, and attracted the notice of 
 Lord Liverpool, Castlereagh, and 
 other Tory leaders, under whose 
 patronage he entered Parliament 
 in 1818 for the nomination borough 
 of Ashburton. In the following 
 year he was made Solicitor-Gene- 
 ral, Attorney-General in 182 i, and 
 Lord Chancellor in 1827, with the 
 title of Lord Lyndhurst. As pre- 
 viously he had held the most ad- 
 vanced views, his accession to the 
 Tory party naturally excited a good 
 deal of comment, which he bore 
 with great good humour. While 
 holding the oifice of Solicitor- 
 General in 1820, he took an active 
 part in the trial of Queen Caroline, 
 and also in the trial at the Old 
 Bailey of the Cato Street conspii'a- 
 tors. In 1831 he became the chief 
 opponent of the Reform Bill in the 
 House of Lords, and on May 7, 
 1832, he carried in the Committee 
 on the Bill a postponement of the 
 disfranchisement clauses, which the 
 supporters of the measure regarded 
 as the sign of a determination to re- 
 ject that portion of it. The ministry 
 of Lord Grey immediately resigned, 
 but the House of Commons declared 
 
 by a large majority its intention to 
 stand by the Bill, and the ministry 
 too, and public dissatisfaction be- 
 gan to show itself in an alarming 
 shape. In this crisis Lord Lynd- 
 hurst was intrusted by the King 
 with the formation of a Tory 
 Ministry, composed of persons who 
 were not unwilling to concede some 
 portions of reform. He was forced, 
 however, to abandon the task after 
 a few days of unsuccessful effort. 
 During the first reformed Parlia- 
 ment Lord Lyndhurst took little 
 active part in debate, except upon 
 legal questions. He carried a Bill 
 for setting at rest the long litiga- 
 tion that had arisen out of the 
 Thelusson will case, and in July, 
 1833, defeated Lord Brougham's 
 motion for the establishment of 
 local courts. His second tenure 
 of Chancellorship had nothing to 
 distinguish it. Thrown into oppo- 
 sition on the return of Lord Mel- 
 bourne to power in April, 1835, 
 Lord Lyndhurst for some years 
 took an active part in politics. In 
 July of that year he opposed the 
 Municipal Corporations Reform 
 Bill, into which he contrived to 
 insert some amendments of his own. 
 Impatient at the policy of conces- 
 sion adopted by Sir Robert Peel, he 
 for some years did his best to insure 
 the rejection in the Lords of those 
 measures by. which the Conserva- 
 tive party in the Lower House 
 sought only to amend political de- 
 fects in good time. Against the 
 Catholics of Ireland he was particu- 
 larly keen (though in the end he 
 accepted Catholic Emancipation), 
 and his denunciation of their whole 
 body as " aliens in blood, in lan- 
 guage, and in religion " did not 
 tend to make him popular in that 
 country. His " Sessional Summa- 
 ries," in which he used to review, 
 at the close of every parliamentary 
 session, in the most severe and 
 caustic manner, the progress made 
 in legislation by the Whig Govern- 
 ment, were also not soon forgotten. 
 He finally retired from office in 
 
568 
 
 LYNEDOCH— LYNN". 
 
 1846, but still continued to the end 
 to take a lively interest in public 
 affairs, and on occasions to astonish 
 the country by his vigorous and 
 brilliant speeches, notably in 1853, 
 the one in denunciation of the 
 aggressive policy of the Russian 
 Emperor Nicholas, which created a 
 sensation throughout Europe. 
 After his retirement he rather ad- 
 vocated Liberal measures, vigor- 
 ously supported the admission of 
 Jews into Parliament, and also ap- 
 peared as the advocate of women's 
 rights in questions of divorce. His 
 last speech was delivered in the 
 House of Lords at the age of 89. 
 He died in 1863 in his 92nd year, 
 and leaving no male issue the title 
 with him became extinct. [See 
 the very hostile biography of him 
 in Lord Campbeirs " Lives of the 
 Chancellors," and the more recent 
 " Life of Lord Lyndhurst,'' by Sir 
 Theodore Martin, 3883.] 
 
 LYNEDOCH, Loed, Thomas 
 Graham [1750 — 1843], was the 
 third son of Thomas Graham, of 
 Balgowan, Perthshire, and until 
 his forty-second year had lived the 
 life of a country gentleman, looking 
 after his tenants, and cultivating his 
 estates. Losing his wife, to whom 
 he was deeply attached, in 1792, 
 and having no children, he resolved 
 to devote himself to a military life. 
 Accordingly, in 1793, at the com- 
 mencement of the revolutionary 
 war, he landed with the British 
 troops at Toulon, acting as extra 
 A.D.C. to Lord Mulgrave, the 
 general in command. On the 
 evacuation of Toulon he returned 
 to Scotland, and raised the first 
 battalion of the 90th regiment, of 
 which he became Lieutenant- 
 Colonel. He next obtained per- 
 mission to join the Austrian army 
 at that time fighting against the 
 French on the Khine, and took a 
 conspicuous part in the campaign 
 of 179G, and was shut up in the 
 town of Mantua, then invested by 
 Buonaparte. Prom this he man- 
 aged to escape througli many dan- 
 
 gers, and join»?d the army of the 
 Archduke Charles, where he re- 
 mained till the peace of 1797. He 
 then took part in the reduction of 
 Malta, which had been basely sur- 
 rendered to Napoleon by the 
 Maltese knights, June 10, 1793, of 
 which the British regained posses- 
 sion in 1800. In 1808 he accom- 
 panied Sir John Moore as A.D.C. 
 to the coast of Sweden, and later 
 joined him in the same capacity 
 upon his eventful expedition to 
 Spain. Of his services in that cam- 
 paign Sheridan thus spoke in the 
 House : " In the hour of peril 
 Graham was their best adviser ; in 
 the hour of disaster Graham was 
 their surest consolation."' But his 
 two greatest achievements were the 
 victories of Barossa and Cadiz, 
 which he gained in spite of tre- 
 mendous odds against him, and for 
 which he received the thanks of 
 Parliament. Having taken part in 
 the Peninsular war, he returned to 
 England, and in 1814 was raised to 
 the peerage by the title of Baron 
 Lynedoch of Balgowan in Perth- 
 shire, with a pension of ,£2,000. 
 He had previously been created a 
 G.C.B.,K.G.C.H.,and also a Knight 
 Grand Cross of the Order of St. 
 Michael and St. George, besides 
 Avhich he was made Lord Eector of 
 the University of Glasgow. The 
 last years of his life were passed in 
 retirement, mostly in Italy. As 
 he died without children his titles 
 became extinct, and his estates 
 were inherited by his nephew. 
 
 LYNN, Samuel Ferrers, 
 A.R.H.A. He was born in Ire- 
 land in 1836, and studied art first 
 under his brother, an architect 
 of Belfast, and later in the Aca- 
 demy schools, where he took medals 
 for the best life-study and best 
 composition. He then turned his 
 attention to sculpture, and exhi- 
 bited 27 works, among thom, 
 "Evangeline," ''The Death of 
 Procris," "Master Mngrath/' and 
 portraits of many eminent Irish- 
 men. He died in 1876. 
 
LYONS— LYTTELTOK 
 
 5G9 
 
 LYONS, Edmund, Lord, bettor 
 known as Admiral Sir Edmund 
 Lyons, G.C.B. [1790—1858], was 
 the second son of John Lyons, Esq., 
 of Burton House, near Christ- 
 church, Hants, where he was born. 
 He was educated at Hyde Abbey 
 School, near Winchester, and in 
 1801 entered the navy under Sir 
 Harry Burrard Neale on H. M.S. the 
 Royal Charlotte. He became Lieu- 
 tenant of the Barracouta brig in 
 1809, and in 1810 formed one of the 
 storming party who laid siege to 
 the castle of Belgica in the island 
 of Banda Neira, and added another 
 Dutch colony to the British posses- 
 sions in the Indian seas. In 1811 
 he stormed and took possession of 
 the fortress of Marrack on the 
 coast of Java, after which he re- 
 turned to England to recruit his 
 health. He was appointed to the 
 Rinaldo in 1813, in which he escorted 
 Louis XVIII. to France, and 
 brought the allied sovereigns to 
 England. He obtained post rank 
 in 1814, took part in the siege of 
 Navarino in 1828, and superintended 
 the expedition sent to aid the 
 French in their investment of the 
 castle of Morea. He was knighted 
 in 1835, and soon after appointed 
 minister plenipotentiary and am- 
 bassador extraordinary at the 
 Court of Athens, which post he 
 held for upwards of fourteen years. 
 He was ambassador to the Swiss 
 Cantons in 1849, and at the Court 
 of Stockholm in 1851. On the 
 breaking out of the Russian war, 
 he filled the office of second in 
 command in the Black Sea under 
 Admiral Sir J. W. Deans-Dundas, 
 on whose resignation in 1855 he 
 was appointed Commander-in- 
 Chief of the Black Sea Fleet. At 
 the battle of the Alma he supported 
 the French army ashore by bring- 
 ing the guns of his ship, the 
 Agamemnon, to bear upon the left 
 flank of the Russians. He planned 
 the expedition against the Russian 
 forts along the Sea of Azoff in May 
 and Jiuie, 1855, which was carried 
 
 out by his son, Captain Mowbray 
 Lyons, of the Miranda, who died 
 soon afterwards fi-om the effects of 
 a wound received off Sebastopol. 
 On his retui-n to England he was 
 most enthusiastically received, was 
 presented with the freedom of the 
 city of London, received the thanks 
 of both Houses of Parliament for . 
 his services in the Black Sea, and 
 in June, 185G, was raised to the 
 peerage as Baron Lyons of Christ- 
 church, Hants. He died at Arun- 
 del Castle, Nov. 23, 1858, and 
 was succeeded in the title by 
 his eldest and only surviving son, 
 who has been for more than 
 twenty years British Ambassador 
 in Paris. 
 
 LYTE, The Rev. Henry Francis 
 [1793 — 18 17], a well-known hymn- 
 writer, and author of " Abide wdth 
 me, fast falls the Eventide," was 
 born at Ednam, Roxburghshire, and 
 studied for the church at Trinity 
 College, Dublin, taking orders in 
 the Ii"ish Establishment. He for 
 some time held a curacy at Wex- 
 ford, but was obliged to quit Ire- 
 land on account of ill-health. In 
 1823 he settled at Brixham, in 
 Devonshire, where he wi'ote most 
 of the hymns by which he is now 
 remembered. Among his best- 
 known works may be mentioned a 
 volume of " Poems," chiefly reli- 
 gious, published in 1833, and " The 
 Spirit of the Psalms," published 
 soon after. Besides "Abide with 
 me," three more of his bost-knowm 
 hymns are " Jesus I my cross have 
 taken," " Praise my soul, the 
 King of Heaven," and " Pleasant 
 are Thy courts above." He died 
 at Nice, whither he had gone in 
 search of health, aged 54. 
 
 LYTTELTON (Baron), The 
 Right Hon. George William 
 Lyttelton,K.C.M.G. [1817— 1876], 
 born in London, was educated at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, where 
 he graduated in the highest classical 
 honours in 1838. Having succeeded 
 his father as fourth baron, April 30, 
 1837, he was Under-Secretary of 
 
570 
 
 LYTTON— MACAULAY. 
 
 State for the Colonies from Jan. to 
 July, 1816. He was Lord-Lieutenant 
 of Worcestershire and High Steward 
 of Bewdley, failed in a contest for 
 the office of High Steward of Cam- 
 bridge University in 181:0^ and 
 acted in 1861-3 as a member of the 
 E/oyal Commission appointed to in- 
 quire into the management of our 
 Public Schools ; and since then as 
 Koyal Commissioner on Clerical 
 Subscription, and on Middle Schools. 
 He was Chief Commissioner of En- 
 dowed Schools from 1869 till 1874. 
 Lord Lyttelton took an active inte- 
 rest in colonial questions, and in 
 advocating the revival of the active 
 powers of Convocation, and the ex- 
 tension of the ej)iscopate. His lord- 
 ship published two series of " Ephe- 
 mera," containing lectures and ad- 
 dresses delivered by him, and a 
 few translations (by himself and 
 Mr. Gladstone) into Latin and 
 Greek verse. He was the father 
 of a large family of sons, all of 
 whom have been famous as cricket- 
 ers. 
 
 LYTTON, Mrs. Elizabeth Bar- 
 bara BuLWER, mother of the no- 
 velist, Edward Lytton Bulwer (the 
 first Lord Lytton), and of William 
 Henry Lytton Bulwer (ambassador 
 at Constantinople ; afterwards Lord 
 Calling and Bulwer), and Wil- 
 liam Earle Lytton Bulwer, was 
 born in 1773, J and was the only 
 daughter of Richard Warburton, 
 Esq., of Kneb worth Park, Hert- 
 fordshire, who assumed the name 
 of Lytton. Miss Lytton married, 
 in 1798, William Earle Bulwer, of 
 Heydon Hall, in Norfolk, a general 
 in the army, who died July 7, 1807. 
 On the death of her father, in 1810, 
 she succeeded to the estate of Kneb- 
 worth, and in 1811 she took the 
 name of Lytton in addition to that 
 of Bulwer, by royal sign manual. 
 The old mansion of Knebworth was 
 partly pulled down by Mrs. Bulwer 
 Lytton in 1811, and a new one 
 built in the Gothic style. She 
 died at her house in Upper Seymour 
 Street, December 19, 1813, in her 
 
 70th year. [See the "Life of the 
 first Lord Lytton," vol. i.] 
 
 LYTTON, Dowager Lady [1794 
 —1882], authoress of "Cheveley," 
 and various other novels, was a 
 daughter of F. Massey Wheeler, of 
 Lizzard Connell, Limerick, and 
 married, in 1837, Edward L. Bul- 
 wer, Lord Lytton. After being 
 separated from her husband, she 
 died at Sydenham, March 12, 1882, 
 aged 88. The publication of her 
 correspondence with her husband 
 was recently the subject of a law- 
 suit. 
 
 LYVEDEN, Baron [1800—18731 
 better known by his former name of 
 th eEight Hon. RobertVernon Smith, 
 son of Eobert P. Smith, Esq., of 
 Saville Eow, London, and nephew of 
 the Eev. Sidney Smith, the witty 
 canon of St. Paul's, was educated 
 at Eton and at Christ Church, Ox- 
 ford, where he graduated in honours. 
 He was elected to the House of 
 Commons in 1829, as member for 
 Tralee ; and was one of the mem- 
 bers for Northampton in the Liberal 
 interest from 1831 till his elevation 
 to the peerage, in July, 1859. He 
 was a Lord of the Treasury, under 
 Lord Grey, from 1830 till 1834; 
 Secretary of the Board of Control 
 from 1835 till 1839, Under-Secre- 
 tary for the Colonies, under Lord 
 Melbourne's administration, from 
 1839 till 1841 ; held the post of 
 Secretary-at-War from Feb. till 
 March, 1852 ; was President of the 
 Board of Control, under Lord Pal- 
 merston's first administration, from 
 1855 till 1858, but did not resume 
 office on his lordship's return to 
 power in 1859. 
 
 M. 
 
 MACAULAY, Zachary [1708— 
 1838], F.E.S., the father of Lord 
 Macaulay, was for some years a 
 merchant at Sierra Loone. On his 
 return to London he joined the 
 Anti-Slavery Society, and for up- 
 wards of forty years he, in con- 
 
MACAULAY. 
 
 571 
 
 junction with Mr. Wilberforce, Mr. 
 Stephens, Mr. Buxton, and other 
 'well-known philanthropists, devoted 
 all his energies and talents to that 
 question, and lived to see his efforts 
 "Crowned with success. At his death 
 a monument was erected to him in 
 Westminster Abbey. He married 
 Miss Mills, daughter of a Bristol 
 merchant, and had one son, Thomas 
 Babington Macaulay, Lord Macau- 
 lay 
 
 MACAULAY, Thomas Babing- 
 ton (Lord), son of the preceding, 
 •was born Oct. 25th, 1800, at Rothley 
 Temple, Leicestershire. The child 
 gave early proof of a bent towards 
 literature, and before he was eight 
 had written a " Compendium of 
 Universal History," which gave a 
 fairly connected view of the leading 
 events from the creation to the 
 beginning of the present century. 
 He was one of the most astonishing 
 of precocious children, and from 
 his earliest years was remarkable 
 for the extraordinary memory, at 
 once quick and retentive, w^hich 
 was the chief of his many gifts. 
 The lad was put to school with 
 Mr. Preston, of Little Shelford, 
 and at the age of 18 entered Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, where, after 
 a brilliant undergraduate career, 
 lie obtained a fellowship. In 1826 
 he was caDed to the bar, and 
 w^ent the Northern Circuit, but 
 obtained no practice, and after a 
 year or two gave up the pretence 
 of reading law. He had, in August, 
 1825, began his connection with the 
 Edinburgh Review, and his essay on 
 Milton, though so crude that the 
 author declared it " contained 
 scarcely a paragraph such as his 
 matured judgment approved," 
 created for him at once a literary 
 reputation, and on the strength of 
 his talents as a writer and conver- 
 sationalist he was admitted to the 
 best London society. He had been 
 brought up as a man of independent 
 means, but about this time his 
 father lost his money, and Thomas 
 Macaulay found himself com- 
 
 pelled to earn his bread. Still, in 
 1830, he entered tho House of Com- 
 mons through a " pocket borough," 
 the only class of seat then avail- 
 able to a man without fortune, and 
 on April 5th, 1830, he made his 
 maiden speech as member for Calne. 
 In March, 1831, the Keform Bill 
 was introduced, and on the second 
 night of the debate Macaulay made 
 the first of his reform speeches, 
 and his eloquence signalised every 
 stage of the conflict. On the pass- 
 ing of the Reform Act (June, 1832) 
 he became one of the commissioners 
 of the Board of Control, and in 
 the first reformed parliament (Jan., 
 1833), took his seat as one of the 
 members for the new constituency 
 of Leeds. At this time the fortunes 
 of his family were so sunk that, for 
 the sake of his sisters w^ho were de- 
 pendent on him, Macaulay accepted 
 a seat in the supreme council of 
 India, -ndth a salary of ^10,000 per 
 annum, and in Feb., 1834, he sailed 
 for Calcutta, and during his tenure 
 of office made the draft of a penal 
 code which, after a revision of many 
 years, has become the criminal code 
 under which law is now adminis- 
 tered throughout the empire. In 
 1838 Macatday returned to Eng- 
 land, and at once entered Parlia- 
 ment as member for Edinburgh, 
 and in the following year became 
 Secretary of War, with a seat in 
 the Cabinet of Lord Melbourne's 
 ministry. In less than two years 
 the ministry fell, but in 181:0 he 
 accepted the office of paymaster- 
 general in Lord John Russell's ad- 
 ministration. His duties were very 
 light, and in the sessions of 1816-i7 
 he spoke only five times. At the 
 general election of July in the latter 
 year he lost his seat for Edinburgh. 
 This did not greatly afflict him, for 
 at this time he was absorbed in his 
 " History of England," of which 
 the first two volumes were pub- 
 lished in Dec, 181S. Public ex- 
 pectation had been whetted by the 
 many brilliant essays which the 
 author had published in the Edin~ 
 
572 
 
 M'BEAN. 
 
 hurgh Review. But tlie success of 
 the History was beyond all expecta- 
 tion, edition after edition was called 
 for, and tlie sale in tlie United 
 States, as well as in this country, 
 was enormous. Soon afterwards 
 Macaulay published the " Lays of 
 Ancient Eome,'" which had an 
 instantaneous success. When, in 
 1852, his party returned to oflSce, 
 Macaulay refused a seat in the 
 Cabinet, but could not decline the 
 honour which the city of Edin- 
 burgh did him by bringing him in 
 at the head of the poll ; yet, though 
 he accepted the seat, he spoke only 
 once, for he was already suffering 
 from the malady which finally 
 proved fatal. In November, 1855, 
 vols. iii. and iv. of the "History" 
 appeared. No work not being one of 
 amusement has in our day reached 
 a circulation so vast. During 
 the nine years ending with the 
 25th June, 1857, the publishers 
 (Longmans) sent out more than 
 30,000 copies of vol. i. ; in the next 
 nine years more than 50,000 copies 
 of the same volume ; and in the 
 nine years ending with June, 1875, 
 more than 52,000 copies. Within a 
 generation of its first appearance 
 upwards of 140,000 copies of the 
 " History " will have been printed 
 and sold in the United Kingdom 
 alone. In the United States no 
 book, except the Bible, ever had 
 such a sale. On the Continent of 
 Europe the sale of the Tauchnitz 
 editions was very large — a sale 
 which did not prevent six rival 
 translations in German. The " His- 
 tory'" has been published in the 
 Polish, Danish, Swedish, Hun- 
 garian Russian, Bohemian, Italian, 
 French, Dutch, and Spanish lan- 
 guages (Mr. Mark Pattison in the 
 Enc. Brit.). In May, 185G, Macau- 
 lay left his chambers in the Albany 
 and went to live at Holly Lodge, 
 Campden Hill. In 1857 he was 
 raised to the peerage l)y the title 
 of Jiaron Macaulay of Kothley, 
 but he nover spoke in the Upper 
 House. Ill-health and absorption 
 
 in his literary work had made 
 him indifferent to the politics of 
 his day ; his great ambition was 
 to complete the " History " which 
 was his life's work, but as time 
 went on he saw that his physical 
 energies would not carry him 
 through the reign of Anne, and 
 though he brought down the nar- 
 rative to the death of William III., 
 the last half-volume lacks the 
 polish of the earlier sections. The 
 severity of the winter of 1859 pro- 
 bably hastened the end ; on Dec. 
 28th Lord Macaulay died, and on Jan. 
 9th, 1860, he was buried in the 
 poet's corner of Westminster Abbey. 
 Macaulay' s works have been col- 
 lected in 8 vols, by his sister, 
 Lady Trevelyan. His life, by his 
 nephew, George Otto Trevelyan, is 
 one of the best biographies in 
 the language. Among other shorter 
 biographies is that by Mr. J. C. 
 Morison in the "' English Men of 
 Letters" series. There is also an 
 excellent article on Macaulay by the 
 late Mark Pattison in vol. xv. of the 
 9th edition of the " Encyclopaedia 
 Britannica." 
 
 M'BEAN, Major-General Wil- 
 liam, V.C., began his career as a 
 drummer in the 93rd Eegiment, 
 from which he made his way up 
 step by step until he attained the 
 rank of lieutenant-colonel in com- 
 mand of the regiment in which he 
 had spent his life. He received 
 his first commission in 1851 when 
 he was serving in the Crimea under 
 Sir Colin Campbell, and was pro- 
 moted from ensign to lieutenant 
 in the same year. He became 
 captain in 1858 ; received the 
 brevet rank of major in 18G0, and 
 brevet lieutenant-colonel in 1871. 
 In the following year he was pro- 
 moted to be major in the army, 
 and in 1873 lieutenant-colonel. 
 His war services incliulod the 
 Crimean campaign to the fall of 
 Sebastopol, for which he received 
 the medal and clasp, the Medjidie, 
 and the Tiirkisli modal ; and the 
 Indian Mutiny, 1857-58, during 
 
MACBRIDE— M'COMBIE. 
 
 573 
 
 which he earned his Victoria Cross 
 for distinguished bravery, his brevet 
 rank, and the medal with two clasps. 
 He died at the Herbert Hospital, 
 Shooter's Hill, Woolwich, June 
 16, 1878, and was bui*ied in Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 MACBRIDE, John David, 
 D.C.L. [1778— 1868], son of Admiral 
 Macbride, was educated at Exeter 
 College, Oxford, where he graduated 
 B.A. in 1799, M.A. in 1802, and 
 D.C.L. in 1811. He was appointed 
 Lord Almoner's Reader' in Arabic, 
 and Principal of Magdalen Hall, in 
 1813, and was the Senior Head of 
 a College in Oxford. Dr. Macbride 
 was a learned theologian, and wrote 
 *' Diatessaron ; Lectures Explana- 
 tory of," published in 1847 — a text- 
 book at Oxford ; " Lectui'es on the 
 Articles of the United Church of 
 England and Ireland," in 1853 ; 
 " lie Mahommedan Religion ex- 
 plained and confuted," in 1857 ; 
 " Lectures on the Acts of the 
 Apostles," and '"Lectures on the 
 Epistles," in 1858. 
 
 MacCARTHY, Denis Florence 
 [1817 ?— 1882], poet, was born at 
 Dublin, and was a member of the 
 Irish Bar, but never practised. He 
 first became known by his contri- 
 butions to the Nation newspaper, 
 established in Dublin in 1842 by 
 Mr. (Sir Charles) Duffy. His poems 
 became and are still very popular 
 among the Irish people, especially 
 the "Voyage of St. Brendon," the 
 "Foray of Con O'Donnell," &c. 
 His collected poems, entitled " Bal- 
 lads, Poems, and Lyi*ics," mostly 
 founded on Irish traditions, and 
 written in a patriotic spirit, ap- 
 peared in 1850. It embraces trans- 
 lations from nearly all modern 
 European languages, including 
 some from Andre Chenier. Having 
 studied Spanish literature he trans- 
 lated six dramas of Calderon, chiefly 
 in the metre of the originals, in 
 1853. Two years later, at the re- 
 quest of the Marchioness of Donegal, 
 lie wrote an Ode on the death of 
 her son the Earl of Belfast, which 
 
 was recited at the public unveiling 
 of his statue. In 1S57 appeared 
 the " Bell Founder," and " Under- 
 glimpses and other Poems ; " in 
 1861 he translated into English 
 Assonante verse Calderon's dramas 
 " El Mayor Encanto Amor," " Los 
 Encantos de la Culpa," and " La 
 Devocion de la Cruz." He pub- 
 lished, besides numerous other plays 
 of Calderon, a treatise on the " Me- 
 moires de ViUars," 1862; "Shel- 
 ley's Early Life," 1872, and his 
 last work, an ode for the centenary 
 of Thomas Moore, in 1879. In 1881 
 he received from the Royal Academy 
 of Spain a medal for his transla- 
 tions of the works of Calderon. 
 
 M'CLURE, Sir Robert John le 
 Mesttrier [1807—1873], son of Capt. 
 M'Clure, of the 89th regiment, born 
 at Wexford, Ii*eland, was educated 
 at Winchester and Sandhurst, and 
 ran away from the latter college to 
 France. He was placed in the 
 naval service, and served on board 
 the Victory, the Hastings (home 
 station), the Niagara (on the lakes 
 of Canada), and the Pilot (coast of 
 North America and the West Indies) . 
 In 1836 he volunteered to join the 
 exploring expedition to the Arctic 
 Seas under Capt. Back, and having, 
 on his return, been made Lieu- 
 tenant of the Hastings, which con- 
 veyed Lord Durham to Canada, 
 was employed as superintendent of 
 Quebec Dockyard, and in the 
 Coast-guard. In 1848 he joined 
 Sir J. Ross's expedition in search of 
 Sir John Franklin, in 1849 was 
 made commander, and in 1850 was 
 appointed to command the Investi- 
 gator, in another exploring expedi- 
 tion, during which he discovered 
 the North-west Passage. For this 
 service he was knighted, and re- 
 ceived the reward of ,£5,000 which 
 had been offered for the discovery, 
 and he afterwards commanded a 
 vessel in the China seas. In 1859 he 
 was created a C.B. 
 
 M'COMBIE, William [1805— 
 1880], of Tillyfour, Aberdeenshire, 
 agriculturist, and most successful 
 
574 
 
 M'CULLAGH— McCULLOCH. 
 
 stock-breeder, was the son of a large 
 farmer and cattle-dealer in Scot- 
 land. He had been intended for 
 one of the learned profession, instead 
 of which he betook himself to his 
 father's calling. About 181-0 he 
 turned his attention to the breed- 
 ing and feeding of the race of black 
 polled cattle, with which his name 
 has long been associated. To this 
 business, and to the management 
 of about 1,200 acres of arable land, 
 he devoted his whole time for nearly 
 a quarter of a century, and won in- 
 numerable prizes both for breeding 
 and fat stock. He published a book 
 entitled " Cattle and Cattle Breed- 
 ers," which soon reached a third 
 edition. He was elected M.P. for 
 the Western Division of Aberdeen 
 in 1868, and was the first tenant- 
 farmer returned from Scotland, and 
 the second in Britain. He lost no 
 opportunity in the House of advo- 
 cating the views of his brother 
 farmers. He was obliged to resign 
 his seat in 1876, on account of fail- 
 ing health, on which occasion was 
 established in Aberdeen a hand- 
 some annual prize commemorating 
 his name and his connection with 
 his favourite breed. 
 
 M'CULLAGH, James, F.E.S. 
 [1809—1847], Professor of Natural 
 Philosophy. at Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin.was born at Loughlindhuhussey, 
 Upper Badoney, co. Tyrone, about 
 ten miles from Strabane, where his 
 grandfather was a small proprietor. 
 He was educated at Strabane, and 
 at Trinity College, Dublin, where 
 he obtained a sizarship, and in 1832 
 was elected a Follow. In 1835 he 
 was appointed Professor of Mathe- 
 matics, and in 1813 succeeded to 
 the Chair of Natural Philosophy, 
 on the elevation of Dr. Lloyd to 
 the Senior Fellowship. The 
 Conynghara Gold Medal of. the 
 Academy was awarded to him in 
 1838 for his paper " On the Laws 
 of Crystalline Keflexion and Refrac- 
 tion," and in 1812 he received the 
 Copley Medal from the Royal 
 Society for his investigations on 
 
 the theory of light. He was elected 
 an F.R.S. in 1843. He died by his 
 own hand Oct. 24, 1847, overwork 
 having affected his mind. 
 
 MCCULLOCH, John Ramsay 
 [1779 — 1864], political economist, 
 was born at Whithorn in Wigtown- 
 shire, and having received his early 
 education from his maternal grand- 
 father, a Scotch clergyman, went 
 to Edinburgh, and for some time 
 was employed as a clerk in the 
 office of a writer to the signet. In 
 1817 he became a contributor to 
 the Scotsman newspaper, which he 
 also edited for two years. His 
 articles mostly related to questions 
 of political economy, on which 
 science he also delivered lectures 
 in Edinburgh. In 1818 he began 
 to write for the Edinburgh Review, 
 his first article in which was on 
 Ricardo's " Principles of Political 
 Economy.'" In 1828 he was ap- 
 pointed Professor of Political Eco- 
 nomy in University College, London, 
 and in 1838 Comptroller of Her 
 Majesty's Stationery Office, a posi- 
 tion he held till his death, and 
 into which he introduced many 
 important reforms. Sir Robert 
 Peel conferred on him a pension 
 of ^200 per annum for his services 
 in political science. He was a 
 voluminous writer, among his best 
 known works being the " Principles 
 of Political Economy," 1849 ; a 
 " Dictionary of Commerce," and 
 " Dictionary of Geography," which 
 passed through numerous editions 
 and were translated into several 
 foreign languages ; " The Litera- 
 ture of Political Economy," 1845 ; 
 and an edition of Adam Smith's 
 " Wealth of Nations," with elabo- 
 rate notes. 
 
 McCULLOCH, The Rev. Thomas, 
 D.D. [1776—1843], founder of the 
 Picton Academy, Nova Scotia, was 
 born at Neilston, Renfrew, Scot- 
 land, and educated at the Edin- 
 burgh University. Having studied 
 for the ministry, he was ordained 
 minister of a congregation at 
 Stewartou, Ayi'shire, which he re- 
 
M'DIARMID— MACDONALD. 
 
 575 
 
 signed in 1803, and proceeded to 
 Picton, Nova Scotia. There he 
 became minister of the harbour or 
 town of Picton, a small place con- 
 sisting of about a dozen houses. 
 As early as 1805 he tried to start 
 an institution for the higher 
 branches of education, and al- 
 though he met with nothing but 
 discouragement from the inhabi- 
 tants, he succeeded at last in form- 
 ing a society for the establishment 
 of such a college, and in 1816 an 
 act of incorporation was granted to 
 them. Under this act the trustees 
 set to work and raised .£1000 for 
 the erection of a building, and Dr. 
 McCulloch was chosen its first 
 president. From that time his 
 life was almost entirely devoted to 
 the interests of the institution, the 
 whole of the teaching devolving 
 upon him at first. Dr. McCulloch 
 remained in the Academy till 1838 
 when he removed to Dalhousie Col- 
 lege, of which he was the first 
 principal. He was a constant con- 
 tributor to the newspaper press of 
 Nova Scotia, and was also the 
 author of several religious and 
 other works, among which may be 
 mentioned " Popery condemned by 
 Scripture and the Fathers," Edin- 
 burgh, 1808; "The Prosperity of 
 the Church in Troublous Times," 
 a sermon, 1814- ; " The Nature and 
 Uses of a Liberal Education," 1819 ; 
 and "Colonial Gleanings," Edin- 
 burgh, 1826. 
 
 M'DIARMID, JoHX [1790 — 
 1852], miscellaneous writer and 
 newspaper editor, was the son of 
 the Rev. Hugh M'Diarmid, minister 
 of the Gaelic church in Glasgow, and 
 was born in Edinburgh in 1790. 
 He began his career as clerk in a 
 counting-house in that city, where 
 he joined the Edinburgh Discus- 
 sion Forum, becoming one of its 
 leading speakers. Previous to 1817 
 he had written several fugitive 
 pieces in prose and verse for the 
 leading magazines of the day, and 
 in 1815 attracted much attention 
 by his spirited lines on the battle 
 
 of Waterloo. In the end of the 
 year 1816 he joined with Charles 
 Maclaren and William Ritchie in 
 establishing the Scotsman news- 
 paper, the first number of which 
 appeared in January 1817. He left 
 Edinburgh for Dumfries in 1817, 
 to undertake the editorship of the 
 Courier, started in 1809 by Dr. Henry 
 D. Ruth well to promote many bene- 
 volent schemes with which his name 
 is associated. Mr. M'Diarmid con- 
 ducted this paper with the greatest 
 success, interesting himself espe- 
 cially in agricultural matters, so 
 that his weekly articles on rural 
 affairs became famous. He became 
 sole proprietor of the Courier in 
 1837. He died November 12, 1852, 
 aged 62. Besides the articles which 
 he wi'ote for his own newspaper he 
 wrote the lives of Cowper and Gold- 
 smith, a " Pietiu'e of Dumfries," a 
 " Memoir of Nicholson the Gallo- 
 way poet," and in 1825 started the 
 Dumfries Magazine. Soon after his 
 arrival in Dumfries in 1817, he 
 made the acquaintance of Burns' 
 widow, and became her intimate 
 friend and adviser, and ultimately 
 her executor. He was also the 
 friend and correspondent of the 
 poet's sons. As a memorial of Mr. 
 M'Diarmid, a subscription was 
 raised after his death, for the pur- 
 pose of founding a bursary of dfilO 
 a year, open for competition to 
 students from Dumfries, Kircud- 
 bright, and WigtoAvn. 
 
 MACDONALD, Alexander, M.P. 
 [1823 — 1881], a prominent advocate 
 of the improvement in the condi- 
 tion of miners, was born of humble 
 parentage, and sent at an early age 
 to work in the pit with his father, 
 who was a miner. He took an 
 active part in the strike of 18-42, 
 and aftei'wards resolved to study, if 
 possible, for some learned profes- 
 sion, and managed to save enough 
 from his earnings to enable him to 
 enter the Glasgow University, where 
 he remained two sessions, support- 
 ing himself in winter by money 
 earned in summer. Up to 1850 he 
 
576 
 
 MACDONALD— M'DOWELL. 
 
 was employed as a working miner, 
 but for four or five years after that 
 period lie was a country school- 
 master, and "later filled various 
 positions in connection with Eng- 
 lish and Scottish Miners^ Associa- 
 tions. He was made president of 
 the National Miners' Association in 
 1863, and was concerned in the 
 passing of the Master and Servants 
 Act, 1864-67. He also visited the 
 United States in order to compare 
 the condition of the workmen there 
 with those in this country. He 
 was presented in 1873 with .£1500 
 subscribed for by miners through- 
 out the country. He was returned 
 as member for Stafford in 1874 as 
 an advanced Liberal, being the 
 first working-man to obtain a seat 
 in the Legislature, and was re- 
 elected in 1880. 
 
 MACDONALD, Hugh [1817— 
 1860], minor poet and descriptive 
 writer, was born of humble parent- 
 age in the Bridgeton district of 
 Grlasgow. His education was very 
 limited, and he was early sent to 
 work at the block-printing trade 
 in the Colinslie works near Paisley. 
 He walked to and from his work 
 each day, a distance of sixteen 
 miles, and developed a strong love 
 for Nature. His chief works were 
 the " Rambles round Grlasgow," 
 which he wrote for the Glasgow 
 Citizen, and which were afterwards 
 published in a collected form, and 
 " Days at the Coast,'' written partly 
 for the Times with which he became 
 connected. He wrote besides for 
 the Sentinel, 1855, and for the 
 Morning Journal, 1858. [See Me- 
 moir prefixed to collected edition 
 of his Poems, 1863.] 
 
 MACDONALD, Lawrence, 
 E.S.A., born in Perth, 1799, died 
 in Eome, March 4, 1878. When 
 three and twenty years of age he 
 went to Italy and settled in Kome. 
 In 1823 he was one of the founders 
 of the British Academy of Arts in 
 Rome, and his connection with that 
 institution ceased only at his death. 
 His work was mainly portrait busts. 
 
 but he exhibited a fine statue of 
 '" Ulysses and his Dog," in the 
 Paris Exhibition of 1855, and sent 
 several statues to the Royal Aca- 
 demy, where between 1828 and 1857 
 he exhibited forty-eight works. A 
 reproduction of his bust of Philip 
 Henry, Earl Stanhope, is in the 
 National Porti-ait Gallery. 
 
 MACDONELL, General Sir 
 James, G.C.B., K.C.H., was the 
 third son of Duncan Macdonell of 
 Glengary, and entered the army in 
 1796. In 1805-6 he took part in 
 the expedition to Naples and Cala- 
 bria, and after a distinguished 
 career in Portugal, Spain, France, 
 and Flanders, won fresh renown at 
 Waterloo, where he received the 
 thanks of the Duke of Wellington 
 for his gallantry in defending the 
 building of Hougomont against 
 the overwhelming force of the 
 French. He was nominated a 
 K.C.B. in 1838, G.C.B. in 1855. 
 He received numerous medals, was 
 decorated with the order of Maria 
 Theresa, and was a Knight of St. 
 Vladimir. He died May 15, 1857. 
 
 MACDONELL, James [1842— 
 1879], an able journalist, for many 
 years leader "WT-iter on foreign politics 
 in the Daily Telegraph, and subse- 
 quently holding a like post on the 
 Times, was born and educated at 
 Aberdeen, and came to London 
 about the year 1867. He was re- 
 markable for the extent and variety 
 of his knowledge, especially in the 
 departments of history and philo- 
 sophy, and possessed also a very 
 graceful literary style. He was 
 the author of a volume on " France 
 since the First Emj^ire." He died 
 on March 3, 1879, very suddenly, at 
 the age of thirty-seven. 
 
 M'DOWELL,: Patrick, R.A. 
 Born in Belfast, Aug. 12, 1799. 
 Died in London, Dec. 9, 1870. His 
 father died young, and his mother 
 came with lier family to England 
 when M'Dowell was tAvolve years 
 of age. Two years later he was 
 apprenticed to a coachmaker, who 
 afterwards failed. M'Dowell at 
 
 .i 
 
MACFAELANE— MAC GAHAN. 
 
 577 
 
 that time had lodgings in the house 
 of Peter Chenu, the sculptor, and 
 from him ho acquii'cd some know- 
 ledge of modelling. He first ex- 
 hibited in the Academy of 1822, 
 and in 1830 got himself admitted a 
 student, and having thus obtained 
 a more thorough knowledge of art, 
 he began j^roducing ideal subjects 
 as well as portrait busts. His 
 "Loves of the Angels" first at- 
 tracted public attention to his 
 work : it was followed by " A Girl 
 
 Reading,' 
 
 1S37; "Girl going to 
 
 Bathe," ISlO ; and in ISil his 
 " Prayer " secured his election as 
 A.E.A. His principal works of 
 this period were " Cupid," 1812 ; 
 and "Love Triumphant," 1814. 
 He was promoted Academician in 
 ISiG, and in that year erected the 
 monumental statue of " Viscount 
 Exmouth " for Greenwich Hos- 
 pital. In 184-7 he exhibited " Early 
 Sorrow," and the model for his 
 imiDortant " Vii'ginius and his 
 Daughter." which he executed in 
 marble iu 1850. This was followed 
 by " Eve," 1853 ; "The Day Dream," 
 1856 ; the marble statues of " Wil- 
 liam Pitt," and "The Earl of 
 Chatham," for Westminster Hall, 
 and the bronze figures of " Viscount 
 Fitzgibbon," for Limerick, and the 
 " Earl of Belfast." M'Dowell con- 
 tinued to contribute j)ortrait busts 
 to the Academy until the year of 
 his death ; but his later years were 
 chiefly occupied in the completion 
 of his fine grouj) of " Europe," for 
 the Albert Memorial. A short 
 while before his death he placed 
 himself on the list of retired Aca- 
 demicians. He exhibited eighty- 
 nine works in London. 
 
 MACFAELANE, Principal 
 Duncan, D.D. [1771—1857], was 
 the son of Duncan Macfarlane, 
 minister of Drymen, and was born 
 at Auchingray. He was educated 
 for the Church, at the Glasgow 
 University, and succeeded his father 
 as minister of Drymen in 1799. 
 He was made a D.D. of Glasgow 
 University in ISOG, He was ap- 
 
 pointed one of His Majesty's Chap- 
 lains in 1815 ; a Moderator of the 
 General Assembly in 1819 ; and in 
 1820 a Dean of the Chapel Eoyal, 
 which, however, he resigned, toge- 
 ther with his Drymen charge, on 
 becoming Principal of Glasgow 
 University, and Minister of the 
 High Church in 1821. In 1S35 he 
 originated the Colonial Mission 
 scheme, and was its covener for 
 upwards of twenty years. He died 
 aged 87, Nov. 25, 1857, in the 
 sixty-sixth year of his ministry. 
 He wrote, in conjunction with G, 
 Whyte, F.E.S., a "View of the 
 Agriculture of Dumbarton County," 
 1811, and one or two pamphlets. 
 
 M-FAELANE, General Sir 
 Egbert [1770 — 1813], entered the 
 army as Ensign in 1789 ; was ap- 
 pointed lieutenant-colonel in the 
 113th Foot in 1794 ; became colonel 
 in 1800, and brigadier-general in 
 1805. He took an active part iu 
 the siege of Copenhagen in 1807, 
 and for his services received the 
 thanks of Parliament. He after- 
 wards served on the staff in Sicily, 
 as second in command, under Lord 
 William Bentinck, and was made 
 lieutenant-general in the army 
 of the King of the Two Sicilies. 
 He was made major - general at 
 home in 1808, lieutenant-general 
 in 1813, and general in 1830. He 
 received the Grand Cross of the 
 Neapolitan Order of St. Ferdi- 
 nand and Merit for his services in 
 Italy, and was made aK.C.B.in 1827. 
 He married in 1815, the daughter 
 of Captain Henry Vankemyer, of 
 the Dutch army, and Consul of the 
 King of the Netherlands at Tripoli. 
 He died at his house, in Great 
 Cumberland Street, June G, 1843, 
 aged 73. 
 
 MAC GAHAN, JANUA.RII7S Alot- 
 sius. He was born of Irish parents, 
 in Ohio, 1845, and while studying 
 law in Brussels, was engaged by 
 Dr. Hosmer as special correspondent 
 of the New York Herald during the 
 Franco-Prussian war. His graphic 
 descriptive powers led to a per- 
 
 p p 
 
o/ 
 
 78 
 
 M'GEE— MACGEEGOE. 
 
 manent engagement^ and, for the 
 Herald, lie accompanied the Eus- 
 sian expedition to Khiva, and 
 afterwards went through the Carlist 
 war, and later accompanied Sir 
 Allen Young's expedition to the 
 North Pole. In 1877 his connec- 
 tion with the Herald ceased, and 
 when the rumour of Turkish atroci- 
 ties in Bulgaria reached England, 
 he was sent out by the Daily News. 
 The effect of his letters is not yet 
 forgotten ; at the time they led the 
 opinion of the British public on the 
 Eastern Question. He afterwards 
 went through the war between Eus- 
 sia and Turkey, at the close of 
 which he died of fever at Con- 
 stantinople, June 9, 1878. His best 
 work was given to journals, and 
 has not as yet been collected, but 
 he published "■ Campaigning on the 
 Oxus," and " Under the Northern 
 Lights." 
 
 M'GEE, Thomas D'Arcy. He 
 was born in Ireland, April 13, 1825. 
 At the age of 17 he went to America, 
 and became editor of the Boston 
 Pilot, when " the inspired utter- 
 ances of a young exiled Irish boy 
 in America" having attracted the 
 attention of O'Connell, the Free- 
 man's Journal offered him a situa- 
 tion, and he returned to Ireland. 
 But he soon left the Freeman 
 for the more " patriotic " Nation, 
 then edited by Gavan Duffy, and 
 became one of the most brilliant, 
 though never most trusted, con- 
 tributors. After the rising of 1848, 
 he escaped to America, and ten 
 years later settled in Montreal. 
 Soon after this he was elected to 
 the Canadian Parliament, and in 
 1862 was chosen President of the 
 Executive Council, and afterwards 
 Minister of Agriculture. Success 
 had modified his political opinions, 
 and he made some imprudent at- 
 tacks on those of his countrymen 
 whose views remained unchanged. 
 During a visit to Ireland he de- 
 nounced the Fenians, and in 18G7 
 repeated his attacks. In revenge 
 for this he was assassinated April 7, 
 
 1868. He was the author of a 
 volume of poems, a " History of 
 Ireland," and many other works. 
 
 MACGILLIVEAY, William, 
 A.M., LL.D. [1805—1852], natu- 
 ralist and author of numerous 
 works in the department of natural 
 science, was born in the island of 
 Harris in 1805. He was aj^pointed 
 in 1841 Professor of Natural His- 
 tory and Lecturer on Botany in 
 Aberdeen University, and received 
 the honorary degree of LL.D. Pre- 
 vious to this appointment he had 
 filled the office of Curator of the 
 Eoyal College of Surgeons, Edin- 
 burgh. His greatest work, a "His- 
 tory of British Birds," was begun 
 in 1848, and finished in five volumes 
 in 1852, during his residence at 
 Torquay, where he had gone to live 
 on account of failing health. Dr. 
 Macgillivray was the first to carry 
 out the investigation of the internal 
 structure of birds. His other works 
 are : " The Travels and Eesearches 
 of Alexander von Humboldt," 1832 ; 
 " Lives of Eminent Zoologists from 
 Aristotle to Linnaeus," 1831; "The 
 Eapacious Birds of Great Britain," 
 1836; "A Manual of Geology," 
 1840; "A Manual of Botany," 1810; 
 " A Manual of British Ornithology," 
 1840; "A History of the Mollus- 
 cous Animals of the Counties of 
 Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Banfl'," 
 1843; "British Ornithology; Ma- 
 nual of British Birds," 1846 ; " Wi- 
 thering's Arrangement of British 
 Plants," "The Conchologist's Text 
 Book," "British Quadrupeds, form- 
 ing the Seventh Volume of Sir 
 William Jardine's Naturalist's Li- 
 brary," and " The Natui-al History 
 of Deeside and Braemar," published 
 by command of the Queen in 1855. 
 He was a member of the "Wernerian 
 and other learned societies. He 
 died in Aberdeen, Sept. 4, 1852. 
 
 MACGEEGOE, Major-General 
 Sir George Hall, K.C.B. [1810— 
 1883], of the Eoyal Artillery, was 
 the eldest son of General John 
 A. P. Macgregor, of Sussex Place, 
 Hyde Park ; and ou completing 
 
MAOGREOOR— McHALE. 
 
 ot 
 
 79 
 
 his education iit Addiscombe, he 
 entered the Ben«^al ArtiUery in 
 182G. In 183G he was appointed 
 aide-de-camp to Lord Auckland, 
 then! governor-i^eneral of India, 
 and two years Liter was nominated 
 political assistant and military 
 secretary to Sir AV. M'Naughten, 
 envoy with Shah Sujah. He after- 
 wards served in Afi^hanistan, taking 
 part in all the important actions 
 during that campaign, and in 181-2 
 served as A.D.C. to Sir George 
 Pollock. In 184G he was appointed 
 principal assistant to the resident 
 at Lahore, and later was successively 
 nominated political resident at 
 Benares, deputy commissioner at 
 Lahore, political resident at Moor- 
 shedabad, and military commis- 
 sioner and governor-general's agent 
 with the Grhoorka auxiliary force 
 under Jung Bahadoor. During the 
 Indian Mutiny he served as briga- 
 dier-general, and was present at 
 the captiu-e of Lucknow. For these 
 services he was nominated C.B. in 
 1812, and K.C.B. in 18G1. He re- 
 tired from the army on full pay 
 in 1859, with the rank of Major- 
 General. 
 
 MACGREGOR, John [1797— 
 1857], statistician gnd political 
 economist, was the eldest son of 
 David Macgregor, of Drynie, Ross- 
 shire, and was born in 1797. He 
 was taken when quite young to 
 Canada, and placed in a large com- 
 mercial house, on Prince Edward 
 Island, from which position he rose 
 to be high sheriff of the island, 
 and a member of the Colonial 
 Legislature. From 1840 to 18 i7 he 
 was secretary to the Board of 
 Trade in England, and in the latter 
 year was elected M.P. for Glasgow. 
 He published several voluminous 
 works relating to the trade and 
 history of England and America, 
 of which the best known is his 
 " Historical and Descriptive 
 Sketches of the Maritime Colonies 
 of British America," 1828. He 
 died at Boulogne^ aged 60, April 23, 
 1857. 
 
 McHALE, The Most Rev. John, 
 D.D. [1791—1881], Archbifchop of 
 Tuam, born at Tubber - navine. 
 Mayo. Having learned the rudi- 
 iiK'uts of Greek and Latin at a 
 school in the neighbouring town of 
 Castlebar, he entered as a student 
 at Maynooth, where he became 
 Lecturer and Professor of Dogmatic 
 Theology. Having held his pro- 
 fessorial chair for about eleven 
 years, he was named Coadjutor- 
 Bishop of Killala, cum jure succes- 
 sionis, and consecrated with the 
 title of Bishop of Maronia, in yar- 
 tibus. Whilst resident at Maynooth, 
 he published, under the signatui'e 
 of " Hierophilus," a series of con- 
 troversial letters on Bible Societies, 
 the Protestant Church in Ireland, 
 and Catholic Emancipation ; and, 
 in 1827, a work on the " Evidences 
 and Doctrines of the Catholic 
 Church," since translated into the 
 French and German languages. 
 Dr. McHale afterwards pub- 
 lished, under his own signature as 
 Bishop of Maronia, a second series 
 of letters on the same class of sub- 
 jects, which attracted great atten- 
 tion both among the friends and 
 the foes of Catholic Emancipation. 
 On the death of Dr. Kelly, Dr. 
 McHale was promoted to the ar- 
 chiepiscopal see of Tuam. During 
 Lord Melbourne's ministry, he pub- 
 lished several letters on the ques- 
 tions of the Church Establishment 
 and Education, under the signature 
 of " John, Archbishop of Tuam," 
 and in 1817 he collected in one 
 volume the entire series of letters 
 up to that date. The publication 
 of those letters i-endered him the 
 next prominent figure to O'Connell, 
 on the political platform, and after 
 his death he became the acknow- 
 ledged leader of Irish feeling and 
 action. He accompanied O'Connell, 
 who named him " The Lion of the 
 Fold of Judah," to Connemara, to 
 hold those famous meetings of the 
 peasantry on the hills about Clif- 
 den. Dr. McHale, besides taking 
 an active part in the politics of the 
 
 P P 2 
 
580 
 
 M'l AN— MACKENZIE. 
 
 day, was known as a preacher, not 
 only in Ireland and England, but 
 in Italy ; and. his sermons, deli- 
 vered in Eome in 1832, were trans- 
 lated into Italian by the Abbate 
 de Lucca, Ax)ostolic Nuncio at 
 Vienna. He translated into Irish, 
 and published, above sixty of 
 Moore's " Irish Melodies " in the 
 same jjrecise metre as the original ; 
 in 1861 he produced a large octavo 
 volume, comprising six books of the 
 " Iliad," with a corresponding Irish 
 translation in heroic metre, and 
 published the Pentateuch, in Eng- 
 lish and Irish translations, accom- 
 panied with notes and comments : 
 forming the first volume of the 
 Bible, to be followed by other 
 parts. 
 
 M ' I A N, Egbert Eoland, 
 A.E.S.A. Of an ancient Highland 
 race, he was born in Scotland in 
 1803, and began life as an actor, 
 but during 1835 and 1837, while 
 acting at the English Opera House, 
 he was an exhibitor at Suffolk 
 Street, and in 1836 he had his first 
 painting in the Academy. His 
 subjects were almost invariably 
 taken from Scottish history, and 
 were treated with great vigour and 
 earnestness. Among the best kno"v\Ti 
 are " A Highland Cateran,'' 1839 ; 
 and '* The Covenanter's Wedding," 
 1840, in which year M'lan retired 
 from the stage. He exhibited 
 thirty-nine paintings in London, 
 the last in 1847. He died at 
 Hampstead, Dec. 13, 1856. 
 
 MACINTOSH, Charles, F.E.S. 
 [1766 — 1813], chemist, and inventor 
 of the Macintosh cloak, was born 
 in Glasgow, and was the son of 
 George Macintosh, who was the 
 first to introduce the manufacture 
 of cudbear and Turkey-red dyeing. 
 Mr, Macintosh, who had given his 
 name to the caoutchouc cloaks 
 made by him, afterwards trans- 
 ferred his business from Glasgow 
 to Manchester. He died in that 
 town, aged 77, July 25, 1813. 
 
 MACKENZIE, Charles Frazeb, 
 Bishop [1825—1862], youngest son 
 
 of Colin Mackenzie, of Portmore, 
 Peeblesshire, was educated at the 
 Edinburgh Academy, at the Grange 
 School, Sunderland, and at St. 
 John's College, Cambridge. He 
 was elected to a Fellowship in his 
 college, and soon after ordained by 
 the BishoiD of Ely. Determining 
 to devote himself to missionary 
 work he went out to Natal in 1854, 
 as Archdeacon of Pieter-Maritz- 
 burg under Bishop Colenso. He 
 remained there till 1859, when he 
 returned to England to offer him- 
 self as missionary to the Zulu 
 Caffres. In 1859 it was decided by 
 committees formed in London, and 
 at the two Universities, to establish 
 a mission in the centre of Southern 
 Africa, and Archdeacon Mackenzie 
 was chosen as the best person to 
 undertake the work. He went to 
 Capetown in 1860, and was there 
 consecrated by the Metropolitan 
 " Bishop of the Mission to the 
 Tribes dwelling in the Neighbour- 
 hood of the Lake Nyassa and Eiver 
 Shire." He died two years after 
 his arrival at his station, a village 
 called Mangomero. 
 
 MACKENZIE, Lieutenant- 
 General CoLm,C.B. [1806—1881], 
 entered the army in 1826, and in 
 1834 served in Coorg in all the 
 actions which led to the conquest 
 of Mercara. In 1841 he led the 
 advanced guard at the forcing of 
 the Khoord Cabul Pass, and after- 
 wards was engaged in defending 
 the fort of Nishan Khan, in the 
 city of Cabul, where he distin- 
 guished himself by forcing his Avay 
 through the enemj^'s lines, and 
 bringing off the wounded, with the 
 women and children. In 1842 he 
 was given up as a hostage to 
 Akbar Khan at his special request. 
 He was employed as Political 
 Charge of Prince Sliahpur during 
 the expedition to Istalif, and took 
 a conspicuous part in the storming 
 of that place in Sept., 1842. He 
 raised and commanded the Ith Sikh 
 Light Infantry on the frontier 
 during the Piuijaub campaign in 
 
MACKENZIE. 
 
 >S1 
 
 ISIS-O; and in 1853 took possession 
 of tlie ceded districts of Berar. He 
 was on various occasions thanked 
 by the Government for his services 
 in India, and was nominated a C.B, 
 
 MACKENZIE, Donald [I78t— 
 1851], was a native of Scotland, and 
 at the aL>*e of 17 went out to Canada, 
 and joined the Noi"th-West Com- 
 pany, remaininj^ with them for 
 eij^ht years. In 1800 he became 
 one of the partners with John Jacob 
 Astor, of New York, in establishing 
 the fur trade west of the Eocky 
 Mountains. He joined the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company in 1821, and 
 was at once appointed a member of 
 the Council and Chief Factor, and 
 soon after Govei'nor. At that time 
 he lived at Fort Garrv, Red Eiver 
 Settlement, where he made a large 
 fortune. He died at Mayville, 
 Chataque County, Jan, 20, 1851, 
 aged G7. 
 
 MACKENZIE, Joshua Henry, 
 Lord [1777 — 1851], was the eldest 
 son of Henry Mackenzie, author of 
 the "Man of Feeling." He was 
 educated for the law, and passed 
 advocate in 1799. In 1811 he was 
 appointed sheriff of Linlithgow, 
 Avas raised to the bench of the 
 Court of Session in 1822, and in 
 1821 became a Judge of the Court 
 of Justiciary, and in the year fol- 
 lowing Lord Commissioner of the 
 Jury Court. He married, in 1811, 
 the Hon. Helen Anne Mackenzie, 
 youngest daughter of Francis, Lord 
 Seaforth. He died at Belmont, 
 near Edinburgh, Nov, 17, 1851, 
 aged 71'. 
 
 MACKENZIE, Colonel Ken- 
 neth Douglas, C.B., Assistant- 
 Quartermaster-General of the Forces 
 at the Dartmoor Camp, had entered 
 the army as subaltern in 1831. In 
 the Irish Eebellion of 1818, he 
 was attached to General Mac- 
 donald's flying column, and it was 
 mainly owing to him that Smith 
 O'Brien was captured and conveyed 
 safely to Dublin. Immediately 
 after the capture he stojjped a rail- 
 way engine at Thurles, by present- 
 
 ing a loaded pistol at the driver's 
 head, and on that engine Smith 
 O'Brien was taken to Dublin. For 
 his promptitude on that occasion 
 he was highly commended by Gene- 
 ral Macdonald,and Sir George Grey, 
 at that time home secretary. Colo- 
 nel Mackenzie had served in the 
 Crimea, 185 1-55, and for his services 
 received a medal and three clasps, 
 the Sardinian and Turkish medals, 
 and the brevets of major and lieu- 
 tenant-colonel. He served in India 
 in 1858 and in 1859, was sent by 
 the governor-general to quell the 
 mutiny of the 5th Bengal European 
 E3giment at Berhampore, for which 
 service he received the thanks of 
 the Governor-General in Council 
 and the Secretary of State for India. 
 He went to China in 18G0 as deputy 
 quartermaster-general and head of 
 the department, and was present in 
 all the engagements throughout the 
 campaign. He was nominated C.B. 
 in 1861, received the China medal 
 with two clasps, and was promoted 
 lieutenant-colonel unattached. He 
 was droAvned while attempting to 
 ford the Eiver Meavey, which Avas 
 swollen to unusual proportions 
 after recent rainfalls, Aug. 21, 
 1873. 
 
 MACKENZIE, Thomas, Lord 
 [1807 — 18G9], a Scottish Judge of 
 Session, whose work, " Studies in 
 Eoman Law" (18G2), is Avell knoAvn 
 to students, Avas the son of George 
 Mackenzie of Perth. He was edu- 
 cated at that i)lace, and at the 
 Universities of St. Andrew's and 
 Edinburgh. He was called to the 
 Scottish Bar in 1832, appointed 
 sheriff of Eoss and Cromarty and 
 Solicitor-General of Scotland in 
 1851, and a judge of the Court of 
 Session in 1855. He retired from 
 the bench in 1861. 
 
 MACKENZIE, William Lyon 
 [1795 — 1861], Canadian journalist 
 and legislator, was born in Forfar- 
 shire, and began his career by keep- 
 ing a circulating library in Alytli, 
 near Dundee. He emigrated to 
 Canada in 1820, Avhere he obtained 
 
582 
 
 MACKE SON— MACKWOETH. 
 
 emiDloyment as superintendent over 
 the works of the Lachine Canal. 
 He took a keen interest in politics^, 
 and on becoming editor of the 
 Colonial Advocate at Niagara, roused 
 the displeasure of the Government 
 by his free criticisms of its actions, 
 and every effort was made to sup- 
 press the paper. In 1826 the Advo- 
 cate printing-office was forcibly 
 entered by a mob of irritated friends 
 of the ruling party, and utterly 
 destroyed. In 1828 he was returned 
 to Parliament for York County, but 
 was expelled and re-elected fifteen 
 times. In 1832 he came to England 
 with a petition of grievances to our 
 Government, and succeeded in es- 
 tablishing many reforms, and in 
 getting rid of some of the officials 
 who held the first places in the 
 Canadian Government. He was 
 elected the first mayor of Toronto 
 in 1836, and soon after was sen- 
 tenced to eighteen months' impri- 
 sonment for a breach of the neu- 
 trality laws of the United States. 
 He was allowed to return from New 
 York to Canada in 1850, and again 
 became a member of Assembly, re- 
 signing his seat, however, in 1858. 
 He was the author of " Sketches of 
 Canada and the United States,'' 
 " The Life and Times of Martin Van 
 Buren," &c. 
 
 MACKESON, Lieutenant-Colo- 
 nel Frederick, C.B., was born in 
 Kent, and educated at a-military 
 seminary in France. He entered 
 the army in 1825, and served for ten 
 or twelve years with the 14th Ben- 
 gal Native Infantry. In 1831 he 
 was appointed assistant political 
 agent under Sir C. M. Wade at 
 Loodiana, from which place he 
 was sent to Bahwulpore and Mit- 
 lumkote, to survey the Sutlej and 
 Indus, and to facilitate their navi- 
 gation. In 1837 he accompanied 
 Sir Alexander Bui'nes to Cabul, and 
 in the two following years was 
 occupied in forwarding the march 
 of the army of the Indus along tlie 
 ))anks of that river. He was after- 
 wards employed in conducting the 
 
 political relations of our govern- 
 ment at the important post of 
 Peshawiu'. In 1810, while yet a 
 subaltern, he was promoted to the 
 local rank of mayor, to qualify him 
 for the honour of C.B. In 1845-6 
 he was employed during the Sikh 
 invasion as commissioner in the 
 Cis- Sutlej States, being politically 
 attached to Sir Harry Smith's 
 force, whose high ajjprobation he 
 won for his solderly service at 
 Aliwal. During the Sikh cam- 
 paign, after the battle of Chillian- 
 wallah, when Shere Singh turned 
 Lord Gouo^h's flank, and was march- 
 ing on Lahore, the brigade under 
 Brigadier Burnes was in imminent 
 danger of being surprised by the 
 Sikhs, unless it could be warned 
 in time. Colonel Mackeson was 
 entrusted with this duty, which 
 necessitated his crossing the Jhelum. 
 On reaching the river, one of the 
 worst in the Punjaub, and which 
 was running like a torrent, he 
 found neither boat nor ford, but 
 without a moment's hesitation 
 plunged into the torrent, and half- 
 dead with exhaustion reached the 
 opposite bank and delivered his 
 instructions. Having attained the 
 successive ranks of lieutenant- 
 colonel, captain, and brevet lieu- 
 tenant-colonel, he was appointed 
 to the office of commissioner at 
 Peshawur. There he was assassi- 
 nated by a religious fanatic from 
 Koner, Sept. 10, 1853. 
 
 MACKWOETH, Sir DioxBY, the 
 S-R-D Bart. [1789—1852], was born 
 at Oxford, and was the eldest son 
 of Sir Digby Mack worth, the 2nd 
 Bart. He was educated at West- 
 minster, and entered the army as 
 lieutenant in the 7th Fusiliers in 
 1807. He served with distinction 
 at Talavora and at Albuera, and 
 then ))ecame A.D.C. to Lord Hill. 
 At the battle of Waterloo he had 
 his horse killed under him in Lord 
 Hill's last cliarge. In 1830 ho was 
 employed by the Government in 
 quelling agrarian disturbances in 
 the Forest of Dean, and in 1851 was 
 
MACLAREN— M'LEHOSE. 
 
 >83 
 
 mainly instrumentcal by his courage 
 and prompt action in saving from 
 litter destruction the shipping and 
 city of Bristol, when that city was 
 for forty-eight hours in the liands 
 of the mob. For his services on 
 that occasion ho was nominated a 
 K.H.G. He became lieutenant-co- 
 lonel in 1837, and colonel in 1851. 
 He succeeded to the baronetcy on 
 the death of his father in 1838, and 
 served the office of sheriff of Mon- 
 mouthshire in lSi3. He was twice 
 married, first in 1816 to the only 
 daughter of General de Richepanse, 
 who died in 1818, leaving an only 
 son, and secondly, in 1823, to Sophia 
 Noel, daughter of James Mann. 
 
 MACLAREN, Charles [1782— 
 1866], editor of the Scotsman, was 
 born at Ormiston, Haddington- 
 shire, where his father was a small 
 farmer and cattle dealer. Some 
 time before his death his father 
 removed to Colinton, where Charles 
 was educated at the parish school, 
 besides which and a little learning 
 acquired at Ormiston he was almost 
 entirely self-educated. He spent 
 some years as clerk and book-keeper 
 to several Edinburgh firms, em- 
 ploying his spare time in studying 
 Greek, French, algebra, chemistry, 
 and mineralogy, and indulged his 
 taste for politics and literature by 
 joining a debating societv called 
 " The Philomathic." In 'this so- 
 ciety he became acquainted with 
 John Ritchie, William Ritchie, 
 and other friends of like political 
 views. Mr. Maclaren, with the 
 help of "William Ritchie and John 
 M'Diarmid, started the Scotsman 
 in 1817, and edited the first few 
 numbei's, but, obtaining a posi- 
 tion as clerk in the Custom House, 
 he resigned the editorship to Mr. 
 J. Ramsay M'Culloch, who, as it 
 will be seen elsewhere, carried it on 
 for two years. In 1820 Mr. Mac- 
 laren returned to the Scotsman, and 
 continued to conduct it for upv.-ards 
 of twenty-seven years till 184'5, 
 when he resigned it into the hands 
 of Mr. Alexander Russel. Besides 
 
 many contributions on geological 
 and geographical subjects, Mr. 
 Maclaren was the author of a 
 learned treatise on the topography 
 of Troy, 1S22, and another on the 
 geology of Fife and the Lothians, 
 1830. He was a member of the 
 Edinburgli Philosophical Society, 
 and of geological societies in Lon- 
 don and France. [See memoir 
 prefixed to " Select Writings," 
 edited by R. Cox and J. Nicol.] 
 
 MACLEAN, George, the husband 
 of Letitia Elizabeth Landon 
 (L.E.L.), was the eldest son of the 
 Rev. James Maclean, minister of 
 Urquhart in Morayshire. After 
 serving in the Waterloo campaign, 
 he entered the Royal African corps 
 and went to Cape Coast Castle. 
 When he had been there a few 
 years he was elected President of 
 the Council appointed to rule over 
 our dependencies on the Gold 
 Coast, for which purpose an allow- 
 ance of d£3,000 a year was set 
 apart by the Government, and with 
 this sum Captain Maclean succeeded 
 in restoring prosperity to that terri- 
 tory. He married Miss L. E. 
 Landon, a niece of the Dean of 
 Exeter, in 1838 ; she died from the 
 effects of an over-dose of poison 
 soon after their union, and was 
 buried in the Fortyard of Cape 
 Coast Castle. Captain Maclean 
 died at Cape Castle, May 22, 1847, 
 and was buried beside his wife. 
 
 M-LEHOSE, Mrs. [1759—1841], 
 well known as the " Clarinda " of 
 Burns, was the daughter of Mr. 
 Craig, a Glasgow writer, and wife 
 of James M'Lehose, law-agent, 
 Glasgow. Soon after her marriage 
 to Mr. M'Lehose they separated by 
 mutual consent, on account of in- 
 compatibility of temper, she re- 
 turning to her father's house, and 
 he proceeding to Jamaica. On her 
 father's death she went to reside in 
 Edinburgh, where, in 1787, she be- 
 canii acquainted with Burns, who 
 was then in the town bringing out 
 a second edition of his poems. For 
 several weeks numerous impas- 
 
58i 
 
 MACLEOD. 
 
 sioned letters passed between tliem, 
 tliree a day sometimes, till in 
 March, 1788, Burns left Edinburgh 
 and started on his Border tour "with 
 Ainslie. They continued to write 
 to each other at intervals after this 
 till Dec, 1791, when they parted 
 for the last time, Mrs. M'Lehose 
 going out to Jamaica to rejoin her 
 husband early in 1792. Mrs. M'Le- 
 hose again returned to Edinburgh, 
 where she died at the age of 82, 
 having survived Burns for forty- 
 five years. 
 
 MACLEOD, Major-General 
 Sir Donald, K.C.B., of the Bengal 
 army, was the son of Donald Mac- 
 leod, of Berneray, Inverness. He 
 joined the Bengal establishment as 
 a cadet in 1781 ; was appointed en- 
 sign in the 3rd European regiment 
 in March of the same year, and 
 lieutenant in 1783. He took an 
 active part in the war with Tippoo 
 Sultan in 1789-92, and in that with 
 the Rohilla chieftains in 1794. In 
 1799 he was appointed adjutant to 
 the 2nd battalion 11th Native In- 
 fantry, became brevet captain in 
 the following year, and in 1803 was 
 made regimental captain. In the 
 Mahratta war of 1803 his battalion 
 formed part of a detachment sent 
 into the Bundelkund country, 
 where before the fort of Culpee he 
 was severely wounded. In 1807 he 
 was appointed to the first battalion 
 of the 11th Native Infantry, of 
 which he became major in 1810, 
 when he went to Europe on fur- 
 lough. He returned to India in 
 1813, and in 1819 was appointsd 
 commandant to the garrison of 
 Agra. He became major-general 
 in 1837, and was made a K.C.B. in 
 1838. He married in 1813 the 
 daughter of John Mackenzie, of 
 Kincraig, E,oss-shire. He died at 
 his house in Montagu Square, 
 Aug. 9, 18 i3. 
 
 MACLEOD, Norman, D.D. [1783 
 — 18G2], a celebrated Gaelic scholar, 
 and a leading member of the Scotch 
 Church, was a son of the Kev. Nor- 
 man Macleod, of Morven. He was 
 
 ordained by the Presbytery of Mull 
 in 1806, and presented to the charge 
 of the Gaelic Church at Campbel- 
 town in 1808. In 1825 he was 
 translated to Campsie, and in 1835 
 to St. Columba, Glasgow. He was 
 made a Moderator of the General 
 Assembly in 1836, and in 1841 a 
 Dean of the Chapel Royal. He was 
 keenly interested in promoting the 
 cause of education in the High- 
 lands, and brought the matter 
 before the General Assembly. 
 During the famine which devas- 
 tated the Highlands in 1826 in con- 
 sequence of the failure of the potato 
 crop. Dr. Macleod was one of those 
 commissioned to visit England, and 
 succeeded in raising a large sum 
 for the relief of his countrymen. 
 
 MACLEOD, Norman, D.D. [1812 
 — 1872], son of preceding, a very 
 pojjular preacher, and a fiivourite 
 writer, was born at Cauipbelltowu, 
 Argyleshire. He was educated at 
 the Glasgow and Edinburgh Uni- 
 versities, after which he travelled 
 in Germany for a time as a private 
 tutor, and visited Weimar. He 
 was appointed minister of Loudon 
 parish, Argyleshire, in 1838, whence 
 he removed in 1843 to Dalkeith, 
 near Edinburgh. He took no part 
 in the Disruption and Free Kirk 
 movement. He visited Canada on 
 affairs of the Church in 1815, and 
 in 1851 accepted a call to the 
 Barony Church of Glasgow, whore 
 he founded and superintended home 
 missions, charities, schools, &.c. 
 The Queen, who had a strong per- 
 sonal regard for him, appointed him 
 one of her chaplains for Scotland, 
 and made him Dean of the Order of 
 the Thistle in 1851. He was Mo- 
 derator of the Genei'al Assembly in 
 1869. Ho had been editor of the 
 Edinburgh Christian Magazine from 
 1850 to 1860, and in the latter year, 
 when Mr. Strahan, the publisher, 
 started Good Words, the editorship 
 of it was entrusted to Dr. Macleod, 
 who carried it on with the greatest 
 success. The numerous essays, 
 stories, sketches, &c., contributed 
 
MACLTSE. 
 
 JS3 
 
 by him to that magazine were later 
 reprinted in voluinos. Dr. Macleod 
 was also the author of " Keminis- 
 cenccsof a Hi«^hlancl Parish ;" " The 
 Old Lieutenant ; " " Wee Davie ; *' 
 ** The Starling ; " and numerous vo- 
 lumes of travels. In 18()l-()7 he 
 visited Palestine and India to in- 
 spect the Scottish Church Missions, 
 and has reported his observations in 
 pleasant books of travels. The last 
 sermon he preached was one before 
 the Queen, at the Crathie parish 
 church, near Balmoral, on May 19, 
 1872. 
 
 MACLISE, Daniel, K.A. [1806 
 — 1870J, painter, son of a Scotch- 
 man, an officer of the Elgin Fen- 
 cibles, was born in Cork, where he 
 received a very meagre education. 
 He early showed great talent for 
 drawing, and wished to study for 
 an artist, but instead his father 
 l)laced him as clerk in a banker's 
 office in Cork. At the age of 
 sixteen he left that and contrived 
 to gain admission to the Cork 
 School of Art, where he soon dis- 
 tinguished himself by his apti- 
 tude and industry. By sketching 
 portraits of some of liis friends 
 he made a little money which en- 
 abled him to come to London in 
 1827, and in the following year he 
 entered the Academy schools, where 
 he gained successively the silver 
 medals in the life school and the 
 painting school, and in 1831 the 
 gold medal for the " Choice of Her- 
 cules." Soon after his arrival in 
 London he produced a very clever 
 sketch of Charles Kean in the 
 Theatre, which attracted a good 
 deal of attention and brought him 
 a handsome sum. He first exhi- 
 bited in the Eoyal Academy in 
 IS29 "Malvolio affecting the 
 Jount," and in the next year sent 
 \n several portraits, among which 
 were a portrait of Miss L. E. Lan- 
 lon, Mrs. S. C. Hall, and Campbell. 
 In 1831-2-3 his exhibited works 
 were again portrait-drawings, and 
 after a visit to Ireland in the latter 
 year his remarkable picture, " All 
 
 Hallow Eve, or Snap-apple Night," 
 appeared in the Academy, and 
 created a groat sensation. It con- 
 tains portraits of Sir Walter Scott, 
 Crofton Croker, the artist's sisters, 
 his brother-in-law, Perceval Banks, 
 and the old priest who always pre- 
 sided at this annual gathering. 
 His connection with Frascr's 
 Magazine began with the fifth 
 num))er. to which he contributed 
 an outline portrait of William 
 Jerdan, and from that time each 
 succeeding month produced its 
 portrait until about four score had 
 appeared, and the magazine had 
 reached its fifteenth volume. The 
 earlier portraits bear no signature, 
 the pseudonym of " Alfred Croquis" 
 appearing for the first time in Feb., 
 1832, at the foot of the portrait of 
 the Ettrick Shepherd. He also 
 contributed to the magazine a 
 clever poem entitled " Christmas 
 Eevels."^ Continuing his portrait 
 pictures he exhibited in 1834 his 
 " Installation of Captain Rock," 
 and a year later his great work, 
 " The Chivalric Vow of the Ladies 
 and the Peacock," Avhich gained 
 for him his election as A.K.A. 
 From that time his exhibited 
 works were almost exclusively sub- 
 ject pictures, among which may bo 
 mentioned " Merrie Christum s in 
 the Baron's Hall," 1838 ; the " Ban- 
 quet Scene in Macbeth," 1810, in 
 Avhich vear he was made R.A ; 
 "The Sleeping Beauty," 1811; 
 " The Play Scene in Hamlet," 1812 ; 
 " A Scene from Comus," and " A 
 Scene from Undine," 1814 ; and 
 ''An Ordeal by Touch" in 181(5. 
 About this time he offered himself 
 as one of the competitors for the 
 decoration of the Palace at West- 
 minster, and was with others 
 chosen by Her Majesty's Commis- 
 sioners to execute two frescoes,' the 
 " Spirit of Justice," and the " Spirit 
 of Chivalry," both of which de- 
 signs are now to be seen in the 
 House of Lords over the Strangers' 
 Gallery. While engaged upon the 
 above works he, in 1850, exhibited 
 
586 
 
 M'MANUS— MACMICHAEL. 
 
 at the Academy the " Gross of 
 Green Spectacles/' 1851 ; " Caxton 
 showing his Printing Press to Ed- 
 ward IV.," 1864 ; and " The Mar- 
 riage of Stronghow and Eva/' one 
 of his most important works, which 
 was painted for Lord Northwick 
 for ^2,000. In 1859 he finished the 
 magnificent cartoon, 42ft. long, 
 of "The Meeting of Wellington 
 and Blucher on the Field of Water- 
 loo," now the proj^erty of the 
 Eoyal Academy. It is jDrobably on 
 this work that his fame will chiefly 
 rest. In the same year he visited 
 Berlin by the advice of Prince 
 Albert to study the process of 
 water-glass mural painting there, 
 and on his return drew up a report 
 which was printed among the par- 
 liamentary papers on that subject. 
 He next painted the fresco of " The 
 Death of Nelson," which he com- 
 pleted in 1864. In the following 
 year, on the death of Sir Charles 
 Lock Eastlake, he was offered the 
 Presidency of the Academy, but 
 declined it, as he did also the 
 honour of knighthood. In 1868 he 
 exhibited " The Sleep of Duncan/' 
 " King Cophetua and the Beggar 
 Maid " in 1869, and in 1870 " The 
 Earls of Desmond and Ormond/' 
 the last picture from his easel. He 
 died at his house, Cheyne Walk, 
 Chelsea, April 25, 1870, and was 
 buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. 
 He illustrated Moore's " Irish Melo- 
 dies," Lytton's " Pilgrims of the 
 Rhine," &c. During his life-time 
 he exhibited 121 paintings, and 
 " The Play Scene in Hamlet'' and 
 " Malvolio and the Countess " form 
 part of the Vernon collection of the 
 National Gallery. Twenty-four of 
 his original sketches are in the 
 South Kensington Museum, among 
 the drawings bequeathed by John 
 Forster to that place in 1876. A 
 memoir of him by his old friend, 
 W. Justin O'Driscoll, M.K.I.A., ap- 
 jjeared in 1871. 
 
 M'MANUS, Terrance Bellew. 
 He took a prominent part in the 
 abortive rebellion of ISIS, and v>as 
 
 transjiorted with Smith O'Brien 
 and others to Van Diemen's Land. 
 In 1851 he escaped to San Fran- 
 cisco, where, early in 1861, he died. 
 He had been by no means one of 
 the most influential of his party in 
 Ireland, but was much beloved in 
 America, and, after he had been 
 buried, it was resolved to take the 
 body home and let it rest in its na- 
 tive earth. This project was carried 
 out in 1862 ; the funeral prepara- 
 tions were arranged on a scale 
 which surprised everyone, and 
 along the whole line from San 
 Francisco to Dublin formed one of 
 the most im2Dressive demonstrations 
 ever seen. The truth was that the 
 affair was taken up by the Fenians, 
 who, until that date, had been un- 
 able to get a firm footing in Ire- 
 land. They succeeded, and the 
 leaders afterwards avowed that the 
 funeral was the means by which 
 they established their movement in 
 Ireland. The body was buried at 
 Glasnevin, Nov. 10, 1862. 
 
 MACMICHAEL, William, M.D. 
 [1781 — 1839], author, among other 
 works, of " The Gold-headed Cane" 
 and " The Lives of British Physi- 
 cians " in Murray's Family Library, 
 was the son of a banker at Bridg- 
 north, in Shropshire, and was edu- 
 cated at the grammar-school of that 
 town, and at Christ Church, Oxford. 
 Having been elected, in 1811, to 
 one of the Radclifl'e travelling fel- 
 lowships, he spent some years in 
 travelling about in Greece, Russia, 
 Bulgaria, Palestine, &c., and on his 
 return graduated M.D. at Oxford 
 in 1816. He became a Fellow of 
 the College of Physicians in 1818, 
 after Avhich he settled in London, 
 was Censor in 1820-1832, Registrar 
 1821-29, and Consiliarius in 1836. 
 From 1822 to 1831 he was pliysician 
 to the Middlesex Hospital. In 1829 
 he was appointed i)liysieian extra- 
 ordinary to the King ; in 1830 li- 
 brarian, in succession to Dr. Gooch, 
 and in 1831 physician in ordinary 
 to the King. He was fond of society, 
 and very popular, possessing a large 
 
MACMILLAX— MACNAB. 
 
 6S7 
 
 stock of information and of amusing 
 anecdotes, which he was able to 
 impart in a lively interestin<^ man- 
 ner. Among his other works may 
 be mentioned "A Journey from 
 Moscow to Constantinople in the 
 years 1817, 1818" (1810). "A New 
 View of the Infection of Scarlet 
 Fever" (1822), "Is the Cholera 
 Spasmodica of India a Contagious 
 Disease?" (1831), Sec. 
 
 MACMILLAN, Daniel [1813— 
 1857], was born at Upper Corrie, 
 in the island of Arran, where his 
 father, Duncan Macmillan, occu- 
 pied a little farm. When Daniel was 
 three years old the whole family 
 removed to Irvine, a little town 
 on the coast opposite to Arran, 
 where his father died in 1823. His 
 elder brothers William and Mal- 
 colm, formerly carpenters, became 
 schoolmasters, and managed to 
 support the family upon their very 
 slender earnings. On Jan. 1, 1824.^ 
 Daniel was apprenticed to Maxwell 
 Dick, bookseller and bookbinder, 
 of Irvine, with whom he remained 
 for seven years, earning the respect 
 and friendship of his master by his 
 sturdy business capacities. At the 
 end of his apprenticeship, and 
 after holding for a short time a 
 situation in Stirling, he went to 
 Glasgow, and obtained employment 
 in the shop of Mr. Atkinson, book- 
 seller, where, however, his health, 
 always delicate, broke down, and 
 he was obliged to leave. He came 
 to London in 1833, and, after 
 vainly trying to find employment 
 among the publishing firms there, 
 accepted a post at Cambridge as 
 shopman to Mr. Johnson, book- 
 seller, at a salary of £30 a year, 
 where he remained for three years, 
 eagerly reading, and gaining an 
 immense amount of knowledge on 
 all sorts of subjects. From 1837 
 to 1843 he was in the service of 
 Messrs. Seeley, of Fleet Street, at a 
 salary of from ^60 to £130. During 
 that time both his elder brothers 
 died, and he became the chief prop 
 of the family, a circumstance which 
 
 sadly crippled his means, and 
 made it imperative for him for 
 years to give up buying ])ooks, or, 
 indeed, to allow himself any kind 
 of outlay outside his daily need.s ; 
 all the rest of his money went to 
 his family. In 1813 his prospects 
 brightened, and he was able to 
 open a small bookseller's business 
 in Cambridge, and another in 
 Aldersgate Street, which was man- 
 aged by himself and a younger 
 brother, and this may be considered 
 the turning-point in his career. 
 At this time he made the acquaint- 
 ance, which soon ripened into 
 friendship, of Archdeacon Hare, 
 who was able to render him many 
 services by his kindly advice and 
 aid, and his interesting correspon- 
 dence with whom will be found in 
 Mr. Thomas Hughes' " Memoir of 
 Daniel Macmillan," which appeared 
 in 1882. In Sept., 1850, he married 
 Frances Orridge, the daughter of a 
 chemist at Cambridge, a union 
 which made the last years of his 
 life very happy in spite of money 
 difficulties and very indifferent 
 health. In 1845 Daniel Macmillan 
 was obliged to seek other partners, 
 in order to be able to buy the busi- 
 ness of Mr. Stevenson, a very able 
 Cambridge bookseller, and from 
 that time he turned his attention 
 chiefly to publishing, the rest of 
 the business being managed bv his 
 brother. They both worked so in- 
 defatigably and energetically that 
 their business rapidly took root 
 and progressed, enabling Daniel 
 Macmillan, on account of his miser- 
 able state of health, to retire from 
 the business in 185G. It was too 
 late to do any good, however, and 
 he died June 27, 1857. 
 
 MACNAB, SirAlan Napier [17?8 
 — 18G2], Canadian statesman, whose 
 father, Alan Macnah>, was a Scotch- 
 man, was born at Niagara. Having 
 studied law, he was admitted to the 
 Bar in 1821, and in 1830 was re- 
 turned to the Canadian Parliament 
 as member for Wentworth county. 
 During the bi'ief rebellion in Lower 
 
)88 
 
 MACNAUGHTEN". 
 
 Canada 1837-38 Sir Alan, at tliat 
 time Speaker in the House of As- 
 sembly, UpE.61' Canada, marched 
 against the insurgents, and by his 
 energy and prompt action soon dis- 
 persed them. Sir Alan commanded 
 the militia on the Canadian side of 
 the Niagara river, and seized the 
 Caroline steamer employed in carry- 
 ing men and supplies from the 
 American side, and sent her over 
 the Falls. For his services in sup- 
 pressing the rebellion he was 
 knighted in 1838, and was made 
 Prime Minister of Upper Canada in 
 185 i, under the last part of the 
 governorship of the Earl of Elgin, 
 and the first few months of that of 
 Sir Edmund Head, who succeeded 
 him. He was created a baronet in 
 1858. 
 
 MACNAUGHTEN, Sir William 
 Hat, Bart. [1793—1811], was the 
 second son of Sir Francis Mac- 
 naughten, for many years a Judge 
 of the Supreme Court at Calcutta. 
 He went to India in 1809 as a 
 cavalry cadet on the Madras Es- 
 tablishment, and early entered the 
 civil service of the East India 
 Company. In 181G he was ap- 
 pointed assistant to the Registrar 
 in the Sudder Dewanny Adawlut, 
 the highest Court of Appeal in the 
 Presidency ; in 1818 sent to officiate 
 as joint magistrate of Malda ; in 
 1820 appointed judge and magis- 
 trate of Shahabad ; and in 1822 
 was gazetted Registrar of the 
 Sudder Dewanny, a post which he 
 held for eight and a half years. 
 He acted as secretary to Lord 
 William Bentinck (1830) during 
 his tour through the Upper and 
 Western provinces of India, to 
 examine into the revenue, the po- 
 lice, and judicial systems, and 
 accompanied Lord Auckland in the 
 same capacity in 183(5, when he 
 went on a tour to the North-West 
 Provinces. In 1839 he was ap- 
 pointed envoy and minister from 
 the Government of India to Shall 
 Sujah, and for his brilliant ser- 
 vices in that responsible position, 
 
 when Candahar was taken, Ghuzni 
 stormed, Cabul occupied (Aug. 2, 
 1839), and Shah Sujah installed in 
 the Bala Hissar, he was created a 
 baronet. Dost Mahommed surren- 
 dered, Nov. 3, 1810, and the 
 Government then turned its atten- 
 tion to the subject of retrench- 
 ment. The money paid to the 
 Afghan chiefs for giving u^j the 
 practice of levying contributions 
 on the highways in their respective 
 districts was reduced, a measure 
 decidedly resented by them, and 
 which soon caused a general rising 
 throughout the country. Mac- 
 naughten was just preparing to 
 leave, believing that the rising was 
 merely a local affair, and would 
 soon be suppressed. Sir Alexander 
 Burnes, who had been appointed 
 to succeed him, called on him, and 
 congratulated him on leaving 
 Afghanistan in such tranquillity, 
 and the very next day was assassi- 
 nated. There was no longer any 
 doubt that a national revolt had 
 taken place, and negotiation was 
 resorted to. At that time the 
 whole responsibility rested upon 
 Macnaughten, General Elphinstone 
 being unfitted by bodily infirmity 
 from taking the lead. He obtained 
 from the Afghans a treaty which 
 was, however, soon violated by 
 them, and it was then that he was 
 drawn on to destruction by the in- 
 famous Akbar Khan, who, on Dec. 
 22, 1841, sent agents to Mac- 
 naughten begging him to come out 
 and meet him, and consult with 
 him as to the best course to be 
 pursued. Unfortunately Macnaugh- 
 ten believed the specious promises 
 of help held out by Akbar Khan, 
 and, ill spite of the warnings of 
 General Elphinstone and Captain 
 Mackenzie, who suspected a plot, 
 he went to the meeting accom- 
 panied by only sixteen of his Ijody 
 Cfuard. Akbar received him with 
 a haughty salutation, and after a 
 brief conversation he and his fol- 
 lowers, at a given signal, were 
 suddenly seized from behind, and 
 
M A CNEE— McNeill. 
 
 5.S9 
 
 all, except Captain Trevor and j 
 Macnaughten, taken as prisoners to j 
 the city. Captain Trevor fell off 
 his horse, and was hacked to 
 pieces — Macnaughten, after a 
 vigorous struggle to free himself, 
 was shot by AkLar Khan, who de- 
 clared afterwards that he had not 
 intended to kill him, but to keep 
 him as a hostage for the Dost. 
 
 MACXEE, Sir Daxiel, P.R.S.A. 
 [1800—1882^, son of Mr. Kobert 
 Macnee, merchant, was Vjorn at 
 Fintry, Stirlingshire, in I80G, and 
 studied with Duncan, R. S. Lauder, 
 David Scott ,aud other Scotch artists, 
 at the Trustees' Academy, under Sir 
 W. Allan, President of the Royal 
 Scottish Academy. In 1829 he was 
 elected a member of the Scottish 
 Academy. He became a favourite 
 
 V 
 
 portrait-painter in Scotland, and 
 his portrait of the Rev. Dr. "Ward- 
 law received one of the gold medals 
 at the International Exhibition 
 at Paris in 1855. He afterwards 
 painted some of our most prominent 
 men : amongst whom may be named 
 Lord Brougham, for the College of 
 Justice in Edinbiu'gh. Sir D. Mac- 
 nee was nearly as well known in 
 England as in Scotland, his works 
 always commanding excellent places 
 in the Royal Academy in London. | 
 He was unanimously elected Pre- 
 sident of the Royal Scottish Aca- j 
 demy, Feb. 9, 187G, in succession to | 
 Sir George Harvey, and shortly j 
 afterwards (July 21) he received j 
 the honour of knighthood. In the j 
 same year the University of Glasgow 
 conferred on him the honorary de- 
 gree of LL.D. 
 
 McXEILE, The Very Rev .Hugh, 
 D.D. ri795 — 1879]^, an eloquent 
 preacher, and one of the leaders of 
 the evangelical party, was born at 
 Ballycastle, co. Antrim, took his de- 
 gree of B.A. at Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin, in 1815, and entered as a law 
 student at Lincoln's Inn. Having 
 resolved to devote himself to the 
 Church, in 1820 he was ordained 
 to a curacy in Donegal, married 
 a daughter of Dr. Magee, arch- 
 
 bishop of Dublin, in 1822, and 
 was presented to the rectory of Al- 
 bury, in Surrey, by Mr. II. Drum- 
 mond, M.P. During his incum- 
 bency in Surrey, he preached fre- 
 quently in London. In 1834 he was 
 collated to the district church of 
 St. Jude, in Liverpool ; in 18^15 he 
 was made honorary canon of Chester 
 cathedral, and honorary B.D. and 
 D.D. of Trinity College. In 1818 he 
 resigned the district of St..Jude's, 
 and was presented to St. Paul's, 
 Prince's Park, which was built for 
 him by his Liverpool friends, at a 
 cost of between ill,(X>0and^l2,(XK), 
 In 18G0 the Bishop of Chester col- 
 lated him to a canonry (residen- 
 tiary) in his cathecb-al. His pub- 
 lished works consist chiefly of 
 sermons and lectures, one of his 
 last works being *' A Letter to Dr. 
 Pusey on his Eirenicon," 1SG6. A 
 large sum of money was collected 
 and presented to Dr. McXeile as a 
 testimonial for his services in Liver- 
 pool. Having refused to appro- 
 priate it to his private use, it was 
 invested for the foundation of four 
 scholarships in the Collegiate In- 
 stitution of Liverpool, and an exhi- 
 bition, value .£40 a year, tenable at 
 the Universities of Oxford, Cam- 
 bridge, or Dublin. In ISGS, on the 
 recommendation of Mr. Disraeli, he 
 was appointed by her Majesty the 
 Queen to the Deanery of Ripen, 
 which he resigned in Oct., 1>>75, 
 in consequence of failing health. 
 
 McNEILL, The Right Hon. Sir 
 John, F.R.S., G.C.B. 1795—1883], 
 third son of John McNeill, Esq., of 
 Cclonsay, and brother of Lord Colon- 
 say, was appo nted Assistant-Envoy 
 at the covurt of Persia in 1831, became 
 Secretary of the Embassy in 183 1, 
 and Envoy Extraordinary and Mi- 
 nister Plenipotentiary to that court 
 in 183G. He received the Persian 
 order of the Lion and Sun in 183 1, 
 and was created a Civil Knight 
 Grand Cross of the Bath in 1839. 
 During his residence in the East he 
 became thoroughly acquainted with 
 the habits, policy, and resources of 
 
590 
 
 McNEVIN— MACEEADY. 
 
 Asiatic nations ; and h.is foresight 
 enabled him even at that period to 
 point out the_^aggressive designs of 
 Russia, since made manifest. Soon 
 after his return from Teheran in 
 18 ii he was placed at the head of 
 the board ai)pointed to superintend 
 the working of the Scotch Poor-Law 
 Act of 1845 ; in 1851 he conducted 
 a special inquiry into the condition 
 of the Western Highlands and Is- 
 lands, and in Feb., 1855, was chosen 
 by the Grovernment of Lord Pal- 
 merston to preside over the Com- 
 mission of Inquiry into the Admi- 
 nistration of the Commissariat and 
 other supplies of the army in the 
 Crimea, appointed in consequence 
 of a vote of the House of Commons. 
 He was nominated a member of the 
 Privy Council, in acknowledgment 
 of his sei'vices. Sir John McNeill, 
 who was an honorary D.C.L. of Ox- 
 ford, LL.D. of Edinburgh, and 
 F.E.S.E., wrote " Progress and 
 Position of Russia in the East to 
 1851-," published in 1851-. 
 
 M c N E V I N, William James, 
 M.D. This organizer and leader 
 of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 was 
 born March 21st, 1763, at Bally- 
 nahowna, co. Galway, graduated at 
 Vienna in 1783, and in the follow- 
 ing year set up in practice as a 
 physician in Dublin. In 1792 he 
 was returned by Navan as repre- 
 sentative of the " Back Lane Par- 
 liament," and at the solicitation of 
 Lord Edward Fitzgerald and O'Con- 
 nor joined the United Irishmen. 
 On March 12th, 1798, he, with the 
 princii^al leaders, was seized and 
 conveyed to Kilmainham, whence, 
 after the rebellion was quelled, he 
 was sent with the other state pri- 
 soners to Fort George. After his 
 release he settled in New York, 
 where he occupied several important 
 medical positions. In 1820 he pub- 
 lished " Atomic Theory," and among 
 his other works are an edition of 
 " Brande's Chemistry," "Arguments 
 in opposition to a Union," " Pieces 
 of Irish History," " Nature and 
 Functions of an Army Staff." He 
 
 died at the house of his son-in-law, 
 T. A. Emmet, jun., near New York, 
 July 12th, 1841. 
 
 McQUEEN, Thomas, Canadian 
 journalist, was born of humble 
 parents in Ayrshire, Scotland. 
 From his earliest years he had 
 been fond of books, and in the 
 intervals of his work as a stone- 
 mason found time for the culti- 
 vation of his mind. Before emi- 
 grating to Canada, in 1812, he had 
 published, between 183G and 1840, 
 three volumes of jDoetry, mostly of 
 a political character, and written 
 numerous essays intended for the 
 working classes, on political eco- 
 nomy, education, and morals. He 
 became a writer for the press in 
 Canada, where his articles in the 
 Bathurst Courier, on the political 
 questions of the day, attracted 
 much notice. In 1848 he started 
 the Huron Signal newspaper, in 
 which he advocated many useful 
 and important reforms, and was 
 acknowledged as one of the ablest 
 political writers in the province. 
 In 1852 he hel^Ded to establish the 
 Canadian, a newspaper published 
 in Hamilton. He died on his farm 
 near Goderich, Upper Canada, June 
 25, 1861. 
 
 MACRE ADY, William Charles 
 [1793 — 1873], actor, was born in 
 London. His father, the manager 
 of a provincial company, and lessee 
 of several theatres, desiring a dif- 
 ferent profession for his son, sent 
 him to Rugby. In his 16th year, 
 whilst expecting to proceed to Ox- 
 ford, his father's affairs became 
 so deeply embairassed, tliat the 
 son resolved to bring to his aid 
 those talents which the latter had 
 made sacritices to imj^rove, and in 
 June, 1810, made his first appenr- 
 ance at Birmingham in the charac- 
 ter of Romeo, wliere he was recog- 
 nised as a valuable actor, and his 
 exertions were soon crowned with 
 success. Until Christmas, 181-4, he 
 remained with his father's com- 
 pany, as a loading actor and stage- 
 director, performing with applause 
 
M'WILLIAM. 
 
 301 
 
 at many of the chief provincial 
 towns. In the two following yeai's 
 he visited Ireland and Scotland, 
 increasing his roiJutation, which 
 was thought sufficient to warrant 
 him in making his appearance on 
 the London stage, and he accord- 
 ingly came out at Co vent Garden 
 as Orestes, in "The Distressed 
 Mother," Sept. 16, 181G. His first 
 appearance caused much excite- 
 ment, and Edmund Kean, among 
 many other eminent actors, wit- 
 nessed his performance, at the con- 
 clusion of which, the announcement 
 of the continuance of his engage- 
 ment was hailed with great ap- 
 plause. He had, nevertheless, a 
 hard battle to fight for many years. 
 Kean, Kemble, and Young were 
 the great favourites of the town ; 
 and the monopoly which limited 
 the representation of Sliakesjieare's 
 dramas to the two patent theatres, 
 narrowed the arena of competition. 
 New-comers, moreover, were not 
 allowed to trespass upon what was 
 considered the dorrain of estab- 
 lished favourites. Under these 
 circumstances, he was compelled to 
 refrain from assuming a number 
 of Shakesperian characters in which 
 he afterwards became a popular 
 favourite. His Yirginiiis, Miran- 
 dola, and Eob Eoy, were pronounced 
 masterly personations ; and after 
 his success in the first, he speedily 
 took his place as a Shakesperian 
 actor. On removing from Covent 
 Garden to Drury Lane, he became 
 the original rejDresentative of the 
 heroes in the late Mr. Sheridan 
 Knowles's *' Caius Gracchus " and 
 " William Tell." He reappeared 
 at Di'ury Lane in 1826, and from 
 that time continued to rise in public 
 estimation. Mr. Macready, who 
 undertook in turn the management 
 of the two patent theatres, and sus- 
 tained considerable loss in his en- 
 deavour to elevate the character of 
 dramatic amusements, went to the 
 United States in 1826, and in 1828 
 visited Paris, where he was enthu- 
 siastically received, He revisited 
 
 the United States in 1813-1, and 
 again in 1819, on which occasion 
 the jealousy of Mr. Forrest, the 
 actor, led to a desperate riot at the 
 Astor Opera House, at New York, 
 in which he was performing, when 
 he was attacked by the mob, and 
 with difficulty escaped with hia 
 life. The military were called out 
 to suppress the disturbances, and, 
 having fired, killed twenty-two 
 men on the spot, besides seriously 
 wounding thirty others. Macready 
 retired from the stage in 1851, and 
 the rest of his life was chiefly occu- 
 pied in superintending the educa- 
 tion of his family. He belonged 
 rather to the school of Kean than 
 of Kemble, but though he never 
 won for himself a place in the first 
 rank of tragedians, he is entitled to 
 our admiration for his earnest en- 
 deavoui's to elevate the stage. Of 
 his irritable impulsive temper as 
 an actor, an amusing account will 
 be found in Fanny Kemble's (Mrs. 
 Butler) " Records of Later Life." 
 His brusque, very rough manners 
 seem to have terrified her at times, 
 especially in the characters of 
 Otiiello, Macbeth, and Hamlet. 
 An account of his assault on the 
 manager Biii-n for making him 
 play only the first three acts of 
 Eichard III. will be found in '• Mac- 
 ready's Reminiscences," edited by 
 Sir Frederick Pollock, which ap- 
 peared in 1875. 
 
 M' WILLI AM, Dr. James Oemis- 
 TON, F.E.S., F.E.C.P., C.B., studied 
 medicine at the Edinburgh Univer- 
 sity, and was appointed a naval 
 surgeon in 1829. In 1837-39 he 
 served on the West Coast of Africa, 
 and won the Blane Gold Medal for 
 the best medical journal in the 
 naval service. In 1811 he was 
 chosen as chief medical officer to 
 the Niger Expedition under Captain 
 Trotter, E.N. Accounts of the 
 disastrous return voyage down 
 the river, when Dr. M'William 
 greatly distinguished himself by 
 his energy and devotion, will be 
 found in the narrative of the Niofer 
 
502 
 
 MADDEN— MAGINN. 
 
 Expedition by Captain Allen and 
 Dr. Thomson. Dr. M' William him- 
 self wrote a " Medical History of 
 the Niger Expedition." In 1846 
 he went to the Cape de Verde 
 Islands to investigate the nature 
 and origin of the yellow fever 
 prevailing at Bona Vista, his report 
 on which was published by order 
 of Parliament ; and in 1817 he was 
 ajDpointed Medical Inspector to Her 
 Majesty's Customs. He Avas Secre- 
 tary to the Epidemiologica,l Society 
 from 1850 till his death. He was 
 a zealous advocate of naval medical 
 reform, and in 1858 the officers of 
 the Eoyal Navy presented him 
 with a splendid service of plate in 
 acknowledgment of his untiring 
 exertions in their behalf. In the 
 same year he was nominated a C.B. 
 He died in Trinity Square, Tower 
 Hill, May 4, 1862. 
 
 MADDEN, Sir Frederick [1801 
 — 1873], antiquary and palaeo- 
 grapher, for many years Keeper 
 of MSS. at the British Museum, 
 was the son of Caj^tain W. J. 
 Madden, E.M., and was born at 
 Portsmouth, In 1825 he was en- 
 gaged in collating the text of 
 Caedmon for the University of 
 Oxford, and assisted Dr. Bliss 
 to edit Blore's " Monumental Ee- 
 mains.'" A year later together 
 with Mr. Eoscoe he was engaged 
 in preparing a catalogue of the 
 Earl of Leicester's MSS. at Holk- 
 ham, which was completed in eight 
 vols., folio, but never published. 
 In the same year he was employed 
 in the British Museum to assist in 
 the classed catalogue of printed 
 books in the Museum, and in 1828 
 Ijecame Assistant-Keeper of MSS- 
 He was knighted in 1883, and four 
 years later succeeded the E-ev. 
 Josiah Forshall (q. v.) as Keeper 
 of MSS., an office he hold till his 
 retirement in 1866. Among his 
 works may be mentioned his editions 
 of the old Englisli romances of 
 ''Havelok the Dane," "William 
 and the Werwolf,'' and the old 
 English versions of the " Gesta 
 
 Eomanorum," which he undei'took 
 for the Eoxburghe Club between 
 1828-38. He edited in 1839 the 
 ancient metrical romances of "Syr 
 Gawayne " for the Bannatyne Club, 
 and in 1847 Layamon's " Brut," 
 with a prose translation, for the 
 Society of Antiquaries. In 1850 
 the University of Oxford published 
 the sj)lendid edition of Wiclif's 
 translations of the Scriptures from 
 the original MSS., upon which he 
 and Mr. Forshall had been engaged 
 for twenty years. He edited the 
 " Historia Minor " of Matthew 
 Paris for the EoUs series in 1866-9, 
 and in 1850 the English translation 
 of Silvestre's " Universal Palseo- 
 graphy." He died March 8, 1873, 
 and bequeathed all his private 
 papers to the Bodleian Library, 
 where they are to remain unopened 
 till 1920. 
 
 MADDOCK, Sir Thomas Her- 
 bert [1792—1870], eldest son of 
 the Eev. T. Maddock, prebendary 
 of Chester, entered the East-India 
 civil service in the Bengal presi- 
 dency in 1811, was appointed assist- 
 ant to the magistrate of Moorshe- 
 dabad in 1815, and having held 
 some other high political and finan- 
 cial appointments, including the 
 Secretaryship of the Government 
 of India in the Legislative, Judicial, 
 Eevenue, and Foreign departments, 
 was knighted by patent in 1844. 
 He was Deputy-Govei-nor of Bengal, 
 and President of the Council of 
 India from 1845 till 1849, and was 
 one of the members in the Conser- 
 vative interest for Eochester from 
 July, 1852, till March, 1857. 
 
 MAGINN, William, LL.D., born 
 in Cork in July 1791, was educated 
 first in his father's school in Marl- 
 borough Street, and afterwards at 
 Trinity College, Dublin, Avhore he 
 graduated in 1811. He then taught 
 for some years in his father's school, 
 and when little more than twenty 
 years old became its principal. He 
 had already begun writing for the 
 London Literal y Gazette. In 1818 
 Trinity College conferred on him 
 
MAGUIRE. 
 
 %03 
 
 the title of LL.D., and about this 
 time he commenced his contribu- 
 tions to Blackwood's Magazine, 
 writing under the name of K;ilph 
 Tucker Scott. Among the many 
 clever sketches written by him at 
 this period are " An Epistle to 
 Thomas Campbell," his Latin metri- 
 cal translation of " Chevy Chase," 
 an '^Ode to Mi-s. O'Fhinagan," 
 and a series of papers contriVjuted 
 under the nom de guerre of Ensign 
 Morgan O'Doherty. In 1S23 Maginn 
 married and shortly afterwai'ds 
 gave up his school, and having 
 resolved to devote himself entirely 
 to literatiu*e, settled in London. 
 His first engagement was on the 
 John Bull newspaper. But in the 
 autumn of 182 i he was offered the 
 post of foreign editor of the Repre- 
 sentative, a daily paper published 
 by Mr. MuiTay. To fulfil his 
 duties Maginn went to Paris, and 
 remained there as long as the 
 Reijresentative existed, no great 
 while, for in 1827 we find the Doctor 
 once more in London busy with 
 the publication of a political novel 
 " Whitehall," which he had wi-itten 
 while in Paris. In 1830 he, in con- 
 junction with Mr. Hugh Fraser, 
 projected Fraser s Magazine, and 
 the first thi*ee or four numbers 
 were written entii'ely by the two 
 friends. On the establishment of 
 the Standard Maginn was "^ith Dr. 
 Gifford appointed joint editor. He 
 was a frequent contributor to Punch, 
 and the brilliant notices to the 
 Maclise Gallery of literary por- 
 traits were from his j^en. Un- 
 happily Maginn's private life was 
 far from blameless : he was ex- 
 travagant and drank to excess. 
 For a time his excesses did not 
 affect his mind, and the famous 
 " Fraserian Papers " were written 
 " over such supplies of liquor as 
 would totally incapacitate all other 
 men from work." His money 
 affairs becauie more and more in- 
 volved, and this, instead of making 
 him retrench, rendered him reck- 
 less, and he sought amusement 
 
 more and more away from his 
 home. Still he continued to work, 
 and in 1S27 resumed his connection 
 with Blackwood's Magazine, contri- 
 buting " The Story without a 
 Tail," and "Bob Burke's Duel 
 with Ensign Bradv," and the 
 " Tobias Correspondence," which 
 was written while he was in hiding 
 from the bailiffs, and contains his 
 own literary experience. In 1837 
 his " Shakespeare Papers " ap- 
 peared, and in the following year 
 the first of his Homeric ballads. 
 From this year till 18 10 the learned 
 Doctor was imprisoned several times 
 for debt, but though sometimes too 
 ill to leave his bed his good humour 
 and serenity never deserted him. 
 In the latter part of 1840 he pro- 
 jected a weekly periodical : it failed 
 and the expenses incui-red by it 
 caused him to be again thrown 
 into the Fleet : his friends prevailed 
 on him to take the benefit of the 
 Insolvent Debtors" Court, and early 
 in 1842 he was released. But 
 Maginn, who was capable of get- 
 ting rej)eatedly drunk without loss 
 of self-respect, never got over what 
 he felt a humiliation and a shame, 
 and on the 21st of August of the 
 same year he died at Walton-on- 
 Thames, where he is buried. '•' Ma- 
 ginn's Miscellanies " have been 
 published in New York. They 
 form a series of five volumes con- 
 taining most of his best works. 
 
 MAGUIKE, John Francis, M.P. 
 
 [1815—1872], eldest son of Mr. 
 
 John Maguire, merchant, of Cork, 
 
 was called to the Irish bar in 1843. 
 
 He was an unsuccessful candidate 
 
 for the borough of Dungarvan in 
 
 July, 1817, and in May, 1851, but 
 
 ! was returned in July, 1852, and 
 
 represented the borough till July, 
 
 I 1865, when he was elected one of 
 
 the members for the city of Cork. 
 
 He was for many years proprietor 
 
 ! and editor of the Cork Examiner, a 
 
 Catholic paper of considerable tn- 
 
 i fiuenee in the South of Ireland, and 
 
 j an earnest defender in Parliament 
 
 ■of Catholic interests at home and 
 
 Q Q 
 
591. 
 
 MAITLAND— MALCOLM. 
 
 abroad. With that view, he pub- ^ 
 lished, in 1857, "Eorne and its 
 Euler " (of which a second and 
 much enlarged edition appeared 
 in 1859), being a sketch of the then 
 state of the Pax^acy and of the terri- 
 tories under its sway ; to which he 
 appended some valuable statistics 
 bearing on the temporal and finan- 
 cial condition of the States of the 
 Church, A third edition, " con- 
 tinued to the latest moment, and 
 greatly enlarged,'^ appeared in 
 
 1870, under the title of '^The Pon- 
 tificate of Pius the Ninth/' For 
 the first edition he received the 
 Knight-commandership of the Or- 
 der of St. Gregory from the Pope, 
 and for the second edition a gold 
 medal. His " Industrial Move- 
 ment in Ireland in 1852," ap- 
 j)eared in 1853 ; " Father Mathew : 
 a Biography," in 1863 ; " The Irish 
 in America," in 1868; and "The 
 Next Generation : " a prophetical 
 novel of political life, in 3 vols., 
 
 1871. Mr. Maguire was Mayor of 
 Cork in 1853, 1862, 1863, and 1864. 
 He took a leading part in promoting 
 the growth of flax in the south of 
 Ireland, and established a company 
 for introducing the linen industry 
 into Cork. The Cork Spinning- 
 mill was built for 12,000 spindles. 
 Mr. Maguire, who was an advanced 
 Liberal, was at the head of other 
 local companies of an industrial 
 character, was a member of the 
 "Tenant League," and advocated 
 self-government for Ireland. 
 
 MAITLAND, Eear- Admiral Sir 
 Frederick Lewis, K.C.B., Com- 
 mander-in-Chief in the East Indies 
 [1779—1810], was the third son of 
 Rear- Admiral the Hon. Frederick 
 Lewis Maitland, of Rankeillour and 
 Findorcs in Fife. He entered the 
 navy at an early age, accompanied 
 Earl St. Vincent as his flag-lieute- 
 nant to the Mediterranean in 1799, 
 and in 1800 was promoted by Lord 
 Keith to the Waasscnaar, 64. He 
 next served in Egypt, where his 
 conduct in command of the armed 
 launches employed to cover the 
 
 landing of Sir Kalph Abercromby's 
 army, 1801, obtained the thanks of 
 the naval and military commanders- 
 in-chief. In 1815 he was appointed 
 to the Bellerophon , and soon after 
 was sent to Rochefort, to which 
 place Buonaparte fled after the 
 battle of Waterloo, having formed 
 plans to escape by sea. Find- 
 ing all his jDlans frustrated by Cap- 
 tain Maitland, he surrendered to 
 him unconditionally, July 15, 1815, 
 and was brought to England. Cap- 
 tain Maitland served in the Vengeur 
 from 1818 to 1821, and was after- 
 wards appointed Commander-in- 
 Chief in the East Indies, on Avhich 
 station he died. He was nominated 
 a C.B. in 1815, and K.C.B. in 1830. 
 He married in 1804 Catharine, third 
 daughter of Daniel Connor, of Bal- 
 lybricken, Cork, but had no issue. 
 
 MALCOLM, Sir Charles, K.C.B. 
 [1782—1851], was the tenth and 
 youngest son of George Malcolm, 
 Esq., of Burnfoot, co. Dumfries, at 
 which jjlace he was born. He 
 entered the navy in 1791, and was 
 master's mate on board the Fox, 
 when his brother Pulteney success- 
 fully attacked the Spanish shipping 
 in Manilla harbour in 1798. He 
 next served in the West Indies, and 
 on the coast of Brazil, in both of 
 which places he distinguished him- 
 self. He was appointed Commander 
 of the Royal yacht William and 
 Mary in 1822, and to the Royal 
 Charlotte in 1826. He was knighted 
 in 1823, and in 1827 appointed 
 Supei'intendent of the Bombay 
 Marine, which office he held for ten 
 years, effecting many wise reforms 
 in its administration, and convert- 
 ing its previous system into that of 
 the Indian navy. He became 
 Rear-Admiral in 1837, Vice-Ad- 
 miral in 1847. He was twice mar- 
 ried, first in 1808 to his cousin, 
 Magdalene, daugliter of Charles 
 Pasloy, Esq., by whom he had one 
 daugliter, and secondly in 1829 to 
 Elmira Riddell, youngest daughter 
 of Major-General Shaw, by whom 
 he had three sous. 
 
MALCOLM— MAI.TBY. 
 
 595 
 
 M A L C O L M, Sir Pultenky 
 [1758—1838], brother of the pre- 
 cedin;^, onto red the navy in 1778 
 as midshipman on board the Sy- 
 bille fri<^ate. ILivin<^ seen distin- 
 guished service at the beginning 
 of the French revolutionary war, 
 at Jamaica, and at the capture of 
 Cape Nichohi Mole, he was in 179 i 
 promoted to the i*ank of post-captain, 
 and appointed to the Fox frigate. 
 In ISUo he was appointed to the 
 Donegal, in which he accompanied 
 • Lord Nelson in the pursuit of the 
 combined squadrons of France and 
 Spain to the West Indies. On 
 his return to the Channel he was 
 sent to reinforce Admiral Colling- 
 wood off Cadiz. At the battle of 
 St. Domingo, Feb. G, 180G, he 
 greatly distinguished himself, and 
 for his services received a gold 
 medal, and with the other officers 
 of the squadron was thanked by 
 both Houses of Parliament. In 
 1811 the Donegal was paid off, and 
 Captain Malcolm joined the Royal 
 Oak, in which he served at Cher- 
 bourg, and in 1812 was made Cap- 
 tain of the Channel Fleet under 
 Lord Keith. He was appointed 
 Eear- Admiral in 1813, and a year 
 later hoisted his flag in the Royal 
 Oak, and sailed for North America 
 with a body of troops under Bri- 
 gadier-General Koss. He served 
 throughout the campaign betAveen 
 Great Britain and the United 
 States, and in 1815, on his return 
 to England, was nominated a 
 K.C.B. His last appointment was 
 that of Commander-in-Chief on the 
 St. Helena station, 1810-17, during 
 Napoleon's captivity there. He 
 soon won the confidence and esteem 
 of the Emperor, who, in his last 
 moments acknowledged his gene- 
 rosity and benevolence. He mar- 
 ried in 1809, Clementina, eldest 
 daughter of the Hon. W. F. 
 Elphinstone. 
 
 MALINS, Vice-Chancelloe, Sir 
 KicHARD [1805 — 1882], third son 
 of Mr. William Malins, of Ailston, 
 Warwickshire, was educated at 
 
 Caius College, Cambridge, where 
 he graduated in mathematical 
 honours in 1827. Among his con- 
 temporaries at Cambridge were 
 Professor De Morgan, Baron Cleas- 
 Ijy, and Thackeray. He was called 
 to the bar at the Inner Temple in 
 1830, and made his first successes in 
 the Common Law Courts, especially 
 distinguishing himself in the suit 
 "Festingv. Allen" (Nov. 20, 1813), 
 which he argued against three other 
 counsel before a Court of which Lord 
 Abinger, Baron Parke, Baron Gur- 
 ney,and Baron Rolf e were members. 
 He devoted himself, however, chiefly 
 to equity cases, practising mostly 
 in Vice-Chancellor Sir John Stuart's 
 Court. He was made a Q.C. and a 
 Bencher of Lincoln's Inn in 1819. 
 In 1852 he was first returned for 
 Wallingford in the Conservative 
 interest, was re-elected in March, 
 1857, but lost his seat at the 
 general election in July, 1865. In 
 December of the following year he 
 was appointed Vice-Chancellor in 
 succession to Sir E. T. Kindersley. 
 On his retirement from the bench 
 in 1881, on account of ill-health 
 brought on by a fall from his 
 horse, he was made a Privy 
 Councillor. In the House of 
 Commons he often spoke on legal 
 and financial questions, and two 
 statutes, the Infants' Marriage 
 Settlements, 1855, and the Married 
 Women's Eevcrsionary Property, 
 1857, are known as Malins' Acts. 
 
 MALTBY, The Eight Eev. Ed- 
 ward, D.D., Bishop of Durham 
 [1770—1859], was the son of Mr. 
 George Maltby, of Norwich, in 
 which city he was born. He was 
 educated at the Norwich Grammar 
 School, at Winchester, and at Pem- 
 broke College, Cambridge, where 
 he gained high honours. On leav- 
 ing college he became Examining 
 Chaplain to the Bishop of Lincoln, 
 Bishop Pretyman, when he pub- 
 lished his •' Illustrations of the 
 Truth of the Christian Eeligion." 
 From 1824 to 1833 he filled the 
 pulpit of Lincoln's Inn, having suc- 
 
 Q Q 2 
 
59G 
 
 MALTBY— MANBY. 
 
 ceeded Bisliop Heber ; was conse- 
 crated Bishop of Chicliester in 1831, 
 and translated to Durham in 1836. 
 In 1856 he resigned the latter see 
 by Act of Parliament, which de- 
 prived him of his seat in the House 
 of Lords, and left him an annuity 
 of ^1,500. He established the 
 Durham University on a secure 
 basis, and at his death bequeathed 
 to it his valuable library. Besides 
 the work mentioned above, he 
 edited Dr. Thomas Morell's " Lexi- 
 con Grraeco-Prosodiacum," and 
 wrote " A New and Complete Greek 
 Gradus, or Poetical Lexicon of the 
 Greek Language,^^ besides numerous 
 sermons. He died at his house in 
 Upper Portland Place, aged 89, 
 July 3, 1859. 
 
 MALTBY, William, Hono- 
 rary Librarian of the London Insti- 
 tution [1764 — 1854], was a na- 
 tive of London, and was educated 
 at Caius College, Cambridge. He 
 practised for some years in London 
 as a solicitor, but gave it up to de- 
 vote himself entirely to literatui-e. 
 In 1809 he succeeded Professor 
 Porson as Librarian to the London 
 Institution, for which he worked 
 indefatigably, and which owes to 
 his exertions many of its most 
 valuable works. In the course of 
 his connection with the Institution 
 he twice superintended the removal 
 of the library, and twice directed 
 its re-arrangement, in 1811 from 
 Sir Eobert Clayton's house in the 
 Old Jewry to King's Arms Yard, 
 Coleman Street ; and in 1818 to 
 Finsbury Circus. He also efficiently 
 assisted in the comi^ilation of the 
 original catalogue, and in the first 
 volume of the new series. When 
 the appointments in the Library 
 were remodelled in 1834, Mr, 
 Maltby was superannuated. He 
 died at the house of the Institution, 
 Jan. 5, 1854, aged 90. 
 
 MANBY, Charles, F.R.S., 
 M.Inst.C.E. [1801— 1881,] for forty- 
 five years identified with the In- 
 stitution of Civil Engineers, was 
 the eldest son of Aaron Manby, 
 
 the founder of the Horseley Iron 
 Works in Staffordshire, the iron 
 works at Creuzot, and the gas works 
 and iron works of Charenton, near 
 Paris. Being originally intended 
 for the army, he was educated at a 
 semi-miKtary college at St. Servan 
 in Brittany, on leaving which he 
 entered his father's workshops, and 
 went through a regular course of 
 training as a practical mechanic. 
 Having been for a time occupied on 
 some of his father's contracts, he 
 subsequently accepted a commis- 
 sion in the French service, and had 
 charge of the Government tobacco 
 manufactories. He returned to 
 England in 1829, and having car- 
 ried out some important engineer- 
 ing works in South Wales in 1835, 
 settled in London, and practised 
 as a civil engineer in j)artnership 
 with Mr. H. H. Price. In 1839 
 he was ajDiJointed Secretary to 
 the Institution of Civil Engineers, 
 into which society he introduced 
 one or two much needed reforms, 
 and on his retirement in 1856 he 
 was presented with a service of 
 plate and a sum of 2,000 guineas 
 in acknowledgment of his valuable 
 services to the society. With 
 part of the money he founded 
 the Manby premium, which now 
 forms one of the prizes at the dis- 
 posal of the Council . At the same 
 time he urged the establishment of 
 some kind of material aid society, 
 an idea which was carried out later 
 when the Benevolent Fund was 
 started. In 1876 Mr. Manby re- 
 ceived a silver salver and a purse 
 of .£4,000 from the members of the 
 Institute of Civil Engineers "in 
 friendly remembrance of many 
 years valuable services." On i-e- 
 signing the position of Acting-Se- 
 cretary, he became the representa- 
 tive in London and abroad of the 
 firm of R. Stephenson & Co., of New- 
 castle-on-Tyne, a post he held at 
 the time of his death. 
 
 MANBY, Captain George Wil- 
 liam, F.R.S. [1765—1854], the 
 inventor of several kinds of appa- 
 
MAXDEYILLE— MANGAN. 
 
 50: 
 
 ratus for savinj^ life in shipwreck, 
 was bom at Hilgay in Norfolk, and 
 was the • son of Matthew Pepper 
 Manby, a Captain in tlie Welsh 
 Fusiliers. He entered the army, 
 but retired on attaining the rank of 
 Captain in 1803, when he was ap- 
 pointed barrack-master at Great 
 Yarmouth. Here in 1807, during 
 some tremendous gales which blew 
 off the coast, the Snipe gun-brig 
 foundered, sixty - seven persons 
 being drowned within a few yards 
 of the beach. This and similar 
 disasters induced Captain Manby to 
 devise some means of rendering as- 
 sistance on the recurrence of similar 
 catastrophes. A first he thought 
 of throwing a line to a stranded 
 vessel by means of a balista, but 
 that proving faulty, led him to prefer 
 the use of gunpowder. With this 
 invention, by means of which he 
 could throw a line over the vessel, 
 he saved the crew of the brig i^h'za- 
 beth, which had been wrecked just 
 off the shore. In 1810 a Committee 
 was formed in the House of Com- 
 mons to inquire into the subject of 
 saving life in shipwreck, when 
 Captain Manby's invention was 
 examined and approved of, and he 
 was employed to report upon the 
 dangerous parts of the coast from 
 Yarmouth to the Firth of Forth. 
 Within two years of its invention 
 his apparatus was employed at fifty- 
 nine stations on the coast, and 
 associations for the preservation of 
 life from shipwreck were established 
 throughout the kingdom. For his 
 numerous inventions he received at 
 various times ,£7,000 from the 
 Bi-itish nation, and the thanks of 
 the chief sovereigns of Europe. He 
 died at his residence. Pedestal 
 House, Southtown, near Great 
 Yarmouth, Nov. 18, 1854. 
 
 MAXDEVILLE, John Henry 
 [1773 — 18G1], Minister Plenipoten- 
 tiary to the Argentine Eepublic, 
 was bom in Suffolk. He entered 
 the Navy when quite a boy, after 
 which he held a commission in a 
 Pragoon Eegiment. He was chosen 
 
 British Agent in France for the 
 exchange of prisoners before the 
 peace of Amiens ; was for a time 
 attached to Lord Whitworth's Em- 
 bassy ; was secretary to Sir Arthur 
 Paget at Vienna in 1805, and after- 
 wards served ia the missions at 
 Frankfort, Constantinople, Lisbon, 
 Paris, &.C. In 1835 he was appointed 
 Minister Plenipotentiary at Buenos 
 Ayres, a post he held for eleven 
 years. 
 
 MANGAN, James Clarence. 
 The one small volume of poems 
 which Mangan has left shows him 
 to have had greater poetic genius 
 than any other Irishman of his 
 century : but his career was ruined 
 by a craving for drink which 
 amounted almost to madness, and 
 which seems to have been more 
 the result than the cause of a 
 morbid and distorted mind. He 
 was the son of a grocer, and was 
 born in Fishamble Street, Dublin, 
 in 1803, and at the age of fifteen 
 was placed as a copyist in a 
 scrivener's office. Here the un- 
 happy boy endured tortures of 
 mental depression akin to madness, 
 but his mother, sister, and perhaps 
 his father were dependent on him, 
 and he stuck to his work, and in 
 his spare time he taught himself 
 French, German, Spanish and 
 Italian. While still quite young 
 he fell^in love; he was jilted, and 
 after ms disappointment he van- 
 ished, no one knows where. After 
 some years he returned to Dublin 
 an old white-headed man of six- 
 and-twenty, a confirmed drunkard 
 and opium-eater. At this time his 
 poems from the German and the 
 Irish began to appear in the Dublin 
 periodicals, and attracted much 
 attention. Drs. Anster, Petrie, and 
 Todd procured for him a situation 
 in Trinity College, Library, and 
 when in 1840 Dr. Petrie edited the 
 Irish Penny Journal, Mangan was 
 one of the principal contributors. 
 In 1842 he began writing for the 
 Nation, and only left it when his 
 friend John Mitchel started the 
 
598 
 
 MANGLES— MANSEL. 
 
 United Irishman in 1847. He was 
 at this time very weak and ill ; 
 lie made repeated efforts to give 
 up drink, but his moral fibre was 
 too much enfeebled, and all his 
 resolutions ended in the whiskey 
 bottle. In 1849 he was attacked 
 by cholera, and on June 20th died 
 in St. Vincent's Hospital. His " Ger- 
 man Anthology " was published in 
 Dublin in 1845, and after his death 
 John Mitchel collected his poems 
 and published them in America ; 
 the book is prefaced with an admi- 
 rable biography by John Mitchel. 
 
 MANGLES, Eoss Donellt [1801 
 — 1877], a younger son of Mr, James 
 Mangles of Woodbridge, was edu- 
 cated at Eton, and at Haileybury 
 College, and in 1819 appointed to a 
 writership in the East India Co.'s 
 service in Bengal. He went out 
 to India in 1820, was made as- 
 sistant to the secretary of the Board 
 of Commissioners in the lately ceded 
 and conquered jDrovinces in 1821, 
 and in 1822 became collector of 
 Government duties and customs at 
 Farrukhabad. In Jan., 1823, he was 
 placed in charge of Pergunnah Sa- 
 lamipore at Bareilly, and subse- 
 quently filled many important posts, 
 and was continually promoted till 
 his return to England in 1839. In 
 1841 he entered Parliament as mem- 
 ber for Guildford in the Liberal 
 interest, coming in at the top of the 
 poll, and defeating the Hon. J. 
 Yorke Scarlett and Mr. Henry 
 Currie. He had been for some 
 time one of the directors of the 
 East India Co., and acted as chair- 
 man in 1857-58. He retired from 
 Parliament in 1858, on being ap- 
 pointed to a seat at Her Majesty's 
 Indian Council, as one of its original 
 members. He contributed to the 
 Edinhurgh Review some important 
 articles on India and Indian affairs. 
 Mr. Mangles' career in India was 
 marked throughout with great in- 
 dustry, ability, and vigour, and he 
 was especially usofiil to the Indinn 
 Government in the Kcvenue De- 
 partment, 
 
 MANNING, Thomas [1773— 
 1840], an eminent linguist, and 
 friend of Charles Lamb, was the 
 second son of the Rev. William 
 Manning, Eector of Diss in Norfolk. 
 After receiving a liberal education 
 he entered at Cambridge, where he 
 numbered among his friends some of 
 the most celebrated men of the day, 
 among whom were Dr, Davy, Pro- 
 fessor Person, and Charles Lamb. 
 In 1798 he published a work on 
 Algebra, bearing his name, and a 
 smaller volume on Arithmetic, On 
 leaving college he turned his atten- 
 tion to the study of the Chinese 
 language, and ultimately became 
 one of the best Chinese schola,rs 
 in the world. In 1816 he accom- 
 panied Lord Amherst in the Em- 
 bassy to Pekin. The last years 
 of his life were spent in retire- 
 ment near Dartford, and at Bath, 
 where he died of apoplexy in 18-10, 
 and was buried in the abbey. The 
 greater portion of Charles Lamb's 
 letters, which were collected and 
 published by Sergeant Talfourd, 
 were addressed to Mr. Manning. 
 
 MANSEL, Henry Longueville 
 D.D. [1820—1871], Dean of St. 
 Paul's, was the eldest son of the Eev. 
 H. L. Mansel, rector of Cosgrove, 
 Northamptonshire, and was edu- 
 cated at Merchant Taylors' School, 
 and at St. John's College, Oxford, 
 of which he became a Fellow, He 
 was ordained in 1843, and in 1855 
 apjDointcd Reader in Moral and 
 Metaphysical Philosophy at Mag- 
 dalen College, He was Bamjiton 
 Lecturer 1858 ; Waynflete Profes- 
 sor, 1859, and in 18GG was ap- 
 pointed Regius Professor of Eccle- 
 siastical History at Oxford, and 
 Canon of Christ Church. He be- 
 came Dean of St. Paul's in 18G8 as 
 successor to Dr. Milman. He wrote 
 numerous Avorks on religious and 
 philosophical subjects, among Avhich 
 may be mentioned his Baniptou 
 Lectures for 1858, on the ** Limits 
 of Religious Thought," which at- 
 tracted much attention, and gave 
 rise to an elaborate controversy be- 
 
MANX— MARCET. 
 
 >09 
 
 tween himself and Professor Mau- 
 rice, "Prolegomena Loi^ica," Ibol ; 
 " Metaphysics," &c. Dr. Mansel 
 was a keen politician, and one of 
 the heads of the Tory party in Ox- 
 ford. His scholastic learning was 
 very great, his logical power con- 
 siderable, and he was a wit of a 
 high order. Many of the best epi- 
 grams current in his day were of 
 his make, and his little classico- 
 philosophical play, " Phrontiste- 
 rion," is still considered among the 
 brightest of Oxford jeux d' esprit. 
 But his philosophy, based on Sir 
 William Hamilton and on a rather 
 one-sided study of Kant, had little 
 vitality ; and on the whole his in- 
 fluence was not in proportion to his 
 power and his learning. 
 
 M ANT, The Right Rev. Richard, 
 Bishop of Down, Connor, and Dro- 
 more [177G — 18 kS], was born at 
 Southampton, and was the son of 
 the Rev. Richard Mant, D.D., Rec- 
 tor of the Church of All Saints in 
 that place. He was educated at 
 Winchester College, and at Trinity 
 College, Oxford, from which he 
 was elected a Fellow of Oriel in 
 1798. He took his M.A. degree in 
 1800, his B. and D.D. in 1815. In 
 1810 he was presented to the vicar- 
 age of Great Coggeshall in Essex ; in 
 1813 became chaplain to Dr. Man- 
 ners Sutton, Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury ; in 1815 Rector of St. Botolph's, 
 Bishopsgate, and in 1818 Rector of 
 East Horsley, Surrey. He was 
 made Bishop of Killaloe and Kilfe- 
 nora in 1820, and translated to the 
 see of Down and Connor in 1823. 
 He received the care of the Diocese 
 of Dromore also in 1842. Of his 
 writings, which were very numer- 
 ous, may be mentioned : " D'Oyley 
 and Mant's Bible," which he pre- 
 pared in conjunction with the Rev. 
 George D'Ovley, D.D., Rector of 
 Lambeth, " The Poetical Works of 
 Thomas Warton, Poet Laureate, 
 with Memoirs of his Life and 
 Writings," 1802 ; " Miscellaneous 
 
 Poems," 1806 ; and '' Some Parti- 
 culars of the Character of the late 
 
 I Charles James Fox," 1809, besides 
 innumfiable religious works. He 
 married, in 1801, Elizabeth, daugh- 
 ter of William Woods, of Chid ham, 
 Sussex, and left three children, two 
 sons and a daughter 
 
 MANTELL, Gideon Algernon, 
 LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., and F.L.S. 
 [1790 — 1852], was the son of a 
 shoemaker at Lewes in Sussex, 
 where he was bom. He practised 
 as a medical man for many years 
 at Lewes, and was very success- 
 ful. During his residence at that 
 place he managed to steal a few 
 hours from his work to devote to 
 his favourite study, geology, and 
 wrote, "The Fossils of the South 
 Downs," and "The Hlustrations of 
 the Geology of Sussex." For nine 
 years he devoted himself to the 
 prosecution of his researches into 
 the chalk formation of Sussex, and 
 to the foundation of the collection 
 of fossils afterwards bought by the 
 trustees of the British Museum for 
 ^5,000. He was elected an F.R.S. 
 in '1825, soon after his discovery 
 of the Iguanodon, and in 1849 re- 
 ceived from the Covincil the Royal 
 Medal as an acknowledgement 
 of his palaeontological researches. 
 He wrote several works on geology, 
 and diu-ing the last year of his 
 life he received a pension from the 
 Ci'own. 
 
 MAPPIX, John Newton, of 
 Birchlands, Ranmoor, who died sud- 
 denly Oct. 20, 1883, had acquired 
 a large fortune as a brewer, and left 
 one of the finest collections of mo- 
 dern pictures in the country, valued 
 at ,£00,000. He bequeathed the 
 whole collection to Sheffield, with 
 ^15,000 to erect a building for their 
 reception, stipulating only that the 
 town should contribute its share 
 towards the object. St. John's 
 Church at Ranmoor was also built 
 by the deceased at a cost of 
 j^io 000 
 
 MARCET, Mrs. [1709 — 1858], 
 widow of Dr. Marcet, and the well- 
 known authoi-ess of "Conversations 
 on Chemistry," was born in Lon- 
 
600 
 
 MAEGARY— MARIO. 
 
 don. Her father,, F. A. Haldimand, 
 was of Swiss origin, and a merchant 
 in the City. ^She published "Con- 
 versations on Political Economy/" 
 " Stories for Very Little Children/' 
 " Mary's Grammar/' &c. Died at 
 her house in Stratton Street, Picca- 
 dilly, July 28, 1858, aged 89. 
 
 MAE GARY, Augustus Ray- 
 mond, a civil engineer of the 
 Chinese Consular Service, was bru- 
 tally murdered at a place called 
 Manwyne, in Chinese territory, 
 Feb. 22, 1875. An exploring party 
 had been sent by the Indian Go- 
 vernment, under Colonel Horace 
 Browne to enter south-western 
 China through Burmah, and Mr. 
 Margary had joined the expedition 
 safely at Bhama, after a daring 
 journey almost alone, from Shang- 
 hai to the Burmese frontier, a route 
 which had previously been imprac- 
 ticable to Europeans. In a letter 
 received from him he stated that 
 he every^'here found the Chinese 
 mandarins civil and the people 
 charming. He went on to Man- 
 wyne, accompanied by five servants, 
 and was well received by the inha- 
 bitants, with whom he seemed to be 
 on the best of terms. On the even- 
 ing of the 21st of Feb. some of the 
 Chinese offered to show him some 
 hot springs in the neighbourhood, 
 and as he was in the act of uiount- 
 ing his pony to go with them, they 
 struck him down from behind with 
 their swords and lances. They 
 then massacred all his servants with 
 the exception of the cook, v^ho es- 
 caped, and afterwards removed the 
 heads from the corpses and stuck 
 them upon the walls of the town. 
 The consular service lost a most 
 valuable officer in Margary. He 
 had been about eight years in 
 China, and was a very promising 
 Chinese scholar. 
 
 MARIO, Giovanni Battista 
 Matteo, Cavaliere di Candia 
 [1808—1881], one of the greatest 
 singers of this century, although 
 we cannot claim him as an Eng- 
 lishman born, was yet so promi- 
 
 nent a figure in England during 
 thirty-two years as to claim a 
 notice in these pages. He was 
 born at Cagliari, and came of an 
 old and noble family. It is said 
 that when a young man he held 
 a commission in the army, and had 
 to resign it on accoujit of some 
 scrape ; another version is that he 
 left Italy for an affaire du coeur. 
 At any rate, he came to Paris in 
 1836, and for some time had no 
 means whatever of gaining a liveli- 
 hood. But his beauty and grace 
 and his splendid voice pointed to 
 the stage as his field of action, 
 and at the urgent advice of some 
 of his friends, he consented to 
 become an operatic singer. He 
 was engaged by Duponchel at a 
 high salary, but his first appear- 
 ance was a failure. Careless and 
 indolent, and stifled by flattery, 
 he had never really studied, and 
 the public met his endeavours with 
 the cry, " Pas d'amateurs — Eubini 
 — l^as d'amateurs ! " He, however, 
 remained at the Opera for two 
 years, and then went to the Italiens. 
 Meantime he had made his debut 
 in London in 1839. Here, again, 
 it was noticed that there was a lack 
 of artistic finish in the perform- 
 ance, in spite of its beauty, but the 
 general effect was successful. After 
 this, he sang in London every 
 season, gaining year by year such 
 proficiency both as actor and singer 
 as finally to have been approached 
 by no one. Few who saw him as 
 Eaoul in the " Huguenots," where 
 he sang with a jxission that has 
 made audiences weep ; or as Alma- 
 viva, where his grace and charm 
 used to win everyone ; or as the 
 False Prophet, where his fiery rage 
 was surjDrising in its strength ; or 
 as Faust, where his love-making 
 has never been equalled ; or as 
 Fernando in " Favorita," where 
 outraged lionour and despair were 
 so magnificently depicted ; can 
 ever forget the impression made 
 upon them. Mario twice attempted 
 oratorio — both times in *' Elijah " 
 
M A RLIJOROUGH— M AROCHETTI. 
 
 601 
 
 — but the stage was his sphere. He 
 bade farewell to Enj^^land in July, 
 1871, and retired to Konie, where, 
 being in want, he was made keeper 
 of one of the National collections, 
 a post he held till his death. He 
 was married to Madame Grisi. 
 
 MAELBOKOUGH, Fifth Duke 
 OF, George Spencer-Churchill 
 [17GG— 1810], Marquis of Bland- 
 ford, &c., was the elder son of 
 George, Fourth Diike of Marl- 
 borough, K.C. He was appointed, 
 in 1801, one of the Lords Commis- 
 sioners of the Admiralty, which 
 office he held for two years. He 
 succeeded his father in the Duke- 
 dom in 1817, having been called up 
 by -^^i-it to the House of Peers in 
 1806 as Baron Spencer; and in May, 
 1807, was authorised by Royal sign 
 manual to take the surname of 
 Churchill after that of Spencer, 
 and to bear the arms of Churchill 
 quai'terly with those of Spencer. 
 As Marquis of Blandford, he was 
 distinguished for the magnificence 
 with which he indulged his taste, 
 especially the splendour of his 
 gardens and library, at White 
 Knights, near Reading. He bought 
 for his library, at the Duke of Rox- 
 burghe's sale, in 1812, after a des- 
 perate contest with Lord Spencer, 
 Valdarfer's edition of the " De- 
 camerone of Boccaccio," printed 
 at Venice in 1471, for which he 
 paid ^£2,260 ; and in 1815 the cele- 
 brated Bedford Missal, for which 
 he gave <£G98 5s. Most of his col- 
 lections, however, were dispersed, 
 and the last years of his life were 
 passed in retirement, he living 
 at one corner of his splendid palace. 
 He married, in 1791, Lady Susan 
 Stewart, daughter of John, 8th 
 Earl of Galloway, K.T., and left 
 a family of four sons and two 
 daughters. 
 
 MARLBOROUGH (Seventh 
 Duke of). Right Hon. John "Wins- 
 ton Spencer-Churchill, Marquis 
 OF Blandford, &c. [1822—1883], 
 was the eldest son of George, Sixth 
 Duke. He was educated at Eton, 
 
 and at Oriel College, Oxford. When 
 Marquis of Blandford, he was re- 
 turned to the House of Commons 
 in April, 181 1-, as Member in the 
 Conservative interest for the family 
 borough of Woodstock, and sat till 
 April, 18 15, when he accepted the 
 Chiltern Hundreds, in consequence 
 of having supported the Free Trade 
 measures of Sir Robert Peel with- 
 out the consent of the Duke of 
 Marlborough. He was, however, 
 again returned for Woodstock at 
 the general election in 1817, and 
 represented that constituency until 
 he became Duke of Marlborough, 
 July 1, 1857. He became known in 
 Parliament for his endeavours to 
 increase the usefulness of the Esta- 
 blished Church, and among other 
 measures succeeded in obtaining an 
 Act to amend those knoAvn as Sir Ro- 
 bert Peel's Acts, " For making better 
 Provision for the Spiritual Care of 
 Poj^ulous Parishes." He will per- 
 haps, however, be best remembered 
 for his Act, entitled, " The New 
 Parishes Act," which converted 
 existing districts under certain 
 conditions into new parishes for 
 ecclesiastical pui-poses. He was 
 appointed Lord Steward of Her 
 Majesty's Household, in 1866, and 
 in March of the following year took 
 office as Lord President of the 
 Council in Disraeli's Administra- 
 tion. He declined the Viceroyalty 
 of Ireland in 1874, but accepted it 
 in 1876, and held it till the re- 
 signation of Lord Beaconsfield's 
 Ministry in 1880. He was Lord- 
 Lieutenant of Oxfordshire ; a Prince 
 of the Holy Roman Empire ; and 
 as descendant, in the female line, 
 of the great Duke of Marlborough, 
 enjoyed a pension of ^£5,000 a year, 
 the Palace of Blenheim, and ''the 
 honour and manor of Woodstock." 
 He was found lying dead upon the 
 floor of his bed-room in St. James's 
 Square, Julv 5, 188.3. 
 
 MAROCHETTI, Baron Charles 
 [1805 — 1867], sculptor, bom of 
 French parents, at Turin, where 
 stands his first work, the eques- 
 
602 
 
 MAERIOTT. 
 
 trian statue ef Emarmel Philibert^ 
 was educated in the Lycee Napo- 
 leon, and afterwares entered the 
 studio of Bosio. He returned to 
 France in 1827, and exhibited a 
 " Young Girl playing with a Dog," 
 and gained a medal ; and in 1831 
 exhibited his " Fallen Angel/' 
 for the Academy of Arts of Turin. 
 Soon after the Eevolution of Feb. 
 1848, he took up his residence in 
 England. At the Great Exhibition 
 of 1851 the model of his colossal 
 •^^Eichard Coeur de Lion," since 
 erected in bronze in Palace Yard, 
 brought him into general notice ; 
 and he executed by commission 
 for Glasgow an equestrian statue 
 of the Queen, which was inaugu- 
 rated in 1854. To the exhibitions 
 of the Academy, Marochetti con- 
 tributed, in 1851, a portrait-bust 
 of Prince Albert, one of Lady Con- 
 stance Gower, and several of other 
 ladies. He designed the obelisk 
 in granite to the memory of the 
 soldiers slain in the Crimea in 1856, 
 and the Mausoleum of the Princess 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Charles I., 
 in 1857. His bust of Sir E. Land- 
 seer was in the exhibition at the 
 Eoyal Academy, and his statue of 
 Lord Clyde was finished in 1867. 
 Marochetti was made a Chevalier 
 of the Legion of Honour in 1839, 
 Grand Officer of St. Maurice and 
 Lazarus, in July, 1861, and E.A. in 
 1866. 
 
 MAEEIOTT,The Ee v. Charles, 
 B.D. [1811—1858], Fellow of Oriel 
 College, joint author of the "Li- 
 brary of the Fathers," and a 
 voluminous writer on theological 
 subjects, entered Exeter College, 
 Oxford, in 1829. In 1831 he was 
 elected a Fellow of Oriel, and soon 
 afterwards became Tutor. In 1839 
 he was ai:>pointed Principal of the 
 Diocesan College, at Cliichester, 
 which he resigned in 1841, when 
 he returned to Oriel College, and 
 took the office of Dean. For more 
 than ten years he was associated 
 with Dr. Pusey, and Mr. Keblc, as 
 joint editor of the '' Library of the 
 
 Fathers," the greater part of the 
 reading of the proof-sheets, and 
 revising the translations, falling 
 upon him. He was the first editor 
 of the Literary Churchman, for 
 which he wrote continuously. 
 
 MAEEIOTT, LlEUTENANT- 
 
 Genekal Thomas [1774 — 1847], 
 was the third son of Eandolph 
 Marriott, of the Leases, in York- 
 shire, at one time a Member of the 
 Supreme Government of Bengal. 
 He went out to Madras in 1791, 
 and at once entered upon active 
 service, in 1793, taking part under 
 General Floyd in the investment 
 of Pondicherry. In 1797 he was 
 appointed Brigade Quarter-Master, 
 and Assistant under the Quarter- 
 Master - General, on the Manilla 
 expedition, under Sir James Craig, 
 and in the following year Brigade- 
 Major to the Cantonment of Walla- 
 jahbad. In 1799 he was appointed 
 A.D.C. and Deputy Persian Inter- 
 preter to the Commander-in-Chief, 
 General Harris, and on the fall 
 of SeringajDatam, became his Mili- 
 tary Secretary. He had the jjolitical 
 charge of the Mysore Princes, until 
 their final removal to Vellore, when 
 in 1803 he was ajopointed Town 
 Major of the fortress of that place, 
 and Deputy-in-Charge. In 1805 he 
 was appointed to the full charge of 
 the Mysore Princes, and attained the 
 rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After 
 the mutiny at Vellore, he removed 
 with the Princes to Bengal, and on 
 his return with them to Calcutta, in 
 1807, received the thanks of the 
 Sujireme Government, and a pre- 
 sent of 5,000 rupees. For his ser- 
 vices at the siege of the fort and 
 province of Kurnoul , he was aAvarded 
 .£100 by the East India Company. 
 He was promoted to the rank of 
 Major-General in 1821, and became 
 Lieutenant-Gcneral in the East In- 
 dies in 1837. He married liis cousin 
 Anne, third daughter of Sir John 
 Beckett, Bart. 
 
 MAEEIOTT, Eev. Wharton 
 Booth, an eminent scholar and 
 theologian, was born about the year 
 
MARRYAT— MARSH. 
 
 r,03 
 
 1823. He held for some years a 
 mastership at Eton College, which 
 however he was obliged to resign 
 on account of ill-health ; but he 
 continued to live at Eton, and 
 worked indefatigably among the 
 poor of the neighbourhood. He 
 held an appointment as Public 
 Lecturer and Select Preacher in 
 the diocese of Oxford. His treatise 
 on the " Origin of Ecclesiastical 
 Vestments," in which he brings 
 forward the testimony of antiquity 
 against ritualistic views, is still 
 highly thought of. He died De- 
 cember 10, 1871. 
 
 MAREYAT, Frederick, Cap- 
 tain, R.N., the celebrated naval 
 novelist [1702 — 1818], was born in 
 London, and was the son of Joseph 
 Marryat, Esq., of "Wimbledon, Sur- 
 rey, a wealthy "West India mer- 
 chant, and M.P. for Sand^-ich, who 
 traced his descent from a French 
 Protestant refugee who came to 
 England in the IGth centurv. He 
 entered the navy in 1806 as mid- 
 shipman on board the Irn jjeriev.se, 
 commanded by Lord Cochrane, 
 under whom he remained for three 
 years, being engaged in upwards of 
 fifty actions off the French and 
 Mediterranean coasts. On several 
 occasions he saved men from drown- 
 ing by jumping overboard at the 
 risk of his own life, once being 
 nearly eaten by sharks, which had 
 already disposed of the man he was 
 trying to save. He became lieu- 
 tenant in 1812, commander in 1815. 
 In 1820 he commanded the Beacon 
 sloop off St. Helena, from which he 
 exchanged to the Eosa rio, in which 
 he brought home duplicate de- 
 spatches announcing Napoleon's 
 death. He went to the East Indies 
 in 1823, where he distinguished him- 
 self and obtained the thanks of the 
 Governor-General. He was nomi- 
 nated a C.B. in 1825, and received 
 a medal from the Royal Humane 
 Society for having saved so many 
 lives from drowninor. From 1828 
 to 1830 he commanded the Ariadne 
 in the Channel service, and at that 
 
 time being nearly forty years old, 
 he published his first novel, " Frank 
 Mildmay." For the next sixteen 
 years he wrote constantly, his other 
 works being : " Peter Simple," 
 " Jacob Faithful," " Japhet in 
 Search of a Father," " The King's 
 Own," " Mr. Midshipman Easy," 
 " Xewton Forster," " The Pacha of 
 Many Tales," " Rattlin the Reefer," 
 " Snarly-yow, or the Dog-Fiend," 
 " The Children of the New Forest," 
 " 011a Podi-ida," " The Pirate and 
 the Three Cutters," " The Phantom 
 Ship," " Poor Jack,"" ThePoacher," 
 " Masterman Ready," " Perceval 
 Keene," " The Settlers in Canada," 
 " The Mission, or Scenes in Africa," 
 " The Privateer's Man," " Valerie," 
 &c. Besides these, he published, 
 in 1837, " A Code of Signals for the 
 use of vessels employed in the 
 Merchant Service," v,-hich was 
 adopted by Government, and used 
 by all foreign navies, and for which 
 he received the Cross of the Legion 
 of Honour from Louis Philippe. In 
 1839 he published a '• Diary in Ame- 
 rica, with Remarks on its Institu- 
 tions," which gave great offence 
 in that country. He died at his 
 residence at Langham, in Norfolk, 
 August 2, 1848, aged 56. He mar- 
 ried Catherine, daughter of Sir 
 Stephen Sharp, Charge-d' Affaires 
 at the court of Russia, and left six 
 children, among whom was Florence 
 Marrvat, the novelist. 
 
 MARSH, The Right Rev. Her- 
 bert, D.D., Bishop of Peter- 
 borough [1757 — lS39j, was born in 
 London. He entered St. John's 
 College, Cambridge, as a sizar, in 
 177G, and distinguished himself as 
 a classical and mathematical 
 student. He next went to Got- 
 tingen, Germany, where he trans- 
 lated " Michaelis on the New Tes- 
 tament." He returned to England 
 when the French armies invaded 
 Germany, and resumed his studies 
 at Cambridge, taking his B.D. 
 degree in 1792. In 1807, on the 
 death of the Rev. John Main- 
 waring, B.D., he was elected Lady 
 
601. 
 
 MARSHALL— MAESHAM. 
 
 Margaret's Professor of Divinity, 
 and began at once a course of 
 English lectures on theology in 
 place of the Latin lectures formerly 
 given. He became Bishop of Llan- 
 daff in 1816, and three years later 
 was translated to Peterborough. 
 In trying to suppress Calvinism in 
 his new diocese, he soon made him- 
 self obnoxious to the evangelical 
 portion of the clergy, and several 
 publications appeared on the sub- 
 ject, which was subsequently 
 brought before the House of Lords, 
 but without any material result. 
 He was the author of innumerable 
 essays and lectures on religious 
 subjects, the best-known of which 
 is the translation of Michaelis' 
 New Testament above mentioned, 
 and wrote besides " Patje's Essay 
 on the English National Credit," 
 translated from the German, 1797 ; 
 " An Examination into the Conduct 
 of the British Ministry relative to 
 the late proposal of Buonaj)arte," 
 1800; and "The History of the 
 Politics of Great Britain and 
 Prance from the time of the Con- 
 ference at Pilnitz to the declaration 
 of war against Great Britain ; with 
 the attempts made by the British 
 Government to restore peace," 1800. 
 He died at the Palace, Peterborough, 
 aged 82, May 1, 1839. 
 
 MARSHALL, James Garth 
 [1802—1873], M.P. for Leeds, and 
 a well-known leader of the world 
 of Yorkshire commerce, was the 
 third son of Mr. John Marshall, of 
 Headingley, M.P. for Yorkshire, 
 who acquired immense wealth by 
 the successful introduction of some 
 mechanical improvements in the 
 spinning of flax. Mr. J. G. Mar- 
 shall was a magistrate and deputy- 
 lieutenant for Lancashire and the 
 West Riding of Yorkshire, in which 
 latter county he was high sheriff in 
 18G0. He represented Leeds in the 
 Liberal interest between 1817-52, 
 and was a director of an important 
 line of Yorkshire railways. He was 
 also a large purchaser of land in 
 the Lake district. 
 
 MARSHAM, The Rev. Dr. James 
 [1769 — 1838], a Baptist missionary, 
 was sent out by that body to India 
 to preach the Gospel to the Hindoos. 
 He went to India in 1799, and 
 settled at Serampore, where he 
 successfully established a mission 
 and began at once diligently to 
 study the Bengalee, Sanskrit, and 
 Chinese languages. By dint of 
 great labour he obtained a perfect 
 knowledge of Chinese, into which 
 language he translated the Gospels 
 of Matthew, Mark, and John, the 
 Epistles of St. Paul to the Romans 
 and Corinthians, and the Book of 
 Genesis. Among his works may be 
 mentioned " A Dissertation on the 
 Characters and Sounds of the 
 Chinese Language," 1809; "The 
 Works of Confucius, containing 
 the original text, with a trans- 
 lation," 1811 ; and " Clavis Sinica ; 
 Elements of Chinese Grammar, 
 with a preliminary dissertation on 
 the characters and the colloquial 
 medium of the Chinese ; and an 
 Appendix containing the Ta-Hyok 
 of Confucius, with a translation," 
 1814'. He died at Serampore, aged 
 69, December 7, 1838. 
 
 MARSHAM, John Clark [1791 
 — 1877], eldest son of Dr. Marsham, 
 the well-known Baptist missionary 
 of Serampore, was from 1812 the 
 moving spirit of the large religious 
 undertakings managed by Dr. Mar- 
 sham and his colleagues. For nearly 
 20 years he acted as a sort of 
 secular and unpaid bishop, choos- 
 ing, directing, and i^roviding for a 
 great body of missionaries, cate- 
 chists, and native Christians scat- 
 tered in different parts of Bengal, 
 collecting and eai'ning for them 
 large sums of money, while living, 
 like his colleagues, on <£200 a year. 
 He at last suri'ondered liis work 
 into the liands of the Baptist mis- 
 sion, and betook himself to secular 
 work. He started a paper-mill — 
 the only one in the country, founded 
 the only weekly political paper in 
 India, which became a great autho- 
 rity, and expended de30/)00 to re- 
 
MARTIN. 
 
 G05 
 
 Ijoild and re-endow a college for 
 the higher education of natives. 
 He compiled the first " Code of 
 Civil Law," which he translated j 
 with his own hand for the people. 
 In addition to his labours as a 
 journalist, niillowner, translator, 
 &c., he was an earnest student of l 
 Indian history, wrote the first and j 
 only history of Bengal, and pre- \ 
 pared for his greater work, the , 
 "History of India," which he pub- 
 lished, after his return to England, 
 in 1852. He received the thanks 
 of the coiu't of directors for his 
 educational services, and the Star 
 of India, but in England he was 
 hardly recognised. 
 
 MAETIN, Mrs. Bell, the weU- 
 known " Irish Heii'ess,^' was the 
 only daughter and heiress of 
 Thomas Bamewall Martin, of Bcil- 
 linahinch Castle, M.P. for Galway, 
 and wife of Mr. Arthur Gonne Bell, 
 who on his marriage assumed the 
 name of Martin. She inherited 
 the immense Connemara estates, 
 and an income of d£5,000 a year, 
 which she only enjoyed however 
 for about two years, when, owing 
 to the failure of the potato crop, 
 and the famine and pestilence which 
 followed it, she lost everything, and 
 was obliged to leave her home 
 almost penniless. She was an 
 authoress of some note, and contri- 
 buted largely to the " Encyclo- 
 pedic des Gens du Monde," and 
 other French periodicals, besides 
 which she wrote some good novels, 
 the best-known of which are per- 
 haps " St. Etienne, a tale of the 
 Yendean "VVar," and "Julia 
 Howard." She died at the Union 
 Place Hotel, Xew York, October 
 30, 1850. 
 
 MAETIX, Frederick [1833— 
 1883], the well-known compiler of 
 " The Statesman's Year Book," was 
 Swiss by birth, and early came and 
 settled in England. He was for 
 some years Carlyle's secretary and 
 amanuensis, and assisted him in 
 his historical researches ; his know- 
 ledge of German and capacity for 
 
 work making him a most useful 
 assistant. He started a biogra- 
 phical magazine in which he wrote 
 an account of Carlyle's early life, 
 but as the latter dad not approve, 
 he discontinued it. He began " The 
 Statesman's Year Book," in 18G3, 
 and in 1879 Lord Beaconsfield, 
 struck by its usefulness, conferred 
 upon him a pension of ,£100 a 
 year. He continued to supervise 
 his "Year Book" till Dec. 1882, 
 when he was comj)elled by ill- 
 health to give it up, and it was 
 undertaken by Mr. Scott Keltic. 
 Among his other works may be 
 mentioned : a " Handbook of 
 France," " History of Lloyd's ; " 
 "Life of John Clare," &c. He 
 wrote largely for various papers, 
 and was an occasional contributor 
 to the Aihenceum. 
 
 MAETIX, Sir George, G.C.B., 
 G.C.M.G., K.St.J. [17G1— 1817], 
 Admiral of the Fleet, and Yice- 
 Admiral of the United Kingdom, 
 was the third son of Captain "Wil- 
 liam Martin, E.N., and was bom 
 Jan. 17, 17G5. He entered the 
 navy in 1776, was appointed Lieu- 
 tenant in 1780, and in 1783 attained 
 post-rank. "Whilst Captain of the 
 Irresistible he took part in the 
 action off Caj)e St. Yincent, 1797, 
 in which he hoisted the broad pen- 
 nant of Commodore Nelson, Avhose 
 ship had been disabled, and for his 
 services received the thanks of 
 Parliament. In 1800 he succeeded 
 Captain Trowbridge in the com- 
 mand of the blockading squadron 
 before Malta, and was one of those 
 who signed the capitulation by 
 which that island was annexed to 
 the crown of England. Having 
 served in the Egj-ptian campaign, 
 and in the Mediterranean, where 
 he did distinguished service, he 
 retiumed to England in 1811. In 
 the following year he was ap- 
 pointed to command the naval 
 force at Lisbon. He was knighted 
 by the Prince Eegent in 1814, was 
 made a K.C.B. in 1815, and in 1821 
 a G .C.B. In 1824 he was appointed 
 
606 
 
 MARTHA. 
 
 Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth, 
 and ten years later became Vice- 
 Admiral of the United Kingdom. 
 He was twice married, first in 1804 
 to Henrietta Elizabeth, daughter 
 of Captain J. A. Bentinck, E.N. ; 
 and secondly in 1815 to Augusta, 
 daughter of William Lock, Esq., of 
 Norbury Park, Surrey. 
 
 MA.E,TIN, John, Irish politician. 
 He was the son of a Presbyterian 
 minister, was born at Dromalane, 
 CO. Newry, Sej^t. 8, 1812, and was 
 educated at Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin, where he graduated in 1834, but, 
 being a man of independent means 
 and delicate health he adojDted no 
 profession. He was an extreme 
 member of the Young Ireland 
 Party and married John Mitchel's 
 sister, and on the seizure of The 
 United Irishman in 18 i8 he issued 
 The Irish Felon from the abandoned 
 office. After the third number a 
 warrant for his arrest was issued, 
 and on July 8th he gave himself 
 up to the Government. He was 
 tried for treason-felony and sen- 
 tenced to ten years' transj)ortation, 
 but was released in 1851. In 1858 
 he returned to Ireland, and in 1867 
 was prosecuted by Government for 
 the part he took in the funeral of 
 Allen, Larkin, and O'Brien, but 
 was acquitted. In 1871 he was 
 elected M.P. for Meath and re- 
 elected in 1871. He became Secre- 
 tary to the Home Rule League, but 
 without salary, as he found it 
 impossible to accept money for 
 patriotic services. He died at 
 Dromalane, March 20, 1875. 
 
 MARTIN, John, j^ainter, born at 
 Hay don Bridge, near Hexham, in 
 1789. As a result of his early love 
 for art, he was apprenticed by his 
 father to loarn heraldic jxainting 
 of a coachljuilder, })ut was after- 
 wards placed under Boniface 
 Musso, an Italian artist, fathor of 
 Charles Musso the enauK^l painter, 
 lu 1806 Martin came with his master 
 to London, where at the age of 
 nineteen he married, supporting 
 himself by teaching and by paint- 
 
 ing on glass and china. His first 
 picture " Sadak in Search of the 
 Waters of Oblivion," was exhi- 
 bited in the Academy of 1812, and 
 was sold for fifty guineas. It was 
 followed by " The Expulsion from 
 Paradise" (1813) ; "Clytie " (1811), 
 and '^ Joshua" (1815), which was 
 awarded a premium of dElOO by 
 the British Institution. Six years 
 later the famous " Belshazzar's 
 Feast " appeared, which gained a 
 prize of d6200 at the British Institu- 
 tion, and is deemed by many Mar- 
 tin's best work. In 1822 he exhibited 
 " The Destruction of Hercula- 
 neum," "The Creation," 1824; and 
 " The Fall of Nineveh," 1828, when 
 his popularity reached its full 
 height. In 1832-33 he received 
 ,£2000 for draAving and engraving 
 a fine series of designs for " Para- 
 dise Lost," and in company with 
 Westall he made a number of illus- 
 ti-ations of the Bible. In 1837 he 
 completed his " Deluge," " The 
 Eve of the Deluge," in 1840, and 
 '" Pandemonium " in 1841. Diu'ing 
 the last years of his life he was 
 engaged on his large canvases " The 
 Judgment," '' The Great Day of 
 Wrath," and "The Plains of Hea- 
 ven." He died in the Isle of Man, 
 whither he had gone to recruit his 
 health, Feb. 19, 1854. Throughout 
 life Martin was an opponent of the 
 Academy, and always held that he 
 had been unjustly treated by that 
 body ; nevertheless, 87 out of the 
 186 works which he exhibited ap- 
 peared in that gallery. In 1824 
 he joined the British Artists, and 
 between that year and 1838 con- 
 tributed sixty-two works to tlie 
 Suffolk Street rooms. INIartin's 
 wild and eccentric painting is well- 
 known tlirougli the medium of en- 
 graving ; a small oil landscape and 
 three water-colour drawings Ityhiin 
 are in the South Kensington Col- 
 lection. 
 
 MARTIN, Jonathan, who in 
 1829 tried to set fire to York 
 Minster, died sudtlenly of heart 
 disease at Bethlehem hospital. 
 
MARTIN— MARTINEAU. 
 
 G07 
 
 June 2, 1838. For two or three 
 years before his death he had spent 
 most of his time in studying Fox's 
 " Book of Martyrs." He was a 
 brother of John Martin, the painter 
 of "The Fall of Babylon;" " Bol- 
 shazzar's Feast," &c., who in 1817 
 was appointed " historical land- 
 scape painter to the Princess Char- 
 lotte and Prince Leopold." 
 
 MARTIN, Rev. Samuel [1817— 
 1878], of Westminster Chapel, for 
 many years one of the foremost 
 ministers of the Conorre national 
 body in London, was educated at 
 Western College, Plymouth. He 
 began his ministry in 1839, and 
 for upwards of thirty years had 
 charge of the Westminster Cha- 
 pel in James Street, Bucking- 
 ham Gate, one of the largest 
 edihces belonging to the Congre- 
 gationalists, and which was erected 
 under his supervision. He was 
 elected chairman of the Congrega- 
 tional Union in 18G2. Owing to 
 failing health he had retired from 
 active work for some years before 
 his death. 
 
 MARTIN, Rt. Hon. Sir Samuel 
 [1801— 1883], son of Samuel Martin, 
 of Calmore, Londonderry, was edu- 
 cated at Trinity College, Dublin, 
 where he took his degree in 1821. 
 In the same year he entered as a 
 student at G-ray's Inn, and subse- 
 quently at the Inner Temple, where 
 he was called to the Bar Jan. 29, 
 1830, and went the Northern Cir- 
 cuit. He practised as a special 
 pleader, and first came prominently 
 before the public in connection w- ith 
 the Bloomsbury Case in Liverpool 
 (1839), in which his side was suc- 
 cessful. In 1813 he Avas made Q.C., 
 and married Sir Frederick Pollock's 
 eldest daughter Fanny. In 184.-7 
 at the general election he was 
 returned in the Liberal interest as 
 one of the members for Pontefract, 
 w^hich he represented till 1850, w^hen 
 he was appointed a Baron of the 
 Exchequer, and soon after knighted. 
 As a judge he was very popular 
 among his colleagrues and the 
 
 "h" 
 
 j general public, and his judgments 
 were remarkable for their brevity 
 and, in criminal cases, for their 
 leniency. Increasing deafness 
 obliged him to retire from the 
 Bench in 1871, when he was sworn 
 a Privy Councillor, and after that 
 period he divided his time between 
 his Irish estate at Myroc, co. Lon- 
 donderry, and his apartments in 
 Piccadilly, where he died. Through- 
 out his life he was keenly interested 
 in racing ; was a member of the 
 Jockey Club, and the reputed owner 
 of several race-horses. 
 
 MARTIN, Sir Thomas Byan, 
 G.C.B., Admiral of the Fleet [1773 
 — 1854], was the third son of Sir 
 Henry Martin, Bart., Comptroller 
 of the Navy, and M.P. for South- 
 ampton. He entered the navy in 
 1786, and having seen much active 
 service in North America and the 
 West Indies and France, and cap- 
 tured numerous vessels, was in 1808 
 appointed Captain of the Fleet 
 under Sir James Saumarez, Com- 
 mander-in-chief in the Baltic. He 
 was nominated a K.C.B. in 1815, 
 was made Vice-Admiral in 1819, a 
 G.C.B. in 1830, Admiral July 22 
 of the same year, and Vice-Admiral 
 of the United Kingdom in 1847. 
 In 1815 he was appointed Deputy- 
 Comptroller of the navy, and a 
 year later succeeded Sir J. B. 
 Thompson as Comptroller of the 
 navy. He represented Plymouth 
 in Parliament from 1818 to 1831. 
 He was also for a time Director of 
 Greenwich Hospital, and a Com- 
 missioner of the Board of Longi- 
 tude. 
 
 MARTINEAU, Harriet, [1802 
 — 1876], the sixth of eight children, 
 Avas born at NorAvich, June 12, 1802. 
 The founder of the family, driven 
 from his country by the revocation 
 of the edict of Nantes, settled in 
 NorAvich as a surgeon. The pro- 
 fession was handed dowTi through 
 many generations till it descended 
 to Miss Martineau's uncle, perhaps 
 the most eminent provincial sur 
 his day. He 
 
 geon of 
 
 gave his 
 
008 
 
 MAETINEAU. 
 
 nieces the best education which the 
 district could afford^, and from an 
 early age Miss Martineau resolved 
 to make herself independent by 
 literary exertion. Her " Devo- 
 tional Exercises for the Use of 
 Young- Persons " appeared in 1823^ 
 from which time the series of her 
 writings proceeded, with little in- 
 termission, until severe illness ne- 
 cessarily interrupted her labours. 
 "Christmas Day/' a tale, appeared 
 in 182J.; a sequel to it, called '' The 
 Friend," in 1825 ; " Principle and 
 Practice," and " The Eioters," in 
 1826; followed by "Mary Camp- 
 beU ;"" The Turn-Out ; " a " Sequel 
 to Principle and Practice ; " a series 
 of tracts, and a tale called "My 
 Servant Eachael ; " in all of which 
 the writer evinced her strong sym- 
 pathy with the poorer classes of 
 society. Ever since 1831, in the 
 course of which year Miss Marti- 
 neau brought out her " Traditions 
 of Palestine," she seems to have 
 adopted a more elevated tone in 
 her writings. About this time she 
 j)roduced three prize essays, pub- 
 lished by the Association of Uni- 
 tarian Dissenters, to which she 
 belonged, viz. : " The Faith as un- 
 folded by many Prophets," "Pro- 
 vidence as manifested through 
 Israel," and " The Essential Faith 
 of the Universal Church," and a 
 tale entitled " Five Years of Youth." 
 For about three years she laboured 
 at a plan under the designation of 
 " Illustrations of Political Eco- 
 nomy." The first of these tales 
 bore the title " The Eioters," and 
 "The Turn-Out;" and the writer 
 was eventually led to the composition 
 of a series of twenty-four stories, 
 which became remarkaljly popular, 
 and have been translated into most 
 European languages. The "Illus- 
 trations of Taxation/' and " Poor 
 Laws and Paupers," which suc- 
 ceeded, consisted, the former of six 
 tales, the latter of four, written on a 
 similar plan. In 181} V Miss Marti- 
 neau visited the United States, 
 where her writings had secured for 
 
 her many friends and admirers. 
 In her " Society in America," pub- 
 lished in 1837, she discusses the 
 politics, domestic economy, civili- 
 zation, and religion of the United 
 States. A " Ectrosj)ect of "Western 
 Travel," which appeared in 1838, 
 comprised the personal experiences 
 of a tour, including portraitures of 
 Transatlantic celebrities. Shortly 
 afterwards Miss Martineau contri- 
 buted to " Knight's Series " a little 
 volume, " How to Observe," and 
 compiled three guides to service, 
 entitled " The Maid-of -all- Work," 
 "The Housemaid/' "The Lady's 
 Maid," and a fourth, " The Dress- 
 maker." Her first novel, " Deer- 
 brook," published in 1839, was the 
 most popular of her works of fic- 
 tion, and is still read and ad- 
 mired ; " The Hour and the Man," 
 which followed in 1840, had for its 
 hero Toussaint I'Ouvertiu-e, and 
 passed through three editions. Be- 
 fore this time her health had be- 
 come seriously imi^aired, and after 
 completing a series of tales for 
 children, entitled " The Plajifellow,'-' 
 which included " The Settlers at 
 Home," " The Peasant and the 
 Prince/' "Feats on the Fiord," 
 and " The Crofton Boys," she Avas 
 compelled to restrain her great 
 mental exertions. The offer of a 
 pension, previously proposed by 
 Government, was repeated by Lord 
 Melbourne, but once more declined 
 by Miss Martineau, from the feel- 
 ing that she could not conscien- 
 tiously share in the proceeds of a 
 system of taxation which had been 
 reprobated in her works. Her long 
 illness, from 1S39 to 1811-, was 
 fruitful in experience to herself 
 and benefit to her fellow-creatures, 
 as shown in a vohuue entitled 
 " Life in the Sick-lvoom/' published 
 in 1813. On recovering slie pro- 
 duced her " Forest and Uame Law 
 Tales/' three volumi>s of graphic 
 stories, bearing on the character 
 and social efl'ects of these laws in 
 ancient and modern times. " The 
 Billow and the liock " appeared 
 
M AE woo D— M A SON . 
 
 609 
 
 before lier expedition, in 181-C, to 
 the East, of which she recorded her 
 impressions in " Eastern Life, Past 
 and Present/^ published in 1818. 
 A volume of " Letters " exchanged 
 between herself and her friend, 
 Mr. H. G. Atkinson, a philosophical 
 student, " On the Laws of Man's 
 Nature and Develoi3ment," ap- 
 peared in 1851, and in her share in 
 this work (which gave a good deal of 
 oll'enee) she disclosed that advance 
 towards the principles of positive 
 philosojihy which was finally an- 
 nounced in 1853, by the issue of a con- 
 densed version of Comte's " Positive 
 Philosophy." Whilst preparing 
 these philosophical works, she was 
 engaged in ^Titing her maciniim opus, 
 the " History of England during the 
 Thirty Years' Peace." One of her 
 most popular works, " Household 
 Education," first appeared in the 
 People's Journal, and her " Com- 
 plete Guide to the Lakes" was 
 published in 1854. It was, how- 
 ever, in leading articles for the 
 Daily News, and in short social 
 sketches in Once a WeeJc, that Miss 
 Martineau's pen was most busily 
 employed. But the weight of in- 
 creasing years began to tell heavily 
 upon her, and after a long illness 
 in or about 1865, she almost en- 
 tirely withdrew from those engage- 
 ments. Her biographical contribu- 
 tions to the Daily News and Once a 
 Weeh were republished in a collected 
 form in 1869. She died at her 
 charming residence near Amble- 
 side, where, in sj^ite of her deaf- 
 ness and ill-health, she delighted 
 to the last to entertain a circle of 
 attached literary and political 
 friends. Her Autobiography was 
 edited by an American friend, Mrs. 
 Chapman, and published in three 
 volumes. 
 
 MAEWOOD, the executioner, 
 died at Horncastle in Lincolnshire, 
 Sept. 4, 1883, aged 56. He had 
 held his office for about twelve 
 years, his first engagement being 
 at Lincoln in 1871. He was a 
 cobbler by trade, and lived in a 
 
 little one-storied building close to 
 Horncastle Churchyard, over the 
 door of which was written in large 
 letters " Marwood, Crown Office." 
 He had amassed a fair amount of 
 property, which included several 
 cottages, besides other investments. 
 He was very proud of having intro- 
 duced the " long drop " at execu- 
 tions. By carefully ascertaining 
 the weight of the criminal he 
 thought he produced by it just the 
 necessary force to dislocate the 
 vertebrae and cause instant death. 
 
 MASON, George Hemming, 
 A.E.A. The eldest son of a Staf- 
 fordshire country gentleman, was 
 born in Whitley in 1818. For 
 five years he stvidied medicine 
 under Dr. Watt, of Birmingham, 
 but in 1844 he quitted the profession, 
 and resolved to devote himself to 
 art. He then made a tour through 
 France, Germany, and Switzerland, 
 and finally settled at Eome, where 
 he remained for some years. In 
 1857 he sent his first picture, 
 " Ploughing in the Campagna," to 
 the Academy, and the following year 
 exhibited "In the Salt Marshes." 
 He then returned to England, set- 
 tled at Wetley Abbey, in Cornwall, 
 where, after a time, he began ren- 
 dering, in a wonderfully tender 
 and poetic way, the rural life of 
 England. His first painting of this 
 class was " Wind on the Wold," 
 followed by the famous " Evening 
 Hymn," 1868 ; " Girls Dancing by 
 the Sea," 1869 ; and " The Harvest 
 Moon," 1872 — his last and greatest 
 work. Mason had for many years 
 suffered from heart disease, to 
 which he succumbed, Oct. 22, 1872. 
 He was elected A.E.A. after the ex- 
 hibition of his " Evening Hymn " in 
 1868. Among his best kno^m works, 
 besides those already mentioned, are 
 " Mist on the Moors," 1864 ; " Ee- 
 turning from Ploughing," 1865 ; 
 " The Gander and the Geese," 1867 ; 
 " The Unwilling Playmate," 1868 ; 
 "Dancing Girls" and "Only a 
 Shower," 1869; "Blackberry Ga- 
 md "The Milk Maid," 
 
 thering 
 
 E, E 
 
GIO 
 
 MASON— MASSEY. 
 
 1871. In 1873 an interesting col- 
 lection of Mason^s works was 
 brought together "by the members of 
 the Buiiington Club ; and several 
 have been of late years finely etched 
 by Waltner and Macbeth. During 
 his lifetime he exhibited 25 paint- 
 ings, all of them in the Academy. 
 
 MASON, Sir Josiah [1795— 
 1881], steel -pen manufacturer and 
 founder of the Erdington Orphan- 
 age, was born of humble parentage 
 at Kidderminster, and began life 
 as a street hawker. Having in his 
 native town tried shoemaking, 
 baking, carpentering, blacksmith^s 
 work, house-j)ainting, and carpet- 
 weaving, he went to Birmingham 
 in 1814, where he was employed in 
 the gilt toy trade. In 1822 ho 
 took up the manufacture of split 
 rings, and two years later set up 
 on his o"^vn account as a uianufac- 
 turer of split rings by machinery, 
 to which he afterwards added the 
 making of steel pens. Although 
 he was less known to the public 
 than Gillott and Mitchell, owing 
 to the fact that his pens were sup- 
 plied through Messrs. Perry, he 
 was really the largest producer of 
 steel pens. In 1874, when the 
 business was converted into a 
 limited company, he had more than 
 1,000 workpeople consuming over 
 three tons of rolled steel weekly. 
 He carried on besides this the busi- 
 ness of electro-plating, copper smelt- 
 ing, and india-rubber ring making 
 in conjunction with George Kichard 
 Elkington. In 18G0 he established 
 his great orphanage at Erdington, 
 where 300 girls, 150 boys, and 50 
 young children are gratuitously 
 lodged, clothed, fed, and educated. 
 He spent altogether about .£300,000 
 on this estaldishment, the building 
 alone absorbing .£00,000. For tliis 
 great benefaction ho was knighted 
 in 1872. He also gave a dispensary 
 to liis native town, cstal)lishod an 
 abnsliouse at Erdington, and 
 founded the Mason Science College 
 at liirminghaui, the building of 
 wliich cost .£00,000, and tlic total 
 
 value was said to be little short of 
 a quarter of a million. 
 
 MASON, The Kev. Egbert, D.D. 
 [1783 — 1841], was educated at 
 Queen's College, Oxford, where he 
 graduated M.A. in 1813, B.D. in 
 1820, and D.D. in 1823. On his 
 death, which occurred Jan. 5, 1841, 
 he bequeathed to the University of 
 Oxford a very curious painting of 
 the Zodiac of Tentyra in Egypt, 
 with a description of the same ; all 
 his Egyptian papyri, and a model 
 of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 
 at Jerusalem. To the Bodleian 
 Library he bequeathed the sum of 
 ^£40,000 in stock, to be used at the 
 uncontrolled discretion of the cura- 
 tors. To Queen's College he left the 
 rest of his Egyptian, Grecian, 
 Eoman, and other antiquities, a 
 picture of Mr. Belzoni, and his 
 shells, and also de30,000 in stock, 
 to be used to purchase books for 
 the use of the Society. This be- 
 quest formed the nucleus of the 
 splendid library of the college. 
 
 MASSEY, The Eight Hon. Wil- 
 liam Nathaniel, M.P. [1809 — 
 1881], descended from the family 
 of Lord Clarina, was admitted to 
 the bar in 1844, and went the 
 Western circuit. In July, 1852, he 
 was elected to the House of Com- 
 mons as one of the members in the 
 Liberal interest for Newport, Isle 
 of Wight ; at the general elections 
 in March, 1857, and in April, 1850, 
 was returned for Salford, from 
 the representation of which he re- 
 tired on becoming Finance Minis- 
 ter for India, in Feb., 1805. Having 
 been recorder for Plymouth in 
 Aug., 1855, he was aj-ipointed 
 Under-Secretary of State for the 
 Home Department in Lord Palmer- 
 ston's first administration, from 
 which he retired ui)on the return 
 of the Derby ministry to power in 
 Feb., 1858. In 1800 he spoke 
 against liord John Ivussoll's Reform 
 Bill, became Chairman of the Com- 
 mittee of AVays and Means, and 
 Deputy-Speaker in the House of 
 Commons, and on being appointQ^ 
 
MASSINGBIRD— MATKEW. 
 
 611 
 
 Finance Minister in India, in sue 
 cession to Sir C. Trevelyan, in 
 Feb., 1805, was sworn a mc'iu)>er of 
 the Privy Council. He afterwards 
 came back to England, and was re- 
 turned to Parliament, Nov. i, 1872, 
 as member for Tiverton. Mr. 
 Massey wi-ote "Common Sense 
 versus Common LaAv," published 
 in 1850, and a valuable " History of 
 England during theKeignof George 
 III./' of which four volumes ap- 
 peared between 1855 and 1803. 
 
 MASSINGBIKD, Chancellor, 
 an eminent divine, was educated at 
 Magdalen College, Oxford, where 
 he took his M.A, degree in 1823, 
 and was ordained deacon in 1821, 
 and priest in 1825. He was ap- 
 pointed to the rectory of South 
 Ormsby, Lincolnshire, a family 
 living, which he retained tlu'ougli- 
 out his life. He was for many 
 years a prebendary of Lincoln 
 Cathedi-al, of which he became a 
 chancellor and canon in 1802. He 
 took a warm interest in the revival 
 of Convocation, his pamphlet on 
 " The Necessity of a Session of 
 Convocation, and the Means of ob- 
 taining it," running through 
 several editions. He was also an ac- 
 tive member of the Eastern Church 
 Association. He died in Dec, 1872. 
 
 MATHESON, Sir James, F.E.S. 
 [1790 — 1878], the second son of 
 Captain Donald Matheson, the 
 Chief of the Clan, was educated at 
 the High School and University of 
 Edinbiu'gh. He lived for many years 
 in China, as partner in the firm of 
 Jardine, Matheson & Co., China 
 merchants, and on his return home 
 from that country he was presented 
 at Bombay with a service of plate, 
 in acknowledgment of his exertions 
 in promoting British commerce in 
 China during the first war, 1812. 
 He sat as M.P. for Ashburton, 
 18i3-47, and for the counties of 
 Ross and Cromarty, 1817-08. Ho 
 was Lord-Lieutenant of Ross-shire, 
 and a Deputy-Lieutenant and 
 magistrate for Sutherlandshire. In 
 1850 he was created a Baronet as a 
 
 mark of Royal approval for his 
 exertions in providing the inhabi- 
 tants of Lewes with food during the 
 famine of 18 1-7 and subsequent years. 
 He was for many years chairman of 
 the P. it O. Steamsliiii Company. 
 
 MATUEW, Rev. Theobald. 
 He was born on the 10th of October, 
 1700, at Thomastown Castle, co. 
 Kilkenny, where his father was 
 agent to his kinsman, George Ma- 
 thew. He was educated at Kil- 
 kenny College and at Maynooth 
 and was ordained in 181 1. After a 
 short time passed in Kilkenny, he 
 was removed to Cork. The friary 
 of the CapiTchin Order, to which 
 Father Mathcw belonged, was in 
 the lowest quarter of the town, and 
 the young priest, by his devotion 
 and zeal, soon obtained an immense 
 influence over the very poor. In 
 1832 Asiatic cholera attacked Cork, 
 and Father Mathew laboui-ed day 
 and night for the physical, as well 
 as the spiritual, comfort of the suf- 
 ferers. By his sympathy and un- 
 failing goodness he had endeared 
 himself to all hearts, when, in 1838, 
 he was induced to take up the cause 
 of total abstinence. The movement 
 had made little impression on the 
 Cork people, till on April 10, 1838, 
 Father Mathew, after much inward 
 debate, signed the pledge, and i-e- 
 solved to devote himself to the 
 cause. Nine months later 150,000 
 persons had joined his society, and 
 during the three days of his visit 
 to Limerick in Dec, 1839, 150,000 
 persons took the pledge. In 18 J^) 
 Father Mathew carried his mission 
 to Dublin, and in 184.1 made a suc- 
 cessful crusade in Ulster. By 1812 
 he had visited every part of his 
 native land, and had worked a re- 
 form which, when we remember 
 that it was accomplished by a man 
 with no special gifts or influence 
 beyond that of goodness, was simply 
 mii'aculous. He then visited Glas- 
 gow, and in 18-43 made a tour in 
 England, where he administered 
 the pledge to 600,000 persons. 
 Through the terrible years of the 
 
 R R 2 
 
G12 
 
 MATHEWS— MAULE. 
 
 famine he suspended Ms work and 
 devoted himself to relieving his 
 people in Cork city, and when the 
 crisis had passed he went to Ame- 
 rica for a missionary tour. But he 
 was now nearly sixty and worn out 
 with ceaseless labour ; the strain 
 was too great;, and while in America 
 he had two severe j^aralytic seizures. 
 In 1851 he returned to Ireland and 
 strove to continue his labours, but 
 he never regained his strength, and 
 died Dec. 8, 185G. He is buried in 
 Cork Cemetery. His life has been 
 written by J. F. Maguire [q. v.]. 
 
 MATHEWS, Charles James 
 [1803—1878], comedian, son of Mr. 
 Charles Mathews, was born Dec. 2G, 
 1803. Though his parents wished 
 to bring him up for the Church, he 
 was articled to an architect. He 
 possessed considerable artistic abi- 
 lity ; in 1835 exhibited a picture at 
 Somerset House, and accompanied 
 the Earl and Countess of Blessing- 
 ton and Covmt d'Orsay to Italy, 
 where he made many sketches. 
 The ability he displayed in private 
 theatricals and other causes having 
 induced him to adopt the stage as 
 a profession, he made his first ap- 
 pearance in a new farce, called the 
 " Hump-backed Lover,"' and his 
 success was remarkable. Mr. C. 
 Mathews married, July 18, 1838, 
 Madame Vestris, who was his senior 
 by some six years, and was at the 
 time lessee of the Olympic Theatre. 
 The joint management of Mr. 
 Mathews and his accomplished 
 l^artner was most successful, and 
 the performances at this little 
 theatre were, perhaps, the most 
 popular of the day. Having visited 
 the United States with his wife, 
 they received a most enthusias- 
 tic reception, and on returning to 
 England ho became the lessee of 
 Co vent Garden Theatre, a specula- 
 tion which entailed upon him great 
 loss, and lie was afterwards lessee 
 of the Lyceum Theatre with no 
 better result. Madame Vestris died 
 in 1857, and during a tour in the 
 United States in 1858, he married 
 
 his second wife, Mrs. Davenport, 
 an accomi)lished actress. Mr. 
 Charles Mathews wrote numer- 
 ous comediettas and afterpieces, 
 for the most part adaptations from 
 the French. His drama, "My 
 Wife's Mother," first performed in 
 1833, proved very attractive. In 
 18G0 he withdrew for a time from 
 the stage, devoting himself to an 
 "At Home" entertainment in the 
 manner his father had made cele- 
 brated, and in which he was assisted 
 by his wife ; and in 18G3 he went to 
 Pai'is, and performed at the Theatre 
 des Varietes the principal character 
 in a French version, executed by 
 himself, of " Cool as a Cucumber," 
 entitled " L' Anglais Timide." The 
 reception accorded to Mr. C. Ma- 
 thews in the French capital was so 
 flattering that he was induced to 
 repeat his visit. On bringing to a 
 close the performance of the " At 
 Home," he returned to the stage, 
 and, with his wife, fulfilled nu- 
 merous engagements at the chief 
 metrojDolitan and provincial thea- 
 tres. He was recognised as a mas- 
 ter of light and eccentric comedy. 
 His most remarkable impersonation 
 was, perhaps, that of Mr. Affable 
 Hawk, in the " Game of Specula- 
 tion," an adaptation of Balzac's 
 " Mercadet," and in the state of the 
 stage at that j^eriod he Avas an actor 
 that could ill be spared. In Jan., 
 1870, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Ma- 
 thews left England for Australia, 
 where they were most enthusiasti- 
 cally received. After a two years' 
 tovir round the world, Mr. Mathews 
 re-aj^peared before a British audi- 
 ence at the Gaiety Theatre. Oct. 7, 
 1872. After that date, witli the 
 exception of a visit to India, he did 
 not perform out of the United King- 
 dom. He achieved some success as 
 a dramatic author. 
 
 MAULE, The Right Hon. Sir 
 William Henry, Knt. [1780 — 
 1858], was the second son of IVIr. 
 Henry Maule of Edmonton. Ho 
 was educated at Eton, and at Cam- 
 bridge, where he gained high ho- 
 
MAUXDER— MAURICE . 
 
 G13 
 
 nours, and on leavincr which he set- 
 tled in chambers to study law. He 
 led the Oxford Circuit for many- 
 years, and rose rapidly into a ju- 
 nior's practice. His joint editor- 
 ship of "Maule and Selwyn's 
 Reports," confirmed his reputation. 
 He was M.P. for Carlow from 1837 
 to 1839, was appointed a Justice of 
 the Court of Common Pleas, which, 
 however, he resigned in 185G, and 
 was a Q.C. when he was raised to 
 the bench, never having been 
 attorney or sDlicitor-general. As a 
 judge he "svas very eminent, clear- 
 headed, precise, and courageous, 
 but was rather dreaded by his bre- 
 thren on the bench for his quick 
 wit and caustic sayings. It is said 
 that his address, in passing sentence 
 on a man, who having a bad wife 
 had married another, instead of 
 getting a divorce, had a good deal 
 to do with the amendment of the 
 existing marriage laws. 
 
 MAUXDER, SA3IUEL, author of 
 the well-known works, " Maunder's 
 Treasury of Useful Knowledge," 
 '• Maunder's Treasury of History," 
 " Maunder's Scientific and Literary 
 Treasures,'^ " Maunder's Treasury 
 of Xatural Historv," " Maunder's 
 Biographical Treasury." &c., which 
 were published by Messrs. Long- 
 man, died at his house in Gib- 
 son Square, Islington, April 30, 
 1819. 
 
 MAURICE, Reak- Admiral 
 James Wilkes [1775 — 1857], en- 
 tered the Xavy in 1789, and having 
 served with distinction in the West 
 Indies, he was appointed in 1810 
 Governor of the Island of Anholdt. 
 He made his name famous by the 
 brilliant manner in which he de- 
 fended Anholdt when it was be- 
 sieged by a Danish flotilla and 
 army, amounting to about 4000 
 men, whom he drove back, captur- 
 ing three pieces of cannon, 10,000 
 cai-tridges, and taking upwards of 
 500 men prisoners. He left Anholdt 
 in 1812, after which he lived in 
 retirement. He received the Naval 
 Medal and two clasps, and an hono- 
 
 rary reward from the Patriotic 
 Fund for his services. 
 
 MAURICE, John Frederic De- 
 NisoN [1805 — 1872], better known 
 as Frederic Denison Maurice, cler- 
 gyman and theologian, was the son 
 of a Unitarian minister, and was 
 brought up as a Unitarian. At an 
 early age he entered Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, at a time when it was 
 impossible for a Nonconformist to 
 obtain a degree. John Sterling be- 
 came a member about the same 
 time, and they migrated together 
 to the smaller college of Trinity 
 Hall, where Maurice obtained a 
 first-class in civil law in 1827. Not 
 being able, on account of his reli- 
 gious views, to obtain his degree, he 
 came to London, and took up lite- 
 rary work, being for a short time 
 editor of the Atlienmum. During 
 that time he came under the influ- 
 ence of S. T. Coleridge, and gradu- 
 ally inclined more and more to the 
 Established Church. He then en- 
 1 tered Exeter College, Oxford, and 
 I took his B.A. degree in 1831. Just 
 \ about this time his first and only 
 I venture in fiction, '^ Eustace Con- 
 I way," was published. Maurice was 
 ordained three years later, and after 
 being for some time curate of Bub- 
 I benhall in Warwickshire, was ap- 
 pointed chaplain of Guy's Hospital. 
 He became, in 1810, Professor of His- 
 tory and Literature in King's Col- 
 lege, to which was added the Chair 
 I of Divinity in 181G, and he retained 
 both appointments till 1853. In that 
 ! year appeared his " Theological 
 j Essays," which gave rise to a great 
 : outcry against his religious opinions 
 , as to the eternity of future punish- 
 ment, and which, after a fierce con- 
 troversy, resulted in his being de- 
 prived of both his professorships. 
 He was at the same time chaplain 
 of Lincoln's Inn (1816-GO), and his 
 sermons in the chapel of that society 
 made a deep impression on the reli- 
 ; gious thought of the dav. In the 
 latter year he became incumbent of 
 St. Peter's, Vere Street, a jwsition 
 he held for nine years, and where he 
 
614 
 
 MAXSE— MAXWELL. 
 
 obtained a good deal of influence by 
 liis earnest tliouglitf ulness^, liis devo- 
 tion, and liis gentleness of character. 
 While in London he took a very ac- 
 tive X3art in two important move- 
 ments for education — the founding 
 of the Working Men's College, and of 
 Queen's College, for the education of 
 women, — and was keenly interested 
 in every work which had for its ob- 
 ject the amelioration of the condi- 
 tion of the working classes. He 
 threw himself with great energy 
 into schemes for a true co-operation 
 among working men, and despite 
 his dislike for systems did not 
 shrink from being known as a 
 Christian Socialist, or from taking 
 an active interest in the paper 
 which bore that name, and was the 
 organ of the movement. Towards 
 the end of his life he was appointed 
 Professor of Moral Philosophy at 
 Cambridge, in succession to John 
 Grrote ; and the " Lectures on 
 Casviistry" were the fruit of his 
 work there . Maurice i^ublished too 
 much; he had a very imperfect 
 sense of historical development, 
 and his theological works, which are 
 very numerous, and contain many 
 beautiful passages, are on the whole 
 rather difficult to understand. But 
 his influence on his own generation 
 Avas considerable, not only through 
 his books and sermons, but through 
 his admirable character and his 
 personal charm. 
 
 MAXSE, Sir Henry Fitz- 
 Hardinge Berkeley, K.C.M.G. 
 [1832—1883], Governor of New- 
 foundland, was the son of James 
 Maxse, of Effingham Hill, Surrey. 
 He entered the army in 1849, and 
 served in the Crimean campaign as 
 A.D.C. to the Earl of Cardigan. 
 He was appointed lieutenant- 
 governor of Heligoland in 1863, 
 governor in 1861, and was pro- 
 moted to the governorship of New- 
 foundland in 1881. He translated 
 Prince Bismarck's " Letters from 
 1811. to 1870." 
 
 MAXWELL, Professor James 
 Clerk, M.A., E.li.S. [1831— 1879J, 
 
 was a son of John Clerk Maxwell, of 
 Middlesex, who belonged to the 
 old Scotch family of Clerk, of 
 Penicuick. He was educated at 
 Edinburgh, and in 1850 entered 
 at Peterhouse, Cambridge, from 
 whence he migrated to Trinity 
 College, of which he became a 
 Fellow, and where he distinguished 
 himself as a mathematical student, 
 and took his B.A. degree in 1854. 
 Two years later he was appointed 
 •Professor of Natural Philosophy in 
 Marischal College, Aberdeen, and 
 in 1860 went to London, and was 
 elected Professor of the same sub- 
 ject at King's College. In 1871, 
 when the Chair of Experimental 
 Physics was founded at Cambridge, 
 he became the first occuj^ant, having 
 for his use the splendid Cavendish 
 laboratory, built and furnished after 
 his own recommendations, by the 
 Duke of Devonshire. He gained for 
 himself a jjlace in the foremost rank 
 of physicists, and is said to have 
 done more than any one to establish 
 the Kinetic theory of gases, while his 
 mathematical theory of electricity 
 was very generally accepted in the 
 scientific Avoi'ld. Among his writings 
 may be mentioned his " Theory of 
 Heat," 1871 ; " Electricity and 
 Magnetism," 1873 ; and " Matter 
 and Motion," 1877. He wi*ote a 
 great deal for philosoi^hical jour- 
 nals and societies, and at the 
 time of his death was engaged in 
 editing Cavendish's " Electrical 
 Papers." 
 
 MAXWELL, John Hall, C.B. 
 [1812—1866], Agriculturist, was 
 the eldest son of William Max- 
 well, of Dargavel, in Kenfrewshire. 
 He was called to the Scottish Bar 
 in 1835, and practised very suc- 
 cessfully till 18 15. A year later he 
 succeeded Sir Charles Gordon, of 
 Drinikin, as secretary of the High- 
 land Agricultural Society, which 
 at that time numbered 2,620 mem- 
 bers, and the funds of which 
 amounted to iJ3 1.000. When he 
 left tlie numl)er of members had 
 increased to 1,200, and the finances 
 
MAXWELL— MAYO. 
 
 Gli 
 
 to <£50,000. Undei' him the annual 
 shows of the society were im- 
 mensely improved as to quantity 
 and quality of stock, and as to 
 workmanship of a<^ricultural imple- 
 ments. He superintended the col- 
 lection of agricultural statistics of 
 stock and crops from 1851 to 1857, 
 and for this and other services was 
 nominated a C.B. 
 
 MAXWELL, William Hamil- 
 ton. He was born in Newry, in 
 1794, and at the age of 19 graduated 
 with honours at Trinity College, 
 Dublin. About 1819 he entered 
 Holy Orders, married, and in 
 1820 was made Eector of Ballagh, 
 in Connaught. Here he led the 
 life of a " sporting parson," and 
 at Balycroy, his shooting lodge, 
 wrote his first novel, "O'Hara," 
 which he published anonymously. 
 In 1829 he produced " Stories of 
 Waterloo," a work which achieved 
 a lasting popularity. The success 
 of this military novel encoui-aged 
 him to write a tale of sporting Hfe, 
 "The Wild Sports of the West," 
 which was followed by a great 
 number of works, among them 
 " The Adventures of Captain 
 Blake;" "The Life of the Duke 
 of Wellington;" "The Fortunes 
 of Hector O'HaUoran ;" " History of 
 the Irish EebelHon of '98 ;" " Brian 
 O'Lynn," &c. Maxwell obtained 
 a large price for his works, but 
 through extravagance was often 
 in money difficulties. He died at 
 Edinburgh, Dec. 29, 1850. 
 
 MAYHEW, Horace, one of the 
 well-known " Brothers Mayhew," 
 and son of a solicitor in London, 
 was associated with his brothers 
 Henry and Augustus, in the pro- 
 duction of a variety of farces, fairy 
 tales, and other works of humorous 
 fiction, among which may be men- 
 tioned "The Greatest Plague of 
 Life," " Whom to Marry, and How 
 to Get Mai-ried," &c. kc. He was 
 one of the earliest and most con- 
 stant contributors to Punch, and 
 was at one time employed as sub- 
 editor, under Mr. Mark Lemon. 
 
 He died at Kensington, Ajiril 30, 
 1872, aged 5G. 
 
 MAYHEW, Augustus [182G— 
 1875], brother of the above, died 
 rather suddenly on Christmas 
 night, 1875, at the Richmond In- 
 firmary, where at his own request 
 he had been taken, in order to 
 undergo an operation. He wrote, 
 in conjunction with his brothers, 
 Henry and Augustus, " The 
 Greatest Plague of Life," " Paved 
 with Gold," " Young Benjamin 
 Franklin," &c. 
 
 MAYNE, Sib Eichard [179G— 
 18G8], Chief Commissioner of Me- 
 tropolitan Police, was a son of the 
 Hon. Edward Mayne, one of the 
 Judges of the Court of King's 
 Bench, in Ireland. He was edu- 
 cated at Trinity College, Dublin, 
 and at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 where he took his M.A. degree in 
 
 1821. He was called to the Bar in 
 
 1822, and went the Northern Cir- 
 cuit. In 1829 he was chosen by 
 Sir Eobert Peel, at that time Home 
 Secretary, to be Chief Commis- 
 sioner of Metropolitan Police, when 
 that force was established instead 
 of the parish constables who had 
 officiated until then. Sir Eichard 
 was nominated a C.B. in 1847, 
 K.C.B. in 1851. 
 
 MAYO, Eight Hon. Eichard 
 Southwell Bourse, 6th Earl of, 
 better known as Lord Naas [1822 — 
 1872], was the elder son of the 
 5th Earl, and was born in Dub- 
 lin. He was educated at Trinity 
 College there, and took his M.A. 
 and LL.D. degrees in one coui-se, 
 after which he travelled in Eussia, 
 and published, in 1845, his de- 
 scriptive and historical work, enti- 
 tled, " St. Petersburg and Moscow." 
 From 1844 to 184(3 he held the 
 appointment of Gentleman of the 
 Bedchamber to Lord Heytesbury, 
 at that time Lord-Lieutenant of 
 Ireland. He was retiu-ned to the 
 House of Commons as one of the 
 members, in the Conservative in- 
 tei'est, for the county of Kildare, 
 in Aug. 1847, and held that seat 
 
GIG 
 
 MAYO— MEADOWBA^TK. 
 
 for four years, till Marcli, 1852, 
 when he was returned for Cole- 
 raine, for which he sat till 1857, 
 and then became Member for 
 Cockermouth, in Cumberland. He 
 was Chief Secretary for Ireland 
 during' Lord Derby's first admi- 
 nistration, in 1852, and was made 
 a Privy Councillor ; held the same 
 office during- Lord Derby's second 
 administration, 1858-9, and again 
 with a seat in the Cabinet, during 
 Lord Derby's third administration, 
 in 1866. He succeeded his father 
 as sixth Earl of Mayo, in Aug. 
 1867, and in Dec. of the following 
 year went out to India as Governor- 
 General and Viceroy. He assumed 
 the viceroyalty on Jan. 12, 1869, 
 and at once threw himself with 
 great energy into the work before 
 him. His first public duty as 
 Viceroy was the interview with 
 Shere Ali, the Ameer of Afgha- 
 nistan, at Umballa, in March, 1869, 
 when he had to fulfil Lord Law- 
 rence's undertakings, by paying the 
 remainder of the promised subsidy. 
 Among the other important ques- 
 tions which engaged his attention 
 was the develoi^ment of the raihvay 
 and telegraph systems, the encou- 
 ragement of education, and of com- 
 mercial and mining enterj^rise, and 
 the improvement of gaols and gaol 
 discipline. Most of his efforts were 
 clogged by financial difficulties, 
 which, in spite of a good deal of 
 unpopularity, he determined to 
 ianprove, by bringing jDublic ex- 
 penditure within the public in- 
 come. For that purjDose the income- 
 tax and salt duties were increased, 
 and immense reductions of ex- 
 l^enditure ordered, with the result 
 that the finances of 1869-70 were 
 improved by ^£1,700,000. While 
 on a visit to the penal colony, in 
 the Andaman Islands, Feb. 12, 
 1872, he was stabbed by a convict, 
 Shere Ali, as he was leaving the 
 landing-place to return to liis 
 steamer. He died almost imme- 
 diately. The assassin was aNortliern 
 India Mussulman, who declared 
 
 that it was " his fate " ; and that he 
 had committed the act " by the 
 order of God." 
 
 MAYO, Thomas, M.D. [1790— 
 1871], son of John Mayo, M.D., 
 was educated at Westminster 
 School, and at Oxford, where he 
 became a Fellow of Oriel College, 
 and took his M.D. degree in 1818. 
 In the following year he was elected 
 a Fellow of the Eoyal College of 
 Physicians, of London, and in 1856 
 was made president of that in- 
 stitution, a post he held till 1862, 
 when he resigned. On that occa- 
 sion he received the hearty thanks 
 of the fellows for his "great and 
 disinterested services in j)romoting 
 and carrying into effect during his 
 period of office important changes 
 in the state and constitution of the 
 College." Dr. Mayo was for several 
 years physician to the Marylebone 
 Infirmary. His cliief works are : — 
 " Elements of the Pathology of the 
 Mind," 1838 ; '' Clinical Facts and 
 Reflections," 1847; "Medical Tes- 
 timony and Evidence in Cases of 
 Lunacy, with Essays on Soundness 
 of Mind," 1854, &c. &e. 
 
 MAZZINGHI, Joseph [1765— 
 1814J, musician, came of a Corsi- 
 can family, but was born in Lon- 
 don. John Christian Bach was his 
 master; and at ten years old he 
 was inade organist of the Portu- 
 guese Chapel. Pursuing his studies, 
 he became, in 1784, director of the 
 music at the King's Theatre, and 
 worked also for the English Thea- 
 tre, where were continually pro- 
 duced pieces with his interpolated 
 songs. He was music master to 
 the Princess of Wales, and had a 
 very large clientele of private 
 pupils for the piano. It is said 
 tliat he wrote at least seventy 
 sonatas for that instrument, but 
 so utterly forgotten are they now, 
 that he is known almost solely by 
 one vocal trio, " Ye Shepherds tell 
 me." He finally retired to Bath, 
 Avliere he died. 
 
 MEADOWBANK, Lord Alex- 
 ander MaconochieWelwood [1777 
 
MEADOWS— MECHI. 
 
 G17 
 
 — 1861] a Scottisli lawyer, was the 
 eldest son of Mr. Maconochie the 
 first Lord Meadowbank, a sketch 
 of whose life was written by Lord 
 Brougham. He passed at the Scot- 
 tish bar in 1799 ; became Solicitor 
 Geuei'al in 1813 ; Lord Advocate in 
 1810 ; and a Judge of the Court of 
 Session and Court of Justiciary in 
 1819, from which he retired in 1813. 
 In 1817 he was elected member 
 for the afterwards disfranchised 
 borough of Yarmouth, Isle of 
 "Wight, in the Conservative interest, 
 and later sat for the Fifeshire 
 boroughs. After his retirement 
 from the Bench he took a keen 
 interest in the improvement of 
 manufactures and the fine arts, of 
 which last he was a munificent 
 patron. He was the first to make 
 knoAvn to the public that Sir Walter 
 Scott was the author of " Waver- 
 ley," which he did in a speech 
 which he made at the Theatrical 
 Fund Dinner in 1827. 
 
 MEADOWS, J. Kenxy, the 
 son of a retired naval oflScer, was 
 born in Cardiganshire, Xov. 1, 
 1790. He became known in Art as 
 an illustrator of childi-en's books, 
 but his Illustrated Shakespeare and 
 English Heads of the Peopjle are his 
 best works. He died in Aug. 1874. 
 
 MECHI, JoHX Joseph [1802— 
 1880], son of Giacomo Mechi, a 
 citizen of Bologna, who early in 
 life settled in England, and having 
 been naturalised, obtained a post in 
 the household of George III., was, 
 at the age of sixteen, placed as a 
 clerk in a mercantile house in the 
 Newfoundland trade, where he re- 
 mained eleven years. In this capa- 
 city he continued to tui-n the usual 
 hour allowed for dinner to a pi'ofit- 
 able account by selling, among his 
 friends and acquaintances in the 
 City, a small and inexpensive 
 article of which he had bought 
 the patent. The consequence was 
 that, mainly by his own exertions, 
 he was enabled, about 1827, to set 
 up on his own account, as a cutler, 
 in a very small shop in Leadenhall 
 
 Street ; and between 1830 and 1840 
 he realised a handsome fortune by 
 the " Magic Itazor Strop " which 
 bears his name. In 1810, having 
 attentively studied English farm- 
 ing, he resolved to attempt some 
 improvements in agriculture, and 
 accordingly bought a small farm 
 of about 130 acres, at Tiptree 
 Heath, one of the least i)roductive 
 districts in Essex. Here he re- 
 solved to try what he could effect 
 by the system of deep drainage, 
 and by the application of steam 
 power. The Essex farmers laughed 
 at him as an enthusiast ; the coun- 
 try gentlemen held aloof from him ; 
 but he persevered till he brought 
 his small fai-m into such a state of 
 productiveness that made it realise 
 annually an average handsome 
 profit ; while the press acknow- 
 ledged the services which he ren- 
 dered to agricultural science by 
 the exhibition of modern processes 
 upon his model farm. He was 
 appointed to the Shrievalty of 
 London in July, 185B, and elected 
 an Alderman in the following year. 
 About the same time he was pre- 
 sented with a handsome testimonial 
 of the value of =£500, subscribed by 
 noblemen and gentlemen interested 
 in science and agriculture at home 
 and abroad. Mr. Mechi was for 
 some years a member of the Council 
 of the Society of Arts, and Avas a 
 Juror in the Department of Art 
 and Science at the Great Exhibi- 
 tion of 1851, and at the Industrial 
 Exhibition at Paris in 1855, to 
 which he was specially sent by 
 tier Majesty's Government. He 
 wrote " Letters on Agricultural 
 Improvements," published in IS 15 ; 
 '• Experience in Drainage," in 1817 ; 
 and " How to Farm Profitably," in 
 ISCO. The latter was a new and 
 enlarged edition of an account of 
 his improved agricultural system, 
 which, in a cheap and popular 
 form, reached a sale of 10,000 
 copies. After eight years' service 
 as Alderman of London he resigned 
 his gOAvn, very much against the 
 
G18 
 
 MEE— MELBOUENE. 
 
 wishes of Ms constituents, but 
 retained the office of Magistrate 
 for Middlesex,^, and one of the 
 Deputy-Lieutenants for the City 
 of London. His last years were 
 clouded by financial difficulties, 
 which, however, were not brought 
 about by any failure of his agri- 
 cultural speculations. 
 
 MEE, Mrs. Anne, was the eldest 
 daughter of John Foldsone, an 
 artist who died young. She com- 
 menced practice as a miniature 
 painter while quite a girl, as she 
 had to help to support her mother 
 and a large family. The Prince 
 of Wales, afterwards George IV., 
 heljDed her greatly, and a number 
 of miniatures painted by her are 
 in the collection at Windsor. She 
 first exhibited in the Eoyal Aca- 
 demy in 1815, then as Mrs. Mee, 
 and between that year and 1836 
 she contributed thirty-six works. 
 Her portrait of Mrs. Mai'garet Beer- 
 ing is at South Kensington. She 
 died at a very advanced age. May 
 28, 1851. 
 
 MELBOURNE, 2nd Viscount, 
 Eight Hon. William Lamb [1779 
 — 1818J, second son of Peniston, 
 1st Viscount Melbourne, was edu- 
 cated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, and at the Glasgow Univer- 
 sity, where he studied law. He 
 entered as a student at Lincoln's 
 Inn in 1797, and was called to the 
 Bar in 1804. In the following year 
 he married Lady Caroline Ponsonby, 
 daughter of the Earl of Bess- 
 borough, from whom however he 
 was separated in a few years, and 
 who died in 1828. After the separa- 
 tion Lady Caroline Lamb attained 
 some celebrity as a novel writer, and 
 as a correspondent and friend of 
 Lord Byron. Mr. Lamb entered 
 Parliament in 1805 as one of the 
 members for Leominster, and joined 
 the Oppo.sition under Eox, whom he 
 greatly admired, but his Liberal 
 tendencies were never very decided, 
 and he occasionally supported Lord 
 Liverpool during his long tenure of 
 office. He was Chief Secretary for 
 
 Ireland under Canning's short 
 ministry (1827), but he cannot be 
 said to have had much political 
 influence until after his succes- 
 sion to the family honours in 
 1828. He entered the ministry of 
 Lord Grey as Home Secretary in 
 1830, a post for which he certainly 
 had not sufficient energy, but his 
 political success was quite inde- 
 pendent of his official duties, and 
 when Grey's ministry broke do\\Ti 
 on the Irish question (1834), Mel- 
 bourne was chosen to succeed him. 
 On the death of Earl Spencer, how- 
 ever, in November of the same 
 year, an attempt was made to 
 form a Conservative Administration 
 under Sir E. Peel, recalled from 
 Italy for that purjDOse, but a fresh 
 Parliament decided against the 
 new Government and Lord Mel- 
 bourne Avas restored. His new 
 Government held its ground from 
 April 1835 to Sept. 1841. The 
 period of his ministry was (except 
 that it covered the beginning of a 
 new reign) quite uneventful, and he 
 lost the confidence of the country 
 for some time before his resignation 
 in 1811 . The chief reproach against 
 his Government was that it allied 
 itself with O'Connell; that while 
 it publicly repudiated O'Connell's 
 party, and denounced his princi- 
 ples, it patronised the Irish 
 Eoman Catliolics, frowned ui^on 
 the Irish Protestants, and gave 
 great discouragement to the Irish 
 Church. Under William IV. Lord 
 Melbourne's period of office was one 
 of ease and freedom, but the be- 
 ginning of the new reign brought 
 with it a novel and ratlier difficult 
 series of duties. He accomplished 
 his task with consummate address, 
 and initiated tlie young queen into 
 the duties of Sovereign with tlie most 
 delicate tact, and the most friendly 
 I conscientious care. The Queen at 
 I the time of her accession was little 
 t more than a ohihl in yt'ars, and 
 I the minister might therefore have 
 wielded almost unlimited autho- 
 , rity. His party clamoured at the 
 
MELBOURNE— MELLON. 
 
 619 
 
 beginning of a new reign for titles 
 and emoluments, and it required 
 some skill to reconcile his duty to 
 his Sovereign to his wish to satisfy 
 his friends. Considering his easy 
 cai'eless temper, he was certainly 
 most successful in escaping from 
 the embarrassments which threat- 
 ened him. After his retirement 
 from office he took very little 
 interest in politics. Society was 
 certainly his place, and his easy, 
 frank, vivacious manners conferred 
 on him a social distinction which 
 induced many to take for granted 
 his eminence as a statesman. He 
 left no children, and was succeeded 
 in the peerage by his only surviving 
 brother Lord Beau vale. [See "Life 
 of Lord Melboiu-ne," by W. McC. 
 Torrens, M.P.] 
 
 MELBOURNE, 3rd Viscount, 
 The Eight Hon. Sir Frederick 
 James Lamb [1782 — 1853], was the 
 thii'd son of Peniston, First Vis- 
 count Melbourne, and brother of 
 the above, and was born in Lon- 
 don. He early entered the diplo- 
 matic service, and in 1811 was aj)- 
 pointed Secretary of Legation at 
 Palermo, being removed two years 
 later to the British Embassy at 
 Vienna. He was accredited envoy 
 to Munich from 1815 to 1820. In 
 1822 he was ap^Dointed a Privy 
 Councillor;, and in 1827 nominated 
 G.C.B. in consideration of his 
 services. From 1825 to 1829 he 
 was Envoy Extraordinary and 
 Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain, 
 and in 1831 was sent as Ambassador 
 to Vienna, where he remained till 
 1841. He was created a Peer in 
 1839, by the title of Baron Beau- 
 vale, and in 18 18 on the death of 
 his brother William, Viscount Mel- 
 bourne, succeeded to that title. He 
 married in Vienna in 1811 the 
 daughter of Count Maltzahn, Prus- 
 sian Envoy Extraordinary and 
 Minister Plenipotentiary at the 
 Court of Vienna, and having no 
 children his estates and personal 
 property went to his only sister. 
 Viscountess Palmerston. He died 
 
 at Brockett Hall, Hertfordshire, 
 Feb. 29, 1853, aged 71. 
 
 MELLISH, Sir Georqe, Lord 
 Justice of Appeal, D.C.L. [181Jr— 
 1877], was the son of the Very Rev. 
 Dr. Mellish, Dean of Hereford, and 
 was educated at Eton, and at 
 University College, Oxford, where 
 he took his B.A. degree in 1837, 
 and proceeded M.A. in 1839. He 
 was called to the Bar in 1818, and 
 for some years went the Northern 
 Circuit, and became acquainted 
 with Judge Blackburn, for the rest 
 of his life his most intimate friend. 
 He was made Q.C. in 18G0, and soon 
 obtained a large practice. In 1870 
 he succeeded Sir George M. Giffard 
 as Lord Justice of Appeal, and Avas 
 sworn a member of the Privy 
 Council, and knighted. 
 
 MELLON, Alfred [1820— 18G7], 
 musician, born in Birmingham. 
 He studied the violin, and obtained 
 a place at the Opera, afterwards 
 becoming leader of the ballet at 
 Covent Garden. Hence he passed 
 to the Haymarket and Adelphi, 
 but was most successful as con- 
 ductor of the P}Tie and Harrison 
 Opera Company. Here was pro- 
 duced, in 1859, his " Victorine," a 
 work of much merit. He conducted 
 a series of Promenade Concerts at 
 Covent Garden for several seasons, 
 and was known in the provinces 
 as well as in London as a con- 
 scientious and able musician. The 
 late most excellent actress, Mrs. 
 Alfred Mellon, was his wife, her 
 maiden name having been "VVoolgar. 
 
 MELLON, Harriet, Duchess of 
 St. Albans, is supposed to have 
 been born in 1771, and was the 
 daughter of Mr. Matthew Mellon, 
 who held a commission in the East 
 India Company's service, and died 
 before Harriet's birth. Mrs. Mel- 
 lon married again, a Mr. Entwistle, 
 a musician, and went on the stage, 
 her husband being leader of the 
 band at various provincial theati'es. 
 Harriet appeared before the public 
 at a verv early age, playing the 
 Duke of 'York in "Richard III./' 
 
620 
 
 MELVILL— MELVILLE . 
 
 Prince Arthur in '^King Jolin," and 
 other children's parts. Having 
 played for some time m the pro- 
 vinces, she attracted the notice of 
 Eichard Brinsley Sheridan, who 
 engaged her for Drury Lane, where 
 she first appeared, in 1795, as Lydia 
 Languish in his comedy of " The 
 Rivals." Her name did not appear 
 in the bill, however, she being 
 announced as "Lydia Languish, by 
 a young lady, her first appearance 
 in London." In 1805 she appeared 
 as Yiolante in the " Honeymoon," 
 and thousands of copies were sold 
 of a well-known print rejjresenting 
 her in that character. About that 
 time she became the fortunate 
 winner of .£10,000 in a lottery, 
 which scandal declared she had 
 received from Mr. Coutts, but she 
 laughed at all ill-natured remarks, 
 gave a hundred pounds to each of 
 the theatrical funds, and set up her 
 carriage, 1809. Mr. Coutts' first 
 wife, who had been his sister-in- 
 law's nursemaid, dying in 1814 ; in 
 January, 1815, he married Miss 
 Mellon, who then left the stage. 
 Mr. Coutts died in 1822, aged 87, 
 and by his will, dated May 9, 1820, 
 appointed Mrs. Coutts universal 
 legatee, and bequeathed to her his 
 share in the banking-house and 
 business in the Strand, and all 
 benefit and interest to arise there- 
 from. The x)ersonal property within 
 the province of Canterl:)ury was 
 sworn under .£000,000. In June, 
 1827, Mrs. Coutts married William 
 Duke of St. Albans, then in his 
 27th year. She died at her mansion 
 in Piccadilly, of paralysis of the 
 limbs, August 5, 1837. By her 
 will she left the Duke ^10,000 per 
 annum, the house in Piccadilly, 
 and the estate at Highgate. The 
 bulk of her property, including the 
 half profits of the banking-house, the 
 I)rincipal mansion in Stratton Street, 
 and all her moveables, plate, dia- 
 monds, &c., she ))Of[ueathed to Miss 
 Angela Burdett (the Baroness Bur- 
 d('tt-Coiitts), youngest daugliter of 
 Sir Francis Burdett, and grand- 
 
 daughter of Mr. Coutts, who then 
 assumed the name of Coutts. She 
 was buried at Redburn Hall, the 
 seat of the Beauclerks. 
 
 MELVILL, Eev. Henrt [1798— 
 1871], Canon of St. Paul's, and 
 Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen, 
 was a son of Captain Philip Melvill, 
 of the 73rd Eegiment, Lieutenant- 
 Governor of Pendennis Castle. He 
 was educated at Cambridge, where 
 he took his degrees of B.A. and 
 M.A., and became a tutor and fel- 
 low of St. Peter's College, 1822. 
 About ten years later he vacated 
 his Fellowship and became Incum- 
 bent of Camden Chapel, Camber- 
 well. He was next appointed Prin- 
 cipal of the East India College at 
 Haileybury, which he held until 
 the dissolution of the establish- 
 ment. He was appointed Chaplain 
 of the Tower of London in 1810, 
 which he resigned in order to ac- 
 cept the Golden Lectureship in St. 
 Margaret's, Lothbury. He was 
 made a canon of St. Paul's in 185G, 
 and in 18G3 presented to the Eec- 
 tory of Barnes. He was a very 
 popular preacher, and author of a 
 large number of printed sermons. 
 Canon Melvill was a brother of Sir 
 James Cosmo Melvill, K.C.B., and 
 of Major-General Sir Peter Melvill, 
 K.C.B. 
 
 MELVILLE, Egbert Dundas, 
 Second Viscount [1771 — 1851], 
 was the only son of Henry, first 
 Viscount Melville, First Lord of the 
 Admiralty. He was educated at the 
 High School, Edinlnirgh, where he 
 formed a lasting friendship Avith 
 his schoolfellow, Walter Scott, and 
 at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. 
 He was M.P. for Mid-Lothian from 
 1802 to 1812, and fretpiently took 
 13art in the debates concerning liis 
 father's impeachment in the years 
 1805-G. The Duke of l*ortland ap- 
 jjointed him President of the Board 
 of Control in 1S07, and in 1809 he 
 succeeded Sir Arthur Wellesley 
 (Duke of Wellington) as Irish 
 Secretary. The sudden de.ith of 
 his father, in ItJll, called him un- 
 
MENZIES— MEEIVALE. 
 
 G21 
 
 expectodly to the Upper House, 
 when he was made Keeper of the 
 Privy Seal. He was First Lord of 
 the Admii'alty in the Liverpool 
 ministry of 1812-27, and again, 
 under ^Wellington, 1828-30. In 
 1826-30 he was a member of the 
 Koyal Commission for the Visita- 
 tion of the Scottish Universities ; 
 for Incjuiry into the Operation of 
 the Poor-law in 1843-4, and of the 
 Prison Board of Scotland in 1817. 
 He was an Elder Brother of the 
 Trinity House, and Governor of 
 the Bank of Scotland. He married, 
 in 1796, Anne, daughter and co- 
 heir of Richard Huck Saunders, 
 M.D. 
 
 MEXZIES, Archibald, F.L.S. 
 [1754 — 1842], botanist, was edu- 
 cated for the medical profession, 
 and practised for a time in London. 
 Growing tired of his home work, 
 however, he joined one of the 
 numerous fur expeditions then 
 started, and becoming acquainted 
 with Captain George Vancouver, 
 remained with him for five years, 
 taking part in all his exjjeditions, 
 and gathering together wonderful 
 collections of rare and unknown 
 plants. With him he visited the 
 Islands of the Xoi'th Pacific and 
 North Atlantic, the Cape of Good 
 Hope, New Holland, the Sandwich 
 Islands, the American coast, the 
 Galapagos Islands, and Valparaiso, 
 and by degrees got together the 
 rich and invaluable collection of 
 land and maritime plants preserved 
 at Kew. He died at Ladbroke 
 Terrace, aged 88, February 16, 
 1842. 
 
 MEEIVALE, JoEJN Herman 
 [1779-184^1], Commissioner of the 
 Court of Bankruptcy, F.S.A., was a 
 son of John Merivale, of Annery, 
 near Bideford, North Devon, and 
 was born in Exeter. He was edu- 
 cated at St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge, on leaving which he went 
 to Lincoln's Inn, and became a 
 member of the Chancery Bar. He 
 was best known to the literary 
 world by his translations from 
 
 the Greek Anthology, and by his 
 translations of Schiller's poems. 
 He was sixty years old when he 
 began the study of German, to 
 which he devoted himself so vigor- 
 ously, that in a few months he 
 published in the New Monthly Ma- 
 gazine a series of translations of 
 some of the most difficult of Schil- 
 ler's poems. He wrote largely for 
 the Critical Review, the Literacy 
 Gazette, and other periodicals, and 
 also for the Quarterly, the Foreign 
 Quarterly, and Blackicood's Maga- 
 zine. He was employed upon the 
 Chancery Commission in 1825, and 
 was appointed by Lord Eldon 
 to a CommissionershijD of Bank- 
 ruptcv, 
 
 ^ MERIVALE, Herman, C.B. 
 [1806 — 1874], was the eldest son of 
 the preceding, and brother of the 
 present Dean of Ely. He was edu- 
 cated at Harrow, and at Trinity 
 College, Oxford, where he graduated 
 with honours, and was elected Fel- 
 low of Balliol. He was called to 
 the Bar in 1832, and in 1837 was 
 appointed to the Professorship of 
 Political Economy, founded by Mr. 
 Henry Drummond, at Oxford. He 
 there delivered some lectures on 
 " Colonisation and Colonies," which 
 he published when his j^rofessional 
 term was concluded, and which led 
 Lord Grey to appoint him Assistant 
 Under-Secretary for the Colonies 
 in 1847. He became in a short 
 time Chief Permanent Under-Secre- 
 tary for that dei^artment. He was 
 made Permanent Under-Secretary 
 of State for India in 1860. 
 Among his writings, some of which 
 were of considerable value, may 
 be named : his continuation of 
 Mr. Parkes' "Life of Sir Philip 
 Francis," which conclusively settled 
 the "Junius" controversy, proving 
 Francis to have been the author 
 of the famous letters ; his continua- 
 tion of the " Life of Sir Henry Law- 
 rence," commenced by Sir Herbert 
 Edwardes, " Historical Studies," 
 1868, and his lectures on Colonisa- 
 tion. He was a frequent contributor 
 
G22 
 
 MEEPvITT— METCALFE. 
 
 to the Edinburgh Review for nearly 
 forty years. Mr. Merivale, who 
 had the deserved reputation of 
 being one of the ablest men of his 
 day, was keenly interested in the 
 subject of Political Economy, and 
 delivered some excellent speeches 
 at the meetings of the Political 
 Economy Club. A few years before 
 his death he became a Bencher of 
 the Middle Temple. 
 
 MEEEITT, Hon. William Ha- 
 milton [1793 — 18G2], Canadian 
 statesman, was born at Westches- 
 ter, New York, and educated at 
 Ancaster, Upper Canada, and at 
 Windsor College, Nova Scotia. He 
 sat in the Upper Canada legislature 
 from 1832 till the Union, and at 
 the time of his death was a member 
 of the Legislative Council. He was 
 the author of many important 
 works and schemes for the improve- 
 ment of trade, and the develop- 
 ment of the natural resources of 
 Canada, and projected and saw 
 carried out the Welland canal, and 
 the Welland railway. He was a 
 constant contributor to the Cana- 
 dian newspaper press, especially to 
 the Niagara Gleaner, on subjects 
 connected with the trade and in- 
 dustries of the province. 
 
 MEEEY, James [1805—1877], a 
 well-known patron of the turf, was 
 the son of James Merry, Esq., of 
 Glasgow, and was educated at the 
 university of that town. He was 
 for many years a great ironmaster 
 in the counties of Ayr and Lanark ; 
 but was more generally known in 
 connection with the turf, on which 
 ho was popular and successful. He 
 twice won the Derby, in 18G0 with 
 Thormanby, and in 1873 with 
 Doncaster, and in the latter year 
 he also won the Oaks with Marie 
 Stuart. He won besides the Ascot 
 Cup in ]8()1, with Thorman})y, and 
 the St. Leger twice, in 185r> with 
 Sun))eani, and in 1873 with Marie 
 Stuart. He was M.P. for the Falkirk 
 district, in the Liberal interest, 
 from March to July, 1857, and from 
 185U to 1871. 
 
 METCALFE, Sir Charles Theo- 
 PHiLus Metcalfe, Third Bart. 
 [1785 — 1846], an eminent adminis- 
 trator, was the second son of Sir Tho- 
 mas Theophilus Metcalfe, of Fern 
 Hill, Winkfield, Berkshire, and was 
 born in Calcutta. He was edu- 
 cated at Eton, and in 1800 sailed 
 for India as a writer in the service 
 of the East India Company. At 
 the age of sixteen he was appointed 
 assistant to Lord Cowley, then resi- 
 dent at the court of Scindhia ; in 
 1802 became assistant in the Chief 
 Secretary's office ; in 1803 was trans- 
 ferred to the Governor-Generars 
 office ; and early in 180G to that of 
 the Commander-in-Chief. On Au- 
 gust 15 of the same year he was 
 appointed assistant to the resident 
 at Delhi, and two years after was 
 chosen by Lord Minto for the post 
 of envoy to the court of Eanjit 
 Singh at Lahore, where, in 1809, 
 he concluded the treaty securing 
 the independence of the Sikh states 
 between the Sutlej and the Jumna. 
 For the next ten years he filled a 
 succession of important offices, and 
 in 1819 was appointed secretary in 
 the secret and political department, 
 and private secretary to the Go- 
 vernor-General (Lord Hastings). 
 He succeeded his brother in the 
 baronetcy in 1822. From 1820 to 
 1823 Sir Charles was resident at 
 the court of the Nizam, but in the 
 latter year had to retire on account 
 of ill-health. In 1825 ho was able 
 however to return to active service, 
 and was appointed resident and 
 civil commissioner in the Delhi 
 territories. Two years later he 
 became a member of the Supreme 
 Council, and in 1835, having for 
 some time been governor of Agra, 
 he was, on the resignation of Lord 
 William Bentiuck, appointed Go- 
 vernor-General. His relations with 
 the Court of Directors ])(_'ing un- 
 satisfactory. Sir Charles withdrew 
 from the service of the East India 
 Company in 1838. In the following 
 year he was appointed governor of 
 Jamaica, but had to give it up in 
 
 I 
 
METCALFE— MEYEICK. 
 
 623 
 
 1812 and return to Enjifland, his 
 health havinu^ a<i;ain broken down. 
 Six months hiter he was apix)inted 
 Governoi'-General of Canada, and 
 for his distinj^uished services was 
 raised to the jjeerage by the title 
 of Baron Metcalfe in 1845. He 
 died at Malshanger, near Basin<^- 
 stoke, September 5, 1810, aged Gl. 
 A celebrated epitaph was written 
 on him by Macaulay. 
 
 METCALFE, Sir Theophilus 
 JoHx, Fifth Bakt., C.B. [1828 
 —1883], elder son of Sir T. T 
 Metcalfe, the fourth Bai-t., and 
 nephew of the preceding, went 
 out to India in 1818. He went to 
 Delhi, where his father was British 
 Resident, and remained there until 
 the breaking out of the Mutiny in 
 185G. "When the first news of the 
 risings at Meerut arrived he was 
 joint magistrate at Delhi, and to 
 his promptitude the European 
 residents owed their preservation 
 in great measui'e. He succeeded 
 in bringing them in safety to 
 Hansi, eighty miles off. He then 
 joined General Anson's force^ to 
 whom he was of the greatest pos- 
 sible use in kee])ing up relations 
 with the native princes, stimulating 
 the loyalty of the weak, and re- 
 calling the wavering to their alle- 
 giance. When the city of Delhi 
 was stormed, and the 52nd regiment 
 was advancing to occupy the posi- 
 tion assigned to it, Metcalfe, with 
 two or three native followers, forced 
 his way into the principal street of 
 Delhi, and threw open the gates to 
 the British troops. The exertion 
 and excitement of the campaign 
 utterly broke down his health, and 
 he was obliged to resign in 18G1. 
 After some time his services were 
 rewarded by the Companionship of 
 the Bath. 
 
 METEYAED, Eliza, better 
 known by her nom de plume of 
 " Silvei'pen," was the only daughter 
 of a surgeon, and was born early in 
 the present century. Her first 
 work " Struggles for Fame," pub- 
 lished in 181:5, and her prize essay 
 
 on "Juvenile Depravity" made her 
 name known as a writer. Having 
 written several novels and short 
 tales, " The Doctor's Little Daugh- 
 ter," 1S50, "Give Bread, Gain 
 Love," &c., she became a contribu- 
 tor to Douglas Jerrold's newspaper 
 and magazine, writing under the 
 name of " Silverpen," appended by 
 Douglas Jerrold himself to a lead- 
 ing article in the first number of 
 his newspaper. Her most impor- 
 tant works, however, such as " The 
 Hallowed Spots of London," 18G1, 
 and "The Life of Josiah Wedg- 
 wood," appeared under her own 
 name. She also wrote much on an- 
 tiquarian subjects, on topics con- 
 nected with the extramural burial 
 and sanitary movements, and on 
 art applied to design, especially 
 pottery. For her literary labours 
 she received through ]Mr. Glad- 
 stone's influence a pension of <£G0 ; 
 later increased to ^£100 a year. She 
 died in Stanley Place, South Lam- 
 beth, April 4, 1879. 
 
 MEYEICK, Sir Samtjel Eush, 
 K.H., LL.D., F.S.A. [1783—1848], 
 well known for his collection of 
 ancient armour (most of which was 
 sold about 1871 to M. Spitzer of 
 Paris), and his work on the same 
 subject, was the son of John Mey- 
 rick, Esq., of Great George Street, 
 Westminster, and Peterborough 
 House, Fulham. He was educated 
 at Queen's College, Oxford, and 
 having adopted the profession of 
 the law, practised for several years 
 as an advocate. His great work, 
 "A Critical Inquiry into Ancient 
 Ai-moui- as it existed in Europe, but 
 particularly in England, from the 
 Norman Conquest to the Eeign of 
 King Charles II., with a Glossary 
 of Military Terms of the Middle 
 Ages," appeared in 1824. Among 
 his other works may be mentioned 
 " The History and Antiquities of 
 the County of Cardigan," the 
 letterpress to Joseph Skelton's series 
 of engravings of the Meyrick col- 
 lection of arms and armour, and 
 "Lewis Dwnn's Heraldic Visitation 
 
624 
 
 '. MIALL— MICHELL. 
 
 of Wales/' besides numerous papers 
 on kindred subjects for various an- 
 tiquarian societies. In 1827 he 
 built Goodrich Court for the better 
 display of his collection of armour. 
 In 1826, having rendered valuable 
 service to the Ordnance in the ar- 
 rangement of the horse arinoury in 
 the Tower of London, he was 
 knighted by William IV. Having 
 lost his only son, who died unmar- 
 ried, in 1837, his property went to 
 his second cousin and heir male. 
 Colonel Meyrick, who married 
 Lady Laura Vane, sister of the 
 Duke of Cleveland. 
 
 MIALL, Edward [1809—1881], 
 M.P. for Bradford, founder and 
 editor of the Nonconformist paper, 
 and one of the leaders of the Dis- 
 establishment movement, was born 
 at Portsmouth, and being intended 
 for the ministry, was educated at 
 the Protestant Dissenters' College 
 at Wymondley, Herts. He was 
 for three years minister of a Con- 
 gregational Church at Ware, and 
 afterwards at Leicester. He left 
 the last-mentioned town for London 
 in 1841, where, with the help of 
 friends, he established the Noncon- 
 formist, the avowed object of which 
 was to enlist public feeling, espe- 
 cially among Dissenters, in favour 
 of the separation of Church and 
 State. He soon obtained a follow- 
 ing of "political Dissenters," as 
 they were called, and his teaching 
 resulted in the formation of the 
 British Anti-State Church Associa- 
 tion, now better known as the 
 Liberation Society (1813). He un- 
 successfully contested Southwark 
 in 18 15, and Halifax in 1817 ; but 
 was returned for Eochdale in 1852, 
 which borough he represented for 
 five years. He was not re-elected 
 in 1857. While still a member he 
 joined the Duke of Newcastle's 
 Ijducation Commission, the labours 
 of which extended over two years, 
 and for his services in which he re- 
 ceived the hearty thanks of the 
 Ouke. During his exclusion from 
 i'arliament he took an active part 
 
 in the movement in favour of 
 the abolition of church-rates, the 
 abrogation of University tests, &c. 
 In 18G9 he was returned for Bradford, 
 for which he sat till 1874, when he 
 retired altogether from public life, 
 owing to ill-health. Twice before 
 that date, however, he moved a 
 resolution in favour of the dises- 
 tablishment of the English Church. 
 In acknowledgment of his public 
 services he was, in 1863, presented 
 by his many friends and admirers 
 with 5,000 guineas, and in 1870 the 
 sum of 10,000 guineas was put in 
 trust on behalf of himself and 
 family. His published writings 
 consist for the most part of eccle- 
 siastical and social papers, which 
 he wrote for his own paper. Besides 
 those, he was the author of " The 
 Basis of Belief," ^^ Title Deeds of 
 the Church of England," and 
 "British Churches in relation to 
 the British People." 
 
 MICHELL, Rev. Eichabd, D.D., 
 Principal of Hertford College, Ox- 
 ford, began his University career 
 at Wadhani College, where he took 
 a first-class in 1824. He became one 
 of the most successful private tutors 
 of his day, and had among his pupils 
 Mr. Lowe, and many other distin- 
 guished men. He became Fellow 
 of Lincoln in 1829, and from 1834 
 to 1848 was tutor of that Society. 
 He was then for twenty years 
 Vice-Principal of Magdalen Hall ; 
 became Principal in succession 
 to Dr. Macbride in 1868 ; and 
 when the Hall was incorporated 
 as a College, under the name of 
 Hertford College, he retained the 
 Headship under the modifications 
 necessitated by the new consti- 
 tution of the College. In the 
 course of his career he discharged 
 numerous University ofliccs. He 
 was best known to the public as 
 the Public Orator, to Avhich office 
 he was appointed in 184-8. Dr. 
 Miehell Avas also one of the most 
 active managers of the Conserva- 
 tive party in Oxford. He died at 
 Oxford, March 29, 1877. 
 
MILL. 
 
 02: 
 
 MILL, John Stuart, the son 
 of James Mill, the historian and 
 philosopher, was born in London, 
 May 20, 180G. When little more 
 than a baby he became his father's 
 pupil, and his childhood, if not un- 
 happy, was at least abnormal. At 
 eight years of age he had read many 
 of the Greek authors in the original, 
 and he then began the study of Latin, 
 Euclid, and algebra : at twelve he 
 commenced a thorough study of 
 scholastic logic, and in the next year 
 of political economy. When he was 
 fourteen he went with the family of 
 Sir Samuel Bentham to France, 
 but after some months returned to 
 London, and continued his studies 
 with the addition of Eoman law 
 and psychology. In 1823 he en- 
 tered the India House and became 
 a clerk in the Examiner's office, 
 where his father was Assistant- 
 Examiner. He remained in the 
 political department for thirty- 
 three years, becoming Assistant- 
 Examiner in 1828, and Examiner 
 in 1S';(3. After the transfer of the 
 India Government to the Crown, 
 he was offered a seat in the new 
 Indian Council, but declined it and 
 retired from office. For twenty 
 years he had charge of the relations 
 of the company with the native 
 states, and few statesmen of his 
 time had larger experience of the 
 responsibilities of government, yet 
 in his autobiography lie makes 
 little mention of this side of his life. 
 Meanwhile, he had an existence and 
 a mental development of his own 
 apai't from his official duties. While 
 still a youth he began writing, con- 
 tributing to the Traveller and the 
 Chronicle, and in 182i the estab- 
 lishment of the Westminster Review 
 created another outlet for his acti- 
 vity. In 1827 he edited Bentham' s 
 "Rationale of Judicial Evidence," 
 and in 1830 the first sketch of his 
 political philosophy appeared in the 
 Examiner as a series of ai'ticles on 
 ''Prospects in France." During 
 1832 and 1833 he wrote much for 
 Tail's Magazine, the Jurist, and the 
 
 Monthly Repository, and in 183.j he 
 became joint editor of the West- 
 tninster Review. To it he contri- 
 buted many essays which have 
 since been incorporated in his sys- 
 tematic works ; and in 1813 he pub- 
 lished his epoch-making " System 
 of Logic," which was immediately 
 recognised as the most important 
 contribution to Inductive Logic 
 since Bacon's Novum Organnm. In 
 the following year he pablished his 
 " Essays on some Unsettled Ques- 
 tions in Political Economy," which 
 he had written in the days when he 
 was still purely a disciple of Ricardo. 
 At this time he was writing his " Po- 
 litical Economy/' but in the winter 
 of 1847-18 he turned aside to write 
 some admirable essays on " Land 
 Tenure." The "Political Eco- 
 nomy " was published in IS 18, and 
 Mill could now feel that he had ac- 
 complished the work which he 
 set himself to do. During the en- 
 suing years he published little, but 
 made a thorough study of the 
 socialistic writers ; and in 1851 he 
 married Mrs. Taylor, a gifted 
 woman, wi'-h whom he had been on 
 terms of intellectual friendship for 
 more than twenty years. In col- 
 laboration with his wife hie wrote 
 four of his most closely reasoned 
 and chai'acteristic woi'ks, " Liberty ," 
 "' Thoughts on Parliamentary Re- 
 form," " Utilitarianism," and " The 
 Subjection of Women." Soon after 
 his appointment as Examiner in 
 the India House, the transfer was 
 proposed, and it fell to him to 
 write the defence of the Company. 
 On the dissolution of the Company 
 he retired, and soon afterwards, to 
 his intense grief, his wife died. In 
 1863 he was returiied to Parliament 
 as Liberal member for Westminster, 
 and during the next three years he 
 made a few important and weighty 
 speeches. Among them may be men- 
 tioned that on the second reading 
 of the Reform Bill, 1866 ; and those 
 on the Reduction of the National 
 Debt, and on the Declaration of 
 Paris. Mr. Mill lost his seat 
 
 o s 
 
626 
 
 MILL— MILLER. 
 
 three years later, and made no 
 further attempt to enter political 
 life, but resuming his literary la- 
 bours, settled at Avignon, where 
 he died. May 8, 1873. His very 
 remarkable Autobiography was 
 published in the same year. Dr. 
 Bain and Mr. M. Marston have also 
 wi-itten his memoirs. 
 
 MILL, The Eev. William 
 Hodge, D.D. [1791—1853], E,egius 
 Professor of Hebrew at Cambridge, 
 Canon of Ely, E-ector of Brasted, 
 and F.E.A.S., was educated at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, and 
 elected a Fellow of Trinity in 181-1. 
 In 1820 he went out to India as 
 the first Principal of Bishop's Col- 
 lege, Calcutta, founded by Bishop 
 Middleton, returning home in 1838, 
 on account of ill-health. In 1839 he 
 became Domestic and Examining 
 Chaplain to Archbishop Howley, 
 and in 1840 Christian Advocate in 
 the University of Cambridge. He 
 was presented to the living of 
 Brasted, Kent, in 1843, and in 1848 
 was elected Eegius Px'ofessor of 
 Hebrew, to which office is attached 
 a canonry at Ely. He was the 
 author of the " Christa Sangita : 
 or the Sacred History of our Lord 
 Jesus Christ" in Sanscrit verse, 
 1831, which gained for him a Euro- 
 pean reputation, and of numerous 
 sermons. He died at Brasted, 
 Kent, in his 62nd year, Dec. 25, 
 1853. 
 
 MILLEE, Hugh [1802—1856], 
 miscellaneous writer and geologist, 
 was born at Cromarty in Scotland, 
 and was the son of a sailor owning 
 a small fishing sloop, who was 
 drowned at sea when Hugh was 
 only five years old. He was edu- 
 cated at a dame's school, and at 
 the parish grammar school, and 
 was always playing truant in order 
 to go for long country rambles, 
 during which he mastered the 
 principles of natural history, and 
 was inspired with the power of 
 poetical description. At the age of 
 seventeen ho was apprenticed to a 
 stonemason, and began to work in 
 
 the quarries of Cromarty. In 1823 
 he removed to Edinburgh to pursue 
 his calling, but disliking his fellow 
 workmen there he retui'ned to 
 Cromarty. He next went to Inver- 
 ness as an ornamental stone-cutter, 
 and there issued his first publica- 
 tion, " Poems written in the Leisure 
 Hours of a Journeyman Mason," 
 1829, some of the pieces being 
 afterwards inserted in the local 
 Courier, edited by Mr. Carruthers. 
 Miller resolved after this to give 
 up poetry and write prose, and 
 chose for his first trial the subject 
 of the herring fishery, upon which 
 he wrote some very eloquent letters 
 in the Courier. This was followed 
 in 1835 by " Scenes and Legends of 
 Cromarty.'' His "Letter to Lord 
 Brougham" on the Auchterarder 
 case brought him into favourable 
 notice by the Non-intrusion party, 
 and in 1810 he was sent for to 
 Edinburgh to conduct the Witness 
 newspaper, established in their in- 
 terest, and which he edited till liis 
 death. In the columns of that 
 paper aj^peared his first geological 
 treatise, " The OldEed Sandstone," 
 followed at short intervals by 
 others, which gained for him the 
 friendshiiD of the first geologists of 
 his day. His " Footprints of the 
 Creator" ajDpeared in 1819. Un- 
 ceasing brain-work had overtaxed 
 a system permanently injured by 
 the hardships of his early mason 
 life, and his reason gave way. 
 During a fit of temporary insanity 
 he shot himself on the night of 
 Dec. 24, 1856. [See " Life '' by P. 
 Bayne, 1871.] 
 
 MILLEE, The Eev. John Cale, 
 D.D. [1811—1880], son of John 
 Miller, Esq., who held an appoint- 
 ment connected with the American 
 embassy in this country, born at 
 Margate, was educated at Broinpton 
 Grammar School, })ioeeoded tlieiioe 
 to St. John's College, Oxford, 
 gained a scholarship at Lincoln 
 College, and in 1S35 graduated 
 B.A. as a first class in classical 
 honours. In 1837 ho was ordained 
 
MILLER. 
 
 (327 
 
 to the curacy of Bexley, Kent ; in 
 1839 was appointed assistant minis- 
 ter of Park Chapel, Chelsea, to the 
 incumbency of which he succeeded 
 in 18443 ; became x-ector of Birming- 
 ham, and in 1852 Honorary Canon 
 of Worcester Cathedral. Dr. Miller 
 who published two volumes of 
 sermons and many controversial 
 and religious works, was well knowna 
 as an able and eloquent lecturer. 
 The Working Men's Association in 
 his parish in Birmingham was one 
 of the very earliest of those institu- 
 tions. In his church there the 
 first special services for the work- 
 ing classes were held ; and he firsts 
 in the public worship in his church, 
 divided the various services (Morn- 
 ing Prayers, Litany, and Commu- 
 nion). In Feb., 1866, he was ap- 
 pointed Vicar of Greenwich, and in 
 Nov. of the same year. Select 
 Preacher to the University of Ox- 
 ford. He was returned to the 
 London School Board as one of the 
 members for Greenwich in 1870 ; 
 and was appointed Canon of Wor- 
 cester by the Crown in 1871. The 
 latter appointment he resigned in 
 1872, when he became a Canon of 
 Rochester. He was ajDpointed one 
 of the Exaiuining Chaplains to the 
 Bishop of Eochester in May, 1877. 
 
 MILLEE, Thomas [1808—1874], 
 l)oet, was born at Gainsborough in 
 Lincolnshire, where his father was 
 a wharfinger and shipowner. His 
 education was of the most meagre 
 description, and at an early age he 
 was put to learn basket-making. 
 His first volume of poems, entitled 
 " Songs of the Sea Nymphs," was 
 published while he was an appren- 
 tice at that trade, and attracted 
 the attention of Thomas Moore, 
 and Eogers helped him to start as 
 a publisher, and buy back his copy- 
 right from Colburn. Among his 
 works, which are very numerous, 
 may be mentioned his "Eoyston 
 Gower,'' a novel (1838), "Beaiities 
 of the Country" (1837), ''Coimtry 
 Year-Book," " Picturesque Sketches 
 of London/' contributed to the 
 
 Illustrated London News, '* Englisli 
 Country Life" (1858), " Jack of aU 
 Trades/' and "The Gaboon/' both 
 of wliich are in liontledye^ti Hoy's 
 Magazine. His country books are 
 the most popular of his writings. 
 He wrote for the Athencexim , Literary 
 Gazette, Household Words, Cham- 
 bers's Journal, and the Morning 
 Post. 
 
 MILLEE, William Henry, 
 F.S.A. [1788—1818], of Britwel] 
 House, Burnham, Buckinghamshire, 
 and of Craigentinny, a great book 
 collector, was the only child of 
 Mr. Miller of Craigentinny. He 
 represented Newcastle-under-Lyne 
 in Parliament in the years 1830, 
 1831, 1832, 1835, and 1837, but was 
 defeated in 1811 by Mr. Buckley 
 and Mr. Harris. As a book col- 
 lector he almost rivalled] Eichard 
 Heber. At sales he was geuerallv 
 kno^Ti as "Measui-e Miller," from 
 the habit of measuring evei'y book 
 which took his fancy, in order to 
 discover whether a so-called " fine 
 tall copy'^ possessed the requisite 
 number of inches. In early English 
 poetry (except Shakespeare edi- 
 tions), his collection was almost 
 unique. He possessed the " Heber 
 Ballads," and the only kno^vn copies 
 of Lodge's " Defence of Plavs and 
 Players." His collection, valued 
 at d850,000, he bequeathed to the 
 Advocates' Library at Edinbiu'gh, 
 together with ^20,000 fgr the erec- 
 tion of a room to hold it. He died 
 a bachelor, the bulk of his property, 
 estimated at ^300,000, being left 
 to his cousins, the Misses Marsh, 
 who lived with him. 
 
 MILLEE, William [1768—1844], 
 publisher, well-known for his splen- 
 did editions of eminent authors, 
 was the publisher of the following 
 works, " Scott's edition of Dryden," 
 
 18 vols.Svo, " Eichardson's Works," 
 
 19 vols., " The Travels of Viscount 
 Valentia," Sir E. C. Hoare's " Gi- 
 raldus Cambrensis," and " History 
 of Ancient Wilts," "The British 
 Gallery," and the historical works 
 of C. J. Fox, For the copyi-ight of 
 
 s s 2 
 
628 
 
 MILLER. 
 
 this last work he paid ^4,500, He 
 published also reprints of the " An- 
 cient Drama/' -^ " British Drama," 
 and "Shakespeare." Mr. Miller 
 retired from business in 1812. He 
 died at Dennington, near Wood- 
 bridge, the house of his son, the 
 Eev. Stanley Miller, Oct. 25, 184-i, 
 aged 76. 
 
 MILLEE, William Allen, M.D., 
 LL.D.,F.E.S. [1817—1870], born at 
 Ipswich, was educated at Merchant 
 Taylors' School, and at a Quaker's 
 seminary in Yorkshire . He studied 
 for the medical jDrofession at the 
 General Hospital, Birmingham, and 
 entered King's College, London, 
 assisted the late Dr. Daniell, pro- 
 fessor of chemistry, who admitted 
 him to his laboratory and became 
 his warm friend. In 1839 he car- 
 ried off the Warneford (theological) 
 medal, while successfully pursuing 
 his scientific education, joassed some 
 time in Liebig's laboratory at Gies- 
 sen, and became demonstrator of 
 chemistry in King's College in 
 1840. About this time he took his 
 M.D. degree in the University of 
 London, and continued to assist 
 Dr. Daniell till his death in 1845, 
 when he was appointed to the vacant 
 chair of Chemistry. In 1851 he 
 was one of the Government Com- 
 missioners to report on the Water 
 Supply of the Metropolis, he held 
 the office of Vice-President of the 
 Chemical Society, was Treasurer 
 and Vice-President of the Eoyal 
 Society, Honorary Fellow of King's 
 College, London, and of the Pharma- 
 ceutical Society, and Assayer to the 
 Mint and Bank of England. He 
 published various papers in the 
 Philosophical Transactions and the 
 British Association Eeports. His 
 chief work was " Elements of Che- 
 mistry," theoretical and practical," 
 of Avhich a third edition appeared in 
 18(;(] . 
 
 MILLEE, William [1810—1872], 
 poet, was born in Bridgegate, Glas- 
 gow, and spent most of his early 
 life at Parkhead, a country village 
 at that time. Ho was intended for 
 
 a surgeon, but a severe illness pre- 
 vented his continiiing the necessary 
 education, and he was apprenticed 
 to a wood-turner, in which business 
 he became very proficient. His 
 " Scottish Nursery Songs and other 
 Poems " w^ere published in a single 
 small volume in 1863, and among 
 them will be found the popular 
 " Willie Winkie," which gained for 
 hiin the friendship and acquaint- 
 ance of many distinguished writers. 
 '^ Cockie-leerie-la," "The Wonder- 
 f u' Wean," "John Frost," " Hairst," 
 &c. In 1871 he was obliged, through 
 failing health, to give up work and 
 retire to Blantyre, where he died, 
 aged 62. A monument by Mossman 
 was erected to him in the Glasgow 
 Necropolis. 
 
 MILLEE, William Hallowes, 
 LL.D., D.C.L.,M.A.,F.E.S. [1801— 
 18S0], crystallographer and mine- 
 ralogist, son of Captain Francis 
 Miller, was born at Velindre, near 
 Llandovery, Carmarthenshire. He 
 graduated at St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, in 1826, and became 
 Fellow and Tutor of that society. 
 In 1832 he succeeded Dr. Whe- 
 well as Professor of Mineralogy; 
 in 1838 was elected Fellow of the 
 Eoyal Society, and in 1856 was its 
 Foreign Secretary. He Avas for many 
 years Secretary, and President cf 
 the Cambridge Philosophical So- 
 ciety ; was a Corresponding Mem- 
 ber of the Institute, and the 
 Academies of St. Petersburg, Ber- 
 lin, Turin, and Munich, and was 
 a Foreign Member of the Eoyal So- 
 ciety of Gottingen, Home Member 
 of the American Academy of Arts 
 and Sciences, and Honorary Fellow 
 of the N. S. of Edinburgh. In 1843 
 Professor Miller served on a Go- 
 vernment Committee to superintend 
 the construction of the Parliamen- 
 tary standards of length and Aveight, 
 and undertook the standard of 
 weight, the originals having been 
 destroyed by the fire in the Houses 
 of Parliament, and in March, 1854, 
 the work was brought to a close. 
 lu 1865 he received the hon. degree 
 
MILLHOUSE— MILMAN. 
 
 029 
 
 of LL.D. from the University of 
 Dublin. In 18G7 he was placed on 
 a Eoyal Commission to inquire into 
 the condition of the Exchequer 
 Standards, and in 1870 on the Com- 
 mission Internationale du Metre. 
 The success which attended the 
 proceedings of the Standards Com- 
 mission was in great measure due 
 to Professor Miller's extensive 
 knowledg-e, long experience, and 
 habits of acciu'acy. He wrote nu- 
 merous scientific papers for the Ph i- 
 losophical Magazine, and the ''Pro- 
 ceedings of the Royal) Society," his 
 c'lief mineralogical work being his 
 system of crystallography, which 
 appeared in his edition of Phillip's 
 "Mineralogy," published by him- 
 self and W. H. Brooke in 1852. He 
 elaborated a new form of reflective 
 goniometer, which was exhibited 
 in the Special Loan Collection of 
 1S7G, with other apparatus invented 
 by him. One of the Royal Medals 
 for 1870 was awarded to him by the 
 Council of the Royal Society for his 
 researches and writings on mine- 
 ralogy and crystallography and for 
 his scientific labours in the restora- 
 tion of the national standard of 
 v^'eight. In 1873 he retii*ed from 
 the post of Foreign Secretary to 
 the Royal Society, which he had 
 occupied for seventeen years. In 
 187G he received the honorary de- 
 gree of D.C.L. from the University 
 of Oxford. 
 
 MILLHOUSE, Robert [1759— 
 1839], poet, was born of humble 
 parentage at Nottingham, and at 
 the age of six was put to work at a 
 stocking-loom. He was absolutely 
 uneducated except for the small 
 amount of knowledge he managed 
 to obtain at a Sunday school. At 
 the age of 22 he enlisted in the 
 Nottingham Militia, and while serv- { 
 ing with his regiment at Plymouth , 
 wrote his first poem, " Stanzas Ad- 
 dressed to a Swallow." Several 
 other poems followed, which ap- i 
 peared in a Nottinghamshire news- 
 paper. At the peace of 181-4 his 
 regiment was disbanded^ and he 
 
 then returned to work at his loom, 
 and while hard at work weaving, 
 composed several longer poems, the 
 chief of which were, "Vicissitude," 
 " Blossoms," a small volume of 
 sonnets, the " Song of the Patriot," 
 and " Sherwood Forest." In 1832 
 he abandoned the work at the loom 
 and devoted himself to literature. 
 His last work was " The Destinies 
 of Man," a poem in two parts. He 
 died in comparatively easy circum- 
 stances at Nottingham, April 13, 
 1839. 
 
 MILLINGEN, James, F.S.A., 
 archaeologist, best known by his 
 work "Ancient Un-edited Monu- 
 ments of Grecian Art," was the 
 eldest son of Mr. M. Millingen, of 
 Queen's Square, Westminster. He 
 contributed largely to the literature 
 of the fine arts, having published 
 several works upon vases, coins, and 
 other subjects of antiquity. He 
 received a pension of .£100 a year 
 from the Government as a person 
 devoted to literary pursuits, and 
 was an honorary member of the 
 Royal Society of Literature, to 
 which he contributed some clever 
 papers. He was also a Foreign 
 Associate of the French Institute, 
 and a member of most of the learned 
 academies of Eui'ojje. He died at 
 Florence, where the whole of the 
 latter part of his life had been 
 spent, Oct. 1, 1815. 
 
 MILMAN, Rev. He net Hart, 
 D.D. [1791— 18G8], Dean of St. 
 Paul's, an eminent author and 
 divine, was the youngest son of Sir 
 Francis Milman, first Baronet, who 
 was physician to George III. He 
 was educated at Dr. Burney's school 
 at Greenwich, at Eton, and at 
 Brazenose College, Oxford, of which 
 he became a Fellow. In 1815 his 
 tragedy of " Fazio " was produced 
 at Covent Garden with the greatest 
 success. Miss O'Neill playing the 
 part of Bianca, the heroine. He 
 was ordained in 181G, and in 1817 
 was appointed Vicar of St. Mary's, 
 Reading, where he remained for 
 eighteen years. From 1821 to 1831 
 
630 
 
 MILNE— MILNER-G IBSON. 
 
 he was iDrofessor of Poetry at Ox- 
 fordj and was elected Batnpton 
 Lecturei' in 1827. He was ap- 
 pointed EectOr of St. Margaret's 
 and Canon of Westminster in 18.35^ 
 and in 1819 Dean of St. Paul's. 
 He was the author of " The History 
 of the Jews/' in 3 vols. ; of " The 
 History of Christianity from the 
 Birth of Christ to the Abolition of 
 Paganism in the Eoman Empire ; " 
 and above all, of the well-known 
 "History of Latin Chi*istianity to 
 the Pontificate of Nicholas V." 
 This last book, much more learned, 
 thorough, and comprehensive than 
 most English works of that day, 
 was intended as a companion and 
 continuation of Gibbon's great 
 work. Dr. Milman also edited 
 the latter, with notes, and edited 
 a beautiful illustrated edition of 
 Horace. He remained active to the 
 end, though bowed with years, and 
 a short time before his death he 
 preached one of the ablest sermons 
 ever delivered before the Univer- 
 sity of Oxford, 
 
 MILNE, Admiral Sir David, 
 G.C.B. [1763—1845], son of an 
 Edinburgh merchant, was born 
 at Musselburgh. He entered the 
 navy in 1778, and in 1793 went to 
 the West Indies, where he was pro- 
 moted by Sir John Jervis to the 
 rank of lieutenant. He then served 
 on board the Blanche, and so dis- 
 tinguished himself in helping to 
 capture La Pique, a French frigate, 
 off Guadaloupe in 1795, that he was 
 advanced to the rank of commander. 
 In 179.") he was appointed to La 
 Pique, in which he took part in the 
 reduction of Demerara, Essequibo, 
 and Berbice. In 1798, having suc- 
 cessfully captured La Seine, of four 
 gims and 010 men, he was apjDointed 
 to the command of her, and in 1800, 
 having taken possession of the 
 Vengeance of 52 guns and 320 men, 
 he removed to her. He then served 
 successively in the Impetueux, Dub- 
 lin, Venerable, and Bulwark, was, 
 in 181 J-, advanced to the rank of 
 rear-admiral, and accompanied Lord 
 
 Exmouth for the attack on Algiers^ 
 where he rendered good service 
 and was highly complimented by 
 Lord Exmouth for his courage and 
 daring, and on his return was 
 nominated a K.C.B. Besides other 
 foreign orders, he was presented by 
 the City of London with a sword 
 worth 100 guineas. He became 
 vice-admiral in 1825, full admiral 
 in 18-41, and was nominated a G.C.B. 
 in 1840. He was twice married, 
 first in 1804 to Grace, daughter of 
 Sir Alexander Purvis, Bart., and 
 secondly to a daughter of George 
 Stephen, Esq., of Grenada. He 
 died on board the Clarence steamer, 
 while on his way to Scotland, May 3, 
 1845. 
 
 MILNEE-GIBSON, Thomas 
 [1807 — 1884], an enthusiastic mem- 
 ber of the Anti-Corn Law League, 
 was born in Ti-inidad, and educated 
 at the Charterhouse School and at 
 Cambridge. In 1837 he was re- 
 tvirned to Parliament as member for 
 Ipswich in the Conservative in- 
 terest, but resigned two years later 
 on becoming a convert to Liberal- 
 ism. His constituents refused to 
 return him again, and he remained 
 out of the House for four j^ears. Dur- 
 ing the time of his exclusion from 
 Parliament he entered heart and 
 soul into the agitation which was 
 being organized for the abolition of 
 the corn laws, and became one of 
 the prominent orators of the League. 
 In 1841 he was returned for Man- 
 chester, after a severe struggle 
 with Sir George Murray, and in 
 1846, on the formation of Lord 
 John Russell's ministry he was ap- 
 pointed Vice-President of the Board 
 of Trade. Lord John's object in 
 giving him this appointment would 
 seem to liave been a wish to 
 strengthen his Government }»y add- 
 ing to it the chiefs of the League 
 who became the channels through 
 which effect was given to its new 
 policy. He lost his seat for Man- 
 chester eleven years later, and was 
 then returned for Ashton-under- 
 LyiiCj which he represented till 
 
MINTON— MITCHEL. 
 
 G.31 
 
 18G8, when he retired from public 
 life. He wa3 Presidcut of the 
 Board of Trade with Cabinet rank 
 during Lord Palmerston's ministry 
 and the short-lived Government of 
 Earl Kussell. We owe to Mr. Ciib- 
 son the abolition of the newspaper 
 stamp, of the advertisement duty, 
 and of the excise on paper. 
 
 MINTON, Herbert [1792— 
 1858J, head of the great firm of 
 manufacturers of porcelain, and 
 other ware, was a magistrate and 
 deputy-lieutenant of the county of 
 Stafford. The public are indebted 
 to him for the i-evival of tile pave- 
 ments, so much used in churches, 
 &c., and he was one of the chief 
 promoters of the Exhibition of 1851, 
 among the chief ornaments of which 
 were the productions of his firm. 
 He also exhibited at the Paris ex- 
 hibition, and for his beautiful 
 works received from the Emperor 
 the Cross of the Legion of Honour. 
 He died at Belmont, Torquay, 
 A'pril 1, 1S58, aged GO. 
 
 MITCHEL, John. He was the 
 most reckless and determined of 
 the " young Ireland Party," and 
 was the son of a Xonconformist 
 minister, who had himself been a 
 United Irishman, but who, at the 
 time of his son's birth, ^Nov. 3, 
 1815, was settled at Dungiven, co. 
 Derry. About 1830 young Mitchel 
 entered Trinity College, Dublin, 
 and became clerk to a solicitor at 
 Newiy, and afterwards set up for 
 himself at Banbridge. In 1812 
 the Nation newspajjer was esta- 
 blished in Dublin, and Mitchel 
 soon began to contribute occasional 
 articles. Fi-om the incisive vigour 
 of their style, no less than from 
 the determination and clearness of 
 thought which they revealed, these 
 articles attracted much attention. 
 At the request of James Duffy, the 
 publisher, he wrote a " Life of 
 Oodh O'NeiU'' for the "Library 
 of Ireland," and on the death of 
 Davis, in 1815, was offered his post 
 on the Nation. He then went with 
 his family to live in Dublin, and 
 
 remained on the Nation till Dec. 
 
 1817, when, haviug adopted views 
 which were not accepted by hi.s 
 party, he resigned, and, " for the 
 purpo.^e of inculcating the holy 
 hatred of English rule," started 
 The United Irishman. For three 
 months this extraordinary paper 
 taught the people the principles of 
 street warfare : then the Govern- 
 ment arrested Mitchel, and he was 
 tried, sentenced to fourteen years' 
 penal servitude, and on May 27, 
 
 1818, sailed for Bermuda. The 
 account of his imprisonment, and 
 of the years which he afterwards 
 passed in Van Diemen's Land, he 
 has written in his " Jail Journal," 
 a work of unequal merit, but con- 
 taining passages in which talent 
 comes very near genius. In 1853 
 Mr. P. J. Smyth, the late M.P. 
 for Tipperary, who had escaped 
 after the rebellion of 18 18, went 
 from America to Van Diemen's 
 Land, and assisted Mitchel to 
 escape to San Francisco. Mitchel 
 settled in America, and conducted 
 The Citizen. He tried his admirers 
 much by his advocacy of Negro 
 slavery, but he was at least sincere, 
 and both his young sons fell fight- 
 ing for the Southern cause. In 
 1868 he published his " History of 
 Ireland," a by no means impartial 
 record of events from the Treaty 
 of Limerick to 18G8, and which, 
 from a literary point of view, is 
 very inferior to the masterly "Last 
 Conquest of Ireland (perhaps)," 
 and the charming little biography 
 with which he prefaced his edition 
 of Mangan's works. In 1875 the 
 seat for Tipperary became vacant, 
 and Mitchel was sent for to contest 
 
 \ it ; he arrived in Cork to find he 
 was ah-eady elected : the election 
 was contested, as Mitchel was a 
 felon, who had not worked out his 
 sentence. A new writ was issued ; 
 Mitchel was returned a second 
 time. The contest terminated in 
 an unexpected manner : on Mar. 20, 
 1875, Mitchel died at the house of 
 his brother-in-law, John Martin. 
 
('32 
 
 MITCHELL. 
 
 MITCHELL, Alexander [1780— 
 18G81, civil engineer, son of Mr. 
 Williaiu Mitcliel], inspector-general 
 of barracks in Ireland, torn in Dub- 
 lin, was educated in Belfast, where 
 he earlv showed a remarkable taste 
 for mathematical science. At 18, 
 his sight, always defective, de- 
 clined rapidly, and at 22 he be- 
 came unable to see to write. About 
 this time he married, and carried 
 on the joint business of brickmak- 
 ing and building for thirty years, 
 having inventecl and constructed 
 several machines employed in his 
 occupation. In 184^2 he invented 
 the screAv pile and mooring, gene- 
 I'ally identified Avith his name, the 
 importance of which, as affording a 
 means of constructing durable 
 lighthouses in deep water, on mud- 
 banks and shifting sands — most 
 desirable substitutes for the inefii- 
 cient floating beacons formerlj'^ in 
 use — can hardly be overrated. For 
 this invention, which he afterwards 
 perfected and patented, he was 
 chosen an Associate of the Institute 
 of Civil Engineers, and, in 1SJ8, 
 was elected a member, receiving the 
 Telford Gold Medal for a paper on 
 his ovm invention. At the expira- 
 tion of his patent, the Privy Council, 
 in consideration of the great merit 
 of the invention, granted a renewal 
 for fourteen years, a favour almost 
 without precedent at that time. 
 His improved method of mooring 
 ships was generally adopted ; and 
 his screw pile was first used for the 
 foundation of a lighthouse which 
 he designed and constructed, with 
 the aid of his son, on a sandbank 
 near the entrance of the river Wyre, 
 in 1830. After the success of screw 
 piles had been established, they 
 were applied to more extensive 
 undertakings. The great Govern- 
 ment breakwater at Portland, the 
 long viaduct and bridges on the 
 Boml)ay and Baroda Eailway, the 
 whole system of Indian telegraphs, 
 tlie Madras pier, and a number of 
 lighthouses and other coast works, 
 most of which could not have been 
 
 undertaken without this invention, 
 have been constructed. 
 
 MITCHELL, James, LL.D 
 F.G.S. [1786— 18M], was a native 
 of Scotland, and educated at Aber- 
 deen, where he received his LL.D. 
 degree. He left Aberdeen, and 
 came to London, where he was for 
 some years a schoolmaster" and pri- 
 vate tutor, becoming later Secretary 
 of the Star Insurance Company. 
 Among his writings may be men- 
 tioned, " Easy System of Short- 
 hand," 1815; "A Tour through 
 Belgium, Holland, along the Ehine, 
 and through the North of France 
 in the Summer of 1816," 1817; 
 '" Dictionary of History and Bio- 
 graphy ;" " Dictionary of Che- 
 mistry and Geology ;" " Dictionary 
 of Mathematics;" "Natural Phi- 
 losophy ;" " Astronomy ;" " First 
 Lines of Science," and various 
 volumes of " Illustrations of An- 
 tiquities Ancient and Modern," 
 and " Prints and Portraits of Il- 
 lustrious Scotchmen." The two 
 last works he left to King's College 
 and University of Aberdeen. Dr. 
 Mitchell acted under three Par- 
 liamentary Commissions, first as 
 actuary in forming the statistics 
 for the Factory Inquiry ; as sub- 
 commissioner on the Handloom- 
 Weaver's Commission ; and, lastly, 
 on the Inquiry into the Condition 
 of Women and Children in the 
 Mines and Collieries of the King- 
 dom. He overworked himself in 
 attending to this last commission 
 and died of apoplexy, Sept. 3, 1814, 
 aged 58. 
 
 MITCHELL, Thomas, M.A. 
 [1783 — 1815], was the son of Mr. 
 Alexander Mitchell, a riding- 
 master in Piccadilly, and after- 
 wards in Grosvenor Place. He was 
 educated at Christ's Hospital, and 
 at Pembroke College, Cambridge, 
 where he took his B.A. degree in 
 1806, as a senior optime and the 
 first classical medallist. He tried 
 for a fellowship at his college, but 
 was unsuccessful, owing to a new 
 rule, that not more than two stu- 
 
MITCHELL. 
 
 t»3 
 
 dents educated at the same school 
 should be fellows of the college at 
 the same time. In lb(»8-9 he ob- 
 tained a fellowship at Sidney Sus- 
 sex College, which as he did not 
 enter for holy orders, he was obliged 
 after a few years to resign. On 
 leaving college he became tutor 
 successively in the families of Sir 
 George Henry Kose, Mr. Kobert 
 Smith, and Mr. Thomas Hope. 
 In 1813 he began a series of essays 
 in the Quarterly Reviexr, on Aris- 
 tophanes and Athenian manners, 
 which led to his translations in 
 verse of the old Comedian, pub- 
 lished in 1S20 and 1822. He 
 spent the last twenty years of 
 his life at Oxford, and during 
 1834-8 he edited, in separate vo- 
 lumes, five of the plays of Aris- 
 tophanes, with English notes, and 
 some useful indices to the Greek 
 orators and Plato. In 1839 he 
 began an edition of Sophocles, 
 which was not finished till 1844. 
 Having through the cessation of 
 all literarv income got into diffi- 
 culties, and the matter having been 
 brought under the notice of Sir 
 Robert Peel, he received the sum 
 of £'150 from the Eoyal Bounty 
 Fund. He died suddenly at his 
 house, at Steeple Aston, near Wood- 
 stock, Mav 1, 1S4.5, aged 62. 
 
 M I T C H E L L, Sir Thomas 
 LivixGSTOXE, D.C.L. [1792 — 1855", 
 Australian explorer, was the eldest 
 son of a Scotchman, John Mitchell, 
 of Grangemouth, and was bom at 
 Craigend, Stirlingshire. He en- 
 tered the army in 1808, and served 
 through the most active period of 
 the Peninsular war. He was after- : 
 wards employed in making surveys 
 of the great battle-fields of the '■ 
 Peninsula, and published a series 
 of military maps, which are pre- 
 served in the Ordnance OflSce. In 
 1827 he was appointed Surveyor- \ 
 General of New South Wales, and 
 devoted the next twenty-eight 
 years of his life to the laying out 
 of roads and towns on the Austra- 
 liaix continent. He made four ex- 
 
 peditions of discovery, during one 
 of which he discovered Australia 
 Felix, afterwards celebrated for its 
 gold-fields. He came to England 
 in 1839, when he w.vs knighted by 
 the Queen, made a D.C.L. of Oxford, 
 and elected a FeUow of the Geo- 
 graphical and Geological Societies. 
 Among his works may be men- 
 tioned the " Battle-fields of the 
 Peninsxila ;" " Three Exj^editions 
 into the Interior of Eastern Aus- 
 tralia," 1838; "Journal of an 
 Expedition into the Interior of 
 Tropical Australia," 1843; "Aus- 
 tralian Geography " for the use of 
 schools, besides innumerable maps 
 of his surveys in Australia. He 
 died Oct. 5, 1*>55, aged 03, and was 
 j honoured with a public funeral. 
 MITCHELL, SiE William 
 [1811 — 1878 , was bom at Mod- 
 bury, in Devonshire, and from an 
 early age was connected ^-ith the 
 metropolitan press. After having 
 an engagement on the True Sun, 
 he became editor and proprietor of 
 the Shipping and Mercantile Gazette, 
 a daily newspaper, established by 
 him in 183G, in conjunction wnth 
 one of his colleagues, Mr. Lee 
 Stevens. In 1840, Mr. Mitchell 
 became impressed with the import- 
 ance of testing, by properly con- 
 stituted Boards of Examiners, the 
 qualification and competency of all 
 who undertake the command of our 
 merchant ships. At the period re- 
 ferred to, any person could take to 
 sea a British merchant ship, how- 
 ever deficient he might be in the 
 necessary nautical practice and 
 knowledge of navigation, or, indeed 
 in knowledge of any kind what- 
 ever. Eventually, at his instiga- 
 tion, the subject was brought before 
 Parliament, and an Act was passed 
 making it compulsory on all who 
 aspire to the command of our 
 merchant vessels to undergo an 
 examination by a properly con- 
 stituted Board. In 1857 Mr. 
 Mitchell took an active part, with 
 the then Eegistrar-General of Ship- 
 ping and Seamen, in the prepara- 
 
CjM 
 
 MITFOKD. 
 
 tion of a measure, now in full 
 operation, for a Naval Eeserve of 
 able seamen, to be available in any 
 emergency fof the defence of the 
 country. But perhaps Mr. Mitchell's 
 greatest service was the establish- 
 ment of the International Code of 
 Signals. This code is now adopted, 
 to the exclusion of every other, by 
 England, France, America, Hol- 
 land, Sweden, Denmark, Eussia, 
 Greece, Italy, Austria, Germany, 
 Spain, Portugal, Brazil, and Bel- 
 gium ; and the Eoyal Commission, 
 appointed in 1855, reported that 
 this code was the only one ap- 
 plicable to international communi- 
 cation. Mr. Mitchell slso esta- 
 blished a netAvork of signal stations 
 around our coast, for the purpose 
 of reporting the movements of all 
 ships of whatever country, carrying 
 the International Code of Signals. 
 For these and other services he 
 received the honour of knighthood 
 from the Queen in 18G7, and was 
 created a Knight Commander of the 
 Order of St.'Olaf by the King of 
 Sweden in 1SG9. Sir William 
 Mitchell also edited a useful work, 
 entitled. 
 Queries : a 
 
 Law and Usage," 1871. He was 
 appointed a county magistrate for 
 Devon in 1857, and was a Fellow of 
 the Eoyal Geographical Society. 
 
 MITFOED, The Eev. John, 
 B.A. [1781—1859], son of John 
 Mitford, a commander in the East 
 India Company's China trade, was 
 educated at Eichmond, at the 
 Grammar School of Tunbridge, 
 and at Oriel College, Oxford, where 
 he graduated in 1809. He was soon 
 after admitted to orders, and pre- 
 sented to the vicarage of Benhall, 
 Suffolk. He was afterwards ap- 
 pointed to the livings of Weston 
 St. Peters, and Stratford St. An- 
 drew, both in Suffolk. Mr. Mitford 
 was an indefatigable writer ; and 
 among his most important works 
 may be mentioned : — the " History 
 of Greece," a book of which the 
 sliortcomings were one of the causes 
 
 " Maritime Notes and 
 record of Shij^ping 
 
 which moved Gi'ote to undertake 
 his own "History;" the "Works 
 of Gray, with a Memoir and Notes," 
 1814, which went through several 
 editions ; several volumes of poets 
 for the Aldine Collection, which he 
 edited, as well as valuable cor- 
 respondence of Walpole, Mason, 
 Gray, and their contemporaries. 
 From 1834 to 1850 he was editor 
 of the Gentleman's Magazine, and 
 wrote a great number of its articles. 
 He also contributed to the Quarterly 
 Review. 
 
 MITFOED, Mart Eussell 
 [1786 — 1855], the well-kno^vn au- 
 thoress of " Our Village," was born 
 at Alresford, Hampshire, and was 
 the daughter of a physician, prac- 
 tising at Eeading. Her father, as 
 we learn from her "Eeminiscences," 
 was a sanguine, cheerful, and spe- 
 culative man, who tried physic, 
 played at whist, spent every one's 
 money, and something more, and 
 who was the centre of her affec- 
 tions, and the " only begetter " of 
 all that is most delightful and cha- 
 racteristic in her writing. Miss 
 Mitford was educated from ten to 
 fifteen, at a school in Hans Place, 
 Chelsea, where she began to write 
 poetry, and became devoted to the 
 drama, being frequently taken to 
 Drury Lane to see John Kemble 
 in all his glory. She settled with 
 her father in the little village of 
 Three Mile Cross, near Eeading, 
 in a little cottage, which she says 
 was "a fine lesson in condensa- 
 tion ;" and here the doctor became 
 the stay and admiration of all the 
 loafers in the neighbourhood, Avhile 
 his daughter worked hard to sup- 
 port them both, and was his loving, 
 willing slave. She refused all in- 
 vitations, because he could not live 
 without her, and worked inces- 
 santly for him, exeoi3t when she 
 broke off her work to read to him. 
 Among her other Avorks may be 
 mentioned a volume of " Miscel- 
 laneous Verses," published in 1810, 
 and wliich were favourably noticed 
 by Scott, iu the Quartcrln ; " Chris- 
 
MOFFAT— MOIK. 
 
 0:30 
 
 tine, a Metrical Tale," 1811 ; 
 "Blanche," 1813 ; one or two plays, 
 " The Foscari," " Rienzi," &c. ; 
 " Belford Regis," a novel ; and 
 "Recollections of a Literary Life,'' 
 .1853. The first series of "Our 
 Village," sketches appeared in 1821, 
 a second in 1826, a third in 1828, 
 a fourth in 1830, and a fifth in 1832. 
 Five volumes of her " Life and 
 Letters " were published in 1870-72 ; 
 and two volumes of "Letters" to 
 her appeared in 1882. 
 
 MOFFAT, Robert, D.D. [1796— 
 1883], missionary, was born at Or- 
 miston. East Lothian, and spent his 
 childhood near the Great Carron 
 Ironworks where his father was em- 
 ployed in the customs. He worked 
 for a time as a gardener, and in a 
 situation at Manchester, but having 
 a strong wish to become a mission- 
 ary, he obtained his parents' con- 
 sent and was ordained at Surrey 
 Chapel, Oct. 13, 1816. He was sent 
 out to Cape To^\ti and began work 
 first at Erromanga, then in Rama- 
 qualand, and lastly in the Bechuana 
 country, under the auspices of the 
 London Missionarv Societv. He 
 remained in Africa for twenty-three 
 years, working for the Foreign 
 Bible Society, as well as for his 
 OAvn Societv, and in 1882 was made 
 a vice-president of the Society for 
 his valuable services. He returned 
 to England in 1870, and did not 
 again go to Africa. He received 
 his D.D. degree from the Edin- 
 burgh University in 1872, and in 
 1873 his friends presented him with 
 a sum of .£5,800 in recognition of 
 his services in South Africa. The 
 Moffat Institute for the training of 
 native pastors among the Bechuanas 
 was also established at Shosung in 
 his honour. Dr. Moffat reduced 
 the Bechuana language, previously 
 only oral, into written characters, 
 .and a<:;complished the translation 
 into it of the Holy Scriptures. His 
 last work was the completion of a 
 translation into Bechuana of the 
 Pilgrim's Progress. One of his 
 daughters married Dr. Livingstone;, 
 
 with whom she underwent many 
 dangers, and died in 1862. He was 
 the author of a " History of Mis- 
 sionary Labours in South Africa" 
 
 ! (1812), and "Farewell Services," 
 edited by Dr. Campbell (1813). 
 
 MOHL, Madame. Mary Eliza- 
 beth Clark, than whom no English 
 lady was better known in Paris 
 thirty years ago, became the wife 
 of the oriental scholar, Julius von 
 Mohl. The social influence which 
 she had gained under her own 
 name was still more widely dif- 
 fused after her marriage, and her 
 
 ; salon in the Rue du Bac was the 
 centre of a large cosmopolitan 
 circle. Xor was Madame Mohl less 
 well known in London, which she 
 visited yearly, at least till the time 
 of her husband's death. She died 
 in Paris, May 15, 1883, aged 91. 
 
 MOIR, David Macbeth [1798— 
 1851 , a physician at Musselburgh, 
 and the "Delta" of Blackwood's 
 Magazine, was born in Musselbiu'gh 
 in 1798, and educated there and at 
 the Edinburgh University, where 
 he studied medicine, receiving his 
 diploma as a sui-geon in 1816. He 
 began to write poetry at the age 
 of fifteen, and foui' years later, in 
 1819, sent his first contribution to 
 Blackicood. Towards the end of 
 1824 he published " The Legend 
 of Genevieve, with other Tales and 
 Poems," and in the following 
 October wrote for Blackwood his 
 humorous work " The Autobio- 
 graphy of Mansie Waugh," which 
 appeared in 1828 as a separate 
 volume. During the cholera visita- 
 tion in 1832, he worked night and 
 day among the sufferers, and pub- 
 lished as the result of his obser- 
 vations two treatises, " Practical 
 Observations on Malignant Cho- 
 lera," and " Proofs of the Conta- 
 gion of Malignant Cholera." In 
 1831 he wrote his "Outlines of the 
 Ancient History of Medicine, being 
 a View of the Progress of the Heal- 
 ing Art among the Egyptians.Greeks, 
 and Romans." In the same year 
 he was presented -with the freedom 
 
<;3(; 
 
 MOLE S WORTH— MONK. 
 
 of his native j^lace, and elected a 
 member of the Town Council. He 
 succeeded to^tlie business of his 
 senior partner Dr. Bro^vn in 1833. 
 In 1813 he published "Domestic 
 Verses," containing the touching 
 lines "Casa Wappy," written on 
 the death of his little son Charles 
 Bell. In addition to the works 
 already mentioned. Dr. Moir wrote 
 Memoirs of M'Nish of Glasgow, 
 Gait, Sir David Milne, &c. He 
 died suddenly at the King's Arms, 
 Dumfries, July 6, 1851, aged 53. 
 A full length statue was erected 
 to his memory in his native place. 
 In 1829 he mai-ried Miss Charlotte 
 G. Bell of Leith, by whom he had 
 eleven children, eight of whom sur- 
 vived him. 
 
 MOLES WORTH, Sir William 
 [1810 — 1855], the eighth baronet, 
 was born in London, and succeeded 
 to the family estates in Devon and 
 Cornwall in 1823, at the age of 
 thirteen. He was sent to Cam- 
 bridge, but was rusticated for 
 sending a challenge to his tutor. 
 He then studied at the Edinburgh 
 University, and later at a German 
 University. On the passing of the 
 Rel'orm Act of 1832, though he was 
 only twenty-two years old at the 
 time, he was returned to Parlia- 
 ment as member for the eastern 
 division of the county of Cornwall 
 in the Liberal interest, to support 
 the ministry of Lord Grey. At 
 first he did not take much part in 
 the debates of the House of Com- 
 mons; but in Ajiril 1835 he started 
 in conjunction with Mr. Roebuck, 
 the London Review, as an organ of 
 the politicians known as " Philo- 
 soiDhic Radicals." He also bought 
 the Westminster Review, and for 
 some time the united magazines 
 were edited by him and John S. 
 Mill. He represented Leeds from 
 1837 to 1811, during wliich time 
 he gained much influence in the 
 House by his speeches. After 1811 
 he remained out of Parliament for 
 four years, during which time he 
 edited the works in Latin and 
 
 English of Thomas Hobbes of 
 Malmesbury, the publication of 
 which cost him .£6000. He was 
 next returned for Southwark, and 
 represented that borough till his 
 death. He devoted much atten- 
 tion to the condition of the colo- 
 nies, and his arguments on ques- 
 tions relating to them served to 
 change the opinions of members 
 of the House of Commons, and 
 gradually his views were accepted 
 by the electors at large. He was 
 made a director of public imj)rove- 
 ments and crown lands in 1852, 
 and his name was brought into 
 prominence at that time by the 
 construction of the new ^Yest- 
 minster Bridge. In 1855 he was 
 appointed principal Secretary of 
 State for the Colonies, but rmfor- 
 tunately he died soon after his 
 api3ointment. Sir William Moles- 
 worth's name frequently oeciu-s in 
 the biographies of Mill, Cobden, 
 Carlyle, Grote and Panizzi. His 
 widow was for some years one of 
 the leaders of London society. 
 
 MONAHAN, The Right Hon. 
 James Henry [1805 — 1878], born 
 at Portumna, co. Galway, was edu- 
 cated at Trinity College, Dublin, 
 where he obtained the gold medal 
 in science in 1823, was afterwards 
 called to the Irish bar, and made 
 Q.C., Solicitor-General for Ireland 
 in 1840, Attorney-General for Ire- 
 land in 1817, and Chief Justice of 
 the Common Pleas in that country 
 in 1850. He was one of the mem- 
 bers, in the Liberal interest, for 
 Galway from Feb. to Aug., 1847, 
 and was sworn a Privy Councillor 
 for Ireland in the same year. 
 
 MONK, The Right Rev. James 
 Henry, D.D. [1781—1856], Bishop 
 of Gloucester and Bristol, was the 
 only son of an officer in the army, 
 and was educated at the Charter- 
 house and at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he gained a Fellow- 
 ship, and l)ocame assistant-tutor of 
 the college in 1807. In the follow- 
 ing year he succeeded Professor 
 Porson as Professor of Greek, which 
 
MONRO— MONTE AGLE. 
 
 CrZl 
 
 oflSce he resigned in 1822 on being 
 appointed by Lord Liverpool Dean 
 of Peterborough. In 1830 a canonry 
 at Westminster was added to his 
 other preferments, and on the re- 
 commendation of the Duke of 
 Wellington, he was promoted to 
 the see of Gloucester, to which was 
 added in 1836, the see of Bristol. 
 In 1811 he published an edition of 
 the "Hippolytus" of Euripides, in 
 1816 the " Alcestis,'^ followed soon 
 after by the " Rieardi Porsoni Ad- 
 versaria " and a periodical devoted 
 to classical literature, entitled 
 " Museum Criticum,'' which two 
 last he produced in conjunction 
 with Bishop Blomfield. His "Life 
 of Bentley" appeared in 1822, and 
 the " Iphigenia in Aulis " and the 
 " Iphigenia in Tauris " in 1840-45. 
 He died at his Palace, Stapleton, 
 near Bristol, June 6, 1856, aged 
 72. 
 
 MONRO, Sir David [1813— 
 1877], Speaker of the House of 
 Representatives in New Zealand, 
 was a son of Dr. A. Monro, at one 
 time Professor of Anatomy in the 
 Edinburgh University. At an early 
 age he threw his fortunes in with 
 those of the island then recently 
 made one of our dependencies. He 
 was for many years a member of 
 the local parliament, and held the 
 speakership in 1861-62, and again 
 from 1S66 down to 1S71. 
 
 MONSELL,The Hon. Mrs. Har- 
 riet O'Brien, third daughter of 
 Sir Edward O'Brien of Dromoland, 
 was born in 1811. She was married 
 to the Rev. Edward Charles Mon- 
 sell, and was left a widow in 1851. 
 Almost immediately afterwards her 
 services were claimed by the Rev. 
 Canon Carter, as Superior of the 
 House of Mercy at Clewer. At 
 that time the house was only a 
 small home for the reception of 
 fallen women, but when in 1876, she 
 resigned the direction of the con- 
 vent there were more than 200 
 sisters of the confraternity with 
 affiliated houses all over England 
 as well as bi'auches in England and 
 
 America. Mrs. Monsell died on 
 Easter day, April 15, 1883. 
 
 MONTAGUE, II. J., a popular 
 actor, was bom in Staffordshire, 
 England, in 181^3, and received a 
 good education which was intended 
 to lit him for the clerical profession, 
 but financial disasters prevented 
 him from completing his training, 
 and he became a clerk in a London 
 insurance office. There he re- 
 mained for five years, during which 
 time he was gradually preparing 
 himself for the profession of an 
 actor. During his brief career in 
 London he made a considerable 
 imi^ression as a jeune premier. He 
 was taken ill at San Francisco while 
 playing Julian Beauclerc in " Di- 
 plomacy," and died suddenly at the 
 Palace Hotel in that city, Aug. 11, 
 1878. 
 
 MONTE AGLE, The Right Hon. 
 Thomas Spring-Rice, first Lord 
 Monteagle, was born at Limerick, 
 Feb. 8th, 1790, and was educated 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 where he graduated M.A. in 1833. 
 He entered Parliament in 1820 as 
 Whig member for Limerick, and 
 represented his native city until 
 1832, when he was elected for Cam- 
 bridge, and sat for that borough 
 until his elevation to the peerage 
 in 1839. He was Under-Secretary 
 for the Home Department for a 
 short time iu 1827, and Secretary 
 of the Treasury from Nov., 1830, 
 till June, 1834, and in the last- 
 named year he was for a time 
 Secretary of State for the Colonies. 
 In this year too he was sworn a 
 member of the Privy Council. On 
 the return of Lord Melbourne to 
 office, in 1835, he became Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer, but re- 
 signed in Sept., 1839, succeeding 
 Sir J. Newport as Comptroller- 
 General of that department. He 
 was then raised to the peerage, 
 with the title of Baron Monteagle 
 of Brandon, co. Kerr}-. Lord Mont- 
 eagle was a consistent Liberal 
 throughout his career. He took a 
 Wcirm interest in matters of taste 
 
638 
 
 MONTES— MONTGOMERY. 
 
 and Sii't, as well as in monetary and 
 commercial subjects. He was a 
 commissioner of the State Paper 
 office^ a trustee of the National 
 Gallery, a member of the senate of 
 London University, and of the 
 Queen's University in Ireland. He 
 died Feb. 7th, 186(3. 
 
 MONTE S, Lola, wliose real name 
 is said to have been Eliza Eosanna 
 Gilbert, or Marie Dolores Eliza 
 Eosanna Gilbert, was born about 
 the year 1824'. She early developed 
 great beauty, and her mother, an 
 unscrupulous and ambitious woman, 
 instead of protecting her, urged 
 her forward in her wild career. 
 She was married to an old man, 
 ran away "with a captain, and was 
 deserted while still only a child in 
 age. After that she appeared on 
 the stage for a time, and then was 
 known as the most notorious adven- 
 turess in Europe. She became a 
 political power, and exercised a 
 fascination over sovereigns and 
 ministers alike ; was invited from 
 the stage to the palace at Dresden, 
 and flattered by royalty at Berlin. 
 For a time she was affianced to a 
 prince. She was betrothed to an 
 amateur statesman at Paris, and 
 after his death developed into an 
 active political intriguer. At last 
 she became the mistress of the King 
 of Bavaria, over whom she exercised 
 unbounded influence. He made 
 her Countess of Lansfeldt, find 
 gave her an estate worth ^65,000 a 
 
 year; 
 
 with feudul 
 
 rights 
 
 over a 
 jDcrsons. She 
 
 population of 2,000 
 is said to have ruled lier little 
 kingdom very wisely. On the 
 breaking out of the Revolution she 
 was compelled to fly from Munich 
 in disguise, and took refuge in 
 Switzerland. After that time her 
 existence was a very miserable one ; 
 by her extravagance she had dissi- 
 pated the money showered uj^on 
 her by the king, and of course her 
 power was gone. For a time her 
 intrigues, her marriages, her duels, 
 and liorsewhippings made her noto- 
 rious in London, Paris, and Ame- 
 
 I'ica. Then she sank lower and 
 lower, and at last died in New 
 York, in the utmost poverty and 
 distress, January, 1861. 
 
 MONTGOMEKIE, Colonel T. 
 G. [1831— 187»], R.E., F.E.S., 
 whose name is associated with the 
 study of the geograj^hy of India 
 and Central Asia, entered the 
 Indian Trigonometrical Survev De- 
 partment in 1852. Soon after that 
 date he took an active part in the 
 measurement of the base lines of 
 Chuch ai\d Kurrachee. He next un- 
 dertook the topographical survey 
 of Kashmir and the Himalayas up 
 to the Tibetan frontier, an expanse 
 of about 77,000 square miles, which 
 occupied him nine years. His name 
 will be best remembered however in 
 connection with the Trans-Hima- 
 layan explorations, which he un- 
 dertook under Colonel "VYalker. 
 Their plan was to train intelligent 
 Asiatics in the use of the sextant, 
 compass, and hyjDsometer, and then 
 send them disguised to survey the 
 regions adjoining our Indian fron- 
 tier. In this manner they contrived 
 to survey 4,500 miles of country in 
 Tibet, Kashgaria, Badakshan, Kafir- 
 istan. Sec. Colonel Montgomerie was 
 obliged, on account of failing health, 
 to retire from the public service in 
 1876, to the great regret of the 
 Indian Government. One of his 
 last official labours Avas the dis- 
 charge of the duties of British 
 Commissioner at the Paris Geogra- 
 phical Congress Exhibition of 1875. 
 He was a gold medallist of the Eoyal 
 Geographical Society, and an F.E.S. 
 
 MONTGOMEEY, James [1771— 
 1854J, poet and journalist, the son 
 of a Moravian missionary, was born 
 at Irvine, in Ayrshire. The early 
 part of his life was spent in Ire- 
 land, but he was educated in York- 
 sliire, at the Moravian school of 
 Fulneck. He turned liis attention 
 to journalism in 1702, when he 
 wrote for the Sheffield liegistcr, the 
 property of his master, Mr. Gales, 
 a bookseller of Sheffield. Later 
 the poet became the editor and 
 
MOXTGOMEET— MOON. 
 
 639 
 
 publisher of this paper, the name 
 of which he changed to the Sheffield 
 IHs, and which he conducted for 
 upwards of thirty years. He twice 
 suffered imprisonment for advo- 
 cating political and religious free- 
 dom in his paper, in 1795, and 
 again in 1796. His " Wandere/in 
 Switzerland," published in 1806, 
 was fiercely criticised in the Edin- 
 burgh Revieiv, in sjDite of which, 
 however, he published many poems 
 and hymns, which had a wide 
 popularity. Among these may 
 be mentioned " The West Indies," 
 1810; "The World before the 
 Flood," 1812; "Greenland," 1819; 
 " Songs of Zion/' 1822 ; and " The 
 Pelican Island," 1827. In 1851 the 
 whole of his works were issued in 
 one volume ; and memoirs of him 
 were published in seven volumes 
 in 1856-8. The latter are valuable 
 as showing the history of English 
 provincial politics in the nineteenth 
 century. Lord Byron said of him, 
 in a footnote to " English Bards 
 and Scotch Reviewers," that he was 
 " a man of considerable genius," 
 and was so extravagant as to speak 
 of his " Wanderer of Switzerland " 
 as being worth a thousand " Lyrical 
 Ballads." 
 
 MONTGOMEEY, The Eev. Ro- 
 bert, M. A. [1807—1855], author 
 of " The Omnipresence of the Deity/' 
 " Satan," and numerous other 
 poems, of whose boyish years little 
 is known, began to write at a very 
 early age. He published "The 
 Omnipresence of the Deity" in 
 1828, which was immensely popular, 
 and brought him at once into 
 notice. In the same year appeared 
 " A Universal Prayer, Death, a 
 Vision of Heaven, and a Vision 
 of Hell," quickly followed by 
 " Satan." Encoiu-aged by the suc- 
 cess of his works, and under the 
 advice of Mr. S. Turner and the Rev. 
 W. L. Bowles, he entered, in 1830, at 
 Lincoln College, Oxford, where he 
 studied for the Church. He was 
 ordained in 1835, and was succes- 
 sively minister of Percy Street 
 
 Chapel, London, and of St. Jude's 
 episcopal chapel in Glasgow. Among 
 his other works may Ijo mentioned 
 "Oxford," a poem with historical 
 notes ; " The Messiah," a poem in 
 six books; "Woman the Angel of 
 Life;" "The Christian Life, a 
 Manual of Sacred Verse ; " "Lines 
 on Wellington," &c. Though at 
 first his works enjoyed a large 
 amount of popularity, his later 
 poems created a good deal of ridi- 
 cule, and drew down upon him a 
 scathing article in the Edinburgh 
 Review from the pen of Lord 
 Macaulay. 
 
 MONTROSE, James Graham, 
 Fourth Duke and Seventh Mar- 
 quis or [1799— 1871-], was educated 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 where he graduated M.A. in 1819. 
 As Marquis of Graham, he repre- 
 sented Cambridge in the two Par- 
 liaments preceding the Reform 
 Bill, having for his colleague Sir 
 Frederick Trench, and was a Com- 
 missioner of the India Board. He 
 succeeded his father as fourth duke 
 in 1836. He was Lord Steward of 
 the Queen's Household during Lord 
 Derby's first administration up to 
 Feb., 1852, and when Lord Derby 
 again took office, in 1858, he became 
 Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- 
 caster. He was Postmaster-General 
 from July, 1866, to Dec, 1868, and 
 was elected Chancellor of the Uni- 
 versity of Glasgow in 1837. He 
 was also a major-general of the 
 Royal Archers, the Queen's body- 
 guard in Scotland. 
 
 MOON, Sir Francis Grahaji, 
 Bart., J.P. [1796—1871], a well- 
 known print-seller and publisher, 
 was the son of Mr. Christopher 
 Moon, and was born in 1796. By 
 his o^vn industry and perseverance 
 he gained an excellent position as 
 a print publisher, and realised a 
 large fortune. He succeeded the 
 well-kno-svn art patron, John Boy dell, 
 and was connected with the firm of 
 " Moon, Boys, and Graves," carry- 
 ing on meanwhile his own business 
 in the city, where he reproduced 
 
6iO 
 
 MOOBE. 
 
 some of the best works of Sir David 
 Wilkie, Sir Edwin Landseer, S. 
 Prout, C. E. Leslie, and others. Tn 
 181-3 he acted as sheriff of London, 
 was elected an alderman in 1844, 
 and was lord maj^or in 1854-5. He 
 was created a baronet during the 
 visit of the Emperor and Empress 
 of the French to London, April 28, 
 1855, and made a Chevalier of the 
 Leo-ion of Honour. Sir Francis 
 Moon, who was a magistrate for 
 Middlesex, and a Commissioner of 
 Lieutenancy for London, was well- 
 known as a connoisseur and patron 
 of ai*t. 
 
 MOOEE, DuGALD [1805— 18 il], 
 poet, was born in Grlasgow, his 
 father being a soldier in a High- 
 land regiment. He was taught to 
 read by his mother, and received 
 very little school education. While 
 still a child, he was sent to serve as 
 a tobacco-boy in a tobacco-spinning 
 establishment. Later he entered 
 the establishment of Messrs. 
 Lumsden and Son, booksellers. 
 Queen Street, Glasgow, to learn the 
 business of a copperplate pressman, 
 and there he spent much time in 
 colouring maps. Dugald's first 
 work, entitled -" The African, and 
 other Poems," appeared in 1829. 
 For this work his employer, Mr. 
 James Lumsden, successfully se- 
 cured a long list of subscribers 
 among the respectable classes of 
 Glasgow. A year later he brought 
 out another volume, " Scenes from 
 the Flood, the Tenth Plague, and 
 other Poems;" and, in 1831, "The 
 Bridal Night, the First Poet, and 
 other Poems." The success attend- 
 ing these publications enabled Du- 
 gald to set up in business as a 
 bookseller and stationer in his native 
 city. His other woi*ks are " The 
 Bard of the Noi*th, a series of 
 poetical Tales illustrative of High- 
 land Scenery and Character," 1833 ; 
 "The Hour of Ketribiition, and 
 other I'oems," 1835 ; and, in 1831>, 
 '* The Devoted One, and other 
 Poems," Dugald Moore died, after 
 a abort illness, January 2, 1811. 
 
 MOORE, Admiral Sir Graham, 
 G.C.B., G.C.M.G., was the third 
 son of James Moore, M.D., surgeon 
 to t\\Q 2nd Life Guards, and an 
 author of some note. He entered" 
 the Navy at an early age, was made 
 lieutenant in 1790, and post captain 
 in 1794. As captain of the Melam- 
 pus, he served on the French coast, 
 and did distinguished service by 
 the cajiture of several shij)s of war. 
 In 1803 he was appointed to the 
 command of the Indefatigable, in 
 which he was for some time em- 
 ployed on Channel service. In 180 i, 
 in company with the Medusa, Am- 
 X>hion, and Lively frigates, he helped 
 to capture four treasure-ships on 
 their Wciy from South America to 
 France. He was next employed as 
 commander of a squadron sent to 
 escort the Royal family of Portugal 
 from Lisbon to Brazil on which 
 occasion he was invested by the 
 Prince Regent of Portugal with the 
 insignia of the order of the Tower 
 and Sword. In 1812 he became 
 Commander-in-Chief in the Baltic. 
 In 1815 he was nominated a K.C.B., 
 and in 1816 succeeded Lord Henry 
 Paulet at the Board of Admiralty, 
 where he remained till the death of 
 Sir Thomas F. Fremantle, and then 
 resigned his seat to assume his 
 command in the Mediterranean. In 
 1836 he was made a G.C.B., became 
 an admiral in 1837, and in 1839 was 
 appointed to the chief command at 
 Plymouth. He married, in 1812, 
 Dora, daughter of Thomas Eden, 
 of Wimbledon. He died November 
 24, 1843, at Brook Farm, Cobham, 
 Surrey. 
 
 MOORE, George [1807—1876], 
 a self-made man, and one of the 
 " merchant princes " of London, was 
 born at Mealsgate, in Cuml)orland, 
 where his ancestors had ))een yeo- 
 men, or so-called "statesmen," for 
 many generations. He entered a 
 house of business in London in 
 1825, in wliicli, by ilint of his ex- 
 
 [ traordinary energy and high cha- 
 racter, his rise was very rapid. 
 
 1 This was the firm of Groucock, 
 
MOORE. 
 
 641 
 
 Copestake, and Co., lace manufac- 
 turers, having factories in Notting- 
 ham, Manchester, Glasgow, Paris, 
 and New York, besides various 
 other branch houses ; and to Mr. 
 Moore much of the credit of having 
 organised this vast establishment 
 is unquestionably due. His name 
 was pre-eminent as a practical phi- 
 lanthropist. He had a large share 
 in founding the " Commercial Tra- 
 vellers' Orphan School," the "Royal 
 Hosjjital for Incurables," and the 
 " British Home for Incurables ; " a 
 special branch of '• Female Mission 
 among Fallen Women ; " the " Little 
 Boys' Home," the "Field Lane 
 Ragged Schools ; " and many other 
 charities. He also for many years, 
 with the co-operation of another 
 gentleman, made the experiment 
 of a private "Reformatory for 
 Thieves," at Brixton; he likewise 
 built a church and schools for the 
 poor district of Somers Town in 
 1869. In his native county he 
 effected much good by getting 
 schools rebuilt, and proper masters 
 placed in them, besides adding 
 liberally to the scanty livings of 
 churches which needed helj). Mr. 
 Moore was elected sheriff for the 
 City of London in 1811, Avhen he 
 paid the fine of £500 instead of 
 serving office. He twice declined 
 to accept the aldermanic gown, and 
 had been called upon repeatedly to 
 represent a constituency in the 
 Liberal interest, including the City 
 of London ; but he invariably re- 
 fused. He was one of the leading 
 members of the private committee 
 appointed by the bishop of Lon- 
 don for the purpose of woi'king 
 through Parliament his bill for 
 the union of City benefices ; and he 
 was appointed by the bishop (Tait), 
 in 1861, the commissioner to inquire 
 into the fund which was raised by 
 the Rev. H. Doug:las, entitled 
 "Londoners over the Border." At 
 the close of the siege of Paris he was 
 appointed with Col. Stuart Wort- 
 ley, joint dispenser of the " City of 
 London Paris Relief Fund," wdth 
 
 food and money to the amount of 
 ,£160,000 ; and by his administrative 
 ability and firmness of purpose did 
 much to relieve the terrible distress 
 then prevailing. He was high 
 sheriff for Cumberland in 1872. He 
 was knocked down by two run- 
 away horses in English Street, 
 Carlisle, on Nov, 20, 1876, and died 
 of his injuries the next day. 
 
 MOORE, Joseph [1766—1851], 
 to whom the towTi of Birmingham 
 owes many social improvements, 
 was born at Shelsloy, in Worcester- 
 shire, in 1766, and educated in that 
 city. At an early age he was 
 articled to a steel engraver to learn 
 the art of die-sinking, and a few 
 years after went to Birmingham, 
 where he became partner in a but- 
 ton business. At the suggestion of 
 his friend, Mr. Boulton, he under- 
 took the formation of a musical 
 society, and early in the year 1799 
 gave the first concert at the Royal 
 Hotel. Soon after this lie was con- 
 sulted by the committee of the 
 General Hospital upon a i^roject for 
 a musical festival in aid of that in- 
 stitution, and at once furnished a 
 plan, which was carried into exe- 
 cution in the autumm of the same 
 year. The first festival realised a 
 sum of £1,470, and year after year 
 the profits increased, till, in 1822, 
 they amounted to £5,806. Mr. 
 Moore then, in spite of much dis- 
 couragement, succeeded in inducing 
 the town to build the large Town 
 Hall, which Avas built on the model 
 of the temple of Jupiter Stator at 
 Rome, and at once set on foot a 
 subscription for the purpose of hav- 
 ing an organ built for it. He in- 
 duced Mendelssohn to compose his 
 oratorios " St. Paul " and " Elijah," 
 which were first performed in the 
 Town Hall, the great composer him- 
 self conducting the performances. 
 He died at his house. Crescent, Bir- 
 mingham, April 19, 1851, aged 85, 
 and after his death a subscription 
 was opened to ei*ect a monument to 
 his memory, 
 
 MOORE, Richard, a well-known 
 
 T T 
 
612 
 
 MOORE. 
 
 Radical politician of his day, was 
 one of the committee who di-ew up . 
 the People's Charter, and was a 
 member of the" first Chartist Con- 
 vention. In 1834 he headed a 
 deputation to Lord Melbourne con- 
 cerning the social condition of the 
 workpeople of the country. For 
 more than thirteen years he was 
 chairman of the Society for the 
 Repeal of Taxes on Knowledge, 
 and was secretary to the Friends 
 of Poland, and a member of the 
 Society of the Friends of Italy. 
 For many years he was an elector 
 and active politician in the borough 
 of Finsbury. He died in Nov., 
 1878. 
 
 MOORE, Thomas, the poet, was 
 born in Aunger Street, Dublin, 1780. 
 His father was a respectable grocer 
 and wine dealer, and both his 
 parents were Roman Catholics. The 
 lad was sent to school to Mr. 
 "VVhyte, where Sheridan also had 
 been educated, and soon became 
 the show pupil. In 179-1, when 
 Trinity College was ojDened to 
 Roman Catholics, Moore entered to 
 study law. Here he made friends 
 with the young men who became 
 leaders of th« 1798 rebellion ; he 
 sympathised with their aims, and 
 wrote at least one revolutionary 
 article in the Press, besides other 
 matter of the same nature, but, 
 when the sword was really substi- 
 tuted for the pen, Moore's discre- 
 tion caused him to withdraw, and 
 1798, which saw so many of his col- 
 leagues on the scaffold and in gaol, 
 landed him in London. In the fol- 
 lowing year he entered as a student 
 at the Middle Temple, and in 1800 
 published his translations of the 
 " Odes of Anacreon." He had made 
 the acquaintance of Lord Moira, 
 who presented him to many influ- 
 ential persons, among them the 
 Prince of Wales, who accepted the 
 dedication of his book. In 1803 he 
 was appointed Register of the 
 Admiralty at Bermuda, but ho, 
 not liking the work, ai)p()inted a 
 deputy and returned to England, 
 
 and in 1806 published " Odes and 
 Epistles," a poetic description of 
 his travels. In 1811 he married 
 Miss Bessie Dyke, a young actress 
 of singular virtue and sweetness of 
 disposition, and who was a native 
 of Kilkenny. For her Moore con- 
 tinued to feel the affection of a 
 lover until his death, but their 
 marriage had much sorrow ; all 
 their five children died, and ]Moore, 
 though a devoted husband, was a 
 still more devoted diner-out. At first 
 they had much j^rosperity ; in 1812 
 Messrs. Longman commissioned 
 Moore to write a poem and agreed 
 to pay him ^3,000 for it. The 
 better to accomplish this the little 
 poet removed to the country, and 
 for four years lived at Mayfield 
 Cottage, Ashbourne, Derbyshire. 
 There he wrote " Lalla Rookh ; " 
 it was published in 1817, and had 
 a marvellous success ; the first edi- 
 tion sold out in a fortnight, and 
 within six months it had reached 
 the sixth edition. Moore was at 
 this time publishing yearly some 
 book either of jjrose or poetry, was 
 making and spending much money, 
 and in 1819 took Slopei*ton Cottage, 
 near Bowood, "Wiltshire, but no 
 sooner had he settled there than 
 he learned that his deput}' in 
 Bermuda had absconded and by 
 embezzlement had rendered him 
 responsible for a debt of <£G,000. 
 Moore, who was himself a staunch 
 friend, had many offers of help, but 
 he I'csolved to clear himself by his 
 pen, and to avoid the possibility of 
 arrest went on the Continent until 
 his debt should be paid. By 1S22 
 he was clear, and n'turned to Slo- 
 perton, where ho resiilod during the 
 remainder of his life. In 1S3 I ho 
 brouglit out a comploto edition of 
 his" Irish Melodies." The publica- 
 tion began as early as 1807, but it 
 was not till 183 1 that the series of 
 those most singaVth' but un-Trish 
 verses was couiplelod. lathe mean- 
 time he had pul)lished a number of 
 works, inchuling a collection of his 
 poems, " Tlic Fjife of Lord Byron " 
 
MORGAN— MOKIARTr. 
 
 643 
 
 (1830), " Life of Lord Edward Fitz- 
 gerald'' (1831), and "History of 
 Ireland," which was written for 
 Lardner's "Cyclopaedia." In 18i6 
 he bui'ied his last child, and after 
 this grief his health and memory 
 failed. Softening of the brain set 
 in, and he died at Sloperton Cot- 
 tage, Feb. 20, 1852. His " Memoirs, 
 Journals, and Correspondence ' ' were 
 published under the editorship of 
 his friend. Lord John Russell. 
 
 MORGAN, John Minter [1782 
 — 1851], philanthropist, was the 
 eldest son of John Morgan, a whole- 
 sale stationer of Ludg^ate Hill. In- 
 heriting a large fortune, he devoted 
 himself to the prosecution of various 
 philanthropic schemes, which he 
 promoted as much by his pen as 
 his purse. In 1819 he published 
 a pamphlet entitled "Remarks 
 on the Practicability of Mr. 
 Owen's Plan to improve the 
 Condition of the Lower Classes," 
 followed soon after by "The Re- 
 volt of the Bees," in which, in the 
 form of a story, he advocated his 
 views on education. In 1842 he 
 j)etitoned Parliament for an inves- 
 tigation of his plan for an experi- 
 mental establishment entitled " The 
 Church of England Agricultiu-al 
 and Self-supporting Institution," 
 which was further advertised by 
 his book, " The Christian Common- 
 wealth." In 1849 he established 
 the National Orphan Asylum near 
 his own residence on Ham Common, 
 for the children who had been 
 bereft of their parents by the 
 cholera. He died in Stratton Street, 
 Piccadilly, Dec. 2G, 1854, aged 72. 
 
 MORGAN, Sidney Owenson, 
 afterwards Lady Morgan, was the 
 daughter of an Irish actor, whose 
 name had originally been M'Owen, 
 and was born in Dublin about 1784. 
 At the age of fourteen she pub- 
 lished a volume of poems, and in 
 1804 a novel, " St. Claii', or the 
 Heiress of Desmond." This suc- 
 ceeded fairly well, and was followed 
 by " The Novice of St. Dominic," 
 but her first real success was " The 
 
 Wild Irish Girl," which achieved a 
 success that opened the doors of 
 the best society to the young 
 authoress. In 1812 she married 
 the physician. Sir Thomas Charles 
 Morgan. She was not a portionless 
 bride, having saved .£5,0(X) from 
 her literary earnings. In 1S16 Sir 
 Charles and Lady Morgan made a 
 long visit to France and Italy, and 
 on her return Lady Morgan pub- 
 lished " France," a series of critical 
 essays on the social and political 
 condition of our neighbours. The 
 book caused much discussion ; was 
 widely read in both countries, and 
 Lady Morgan was forbidden to 
 enter France again — a prohibition 
 to which she paid not the slightest 
 attention. Later her volume on 
 Italy created an almost equal in- 
 terest ; both works were written 
 from a Liberal point of view. In 
 1843 Sir Charles Morgan died, and 
 a civil list pension of d£300 yearly 
 was granted to his widosv, in ac- 
 knowledgment of her literary 
 labours and constant support of the 
 Liberal party. Diu-ing her life 
 Lady Morgan published more than 
 70 volumes, by which she realized 
 about =£25,000. She 4ied in London, 
 April 13, 1859. 
 
 MORGAN, Sir William, 
 K.C.M.G. [1828—1883], went to 
 Adelaide, South Australia, in 1849, 
 where he engaged in mercantile 
 pursuits. He entered political life 
 as member of the Legislative Coun- 
 cil of South Australia in 18(>7. He 
 was Chief Secretary of South Aus- 
 tralia from June, 1875, to March, 
 1876, and on the retirement of the 
 Boucant Ministry in 1878 he formed 
 a ministry, of which he was Chief 
 Secretary and Premier. He retii-ed 
 in 1881. He was a thorough Free 
 Trader, and was made a K.C.M.G. 
 in 1883. 
 
 MORIARTY, The Right Rev. 
 David, D.D. [1814—1877], Roman 
 Catholic Bishop of Kerry, born at 
 Derryvi-in, near Tralee, co. Kerry, 
 was educated at Boulogne-sur-Mer, 
 in the College of Monsignor Haffre- 
 
 T T 2 
 
6U 
 
 MORIER— MORNINGTON. 
 
 nique, and at Maynooth. He was 
 appointed Vice-Eector of the Ii*ish 
 College at Paris in 1839 ; Rector of 
 the Foreign Missionary College of 
 Allhallows, Drumcondra, Dublin, 
 in 1815 ; was nominated Coadjutor 
 Bishop of Kerry in 1851, and suc- 
 ceeded to the see on July 22, 185G. 
 Bishop Moriarty published numer- 
 ous pastoral letters and sermons, 
 some of which attracted in a re- 
 markable degree the attention of 
 the public. He uniformly discoun- 
 tenanced all treasonable movements 
 in Ireland, vigorously denounced 
 the Fenian brotherhood, and in 
 Jan., 1872, opposed the Home Eufe 
 party. Under him every good 
 work was fostered, and churches, 
 schools, and religious houses sprung 
 up in all parts of Kerry. 
 
 MOEIEE, David Eichakd [1784 
 —1877], author of "Hadji Baba," 
 was the third son of Mr. Morier, 
 Consul-General at Constantinople, 
 and began his career in the East, 
 in missions to Ali Pasha at Joan- 
 nina, to Mehemet Ali Pasha at 
 Alexandria, and with Sir Strat- 
 ford Canning at Constantinople. 
 He was engaged under Lord Castle- 
 reagh in the negotiations at Vienna 
 and Paris in 181 1-15, and after fill- 
 ing the office of Consul-General in 
 France as long as it lasted, was for 
 nearly twenty years Minister at 
 Berne. In that post he endeared 
 himself to all English travellers in 
 Switzerland, and also to the leading 
 men in the Swiss Cantons, in whose 
 allairs he took a lively and on- 
 lightened interest. He resigned 
 the position in 18 47, after which he 
 lived quietly in England. He was 
 almost the la.st Englishman who 
 was actively engaged in the diplo- 
 matic history of the Napoleonic 
 war. 
 
 MOENINGTON, The Right 
 Hon. William Wellksley Pole, 
 3rd Earl of \ 1703 — 1845], was the 
 second son of Garrett, first Earl of 
 Mornington (and brother of the 
 celebrated Duke of Wellington), and 
 was born at Dangan Castle, Meath, 
 
 in 1763. He was educated at Eton, 
 and while there in 1778 inherited 
 from a cousin of his, William Pole, 
 all his immense possessions, and 
 assumed the name and arms of Pole 
 in addition to those of Wellesley, 
 Avhich latter name had been as- 
 sumed by his grandfather in lieu 
 of Colley or Cowley. On leaving 
 Eton Mr. Wellesley-Pole entered 
 the navy. For twenty-one years 
 he represented Queen's County in 
 Parliament, having been in the 
 Irish Parliament before the Union, 
 after which event he began to take 
 a prominent part in the legislature. 
 He was clerk of the Ordnance from 
 1802 to 180G, and again from March 
 31 to July 21, 1807. In April, 1809, 
 his brother. Sir Arthur Wellesley 
 (Duke of Wellington), having re- 
 signed the office of Chief Secretary, 
 was succeeded in it by Mr. Welles- 
 ley-Pole. One of his first duties 
 as secretary was to enforce the 
 Convention Act, which ended in 
 the prosecution of the Roman Ca- 
 tholic delegates in the Court of 
 King's Bench, and for his share in 
 which he was denounced by the 
 Irish journalists as a criminal Avho 
 could not be too hardly dealt witli, 
 and who had no claim to be heard 
 even in his own defence. In 1812 
 he was succeeded as secretary by 
 Sir Robert Peel, and did not again 
 enter the service of the Crown till 
 1815, when he became Master of the 
 Mint. In 1821 he was called to the 
 Uppei House by the title of Baron 
 Maryborough. He remained out of 
 office during the Canning Ministry, 
 })ut in 1828, when the Duke of 
 Wellington became head of the 
 Government, he Avas made JNI aster 
 of the King's Bnckhounds. In 
 183 1-5 he was Postmaster-CJeneral, 
 and in 1838 was appointed liy liis 
 })rother captain of Doal Castle, an 
 office he resigned in 18 13. On the 
 dralli of his l)i-ollirr iu 1852. the 
 marcjuisate of AW'lU'sley became 
 extinct, but the Irish earldom of 
 Mornington devolved upon his lord- 
 ship, and descended to his only son. 
 
MORXTNCtTON— MORRTTT. 
 
 Glo 
 
 Mr. Long Wellesley, who, on his 
 uncle's death, bore the courtesy 
 title of Viscount Wellesley. The 
 earl man'ied, in 178 i, Catherine 
 Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Ad- 
 miral the Hon. John Forbes, by 
 whom he had issue one son and 
 three daughters. 
 
 MOKNiX(iTOX, William Pole- 
 Tylney- Long -Wellesley, 4rTH 
 Earl of [1788—1857], Viscount 
 Wellesley, Baron Mornington, and 
 Baron Maryborough, was the only 
 son of the above. He was twice 
 married, first to Miss Long, of the 
 Tylney-Longs, of Wanstead Park, 
 one of the richest heiresses in the 
 kingdom, whose name he assumed, 
 and whose immense fortune, as well 
 as his own, he very quickly squan- 
 dered, making her life so miserable 
 that for years before her death she 
 lived apart from him ; and secondly, 
 to Mrs. Bligh, daughter of Colonel 
 Paterson. By liis first wife he had 
 a family of five children, who were, 
 however, removed from his care by 
 the Court of Chancery. His life 
 was insured for about a quarter of 
 a million, but for some years before 
 his death he lived upon a weekly 
 allowance of ^610 from his relative, 
 the Duke of Wellington. He died 
 very suddenly at his lodgings in 
 Thayer Street, Manchester Square, 
 July 1, 1857. 
 
 MOREISOX, James [1790— 
 1857[, head of the large firm of 
 Morrison, Dillon & Co., of Fore 
 Street, London, M.P. for Ips- 
 wich, was a native of Hants. 
 He began his career in a very 
 humble position in a London 
 warehouse, but by zeal and indus- 
 try soon made his way uj), and be- 
 came partner in the firm, of which 
 he was eventually the head. He 
 was one of the fij.*st to start the 
 lowest remunerative scale of profit 
 and more rapid circulation of capi- 
 tal, instead of the old system of 
 the exaction of the highest prices, 
 his motto being " Small profits and 
 quick returns." He made an im- 
 mense fortune^ a great part of which 
 
 he expended in buying land in 
 Berks, Bucks, Kent, Wilts, York- 
 shire, and I slay in Scotland. He 
 sat in Parliament <at various times 
 from 1830 to 1817. He was a lover 
 of art, and formed a large collec- 
 tion of pictures of the old masters, 
 Italian and Dutch, and a gallery 
 containing many fine examples of 
 the English school of painting. He 
 died Oct. 30, 1857, possessed of 
 property in England valued at 
 three or four millions, besides large 
 investments in the United States. 
 
 MORRISON, John Robert [1814 
 — 1813], Colonial Secretary to the 
 British Government at Hong Kong, 
 was a son of the distinguished Dr. 
 Morrison, the compiler of the " Chi- 
 nese Dictionary," and was born in 
 Malacca . He was sent at an early age 
 to Eiu-ope, but did not remain long 
 enough to be properly educated, 
 and on his return to China his 
 father undertook his education 
 entirely. Under him he became 
 very proficient in the Chinese lan- 
 guage, and on the death of his 
 father, he being then only 19 
 years old, was appointed by the Go- 
 vernment Chinese secretary and in- 
 terpreter to the superintendents of 
 trade. He carefully studied the 
 trade of China, and in 1834 pub- 
 lished a volume, the " Chinese Com- 
 mercial Guide," which became a 
 very valuable book of reference. 
 He had intended to publish a work 
 on the geography of China, and to 
 have prepared a new edition of his 
 father's '' Dictionary," .but during 
 the troubles in Canton in 1839, his 
 whole time was occupied in con- 
 ducting the Chinese correspondence 
 of Her Majesty's superintendents 
 and plenipotentiaries, and his own 
 work had to wait. Soon after his 
 appointment as a member of the 
 Legislative and Executive Council, 
 and officiating colonial secretary of 
 the Government of Hong Kong, he 
 was attacked by Hong Kong fever, 
 to which he succumbed in Dec, 
 1843, at the early age of 29. 
 
 MORRITT, John Bacon Saw- 
 
64G 
 
 MORSON— MORT. 
 
 REY [1771 — 1843], was the son of 
 John Sawrey Morritt, Esq., of 
 Rokeby Park, -Yorkshire, and was 
 educated at St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, where he graduated 
 B.A. in 1794, M.A., in 1798. On 
 leaving college he spent two years 
 in travelling about in the East, and 
 on his return published translations 
 from the minor Greek poets, and 
 contributed largely to the Quarterly 
 Review, besides writing nvimerous 
 pamphlets on the passing events of 
 the day. He was returned to Par- 
 liament for Beverley in 1799, but 
 was defeated in 1802. Among his 
 intimate literary friends were, 
 Scott, about whom he wrote numer- 
 ous anecdotes, to be found in Lock- 
 hart's "Life," Wilberforce, Sir 
 Humphry Davy, Sir W. Gell, 
 Southey, Lockhart, W. Stuart Rose, 
 Payne Knight, and the Earl of 
 Harewood. Scott thus writes of 
 him in his diary in 1830, "Morritt 
 looks well, and easy in his mind, 
 which I am delighted to see. He 
 is now one of my oldest, and, I be- 
 lieve, one of my most sincere friends, 
 a man unequalled in the mixture of 
 sound good sense, high literary cul- 
 tivation, and the kindest and sweet- 
 est temper that ever graced a 
 human bosom." He married, in 
 1803, Miss Stanley, sister of Colo- 
 nel Stanley, of Crosshall, M.P. for 
 Lancaster. 
 
 MORSON, Thomas Newborn 
 Robert, scientific and practical 
 chemist, was born at Stratford-le- 
 Eow about 1799. He was appren- 
 ticed to an apothecary in Fleet 
 Market, but, at the end of his time, 
 devoted himself to the stiidy of 
 chemical science. He went to Paris 
 and worked for a time in the estab- 
 Planclie, a chemist 
 On liis retiu-n to 
 up in business for 
 himself, as chemist and druggist in 
 Farriiigdoii Sticet, where, besides 
 his ordinary trade, he made experi- 
 mental researches imd inventions of 
 dilVcreiit useful kinds. The lirst 
 Bulphutc of quinine niade in Eng- 
 
 lishment of M. 
 and druggist. 
 London he set 
 
 land and the first morphia were 
 produced in Mr. Morson's labora- 
 tory. He also invented " Pepsine," 
 a medicine much used in cases of 
 disorders of the digestive organs. 
 From Farringdon Street he removed 
 to Southampton Row, Bloomsbury, 
 and some time after established a 
 manufactory in Hornsey Road. He 
 was a leading member of the Phar- 
 maceutical Society, of which he was 
 Vice-President for four years, and 
 President for two or three. He died 
 at his residence, 38, Queen Square, 
 March 3, 1874. 
 
 MORT, Thomas Sutcliffe [181G 
 — 1878], who was the first, in con- 
 junction with Mr. Nicolle, to try 
 to jDrepare Australian frozen meats 
 for the European markets, was 
 born in Bolton, Lancashire. Ho 
 went out to Australia in 1838, set- 
 tling at Sydney as clerk in the 
 establishment of Asj^inwall, Brown 
 k Co. From that time he was more 
 or less identified with every move- 
 ment for the advancement of New 
 South Wales, and by his energy 
 and business talents exercised a 
 great power for the general good. 
 When gold was first discovered 
 near Bathurst, he started most suc- 
 cessfully " The Great Nugget Vein 
 Mining Co." In 18G3 he began ex- 
 cavations for a dock, which became 
 in time the largest private dry dock 
 in the soiithern hemisphere. It is 
 sitiiated at the head of Watervit'w 
 Bay in Port Jnckson. Soon afttr 
 he founded the " Mort's Dock and 
 Engineering Co., Limited," in which 
 he sank .fldO.OOO of his eapital. In 
 185(1, in order to promote rural settK'- 
 inent, he bought an immense estate 
 called " Ikulalla," on which he 
 \ started extensive dairies, which gave 
 \ emi^loyment to(juite a village of peo- 
 1 pie, and led to the establishment 
 j in various parts of the colony of 
 ' other faiins of the same kind. In 
 1813 he built enormous freezing 
 works at Darling Harbour, near 
 l\>rt Jackson, and. together with 
 Mr. Nicolle, began liis experiments 
 in the freezing of meat for expor- 
 
MORTIMER— MOSCHELES. 
 
 G47 
 
 tation. It answered capitally for 
 meat intended for home consump- 
 tion, but unfortunately the ma- 
 chinery put on board the Northam, 
 which was to bring meat to England, 
 broke down, it not being able to 
 withstand the action of the ammo- 
 nia used in freezing. Mr. Mort never 
 recovered frt)m this bitter disap- 
 pointment, and died a few months 
 after the breakdown of the ma- 
 chinery, at Bodalla, in his G3i'd 
 year. 
 
 MOETIMEE,Mrs. (Favell Lee) 
 [1802 — 1878], authoress of the 
 " Peep of Day Series," " Reading 
 without Tears," "Near Home," 
 " Far Off," etc., was the second 
 daughter of David Bevan, and was 
 born in London. In 1841 she mar- 
 ried the Rev. Thomas Mortimer, 
 minister of the Episcopal Chapel, 
 Gray's Inn Lane, a popular preacher 
 in his day. Her name was scarcely 
 known to the literary world, as she 
 alwavs wrote anonymously, as " By 
 the Author of ' The Peep of Day.' " 
 In evidence of the popularity of her 
 books it may be mentioned that of 
 the original " Peep of Day," more 
 than 500,000 copies were issued, 
 and of "Reading without Tears," 
 80,000. 
 
 MORTIMER, Rev. George 
 Fekeis Whidbokxe, D.D,, was 
 born about the year 1S07, and 
 educated at Queen's College, Ox- 
 ford, where he graduated in 1826, 
 and proceeded M.A. in 1829. He 
 was for many years head master of 
 the City of London School, which 
 under him became one of the best 
 of its kind, and which he raised 
 from a very poor position, to num- 
 bering: several hundred scholars. 
 He was warmly helped forward m 
 his endeavours by the Coi'poration 
 of London, and was specially in- 
 debted to Alderman Hale, and 
 Alderman Salomons. He was much 
 liked and respected by his pupils, 
 and after his retirement to the last 
 made a point of being present at 
 the distribution of prizes. He was 
 succeeded as head master by the 
 
 Rev. Edwin A. Abbott. In 1804 
 he was nominated to a prebendal 
 stall in St. Paul's Cathedral, which 
 he held till his death, which oc- 
 curred Sept, 7, 1871. 
 
 MORTON, Thomas, dramatist, 
 was born in Durham, in 176 i. He 
 was originally intended for the law, 
 but gave it up to become a drama- 
 tist. For his play, "Town and 
 Country," he I'eceived from Mr. 
 Harris of Covent Garden the sum 
 of ^1,000, the theatre undertaking 
 all risks of failui*e. Among his 
 other plavs may be mentioned : — 
 " Columbus," " The Children in the 
 Wood," " Zorinski," " The Way to 
 get Married," "A Cure for the 
 Heartache," "Speed the Plough," 
 " Secrets Worth Knowing," " The 
 Blind Girl," "The School of Re- 
 form," " A Roland for an Oliver," 
 and " The Invincibles." Mr. Morton 
 was one of the witnesses examined 
 before the Select Committee of the 
 House of Commons on dramatic 
 literature. He died, aged 7-1, Mar. 
 28, 1838. 
 
 MOSCHELES, Ignaz "1794— 
 1S70_, musician, boin at Prague. 
 He showed great precocity, and 
 received excellent instruction, so 
 that at 14 years of age he was a 
 good composer, as well as a good 
 performer. In Vienna he was ex- 
 tremely successful as a young man, 
 and gradually his fame spread 
 through Germany, and indeed 
 Europe. In 1822 he appeared in 
 London, and repeated his visit in 
 the next year. In 1824 he was for 
 some time Mendelssohn's piano- 
 forte teacher, and two years after- 
 wards he settled in London. For 
 ten years he worked very hard, not 
 in London alone, but in the pro- 
 vinces. In 1832 he was elected 
 a member of the Philharmonic 
 Society ; in 1837 and 1838 he con- 
 ducted with much success a sym- 
 phony of Beethoven ; and in 1845 
 became the established conductor 
 — a post he held, however, only for 
 one year. The list of his works is 
 verv large, ajid syme of them are of 
 
CIS 
 
 MOSELEY— MOULE. 
 
 hig-h excellence and importance. 
 They are frequently heard at our 
 classical concerts. 
 
 MOSELEY, -^^HE Rev. Henry, 
 M.A., F.R.S. [ISOl— 1872], was 
 educated at St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, where he graduated 
 B.A. in 1826 as seventh Wrangler. 
 Having entered orders, and held 
 some parochial charges, he became 
 Professor of Natural Philosophy 
 and Astronomy in King's College, 
 London. He was one of the first of 
 Her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools ; 
 was appointed in 1853 to a Canonry 
 of Bristol Cathedral, in recognition 
 of his services in the cause of edu- 
 cation, and vicar of Olveston, 
 Gloucestershire in 1854, and one 
 of Her Majesty's Chaplains in 1855, 
 The Eev. H. Moseley, who was 
 a Corresponding Member of the 
 Institute of France, was a member 
 of the Council of Military Educa- 
 tion, a Vice-President of the Society 
 of Naval Architects, and of the 
 Natural History Society of Bristol, 
 an Honorary Fellow of King's Col- 
 lege, London, an Honorary Member 
 of the Literary and Philosophical 
 Society of Manchester, and of the 
 Philosophical Institution of Corn- 
 wall. He wrote a treatise on the 
 " Mechanical Principles of En- 
 gineering and Architecture," pub- 
 lished in 1855, and reprinted in 
 Germany and the United States ; 
 a treatise on Hydrostatics and 
 Hydrodynamics ; the article on De- 
 finite Integi-als in the "Encyclo- 
 pa'dia Metropolitana ;" various 
 scientific j^apers in the Transac- 
 tions of the Koyal Society and of the 
 Cambridge Philosophical Society ; 
 and some reports on public educa- 
 tion published in the Minutes of 
 the Council on Education. 
 
 MOSES, Henry, born about 
 1782, began practice as an en- 
 graver early in the century, and 
 was one of tlie engravers attached 
 to the British Museum. His works 
 were chiefiy in outline, but there 
 are also engravings by him after 
 Barry, Northcote, Opie, Petsch, 
 
 and others. He died at Cowly, in 
 Middlesex, Feb. 28, 1870. 
 
 MOSS, The Hon. Thomas, M.A. 
 \ [1836 — 1881], Chief Justice of 
 Ontario, was born at Cobourg, 
 j Ontario, but at an early age re- 
 I moved with his family to Toronto, 
 where he spent the x*est of his life. 
 He was educated at Upper Canada 
 College, and at University College, 
 where he was distinguished for his 
 ability and industry, and gained a 
 triple first. On leaving college he 
 studied law, and was called to the 
 bar in 1861. Early in his career 
 he was aj^pointed one of the lec- 
 turers on equity by the Law 
 Society, and in 1871 he was chosen 
 one of the benchers, and made a 
 Q.C. He represented West Toronto 
 in the Canadian House of Commons 
 in 1873 and 187-1, but retired in 
 1875, on accepting a judgeship in 
 the Court of Appeal. In 1877 he 
 became president of the Court of 
 Appeal, and in 1878 Chief Justice 
 of Ontario. He took a keen in- 
 terest in the management of the 
 Toronto University, of which for 
 seven years before his death he 
 was vice-chancellor. In 1881 a 
 scholarship, bearing his name, was 
 formed at the University. He mar- 
 ried in 1803 Amy, eldest daughter 
 of the Hon. Justice Sullivan, of 
 Toronto. 
 
 MOULE, Thomas [1784—1851], 
 a well-known writer on topogra- 
 phical and heraldic antiquities. 
 He had been for forty-four years 
 a clerk in the General I'ost Office, 
 and had also been chamber keeper in 
 the Lord Chamberlain's department, 
 which entitled him to an official 
 residence in St. James's Palace. 
 He was the author of the " Biblio- 
 thecaHeraldica Magna; Britannia}," 
 a catalogue of all English works 
 on heraldry and genealogy ; *' The 
 English Counties Delineated ;" and 
 " The Heraldry of Fish " (notices 
 of the ])iincipal families bearing 
 fish in their arms), besides which 
 he wrote the letter-jn-ess for J. 
 P. Neale's " Views of the §e;vt5 
 
MOULTRIE— MUDGE. 
 
 OlO 
 
 of Noblemen and Gentlemen ;" 
 G. P. Harding's *' Antiquities in 
 Westminster Abbey ;" J. Hewet- 
 son's " Views of Noble Mansions 
 in Hampshire ;" Neale and Le 
 Keux's " Views of the Collegiate 
 and Parochial Churches in Great 
 Britain ;" several essays to " Illus- 
 trations of tne Poetical Works of 
 Sir Walter Scott ;" and, his last 
 work, the descriptions to G. P. 
 Harding's *' Ancient Historical Pic- 
 tures." He was also a constant 
 contributor to the magazines. He 
 died at his residence, in the Stable 
 Yard, St. James's Palace, June 14, 
 1851, aged 67. 
 
 MOULTRIE, Rev. John, M.A. 
 [1799 — 1871], son of a country 
 clergyman, was educated at Eton, 
 and at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 where he graduated B.A. in 1823, 
 and M.A, in 182(3. Having taken 
 orders, he was presented by the 
 Earl of Craven to the rectory of 
 Rugby, about the same time that 
 Dr. Arnold entered upon his oflEice 
 of head master of the school. At 
 Cambridge Moultrie had belonged 
 to the young Eton coterie, which 
 reckoned amongst its gifted mem- 
 bers H. N. Coleridge, Winthrop 
 Praed, Sidney Walker, Macaulay, 
 and others, and he brought to 
 Rugby some of the charm which 
 hung around those names. He held 
 the living of Rugby for forty-seven 
 years, dui-ing which time he and 
 Dr. Arnold became the fastest 
 friends, keenly sympathising in 
 each other's good works, especially 
 in the cause of religion. As a 
 writer his most interesting works 
 are those relating to Rugby in- 
 terests and i^ersonages. His poems, 
 the best known of which are, " My 
 Brother's Grave "and "The Dream 
 of Life," were collected and pub- 
 lished in 1876, with a memoir, by 
 Prebendary Coleridge ; he also 
 edited the works of Winthrop 
 Mackworth Praed and William 
 Sidney Walker, and wrote a life of 
 the latter. 
 
 MOZLEY, Rev. James Bovt- 
 
 LiNo, D.D. [181.3— 1878J, one of 
 the subtlest tlieologians of the 
 day, was born in Lincoln.shire, and 
 educated at Oriel College, Oxford, 
 where he graduated B.A. in honours 
 in 1831. He was elected to a fel- 
 lowship at Magdalen College, and 
 appointed to the vicarage of Shore- 
 ham, Sussex, in 1856. He contri- 
 buted to the British Critic, and 
 other journals, various historical 
 and theological essays, which were 
 afterwards repuVjlished, and of 
 which one in defence of Strafford 
 was perhaps the most remarkable, 
 and in 1865 he was appointed 
 Bampton Lectui-er at Oxford. His 
 Bampton lectures and his Uni- 
 versity sermons had a great effect, 
 j and are largely read by all who 
 j are interested in Christian apolo- 
 ; getics and in philosophical ortho- 
 , doxy. He was appointed Canon 
 I of Worcester in 1869, and in 1871 
 I nominated to the Regius Profes- 
 sorship of Divinity in the Univer- 
 sity of Oxford. He was created 
 D.D. in Nov. 1871. 
 
 MUD FORD, William [1782 
 — 18-18 J, was born in London. 
 In 1800 he acted as Assistant- 
 Secretary to H.R.H. the Duke of 
 Kent, and in 1802 went with his 
 Roj'al Highness to Gibraltar. On 
 his return in the following year 
 he began his career of literary 
 labour, and wTote numerous 
 memoirs, translations and novels. 
 The best known of these were the 
 " Life of J. Beattie ; " " The Life of 
 ; Fenelon," translated from the 
 I French ; " Stephen Dugard," a 
 I novel ; " Nubilia ; " ■' The Five 
 ! Knights of St. Albans," and the 
 I " Iron Shroud." He was for a 
 j time editor of the Courier, as also 
 ■ of the John Bull, and for many 
 , years conducted the Kentish Observer 
 ; and the Canterbury Journal. He 
 I died in Harrington Square, Hamp- 
 stead Road, March 10, 1818. 
 
 MUDGE, Commander William, 
 R.N., who for several years con- 
 ducted the nautical survey in Ire- 
 landj began his scientific career 
 
050 
 
 MUDIE— MULLER. 
 
 under Captain Owen, whom he 
 aided in his arduous survey of the 
 eastern coast of Africa. He com- 
 pleted with great skill a survey of 
 the coast of Ireland from Dublin 
 to the southern point of Donegal, 
 and wrote several papers for the 
 Society of Antiquaries and for the 
 Nautical Magazine. He died at 
 Howth, Aug. 20, 1837. 
 
 MUDIE, Egbert [1777—1842], 
 miscellaneous writer, was the son 
 of John Mudie, a weaver, and was 
 born in Forfarshire. He was edu- 
 cated for a short time at the parish 
 school, and then put to learn his 
 father's occupation, working for 
 several years at the loom. He was 
 afterwards drawn for the militia, 
 and was for four years a citizen 
 soldier. But whether working at 
 the loom, or performing his duties 
 as a soldier, every moment that 
 he could spare from his work was 
 emjjloycd in reading. In this way 
 he educated himself so thoroughly 
 that at the end of his four years' 
 militia service he became a teacher 
 in a village school in the south of 
 Fife. Later he became drawing- 
 master in the Dundee Academy, 
 where he remained for ten or twelve 
 years, and where in 1819 he pub- 
 lished a novel " Glenfei-gus," be- 
 sides writing for a local newsiDaper. 
 In 1820 he left Dundee for London, 
 where he was engaged for a time 
 as reporter to the Morning Chronicle, 
 and wrote besides for various jour- 
 nals and periodicals. He is said 
 to have written altogether about 
 ninety volumes, the best known of 
 which are " The British Naturalist," 
 " The Feathered Tribes of the 
 British Islands," and "The Sea- 
 sons." In spite of groat industry 
 Mr. Mudie always remained poor, 
 and at last, worn out by poverty 
 and drudgery aided by intemperate 
 habits, he died at Pentonville, 
 April 29, 1842, leaving a widow 
 and one son and four daughters. 
 
 MUDIE, TiJOMAS MOLLESON 
 
 [1809 — 187G], musician. Ho was 
 of Scottish descent but was born 
 
 in London, and gained his musical 
 instruction at the Royal Academy. 
 Of that institution he was one of 
 the first pupils, and also one of 
 those who have done it most 
 credit. He learned composition 
 under Crotch, the piano under 
 Potter, and the clarionet under 
 Willman. Whilst yet a student 
 his compositions attracted much 
 notice, one of them — a song — 
 receiving the all but unique dis- 
 tinction of being published by the 
 Committee. On the completion of 
 his time as a student, Mudie was 
 at once appointed professor of the 
 piano. He also took the post of 
 organist of Gatton, Lord Monson's 
 seat near Reigate. The Society of 
 British musicians, then in its in- 
 fancy, introduced many of Mudie's 
 works to public notice. In 1844 he 
 went to Edinburgh to settle there 
 as a teacher, and remained nearly 
 twenty years. Returning in 1SG3 
 to London his career seemed sud- 
 denly to have ceased. He produced 
 very little else of importance — or 
 at least published very little — a 
 long spell of provincial teaching 
 seemed to have stifled his powers. 
 Nevertheless his earlier works are 
 of sufficient excellence to preserve 
 his name from oblivion. Such are 
 the Symphony in B fiat, another in 
 F, one in D, and many songs and 
 other vocal pieces. 
 
 MULLER, William John, was 
 the son of a German clergyman, 
 who became curator of the British 
 Museum, and was born at Bristol 
 in 1812. He was destined for an 
 engineer, but had so strong a bent 
 for Art that he resolved to devote 
 himself to painting. He first exhi- 
 bited in the Academy of 1833, send- 
 ing a view of " The Destruction of 
 Old London Bridge." In 1841 he 
 joined the Government expedition 
 to Lycia, and made a valuable col- 
 lection of sketches from which his 
 ** Burial Ground, Smyrna," and 
 " Tent Scene, Xanthus," were pub- 
 lished ; but just as his work was 
 finding adjuirers he died at Bristpl, 
 
MULKEADY— MUNRO. 
 
 «;5i 
 
 Sept. 8, 1845. Now he ranks among 
 the chief of our painters, and his 
 pictures of " The Chess Players " 
 and of "Rhodes" have been at 
 various times sold, the former for 
 more than <£3,0(X), and the latter 
 for ^1,900, jit Christie's. He ex- 
 hibited forty paintings. A memoir 
 of his life by N. X. Solly, was pub- 
 lished in 1875. There are eight 
 di'awings by him in the Water Colour 
 Gallery at South Kensington, and 
 two of his oil landscapes are in the 
 National Gallery. 
 
 MUL READY, William, R.A. 
 He was born at Ennis, co. Clare, 
 April 30, 178G, but was soon carried 
 to Dublin, and a few years later to 
 London, where his father, a manu- 
 facturer of leather breeches, settled 
 in Compton Street, Soho. The boy 
 "William was introduced to Banks 
 the sculptor, who took him into 
 his studio till in 1800 he entered 
 the Academy schools. Three years 
 later, when onlv eij^hteen, he mar- 
 ried. In 1804 he exhibited three 
 pictures in the Academy ; two views 
 of " Kirkstall Abbey," and a " Cot- 
 tage at Knaresborough, Yorkshire ; " 
 other cottages and Yoi-kshire sub- 
 jects followed in 1806. In 1807 and 
 the following years he illustrated 
 a number of children's books, " The 
 Butterfly's Ball," " The Lion's 
 Masquerade," " The Lobster's voy- 
 age to the Brazils," " Madame 
 Grimalkin's Party," &c., which 
 were extremely popular. In 1807 
 he painted " Old Caspar," and two 
 years later exhibited " Returning 
 from the Alehouse," now in the 
 National Gallery. Mulready was 
 elected an Associate after the exhi- 
 bition of his "Idle Boys" in 1S15, 
 and in the following January was 
 made Academician. He is one of 
 the few artists who have attained 
 both honours within the year ; his 
 picture of 1816 was " The Fight 
 Interrupted," now in the Sheep- 
 shanks Collection. He exhibited 
 altogether seventv-eight works in 
 the Academy, and of these fifteen 
 are now in the Sheepshanks Collec- 
 
 tion at South Kensington, and four 
 in the National Gallery. There is 
 also a good collection of drawings 
 by Mulready at South Kensington. 
 During the sixty years from 1804 
 until his death, Mulready's name 
 was absent fifteen times from the 
 Academy. He usually exhibited 
 only one picture yearly, but in 
 1841 he had five ; the total number 
 of pictures painted by him does not 
 average two a year, and of the 
 214 works exhibited in 184^ at the 
 Society of Ai-ts the majority were 
 dra^Wngs and sketches. Through- 
 out life he continued his practice 
 of drawing from the nude, and was 
 distinguished for the excellence of 
 his drawings in two chalks. He 
 was working in the life school of 
 the Academy only two days before 
 his death which occurred July 7, 
 1863. Many of his best paintings 
 are in public galleries. The 
 National Gallery contains " The 
 Last In" (1835): "Fair Time" 
 (1809): "Crossing the Ford" (1842); 
 "A Snow Scene" (1878), and three 
 drawings in black and red chalk. 
 Among the paintings by him at 
 South Kensington the most re- 
 markable are " The Fight Inter- 
 rupted" (1816); "The Butt" (1848); 
 "Giving a Bite" (1834); "First 
 Love " (1840) ; " The Seven Ages " 
 (1838); "Choosing the Wedding 
 Gown " (1846) ; " The Sonnet," and 
 the Toy Seller" (1837). 
 
 MUMFORD, JoHx, who died at 
 Hayes in his 97th year, Sept. 20, 
 1839, had when a boy been at- 
 tendant to Admiral Byng, at whose 
 execution he had to place the 
 cushion for him to kneel upon. 
 He was afterwards gi'oom to Lord 
 Chatham at Hayes Place. For the 
 last sixty-three years of his life he 
 had lived on Hayes Common, of 
 which parish he was a native. 
 
 MUNRO, Alexander. He was 
 born in Inverness, 1825, wherehe 
 early made himself known by his 
 abilities as a sculptor. In 1848 he 
 came to London, and was employed 
 on the stone carving of the new 
 
052 
 
 MUNSTEE— MURCHISON. 
 
 m 
 of 
 to 
 
 Houses of rarliament, and in the 
 following spring he exhibited some 
 busts in the Academy, to which 
 gallery he at "^^arious times con- 
 tributed ninety-seven works. He 
 executed the statue of Queen Mary 
 for the Houses of Parliament, and 
 a colossal figiire of Watt for Bir- 
 mingham, and the fountain in 
 Berkeley Square is by him. His 
 health, always weak, necessitated 
 his passing his winters at Cannes, 
 where he died Jan. 1, 1871. 
 
 MUNSTER, The Eight Hon. 
 George Fitz-Clarence, Earl of 
 [179J>— 1842J, Viscount Fitz- 
 Clai'ence, and Baron of Tewkes- 
 bury, a privy- councillor, a major- 
 general in the army, A.D.C. to the 
 Queen, &c., was the eldest of the 
 numerous family which the Duke 
 of Clarence, afterwards William IV., 
 had by the actress Mrs. Jordan. 
 In 1807 he was appointed Cornet 
 the Prince of Wales's regiment 
 Hussars, and a year later went 
 the Peninsula as A.D.C. to 
 General Slade. After the battle of 
 Corunna, he came to England for 
 a short time and then rejoined the 
 army in Portugal as A.D.C. to the 
 Adjutant - General Sir Charles 
 Stewart, afterwards Marquis of 
 Londonderry. From that time to 
 the end of the war he served on 
 the staff at head-quarters, and was 
 present in twelve general engage- 
 ments. In 1813 he was severely 
 wounded at Toulouse in leading a 
 charge against cavalry. He went 
 to India in 1815 as A.D.C. to the 
 Marquis of Hastings, and on the 
 conclusion of i)eace with Scindia, 
 was chosen to carry home the over- 
 land despatches. He reached home 
 in 1818, and received the brevet 
 rank of major in June of that year. 
 In 1810 he ]iublished a journal of 
 a tour wiiich he had taktjn in India 
 previous to the breaking out of 
 the Mahratta war. He was pro- 
 moted lieutenant-colonel in 1821, 
 an«l in 1825 was appointed captain 
 and lieutenant-colonel of the Cold- 
 streaui Guards. In J 827 he wrote 
 
 for the Asiatic Society of Paris, 
 three ijapers on the employment of 
 Mahommedan mercenaries, which 
 appeared in the Journal Asiatiqite, 
 and were subsequently translated 
 in the Naval and Military Magazine. 
 He also published an account of 
 the campaign of 1809 in Spain and 
 Portugal, and other essays. He 
 was a member of the Royal Asiatic 
 Society, and took a prominent part 
 in founding the Oriental Transla- 
 tion Fund, of which he was elected 
 treasurer and deputy-chairman of 
 committee. He was raised to the 
 peerage in 1830, as Earl of Munster. 
 In the same j^ear he was ajapointed 
 deputy-adjutant-general at head- 
 quarters, a post he soon however 
 relinquished, and in 18I-1 received 
 the rank of major-general. He was 
 elected president of the R.A.S. in 
 1811. He married in 1819 Mary 
 Wyndham, a natural daughter of 
 the Earl of Egremont, and had 
 issue three sons and three daugh- 
 ters. He died in Upper Belgrave 
 Street, aged 4-8, March 20, 18-12. 
 
 MUNTZ, George Frederick, 
 M.P. for Birmingham [1795—1857], 
 a merchant and manufacturer of 
 that town, was the son of a wealthy 
 manufacturer whose partner he be- 
 came, and to whose business he suc- 
 ceeded. Mr. Muntz early took an 
 active part in local and general jioli- 
 tics. In conjunction with Mr. Att- 
 wood and Mr. Joshua Scholefield, 
 he founded the Political Union, and 
 took an active part in all the politi- 
 cal contests of that stormy time. 
 In 1810 he succeeded Mr. Att- 
 wood as member for Birmingham, 
 which place he represented ^\■ith- 
 out interruption till hjs death in 
 1857. He was vei'y popular with 
 his constituents, and enjoyed very 
 general I'espect in the IIouso of 
 Commons. 
 
 MURCHISON, Charles, M.D., 
 F.K.S. [1830—1879], was born in 
 Jamaica, but his father going to 
 Elgin, lie was educated tliere and 
 at the University of Aberdeen. He 
 went to Edinburgh in 1817 to study 
 
MURCHISON. 
 
 653 
 
 medicine, and after a Inilliant 
 career, during which he can-ied off 
 most of the prizes and medals, he , 
 passed the CoUet^e of Surgeons in j 
 1850, and graduated in 1851 with • 
 honours. In the same year he was 
 appointed physician to the British 
 Legation at Turin, where he re- | 
 mained a year. He next studied in 
 Dublin, and in Paris, after which , 
 he accepted an appointment in the ' 
 East India Co.'s service. He was 
 for a time professor of chemistry to 
 the medical college at Calcutta, 
 was, later, attached to the medical 
 staff in Burmah, and returned to : 
 England in 1855. He then settled • 
 in London, and became a member I 
 of the Eoyal College of Physicians, 
 and held various appoinments at 
 the different hospitals. He died 
 quite suddenly of arrested action of 
 the heart. j 
 
 MUECHISOX, Sir Eodeeick 
 Impey, Bakt., K.C.B., D.C.L., 
 LL.D., F.E.S., &c. [1792—18711, 
 eldest son of Kenneth Murchison, 
 Esq., of Taradale, Eos.=-shire, was 
 educated at Durham Grammar 
 school and at the Military College 
 of Marlow. He served in Spain : 
 and Portugal with the 36th Foot 
 from 1807 till 1816 ; afterwards on 
 the staff of his imcle. Gen. Sir 
 Alexander Mackenzie : and became 
 captain in the 6th Dragoons. Be- 
 tween 1825 and 1831 he published 
 some geological memoirs on the ' 
 Highlands of Scotland, the Alps, 
 and Germany, and was President 
 of the Geological Society. In 1831 
 he began to apply himself to a sys- 
 tematic examination of the older 
 sedimentary deposits in England 
 and Wales, and after seven vears' 
 labour he succeeded in establishing 
 what he termed the Silurian System, 
 comprehending a succession of 
 strata previously unkno^Ti, which 
 lie beneath the old red sandstone. 
 This system (named from its occu- j 
 pying those counties which formed 
 the ancient kingdom of the Si- 
 lures) is divided into the Upper 
 Silurian, consisting of Ludlow and 
 
 Wenlock rocks ; and the Lower 
 Silurian, of Caradoc and Llandilo 
 rocks. The same succession or 
 classification of strata was found to 
 apply to the west of Europe, and to 
 North and South America. Mr. 
 Murchison next traced the exten- 
 sion of the Silurian System, and all 
 the other Palaeozoic rocks, to Nor- 
 way and Sweden, and particularly 
 to the vast empire of European 
 Eussia, where the relative position 
 of the older rocks has suffered little 
 or no disturbance from the intru- 
 sive agency of fire. Under the 
 countenance of the Imperial Go- 
 vernment, Mr. Murchison, in com- 
 pany with M. de Yerneuil and 
 Count Keyserling, in 1840, com- 
 menced a geological survey of the ^ 
 Eussian empire ; having previously 
 explored several parts of Germany, 
 Poland, and the Carpathians, as in- 
 termediate between the British and 
 Eussian deposits ,: and the results 
 of the entire expedition were pub- 
 lished in two large volumes in 1845. 
 Upon the presentation, in 1841, of 
 the first Eeport upon this geologi- 
 cal survey, the emperor Nicholas I. 
 presented Mr. Murchison with the 
 second class of the order of St. Anne, 
 in diamonds, and -n-ith a magnificent 
 colossal vase of Siberian avantu- 
 rine, movmted on a column of por- 
 phyry. After three years' addi- 
 tional labour, Mr. Murchison com- 
 pleted his survey of Eussia, when 
 the emperor conferred upon him 
 the Grand Cross of the Order of 
 St. Stanislaus, and appointed him 
 an effective member of the Imperial 
 Academy of Sciences ; and upon his 
 return to England, in 1816, he re- 
 ceived the honour of knighthood. 
 Sir Eoderick published two editions 
 of his '• Siluria," an elaborate work. 
 He contributed upwards of one 
 hundi-ed and twenty memoirs to the 
 Transactions of various scientific 
 bodies, the most remarkable being, 
 perhaps, his " Alps, Apennines, and 
 Carpathians." In 1844, when 
 bringing out his large work on the 
 " Geological Structure of Eussia," 
 
654 
 
 MUEE. 
 
 he instituted a comparison between 
 the rocks of Eastern Australia and 
 those of the auriferous Ural Moun- 
 tains, andj as a result, he was the 
 first who publicly expressed the 
 opinion that gold must exist in 
 Australia. In 184G he even urged 
 some Cornish miners to emigrate to 
 New South Wales, and there obtain 
 scold from the alluvial soil in the man- 
 ner that they extracted tin from the 
 gravel of their native country. In 
 1848 Sir Roderick addressed Earl 
 Grey, then Secretary for the Colo- 
 nies, and warmly urged the Govern- 
 ment to adopt measures for the inter- 
 est of the Crown; but his advice Avas 
 not followed, and it was only in 1851, 
 or three years later, that the so- 
 called discovery of the Australian 
 gold took place. In recent years 
 Sir Roderick made another great 
 addition to British geology, by es- 
 tablishing the existence in the 
 North-western Highlands of the 
 fundamental stratified deposits of 
 the United Kingdom ; these, the 
 so-called Laurentian rocks, being 
 older than the Cambrian or Silu- 
 rian systems. In addition to the 
 Silurian System, Sir Roderick Mur- 
 chison, in connection with Professor 
 Sedgwick, established the next 
 oveidying or Devonian System. He, 
 in 1841, grouped the Zechstein or 
 magnesia limestone, with its under- 
 lying and overlying associated 
 strata, under the new term of Per- 
 mian, as derived from a vast region 
 in Russia ; and the name has since 
 been genei'ally adopted by geolo- 
 gists. In 1855 he succeeded Sir 
 H. De la Beche in the office of 
 Director-General of the Geological 
 Survey of the British Isles ; and 
 liis later labours were the rejjeated 
 examinations of the rocks of his 
 native Highlands, for which the 
 Royal Society of Edinburgh con- 
 ferred on him their first Brisbane 
 Gold Medal. Sir Roderick served 
 four times as President of the Geo- 
 logical Society, and eleven years as 
 President of the Royal Geographi- 
 cal Society. In May, 1801, he was 
 
 re-elected President of the Royal 
 Geographical Society, having deli- 
 vered twelve anniversary addresses 
 to that body, and in 1866 the Cop- 
 ley Medal or first honour of the 
 Royal Society of London, was 
 awarded to him. He was a Fel- 
 low of the Royal Society, and of 
 the Linnsean Society, a member of 
 the Academies of St. Petersburg, 
 Berlin, Copenhagen, Brussels, 
 Stockholm, Turin, a correspon- 
 dent of the French Institute, a 
 trustee of the British Museum, 
 the Hunterian Museum, and the 
 British Association for the Ad- 
 vancement of Science, of which he 
 was one of the founders. Sir R. 
 Murchison was made a K.C.B. in 
 1863, received the Prix Cuvier from 
 the French Institute, and the Wol- 
 laston Medal at home, for his geo- 
 logical labours in 1861, and was 
 created a Baronet Jan. 22, 1866. 
 He was a Knight Commander of 
 various foreign orders. He founded 
 a Chair of Geology and Mineralogy 
 in the Edinbui-gh University, for 
 which he gave the sum of ^6,000, 
 and to that, by a vote in Parliament, 
 was added a further sum of £200 
 a year for the endowment of the pro- 
 fessorship. His" Life,"byA.Geikie, 
 appeared in 1875. 
 
 MURE, William, D.C.L. [UOH 
 —1860], son of Colonel William 
 Mui'e, of Caldwell, was educated at 
 Westminster, Edinburgh, and in 
 Germany, where he imljibed the 
 taste for criticism which made his 
 name famous among the scholars 
 of his day. He was- M.P. for Ren- 
 frewshire in the Conservative in- 
 terest from 181-6 to 1855, and was 
 Lord Rector of the University of 
 GlasgOAv 1817-18. He was a D.C.L. 
 of Oxford. His best work and the 
 one by wliicli ho will be remem- 
 bered, is his " Critical History of 
 the Language and Literature of 
 Ancient Greece," 1850-57. His 
 other Avorks relate to Egyptian 
 chronology and astronomy, a tour 
 in Greece, and to the history of his 
 own family as contained in the 
 
MURRAY. 
 
 655 
 
 Caldwell P.ipors, printed for the 
 Maitland Club in 185 i. 
 
 MURRAY, Andrew, C.B., engi- 
 neer, was for many years chief 
 engineer of Portsmouth Dock- 
 yard, after which he became sur- 
 veyor of factories at the Admi- 
 ralty. For some time he was 
 engaged in iron shipbuilding works 
 upon the Thames in conjunction 
 with Mr. William Fairbairn, and 
 he edited Creuze's well-known trea- 
 tise on "Naval Architecture and 
 Shipbuilding/' in the later editions 
 of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica." 
 He retired from the Admiralty 
 three years before his death, in 
 consequence of a re-arrangement of 
 the construction office, and was 
 then engaged upon the construction 
 of war vessels, more especially in 
 the supervision of the construction 
 of the engines. He was nominated 
 C.B. by Her Majesty at the instance 
 of Mr. Childers, then First Lord of 
 the Admiralty. He died at his 
 house at Richmond, Surrey, Oct. 8, 
 1872. 
 
 MURRAY, The Most Rev. Da- 
 niel, Catholic Archbishop of Dub- 
 lin. He was born in Arklow about 
 1770, and was educated at Sala- 
 manca, where he was consecrated 
 priest in 1790. On his return to 
 Ireland he was appointed curate to 
 the parish of St. Paul, and was after- 
 wards changed to Arklow. In June, 
 1809, he was appointed Archbishop 
 (in partibus) of Hierapolis and Coad- 
 jutor of Dublin, and on the death 
 of Dr. Troy in 1823 succeeded to 
 the Archbishopric. On the appoint- 
 ment in 1831 of the National Board 
 of Education he joined in the coni- 
 uiission with the Anglican Arch- 
 bishop and others. He also gave 
 his adhesion to the Queen's Col- 
 leges until he learned that the Pope 
 discountenanced them, when he re- 
 signed the trust of their superin- 
 tendence. He died in Dublin, Feb. 
 26, 1852. 
 
 MURRAY, Grenville, a well- 
 known journalist, and author of 
 the "Roving Englishman in Tur- 
 
 key," was in early life connected 
 I with the diplomatic service, but 
 I after writing the " Roving English- 
 ' man," gave up his appointment 
 to devote himself entirely to litera- 
 ture. He spent the last years of 
 his life in Paris, and from there 
 contributed to a large number of 
 English and American journals. He 
 wrote essays, sketches, biographies, 
 and stoi'ies, with equal facility, and 
 was author of an immense number 
 of articles in newspapers and maga- 
 zines, among which were the Pall 
 Mall Gazette and the Daily News, 
 and was concerned in various jour- 
 nalistic ventures. Among his best 
 known works may be mentioned, 
 "Men of the Third Republic," 
 "Round about France," and " The 
 Member for Paris." He died at 
 Passy, Dec. 20, 1881. 
 
 MURRAY, Sir George [1772— 
 1846], soldier and diplomatist, was 
 the second son of Sir William 
 Miu-ray, Bart., of Ochtertyre, Perth- 
 shire, where he was born Feb. 6, 
 1772. He was educated at the 
 High School and University of 
 Edinburgh, and at the age of 17 
 entered the army as ensign in the 
 71st Foot. He served under the 
 Duke of York in Flanders in 1793, 
 in Ireland in 1797-8, and in 1799 
 obtained a lieutenant-colonelcy in 
 the Guards. He was wounded at 
 the Helder, but was able to accom- 
 pany his regiment to Cork, from 
 which place, on his recovery, he 
 proceeded to Gibraltar, to join Sir 
 Ralph Abercromby, then setting 
 out for his Egyptian campaign. 
 In 1808 he was sent on a diplomatic 
 mission to Sweden, on his return 
 from which he served in the Penin- 
 sula under Sir John Moore, and 
 was made a major-general, and ap- 
 pointed to the command of a regi- 
 ment, 1813. In the same year he 
 was nominated a K.C.B. His next 
 appointment was to the governor- 
 ship of Canada, which, however, he 
 resigned on the escape of Naj^oleon 
 from Elba, and joined Wellington 
 after the battle of Waterloo. He 
 
656 
 
 MURRAY. 
 
 remained three years in France, 
 and Avas made a knight of many 
 foreign orders. He was appointed 
 governor of thie Royal Military Col- 
 lege at Woolwich in 1819, a D.C.L. 
 of Oxford in 1820,andF.R.S.in 1821. 
 He was first returned to the House of 
 Commons for Perth in 1824-26, was 
 Secretary of State for the Colonies 
 in 1828, was re-elected for Perth 
 1830-31, and again in 1834-5, when 
 he was appointed master-general 
 of the ordnance. He was made a 
 general in 1841. He died Feb. 6, 1846, 
 aged 74, being then governor of 
 Fort George, and President of the 
 Royal Geographical Societ3^ He 
 edited the Duke of Marlborough's 
 ''Letters and Despaches," in 1845. 
 
 MURRAY, Hugh, F.R.S. Ed., 
 and F.R.G.S. [1779—1846], began 
 his career as a clerk in the excise- 
 office in Edinburgh, devoting all 
 his spare time to literature. His 
 first work was a tale entitled " The 
 Swiss Emigrant." A few years 
 later he enlarged and comi)leted 
 Dr. Leyden's "Historical Account 
 of Discoveries and Travels in 
 Africa," soon followed by "Account 
 of Discoveries and Travels in Asia," 
 and " Discoveries and Travels in 
 America." About this time he 
 began to write for the periodical 
 press, to which he was a constant 
 contributor. His greatest work, 
 and the one by which he will be 
 remembered, is his " Encyclopaedia 
 of Geography," which appeared in 
 1834. For some time before his 
 death he was a frequent contributor 
 to the Edinburgh Cabinet Library, 
 for which he wrote " The History 
 of British India," "Account of 
 China," of " British America," of 
 the " United States," the historical 
 part of the " Polar Seas and Re- 
 gions," the account of "Africa," 
 and an edition of the " Travels of 
 Marco Polo." He died in Ward- 
 robe Place, Doctor's Commons, 
 Marcrh 4, 1816, aged 67. 
 
 MURRAY, John [1778—1813], 
 the eminent pu)jlisher, was the son 
 of Mr. MacMurray, an officer of 
 
 marines, who in 1768 bought the 
 business of Paul Sandby, book- 
 seller, of 32, Fleet Street. John 
 was educated at the Edinbui-gfh 
 High School, at Kensington, in 
 Dr. Burney's School, at Gosport, 
 where he lost the sight, of an eye 
 by an accident, and at Loughbo- 
 rough House, Kennington. Losing 
 his father at an earlj^ age, for a 
 time he carried on the business, 
 in partnership with Mr. Samuel 
 Highley, but having dissolved the 
 partnership in 1803, he began busi- 
 ness on his own account. The 
 partners drew lots for the house, 
 and Murray remained at No. 32. 
 Dr. Rennell, Master of the Temple, 
 Mr. Stratford Canning, and some 
 other youths from Eton, having 
 come to misfortune over a periodi- 
 cal which they had started, called 
 I'Tie Miniature, Mr. Murray came 
 to the rescue, took the copies off 
 their hands, paid their expenses, 
 and offered to print a new edition, 
 and in this way become known to 
 Mr. Canning. Mr. Murray wrote 
 to him in 1807, proposing the plan 
 of the Quarterly Review, which he 
 wished to start, in order to coun- 
 teract the i")olitical influence of the 
 Edinburgh Review. In 1809, with 
 the co-operation of Scott (with whom 
 he had become acquainted in 1808), 
 the Hebers, Oieorge Ellis, Canning, 
 Barrow, and Mr. Gift"ord,the transla- 
 tor of "Juvenal," the Quarterly was 
 started, and soon attained a circuhi- 
 tion of 12,000 copies. In 1810 Mur- 
 ray became acquainted with Lord 
 Byron, to whom lie gave c£6CX) for the 
 first two cantos of " Childe Harold," 
 wliicli had b(H»n refused by another 
 jjublislier. He removed to Albe- 
 marle Street in 1812, where he soon 
 surrounded himself with a circle of 
 eminent literati, his " Four o'clo3k 
 Visitors" including Scott, Byron, 
 Campbell, W. SpeTicer, R. Heber, 
 Gifford, Isaac D' Israeli, Canning, 
 Hallam, Croker, Madame de Stael, 
 &c. &.C. He was actpiainted Avith 
 Byron for upwards of ten years ; 
 and in Moore's " Life of Byron" will 
 
MUSPRATT. 
 
 657 
 
 be found many proofs of his liber- 
 ality. In 1815, hearing that Lord 
 Byron was in diificnlties, he sent 
 him a cheque for <£1,500, promising 
 more, if it was needed, and offering 
 to sell the copyright of his works, if 
 necessary. He refused to publish 
 Lord Byron's autobiograj^hy, be- 
 cause he thought it might hurt the 
 feelings of persons living at the 
 time. In 182G he started The 
 Representative, daily paper, which 
 was almost the only failure he ever 
 experienced. Among his successful 
 publications were the travels of 
 Mungo Park, Belzoni, Parry, 
 Franklin, Denham and Clapper- 
 ton ; the " Family Library," the 
 " Domestic Cookery," Markham's 
 "Histories," the "Sketch Book," 
 and" Death-bed Scenes." Mr. Mur- 
 ray took an active part in his JdusI- 
 ness until shortly before his death, 
 which occurred June 27, 181;3. He 
 had married in 1807, a dtiughter 
 of Charles Elliot, an Edinburgh 
 bookseller, by whom he left one 
 son, Mr. John Murray, editor of 
 the " Continental Hand-books," 
 who succeeded him, and three 
 daughters. 
 
 MUSPEATT, James Sheridan, 
 M.D., F.E.S.E., M.E.I.A., &c. 
 [1821 — 1S71], chemist, born in 
 Dublin ; was, on account of his 
 father's removal to Liverpool, edu- 
 cated by the Rev. Mr. Hind, and 
 afterwards by Dr. Cowan. At this 
 early period he evinced a taste for 
 chemistry ; and having travelled 
 through France, and part of Ger- 
 many, he entered the Andersonian 
 University of Glasgow, where he 
 studied in the laboratory of Pro- 
 fessor Graham, whom he followed 
 to London. Before he was seven- 
 teen, he was intrusted with the 
 chemical department at the works 
 of Peel Thompson, in Manchester ; 
 and published apaper upon Chloride 
 of Lime, which attx'acted consider- 
 able attention. Proceeding to the 
 United States, he entered into a 
 trading partnership, which proved 
 unsuccessful ; and, after visiting 
 
 the various States, he, in 1813, 
 repaired to Giessen, and studied 
 under the great Liebig. Having 
 remained two years in Giessen, he 
 resolved to test his strength, and 
 published a paper upon the Sul- 
 phites, which appeai'ed in Liebig 
 and Wohler's Annalen, was copied 
 into all the scientific annals, and 
 won him his degree of Doctor of 
 Philosophy, a title never before 
 granted to a man so young. It 
 was followed by a paper on the 
 " Pretended Formation of Vale- 
 rianic Acid from Indigo," read 
 before the British Association at 
 York. At this period, in conjunc- 
 tion with Professor Hofmann, he 
 discovered Toluidine and Nitrani- 
 line, two organic bases of the utmost 
 importance ; in 18i5 he left Giessen, 
 having while there edited Plattner's 
 " Treatise on the Blowpipe," which 
 reached a fourth edition, with emen- 
 dations, bearing the title " Mus- 
 pratt and Plattner on the Blow- 
 pipe." Dr. Muspratt, who visited 
 various parts of Germany in order 
 to become personally acquainted 
 with her distinguished men, in 
 18J.7 retui'ned to Giessen, and spent 
 four months in its laboratory, dis- 
 covering several remai'kable bodies 
 produced from the sulphocyanides 
 of ethyle and methyle. A paper 
 on this subject was printed in 
 Liebig's Annalen, as well as in the 
 Chemical Society's Transactions. 
 In 1848 he gave a paper on the 
 Selenites ; in 1849 he published 
 some very interesting remarks, in 
 Liebig's Annalen, on the Blowpipe 
 Reactions of Strontia and Baryta. 
 His paper on Carmufellic Acid, a 
 new acid from clove, was published 
 in 1851, in the Proceedings of the 
 Royal Society, and in the Philo- 
 sophical Magazine. He founded a 
 College of Chemistry in Liverpool, 
 stiidents from which occupy pro- 
 minent posts in various parts of the 
 globe. In 1854 a Glasgow pub- 
 lisher engaged Dr. Muspratt to 
 write a Dictionary of Chemis- 
 try, which commanded a large 
 
658 
 
 MUSTEES— NAPIEK. 
 
 sale in England, America, Ger- 
 many, and France. He was 
 elected a Fellov/ of the Eoyal 
 Societies of ildinburgh and Dub- 
 lin, and a member of the Societe 
 d'Encouragement in France ; and 
 the oldest university in the United 
 States conferred upon him the 
 honorary degree of M.D., the only 
 one held by a British subject. In 
 1863 he published a reply to a 
 critique in Blackwood, condemna- 
 tory of the " Dramatic Writings of 
 Sheridan Knowles,'' his godfather ; 
 and in 1818 married Miss Susan 
 Cushman, a po^^ular actress, who 
 died in 1859. 
 
 MUSTEES, Commander, G.C, 
 the well-known explorer of Pata- 
 gonia and Bolivia, and author of 
 " At Home with the Patagonians," 
 came of a good Nottinghamshire 
 family, and began his career in the 
 navy, from which, however, he re- 
 tired some years before his death. 
 He was considered an authority on 
 Patagonia, and its people, and had 
 lived among them for many months 
 as their " King ;" and it was only 
 by a ruse that he managed to get 
 away from them, for they had learnt 
 to adore him. He was a fearless 
 explorer, and a man of unfailing 
 tact and winning manners. He 
 had been aj^pointed consul at Mo- 
 zambique, and Avas to have left 
 shortly for his post, but was taken 
 ill, and died at the age of 37, 
 Jan. 25, 1879. 
 
 MUTTLEBUEY, Colonel 
 George, C.B., K.W. [1776—1851], 
 for many years commandant of the 
 69th Eegiment, took jDart in the 
 severe winter camj)aign of 1791-5, 
 in Holland, and was engaged in 
 several actions with the enemy. 
 He next served in the West Indies, 
 was present at the siege of St. 
 Lucie, and afterwards for a year 
 was employed against the brigands 
 in that island. He accompanied 
 Sir Ealph Abercromby to the 
 Holder ; again served in the West 
 Indies, and in 180J, in Holland, 
 beinj^ highly commended by Sir 
 
 Thomas Graham for his intrepid 
 conduct at the storming of the 
 fortress of Bergen-op-Zoom, and 
 attained the brevet rank of lieu- 
 tenant-colonel. He served at the 
 battle of Waterloo, where he com- 
 manded one of the most exposed 
 positions on the line, holding his 
 ground in the most undaunted man- 
 ner, till relieved by the Guards and 
 General Adam's Brigade, against 
 the pitiless fire of Ney's columns 
 of attack. Colonel Muttlebury died 
 at his house, Maida Hill, Jan. 11, 
 1851., aged 78. 
 
 N. 
 
 NAPIEE, Sir Charles James, 
 G.C.B. [1782—1853], eldest son of 
 Colonel the Hon. G. Napier, Comp- 
 troller of Accounts in Ireland, en- 
 tered the army as ensign in the 
 22nd Foot, at the age of twelve. 
 He first saw active service during 
 the Irish rebellion, 1798, and again 
 in the insurrection of 1803. In 
 1806, having obtained his company, 
 he joined the British forces in 
 Spain, and was appointed to the 
 command of the 50th Eegiment of 
 Foot during the terrible retreat on 
 Corunna under Sir John Moore, 
 when he received five wounds and 
 was taken prisoner. He was allowed 
 to return to England on parole, and 
 found his friends in mourning for 
 him. He again joined the British 
 army in the Peninsula in 1809 as a 
 volunteer, and served with distinc- 
 tionat Busaco, Fuentes d'Onore, Ba- 
 dajoz, &.C. Having served in the Uni- 
 ted States, he returned to Europe in 
 time to take part in the storming 
 of Cambray, and accompanied the 
 British army to Paris. He was 
 soon after appointed Governor of 
 Cephalonia, and joined Lord Byron 
 in his scheme for the deliverance 
 of Greece. In 1838-39, having been 
 made major-general, he was ordered 
 to take command of the army in 
 Bengal, where he arrived in Sept., 
 18i2, invested with full diplomatic 
 
NAPIER. 
 
 G59 
 
 as well as military power. This 
 was the be<^inning- of the most im- 
 portant period of his life. Seinde 
 was at the time in a very disordered 
 condition, and the British influence 
 and prestige had been much injured 
 by the Cabul disasters. The Ameers 
 of Scinde were not to be trusted, 
 and as they would be bound by no 
 treaty, he resolved to subdue them 
 by an open attack. From the first 
 his plans were successful. He blew 
 up the fortress of Emaun Ghur, and 
 with a very inferior force in point 
 of numbers, routed the Ameers at 
 Meeanee, Feb. 17, lSi3, took pos- 
 session of Hyderabad, and drove 
 Shere Mohammed from the field 
 with o-reat slaui>'hter. Having be- 
 come master of Scinde, he set vigo- 
 rously to work to improve its condi- 
 tion, and inti'oduced many judicious 
 reforms. He returned to England 
 in 1847, and met with an enthu- 
 siastic reception, but went back 
 to India in 1849 at the suggestion 
 of the Duke of Wellington, on re- 
 ceipt of the news of our reverses in 
 the Sikh campaign. Happily, how- 
 ever, on his arrival at Bombay he 
 found that the tide had turned, 
 and that his military services were 
 no longer required. He returned 
 to England in 1850, and died of a 
 gradual decline at Oaklands, his 
 seat near Portsmouth. 
 
 NAPIER, Sir "William Francis 
 Patrick [1785 — 18G0], son of Co- 
 lonel Napier, and brother of Sir 
 Charles and Sir George Napier, was 
 born at Cellbridge, near Dublin, 
 and entered the army as ensign in 
 the Royal Irish Artillery in 1800. 
 He obtained a company in a West 
 India regiment, but exchanged into 
 the 43rd, when it was being trained 
 at Shorncliffe (Kent) under Sir John 
 Moore, with whom Napier was a 
 special favoui-ite. He served at the 
 siege of Copenhagen and the battle 
 of Kioge, and throughout the Penin- 
 sular campaigns do^vn to the battle 
 of Orthez. He was wounded on the 
 Coa, and shot near the spine at 
 Cazal Nova. For his distinguished 
 
 services he was made brevet lieu- 
 tenant-colonel, and one of the first 
 C.B.'s. He commanded the 43rd 
 Regiment in the army of occupation 
 in France until 1S19, when he re- 
 tired on half-pay. He then deter- 
 mined to Vjecome an artist, but gave 
 up the attempt, and at the insti- 
 gation of Mr. Bickersteth, after- 
 wards Lord Langdale, began to 
 write a history of the Peninsular 
 War. He was greatly assisted in 
 his undertaking by the Duke of 
 Wellington, who handed over to 
 him the whole of Joseph Buona- 
 parte's correspondence which had 
 been taken at the battle of Vittoria. 
 The first volume of the "History " 
 appeared in 1828, and was received 
 with the greatest excitement, and 
 it was at once acknowledged that 
 Napier, with his ^vide military know- 
 ledge, his freshness of mind, and 
 his brilliant powers of description, 
 i was the right man to commemorate 
 the great deeds of the Peninsular 
 campaigns. The histories written 
 by South ey and Lord London- 
 derry were almost unnoticed, and 
 Sir George Murray, who had de- 
 termined to write a great history, 
 gave up the attempt in despair. 
 The last volume ajDpeared in 1840, 
 and the whole work was translated 
 into French and German. In 1842 
 he was promoted major-general, and 
 was made lieutenant-governor of 
 Guernsey. During his stay at that 
 place his brother Charles had con- 
 quered Scinde, and the attacks made 
 on the policy of that conquest made 
 William Napier again turn his at- 
 tention to literature. He published, 
 in 1845, his '*' History of the Con- 
 quest of Scinde," and in 1851 the 
 " History of the Administration of 
 Scinde." He resigned his governor- 
 ship in 1847, and in 1848 was made 
 a K.C.B., and settled at Scinde 
 House, Clapham Park. His time 
 was chiefly occupied in defending 
 his brother, in revising new editions 
 of his "History," and in writing 
 letters to the Times on all kinds 
 of subjects military and literary. 
 
 u TJ :i 
 
660 
 
 NAPIER. 
 
 When his brother Sir Charles died, 
 in 1853, he devoted himself to writ- 
 ing his life, which was published 
 in 1857. Sir W. Napier's life was 
 written by his son-in-law, Mr. H. 
 A. Bruce (Lord Aberdare) in 1862. 
 A statue to his memory was erected 
 in St. Paul's Cathedral. 
 
 NAPIER, General Sir George 
 Thomas, K.C.B. [1784—1855], a 
 younger brother of Sii- Chas. James 
 Napier, was born at Whitehall, and 
 entered the army at a very early age 
 as a cornet of dragoons. He was pre- 
 sent at the capture of Martinique, 
 after which he served in the Penin- 
 sula, and was A.D.C. to Sir John 
 Moore at the time of the death of 
 that genei'al at Corunna, Jan. IG, 
 1809. He was present at all the 
 principal actions up to the siege of 
 Cuidad Rodrigo, where he led the 
 storming party and lost his right 
 arm, and was obliged to return 
 home. He went to the Peninsula, 
 however, again before the conclu- 
 sion of the war, and took part at Tou- 
 louse and Orthes, commanding the 
 71st Regiment at the former. He 
 was appointed Civil and Military 
 Governor at the Cape of Good 
 Hope in 1837. He was made C.B, 
 in 1815, and K.C.B. in 1838. 
 
 NAPIER, Admiral Sir Charles, 
 K.C.B. [1786—1860], eldest son of 
 Captain Charles Napier, of Mer- 
 chiston Hall, Stirlingshire, and first 
 cousin of the above, was educated 
 at the Edinburgh High School, 
 and at the age of thirteen joined 
 the Martin sloop of war as a mid- 
 shipman. Having served in the 
 Mediterranean and ^^est Indies, 
 he was made a lieutenant in 1805, 
 and in 1808 had his thigh broken 
 in an action with a French corvette. 
 He then served in Portugal under 
 Wellington, and at Busaco saved 
 his cousin, Charles James Napier, 
 who was shot through the face, by 
 carrying him off the field, and was 
 himself slightly wounded. Having 
 been aijpoiiited to the Thames, 32 
 gun frigate, he returned to the 
 Mediterranean, and served under 
 
 Pellew, and a year later Avas em- 
 ployed as senior officer on the coast 
 of Calabria. He was ordered to Ame- 
 rica in 1814, his vessel being one of 
 a squadron under Captain Gordon, 
 and although he occujDied a subor- 
 dinate position, he distinguished 
 himself in a hazardous exj^edition up 
 the Potomac, and in the operations 
 against Baltimore. When peace 
 was declared with America he was 
 recalled to England, Avhere for his 
 services he was made a C.B. He 
 then retired on half-pay, living a 
 good deal in Paris, where he estab- 
 lished the first steamers on the 
 Seine. In 1831 he was sent to the 
 coast of Portugal, where he became 
 acquainted with the Duke of Ter- 
 ceira and other leaders of the Con- 
 stitutional party, w^hich led ulti- 
 mately to his being aj^pointed to 
 the command of the Portuguese 
 Constitutional Fleet, with which 
 he so distinguished himself at the 
 defeat of the Miguelites off Cape 
 St. Vincent in 1833. This action 
 concluded the war raging between 
 Don Miguel and Donna Maria, and 
 settled the latter on the throne. 
 For his services he was made A'^is- 
 count da Capo San Vincent, and 
 received a pension of d£600 a year. 
 In 1840 he was sent to Beyrout, 
 and, besides being actively engaged 
 in other important actions, was 
 chosen to lead the van in the attack 
 on the famous stronghold of Acre. 
 He was next sent to blockade 
 Alexandria, and on his own autho- 
 rity concluded a convention with 
 Mehemet Ali in the name of the 
 allied powers, which guaranteed 
 the hereditary sovereignty of 
 Egypt to his family. At first this 
 step was vehemently opposed by 
 the Government at homo, but soon 
 he was recognised as an able di- 
 plomatist, was made K.C.B., was 
 appointed Naval A.D.C. to tlie 
 Queen, and received the thanks of 
 both Houses of Parliament. In 
 1841 he was returned to Parliameut 
 as member for Marylebone in the 
 Liberal interest, and took a promi- 
 
NAPIER. 
 
 661 
 
 nent part in trying to expose naval 
 abuses, &c. From 18 i7 to 1819 he 
 was in command of the Channel 
 Fleet, and during the Crimean war 
 was appointed to comuiand the 
 Baltic Fleet, but with only ill- 
 manned ships and a lack of gunboats 
 and pilots he was able to accom- 
 plish little more than the capture 
 of Bomarsund, Aug., 1851. He 
 died at Merchiston Hill, his seat in 
 Hampshii'e, aged 71. He Avrote : 
 " Account of the War in Portugal," 
 " The War in Syria," " The Navy, 
 its Past and Present State," etc. 
 [See his " Life," by his stepson. 
 Major Eiers, 1862.] 
 
 NAPIER, The Right Hon. Sir 
 Joseph. Bart. [1801—1883], a des- 
 cendant of the Merchiston branch 
 of the noble house of Napier, was 
 born at Belfast. Having been edu- 
 cated at the Acadeuiical Institution 
 of Belfast, he graduated at Trinity 
 College, Dublin, where he distin- 
 guished himself in classics and 
 science. Making the law his pro- 
 fession, he was called to the Irish 
 bar in 1831 ; attained the rank of 
 Q.C. in Ireland in 1814; and was 
 sworn a Privy Councillor on being 
 appointed Attorney-General for 
 Ireland under Lord Derby's first 
 administration, in March, 1852. He 
 held the oflBice of Lord Chancellor 
 of Ireland under Lord Derby's 
 second administration, in 1858-9 ; 
 was returned one of the members, 
 in the Conservative interest, for 
 the University of Dublin, in Feb., 
 1818, and I'etained his seat till he 
 was raised to the Chancellorship. 
 He was created a baronet in April, 
 18G7. 
 
 NAPIER, Macvey [1776—1817], 
 lawyer and miscellaneous writer, 
 was a son of John Macvey, of Kir- 
 kintilloch, his mother being a 
 natural daughter of Napier of 
 Craigannet. He was educated for 
 the law, and passed as a writer to 
 the signet in 1799 ; and was libra- 
 rian to the signet from 1805 to 
 1837. He first began to write for 
 the Edinburgh Review in 1805, and 
 
 in 1829, on the elevation of Lord 
 Jeffrey to the dignity of Dean of 
 Faculty, he succeeded him as edi- 
 tor, and up to tlie time of his 
 death, a period of eighteen years, 
 gathered round him a band of con- 
 tril)utors composed for the most 
 part of some of the most celebrated 
 scholars of the age. He also un<ler- 
 took the editorship of the " Ency- 
 clopjBdia Britannica," of which a 
 seventh edition was published, with 
 many additions and improvements. 
 He not only wrote able articles for 
 the work, but secured the co-opera- 
 tion of the most talented writers of 
 the day, the result being that when 
 the " Encyclopsedia " was finished 
 it took the highest place among the 
 class of publications to which it 
 belongs. He also fulfilled the 
 duties of a clerk of session. He 
 was a clever letter-writer, and kept 
 up a vigorous correspondence with 
 some of the most illustrious of his 
 contemporaries, among whom were 
 Lord Macaulay, Lord Brougham, 
 E. L. Bulwer, LordLytton, Francis 
 Lord Jeffrey, &c. After his death 
 his correspondence was published, 
 edited by his son, and entitled 
 " Selected Correspondence of the 
 late Macvey Napier," 1879. 
 
 NAPIER, Lieutenant-General 
 Mark [1779 — 1813], second son of 
 Major-General the Hon. Mark Na- 
 pier, was appointed ensign in the 
 Royal in 1793, lieutenant in the 
 90th Foot in 179 1, and became a 
 lieutenant-general in 1811 . He was 
 employed on the coast of France in 
 1793-91; and subsequently served 
 six years in the Mediterranean, at 
 Minorca, in Egypt, and in the West 
 Indies. He commanded the 90th 
 Regiment at the capture of Guada- 
 loupe in 1810, for which he gained 
 a medal. 
 
 NAPIER, Robert, President of 
 the Institution of Mechanical Engi- 
 neers, J. P., D.L., Chevalier of the 
 Legion of Honour, &c. [1791 — 1876], 
 was born at Dumbarton. In addi- 
 tion to the good education in the 
 grammar-school of his native town. 
 
662 
 
 NARES— NASMYTH. 
 
 Avliich his father, a blacksmith, vras 
 able to give him, he received lessons 
 in architectural and mathematical 
 drawing from a teacher named 
 Trail. In 1807 he was apprenticed 
 to his father; in 1811 he removed 
 to Edinburgh, where he worked as 
 a millwright at very low wages ; 
 and in 1815 he commenced business 
 at Glasgow with £50, purchasing 
 with £ 15 out of that sum the good- 
 will of a blacksmith's business and 
 tools. In 1821 he engaged in iron- 
 founding and engineering, and in 
 1823 he made his first marine engine 
 for a steamer trading between Dum- 
 barton and Glasgow. In 1839 he 
 furnished the machinery for the 
 British Queen, to j^ly to New York ; 
 subscribed towards the trial of the 
 Sirius, the first steam- vessel to cross 
 the Atlantic ; and in 1853 fitted up 
 the machinery of H.M.S. DuJce of 
 Wellington, then regarded as the 
 largest ship in the navy. In 1853 
 Mr. Nai)ier took his sons into the 
 firm, henceforth known as Kobert 
 Napier and Sons. They undertook 
 for the Admiralty the contract, in 
 1859, for the Black Pnnce, 6,100 
 tons ; in 1860, for the Hector, i,060 
 tons and 800 horse-power ; and con- 
 structed several steam rams and 
 iron-cased ships of war for foreign 
 governments. Mr. Robert Napier 
 was one of the originators of the 
 Cunard Company. He became the 
 possessor of a large and varied col- 
 lection of works of art, which was 
 sold after his death by Messrs 
 Christie. 
 
 NARES, Rev. Edward, D.D. 
 [1758—1811], Regius Professor of 
 Modern History and Modern Lan- 
 guages at Oxford, was the third son 
 of Sir George Nares, Knt., one of 
 the judges of the Court of Common 
 Pleas, and was educated at West- 
 minster School, and at Christ 
 Church, Oxford. After taking his 
 B.A. degree, he was elected a Fel- 
 low of Morton College in 1788. He 
 was ordained in 1792, and soon 
 afterwards preseiite<l to the living 
 of St. Peter's in the East. He 
 
 vacated his Fellowship in 1797, on 
 his marriage with Lady Charlotte 
 Churchill, third daughter of George, 
 fourth Duke of Marlborough. In 
 1798 he was presented by the Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbui-y to the rectory 
 of Bidden den, where he continued 
 till his death. He was apj)ointed 
 Bampton Lecturer in 1805, and in 
 1814 he succeeded Dr. Beeke as 
 Professor of Modern History, on 
 which occasion he took his B. and 
 D.D. degrees. He was the author 
 of numerous theological works and 
 of a ponderous " Life of Lord Bur- 
 leigh," on which Macaulay founded 
 one of his Essays. 
 
 NASH, Joseph, water-colour 
 painter, was born about 1812, and 
 began exhibiting at the Old Society 
 of Painters in water-colours, di-aw- 
 ings of French cathedrals and anti- 
 quities about 1835. He published 
 " Architecture of the Middle Ages " 
 in 1838, with illustrations from his 
 pencil, and in 1839-19 " Mansions 
 of England in the Olden Time," in 
 four series. Among his pictures 
 may be mentioned " The Queen's 
 Visit to Lincoln's Inn Hall," ex- 
 hibited in 1816; "Interior Views 
 of the Great Exhibition," in 1851 ; 
 " Charles V. visiting Francis I. 
 during his Confinement," exhibited 
 in 1865, &.C. In 1878 he received a 
 Civil List pension of .£100 in con- 
 sideration of his services to art. 
 He died in Dec. 1878. 
 
 NASMYTH, Alexander [175S— 
 1840], who has been called the 
 father of the Scottish school of 
 landscape-painting, was Vtorn in 
 Edinburgh, and ediicated there. 
 He went to London and studied 
 under Allan Ramsay, after which 
 he visited Italy, remainiug for seve- 
 ral years, cngageil in historical and 
 landscape painting. On his return 
 to his iiativt' city, he l)egan to prac- 
 tise with much success as a iH>rtrait- 
 painter, and had many distinguished 
 men as his sitters. Among them 
 was the poet Robert Burns, and 
 Nasmyth's portrait of him, en- 
 graved by the young Samuel Cou- 
 
NASMYTH— XE ATE . 
 
 C63 
 
 sins, has been for fifty years re- 
 garded as the authoritative like- 
 ness of the poet. Bein<^ more 
 successful in landscape painting, 
 however, he finally gave up por- 
 traiture. Between 1813 and 1S2G 
 he was an occasional exhibitor at 
 the Royal Academy of Scotch land- 
 scape scenei'y. His landscapes are 
 very carefully painted, but are 
 wanting in vigour. He was a 
 member of the Original Society of 
 Scottish Artists, and an associate 
 of the Royal Institution. A large 
 " River Scene " by him is in the 
 possession of the Society of Arts, 
 Alexander Nasmyth was the father 
 of the still better landscape painter, 
 Patrick Xasmyth, who died in 1831, 
 and of two daughters, who were 
 also artists. 
 
 XASMYTH, Major Charles 
 [1825—1861], eldest son of Robert 
 Nasmyth, F.R.C.S., was born in 
 Edinburgh, and nominated a cadet 
 in the East India Company's ser- 
 vice in 1843. He served in Bom- 
 bay till 1853, when, on account of 
 ill-health, he was obliged to go to 
 the Mediterranean. He was in Tur- 
 key in 1S54-, and on the outbreak of 
 the Russian war he, with his fellow 
 officer. Captain Butler, went to 
 Silistria, which was at that time 
 invested by the Russians. The 
 Turks at once gave themselves into 
 the hands of the two Englishmen, 
 who assumed the direction of affairs, 
 and organised a defence which 
 was can-ied out with the gi-eatest 
 bravery and endurance, and by 
 which Silistria was saved, the Rus- 
 sians being compelled to raise the 
 siege, June 23. Captain Butler 
 died of fever and exhaustion two 
 houi's before the Russian retreat 
 was discovered, and altogether 
 diu-ing the siege about 12,0rx) men 
 died of wounds and sickness. 
 Nasmyth served through the 
 Crimean campaign, for which he 
 obtained a medal and clasps for 
 Alma, Inkermann, and Sebastopol. 
 He afterwards acted as brigade- 
 major at Curragh, and later was 
 
 transferred to Sydney, Australia, 
 from which he was invalided home 
 in 1859. He retired to Pau, where 
 he lived until his death, in 18G1, at 
 the age of 3t3. For a fuller account 
 of the defence of Silistria, see 
 Nasmyth's diary published in the 
 Times of that date. 
 
 NEALE, Rev. John Mason, a 
 voluminous writer connected with 
 the High Church party, was born 
 about the year 1818, and graduated 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 
 1840, having obtained the member's 
 prize in 1838. For some years he 
 was Warden of Sackville College, 
 East Grinstead, Sussex. He gained 
 the Seatonian prize at Cambridge 
 (for an English sacred poem) no 
 fewer than nine times between the 
 years 1845 and 1861. His expur- 
 gated edition of Bunyan's " Pil- 
 grim's Progress," with notes, gave 
 rise to much controversy. He was 
 also the author of a " History of 
 the Eastern Church," and a " His- 
 tory of the Patriarchate of Alex- 
 andria." For childi-en and schools 
 he wrote a " Church History/' 
 " Stories ^ from Church History " 
 (four series). Hymns, " Histories of 
 Greece and Portugal," " Stories 
 from the Crusades and the Heathen 
 Mythology," and "Tales .'of Chris- 
 tian Heroism." Among his other 
 productions are tales called " Agnes 
 de Tracey," " Duchesne ; or the 
 Revolt of La Yendee," " Herbert 
 Tresham," " Ayton Priory and 
 Shepperton Manor," " Mediaeval 
 Hymns," " Readings for the Aged," 
 •• The Primitive Liturgies," and a 
 " History of the Jansenist Church 
 of Holland." He died in 1866. 
 
 NEATE, Charles [1781—1877], 
 musician, born in London. He 
 learned the piano from William 
 Sharp and John Field, and also 
 studied the violoncello. His first 
 public appearance was made in 
 1800, and eight years later he 
 published his first work, a sonata. 
 He was closelj" connected with the 
 Philharmonic Society from its foun- 
 dation, but perhaps the chief dis- 
 
6CA 
 
 NEATE— K^EILD. 
 
 tincfcion of his life is that he was, 
 in 1815, for some months the com- 
 panion and friend of Beethoven. 
 Tais was Avhile the great master 
 was at Vienna. Neate next went 
 to Munich, and on his return to 
 England introduced to the public 
 several of Beethoven's concertos, 
 and works by Hummel and Weber. 
 He was greatly esteemed as a 
 teacher and performer, but his com- 
 positions lack vitality. 
 
 NEATE, Charles, M.A. [1806— 
 1879], Senior Fellow of Oriel Col- 
 lege, was boi*n at Adstock, Bucks, 
 and was a son of the Rev. Thomas 
 Neate. He was educated at the 
 Bourbon College, Paris, and at 
 Lincoln College, Oxford, which he 
 entered in 182i, and two years 
 after was elected Scholar of that 
 College. Having taken first-class 
 honours in classics he became a 
 Fellow of Oriel, and entered at 
 Lincoln's Inn, where he was called 
 to the Bar in 1832. He did not 
 practise for long, hoAvever, and in 
 1839-11 became j^rivate secretary to 
 Sir F. T. Baring, while he was 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer. After 
 the latter date he returned to Ox- 
 ford, where he took in hand the 
 management of the collegiate 
 estates, and in 1857 was elected 
 Professor of Political Economy, 
 and lectured on trades' unions, the 
 currency, and the land laws. In 
 the same year he was elected M.P. 
 for Oxford in the Liberal interest, 
 but was unseated on petition. He 
 was again returned in 1863, and 
 held his seat till 1868, when he 
 retired from political life. He was 
 the author of " Dialogues des Morts 
 Politiques," a debate between Guizot 
 and Louis Blanc, wi*itten after the 
 Revolution of 18 18 ; " Objections to 
 the Government Scheme for the 
 Reform of Oxford," 1851 ; " History 
 and Uses of the Law of Entail," 
 &c. 
 
 N E A V E S, Charles, Lord 
 Neaves [1800 — 1876], a Scotch 
 .) udge of Session, born at Edinburgh, 
 was educated at the High school and 
 
 University of Edinburgh, studied 
 the law, and Avas admitted an advo- 
 cate at the Scotch bar in 1822. He 
 was appointed Sheriff of Orkney and 
 Shetland in 1815, Solicitor-General 
 for Scotland in 1852, and was raised 
 to the bench as a Lord of Session 
 ' in 1854, in which capacity he re- 
 [ ceived the courtesy title of Lord 
 Neaves. He was appointed, in 
 addition, a Lord Justiciary in May, 
 I 1858. He was elected Rector of 
 j the University of St. Andrews in 
 ' 1872, and a second time in 1873. 
 He wrote for Blackwood almost to 
 the last, and his verses were col- 
 lected and published in 1868, en- 
 titled " Songs and Verses, Social 
 and Scientific." 
 
 NEILD, John Camden [1780— 
 1852], M.A., Barrister-at-Law, was 
 the youngest and only surviving 
 child of James Neild of Cheyne 
 Row, Chelsea, a gold and silver- 
 smith, who acquired a large fortune, 
 ! and was well known for his exer- 
 tions towards mitigating the con- 
 j dition of prisoners confined for 
 crimes or debts, on which subject 
 he published a book in 1812. He 
 bequeathed his large property to 
 his son, John Camden Neild, who 
 was educated at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, and was called to the 
 Bar in 1808. He became a mere 
 miser, and after the death of his 
 I father in 1811, he left his money 
 almost entirely to accumulate, and 
 hardly allowed himself the com- 
 mon necessaries of life. His man- 
 ners and appearance were so miser- 
 able that everyone supposed him 
 to be in the utmost poverty. He 
 bequeathed, with the exception of 
 { a few trifling legacies, the wliolf 
 j of his immense fortune to " llor 
 I most Gracious Majesty Queen Vic- 
 ' toria, begging Her Majesty's most 
 gracious accei^tance uf the same." 
 : Tlie executors were the Keeper of 
 the Privy Purse, Rev. Henry 
 Tattam, D.D., and Mr. J. Stevens 
 of Willesborough. His personal 
 estate was swDrn under ^£250,000. 
 Two caveats were entered against 
 
NEILL— NEILSON. 
 
 665 
 
 the will, but were subsequently 
 withdrawn. Her Majesty presented 
 each of the executors with o£10iJ3. , 
 
 XE ILL, General James George 
 [1810 — 1857], who made his name ' 
 renowned in the suppression of the 
 Sepoy mutiny of 1857, was the 
 eldest son of Colonel Neill of Barn- 
 weill and Swindridge >Iuir in Ayr- 
 shire. Before he was seventeen he 
 joined the 1st Madras European 
 Regiment (102nd Fusiliers), of 
 which he wrote in 1813 an *' His- , 
 torieal E-ecord," tracing the regi- ! 
 ment from its origin to the time ' 
 when he wrote. He served \ 
 throughout the second Burmese I 
 "War of 1853, and in 1855 on the 
 breaking out of the Eussian War 
 he was aj^pointed second in com- 
 mand of the Anglo-Turkish force 
 under Sir Eobert Yivian. In April 
 1857 after a short visit to England. 
 he returned to India, and a month 
 later was summoned to Calcutta by 
 the news of the mutiny, his trooDS 
 being the fii-st to proceed up coun- 
 try. He arrived at Benares on 
 June 3, and at once set to work 
 to disarm the native force stationed 
 there, the 37th Sepoy Eegiment, 
 which he successfully accomplished, 
 and also I'outed a body of Sikhs 
 who had joined in the fight. 
 Having made provision for the 
 safety of the women and children 
 at Benares, he pushed on with 
 great anxiety to Allahabad. The 
 6th Eecriment stationed there had 
 mutinied, and on the night of 
 June 6 had massacred nearly all 
 their officers, and burst open the 
 jail and let out 3000 ruffians to aid 
 them. The fort, however, was still 
 in the hands of the Eui'opeans, but 
 in imminent danger from the Sikh 
 troops within, and the mutineers 
 without. Xeill an-ived in time to 
 SHve them. He recovered the bridge 
 of boats which was in the hands of 
 the enemy, swept away the rebels, 
 and on the l-lth, having been rein- 
 forced by a further body of Fusi- 
 liers under Major Stevenson, the 
 Sikh corps was removed from the 
 
 fort. It was entirely owing to 
 Xeill's prompt and vigorous action 
 that Benares and Allahabad were 
 saved. He next followed Havelook 
 into Cawnpore, where it became his 
 duty to inquire into the massacre 
 of July 15, 1857, and infiict condign 
 punishment upon the offenders, and 
 after several instances of merciless 
 retributive justice, he went to join 
 Havelock for the relief of Lucknow. 
 He was appointed to command the 
 right wing of Havelock's army, and 
 while leading his brigade in the 
 street fighting of the first relief 
 of Lucknow, his career was brought 
 to an untimely end by a bullet 
 aimed at him from a neighbouring 
 window, which passed through his 
 head and killed him on the spot. 
 Lord Canning thus wrote of him 
 in his despatch — " Brigadier-Gene- 
 ral Xeill, during his short but 
 active career in Bengal, had won 
 the respect and confidence of the 
 Government of India ; he had 
 made himself conspicuous as an 
 intelligent, prompt, and self-re- 
 liant soldier, ready of resource, 
 and stout of heart." A monu- 
 ment was ei'ected to his memory 
 in Ayr, and a statue also on the 
 Mount Eoad, Madi-as, about a mile 
 distant from that of Sir Thomas 
 Moore. He was buried in the 
 church vard at Lucknow. 
 
 XEILSOX, The Hex. John ^1776 
 — 1818], was a native of Scotland, 
 and went out to Canada with his 
 family in 1790. In 1790 he became 
 editor of the Quebec Gazette, which 
 he enlarged and published twice a 
 week in French and English. In 
 1818 he was elected to the provin- 
 cial assembly as member for Quebec, 
 and soon took a lead in the active 
 business of the legislature, being 
 specially interested in all questions 
 concerning education and agrieul- 
 tiu-e. He bore a leading part too 
 in 1818, in the disputes l)etween 
 the Executive Government and the 
 Assembly on financial matters, and 
 , in 1822 and again in 1828, he with 
 other delegates went on a mission 
 
6GG 
 
 NEILSON— NESBITT. 
 
 to England to bring their griev- 
 ances before Parliament. Both 
 missions were successful, and Mr. 
 Neilson received the thanks of the 
 House of Assembly for his services. 
 He was thrown out of the repre- 
 sentation of Quebec in IS'^i-, on 
 account of his vigorous opjDOsition 
 to some measures passed by his 
 party, and in the session of that 
 year the celebrated ninety-two reso- 
 lutions on the state of the country 
 were adopted, and brought before 
 the Imperial Pai'liament in a i)eti- 
 tion calling for organic changes in 
 the constitution, and the general 
 adoption of the elective principle. 
 Those who wished to maintain the 
 constitution of the country unim- 
 paired formed themselves into 
 " Constitutional Associations " 
 throughout the province, and sent 
 petitions to the English Govern- 
 ment. Mr. Neilson accepted the 
 appointment of a delegate from 
 Quebec, but returned to Canada 
 almost immediately as the English 
 Government referred the matter to 
 the province itself, and sent out 
 a new Governor-in-Chief, Lord 
 Gosford. On the death of his son 
 he resumed the editorship of the 
 Gazette. After the passing of the 
 Act of the Union of the Provinces, 
 which he strongly opposed, he was 
 re-elected for Quebec, and in 1843 
 was offered the Speakership of the 
 Legislative Council, which however 
 he refused. 
 
 NEILSON, Lilian Adelaide, 
 actress, was born at Saragossa, 
 somewhere about 1S50, her father 
 being a Spanish artist, her mother 
 an Englishwoman. Wliile on a 
 visit to Paris about IcSGO she was 
 taken to see a jjerformance of 
 " Phodre " which so delighted her 
 that she determined from that time 
 to make the stage her profession . At 
 the age of fifteen she acted Julia 
 in the " Hunchback " at Margate, 
 and her a(;tiug being well s])()kcn 
 of, she was shortly after invittMl to 
 play Juliet at the Royalty Theatre 
 in London. This performance was 
 
 young 
 
 by 
 
 a signal success, and the 
 debutante, greatly encouraj 
 the favourable opinions she had 
 won, missed no opportunity of 
 gaining experience of the stage. 
 She appeared at the Princess's in 
 the " Huguenot Captain " and " Lost 
 in London ; " at the Lyceum in 
 Dr. Westland Marston's " Life for 
 Life ; " at the Gaiety in " A Life 
 Chase " and " Uncle Dick's Dar- 
 ling ; " and at Drury Lane as Amy 
 Eobsart and Rebecca ; besides 
 which she employed all her leisure 
 in playing in provincial theatres. 
 In 1872, after playing with great 
 success Juliet at the Queen's 
 Theatre, she visited America. She 
 was received with great enthu- 
 siasm, and added to her repertory 
 the characters of Beatrice, Rosa- 
 lind, and Isabella in " Measure for 
 Measux-e." On her return she ap- 
 peared at the Haymarket as the 
 heroine of Tom Taylor's " Anne 
 Boleyn," and after a second visit 
 to America played Viola. In the 
 spring of 1879 she played Isabel 
 of Bavaria in the " Crimson Cross," 
 at the Adelphi, and then a series 
 of Shakespearian characters at the 
 Haymarket. In the autumn of 
 the. same year she again visited 
 America. Her Juliet is said to 
 have been the best ever seen on 
 the modern stage. She died rather 
 suddenly in Paris, of rujiture of an 
 aneurism, August lo, 1880. 
 
 NESBITT, Charlton, Avas born 
 at Swalwell, Durham, in 1775, and 
 when ft)urteen years old was ap- 
 prenticed to Beil))y and Bewick 
 the engravers. He won the Society 
 of Arts premium for his view of 
 St. Nicliolas' Church, Newcastle, 
 and during his apprenticeship he 
 engraved the tailpieces to the poems 
 by (Toldsniith and Parnell pub- 
 lished in 17n5. When out of his 
 apprenticeship lie a second time 
 gained the Society of Arts premium, 
 and about tlu' close «il' tlie century 
 removed to Loudon, lie engraved 
 the illustrations for many books 
 among them Hudibras, Shakes- 
 
NESFIELD— NEWCASTLE. 
 
 66: 
 
 peare, Sir E^rerton Bridge's works, 
 and Xorthcote's Fables. In 1815 
 he retired to Swalwell, but died 
 while on a visit to London, Nov. 11, 
 1838. 
 
 NESFIELD, Lieutenant Wil- 
 liam Andrews 1793 — 1881"", son 
 of the Kev. William Xesfield, rector 
 of Brancepeth, Durham, was edu- 
 cated at Winchester, and at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge. He was a 
 cadet at Woohvich in 1809, and, 
 with his regiment, the old 95th (the 
 Rifle Brigade), was actively en- 
 gaged at San Sebastian, in the 
 Peninsula, in the operations in the 
 Pyrenees, and at the action of St. 
 Jean de Luz. Subsequently he ex- 
 changed into the 89th, then sta- 
 tioned at Canada, and became 
 junior A.D.C. to Sir Gordon Drum- 
 mond, and was present at the siege 
 of Fort Erie and the defence of 
 Chippewa. He retired on haK-pay 
 on the conclusion of the general 
 peace. On leaving the army he \ye- 
 came an artist, and was for thirtv 
 years an active exhibiting member 
 of the old Water-colotu- Society. 
 Several of his drawings were done 
 in conjunction with Eobert Hills, 
 the animal painter. Later he took 
 to landscape gardening as a profes- 
 sion, in which capacity he was 
 constantly consulted in the im- 
 provements of the London parks 
 and Kew Gardens. He planned 
 the Horticultural Gardens at Ken- 
 sington. 
 
 NEWCASTLE, Fourth Duke 
 OF, Most Noble Henry Pelham, 
 Pelham Clinton [1785 — 1851", 
 was the elder son of Thomas, the 
 third Duke, whom he succeeded in 
 1795, being at the time ten years 
 old. He was educated at Eton, 
 where he remained for seven years> 
 and on leaving which he started for a 
 continental tour, but on the renewal 
 of hostilities with France was kept 
 there for four years in a state of 
 comparative inaction. In lSt>7 
 he married one of the richest 
 heiresses in England, daughter of 
 Edward Miller Mundy, of Shipley 
 
 in Derbyshire, whose landed estates 
 produced ^612,000 a year, and who 
 possessed a further fortune of 
 i;lW,CK:)0. In 18(>9 he was appointed 
 Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotu- 
 lonun of Nottingham, and elected 
 K.G. in 1812. Bred up with rigid 
 and extreme Conservative views, he 
 was violently opposed to all consti- 
 tutional changes, whether they re- 
 lated to the claims of Protestant 
 Dissenters, Catholic Emancipation, 
 or Parliamentary Reform, and on 
 various occasions laid himself open 
 to the bitterest assaults of popular 
 indignation. The storm was at its 
 height when he uttered in Parlia- 
 ment his well-remembered question 
 in refei'ence to some tenants ejected 
 on his Newark estate, ** Shall I not 
 do as I will with mine own ? " In 
 1831 the mob at Nottingham burnt 
 his mansion, Nottingham Castle, 
 to ashes, and the windows of his 
 town house in Portman Square 
 were smashed. Just before the 
 passing of the Reform Bill, when it 
 was suggested that the House of 
 Lords should be coerced h>y the 
 creation of new peers, the Duke 
 quitted the House, declaring that 
 he would never again take part in 
 its deliberations, a resolution which 
 he kept. In 1839, having written 
 a very offensive letter to Lord 
 Chancellor Cottenham, on the sub- 
 ject of the appointment to the 
 magistracy of two gentlemen nomi- 
 nated by Government, but of whose 
 political and religious opinions he 
 did not approve, he was informed 
 by Lord John Russell, then Secre- 
 tary of the Home Department, that 
 the Queen had no further occasion 
 for his services as Lord-Lieutenant 
 of Nottingham. He added consi- 
 derably to his landed estates by the 
 purchase of Worksop from the 
 Duke of Norfolk, and of the cele- 
 brated estate of Hiifod in South 
 Wales. 
 
 NEWCASTLE. Henry Pelham 
 Clinton, Fifth Duke of '1811 — 
 1864", was the eldest of the six sons 
 of the above, and was born in Charles 
 
668 
 
 NEWCASTLE. 
 
 Street, Berkeley Square. He was 
 educated at Eton, and at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, where he took his 
 B.A. degree in 1832. He was a 
 contemiDorary at Oxford with Lord 
 Herbert and Mr. Gladstone, with 
 whom he first entered public life, 
 being returned at the general elec- 
 tion of 1832 as one of the members 
 for the southern division of Notting- 
 hamshire. He was, therefore, one 
 of the small band of Tory members 
 whom Sir E,. Peel undertook to re- 
 organise under the new name of 
 Conservative, in order to stem the 
 advancing tide of Democracy. 
 When Sir R. Peel became Premier 
 in 1831 he made Lord Lincoln one 
 of the Lords of the Treasury, and 
 when he returned to power in 1841 
 appointed him First Commissioner 
 of Woods and Forests, a post which 
 he exchanged in 1816 for that of 
 Chief Secretary for Ireland. He 
 unsuccessfully contested South 
 Notts in February and March, 
 1816. His acceptance of Free 
 Trade principles had offended his 
 constituents as well as his father, 
 a bigoted Tory, who addressed a 
 letter to the inhabitants of that 
 portion of the county, charging his 
 son with being a victim of bad 
 counsel, and characterizing Free 
 Trade as a revolutionary system 
 embodying ruinous and fatal doc- 
 trines. Lord Lincoln issued an 
 addi-ess explaining his conduct, and 
 day by day attended meetings in 
 different places. He failed, how- 
 ever, to convince his constituents, 
 and was defeated by n majority of 
 nearly 700 ; and so ended his poli- 
 tical connection with the county. 
 In the same year he was returned 
 as member for the Falkirk district 
 of burghs. In 1851 the death of 
 his father removed him to the 
 Upper House, and in 1853 he joined 
 the administration of the Earl of 
 Aberdeen as Colonial Secretary, 
 and in that capacity, according to 
 the system of distributing employ- 
 ments which then pi'evailed, per- 
 formed the duties of Minister of 
 
 War. Shortly after the declaration 
 of war with Russia in the spring of 
 185 1, a separation of the duties till 
 then devolving on the war minister 
 was effected, and the Duke of New- 
 castle was appointed a fourth Secre- 
 tary of State for War. England, 
 having been at peace for upwards 
 of thirty years when war broke out, 
 was found to be behindhand in 
 the departments for the feeding 
 and clothing of her armies, and 
 the Duke of Newcastle was at that 
 time unjustly accused of being 
 wanting in ability to fulfil the office 
 he had undertaken. He did what 
 was possible under the circum- 
 stances to bring the department 
 into a sound administrative condi- 
 tion, and worked night and day to 
 that end. On the meeting of Par- 
 liament in Jan., 1855, the Duke de- 
 fended himself with dignity and 
 spirit, and after his speech his 
 colleagues, who had left him almost 
 alone in the previous autumn to 
 undergo the labours and bear the 
 responsibilities of the emergency, 
 came forward, but too late, to bear 
 witness to his official merits. The 
 House of Commons resolved that 
 an inquiry should take place into 
 the management of the war, and 
 the Duke of Newcastle resigned. 
 As soon as he was at liberty to go 
 abroad, he went to the Crimea 
 and the Black Sea to examine per- 
 sonally into many things that could 
 only be taken on credit at home. 
 His successor, Lord Pannnire, was 
 not slow to bear testimony to the 
 Duke's ability and zeal as attested 
 by the state in which he had found 
 the War Department ; iind men of 
 official experience generally liave 
 bestowed praise on the minister 
 whom the public so premiturely 
 blamed. He was ajipointed Secre- 
 tary of State for the Colonies on 
 Lord Palmerston's return to office 
 in 1859, and during his five years 
 of oiiice the only i>rominent incident 
 was his journey to Canada and the 
 United States in company witli the 
 Prince of Wales. He was Higli 
 
N EWCASTLE— NEWMAN. 
 
 669 
 
 Steward of Retford, Lord-Lieute- 
 nant of Notts, and Colonel-Com- 
 mandant of the Sherwood Rangers. 
 He married, in 1832, the only 
 daughter of the Duke of Hamilton 
 and Brandon ; but the marriage 
 was not a hajspy one, and ended in 
 a formal divorce in 1850. 
 
 NEWCASTLE, Sixth Duke of. 
 Most Noble Henry Pelham Alex- 
 ander Pelham-Clinton [183 1- — 
 1879], eldest son of the above, was 
 educated at Eton, and at Christ 
 Church, Oxford. He rej^resented 
 the borough of Newark in the 
 Liberal-Conservative interest from 
 1857 to 1859, when he was an un- 
 successful candidate. He also held 
 at one time a commission as lieu- 
 tenant in the Royal Sherwood 
 Rangers. He succeeded to his 
 father's title and estates in 1861. 
 His grace was a Deputy-Lieutenant 
 for Nottinghamshire, High Steward 
 of Retford, and Keej^er of St. 
 Briaval's Castle. He began his 
 
 • 
 
 connection with the turf when Lord 
 Lincoln, his first horse of any note 
 being Indifference, which ran suc- 
 cessfully at York, Monmouth, &c., 
 in 1858-59. Five years later Specu- 
 lum bore off the City and Suburban 
 and Goodwood Cup, and in 1867 
 Julius carried the Duke's colours 
 to victory in the Cesarewitch. 
 Among the other horses owned by 
 him were Pace, Pericles, Silenus, 
 Nike, Prince Imperial, Tenedos, 
 Flying Scud, &c., all of which were 
 more or less famous in the racing 
 world. The Duke's losses on the 
 turf were very great, and for some 
 time before his death he was finan- 
 cially a ruined man. He was suc- 
 ceeded by his eldest son, Henry 
 Pelham Archibald Douglas, Earl of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 NEWMAN, Edward, F.L.S. 
 [1801 — 1876], was born at Hamp- 
 stead, Middlesex. His ancestoi-s 
 became members of the Society of 
 Friends at the rise of that sect in 
 1646, and several of them suffered 
 imprisonment on account of their 
 faith, yet they always remained 
 
 steadfast to their tenets. Very 
 early in life he evinced a strong 
 love for natural history, and at the 
 age of twelve began to think of 
 writing a history of British butter- 
 flies. This design, however, was 
 not accomplished until very many 
 years later. In 1810 he became a 
 printer in Devonshire Street in the 
 City of London, and only retired 
 from that business in 1869. Among 
 his works may be mentioned a 
 " Grammar of Entomology," 1835 ; 
 " History of British Ferns," 18 JO ; 
 " Familiar Introduction to the His- 
 tory of Insects," 1841 ; " Dictionary 
 of British Birds," 1866; "Illus- 
 trated Natural History of British 
 Butterflies," 1871, &c. Mr. New- 
 man established the Entomological 
 Magazine in 1833, the Entomoljgist 
 in 1840, the Zoologist in 1813, and 
 the Phytologist in 1844. The first 
 of these periodicals may be said to 
 have merged in the second, which, 
 as well as the ZorAogist, is still con- 
 tinued in monthly numbers. The 
 Phytologist was discontinued on the 
 death of Mr. Luxford, Mr. New- 
 man's able assistant and coadjutor, 
 June, 1856. To these periodicals, 
 as well as to Mr. Loudon's Jtfayasine 
 of Natural History and the Field 
 newspaper, Mr. Newman was a con- 
 stant contributor. For many years 
 Mr. Newman's attention was de- 
 voted almost exclusively to those 
 insects which are injurious to vege- 
 tation, destroying or damaging 
 crops in farm or garden. Before 
 his time it was usual to consider all 
 insects found on plants as " blight," 
 and to purchase some powder or 
 other preparation in order to com- 
 pass their destruction. No one 
 seemed to consider it possible that 
 some insects might be useful, seeing 
 that others were so obviously 
 hurtful. Mr. Newman's idea was, 
 that the natural history, food, 
 and habits of insects should be 
 studied before attempting to de- 
 stroy them, otherwise we are li- 
 able to the error of confound- 
 ing the innocent with the guilty. 
 
670 
 
 NIBLOCK— NICHOLAS. 
 
 the beneficial with the injurious, 
 thus mistaking friends for foes. To 
 our ig-norance on this subject, he 
 attributed the- vast increase of in- 
 jurious insects, and as an instance 
 he showed that the " hidy-birds," 
 or " lady-cows," as they are called, 
 feed on the destructive hop-fly, 
 yet the civic and parochial au- 
 thorities of Kent, and other hop- 
 growing, countries, were known to 
 offer rewards for their destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 NIBLOCK, Rev. Joseph White, 
 D.D., F.S.A., M.R.S.L., author of 
 a " Classical Latin Dictionary," &c., 
 was for some years a schoolmaster 
 at Hitchin. Having taken his D.D. 
 deq-ree as member of St. Edmund 
 Hall, Oxford, he removed to Lon- 
 don, where he opened a school 
 called the London High School. 
 This, however, failed, and in 1837 
 he was licensed to the evening lec- 
 tureship of St. Mary Somerset, 
 Upper Thames Street. Besides the 
 Dictionary above mentioned, he 
 was the author of a Hebrew, Syriac, 
 Greek, and English lexicon of 
 Scripture proper names, and of 
 " Piety and Patriotism," 1835. He 
 died Sept., 1813. 
 
 NICHOL, John Pringle, LL.D. 
 [1804^-1859], Professor of Astro- 
 nomy in the (xlasgow University, 
 was the son of a trader at Brechin 
 in Forfarshire. He was educated 
 partly at a school at that place, and 
 at King's College, Old Aberdeen, 
 where he studied for the Church. 
 At the age of seventeen, however, 
 he gave that up, and became a 
 teacher in the parish school of Dun, 
 and later tilled the same position 
 at Hawick. He then became rector 
 of the Montrose Academy, and lec- 
 tured frequently on chemistry, 
 geology, and astronomy, esi)ecially 
 devoting himself to the higher de- 
 partments of the last-named science. 
 As his writing and lectures were 
 simple and instructive, his services 
 throughout the country were much 
 in request, and in 18;}G he was ap- 
 pointed I^rofessor of Astronomy in 
 
 the Glasgow University. He par- 
 ticularly took pains to illustrate the 
 principles of what he set forward as 
 the " Nebular Hypothesis," and 
 also took an active part in the erec- 
 tion of the new University Obser- 
 vatory. Among his best known 
 writings are : " Architecture of the 
 Heavens," 1837; "Solar System," 
 IS 12 ; and " Cyclopaedia of Physical 
 Sciences," 1S57. 
 
 NICHOLAS, The Rev. Thomas, 
 Ph.D., M.A., F.G.S. 71820— 1879], 
 born in Pembrokesliire, was edu- 
 cated, first at the Liverpool Gram- 
 mar School, then at the Lancashire 
 College, Manchester, affiliated to 
 the London University, and after- 
 wards pursued his studies in Ger- 
 many. In 185G he was appointed 
 Professor of Biblical Literature 
 and Mental and Moral Science at 
 the College, Carmarthen. Having, 
 during his seven years' residence 
 there, had opportunities of observ- 
 ing the great want of higher middle 
 class education in the Principality, 
 he projected, and after several 
 years of effort founded, the Univer- 
 sity College of Wales, an institution 
 intended for superior education on 
 unsectarian principles. A large 
 sum of money was collected through 
 his advocacy. In 18G7 he nego- 
 tiated the purchase of the costly 
 college buildings at Aberystwyth, 
 where the Institution was afterwards 
 settled, and drew out the scheme 
 of study there pursued. He acted 
 as one of the Governors of the Col- 
 lege. Witli the educational insti- 
 tutions of France and Germany he 
 made himself familiar by pi-rsonal 
 inspection. Ht> devoted much time 
 during his latter years to science 
 and literature, and published, 
 among other things. " Middle and 
 High Schools, and University Edu- 
 cation for Wales," 18G3 — the publi- 
 cation of which first brought before 
 the Legislature and the public a 
 systematic view of the educational 
 requirements of the Principality, 
 and gave the impulse which led to 
 the establishment of the University 
 
NICHOLL— NICHOLSON. 
 
 (171 
 
 College of Wales ; '' The Pedigree 
 of the Enj^lish People," " Annals 
 and Antiquities of the Counties and 
 Families of Wales," 1872-5, &c. 
 Dr. Nicholas was a strenuous sup- 
 porter of the theoi'y that the Celtic 
 element in the Enfflish race is much 
 more considerable than is commonly 
 believed. His " Pedigree of the 
 English People " is a vigorous 
 attempt to prove this. 
 
 NICHOLL, Eight Hon. Sir 
 John [1758 — 1838], judge of the 
 Admiralty, itc, was the second son 
 of John Nicholl, Esq., of Llanmaes, 
 Glamorganshire, and was educated 
 at St. John's College, Oxford. 
 Having been admitted to the bar, 
 he rose rapidly into very extensive 
 practice. In 1798 he became King's 
 advocate, and was knighted. In 
 1802 he was elected M.P. for Pen- 
 ryn, and sat successively till the 
 dissolution after the Reform Bill 
 for that borough, Hastings, Rye, 
 and Great Bedwin. In 1809 he 
 succeeded Sir William Wynne as 
 Dean of the Arches, and Judge of 
 the Prerogative Court, and was 
 made a Privy Councillor, and a 
 Lord of Trade and Plantations. ■ 
 In 1831- he was aj^pointed Judge of 
 the High Court of Admiralty, by 
 Lord Grey's Government, though 
 known to be politically opposed to 
 it, and held this oflBce till his death. 
 The county of Glamorgan owed to 
 him the introduction of the national 
 system of education, and the savings 
 bank at Bridgend. 
 
 NICHOLS, John Gough, F.S.A. 
 [1806—1873], eldest son of J. B. 
 Nichols, F.S.A. , and grandson of 
 John Nichols, F.S.A., author of " Li- 
 terary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth 
 Century," &c., was educated at Mer- 
 chant Taylors' School, and devoted 
 himself to literature, in connection 
 with his business as a printer, i 
 taking an active share in editing ; 
 the Gentleman's Magazine, to which 
 he contributed many historical 
 essays and reviews. Besides that, ' 
 he edited, for many years, the 
 '^Collectanea Topographica " a:nd , 
 
 the " Topographer and Genealo- 
 gist," and in 1802 began the 
 " Herald and Genealogist," which 
 was still in course of publication at 
 the time of his death. Mr. Nichols, 
 who had Vjeea Ti-easurer of the 
 Surtees Society since 1831, and who 
 suggested the Camden Society, for 
 the publication of historical docu- 
 ments, edited several volumes for 
 that society, the Roxburghe Club, 
 and the Berkshire Ashmolean So- 
 ciety. He prepared " A Descrip- 
 tive Catalogue of the Works of the 
 Camden Society," i)ublished in 1802, 
 and contributed many papers to the 
 " Archseologia " of the Society of 
 Antiquaries, the Transactions of the 
 Archaeological Institute, the London 
 and Middlesex Archaeological So- 
 cietv, and the Leicestershire Archi- 
 tectural and Archaeological Society. 
 He executed for the Roxburghe 
 Club " Literary Remains of King 
 Edward YI.," accompanied by a 
 personal biography of that monarch, 
 published in 1857, and rendered 
 valuable assistance in the prepara- 
 tion of new editions of Whitaker's 
 "History of Whalley," and Hut- 
 chins's " Dorsetshire." 
 
 NICHOLSON, Fkancis, water- 
 colour painter, was born at Picker- 
 ing, in Yorkshire, Nov. 14th, 1753. 
 After two visits to London, he 
 settled at Whitby, and practised 
 there as an artist and dr'aAong- 
 niaster, but finally he removed to 
 London. In 180-1 he was a founder 
 of the Society of Painters in Water- 
 colours, but his connection with 
 that body ceased in 1815. He was 
 also an occasional exhibitor of 
 landscapes in the Academy and 
 Society of Artists, painting the 
 wild scenery of North England 
 and Scotland. About 1822 he 
 brought out a handbook on the 
 " Practice of Drawing and Painting 
 Landscape from Nature." In later 
 life he devoted himself much to 
 lithography, and made above 200 
 drawings upon the stone. He died 
 in London, March 6th, 1814. There 
 is a collection of nine drawings bv 
 
G72 
 
 NICHOLSON. 
 
 him in the Water-colour Gallery 
 at South Kensington. 
 
 NICHOLSON, John [1790— 
 1843], " The -Airedale Poet/' was 
 born of humble parentage at 
 Weardley, in the parish of Hare- 
 wood, Yorkshire, and when only 
 a few weeks old was taken to 
 Bing-ley. He was taught by the 
 village schoolmaster, who took a 
 great interest in him, and at Bing- 
 ley Free Grammar School, where 
 he remained only a year. At the 
 end of that time his father, a 
 worsted manufacturer, put him to 
 wool sorting. He had a great Ibve 
 for reading, and read every book 
 that came in his way, his favourite 
 authors being Pope's " Homer," 
 " Shakespeare,"and Young's " Night 
 Thoughts." " Airedale and other 
 Poems " was published in 1824, and 
 he gave up his occuj^ation as a wool 
 sorter to roam about the country 
 with the volume to supply those 
 who had subscribed to it, and to 
 obtain other purchasers. He was 
 made much of, became idle, and 
 took to drinking, spending all 
 his money as soon as he received 
 it. When he had sold the first 
 edition of " Airedale," he set to 
 work to finish his next most im- 
 portant work, the " Lyre of Ebor," 
 published in 1827. He published 
 various other sei^arate poems, which 
 were very successful, but he never 
 managed to save anything, and at 
 the time of his death was still in 
 very poor circumstances. He was 
 drowned while trying to cross the 
 river Aire at Dixon's Mill, near 
 Shipley, April 13, 1843. 
 
 NICHOLSON, Brigadier-Gene- 
 RAL John [1821 — 1857J, who was 
 killed at the storming of Delhi, 
 was the son of an Irish physician, 
 and was born in Dublin. Early in 
 1839 his uncle. Sir J. W. Hogg, 
 who had influence in India, pro- 
 cured liim a cadetship in the Bengal 
 Infantry. Later he was perma- 
 nently posted to the 27th Sepoy 
 Regiment at Ferozepore, which was 
 warned to hold itst'lf in readiness 
 
 for service in Afghanistan. In the 
 defence of Ghuznee, in May, 1841, 
 Nicholson fought heroically, and at 
 last, when Colonel Palmer was taken 
 prisoner, shared with him the hard- 
 ships and jDrivations of the siege of 
 that fortress. He was next on duty 
 in Cashmere, 1845-G, where, at a 
 critical juncture of affairs, he was 
 obliged to seek safety in flight. In 
 the f oUo^ving year he was appointed 
 Resident at Lahore. He fii'st made 
 his name famous dviring the rebel- 
 lion in the Punjaub, 1848, where, 
 at the battles of Chillianwalla and 
 Guzerat, he was highly commended 
 in the despatches of Lord Gough, 
 and for his services was promoted 
 by special brevet to the rank of 
 major, and received a medal and 
 clasps. He took an important part 
 in organizing the force sent by Sir 
 John Lawrence from the Punjaub 
 to the assistance of the army be- 
 sieging Delhi, and later greatly 
 distinguished himself by his suc- 
 cessful pursuit of the Sealkote mu- 
 tineers, whom he followed up with 
 such rapidity, that he took them 
 unprejsared, attacked them in- 
 stantly, and almost totally de- 
 stroyed them. His arrival with his 
 force before Delhi was a most wel- 
 come reinforcement. Before the 
 assault, the enemy attempted to 
 manoeuvre and get into the rear of 
 the British camp, but their designs 
 were frustrated by Nicholson, who 
 
 put the 
 loss of a 
 
 rebels to flight, with the 
 
 great number 
 
 of 
 
 men and 
 the whole of their guns. On the 
 memorable 14th September he was 
 appointed to the command of tlie 
 division which assaulted the main 
 breach at the Cashmere gate. The 
 operations of the column were at- 
 tended with brilliant success ; the 
 bastion and main-guard were taken, 
 and the victors then swept the 
 ramparts from the Cashmere gate 
 to the Cabul gate. The bastions 
 were seized, the guns captured, 
 and the enemy driven before thcni. 
 But, unhappily, in the midst of 
 their successful advance aloncr the 
 
NICKLE— NICOLAS, 
 
 G73 
 
 walls, their gallant commander was 
 shot from a house in the city, and 
 the wound proved fatal. He thus 
 shared the fate of his gallant 
 fellow-soldier and friend. General 
 Neill (q.v.). In Mr. Secretary (Sir 
 Richard) Temple's Mutiny Report 
 it is stated that " The Chief Com- 
 missioner does not hesitate to affirm 
 that Avithout John Nicholson Delhi 
 could not have fallen," 
 
 NICKLE, Major-General Sir 
 Egbert, Knight, K.H., Commander 
 of the forces at Melbourne, Aus- 
 tralia, was the son of an officer in 
 the 17th Light Dragoons^ and en- 
 tered the army at an early age. 
 He served with the well-known 
 Connaught Rangers for upwards of 
 twenty-two years. He went abroad 
 with them in 18Q6, and in the fol- 
 lowing July led the forlorn hope at 
 Buenos Ayres, on which occasion 
 he was severely wounded. In 1809 
 he embarked with them for Por- 
 tugal, and remained throughout 
 the whole of the Peninsular cam- 
 paign, with the exception of a few 
 months' absence, necessary to re- 
 cover from his wounds. He was 
 present in nine general actions, and 
 took part besides in several skir- 
 mishes and affairs of outposts. On 
 the proclamation of peace in Europe, 
 Major Nickle accompanied the Con- 
 naught Rangers to Quebec, where 
 he was wounded while leading the 
 advance across the Savannah River. 
 After eleven months' absence he 
 returned to Eui'ope, and was pre- 
 sent with the army of occupation 
 in Paris. He went to the West 
 Indies in 1830, and was appointed 
 governor of St. Christopher and its 
 dependencies. Having served with 
 distinction during the insurrection 
 in British North America, 1838, he 
 was rewarded, in 1844, by the 
 honour of knighthood. In 1853 he 
 was appointed commander of the 
 forces in Australia, and dui-ing the 
 riots at the gold diggings in 1854 
 managed, by Avise and conciliatory 
 measures, to suppress them without 
 having to resort to arms. He was 
 
 nearly 70 at the time of his death, 
 which took place May 20, 1855. 
 
 NICOLAS, Sir Nicholas Har- 
 ris [1799 — 1818], an eminent anti- 
 quary, son of John Harris Nicolas, 
 a captain in the navy, began his 
 own naval career in 1808. He 
 served under his brother, Captain 
 J. Toup Nicolas, C.B., and was fre- 
 quently engaged in the capture of 
 armed vessels and convoys on the 
 Calabrian coast. He gained his 
 lieutenancy in 1815, when he retired 
 on half-pay, and at once tui'ned his 
 attention to the study of English 
 antiquities and English law. He 
 published his first work, " The Life 
 of Secretary Davison," in 1823, and 
 was called to the Bar two years 
 later. From that date up to the 
 time of his death not a year passed 
 without some useful and interest- 
 ing work — mostly in the depart- 
 ments of history, genealogy, and 
 heraldry — from his busy pen ; among 
 them may be mentioned his two 
 most important works, and those 
 by which his name will be best 
 remembered : '"' History of the 
 Orders of Knighthood of the Bri- 
 tish Empire," in four thick volumes, 
 and his edition of " Lord Nelson's 
 Letters and Despatches," in seven 
 volumes. Two of his most im- 
 portant contributions to biogra- 
 phical and domestic history were 
 " The Household Book of Elizabeth 
 of York" (queen of Henry VII.), 
 and the " Household Book of Henry 
 VIII." His "Chronology of His- 
 tory," compiled for Lardner's Cy- 
 clopaedia, became a standard work. 
 In 1826 he joined Henry Southern 
 in the editorship of the Retrospec- 
 tive Review, and occasionally con- 
 tributed to the Athencvum, the Spec- 
 tator, and the Quarterly Review. 
 He was nominated a K.H.G. in 
 1831, and knighted in October of 
 the same year. In 1832 he was 
 appointed chancellor of the Ionian 
 order of St. Michael and St. George, 
 and in 1840 was advanced to the 
 grade of Grand Cross by Her Ma- 
 jesty in acknowledgment of his 
 
 X X 
 
67A 
 
 NIXON— NOEL-FEARN. 
 
 services in matters belonging to 
 the order. 
 
 NIXON, Samuel, born about 
 1803 ; be was-an occasional exhibi- 
 tor of sculpture in the Academy, 
 where, between 1826-18iO, he exhi- 
 bited twelve works, among them 
 " The Reconciliation of Adam and 
 Eve" (1828), and "The Birth of 
 Venus" (1830), but he devoted 
 himself chiefly to portrait and de- . 
 corative work. The statues of Wil- • 
 liam IV., in Cannon Street, and of j 
 John Carpenter, at the City of 
 London School, are by him, as are 
 also the sculptural decorations for 
 the Goldsmiths' Hall. He died at 
 Kennington, Aug. 2nd, 1854. 
 
 NOBLE, James, Vice- Admiral of 
 the Eed [1773 — 1851], was the 
 second son of a distinguished Ame- 
 rican loyalist, who lost a good deal 
 of property in the American war, and 
 was killed by a party of the enemy 
 while acting as assistant-commis- 
 sary under Sir Henry Clinton. 
 James Noble entered the navy in 
 1787 as first-class volunteer on 
 board the Imjiregnahle, in 1795 was 
 appointed acting-lieutenant of the 
 Agamemnon, Gl^, Commodore Horatio 
 Nelson. For his services at Loana, 
 where he assisted the Meleager, 
 Diadem, and Petrel in bringing off 
 four vessels laden with corn, rice, 
 wine, powder, arms^ &c., he was 
 highly praised by Nelson. In 1786 
 he accompanied Nelson to the Cap- 
 tain, 71, and continued to serve as 
 his flag-lieutenant in that vessel, 
 in the Minerva, and Irresistible, till 
 Maith, 1797. In the latter year 
 he was rewarded with a comman- 
 der's commission, after which he 
 served with the Sea Fencibles in 
 Sussex. He received post rank in 
 1802, and was placed on the retired 
 list of rear-admirals in 1837. He 
 was removed, however, to the active 
 service list again in 18 W. 
 
 NOBLE, Matthew [1818— 187G], 
 sculptor, was born at Harkness, 
 near Scarborough, Yorkshire, and 
 was a pupil of John Francis. He 
 ■WU.S brouglit into notice in. 185G by 
 
 his " Wellington Monument," at 
 Manchester, a colossal statue in 
 bronze, of the Duke, on a granite 
 pedestal, at the respective angles 
 of which were large figures of Wis- 
 dom, Valour, Victory, and Peace. 
 In 1855 his statue of Wellington was 
 placed in the Court-room of the 
 East India Company, in Leaden- 
 hall Street. His other best known 
 works are his statue of the Queen, 
 at St. Thomas's Hospital ; Lord 
 Derby, in Parliament Square ; and 
 Sir John Franklin, in Waterloo 
 Place. He was a regular contri- 
 butor to the Academy Exhibitions. 
 
 NOEL, Hon. and Rev. Baptist 
 Wriothesley, M.A. [1799—1873], 
 younger son of Sir Gerard Noel- 
 Noel, Bart., and brother to the 
 Earl of Gainsborough, was educated 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 where he took his B.A. and M.A. 
 degrees. Having taken holy orders, 
 he was appointed one of the chap- 
 lains to the Queen, and for many 
 years occupied the pulpit of St. 
 John's Chapel, Bedford Row, where 
 he drew together a lai'ge audience 
 of the upper classes. In 18 18, when 
 the "Gorham Case" arose, which 
 led to a secession of some of the 
 Church of England clergy to the 
 Church of Rome, Mr. Baptist Noel 
 seceded, because he considered that 
 the Church of England in her 
 sacramental teaching approached 
 too near to the Church of Rome. 
 He joined the Baptist body of 
 Dissenters, but still remained a 
 staunch supporter of most of the 
 leadingE vangelical societies, among 
 which was the City Mission. He 
 was a prolific writer, and wrote 
 among other things a volume ex- 
 plaining his reasons for leaving 
 the Churcli of England, entitled, 
 " Essay on the Union of Chuirh 
 and State," 1818 ; " Notes of a Tour 
 througli Switzerland ; " " Notes of 
 a Tour through Ireland," etc. 
 
 NOEL-FEARN, The Rev. 
 Henry, M.A., F.R.S., &c. [1811— 
 18G8], formerly known as the Rev. 
 Henry Christmas, born in London, 
 
NOLAN— NORFOLK. 
 
 675 
 
 was educated at St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, where he graduated 
 B.A. in 1837, and M.A. in 1810. 
 He was ordained in 1837, and 
 having served several curacies, held 
 the librarianship and secretaryship 
 of Sion College from 1811 till ISlii. 
 He edited the Church of England 
 Quarterly Review in 1840-3, and 
 again in 1851-8 ; The Churchman 
 in 1840-3 ; The British Churchman 
 in 1845-8 ; and the Literary Gazette 
 in 1859-60 ; " Parker and Bale's 
 Kemains," for the Parker Society ; 
 and " Pegge's Anecdotes of the 
 English Language ;" and wrote 
 several books on Church subjects. 
 He was Secretary to the Nu- 
 mismatic Society in 1844-7, Pro- 
 fessor of English History and 
 Archaeology in the Eoyal Society 
 of Literature in 1854-9, and Avas a 
 Member of the Royal Academy of 
 History at Madi'id, and of La 
 Societe Imperiale des Antiquaires. 
 NOLAN, Captain Lewis Ed- 
 ward, who was killed in the famous 
 cavalry charge at Balaclava, was a 
 son of Major Nolan, of the 70th 
 Regiment, for some years vice- 
 consul at Milan. He entered the 
 Austrian army at an early age, and 
 served in Hungary, and on the 
 Polish frontier. In 1839 he ob- 
 tained a commission as ensign in 
 the 4th Foot, and a month later 
 exchanged into the 15th Hussars^, 
 then stationed at Madras. Here 
 he soon attracted the attention of 
 Sir Henry Pottinger,then Governor, 
 who appointed him to a post on 
 his staff. In addition to his know- 
 ledge of the languages of modern 
 Europe, he studied the native dia- 
 lects, and entered actively into the 
 details of the military system in 
 the East. In 1853 he published 
 a work of some merit on the 
 "Organization, Drill, and Ma- 
 noeuvres of a Cavalry Corps." On 
 the breaking out of the Russian 
 war in the following year, he was 
 sent to Turkey to make arrange- 
 ments for the purchase and support 
 of horses for the cavalry regiments. 
 
 On reaching the Crimea, he was 
 phiced on the staff of Brigadier- 
 General Sir R. Airey, K.C.B., and 
 Avas the bearer of tlie written com- 
 mand from Lord Raglan, ordering 
 the cavalry to make the fatal 
 charge at the battle of Balaclava, 
 in which he was one of the first to 
 fall, Oct. 25, 1854. 
 
 NORFOLK (12th Duke of). 
 Most Noble Bernard Edward 
 Howard [1765 — 1842], eldest son 
 of Henry Howard, succeeded to 
 the dukedom in 1815, on the death 
 of his third cousin, the 11th duke. 
 He took his seat in the House of 
 Lords, after the passing of the 
 Roman Catholic Relief Bill in 
 1829. He was nominated K.G. in 
 
 1834. He married, in 1789, Lady 
 Elizabeth Belasyse, thii^d daughter 
 and co-heiress of Henry, last Earl 
 of Fauconbei-g, by whom he had 
 one son, who succeeded him. The 
 marriage was dissolved in 1794 by 
 Act of Parliament, and the lady 
 was re-married to Richard, Earl of 
 Lucan. 
 
 NORFOLK (13th Duke of). 
 Most Noble Henry Charles 
 Howard [1791—1850], Earl Mar- 
 shal, and Hereditary Marshal of 
 England, a privy councillor, K.G., 
 F.R.S., was the only child of the 
 above. On the passing of the Roman 
 Catholic Relief Bill in 1829, he was 
 the first Catholic to take his seat 
 in the House of Commons, which 
 he did for the borough of Hor- 
 sham, and he was re-elected for 
 that borough in 1830-31. In 1832, 
 
 1835, and 1837, he represented the 
 Western Division of Sussex, in the 
 Whig interest, and in the latter 
 year was appointed treasvu'er of Her 
 Majesty's Household, and sworn a 
 privy councillor. He exchanged to 
 the office of Captain of the Yeomen 
 of the Guard in 1841, and resigned 
 with the Melbourne Ministry in 
 September of the same year. He 
 was called up to the House of Lords 
 in his father's barony of Maltravers 
 in 1841, and succeeded to the duke- 
 dom in 1842. From 1846 to 1852 
 
 X X 2 
 
676 
 
 NOKMAN— NORMANBY. 
 
 he was Master of the Horse ; was 
 elected K.G. in 1848, and in 1853 
 was a short time Lord Steward of 
 the Household-. He was educated 
 in the Eoman Catholic faith; but 
 on the occasion of the "Papal 
 Aggression/' he was so indignant 
 with the measures adopted by the 
 Church of Eome, that he left it, 
 and joined the Established Church, 
 It is said, however, that on his 
 death-bed he was restored to the 
 Catholic faith, and received the 
 sacrament from the Eev. M. A. 
 Tierney, Eoman Catholic pastor of 
 Arundel, which fact is also stated 
 on his coffin-plate. He was much 
 interested in the subject of agri- 
 cultural improvement, and farmed 
 extensively himself. 
 
 NOEMAN, Hon. John Paxton 
 [1819 — 1871], Assistant Chief Jus- 
 tice of Bengal, who was assassinated 
 at Calcutta, Sept. 20, 1871, belonged, 
 to a Somersetshire family, and was 
 educated at the Grammar School 
 of Exeter, and at Exeter College, 
 Oxford, where he took his degree 
 in 1811. After studying at the 
 Temple, he practised for many 
 years as a special pleader, and was 
 called to the Bar in 1862. In 1861 
 he was appointed one of the judges 
 of the High Court of Bengal, and 
 in 1861, during the absence of Sir 
 Barnes Peacock in England, he 
 acted as Chief Justice, an office 
 Avhich he had again undertaken 
 for Sir E. Couch at the time of his 
 death. He was stabbed by a native 
 as he was entering the Town Hall 
 at Calcutta, and, turning round to 
 protect himself, was again stabbed 
 in front, and died from the effects 
 of his wounds on the following 
 morning. The assassin was at once 
 arrested. Being a Mahomedan, his 
 act was attributed to the fanatical 
 rage of the Wahabi sect against 
 the British Government, the duty 
 of a holy war for the expulsion of 
 their Christian rulers being con- 
 stantly preached amongst them. 
 On the other liand, private ven- 
 geance had probably something to 
 
 do with it, as the murderer. Ameer 
 Khan, had been detained in custody 
 under Mr. Justice Norman's war- 
 rant upon a charge of treason and 
 conspiracy, and convicted. Mr. 
 Norman was the author of many 
 legal treatises and papers, the most 
 important of which were : — "A 
 Treatise on the Law and Practice 
 relating to Letters Patent for In- 
 ventions," and the "Exchequer 
 Eeports." 
 
 N O E M A N B Y, Constantine 
 Henry Phipps (1st Marquis of) 
 [1797—1863], eldest son of the 
 first Earl of Mulgrave, was edu- 
 cated at Harrow, and at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, where he took 
 his M.A. deg-ree in 1818. Oncoming 
 of age he married Maria, eldest 
 daughter of Lord Eavenswoi'th, 
 and entered Parliament for the 
 borough of Scarborough, as a 
 Liberal, in which respect he was 
 entirely opposed to the traditions 
 of his family, who had always 
 supported the Tories. His first 
 speech in the House (1819), in 
 favour of the Eoman Catholic 
 claims, was considered a great par- 
 liamentary success. He seconded 
 Lord John Eussell's earliest pro- 
 posed resolutions on reform, but 
 felt so strongly the unpleasantness 
 of opi^osing the views of his father 
 (the former friend of Pitt), whilst 
 indebted to him for a seat, that he 
 retired for a time into private life, 
 and withdrew to the Continent. 
 He retvirned in 1822, and was 
 elected Member for Higham Fer- 
 rers, and gained considerable notice 
 by his political pamphlets, and by 
 his speeches in the House. In 
 1826 he was retiu-ned for Malton 
 at the general election, and became 
 a staunch supporter of Canning. 
 He succeeded liis father as Earl 
 Mulgrave in 1831, and in the fol- 
 lowing j'ear was sent out as captain- 
 general and governor to Jamaica, 
 a post he filled with great credit. 
 During Lord Melbourne's first ad- 
 ministration he was Lord Privy 
 Seal, with a seat iu the Cabinet, 
 
NOEMANN— NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 677 
 
 and in 1835 Lord Melbourne being 
 again in office, he was made Lord- 
 Lieutenant of Ireland. During his 
 three years of office he became the 
 most popular of viceroys, and great 
 improvements were made. The 
 Emancipation Act had then but 
 recently passed, and one of his 
 early measui'es was to remove from 
 the bench those magistrates who 
 had abused their office to oppress 
 their fellow-subjects who differed 
 from them in creed. O'Connell 
 said of him that he was the best 
 Englishman Ireland had ever seen. 
 In 1838 he was created Marquis of 
 Normanby, and held successively 
 the offices of Colonial Secretary and 
 Home Secretary in the last years of 
 Lord Melbourne's ministry. He 
 was ambassador at Paris 1816-52, 
 and minister at Florence 1854-58. 
 In his younger days he wi-ote 
 several novels, entitled, '*' Matilda," 
 " Yes and No." " Clarinda," " The 
 Contrast," "The Prophet of St. 
 Paul's," &c. In 1859 appeared his 
 journal kept in Paris during the 
 troublous times of 184-8, called 
 " A Year of Revolutions," which 
 led to a serious controversy with 
 Louis Blanc. 
 
 NORMANN, William Charles 
 Frederick Helmuth Theodor de 
 [1832—1860], only child of the 
 Baroness de Nermann, a daughter 
 of General Douglas Maclean Cle- 
 phane, of Torloisk, was one of the 
 unhappy band who perished in the 
 neighbourhood of Pekin of the 
 awful tortures inflicted by Chinese 
 officials during the Chinese War of 
 1860. He was only 29 at the time 
 of his death, [See Lieut. Robert 
 Burn Anderson, and Captain Bra- 
 bazon Brabazon." 
 
 NORTHAMPTON, 2nd Marquis 
 OF, Most Hex. Spencer Joshua 
 Alwyne Compton [1790 — 1851], a 
 trustee of the British Museum, Pre- 
 sident of the Archaeological Insti- 
 tute of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 &c., was the second and only sur- 
 viving son of the first Marquis of 
 Northampton, and was educated at 
 
 Cambridge. On the assassination of 
 Mr. Spencer Percival, M.P. for 
 Northampton in 1812, Lord Comp- 
 ton was chosen to succeed liim. 
 His immediate connections were 
 all staunch Tories, Init he was soon 
 remarked for a determined inde- 
 pendence which was often censured 
 by his party as impracticable. He 
 was strongly in favour of direct 
 taxation, and incurred some unpo- 
 pularity by opposing the repeal of 
 the i)roperty-tax in 1816. He soon 
 after associated himself with Wil- 
 berforce and the band of men who 
 with him devoted themselves to the 
 suppression of the slave-trade in 
 Africa. The same association 
 brought him acquainted with Sir 
 James Mackintosh as a reformer of 
 the criminal law, and it was in some 
 measure owing to his influence that 
 Lord Compton made such rapid 
 progress towards Liberalism. la 
 1815 he married Miss Mackai 
 Clephane, daughter and heiress of 
 General Clephane, a distinguished 
 woman, and a great favourite of 
 Sir Walter Scott's. After his mar- 
 riage Lord Compton lived for the 
 most pai't in Italy, and his house at 
 Rome became a well-known social 
 centre. On the death of his wife in 
 1830 he returned to England. He 
 will be best remembered for his taste 
 in literature and the fine arts, and 
 his devotion to science. He was one 
 of the earliest Presidents of the 
 Geological Society, and in 1838 
 succeeded the Duke of Sussex as 
 President of the Royal Society. 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, 3rd 
 Duke or. Most Noble Hugh 
 Percy [1785 — 1847], eldest son of 
 Hugh, second Duke of Northumber- 
 land, K.G., was educated at Cam- 
 bridge, where he graduated in 1805. 
 In July, 1806, he entered Parlia- 
 ment as Conservative member for 
 Buckingham, and on the death of 
 Mr. Fox in September following 
 was elected for Westminster. Hav- 
 ing sat for Launceston he was re- 
 turned for Northumberland in place 
 of Earl Grey in 1807. He was called 
 
678 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND— XOKTOX. 
 
 to the House of Peers as Earl Percy 
 in 1S12, and succeeded his father as 
 Duke of Northumberland in 1817. 
 He was made- a K.G. in 1819, and 
 in 1825 was chosen to represent Eno^- 
 land at the coronation of Charles X. 
 of France, on which occasion he 
 jjaid all his expenses out of his pri- 
 vate purse. It is said that his su- 
 perb equipages and the magnificent 
 array of his attendants outshone 
 the splendoiu's of the ministers of 
 the Czar, or the representatives of 
 Austria, and on his return a sum 
 of <£ 10,000 was voted by Parliament 
 for the purchase of a diamond- 
 hilted sword, and presented to him 
 as an acknowledgment of the man- 
 ner in which he had maintained 
 the dignity of his sovereign at the 
 French Court. In 1829 he was ap- 
 pointed by the Duke of Wellington 
 Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, which 
 office he held till 1830. In 181-0 he 
 was elected Chancellor of the Uni- 
 versity of Cambridge. He married 
 Lady Charlotte Florentia Clive, 
 second daughter of the first Earl 
 of Powis, who was for souie time 
 governess to the Princess Victoria. 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, Alger- 
 non Percy, Fourth Duke of,K.G. 
 [1792—1865], brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was descended through his 
 mother from the ancient house 
 of Percy, and entered the navy at 
 the usual age . He saw some active 
 service in his day, and i-ising by 
 gradual steps became a Rear-Admi- 
 ral of the Blue in 1850, and held 
 the post of First Lord of the Admi- 
 ralty, under Lord Derby's adminis- 
 ti*ation, from Feb. to Dec, 1852. 
 He displayed groat zeal and activity 
 in this important office, and his 
 exertions greatly helped the crea- 
 tion of our magnificent screw-fleet. 
 He showed his deep interest in 
 all matters connected with his 
 profession by his munificent do- 
 nation for and estaldislniient of 
 an efficient system of life-boats on 
 our coasts, and a sailors' home at 
 North Sliiclds. IL' was a true 
 patron of art and of literature, and 
 
 many important works were under- 
 taken, not only under his patron- 
 age, but by his munificent aid. He 
 possessed at Northumberland House 
 and elsewhere a splendid collection 
 of pictures and other works of art, 
 in which he took great pride. In 
 1856 he acquired at Rome the cele- 
 brated Camuccini collection, the 
 paintings numbering 74, a descrip- 
 tion of which will be found in the 
 supplement to Waagen's " Treasures 
 of Art in Great Britain." He also 
 restored and adorned Alnwick 
 Castle at great expense, and for 
 some years had a whole colony of 
 Italian workmen settled in the 
 town for the purpose. He was ap- 
 pointed constable of Launceston 
 Castle in 18 17, in which year he suc- 
 ceeded to the Dukedom, a special 
 deputy-warden of the Stannaries 
 in 1852, and created K.G. in 1853. 
 He received the honorary degree of 
 D.C.L. from Oxford in 1811, and in 
 1861 was appointed a trustee of the 
 British Museum. He married, in 
 1812, the eldest daughter of the 
 Marquis of Westminster. The 
 duke's remains, after lying in state 
 for two days at Alnwick Castle, and 
 at Northumberland House, London, 
 were interred (Feb. 25) in ihe 
 ! chapel of St. Nicholas, Westmin- 
 ster Abbey, the burial place of 
 many members of the Percy family. 
 He left no issue, and was suc- 
 I ceeded by his cousin, the Earl of 
 I Beverley. 
 
 NORTON, Hon. Mrs. Caroline 
 [ Elizabeth Sarah [1808 — 1877], 
 who afterwards became Lady Stir- 
 ling-Maxwell, a gifted authoress 
 and very beautiful woman, was the 
 second daugliter of Mr. Thomjis 
 Sheridan, and granddaughter of 
 the Right Him. R. B. Slieridan. 
 She was said to be the loveliest of 
 the " Three Graces," as the Sheri- 
 dan sisters were called in their 
 youthful days. From a very early 
 age slie showi'd a tiiste for author- 
 ship, and produced at the age of 17 
 "'J'he naiidics' K'out," a merry 
 satire, which she illustrated herself. 
 
NORTON— NOTT. 
 
 079 
 
 Later (1829) came "The Sorrows of 
 Eosalie/' and "The Undyini^v One" 
 (1S31), the latter, a version of the 
 legend of the "Wandering Jew." 
 Among- her other works may be 
 mentioned, "The Dream, and other 
 Poems," for which she was called 
 by the Quarterly the "Byron of her 
 sex;" "Aunt Carry's Ballads," 
 1847 ; " The Lady of La Garaye," 
 18G2 ; and of prose writings, " Stu- 
 art of Dunleath," 1835; "Lost 
 and Saved," 1863; and "Old Sir 
 Douglas," 1858. She was at the 
 height of her literary reputation 
 during the reign of William IV., 
 and ^VL'ote besides the works al- 
 ready mentioned, tales, reviews, 
 poems, &c., for periodicals, home 
 and foreign. She was married, in 
 1829, to George Chappie Norton, a 
 younger brother of the 3rd Lord 
 Grantley, a briefless barrister of 
 small fortune, who has been de- 
 scribed as an idle worthless person, 
 and who made her life miserable 
 for years. His wretched persecu- 
 tions culminated in 1836 in an 
 action brought against the Home 
 Secretary, Lord Melboui-ne (who 
 had from time to time been of the 
 utmost service to him) for seduc- 
 tion of his wife. He claimed 
 ^10,000 damages as compensation, 
 but the jury decided against him 
 without leaving the box. After 
 this miserable affair the couple 
 lived apart for 10 years, the hus- 
 band still using every means to 
 annoy his wife, and legally securing 
 for his own benefit the copyright 
 of her books. This led her to 
 print privately, in 1851, a little 
 volume, entitled "English Laws 
 for Women in the Nineteenth Cen- 
 tury/' and, in 1855, her " Letter to 
 the Queen on Lord Chancellor 
 Cranworth's Marriage and Divorce 
 Bill." Mr. Norton died Feb. 21, 
 1875, and a year later Mrs. Norton 
 married her old and valued friend. 
 Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, M.P., 
 [q. v.] . She only lived three months 
 after her second marriage, dying 
 June 15, 1877. The life and career 
 
 of Mrs. Norton ai'e said to have 
 suggested Mr. Geoi'ge Meredith's 
 brilliant novel, " Diana of the 
 Crossways." 
 
 NORTON, John Bruce [1815— 
 18S3], was for some years Advocate- 
 General and member of the Legis- 
 lative Council of Madras. He was 
 the author of " Norton's Law of 
 Evidence," a text-book on Indian 
 law, and many other works, in- 
 cluding "Topics for Indian States- 
 men," and "A Letter to Robert 
 Lowe, Esq., Secretary of the Board 
 of Control, on the Condition and 
 Requirements of the Madras Presi- 
 dency." He took a great interest 
 in the education of the natives, and 
 for many years delivered addresses 
 at PatcheaiDpahs School, of which 
 institution he was patron. He was 
 appointed the first lecturer on law 
 to Indian students at the Temple. 
 
 NOTT, Rev. George Frederick, 
 D.D., F.S.A. [1768—1841], senior 
 prebendary of Winchester Cathe- 
 dral, and rector of Harrietsham and 
 Woodchurch, Kent, was a son of 
 the Rev. Samuel Nott, M.A., of 
 Worcester College, Oxford. He 
 was educated at Christ Church, 
 Oxford, and was elected a Fellow 
 of All Souls. He proceeded M.A. 
 1792, B.D. 1802, and D.D. 1807. 
 He obtained much celebrity by 
 his sermons preached at the 
 Bampton Lecture in 1802, which, 
 when printed, were dedicated 
 to the King, and led to his ap- 
 pointment as sub-preceptor to 
 H.R.H. the Princess Charlotte of 
 Wales. He became a prebendary 
 of Winchester in 1810. In the 
 litei'ary world he distinguished 
 himself by his ponderous but valu- 
 able edition of the Poems of the 
 Earl of Surrey and Sir Thomas 
 Wyatt, and by several clerical trea- 
 tises. He jDossessed an extensive 
 and very choice library compris- 
 ing 12,500 vols., which was sold 
 by auction at Winchester in 
 January, 1812. 
 
 NOTT, Major-General Sib 
 William [1782 — 1815], was the son 
 
G80 
 
 KOVELLO— NUGENT. 
 
 of a farmer and innkeeper at Caer- 
 marthen, and entered the East 
 India Company^'s service in 1800. 
 He was obliged to return home on 
 account of ill-health in 1826, and 
 bought the estate called Job's Well, 
 near Caermai*then, where he li\ed 
 for two or three years. The failure 
 of the Calcutta Bank, in which he 
 had invested most of his savings, 
 made it necessary for him to re- 
 sume his active duties as a soldier, 
 and at the age of fifty he returned 
 to India. During the advance on 
 Cabul in 1839, to reinstate Shah 
 Sujah, Nott was attached to the 
 Bombay Force under Sir John 
 Keane, and was appointed to the 
 command at Candahar. He was 
 attacked at Candahar twice, but 
 defeated the enemy. Being ordered 
 with all his forces to Cabul, he 
 started on Aug. 8th with about 
 5000 men. On his march he blew 
 up the fortifications of Ghuzni, 
 Aug. 30, and on Sept. 17 effected 
 his junction with General Pollock 
 at Cabul. In 184-2 he was nomi- 
 nated a K.C.B., and received the 
 thanks of both Houses of Parlia- 
 ment for his services. In 1813 he 
 received from the East India Com- 
 jiany an annuity of ,£1000 for his 
 services at Candahar, and for his 
 successful march to Cabul, and was 
 appointed Envoy at Lucknow. He 
 died at Caermarthen, and a monu- 
 ment was erected there to his 
 memory. 
 
 NOVELLO, Vincent [1781— 
 1861], musician, was born in Lon- 
 don, his mother being Englisli and 
 his father Italian. He was brought 
 up as a choir boy under Samuel 
 Webbe at the Sardinian Cliapel, 
 T)uke Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, 
 and on starting in the world became 
 an organist. Tliis profession he ' 
 followed witli more t>r less regu- i 
 larity till he left England in ISIU. | 
 He was the composer of many ' 
 masses, songs and sacred pieces, 
 but is better known as an adapter 
 and editor, and better still as the 
 founder of the great house of 
 
 Novello and Co. formerly of Soho, 
 now of Berners Street. By this 
 he has certainly earned the grati- 
 tude of every English amateur, for 
 no other publishing house has to 
 the same extent cheapened and 
 popularised the oratorios and 
 masses of the great composers ; 
 and though Novello's son, Joseph 
 Alfred, ought perhaps to have the 
 credit of doing this, yet Vincent 
 Novello gave the firm its bent, and 
 for years worked with his son in 
 the editing and publication of its 
 productions. 
 
 NUGENT, Sir Charles Edmund, 
 G.C.H. [1759— 1844J, Admiral of 
 the Fleet, as Lieutenant of the 
 Bristol, under Sir Peter Parker, 
 took part in the first American war 
 of independence, and was engaged 
 in the expedition against Charles- 
 towTi, in the reduction of New 
 York, and of Rhode Island. He 
 obtained post rank in 1779 ; Avas 
 promoted rear-admiral in 1797 ; 
 made vice-admiral in 1801, and 
 attained to the rank of full admiral 
 in 1808. He w^as made Admiral of 
 the Fleet in 1833, and nominated 
 G.C.H. a year later. 
 
 NUGENT, Field -Marshal 
 Count Laval de Westmeath [1777 
 — 1862], a magnate of Hungary, a 
 Roman prince, &c., was born in 
 Ireland, and having at an eai'ly 
 age become heir to his uncle Oliver 
 Nugent went to Austria in 1789, 
 and entered the Imperial army in 
 1794. He gained his major- 
 generalship in 1S09, and in the 
 winter of 1809-10 was named second 
 plenipotentiary at the congress 
 which preceded Napoleon's mar- 
 riage with the Archduchess Louisa. 
 He refused however to sign the 
 conditions forced on tlie Austriana 
 })y the Emperor of the Freuili. and 
 (piitteil Germany and returned to 
 England, where he was made a 
 major-general and later lieutenant- 
 general in the Ihitish army. He 
 was sent on a mission to Austria 
 by tlie |{iitish Government in 1811, 
 and in LSI 2-13 went to the Duke 
 
OAKELEY— O'BRIEN 
 
 G81 
 
 of Wellinf^ton in Spain to ascer- 
 tain his intentions in case of a 
 general war. He arrived there at 
 a most critical juncture, and the 
 communications which he brought 
 decided the matter, and the media- 
 tion of Austria ended in a declara- 
 tion of war. General Nugent re- 
 sumed the sword in 1813, and 
 having been on active service in 
 lUjria, at the capture of Trieste, 
 Ravenna, Venice, &c., ended the 
 campaign of 1811 at Marengo in 
 Piedmont, where peace was pro- 
 claimed, and the British troops 
 joined Lord William Bentinck at 
 Genoa. He was made a K.C.B. 
 soon after, and in 1815, in the war 
 against Murat, assumed the com- 
 mand of the troops in Tuscany, 
 and contributed mainly to Murat's 
 defeat. He returned to the Aus- 
 trian service in 1820; was promoted 
 to the rank of full general in 183S ; 
 and in 1818 and the following year 
 commanded the co rps d'armec inltaly 
 and Hungary. He was made field- 
 marshal in 1819. He was created 
 a Roman prince in 1816, and in 
 1826 a magnate of Hungary, which 
 latter honour gave him an heredi- 
 tary seat in the Upper House of the 
 Hungarian Diet. He was in Italy 
 during the war with Sardinia, and 
 shared in Radetsky's victories. 
 
 O. 
 
 OAKELEY, Rev. Frederick 
 [1802—1880], Fellow of BalHol 
 College, Oxford, and minister of 
 Margaret Street Chapel, who later 
 became a "^missionary rector'' of 
 St. John's Roman Catholic Church, 
 Duncan Terrace, Islington, was a 
 son of Sir Charles Oakeley, Bart., 
 at one time Governor of Madi-as. 
 His career at Oxford was a brilliant 
 one, he took his B.A. degree in 
 1821, was elected a Fellow of Bal- 
 liol College, in 1830 was appointed 
 tutor of Balliol, and in 1831 was 
 nominated one of the select 
 preachers. He became one of the 
 
 public examiners in 1835, and two 
 years later was appointed Oxford 
 preacher at the Chapel Royal, 
 Whitehall. In 1830 he became 
 minister of Margai-et Chapel, Mar- 
 garet Street, London, where he 
 introduced that form of external 
 worship popularly known by the 
 name of Ritualism. He resigned 
 all his preferments on entering the 
 Roman Catholic Church in 1815. 
 After being ordained a priest, he 
 was appointed Missionary Rector 
 of St. John the Evangelist, Isling- 
 ton. He was nominated a canon 
 of the diocese of Westminster in 
 1852, and elected a member of the 
 Roman Academy of Letters in 1868. 
 He was the author of numerous 
 sermons, and of many pamphlets 
 and letters on the Tractarian move- 
 ment, 1833-15. 
 
 OASTLER, Richard [1789— 
 1861', popularly known as the " Fac- 
 tory King," a staunch Tory and 
 Churchman, was one of the most 
 popular political leaders among the 
 working men in the West Riding 
 of Yorkshire. He first came be- 
 fore the public in 1807, as a 
 supporter of Wilberforce in his 
 efforts for negro emancipation, and 
 during the Reform agitation, when 
 riots occtirred in Birmingham and 
 Bristol, ttc, and men were being 
 trained to arms throughout the 
 manuf acturino^ districts of England 
 and Scotland, though the lives of 
 those in opposition were often not 
 safe, he boldly opposed the acts of 
 Lhe popular party. Between 1829-32 
 he was the leader of the Ten 
 Hours' Bill movement, and from 
 1830 to 1817 was engaged in a cru- 
 sade against the cruelties prac- 
 tised in factories until the passing 
 of the Fiictories Regulation Act. 
 He was the editor of a periodical 
 called The Home, and author of 
 numerous tracts, besides being a 
 diligent newspaper correspondent. 
 
 O^BRIEX, William Smith, the 
 second son of Sir Edward O'Brien, 
 was born at Dromoland, co. Clare, 
 Oct. 17th, 1803, and was educated 
 
082 
 
 O'CALLAGHAN— O'CONNELL. 
 
 at Harrow and Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. In 182G he entered 
 Parliament as Tory member for 
 Ennis, and in 4829 he, though a 
 member of the Catholic Associa- 
 tion, opposed O'Connell's second 
 candidature for Clare. But his 
 opinions gradually changed till, in 
 ISii, he became a member of the 
 Repeal Association, and presided at 
 a meeting during O'Connell's im- 
 prisonment. Two years later he 
 was one of the advanced party who 
 quitted Conciliation Hall, and who, 
 in 1818, were led into rebellion. 
 As the oldest member of the party, 
 as tbe man who occupied the highest 
 social position, and as the lineal 
 descendant of Brian Boroihme, 
 O'Brien naturally became the 
 leader of the " Young Irelanders." 
 It was he who headed the deputa- 
 tion to Lamartine, and who was 
 the nominal leader of the abortive 
 rebellion which ended with the 
 skirmish at Ballingarry. On Aug. 
 uth O'Brien was arrested at Thui-les 
 railway-station, and, with others of 
 his party, was tried for high trea- 
 son and sentenced to be hanged, 
 but the Treason Felony Bill was 
 hurried through Parliament, and 
 the capital sentence commuted to 
 transportation for life. After nine 
 months' imprisonment at Spike 
 Island the rebels were sent to 
 Tasmania and offered the compara- 
 tive freedom of a ticket-of-leave. 
 This O'Brien refused to accept, and 
 was in consequence confined in Port 
 Maria. Here he attempted an 
 escape, but failed, and was placed 
 in closer confinement in Port Arthur, 
 wliere, his health failing, he ac- 
 cepted a ticket-of-leave, and in 185 !• 
 received a pardon conditional on 
 his not returning to Ireland. He 
 then settled with his family in 
 Brussels, and while living there 
 wrote his " Principles of Govern- 
 ment." In May, 185G,a free pardon 
 was granted him, and he returned 
 to Ireland, but did not again take 
 any ])art in politics. lie died wliih' 
 on a visit to Bangor, in Wales, June 
 
 18th, 186i. There is a full account 
 of his career in Sir C. <i. Duffy's 
 " Young Ireland " and " Five Years 
 of Irish History." O'Brien was a 
 man of the highest and most deli- 
 cate honour; he was gentle, true, 
 steadfast, and uncomplaining, but 
 he lacked the determination, in- 
 sight, and strength of will neces- 
 sary to a leader. He was, more- 
 over, too scrupulous for a rebel, 
 and could not be brought to stinc- 
 tion any acts of war which would 
 not have been justifiable in time of 
 peace. In short, as one of his col- 
 leagues said of him, " There was 
 too much of the Smith and too 
 little of the O'Brien" for the leader 
 of a forlorn hope. 
 
 O 'CALL AG HAN, Edmund 
 Bailey, was born at Mallow, in 
 Ireland, in 1797, and went out to 
 Quebec in 1823. There he studied 
 medicine, and took his M.D. degree 
 in 1827. He edited the Montreal 
 Vindicator, the organ of the " pa- 
 triots," 1831-37, and in the latter 
 year, having taken part in an in- 
 surrectionary movement, he had to 
 leave Canada, and went to live in 
 New York. He there undertook 
 the investigation of the colonial 
 annals of New Yoi*k, and published 
 several works of great historical 
 value. He died at New York, May 
 29, 1880. 
 
 O'CONNELL, Daniel, "The Li- 
 berator," was born Aug. Gth, 1775, 
 at Carhen, near Cahei'civeen, co. 
 Kerry. His parents, of an ancient 
 family, were poor, and Daniel was 
 adopted by an uncle. When thir- 
 teen years old he was sent to school, 
 near Queenstown, and afterwards 
 entered St. Omer's, whence he was 
 removed to Douay. but the i»ut- 
 break of the French Kevolution 
 forced his retui'n a few mt)nths 
 later. In 1794 he entered as a 
 student of Tiincoln's Inn, and in 
 1798 was called to tho hash bar, 
 though, as a Roman Catholic, ho 
 had small chance of proferment. 
 But des]nti' the disadvantage of 
 his creed, his talents were (piickly 
 
O'CONNELL. 
 
 GS3 
 
 recog-nised ; in the fii-st year of his 
 practice his fees amounted to .£58 ; 
 in his fourth they had risen to 
 ^300 ; and some years later they 
 amounted to <£;9,000. As an advo- 
 cate^ he stood in the highest rank ; 
 he was eloquent, possessed of a sin- 
 j^ularly sweet and powerful voice, 
 and in the arts of examining wit- 
 nesses and winning over a jury he 
 was unrivalled. In 1800 he joined 
 the Catholic Association, advocated 
 a policy of incessant agitation, and 
 was soon recognised as the leader. 
 In 1810 a repeal agitation was 
 founded, and it is possible that 
 had O'Connell abandoned Emanci- 
 pation and throAvn the weight of 
 his influence into the repeal 
 movement the national demand 
 for the restoration of the national 
 parliament would not have been re- 
 sisted. But by 1828 the demand was 
 no longer national : the long agita- 
 tion for emancipation had divided 
 the nation and revived the creed 
 animositv which at the beginning 
 of the century had almost ceased to 
 exist. O'Connell did not foresee, 
 that each vear the union endured, 
 laws, national debt, taxes, and other 
 state matters rendered its repeal 
 more difficult : neither did he per- 
 ceive that the tendenc v of the age was 
 towards concentration and religious 
 libertv. He believed that, emanci- 
 pation gained, repeal would follow, 
 and he devoted his whole energv to 
 gain that which even without his aid 
 must have come a few years later. 
 Meanwhile the movement was grow- 
 ing in power, but in 1815 the ques- 
 tion whether emancipation should 
 be coupled with a government power 
 of veto in the appointment of Irish 
 Catholic bishops and a state provi- 
 sion for the clergy, caused a split in 
 the party. Pius VII. felt no hesi- 
 tation in conceding to these pro- 
 posals which were advocated by 
 Grattan, Shiel, and the Old Ca- 
 tholic party, but opposed by O'Con- 
 nell and the populace, who in the 
 end carried the day. The dispute 
 was nearly fatal to the unity of the 
 
 Catholics, and the movement seemed 
 doomed to collap.se, till, in 1823, 
 O'Connell, profiting by some revival 
 of interest, founded the " Irish Ca- 
 tholic Association," and in the fol- 
 lowing year estixbli-shcd the " Ci.- 
 tholic Rent " for defraying expenses 
 connected Avith the agitation. In 
 March, 1825, the association wjvs 
 dissolved by act of Parliament, but 
 O'Connell, who boasted that he 
 " could drive a coach and six 
 through any act of Parliament," 
 easily circumvented the act and 
 reorganised the association by 
 changing the name to " The New 
 Catholic Association.'"' In 1828 the 
 association reached the extent of 
 its power ; on one single day in 
 January 2,000 meetings were held, 
 at which almost all the Catholics in 
 Ireland met to demand emancipa- 
 tion. In May the question came 
 before Parliament, and was carried 
 in the Commons by six votes, but 
 was thrown out by the Lords. 
 There was, however, no act to pre- 
 clude the election of Eoman Cci- 
 tholics, though the nature of the 
 oath prevented their sitting in Par- 
 liament, and in the June of this 
 year O'Connell got himseK returned 
 for county Clare. He was, of course, 
 unable to take his seat, but the 
 settlement of the question could 
 not be delaved : the measixre was 
 again brought forward, and on 
 April 13th a reluctant assent was 
 obtained from the king. O'Connell 
 now set himself to fight the much 
 harder battle of repeal. He formed 
 a repeal association which soon as- 
 sumed such threatening proportions 
 that, in 1830, it was " proclaimed " 
 by government, but O'Connell re- 
 sorted to his usual expedient of 
 changing the name, and continued 
 the agitation with so great suc- 
 cess, that at the general election 
 of 1832 he was returned with a 
 •'Tail" of about forty members. 
 At the opening of the session of 
 1834 he introduced the repeal ques- 
 tion in an amendment to the Ad- 
 dress/ but it Wt\s not until 1840 
 
68 i 
 
 O'CONNOE. 
 
 that the famous Loyal National 
 Repeal Association was founded. 
 The supporters were divided into 
 three classes, Hiembers who sub- 
 scribed £1, volunteers who sub- 
 scribed 10s., and associates who 
 subscribed Is. yearly. At first the 
 meetings were held in the Corn 
 Exchange, but later in " Concilia- 
 tion Hall," which was erected for 
 the association. In 1811 O'Connell 
 was elected lord mayor of Dublin ; 
 he was then in the zenith of his 
 power ; 1843 he declared should be 
 the great repeal year, and to further 
 his agitation he absented himself 
 from Parliament, and devoted his 
 energies to promoting monster 
 meetings in various parts of the 
 country. These meetings were 
 splendidly attended, for probably 
 nine-tenths of the Catholics were 
 unanimous for repeal, and between 
 forty-eight and forty-nine thousand 
 pounds were subscribed in this one 
 year. Both to O'Connell and to 
 the English government the as- 
 sociation seemed to be of almost 
 invincible strength. The possi- 
 bility of an ultimate appeal to 
 ai-ms was hotly repudiated by 
 O'Connell ; nevertheless, the atti- 
 tude of the country was considered 
 dangerous, and on Oct. 14th he 
 and the other leaders were arrested 
 on a charge of sedition. They 
 remained in jail six months ; in 
 the spring they were tried and 
 sentenced to imprisonment — O'Con- 
 nell for a year — but tlie sentence 
 was reversed by the House of Lords. 
 But O'Connell's power was gone. 
 The Englisli government had proved 
 its strength, and O'Connell his weak- 
 ness. The younger men had long 
 been dissatisfied with the conduct of 
 aftairs in Conciliation Hall, with the 
 absence of accounts for money spent, 
 with the petty spirit of race and 
 creed hatri'd that played so large a 
 part in O'Connell's agitation, and 
 with his temporising policy with 
 the Wliigs. Tlie disinU'gration of 
 the i>avty had Ix'gun l)efore O'Con- 
 nell's iiiiprisonuient ; it went on 
 
 quickly throughout 18 Hand 1845, 
 and in the autumn of the latter 
 year that disastrous famine began 
 which decimated the Irish people. 
 Throughout 1816 and 1847 the 
 whole energy of the nation was 
 devoted to the struggle against 
 famine. O'Connell's health failed 
 fast ; in the spring of 18 17 he left 
 Ireland for Eonie, but got no further 
 than Genoa, where he died on May 
 15th. His body is buried in Glas- 
 nevin, but his heart lies in the 
 church of St. Agatha, at Rome. 
 The authorities for his life are 
 " Life and Speeches " and " Select 
 Speeches," edited by his son, John 
 O'Connell; "Life and Times," F. 
 M. Cusack; " Personal Recollec- 
 tions," J. O'Neill Daunt ; " Leaders 
 of Public Opinion in Ireland,'* 
 Lecky ; and " Memoirs," by J. 
 Graeme, R. Huish, Fagan, &c., &c. 
 O'Connell was the author of "A 
 Memoir of Ireland, Native and 
 Saxon." 
 
 O'CONNOR, General Arthur, 
 was born at Mitchels, near Bandon. 
 July 1th, 1763. He was educated at 
 Trinity College, Dublin, and was 
 called to the Irish bar in 1788, but, 
 possessed of ample means, he never 
 practised. In 1791 he entered Par- 
 liament for Philipstown, and at- 
 tached himself to (^rattan's party, 
 but after the recall of Fitz-Wiliiam 
 he joined the United Irishmen. In 
 1797 he suffered six months' im- 
 prisonment in Dublin Castle, and 
 after his release started IVie Press 
 newspaper to propagate the doc- 
 trines of the United Irishmen. On 
 Feb. 27th, 1798, he was again ar- 
 rested, was tried and acquitted of 
 treason, but before he could leave 
 the dock was arrested on another 
 warrant, and in April, 1799, Avas 
 conveyed, with other leaders of the 
 United Irishmen, to Fort George, 
 in Scothnul. In 1S()2 tlu> jirisoners 
 were dej)(»rteil ti> the Continent and 
 set at liberty, when O'Connor en- 
 tered the French army, and was ap- 
 pointed general of division in Fel)., 
 1801. He afterwards settled at 
 
O'CONNOR— O'CURRY. 
 
 085 
 
 lii^on, and devoted himself to api- 
 culture. General O'Connor was the 
 author of numerous pamphlets, and 
 edited the Journal de la Lihcrto, Re- 
 ligieuse. He died at Bi«^non, April 
 25th, 18o2. His biography is in 
 Madden's " Lives and Times of the 
 United Irishmen," the " Biographie 
 Generale," Webb's "Comi^endium 
 of Ii-ish Biography," &c. 
 
 O'CONNOR, Feargus Edward. 
 He was a nej^hew of General Arthur 
 O'Connor, and was born at Conner- 
 ville, CO. Cork, in 179G. He first 
 took an active part in politics in 
 1831, when, to the consternation of 
 his friends, he appeared as an 
 ardent repealer, reformer, and even 
 a supporter of the Tithe war. In 
 1832 he was returned member for 
 Cork Count v, and for a time was a 
 member of O'Connell's "tail," but 
 he eventually tried to lead the 
 party, and made himself so un- 
 popular in Ireland, that when, in 
 1834, he was unseated on jjetition, 
 he retired to England. Here he 
 attained great popularity as a 
 leader of the chartist movement, 
 and in July, 1817, was returned 
 member for Nottingham. In 1848 
 he headed a great chartist demon- 
 strati(m in London. A chartist 
 land scheme involved hundreds in 
 ruin, and its failure was uuich 
 taken to heart by O'Connor, who, 
 in 1853, became permanently in- 
 sane. He died in London, Aug. 
 3i*d, 1855. A statue has been 
 erected to his memory in Notting- 
 ham. 
 
 O'CONNOR, James A. [1793— 
 18 11 J , landscape painter, was the son 
 of an engraver in Dublin, and was 
 brought up to his father's profession. 
 He soon relinquished that, however, 
 for painting, and after many years 
 of hard work in Dublin came to 
 London in 1822, and for three 
 years exhibited at the Academy, 
 chiefly Irish views. His pictures 
 sold fairly well, but, wishing to 
 make more money, he left London 
 for Bx-ussels in 1826, where he re- 
 mained for nearly a year making 
 
 numerous sketches. He was in 
 London from 1827 to 1832, after 
 which he went to Paris, sending 
 the pictures he painted there to 
 London. Some of these are excel- 
 lent, and show strong traces of the 
 French school of the day. O'Con- 
 nor returned to London in 1833, 
 and was an occasional exhibitor at 
 the Academy and at Suffolk Street, 
 until failing health compelled l)im 
 to give up, and he died in very em- 
 barrassed circumstances. 
 
 O'CONNOR, Major-General 
 Luke Smyth, C.B. [180G— 1873], 
 was, during the years 1853-55, in 
 command of the 1st "West India 
 Regiment, and with them captured 
 and totally destroyed the strongly 
 fortified town of Sabajee in June, 
 1853, and acquired by treaty a 
 valuable tract of territory. For 
 his distinguished services on that 
 occasion he was most favourably 
 mentioned in the despatches of the 
 Duke of Newcastle. In July, 1855, 
 he attacked and repulsed a numerous 
 force of Mohomedans, and was se- 
 verely wounded, and in Avigust of 
 the same year commanded the com- 
 bined British and French forces 
 against the Mahomedan rebels of 
 Upi^er and Lower Combos, and 
 totally routed them with a loss of 
 500 killed and wounded. In recog- 
 nition of his services he was cre- 
 ated.a C.B. in 185G. 
 
 O'CURRY, Eugene [1795— 18G2], 
 Professor of Irish History and 
 Archaeology in the Catholic Univer- 
 sity of Ireland, and editor of some 
 of the most valuable publications of 
 the Celtic Society, was born of 
 humble parentage in the county of 
 Clare, Ireland. Having during his 
 early youth become familiarized 
 with the oral traditions of the Clare 
 peasantry, and learned to read and 
 copy modern Gaelic manuscripts, he 
 was in 1835 employed by the His- 
 toric Department of the Ordnance 
 Survey at Dublin to make extracts 
 from Irish MSS. under the super- 
 vision of Messrs. Petrie and 
 O'Donovan. He was subsequently 
 
6SG 
 
 ODGER— O'DONOVAN. 
 
 eiuj)loyed in a similar capacity by 
 the Koyal Ii-ish Academy in the 
 library of Trinity College, Dublin, 
 and for the Prish Archaeological 
 Society. Conjointly with Mr. 
 O'Donovan he edited and revised 
 the Brehon Laws, and at the time 
 of his death was engaged in jDub- 
 lishing the second volume of his 
 " Lectures on the Manuscript Ma- 
 terials of Ancient Irish History," a 
 series of lectures delivered by him 
 before the University to which he 
 belonged. He also translated the 
 oldest part of " The Annals of the 
 Four Masters." After his death 
 his " Lectures on the Manners and 
 Customs of the Ancient Irish " 
 were published under the super- 
 vision of Dr. W. K. Sullivan, 
 
 ODGER, George [1820—1877], 
 who took a leading part in all the 
 trade-union and working-class po- 
 litical movements of his day, was 
 born of humble parentage at a little 
 village between Plymouth and Tavi- 
 stock. He was entirely self-taught, 
 except for the small amount of learn- 
 ing he managed to pick up at the 
 parish school of his native place, 
 and was early apprenticed to a shoe- 
 maker. He began a course of study 
 and self-culture, and soon became 
 kno%vn in his native county as an 
 advanced politician, i^ublic reader, 
 and reciter. He settled in London, 
 and became a member of the So- 
 ciety of Cordwainers, and in 1859 
 took a prominent part in the dele- 
 gate meetings during the lock-out 
 in the building trades, and from 
 that time was well known to and 
 associated with the prominent work- 
 ing-men of London. In lS();i, as 
 secretary of the London Trades 
 Council, he visited many \r,ivts of 
 England as the representative of 
 that association, during their agi- 
 tation with regard to wages and 
 hours of work. Hut ho was In'st 
 known as a member of the Reform 
 League. He came forward on two 
 or tliree occasions as a candidate 
 for a seat in the House of Commons, 
 and at the election for Soutlnvark 
 
 in 1870 he polled 4,382 votes. His 
 funeral at Erompton Cemetery was 
 attended by a large concourse, in- 
 cluding several members of Parlia- 
 ment. A subscription was raised 
 after his death to buy an annuity 
 for his widow. 
 
 O'DONOVAN, Edmond, author 
 of " The Merv Oasis," was the son 
 of Dr. Donovan, Professor of Celtic 
 Philology in the Queen's University 
 of Ireland. His connection with 
 the Daily News began in 187G ; and 
 during the wiir between Russia and 
 Turkey in 1877 and 1878 he was 
 with the Turkish army in Asia 
 Minor and Armenia, where he was 
 an eye-witness of every battle and 
 siege. In the Carlist Civil War of 
 Spain, Mr. O'Donovan acted as 
 correspondent, brit in 1879 he went 
 through Russia to the shores of the 
 Caspian, visited the North of Persia 
 and the adjacent territory of Kho- 
 rassan, the Russian outposts on the 
 Attrek, the land of Tekke Turco- 
 mans, and Merv. In 1881 he re- 
 tiirned to England, and published 
 his book, "The Merv Oasis." In 
 1883 he went to the Soudan, where 
 he perished with Hicks Pasha's 
 army in November of that vear. 
 
 O'DONOVxVN, John, LL.D.,,was 
 the son of a respectable farmer, and 
 was born at Atateemore, co. Kil- 
 kenny, July 9, 1809. When only 
 eight he lost his father, and was 
 educated by his elder brother, who 
 was settled in Dublin. While still 
 a lad he was placed in the Record 
 Office in Dublin, and in 1829 was 
 chosen by Dr. Petrie to fill a va- 
 cancy in the historical department 
 of the Ordnance Survey. His first 
 important essays appeared in the 
 Dnhlin Penny Journal, where be- 
 tween 1S:U-;J3 his articles formed 
 the principal attraction of the 
 ma«»"azine. Tlie most iiui)ortant 
 pul)lieations of the Irish An-hieolo- 
 gieal Society were edited by 
 O'Donovan, and in 1817 he pub- 
 lished his " Book of Riglits," a 
 translation of the Irish Doomsday 
 ])Ook ; in the same year he was 
 
OLDHAM— OLIVER. 
 
 G8i 
 
 called to the Irish Bar, hut never 
 practised, lu 1818 appeared the 
 first part of his transhition of the 
 " Annals of the Four Masters," and 
 the publication was completed in 
 1851. He afterwards joined O'Curry 
 in the translation of the " Senchus 
 Mor," and his latest work was a 
 translation of the poems of John 
 O'Dubhagain and Gillana-naomh- 
 O'Huit-b'in, and with this he pub- 
 lished essays on Irish names and 
 Enj^lish names assumed by native 
 Irish, &c. He died in Dublin, Dec. 
 9, 1861. In acknowledgment of 
 his services to literature the Irish 
 Academy awarded him the Cun- 
 ningham medal, and the honorary 
 degree of LL.D. was conferi-ed on 
 him bv Trinity College, Dublin. 
 
 OLDHAM, Dr. Tho^ias 1816— 
 1878], who was, from the time of its 
 commencement in 1850, for sixteen 
 years at the head of the Geological 
 Survey of India, was bom in Dub- 
 lin, and educated at a private 
 school and at Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin. After taking his B.A. degree, 
 he studied at the Engineering 
 School of Edinburgh, 1837-38, and 
 in 1839, having returned to Ireland, 
 he was appointed chief geological 
 assistant to Major-General Port- 
 lock, then at the head of the survey 
 of Ireland, and assisted to prepare 
 the report on Londonderry, Tyi'one, 
 &c., which appeared in 18J:3. Hav- 
 ing been successivelv curator and 
 assistant secretary of the Geolo- 
 gical Society of Dublin, Professor 
 of Engineering, and Professor of 
 Geology, he was made local director 
 of the Geological Survey of Ireland, 
 and was elected President of the 
 Geological Societv of Dublin. In 
 1850 he was appointed to organise 
 the Geological Survev of India, and 
 while in that country was made a 
 member of the Eoyal Asiatic Society 
 of Bengal, and was four times 
 president. He was an F.E.S. 1848, 
 F.G.S. 1843, and a member of the 
 Eoval Irish Academv, and an bono- 
 rary LL.D. Among his paleonto- 
 logical researches and discoveries 
 
 the •' Oldhamia " was the most im- 
 portant. 
 
 OLIVER, Rev. George, D.D. 
 [1781— 1S61], a Roman Catholic 
 clergyman and an antiquarian of 
 I some note, was educated at Sedgley 
 j Park and at Stonyhurst College, in 
 ! which latter establishment he 
 taught humanities for five years. 
 He was appointed to the Roman 
 Catholic Mission in Exeter in 1807, 
 where he remained for forty-five 
 I years. In 1811 the degree of D.D. 
 ! was conferred upon him by Pope 
 Gregory XVI. Among his works, 
 j which are mostly connected with 
 j the western counties, the most im- 
 { portant are the " Monasticon Diae- 
 cesis Exoniensis," " The Histoi-y of 
 Exeter," 1821 ; " Collections to- 
 wards Illustrating the History of 
 the Catholic Religion in the 
 Western Counties, Historical and 
 Biographical," 1857, <tc.,&c. He was 
 one of the editors of " Westcote's 
 Survey of Devon," and wrote fre- 
 quently for local antiquarian 
 i histories. 
 
 ! OLIVER, Rev. George [1782— 
 
 : 1867], a distinguished writer on 
 
 Freemasonry, was successively vicar 
 
 of Clee, Lincolnshire, rector and 
 
 prebendary of the Collegiate Church 
 
 at Wolverhampton, rector of South 
 
 Hykeham, and vicar of Scopwick, 
 
 Lincolnshire, and head master of 
 
 King Edward's Grammar School, 
 
 , Grimsby. He became D.D. of 
 
 Cambridge in 1836. He was elected 
 
 I Deputy Grand Master of Masons 
 
 for Lincolnshire in 1832, and in 
 
 1840 hon. member of the Grand 
 
 Lodge of Massachusetts, with the 
 
 rank of D. G. M., and also of 
 
 several private lodges and literary 
 
 societies. Among his works may 
 
 ^ be mentioned : " The Historical 
 
 I Landmarks of Masonry," " The 
 
 Antiquities of Freemasonry," " A 
 
 History of the Order from'l829 to 
 
 ; 1841," " The Book of the Lodge," 
 
 and a great number of others which 
 
 ! passed through several editions, 
 
 I and were republished in foreign 
 
 j countries. 
 
G88 
 
 OLLIER— O'NEIL. 
 
 OLLIER, Charles [1788—1859], 
 poet, began his career as a book- 
 seller and publisher, and brought 
 out some of tlie earlier works of 
 Keats and Shelley. He subse- 
 quently took to literature as a pro- 
 fession, and wrote various novels 
 and poems, which were very well 
 thought of in their day. He was 
 also a frequent contributor to pe- 
 riodical literature, and was much 
 employed as an editor of magazines. 
 
 O ' L O G H L E N, Sir Michael, 
 Bart. [1789— 18 i2]. Master of the 
 Rolls in Ireland, was the fourth 
 son of Coleman O'Loghlen, of Port, 
 CO. Clare. He was appointed third 
 Serjeant in 1831, second Serjeant 
 in 1832, and admitted a Bencher of 
 the King's Inns. He was made 
 Solicitor-General in Oct., 1831, an 
 office he held until the resignation 
 of the Whigs in the following 
 January. He became Attorney- 
 General in 1835, Baron of the Ex- 
 chequer in 1836, and Master of the 
 Rolls in 1837. He was created a 
 Baronet of the United Kingdom in 
 1838 
 
 O'LOGHLEN, The RicxHT Hon. 
 Sir Colman Michael, Bart., M.P. 
 [1819 — 1877], son of the preceding, 
 was educated at private schools 
 in England and at University 
 College, London, and was a gra- 
 duate of the London University. 
 He was called to the Irish Bar in 
 1810. He was a Queen's Counsel, 
 and second Queen's Serjeant in 
 Ireland, and a Bencher of the 
 Queen's Inns, Dublin. He was 
 chairman of the county Carlo w, 
 and subsequently of the county 
 Mayo, in Ireland ; and was Judge 
 Advocate-General from Dec, 18G8, 
 to Nov., 1870. He was M.P. for 
 the county Clare from 18G3. He 
 carried the measure to open the 
 Chancellorship of Ireland to Roman 
 Catholics, and manv otlier liills in 
 Parliament. Sir Culman was a mem- 
 ber of the English Privy Council. 
 
 O'M ALLEY, Majou-General 
 Geouoe, C.B., having served in the 
 yeomanry and militia services of 
 
 Ireland during the rebellion in 
 1798 as a volunteer, joined the Yeo- 
 manry Cavalry Corps of Castlebar, 
 the day before that town was taken 
 by the French under General Hum- 
 bert. He was put in command of 
 his corps, and when the ' French 
 had left Castlebar, was sent to try 
 and restore order and tranquillity 
 there. About a fortnight after his 
 return the to-\vn was attacked by a 
 rebel force of 3,000 men aided by 
 some French officers, whom he 
 thoroughly defeated with a force of 
 about IGO men. He joined the 13th 
 Regiment of Foot as ensign in 1800, 
 and served in Egypt for a year in 
 1801, being severely wounded on 
 March 13. He was aj^pointed 
 major of the 101st Regiment, and 
 for seven years was on active ser- 
 vice in Ireland, Jersey, North Ame- 
 rica, and the West Indies. On 
 his return from the West Indies 
 he was removed to the -44th Regi- 
 ment, with which he served 
 throughout the campaign of 1815. 
 For his services at Waterloo he 
 was made a C.B. In 1819 he was 
 appointed to the majority of the 
 38th Foot, was made lieutenant- 
 Colonel of the 8Sth in 1823, brevet- 
 colonel in 1830, and major-general 
 in 1811. He died May IG, 1843. 
 
 O'NEIL, Henry, A.R.A. [1817— 
 1880], historical and genre painter, 
 for many years contributed some 
 excellent works to the exhibitions 
 of the Royal Academy. Among his 
 works may be mentioned : " Martlia 
 and Mary informing Christ of the 
 death of Lazarus," " By the Rivers 
 of Babylon," *' Eastward Ho " and 
 " Home Again," which were both 
 engraved, " The Death of Raffaelle," 
 Ac. Mr. O'Neil, who was eleetod an 
 A.R.A., painted some very striking 
 portraits. He was the author of 
 a pamphlet entitled " Modern Art 
 in England and France," 18G9 ; 
 " The Age of Stucco : a Satire in 
 Three Cantos," 1871 ; and various 
 lectures on art. He exhibited 
 sixty paintings, most of which were 
 engraved. 
 
O'NEILL— OSBALDESTON. 
 
 C89 
 
 O'NEILL, Miss Elizabeth 
 (Lady Becher) [1791 — 1872], who 
 gained a distinguisbed j)osition on 
 the English stage as a tragic ac- 
 tress, was the daughter of Mr. 
 John O'Neill, an actor. She mar- 
 ried, in 1819, W, Wrixon-Becher, 
 M.P., of Ballygiblin Castle, co. 
 Cork, v/ho was created a baronet in 
 1831. She made her debut in Lon- 
 don in 1814, and very soon gained a 
 name for herself. In her famous 
 parts of Juliet, Mrs. Haller, Belvi- 
 dera, Jane Shore, and Mrs. Be- 
 vei'ley, contemporary critics repre- 
 sent her as having been unrivalled. 
 She is said to have passed through 
 many severe trials in early life, but 
 her genius and determination of 
 character enabled her successfully 
 to surmount all difficulties, and for 
 years she held, if not the first, at 
 least a very distinguished position 
 on the English stage. 
 
 OPIE, Amelia [1769—1853], wife 
 of John Opie, the painter, was the 
 daughter of Dr. Alderson, a physi- 
 cian of Norwich, where she w^as 
 born. Having early lost her mo- 
 ther, she became her father's 
 devoted companion, and imbibed 
 some of his literary tastes. She 
 composed songs a.nd tragedies at an 
 early age, but did not publish any- 
 tliing till after her marriage with 
 Opie in 1798. In 1801 she published 
 a novel, entitled "Father and 
 Daughter," which speedily brought 
 her into notice, and which was 
 translated and dramatised, and 
 became the opera "'Agnese." In 
 1802 appeared a volume of graceful 
 poems, followed in 1804 by the 
 novels, "Adeline Mowbray," and 
 "Simple Tales," ISOG. Her hus- 
 band died in 1807, and she then 
 returned to her father's house at 
 Norwich, where she remained for 
 the rest of his life. Among her 
 other works may be mentioned, 
 " Temper," 1812 ; " Tales of Eeal 
 Life," 1813; "Valentine's Eve," 
 1816 ; " Tales of the Heart," 1818 ; 
 and "Madeline," 1822. In 1825 
 she joined the Society of Friends, 
 
 and from that time, beyond a vo- 
 lume entitled " Detraction Dis- 
 played," and several contributions 
 in prose and verse to the periodicals 
 of the day, she wrote nothing. 
 The rest of her life was spent in 
 travelling about, and in the exer- 
 cise of Christian benevolence. [Sec 
 " Life of Mrs. Opie," by Miss C. L. 
 Brightwell, 1851.] 
 
 OEMEROD, George, F.K.S., 
 D.C.L. [1785— 1873], the historian of 
 Cheshire, was born in Manchester, 
 and educated at Brasenose College, 
 Oxford, where he took his M.A. de- 
 gree in 1807, and his D.C.L. in 1818. 
 He was for upwards of fifty years 
 known as one of the most accom- 
 j)lished and learned of antiqua- 
 rians ; and his famous "History of 
 Cheshire," published in 1819, is 
 acknowledged to be one of the best 
 and most important of our county 
 histcu'ies. Copies of it now bring 
 high prices. He was the author 
 of numerous other archaeological 
 works, mostly connected with the 
 county of Chester. 
 
 OSBALDESTON, Oeokge [1787 
 — 1866], a gentleman of wide repu- 
 tation in the sporting world, was 
 the son of a Yorkshire squire, Mr. 
 Osbaldeston, of Hutton Bushell, 
 near Scarborough. He was edu- 
 cated at Eton and at Brasenose 
 College, Oxford, where he wa.s 
 more distinguished in the hunting 
 field than in the Schools. He 
 hunted successively the Lincoln- 
 shire (Lord Monson's), the Quorn, 
 the Pytchley Hounds, &c., and in 
 the capacity of a Master of hounds 
 none stood higher. He brought his 
 name rather prominently before the 
 world in 1831, by fighting a duel 
 with Lord George Bentinck, and 
 shortly afterwards by winning a 
 match for .£1,000 a side, in which 
 he engaged to ride 200 miles in ten 
 hours. He was also well known in 
 cricketing and in racing circles. 
 He sat in Parliament as M.P. for 
 Retford for some years previous to 
 the passing of the Eeforin Bill, 
 Some years before his death he re- 
 
 Y Y 
 
690 
 
 OSBORN— 0*SHAUGHNESSY. 
 
 tired from sporting life, and resided 
 in London. 
 
 OSBOEN, Eear-Admiral She- 
 bard, K.N. [i822 — 1875], C.B., 
 F.R.S., F.R.G.S , &c., son of Lieu- 
 tenant-colonel Osborn, of tlie Ma- 
 dras army, entered the navy in 
 1837, served in the East Indies, and 
 in China till 1813, and having ob- 
 tained his commission as lieutenant 
 in 1816, was in 1819 selected as a 
 volunteer for the Arctic expedition 
 sent in search of Sir John Frank- 
 lin. In 1851 he made his famous 
 sledge journey to the fiirthest 
 western point of Prince of Wales's 
 Land, and for his services was pro- 
 moted commander. Having served 
 with distinction in the Black Sea 
 during the Russian War, he was 
 made C.B. and an ofl&cer of the 
 Legion of Honour, and of the Med- 
 jidie. In 1857 in the Furious, he 
 shared in all the operations of the 
 second Chinese War. He took a 
 keen interest in the conti'oversy 
 respecting the merits of the turret 
 system of shipbuilding, and in 186 1 
 was appointed to the command of 
 the Royal Sovereign, a vessel which 
 had been adapted to it. After the 
 paying off of the Royal Sovereign he 
 was for a few years managing agent 
 of the Great Indian Peninsula 
 Railway in Bombay. He wrote 
 numerous interesting works, among 
 which may be mentioned, " Stray 
 Leaves from an Arctic Journal," 
 1850-1 ; "The Career, Last Voyage, 
 and Fate of Sir John Franklin," 
 and "Japanese Fragments," 1860. 
 
 OSBORNE, Ralph Bernal [181 1 
 —1882], eldest son of the well- 
 known art collector R. Bernal, 
 was educated at Charterhouse and 
 'J'l-inity College, Cambridge, and in 
 1830 was gazetted to the 7th Fusi- 
 liers, from which he retired a few 
 years later with the rank of cajitain. 
 He assumed the name of Os})orne by 
 Royal licence in IS 14, on his mar- 
 riage with the only child and heir 
 of Sir Thomas Osljornc, Bart. He 
 was t'loctcd one of tlie mcmljers in 
 the advanced Liberal interest for 
 
 Wycombe in 1811, for Middlesex in 
 1817, when he was returned second 
 on the poll with Lord Robert Gros- 
 venor, and dui-ing Lord Aberdeen's 
 administration was apjjointed se- 
 cretary to the Admiralty, and re- 
 tained that place under Lord Pal- 
 merston. He was returned at the 
 head of the poll for Dover in 1857, 
 but was rejected by that consti- 
 tuency two years later, and though 
 he returned to Parliament Avas 
 never again in office. In 1859 he 
 Avas returned for Liskeard, re- 
 signed that seat in 1865, and in 
 1866 was returned for Nottingham. 
 In 1870 he sat for Waterford, and 
 kept his seat until overthroA\Ti by 
 the force of the Home Rule party 
 in 1874. In the House he was 
 brilliantly successful by reason of 
 his strong sense, his lively sallies 
 of wit, and his keen spirit of sar- 
 casm, and there were those who 
 thought that the loss of Osborne 
 contributed to the decline of the 
 House of Commons, and the decline 
 and fall of statesmanship. 
 
 O'SHANASSY, Hon. Sir John, 
 K.C.M.G. [1818—1883], son of Mr. 
 Denis O'Shanassy, of Tipperary, 
 emigrated to Australia soon after 
 the settlement of Port Phillij), and 
 took an active part in the colonisa- 
 tion and government of the colony 
 of Victoria. He was a member of 
 the municipal government at Mel- 
 bourne, and a member of the first 
 legislative council there. He was 
 jjrime minister of the colony in 
 three administrations which he had 
 helped to form, and from 1858 to 
 the time of his death had been a 
 member of the executive council at 
 Melbourne. Pope Pius IX. made 
 him a Knight of St. Gregory the 
 Great in 1858, and in 1S66, on his 
 departure for England he was pre- 
 sented with a service of plate of 
 the value of ^£1,500 in recognition 
 of hi.>s services to the colony. Ho 
 was nominated a C.M.G. in 1870, 
 and promoted to a K.C.M.G. in 
 1871. 
 
 O'SHAUGHNESSY, Arthur 
 
OSSINGTON— OTWAY 
 
 001 
 
 William Edgar, a charming poet 
 and sons^ writer, was born on the 
 14th March, 18 U. He entered the 
 British Museum as a transgribei*, 
 and after two years was removed 
 to the Natural History Department, 
 where he remained till his death. 
 In 1870 he published his first volume 
 of verse, "An Epic of Women," 
 which contains many of his best 
 pieces ; it was followed in 1872 by 
 ''Lays of France," and in 1874 by 
 "Music and Moonlight." In Jan., 
 1881, O'Shaughnessy was attacked 
 by inflammation of the lungs and 
 died Jan. 30, after only a few days' 
 illness. His posthumous volume, 
 " Songs of a Worker," appeared in 
 1881. 
 
 OSSIXGTOX (YiscorxT), The 
 Eight Hex. John Evelyn Dexison 
 [1800— 1873], was educated at Eton 
 and at Christ Church, Oxford, 
 where he was the contemporary 
 and friend of many who afterwards 
 became celebrated in the political 
 world, and where he graduated 
 B.A. in 1823. In the same year he 
 was returned to Parliament for the 
 borough of Xewcastle-under-Lyme, 
 and in 182-4, in company with the 
 Earl of Derby, Lord Taunton, and 
 Lord Wharncliffe, went on a 
 protracted tour through Canada 
 and the United States. On the 
 formation of Mr. Canning's admi- 
 nistration, Mr. Denison was ap- 
 l^ointed one of the Lords of the 
 Admiralty. At this time the strug- 
 gle of parties on the Catholic Eman- 
 cipation question was very fierce. 
 Mr. Denison uniformly supported 
 concession to the claims of the 
 Catholics. Mr. Canning's death led 
 to a considerable altei'ation in the 
 state of political parties, and, among 
 others, it affected Mr. Denison. He 
 relinquished the duties of the Ad- 
 miralty Board, and, prefei'ring an 
 independent political career to the 
 responsibilities of an official posi- 
 tion, did not again hold office, 
 though several administrations 
 sought his services. In 1830 he was 
 returned for the borough of Hast- 
 
 ' ings. In 1831, after the death of 
 Mr. Huskisson, he was invited to 
 stand for Liverix)ol, and at the 
 general election of 1831 he was 
 returaed for that borough and for 
 
 , the county of Nottingham, choosing 
 to sit for the latter. During two 
 Parliaments he represented the 
 borough of Malton, and in 1857 he 
 was returned for the northern divi- 
 sion of Notts. Mr. Denison took an 
 active part in the conduct of the pri- 
 vate business of the House ; and on 
 the retirement of Mr. Shaw Lefevre 
 
 ^ in 1857, was unanimously chosen 
 Speaker, being again unanimously 
 elected in 1859, 1866, and 1868. A 
 few days after the reassembling of 
 Parliament in 1872, Mr. Denison 
 retired from the Sjjeaker's chair 
 (Feb. 8), in which he was succeeded 
 by Mr. Brand, and a few days later 
 he was raised to the peerage" by the 
 title of Yiscoimt Ossington, of Os- 
 sington, in the county of Notting- 
 ham. He married, in 1827, the 
 third daughter of the fourth duke 
 of Portland. 
 
 T T E E, Eight Eev. Wil- 
 liam, D.D. [1768— 18iO, Bishop 
 of Chichester, was the fourth son 
 
 , of the Eev. Edward Otter, and 
 was educated at Jesus College, 
 Cambridge, where he graduated in 
 1790. He was elected Fellow and 
 
 I subsequently Tutor of his college, 
 and in 1804 became rector of Colm- 
 worth in Bedfordshire. Having 
 
 i been rector of Chetwynd, and later 
 of Kinlet in Shropshire, he was, in 
 
 I 1830, appointed the first principal 
 
 ' of King's College, London, and six 
 years later was consecrated Bishop 
 of Chichester. The diocese is 
 chiefly indebted to Dr. Otter and 
 Dr. Chandler for the establishment 
 of the theological school, and the 
 training school for masters of the 
 National Schools. Besides numer- 
 
 ' ous pamphlets on the subject of the 
 Bible Society, and in vindication 
 of churchmen who become members 
 of it, he wrote a life of Dr. E. D. 
 Clarke in 1825. 
 
 , OTWAY, LoFTus Charles, C.B., 
 
 Y Y 2 
 
692 
 
 OUSELEY— OUTRAM. 
 
 H.B.M.'s Consul-General at Milan, 
 was the only son of General Sir 
 Loftus W. Otway, and was attached 
 to the diplomatic service for up- 
 wards of thirty years, having re- 
 ceived his first appointment to the 
 mission at Stockholm in 1830. He 
 was removed to the British Em- 
 bassy at St. Petersburg in 1833, 
 and in August of the following year 
 to the British Legation at Madrid. 
 Havinof served as attache to the 
 Legations at Lisbon and Madrid, 
 early in 1858 he was appointed 
 Minister Plenipotentiary to the 
 Mexican Republic, and on return- 
 ing to England was made consul- 
 general at Milan. He died at 
 Madrid, Sept. 20, 18(31. 
 
 OUSELEY, Eight Hon. Sir 
 Gore, Bart. [1769—1844], F.E.S., 
 F.S.A., &c., was a son of Captain 
 Ealph Ouseley, and brother of Sir 
 William Ouseley (q. v.) the eminent 
 oriental scholar. He went to Ame- 
 rica in 1787, and from there to China 
 and the East Indies, where he won 
 rapid advancement. In 1810 he 
 was sent to Persia as Ambassador 
 Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- 
 potentiary, and I'eceived from the 
 Shah the Order of the Lion and 
 Sun, and a grant of supporters. 
 For his successful mediation 
 between Persia and Eussia in 1819, 
 the Emperor of Eussia presented 
 him with the Order of St. Alex- 
 ander Newski, set in diamonds. 
 During the years 1811-12, he as- 
 sisted the Eev. H. Martyn, chaplain 
 to the East India Co., in translat- 
 ing the New Testament into Per- 
 sian. He was a member and long 
 on the Council of the Eoyal Society 
 of Literature, as well as of other 
 learned and scientific bodies. 
 
 OUSELEY, Sir William, Knt., 
 LL.D. [1771— 18 1-2J, son of Captain 
 Ealph Ouseley, served for a time in 
 the army as an officer of dragoons, 
 under the Duke of York in the 
 campaign of 1794. He retired from 
 the army in order to devote himself 
 to the study of Oriental languages, 
 and for a time lived at Leydon. 
 
 His first work " Persian Miscel- 
 lanies," appeared in 1795, and was 
 followed by his " Oriental Collec- 
 tions," " Ei^itome of Persian His- 
 tory," " Oriental Geography," &.C., 
 all of which were scholarlv, 
 pleasing, and full of curious infor- 
 mation. He went with his brother 
 Sir Gore Ouseley to Persia in 1810, 
 as Secretai'y to the Embassy, and 
 on his I'eturn published " Travels 
 in Persia," a clever interesting 
 work which was very well received 
 by the public. He died at an 
 advanced age at Boulogne. 
 
 OUTEAM, Lieutenant-gene- 
 ral Sir James, Bart., G.C.B., 
 K.S.I. [1803—1863], the " Bayard 
 of India," was born in Dei'byshire, 
 but was of Scottish descent on his 
 mother's side. He was educated 
 at Marischal College, Aberdeen, 
 where he gained great distinction, 
 and went out to Bombay as a cadet 
 in 1819. Subsequently he was ap- 
 pointed Adjutant to the 23rd Eegi- 
 uient of Bombay Native Infantry. 
 From 1828 to 1835 he served in 
 Candeish, and in the latter year 
 was employed in organizing a re- 
 gular force in Guzerat. He was 
 A.D.C. to Lord Keane in 1838, and 
 took an active part in the capture 
 of Ghuznee. Having been suc- 
 cessively political resident at Gu- 
 zerat, commissary in Upper Scinde, 
 and British resident at Hyderabad, 
 Sattara, and Lucknow, he was 
 appointed, in 1842, commissioner 
 to negotiate with the Ameers of 
 Scinde. In fulfilling the duties of 
 this latter office, he adopted views 
 at variance with Sir Charles James 
 Napier, and a serious quarrel en- 
 sued. On (juitting Scinde Outram 
 puV)lished a work, in which lie 
 severely criticised the conduct of 
 Sir Charles relative to the contjuest 
 of that country, and an angry cor- 
 respondence took place between 
 them. Through the whole affair, 
 however, Outram i)layt'd a most 
 disinterested part, and he liad the 
 satisfjiction in the end of knowing 
 that his views were confirmed by 
 
OVERSTONE— OWEN. 
 
 693 
 
 the Board of Directors, He paid 
 over his share of the Scinde prize- 
 luoney, which amounted to ^3,000, 
 to the public charities of Bombay. 
 Having filled various other hi^^h 
 offices, he was, in 185G, appointed 
 Chief Commissioner of Oude, and 
 in that and the following year con- 
 ducted the Persian war, and was 
 created lieutenant - general, and 
 C.B. In 1857, on the breaking out 
 of the Indian Mutinv, Outram sue- 
 ceeded Sir Henry Lawrence at 
 Lucknow, after Havelock had for 
 the second time to fall back on 
 Cawnpore, while trying to march 
 to the relief of Inglis's besieged 
 garrison at Lucknow. For his 
 conduct during that trying period, 
 and for his generous treat- 
 ment of Havelock, he certainly 
 ranks as one of the noblest and 
 best characters of that memor- 
 able time. For his distinguished 
 services during the mutiny he re- 
 ceived the thanks of Parliament, 
 and was made a member of the 
 Suj^reme Council. He was created 
 a baronet in 1858. He returned to 
 England in 1860, greatly shattered 
 in health, and spent nearly the 
 whole of the rest of his life in re- 
 tirement in France. He died in 
 Paris, at the age of 60, and was 
 buried in Westminster Abbey, near 
 the grave of Eobert Stephenson. A 
 monument was erected to him on 
 the Thames Embankment, and one 
 at Calcutta, the latter an equestrian 
 group. 
 
 OYEESTOXE, Samuel Jones 
 LoYD, First Baron Overstone, 
 was born Sept. 25, 1796. His 
 father, the Eev. Lewis Loyd, mar- 
 ried the daughter of John Jones, 
 the Manchester banker, and founded 
 the famous house of Jones, Loyd k 
 Co., which was afterwards merged 
 in the London and Westminster 
 Bank. In 1819 Samuel Jones Loyd 
 was returned in the liberal interest 
 for Hythe: he contested Manches- 
 ter in 1832, but was defeated. He 
 was examined before a parlia- 
 mentary committee on the working 
 
 of the Bank Act in 1833 and 1810, 
 and the Bank Act of I8i4 was based 
 on and embodied his most cherished 
 principles. In 1850 he was raised 
 to the peerage, with the title of 
 Lord Overstone, and was invited 
 to accept office in successive minis- 
 tries. Lord Overstone took an ac- 
 tive part in defeating the decimal 
 coinage scheme ; and during Sir 
 Charles Wood's tenure of the Ex- 
 chequer he advised the Chancellor 
 in many of his most important 
 measures. He was the 0"vvner of a 
 fine collection of Dutch pictures. 
 He died in Carlton Gardens, Oct. 17, 
 1883, and left almost the whole of 
 his enormous wealth to his daughter. 
 Lady Loyd-Lindsay. 
 
 OWEN, Sir Hugh [180J— 1881], 
 who was a Welshman by birth, 
 came to London in 1825, and in 
 1836 entered the office of the Poor 
 Law Commission, Somerset House, 
 where he became chief clerk of the 
 Poor Law Board. He resigned that 
 post in 1872, to devote himself 
 entirely to educational work. He 
 was one of the founders of the 
 Bangor Xormal College for the 
 training of teachers, and also of 
 the University College of Wales, 
 and was for many years honorary 
 secretary and treasurer to the latter 
 institution. It was chiefly owing 
 to him that the British School 
 system was introduced into Wales, 
 and he helped to establish the 
 Cambrian Association for the Edu- 
 cation of the Deaf and Dumb ; the 
 Hon, Cymrodorion Society, the 
 National Eisteddfod Association, 
 and the Social Science Section of 
 the National Eisteddfod. Besides 
 this he was for twentj'-eight years 
 hon. secretary to the London Fever 
 Hospital, for twenty-three years a 
 member of the British and Foreign 
 Schools Society, and for a long time 
 chairman of the Committee of the 
 National Temperance League. He 
 was knighted shortly before his 
 death in recognition of his ser- 
 vices to the cause of education in 
 Wales. 
 
694 
 
 OWEN— PAGE. 
 
 OWEN, Robert, who has been 
 called the founder of Socialism in 
 England, was born of poor parents, 
 at Newtown, Montgomeryshire, 
 1771. At the age of seven he 
 became assistant teacher in the 
 elementary school, and three years 
 later was placed with a draper. 
 His rise was rapid. At eighteen he 
 was i^artner in a small cotton mill, 
 and shortly afterwards moved to 
 Chorlton Mills, Manchester. In 
 1801 he married the daughter of 
 David Dale, who owned the great 
 mills at New Lanark, where i,000 
 hands were employed. After the 
 marriage Owen managed the woi'ks, 
 and his philanthroj^ic care for the 
 workpeoj)le made the New Lanark 
 factory famous throughout the 
 country. Meantime his views Avere 
 developing. In 1812 he published 
 his " New View of Society/" followed 
 by "A Book of the New Moral 
 World," in which he propounded a 
 modified Communism. In 1823 he 
 went to America to found a settle- 
 ment on his co-operative system. 
 The scheme failed utterly, and 1827 
 found Owen back in England. In 
 that year an attempt was made to 
 carry out the theory at Orbiston, 
 in Lanarkshire ; but the Scotch 
 settlement fared no better than 
 its American predecessor, and the 
 estate was sold, after a great loss 
 of money. In his later years Owen 
 became a Spiritualist, and devoted 
 himself to preaching his doctrines, 
 religious and political. He died at 
 Newtown, Nov. 19, 1858. His life 
 has been written by W. L. Sargant 
 and A. J. Booth. 
 
 OXENEORD, John [1812— 
 1877], a well-known dramatist, 
 critic, and scholar, was born at 
 Ojimberwc'll, Surrey, and educated 
 for the law, Ijut, preferring litera- 
 ture, he resolved to become a 
 dramatic author. His first piece 
 for iho Ktiigc.cntitk'd, " My Fellow 
 (Jl«.'rk," WHS written in 1835, and 
 from that time he wrote conti- 
 nuously in tlie same department of 
 literature, either oi-iginal ])iece8. 
 
 or adaptations from the French, 
 German, Spanish, or Italian lan- 
 guages, with all of which he was 
 thoroughly conversant. He also 
 wrote the libretti for several Eng- 
 lish oj^eras, among them " Robin 
 Hood," and the "Lily of Killarney," 
 and was the author of a great many 
 songs, both original and translated. 
 His amusing farce, "Twice Killed," 
 was translated for the French and 
 German stage, and served as a 
 libretto for Grisar's opera, " Bon 
 Soir Monsieur Pantalon." Besides 
 what he wrote for the stage, he 
 translated numerous works in 
 general literatiu-e from French, 
 German, Italian, and Spanish, 
 such as Moliere's " Tartuffe ; " 
 Goethe's "Autobiography," "Die 
 Wahlverwandschaften," &:c. He 
 also jjublished an unfinished trans- 
 lation of Boiardo's " Orlando Inna- 
 morato," and, from the Spanish, 
 Calderon's " La Vida es Sueno,V of 
 which G. H. Lewes wrote, " So 
 admirably translated by John 
 Oxenford, that in availing myself 
 of his version, I feel that Calderon 
 suffers no greater injustice than 
 that which a poet must always 
 suffer in translation." For some 
 years Oxenford wrote the dramatic 
 criticisms for the Times. In private 
 life he was universally admired for 
 his wit and his brilliant conversa- 
 tional powers. 
 
 P. 
 
 PAGE, Thomas, civil engineer, 
 was educated for the sea-sorvioo. 
 but gave it up to study civil engi- 
 neering, and became a draughts- 
 man in a steam-engine nuinufac- 
 torv. and later assistant to Edward 
 Blore, the Gothic arcliitect. lie 
 worked as assistant engineer of the 
 Tliaiiu's 'I'unncl under 1\. lieaniisli. 
 and in 183G was a})pointcd acting- 
 engineer of the work, and carried 
 out the second lialf of the tunnel 
 and tlie Miihllest>x shaft, and com- 
 
PAGET— PALGRAVE , 
 
 695 
 
 pleted the tunnel. Having under- 
 taken various other important 
 works, he consti'ucted the Chelsea 
 embankment and public roadway 
 between Yauxhall Bridge and 
 Chelsea Hospital, and also the 
 Chelsea Suspension Bridge. The 
 Lendal Bridge at York, and the 
 bridge at Thornton and Myton were 
 from Mr. Page's designs. He was 
 the engineer for Wisbech, and saved 
 the port from destruction by his re- 
 port on the Xene, and by advocating 
 the case before Pai-liament. In 
 conjunction with Sir John Eennie 
 he reported for the Corporation of 
 London upon the widening of 
 London Bridge, and again on the 
 treatment of the Thames as a 
 navigable river. He died Jan. 4, 
 1877. 
 
 PAGET, Eight Hox. Sir Arthur 
 [1770 — ISJ^], a privy councillor and 
 G.C.B., was the third son of Henry, 
 fii'st Earl of Uxbridge. He was 
 elected M.P. for Anglesea in 1791;, 
 and in 1799 was sent as minister 
 plenipotentiary to the elector Pala- 
 tine, and minister to the Diet of 
 Eatisbon. He was subsequently 
 appointed envoy extraordinary and 
 minister plenipotentiary to the 
 Court of Vienna, and sworn of the 
 Privv Council. 
 
 PAGET, General Lord George 
 Augustus Frederick, K.C.B. "1818 
 —1880], sixth son of Henry ""Wil- 
 liam, first Marquis of Anglesey, 
 entered the army in 1834. In 1816 
 he was appointed Lieutenant- 
 Colonel of the 4th Dragoons, and 
 served in the Eastern campaign of 
 1854-55, and commanded the above 
 recriment at the battle of the Alma 
 and in the Light Cavalry charge 
 of Balaclava. He was also in 
 command of the Light Cavalry 
 brigade at Inkermann, the Tcher- 
 naya, and on the expedition to 
 Eupatoria, &c. He was made 
 colonel in 1851, major-general in 
 in 1861, lieutenant-general in 1871, 
 and general 1877. He was nomi- 
 nated C.B. (military division) in 
 1855, and K.C.B. in 1869, and was 
 
 an officer of the Legion of Honour, 
 a knight of the Order of the 
 Medjidie ; a brigadier-general in 
 Turkey. He represented Beau- 
 maris in Parliament in the Liberal 
 interest from 1817 to 1857. 
 
 PALGRAVE, Sir Francis, 
 Knight, [1789—1861], K.H. his- 
 torian, and Deputy-Keeper of the 
 Public Eecords, was a son of Mr. 
 Meyer Cohen, a wealthy member 
 of the Stock Exchange. He was 
 called to the Bar in 1827, having 
 previously changed his name from 
 Cohen to Palgrave, which was the 
 maiden name of his wife's mother. 
 He first became known in literary 
 circles by some learned articles of 
 his on the " Historical Antiquities 
 of Great Britain," which appeared 
 in iDcriodical publications, and by 
 the " Parliamentary Writs " which 
 he edited under the Commissioners 
 of Public Eecords. In 1831 ap- 
 peared his " History of England ; 
 Anglo-Saxon Period," which at once 
 took rank as a book of authority, 
 and in 1832 he was knighted 
 for his services generally, and 
 especially for his contributions 
 to constitutional and parliamentary 
 literature. In the same year he 
 published his valuable work the 
 " Eise and Progress of the English 
 Commonwealth." He was one of 
 the twenty gentlemen appointed 
 by the King in 1833 to inquire 
 into the existing state of the muni- 
 cipal corporations of England and 
 Wales, on which he later published 
 " Eeports." In 1838, on the recon- 
 struction of the Eecord Office, he 
 was appointed to the post of Deputy 
 Keeper of Her Majesty's Public 
 Eecords, an office he held to the 
 time of his death. Besides the 
 Eecords, he published many im- 
 portant works in connection with 
 his duties at the Eecord Office, and 
 in 1851 the first volume of " The 
 " History of Xormandy and of 
 England," his best known work, 
 appeared. The third and fourth 
 volumes of this " History " were 
 published in 1864 under the edi- 
 
G90 
 
 PALMER— PALME RSTON. 
 
 torial care of his eldest son, Francis 
 Turner Palgrave. 
 
 PALMER, Edward Henry, M.A. 
 [1810 — 1SS2], oriental scholar, was 
 born at Cambridge, and after a 
 preliminary training in private 
 schools, entered St. John's College, 
 of which he became a Fellow in 
 18G7, and took his M.A. degree in 
 1870. He was called to the Bar 
 in 1874, and although he never 
 seriously considered the law as a 
 profession, he travelled the Norfolk 
 circuit. From early youth he was 
 a diligent student of the principal 
 oriental languages in which he at- 
 tained extraordinary proficiency. 
 His first visit to the East was in 
 18G8-9, when he accompanied the 
 Sinai Survey Expedition to Sinai, 
 to investigate the nomenclature, 
 traditions and antiquities of Arabia 
 Petraea, and in 18G9-70 he explored 
 the desert of Et Tih, the south 
 country of the Scripture, and Moab, 
 in company with Mr. C. F. Tyrwhitt 
 Drake. In order to assist him in 
 these explorations the University 
 of Cambridge made grants from 
 the Worts Travelling Bachelor's 
 Fund. In 1871 he was appointed 
 the Lord Almoner's Professor of 
 Arabic in the University of Cam- 
 bridge. He was a voluminous 
 writer, and among his works may 
 be mentioned a translation into 
 Arabic of Moore's " Paradise and 
 the Peri ; " an edition with an 
 English translation of the Arab 
 poet Boha ed DinZohair ; a " Trans- 
 lation of the Koran ; " a " History 
 of Jerusalem ; " " The Song of the 
 Reed ; " an Arabic Grammar, a 
 Persian Dictionary, &c. He was 
 murdered during the camj^aign in 
 Egypt against Arabi in 1SS2, where 
 he was employed Ity the Govern- 
 ment to deal with the Bedouin 
 tribes who threatened the Canal. 
 He left Suez on Aug. 10 of that 
 year, accompanied Ijy Lieutenant 
 Charrington, R.N., and Captain 
 Gill, R.E., who had orders to cut 
 the telegraph wires in Arabia. 
 They marched out towards Gaza, 
 
 near which they were murdered, 
 it is supposed for the sake of a 
 "large sum in gold Mr. Palmer had 
 with him for the purchase of camels 
 for the Indian troops. They were 
 killed by order of the Governor of 
 Nakl, who offered them the alter- 
 native of jumping off a precipice 
 or being shot. Professor Palmer 
 jumped, the other two were shot. 
 Subsequently the governor and 
 some half dozen accomplices were 
 caught and executed. 
 
 PALMERSTON, Henry John 
 Temple, Baron Temple of Movmt- 
 Temple, co. Sligo, and Viscount 
 Palmerston of Palmer ston, co. 
 Dublin, K.G., G.C.B., &c., elder 
 son of Henrj^ second Viscount 
 Palmerston, was born at Broad- 
 lands, Hampshire, Oct. 20, 178 1-, 
 and succeeded to the family honours 
 in 1802. He was educated at Har- 
 row, Edinburgh University, and 
 finally at St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he gi-aduated in 180G. 
 Early in that year he contested 
 the representation of the Univer- 
 sity with Lord Henry Petty. He 
 was defeated, and accepted the seat 
 for the pocket Ijorough of Bleteh- 
 ingly. In the succeeding parlia- 
 ment he was returned for Newport 
 in the Isle of Wight, which he 
 continued to represent imtil he 
 was elected for Cambridge Univer- 
 sity. During the latter part of 
 his life he sat for Tiverton. He 
 spoke seldom, but always vrell 
 and to the point, and from the 
 first his talents for business were 
 consjiicuous. On the formati<^n of 
 the Duke of Portland's Tory ad- 
 ministration (1807), he was ap- 
 pointed a junior Lord of the Admi- 
 ralty, and in ISOO, when he was but 
 twenty-five years old, became Secre- 
 tary for War in Mr. Perceval's admi- 
 nisti'atiou, and continued to hold 
 that office througliout the admini- 
 strations of Perceval. Lord Jjiver- 
 pool. Canning and Goderich. But 
 being an atlvocate of Catholic 
 emancipation he felt unable to act 
 under the Duke of Wellington, and 
 
PALMERSTON. 
 
 097 
 
 seceded with Huskisson, Canning, 
 and others, in May, 1828. Mean- 
 while he had made himself an 
 authority on foreif^n affairs, and 
 as an independent member devoted 
 himself to questions of foreign 
 policy. When the chiefs of the 
 Tory party bowed to the necessity 
 of Catholic emancipation he might 
 triumphantly have resumed office, 
 but declined to ally himself with 
 his old associates. He was bound 
 to the Tories by only a few ties ; 
 he was indeed an opponent of poli- 
 tical reform, but on the Catholic 
 question he was with the Whigs, 
 and in matters of foreign policy 
 he was strongly opposed to Toryism, j 
 the Bourbons, and Reaction. In [ 
 1830 he accepted office in the Whig 
 administration, and became Secre- ' 
 tary for Foreign Affairs. As he \ 
 had been a most efficient Secretary 
 at War, so he was the most bril- I 
 liant of Foreign Secretaries. His 
 policy gave rise to much contro- 
 versy, and at different periods of 
 his career Lord Grey, Lord John 
 Eussell and Cobden refused to sit 
 in the same cabinet with him ; but, 
 whatever else his policy was, it was 
 brilliant, and made the name of 
 England respected throughout the 
 world. He professed, indeed, the 
 principle of non-intervention, be- 
 cause he held that no country has . 
 a right to dictate to another ; but 
 he did not interpret his principle 
 strictly where what he called 
 British interests were involved. 
 Moreover, he argued with much 
 reason, absolute non-intervention 
 is an impossibility, our silence is 
 taken for consent, and if we hold 
 our peace we may appear to be 
 upholding policy and oppression \ 
 from which our soul recoils. In 
 1834 when Peel came into office 
 Palmerston retired, but resumed 
 his functions when, a few months 
 later, the second Melbourne ministry 
 was formed ; and he held the foreign 
 portfolio till Peel's return to power 
 in 1841. In Dec. 1845, when the 
 repeal of the corn laws became 
 
 inevitable. Lord John Kussell tried 
 to form a Whig cabinet, but failed, 
 owing to the refusal of Lord Grey 
 to join a government in which 
 Palmerston was entrusted with the 
 conduct of foreign affairs. Six 
 months later, when Peel finally 
 retired, Lord Grey withdrew his 
 objection. The Greek, the Spanish, 
 and Portuguese, the Polish and 
 Circassian questions had occupied 
 Palmerston during his previous 
 term of office. His chief work during 
 his present ministry was to watch 
 the Emperor Nicholas on the one 
 side, and the French on the other ; 
 and he had considerable difficulty 
 in avoiding war with the bellicose 
 ministers of Louis Philippe on the 
 Syrian question. Another matter 
 which had greatly exercised his 
 mind, when he led the opposition 
 to Lord Aberdeen's foreign jiolicy 
 in 1842, was the so-called " Ash- 
 burton Capitulation," the treaty 
 with the United States, which fixed 
 the boundary between Canada and 
 the State of Maine. Palmerston 
 vehemently objected to this as a 
 national humiliation ; but no prac- 
 tical result followed from his hos- 
 tility. When he returned to office 
 after Peel's final resignation, his 
 somewhat off-hand manner of set- 
 tling foreign affairs gave offence 
 in high quarters. As early as 
 1849 the Queen complained that 
 the Foreign Secretary was in 
 the habit of forming important 
 decisions without consulting her ; 
 and, in AiTg. 1850, she drew up a 
 formal memorandum stating in 
 clear and severe language the exact 
 rules by which a Foreign Secretary 
 must be bound to his sovereign. 
 The rebuke came upon Palmerston 
 at the moment of his greatest 
 triumph, and he must have felt it 
 keenly ; but he bore it with admi- 
 I'able good humour, and for a time 
 all went well, but in Dec. 1851, 
 when Louis Napoleon's coup d'etat 
 took all England by surprise, Pal- 
 merston wi'ote, at once on his own 
 responsibility, to the French am- 
 
608 
 
 PANIZZI. 
 
 - i 
 
 bassador in London, signifying his 
 entire approval of what had been 
 done. The Queen, ignorant of 
 Palmerston's a<?tion, wrote to the 
 Cabinet desiring that nothing 
 should be said which could commit 
 us to any approval of the high- 
 handed policy of the Prince Presi- 
 dent, The inevitable result was 
 that Lord John Russell dismissed 
 the Foreign Secretaiy, and for a 
 time Palmerston was out of office. 
 But not for long. Lord John Rus- 
 sell's ministry survived Palmer- 
 ston's dismissal only one year, and 
 in Dec. 1852 the coalition ministry 
 of Lord Aberdeen was formed, when 
 Lord John Russell became Secre- 
 tary for Foreign Affairs, and Lord 
 Palmerston Home Secretary. In 
 the next year a disagreement with 
 Lord John Russell's proposed mea- 
 sure for parliamentary reform led to 
 Palmerston's temporary retirement, 
 but he returned to his post till 1855 
 when he succeeded Lord Aberdeen 
 as Prime Minister of England. In 
 185G the peace with Russia was 
 concluded under his auspices, but 
 early in the session of 1S57 a vote 
 of censure was j^assed on the con- 
 duct of affairs in China, and a 
 dissolution followed. The result 
 was a triumph for Palmerston, but 
 he failed to retain a majority in 
 the house, and finding himself 
 outvoted in Jan. 1858 on the " Con- 
 spiracy to Murder Bill " (aimed at 
 the companions of Orsini), he re- 
 signed. Lord Derby returned to 
 office till June 1859, when Palmer- 
 ston again became Premier, and 
 remained in office until his death, 
 which occurred Oct. 18, 18G5. He 
 is buried in "Westminster Abbey. 
 Although at the time of liis death 
 Lord Palmerston was within a 
 few days of completing his 81st 
 year, he died at a time when lie 
 was still extremely popular with 
 the middle and upj^er classes of 
 society. It had become the 
 fashion to swear by all that lie 
 said, to admire all that he did. 
 and no man since the Duke of 
 
 Wellington had filled so great a 
 place in the public mind. Yet if 
 ever Lord Palmerston was truly a 
 great man it was during the years of 
 his Foreign Secretaryship. He is 
 not to be judged by his domestic 
 policy, and throughout the course of 
 his long cai-eer, he affixed his name 
 to no great act of successful states- 
 manship. It may even be said 
 that, during the last ten years of 
 his life, he had been an obstacle 
 to various reforms, which the 
 Liberal party could not take up 
 until after his death. Among the 
 authorities for his life and career are 
 his " Life," by Lord Dalling, better 
 known as Sir Henry Bulwer ; " Life 
 and Correspondence," the Hon. A. 
 E. M. Ashley; "English Political 
 Leaders," Anthony Trollope ; 
 " Thirty Years of Foreign Policy," 
 Gordon ; and the lives and memoirs 
 by MacGilchrist, G. H. Francis, 
 and E. Walford. Many of Lord 
 Palmerston's speeches and addresses 
 to the electors of Tiverton have 
 been published. 
 
 PANIZZI, Sir Anthony, K.C.B. 
 [1797 — 1879], for many years prin- 
 cipal librarian of the British 
 Museum and the originator of the 
 reading room which bears his name, 
 was born at Brescello in the duchy 
 of Modena, and was educated at 
 the public school of Reggio, and at 
 the University of Parma, where he 
 studied law and devoted himself to 
 the bar. Having taken part in the 
 Modenese revolution of 1821, he 
 was expelled from Italy and came 
 to England, settling at Liverpool 
 as a teacher until 1828, when he 
 was appointed to the Professor- 
 ship of Italian in Uuivorsity Col- 
 lege, London. This appointment 
 he held for three years, when, 
 through the instrumentality of Lord 
 Brougham, he was nominated in 
 1831 to an assistant lilTiirianship 
 in the British Museum. Six years 
 later he suceeedeil the Rev. ]\Ir. 
 Baber as keeper of the printed 
 books. Some displeasure was ex- 
 pressed at the time that a foreigner 
 
PARDOE— PAREPA-EOSA. 
 
 699 
 
 should have been preferred to an 
 Enf^lishman ; but the acquirements 
 and administrative talents of Mr. 
 Panizzi justified the choice. From 
 this period may be dated the rapid 
 rise of the book department of the 
 British Museum to its pre-eminence 
 among Eui-opean libraries. He was 
 the means of obtaining a large in- 
 crease in the Parliamentary grant, 
 and between 1837 and 185L) the 
 number of printed volumes rose 
 from 225,000 to 527,13i. In 185G 
 he was promoted to the rank of 
 chief librarian, and continued in 
 office till June, 1866, when he re- 
 tired and received from the Govern- 
 ment in acknowledgment of his 
 services the full amount of his 
 salary and emoluments as his re- 
 tiring pension. He was made a 
 K.C.B. in 1869. He took a chief 
 part in the entertainment of Gari- 
 baldi during his visit to this 
 country, and together they paid a 
 visit to the tomb of Ugo Foscolo, 
 who had introduced Panizzi to the 
 historian, Eoscoe, when he first 
 arrived in this coimtrv. Among 
 Panizzi's most important literary 
 works may be mentioned (besides 
 what he did for the catalogue of 
 the printed books in the library of 
 the British Museum), the publica- 
 tion of the works of Boiardo and 
 Ariosto, an edition of Dante, &c. 
 He also contributed many literary 
 and political essays to the Edin- 
 burgh, Foreign Quarterly, and North 
 British Reviews. His " Life," by 
 Mr. L. Fagan, has been published, 
 as have also the brilliant letters 
 written to him by Prosper Meri- 
 mee. 
 
 PAEDOE, Jtjlia, authoress, was 
 born at Beverley in Yorkshire early 
 in the present century. At the age 
 of thirteen she produced a volume 
 of poems, and two years later an 
 historical novel, besides contri- 
 buting to periodical journals. 
 Having spent some months in Por- 
 tugal, she next published " Traits 
 and Traditions of Portugal,^' which 
 passed thi-ough two editions. She 
 
 spent some time in the East, and 
 on her return published " The City 
 of the Sultan," 183(5; "The Eo- 
 mance of the Harem," " The Beau- 
 ties of the Bosphorus," &c., all 
 of which met with great success. 
 Among her other writings, which 
 were very numerous, may be men- 
 tioned : " Louis XIV. ; or the Court 
 of France in the Seventeenth Cen- 
 tui-y," "The Life of Francis I.," 
 "The Life of Marie de Medicis," 
 &c. She died Nov. 26, 1862. 
 
 PAEEPA - EOSA, Euphrosyne 
 Parepa de Boyesku [1836 — 1874], 
 was born in Edinburgh, her father 
 being a Wallachian and her mother 
 English . At the early age of sixteen 
 she made her debut in opera, playing 
 Amina (" Sonnambula ") at Malta, 
 and afterwards performing in nmny 
 towns of Italy, and also in Madrid. 
 She was not heard in England till 
 1857, when she sang at the Lyceum 
 in " I Puritani " with success. In 
 1859 she began to sing in English 
 opera, creating more than one part, 
 and playing others with credit. 
 She was a very fine oratorio singer, 
 and sang at the Handel Festivals 
 of 1862 and 1865. In 1867 she 
 married Mr. Carl Eosa whilst in 
 America, in which country they 
 lived for some years longer, form- 
 ing and perfecting their well-known 
 English Opera Company. In 1872 
 Madame Parepa was engaged at 
 Covent Garden, and, besides sing- 
 ing in opera, took part in one or 
 two important concerts. Xextyear 
 every preparation was made by 
 herself and her husband for intro- 
 ducing an English version of 
 " Lohengrin." This was to be pro- 
 duced in the spring of 1874, but 
 Madame Parepa did not live to 
 carry out her part of the under- 
 taking. She died in January of 
 that year, to the great regret of the 
 musical public. Her voice was a 
 soprano of great power and com- 
 pass, and she had been well 
 trained. Her popularity, both in 
 this country and America, was de- 
 servedly great. 
 
roo 
 
 PARIS— PARKER. 
 
 PARIS, John Atrton, M.D. 
 [1785 — 185G], was educated chiefly 
 at Cambridge, where he matricu- 
 lated as a pensioner of Caius Col- 
 let;e in 1803, and was elected to a 
 Tancred studentship in 1804. From 
 Cambridge he went to Edinburgh, 
 where he devoted himself to the 
 study of chemistry and natural 
 jDhilosophy, and attended the lec- 
 tures of Dr. Hope and Mr. Playfair. 
 In 1809, being then only twenty- 
 three, he was chosen to succeed Dr. 
 Maton as physician to the West- 
 minster Hospital, where he began 
 a course of lectures on pharmaceutic 
 chemistry. Circumstances led to 
 his accepting in 1813 the post of 
 physician at Penzance vacant by 
 the death of Dr. J, Bingham Bor- 
 lase, and there he rose rapidly in 
 his profession, and became very 
 popular with the best families in 
 the county. He took part in every 
 effort for the advancement of 
 science, and it was chiefly owing 
 to his exertions that in the 
 early part of ISl i the Royal 
 Geological Society of Cornwall 
 was established. He returned to 
 London in 1817, where he be- 
 came a member of the Royal Insti- 
 tution, and began a course of lec- 
 tures on materia medica at the 
 Medical School in Windmill Street, 
 and was soon acknowledged to be 
 one of the most popular lecturers 
 on that subject in London. His 
 classes were crowded, and among 
 the students were many of the 
 most distinguished j^hysicians of 
 the next generation. About this 
 time, when the College of Pliysi- 
 cians had acquired one of the most 
 complete collections of materia 
 medica in Europe, it was deter- 
 mined to ai)point a new cliair for 
 that suliject, and Dr. Paris was 
 olcctod to fill it. Tie entered upon 
 liis new duties in 1811) by the de- 
 li vei-y of a shoi't series of lectures 
 on the " Philosophy of the Materia 
 Mcilica." lie retained his oflice 
 till l.S2<», when he took for his sub- 
 ject the recent additions to the 
 
 materia medica, with all the new 
 discoveries in chemistry which had 
 reference to that subject. As be- 
 fore these lectures were crowded. 
 By his colleagues in the College of 
 Physicians Dr. Paris was held in 
 highest respect, and his nomination 
 to the presidency in 184 1-, on the 
 death of Sir Henry Halford, was 
 generally expected and approved. 
 His writings were more volumi- 
 nous than valuable, though they 
 were mostly very pojiular in their 
 day. Among them may be men- 
 tioned " Pharmacologia, or the 
 History of Medicinal Substances," 
 1812 ; " A Biographical Memoir of 
 W. G. Maton, M.D.," 1838; ''The 
 Life of Sir Humphry Davy, Bart.," 
 1831, etc. 
 
 PARKER, Yice-Chancellor 
 Sir James [1803—1852], Bencher 
 of Lincoln's Inn and n\agistrate of 
 Leicester, son of Charles Steuart 
 Parker, was born in Glasgow, and 
 educated at the grammar school of 
 that town, and at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. He graduated B.A. 
 1825, M.A. 1829, in which latter 
 year he was called to the bar. He 
 was made a Q.C. in 1814, and in 
 1851, after the Act for increasing 
 the number of Vice-Chancellors 
 was passed, he was chosen by Lord 
 John Russell to fill that post, and 
 at the same time received the 
 honour of knighthood. 
 
 PARKER, Sir William, Bart., 
 Admiral, G.C.B. [1781— 1SG7], en- 
 tered the jiavy in 1793, and after 
 much distinguished service was 
 created a baronet in 18 U. He was 
 nominated C.B. in 1815, and aftor 
 serving on the French and Spanish 
 coasts, was cominander-in-ehicf on 
 the coast of China from IS 11 to the 
 close of the war at Nankin. In 1812 
 he was appointed a G.C.B. , and re- 
 ceived llie thanks of ])oth Houses 
 of I'arliament ; was put on th > 
 good service pension list in 1814, 
 and was api)ointed tii'st naval 
 A.D.C. to the gueen in 18 IC. He 
 was twice a Lord of the Admiralty, 
 from July to Dec, 1831, and from 
 
PARKES— PARRIS. 
 
 701 
 
 April, 1835 to May, 1841. J'or 
 some years after 1851- he held the 
 command-in-chief at Plymouth. 
 
 PARKES, Edmund Alexander, 
 M.D., F.R.S. [1819—1876], Pro- 
 fessor of Hygiene at the Army 
 Medical School, was bom at War- 
 wick, and educated at University 
 College, and at the London Uni- 
 versity, from whence he graduated 
 M.B. in 1841. For three years he 
 was assistant surgeon in the Indian 
 army, and in 1845 began to practise 
 in London. In 1855 he was sent 
 by the Government to Turkey to 
 determine the site for an additional 
 hospital for the sick and wounded 
 in the Crimean war, and to under- 
 take its management. At the close 
 of the war Dr. Parkes returned 
 home, and owing to ill-health gave 
 up practice, but in 1860 he accepted 
 the professorship of hygiene at the 
 Army Medical School, opened in 
 that year at Chatham, a post he 
 retained until his death. Of his 
 published works, the most im- 
 portant is the " Manual of Prac- 
 tical Hygiene," which has reached 
 a fifth edition. From 1862 he wi-ote 
 the annual " Review of the Pro- 
 gress of Hvgiene" for the Blue 
 Book of the Army Medical Depart- 
 ment. He also contributed several 
 important papers to the " Pro- 
 ceedings of the Royal Society," 
 and was for some time editor of 
 the British and Foreign Medico- 
 Chimrgical Revieic. The Parkes 
 Museum of Hygiene, in Margaret 
 Street, W., was founded in me- 
 mory of his great services to sanitary 
 science. 
 
 PARKES, Joseph "1796—1865], 
 a well-knowT3 jDolitical reformer, 
 was educated at a school at Worces- 
 ter, and at the Glasgow University, 
 on leaving which he studied law, 
 and settled as a solicitor at Bir- 
 mingham. During the struggle 
 for Parliamentary Reform no one 
 exercised more influence upon 
 popular opinion or contiibuted 
 more to the success of the measure 
 by a strenuous co-operation with 
 
 its advocates in both Houses. He 
 gave up his business at Birming- 
 ham in 1833, and was appointed 
 I secretary to the Royal Commission 
 for inquiry into the municipal cor- 
 porations of England and Wales, 
 and on their boundaries. Later he 
 became solicitor to the Charity 
 : Commission Chancery Suits, and to 
 ; the Births, Deaths and Marriages 
 Registration Public Office In 1817 
 he was appointed a taxing-master 
 : in Cliancery. He was the author 
 of various political works, and 
 ! spent some years in collecting ma- 
 ' terials towards the investigation of 
 the title of Sir Philip Francis to 
 the authorship of " Junius." The 
 work was completed after his death 
 'i by Mr. Herman Merivale (q.v.), and 
 I published under the title " Memoirs 
 of Sir Philip Francis, K.C.B., with 
 Correspondence and Joui-nals." 
 I PARKINSON, Rev. Richard, 
 D.D., F.S.A. ]1799— 1858], Canon 
 of Manchester and Principal of St. 
 Bees College, was educated at the 
 grammar school of Sedbergh, Lan- 
 cashire, and at St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, on leaving which he 
 was appointed master of Lea School, 
 near Preston. In 1829 he became 
 Theological Lectuj-er in the College 
 of St. Bees, and twenty years later 
 was appointed by the Earl of 
 Lonsdale Principal of the College, 
 which he raised to a high standard 
 in theological and classical culture. 
 In 1830 he was presented to the 
 living of Whitworth near Rochdale, 
 and in 1833 was elected a canon in 
 the Collegiate Chiu-ch of Manches- 
 t«r. In 1837-38 he was Hulsean 
 Lectiu-er in the University of 
 Cambridge. 
 
 PARRIS, Edmund Thomas 
 (born Jiane 4, 1793, died in London, 
 Nov. 9, 1873.) He was a portrait 
 and history painter, and fi^rst exhi- 
 bited in the Academv of 1816. His 
 gigantic panorama of London, 
 which he painted between 1825-29, 
 brought him considerable notoriety, 
 and in 1838 he was appointed his- 
 tory painter to Queen Adelaide. 
 
702 
 
 PAEEY. 
 
 He executed a portrait of Queen 
 Victoria^ and a picture of her coro- 
 nation : both these have been en- 
 graved. From "1853 to 1856 he "was 
 engaged in restoring the pictures 
 of Sir James Thornhill in the dome 
 of St. Paul's. Parris exhibited 
 eighty works in London. The last 
 ajjpeared after his death. 
 
 PAEEY, John [1810—1879], a 
 popular comic singer and pianist, 
 son of a musician of some repute, 
 born in London, made his first ap- 
 pearance as a baritone singer at 
 concerts about 1833, and was re- 
 ceived with considerable favour. 
 It was not until several years later 
 that his special talents as a buffo 
 singer were thoroughly developed, 
 and he originated a kind of musical 
 entei'tainment in which instrument 
 and voice were felicitously combined 
 in the rendering of comic songs 
 and recitations, the words of which 
 were written for the occasion, in 
 most cases by Mr. Albert Smith. 
 For many seasons, dating from 
 1810, John Parry's songs, " Wanted 
 a Governess " (the words of which 
 were written by Mr. G. Dubourg), 
 " Wanted a Wife," " Country Com- 
 missions," " Blue Beard," " Fair 
 Eosamond," &c., were so greatly 
 in vogue that no concert seemed 
 complete that did not contain the 
 name of this pre-eminent comic 
 singer in the programme. In 1819 
 he gave up singing at concerts, and 
 produced an entertainment written 
 for him by Mr. Albert Smith. His 
 success was very great, and it was 
 followed by similar entertainments 
 in 1850 and 1852. The wear and 
 tear was too much for Mr. Parry's 
 strength, and in 1S53 he was com- 
 pelled to give up his performances 
 in order to recruit himself. During 
 his retirement he demonstrated his 
 possession of a new talent by the 
 publication of a whimsical book of 
 caricatures. For some time he offi- 
 ciated as organist in the church of 
 St. Jude, Southsea, wliere he gave 
 finishing lessons in singing. On 
 the re-establishnient of his health 
 
 he re-appeared in public, after an 
 absence of seven years, in June, 
 1860, as a partner in the entertain- 
 ment which Mr. and Mrs. German 
 Eeed had made popular. He was 
 heartily welcomed back, and main- 
 tained his position as one of the 
 most genial and diverting of pub- 
 lic entertainers. Mr. Parry re- 
 tired into private life in 1869. 
 He died at East Molesev, Feb. 20, 
 1879. 
 
 PAEEY, Sir William Edward, 
 Knight [1790 — 1855], arctic ex- 
 plorex', Eear- Admiral of the White, 
 D.C.L. Oxford, F.E.S. London and 
 Edinburgh, &c., was the youngest 
 son of Caleb Hillier Parrv. M.D., 
 F.E.S., an eminent physician at 
 Bath. He entered the navy in 
 1803, and in 1810 as lieutenant of 
 the Alexander was employed in the 
 northern seas in protecting the 
 Spitzbergen whale fishery. He saw 
 much active service during the 
 American war, and established his 
 reputation as a scientific officer. In 
 
 1818, in command of the Alexander, 
 under the orders of Captain Eoss in 
 the Isabella, he accompanied one of 
 the expeditions sent out by the 
 Admiralty to the Arctic seas to try 
 and penetrate through passages 
 sujiposed to exist west of Baffin's 
 Bay. The expedition pi'oved a 
 failure, but the Admiralty at once 
 ordered a second expedition to be 
 equipped, and the command was 
 intrusted to Parry. The ships, con- 
 sisting of the Hecla and Griper, 
 sailed from tlio Thames May 11, 
 
 1819, and on Sept. 1 following they 
 crossed the meridian of 110 W. 
 long, in 7-i% li', 20" N. lat., by 
 which they became entitled to a 
 reward of i;r)OC>L) ofTerod by I'ar- 
 liament to such of His Majesty's 
 siil)jects as might succeed in pene- 
 trating tluis far to the westward 
 within the arctic circle. The expe- 
 dition Avintered at Melville Island, 
 hoping to aceoniplisli the remain- 
 ing portion of the passage to Beh- 
 ring's Straits in the ensuing sum- 
 mer. But their expectations were 
 
PARTRIDGE— PASLEY. 
 
 703 
 
 disappointed, and after several 
 attempts to advance westward, they 
 were compelled to return to Eng- 
 land. For his services Lieutenant 
 Parry was promoted to the rank of 
 Commandei', was made an F.R.S., 
 and several other rewards and 
 honours were bestowed upon him. 
 He at once undertook another ex- 
 pedition extending- over the years 
 1821-2-3, which was most unfortu- 
 nate, and during which he and his 
 crews endured great hardships and 
 sufferings. After his retvirn he was 
 appointed, in 1823, hydrographer 
 to the Admiralty, an office he filled 
 till 1826. Having then pi-oposed a 
 plan for reaching the North Pole, 
 and obtained sanction for it, he sailed 
 from the Thames in AjDril, 1827. 
 After great labour and danger this 
 expedition reached latitude 82^ 45', 
 the nearest point to the North that 
 had been attained up to that time. 
 He returned to England in 1827, 
 when he resumed his duties as hydro- 
 grapher, and continued in the same 
 till May, 1830. He then went to 
 New South Wales as Commissioner 
 to the Aiistralian Agricultui-al Com- 
 pany and acted in that capacity till 
 1834. From 1837 to 1846 he was 
 comptroller of the steam department 
 of the navy. Subsequently he was 
 captain-superintendent of Haslar 
 Hospital, and later filled the same 
 office in Greenwich Hospital. He 
 attained the rank of rear-admiral 
 in 1852, and had been knighted in 
 1829. 
 
 PARTRIDGE, Professor, 
 F.R.S., F.R.C.S. [1805—1873], sui-- 
 geon, began his professional career 
 at the Birmingham General Hospi- 
 tal as a pupil of Mr. Hodgson. He 
 subsequently studied at Bartholo- 
 mew's Hospital under Mr. Aberne- 
 thy, and Avas admitted a member of 
 the College of Surgeons in 1827, and 
 a Fellow in 1843. In 1830, on the 
 opening of King's College, he was 
 appointed demonstrator, and later 
 professor of anatomy in the medical 
 school there. He became a Fellow 
 of the Royal Society in 1837, pro- 
 
 fessor of anatomy in the Royal 
 Academy in 1851, a member of the 
 council and court of examiners of 
 the Royal College of Surgeons in 
 1852 and 18<j 1, and president of that 
 body in 186G. It was he who, after 
 Aspi'omonte, had the honour of ex- 
 tracting the ball from the foot of 
 Garibaldi. 
 
 PARTRIDGE, John. He was 
 born in Glasgow, Feb. 28, 1790. 
 In 1814 he removed to London, 
 where he studied art under T. Phil- 
 lips, R.A. He was almost exclu- 
 sively a portrait painter, and only 
 on two occasions exhibited subject 
 pieces. In 1843 he painted the 
 Queen and the Prince Consort, and 
 two years later was aj^pointed 
 their jDortrait painter extraordi- 
 nary. Although he never rose to 
 the first rank his likenesses were 
 good and his drawing correct and 
 careful. He exhibited 130 works, 
 the first in 1815, the last in 1861. 
 His death occurred in London, Nov. 
 25, 1872. His "Meeting of the 
 Fine Art Commission" is in the 
 National Portrait Gallery. 
 
 PASCO, Re AR - Admiral John 
 [1775 — 1853], entered the navy in 
 1784, and after seeing much active 
 service became senior lieutenant of 
 Lord Nelson's flagship the Victory 
 in 1803. In that ship he took part 
 in the pursuit of the combined 
 squadrons to the West Indies, and 
 was present at Trafalgar in 1805. 
 It was to him that Nelson gave the 
 celebrated signal, "England ex- 
 pects that every man will do his 
 duty." During the battle he was 
 severely wounded in the right side 
 and arm, for which he received a 
 pension of .£250 per annum, and 
 also a grant from the Patriotic 
 Fund. In 1846 he was admitted 
 into the Royal Hospital at Green- 
 wich, but resigned shortly after 
 and was appointed to the command 
 of his old shij), the Victory, sta- 
 tioned at Portsmouth. He at- 
 tained the rank of rear-admiral in 
 1847. 
 
 PASLEY, Sir Charles William, 
 
70 i 
 
 PATEY— PATON. 
 
 K.C.B. [1780—1861], colonel-com- 
 mandant of the corps of Royal En- 
 gineers, entered the army in 1797 
 as second lieutenant in the artil- 
 lery, and was removed to the engi- 
 neei's in 1798. He served at the 
 defence of Gaeta in 1806, at the 
 battle of Maida, and at the siege of 
 Copenhagen in the folloAving year. 
 He next served in the Peninsula, 
 was present at Corunna, and was 
 twice wounded in 1809. He was 
 employed in the Walcheren expe- 
 dition, where he was chief engi- 
 neer of the Marquis of Huntly's 
 division. For his military services 
 he was made a C.B., and later, in 
 18J:5, a K.C.B. He became a lieu- 
 tenant-general in 1851, and a 
 D.C.L. of Oxford in 1844. In 
 1839-40-41 he undertook the blow- 
 ing-up of the wreck of the Royal 
 George at Spithead, of which he 
 superintended all the operations. 
 He wrote a great many works on 
 military matters, among which, 
 perhaps, the best known are a trea- 
 tise on " Military Instruction," and 
 an essay on " The Military Policy 
 and Institutions of the British 
 Empire." 
 
 PATEY, Admiral Charles 
 George Edward, C.M.G. [1813— 
 1881], was the son of Commander 
 Charles Patey, and entered the 
 navy in 1824. He took an active 
 part in all the operations on the 
 coast of Syria, including the bom- 
 bardment of Acre in 1810, for his 
 services at which he was made 
 commander, and received the me- 
 dal. In 1851 he was specially 
 appointed to organise the emigra- 
 tion which occurred in that year 
 from Liverpool to the newly disco- 
 vered Australian gold fields, and 
 received a testimonial of plate from 
 the shipowners of Liverpool. In 
 1853 a pension was granted to him 
 for severe wounds received while 
 in command of Her Majesty's ship 
 Amphion. He was from 1857 to 
 1861 superintendent of the steam 
 packet service, and during the 
 American civil war was intrusted 
 
 I by the Government with deli- 
 I cate transactions relative to the 
 ! " Trent affair," and the arming and 
 detention of belligerent American 
 ships at Southampton. He ob- 
 tained flag-rank in 1864, and two 
 years later was appointed adminis- 
 trator of Lagos. He was appointed 
 governor of St. Helena in 1869, but 
 as the colony was in a very reduced 
 condition he received a compensa- 
 tion allowance in 1873, and in 1874 
 was made a C.M.G. 
 
 PATON, Mary AxN (1802—1854], 
 one of the most charming singers 
 of the last generation, was born 
 in Edinburgh, and began her 
 musical education quite in infancy. 
 She appeared in public when 8 
 years old, and actually published 
 about that time several pieces. In 
 1811 her family came to London, 
 and for a time she withdrew from 
 public performances, but in 1820 
 she again appeared — this time at 
 Bath. Two years later she made 
 her debut on the stage, playing 
 such parts as Susanna in " The Mar- 
 riage of Figaro," E-osina in " The 
 Barber of Seville," and Polly in 
 "The Beggar's Opera." Her suc- 
 cess was considerable, but she did 
 yet better in the important roles of 
 Agatha in the " Freischutz," and 
 Keiza in " Oberon." About this 
 time she married Lord William 
 Pitt Lennox, but the union was an 
 unhappy one, the marriage being 
 dissolved six years later. She then 
 married Mr. Joseph Wood, a tenor 
 singer, and played at Covent Gar- 
 den in " Cenei'enlola," and at 
 Drury Lane in "Robei't le Diable." 
 Her appearance in London became 
 fitful ; at one time she paid a visit 
 to America, then shortly afterwards 
 another, then for a time she en- 
 tered a convent at York. In 184 1 
 she re-appeared at the Princess's 
 Theatre, but very shortly after- 
 wards retired and spent most of the 
 remaining years of her life on lior 
 husband's property in Yorksliire. 
 Her voice was a very fine soprano, 
 and her singing of the best style. 
 
PATTERSON— PATTISON. 
 
 ■05 
 
 Weber himself spoke very hi<^hly 
 of her powers, and she was im- 
 mensely popular. 
 
 PATTERSON, Egbert, F.K.S. 
 [1802 — 1872], a distinguished 
 naturalist, whose works on zoology 
 are held in high estimation, was 
 for some years one of the secreta- 
 ries of the natural history section 
 of the British Association, and was 
 one of the founders of the Natural 
 History Society of Belfast. Among 
 his best known works may be men- 
 tioned a small octavo volume, " On 
 the Insects mentioned in Shake- 
 speare's Plays," 1838; " On Natu- 
 ral History as a Branch of General 
 Education in Schools and Colleges/' 
 1810; "Life at the Sea-side/' 
 " Zoology for the Use •£ Schools/' 
 
 PATTESON, The Right Rev. 
 John Coleridge, D.D., first Bishop 
 of Melanesia [1827—1871], son of 
 Sir John Patteson, the judge, and 
 nephew of Sir J. Taylor Coleridge, 
 was educated at Eton and Balliol 
 College, Oxford, and became Fellow 
 of Merton in 1850. Having laboured 
 for some years under Bishop Selwyn 
 in New Zealand and the neighbour- 
 ing island, he was, in 1861, con- 
 secrated Bishop of Melanesia in 
 the South Pacific. He silent the 
 rest of liis life cruising about 
 among the islands that composed 
 his diocese, working among the 
 natives, by whom he was much be- 
 loved. He vainly endeavoured to 
 put a stop to the kidnaj^ping of the 
 natives for the purpose of supplying 
 the labour mai'ket of Queensland 
 and other colonies, and lost his life 
 in the attempt. Hearing that a 
 vessel was on her way to Santa 
 Cruz to obtain labour, he deter- 
 mined to visit the island himself. 
 He arrived there on Sept. 20, 1871, 
 and got into one of the native 
 canoes in order to land. As soon as 
 he was out of sight a volley of 
 arrows was let fly at the English 
 boat, wounding some of the sailors, 
 and the bishop's chaplain, who 
 subsequently died of his wounds. 
 
 The natives were then seen to turn 
 a canoe adrift, which was found to 
 contain the dead body of the bishop 
 rolled up in a mat. A small branch 
 of the cocoanut palm with five 
 knots in it was stuck in the mat, 
 supposed to signify that the bishop's 
 life had been taken in revenge for 
 five lives of the natives who had 
 most likely been shot by the kid- 
 nappers. A very voluminous me- 
 moir of him has been published by 
 Miss Yonge. 
 
 PATTINSON, Hugh Lee [1798— 
 1858], an eminent metallurgist, 
 was, in 1828, appointed assay-mas- 
 ter at the lead mines belonging to 
 the Commissioners of Greenwich 
 Hospital. While thus engaged he 
 made the great discovery of the 
 process of separating the silver from 
 the lead ore by means of crystal- 
 lization, a discovery of the utmost 
 importance to the owners of mines. 
 He afterwards became manager of 
 Mr. Beaumont's lead-smelting and 
 refining works at Newcastle, where 
 he founded, in conjunction with 
 Messrs. Loe & Bui-nett, iu 1834, the 
 " Felling Chemical Works," which 
 grew to be so extensive as to employ 
 a thousand hands. Ten years later, 
 about 1813, he undertook new 
 works at Washington, near New- 
 castle, in which among other things 
 he introduced new methods of pre- 
 paring magnesia and oxychloride 
 of lead. His discovery that steam 
 becomes electric when rushing forth 
 from an orifice is said to have sug- 
 gested Mr. (Sir W. G.) Armstrong's 
 hydro-electric machine. He was 
 an F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.G.S., and 
 F.C.S., and contributed papers on 
 his discoveries to the Philosophical 
 Magazine. 
 
 PATTISON, James [17SG— IS 19],, 
 M.P. for the City of London, and 
 one of the directors of the Bank of 
 England, was the son of Nathaniel 
 M. Pattison, of Congleton, Cheshire, 
 and nephew of James Pattison, a 
 director of the East India Co. He 
 was returned for the city in the 
 Liberal interest at the general 
 
 z z 
 
V06 
 
 PATTISON. 
 
 election in 1835, and represented it 
 in 1837, was defeated in 1841, and 
 again retui'ned..l843. At the gene- 
 ral election of 1817 he was placed 
 second on the poll. Lord John Rus- 
 sell polling 7137 votes, and he 7030. 
 He had been for many years a 
 director of the Bank of England, 
 and was also for a time gover- 
 nor. 
 
 PATTISOX, Eev. Mark, B.D., 
 Eector of Lincoln College, Oxford 
 [1813—1884], was horn at Hornby, 
 a small village in the West Eiding 
 of Yorkshire. His father, the 
 Eev. James Mark Pattison, was 
 for many years rector of Hauxwell, 
 near Eichmond, and it was here 
 that Mark Pattison^s early years 
 were spent. He was the eldest of 
 twelve children, of whom ten were 
 girls. He was never sent to school 
 till he was 17, and learned little 
 except what he taught himself, but 
 among other things he acquired a 
 love of country life and of natural 
 history that remained with him 
 to the end. He entered Oriel 
 College soon after Newman had 
 ceased to be a tutor there in 1831. 
 He took his degree in 1S3G, obtain- 
 ing only a second class, was elected 
 a Fellow of Lincoln in 1839, entered 
 deacon's orders in 1841, and was 
 ordained priest in 1843. Those were 
 stii'ring times at Oxford, for the 
 early years of Pattison's Oxford 
 cai'cer were the days of the growth 
 of the Tractarian movement. New- 
 man exercised a great influence over 
 him, and in 184G, when he joined 
 the Eoman Church, many believed 
 that Mark Pattison would follow 
 him. But the influence was mainly 
 intellectual, and though Pattison 
 was for some time counted among 
 Newman's followers, he was not 
 admitted to the inner councils of the 
 movement, and after tlie withdrawal 
 of Ills leader, his connection with the 
 Tractarian party gradually came to 
 an end. In 1811 and 1843 he ob- 
 taine<l tlui DenyerTlieological Prize, 
 but Ilia interest in theology was 
 aoon to pale before the attractions 
 
 of philosophy and general litera- 
 tiu-e. His attention was early at- 
 tracted to the history- of modern 
 classical scholarship, which he stu- 
 died exhaustively. His original in- 
 tention was to wTite a life of Joseph 
 Scaliger, but, finding that he had 
 been anticipated in this by his 
 friend, the late Professor Jacob 
 Bernays of Bonn, he contented 
 himself with writing the life of 
 Scaliger's contemporary and friend, 
 Isaac Casaubon, which was pub- 
 lished in 1875. Latterly the disco- 
 very of new material led him to 
 revert to his original intention of 
 writing Scaliger's life, but his de- 
 sign was frustrated through ill- 
 health. The last months of his 
 life, when increasing weakness pre- 
 vented any very serious study, he 
 devoted to the dictation of the 
 reminiscences of his youth, and 
 of his Oxford career down to 1861. 
 Such papers of interest preserved 
 by him as he did not think it right 
 to publish at present he deposited 
 in the Bodleian Library, not to be 
 ojDened for some years. In his 
 editions, prepared for the Clarendon 
 Press series, of Pope's " Essay on 
 Man," and " Satires and Epistles," 
 and in his monograph on Milton, 
 and his quite recent edition of "Mil- 
 ton's Sonnets," his deep scholarship 
 is discernible ; and no less conspi- 
 cuous are these qualities in the 
 report which he made in 1859 on 
 "The State of Elementary Educa- 
 tion in Germany." He also pu))- 
 lished an important book, " Sug- 
 gestions on Academical organisa- 
 tion " (18G7), in which he developed 
 his views, afterwards wellk-nown, 
 in favour of organising the univer- 
 sity as a place of advanced researcli. 
 These views he also pressed, not 
 without effect, on the University 
 Commissioners in 1878. This list 
 of hooks, with an essay on "Ten- 
 dencies of Ki'ligious Thought 
 in England," which appeared in 
 1800, among the " Essays and Re- 
 views," almost completes tlie list 
 of P-attiscui's acknowlgdged writ-. 
 
PAUL— PAYNE. 
 
 707 
 
 ings, but affords no sort of test of 
 the true range and measure of his 
 literary activity. To the Quarterly 
 Review, the Nineteenth Century, and 
 other periodicals of similar scope, he 
 was a constant contributor, and to 
 the Saturday Review for many years. 
 But he was a man of thought ra- 
 ther than a man of action, an in- 
 spirer of practical men rather 
 than a practical man himself, and 
 his influence was mainly indirect 
 and impersonal. He was appointed 
 classical examiner first in 1818, 
 then in 1853, and was for some 
 years tutor of his college. In 1861 
 he was elected Eector of Lincoln, a 
 post for which he had been an un- 
 successful candidate ten years ear- 
 lier. In 1802 he mai*ried a daugh- 
 ter of Captain Strong, a lady now 
 well known as an art critic of great 
 knowledge. Mark Pattison died at 
 Harrogate, July 30, 1884. One of 
 his sisters was the " Sister Dora," 
 well known as the heroine of Miss 
 Lonsdale's book, which made some 
 mark a few years ago. 
 
 PAUL, Mrs. Howard (Isabella 
 Featherstone), actress and singer, 
 was born at Dartford, in Kent, and 
 made her first appearance on the 
 stage about the year 1854. Her 
 first engagements in London seem 
 to ha,ve been at the Strand and 
 Havmarket Theatres, where as Miss 
 Featherstone she played Captain 
 Macheath^ in the " Beggar's Opera." 
 After her marriage to Mr. Howard 
 Paul, she for some years took part 
 with him in his varied " Entertain- 
 ments," She returned to the stage 
 in 1869, appearing at Drury Lane 
 as Lady Macbeth. Her last ap- 
 pearances in London were at the 
 Opera Comique, in the " Sorcerer," 
 produced in 1878. She died sud- 
 denly at her house, in the Avenue, 
 Bedford Park, Turnham Green, 
 June 6, 1879. 
 
 PAXTON, Sir Joseph [1803— 
 1865], landscape-gardener, was born 
 of humble parentage, at Milton 
 Bryant, in Bedfordshire. He was 
 educated at the Free School at 
 
 Woburn, and at an early age was 
 employed, and studied for some 
 years as a gardener, at the Horti- 
 cultural Society's Gardens. The 
 Duke of Devonshire took him from 
 there, and gave him charge of his 
 gardens in Derbyshire. He laid 
 out the gardens of Chatsworth, 
 famous throughout Enfjland, and 
 erected tliore the great conserva- 
 tory, at that time a novel structvu'e. 
 It was he who designed a building 
 of iron and glass for the first Great 
 Exhibition, which was his chef 
 d'oexivre, and procured for him the 
 honour of knighthood. When the 
 Palace was removed to Sydenham, 
 he was employed to remodel it, and 
 was made director of the grounds. 
 He was elected M.P. in the Liberal 
 interest, in 185 i, for Coventry, 
 which he represented till his death. 
 He was for some years the editor 
 of Paxton's Magazine of Botany, and 
 was also author of various works 
 on gardening. It was to him that 
 the country was indebted for the 
 despatch of the Army Works Corps 
 to the Crimea in 1854-5. 
 
 TQ-I 
 
 PAYXE, George [1803—1878 
 one of the oldest members of the 
 Jockey Club, was the son of Mr. 
 George Payne, of Sulby Abbey, 
 Northampton, and was educated 
 at Eton, and at Christ Church, 
 Oxford. He early lost his father, 
 and on coming of age became 
 one of the largest landowners in 
 Northamptonshire. He was for 
 many years master of the Pytchley 
 Hounds, and for upwards of five 
 years a zealous patron and sup- 
 porter of the turf. His face was 
 familiar on all the principal race- 
 courses of England, and he enjoyed 
 the friendship of all the leading 
 members of the racing world. He 
 was not very fortunate, however, 
 never having won the Derby, or any 
 great race. It was Mr. Payne, his 
 uncle, who won the Derby with 
 Azor in 1817. He was once solicited 
 to enter Parliament as member for 
 the southern division of his native 
 county, but declined, on the ground 
 
 2 z 3 
 
•OS 
 
 PEABODY— PEACOCK. 
 
 that his tastes were opposed to 
 parliamentary life. 
 
 PEABODY, George [1795— 
 18G9], whose clarm to being men- 
 tioned in an English work of bio- 
 graphy lies in the fact of the 
 splendid work done by him among 
 the working classes in England, 
 especially in London, was born 
 at Dan vers, Massachusetts, U.S. 
 Having been for some years a 
 successful merchant, in jDartner- 
 ship with Mr. Eiggs at Baltimore, 
 with branch houses at Philadel- 
 phia and New York, he came to 
 England in 1827, and established 
 himself in London as a merchant 
 and money-broker in 1843. In this 
 capacity his name became a gua- 
 rantee for many monetary trans- 
 actions on the part of more than 
 one of the United States ; and in 
 1848 he largely contributed to the 
 restoration of the credit of Mary- 
 land. He founded at Danvers, 
 U.S., at a cost of i;25,000, an in- 
 stitute which bears his name, and 
 gave upwards of ,£100,000 for a 
 similar purpose in Maryland. On 
 retiring from business with a large 
 fortune in 18G2, he presented the 
 City of London with the munificent 
 .«!um of ,£150,000, for the jDurpose 
 of erecting comfortable and con- 
 venient lodging - houses for the 
 working classes, and gave for the 
 same purpose an additional ,£150,000 
 in Feb. 18GG. The first block of 
 buildings in Spitalfields, known as 
 the Peabody Dwellings, Avas opened 
 in 18G1-. A bronze statue was 
 erected to him near the Royal 
 Exchange, a shoi't time before his 
 death. 
 
 PEACOCK, Rev. George, Dean 
 of Ely [1701 — 1858], a notable 
 mathematician, was the son of a 
 scliDoluiaster, Avho wrote some 
 works on arithmetic. Jle was edu- 
 cated at Richmond, in Yorkshire, 
 and at Trinity College, Canil)ridge, 
 of whi(;h he was elected a Fellow 
 in 1811., and assistant tutor and 
 college lecturer in 1815. He became 
 a full tutor iu 1823. As an under- 
 
 graduate he, together with Herschel, 
 Babbage, and Maule, endeavoured 
 to introduce the Continental me- 
 thod of the differential calculus 
 at Cambridge, where the method 
 of fluxions had till then prevailed. 
 They formed an Analytical Society, 
 j which published, among other 
 : works, " A Collection of Examples 
 ' of the Application of the Differen- 
 tial and Integral Calculus, 1820," 
 i and had the satisfaction of seeing 
 j about the same time the differen- 
 tial calculus adopted, and autho- 
 ! z-itatively introduced at Cambridge. 
 , In 1837 Mr, Peacock became 
 I Lo^Tides Professor of Astronomy 
 at Cambridge, and a year later was 
 appointed one of the commissioners 
 for standards of weights and mea- 
 sures. He was one of the founders 
 of the Cambridge Universitv Phi- 
 losophical Society, and was admitted 
 a Fellow of the Royal, the Royal 
 Astronomical, and other scientific 
 societies. He took his D.D. degree 
 in 1839, and was appointed to the 
 deanery of Ely. He restored the 
 Cathedral, which was in a very bad 
 condition, and enforced the Public 
 Health Act in the city of Ely. 
 He was Prolocutor of the Lower 
 House of Convocation for the Pro- 
 vince of Canterbury, 18R)-17, and 
 again 1852-57, and was on the Com- 
 mission of Inquiry into Cambridge 
 University. Among his numerous 
 writings may be mentioned a 
 "Treatise on Algebra," 1830; "Ob- 
 servations on the Statutes of the 
 University of Cambridge," 18 U ; 
 a " Life of Dr. Tliomas Young," 
 1855, &c. &e. 
 
 PEACOCK, Thomas Love [1785 
 — 18GG], a poet and i)rose humorist, 
 was born at Weymouth, and edu- 
 cated at a school at Englefield 
 Green. His lii-st poem, *' Tlu> 
 Genius of the Tliames," ajipeared 
 in 1810, and reached a second edi- 
 tion in 1812. In the latter year 
 he made the accjuaintance of Shelley, 
 whose literary exeeutt>r he lu'eame, 
 and in that capacity published a 
 defence of Shelley's first wife, Har- 
 
PEARD— PEARSON. 
 
 709 
 
 riet Westbrook. Anionj[y his other 
 friends were Grote, Mill, and Ben- 
 tham. Ho obtained a situation in 
 the East India House in 1818, and 
 on the death of James Mill in 1S3(J, 
 was appointed Examiner of India 
 Correspondence, which post he held 
 until March, 1S5G, when he retired 
 on a pension. Among his other 
 woi'ks may be mentioned the two 
 poems, " The Philosophy of Melan- 
 choly," and " Ehododaphne," and 
 the curious satirical novels, " Head- 
 long Hall," '•' Melincourt/' "Night- 
 mare Abbey," "Maid Marian," 
 " Gryll Grange," &c. An edition 
 of his works, edited by Henry Cole, 
 C.B., with a preface by Lord Hough- 
 ton, was puljlished in 1875. 
 
 PEAKD. Colonel John White- 
 head [1811 — 18S0], well kno-«Ti 
 under the title of " Garibaldi's 
 Englishman," was the second son 
 of Vice-Admiral Shuldham Peard, 
 and was born at Fowey, in Corn- 
 wall. He was educated at Exeter 
 College, Oxford, and called to the 
 Bar at the Inner Temple in 1837, 
 after which for some time he prac- 
 tised on the Western Circuit. When 
 the Italian war of independence 
 broke out in 1859, he held a cap- 
 tain's commission in the Duke of 
 Cornwall's Rangers, and at once 
 offered himself as a volunteer to 
 Garibaldi, whose adventures he 
 shared during several campaigns, 
 particularly that of 1861), when he 
 was warmly thanked by his com- 
 mander. When Garibaldi retired 
 to Caprera, Colonel Peard returned 
 to Cornwall, He was a magistrate 
 for that county, and served as high 
 sheriii in 1869. 
 
 PEARSALL, DE, Robert Lucas 
 [1795—1856], was brought up as 
 a lawyer ; but his taste for music, 
 of which he had given early proofs, 
 was too strong for him, and he 
 abandoned the law after a few 
 years' pi-actice at the Bar. He 
 went to Mayence, where he worked 
 hard at composition, and in 1829 
 paid a visit to England. In a year, 
 iowever, he returned to the Con- 
 
 tinent, where for some time he led 
 the life of a wanderer. Later on 
 he sold his proi^erty in England, 
 and bought an estate on the Lake of 
 Constance, where he devoted himself 
 to music and archa'ology. He was 
 a prolific composer ; but it is by 
 his truly delightful madrigals that 
 he is best known. Of these, " Lay 
 a Garland," "Take Heed ye Shep- 
 herd Swains," " Great God of 
 Love," "O, Who will o'er the 
 Downs ! " and others, which might 
 be named, are of first-rate excel- 
 lence, and show Pearsall at his 
 best. He was received [into the 
 Roman Catholic Church some time 
 before his death. 
 
 PEARSON, Henry Hugh [1815 
 — 1873] , a musician practically lost 
 to England, through the lack of 
 appreciation which his works re- 
 ceived in this country. He was 
 born at Oxford, and educated at 
 Harrow and Cambridge. His mu- 
 sical instruction at this time was 
 gained chiefly from Attwood, and 
 before he left Cambridge he had 
 already j)ublisiied a volume of songs. 
 In 1839 he went to Germany. 
 While at Leipsic he was on inti- 
 mate terms with Mendelssohn, and 
 at diiferent times had the friend- 
 ship of Si^ohr, Meyerbeer, and 
 Schumann. He held, for a brief 
 time, the professorship of music 
 in Edinburgh University, but soon 
 returned to Germany, which he 
 thenceforth made his home, chang- 
 ing his name from the above to 
 Henrv-Hugo Pierson. In 1S48 his 
 opera ' ' Leila " was produced at Ham- 
 burg, and was very well received. 
 Four years later his oratox'io " Jeru- 
 salem" was given at the Norwich 
 Festival, and some months later it 
 was i*epeated in London. A work, 
 of which Germany thoroughly ap- 
 proved, was his music to the 
 second part of Goethe's " Faust," 
 which has been repeatedly heard 
 in that country, but of which, we 
 Ijelieve, only a meagre selection 
 has ever been given in England. 
 He was commissioned to write a 
 
710 
 
 PEARSON— PEEL. 
 
 i\-ork for Norwich in 1869, and sent 
 a selection from an oratorio, " Heze- 
 kiah," a work which he never com- 
 l^leted. "' Con-Farini/" a five-act 
 opera, was broui^ht out at Hambui'g 
 in 1872. Pearson wrote, also, an 
 immense number of songs, and the 
 unpublished MSS. which he left 
 are very numerous. 
 
 PEARSON, Rev. Hugh [1817— 
 1882], Canon of Windsor, brother 
 of the preceding', was educated at 
 Balliol College, Oxford, where he 
 graduated B.A. in 1839, and M.A. 
 in due course. He was ordained 
 in 1811, and api^ointed to the 
 vicarage of Sonning, near Reading, 
 which he held till his death. He 
 was rural dean of Henley - on - 
 Thames from ISGi to 1874, and of 
 Sonning from the latter date till 
 1876. He was appointed chaplain 
 to the Bishop of Manchester in 
 1870, and nominated to the canonry 
 of Windsor in 1876. He was a man 
 of wide personal influence, and was 
 an intimate fi'iend of Dean Stanley, 
 on whose death he succeeded to the 
 post of Deputy Clei;k of the Closet 
 to the Queen. 
 
 PEASE, Henry [1806—1881], 
 Director of the Stockton and Dar- 
 lington Railway, later merged into 
 the North-Eastern Railway Com- 
 pany, was the son of Edward Pease, 
 " the father of railways," and was 
 born at Darlington. Having re- 
 ceived a good commercial education, 
 he was put to learn the business of 
 a tanner, but soon gave that up to 
 follow in his father's footsteps. 
 Soon after the Stockton and Dar- 
 lington Railway was opened, and 
 while still quite a youth, he was 
 actively engaged in the direction 
 of the afFiiirs of that undertak- 
 ing ; was later elected to the Board 
 of Management ; retained his seat 
 when it became the North-Eastern 
 Railway, and became the oldest 
 railway director in the world. He 
 was M.P. for South Durham in 
 1857, in the Tjiberal interest, re- 
 tiring voluntarily in I860, in favour 
 of his ni.'i)h(.'\v, Joseph Whitwcll 
 
 Pease. He was a member of the 
 Society of Friends, and accompanied 
 Joseph Sturge of Birmingham, and 
 Robert Charlton of Bristol, on their 
 joiu'ney to Russia in 1853, where 
 they w^ent for the purpose of en- 
 deavouring to prevent the war 
 which was then threatened between 
 that country and England. They 
 were very kindly received by the 
 Emperor and Empress at St. Peters- 
 burg, but their efforts were un- 
 availing, although the Czar de- 
 clared his anxiety to maintain 
 peace. Mr. Pease was also one of 
 the three who visited the Emperor 
 of the French at Paris to urge 
 him to use his influence in calling 
 together a Congress of European 
 nations to promote the interests of 
 peace, and for the second time was 
 unsuccessful. On the death of his 
 brother Joseph (the first Quaker 
 M.P.), he succeeded him as Pre- 
 sident of the Peace Society. He 
 was elected first mayor of Dar- 
 lington in 1867, when that town 
 was incorporated. 
 
 PEASE, Joseph [1800—1872], 
 the first Quaker member sent to 
 the House of Commons, represented 
 South Durham for several years. 
 He and his sons owTied a consider- 
 able amount of mining property in 
 South Durham and North York- 
 shire, and he was the last survivor 
 of the original Middlesborough 
 estate-owners. He spent large 
 sums in promoting education and 
 the moral welfare of the woi-k- 
 people, and Avas associated with 
 George and Robert Stephenson in 
 establishing the first large engi- 
 neering works in the Nortli — the 
 engine factory at Newcastle. He 
 was brother-in-law of Mr. J. J. 
 Gurney and Mrs. Fry, and was 
 connected by marriage witli Mr. 
 Bright, Mr. Josejih Sturge, and 
 other members of thi' Society of 
 Friends. 
 
 PEEL, The Right Hon. Gene- 
 hat. Jonathan, M.l\ [1799—1879], 
 flftli son of the lirst Sir Ro])ert 
 Peel, was educated at Rugby, 
 
PEEL. 
 
 711 
 
 entered the army, and became a 
 lieutenant-general in ISoO. He 
 ■was returned for Norwich in 182G, 
 and was one of the members for 
 Huntingdon in the Conservative 
 interest from 1831 till 18G8, when 
 he retired into private life. Gene- 
 ral Peel, who took an active part 
 in all parliamentary debates on 
 military questions, was Surveyor- 
 General of the Ordnance from Sept., 
 1811, to July, 18-lC; Secretary of 
 State for War in Lord Derby^s 
 second administration in 1858-9 ; 
 and was appointed to the same post 
 in Lord Derby's thii'd administra- 
 tion in July, ISGG, but retired on 
 account of a difference in opinion 
 respecting the Eef orm Bill in March, 
 18G7. 
 
 PEEL, Eight Hon. Sir Law- 
 rence [1799 — 1884], cousin of the 
 above, of whom he wi-ote a bio- 
 graphy, and son of Mr. Joseph 
 Peel, of Bowes. Middlesex, was edu- 
 cated at St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he graduated B.A. 
 1821, and M.A. 1824. In the latter 
 year he was called to the bar of the 
 Middle Temple. Migrating to the 
 East, he became Advocate-General 
 at Calcutta,, and in 184:2 Chief Justice 
 of the Supreme Court there. From 
 this position he retired in 1855, by 
 which time he had been appointed 
 vice-president of the legislative 
 council. In 1857 he became one of 
 the directors of the East India 
 Company, in ISGG treasurer of the 
 Middle Temple, and in 1871 a paid 
 member of the Judicial Committee 
 of the Privy Council. He was a 
 D.L. of the city of London, hon. 
 D.C.L. of Oxford, &c. He was for 
 many years a frequent correspon- 
 dent of the Times on legal and 
 general topics. 
 
 PEEL, The Eight Hon. Sib 
 Egbert, second baronet. He was 
 the eldest son of Sir Eobei't Peel, a 
 great cotton-printer and manufac- 
 turer, and was born near Bury, in 
 Lancashire, Feb. 5th, 1788. He was 
 educated at Harrow and Chi-ist 
 Church, Oxford, where, in l.SC>8, he 
 
 graduated with the then unprece- 
 dented honours of a double first. In 
 the following year he was returned 
 to Parliament for the close borough 
 of Cashel, and attached himself to 
 the Tory party, with which he was 
 connected through his father, who 
 was at that time member for Tam- 
 worth. The elder Peel made no 
 secret of the high hopes he enter- 
 tained for his son's success, and to 
 add to the young man's position 
 and sense of independence made 
 him an annual allowance equal to 
 the fortune of many a nobleman. 
 At first young Peel did not speak 
 often or long, but all that he said 
 added to his reputation for right 
 feeling and good sense, and he soon 
 came to be looked upon as a young 
 man from whom much might be 
 expected. In 1811 he was ap- 
 pointed under-seoretary for the 
 colonies, and when, in the follow- 
 ing May, the assassination of Per- 
 ceval occasioned the formation of a 
 new Tory ministry. Peel was ap- 
 pointed chief secretary for Ireland, 
 the Duke of Eichmond being lord- 
 lieutenant. Iceland was more than 
 usuallv disaffected, and was dis- 
 satisfied with the union, but O'Con- 
 nell, with a ciu'ious density of 
 vision, advised her to agitate first 
 for Catholic emancipation, and 
 when Peel was in Dublin the Ca- 
 tholic question absorbed the inte- 
 rest of all Irishmen. Peel's politics 
 were those of his party, and may 
 briefly be summed up in his nick- 
 name "Orange Peel;" he was in- 
 tensely unpopular, being too tem- 
 porising for his own party, and to) 
 exacting for the emancipationists. 
 He was indeed thoroughly out of 
 place, and feeling this, resigned 
 office, when, in 1818, a vacancy in 
 the representation of Oxford gave 
 him an excuse for doing so. From 
 that time till 1822 he had no official 
 connection with the Liverpool- 
 Castlereagh ministry, but took a 
 leading part in the pressing cur- 
 rency questions of the day, and 
 thus foimded his fame as a finan- 
 
712 
 
 PEEL. 
 
 cier. As if to prove his adhesion 
 to the Govei'nment, he defended the 
 " Peterloo" massacre with unne- 
 cessary and n&ver-to-be-for<^otten 
 ardour, but he took no part in the 
 delicate question of the case of 
 Queen Caroline. When George IV. 
 came to the throne he retained the 
 Liverpool ministry, and Peel ac- 
 cepted office as Home Secretary. 
 After the suicide of Castlereagh, in 
 August, 1822, Peel and Canning 
 ■were the most prominent members 
 of the ministry, though on the 
 Catholic question they were at 
 issue, for Canning was an emanci- 
 pationist, and Peel still opposed 
 the Catholic claims. In April, 1827, 
 on the retirement of Lord Liver- 
 pool, Canning became premier, and 
 formed a ministry, from which the 
 Old Tory party, headed by Peel and 
 Eldon, held aloof. But only four 
 months later Canning died, and 
 without him the ministry could not 
 hold together; in Jan., 1823, the 
 Old Tory party came back to povv^er, 
 with the Duke of Wellington as 
 Prime Minister, and Peel as Home 
 Secretary. They were, however, 
 convinced that the claims of the 
 Catholics were irresistible, and it 
 was Peel who (March 5th, 1829,) 
 brought forAvard the Catholic Relief 
 Bill. But though Catholic eman- 
 cipation had been forced on the 
 Tories, they were not prepared to 
 concede parliamentai'y reform, and 
 shortly after the accession of Wil- 
 liam. IV. a reform ministry was 
 formed, and Peel retired from office, 
 having associated his name not only 
 with the Catholic Relief Bill, but 
 the New Metropolitan Police Act, 
 which i:)rovided London with an 
 efficient body of police. It was 
 about this time that he succeeded 
 his father in the baronetcy. In 
 common with the rest of his party. 
 Peel resisted the Whig measures 
 of reform, but it was patent that 
 he saw that some redistribution and 
 rei'oiin wus inevitable, and lie de- 
 clined to join the Duke of Wel- 
 lington in the desperate enterprise 
 
 of forming a Tory Government to 
 supersede the Grey ministry, which 
 had gone out on the refusal of the 
 king to promise an unlimited crea- 
 tion of peers. By this conduct he 
 ensured for himself and his party 
 the full benefit of the reaction 
 which he must liave known would 
 ensue. The first general election 
 after the passing of the Reform 
 Bill left him with a following of 
 barely 100 members, but under his 
 skilful management this soon swel- 
 led into a formidable party. He 
 frankly accepted the Reform Act, 
 and set himself to organise a party 
 distinct from either Tory or Whig, 
 and which he named Conservative. 
 In Nov., 1831, the king called upon 
 the Duke of Wellington to form a 
 ministry, but the latter insisted on 
 Peel accepting the premiership, and 
 himself became Foreign Secretarv. 
 This first ministry of Peel's endured 
 for only five months, and during 
 its existence it was defeated on the 
 question of the election of the 
 Speaker, on Lord Morpeth's motion 
 for an amendment on the address, 
 and finally on a series of motions 
 of Lord John Russell relating to 
 the temporalities of the Irish 
 Church, when the Government was 
 defeated by so large a majority 
 that resignation was inevitable 
 (April 8th, 1835). The Whigs re- 
 turned to office, with Lord Mel- 
 bourne as premier, and their ad- 
 ministration lasted throughout the 
 remainder of the king's life, and 
 during the first four vears of the 
 reign of Victoria. In May, 1839, 
 the ministry resigned, but, owing 
 to the " Bedchamber Plot"— the 
 refusal of tlie Queen to dismiss 
 certain AVliig ladies of her house- 
 hold, — Peel was unable to form a 
 ministry, and Lord Melbourne re- 
 turned to office until Aug. 27th, 
 1811. Peel was now to enter into 
 the most imi)ortant epoch of his 
 career: he h;ul a i-onunanding ma- 
 jority in both Houses, but the crisis 
 was one that called for a master 
 hand. The finances were in dis- 
 
PEEL. 
 
 713 
 
 order ; for some years there had 
 been a {^rowing deficit, which in- 
 creased taxes and customs duties 
 had failed to make good. Distress 
 and discontent prevailed through- 
 out the country, moi'o especially in 
 the trading districts ; the Anti- 
 Corn Law League was already agi- 
 tating for the total repeal of the 
 corn hiAvs, and in Ireland O'Con- 
 nell's agitation was assuming 
 threatening proportions. In the 
 session of 1842 Peel proposed his 
 famous sliding scale, by which the 
 duty on foreign grain gradually 
 decreased as the price of home- 
 grown corn rose. In ISJri, with the 
 help of many financiers of Avhoiu 
 Lord Overstone (Mr. Jones-Loyd) 
 was the chief, he passed the Bank 
 Charter Act. To meet the finan- 
 cial difficulty, he levied an income- 
 tax, and this measure was so suc- 
 cessful that, in 1815, the retui-ns 
 showed a surplus of five millions, 
 whereas three years earlier there 
 had been a deficit of ,£2,570,000. 
 To render the imposition of the 
 income-tax less oppressive, it was 
 accompanied by a reform in the 
 tariff by which the duties on many 
 foreign imports were lowered or 
 removed. This lowered tariff was 
 the cause of much dissension be- 
 tween the Premier and his protec- 
 tionist supporters, especially as it 
 was evident that Peel was at heart 
 a convert to the principles of free 
 trade. In 1845 the failiu'e of the 
 Irish potato crop forced him to an 
 avowal of his opinions. He retired, 
 and Lord John Eussell was called 
 upon to form a ministry. This he 
 failed to do, and Peel returned to 
 office, and on Jan. 27th, 1846, 
 brought in a bill by which, at the 
 end of three vears, the corn laws 
 were to be utterly repealed. In 
 the meanwhile thousands were 
 dying of hunger in Ireland ; there 
 was disturbance and a talk of 
 rebellion ; and alongside of the 
 corn bill Peel tried to pass a coer- 
 cion bill. The radicals, the pro- 
 tectionists, and O'Connell's party 
 
 united to throw out this coercion 
 bill, which was rejected by the 
 Commons two days after the 
 com bill had passed the Lords. 
 Thus, in the hour of his triumpli. 
 Peel resigned, but though out of 
 office, he was not out of power. He 
 had " lost a party, but won a 
 nation," and he lived to can-y the 
 important, if inopportune. Encum- 
 bered Estates (Ireland) Act. The 
 last time that he addressed the 
 House was on June 28th, 1850, 
 when he spoke on the Greek ques- 
 tion. The next day he was thrown 
 from his horse, and on July 2nd he 
 died of the injuries that he had 
 received. There are many recoi'ds 
 of his life : among them his 
 " Speeches," *' Posthumous Me- 
 moirs," " The Political Life of Sir 
 Robert Peel," by Thomas Double- 
 day, Gruizot's " Life," and the more 
 recent biographies by Mr. G. B. 
 Smith, Mr. Taylor, and Sir L. Peel. 
 PEEL, Captain Sik William 
 [1824—1858], K.C.B., captain of 
 the Shannon, and commander of the 
 naval brigade serving in the Bengal 
 Presidency, was the third son of Sir 
 Eobert Peel. He entered the navy 
 in 1838, and having seen service in 
 the China seas, in 1844 was pro- 
 moted to the rank of lieutenant. 
 He next served on the Cape of 
 Good Hope station, and in the 
 Pacific, and attained the rank of 
 commander in 1846, after which he 
 was sent to the North American 
 and West India stations . He greatly 
 distinguished himself in the Cri- 
 mean campaign with the naval 
 brigade, and was so severely 
 wounded that he was obliged to 
 return to England before the fall 
 of Sebastopol. For his services he 
 was made a C.B. He proceeded to 
 China in 1856, and had scarcely 
 reached that country before he was 
 ordered by Lord Elgin with spare 
 troops to Calcutta, to afford assist- 
 ance in the suppression of the 
 mutiny of the Bengal army. In 
 command of the naval brigade he 
 took a very distinguished part in 
 
7U 
 
 PELHAM— PEXN. 
 
 the storming and capture of Luck- 
 now, where he was severely wounded. 
 He was recovering from his wounds 
 when he was attacked by small-pox, 
 and died, to the great grief of the 
 army and the British public gene- 
 rally. For his services in India he 
 was nominated a K.C.B., was also 
 an officer of the Legion of Honour 
 of France, and of the Order of the 
 Medjidie, and had received the Sar- 
 dinian war medal. 
 
 PELHAM, Eear-Admiral the 
 Hon. Frederick T., C.B. ^ISOS— 
 18G1] , was the second son of Thomas, 
 second Earl of Chichester, and en- 
 tered the navy in 1823. He was 
 for some years employed on the 
 north coast of Spain under Capt. 
 Lord John Hay in assisting the 
 Constitutional Government of Spain 
 against the Carlists, and for his 
 services received the Cross of San 
 Fernando from the queen of Spain. 
 He acted as private secretary to 
 the Duke of Northumberland while 
 he was First Lord of the Admiralty 
 in the Earl of Derby's first admi- 
 nistration, and in 1853 was chosen 
 to command tlie steam reserve at 
 Portsmouth. In the spring of 1855, 
 when Sir R. Dundas took the com- 
 mand of the Baltic fleet, he selected 
 Caj^t. Pelham to discharge the 
 onerous duties of captain of the 
 fleet. He rendered very distin- 
 guished service at the bombard- 
 ment of Sweaborg. In 1857 he was 
 appointed a junior lord of the Ad- 
 miralty, and again in 1859, resign- 
 ing it only a fortnight before his 
 death . 
 
 PEN DE BODE, Clement 
 Joseph Philip [1777 — 18415], was 
 born at Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, 
 his father being a German, his 
 mother an Englishwoman, and was 
 educated in this country. His 
 father left l»iin a lai-ge estate in 
 Alsace, called Soultz-sous-Forot, 
 which, however, after the French 
 Kevohition, was confiscatjd, all 
 feudal and seignorial priyih'ges 
 })eing abolished by the decrees of 
 revolutionary governments, and all 
 
 English subjects who held property 
 in France being deprived of their 
 rights. As soon as the treaties 
 were concluded, which had been 
 made to secure indemnity to the 
 English subjects who had held pro- 
 jjerty in France, the baron came to 
 this country to urge his claims. 
 The French Government had paid 
 large sums to England as compen- 
 sation to British subjects whose 
 property had been seized, and of 
 this money the Baron de Bode 
 claimed half a million on account 
 of his patrimonial jiroperty in Alsace. 
 The next twenty-five years of his 
 life were sjjent in endless law-suits 
 to try and obtain j)Ossession of this 
 money, his demands being I'efused 
 on the ground that he had failed to 
 prove that he was a British subject. 
 The last trials were held in 181 1-15, 
 and were in his favour, but worn 
 out with anxiety and trouble, he 
 died quite suddenly before the 
 matter could be l>rought to a satis- 
 factory ending. 
 
 PENN, John, F.E.S., an eminent 
 mechanical engineer, born in tlie 
 neighbourhood of London earlv in 
 the present century, was the auth».»r 
 of several inventions and improve- 
 ments in marine steam engines. 
 He constructed the engines of seve- 
 ral of the largest ironclad British 
 men-of-war, namely, the Warrior, 
 BlacJc Prince, and Achilles, each of 
 1,350 horse-power ; the Hercules and 
 Sultan, of 1,200 horse-power; and 
 for nearly all the largest warshijis 
 for the Italian, Spanish, Brazilian, 
 German, Danish, and Peruvian Go- 
 vernments, and the yachts for her 
 Majesty the Queen of England, 
 Emperor of Kussia, Khedive of 
 Egypt, Sultan of Tin-key, Emperor 
 of Austria, &c. Mr. Penn intro- 
 duced many improvements in the 
 machinery anil ti>ols used in the 
 manufacture of engines, to insure 
 greater accui'aey and economy of 
 workmanshiii. He was onv of the 
 earliest members of the Institution 
 of Civil and Mechanical Engineers, 
 a Fellow ef the Koyal Society, and 
 
PENNEFATHER— PENNINGTON. 
 
 715 
 
 principal of the firm of John Pcnn 
 and Son, eng*ineers, Greenwich. He 
 died Sept. 23, 1S78. 
 
 PENNEFATHER, General Sir 
 John Lysaght, G.C.B. [1800— 
 1872], son of the Eev, John Penne- 
 father, of New Park, Tipperai-y, 
 entered the army as cornet in Jan., 
 1818, and obtained the rank of 
 lieutenant-colonel in 1839, without 
 having purchased any of his grades. 
 His name first came prominently 
 before the world as a trusted ofiicer 
 of Sir C. J. Napier, under whom he 
 served in Scinde, and who, after 
 the murderous battle of Meeanee, 
 Feb. 17, 18J.3, spoke of him cm- 
 j)hatically as " that noble soldier 
 Pennefather." For his services in 
 Scinde he received the thanks of 
 Parliament and the Order of the 
 Bath, and in 184G attained the rank 
 of colonel in the army. Upon the 
 formation of the Eastern army in 
 1854', Colonel Pennefather was ap- 
 pointed to command the first bri- 
 gade of the second division, wdth 
 the rank of major-general ; and at 
 the battle of the Alma he greatly 
 distinguished himself, and again 
 at Inkermann, where he had a 
 horse shot under him. On the 
 latter memorable occasion he 
 took the second division against 
 the advancing Russian columns in 
 the unavoidable temporary absence 
 of its chief. Sir De Lacy Evcins, 
 who, hastening to the scene of 
 conflict from Balaklava, chival- 
 rously left the command, as Outram 
 did to Havelock at Lucknow, in 
 the hands of the officer who had so 
 gallantly led the troops against the 
 foe, and whose overthrow of the 
 Muscovite legions fully justified 
 this act of confidence. After the 
 latter event he was compelled by 
 the state of his health to retire 
 for a time from the field. Return- 
 ing soon afterwards, he took the 
 permanent command of the second 
 division, with the rank of lieu- 
 tenant-general. He was appointed 
 colonel of the 46th Foot in June, 
 1854; created a K.C.B. in 1855; 
 
 and was made colonel of the 22nd 
 Foot, wliich he luid gallantly h.-d 
 into action at Meeanee, Feb. 13, 
 1800. He was appointed Governor 
 of Malta, and on quitting that post, 
 after holding it for five years, Avas 
 named commander of the camp at 
 Aldershot, for which he was espe- 
 cially fitted by his thorough ac- 
 quaintance with tactics, and re- 
 signed in 18G5. He was made a 
 general in the army in 186S, and 
 appointed Governor of Chelsea 
 Hospital in Sept., 1870. He was 
 Grand Officer of the Legion oi 
 Honour, Commander 1st Class of 
 St. Maurice and St. Lazarus, and 
 2nd Class of the Medjidie. 
 
 PENNETHORNE, Sir James, 
 Knt., born at Worcester, June, ISOl, 
 died at Maiden, Surrey, Sept. 1, 
 1871. In 1820 he was placed in 
 the office of Augustus Pug-in, and 
 was afterwards removed to that of 
 John Nash, who was largely en- 
 gaged upon Government works. He 
 was appointed in 1832 to plan some 
 of the metropolitan improvements, 
 and Victoria, Kenningtoii, and Bat- 
 tersea Parks are laid out from his 
 designs. After 1840 his whole 
 time Avas devoted to Government 
 schemes, and among liis other olii- 
 cial works are the alteration of the 
 Qiiadrant, the addition to the new 
 Ordnance Office, the new wing <.>f 
 Somei'set House, and the erection 
 of London University behind Bur- 
 lington House. In 1859 he re- 
 ceived the medal of the Institute of 
 British Ai'chitects, and on his 
 quitting office in 1870 the members 
 of his profession presented him 
 with a special medal, and the 
 Queen conferred on him the honour 
 of knighthood. 
 
 PENNINGTON, James [1777— 
 1862], author of "The Currency of 
 the British Colonies," was in early 
 life engaged in mercantile pursuits, 
 but after being employed in inves- 
 tigating the financial accounts of 
 the East India Com^Dany on the 
 occasion of the abolition of its 
 trading privileges, he gave up hi.s 
 
716 
 
 PE^^NINGTON— PEEEIRA, 
 
 private business to accept an ap- 
 pointment under Government. This 
 appointment being cancelled by a 
 change of administration, he em- 
 ployed the leisure thus forced upon 
 him in carefully studying currency 
 and finance, upon which svibjects 
 he wrote many valuable papers and 
 essays, and was consulted con- 
 tinually by Sir Eobert Peel during 
 the preparation of the Bank Act of 
 1811. He had jn^eviously been em- 
 ]>loyed by the Treasury for the 
 important object of regulating the 
 currency of the West Indian 
 Colonies, at that time in a state of 
 utter confusion, and which he re- 
 duced to a system afterwards em- 
 ploj^ed with much success. 
 
 PENNINGTON, Eev. Mon- 
 tagu, M.A. [1703—1849], vicar of 
 Northbourne and Shoulden, and 
 perpetual curate of St. George's 
 Chapel, Deal, was a nephew and 
 executor of Mrs. Elizabeth Carter, 
 whose life he published in 1808. 
 In the same year he edited Mrs. 
 Carter's " Corresjiondence," with 
 Miss Catherine Talbot. He edited 
 also the works of Mrs. Catherine 
 Talbot, 1813, and the letters of 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Montagu in 1811. 
 He was a magistrate for Kent 
 and the Cinque Ports. 
 
 PENNY, Brigadier- General 
 Nicholas, C.B. [1791—1858], went 
 out to India in 1800, and in February 
 of the following year was gazetted to 
 an ensigncy in the Bengal army. 
 He served in the war in Nepaul in 
 1814, 1815, 1810, and in the Mah- 
 ratta war of 1810-17. In 1825 he 
 was deputy quarter-master-general 
 Avith the forces near Agra, and took 
 part in the siege of Bhurti^ore, and 
 in the following year was appointed 
 major of brigade in command of 
 the Muttra and Agra frontier. 
 Having acted as deputy-iissistant- 
 adjutant general iu command of 
 the Dinapore division in 1828, in 
 1837 he had chai'ge of the depart- 
 ment of the adjutant-general, and 
 ill ISJI was transferred to llie com- 
 mand of the Nusseree 1)attalion. 
 
 For his distinguished services dui*- 
 ing the Sutlej campaigns he was 
 highly commended in the despatches 
 of Sir Harry Smith and Sir Hugh 
 Gough ; received the medal for 
 Aliwal and Sobraon, and was ga- 
 zetted a C.B. He was also ap- 
 pointed honorary A.D.C. to the 
 Governor - General. He subse- 
 quently served in the Punjaub, 
 Lahore, Eohilcund, the Jullundur 
 field force, and iu the Cawnpore 
 division, and on the breaking out 
 of the Mutiny he held the com- 
 mand of the Meerut division, and 
 eventually succeeded Sir Archdale 
 Wilson in command of the forces 
 at Delhi. He was killed by a 
 grape-shot near Bareilly, May 1, 
 1858. 
 
 P E E E I E A, Jonathan, M.D., 
 F.E.S., F.L.S. [1801—1853], Physi- 
 cian to the London Hospital, hav- 
 ing studied medicine in London 
 and passed his examination at 
 Apothecaries' Hall (where he was ap- 
 pointed to the disjDensary), started 
 a class for private medical instruc- 
 tion there. The undertaking be- 
 came very successful, and he pub- 
 lished some small books for the use 
 of his students, which served to 
 extend his reputation. In 1825 he 
 passed the College of Surgeons, 
 and in 1820 succeeded Dr. Clutter- 
 buck as lecturer on chemistry. In 
 1832 he began practice as a surgeon 
 in Aldersgate Street, and a year 
 later was elected to the chair of 
 chemistry in the London Hospital. 
 For six years he lectured there and 
 at the new medical school in 
 Aldersgate Street on 'chemistry, 
 botany, and materia medica, his 
 lectures being published and trans- 
 lated into German. In 1839 lie 
 became Examiner in Materia Me- 
 dica at the London University, and 
 in 1811 was elei-ted Assistant l^hy- 
 sician to the London Hospital. He 
 took his M.D. degree at Erlangen 
 in 18 to ; was oltH-ted a Fellow of 
 the College of Physicians in 1815, 
 and in 1851 Itecaiue a Physician of 
 the London Hospital. 
 
PEKLEY— PHELPS. 
 
 717 
 
 PEELEY, Moses Henry, a 
 Canadian author [IbOl — 1802'', was 
 born at New Brunswick, and edu- 
 cated there. He was called to the 
 Bar in 1830, and worked for some 
 years at the milling and lumber- 
 ing trade. He was able materially 
 to aid Daniel Webster and the other 
 public men engaged in preparing 
 the Reciprocity Treaty of 1851, 
 and was appointed by Lord Elgin, 
 then Governor, general commis- 
 sioner to carry out the terms of the 
 treaty, an office he held till his 
 death. He had previously filled the 
 office of Commissioner of Indian 
 affairs and emigration officer re- 
 spectively. He was the founder of 
 the New Brunswick Natural His- 
 tory Society. He contributed to 
 many English and American pe- 
 riodicals and journals, and was the 
 author, besides, of numerous valu- 
 able reports on the fisheries, on 
 emigration, and on other subjects 
 of public importance. 
 
 PETEIE, George, P.E.H.A., the 
 son of James Petrie, the portrait 
 painter, was born in Dublin, 1789, 
 and studied art in the schools of 
 the Dublin Society. In 1811 he 
 visited London, and two years later 
 had two landscapes in the Academy 
 — the only works ever exhibited by 
 him in London. At this time he 
 was chieflv engaged on monochroine 
 views for purposes of illustra- 
 tion. In 1826 he became an asso- 
 ciate of the Eoyal Hibernian 
 Academy, and member two years 
 later. In 1831 he was appointed 
 librarian to the Academy. Petrie 
 was a constant exhibitor, and his 
 work showed feeling as well as 
 truthful accuracy : but he was also 
 an enthusiastic antiquarian, and it 
 is bv his labours in this field that 
 he is most widely known. As early 
 as 1816 he began contributing to 
 the Dublin Examiner and the excel- 
 lent Dxihlin Penny Journjl, and in 
 1833 he connected himself with the 
 Ordnance Survey of Ireland, to 
 which he devoted the next six 
 years of his life. In 1S39 the work 
 
 was stopped on account of its great 
 expense, and Petrie resumed his 
 palette ; but though some of his 
 best landscapes were painted after 
 this date, most of his time was 
 occupied with his great work, 
 " On the Ecclesiastical Architec- 
 ture of Ireland." In 1845 the Uni- 
 versity of Dublin created him 
 LL.D., and two years later he was 
 granted a pension on the civil list. 
 In 1850 he resigned the presidency 
 of the Hibernian Academy. He 
 died in Dublin, Jan. 17, 1SG6. His 
 "Life and Labours in Art and 
 Archaeology " was published in 
 
 PHELPS, Samuel [1806—1878], 
 actor and manager, was bom at 
 Devonpoi-t, and in early life v»'as 
 apprenticed to a printer, whom he 
 left, however, on the expiration of 
 his indentures, and became an actor 
 by profession. He made his first 
 appearance before a London audi; 
 ence in the character of Shy lock 
 at the Havmarket Theatre, 1837, 
 under the management of Mr. 
 "Webster, and was very favourably 
 received. When Macready under- 
 took the management of Coveut 
 Garden Theatre in 1837, Phelps 
 was engaged as one of the leading 
 performers, and at the public en- 
 tertainment given to Macready on 
 his retirement from the stage in 
 1851, he pointed to Phelps as the 
 most promising, if not the most 
 accomplished, Shakespearian per- 
 former of the day. From 1811 to 
 18G2 he was manager of Sadler's 
 Wells, and it is in connection with 
 that theatre that his name will be 
 chiefly remembered. He confined 
 his attention chiefly to the higher 
 drama, and showed great regard 
 for accuracy in the dresses and 
 decorations. His chief charac- 
 teristics as an actor were sound 
 judgment, fine elocution, and a 
 keen perception of character. In 
 tragedy he was not great as an 
 actor, but in comedy, as Bottom 
 the weaver, Sir Pei-tinax Macsyco- 
 phant. Justice Shallow^ &c., &c., lie 
 
■]S 
 
 PHILIP— PHILLIP. 
 
 stood almost alone. In 1853 he 
 brought out an edition of Shake- 
 speare's plays, which was highly 
 praised by the (I^ritics of the day. 
 
 PHILIP, John Birnie [1827— 
 1875]. He first exhibited in the 
 Academy of 1858, when he con- 
 tributed a high relief of " St. 
 Michael and Satan " for St. 
 Michael's Church, Cornhill. He 
 was afterwards engaged on monu- 
 mental work, and in 1863 he exe- 
 cuted the reredos for St. George's 
 Chapel, Windsor, and the recum- 
 bent figure of " Lady Herbert of 
 Lea." He also executed eight sta- 
 tues for the Royal Gallery in West- 
 minster Palace, and the statues in 
 front of the Eoyal Academy. But 
 the work by which he will be best 
 remembered are the figures of 
 "Geology" and ''Geometry," and 
 the figures in high relief, represent- 
 ing " Architecture " and " Sculp- 
 ture," on two sides of the podium 
 of the Albert Memorial, in Hj^de 
 Park. He died at Chelsea, Mar. 2, 
 1875. 
 
 PHILLIMOEE, John George, 
 Q.C. ri800— 18(35], eldest son of 
 Joseph Phillimore, M.P., D.C.L., of 
 Shiplake House, Oxford, was edu- 
 cated at Westminster School, and 
 at Christ Church, Oxford, where he 
 took his degree. He was called to 
 the Bar in 1832, went the Oxford 
 circuit, and became a Q.C. in 1851. 
 He wrote numerous works on Eng- 
 lish and Roman law, and in 1803 
 appeared the first volume of his 
 " History of England during the 
 Reign of George III.," which, how- 
 ever he did not live to complete. 
 He sat as M.P. for Leominster, in 
 the Liberal interest, from 1852 to 
 1857. 
 
 PHILLIMORE, Joseph, D.C.L. 
 [1775 — 1855], Regius Professor of 
 Civil Law at Oxford, Clianccllor of 
 the dioceses of Oxford, Worcester, 
 and Bristol, ttc, was the eldest son 
 of tlicRuv. Josei)h Phillimore, Vicar 
 of Orton - on - the - Hill, Leicester- 
 sliire. He was educated at West- 
 mi ustev School, and tvt Christ 
 
 Church, Oxford, where he gra- 
 duated with honours. He settled 
 in London, and was admitted an 
 advocate in Doctors' Commons in 
 1804. In 1800 he was nominated 
 Judge of the Cinque Ports by Lord 
 Hawkesbury, Chancellor of the 
 diocese of Oxford by Bishop Moss, 
 and on Oct. 31 Regius Professor of 
 Civil Law at Oxford. He became 
 Chancellor of the diocese of Wor- 
 cester, Commissary of the Dean 
 and Chapter of St. Paul's, and 
 King's Advocate in 1834, Chancellor 
 of the diocese of Bristol in 1812, 
 and Judge of the Consistory Court 
 of Gloucester in 1815. He was 
 M.P. for the borough of St. Mawe's 
 from 1817 to 182G, when he was 
 returned for Yarmouth, which he 
 represented until the dissolution 
 in 1830. He was appointed Com- 
 missioner for the Affairs of India 
 in 1822, and held that office till 
 1828, and was also a Commissioner 
 for the settlement of the French, 
 Danish, and Spanish Claims. He 
 wrote for the early numbers of the 
 Edinburgh Review, and was the 
 author of numerous pamphlets, 
 essays, and letters on various sub- 
 jects connected with civil law. 
 
 PHILLIP, John, R.A. [1817— 
 18G7],was born in Aberdeen, where 
 he served his apj^renticeship as a 
 house painter, at the same time 
 beginning to practise as a portrait 
 painter. Some of his studies of 
 heads atti'acted the notice of Ijord 
 Panmure, who helped him to come 
 to London, and enter the Academy 
 Schools in 183(1. He exhibited his 
 first historical picture in I8k1, 
 " T.asso in Disguise relating his 
 Persecutions to his Sistor," iiftoi" 
 which he returned to Aberdeen, 
 and painted i)ictures of Scottish 
 life, sucli as the " Presbyterian 
 Catechising, "exhibited at theh'oyal 
 Academy in IS 17, and followed in 
 successive years by "A Scotch 
 Fair," " Baptism *iii Scotland." 
 "The Free KirU." c^c. It was his 
 Spanish pictures, howevex', painted 
 during a visit to Spain iu 1852^ 
 
PHILLIPS. 
 
 719 
 
 which made him famous. The most 
 prominent of these are: — "The 
 Spanish Letter Writer — Seville," 
 " Life among the ( iipsies — Se- 
 ville/' "The Prison Window- 
 Seville," " Spanish Contraban- 
 dists," " Spanish Water Drinkers," 
 &e. &c. He was elected A.K.A. in 
 1857, and R.A. in 1859. Among 
 his other works may he mentioned, 
 " The Marriage of the Prince of 
 Wales," — a commission from the 
 Queen, 1860 ; " The House of Com- 
 mons," 1863 ; and his humorous 
 picture, "A Huff." His style of 
 painting was remarkably \'igorous 
 and bold, his delineation of cha- 
 racter ti'uthful, and his colour- 
 ing very powerful. He exhibited 
 seventy-three pictures, luany of 
 which have been engraved. His 
 collected works formed part of the 
 English section of the International 
 Exhibition of 1873. 
 
 PHILLIPS, John, M.A., LL.D., 
 D.C.L., F.K.S., F.G.S., geologist, 
 nephew of William Smith, " the 
 father of British geology," born Dec. 
 25, 1800, was the author of several 
 standard works on his favourite 
 science, and as the Secretary to 
 the British Association, arranged 
 and edited no fewer than twenty- 
 seven volumes of the Eejjoi-ts of 
 the Transactions of that learned 
 body. Commencing in 1826, he 
 contributed more than sixty books 
 and papers to the literature of 
 geology, most of them being the 
 records of original researches. His 
 History of Vesuvius appeared in 
 1869, and his Geology of the 
 Thames Valley, in 1871. In 1858 
 and 1859 he was elected to the Presi- 
 dency of the Geological Society, and 
 in 1864 accepted the same office in 
 the British Association. He was 
 Professor of Geology in King's Col- 
 lege, London, and in Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin, and at the University 
 of Oxford occupied the chair once 
 filled by Dr. Buckland. He re- 
 ceived the doctorate from Dublin, 
 Cambridge, and Oxford. Professor 
 
 hillips devoted much attention to 
 
 P 
 
 several branches of physical science. 
 To meteorology he contributed 
 " Three Years' Observations on 
 Rain " at different heights from 
 the ground, a pluviometer which 
 registered the direction and incli- 
 nation of rain, and a method of 
 measuring the velocity of wind by 
 a thermometer. He invented a 
 self-discharging electrophorus, and 
 a peculiar maximum thermometer, 
 both in ordinary use ; took part 
 with Gen. Sabine and others in a 
 magnetic survey of the British 
 isles, and made special researches 
 on the physical aspect of the sun, 
 moon, and Mars. For communica- 
 tions on the sun, moon, and Mars, 
 and on the eclipse of Dec. 1870, 
 see the " Proceedings of the Eoyal 
 Society," 1863-71. He was Keeper 
 of the Museum at Oxford, where 
 his urbanitv and charming manners 
 made him a verv creneral favoui-ite. 
 His death was occasioned by a fall 
 down a flight of stairs at All Souls' 
 College, April 24, 1S74. 
 
 PHILLIPS, EicHAED, F.E.S. 
 [1776 — 1851], one of the founders 
 of the Geological Society, of which 
 he became curator, fii'st attracted 
 public attention by his publication 
 of analyses of oiir mineral waters, 
 which appeared in the Annals of 
 Philosojphy, of which he was the 
 editor. He was ai:»pointed Lecturer 
 on Chemistry at the London Hos- 
 pital in 1817, and was for many 
 years Lecturer on Chemistry at 
 St. Thomas's Hospital, to which 
 office he was appointed in 1832. 
 In 1822 he was elected an F.E.S. 
 and published a paper in the Philo- 
 sophical Transactions, in which his 
 name was honourably associated 
 with that of Dr. Faraday. His 
 first translation of the " Phai-ma- 
 copceia Londinensis " ai^peared in 
 1824, and the celebrity which he 
 gained as a pharmaceutical chemist 
 led to his being consulted by the 
 College of Physicians -u-ith regard 
 to the chemical preparations of the 
 edition issued by that body in 1836. 
 In 1839 he was appointed chemist 
 
720 
 
 PHILLIPS. 
 
 and curator of the Museum of 
 Practical Geology then established 
 in Craig's Court, and at the time 
 of his death wias busily engaged 
 in making arrangements for the 
 opening of the new museum in 
 Piccadilly. He was for many years 
 a member of the Council of the 
 Royal Society, and for two years 
 before his death President of the 
 Chemical Society. All the chemical 
 articles in the "' Penny Cyclopaedia" 
 were by Mr. Phillips, and he was 
 also a constant contributor to the 
 scientific journals of the day. 
 
 PHILLIPS, Samuel, LL.D. [1815 
 — 1S51], son of a Jewish trades- 
 man carrying on business in Re- 
 gent Street, was educated at the 
 Gottingen University, having em- 
 braced the Christian faith, at Sid- 
 ney-Sussex College, Cambridge. 
 Losing his father, he tried for a 
 time to carry on the business, but 
 not being successful he turned to 
 literature as a profession. His first 
 work, the novel of " Caleb Stukeley," 
 appeared in BlaclcwoocVs Magazine, 
 and attracted much attention, and 
 was subsequently published in a 
 separate form. For some years he 
 wrote political leaders in the Morn- 
 ing Herald, and subsequently con- 
 tributed literary reviews to the 
 Times. Two volumes of his " Essays 
 from the Times " were published, 
 but without his name, in 1852-54. 
 Besides his papers in the Times, 
 he wrote reviews in the Literary 
 Gazette, &c., and for a year was 
 editor of the John Bull newspai:)er, 
 Init it was not very successful. He 
 took a prominent part in forming 
 the Crystal Palace Co., and was 
 appointed their literary director, 
 lie was the autlior of the general 
 " Guide to the Crystal Palace and 
 Park." and the "Portrait Gallery 
 <.f the Crystal Palace." In 1852 
 the University of Gottingen con- 
 ferred on him the honorary degree 
 of LL.D. He died at Brigliton, 
 wlier(! lie had gone to try and 
 recruit liis liealth.from the rupture 
 of a large vessel on the lungs. 
 
 PHILLIPS, Thomas, R.A., born 
 at Dudley in "Warwickshire, Oct. 18, 
 1770. He studied Art under Eg- 
 linton, the glass painter, at Bir- 
 mingham. At the age of twenty 
 he came to London and entered 
 the Academy Schools. In 1792 he 
 exhibited his first painting, a " View 
 of Windsor Castle," and for a time 
 attempted historical subjects, but 
 afterwards devoted himself exclu- 
 sively to portraiture, in which he 
 obtained a large practice, and had 
 many eminent sitters. He was 
 elected an Associate of the Aca- 
 demy in 1804, full member in 1808, 
 and professor of painting in 1825, 
 when he travelled in Italy to pre- 
 pare for his new duties. The lec- 
 tures which he delivered to the 
 students were published in 1832. 
 He died in London, April 20, 1845. 
 Phillips continued to practise until 
 the time of his death, and paintings 
 from his hand appeared in the Aca- 
 demy of 184G. During his career 
 he exhibited 312 works, all, with 
 one exception, in the Academy. 
 His portraits of Byron, Chantrev, 
 Dibdin, Sir N. Tindal, Lord Thur- 
 low, Blake, Faraday, and Sir 
 Francis Burdett, are in the National 
 Portrait Gallery, 
 
 PHILLIPS, Sir Thomas, Bart. 
 [1792 — 18G7], antiquary and genea- 
 logist, son of Thomas Phillips, 
 Esq., of Middle Hill, Worcester- 
 shire, was educated at Rugby and 
 at University College, Oxfoi*d, 
 where he graduated in the usual 
 course. He published a large 
 number of antiquarian and arelia'o- 
 logical works ; was created a 
 baronet July 27, 1821, and was 
 nominated one of the Trustees of 
 the British JNluseum in IStU. Tlu' 
 remarkable collection of MSS. whicli 
 he brought together and stored in 
 liis house at Clieltenliam, possesses 
 a world-wide reputation. 
 
 PHILLIPS, Watts [1829— 1874], 
 dramatist, began his career as an 
 artist, liaving studied under Geor<ro 
 Cruikshank, and in Paris under 
 some of the best masters, lie did 
 
FHILPOTrS-PHIPPS. 
 
 721 
 
 not write very often, but a new 
 piece from his pen was always 
 regarded as an event, and was sure 
 to meet with success. His first 
 piece, " Joseph Chavigny," was pro- 
 duced at the Adelphi in 1856, for 
 which theatre he also wi-ote " The 
 Dead Heart," his greatest success, 
 and "Lost in London." Among 
 the best known of his other plays 
 were " CamiUa's Husband," the 
 "Poor Strollers," the "Huguenot 
 Captain," and " Maud's Peril." 
 Two books of caricatui-es, one repre- 
 senting an election, the other called 
 the " Whisky Fiend," remain as the 
 result of his early artistic studies. 
 
 P H I L P O T T S, Right Rev. 
 HexrTj D.D„ Bishop or Exeter 
 [177S — 1869], son of an hotel keeper 
 at Gloucester, was born in that 
 city, and having attended the Col- 
 lege School at Gloucester, was 
 elected at the age of thirteen and 
 a half to a scholarship at Corpus 
 Christi College, Oxford. He took 
 his B.A. degree in 1795, and within 
 a few weeks was elected a Fellow 
 of Magdalen College. Having 
 taken his M.A. degree in due 
 course, he in 1801 married Miss 
 Surtees, a niece of Lady El don, 
 and became one of the chaplains 
 of Dr. Barrington, Bishop of Dur- 
 ham in 1806. Three years later 
 he was made a Prebendary of 
 Durham Cathedral, and held the 
 cure of one of the larger parishes 
 in that city for ten years, when 
 he was preferred to the rectory of 
 Stanhope. He took his D.D. degree 
 in 1821, and in 1828 was appointed 
 to the Deanery of Chester. "When 
 the Roman Catholic Emancipation 
 Act was carried, in 1829, it was 
 generally considered that Dr. Phil- 
 potts approved of the securities 
 proposed and adopted ; and he was 
 consequently reproached for his 
 supposed inconsistencj', after having 
 ojiposed Mr. Canning's plan, in 
 api^roving the equally inefficient 
 scheme of the Duke of Wellington, 
 if he had not actually assisted in 
 concocting it. He patiently bore 
 
 the obloquy thus heaped upon him, 
 without publishing anything in his 
 defence, contenting himself with 
 simply stating to his friends that, 
 having consulted Lord Sidmouth 
 and Lord Colchester, he considered 
 it his duty not to make public the 
 nature of the communication which 
 had passed on his being consulted 
 by the Duke of Wellington, he 
 being bound to consider it strictly 
 confidential. In the following year 
 the Duke of Wellington recom- 
 mended him for the bishopric of 
 Exeter, vacant by the translation 
 of Dr. Bethell. In that position he 
 acted for more than thirty yeai's as 
 the official leader of the High C hurch 
 party, whose policy he supported 
 both in and out of Parliament, and 
 defended in the various conti'o versies 
 which arose within the Established 
 Chui'ch durina: that time. In 1849 
 he refused to institute the late Mr. 
 Gorham to the living of Brauip- 
 ford Speke, Devon, though the 
 latter api^ealed to the Judicial 
 Committee of the Privy Council, 
 and obtained a decision in his 
 favour; and when the Archbishop 
 of Canterbury instituted Mr. Gor- 
 ham, he published as a pamphlet 
 a " Letter to the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury," in which he " anathe- 
 matized " his Grace. The list of 
 the writings of Bishop Philpotts, 
 which are chiefly acute and not too 
 good-natured contributions to eccle- 
 siastical controversy, and of which 
 scarcely one exceeds a pamphlet in 
 size, occupies sixteen pages of the 
 new folio catalogue at the British 
 Museum. 
 
 PHIPPS, Ho>^. Sib Charles 
 Beaumont, K.C.B. [1801— 1S66], 
 was the youngest son of the 1st 
 Earl of Mulgrave. He was Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel of the Scots Fusilier 
 Guards, from 1837 to 1847, and was 
 made a colonel in 1851. He filled 
 the office of secretary to his brother, 
 the first Marquis of Normanby, 
 when Governor of Jamaica, and 
 steward of his household when 
 Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. He 
 
 3 A 
 
722 
 
 PICKERSGILL— PINNOCK. 
 
 was secretary to the Master-General 
 of the Ordnance for a shoi't time : 
 and was appointed equerry to the 
 Queen in Aug'. 1846, and private 
 secretary to the Prince Consort in 
 Dec. of the same year. He was a 
 keeper of the Queen's privy purse, 
 and a Lieutenant-General in the 
 army, was treasurer to the Prince 
 Consort, and later treasurer and 
 coffei-er to the Prince of Wales. 
 
 PICKERSGILL, Henry Wil- 
 liam, R.A. He was horn in Spital- 
 fiolds, London, Dec. 3, 1782. When 
 a child he was adopted by a con- 
 nection who intended placing him 
 in his own silk manufactory. But 
 the French Avar having ruined the 
 silk trade, young Pickorsgill turned 
 his attention to Art, and studied 
 first under George Arnald, A.R.A,, 
 and afterwards in the Academy 
 schools, winch he entered in 1805. 
 In the following year he exhibited 
 his first picture, and for some time 
 painted historical subjects, but 
 afterwards he devoted himself to 
 portrait art, and after the death 
 of T. Phillips in 1845 became the 
 fashionable portrait painter of his 
 dav. In 1822 he was elected an 
 associate, and in 182G full member 
 of the Academy. In 1856 he be- 
 came librarian, and hold that office 
 for many years. Between 1806 
 and 1872 he exhibited 384 paint- 
 ings in the Academy, and twenty- 
 six in Suffolk Street. In 1873 he 
 phiced himself on the list of retired 
 academicians ; he died at Barnes, 
 April 21, 1875. During his long 
 practice Pickersgill painted many 
 of the eminent persons of his day. 
 Wordsworth, Godwin, Bentham, 
 Hannah More, Matthew, •* Monk " 
 Lewis, Stephenson and Talfourd,are 
 in the National Portrait Gallery. 
 Ifobert Vernon in the National Gal- 
 lory is a good example of his work, 
 but many of his best portraits uro 
 in the halls at Oxford. There are 
 several paintings by him in Sir 
 liobert Peel's Collection at Dray- 
 ton. 
 
 PIGOTT, The Right Hon. 
 
 David Richard [1805 — 1873], son 
 of a physician at Kilworth,co. Cork, 
 was called to the Irish Bar in 1826. 
 He was Solicitor-General for Ire- 
 land in 1839, Attorney-General from 
 1810 till Sept., 1841, and was ap- 
 pointed Chief Baron of the Ex- 
 chequer in Ireland in 1816. He 
 sat as member for Clonmel in the 
 Liberal interest from 1839 till 
 1846, and Avas appointed one of 
 the Visitors of Maynooth College 
 in 1815. He was SAvorn a Privy 
 Councillor on becoming Attorney- 
 General for Ireland in 18-10. 
 
 PILCHER, George [1801—1855], 
 a felloAv and member of the Council 
 of the Royal College of Surgeons, 
 gained a Avide celebrity for his 
 treatment of diseases of the ear. 
 He was twice President of the 
 Medical Society, and Avas also a 
 member of the Medico-Chirurgical, 
 the Pathological and Epidemio- 
 logical Societies. In 1843 he was 
 elected a Fellow of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons, of the Council 
 of Avhich he was a member. He 
 was also lecturer at the St. George's 
 School of Medicine. Among his 
 Avritings may be mentioned a Avork 
 " On some points in the Physiology 
 of the Tympanum, &c.," 1854, and 
 " A Treatise on the Structure, Eco- 
 nomy and Diseases of the Ear,'' for 
 which he gained the Fothergillian 
 gold medal from the Medical Society 
 of London. 
 
 PINNOCK, William [1782— 
 1843], bookseller and author of 
 "Catechisms of Useful IvnoAvledge," 
 " Catechism of History of England, 
 France," &c., Avas born of humble 
 parentage at Alton in Hampshire, 
 Avhore he began life as a toaelier, 
 and doA'ised his phm of arranging 
 all educational Avorks intended for 
 the young in the form of question 
 and answer. Settling in London 
 he l)orame a partner of JNlr. Samuel 
 Maunder the iniblisher, and the 
 tAvo Avorked togothcr at the scheme 
 devised by I'innuck. It is said 
 tliat all tlie best i)arts of the various 
 Avorks undertaken by them were by 
 
PINWELL— PITTS. 
 
 '23 
 
 Mr. Maunder, a persevering and 
 diligent writer. Pinnoek soon 
 established the elementary school 
 books which bore liis name, and if 
 he had only been steady enough 
 might have realised a large fortune. 
 He was, however, a very speculative, 
 erratic person, ahvays running after 
 some new hobby, and neglecting 
 the work which lay to hand. His 
 conduct led to the dissolution of the 
 partnership with Maunder, and then 
 for years he lived in very embar- 
 rassed circumstances. He was very 
 <.'lever in arranging and adapting 
 the ideas of others, but his nume- 
 rous "WTitings show no originality 
 of thought. He died in London 
 in his 62nd vear. 
 
 PINWELL, George John [18-42 
 — 187o_, wood-engraver and water- 
 colour ]3ainter, was born in London, 
 and began to study at the Heath- 
 erley School of Art, April, 1862. 
 He was elected an Associate of the 
 Society of Painters in Water Colours 
 in 1869, and a member of the same in 
 187 1 .in which year he was also elected 
 an honorary member of the Belgian 
 Society of Painters in Water Coloui-s . 
 Mr. Pinwell commenced drawing on 
 wood in 1863 for Once-a-WeeTc, Good 
 Words, the Sunday Magazine, and 
 London Society ; illustrated Dalziel's 
 •'Vicar of Wakefield" in 1864; ex- 
 hibited his first water-colour at the 
 Dudley Gallery in 1865; and made 
 drawings for Dalziel's "Wayside 
 Posies," Jean Ingelow's " Poems," 
 and Buchanan's "Ballads of the 
 Affections," in 1865, 1866, and 1867. 
 The exquisite delicacy and charm, 
 the imagination and grace of his 
 work, were fast raising him to the 
 first rank of artists, when he died 
 at the early age of 33, Sept. 8, 1875. 
 His principal drawings — two of his 
 illustrations of Browning's " Pied 
 Piper," and "The Elixir of Love" 
 — have been beautifully etched by 
 Mr. E. W. Macbeth, A.E.A. 
 
 PISTEUCCI, Benedetto, an 
 Italian medallist, came to Eng- 
 land in 1816, and obtained an in- 
 troduction to the Prince Eegent, of 
 
 whom he produced a cameo on a 
 fine gem. A short time afterwards 
 lie was engaged as assistant on the 
 new silver coinage, and in 1817 
 was appointed chief engraver to 
 the Mint. He engraved the dies 
 for the coin during the latter years 
 of the reign of George III. and the 
 early part of the reign of George IV. 
 In 1820 he produced the Coronation 
 Medal, and in 1819 finally com- 
 pleted the Waterloo Medal, but 
 was unable to harden it. He also 
 engraved the Coronation Medal on 
 the accession of the Queen, but it 
 was unsatisfactory. He died at 
 Englefield Green, near Windsor, 
 Sept. 10th, 1855, in the 7lth year 
 of his age. 
 
 PITTS, John [1765—1811], pub- 
 lisher on a large scale of street 
 literature, ballads, wonderful tales, 
 dying speeches, &c., began his 
 career as a baker, and having 
 served his time at that business 
 found employment in a printing- 
 house in Aldermanbury. On the 
 death of his master, having amassed 
 some property, he started business 
 as a iDrinter on his own account, 
 and for many years monopolized 
 the whole of the street publishing, 
 tmtil the trial of Queen Caroline 
 brought a competitor, Mr. Catnach, 
 into the field. By publishing that 
 trial these printers realized several 
 thousand pounds each. 
 
 PITTS, William (1790—1810). 
 He was apprenticed to his father, a 
 chaser in silver, and modelled part 
 of Stothard's Wellington Shield, and 
 chased Flaxman's Shield of Achilles. 
 He first exhibited in the Academy 
 of 1823, and from that time pro- 
 duced a number of varied yet 
 classic works, among them " The 
 Creation of E ve," " Pandora brought 
 to Epimetheus," " The Shield 
 of iEneas" (1828), "The Pleiades 
 adorning Night" (1833), abas-relief 
 of " The Sovereigns of England " 
 (1837), and a " Design for the 
 Nelson Memorial" (1839). He also 
 made many drawings to illustrate 
 Horace and Euripides, and pro- 
 
 3 A 2 
 
724 
 
 PLANCHfi— PLUMRIDGE. 
 
 jected illustrated editions of Virgil 
 and Ossian. 
 
 PLANCH E, James Eobinson 
 [1796—1880], Somerset Herald, de- 
 scended from a French family 
 wliich soiight refnge in England 
 on the revocation of the Edict of 
 Nantes, was born in Old Burlington 
 Street;, London. The bent of his 
 mind early displayed itself in a 
 burlesque, entitled " Amoroso, 
 King of Little Britain/' written 
 for private performance, but after- 
 Wcirds accepted by the manage- 
 ment of Drury Lane Theatre, and 
 played with applause in May, 1818. 
 This success led Mr. Blanche to 
 write other pieces for various 
 theatres, which were well received. 
 Among these were the operas of 
 " Maid Marian," to which Mr. 
 Bishop furnished the music ; and 
 of " Oberon," written expressly for 
 Weber's music. He prepared adajj- 
 tations of some of the plays of our 
 older dramatists ; among them, " The 
 Woman never Vexed," " The Mer- 
 chant's Wedding," &c. Mr. Planche 
 paid considerable attention to the 
 subject of archaeology and costume, 
 and was commissioned by the i^ro- 
 prietors of Covent Garden Theatre 
 to attend the coronation of Charles 
 X., in order to make drawings for 
 the purpose of repi'oducing the 
 pageant on the English stage. At 
 the desire of Mr. Charles Kemble, 
 he designed the costumes for the 
 plays of " King John," " Henry 
 IV.," " As You Like It," " Othello," 
 and ". Cymbeline." In 1828 he 
 produced at Drury Lane Theatre 
 his popular drama of " Charles 
 XII.," and in 1830 was elected a 
 Fellow of the Society of Antiqua- 
 ries, from which lie retired in 1852. 
 Mr. Planche was ci'eated Kouge 
 Croix Pursuivant of Arms in 185 !•, 
 and Somerset Herald, June 8, 1800. 
 He prepared for the stage nearly 
 two hundred pieces, some of the 
 more remarkable being the extra- 
 vaganzas produced under the man- 
 agement of Madame Vostris, and 
 ho wrote a variety of songs, essays. 
 
 &c., in Vcirious periodicals. He 
 wrote, after travelling through a 
 part of the North of Europe, " Lays 
 and Legends of the Rhine," 182G ; 
 " Descent of the Danube," 1827, 
 ' since repiinted as a guide-book : 
 : " The History of British Costume," 
 , for the " Library of Entertaining 
 Knowledge," 183-1 ; " Costume," for 
 Knight's Pictorial Shakspeare ; 
 I " Costume and Furniture," in the 
 ; chapters on Manners and Customs 
 ; in the " Pictorial History of Eng- 
 land ; " " The Recollections and 
 Reflections of J. R. Planche : a 
 ] Professional Autobiographv," &c. 
 t PLANTA, Right Hon.' Joseph 
 [1787— 1847J, son of Joseph Planta, 
 F.R.S., a native of Switzerland, 
 who was for some years librarian 
 to the British Museum, began his 
 career as a clerk in the Foreign 
 Office. In 1807 he was raised to 
 the post of Precis Writer, and 
 I became private secretary to Mr. 
 I Canning, a post he held till the 
 resignation of the latter in 1809. 
 He then became secretary to Lord 
 Castlereagh, and accompanied him 
 on his mission to the Allied Sove- 
 reigns in 1813, and was the bearer 
 of the Treaty of Paris to London in 
 the following year. He subse- 
 quently accompanied Lord Castle- 
 reagh to the Congress of Vienna in 
 1815, to Paris, and to the Congress 
 of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818. From 
 1817 to 1827 he was Under-Secre- 
 tary of State for Foreign Affairs, 
 and from the latter year to 1830 
 Joint-Secretary of the Treasury. 
 He was made a Privy Councillor in 
 183 1. He represented Hastings in 
 Parliament in 1827 and LS30, was 
 defeated in 1835. but was n'turned 
 again in 1837 and 1811. Owing to 
 ill-health, he resigned his seat in 
 1811, and retired from ])ublie life. 
 
 PLUMRIDGE. Sir .James Hax- 
 WAY, Vice-Admiral, K.C.B. [1787 — 
 1803], was educated at the Naval 
 Academy, and .soon after entering 
 tlie navy served in Egypt in 1801. 
 He was at Trafalgar in 1805, and 
 in the following year was made a 
 
PLUNKET— POLDINO. 
 
 
 lieutenant. He commanded some 
 boats at the capture of a Danish 
 man-of-war in 1800 ; assisted at 
 the takinoj of the Isle of France, 
 and was promoted to be commander 
 for his services at the capture of 
 Genoa in 1811. He afterwards 
 commanded vessels on the Indian, 
 St. Helena, and Irish stations, and 
 was made a post captain for the 
 part he took against smugglers on 
 the Irish coast. For several years 
 he was captain of the Magicienne 
 frigate in India ; for nearly five 
 years captain - superintendent at 
 Falmouth, and Avas then appointed 
 storekeeper-general of the United 
 Kingdom. In 1854 he commanded 
 the flying squadron in the Gulf of 
 Bothnia, as rear-admiral, and suc- 
 ceeded as second in command in 
 the Baltic fleet. He was at the 
 taking of Bomarsund, and subse- 
 c^uently commanded two detached 
 squadrons. He became admiral- 
 superintendent of Devonport dock- 
 yard in 1855, and a vice-admiral of 
 the White in 1858. 
 
 PLUNKET, Lord, William 
 CoNYNGHAM, Lord Chancellor of 
 Ireland, was boi'n near Enniskillen, 
 CO. Fermanagh, July 1st, 1761. His 
 father, a well-knoAvn Presbyterian 
 minister, left Enniskillen soon after 
 this time to officiate at the Strand 
 Street Chapel, Dublin. In 1778 he 
 died, leaving his family poorly pro- 
 vided for. Nevertheless, through 
 the kindness of friends, William was 
 enabled to enter Trinity College in 
 the next year. In 1784 he entered 
 at Lincoln's Inn, and two years later 
 he was called to the Irish bar. In 
 1797 he was made king's counsel, 
 and in the following year he, in 
 conjunction with Curran, defended 
 John and Henry Sheares. In this 
 year he entered the Irish Parlia- 
 ment as member for Charlemont, 
 and was one of the staunchest of)- 
 ponents of the Union, but during 
 the state trials of 1803 he accepted 
 the position of counsel for the 
 Crown, and in this capacity he was 
 the prosecutor of Robert Emmet. 
 
 Some months later he accepted the 
 post of Solicitor-General, and in 
 1805 was promoted Attoi-ney-Gcnc- 
 ral. In 1807 he entered the United 
 Parliament as member for Mid- 
 hurst, and from 1812 until his 
 elevation to tlie peerage, in 1827, 
 he represented Dublin University. 
 From the first he steadily sup- 
 ported the Catholic claims, but by 
 his defence of the Peterloo massacre 
 and advocacy of the Veto he made 
 himself unpopular with English 
 Liberals and Irish Catholics. In 
 1821, during the vice-royalty of 
 the Marquis Wellesley, he a second 
 time became Attorney-General, and 
 in 1827 was appointed Master of 
 the Rolls in England, Vjut resigned 
 in consequence of the opposition of 
 the English bar, and accepted the 
 post of Chief Justice of Common 
 Pleas in Ireland, Avhen he was 
 raised to the peerage of the United 
 Kingdom, with the title of Baron 
 Plunket of Newton, co. Cork. In 
 January, 1830, he became Lord 
 Chancellor of Ireland, and held 
 that appointment until June, 1841, 
 when, owing to pressure brought 
 to bear upon him by Lord Mel- 
 bourne's ministry, he gave up his 
 seals, and from that time took 
 little part in politics. He died at 
 Old Connaught, near Bray, Jan. 
 4th, 1854. " The Life, Letters, and 
 Speeches of Lord Plunket," written 
 by the Hon. David Plunket, were 
 published in 1867. His " Speeches 
 at the Bar and in the Senate " are 
 prefaced with a memoir by Mr. 
 John C. Hoey. 
 
 FOLDING, The Most Rev. John 
 Bede, D.D. [1794—1877], Roman 
 Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, and 
 Metropolitan of Australia and Tas- 
 mania, was born in Liverpool, Eng- 
 land, and educated at St. Gregory's 
 College, DoAAniside, in Ireland. He 
 was ordained priest in 1819, and in 
 1834 was appointed bishop of Hiero- 
 Cresarea, with instructions to act as 
 Vicar Apostolic of New Holland 
 and Van Diemen's Land. He 
 reached Sydney in September, 1835. 
 
726 
 
 POLLAED-UKQUHART— POLLOCK. 
 
 In 18il he visited England and 
 Eome, and in the following year 
 was aj^pointed archbishop of the 
 newly-elected s5'e of Sydney, an 
 appointment which gave rise to 
 much controversy in the colon3% 
 The English bishop protested that 
 no such title could be held within 
 the dominions of Her Majesty 
 without the authority of the Crown. 
 Under Dr. Polding no less than 
 nine Roman Catholic dioceses were 
 successfully established within his 
 archdiocese, viz., the dioceses of 
 Melbourne, of Hobart Town, of 
 Adelaide, of Perth, of Maitland, 
 of Goulburn, Bathurst, Brisbane, 
 and Armidale. 
 
 POLLARD-URQUHART, Wil- 
 liam, M.P. [1815—1871], eldest son 
 of Mr. WiUiani Dutton Pollard, of 
 Kintui'k, Westmeath, was educated 
 at Harrow and at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, where he obtained a 
 scholarship, and took a Wrangler's 
 degree in 1838. He was a magis- 
 trate and deputy-lieutenant for 
 Westmeath, for which he entered 
 Parliament in 1852, in the Liberal 
 interest, and continued to represent 
 it until his death. He wrote the 
 "Life and Times of Francesco 
 Sforza, Duke of Milan," and some 
 essays on political economy, and 
 pamphlets on taxation. 
 
 POLLOCK, Sir David [1780— 
 1847], Chief Justice of Bombay, a 
 bencher of the Middle Temple, was 
 a son of Mr. Pollock, a saddler, of 
 Charing Cross, and brother of Lord 
 Chief Baron Pollock, Sir George 
 Pollock, and Mr. J. H. Pollock. He 
 was educated at St. Paul's School, 
 London, and at a college in Edin- 
 })nrgh, and was called to the bar in 
 1803. He went the Home Circuit, 
 and practised in the Insolvent 
 Debtors Court, and had l>esides a 
 large practice in parliamentary 
 business. In 1833 he was mad(» a 
 king's counsel, and in 1810 chief 
 justice of liombay, when he went 
 out to India. 
 
 POLLO(JK. Right Hon. Sir 
 Frl'dkhick, Haut., Lord Chief 
 
 Baron of the Court of Exchequer 
 [1783—1870], brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was educated at St. Paul's 
 School, and at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, where he graduated 
 with honours, and was made a Fel- 
 low of his college. Having chosen 
 the law as his profession, he was 
 called to the bar in 1807, and 
 soon gained an extensive and 
 lucrative practice in London and 
 the provinces. He went the Northern 
 Circuit, and after some twenty 
 years' most successful practice, was 
 made a Q.C. in 1827. From that 
 time his progress was very rapid, 
 and he was retained in almost every 
 cause of importance. In 1831 he 
 was returned as one of the members 
 in the Toiy interest for Huntingdon , 
 which he continued to represent till 
 his elevation to the bench in April, 
 1811. When Sir R. Peel took the 
 head of affairs, in 183 1, he appointed 
 Pollock Attorney-General, Avith the 
 customary knighthood. Pollock re- 
 signed shortly after with his party, 
 but was reinstated in his former 
 position during Peel's second ad- 
 ministration, in 1811, and held the 
 office till 1811, Avhen he succeeded 
 Lord Abinger as Chief Baron of the 
 Exchequer, and was sworn a Privy 
 Councillor. As a judge, he was 
 highly respected by the profession 
 and by the general public for his 
 sound sense and able judgment. As 
 Chief Baron he was engaged in seve- 
 ral criminal trials of imi)ortan(H'. 
 among which were those of the Man- 
 nings, husband and wife, for murder ; 
 of Miiller, for the murder of I\Ir. 
 Briggs, itc. He resigned his otlit'e 
 of Chief Baron of the Exchecjuer on 
 aecoiint of advMneing years in July. 
 18(i(), and at the same time was 
 created a V)aronet. Diu-ing his latter 
 years he was much interested in 
 the su1»ject of photograpliy. and 
 was sai(l to have ))een one of the 
 best amateur photograi)hers of his 
 day. He was a nu'mber of the 
 council of the London Photographie 
 Society, and contributed several 
 papers on the sul>jeet to the Philo- 
 
POLLOCK— POL WHELE. 
 
 727 
 
 sophical Transactions of the Koyal 
 Society. He was succeeded in the 
 baronetcy by the eldest of his nu- 
 merous sons. Sir Frederick Pollock, 
 the Queen's Remembrancer. 
 
 POLLOCK, Field-Marshal Sir 
 George, Bart., G.C.B. and G.C.S.I., 
 brother of the above, was born in 
 London in 17SG. Entering the ser- 
 vice of the East -India Company in 
 1802, he joined the Bengal Artillery, 
 in which he rose by successive steps, 
 attaining the rank of captain in 
 1805, of major in 1819, of colonel in 
 1829, and of general in 1859. 
 Shortly after proceeding to India, 
 he joined the army under Gen. 
 Lake, and was present at the battle 
 of Deeg, and at the sieges of Deeg 
 and Bhurtpore, in ISO 1-5. He vol- 
 unteered in 1815 to serve with the 
 force under Gen. S. Wood against 
 the Xepaulese ; and having held 
 some staff appointments, he was 
 appointed, in 1821, to the command 
 of the army sent to Burmah under 
 Sir Archibald Campbell, where he 
 gained great credit, and for his 
 services in the Burmese war was 
 made a C.B. In 184^1 he was se- 
 lected to command the armies on 
 the west of the Indus, when, after 
 forcing the Khyber Pass by a series 
 of skilful and brilliant operations, 
 he marched to the relief of Sir 
 Eobert Sale at Jellalabad. Having 
 defeated the Afghan troops in 
 three successive encounters, he 
 took Cabul, Sept. 15 in that year, 
 effected the release of the prisoners, 
 was joined by General Nott, Sept. 
 17, and led the army through the 
 formidable passes back to India in 
 Oct. For these services he was 
 presented with a splendid sword by 
 the Government of India, created 
 a G.C.B. , and received the thanks 
 of both Houses of Parliament. In 
 1843 he was api^ointed British 
 Envoy at Oude ; in 181}' a member 
 of the Supreme Council of India ; 
 in 1846 he received the thanks of 
 the Court of Common Council of 
 London, for his distinguished ser- 
 yices in Afghanistan, and the free- 
 
 dom of the City in a gol i Lox ; and 
 the freedom of the Merchant Tay- 
 lors' Company. In 1817 he was voted 
 a pension of ^£1,000 per annum by 
 the East-India Company ; received 
 in 1850 a medal for general services, 
 with four clasps for the battle and 
 the siege of Deeg, the Nepaul war, 
 and Burmese war ; and in 1853 
 was noiuinated by the Crown one 
 of the Directors of the East-India 
 Company, which post he held for 
 two years. Sir George was ap- 
 pointed Hon. Colonel 1st battalion 
 Surrey Ride Volunteers in 18G1 ; 
 nominated a Grand Commander of 
 the Star of India ; gazetted to the 
 brevet rank of Field-Marshal in 
 June, 1870; and formally installed 
 as Constable of the Tower of Lon- 
 don, in succession to Sir John 
 Burgoyne, Dec. 23, 1S71. He was 
 created a Baronet in March, 1872. 
 He died at Walmer Oct. 6, 1872, 
 and was buried in Westminster 
 Abbey, close by the graves of 
 Clyde and Outram. 
 
 POLWHELE, Rev. Richard 
 [17C0— 1838], historian of Devon- 
 shire and Cornwall, was born at 
 Truro, and educated at the gram- 
 mar-school there. He entered at 
 Christ Church, Oxfoi'd, in 1778, 
 where two of Fell's exhibitions 
 were conferred upon him. He was 
 ordained in 1782, and was succes- 
 sively cui-ate of Kenton and Ex- 
 mouth. At Kenton he planned his 
 " History of Devonshire," of which 
 the second volume, which was pub- 
 lished first, appeared in 1793. Two 
 years later he was appointed to the 
 small vicarage of Manaccan in 
 Cornwall, and during his i*esidence 
 there published numerous poems, 
 letters, and professional pieces. He 
 became curate of Kenwyn near 
 Trui-o in 1806, and in 1S21 was pre- 
 sented to the vicarage of St. New- 
 lyn, where he remained till 1828, 
 when he removed to Polwhele, near 
 Truro. Among his other works 
 may be mentioned, a " History of 
 Cornv.'all," 1803 ; several volumes 
 of poems, and numerous sermons 
 
r28 
 
 PONTON— POETEE. 
 
 and essays. He was also a large 
 contributor to the periodical publi- 
 cations of the day. 
 
 PONTON, MiTNGO [ISOl— 1880J, 
 one of the founders of the National 
 Bank of Scotland, who, on retiring 
 from the post of its legal adviser, 
 devoted himself to science, was 
 the first to discover the curious 
 effect of light on gelatine when 
 treated with bichromates, later ap- 
 plied to the autotype process. In 
 1838 he received a medal from the 
 Eoyal Society of Edinburgh for the 
 model and descrij)tion of an im- 
 pi'oved electric telegraiah, &c. He 
 wrote one or two books, " Earth- 
 quakes and Volcanoes, their His- 
 tory, Phenomena, and probable 
 Causes," 1868 ; " The Material Uni- 
 verse, its Vastness and Durability," 
 &c., and numerous philosophical and 
 scientific papers. 
 
 POOLE, John [1787— 1872], dra- 
 matist, and well-known as the author 
 of " Paul Pry," died in London at 
 the age of 87, having been for more 
 than twenty years before his death 
 almost entirely forgotten. He was 
 in receipt of a pension from the 
 Civil List, which he obtained 
 chiefly through the exertions in his 
 behalf of Charles Dickens. His 
 first dramatic production appeared 
 in 1813. He wrote besides " Paul 
 Pry," " Deaf as a Post," " Turning 
 the Tables," several popular farces, 
 and one or two comedies, the best 
 known of which is "The Wife's 
 Stratagem," altered from Shirley. 
 He had entirely outlived his con- 
 temporaries, and, after Charles 
 Dickens' death, was quite deserted. 
 
 POOLE, Paul Falconer, K.A. 
 [ISIO— 1879], painter, born at Bris- 
 tol, firstexhibited at the Academy in 
 1 830, "The Well, a Scene at Naples," 
 and did not exhibit again till 1837. 
 Amongst his earlier works are " The 
 Farewell," in 1837; "The Emi- 
 grant's Departure," in 1838; "Her- 
 mann and Dorothea at the Foun- 
 tain," in IS 10; "By the AVaters of 
 li:iliylon wc sat down and wept," 
 and " Margaret at her Spinning- 
 
 wheel," from " Faust," m 1842. His 
 reputation was enhanced by his 
 picture illustrative of the Plague in 
 London — " Solomon Eagle exhort- 
 ing the People to Eejjentance," in 
 1843; and he produced "The Be- 
 leaguered Moors" in 1844, and 
 " The Visitation of Sion Monas- 
 tery" in 1846. He was elected 
 Associate of the Academy in 1846, 
 an Academician in 1861, and he 
 entered the lists as a competitor at 
 the exhibition of oil pictures at 
 Westminster Hall in 1847, with his 
 large painting of "Edward III.'s 
 Generosity to the People of Calais," 
 which gained a prize in the 
 second class of .£300. Among his 
 other works may be mentioned, 
 " The Destruction of Pompeii," 
 "A Lion in the Path," "The Dra- 
 gon's Cavern," "Solitude," "Imo- 
 gen before the Cave of Belisarius," 
 and "May-Day," &c. He had a 
 good deal of genuinely poetical 
 imagination, and such Avorks as 
 " The Lion in the Path," and "The 
 Decameron," show a strength and 
 delicacy of colour very rare among 
 English painters. He miglit, in 
 fact, almost be called the English 
 Delacroix. He had exhibited 91 
 paintings, and during the winter ex- 
 hibition of 1884' a gallex'y Avas re- 
 served for the jDOsthumous exhibition 
 of his works. The National Gallery 
 contains his " Vision ot Ezekiel." 
 
 POETER, Jane [1776—1850], 
 author of "Thaddeus of War- 
 saw," &c., was born at Durham, 
 and sjjent her childhood in Eilin- 
 burgh, her father being .surgeon to 
 the 6th or Inniskillins>- Dra<_roons. 
 Having lost her fatlier at an early 
 age her mother removed with tlie 
 family to London, Avhere in 1803 Jane 
 entered upon a successful eai*eer 
 as a novelist by the pu])lieation 
 of " Thaddeus of Warsaw," which 
 at once gained for lier a European 
 reputation. It was translated into 
 several Continental languages, and 
 tlie writer was elected a hidy ca- 
 noness of the Teutonic Order of 
 St. Joachim, and received from a 
 
PORTER— PORTLAND. 
 
 720 
 
 relation of Kosciusko a gold ring 
 containing that hero's portrait. 
 Her next imjiortant work, the 
 " Scottish .Chiefs," appeared in 
 1809, and was no less successful 
 than its predecessor. Her best 
 work, however, was perhai^s " Sir 
 Edward Sea ward's Diary," pub- 
 lished in 1831, in which the repre- 
 sentations were so life-like as to be 
 mistaken for a historical treatise, 
 and one critic searched through 
 the Admiralty records and Indian 
 maps to test the accuracy of the 
 incidents, and then solemnly re- 
 futed them in one of the leading 
 reviews. Having lost her mother 
 in 1831, and soon after a sister to 
 whom she was deeply attached, she 
 became, as she says herself, a wan- 
 derer, paying lengthened visits to 
 numerous old friends. In 18Jr2 she 
 accompanied her brother, Sir R. K. 
 Porter, to St. Petersburg, where, 
 on the eve of their return to Eng- 
 land, he died suddenly in May, 
 184:2. Miss Porter spent the last 
 few years of her life at the house of 
 her eldest brother, a physician, at 
 Bristol, where she died. Her 
 younger sister, Anna Maria Porter, 
 also wrote several popular novels ; 
 among which w^ere "The Hunga- 
 rian Brothers," " Don Sebastian," 
 " The Knight of St. John," etc. 
 
 PORTER, Sir Robert Kerr, 
 Knt., brother of the preceding, 
 was of Irish descent, but was 
 born at Durham in 1780. His 
 father, an army surgeon, died 
 young and left his family poor. 
 Robert early showed a talent for 
 art, and entered the Academy 
 Schools in 1790. Three years later 
 he painted " Moses and Aaron," an 
 altar-piece for Shoreditch Church, 
 and in 1794 gave " Christ stilling 
 the Waves," to Portsea Roman Ca- 
 tholic Chapel, and in 1798 "St. 
 John Pi-eaching," to St. John's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge. The opening of 
 the century found him painting 
 " The Storming of Serin gapatam," 
 a panorama 120 feet long, which 
 he executed in ten weeks, for the 
 
 Lyceum Theatre, and which was 
 followed by two scarcely less gigan- 
 tic works, "The Siege of Acre," 
 and "The Battle of Agincourt." 
 In 180 i the Emperor of Russia 
 appointed him his historical painter, 
 but in 1813 he married Princess 
 SchertakofP, and was compelled to 
 leave the country. He then re- 
 turned to England and was 
 knighted. In 1817 he went to the 
 East, where he remained for three 
 years, making many sketches, which 
 are now in the British Museum. 
 He became consul at Venezuela in 
 1826, but died, while on a holiday 
 in St. Petersburg, May 1th, 1812. 
 Porter exhibited 39 pictures in 
 London, he also published "Tra- 
 velling Sketches," and "Letters" 
 from Russia, Sweden, Sj^ain, Por- 
 tugal, Georgia, Persia, and Armenia. 
 
 PORTER, George Richardson, 
 F.R.S. [1792—1852], one of the 
 joint secretaries of the Board of 
 Trade, and author of " The Prosrress 
 of the Xation," was originally a 
 sugar broker in London, but being 
 unsuccessful in business he turned 
 his attention to authorshii?. His 
 first literary essay was an article 
 on life assiu'ance, written for Mr. 
 Charles Knight's "Companion to 
 the Almanac." Soon after, the 
 latter gentleman was offered the post 
 of superintendent of the statistical 
 dej)artment in the Board of Trade, 
 which, however, owing to pressure 
 of business he refused for himself, 
 but recommended Mr. Poi'ter as 
 well suited to the duty, and he 
 accordingly received the appoint- 
 ment in 1842. In 1847 he was 
 made joint secretary of the Board. 
 His great work, " The Progi-ess of 
 the Nation," appeared in 183G-38, 
 and was i*epeatedly reprinted. He 
 was one of the earliest promoters 
 of the Statistical Society of London, 
 founded in 1834, of which he was 
 vice-president, and was chosen 
 treasurer in place of Mr. Hallam, 
 who had resigned, 1841. 
 
 PORTLAND, 4th Duke of. Most 
 Noble W1LL14.M Henry Caven- 
 
730 
 
 PORTLAND— POTTER. 
 
 DISH Scott Bentinck [1768 — 185-1], ; 
 was the eldest son of "William ; 
 Henry Cavendish, the 3rd duke, 
 K.G., and for many years a cabinet 
 minister, and twice Prime Minister. 
 He was educated at Westminster 
 School, and at Chi'ist Chui'ch, Ox- 
 ford, and received the honorary 
 degree of D.C.L. in 1793. He was 
 returned to Parliament for Peters- 
 field in 1790, and in the folloAving 
 year for Buckinghamshire, which 
 he represented in j&ve parliaments. 
 On his marriage in 1795 with a 
 daughter of Major-General John 
 Scott, of Balcomie, co. Fife, he 
 assumed the name of Scott before 
 Bentinck, He held the office of 
 Junior Lord of the Treasury for a 
 short time in 1807, and in 1809 suc- 
 ceeded to the peerage on the death i 
 of his father. In 1827 he was ap- 
 pointed Lord Privy Seal, and sworn 
 a Privy Councillor, and in the same 
 year was Lord President of the 
 Council during the short Goderich 
 administration. When he first en- 
 tered the House of Commons he 
 was a strong Tory, but, by degrees, 
 under the influence of Mr. Canning, 
 his sentiments became more liberal ; 
 at last, he might almost be rec- 
 koned among the adherents of the 
 Liberal party. He sj^ent the last 
 years of his life in retirement in 
 the country. 
 
 PORTLAND, 5th Duke of, Wil- 
 liam John Cavendish Bentinck 
 [1800—1879], was the second and 
 last surviving son of the above. In 
 early life he sat for a short time in 
 the House of Commons ^s member 
 for King's Lynn, 182 1-0. He entered 
 the Ujiper House in 1851, on the 
 death of his fatlier, but never took 
 any active jjart in its i^roceedings, 
 though he steadily supported with 
 his vote the Conservative Adminis- 
 trations of Lord Derby and Mr. 
 Disraeli. He was the owner of 
 magnificent estates in England and 
 Scotland, and in later years live<l 
 almost entirely in retirement, de- 
 voting himself to the cultivation 
 and embellishment of his i)iH)perty, 
 
 especially his seat of Welbeck 
 Abbey, spending a great part of 
 his income in putting it in order 
 for receiving and entertaining 
 guests in ducal style. He was 
 obliged to give up this design, how- 
 ever, owing to ill-health, and kept 
 no company, and gave no enter- 
 tainments. He forbade anyone to 
 speak to him if they met him while 
 he was superintending the improve- 
 ments on his estate, and had un- 
 derground tunnels and walks con- 
 structed which enabled him to pass 
 from one part of his estate to an- 
 other unseen. He also had spacious 
 halls and dining-rooms, and a 
 chapel built underground and fur- 
 nished with great splendour. He 
 was an excellent landlord and took 
 part in every useful country work, 
 and every charity, and the roads, 
 churches, and schools on the Port- 
 i land estate are said to be among 
 the best in the kingdom. As the 
 duke died unmarried, and both his 
 ; brothers had j^redeceased him, he 
 \ was succeeded by the eldest son of 
 ' his cousin. General Bentinck, John 
 William Arthur Charles James 
 Cavendish Bentinck, now sixth 
 duke. 
 
 POTTER, Philip Cipriani Ham- 
 BLY [1792 — 1871], a well-known 
 musician, pupil of Attwood, Call- 
 cott, and Crotch, and afterwards, 
 for some j'ears, of Woelfl. His first 
 important work was an overture 
 composed for the Philharmonic 
 Society, and at a subsequent con- 
 cert by that body he made his first 
 appearance as a pianist. This was 
 in 181G. In the next year he went 
 to Vienna, where he was kindly 
 received by Beethoven, who spoke 
 well of him. A tour in Italy was 
 followed by his return to London in 
 1S21 . when he again appeared at the 
 riiilharmoiiic Concerts. In 1S22 
 the Ivoyal Academy of Music ap- 
 l^ointed him Professor of the Piano- 
 forte, and ten yi'ars later he l>ecame 
 Principal, an otlice which he lield 
 for twenty-seven years. Potter was 
 highly considered as a pianist, and 
 
POTTINGEE— POWIS. 
 
 731 
 
 lie introduced to English audiences [ 
 several of Beethoven's most im- [ 
 portant works for that instrument. 
 His own compositions were fairly , 
 numerous and of excellent quality, i 
 They include symphonies, sonatas, 
 I'ondos, toccatas, fantasias. Sec, but ■ 
 they are seldom heard now. He 
 was also a contributor to the 
 Musical World, and edited works of 
 Mozart and Schumann for the 
 piano. There is an exhibition at 
 the Royal Academy in honour of 
 Potter's memory. 
 
 POTTINGER, Eight Hon. Sir 
 Henry, G.C.B. [1789— 185G], a dis- 
 tinguished soldier and diplomatist, 
 was the fifth son of a family of some 
 standing in the county of Down. 
 He went to India as a cadet in 
 1801, and soon attracted the atten- 
 tion of the civil and military au- 
 thorities by his energy, informa- 
 tion, and ready administrative 
 powers. During his stay in that 
 country he was engaged in almost 
 every branch of the public service. 
 While still a lieutenant, he success- 
 fully conducted the brilliant defence 
 of Herat against the Persians, who 
 were aided by Russian officers. He 
 worked his way up gradually till 
 he attained the rank of major- 
 general. He was appointed Envoy 
 Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- ; 
 potentiary to China in 1841, and in 
 1842 brought about the treaty that 
 put an end to the hostilities which 
 existed between England and 
 China. For his services on that 
 occasion he was made a G.C.B. 
 In 1843-4 he was Governor and 
 Commander-in-chief of the Island 
 of Hong-Kong, and on his return to 
 England in the latter year was 
 sworn a member of the Privy Coun- 
 cil, and received a pension of ^£1,500 
 per annum. In 184G he was ap- 
 pointed Governor of the Cape of 
 Good Hope, an office he discharged 
 with great address through a very 
 tronbled period until 1847, when he 
 was succeeded by General Sir Harry 
 G. W, Smith. He again returned 
 to India, and was from 1850 to 1854 
 
 Governor and Commandei*-in-chief 
 of the Presidency of Madras. Ho 
 then I'eturned finally to England. 
 
 POWELL, Rev. Baden. M.A., 
 F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.G.S. [179G— 
 18G01. eldest son of the Rev. Baden 
 Powell, of Langton, Kent, was edu- 
 cated at Oriel College, Oxford, 
 where he took his M.A. degree in 
 1817. In 1827 he was elected 
 Savilian Professor of Geometry, and 
 in 1850 was nominated a member of 
 the Oxford University Commission. 
 He entered into holy orders in 
 1820, and in the following year 
 obtained the vicarage of Plumstead 
 in Kent. He was a voluminous 
 writer, and in natural science had 
 paid great attention to the theory 
 of light, and to physical optics, on 
 which subjects he contributed many 
 valuable papers to the Philosophical 
 Transactions, the Philosophical Ma- 
 gazine, and other joiu*nals. Among 
 his chief works may be mentioned : 
 "A Short Elementary Treatise on 
 Experimental and Mathematical 
 Optics," 1833; "Revelation and 
 Science," 1833, &c., and he wi-ote 
 besides many valuable theological 
 works, of which the essay " On the 
 Study of the Evidences of Chris- 
 tianity," which formed part of the 
 volume entitled " Essays and Re- 
 views," gave rise to much contro- 
 versy. 
 
 POWIS (2nd Earl of). Right 
 Hon. Edward Herbert [1785 — 
 1848], K.G., LL.D., D.C.L., &c., 
 was the eldest son of Edward, first 
 Earl Clive. He took the surname 
 and aniui of Herbert by Royal 
 licence in 1807. He was educated 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 where he took his M.A. degree in 
 180G, his LL.D. in 1835. He re- 
 presented Ludlow in Parliament 
 from 180G to 1839, when by the 
 death of his father he was removed 
 to the Peers. He belonged to the 
 Conservative party, and in the 
 House of Peers took a very leading 
 part in annulling the proposed 
 union of the sees of St. Asaph and 
 Bangor, his success in which ques- 
 
7'i2 
 
 PEAED— PETCE. 
 
 tion made him very popular among 
 the clergy, and a subscription of 
 .£5,000 was raised to present him 
 with a testimonial. On the death 
 of the Duke of Northumberland, 
 he contested the vacant office of 
 Chancellor of the University of 
 Cambridge, but was unsuccessful, 
 the election terminating in favour 
 ctf H.R.H, the Prince Consort. Earl 
 Powis was also President of the 
 Itoyal Cambrian Literary Institu- 
 tion, and of the Welsh School, 
 ( Tray's Inn Eoa(J. 
 
 PEAED, WiNTHROP Mack- 
 worth, M.A., M.P. [1802—1839], 
 son of William Mack worth Praed, 
 sorjeant-at-law, and chairman of the 
 Audit Office, was educated at Eton 
 and at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 whei-e he greatly distinguished 
 himself, gaining an unprecedented 
 number of prizes, and where at the 
 debates at the Union he was recog- 
 nised as one of their greatest stars. 
 He was elected Fellow of his college, 
 and was called to the Bar in 1829. 
 He went the Norfolk circuit, and 
 was rapidly rising in his profession, 
 till his parliamentary duties called 
 hiui away. He was retiii-ned for 
 the borough of St. Germains, in 
 the Conservative interest, in 1831, 
 and in 1835 for Yarmouth. He was 
 Secretary to the Board of Control 
 from Dec. 1834, to the following 
 April, and later was returned for 
 Aylesbury. But it is not ns a 
 politician that Praed will be re- 
 ' membered. He was far more emi- 
 n<'nt as a poet : or rather, as Mr. 
 Austin Dobson has saidi he was 
 " .supreme as a writer of society- 
 veriti', in its oxacter sense." His 
 vei\ses, conti-ibuted to the Etonian 
 and KnlgliVs Quarterly Magazine, 
 wei-e collected in 1801, by Mr. Der- 
 went Coleridge, and published in 
 2 vols. Many of them, such as 
 " My own Animinta," " The Vicar," 
 and " My Little Cousins," are house- 
 hold words with those who care for 
 bright, sparkling verse, full of ei)i- 
 gram and melody. 
 
 P K A T T. John Tidd [1797— 
 
 1870], Registrar of Friendly So- 
 cieties in England, was called to 
 the Bar at the Inner Temple in 
 Michaelmas Term, 1824. He held 
 the office of Consulting Barrister to 
 the Commissioners for the Eeduc- 
 tion of the National Debt from 
 1828, the Eegistrarship of Friendly 
 Societies, and was the barrister ap- 
 IDointed to certify the rules of 
 Savings Banks, &c. He wrote " Ge- 
 neral Turnpike Eoad Acts, with 
 Notes," published in 1837 ; " Sum- 
 mary of the History of the Savings 
 Banks," in 1846; "The Law re- 
 lating to Friendly Societies," in 
 1855; "The Laws of Highways," 
 " An Analysis of the Property-Tax 
 Act," " Suggestions for the Esta- 
 blishment of Friendly Societies," 
 &c. He was in the Commission of 
 the Peace for Middlesex, West- 
 minster, Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and 
 the Cinque Ports, and a Deputj'- 
 Lieutenant for the county of Mid- 
 dlesex. 
 
 PRE SCOTT, Admiral Sir 
 Henry, G.C.B. [1783—1874], wa.? 
 the only surviving son of Admiral 
 Isaac Prescott, and was born at 
 Kew Green, Sui-rey. He entered 
 the navy at the usual age ; was en- 
 gaged in action with the four ships 
 that escaped froni Trafalgar; was 
 employed off Sardinia from 1808 till 
 1810, and took part in the defence of 
 Sicily. He was promoted to the rank 
 of captain, after distinguishing him- 
 self in the destruction of several 
 vessels at Amantia ; was Governor 
 and Commander-in-Chief of New- 
 foundland from 1S31 till 1811; 
 was a Lord of the Admiralty during 
 the latter half of 1847, and Admi- 
 ral Superintendent of Portsmouth 
 Dockyard from Dec. 1817, till the 
 end of 1852. In 18(52 he became 
 an Admiral of the Blue, and was 
 a magistrate for Surrey. He was 
 created a G.C.ii. in 181)9. 
 
 PRICE, Samuel Gbove [1793— 
 1839], ])arrister-at-law, and at one 
 time M.P. for Sandwich and Deal, 
 was educated at Eton, and at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, where 
 
PRINSEP— PROCTEK. 
 
 733 
 
 he graduated Avith honours, and 
 was made a Fellow of Downing 
 College. He was called to the Bar 
 in 1818^ but never practised, though 
 he went the Home Circuit, and 
 occasionally acted as a parlia- 
 mentary counsel. In 1830 he was 
 elected M.P. for Sand^vich, and at 
 once took an active part in oppos- 
 ing the Reform Bill, his speech 
 on the night before the dissolution 
 being regarded as a masterpiece 
 of eloquence. In 183G he was again 
 returned for Sandwich and Deal. 
 He opposed the English and Irish 
 municipal corporation bills with 
 great vigoiu- ; but his attention 
 was chiefly confined to the foreign 
 relations of the country, particularly 
 to the war which was then raging 
 in Spain, Avith which question he 
 identified himself. 
 
 PRINSEP, Hexky Thoby [1792 
 — 1878], was the foui-th son of John 
 Prinsep, Esq., alderman of London, 
 and member for Queenborough. 
 Having received his education at 
 Haileybury, he entered the Bengal 
 Civil Service, and after holding 
 successively the posts of Legal 
 Remembrancer and Secretary, was 
 appointed in 1840 one of the Council 
 of the Supreme Government of 
 India. He returned to England 
 in 1843, was elected to a seat in 
 the dii'ection of the East India 
 Company in 1849, and was nomi- 
 nated by the Crown one of Her 
 Majesty's Council for India in 
 1858. That post he resigned only 
 a short time before his death. 
 Mr. Prinsep was distinguished as 
 an Arabic and Persian scholar, and 
 was the author of numerous pam- 
 phlets on questions of Indian 
 finance, policy, education, «fcc. 
 Among his larger works may be 
 mentioned his *' History of the 
 Administration of the Marquis of 
 Hastings," " A History of the Life 
 of Runjeet Singh," and "Historical 
 Results from Discoveries in Af- 
 ghanistan." He held a seat in 
 Parliament for a short time in 
 1851. 
 
 PRITCHARD, James Cowles. 
 M.D. [1779—181^], Licentiate of 
 the College of Physicians, a Com- 
 missioner in Lunacy, F.R.S., &c.,wa8 
 ]>orn at Ross, in Herefordshire, and 
 settled as a physician in Bristol in 
 1810. He obtained his M.D. degree 
 at Oxford by diploma on the occa- 
 sion of the installation of the Duke 
 of "Wellington as Chancellor of the 
 University. In 18 io he was ajj- 
 pointed one of Her Majesty's Com- 
 missioners in Lunacy, and removed 
 to London. He was the author of 
 many excellent medical works, 
 among which may be mentioned : — 
 " Researches into the Phvsicai 
 History of Mankind," 1813- "A 
 Treatise on the Diseases of the 
 Xervous System," 1822-35, etc. 
 
 PROCTER, Bryan Wallek 
 (Barey" Cornwall), [1787 — 1874], 
 poet, was born in London, and 
 educated at Harrow, where among 
 his schoolfellows were Byron and 
 Peel. He was articled to a solicitor 
 in Wiltshire, and subsequently 
 entered a conveyancer's office in 
 London. He was called to the Bar 
 in 1831, and soon after was aj)- 
 pointed a Commissioner of Lunacy, 
 an office which he held till 1861. 
 Long before his call to the Bar, 
 however, he had become known as 
 a graceful poet by several con- 
 tributions to periodical literatui-e, 
 and in 1819 these were collected 
 and published under the title 
 " Dramatic Scenes and other 
 Poems." Encouraged by the suc- 
 cess of this his lii*st venture, he in 
 the following year published his 
 "Sicilian* Story," and " Marcian 
 Colonna." His next work was his 
 tragedy of " Mirandola," which was 
 brought out at Covent Gaixlen 
 Theatre, Jan. 9, 1821, and was the 
 event of the season. The two chief 
 parts were acted by Macready 
 (Mirandola), and Charles Kemble 
 (Guido), Miss Foote playing Isi- 
 dora. The .success was complete, and 
 the published version of the play 
 ran through three editions in a few 
 months. Among Procter's other 
 
73i 
 
 PEOCTER— PROUT. 
 
 works may be mentioned his " Flood 
 of Thessaly ," his " Effigies Poeticse/' 
 and his "English Songs/' which 
 were and are -very popular, es- 
 pecially "The Sea! The Sea!'' 
 •♦ King Death/' " Best of All Good 
 Company/' "The Nights/' and 
 " Song to Twilight/' Among his 
 prose writings his " Life of Edmund 
 Kean/' and his biography of his 
 friend Charles Lamb, must be 
 named. The last work was written 
 Avhen he was 77 years old. He 
 married, in 182 i, a step-daughter 
 of Mr. Basil Montague. Q.C. 
 
 PEOCTER, Adelaide Anne, 
 l^oetess, was born in Bedford Square, 
 London, Oct, 30, 1825, and was 
 the eldest daughter of the above. 
 She early displayed a great love 
 of poetry, was possessed of a re- 
 markable memory, a great quick- 
 ness of apprehension, and before 
 she had reached to womanhood had 
 read an extraordinary number of 
 books. Except for a few jDoems in 
 the Cornhill Magazine, in Good 
 Words, and in a little book, entitled 
 "A Chaplet of Verses/' Miss 
 Procter's published writings first 
 appeared in Household Words, or 
 All the Year Round, to which she 
 contributed, under the pseudonym 
 of Miss Mary Berwick. Charles 
 Dickens, in his preface to the 
 second edition of her poems, tells 
 us how he received Miss Berwick's 
 first contribution to Household 
 Words, and invited her to send 
 him something more, and how till 
 Dec. 1854, he believed her to be 
 a governess in some family. Going 
 to dine with Barry Cornwall, he 
 took Avith him the Christmas num- 
 l)er of Household Words, in which 
 was a poem of Miss Berwick's, 
 and recomuicnded his friend to 
 read it. The next day came tlie 
 disclosure that Miss M. Berwick 
 was no other than Barry Corn- 
 wall's own daughter, Adelaide Anne 
 Procter. She had wi-ittt'U under 
 an aHHumed name, for fear Dickens 
 should take too favourable a view 
 of her work, on her father's ac- 
 
 count. Her poems, entitled " Le- 
 gends and Lyrics," were published 
 in a collected form in 1858-61 (a 
 new edition, with a preface by 
 Charles Dickens, in 1860), which 
 ' work was followed bv a " Chaplet 
 ^ of Verses," 1862. She also con- 
 [ tributed to the Victoria Regia, a 
 collection of poems from living 
 authors, issued from the Victoria 
 press. Some years before her death 
 she became a Roman Catholic. 
 After fifteen months' lingering ill- 
 ness, she died in London, Feb. 2, 
 ; 1864. 
 
 PEOUT, John Skinner, nephew 
 of Samuel Prout, was born in Ply- 
 mouth in 1S06. Largely self-taught, 
 he devoted his attention to water 
 colours, jDainting old buildings and 
 such like subjects. For many years 
 he lived in Bristol working with his 
 friend Miiller, and the two in con- 
 junction published "The Antiqui- 
 ties of Bristol." In early life he 
 visited Australia, and on his re- 
 turn exhibited his sketches at the 
 Crystal Palace . He was a member of 
 the Institute of Painters in "Water 
 Colours, and exhiltited with that 
 body until his death, Aug. 29, 1876, 
 at Camden Town. There are four 
 water-colour drawings bv him in 
 the South Kensington Collection. 
 
 PEOUT, Samuel. He was born 
 in Plymouth, Sept. 17, 1783, and 
 learned drawing in the local gram- 
 mar school. In 1801 he went to 
 Cornwall with John Britton, who 
 was collecting materials for his 
 " Beauties of England and Wales," 
 and in the following year lie came 
 to London, and for two years lived 
 and worked with Britton. In 1805 
 ill-liealth compelled him to return 
 home, but in 1M2 he came again 
 to London and settled in Stockwell. 
 Improved in his art, he was an 
 exhiltitor at the Watcr-Ciilour 
 Society in 1815, and in 1820 he 
 was elected nieuilier. In lsi»> 
 Acki>nnann i)u)>lislu'il his litho- 
 graphed " Studies," followed by 
 " Progressive Fragments," " Eudi- 
 ments of Landscape/' " Views of 
 
PEOUT— PUGIN. 
 
 735 
 
 the North and West of England," 
 and in later life he published litho- 
 grai^h facsimiles of drawings made 
 in France, Switzerland, Italy, Ger- 
 many and Flanders. The first of 
 his many visits to the Continent 
 was made in 1818, and he became 
 celebrated as a painter of the 
 chiu'ches, streets, and market 
 places of Normandy. He seemed 
 naturally to have been led to 
 mai'ine subjects, but his architec- 
 tural employment for Britton al- 
 tered the bent of his mind, and his 
 strong perception of j^icturesque 
 architectural effects was as re- 
 markable as his skill in depicting 
 them. Although Prout suffered 
 much from ill-health he was a 
 constant worker and exhibitor at 
 the Water-Colour Society. He 
 died at Camberwell, Feb. 10, 1852. 
 There is a collection of his draw- 
 ings in the South Kensington 
 Galleries. 
 
 PROUT, William, M.D. [1785 
 —1850], one of the modern school 
 of chemical physicians, almost its 
 founder, studied medicine at the 
 Edinburgh Universitv, where he 
 took his M.D. in 1811. He then 
 removed to London and finished 
 his studies at the two Borough 
 hospitals, and was admitted a 
 Licentiate of the College of Phy- 
 sicians in 1812, and a Fellow in 
 1829. From the first he devoted 
 himself to the study of organic 
 chemistrv, and in 1813 delivered 
 a coui'se of lectures at his house 
 on the subject of animal chemistry, 
 often having among his audience 
 Sir Astley Cooper. The publica- 
 tion of his work, an " Inquiry into 
 the Nature and Treatment of 
 Gravel, Calculus, and other 
 diseases of the Urinary Organs," 
 of which several editions appeared, 
 established his reputation as a 
 chemist and practical physician. 
 In 1834 appeared his Bridgewater 
 Treatise on " Chemistry, Meteor- 
 ology, and the Function of Diges- 
 tion, considered with reference to 
 Natural Theology/' a valuable work 
 
 of much originality. Some of his 
 views were said to have been 
 adopted by Liebig, who for a time 
 even in this country received the 
 credit of them. 
 
 PUGIN, Augustus Welby N. 
 [1812 — 1852], an eminent ai'chitect, 
 was the son of Augustus Pugin, the 
 architectural draftsman, who pub- 
 lished many valuable works on 
 Gothic architecture. He was edu- 
 cated under his father, under whom 
 he became an enthusiast for me- 
 diaeval art. At an early age he 
 was engaged in designing furni- 
 ture, in goldsmith's work, and in 
 scene painting, and once jminted the 
 complete scenery for an opera. 
 Then he spent some time cruising 
 about in the Channel for the pur- 
 pose of collecting archaeological 
 and natui-al curiosities, on the 
 French and Belgian coasts, and on 
 his return to England, founded an 
 establishment for the manufacture 
 of carved ornaments, and Gothic 
 decoration of all kinds. He nearly 
 ruined himself in this undertaking, 
 and about the same time lost his 
 wife, and found himself a widower 
 and father at the age of 20. He 
 next turned his attention to archi- 
 tecture, and, finding jjlenty of em- 
 ployment, built himself a house, 
 married a second time, and set 
 energetically to work, being spe- 
 cially interested in our cathedrals. 
 About this time he became a Eoman 
 Catholic, on the grounds apparently 
 that the Eomish Church was the 
 only one by which the true style of 
 ecclesiastical architecture could be 
 revived. Full of this idea, in 183i3 
 he published "Contrasts, a Pa- 
 rallel between the Noble Edifices 
 of the 14th and 15th Centuries and 
 the Present Day," in which the 
 latter comes off very badly, and 
 is rather unfairly treated. He 
 erected several Roman Catholic 
 churches, and the Cathedral of 
 St. George, Southwark, and took a 
 keen interest in every project for 
 the perfecting of his adopted 
 Church. He also built a church 
 
736 
 
 PUGIN— PUNSHON 
 
 of his own at Ramsgate, which he 
 took an intense delight in deco- 
 rating according to his own ideas. 
 He was next httsily engaged under 
 Sir Charles Barry in the fittings 
 and designs of the Houses of Par- 
 liament, and at the same time was 
 associated with John Hardman of 
 Birmingham, in the manufacture 
 of Gothic metal-work, and in the 
 mediaeval stained glass-works, also 
 at Birmingham. All the designs, 
 working drawings, and cartoons, 
 were made by him. He worked 
 each day from six in the morning 
 till ten at night, managing, besides 
 his architectural work, to devote 
 some time to landscape painting, 
 as well as taking an occasional run 
 out to sea in a large cutter, which 
 he owned, and in which he was 
 always prepared to push off to the 
 rescue of any vessel in distress on 
 the Goodwins. In the midst of 
 these occupations he, in 1851, threw 
 himself heai't and soul into the 
 great PajDal effort to establish a 
 hierarchy in England, and pub- 
 lished on the subject his " Earnest 
 Address," Avhich took the holders 
 of the newly-assumed dignities by 
 sui'prise, and he was denounced as 
 a doubtful believer. His mind gave 
 way, and for a time he was con- 
 fined in the Bethlehem Asylum. 
 His friends managed to obtain his 
 release, and he died in his OAvn 
 house, at Ramsgate, and was buried 
 in his church of St. Augustine's, 
 at that place. Among his works 
 should be mentioned his *' Gothic 
 Furniture, Style of 15th Century," 
 1835 ; " The True Principles of 
 Christian and Pointed Architec- 
 ture," 1811; "Glossary of Eccle- 
 siastical Ornament and Costume," 
 1844 ; " Floriated Ornament," 18 19 ; 
 «and " Treatise on Chancel Screens 
 and Kood Lofts," 1851. His " Life " 
 was published by his friend, Ben- 
 jamin Ferry, in 18G1. 
 
 PUGIN, Edward Welby [1831 
 — 1875], eldest son of the above, 
 at the age of 17 succeeded to his 
 father's practice, and by unremit- 
 
 ting energy and attention was 
 enabled to comjjlete all his engage- 
 ments. Among his best works may 
 be named the Chui-ch of Notre 
 Dame de Dadezeille, in Belgium 
 (for which he received from Pius IX. 
 the Papal Order of St. Sylvester) ; 
 the New College of St. Cuthbert's, 
 Ushaw; several lai'ge churches in 
 Liverpool ; St. Michael's Priory, 
 Belmont, Herefordshire; the Church 
 of St. Peter and Paul, at Cork ; 
 the Augustinian Church, Dublin ; 
 Kingsdown Parish Chvu-ch, for Lord 
 Kingsdown ; the Roman Catholic 
 churches of Peckham, Kensington, 
 Stratford, Barton, Leeds, and Slieer- 
 ness ; the splendid Orphanages of 
 Hellingly and Blechingiey, for the 
 Duchess of Leeds ; the restoration 
 of the archbishop's palace at May- 
 field ; the Granville Hotel at St. 
 Lawrence-on-Sea ; the great church 
 at Gorton ; the new hall at Carlton, 
 for Lord Beaumont ; the magnifi- 
 cent buildings at Scarisbrick Hall, 
 Lancashire, in completion of the 
 mansion which had been begun by 
 his father in a sumptuous Gothic 
 style ; the Carmelite Church at 
 Kensington ; and over one hundred 
 other churches. In conjunction 
 with Mr. Ashlin, his former puj^il, 
 he designed the cathedral at 
 Queenstown ; the churches of 
 Monkstown, Crosshaveu, Donny- 
 brook, Blackrock, Fethard, Dub- 
 lin, and numerous other churches 
 and public buildings in Ireland. 
 In a corresjjondence jjublished in 
 the Times newsjmper in the autumn 
 of 1807, Mr. Pugin declared him- 
 self to be in possession of proofs to 
 establish his father's claim as the 
 actual architect of the new Houses 
 of Parliament, and he afterwards 
 published a book upon the sul)ject. 
 In conjunction with Mr. Denison, 
 Mr. Fergusson, and others, he 
 took a leading part in opposing 
 Mr. Street's design for the New 
 Law Courts. 
 
 PUNSHON, The Rev. W. Mor- 
 LEY, LL.D. [1821 — 1880], Wes- 
 levan minister, born at Doncaster, 
 
PUECHAS— PUSEY. 
 
 '37 
 
 ■vvhei'G liis father was a draper, en- 
 tered in 1838 tlic office of his 
 grandfather, a timber merchant of 
 Hull, where he obtained a position 
 beyond his years, and soon became 
 possessed with a strong desire to 
 study for the ministry. He accord- 
 ing zealously strove to qualify him- 
 self to fulJil this self-imposed task, 
 and commenced his career at Sun- 
 derland in 18 AO, by undertaking 
 the duties of a "local preacher," 
 a preparatory ministerial office 
 peculiar to the Wesleyan Metho- 
 dists. Four years later, after 
 passing a short term as a jDroba- 
 tioner at the Wesleyan College, 
 Eichmond, he accepted his first 
 pastoral charge in the ministry at 
 Marden, in Kent. The report of 
 his success here was not long in 
 reaching the leaders of the Wes- 
 leyan connection. At the ''^Con- 
 ference " of 1845 he was appointed 
 to the ministry of Whitehaven, in 
 Cumberland, and, although only 
 twenty-one years of age, his repu- 
 tation was such that peojDle flocked 
 to hear him from all parts. He 
 ministered in various parts of the 
 country, besides visiting the metro- 
 polis, where his addresses both from 
 the pulpit and the platform at- 
 tracted considerable attention. In 
 1868 he left this country for Canada, 
 and married his deceased wife's 
 sister. The lady with whom Dr. 
 Punshon formed this connection 
 died in Oct. 1871. During his 
 residence in the Dominion he was 
 five times President of the Cana- 
 dian Conference. He returned to 
 England in 1873, and in July 1874, 
 he was elected President of the 
 Wesleyan Conference for the en- 
 suing year. Many of his sermons 
 and lectures, published after his 
 removal to London in 185S, were 
 very popular, especially the lec- 
 tures on " John Bunyan " and the 
 "' Huguenots.'' Dr. Punshon also 
 published a small volume of poems. 
 PUECHAS, The Eet. John, 
 M.A. [1823—1872], eldest son of 
 Captain William Jardine Purchas, 
 
 E.N., born at Cambridge, was edu- 
 cated at Eugby . He entered Christ's 
 College, Cambridge, in 1840, and 
 graduated B.A. in 1844, and M.A. in 
 1817. He was curate of Elswortli, 
 Cambridgeshire, from 18ol to 1853 ; 
 curate of Orwell in the same 
 county, from 1850 to 1859 ; curate 
 of St. Paul's, West Street, Brighton, 
 from 1861 to 1866 ; perpetual curate 
 of St. James's Chapel, Brighton, 
 and appointed Incumbent thereof 
 in 1866. The well-known case of 
 Hebbert i'. Purchas was tried in 
 the Court of xirches, and subse- 
 quently carried by aj^peal before 
 the Judicial Committee of the Privy 
 Council, the result being that the 
 rev. gentleman received monitions 
 to discontinue the use of certain 
 vestments in the communion ser- 
 vice, and the performance of cere- 
 monies which he had practised in 
 the services ; as also the use of 
 lighted candles and incense, mixing 
 water with the communion wine, 
 and using wafer-bread.- As Mr. 
 Purchas did not obey these moni- 
 tions he was, on Feb. 7, 1872, 
 suspended ah officio for one year, 
 a sequestration being issued on his 
 lay property for the cost of the 
 proceedings. Mr. Purchas pub- 
 lished in 1853 the " Directorium 
 Anglicanum," an elaborate his- 
 torical treatise on English cere- 
 monial. This v/ork is the text- 
 book of Anglican Eitualism. His 
 other v>"orks are "The Miser's 
 Daughter, a Comedy, and Poems," 
 1839 ; " Poems and Ballads," 1846 ; 
 " Book of Feasts " (Sermons), 
 1853; "The Death of Ezekiel's 
 Wife ; " and " Three Sermons 
 preached at St. Paul's, West Street, 
 Brighton," 1866. 
 
 PUSEY, Philip [1799— 1S55], 
 eldest son of the Hon. Philip Bou- 
 verie, who assumed the name of 
 Pusey, succeeded to the f:imily 
 estates on the death of his father 
 in 1828, and was returned to Par- 
 liament in 1830 as member for 
 Chippenham in the Conservative 
 interest. In the folloAving year he 
 
73S 
 
 PUSEY. 
 
 was returned for Cashel, and in 
 183 i was elected for Berkshire, 
 which he continued to represent 
 until the dissoli3ktion in 1852. He 
 was a protectionist in agricultural 
 matters, though before his death 
 he had rather resented the preju- 
 dices of the extreme protectionist 
 party. He was very distinguished 
 as a practical agriculturist ; was 
 President of the Royal Agricultural 
 Society of England in 1851, and 
 edited the journal of that Society, 
 and was one of its chief contributors. 
 PUSEY, Eev. Edward Bou- 
 VERiE, D.D. [1800— 1882], who will 
 always be remembered for his con- 
 nection with the Tractarian or 
 Oxford movement of 1833, was the 
 Bon of the Hon. Philip Bouverie 
 (half-brother of the first Earl of 
 Kadnor), who assumed the name 
 of Pusey hy royal licence. He was 
 educated at Christ Church, Oxford, 
 where among his contemporaries 
 were Edward Denison, John Henry 
 Newman, John Keble, Tyler, 
 Whately, Jelf, &c. He graduated 
 fii'st class in classics in 1822, but 
 before that time, in 1820, had 
 already appeared as an author, 
 publishing his " Historical Inquiry 
 into the Probable Causes of the 
 Rational Character lately predomi- 
 nant in the Theology of Germany," 
 which was the result of a visit to 
 that country. He was elected to 
 a FelloAViihip at Oriel in 1821, a 
 year after Cardinal Newman's elec- 
 tion, and in 1828 was appointed 
 Regius Professor of Hebrew in the 
 University of Oxford, a post to 
 which is attached a canonry at 
 Christ Church. He held that office 
 for fifty-three years. In 1832 the 
 cry for church reform was becoming 
 general, and the " Tracts for the 
 Times " began to bo published ; they 
 appeared anonymously, but it was 
 Boon understood that Keble. Puscy, 
 and Newman were responsible for 
 tlu'in, though Pusey'snaiuo Avas not 
 fully associated with the movement 
 until 1835— G, when his " Tract 
 on Baptism " appeared, and ho 
 
 commenced the " Library cf the 
 Fathers." His sermon preach.sd in 
 1838 " In quietness and in confidence 
 shall be your strength," which con- 
 tained some of his own life-long 
 thoughts and feelings, created the 
 greatest excitement in the Univer- 
 sity, and gave rise to much eager 
 competition and rival demonstra- 
 tion of "Anti-Puseyism." Finally 
 Dr. Pusey absented himself from the 
 University sermons altogether till 
 his own turn came to preach, when 
 he took the opportunity to explain 
 in the strongest language his views 
 on the Holy Eucharist. The ser- 
 mon was sent for by the Vice- 
 Chancellor, who appointed a tri- 
 bunal of six Doctors to examine 
 it in secret, and as the result of 
 their deliberation Dr. Pusey was 
 suspended from the use of the 
 University pulpit for two years. 
 He at once returned to his work 
 in connection with the " Tracts for 
 the Times," the " Library of Eng- 
 lish Fathers," and the "Anglo- 
 Catholic Library." In 1815 when 
 Newman joined the Church of 
 Rome, Pusey was to all intents 
 and purposes left the leader of 
 the party which for some time bore 
 his name, and for a period of forty 
 years was the acknowledged and 
 respected champion of the High 
 Church party. For many years 
 before his death he lived a very 
 retired life, though a continual flow 
 of books, pamphlets, and letters 
 came from his pen, and he lectured 
 assiduously to his Oxford class. He 
 also preached a large number of 
 University sermonsr-intensely sin- 
 cere utterances, though they wore 
 clothed in a strange rhetorical dross. 
 During all this time, too, he had 
 great influence on the internal 
 affairs of the University, besides 
 acting as a spiritual advisor to 
 persons from all over the kingdom. 
 Among his most important later 
 works sliould bo nuMitionod liis 
 " Lectures on Daniel the l*roi)het," 
 and "Connnontary on the Minor 
 Prophets," 
 
PYE— QUAIN 
 
 739 
 
 PYE, John (born in Birmingham 
 April 22, 1782, died in London 
 Feb. 6, 187-i). He studied drawing 
 without a master, and at the age 
 of eighteen came to London and 
 apprenticed himself to James Heath 
 the engraver. Some years later he 
 engraved " Pope's Villa," after 
 Turner, a work which gained him 
 the approval of the great land- 
 scape painter, by whom he was 
 commissioned to engrave " The 
 Temple of Jupiter in ^gina," and 
 by his execution of the work estab- 
 lished his already rising reputa- 
 tion. Thenceforth he devoted him- 
 self to landscape engraving, and 
 engraved, in exquisite line, many of 
 Turner's works, as well as Claude's 
 " Annunciation," Gaspar Poussin's 
 *' Classical Land3cape,"and Barrett's 
 "^ Evening." Pve was throughout 
 life opposed to the Academy, and 
 never exhibited on its walls. He 
 resided for some time in Paris, and 
 was elected corresponding member 
 of the French jinstitute, and hono- 
 rary member of the Imj^erial Aca- 
 demy of Arts in Petersburg. A set 
 of proofs of his very numerous small 
 plates was lately presented by a 
 relative to the British Museum. 
 
 PYXE, James Barker (born 
 in Bristol Dec, 5, 1800, died in 
 London July 29, 1870). He was 
 educated as a lawyer, but deter- 
 mined to devote himself to art, and 
 at the age of thirty-five he settled 
 in London. In 1842 he was elected 
 a member of the British Artists, 
 and after that date exhibited only 
 once in the Academy, where he had 
 previously contributed six land- 
 scapes. In 1838 he published 
 " Windsor and its Environs," " The 
 EngHsh Lake District" in 1853, 
 and in 1858 "The Lake Scenery 
 of England." Pyne exhibited in 
 all 229 paintings, chiefly river and 
 lake subjects. His " Bay of 
 Naples " and two water-colour 
 di-awings are in the South Ken- 
 sington Museum. 
 
 PYXE, William Henry, born in 
 1769, was the son of a leatherseller 
 
 in Holborn, who placed him under 
 a clever draughtsman. He prac- 
 tised only in water colours, and 
 exhibited in the Academy from 
 1790 till 179G. In ISOt he was 
 one of the original members of the 
 Old Water Colour Society, but re- 
 signed his membership in 1809, and 
 in 1811 he again exhibited in the 
 Academy. He published several 
 illustrated works, notably " The 
 Microcosm of London," in 1803-6, 
 and " The Costimies of Great 
 Britain," 1808, and in later life 
 he devoted himself entirely to 
 literature. Among other works he 
 wrote " Wine and Walnuts," " The 
 Greater and Lesser Stars of Old 
 Pall Mall" which appeared in 
 Fraser, and '•' The Twenty-Xinth 
 of May ; a Tale of the Kestoration." 
 He died at Paddington May 29, 
 1843. Tliree of his water-colour 
 di'awings are in the collection at 
 South Kensington. 
 
 QUAIX, The Hon. Sir John 
 Richard, Justice of the Court of 
 Queen's Bench, received his educa- 
 tion at University College, London, 
 and graduated LL.B. in 1839, when 
 he was awarded the University 
 Law Scholarship for proficiency in 
 jurisprudence, and in 1843 he was 
 elected a Fellow of that college. 
 He practised for some years as a 
 special pleader Avithout the bar, 
 but was called to the degree of 
 barrister-at-law at the Middle 
 Temple, May 30, 1851, when he 
 joined the Xorthern circuit. He 
 was created a Queen's Counsel in 
 1866, and in the following year 
 was appointed to succeed Mr. 
 W. M. Hindmarsh, Q.C., as Attor- 
 ney General for the county palatine 
 of Durham. He became one of the 
 Justices of the Court of Queen's 
 Bench Jan. 9, 1872, and was 
 knighted on the 22nd of the fol- 
 lowing April. He died Sept. 12, 
 1876. 
 
 3 B 2 
 
no 
 
 QUEKETT— EADCL YFFE . 
 
 QUEKETT, Professor John 
 [1815—1861], F.K.S., an eminent 
 microscopist, having studied at the 
 London HospitalT became a licen- 
 tiate of the Apothecaries' Company 
 and a member of the Eoyal College 
 of Sui-geons of London. This in- 
 stitution having established a stu- 
 d-iitship in human and compara- 
 tive anatomy, Mr. Quekett was 
 elected to fill the post, and at the 
 end of three years became assistant 
 conservator of the Hunterian Mu- 
 seum. In 1856 he succeeded Pro- 
 fessor Owen as Professor of his- 
 tology, an appointment he held 
 till the time of his death. Ke had 
 begun at the early age of sixteen 
 to lecture on microscopic science, 
 using a microscope which he made 
 himself out of a roasting-jack, a 
 lady's old fashioned j^arasol, and a 
 piece of brass bought at a neigh- 
 bouring shop and hammered out 
 by himself. He is said to have 
 made some important discoveries 
 with this instrument. An account 
 of his works on the microscope, and 
 his observations, which gained for 
 him a high reputation, will be 
 found in the " Transactions " of 
 the Microscopical Society of Lon- 
 don. His professional opinions on 
 obscure diseases and morbid altera- 
 tions of structure were thought 
 very highly of. His principal work 
 as an histologist is his " Illustrated 
 Catalogue " of the specimens, show- 
 ing the minute structure of tissues, 
 in the College Museum. After his 
 death a " Quekett Society " was 
 formed to carry on his work. 
 
 QUILLINAN, Mrs. (Dora 
 Wordsworth), daughter of the 
 Poet Laureate, who became the 
 second wife of Edward Quillinan, 
 poet and writer, died at her father's 
 house at Kydal Moimt, Ambleside, 
 July 0, 1817. She was known 
 to literature as the authoress of 
 "The Journal of a Few Months' 
 Kesidcnce in Portugal," which wa.s 
 jin account of a joui-ncy undertaken 
 by lur Imslianil iind lierself to try 
 to restore her failing health. She 
 
 rallied, and on their return was 
 busily engaged preparing her 
 " Journal " for the press. She died 
 from the effects of a cold caught 
 on a journey to Carlisle, where she 
 went to prepare the house of her 
 brother William and his bride. 
 She was buried in Grasmere church- 
 yard. 
 
 QUILLINAN, Edward [1791— 
 1851], husband of the above, and 
 known rather in private than in 
 the world of literature as a poet, 
 scholar, and writer, was in early 
 life a lieutenant in the 23rd Light 
 
 Dragoons, which 
 1821, in order to 
 
 he left about 
 devote himself 
 
 entirely to literature, 
 married Jemima A. 
 second daughter of 
 
 In 1817 he 
 D. Brydges, 
 Sir Egerton 
 Brydges, Bart., who in 1822 met 
 with a terrible accident, being burnt 
 to death. For several years after 
 he lived mostly at Canterbury, or 
 in London, paying occasional visits 
 to the Wordsworths in Westmore- 
 land, until in 1811, nineteen years 
 after the death of his first wife, he 
 married Dora WordsAvorth. Among 
 his works may be mentioned his 
 poems, which were collected and 
 published in one volume ; and 
 " The Conspirators : or the Ko- 
 mance of Military Life," his only 
 prose work except his contributious 
 to the periodical press, which is an 
 account of the Peninsular war. He 
 was an accomplished scholar, more 
 particularly in Portuguese litera- 
 ture, and was a critical writer of 
 no mean ability. After the death 
 of his second Avife he lived mostly 
 in the beautiful valley between 
 Ambleside and Kydal, near Words- 
 worth's residoUfL', in whose bio- 
 graphy will be found fn-ciuent and 
 honourable mention of his name. 
 
 R. 
 
 lUDCLYFFE. William ['1782 
 
 — 1855.] lie was liorn nnd lived 
 
 ! in Birmingham, jtractising as a 
 
 ; line engraver, chiefly of hmdscape 
 
RAE— RAGLAN. 
 
 741 
 
 subjects. He worked much for 
 book illustration, but also enj^raved 
 Bomo plates after Turner, which 
 were exhibited at the International 
 Exhibition of 1862. He died in 
 Birmingham, Dec. 20, 1855. 
 
 RAE, Sir William, Bart. [1771 
 — 1 8 12], Lord Advocate of Scotland 
 and M.P. for Buteshire, was the 
 second son of Sir David Rae, aftex'- 
 wards Lord Ersgrove. He was 
 educated for the Bar, and passed 
 advocate in 1791. In 1819 he was 
 I)romoted to the office of Lord Ad- 
 vocate, which he held till the 
 accession of the Grey Ministry in 
 1830, and was later re-appointed in 
 183-1, and continued during- the 
 brief tenure of Sir Robert Peel. 
 During- the intervals in his official 
 career he remained in Parliament, 
 and was the acknowledged adviser 
 of the Opposition on all matters 
 relating to Scotland. He sat as 
 M.P. for the Crail burghs, 1820-26 ; 
 for Harwich, 1827-30 ; Portarling- 
 ton, 1831 ; Buteshire, 1830-31, and 
 also from 1833 till his death in 
 1842. He was succeeded in the 
 office of Lord Advocate by Duncan 
 M'Neill, the Solicitor-General. 
 
 RAE, Sir William, C.B., M.D. 
 [1786 — 1873], was educated at 
 Lochmaben and Dumfries schools, 
 and Edinburgh University, and 
 entered the medical service of the 
 East-India Company in 1801. He 
 joined the East Indian squadron 
 under the command of Admiral 
 Sir E . Pellew in 1805, assisted as sur- 
 geon at the destruction of the Dutch 
 ships in the harbour at Cressy, and 
 in several other engagements, and 
 when, becalmed in the Bay of Ben- 
 gal, the crew were suffering from 
 thirst, contrived a;n apparatus for 
 distilling water. Troops were 
 placed under his care during the 
 visitation of yellow fever at Car- 
 thagena in 1812, and at Gibraltar 
 in 1813, and he received the thanks 
 of the Medical Board, the physician 
 to the fleet, and the commander- 
 in-chief for his services. He was 
 a magistrate for Devon and for 
 
 Dumfriesshire, and inspector of 
 hospitals and fleets, extra-licentiate 
 of the College of Physicians, and 
 Fellow of the College of Surgeons, 
 London. 
 
 RAFFLES, Rev. Thomas, D.D., 
 LL.D. [1788—1863], was born in 
 London, where his father was a 
 solicitor. At an early age he 
 entered the Old College at 
 Homerton near London, and on 
 the completion of his studies in 
 1809, was appointed minister of the 
 Independent Chapel at Hammer- 
 smith. He occupied that position 
 for three years, at the end of which 
 he removed to Liverpool, and offi- 
 ciated in Great George Street 
 Chapel till 1861, when he resigned 
 his pastoral office. He enjoyed a 
 high reputation as a pulj)it orator, 
 and his name has been rendered 
 familiar to the public by several 
 literary works, among which were 
 a volume of poems published con- 
 jointly with his brother-in-law. 
 Dr. J. H. Brown, Barrister, and J. 
 H. Wiffen, the translator of Tasso's 
 "Jerusalem Delivered;" a "Me- 
 moir of the Rev. Thomas Spencer," 
 •"^ Letters during a Tour through 
 some part of France, Savoy, Swit- 
 zerland, Germany, and the Xether- 
 lands ; " two volumes of lectures on 
 I'eligious subjects, and numerous 
 sermons. Dr. Raffies was an LL.D. 
 of Aberdeen University, and D.D. 
 of Union College, Schenectady, 
 U.S. 
 
 RAGLAN, James Henry Fitz- 
 ROT Somerset, Barox [1788 — 1855], 
 born at Badminton, was the eighth 
 son of the fifth Duke of Beaufort. 
 He received his early education 
 at Westminster School, but before 
 completing his sixteenth year ob- 
 tained a commission in the 4th 
 Dragoons. Promoted to a company 
 in the 43rd Foot, he there acquired 
 a practical knowledge of the 
 various duties of his profession. 
 When Sir Arthur Wellesley as- 
 sumed the command of the English 
 forces after the battle of Coruuna, 
 Lord Fitzroy Soiii3rsot accom- 
 
r42 
 
 RAIMBACH— EAINFORTH. 
 
 pauied him as his assistant military 
 secretary and aide-do-camp. His 
 first enofasrement was in the battle 
 of Busaco, where he was slightly 
 wounded, and at the storming of 
 Badajos ho was among the first to 
 mount the breach. Throughout the 
 Peninsular campaign Lord Fitzroy 
 Somerset particularly distinguished 
 himself J and in acknowledgment of 
 his services was awarded a cross 
 and five clasps, and appointed 
 secretary of embassy at Paris. At 
 Waterloo he lost an arm, and was 
 in consequence made aide-de-camp 
 to the Prince Eegent, raised to the 
 rank of a colonel, and knighted . At 
 the peace he returned to his post in 
 Paris. Subsequently Lord Fitzroy 
 Somerset accompanied the Duke of 
 Wellington to the Congresses of 
 Vienna and Verona, and af terAvards 
 attended him in his sj)ecial mission 
 to St. Petersburg, on the occasion 
 of the accession of the Emperor 
 Nicholas. In 1823 he was himself 
 entrusted with a special mission to 
 Madi'id. In 1819 the Duke of 
 Wellington appointed him to be 
 secretary to the Master-General of 
 the Ordnance, and this position he 
 continued to occupy till 1827, when 
 he became military secretary to 
 the commander-in-chief. In Nov., 
 1830, Lord Fitzroy Somerset was 
 made colonel of the 53rd Regiment ; 
 in 1834, on the occasion of the in- 
 stallation of the Duke of Welling- 
 ton as Chancellor of the University 
 of Oxford, he had the degree of 
 D.C.L. conferred ujDon him, and in 
 Sept., 1817, ho received the Grand 
 Ci'oss of the Bath. On the death 
 of the Duke of Welling-ton in 1852 
 he obtained the post of Master- 
 General of the Ordnance ; and in 
 October of the same year was 
 raised to the peerage with the 
 rank of Baron Raglan, and created 
 a Privy Councillor. Ho was 
 subsoquontly appointed to the 
 colonelcy of the Royal Horse 
 Guards (Blue), vacated by the 
 death of the Marquis of Anglesey. 
 At the outbreak of the war with 
 
 Russia, Lord Raglan was made 
 commander-in-chief with the rank 
 of field marshal, and on Sept. 20, 
 1854, fought the battle of the 
 Alma. With his name is connected 
 the flank march to Balaklava, the 
 fight of Inkermann, and the aiege 
 of Sebastopol. The sufferings of 
 the troops during the winter, and 
 the disastrous repulse of the allies 
 on June 18, 1855, weighed heavily 
 upon his mind, and aggravated an 
 attack of diarrhoea, to which he 
 succumbed. Lord Raglan married 
 on Aug. 6, 1814, the Hon. Emily 
 Harriet Wellesley Pole, daughter 
 of Lord Maryborough, afterwards 
 Earl of Mornington, and niece of 
 the Duke of Wellington. He also 
 represented the borough of Truro 
 in the Parliaments of 1818 and 
 1826. 
 
 RAIMBACH, Abraham [1776— 
 1843], was the son of a Swiss, who 
 had settled in London. He learned 
 engraving of J. Hall, and his ap- 
 prenticeship being ended, became a 
 student at the Royal Academy, and 
 from 1797 to 1805 he was a constant 
 exhibitor of miniatures, but he 
 ultimately devoted himself to en- 
 graving. He engraved " Venus " 
 and " Ilgolino,'" after Reynolds, and 
 many of Wilkie's pictures, among 
 them "The Village Politicians," 
 "Rent Day," "The Cut Finger," 
 "Blind Man's Bufi"," and the 
 "Spanish Mother." His " Memoirs" 
 were privately printed by his son. 
 
 RAINFORTH, Elizabeth [1814 
 — 1877], singer, pupil of Tom Cooke, 
 and of Crivelli, and, for acting, of 
 Mrs. Davison. Her first important 
 appearance was made at tlie St. 
 James's Theatre in 1836, in Arne'a 
 " Artaxerxee." After one suc- 
 cessful season, she went to tho 
 English Opera House. She then 
 took chietiy to oratorio, in which 
 she made a good reputation, l)ut 
 camo l)ack to the stage very shortly, 
 and after a long (•iigai;\>ment at 
 Covent CJarden, slu' croatod tho 
 part of Arlino, in tho " Bohemian 
 Girl," at Drury Lane, in 1843. 
 
RAMAGE— KAMSAY 
 
 743 
 
 Next year sho went to Ireland, 
 where she was very successful. 
 Some years later she took up her 
 residence in Edinburgh, living 
 there for four years, but in 1858 
 went to live in Windsor. She 
 finally retired in 1871. Miss Rain- 
 foi'th was an excellent artist, and 
 was much admired, not only on 
 account of her technical finish 
 and skill, but also because of the 
 thoroughness of her singing. Her 
 voice was a soprano, of no great 
 power, but of great beaxity and 
 sweetness. 
 
 R A M A G E, Ceauford Tait, 
 LL.D. [1803— 1S7S], born at Anne- 
 field, near Xewhaven, was educated 
 at the High School and the Uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh, where he 
 took the degree of M.A. in 1825. 
 Having travelled thi-ee rears in 
 Italv, on his retiu'n he contributed 
 to the Quarterly Journal of Educa- 
 tion, ihe Penny Cyclopaedia, and the 
 seventh edition of the Encyclo- 
 pcEcZia Biitannica ; was appointed 
 Rector of the Endowed School of 
 Wallace Hall, in Dumfriesshire, in 
 1841, Justice of the Peace for Dum- 
 friesshire in 1S48, and the degree 
 of LL.D. was confen-ed upon him 
 by the Universitv of Glasgow in 
 1852. An attempt having been 
 made to disconnect the parish 
 schools of Scotland from the Esta- 
 blished Church, he wrote several 
 pamphlets in defence of the system : 
 amongst others, one entitled, " De- 
 fence of the Parochial Schools of 
 Scotland, in a series of Letters to 
 Viscount Drumlanrig, M.P., the 
 Landowners, the Tenantry, and the 
 Free Church Clergy of Scotland ;" 
 and compiled " Beautiful Thoughts 
 from Greek Authors, with Trans- 
 lations," 1SG4, 2nd edit., 1873; 
 " Beautiful Thoughts from Latin 
 Authors," 1864, 2nd edit., 1SG9: 3rd 
 edit., 1877; '"Beautiful Thoughts 
 from French and Italian Authors/' 
 1866: 2nd edit., 1875: "Beautiful 
 Thoughts from German and Si)anish 
 Authors," 1868; " Xooks and By- 
 ways of Italy," (tc. 
 
 RAMSAY, Very Rev. Edward 
 Bannerman Burnett, M.A., 
 LL.D.,F.R.G.S. [1703—1872], bom 
 at Aberdeen, was the fourth son of 
 Alexander Burnett, an advocate, 
 and sheriff of Kincardineshire. He 
 was brought up chiefly by his 
 grand-uncle. Sir Alexander Ramsay, 
 and sent to school first at Harlsey, 
 in Yorkshire, then at the Durham 
 Grammar School, and at St. John's 
 College, Cambridge, where he gra- 
 duated B.A. 1815, M.A. 1831. His 
 uncle died in 1800, leaving his 
 estates not to Edward, as had been 
 expected, but to Edward's father, 
 who then gave up his sheriffship, 
 accepted a baronetcy from Fox, 
 and made Fasque his home for the 
 rest of his life. Having taken holy 
 orders, Edward first became curate 
 of Rodden, near Frome, Somerset 
 (1S16), where he laboured with 
 great zeal among the Methodists 
 of the district. He went to Edin- 
 burgh in 1824, and in 1830 was 
 appointed minister of St. John's, 
 in that town. He was appointed 
 dean in 1831 ; in 1835 was offered, 
 but declined, the bishopric of 
 Fredericton, in 18 iS the see of 
 Glasgow, and in 1863 that of Edin- 
 burgh. He belonged to the Epis- 
 copal Chiu'ch in Edinburgh, and 
 in spite of the bitter dissensions 
 among Church parties there at that 
 time, his tolerant spirit, enlightened 
 zeal, and sympathetic kindly hu- 
 mour, soon gained the hearts of his 
 hearers, and he became one of the 
 most popular preachers of his day, 
 occupying an altogether unique 
 position in Edinburgh society. 
 Among his distinguished friends 
 and correspondents were Mr. Glad- 
 stone, Professor Sedgwick, Dean 
 Stanley, Thomas Erskine, Dr. Cand- 
 lish, etc. Among his writings the 
 best known are his " Reminiscences 
 of Scottish Life and Character," of 
 which twenty-one editions were 
 published, " Memoir of Dr. Chal- 
 mers," and a "Manual of Cate- 
 chising." In 1862 the dean delivered 
 before the Philosophical Institute 
 
741. 
 
 EAMSAT— EAPER. 
 
 of Edinburgh two lectures on the 
 " Genius and Works of Han- 
 del/' whicli were published in a 
 volume by Blackwood. In 1866 
 he delivered two lectures on 
 " Preachers and Preaching/' which 
 enjoyed considerable pojDularity 
 both in Scotland and England. 
 
 E A M S A Y, William, M.A. 
 [1806—1865], son of Sir William 
 Eamsay, Bart., of Banff, N.B., was 
 educated at the Universities of 
 Edinburgh and Glasgow, and sub- 
 sequently at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he graduated B.A. 
 in i830. He was Professor of 
 Mathematics at Glasgow from 1829 
 till 1831, when he was elected to 
 the Chair of Literoe Humaniores. 
 He contributed extensively to Dr. 
 W. Smith's " Biographical Dic- 
 tionary," and his "Dictionary of 
 Greek and Eoman Antiquities," 
 and published " Selections from 
 Ovid "and Tibullus," " Manual of 
 Eoman Antiquities," " Speech of 
 Cicero for Aulus Cluentius," 
 "Manual of Latin Prosody," &c. 
 
 EANKINE, William John 
 Macquorn, F.E.S. [1820—1872], 
 civil engineer, received his educa- 
 tion in the University of Edin- 
 burgh, and studied engineering, 
 at first under his father, David 
 Eankine, and afterwards under Sir 
 John McNeill. In the University 
 of Glasgow he held for several years 
 the Professorship of Civil Engi- 
 neering and Mechanics ; was the 
 first President of the Institution of 
 Engineers in Scotland ; was more 
 than once President of the section 
 of Mechanical Science of the British 
 Association, and once President of 
 the Mathematical section ; and was 
 Consulting Engineer to the High- 
 land and Agricultural Society of 
 Scotland . For his researches on the 
 mechanical action of lieat, the pub- 
 lication of which commenced in 
 ]819, he received the Keith medal 
 of the Eoyal Society of Edinbui'gh, 
 in 1852. Mr. Eankine wrote a 
 '* Manual of Applied Mechanics," 
 puljlished in 1858; a "Manual of 
 
 the Steam-Engine, and other Prime 
 Movers," in 1859; "Civil Engi- 
 neering," in 1862 ; " Useful Eules 
 and Tables," in 1866: the greater 
 part of a treatise on " Ship-build- 
 ing, Theoretical and Practical ;" 
 a " Manual of Machinery and Mill- 
 work," in 1869 ; and many papers 
 in scientific journals and trans- 
 actions. He raised the Glasgow 
 University Company of Eifle Volun- 
 teers in 1859 ; served with the force 
 for nearly five years as Captain 
 and Major ; was a Fellow of the 
 Eoyal Society, a member of the 
 Institution of Naval Architects, 
 and of various other learned socie- 
 ties, and received the honorary 
 degreeof LL.D. from the University 
 of Dublin. In 1871 he was ap- 
 pointed a member of the Committee 
 on Designs for Ships of War. 
 
 E A N S O M E, James Allen 
 [1806—1875], head of the well- 
 known firm of agricultural imple- 
 ment makers at Ipswich, to whose 
 rare business qualifications it oavos 
 its present P]uropean reputation, 
 was born at Yarmouth. On leaving 
 school he entered the firm as an 
 apju'entice, and in 1826 was sent 
 to Yoxford to manage a branch 
 business. Whilst there he esta- 
 blished the Yoxford Fai'mer's 
 Club, the second of its kind in 
 England, and later he took an 
 active part in the formation of the 
 London Farmer's Chil), and the 
 Eoyal Agricultural Society of Eng- 
 land. He was keenly interested in 
 social progress, and was a warm sup- 
 porter of the various literary and 
 educational institutions of Ips- 
 wich. 
 
 EAPEE, Henry [1767—1815], 
 Admiral of the Blue, entered the 
 navy in 1781, and in H.M.S. Cam- 
 bridge was present at the relief of 
 Gibraltar, and later at the action 
 of the Doggerbauk, wliere he was 
 wounded. He was made lieutenant 
 in 1790, and was flug-lieutenant to 
 Lord Howe in thr> 1st of Juno 
 action, 1791. He served in the 
 West Indies in 1799, and in Por- 
 
RATTEE— READ. 
 
 745 
 
 tugal in 1810, and received from 
 the Queen of Portugal a sword 
 mounted in brilliants. He was 
 made rear-adminil in ISli), vice- 
 admiral in 1830, and admiral in 
 18-11. He will be remembered as 
 the author of a " System of Naval 
 Signals," Avhich he published in 
 1828, and which obtained high 
 commendation for the abilitv and 
 thorough knowledge of the subject 
 displaved in it. 
 
 EATTEE, James, born in 1825, 
 at Funden Hall, Norfolk ; he was 
 apprenticed to a carpenter, but 
 gifted with a talent for carving, 
 and an inborn purity of taste, he 
 worked under A. Welby Pugin, in 
 the restorations at Cambridge, and 
 under G, G-. Scott, at Ely. Un- 
 fortunately, he was a mai-tyr to 
 ill-health, and in 1852 had to leave 
 England in search of strength. 
 On his retiu'n he esecuted the 
 highly chased stone and alabaster 
 reredos at Ely, but died at Cam- 
 bridge, March 29, 1855. Shortly 
 before his death he was appointed 
 wood carver to the Cambridge 
 Camden Society. 
 
 EAYEN, John S., the son of a 
 clergyman, who wa,s himself a 
 good water-colo\u" painter, was born 
 in Suffolk, Aug. 21, 1828. As an 
 artist he was self-taught, though 
 the Norwich and the " Pre-Ea- 
 phaelite " schools in turn had some 
 influence upon his manner. When 
 only sixteen he exhibited his first 
 picture, " Salmsley Chiu-ch," fol- 
 lowed by many other landscapes, 
 among them " Midsummer," "Moon- 
 light," 1866 ; " A Hampshire Home- 
 stead," and '•' The Monk's Walk," 
 1872 ; " The Lesser Light to Eule 
 the Night," 1873 ; " The Heavens 
 Declare the Glory of God," 1875 ; 
 and his last work, "Barff and 
 Lord's Seat from the Slopes of 
 Skiddaw," 1877. He was acci- 
 dentallv drowned while bathing 
 off Harlech, Wales, July 1-i, 1877. 
 He exhibited fifty-four paintings 
 in Loudon. 
 
 EAYENSWOSTH, Eig:it Hon. 
 
 Sib Henry Thomas Liddell [1797 
 — 1878 ' , the eldest son of Sir Thomas 
 Henry Liddell, Bart., created Lord 
 Ravens worth in 1821, was educated 
 at Eton. He represented Northum- 
 berland in parliament from 1826 to 
 1830, North Durham from 1837 to 
 1847, and Liverpool from 1853 till 
 his succession to the peerage in 187 1. 
 He was a conservative in politics ; 
 but as a member of the House 
 of Commons he advocated not a 
 few liberal measures. He was 
 the author of a translation into 
 EngHsh lyric verse of the " Odes " 
 of Horace, and of a translation into 
 blank verse (in conjunction with 
 Mr. G. K. Eickards) of the last six 
 books of Virgil's " iEneid," and he 
 also published a volume of Latin 
 poems. 
 
 EEACH, Angus B. [1822—1856]. 
 For many years he was connected 
 with the newspaper press, parti- 
 cularly with the Morning Chronicle, 
 as dramatic and musical critic. He 
 was also known as the author of two 
 novels, " Leonard Lindsay," and 
 '•' Clement Lorimer ;" of a volume 
 of sketches of French scenery and 
 manners, entitled, "Claret and 
 Olives," and the once popiilar 
 "' Natural History of the Bores," 
 "Natural History of Humbugs," 
 and "Romance of a Mince Pie." 
 During tne last two years of his 
 life he suffered from a paralytic 
 affection, which necessitated his 
 retirement from literary occupa- 
 tion. 
 
 EEAD, Charles Anderson, 
 born near Sligo, Dec. 10, 1811. 
 He was destined for the Church, 
 but family misfortunes caused this 
 project to be abandoned, and at an 
 eai'ly age he was apprenticed to a 
 merchant in Eathfryland. After 
 business hours he continued his 
 study of Latin, and when only 15 
 began contributing verses to the 
 local papers. The business in v.-hich 
 he wiis eno^asred changed hands, 
 and Eead became first partner, 
 then sole proprietor. In 1863 he 
 failed, but after a few years of toil 
 
746 
 
 READ— READE. 
 
 find poverty, he paid all claims in | 
 full, with interest. On the failure 
 of his business, he removed to 
 London, and was emploj^ed in the 
 publishing' house of Mr. James 
 Henderson, with whom he re- 
 mained until his death, which 
 occurred at Thornton Lodge, Sur- 
 rey, Jan. 23, 1878. Read's best 
 known work is "The Cabinet of 
 Irish Literature/' selections from 
 the works of the chief poets, orators, 
 and prose waiters of Ireland, with 
 biographical and literary notices. 
 He also published many sketches, 
 jDoems, short tales, and novels, 
 among which the best kno"mi are 
 " Love's Service," ''' Aileen Aroon," 
 and " Savourneen Deelish." 
 
 READ, Samuel [1816?— 1883], 
 artist, was born at Needham 
 Market, near Ipswich, and as a 
 boy showed a strong taste for art. 
 He began life in a lawyer's of&ce, 
 but exchanged that employment to 
 become assistant to an architect in 
 the same town. He went to London 
 in 18 II', and became a draughtsman 
 for wood engraving. He joined the 
 staff of the Illustrated London News 
 soon after, with which he was con- 
 nected for nearly thirty years, and 
 to which he contributed drawings 
 of architectural, of marine, and of 
 landscape subjects, which attracted 
 much attention. He was also the 
 first special artist ever sent abroad 
 to furnish sketches for any illus- 
 trated newspaper, and made his 
 first journey for that pui-pose in 
 1853, just before the outbreak of 
 the Crimean war, when ho Avas sent 
 to Constantinople and the Black 
 Sea. He also won considerable 
 success as a water-colour artist, 
 and Ijecame a member of the Royal 
 Society of Painters in Wuter- 
 Colours, and a frequent contributor 
 to their ycai'ly exhibitions. Among 
 the most notewortliy of his di-aw- 
 ings for tlie Illustrulcd Liixdon News 
 were a series of views of the English 
 cathedrals, published in large en- 
 gravings ; and s( me small sketches 
 of liicturesque bits of architecture 
 
 in many old cities and towns in 
 England, France, Belgium, and 
 Grermany, called " Leaves from a 
 Sketch-book," some of which were 
 collected and published in a single 
 volume. 
 
 READE, Charles, D.C.L. 
 [1814 — 1884], the well-known 
 novelist, was the youngest son of 
 John Reade, Esq., and was edu- 
 cated at a private school, and at 
 Magdalen College, Oxford, of which 
 he was successively a Demy and a 
 Fellow. He graduated B.A. in 
 1835, but did not take high honours 
 with his degree. He was called 
 to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, in 
 1843, and began to wT.'ite occa- 
 sionally for the press, r<?ading a 
 good deal in the library at Mag- 
 dalen, and still undecided whether 
 to go into the Church, or to take 
 up his work as a barrister. His 
 first novel, " Peg Wofiington," 
 appeared in 1853, he being then 
 38 years old, and at once esta- 
 blished his reputation as an ori- 
 ginal writer. It was followed by 
 " Christie Johnstone," 1854, which 
 was still more successful, and by 
 " It is Never too Late to Mend," 
 1857. The latter work was written 
 with the avowed object of exposing 
 the miseries of prison life, and was 
 so full of horrors, that, while it 
 caused great excitement, the author 
 was accused of gross exaggeration. 
 "Jack of All Trades," " Love Me 
 Little, Love Me Long," and" White 
 Lies," appeared next, and in 1861, 
 "The Cloister and the Hearth," his 
 most artistic work. " Hard Cash," 
 which had first'been published in A II 
 the Year Round, came out in 1863; 
 it was written to expose the imjior 
 fections of the lunacy laws, and the 
 evils of private asylums. Among 
 his other writings may be men- 
 tioned "Crimth Gaunt." "Foul 
 Play," wi'itton in conjunction with 
 Dion Boucicault; " I'ut Yourself 
 in his Place," a story about the 
 trades-union outrages, which about 
 that time were occui)ying a good 
 deal of public attention, and " A 
 
READE— REDE. 
 
 717 
 
 Terrible Temptation." He also 
 wrote several plays, havint^ for his 
 earlier pieces the help of Tom 
 Taylor, with whom he wrote "Masks 
 and Faces," in 1852, and "The 
 First Printer." Alone he adaj)ted 
 Tennyson's " Dora,"" Kate Peyton's 
 Lovers," and " Drink," founded on 
 Zola's " L'Assommoir." Charles 
 Reade was even more j^opiilar in 
 America than in England. 
 
 READE, John Edmund, was born 
 at Broadwell, Gloucestershire, early 
 in the present century. His fii'st 
 work, a drama entitled "Cain the 
 Wanderer," which appeared anony- 
 mously in 1830, was noticed by the 
 literary joui'nals of the day and 
 seciu-ed for its author an introduc- 
 tion to the poet Coleridge, and a 
 recorded testimony from Goethe. 
 It was followed by " Italy," com- 
 posed during a lengthened sojourn 
 in the South, published in 1838 ; 
 " Catiline," a drama, and "' The 
 Deluge," a drama, in 1839; "The 
 Vision of the Ancient Kings," a 
 sequel, and " Life's Ej^isode," in 
 18J:3 ; " Memnou," composed during 
 a sojourn in Switzerland, in 184J: ; 
 " The Revelations of Life," which 
 grew out of a residence among the 
 localities of Dartmoor, in 1819 ; 
 and "Man in Paradise," a poem, in 
 1856, designed to form the first 
 portion of the drama of " Cain the 
 "Wanderer." In a new edition of 
 the author's works, this poem was 
 carefully revised, and a collection 
 of Lvrical Poems, entitled. "Youth 
 and how it Passed," was added. In 
 the poem of " Youth," as in the 
 confessions of the Enthusiast, in 
 the " Revelations of Life," it is 
 evident that the picture of each 
 metamorphosis is drawn from him- 
 self. "' Laureate "Wreath, and other 
 Poems," appeared in 1863, and edi- 
 tions of his poetical works in 1850, 
 1860, and 1865. He died in Sep- 
 tember, 1870. 
 
 REDDING, Cyetjs [1785—1870], 
 was born at Penryn, Cornwall. He 
 repaired to London in 1806, and 
 joined the establishment of the 
 
 Pilot, which he left to commence 
 the publication of the Plymouth 
 Chronicle, of which he was editor 
 and pi'oprietor for several years. 
 He was also a contributor to the 
 Naval Chronicle. From 1815 till 
 1818 he resided in France, and 
 edited Galignani's Messenger, hsLving 
 edited the Dramatic Review, and 
 published literary and political 
 pamphlets, amongst them a " Letter 
 to Lord Holland on the Law of 
 Libel." In 1820 he became co- 
 editor with Campbell of Colburn's 
 Neiv Monthly Magazine, Avith which 
 he continued to be esociated for 
 upwards of ten years. Of his 
 connection with the author of the 
 " Pleasiu*es of Hope," he gave an 
 account in a series of i^apers which 
 appeared in that magazine. In 
 1830, Mr. Redding joined Campbell 
 in the publication of the Metropoli- 
 tan, but the publisher failed. Under 
 the auspices of Sir W. Molesworth 
 he established the Baih Guardian, 
 which he edited for two years ; and, 
 in 1836, the Staffordshire Examiner. 
 He Avi'ote, among other works, 
 "' GabrieUe, eVc, Poems " (1829) ; 
 " Velasco, or Memoirs of a Page, a 
 novel" (1846); "Fifty Years' Re- 
 collections, Literary and Personal " 
 (1858) ; " Past Celebrities whom I 
 have Known" (1865); "Memoirs 
 of Remarkable Misers," &c. 
 
 REDE, William Lamax [1802— 
 18-17], writer of numerous success- 
 ful dramatic pieces, and a contri- 
 butor to the weekly and monthly 
 literature of the day, was born in 
 Hamburg, his father being a bar- 
 rister-at-law and author of several 
 works of niei'it. Losing his father 
 at an early age, his mother brought 
 him to England, and settled in 
 London, where he spent the rest of 
 '. his life. He devoted himself to 
 ' writing for the stage, and some of 
 the best parts ever played by Lis- 
 I ton, John Reeve, Charles Mathews, 
 ! Keeley, and G. Wild, were written 
 by him. Among them may be 
 j mentioned "The Rake's Progress," 
 ' a melodrama, 1825 : " The Flight 
 
r48 
 
 REDFERN— EEED. 
 
 to America," drama, 1825 ; " Faith 
 and Falsehood;" "Our Village/' 
 1850; "Cupid in London/' &c., &c. 
 He was also a^constant contributor 
 to the Neic Monthly, Bentley's, and 
 other magazines. As an actor he 
 Avas chieily known to the public 
 from his frequent apj^oarance at his 
 friends* benefits. 
 
 REDFERN, James F., was born 
 in 183S, in Derbyshire, on the estate 
 of Mr. Beresford Hope, who, observ- 
 ing his talent for sculpture, placed 
 him under Mr. J. R. Clayton, and 
 afterwards sent him to Paris . In the 
 meantime Eedfern jjroduced a fine 
 group of "Cain and Abel," which 
 was highly praised by Foley, but 
 after his sojourn in Paris the young 
 sculptor devoted himself to Gothic 
 work. In this style he produced 
 the elaborate I'eredos for St. An- 
 drew's, Wells Street, a series of 
 figures for the west front of Salis- 
 bury Cathedral, &c. He also exhi- 
 bited eighteen works in London. 
 He died at HamiDstead, June i:3th, 
 1876. 
 
 REDGRAVE, Samuel [1802— 
 1876], author of " A Dictionary of 
 Artists," was the son of William 
 Redgrave, at that time working in 
 the office of Joseph Bramah, the 
 inventor of the hydx'aulic press, and 
 was brother of Richard Redgrave, 
 R.A. Samuel was educated at a 
 school at Chelsea, on leaving which 
 he and his brother entered a night 
 class for the study of architecture. 
 His father then accei^ted for him a 
 small clerkship in the Home Ofiice, 
 and while carrying on most effi- 
 ciently his work there, he, in 1833, 
 was admitted to the Academy as an 
 architect ui-al student for ten years. 
 In 183G he filled the office of secre- 
 tary to the Constabulary Force 
 Commission, in 1839 became private 
 secretary to Lord John Russell, liohl 
 the same position under Mr. Fox 
 Maule, 18 11, and under Mr. Fitzroy 
 in 1852. In the latter year ho wrote 
 '' Some Accountoftlio Powers, Autho- 
 rities, and Duties of Her Majesty's 
 Principal Secretary of State for the 
 
 Home Department," and about the 
 I same time " The Official Handbook 
 of Church and State." He* suc- 
 ceeded his brother Richard as secre- 
 . tary to the Etching Club in 1837, a 
 I position which made him acquainted 
 with most of the rising artists of 
 the day. With his brother he 
 wrote " A Century of Painters of 
 the British School," 1866, and in 
 1871 appeared his " Dictionary of 
 Painters, Sculptors, Architects, and 
 Engravers," for which he had for 
 years been collecting materials. 
 After his death, in 1876, appeared 
 his catalogue of the " Historica,! 
 Collection of British Paintings in 
 Water-Colours," undertaken for 
 the Department of Science and Art. 
 
 REED, Andrew, D.D. [17S7— 
 1862], born in London, was the son 
 of a tradesman in humble circum- 
 stances. Thi'ough the influence of 
 the Rev. Matthew Wilks, he was 
 educated at a dissenting college at 
 Hackney, and in 1811 became the 
 minister of Wyclift'e Chapel, Step- 
 ney. He is principally knovvTi as 
 the founder of the London Orphan 
 Asylum, the Infant Orphan Asylum, 
 the Asylum for Fatherless Children, 
 to which he contributed <£1,800, 
 and gave his services for eighteen 
 years, the Asylum for Idiots at 
 Earlswood, and the Royal Hospital 
 for Incuraljles. At an early age 
 he wrote anonymousl}' a religious 
 novel, " No Fiction," which ran 
 through many editions, and created 
 a good deal of excitement probably 
 on account of the spice of scandal 
 contained in it. After liis death a 
 " Life " of him was i)ublished by 
 his son Sir Charles Reed. 
 
 REED, Sir Chahlks. F.S.A. 
 [1819— 18S1], second sou of the 
 above, was born at Sonning, near 
 Reading, Berkshire. He was edu- 
 cated at Haoknoy Crammar School 
 and at University College, London. 
 Sir Charles was the head of the 
 " Fann Street Letter Foundry." 
 Lonchm, and ho av;is actively con- 
 cerned in the charitable institutions 
 founded l)y his father. He repre- 
 
EEED— REID. 
 
 sented the borough of Hackney in 
 the Liberal interest from Dec., 1SG8, 
 till April, 187 A, when he retired from 
 the House of Commons.and remained 
 out of Parliament until the general 
 election in 1880, when he was re- 
 turned for St. Ives. In 187-1 he 
 was elected chairman of the London 
 School Board (of which he had 
 previously been vice-chairman), 
 and received the honoui* of knight- 
 hood. He was one of the English 
 Commissioners for the Paris Exhi- 
 bition of 1878, and for his services 
 was nominated an Officer of the 
 Legion of Honoui*. He became a 
 Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries 
 (1852) ; Conservator of the Eiver 
 Thames (18G0) ; Justice of the Peace 
 for Middlesex and "Westminster 
 (1872) ; Trustee of " George Pea- 
 body's Donation Funds" (1873); 
 Special English Commissioner to 
 the Philadelphia Exhibition, and 
 Chairman of Judges of Award on 
 Education (1875) ; Doctor of Laws, 
 Yale University, United States 
 (1876) ; and President of the " Sun- 
 day School Union of England and 
 "Wales " (1877). He was the author 
 of "The Life and Philanthropic 
 Labours of Andrew Eeed, D.D." 
 (1868) ; " Historical Narrative of 
 the Plantations and Settlements in 
 Ulster of the Irish Society," &c. 
 He died at his residence. Earls- 
 mead, Page Green, Tottenham, 
 after a short illness, March 25, 
 1881. 
 
 EEED, General Sir Thomas, 
 G.C.B. [1796—1883], was the son 
 of Thomas Eeed, of Dublin, where 
 he was born. He was educated 
 at Sandhurst, and entered the army 
 in 1813. He served in the campaign 
 of 1815, and was present at the 
 battle of Waterloo. In 1846 he 
 commanded a brigade of the army 
 of the Sutlej, and was wounded, 
 and had a horse killed under him 
 at the battle of Ferozeshah. In 
 1857 he commanded and made the 
 military disposition of the troops 
 in the Punjaub at the breaking out 
 of the mutiny, which resulted in 
 
 ti.e tran' '" r of that pr 
 an-i for hi ■ • " ■ • ■■■-■■•r.: 
 
 Viy th»» G 
 
 an A.D.C. to the Queen from Ib-il 
 to 185 i, and in 1858 was appointed 
 colonel of the llth Eegiment. He 
 was made lieutenant-general in 
 1860, general in 1868, and retired 
 in 1877. He was nominated K.C.B. 
 in 1865, and G.C.B. in 1875. 
 
 EEID, Captain Mayne, was born 
 in the north of Ireland in 1819. He 
 had been intended for the Church, 
 but his love of adventure prompted 
 him, in 1838, to sail for America, 
 where he was half trader and half 
 trapper in the unsettled country 
 about the Missouri Eiver. In 1845 
 the war with Mexico broke out, and 
 Mayne Eeid accepted a commission 
 in the United States army : he led 
 a charge of infantry at the battle 
 of Cherabusco, and was severely 
 wounded during the attack on Cha- 
 poltepec. It was scenes such as 
 these, that supplied material -for 
 his subsecj^uent career as a Avriter. 
 At the close of the war he came 
 to London, and it was then that 
 he began to write his stories. For 
 some years these tales of Mexican 
 life were popular, but misfortunes 
 came upon him in 18G6, and from 
 that time he had little success. 
 He died in Maida Yale, Oct. 22nd, 
 1883 . Among his best-known works 
 are "The Scalp Himters," "The 
 Eifle Eangers," " The Bush Boys," 
 " The White Chief,'' " The Maroon," 
 " The Headless Horseman," " The 
 Castaways," " The White^quaw," 
 &c., *tc. 
 
 EEID,Major-General Sir Wil- 
 liam, K.C.B. [1791 — 1858], son of a 
 Scotch minister, entered the Eoval 
 Engineers in 1809. Yrithin a year 
 he proceeded to the Peninsula, and 
 was present at the three sieges of 
 Bada joz, the siege of Ciudad Eodi-igo, 
 and the battles of Salamanca, Yit- 
 toria, Toulouse, and many others, 
 and in 1816 he served under Lord 
 Exmouth at the attack on Algiers. 
 In 1832 he was at Barbadoes em- 
 ployed in rebuilding the Govern- 
 
750 
 
 1' TuXXjIj 1- 
 
 -IvENDEL. 
 
 luent })uildin^ ' <h-is return he 
 
 assumed commaud of tlie garri.'oii 
 at VVoolwioli, which he retained 
 until reques(:«'(i to take the chair 
 of the committee for managing the 
 Exhibition of 1851. At the close 
 of the Exhibition he was made a, 
 K.C.B., and had the government of 
 Malta conferred upon him. He was 
 the author of the " Law of Storms" 
 and " Progress of the Development 
 of the Law of Storms/' works which 
 have proved of great value to navi- 
 gators in the East and West Indian 
 seas. He was the original of Charles 
 Dickens' " Model Governor,"' pub- 
 lished in ifoitse/ioZd Words. He was 
 admitted a Fellow of the Royal 
 Society in 1839. 
 
 EEILLY, Sib Francis Savage, 
 K.C.M.G., Q.C. [1825—1883], son 
 of James Miles Reilly, of the Irish 
 bar, v/as born in Dublin. He 
 was educated at Trinity College, 
 Dublin, where he obtained the 
 Foundation Scholarship, and was 
 called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn 
 in 1851. He practised for many 
 years with great success as a par- 
 liamentary draughtsman in West- 
 minster, being very successful both 
 in public and private legislation. 
 He acted as assessor to Lord 
 Salisbury and Lord Cairns in the 
 London, Chatham and Dover Rail- 
 way arbitration, to Lord Cairns in 
 the Albert Life Assurance Co. ar- 
 bitration, &c. He was appointed 
 counsel to the Speaker of the 
 House of Commons in 1882, and in 
 the sanie year was nominated a 
 K.C.M.Gr. in recognition of his 
 valuable legal services to the 
 foreign and colonial departments. 
 He was made a Q.C. in 1882. 
 
 EEINAGLE, Ramsay Richakd, 
 R.A., was the son of Philip Reinagle, 
 the animal painter, and was born 
 March 19, 1775. He first exhibited 
 in the Academy of 1788, and from 
 tliat time was a constant exliibitor 
 of history, portrait, animal, and 
 landscape paintings, — excelling 
 cliiefly in the latter. In 1807 he 
 became a member of the AVater 
 
 Colour Society, but resigned on the 
 changes which took place in 1813. 
 In the following year he was elected 
 A .R.A., and full member in 1823. 
 In 1818 he was called upon to resign 
 his diploma, he having purchased 
 a landscape and exhibited it as his 
 own. Nevertheless he continued 
 to exhibit in the Academy, where 
 at various times he contributed 241- 
 works — the last in 1857. When his 
 failing health prevented his paint- 
 ing he received a liberal allowance 
 from the funds of the Academy 
 until his death, which occurred 
 Nov. 17, 18G2. A landscape and 
 four water-colour drawings by him. 
 are in the South Kensington Col- 
 lection. 
 
 R E N D E L , James Meadows, 
 F.R.S., C.E. [1800— 1856], was born 
 in the West of England. He early 
 displayed great mechanical ability, 
 and was first employed by Mr. Tel- 
 ford in the construction of turn- 
 pike roads and bridges in Devon- 
 shire and Cornwall. Subsequently 
 Mr. Rendel was engaged in the 
 distribution of water mains at the 
 Plymouth Dockyard, and on the 
 Edinburgh Water Works. In 1838 
 he came to London, and Avas soon 
 occupied with important under- 
 takings, such as the Montrose sus- 
 pension bridge, the Inverness 
 bridge, the East and West India, 
 and London Docks. The con- 
 struction of new docks at Birken- 
 head and Grimsby brought him 
 prominently before the pul)lic, 
 and his reputation was enhanced 
 by his construction of the liarbours 
 of refuge at Holyhead and Portland. 
 Amonu" other works with which his 
 name is associated, shoukl he men- 
 tioned the constructions on the 
 River Lea, .and the impnn'ements 
 on the New River, the execution 
 of the Birkenhead, Lancashire, 
 and Cheshire Junction Line, and 
 the direcliuu of the I'^ast Indian 
 and Madras Railway. Mr. Rendel 
 was also employed Viy the Exche- 
 quer Loan Connnissioners to report 
 upon the drainage and other public 
 
RENDELL— RENNIE . 
 
 751 
 
 works in Ireland. During- lSr)2 
 and 1853 lie was President of the 
 Institution of Civil Engineers. 
 
 RENDELL, Elias De La Roche 
 [1803—1876], born at Barnstaple, 
 was one of the earliest ministei's of 
 the Swedenborgian communion. He 
 adopted the faith in 1823, and three 
 years later took charge of a cliurch 
 at Newcastle-on-^yne, Avhere he 
 remained for neai'ly eighteen years, 
 and then removed to Preston, these 
 being the only two churches to 
 which he was ever attached. Mr. 
 Rendell was on several occasions 
 President of the General Conference 
 of the New Church, and was one of 
 the authors of the Liturgy issued 
 by that body. As a writer he is 
 known by "The Deity of Chi'ist 
 Asserted," " Peculiarities of the 
 Bible/' "■ Antediluvian History," 
 and " Postdiluvian History." He 
 was also one of the founders of the 
 Preston Literary and Scientific 
 Institution. 
 
 RENNELL, Very Rev. Thomas, 
 D.D. [1753—1810], Dean of Win- 
 chester Cathedral^ was the only son 
 of the Rev. Thomas Rennell, Pre- 
 bendary of Winchester. He was 
 educated at Eton, and at King's 
 College, Cambridge^ and on taking 
 holy orders became curate of Bar- 
 nack, a retired village in North- 
 amptonshire. He was appointed at 
 an earlier age than usual to a pre- 
 bend in Winchester Cathedral, 
 which, however, he resigned in 
 1797, on being appointed to the 
 Mastership of the Temple. His 
 learning and eloquence made him 
 very popular, and he enjoyed the 
 friendship and intimacy of such 
 men as Eldon^ Stowell, Kenyon, 
 Erskine, &c. He took his D.D. 
 degree at Cambridge in 1798, and 
 in 1805 was jDromoted by Pitt 
 to the Deanei'y of Winchester. He 
 resigned the Mastership of the 
 Temple in 1827. 
 
 RENNIE, George, son of George 
 Rennie, Esq., of Phantassie, East 
 Lothian, the agricultui'ist, and ne- 
 phew of John Sennio, the engineer, 
 
 was in early life a sculptor, and 
 produced in Rome some remarkable 
 works, one of which, the " Grecian 
 Archer," he presented to the Athe- 
 naeum Club. In 1830 he suggested 
 to Mr. William Ewart, m!p., the 
 Parliamentaiy Committee which 
 led to the formation of schools of 
 design, and in conjunction with 
 Mr. Joseph Hume, M. P., he secured 
 free access for students to the pub- 
 lic art galleries in London. In 
 1811 Mr. Rennie was returned for 
 Ipswich in the Liberal interest, 
 but retired at the ensuing general 
 election in favour of the local can- 
 didate. Shortly afterwards he was 
 offered the government of the Falk- 
 land Islands, a colony he succeeded 
 in raising from the most abject con- 
 dition to one of great prosperity. 
 He died in London, Mar. 22, 1860. 
 
 RENNIE, Sir John, F.R.S., C.E., 
 [1791 — 187-1], at one time President 
 of the Institution of Civil Engi- 
 neers, was the son of John Rennie, 
 the distinguished civil engineer, who 
 designed new London Bridge, and 
 designed and executed Southwark 
 and Waterloo Bridges. He helped his 
 father in the two last-nanied under- 
 takings, and after his death in 1821 
 succeeded him as engineer to the 
 Admiralty. For the building of 
 London Bridge he was knighted. 
 Among his other works were Sheer- 
 ness Dockyard, the Plymouth 
 Breakwater, the completion of 
 Ramsgate Harbour, the New Docks 
 at Whitehaven, &c. He also for a 
 number of years was engaged in 
 carrying out the great system of 
 drainage and land reclamation in 
 the Lincolnshire Fens. Together 
 with his brother, G. Rennie, he 
 helj)ed to introduce the screw-pro- 
 jector into the navy, and erected 
 the machinery for the mints of 
 Calcutta, Bombay, and Mexico. 
 He was considered an authority on 
 all subjects connected with hydrau- 
 lic engineering, harbours, canals, 
 irrigation, the management of 
 I'ivers, &c. He was, the author of 
 a work on harbours, which he dedi- 
 

 REPTON— REYNOLDS. 
 
 cated to the Queen, a brief history 
 of civil engineering in the form of 
 a presidential address to the Insti- 
 tution of CiviLEngineers, and of 
 one or two pamphlets on engineer- 
 ing subjects. He belonged to most 
 of the scientific and learned socie- 
 ties of the metropolis, and had 
 several foreign orders conferred 
 upon him. 
 
 REPTON, John Adey, F.S.A. 
 [1775 — 1860], born at iNorwich, was 
 the son of Humphrey Repton, the 
 eminent landscape gardener. In 
 consequence of deafness he re- 
 ceived a very limited education at 
 the Aylsham Grammar School, 
 but his own natural taste for read- 
 ing helped him forward. In the 
 details of architecture he was in- 
 structed by the author of "The 
 Antiquities of Magna Grsecia," 
 William Wilkins, and then he be- 
 came an assistant to the cele- 
 brated John Nash. Later he joined 
 his father and brother, and with 
 them worked conjointly in various 
 parts of the kingdom. He exhi- 
 bited drawings and designs at the 
 Academy from 1798 to 1805, when 
 he was styled an lion, exhibitor. 
 Among Mr. J. A. Repton's chief 
 productions may be mentioned his 
 design for the public buildings 
 then proposed to form " Parliament 
 Square," Westminster, for which 
 he gained the first premium, the 
 designs for Bethlehem Hospital, the 
 restorations at Buckhurst, the seat 
 of Earl Delawar]', and Prince Piick- 
 ler Muskau's Palace in Lusatia. 
 He was one of the designers of the 
 Brighton Pavilion. 
 
 REYNOLDS, Admiral Sir 
 Barrington, K.C.B. [178G— 18G1J, 
 son of Rear-Admiral Robert C 
 Reynolds, who was lost in the 8f. 
 Georcje in 1811, entered the navy 
 soon after he had completed his 
 tenth year. In Jan., 17*.)7, he was 
 wrecked and taken jjrisoner near 
 He Bas after a gallant action with 
 Les Droits de VUonime. On regain- 
 ing his libei'ty in January of the 
 following year he was appointed to 
 
 La Pomone, and subsequently to the 
 Indefatigable. For his gallantry 
 in several actions he was promoted 
 to the rank of lieutenant. In 1811 
 he commanded the Hesper in the 
 expedition against Java, where he 
 assisted at the bombardment and 
 storming of Fort Cornells, and 
 served on shore with a party of 
 seamen throughout all the opera- 
 tions. As a reward for his services 
 in the subjugation of the island he 
 was given the command of the fri- 
 gate Sir Francis Drahe, and was in 
 the following year removed to the 
 Bucejihalus, in which he continued 
 until paid off in 1813. Owing to 
 impaired health caused by the East 
 Indian climate, he was not em- 
 ployed for several years. From 
 1833 to 1842 he commanded the 
 Ganges, and from 1843 to 1852 he 
 was commander-in-chief at the 
 Cape of Good Hope and the Brazil 
 station. In 1857 his services were 
 transferred to Devonport, where 
 he remained until 18G0. In 1838 
 he was made a C.B., and in 1856 a 
 K.C.B. 
 
 REYNOLDS, John Hamilton 
 [1796—1852], author of " Safie,^' a 
 poem Avhich gained for him the 
 friendship of Byron, Leigh Hunt, 
 and other eminent writers. For 
 many years he was an active con- 
 tributor to the principal London 
 periodicals, such as the London 
 Magazine (in which some of his best 
 work appeared), the Edinburgh Re- 
 view, the Retrospeciive, and latterly, 
 the Westminster, and gathered roiuid 
 him a literary circle which included 
 Charles Lamb, Allan Cunningham, 
 Darley, Hazlitt, and Hood — the 
 latter marricel his oldest sister. 
 But his chief claim to remembrance 
 lies in the fact that he was for some 
 3'ears the faithful friend and cor- 
 respondent of Keats. To him 
 Keats wrote many of his most per- 
 fect letters (see liuxttm Forman's 
 Ed. vol. 3) ; he defended the poet 
 against the attacks of the Quar- 
 terly, etc. He was witty, clever, 
 and kindly, and his poetry and prose 
 
 .*-^ 
 
RICE— RICHAT?DSOX 
 
 to 
 
 were alike interesting. At the 
 time of his death he was clei*k of 
 the county court of the Isle of 
 Wi^ht. 
 
 RICE, James [181G— 1S82], 
 novelist and joui-nalist, who in con- 
 junction with Mr. "Walter Besant 
 wrote " The Chaplain of the Fleet," 
 the'^ Golden Butterfly/' &c., was 
 educated at Queen's College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he graduated in law 
 in 1868. He was a member of 
 Lincoln's Inn, and was called to 
 the Bar in 1871, but his work was 
 wholly literary. He was editor 
 and proprietor of Once a Weelc from 
 1868 to 1872. His partnership with 
 Mr. Walter Besant began in the 
 year 1871 with the novel called 
 " Ready Money Mortiboy," and 
 continued to the time of his death. 
 He published in 1879 a " History 
 of the British Tiu'f." He was for 
 eight years the London correspon- 
 dent find agent of the Toronto 
 Globe, and there was, j^erhaps, no 
 man in London better known to 
 Canadians than Mr. Rice. He died 
 at his residence at Redhill, Surrey, 
 leaving a widow and one son. 
 
 RICHARDS, Alfred Bate 
 [1820 — 1876], author and barrister- 
 at-law, one of the chief and earliest 
 promoters of the volunteer move- 
 ment, was the eldest son of John 
 Richards, Esq., M.P. for Knares- 
 borough. He v\-rote " Croesus, King 
 of Lydia, a Tragedy," published 
 in 1S15 ; several other plays and 
 poems; "^Cobden and his Pamphlet 
 Considered," wliich went through 
 five editions ; " Britain Redeemed," 
 1S51 ; a comprehensive plan for a 
 railway to be constructed by con- 
 vict labour across British North 
 America; ''Medea," a poem, in 
 1869 ; and the novel, " So Very 
 Human," in 1871. Three of his 
 plays have been acted — " The Pri- 
 soner of Toulon," produced at 
 Drury Lane, some years ago, 
 " Cromwell," produced at the 
 Qiieen's Theatre in 1873, and a 
 dramatic version of " Norma," 
 written for Miss "Wallis in 1875. 
 
 Mr. Richards, who edited the Bn- 
 tish Army Despatch for two years, 
 was tlie editor under whose auspices 
 the Daily Telegraph started, and 
 was secretary of the " National 
 and Constitutional Association " 
 until the " Administrative Reform 
 Association "• was projected. He 
 organised and commanded the first 
 Working Men's Corps, the 3rd City 
 of London, numbering nearly 1,000 
 effective members, of which he was 
 colonel until his resignation in 
 1869. On retiring, the honorary 
 colonelcy of the regiment was 
 offered to him, but declined. To 
 Mr. Richards belongs the merit of 
 having convened the celebrated 
 meeting held at St. Martin's Hall, 
 April 16, 1859, for the piu-pose of 
 forming volunteer corps. Its ob- 
 jects were advocated by the Times, 
 and nearly the whole of the press, 
 metropolitan and provincial, and 
 the War Office Circular (of which 
 the first intimation was addressed 
 to Colonel Sir Duncan McDougall, 
 in answer to the St. Martin's Hall 
 memorial), authorizing the enrol- 
 ment of volunteers, appeared May 
 12 of that year. Mr. Richards 
 succeeded Mr. James Grant as edi- 
 tor of the Morning Advertiser in 
 Dec, 1870. 
 
 RICHARDSON, Sir John, M.D., 
 C.B. [1787—1865], was the son of 
 a provost of the town of Dumfries. 
 He entered Edinburgh University 
 in 1801, and graduated M.D. in 
 1816. He became an assistant-sur- 
 geon in the navy in 1807, and 
 served at the siege of Copenhagen, 
 and during the war with the 
 United States, in Canada and 
 Georgia, as surgeon to the 1st 
 battalion of Marines. He was sub- 
 sequently surgeon of the Melville 
 Hospital, Chatham, and for seven- 
 teen years insj^ector of Haslar 
 Hospital. He was also emj^loyed 
 during seven years in the Arctic 
 regions, on three separate expedi- 
 tions of search and discovery. In 
 1846 he received the honour of 
 He was F.R.S. of 
 
 knighthood 
 
 3 c 
 
751. 
 
 PaCHARDSON— RICHxMOXD. 
 
 London and Edinburgh, hon. D.C.L. 
 of Dublin, Sec, and a member of 
 many learned societies. He was 
 tlie author of the " Fauna Borealis 
 Americana," the zoological appen- 
 dix to Sir Edward Parry's second 
 voyage ; " The Ichthyology of the 
 Erebus, Terror, and Sulphur," and 
 of several reports and scientific 
 papers on Arctic travels. His last 
 voyage he undertook at the age of 
 61 in search of his friend Sir John 
 Franklin, and has given an account 
 of that expedition in his book, the 
 " Boat Voyage." He retired alto- 
 gether from the service in 1855, 
 and during his last years was on 
 constant duty as a magistrate, and 
 as a chairman of meetings. He 
 visited Rome and Naples, and car- 
 ried through the press five or six 
 volumes of revisions of scientific, 
 more particularly ichthyological, 
 works. 
 
 RICHARDSON, Mary, Lady 
 [1S02— 1880], of Lancrigg, near 
 Grasmere, was the daughter of a 
 distinguished mother (Mrs. Flet- 
 cher), whose autobiography she 
 edited, and the widow of the pre- 
 ceding. She was herself a re- 
 markable character, whose friend- 
 ship was deeply valued by many 
 distinguished men and women. 
 Her father was that Archibald 
 Fletcher whom Lord Cockljurn 
 called ''a, pure and firm patriot." 
 Her mother, the life-long friend of 
 Lord Brougham, the friend, too, in 
 licr later years of Wordsworth, by 
 her brilliancy of intellect gathered 
 round her all the genius of Edin- 
 burgh, at the time of Edinburgh's 
 greatest literary fame — that of the 
 founda<tlon of the Edinburgh Re- 
 view. Lady Richardson was for 
 mxny years her mother's constant 
 companion, as she did not marry 
 till 1817. In 181-8, not long after 
 lior marriage, she had to part with 
 her husband, Sir John setting out 
 in fulfilment of a promise to search 
 for his friend and connection. Sir 
 John Franklin. Nearly nil the 
 f rieuda of her early days died be- 
 
 fore her, biTt to the last she retained 
 her bright interest in the impor- 
 tant questions of the day, literary, 
 political, and scientific. 
 
 RICHARDSON, Thomas Miles. 
 Born of a good family at Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne, May 15, 1781, he was 
 apprenticed to an engraver, and 
 afterwards to a cabinet-maker. At 
 the age of twenty-two he succeeded 
 his father as master of the St. An- 
 drew's Grrammar School, and then 
 first employed his spare time in 
 drawing, and made such progress in 
 the art that, after seven years, he 
 thrcAvup his appointment to devote 
 himself to painting. His subjects 
 were landscape and marine views 
 treated in a bold and original 
 manner^ and he excelled in sunset 
 effects. He first exhibited in the 
 Academy of 1811, and was also an 
 exhibitor at the British Institution 
 and in Suffolk Street. Later he 
 became a member of the new 
 Water-Colour Society. He died 
 March 7, 1848. 
 
 RICHMOND, Fifth Duke of, 
 Charles Gordox-Lennox, Earl of 
 March, Baron of Settringham, 
 York, Earl of Darnley, &c. [1791— 
 ISGO], was the eldest son of Charles, 
 the fourth Duke, and was educated 
 at Westminster School. He en- 
 tered the army, and was for a time 
 A.D.C. to his father, at that time 
 Lord Lieutenantof Ireland. He then 
 joined the forces in Portugal, and 
 became A.D.C. and assistant mili- 
 tary secretary to the Duke of Wel- 
 lington, with whom he remained 
 until the close of the war in 181 1, 
 taking part in ail the chief actions, 
 and being severely wounded at the 
 battle of Orthes. He was A.D.^. 
 to the Prince of Orange during the 
 campaign in the Notlierlands, and 
 was present at Quatre Bras and 
 Wa,terloo. The Prince being 
 Avounded at Waterloo, the Earl 
 joined the Duke of Wellington's 
 staff as A.D.C, and remainod 
 with him for the rest of t!ie 
 campaign. For liis services he 
 received the silver war medal and 
 
RICKMAX 
 
 too 
 
 eight clasps. He married, in 1817, 
 Lady Caroline Paget, eldest daugh- 
 ter of the first Marquis of Angle- 
 sey, and succeeded to the dukedom 
 in 1819. He was member for 
 Chichester in the Conservative in- 
 terest from 1812 to 1819. He oi)- 
 posed the repeal of the Com Laws, 
 but was in favour of the Reform 
 Bill, was Postmaster-General in 
 Earl Grey's administration, and 
 was a member of the Cabinet from 
 1830 to 1834. He also supported 
 Lord Melbourne's Government. 
 He was much interested in agri- 
 cultiire, was one of the founders of 
 the Eoyal Agricultural Society of 
 England, and President of the 
 Eoyal Highland and Agricultural 
 Societv, as well as of the Smithfield 
 Club. He was a princely supporter 
 of the turf, and did much to make 
 the annual Goodwood races suc- 
 cessful. He was nominated K.G. 
 in 1S2S ; was Lord Lieutenant, 
 Custos Eotulorum, and Yice-Ad- 
 miral of Sussex ; A.D.C. to the 
 Queen, High Steward of Chiches- 
 ter, &:o. On inheriting, in 1836, 
 the large estates of his maternal 
 uncle, the Duke of Gordon, he 
 assumed the name of Gordon by 
 royal letters patent for himself 
 and all his then surviving issue. 
 
 EICKMAX, JoHx, F.E.S. [1771— 
 1841 , clerk assistant at the table of 
 the House of Commons, was educated 
 at the Guildford Grammar School, 
 and in 1738 entered at Magdalen 
 Hall, Oxford, from which he re- 
 moved to Lincoln College. One of 
 his contemporaries at College, who 
 remained his most intimate friend 
 and frequent correspondent to the 
 last, was Southey, the poet. Hav- 
 ing taken his degree, Mr. Eickman 
 turned his attention to literature, 
 and, besides other work, conducted 
 the Commercial, Agricultural and 
 Manufacturer's Magazine. In 1801 
 he accompanied the Eight Hon. 
 Charles Abbot as his private secre- 
 tary to Ireland, and was specially 
 empowered to act as Deputy Privy 
 Seal. When Mr. Abbot accepted 
 
 the Speakership of the House of 
 Commons in 1802, Mr. Eickman, 
 refusing an appointment in Dublin, 
 returned with him to London, and 
 remained for twelve years Speaker's 
 secretary. In 1811- he was ap- 
 pointed second clerk assistant at 
 the table of the House of Commons, 
 and six years later became clerk 
 assistant, an office he held at the 
 time of his death. Among his con- 
 tributions to the conveniences of 
 the House may be mentioned the 
 arrangement of the " Index of 
 Statutes " which he put in order 
 with considerable labour ; also a 
 selection of books which he chose 
 for the library, and an improved 
 system of the publication of the 
 " Votes and Proceedings of the 
 House." But the work which 
 chiefly occupied his thoughts and 
 to which he devoted a great deal 
 of time was the census of Great 
 Britain, on which subject he pub- 
 lished several valuable treatises 
 and pamphlets, and he will chiefly 
 be remembered for his indefatigable 
 labours in that direction. After 
 his death, on Feb. 2, 1841, the 
 House of Commons passed a reso- 
 lution expressing its " just and 
 high sense" of liis services. 
 
 EICKMAX, TnoiiAS, bom 
 June 8, 1776, of an old Sussex 
 family, at Maidenhead, was edu- 
 cated as a surgeon, and for t^vo 
 years practised with his father at 
 Lewes. But he did not like his 
 profession, and in 1803, went to 
 London, and for five years was clerk 
 to a com factor there. He left 
 that situation to enter a broker's 
 office at Liverpool, and while there, 
 having some spare time, he began 
 to study architecture, giving special 
 attention to the Gothic style. By 
 degrees he became more and more 
 absorbed in his new study, began 
 to design monumental and other 
 small works, and entered into some 
 of the competitions for new churches 
 at that time being erected. Being 
 successful in one of his designs, he 
 went to London to carry it out, and 
 
 3 c 2 
 
rSG 
 
 RIGAUD— ETXTOUL. 
 
 from that time gave up his situa- 
 tion, and became an architect. He 
 continued to live for some time in 
 Liverpool, but fihally settled at Bir- 
 mingham. Among his works may 
 be mentioned Gulton Chui'ch, near 
 Leeds, some of the buildings of 
 St. John^s College, Cambridge, and 
 the church at Hampton Lucy, War- 
 wickshire. He was also a ■i\T.'iter on 
 architectui'al subjects, and his "^At- 
 temjDt to Discriminate the Styles 
 of Architecture,"' hi'd no little in- 
 fluence on the Gothic revival. He 
 died at Birmingham, Jan., 18 il. 
 
 EIGAUD, Stephen Peter, M.A., 
 F.R.S., &c. [177-^1^1839], Savilian 
 Professor of Astronomy, Radcliffe 
 Observer, and Reader in Experi- 
 mental Philosophy at Oxford, was 
 born at Richmond, being descended 
 from a French family that settled 
 in England on the revocation of 
 the edict of Nantes. He was edu- 
 cated at Exeter College, Oxford, of 
 which he became a Fellow, and in 
 1810 succeeded Dr. Hornsby as Lec- 
 turer on Experimental Philosophy, 
 and became also Savilian Professor 
 of Astronomy. He was appointed 
 public examiner in 1801, again in 
 180G, and in 1835, and was besides 
 one of the first examiners for the 
 University mathematical scholar- 
 ship. In 1831 he published the 
 "Miscellaneous Works and Corres- 
 pondence of Dr. Bradley," and in 
 1838 some valuable notices on the 
 first publication of Newton's " Prin- 
 cipia." He was also a frequent con- 
 tributor to the scientific journals of 
 his day, to the " Transactions of 
 the Royal Astronomical Society," 
 to Brewster's Journal, and to the 
 Nautical Magfizine. 
 
 RILEY, Henry Thomas, M.A. 
 [1819—1878], a distinguished anti- 
 tjuarian, was the son of a West 
 Indian planter. In early life he 
 translated many classical authors 
 for Mr. Bohn, and compiled a "Dic- 
 tionary of Latin Quotations " for 
 the same publisher. Subsecjuently 
 ho became a contributor to tlie 
 Gentleman's Magazine, and at the 
 
 beginning of 1858 he was appointed 
 by the Master of the Rolls to edit 
 " Liber Custumarum," and the 
 " Liber Albus.' He was also ap- 
 pointed by the Corporation to edit 
 " Memorials of London in the 13th, 
 14th, and 15th Centuries," a work 
 which he accomplished in an admir- 
 able manner. In 18G9 Mr. Riley 
 was appointed one of the Inspectors 
 of Manuscripts under the Historical 
 MSS. Commission. In 1810 he took 
 his degree at Cambridge, and in 
 1870 was incorporated at Exeter 
 College, Oxford. 
 
 RIMBAULT, Edward Francis, 
 LL.D. [181G — 187G], musician, born 
 in London, son of the organist of 
 St. Giles's. He was instructed in 
 music by his father, and subse- 
 quently by Dr. S. Wesley. In early 
 life his attention was turned to the 
 history of music, and subsequently 
 he became a great authority in 
 that line, and especially on church 
 music. His works on this head are 
 a Collection of Cathedral Chants; 
 Tallis's " Responses ; " Marbeek's 
 " Book of Common Prayer, noted ;" 
 some unpublished Cathedral Ser- 
 vices ; Arnold's " Cathedral Mu- 
 sic ; " and a good deal besides. 
 His own compositions are few, and 
 not noteworthy. He was an au- 
 thority on the history of the organ 
 and pianoforte, and published works 
 on those instruments, and " ar- 
 ranged " operas and oratorios. 
 
 RINTOUL, Robert Stephen 
 [1788 — 1858], projector, editor, and 
 proprietor of The Spectator news- 
 pajier, was a native of Scotland. 
 In 1813 he became editor of the 
 Dundee Advertiser, Avhich under 
 his control rose to great local 
 eminence. For a short time lie 
 presided over the London Atlas, but 
 a misunderstanding with the pro- 
 prietors led to Mr. Rintoul resolv- 
 ing to estaldish a journal for the 
 exj^ress maintenance of Liberal 
 opinion, and in July, 18L'8, the first 
 number of The Si>cctator appeared. 
 The question of Parliamentary Re- 
 form was very ably dealt with ; the 
 
RIPON— RITSON. 
 
 757 
 
 cry of "the Bill, the whole Bill, 
 and nothing but the Bill," origi- 
 nated with the new journal. AVhen 
 the suffrage movement had spent 
 its force, Mr. Rintoid turned his 
 strength to the subject of coloniza- 
 tion, and the great improvement 
 in the old colonies and the increase 
 in the number of dependencies are 
 lai'gely due to the enlightened 
 views which The Spectator impressed 
 ujjon the public mind. 
 
 EIPON, Eight Hex. Fkederick 
 John Robixsox, First Eakl, Vis- 
 couxt goderich, of noctox, p.o., 
 F.R.S. [1782—1859], born in Lon- 
 don, was the second son of Lord 
 Grantham, and brother of Earl de 
 Grey, K.G. He was educated at 
 Harrow, where he was the contem- 
 porary of Peel, Aberdeen^ Palmer- 
 ston, and Lord Byron, and at St. 
 John's College, Cambridge, where 
 he obtained Sir "William Browne^s 
 medal for the best Latin ode in 
 1801, and graduated a year later. 
 In 1804 he became private secretary 
 to his relative. Lord Hardwicke, 
 then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. 
 He left Ireland when Lord Hard- 
 wicke was recalled on the death of 
 Mr. Pitt in 1806, and in 1807 he 
 was returned member for Eipon in 
 the Liberal interest, and continued 
 to I'epresent that borough for twenty 
 vears. After filling various sub- 
 ordinate offices, he was appointed 
 President of the Board of Trade in 
 1818, Chancellor of the Exchequer 
 in 1823, created Viscount Goderich 
 and made Secretary for the Colo- 
 nies in 1827, and on the death of 
 Mr. Canning later in the same year, 
 was elevated to the premiership, 
 which position he held but three 
 months. Lord Goderich was Colo- 
 nial Secretary in Earl Grey's 
 Ministry of 1830, and became Lord 
 Privy Seal in 1833, receiving at the 
 same time an earldom. In 183t 
 he retired from the Cabinet, and 
 in 1811 accepted the office of Pi-esi- 
 dent of the Board of Trade under 
 Sir Robert Peel. He subsequently 
 presided over the Board of Control, 
 
 and retired from official life in 
 1810. Lord Ripon, wlio was nick- 
 named •' Prosperity Robinson," by 
 Cobbett, and " Goody Goderich," 
 by Sir Charles Napier, was certainly 
 one of the weakest Prime Ministers 
 who ever held office, his very san- 
 guine disposition leading him into 
 all sorts of difficulties from which 
 he could not escape without ridi- 
 cule. 
 
 RITCHIE, Leitch [1801— 18G5], 
 iniscellaneous writer, was bom in 
 Greenock, and after serving an 
 apprenticeship in a banking-house 
 there, came to London, and began 
 to devote himself to literature. 
 He next accepted a post in a 
 counting-house in Glasgow, and 
 while there started, in conjunction 
 with a few friends, a periodical 
 called the Wanderer. On the fail- 
 lu-e of his employers, he returned 
 to London, and began to write 
 for the reviews and magazines, 
 and ^brought out his volume of 
 tales, entitled, ''Head Pieces and 
 Tail Pieces," which was quickly 
 followed by the "Game of Life," 
 and the "Romance of French His- 
 tory.'^ In connection with Wil- 
 liam Kennedy, the author of " Fit- 
 ful Fancies " (q. v.), he started the 
 Englishman's Magazine. Next he 
 was for a time editor of the Era 
 newspaper, then he started the 
 Indian Xeus, which he subsequently 
 sold, and during his latter years 
 was connected with Chambers' 
 Edinburgh Journal. Among his 
 other wi-itings may be mentioned 
 "Wearyfoot Common," and "Win- 
 ter Evenings." He was for soma 
 time editor of the Annual " Friend- 
 ship's Offering." 
 
 RITSON, JoxATHAX, born at 
 Whitehaven, about 1776, was the 
 son of a carpenter. He was brought 
 up to his father's trade till, his 
 wood carvings having roused the 
 interest of the Duke of Norfolk, 
 he was employed by that noble- 
 man to execute the chief carv- 
 ings in the library and baron's 
 hall of Arundel Castle. After the 
 
758 
 
 lUVEKS— ROBERTS. 
 
 death of his patron in 1815, the 
 Earl of Egremont commissioned 
 him to conij^loto the carvinjj^s at 
 Petworth, -whcPb he died, Ai)ril t), 
 181G. 
 
 RIVERS, LiEUT.-WiLLiAM. R.N. 
 [1788 — 385G]. At a very earJy H'^c 
 he went to sea with his fatlier, who 
 was attached to tlie Viclory, iind 
 was present at Lord Hotham's 
 second action, as also in tliat off 
 Cai^e St. Vincent. At Trafalgar he 
 lost a leg. He was a lieutenant of 
 the Cossack at Copenhagen in 1807, 
 and first lieutenant of the Cretan, 
 at Elushiug, in 180*J, and actively 
 emj)loyed in the Channel and on 
 the Sjjanish coast iintil peace was 
 declared, when Lieutenant Rivers 
 was removed to Woolwich Dock- 
 yard, and from thence, in 182G, to 
 Greenwich Hospital, where he died. 
 
 RIVIERE, William, born in 
 London, Oct. 22, 18(JG, was the 
 son of a drawing master, and early 
 hecame a student ai the Royal 
 Academy. In 182G he exhibited 
 his first picture, and from that date 
 till 18<10 was an occasional exhi- 
 bitor of domestic pieces in all the 
 principal galleries. Eroin 18J'J to 
 1850 he was drawing master at 
 Cheltenham College ; he then re- 
 moved to Oxford, where he died, 
 Aug. 2U, 187G. He exhil)ited forty- 
 four paintings in London. He was 
 the father of Mr. Hriton Riviere, 
 R.A. 
 
 RI VI NGTON, John [1771)— 
 1841], was for many years 11 ic 
 senior partner in tiie well-liuown 
 firm of Messrs. Itivington, book- 
 sellers, St. Paul's Churcliyard, and 
 Waterloo Place. The family had 
 been establi.slu'd in Die former 
 place for considerably more than a 
 century. In 1725 John Riving- 
 ton's uncle Charles piii)lislied with 
 others, Mason's " Vijidication of 
 the (Jhurch of England," and with 
 the Church lOslablishment, and 
 especially as Ijooksellers to tlie So- 
 ciety foi'promoting Christian Know- 
 h'<lge, the tivin was ever after 
 connected. Charles Rivington, said 
 
 to have been the founder of the 
 house as booksellers, died Feb. 22, 
 1712 ; his son John in 1702 ; Fran- 
 cis Rivington, eldest son, and suc- 
 cessor of John, in 1822; andCharles, 
 brother and partner of Francis, in 
 1831. John, the subject of the pre- 
 sent notice, was elected on the 
 Court of the Stationers' Company 
 in the Autumn of 1811, with which 
 company the family of Rivington 
 had been very intimately connected 
 for many years. He was succeeded 
 in the business by liis only son 
 John. 
 
 ROBERTS, David, R.A., the 
 son of a shoemaker, was born at 
 Stockbridge, near Edinburgli, Oct. 
 2, 17iH;, and was api)i-enticed to 
 a house painter and decorator. His 
 apprenticeship over, he at once de- 
 voted himself to scene painting, find 
 in 1820 was employed at the Edin- 
 burgh and Glasgow Theatres. In 
 1822 he came to Drury liane, 
 where his great successes encou- 
 raged him to attempt architectural 
 painting in oil. In 182 1 he joined 
 the Society of British Artists, and 
 two years later his first piilure, 
 " Rouen Cathedral," appeared on 
 the walls of the Royal Academy. 
 Meanwhile he was sending the 
 majority of his paintings to Suffolk 
 Street, hut iii ISIUJ he r^'signed his 
 membership, and in ly3l>, became 
 an Associate of the Academy. His 
 election as R.A. followed in 1811. 
 In J8;32-i{;{ he luul made a t<.)ur in 
 Sjiaiu, and fov many years his 
 l>est ])ictures and sketches were o( 
 Sjjanish sidtjects. In pur.suit of 
 his ai-t he made man}'' visits to the 
 Continent, and in 1838 Avent to the 
 East. On his return he jtublished 
 a noble series of sketches, and some 
 of his finest works, sucli as "Jeru- 
 salem from the South- Kast " ( 18 1 1 ). 
 antl " The Ruins of Baalbec " 
 (IS I I), were inspired by this tour. 
 Italy he visited in iSol. and for 
 the ensuing nine years painte(l 
 views of l\onu', Vi'uiee, Pisa, an«l 
 Mihiu. At't«'r 18G() he ftunul his 
 su!)jects on the Thames, and was 
 
ItOBEliTSON. 
 
 7oO 
 
 cnya<^ed on a fine series of drawings 
 of Tliumcs scenery, when, on Nov. 
 2oth, IcSOt, he died of apoplexy. 
 After 1835 Roberts' name was only 
 once absent from the Academy 
 catalogue, and out of a total of 171) 
 oil paintings, 101 were contributed 
 to tlie Academy exhibitions. His 
 subjects were nearly exclusively 
 architectural, his treatment scenic, 
 picturesque, and easy, with no 
 attempt at exact imitations of na- 
 ture. Among his works, published 
 in lithography, are " I'ictiii'esque 
 Sketches in ISpain " (18^57), and 
 " Italy, Classical, Historical, and 
 Picturesque" (1859). Hia "In- 
 terior of the Cathedi-al at Burgos " 
 (I8:i5), and " Chancel of St. Paul's, 
 Antwerp ' ' ( 18 IS) , are in the National 
 Callery, and there are a number of 
 his works in the South Kensington 
 Collections. His " Life," by James 
 Ballantine, was published in 18GG. 
 K O B E R T S O N, A n d r k w, 
 A.K.A., was born in Aberdeen, 
 Oct. I'l, 1777. At the age of four- 
 teen he began practice as an artist, 
 and for two years was a pupil of 
 Alexander Nasmyth. At sixteen 
 we find him not only painting por- 
 traits, miniatures, and scenes, but 
 also directing the concerts at Aber- 
 deen. Meanwhile he found time to 
 study for his M.A. degree, which he 
 took in 179t at Aljcrdeen Univer- 
 sity. In 1801 he walked to London 
 to see the exhibition, and fioon 
 attracted the notice of West, then 
 president of tlie Academy, who sat 
 to him for his portrait, and advised 
 him to enter the Academy school. 
 In 1803 he exhibited his miniature 
 of West, through whose interest he 
 painted the Princesses at Windsor. 
 His powerful, if not very refined, 
 manner soon earned him a reputa- 
 tion, and he painted miniatures of 
 many of the most distinguished 
 persons of his day. He was also 
 noted as an amateur violinist, and 
 gave up much of his time to good 
 works. He died at Hampstead, 
 Dec. G, 1815. He exhibited 2GG 
 works in London. His brothers. 
 
 Archiljald and Alexander, settled 
 as miniature and portrait painters 
 in New York. 
 
 KOBEKTSON, AiicHiiiALD, 
 Major-Gcnoral of the Bombay es- 
 tablishment, v/hich he joined in 
 1801, and served in Malabar. Sub- 
 sequently he obtained the command 
 of a local corps in Guzerat. In 
 1805 he was nominated first as:-i.st- 
 ant of the coUectorship at Kaira, 
 in which situation he continued 
 till 1817, when his services were 
 transferred to Eastern ZiUa, north 
 of the Myhee. Under his super- 
 vision the revenues improved so 
 greatly, that in September, 1820, 
 he was appointed a member of the 
 committee to revi.'jc the Judicial 
 and Revenue Code of Regulations 
 for the Bombay Presidency. In 
 1823 Colonel Robertson became 
 judge of the important jjrovince 
 of Khandeish, where he rendered 
 valuable service in detecting ex- 
 tensive frauds practised by the 
 native public servants on the trea- 
 sury. He also introduced many 
 judicious measures amongst the 
 lawless and predatory tribes, by 
 which they settled down into peace- 
 able subjects. In 1827 he was ap- 
 pointed Resident at Sattara. On 
 his return to England in 1831, 
 Major-General Robertson offered 
 himself as a dii-ector of the East 
 India Company, to which office ho 
 was elected in 1810. He died, June 
 9, 1817. 
 
 ROBERTSON, Thk Rkv. Fkede 
 KICK William [181G— 1853]— "Ro- 
 bertson of Brighton" — a very re- 
 markaVjle preaclier and writer of 
 sermons, was the eldest son of 
 j Frederick Robertson, a captain in 
 ; the Royal Artillery, and was born 
 in London. The first five years of 
 I his life were passed at Leith Fort, 
 j but in 1821 his father retired on 
 i half-pay and devoted himself to the 
 education of his chihli*en. Having 
 [ studied at the grammar-school of 
 : Beverley, and at a school at Tours, 
 in 1830 Frederick Robertson was 
 sent to the New Academy, Edin- 
 
7G0 
 
 ROBERTSON. 
 
 burgh, where he gained a high posi- 
 tion and took several prizes. His 
 great wish was to become a soldier, 
 and he had alretidy applied for a 
 commission, but yielded to his 
 father's wish and went to Brasenose 
 College, Oxford, to prepare for 
 hoi J orders. He was oi'dained in 
 1810, and having held a curacy at 
 Winchester for a year, spent some 
 time in travel, and at Geneva mar- 
 ried Helen, third daughter of Sir 
 George William Denys, Bart., of 
 Easton-Neston, Northamptonshire. 
 He returned to England almost 
 directly after his marriage, and for 
 five years was a curate at Christ 
 Church, Cheltenham, where he la- 
 boured with great energy, and 
 found eager listeners among high 
 and low. The controversy of the 
 " Tracts for the Times " was at its 
 height when he entered on this 
 curacy. Mr. Robertson also became 
 keenly interested in it. For a time, 
 in 1843, he suffered all the agony 
 of doubt, and on account of his 
 anxiety and perplexity again went 
 abroad for some months, resigning 
 his Cheltenham curacy. He stayed 
 for some time at Heidelberg, plung- 
 ing deeply into German metaj^hy- 
 sicsand theology, and striving hard 
 to solve the problems which had so 
 disturbed him. Returning to Eng- 
 land much calmer in mind, he un- 
 dertook for a time the charge of 
 St. Ebbe's at Oxford, and in the 
 August of 18 17 removed to Brighton, 
 and became minister of Trinity 
 Chapel, where he remained during 
 his last six suffering years deliver- 
 in<r those sermons which became 
 afterwards the text-book of liberal 
 chui'chmen. His eloquence and 
 originality drew round him crowded 
 audiences, and the impression made 
 by hi ^ i^reaching was extraordinary. 
 He also organised a working men's 
 institute, before which he delivei'cd 
 several lectures. He died at the 
 early age of 37. His sermons have 
 Ikm'u frequently repuljlisheil, and 
 his ** Lil'o and Letters " have been 
 edited by Stopford A. Brooke. 
 
 ROBERTSON, Rev. James [1803 
 — 18G0], Pi-ofessor of Church His- 
 tory in the Edinburgh University, 
 and founder of the Scotch Church 
 Extension Scheme, with which his 
 name will always be associated, 
 was the son of William Robertson, 
 a small farmer in Ardlaw, Aber- 
 deenshire. He was educat-jd at 
 Marischal College, on leaving which 
 he became a schoolmaster at Pits- 
 ligo, and later, head-master of 
 Gordon's Hospital at Aberdeen. 
 In 1832 he was presented to Ellon 
 parish, and became a member of 
 the Poor Law Commission, and an 
 outspoken opponent of Disruption 
 principles. In 1842 he was made 
 a D.D. of Aberdeen University, and 
 a year later, when the great disruj)- 
 tion of the Scottish Church was 
 effected. Dr. Robertson adhered to 
 the Established Church, and was 
 appointed Professor of Ecclesiasti- 
 cal History in the Edinburgh Uni- 
 versity, in place of Dr. Welsh. 
 He became a leader of the mode- 
 rate party, and in 185G, in re- 
 cognition of his great services to 
 the Church of Scotland, Avas ap- 
 l>ointed moderator of the General 
 Assembly for that year. He began 
 his great scheme of Church exten- 
 sion in 1846, and before his death 
 had collected subscriptions for it 
 amoitnting to nearly ,£500,000, with 
 which upwards of sixty parishes 
 were endowed. Among his writings 
 niay be mentioned " Tlie British 
 Constitution and Parliamentary 
 Reform," 1831, "Statements for 
 Presbytery of Strathbogie," i^c. 
 [See his Life by Dr. Charteris.] 
 
 ROBERTSON, James Burton 
 [1800 — 1877], was born in London. 
 He was the son of Mr. Thomas Ko- 
 bertsou, a landed proprietor in the 
 island of Grenada. West Indies. 
 In 1810 ho war. sent to the Catholic 
 Colk'ge of St. Edmund's, near Ware, 
 whicii he quitted in 1819. In 1825 he 
 was called to the bar. Mr. Robertson 
 made sev(>rnl visits to Frnnce. where, 
 under the direction of his friends, 
 the celebrated Abl»i' Do la Monnais 
 
ROBERTSON. 
 
 roi 
 
 and the Abbe (afterv/ards Myr.) 
 Gerbet, lie studiod literature, phi- 
 losophy, and the elements of do<?- 
 matic theology. He published in 
 1S35 a translation, in 2 vols., of 
 Frederick Schlegel's " Philosoj^hy 
 of History," of which in about 
 twenty-five years not fewer than 
 30,000 copies were sold. Between 
 1830 and 18.5 1, Mr. Robertson was an 
 assiduous contributor to the Dublin 
 Review. From 1837 to 185-A he re- 
 sided with his friends in different 
 parts of Germany and Belgium. 
 During his abode at Wiirzburg he 
 published his translation of Dr. 
 Mohlei*'s " Symbolism ; or. Exposi- 
 tion of the Doctrinal Differences 
 between Catholics and Protestants, 
 as evidenced by their Symbolical 
 Writings/' 2 vols., London, 1813. 
 This work, which went through 
 several editions both in Great Bri- 
 tain and America, made a deep im- 
 pression on the Tractarian party at 
 Oxford, and exercised no little in- 
 fluence on men of such powerful 
 minds as Newman and Manning. 
 In 1855 Dr. Newman, the rector of 
 the newly founded Catholic Univer- 
 sity at Dublin, nominated Mr. Ro- 
 bertson to the chair of Geography 
 and Modern History. To the Pro- 
 fessorship of History he later united 
 that of English Literature, and con- 
 tinued to write books on history, 
 as understood by a Roman Catholic. 
 In 1869 a pension of ,£90 per annum 
 was conferred upon him for his ser- 
 vices to literature, and in 1873 Pope 
 Pius IX. conferred on him the de- 
 gree of Doctor in Philosophy. 
 
 ROBERTSON, The Rev. James 
 Craigie [1813—1882], born at Aber- 
 been, where his father was a mer- 
 chant, received his early education 
 at Marischal College, graduated 
 B.A. at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 in 1831, M.A. in 1838; and was 
 Yicar of Bekesbourne, near Can- 
 terbury, from 1846 till 1859, 
 when he was appointed Canon of 
 Canterbury. From 1864 to 1874 
 he was Professor of Ecclesias- 
 tical History in King's College, 
 
 London. He was the author of 
 " Sketches of Church History," and 
 a valuable " History of the Chris- 
 tian Church to the Reformation," 
 which is still regarded as one of the 
 most accurate of the many existing 
 works on that branch of history. 
 He was also a contributor to the 
 Quarterly Review and other periodi- 
 cals. 
 
 ROBERTSON, Thomas William 
 [1829 — 1871], dramatist, was the 
 son of an actor, and was educated 
 at Spalding, Lincolnshire, and in 
 Holland. He first attracted notice 
 by the play " David Garrick," 
 which he translated from the 
 French " Sullivan," and in which 
 Sothern played. He was not a 
 good actor, and in the intervals of 
 acting turned his attention to the 
 writing of plays. " A Night's Ad- 
 venture," an original drama, came 
 out at the Olympic, then under 
 Farren's management, in 1851, and 
 the farce, "The Cantab," at the 
 Strand, in 1861. It was not how- 
 ever till in 1865, when the Prince 
 of Wales' Theatre was opened by 
 Byron and Marie Wilton (Mrs. 
 Bancroft), and " Society " was pro- 
 duced, that Robertson's fame as a 
 dramatist vras really established. 
 The play, the acting of it, and the 
 autlior became the talk of London, 
 and from that time Robertson's 
 career was a brilliant success. 
 After "Society" came "Ours," in 
 1866, " Caste," 1867, " Play," 1868, 
 " School," 1869, and "M.P.," 1S70. 
 All these were more or less cast in 
 the same mould ; they were well 
 constructed, light, and full of capi- 
 tal " smart " dialogue, and were, 
 moreover, exactly calculated to 
 suit the cast that was to play 
 them. Other theatres begged for 
 his plays, and, trying other styles, 
 he wrote "Shadow Tree Shaft" 
 (wliich had originally appeared as 
 a story in a mining journal, of 
 which he was editor,) for the Prin- 
 cess's, " A Rapid Thaw " and " War " 
 For the St. James's, " Home " for 
 che Haymarket, ic, and produced 
 
762 
 
 EOBINS— ROBIIsrsON. 
 
 besides the libretto for F. Clay's 
 opera " Constance," played at Covent 
 Garden, and an entertainment for 
 the German EeedS, called " A Dream 
 of Venice/' lie also tried his hand 
 at all kinds of journalism, and 
 MTote for the best periodicals of his 
 time ; was a contributor to Fun, 
 dramatic critic to the Illustrated 
 Times, and, with a band of other 
 young authors, wrote many Christ- 
 mas stories for the Annuals. 
 
 EOBINS, George Henry, the 
 well-known auctioneer, was the son 
 of Henry Eobins, for many years 
 an auctioneer in the Great Piazza, 
 Covent Garden. At the age of 19 he 
 was unexpectedly called upon to 
 act for his father, and from that 
 time, during a x)eriod of fifty years, 
 enjoyed uninterrupted success in 
 business. The tact with which 
 every advantage connected with 
 the j)roperty he had to describe 
 was turned to profit in his clever 
 advertisements, and his ready wit 
 and rejoartee in the rostrum, soon 
 gained for him a name, and he was 
 acknov/ledged to be one of the 
 most successful and persuasive ad- 
 vocates that ever appeared in the 
 auction mart. Perhaps no one in his 
 position enjoyed a greater share of 
 popularity among his employers and 
 their friends. They profited by his 
 advice, and were amused by his 
 eccentricities. In Moore's Life of 
 Byron will be found the description 
 of a dinner given by him to Lord 
 Byron, when Lord Kinnaird and his 
 brother, Sheridan, Colman, John 
 Kemble, and other celebrities were 
 present. The enormous transactions 
 in which he was engaged enabled 
 him to amass a fortune valued at 
 i;ll.O,000. He died in 1817. 
 
 EOBINSON, Vice-admiral 
 CiiARLEB Gepp [1801 — 1875], en- 
 tered the navy in 1819. From 1821 
 until 1820 he was employed in the 
 Leven on a survey of the east and 
 west coast of Africa, and was one 
 of the very few in the expedition 
 who ever returned to England. Jle 
 was promoted to lieutenant in 1820, 
 
 and in the following year he again 
 sailed for the coast of Africa for 
 the purpose of forming a settle- 
 ment at Fernando Po, where every 
 gun-room officer but himself fell a 
 victim to the climate. While on 
 this service he captured three 
 slavers. His promptitude on one 
 occasion in proceeding to sea under 
 peculiar circumstances in the Ho- 
 ratio schooner procured him, in 
 1828, the thanks of the Govern- 
 ment of Sierra Leone. From 1829 
 until 1856 he was employed in the 
 Surveying Department, principally 
 on the coasts of Wales and Scot- 
 land, and in the Mediterranean. 
 He attained post rank in 1816, 
 became rear-admiral in 1S0J-, and 
 vice-admiral in 1871. 
 
 EOBINSON, Captain George, 
 E.N., entered the navy at a very 
 early age, and soon became known 
 for his bravery and intrepidity. 
 For thirty-two years his life was 
 devoted to his country, and he 
 served under Lord Eodney and 
 Lord Hood in seven general en- 
 gagements, and three single actions, 
 in the last of which, in 1793, his 
 ship was captured by four French 
 frigates, and taken into Brest. On 
 that occasion Captain Eobinson lost 
 his leg and thigh, the knee of the 
 remaining limb being so severely 
 injured as to be almost useless for 
 many years. He was kept in France 
 as a prisoner of war for two years, 
 being most cruelly ill-treated, and 
 was under s<?ntence of death lor 
 several months during the "reign 
 of terror." He died worn out with 
 pain and suffering, borne with the 
 utmost fortitude, June 27, 1838. 
 
 EOBINSON, Eev. lluon George 
 [1820 -1882 1, Prebendary of York, 
 and one of the Charity Commis- 
 sioners for England and Wales, 
 was called, in 1809. from Ins rectory, 
 Bolton Abbey, to which lie had re- 
 tired after ten years' supoi*intend- 
 enee of the Diocesan Training Col- 
 lege at York, to take part in a great 
 public work under the Emlowed 
 Schools Act of that year, and at 
 
ROBINSON— EOCK. 
 
 763 
 
 once gave proof of the qualities 
 "vvhicli had recommended him as a 
 fit colleague of such men as Lord 
 Lyttelton and Mr. (Sir Arthur) 
 Hobhouse, with v.honi he was as- 
 sociated on the Endowed Schools 
 Commission. In 1880 he consented 
 to serve on the Departmental Com- 
 mittee for intermediate and higher 
 education in Wales, and working 
 Avith his usual characteristic energy, 
 only lived to complete his special 
 labours for Wales. He published 
 one or two books for the use of 
 schools, and several sermons. 
 
 EOBINSON, John Henry, E.A. 
 [1796 — 1871], line-engraver, born 
 at Bolton, in Lancashire, became a 
 pujjil of James Heath. Among his 
 more celebrated prints are " Napo- 
 leon and Pope Pius VII.," after Law- 
 rence ; " The Wolf and the Lamb,'' 
 after Muh-^dy, exhibited about 
 1825 ; " The Mantilla ;" " The Mar- 
 chioness of Abercorn ; " ?.nd "Little 
 Eed Ei ding-Hood," after Landseer ; 
 " Sir Walter Scott," after Lawrence ; 
 " Theodosius refused Admission 
 into the Church," and the portrait 
 of Eubens, after Vandyke ; " Span- 
 ish Flower-Girl," after Murillo ; 
 and he executed some very beauti- 
 ful book-plates. Two of the choicest 
 specimens of his art, as an engraver, 
 are the " Sisters," after F. P. Ste- 
 phanhoff, and the " Mother and 
 Child," from Leslie's picture of 
 1846. He completed a portrait of 
 the Countess of Bedford, from the 
 celebrated picture by Vandyke, in 
 1862. He obtained the first-class 
 gold medal for engraving at the 
 International Exhibition at Paris 
 in 1855, was made an Associate 
 Engraver of the Eoyal Academy 
 Nov. 3, 1856, and E.A. in June, 
 1867. He practised in the line 
 manner, in which he attained great 
 excellence . 
 
 EOBINSON, EicHARD, M.A. 
 [1844—1870], Fellow and Tutor of 
 Queen's College, Oxford, was the 
 son of a clergyman, and was edu- 
 cated at Aldenham school and at 
 Worcester College, Oxford. He 
 
 was celebrated during his under- 
 graduate career for his power of 
 speaking as well as for his great 
 knowledge. He took his degree in 
 1866, obtaining a first class in 
 classics, and was then chosen Fellow 
 of Queen's. He read for the bar, 
 but after a while he turned to his- 
 torical research, and published in 
 the Oxford Undergraduates' Journal 
 and in Macmillan's Magazine a 
 number of papers on Oxford history, 
 especially during the eighteenth 
 century, which revealed an amount 
 of research almost unprecedented 
 in so young a man. His death, at 
 the age of 26, was regarded as a 
 great loss to learning. 
 
 EOBINSON, The Eev. Thomas, 
 D.B. [1790—1873], youngest son of 
 the Eev. T. Eobinson, Vicar of St. 
 Mary's, Leicester, was educated at 
 Eugby and Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he was thirteenth 
 wrangler in 1813, and gold-medal- 
 list. He was for many years in 
 India as Chaplain to the Bishop 
 (Heber) of Calcutta and Archdeacon 
 of Madras, and on his I'eturn to 
 England became Lord Almoner's 
 Professor of Arabic at Cambridge. 
 He was Eector of Therfield, Herts, 
 from 1853 till 1861, Master of the 
 Temple from 1845 till 1869, and 
 Canon of Eochester from 1854. He 
 wrote '* The Last Days of Bishop 
 Heber," published in 1827 ; the Old 
 Testament translated into Persian ; 
 "Lectures on the Study of the 
 Oriental Languages," and niunerous 
 sermons. 
 
 EOCK, The Eet. Daniel, D.D. 
 [1799—1871], Eoman Catholic arch- 
 aeologist, a native of Liverpool, 
 was educated at Old Hall, Herts, 
 and at the English College, Eome. 
 Having entered into holy orders 
 and served the mission in Loudon 
 for two years, he became in 1827 
 domestic Chai^lain to the earl of 
 Shrewsbury, and Avas appointed, 
 in 1840, to the care of the Eoman 
 Catholic congi-egation at Buckland, 
 near Farringdon. On the re-in- 
 troduction into England of the 
 
•61 
 
 KOD WELL— ROE BUCK. 
 
 Komish hierarchy, in 1852, he was 
 one of the first canons of South- 
 ■\mrk, and resigned his pastoral 
 charge in Berks'" in order to live 
 near London, in 185 i. He "wrote 
 several theological works, of which 
 l^erhaps the best known is "Hier- 
 urgia, or the Sacrifice of the Mass 
 Expounded," in which he illus- 
 trated the ceremonies of the Church 
 among the Latins, Greeks, and 
 Oriental Christians, not only by 
 wi'itten evidences, but from paint- 
 ings, sculptures, and inscriptions 
 found in the catacombs or else- 
 v/liere, belonging to tlie earliest 
 ages of Faith. In 1862 he took 
 an active jyavt, as "one of the com- 
 mittee, in carrying out the object 
 of the " Sjjecial Exhibition of Works 
 of Art on Loan, chiefly of the Me- 
 dia3val Period," at the South Ken- 
 sington Museum ; and contributed 
 the article in the official catalogue, 
 on " Ecclesiastical Vestments, Tis- 
 sues, and Embroideries" there ex- 
 hibited. 
 
 RODWELL, George Herbert 
 Bonaparte [1800 — 1852], musician, 
 son of Thomas Rodwell, manager 
 of the Adelphi Theatre, was for 
 many years music director at that 
 theatre, and in 1825 became part 
 jjroprietor of it. He composed nu- 
 merous operas and dramatic pieces, 
 among which may be mentioned 
 "Valmondi," "The Bottle Imp," 
 "The Lord of the Isles," "The 
 Mason of Buda," "The Devil's 
 Elixir," "The Evil Eye," "The 
 Seven Sisters of Munich," " Jack 
 Shepard," &.c. He was an author 
 as well as composer, and wrote the 
 farce of "Teddy the Tiler" for 
 Power in 1830, Avhich was very suc- 
 cessful, and had a long run. He 
 also produced " The Chimneypiece," 
 " The Pride of Birth," " My Wife's 
 Out," " Bkift' King Hal," " O'Do- 
 nogliue," and one or two panto- 
 mimes. He was a favourite ballad 
 writer, and composed " Songs of 
 the Sabl^ath Eve," and " Songs of 
 the liirds." He married a daughter 
 of Listun, the comedian. 
 
 ROEBUCK, The Right Hon. 
 John Arthur, M.P. [1802—1879], 
 grandson of Dr. John Roebuck, of 
 Sheffield, maternally descended 
 from the poet Tickell, was born at 
 Madras, went to Canada in boy- 
 hood, and left that country in 
 lS2i for the purpose of studying 
 law in England. He was admitted 
 a barrister of the Inner Temple in 
 1831, and chosen member for Bath 
 at the first election after the Re- 
 form Bill. The character of a 
 thorough reformer, which he won 
 in this arena, led to his appoint- 
 ment, in 1835, as agent for the 
 House of Assembly of Lower Ca- 
 nada during the dispute pending 
 between the Executive Government 
 and the House of Assembly. J\[r. 
 Roebuck (who was at this time a 
 Radical, a jjupil of Bentham and a 
 friend of J. S. Mill) commenced the 
 publication of a series of political 
 "Pamphlets for the People," in 
 which having assailed the whole 
 body of political editors, reporters, 
 and contributors to the press, par- 
 ticularly those of the Morning Chro- 
 nicle, ho became involved in Avhat 
 is called an affair of honour, and 
 fought a very harmless duel with 
 Mr. Black, the editor of that jour- 
 nal. In the countrv he was a 
 poi)ular favourit'O, though the plain 
 speaking he had practised towards 
 the Whigs, whom he regarded as 
 false to the cause of j^rogress, lost 
 him his seat at the general election 
 in Aug., 1837. He regained it in 
 June, 1811, but was again defeated 
 at the general election in Aug., 
 1817, and from May, 1819, till 18G8, 
 he rein'eBented Sheffield. Mr. Roe- 
 buck was a bold and unsparing 
 orator (as his nickname Tear'em 
 implied), and he particularly distin- 
 guished himself in his rt>]dies to 
 Mr. Disraeli. Tn Jan.. 1855, he 
 brouglit forward in the House of 
 Connnons a motion for incpiiry into 
 the conduct of the war, known to 
 history as "the Seluistopol Com- 
 mittee." The Al)erdeon Ciovern- 
 nient resisting the intiuiry, was 
 
ROGERS. 
 
 7C5 
 
 beaten, on a division, by a majority 
 of 157, and compelled to resi»,ni. 
 Mr. Roebuck had no place in the 
 nsAv Cabinet, but acted as chairman 
 of the committee appointed throuj^h 
 his exertions. In Dec, 1855, he 
 was an unsuccessful candidate for 
 the Chairmanship of the Metropo- 
 litan Board of Works at a salary of 
 o£1500, standing third on the list at 
 the close of the poll. In 185G he 
 accepted the Chairmanship of the 
 Administrative Reform Association, 
 from which great things were ex- 
 pected, though, after publishing a 
 luminous programme, the society 
 became extinct. Mr. Roebuck 
 wrote " Plan for Government of 
 our English Colonies/' pviblished in 
 18^9, and "History of the Whig 
 Ministry of 1830," in 1852, a work 
 of great ability. Towards the end 
 of his life his Radicalism almost 
 disappeared. In 1868 he lost his 
 seat at Sheffield in consequence 
 of his denunciation of the ty- 
 rannical proceedings of Trades 
 Unions, but he was returned at 
 the head of the poll at the gene- 
 ral election of Feb., 1874. He was 
 sworn of the Privy Council, Aug. 
 11, 1878. 
 
 ROGERS, Henry [1807—1877], 
 critic, educated at Highbury for the 
 ministry, and for a few years pastor 
 of an Independent congregation, 
 was compelled to retire in conse- 
 quence of ill-health. He became 
 Professor of the English Language 
 and Literature in University Col- 
 lege, London, resigned on his ap- 
 pointment to a Professorship at the 
 Independent College, near Bir- 
 mingham, and became Principal of 
 the Lancashire Independent College 
 on the resignation of Dr. Vaughan, 
 in 1858. He assisted in editing 
 the Patriot newspaper, and contri- 
 buted to the Eclectic Review. In 
 1839 he began to write for the 
 Edinburgh Review, with which he 
 was connected for twenty years. 
 His articles on "The Genius of 
 Plato," "Recent Developments of 
 Puseyism," and the " Vanity and 
 
 Glory of Literature," exhibit great 
 erudition and eloquence, and a 
 collection was republished in a 
 separate form, under the title of 
 " Essays selected from Contribu- 
 tions to the Ediiibv.rgh Review," 
 in 1850. He wrote a " Life of 
 Howe," "The Eclipse of Faith: 
 or, a Visit to a Religious Sceptic," 
 " A Defence," in reply to the stric- 
 tures of Professor Newman, and 
 " Reason and Faith, with other 
 Essays," published in 180(3. Mr. 
 Rogers was one of the three judges 
 to whom the decision respecting 
 the Burnett Prize Essays was re- 
 ferred in 185 1. A new edition, with 
 additions, of his " Essays, Critical 
 and Biographical, contributed to the 
 Edinburgh Review," appeared in two 
 vols., 187-4. 
 
 ROGERS, Samuel [1763—1855], 
 poet, was born at Stoke Newing- 
 ton, Middlesex, his father being 
 a wealthy London banker, of the 
 firm of Rogers, Olding & Co., of 
 Clement's Inn. He was brought 
 up to his father's business, but his 
 great love of art and letters unfitted 
 him for the work, and after his 
 father's death in 1793, having 
 united his brother Henry with him 
 in b\isines3, he retired from all 
 active management of the affairs 
 of the banking house and never 
 resumed it. He began his literary 
 career while still in his teens by 
 contributing to the Gentleman's 
 Magazine a series of essavs called 
 "The Scribbler" (1781). 'His first 
 published poetical work, i'Ode to 
 Superstition, with some other 
 Poems," appeared in 1786, followed 
 in 1792 by the " Pleasures of Me- 
 mory," most probably the best 
 known by name of his principal 
 poems. It was written in English 
 heroics, with rhyme, was elegant, 
 tender, and refined ; and, appear- 
 ing at a time when good poetry 
 was extremely rare, it well de- 
 served the attention and admira- 
 tion which it attracted. His third 
 publication, "Epistle to a Friend," 
 considered by many his master- 
 

 KOGERS. 
 
 piece, apiDeared in 179S, and was 
 followed by the " Voyage of Co- 
 lumbus/' "Jacqueline, a Tale," 
 " Human Life,"-^nd " Italy," alto- 
 gether seven works, •m-itten be- 
 tween the ages of 22 and 71. When 
 the " Italy " first appeared anonym- 
 ously, it was ascribed to Southey. 
 It is full of charming descriptions 
 of Ausonian life and scenery, and 
 is very graceful in style and lan- 
 guage. The remainder of his literary 
 life he devoted to the publication 
 of new editions of his " Italy" and 
 " Poems," most exquisitely illus- 
 trated l3y Stothard and Turner. 
 With the exception of the vig- 
 nette, the "Hospice of St. Ber- 
 nard," the original drawings are 
 now in the National Gallery. 
 Rogers' life was a life of Society, in 
 which he played a very conspicuous 
 part, and where he was more ad- 
 mired as a wit and brilliant conver- 
 sationalist than as a poet. He 
 lived in rooms in the Temple till 
 about 1803, when he removed to 
 the celebrated 22, St. James's Place, 
 overlooking the Green Pa^rk, which 
 he altered and nearly rebuilt, and 
 v/here he accumulated wonderful 
 treasures of art, pictures, vases, 
 antiques, gems, books, &c., of the 
 richest and rarest kinds, which, on 
 his death, were sold for upwards of 
 ,£50,000. Some of these treasures 
 found their way to the British 
 Museum and National Gallery. 
 Byron, in his diary, says of his 
 house, " if you enter his house — his 
 drawing-room — his library — you, of 
 yourself, say, this is not the dwell- 
 ing of a common mind. There is 
 not a gem, a coin a book, thrown 
 aside on his chimney-i^iece, his sofa, 
 his table, that does not bespeak an 
 almost fastidious elegance in the 
 possessor." It was there that 
 Rogers received his friends at his 
 breakfast and dinner parties which 
 became famous, and where he had 
 almost daily literai-y receptions, 
 which were attended by all the [ 
 most eminent poets, artists, states- ! 
 men, historians, and orators of two ! 
 
 generations. Rogers took occa- 
 sional notes of the opinions and 
 remarks of some of his most illus- 
 ti'ious friends, such as Fox, Grat- 
 tan, Porson, Home Tooke, Erskine, 
 and the Duke of Wellington, and 
 these " Recollections of Samuel 
 Rogers," Avere published in 1859 by 
 his nephew, William Sharp. The 
 "Table-Talk of Samuel Rogers," 
 edited by the Rev. Alexander Dyce, 
 appeared in 1856. When Words- 
 worth died in 1850 the post of 
 laureate was offered to Rogers by 
 the Prince Consort, but he refused 
 it on account of advancing age. A 
 few weeks after that he met with an 
 accident, a fall in the street, which 
 ever afterwards confined him to his 
 chair. Rogers has been accused, 
 and with justice, of saying ill- 
 natured things, for his wit was 
 very bitter; nevertheless, he was 
 benevolent and large hearted, and 
 did many good, generous, and cha- 
 ritable actions, setting aside out of 
 his income of .£4000 or =£5000 a year 
 at least £1500 for charitable pur- 
 poses. It is to be regretted that 
 his friendship with Byron should 
 have ended so badly. It is sup- 
 posed that Rogers must have made 
 some unkind speech about Byron, 
 which was repeated to him, and for 
 which he revenged himself by writ- 
 ing a satire, said to be "the great- 
 est of modern satirical portraits in 
 verse." It was entitled " Question 
 and Answer," and appeared after 
 Byi'on's death in Fraser's Maga- 
 zine. 
 
 ROGERS, William Gibbs [Aug. 
 10, 1792— Mar. 21, 1875]. He was 
 born at Dover, but was apprenticed 
 in London to a wood carver. By 
 the beauty of his designs and the 
 perfection of his technique he soon 
 rose to distinction. Ho decorated 
 St. Michael's, Cornhill, St. Anne's, 
 Limehouse, Kensington Palace, St. 
 Mary's-Hill, Carlton House, and 
 tlie Pavilion at Brighton. When 
 80 years of age lie was granted a 
 pension of £oO per annum in recog- 
 nition of his in'luence on art deco- 
 
ROGET— ROLLESTOX, 
 
 
 ration, o.nd espocially cm the art of 
 wood-carving. 
 
 KOGET, Peter Mark, M.D., 
 F.R.S., F.E.C.P., &c. [1779—1809], 
 "Nvas educated at thi* EdinburL^h 
 University, v.here he took his M.D. 
 degree in 1798. He accompanied 
 the first Lord Lansdowne to Har- 
 rogate and Bath as private physi- 
 cian in 1801, and in the same year 
 established himseK in Manchester, 
 ■whei-e he was appointed physician 
 to the Infirmary. He settled in 
 London in 1803, and soon became 
 known for his scientific tastes and 
 acquirements, and was elected an 
 F.E.S. For more than twenty 
 years he was secretary to the Eoyal 
 Society, was the first Fullerian 
 Professor of Physiology at the 
 Eoyal Institution, and in 1839 was 
 appointed Examiner in Physiology 
 in the University of London. He 
 ■wrote numerous works on medical 
 science, among v.-hich were '"'Trea- 
 tise on Physiology and Phi-enology," 
 1838 J "Animal and Vegetable 
 Physiology," published in 18-34 as 
 one of the Bridgewiiter Treatises, 
 and numerous contributions to the 
 Quarterly and Edinburgh Beviews, 
 the Philosophical Transactions, the 
 Encyclopcedia Britannica, &c. To 
 the general public he is perhaps best 
 known by his " Thesaurus of Eng- i 
 lish Words and Phrases," 1852, a | 
 work which went through several j 
 editions. 
 
 EOKEWODE, JoHNT Gage, ' 
 F.R.S., F.L.S. [1786—1812], was 
 the fourth and youngest son of Sir \ 
 Thomas Gage, the 4th Bart., and j 
 was educated at the Roman Catho- . 
 lie College of Stonyhurst. He was I 
 called to the Bar in 1S18, and in ' 
 the same year v%-a3 elected a Fellow 
 of the Society of Antiquaries. As , 
 an antiquary he was highly accom- j 
 plished, and soon attracted notice 
 by his work, " The History and 
 Ajitiquities of Hengrave in Suffolk," i 
 1S22. In 1829 he succeeded J. H. 
 Markland as director of the Society 
 of Antiquaries, and from that time i 
 took a very a:-tive part in its pro- I 
 
 ceedings,andcomninnicatod numer- 
 ous valual»le ]•" - + -* His bust 
 
 and very elai .. written 
 
 I for the Society, was an historical 
 and arcliiteotural i ' on the 
 
 Royal Palace uf Wc. :..... ;.ster, con- 
 , taining a review of the art of paint- 
 I ing in this country during the mi-idle 
 I ages. He published in 1838 " The 
 ; History and Antiquities of Suffolk, 
 Thingoe Hundred," and in 1840, 
 edited for the Camden Society the 
 celebrated piece of monastic bio- 
 graphy called " Chronica Joc^'Hni de 
 Brakelonde, de rebus gestis Sam- 
 sonis Abbatis Monasterii Sancti Ed- 
 mundi." He also occasionally con- 
 , tributed to the Gentleman's Maga- 
 zine, and to the Collectanea Topo- 
 graphica et Genealogica. In 1838, 
 on the death of his brother, Robert 
 J Joseph Gage Rookwood (who had 
 assumed the name of Rookwood in 
 1799) he succeeded to the estates 
 of that famous family, with the 
 mansion of Coldham Hall, in the 
 : parish of Stanningfield, near Bury 
 St. Edmund's, which had descended 
 ; from his great-grandmother Eliza- 
 ' beth Rookwood, the mother of the 
 5th Bart. On Xov. 20 following he 
 received the Royal licence to take 
 the name and arms of Eokewode. 
 He died quite suddenly while out 
 shooting, during a visit he was 
 paying to his cousin, Mr. T. Fitz- 
 herbert Brockholes, at Claughton 
 Hall, in Lancashire. 
 
 ROLLESTOX, George, M.D., 
 F.R.S. [1829—1881], was born at 
 Maltby, Yorkshire. He was edu- 
 cated at Gainsborough Grammar 
 School, Sheffield Collegiate School, 
 and Pembroke College, Oxford 
 being elected a Fellow of that 
 Societv in 1851. After studving 
 medicine at St. Bartholomew's 
 Hospital, London, be became As- 
 sistant-Physician, British Civil 
 Hospital, Smyrna, in the Crimean 
 war, 1855-56 ; Assistant Physician 
 to the Children's Hospital, London, 
 in 1857 : Physician to the Eadcliffe 
 Infirmary, Oxford, in 1857 ; Lee's 
 Reader in Anatomy at Christ 
 
7G8 
 
 ROLT— ROMILLY 
 
 Church, Oxford, in 1857 ; Linacre 
 Professor of Anatomy and Physio- 
 logy, Oxford, in ISGO ; F.E.S. in 
 1862, and a Feliow of Merton Col- 
 lege, Oxford, in 1872. In spite of 
 the arduous duties of his Linacre 
 professorship, which took up nearly 
 all his time, involving as they did 
 the teaching of a wide range of 
 subjects, his writings are remark- 
 able for their thoroughness. He 
 never wrote upon a subject without 
 having previously mastered all that 
 had been written upon it, and his 
 memoirs are full of quotations from, 
 and references to, authors of all ages 
 and nations. His " Forms of Ani- 
 mal Life," published by the Claren- 
 don Press in 1870, was written 
 chiefly for the use of university stu- 
 dents. Among his chief contributions 
 to comparative anatomy and zoology 
 may be mentioned his paper " On 
 the Affinities of the Brain of the 
 Orang-Utang," which appeared in 
 the Natural History Revieiv, 1861 ; 
 " On the Domestic Cats of Ancient 
 and Modern Times,'' Journal of 
 Anatomy, 1868 ; " On the Domestic 
 Pig in Prehistoric Times," &c. 
 During his last years he turned his 
 attention more particularly to the 
 study of anthropology, the chief 
 results of his work appearing in 
 Greenwell's " British Barrows," 
 1877. His last publication was a 
 lecture delivered in 1879 at the 
 Royal Geographical Society on 
 " The Modifications of the External 
 Aspects of Organic Nature pro- 
 duced by Man's Interference." It 
 has caused some surprise that he 
 did not leave more original scien- 
 tific work behind him, but con- 
 sidering the immense amount of 
 work, professorial and administra- 
 tive, which fell to his share, and 
 the unselfish, callable manner in 
 which he carried everything through 
 which ho undertook, the wonder is 
 that he could accomplish so much. 
 ROLT, The Right Hon. Sib 
 JouN [180 L — 1871], Lord Justice 
 of Appeal, son of John Rolt, a 
 merchant of Calcutta, }>ocame a 
 
 clerk in a proctor's office, was calltd 
 to the Bar of the Inner Temple in 
 June, 1837, practised in the Courts 
 of Equity, and became a Queen's 
 Counsel in 1816. He was an un- 
 successful candidate, in the Con- 
 servative interest, for Stamford, 
 in Aug. 18-17, for Bridport in July, 
 1852, and was first returned for 
 West Gloucestershire in Mar, 1857, 
 and continued to represent that 
 constituency until he was made 
 Lord Justice of Appeal in Chancery. 
 He Avas appointed Attorney-General 
 under Earl Derby's third adminis- 
 tration, in Oct. 1866, received the 
 honour of knighthood Nov. 13, and 
 was made Lord Justice of Appeal 
 in Chancery July 23, 1867, and was 
 sworn a member of the Privy 
 Council Aug. 6. He was obliged 
 to resign his judicial functions in 
 Feb. of the following year, having 
 been attacked by jDaralysis. He 
 was a Magistrate and Deputy- 
 Lieutenant for Gloucestershire. 
 
 ROMER, Emma [1811—1868], 
 soprano singer, and a great favou- 
 rite with the last generation, was 
 a pupil of Sir George Smart, and 
 made her debut at the age of 16. 
 For several years she was engaged 
 at Covent Garden, the Lyceum, 
 and Drury Lane, and was very 
 successful. Then, in 1852, she 
 attempted the production of Eng- 
 lish operas at the Surrey Theatre, 
 and succeeded fairly well. She 
 created the title - roles in John 
 Barnett's "Mountain Sylph," and 
 " Fair Rosamond," and was a 
 singer of excellent abilitv. 
 
 ROMILLY (Baron), The Right 
 Hon. John [1802—1871], Master 
 of the Rolls, second son of Sir 
 S. Romilly, M.P., born in London, 
 graduated in 1826, as M.A. at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, and 
 was called to the Bar at Gray's 
 Inn in 1827. He was made solicitor- 
 general and knighted in 1818, 
 became attorney-genornl and was 
 sworn a privy councillor in 1850, 
 was made master of the rolls in 
 1851, and created a baron Jan. 3, 
 
KONALDS— ROSOOE. 
 
 769 
 
 18G6. lie represent<Kl Bridport in 
 the Liberal interest from Dec. 1832, 
 till Jan. ISoo, when he was defeated ; 
 was again returned for that borou<^h 
 in April, 1810 ; was elected for 
 Devonport in Aug. 1817, and was 
 rejected in July, 1852. After his 
 elevation to the Bench, he gave the 
 greatest encoiu-agement to the work 
 begun by Lord Langdale, the re- 
 publication of ancient docunients 
 bearing upon the early history of 
 this country, and himself su^jer- 
 intended their publication. 
 
 EONALDS, Sir Francis, F.R.S. 
 [178S— 1873], son of Francis Ro- 
 nalds, Esq., a merchant, of High- 
 bury, was born in London, and 
 educated at Cheshunt. He early 
 turned his attention to the science 
 of electricity, in connection with 
 telegraphs, and, in 1816, invented 
 a dial electric telegraph, and in 
 1825 a perspective instx'ument. 
 He was the original and honorary 
 director of the Kew Observatory 
 from 1813-1852, during which time 
 he invented an apparatus for the 
 observation of atmospheric elec- 
 tricity. For his invention of pho- 
 tographic self -registering meteoro- 
 logical and magnetical instruments, 
 he received a Government re Avar d 
 in 1819, and in 1852 he was awarded 
 a pension from the Civil List for 
 his discoveries in electricity and 
 meteorology. In 1870 the honour 
 of knighthood w^s conferred upon 
 him. Sir Francis Ronalds was the 
 author of various papers on elec- 
 tricity in the Philosojphico I Magazine, 
 the " Reports of the British Asso- 
 ciation," and in the " Transactions 
 of the Royal Society." A catalogue i 
 of the published books and papers ! 
 on electrical science upon which he : 
 was eno;ao-ed at the time of his ' 
 death was published in 1880, and is 
 of great value to students. 
 
 RONAYNE, Joseph Philip, M.P. 
 [1822—1870], was the son of Ed- 
 ward Ronayne, Esq., of Mount 
 Verdun, Cork, and descended from 
 an old South of Ireland family. 
 He early adopted the profession of 
 
 a civil engineer, and began life in 
 America, wlicre ]u: went to conduct 
 some very important engineering 
 works. Returning home witli re- 
 putation and fortune, he became 
 largely engaged in railway matters, 
 and constructed the Macroon and 
 other lines. A strong Nationalist, 
 Mr. Ronayne was elected for Cork 
 city, upon the death of Mr. J. F. 
 Maguire, in 1872, and was sub- 
 sequently re-elected at the general 
 election, when he headed the poll. 
 
 ROOKE, William Michael 
 [1791 — 1817], a musician. His real 
 name was Rourke, and he was bora 
 in Dublin, where his father was a 
 tradesman. He pursued the study 
 of music with great energy, and in 
 the face of many difficulties, and 
 in his earlier days had the pleasure 
 of teaching young Balfe — then a 
 child — the violin. By hard work 
 at the theatre, and the occasional 
 composition of a song, or an in- 
 strumental piece, he began to make 
 a name, and in 1826 he migrated 
 to London. Here he found work 
 as chorus-master at Drury Lane, 
 and as a teacher of singing. After 
 much humdrum work and weary 
 waiting, he had the satisfaction of 
 seeing his opera, " Amilie, or the 
 Love Test," produced. This at 
 once gave him a high standing, 
 which was enhanced by his second 
 opera, " Henrique. '^ A third opera 
 of his, " Cagliostro," has never 
 seen the light. 
 
 ROSCOE, Thomas [1791—1871], 
 fifth son of the eminent writer W. 
 Roscoe, of Liverpool, was educated 
 by Dr. Shepherd and Mr. T. Loyd, 
 and began to write as early as 
 1817 in local reviews and journals. 
 His editions of the "Life of Cel- 
 lini," of " Sismondi's Literature of 
 the South of Europe/' aiul of 
 " Lanzi's History of Italian Paint- 
 ing," are well known. He translated 
 si)ecimens from the Italian, Ger- 
 man, and Sjxinish novelists, with 
 lives of their authors, and edited a 
 series of the English novelists, 
 with illustrations by Cruikshank. 
 
 ?. 
 
 T* 
 
'r-r, 
 
 770 
 
 ROSE. 
 
 Amongst his literary labours may 
 be mentioned "The Memoirs of 
 Scipio di Eicci/' "The Imprison- 
 ment of Silvio •^Pellico," and his 
 "Duties of Men;" "The Land- 
 scape Annual/' "The Juvenile 
 Keepsake/' " The Remembrance/' 
 portions of the Histories of Italy, 
 Spain, and Portugal, and the " Life 
 and Campaigns of Wellington/' 
 He published a volume of poems, 
 and contributed to x^eriodical litera- 
 ture. 
 
 EOSE, George [1817—1882], 
 better known by his assumed name 
 of "Arthur Sketchley," was a son 
 of Mr. James Rose, and nephew of 
 Sir George Rose, the well-known 
 wit and Master in Chancery. He 
 began life as a clerk in the Custom- 
 house, but subsequently entered as 
 a Commoner at Magdalen Hall, 
 Oxford, where he took the usual 
 degrees. He next entered Holy 
 Orders, held curacies at Camber- 
 well and Hoxton, and for some 
 time officiated as assistant reader 
 at the Temple Church. He re- 
 signed his position in the English 
 Church about the same time with 
 Dr. Newman, and was for five years 
 tutor to the Duke of Norfolk. As- 
 suming the name of " Arthur 
 Sketchley,'^ he became the author 
 of "Mrs, Brown and her Sayings," 
 on various topics of the day, books 
 which have been widely read, both 
 in England and America. He was 
 also the author of several more 
 imjDortant works, such as " The 
 Great Country/' and of many plays, 
 "The Dark Cloud/' "Up in the 
 World/' " How Will they Get Out 
 of It ? " and some lighter comedies. 
 He died qixite suddenly of heart 
 disease while sitting in his chair 
 at homo. 
 
 ROSE, Sib George [1782—1873], 
 was l>orn in London, and educated 
 at Westminster School. Called to 
 the Bar in 1809, he was for many 
 years the Senior Ben(?her of the 
 inner Temple. He was made a 
 King's Counsel in 1827, and became 
 a Judge (.f tlie Banki'uptey Court, 
 
 or, as it was then called, the " Court 
 of Review," in 1831 ; at the same 
 time the rank and precedence as one 
 of the judges in the Courts of West- 
 minster Hall was granted to him, 
 as well as receiving the customary 
 honour of knighthood. In 1840 he 
 was made a Master in Chancery, 
 the duties of which office he per- 
 formed for many years. Sir George 
 Rose, Avho was a Fellow of the Royal 
 and Geographical Societies, Avas well 
 known as a wit and as an accom- 
 plished classical scholar, and he fre- 
 quently assisted in the preparation 
 of the Prologue and Epilogue of 
 the "Westminster Play/' at which 
 from year to year he was a constant 
 attendant. 
 
 ROSE, Rev. Henry John, Arch- 
 deacon of Bedford, brother of the 
 above, was born about the com- 
 mencement of the present century. 
 He graduated at Cambridge as 
 fourteenth Wrangler, in 1821, and 
 became Fellow of his college (St. 
 John's) in 1821, remaining there 
 for about seventeen years, studying 
 chiefly classical and Biblical sub- 
 jects. In 1833 he was Hulsean 
 Lecturer, and in 1837 he obtained 
 the college living of [Houghton 
 Conquest, Bedfordshire, where he 
 laboured for thirty-four years. 
 Mr. Rose was the editor of the 
 " Encyclopaedia Metropolitana " 
 from 1839, and reprinted in 1858 
 his article on " Ecclesiastical His- 
 tory from 1700 to 1858." He also 
 published his Hulsean Lectures 
 under the title of " The Law of 
 Moses viewed in connection with 
 the History and Character of the 
 Jews " (183 1) ; a translation of 
 Neander's " Ecclesiastical History 
 of the Tliree first Centuries ; " and 
 " An Answer to the Case of the 
 Dissenters " (1831). and various 
 sermons. He also edited the bio- 
 gi-aphical dictionary tliat bears his 
 name, and oontrilnited one essay to 
 the " Rej^ly to Essays and Reviews." 
 He was appointed Archdeacon of 
 Bedford in l.S()(">. He died Jan. 31, 
 1873. 
 
ROSE— EOSS. 
 
 771 
 
 EOSE, The Eev. Hugh James 
 [1795—1839], Principal of King's 
 College, London, was educated at 
 his father's school at Lewes, and 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 Having taken Holy Orders he be- 
 came Vicar of Horsham, wliich 
 he exchanged in 1830 for the Eec- 
 tory of Hadleigh in Suffolk. In 
 183 !• he obtained the living of Fair- 
 stead in Essex, and St. Thomas's in 
 Southwark, which he resigned in 
 183G on becoming Principal of 
 King's College. He was a voluminous 
 writer, among his best-known works 
 being "The State of the Protestant 
 Eeligion in Germany," 1825, and 
 ** Inscriptiones Grseca) Vetustis- 
 simae," 1825 . In 1832 he started the 
 British Magazine, a work devoted 
 to the interests of the Church ; he 
 Avas deeply engaged in the Trac- 
 tarian controversy ; was editor 
 of the '' Encyclopaedia Metropoli- 
 tana;" joint editor of the "Theo- 
 logical Library," and also wrote for 
 the Quarterly and Foreign Quarterly 
 Reviews, besides preparing a new 
 edition of Parkhurst's " Greek 
 Lexicon." 
 
 EOSS, Alexander [1783 — 
 185(3], was born in Scotland, but 
 e:uigrated to Canada in 1805, whex'e 
 for some years he taught in a school 
 in Glengai-ry Co. , Upper Canada. In 
 1810 he joined John Jacob Astor in 
 his expedition to Oregon, and there 
 established the fur business, which 
 was continued until the war of 1812 
 disturbed the enterprise ; but he 
 continued to trade in furs until 
 182 1-, part of the time in the ser- 
 vice of the Hudson Bay Company. 
 Upon his retirement in 1825 the 
 company granted him several hun- 
 dred acres of land near Fort Garry, 
 where he settled. For a quarter 
 of a century he was sheriff of the 
 Eed Eiver Settlement, of which 
 state he wrote an account in 185G. 
 Mr. Eoss was also the author of 
 '^' Adventures of the First Settlers 
 on the Oregon or Columbia Eiver," 
 and " Fur Hunters of the Far 
 West." 
 
 EOSS, Sir John [1777—1850], 
 arctic voyager and explorer, was 
 the son of a parish minister, tlie 
 Eev. Andrew Eoss, of Inch, Wigton- 
 shire, and was born at Balsarroch, 
 Galloway. He ent<,'red tlie navy 
 in 178G, gained his lieutenancy in 
 1801, and greatly distinguished 
 himself during the war with France. 
 He accompanied Sir Edward Parry 
 in his expedition to Baffin's Bay in 
 1818, and published, as the result 
 of that journey, his " Voyage of 
 Discovery in Search of a North - 
 West Passage." With the help of 
 Sir Felix Booth, he undertook a 
 second expedition, in 1829, to the 
 Arctic Sea, to carry out further 
 researches in the same direction, 
 and having spent four wintez-s in 
 the Arctic regions, dimng which, 
 after suffering great privations, they 
 discovered the country known now 
 as Boothia Felix, and fixed the true 
 position of the north magnetic pole, 
 they returned to England in 1833. 
 Eoss was knighted for his eminent 
 services on that occasion, and re- 
 ceived many other honours at home 
 and abroad. He was British Consul 
 at Stockholm from 1838—1814, and 
 in 1850, at the age of 73, he under- 
 took a last expedition to the Arctic 
 Ocean in search of Sir John Frank- 
 lin, from which he returned unsuc- 
 cessful in 1851. Among his other 
 writings maj^ be mentioned : " Nar- 
 rative of a Second Voyage," " Let- 
 ters to Young Naval Officers," " A 
 Treatise on Navigation by Steam," 
 &c. 
 
 EOSS, Admiral Sir James Clark 
 [1800— 18G2] a distinguished Arctic 
 explorer, was the third son of George 
 Eoss of Balsarroch, Galloway, and 
 nephew of the preceding. He en- 
 tered the navy in 1812 on board 
 the Briseis, commanded by his 
 uncle, whom he subsequently ac- 
 companied in 1818 in his first north- 
 west expedition. Between IS 19 and 
 1825 he accompanied Sir Edward 
 Parry in his three Arctic voyages. 
 From 1829 to 1833 he was with his 
 uncle in his Polar expeditions, as 
 
 3 d2 
 
^72 
 
 ROSS— EOSSE. 
 
 second in command^ undertaking 
 the departments of astronomy, 
 natural history, and siu-veying, and 
 had the honour of discovering- the 
 true jDOsition of the North Magnetic 
 Pole, and placing thereon the 
 British flag, for which the College 
 of Arms granted an augmentation 
 to his armorial hearings. He was 
 piomoted to the rank of post-cap- 
 tain in 1834'. His most noteAvorthy 
 expedition was that to the Ant- 
 arctic Ocean, undertaken in 1839, 
 which occupied four years. He 
 was in command of the Erebus, and 
 accompanied by Crozier, of the 
 Terror, and together they dis- 
 covered Victoria Land, the active 
 volcano Mount Erebus, and made 
 numerous valuable additions to 
 scientific knowledge in magnet- 
 ism, meteorology, zoology, &c. He 
 IDublished an account of the expe- 
 dition in 18-17. Eor his services 
 he was knighted in 1844, and made 
 a D.C.L. of Oxford. In 1841 he 
 received the Founder's Gold Medal 
 from the Geographical Society of 
 London ; and the G old Medal of 
 the Geograi^hical Society of Paris, 
 of which he was a corresponding 
 member. He was an F.R.S., F.L.S., 
 F.R.A.S., and F.R.G.S. In 1848 he 
 commanded an expedition to the 
 Arctic Seas iii search of Sir John 
 Franklin, but without success. 
 
 ROSS, Sir William Charles, 
 R.A., Knt. He was the son of W. 
 and Maria Ross, the miniature and 
 portrait painters, and was born in 
 London, June 3, 1794. His talent 
 for drawing developed early; while 
 still a child he gained several 
 medals at the Society of Arts, and 
 was an exhibitor in the Academy 
 when only fifteen years of age. 
 Five years later he became assist- 
 ant to Andrew Robertson, the minia- 
 ture painter, but his preference was 
 for liistoric art. In lcS21 he was 
 awai-ded the Society of Arts' Gold 
 Medal for liis " Judgment of 
 ]irutuK," and in 1843 he anony- 
 mously entered tlio AVestininster 
 competition, sending a cartoon of 
 
 " The Angel Raphael discoursing 
 with Eve,^' for which he received 
 a premium of =£100. But perceivin g 
 that he could not live by historic 
 art, he devoted himself to miniature, 
 wherein he achieved great success, 
 and practised with such industry 
 that he is said to have executed 
 2,200 miniatures, though only 300 
 appeared on the Academy walls. 
 He painted for the Court and many 
 royal personages. In 1838 he be- 
 came an associate of the Academy ; 
 member in 1839, when he was 
 knighted. He died Jan. 20, ISCO, 
 in his sixty-sixth year. A " Por- 
 trait of himself," and three other 
 miniatures by him are in the South 
 Kensington galleries. 
 
 ROSSE (Earl of). The Right 
 Hon. William Parsons, K.P., 
 F.R.S., &c. [1800— 18G7], eldest eon 
 of La\vi*ence, second earl, born at 
 York, entered the University of 
 Dublin in 1818, whence he passed 
 in 1819 to Magdalen College, Ox- 
 ford, and took his degree of B.A. 
 in 1822, as a First Class in mathe- 
 matical honours. As Lord Oxman- 
 to\\Ti, he was member for King's 
 County from 1821 till the end of 
 the first reformed Parliament, when 
 he retired from political life for 
 the purpose of devoting himself to 
 philosophical pursuits. He suc- 
 ceeded to the title on the death of 
 his father in 1841 ; and was elected 
 one of the representative Peers for 
 Ireland, an office which is always 
 held for life, in Feb., 1854. Lord 
 Rosso resided chiefly at Birr Castle, 
 in Ireland, where he set uji his first 
 telescope in 1831. It had a con- 
 cave speculum of 3 feet diameter, a 
 focal distaiue of 27 feet ; and was so 
 nicely balanced by means of weights 
 over pulleys that it could lie raised 
 or lowered to any angle with the 
 greatest ease. Tlie success of this 
 instrument, the construction of 
 which he had liimself superin- 
 tend(Hl, and a considerable part of 
 which he had worked ujion Avith 
 his own hand, encouragetl him to 
 further efl'ort. With a newer and 
 
ROSSETTI. 
 
 773 
 
 more gigantic instrument, 52 feet 
 in length and 7 feet in diameter, 
 haviuo- a G-foet speculum, many of 
 th'3 nebulfB, previously seen merely 
 as luminous patches, were resolved 
 into stars, and in others a spiral 
 form and arrangement was detected. 
 New nebulae were discovered in 
 considerable numbers ; and to what- 
 ever jjoint the instrument was 
 directed new stars wei*e seen in 
 profusion. Sketches of some of 
 the more remarkable nebulae were 
 published in the " Philosophical 
 Transactions " for 1S50. Lord Rosso 
 was elected President of the Koyal 
 Society (of which he became a 
 Fellow in 182 i), in succession to 
 the Marquis of Northampton, in 
 1819. This post he held for the 
 usual term of five years, and re- 
 signed it in 1854. The University 
 of Cambrido-o conferred on Lord 
 Eosse the hon. degree of LL.D. 
 in 1842. He presided over the 
 meeting of the British Association 
 at Cork in 1843, was elected one 
 of the members of the Imperial 
 Academy of Sciences at St. Peters- 
 burg in 1853, and was made a 
 Knight of the Legion of Honour 
 by the Emperor of the French in 
 1855 ; was a Knight of St. Patrick, 
 Lord Lieutenant and Gustos Eotu- 
 lorum of King's County, Colonel of 
 that county militia, and a member 
 of many leai*ned societies on the 
 continent. His writings which 
 appeared in the " Philosophical 
 Transactions " of the Eoyal Society, 
 comprise accurate descriptions of 
 his telescopes, and the manner of 
 their construction, together with 
 the necessary drawings and obser- 
 vations. 
 
 EOSSETTI, Gabriel Charles 
 Dante, better known as Dante 
 Gabriel Eossetti, was the eldest 
 sou and second child of Gabrielle 
 Eossetti, the poet and patriot, who 
 came to England about 1823, and 
 who three years later married 
 Frances Polidori. They settled at 
 38, Charlotte Street, Portland 
 PlacCj and there^ on May 12^ 1828, 
 
 Dante Gabriel was born. He was 
 educated chiefly at homo, till in 
 the autumn of 183(3 ho entered 
 King's College School, whore he 
 remained until the autumn of 
 1813, when he began to study art 
 at Cary's Academy. There he re- 
 mained about a year, when he wa.s 
 admitted a student of the Royal 
 Academy. In 1810 he exhibited 
 his first picture, " The Girlhood of 
 Mai*y Virgin." It appeared in the 
 Portland Gallery, and in it the in- 
 fluence of Mr. Ford Madox Brown 
 is very discernible. During the 
 following years Eossetti devoted 
 himself largely to the execution of 
 a number of designs illustrative of 
 Dante, of ancient ballad poetry, 
 and of the Arthurian legends, but 
 he also commenced several of his 
 best known oil paintings, the 
 " Sibylla Palmifera," the " Monna 
 Yanna," and the beautiful "Venus 
 Verticordia." But Eossetti's poetic 
 genius exceeded his gift for paint- 
 ing, and had displayed itself early. 
 As a child of five he wrote a little 
 l)lay, and his magnificent poems, 
 " Sister Helen " and '•' The Blessed 
 Damozel," were pi'oduced in their 
 first form before the poet had at- 
 tained his twentieth vear. In the 
 spring of 1809 Eossetti married a 
 young artist. Miss Siddall, whose 
 beautiful face served as a model 
 for many of his loveliest creations. 
 But two years after her marriage 
 she died. For a time Eossetti cared 
 neither for jjoetry or painting, and, 
 though he eventually found solixce 
 in his art, he never wholly re- 
 covered from this grief. The poems 
 which he published in 1870 were 
 written before this time ; they at 
 once gave him rank among the first 
 poets of the age, and the position 
 Avas confirmed by the second volume 
 published ten years later. After a 
 long period of ill-health, Eossetti 
 died at Birch ington, near Margate, 
 April 9, 1882. During his life 
 Eossetti refused to exhibit in any 
 public gallery, but in the winter of 
 1882-3 exhibitions of hi.5 works 
 
77i 
 
 EOSSETTI— ROTHSCHILD. 
 
 were held at the Eoyal Academy 
 and the Burling'ton Fine Arts 
 Club. His larj^est, and in some 
 respects finest^ painting, " Dante's 
 Dream/' is in the Walker Gallery 
 at Liverpool. In London the only 
 examples of his art possessed by 
 public galleries are four drawings 
 in the South Kensington collection. 
 The large majority of his works are 
 in the possession of private collec- 
 tors, whose names may be foimd in 
 the list of Eossetti's works appended 
 to Mr. William Sharp's " Eecord 
 and Study." Other authorities for 
 his life are Mr. Hall Caine's 
 ''Eecollections/' and the biogra- 
 phical notices which appeared in 
 Scrihner by Mr. Edmund Gosse, 
 and in Harper, Oct., 1882, by Miss 
 A. Mary F. Eobinsou, revised by 
 Mr. W. M. Eossetti. 
 
 EOSSETTI, Maria Francesca 
 [1827 — 1876], sister of the above 
 and of Miss Christina Georgina 
 Eossetti, was born in London, and 
 educated at home. Miss Eossetti 
 was much engaged in education 
 as a teacher of languages, history, 
 &c. ; and published " Idiomatic 
 Italian Exercises " on a new plan, 
 1807 ; and " A Shadow of Dante, 
 being an Essay towards studying 
 Himself, his World, and his Pil- 
 grimage," 1871. 
 
 EOSSI, John Charles Felix, 
 E.A., sculptor. He was born 
 March 8, 1762, at Nottingham, but 
 his early years were passed in 
 Jjeicestershire, where his father, an 
 Italian, was in practice as a doctor. 
 Young Eossi elected to be a sculptor, 
 and was apprenticed to an Italian in 
 London ; he afterwards entered the 
 Academy schools, Avhere ho gained 
 both silver and gold medals, and 
 in 1785 was sent as travelling stu- 
 dent to Eome. There he executed 
 a " Mercury " and a colossal " Bri- 
 tannia," and after his retui-n to 
 London in 1788 he was a constant 
 exhibitor at the Academy. In 
 17'.'8 h(j Avas elected associate, and 
 iiu'inbcr in 181)2, and out of llic 
 ninety-six works Avhioh he exhi- 
 
 bited seventy-foiu' appeared in the 
 Academy. His chief Avorks Avere 
 the monuments to Lord CornAvallis, 
 Lord Eodney, and Lord Heath- 
 field in St. Paul's Cathedral. He 
 was also employed at Buckingham 
 Palace, and was sculptor in ordi- 
 nary to George IV. He died at St. 
 John's Wood, Feb. 21, 1839. There 
 is a bronze bust of James Wyatt 
 by him in the National Portrait 
 Gallery. 
 
 EOTHSCHILD, Baron Lionel 
 Nathan de, son of Baron Nathan 
 Mayer de Eothschild and brother 
 of Sir Anthony de Eothschild, 
 Bart., partner in the Avell-knoAvn 
 firm of Messrs. N. M. Eothschild 
 and Sons, was born Nov. 22, 1808, 
 and siicceeded to the title on the 
 death of his father, June 28, 1836. 
 He was first elected one of the 
 members, in the Liberal interest, 
 for the City of London, in Aug., 
 1817, and though again retiirned 
 in June, 1819, in July, 1852, and in 
 March, 1857, A\'as not, OAAdng to the 
 exclusion of JeAvs from the House 
 of Commons, jiermitted to take his 
 seat and give his vote as a member 
 of the legislature until 1858, Avlien 
 the standing orders Avere set aside 
 by a resolution in favour of him- 
 self and his co-religionists. Baron 
 de Eothschild lost his seat as one of 
 the representatives of the City of 
 London at the general election of 
 Feb., 1871. He died June 3, 1879. 
 EOTHSCHILD, Sir Anthony, 
 Bart., J.P., D.L. [1810— 1876J, 
 was a brother of the preceding, 
 and one of the leading partners in 
 the great house of N. M. de Eoth- 
 schild A: Sons. He Avas created a 
 baronet of the United Kingdom in 
 18 Id. He Avas also a Baron of the 
 Austrian Emi)ire, and had been 
 Consul - General for Austria in 
 London since 1858, and Avas a Com- 
 missioner of Lieutenancy for Lon- 
 don. Sir Anthony Avas an ardent 
 sportsman, and on tlie death of liis 
 brother, Baron Mcver de Ivoth- 
 schihl, in 187 I. he took control of 
 the vahialtle racing stud. He was 
 
EOTHSCHILD— ROUSBY. 
 
 / to 
 
 President of the Jews' Free School, 
 and indirectly associated with all 
 Jewish charitable institutions. 
 
 EOTHSCHILD, Baron Meyek j 
 Amschel df [1819 — 1874], was the i 
 younger brother of the preced- i 
 ing. In 1S59 he was returned for i 
 Hythe in the Liberal interest, which 
 boi'ough he continued to represent ! 
 till his death. A passion for hric- 
 a-hrac of all kinds engrossed his 
 life, and his country house at Ment- 
 niore in Buckinghamshire was fa- 
 mous for its collection of works of 
 art. He was also a systematic 
 breeder of race-horses, and an en- 
 terprising patron of the turf, and 
 in 1872 won the Derby, the Oaks, 
 and the St. Leger. He left almost 
 the whole of his enormous fortune 
 to his only daughter, Hannah, now 
 Countess of Eosebery. [ 
 
 E O CJ S , Admiral the Hex. i 
 Henry John [1795 — 1877], second ; 
 son of the Earl of Stradbroke, en- 
 tered the navT in 1808, served as a 
 midshipman in the Flushing expe- \ 
 dition, and received a medal for | 
 his bravery in boat actions and 
 land expeditions, in the Bo.cchante, ^ 
 imder Sir TS". Hoste. Having 
 sailed in various vessels, he was '< 
 made captain in 1823, was appointed ' 
 to the Rainhoic in 1825, and served 
 on the Indian and New Holland 
 stations till 1829, when he went on 
 half-pay. In 1835 he was placed 
 in command of the Pique, which 
 vessel he brought home from Que- 
 bee after she had struck on a reef \ 
 of rocks on the Labrador coast, in 
 the straits of Belle Isle, on which 
 she was jammed for eleven hours, 
 and brought her across the Atlantic 
 with a sprung foremast and without 
 a keel, forefoot, or rudder ; making 
 twenty-three inches leakage per 
 hour ; an unparalleled feat of sea- 
 manship, for which neither the 
 officers nor ship's company re- 
 ceived the slightest reward. Soon 
 after this he completed his sea 
 time, and retired from the service. 
 He was returned one of the mem- 
 bers for "Westminster in the Con- 
 
 servative interest in July, 1841, 
 but was defeated in Feb., 1844j, in 
 which year Sir Eobert Peel ap- 
 pointed him a Lord of the Admi- 
 ralty. He will be best remembered 
 as a sportsman, however, and for 
 forty years was looked up to as the 
 supreme authority upon all matters 
 connected with the turf. He was 
 elected a steward of the Jockey 
 Club in 1838, and was re-elected 
 almost uninterruptedly until hia 
 death. In 1840 he received the 
 sole control of the Duke of Bed- 
 ford's horses. He was the author 
 of " Laws and Practice of Horse 
 Eacing," which procured for him 
 the title of the " Blackstone of the 
 Turf." 
 
 EOTJSBY, Clara Marion Jessie 
 [1852 — 1879], born at Parkhui-st, 
 Isle of Wight, -was the fourth 
 daughter of Mr. Dowse, Inspector- 
 General of Hospitals in the 
 Army Medical Department. She 
 made her first appearance on the 
 London stage at the Queen's 
 Theatre, Long Acre, Dec. 20, 18G9, 
 as Fiordelisa in Tom Taylor's play, 
 "The Fool's Eevenge." Her sue- 
 cess was more pronounced -when, 
 on Jan. 22, 1870, she represente 
 Lady EHzabeth in "'Twixt Axe 
 and"^ Crown," and her popularity 
 was fiu-ther increased by her im- 
 personation of the heroine of " Joan 
 of Arc," April 10, 1871. With 
 these plays, often repeated at dif- 
 ferent theatres in the metropolis, 
 her histrionic career is most pro- 
 minently identified, but in Miss 
 Braddon's drama of " Griselda " 
 and Mr. W. G. Wills' " Mary Queen 
 of Scots," Mrs. Eousby fulfilled a 
 successful engagement at the Prin- 
 cess's during the years 1873-1. 
 Her last appearance was at the 
 Queen's Theatre in the summer of 
 1878, when she essayed the heroine 
 of "Madeline Morel." The piece 
 was withdrawn after a fortnight 
 through an imfortunate personal 
 altercation, which led to some un- 
 pleasant law proceedings. Soon 
 after, Mrs. Eousby left for Wies- 
 

 EOUTH— ROWLEY. 
 
 baden, where she died of con- 
 sumption, 
 
 ROUTH, Martin Joseph, D.D. 
 [1755— 1S54], President of Mag- 
 dalen College, Oxford, son of the 
 Rev. Peter Routh, was born at 
 South Ehnham, near Beccles, in 
 Suffolk. He was partly educated 
 by his father, and in 1770 matri- 
 culated as a " Bateler " at Queen's 
 College, Oxford. In July of the 
 following year he was elected a 
 demy of Magdalen College, and 
 having taken his B.A. degree, be- 
 came a Fellow in 1776. In 1781 
 he was appointed college librarian, 
 was elected senior pi'octor of the 
 University in 1783, and in the fol- 
 lowing year junior dean of arts. 
 He was appointed one of the col- 
 lege bursars in 1789, and was 
 elected President of Magdalen Col- 
 lege in 1791, on the resignation of 
 Dr. Home, Bishop of Norwich. 
 Having taken his D.D. degree, he 
 became, in 1810, rector of Tylehurst, 
 near Reading, Berkshire, where he 
 used to retire to spend the vaca- 
 tions allowed by the statutes of his 
 college. His first literary work 
 was an edition of the " Euthydemus 
 and Gorgias" of Plato, which ap- 
 peared in 1784, an edition which 
 Dr. Parr said he had " read with 
 instruction and delight ; which the 
 first scholars on the Continent 
 have praised ; which Charles Bur- 
 ney loves, and which even Richard 
 Porson endures." Thirty years 
 later appeared the first two volumes 
 of his "Reliquiae Sacrie," the third 
 volume of which was published in 
 1815. Among his other works may 
 be mentioned : an edition of Bishop 
 Burnet's " History of His own 
 Timos," 1823 ; " Seriptorum Eccle- 
 siasticorum Opuscula," 1832-10 ; 
 and a new edition of Burnet's 
 " History," 1833, and of the " R.'- 
 li(iuiiL' Sacra;," 18 i8. Di-. Routh died 
 at the ago of 99, and was buried in 
 the vault of the chapel of Magdalen 
 C>()ll('g(.'. He b('(iu(;ath(!<l his lil>rary 
 (a very valuable one) to thtj Uni- 
 versity of Durham. 
 
 ROWAN, Field-Marshal Sir 
 William, G.C.B. [1789—1879], as 
 a young officer had been present at 
 Waterloo. He was of Irish descent, 
 being the son of Mr. Robert 
 Rowan, of Garry, county Antrim. 
 At the age of fourteen he entered 
 the 52nd Foot, serving with its 
 colours until 1828. He was civil 
 and military secretary in Canada 
 from 1823 to 1829, and commander 
 of the forces in the same dominion 
 from' 1819 to 1855. He was ap- 
 pointed colonel of the 19 th Foot in 
 1851;, and retained that position 
 until 18G1, in which year he was 
 given the colonelcy of his old 
 regiment — the 52nd. In 1850 he 
 was created a Military G.C.B. , and 
 was made a general in the army in 
 1862, and field-marshal in 1876. 
 
 ROWLEY, George Dawson 
 [1822 — 1878], was the eldest son of 
 Geoi-ge William Rowley, Esq., of 
 Priory Hill, St. Neots. He was 
 educated at Eton, and Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, and was the 
 author of several works ujjon orni- 
 thological and scientific subjects, 
 among others the " Ornithological 
 Miscellany." He was a J. P. for 
 the counties of Rutland, Lincoln, 
 and Hants, and a D.L., and in 1870 
 sheriff of the first-named county. 
 
 R W L EY, Admiral Sir 
 JosiAS, Bart. [1765—1812], K.C.B., 
 G.C.M.G., and equerry to H.R.H. 
 the Duchess of Kent, was born in 
 Ireland, and entered the navy in 
 1779. He was made a lieutenant 
 in 1783, commander in 1793, and 
 post-captain in 1795. Having seen 
 much active service at the Cape of 
 Good Hope, and Buenos Ayres, he 
 in LSIO succeeded in taking the 
 Mauritius from the Fronch. In the 
 Boadicca he did distinguished ser- 
 vice against the French in tlu' East 
 (ISIO), so tli.it inthe ft>llo\ving year 
 there didnot remain a slij* ^>[ I'lcncli 
 territory in either of the Indies, nor 
 a ship on tlie ln<lian Oi-ean. He re- 
 turned to Vhigland with desi>atehes, 
 and lionouralih' mention was made 
 of his long and arduous services, 
 
ROYLE— KUSSELL. 
 
 77 
 
 He was created a baronet in 1813 ; 
 gazetted K.C.B. in 1815, and ad- 
 miral of the Blue in 1837. He 
 commanded for some time on the 
 Irish station. In 1810 the coi-pora- 
 tion of the city of Cork presented 
 him with its freedom, and in 1821 
 he was returned as M.P. for Kin- 
 sale, which i)lace he represented 
 for ten years. The last part of his 
 life he passed in retii'ement on his 
 estates in the county of Leitrim, 
 fulfilling the duties of a magisti*ate 
 and country orentleman. 
 
 KOYLE, Dr. Forbes^ an eminent 
 hotanist, was educated in London 
 for the medical profession. After 
 passing his examina,tions, he en- 
 tered the service of the East India 
 Company, and was for many years 
 stationed in the Himalayas. The 
 position of Superintendent of the 
 Botanical Garden at Saharempore 
 afforded him great opportunities 
 for studying the indigenous flora 
 of Hindustan ; and as the result of 
 liis labours he published, in 1833, 
 " Illustrations of the Botany, and 
 other Branches of Natural History of 
 the Himalayan Mountains, and of 
 the Flora of Cashmere." An essay 
 " On the Antiquity of Hindoo Medi- 
 cine," 1S37, disfjlayed so much 
 learning and research, that on the 
 opening of King's College, London, 
 as a medical school. Dr. Eoyle was 
 elected to the chair of " Materia 
 Medica," a position which he filled 
 until 185G. His profound know- 
 ledge of the resources of India, espe- 
 cially in the vegetable kingdom, 
 led him to take an active interest 
 in promoting a knowledge of the 
 material products of that country, 
 and his efforts to cultivate tea in 
 the East Indies were attended with 
 complete success. Dr. Eoyle was 
 a member of the British Associa- 
 tion, a Fellow of the Linnean and 
 Geological Societies, and at the 
 time of his death he held an ap- 
 pointment in connection with the 
 East India Company, in London. 
 He died Jan. 2, 1858. 
 
 IIUSSEL, Alexander [1811— 
 
 1870], bom in Edinburgh, and 
 educated at schools in his native 
 city, where his father practi.sed as 
 a solicitor, was intended for a 
 printer, but changed his views, 
 and after contriVjuting to To it's 
 Magazine, and other periodicals, 
 became in 1839 editor of the Ber- 
 wick Advertiser. Having occupied 
 that post for three years, he became 
 editor of the Fife Herald, and re- 
 mained at Cupar till the end of 
 18 1 i, when he stai-ted a Liberal 
 paper in Kilmarnock. In the be- 
 ginning of 1815 Mr. Eussel became 
 connected with the Scotsman, as 
 assistant to Mr. Maclaren, who a 
 few months afterwards resigned, 
 and Mr. Russel succeeded to the 
 editorship. In politics he was a 
 Whig of the Fox school. He found 
 time to contribute to various pub- 
 lications ; among which may be 
 mentioned the Edinhurgh and Quar- 
 terly Revieics, the Encyclopcelia 
 Britannica and BlacTcivood's Maga- 
 zine. His first article in the 
 Edinburgh Review, entitled " Agri- 
 cultiu*al Complaints," was under- 
 taken at the suggestion of Lord 
 Jeffrey ; and he wrote on a variety 
 of topics, from statistics to salmon- 
 fishing, on which latter subject 
 he gave valuable evidence before 
 Committees of the Houses of Par- 
 liament. He received, in 1859, a 
 testimonial of the value of about 
 ,£2,000 from his admirers in Scot- 
 land. In 1S75 he was imanimously 
 elected a member of the Reform 
 Club, by virtue of a special power 
 entrusted to the committee, and 
 which is intended to be used as a 
 compliment to men who have ren- 
 dered conspicuous service to the 
 Liberal cause. 
 
 RUSSELL, Samuel [1706— 
 1815], comedian, and father of the 
 stacre, whose name is connected 
 with what is commonly called the 
 brightest period of the English 
 drama, was the son of an actor. 
 He was famous for his perform- 
 ance of Jerry Sneak, in the "Mayor 
 of Garratt/'a performance which is 
 
778 
 
 KUSSELL. 
 
 said to have been quite unique, and 
 to have defied comiDetition. At the 
 age of nine he was with Miss Eoman- 
 zini (later Mrs. inland), the English 
 ballad singer, and in 1787 gave en- 
 tertainments on his own account in 
 the city. He owed his first London 
 engagement to a mistake on the 
 l^art of George IV., then Prince of 
 Wales, who had seen his father 
 act in the provinces, and expressed 
 a wish to see " Samuel Kussell " on 
 the London boards. The son opened 
 the letter intended for his father, 
 and thinking it was for him, an- 
 swered it, accepting the offer. He 
 accordingly came to London, and 
 appeared at Drury Lane, Sept. 21, 
 1795, in the character of Charles 
 Surface, and Tribble, in " Miss in \ 
 her Teens." The Prince was much i 
 surprised to see the son instead of ! 
 the father, but expressed his grati- 
 fication at having been the means 
 of introducing him to the metro- 
 polis. In 1812 he accompanied 
 Elliston as stage manager to the 
 Surrey, and was that gentleman's 
 second in the duel between him 
 and Vincent Decamp on Finchley 
 Common on Sept. of that year. 
 He later accompanied Elliston to 
 the Olympic as manager, and in 
 1819 to Drury Lane, where he 
 remained for three years. He then 
 took the Brighton Theatre, which 
 he held for ten years. His last 
 professional eft'oi't as a director was 
 in 1838-9, when Mr. Bunn ap- 
 pointed him stage-manager at 
 Drury Lane. On the retirement 
 o his old colleague Dowton from 
 the stage, Kussell played Jerry 
 Sneak to Dowton's Major Sturgeon, 
 at the Italian Opera, in 18J0, great 
 interest Ijeing felt in the appear- 
 ance of the two theatrical pa- 
 triarchs acting together once more. 
 Jlis own farewell Itenefit took place 
 in 1812, at the Haymarket, when 
 he appeared as Jerry Sneak, and 
 delivered an address. The pro- 
 ceeds of tli's pt rfornianee he un- 
 f()rlunuLt.'ly loi-t tlu-ougli the 
 failure of a large discounting firm. 
 
 He was a contemporary of the 
 Kembles, John and Charles, Mrs. 
 Siddons, Mrs. Jordan, Miss O'Neill, 
 King, LcAvis, Fawcett, c^c. 
 
 RIJSSELL, Sir Charles, Bart., 
 V.C., M.P., eldest surviving son of 
 Sir Henry Russell, the second baro- 
 net, by his second wife, Marie Clo- 
 tilde, daughter of Mons. Mottet de 
 la Fontaine, was born at Southern 
 Hill, Reading, June 22, 182G. He 
 was educated at Eton, and suc- 
 ceeded his father as third baronet, 
 April 19, 1852. He was appointed 
 to the 35th Regiment in Aug. 
 1813 ; served with the regiment 
 in Mauritius ; was transferred to 
 the Grenadier Guards in 1847 ; 
 proceeded with the Expeditionary 
 Force to Malta in Feb. 1854, and 
 served throughout the Crimean 
 campaign. He was present at the 
 landing at Old Fort, and at the 
 battles of Alma, Balaclava, Inker- 
 mann, and the siege of Sebasto- 
 pol ; was appointed D.A.A.G. and 
 D.A.Q.G. after the 'battle of Inker- 
 mann ; was jjromoted to brevet 
 major for distinguished service in 
 the field ; received the A''ictoria 
 Cross for his conduct at Inker- 
 mann, as also the Crimean medal 
 and four clasps, the Turkish medal 
 and order of the Medjidie, and the 
 order of the Legion of Honour. 
 He represented Berkshire in the 
 Conservative interest, in the Par- 
 liament of 1805-08, and vacated 
 his seat for that coiinty under the 
 operation of the minority vote, 
 lie was returned for "Westminster 
 in 187 4, Init resigned in 18SL*. lie 
 was Hon. Col. of the lOtli Mitldle- 
 sex Volunteers. Sir Charles was a 
 Dei^uty Lieutenant and a Justice 
 of the Peace for Berkshire. He 
 died at Swallowfiehl l*ark, near 
 Reading, A])nl 1 I, 18S3. 
 
 RUSSELIi. K'uiHT Kkv. Cuakt.es 
 WiM-lAM, MoNsUiNoii, was boni at 
 Killough, CO. Downi, Irehnul, in 
 1812, and educated at Droglieda 
 School, and St. Patriek's College, 
 Mayiiooth. He tliere soon gave 
 evidence of literary talent, and 
 
RUSSELL. 
 
 779 
 
 made such good progress that while 1 Cheshunt. She was greatly at 
 still a youth he was elected a stu- tached to the memory of her an 
 
 dent of the Dunboyne establish- 
 ment, and at the age of 23 was 
 appointed to the Pi-ofessorship of 
 Humanity. Later, in the year of 
 Dr. Newman's secession, he was 
 
 cestor, and possessed a fund of 
 Cromwollian anecdote. Several 
 curious and valuable relics, includ- 
 ing original family portraits, handed 
 down from generation to genera- 
 
 appointed to the Chair of Ecclesi- j tion, eventually cauie into her pos- 
 astical History at Maynooth, and i session, among which were the 
 in 1857 became president. Before } Protector's swords, bearing his arms 
 he was 30 he had begun to influence | embossed, his state sword, powder- 
 the Oxford movement in England, j horn, numerous papers and letters, 
 and though personally unknown to I &c., and a mask, cast from the first 
 the leaders of that movement, his mould taken from his face when 
 
 reputation stood high at Oxford, 
 and he was often consulted on 
 knotty points arising in that con- 
 
 dead. 
 
 EUSSELL (Earl), John, third 
 son of John, sixth Duke of Bedford, 
 
 troversy. He became acquainted \ by Georgiana, daughter of the 
 with Dr. Xewman in the summer j foiu'th Viscount Torrington, was 
 of 1841, an acquaintance which soon ' born in Hertford Street, Mayfair, 
 
 ripened into friendship, and it is 
 said that the correspondence which 
 took place between them led to 
 Newman's final determination to 
 join the Eoman Catholic Church. 
 In the "Apologia," part of this 
 correspondence is given, and Xew- 
 man savs that Dr. Eussell had more 
 to do with his conversion than any- 
 one else. Dr. Eussell assisted Dr. 
 Wiseman in the conduct of the 
 Duhlin Review, to which he contri- 
 buted some of the most notable of 
 the essays on the Oxford move- 
 
 Aui^. 18, 1792. He received his 
 earlv education at Sunburv and at 
 "Westminster School, and then, m 
 order to avoid the Tory atmosphere 
 of the English Universities, was 
 sent to complete his education at 
 Edinburgh, where he was for some 
 time a pupil of the metaphy- 
 sician Thos. Brown and of Du- 
 gald Stewart. Under the tui- 
 tion of the latter, the liberal 
 opinions which he inherited from 
 his parents were strengthened and 
 confirmed, and the social atmos- 
 
 ment. He published translations phere of Edinburgh at that time 
 from the German of Canon von was well calculated to second 
 Schmid's "Tales" (1846), and of the professor's influence. Leaving 
 Leibnitz's " System of Theology," ! Edinburgh, Lord John spent some 
 with notes (1850), a "Life of Car- months on a foreign tour, during 
 
 dinal Mezzofanti " (1858), and, to- 
 gether with Mr. J. P. Prendergast, 
 a "Eeport on the Carte MSS. in 
 the Bodleian Library," which ap- 
 peared in 1871, in 8 vols. He also 
 contributed to the E J. inhurgli,Xorth 
 British, and other Eeviews. 
 
 EUSSELL, Elizabeth Oliveria 
 [1777 — 1849], was the daughter of 
 Oliver Cromwell, an eminent soli- 
 citor, and the last male descendant 
 of the Pi'otector, after whose daugh- 
 ter Mrs. Eussell was named. She 
 married, on June 18, 1801, Thomas 
 Artemidorus Eussell, Esq., only 
 surviving son of John Eussell, of 
 
 which he went to the Peninsula, and 
 saw Wellington at Torres Yedras, 
 and in 1813, after the formation 
 of the Livei-pool ministry, was re- 
 turned to the House of Commons as 
 one of the members for his father's 
 borough of Tavistock. The "Whigs, 
 with Lords Wellesley and Grenville 
 at their head, had about this time 
 been offered place, which, for ob- 
 vious reasons, they declined. Ne- 
 gatively they possessed consider- 
 able influence, and as soon as the 
 war was concluded, in 1815, they 
 devoted their energies to the advo- 
 cacy of social and political reforms. 
 
780 
 
 RUSSELL. 
 
 The Whig party gained ground 
 during George the Third's illness, 
 tlirough the debate on the income- 
 tax and foreign treaties. On the 
 latter subject Lord Kussell deli- 
 vered an eloqu^it sjieech, which 
 gave him at once a high place 
 among j)arliamentai'y orators. Be- 
 lieving that each nation had a 
 right to its own internal govern- 
 ment, he resisted the " Northern 
 Settlement" (as it was called), by 
 which Norway and Sweden were to 
 be united, and to which England 
 and Russia made themselves par- 
 ties. In 1817 he spoke strongly 
 against the suspension of the 
 Habeas Corpus Act — a measure 
 which the ministry thought it ne- 
 cessary to propose in consequence 
 of increasing outbreaks amongst 
 the suffei'ing masses — and urged 
 the propriety of appeasing their 
 feelings by timely concessions. The 
 Government, however, persevered, 
 and instituted state prosecutions 
 against the chief olfenders. Dis- 
 gusted with the failure of the 
 efforts of his party. Lord J. Eussell 
 seriously entertained the design of 
 retiring from public life, from 
 which he was dissuaded by his poli- 
 tical friends, aided by the well- 
 known eloquent appeal of Thomas 
 Moore. He took ui^ the question 
 of Parliamentary Reform, and by 
 repeated motions on the subject, in 
 which he was supported by public 
 opinion, had the satisfaction of 
 seeing the cherished object resisted 
 each year by decreasing majorities; 
 and he was regarded as the recog- 
 nized leader of the movement. In 
 Feb., 1820, he opened the assault 
 by proposing a bill for the disfr.^n- 
 chisemont of four borouglis noto- 
 rious for bribery and corruption, 
 and the proposal, though carried 
 ill tlio Commons, was rejected by 
 the House of Lords. The defeat 
 was virtually a victory. in the 
 I'arliaiuentof 1821, though he failed 
 ill carrying a resolution, which 
 allirmefl the abHiract necessity of a 
 C'hangt.', he succeeded in striking 
 
 the borough of Grampound off the 
 roll of constituencies. Nor was his 
 attention confined to the question 
 of Parliamentary Reform ; he ap- 
 peared as the avowed defender of 
 Queen Caroline, an advocate of 
 Catholic Emancipation, and an op- 
 ponent of the Test and Corporation 
 Acts. With the accession of Can- 
 ning to power, on the death of 
 Lord Castlereagh, the question of 
 Catholic Emancipation rose into 
 paramount importance. But the 
 nation at large was opposed to the 
 change, and in 182G, in consequence 
 of his advocacy of the principle, the 
 county of Huntingdon rejected Lord 
 J. Russell, who had represented it 
 in the previous Parliament . Chosen 
 for Bandon, in Ireland, he continued 
 his course of persistent attack, and, 
 though unable to effect any impor- 
 tant change whilst INIr. Canning 
 lived, he reneAved the camjDaign so 
 vigorously on the accession of the 
 Duke of Wellington to power in 
 
 1828, that the Test and Corporation 
 Acts were repealed, and in April, 
 
 1829, the Catholic Relief Bill be- 
 came the law of the land. Rein- 
 forced in their crusade by the 
 Catholic members, some forty or 
 fifty having taken their seats in the 
 Commons in 1830, Lord John Rus- 
 sell and his friends renewed their 
 agitation for a reform in the par- 
 liamentary representation, and 
 though repeatedly beaten in the 
 Upper House, they had the satis- 
 faction of seeing the measure car- 
 ried in the summer of 1832, after 
 more than one appeal to the coun- 
 try at large, and the Reform Bill 
 became part and parcel of the law 
 of England, June 7. Lord John 
 Russell, now at the zenith of his 
 fame, stood forth as the ])ersonal 
 embodiment of progress. In 1S3() 
 lit! entered upon oflict* for tho first 
 time as I'aymaster o\' the Foix-es, in 
 Earl Grey's Ministry, and in 1831 
 he Avas returned member for Devon- 
 shire. In 1S3 I liord Grey was sue- 
 ceedetl V»y Jiord Melbourne, and tlu' 
 return of the latter to power, after 
 
RUSSELL. 
 
 781 
 
 a brief interrej^num, during which 
 the seals were placed in the hands 
 of Sir Robert Peel, was mainly due 
 to the well-known Appropriation 
 Clause in the Irish Tithe Bill, pro- 
 posed by Lord John Russell, who 
 became Home Secretary, and from 
 1835 till 1811 was virtually the 
 mainsprin}^ and «i^uidin^ spirit of 
 the Melbourne Administration, 
 though in office he did not carry 
 out the apjiropriation principle, on 
 which he, with his colleagues, had 
 driven Sir R. Peel from power. It 
 must be admitted that the various 
 alterations which were carried out 
 in Municipal Reform, in the Irish 
 Tithe question, in Ecclesiastical 
 Reform, and in the regulation of 
 the marriages of Dissenters, were 
 mainly the results of Lord John 
 Russell's efforts during the above 
 period, in the latter portion of 
 which he held the office of Secre- 
 tary for the Colonies. From ISll 
 till 1816, whilst Sir R. Peel was 
 in power. Lord John Russell led 
 the Opposition ; but the carry- 
 ing of Free Trade by the Tory 
 minister broke up his party ; and, 
 on the rejection of the Irish 
 Coercion Bill in 1816, Lord John 
 Russell succeeded to the j)remier- 
 ship, which he held vmtil 1852. In 
 office his lordship showed an indis- 
 position to take the initiative in any 
 marked measure of progress and 
 advancement. As a consequence, 
 he could only depend upon a very 
 small and uncertain majority in 
 Parliament ; and the inefficiency of 
 his Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, accom- 
 panied, nearly at the same time, by 
 the secession of his colleague. Lord 
 Palmerston, forced him, early in 
 1852, to resign the seals of office 
 into the hands of Lord Derby. Un- 
 der the administration of the Earl 
 of Aberdeen, Lord John Russell 
 held the portfolio of Foreign Affairs 
 for a short time, a seat in the Cabi- 
 net without office, and the jjost of 
 Lord President of the Council. In 
 the latter capacity he brought for- 
 ward, in 1851, another Reform 
 
 Bill, which proposed to swamp the 
 smaller }>orougliH,l>y joining to tliem 
 other neighbouring districts for elec- 
 toral purposes. The measure was 
 witlulrawn on account of the war 
 with Russia. Having resigned a 
 few days before Mr. Roebuck's vote 
 of censure on the Coalition Ministry 
 came on for discussion, he accepted 
 office under Lord Palmerston as 
 Colonial Secretai-y, m Feb., 1855, 
 represented England at the Vienna 
 Conference, and in consequence of 
 the dissatisfaction caused by his 
 mode of conducting the negotiations, 
 again resigned. He joined in the 
 vote condemning the China war 
 which led to a dissolution of Parlia- 
 ment. He resumed office as Minis- 
 ter for Foreign Affairs on Lord Pal- 
 mcrston's return to power in 1*^50, 
 his policy being described by the 
 late Earl of Derby as all " meddle 
 and muddle." He sat for Stroud 
 from 1835 to 1811, when he was re- 
 turned for the City of London, and 
 retained that seat till he was raised 
 to the peerage as Earl Russell, of 
 Kingston-Russell, in Dorsetshire, 
 and Viscount Amberley, of Amber- 
 ley in Gloucestershire, July 30, 1861 . 
 After the death of Lord Palmerston, 
 Oct. 18, 1865, Earl Russell, for the se- 
 cond time, became Prime Minister, 
 and in conjunction with Mr. Glad- 
 stone, found himself at the head of 
 the Liberal party, with a majority 
 of between seventy and eighty in 
 the House of Commons. During 
 the session of 1866 they introduced 
 a Reform Bill, giving a £(j rental 
 suffrage in boroughs. A group of 
 Liberals, led by Mr. Lowe, seceded 
 from the Ministerial side, and after 
 a hostile vote on a modification 
 proposed, June 18, by the late 
 Lord Dunkellin, the ministry re- 
 signed. After that time Lord Rus- 
 sell's official life was closed, though 
 he still continued Jto take a [keen 
 interest in every Liberal measure. 
 He was called upon to suffer be- 
 reavements, especially hard being 
 the loss of his eldest son, Lord Am- 
 berley,. who died, Jan. 8, 1876, at t 
 
782 
 
 RUSSELL. 
 
 early age of thirty-three. The rest 
 of Lord Russell's life was spent in re- 
 tirement, and literary pursuits. He 
 was made a K.G^n 1862, and a year 
 later elected Lord Rector of Aber- 
 deen University. Among his works 
 may be mentioned, " Life of Lord 
 Wm . L. Russell," "^ E ssay on the His- 
 tory of the English Government," 
 " Essay on Causes of the French Re- 
 volution," " Memorials and Corre- 
 spondence of C. J. Fox," "Life and 
 Times of C. J. Fox," "Memoii-s of 
 Thomas Moore," &c. He died at 
 Pembroke Lodge, Richmond Park, 
 May 28, 1878. 
 
 RUSSELL, John Scott, M.A., 
 F.R.S. [1808—1882], Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the Institution of Civil En- 
 gineers and the Institution of 
 Naval Architects, eldest son of the 
 Rev. David Russell, of the family 
 of Russell of Braidwood, born in 
 the Vale of Clyde, received his 
 education at the Universities of 
 Edinburgh, St. Andrew's, and Glas- 
 gow, and graduated at the latter at 
 the age of 10. Evincing a very 
 early predilection for practical me- 
 chanics, his father permitted him 
 to be employed in the workshop as 
 an engineer, and afterwards assisted 
 him to prosecute his studies in cog- 
 nate sciences. In these he made 
 such advances, that on the death 
 of Sir John Leslie, Professor of 
 natural Philosophy in the Univer- 
 sity of Edinburgh, in 1832, the 
 young engineer was selected to 
 supply temporarily the vacancy, 
 and delivered a complete course of 
 lectures on natural philosophy to 
 the students. From this time his 
 career as a j^iractical engineer and 
 sliipbuilder l^ecame decided, and 
 whilst in Edinburgh he built some 
 small steamboats for canal and 
 river navigation, and constructed 
 steam-cari'iagcs for common roads, 
 wliich ran between Paisley and 
 Glasgow for a consideral)k' time. 
 In a few years he succeeded Mr. 
 Caird, of Gre(mock, as the manager 
 of one of the largest shipbuilding 
 and engineering cstablishuients in 
 
 Scotland, where he continued until 
 his removal to London in 1814, 
 where he constructed four large 
 steamships, the Teviot, the Taj/, the 
 Clyde, and the Tweed, for the West 
 India Royal Mail Company. Mean- 
 while he had not neglected science, 
 but had applied its doctrines to the 
 mechanical arts. As a shipbuilder, 
 he was led to investigate the laws 
 by Avhich water opposes resistance 
 to the motion of floating bodies, 
 and he established the existence of 
 the "^ wave of translation," on which 
 he founded his " Wave System " of 
 construction of ships, introduced 
 into practice in 1835. A paper 
 bearing on this subject was read 
 before the British . Association in 
 
 1835, and for some years he con- 
 tinued his experiments, which 
 amounted to the almost incredi))le 
 number of 20,000. It is only fair 
 to state, however, that his claim 
 to the originality of this disco- 
 very was contested by Mr. Thomas 
 Assheton Smith, the well-known 
 fox-hunter. The first vessel con- 
 structed on his " wave principle " 
 was the Wave, in 1835, which was 
 followed by the Scott Russell in 
 
 1836, and the Flambeau and Fire 
 King in 1830, all of which proved 
 successful. Mr. Scott Russell's 
 principle was adopted by Mr. Bru- 
 nei in designing the Great Britain, 
 and it has steadily made its 
 way both in this country and 
 in the United States, and was 
 carried out in the Great Eastern, the 
 building of wliich was certainly JMr. 
 Russell's most important work. A 
 memoir on the laws by which water 
 opposes resistance to tlu» motion of 
 floating bodies was read by Mr. 
 Scott Russell before the Royal 
 Society of Edinburgh in 1837, and 
 obtained ft)r liiui the large gold 
 medal, and lie was elected a Fellow, 
 and placed on the Council of the 
 Society. Ten yeai-s later he was 
 elected Fellow of the Royal Society 
 of London, and Member of the In- 
 stitution of Civil Engineers, of 
 which he became Vice-President; 
 
RUSSELL. 
 
 ■83 
 
 was long an active member of the 
 British Association, a member of 
 the Society of Arts, and was for 
 some time its secretary. He was 
 one of the three original promoters 
 of the Gi-eat Exhibition of 1851, 
 who, under the direction of H.R.H. 
 the Prince Consort, planned and 
 organized the preliminary arrange- 
 ments, and, in conjunction with 
 Sir Stafford Northcote, Bart., was 
 Joint Secretary of the Eoyal Com- 
 missioners for carrying out the 
 Exhibition. He was one of the 
 founders of the Institution of 
 Naval Architects, and one of its 
 Vice-Presidents, and contributed 
 many important paj^ers to its 
 Transactions. He compiled a 
 large and costly treatise, entitled 
 "The Modem System of Naval 
 Architectui-e for Commerce and 
 War,"' which comprehends the 
 theory of naval design, the practice 
 of shipbuilding in iron and in wood, 
 the princij^les of steam navigation, 
 and is illustrated with 150 engrav- 
 ings, containing the finest works of 
 modern shipbuilders and engineers. 
 He was also the author of a work en- 
 titled " Systematic Technical Edu- 
 cation for the English People," 
 1869. In the autumn of 1871, Mr. 
 Eussell came prominently before 
 the public as the author of a scheme 
 called " The Ncav Social Alliance." 
 His object was to effect a union be- 
 tween some of the leading Conser- 
 vative members of the legislature 
 and certain self-styled representa- 
 tives of the '.vorking-classes, with a 
 view to the amelioration, through 
 the intervention of the State, of the 
 condition of the working men. The 
 attempt proved abortive ; but it is 
 curious to notice that very lately 
 (1885) Mr. Goschen has observed 
 that nearly all the proposals of Mr. 
 Scott Russell's scheme have now 
 been adopted into the programme of 
 the State- Socialists. His tAvo latest 
 engineering works were the - initia- 
 tion of railway transport across the 
 sea, by carrying railway trains on 
 sea-going ships ; and the construe- 1 
 
 tion of the largest vaulted dome in 
 the world. His plan of transporting 
 railway trains of goods or passengers 
 over seas on ships without disturb- 
 ing the passengers or displacing 
 the goods, was first carried out on 
 Lake Constance, where the Swiss 
 system of railways was parted from 
 the German system by a wide inland 
 sea, with sea-ports twelve to twenty 
 miles asunder. The Great Dome at 
 Vienna has been equally successful, 
 being the lightest, strongest, and 
 least costly building of its size ; its 
 span is 3G0 feet diameter clear, with- 
 out column or support, and it covers 
 an area and encloses a volume nearly 
 as large as the whole cathedral 
 of St. Paul's. The principle on 
 which this building is constructed 
 is called by its author " The Conic 
 Form of Maximuiu Strength." 
 
 RUSSELL, Rev. John [1795— 
 1883], the well-kno-^vn "hunting 
 parson," was the son of the rector 
 of Iddesleigh, North Devon, who 
 lived;, when John was born, at Dart- 
 mouth, where he took pupils, and 
 also kept hounds. The boys from 
 their earliest age were allowed, if 
 their tasks had been properly ful- 
 filled, to accomi^any their father to 
 the hunting-field. John was sent 
 to the Plympton Grammar School, 
 whence he passed to the Tiverton 
 School, and while there he and a 
 school friend started together a 
 small pack of hounds, with which 
 for awhile they had capital fun. 
 Itcomingtothe|earsof Dr. Richards, 
 the head master, however, Bovey, 
 the fellow delinquent, was expelled 
 on the spot, and John severely re- 
 primanded. He soon regained the 
 Doctor's favour by winning two 
 prizes — an exhibition of ^30 a year, 
 tenable for four years. He was ad- 
 mitted into Exeter College, Oxford, 
 in 1811, and during residence there 
 gained that practical knowledge of 
 sport in all its forms which few have 
 attained to, and none surpassed. 
 Besides getting a fair amount of 
 hunting, he learnt to box, and at- 
 tended wrestling matches in Devon 
 
784 
 
 EUSSELL. 
 
 and Cornwall. He was ordained a 
 deacon in 1819, and a priest in the 
 following year, and was nominated 
 to the ciuvacy of-George Nympton— 
 a rural parish, near South Moulton. 
 He lived at South Moulton, where 
 he kept otterhounds, and got a 
 good deal of hunting, never, how- 
 ever, letting sport interfere with the 
 work of his parish, which he carried 
 on to the entire satisfaction of his 
 parishioners. In 182G he married 
 Miss Penelope Bury, daughter of 
 Admiral Bury, of Dennington 
 House, near Barnstaple, and then 
 removed with his bride to Iddes- 
 leigh, near Hatherleigh, where he 
 hecame curate to his father. He 
 there kept foxhounds, and formed 
 an alliance with Mr. C. Arthur 
 Harris, of Hayne, a master of 
 hounds, and an enthusiastic sports- 
 man, it being agreed between them 
 that both sets of hounds, Eussell's 
 and Harris's, should belong to the 
 former, and be hunted and con- 
 trolled by him. In 1833 he was 
 appointed perpetual curate of Swym- 
 bridge and Landkey, where he re- 
 mained to the end of his life. Soon 
 after his appointment to the bishop- 
 ric of Exeter, Henry Philpotts, 
 much troul)led by the number of 
 hunting parsons in liis diocese, 
 called John Russell up to answer 
 certain charges brought against 
 him, and also to remonstrate with 
 him on the subject of keeping 
 liounds. The charges were found 
 to be utterly unfounded, Rus- 
 sell refused to give up his hounds, 
 and there the matter rested. To- 
 wards the end of his life he payed 
 many pleasant visits to the l*rinec 
 and Princess of Wales at Sandring- 
 liam, and a delightful account of 
 tliosc visits will be found in a 
 "Memoir of the Rev. John Rus- 
 BoU," by the autlior of ** Dartmoor 
 Days," which appeared in 1S78. 
 
 RUSSELL.Majou-CIenebalLord 
 GE:OHaE William [ 17!)0— 181G ], 
 A.D.G. to the Queen, a brigadier- 
 general in the army of Portugal, 
 (j.C.B., &.C., was the second son of 
 
 John, sixth Duke of Bedford, and 
 brother of Lord John Russell. He was 
 gazetted as comet in the 1st Dra- 
 goons in ISOG, and in 1807 served on 
 the staff at the siege of Copenhagen 
 as A.D.C. to Sir G. Ludlow. He sub- 
 sequently served with distinction 
 during the Peninsular war, being 
 j)resent at all the important actions 
 of that campaign, and serving as 
 A.D.C. to Lord Lynedoch and the 
 Duke of Wellington. He became a 
 lieutenant-colonel by brevet in 1814, 
 and during the long peace he passed 
 his time in the usual routine of a 
 military man in command. On the 
 advent of his friends to power in 
 1830 he entered upon a new career, 
 being attached to one of our most 
 important foreign embassies, that 
 of Sir Robert Adair, who repre- 
 sented England in the Netherlands 
 diu'ing the struggle between Hol- 
 land and Belgium, which ended in 
 placing King Leojwld upon the 
 throne of the latter coiintry . There 
 was some fighting during that negc- 
 ciation, and Lord William's mili- 
 tary experience proved of great as- 
 sistance to Sir Robert Adair. In 
 the following year he was sent 
 on a special mission to Lisbon, 
 which was not terminated till 183 1. 
 In September of 1835 he was ap- 
 pointed Minister Plenipotentiary at 
 Wurtemberg, which he held till 
 1835, when he siicceeded Lord 
 Minto as British Ambassador at 
 Berlin, where he remained till 1811, 
 when, on the accession of Sir Robert 
 Peel to power, he resigned, and 
 was succeeded by Lord Jiurghersh, 
 afterwards Eai-1 of Westmore- 
 land. He was made colonel in 
 1830, major-general in 1811, and 
 G.C.B. in 1838, for his diplomatic 
 services. 
 
 RUSSELL. RkjhtRkv.M KM AKL. 
 D.C.L., LL.D. [177'J -1818 j,autlu.r 
 of " The Connection of Sacred and 
 Profane History," was born in 
 Glasgow, and stu<lie<l at the UniviT- 
 sity tliere. On taking ortlers in 1808 
 his first charge was that of a 
 chapel at Alloa but soon after he 
 
RUSSELL— RUTLAND. 
 
 /no 
 
 was appointed to St. James', Leith, 
 where he remained for nearly forty 
 years. About 1830 he was made 
 dean of St. Andrew's, Ghisirow and 
 Edinburgh, and when it was deter- 
 mined to phice the dioceses of 
 Glasgow and Galloway under the 
 charge of one bishop. Dr. Russell 
 was chosen to fill the see, and was 
 consecrated Oct. 8, 1837. To his 
 energy the i-epeal of the statute 
 which prohibited the clergy of the 
 Church in Scotland from holding 
 any benefice in England, is mainly 
 due. For the part he had taken in 
 this measirre, and in consideration 
 of his high merits, the University 
 of Oxford conferred on him the de- 
 gree of D.C.L. As a voluminous 
 and able wi-iter. Dr. Russell was 
 well kno"WTi. His first work, "A 
 View of the System of Education 
 at present pursued in the Schools 
 and Universities of Scotland,^' 
 1819, attracted much attention. 
 He supplemented Rivington's Theo- 
 logical Library with " The History 
 of the Church in Scotland," and 
 contributed to the Encyclopcedia 
 Met ropolitana for a number of 
 years, besides many articles of 
 great research to some of the lead- 
 ing serial journals. His chief work 
 is " The Connection of Sacred and 
 Profane History from the Death of 
 Joshua until the Decline of the 
 Kingdoms of Israel and Judah," 
 which gained for its author a repu- 
 tation for learning. 
 
 RUSSELL, Lord William [17G7 
 — 1840], who was brutally murdered 
 by his Swiss valet, was the third { 
 son of Francis, Marquis of Tavis- ' 
 tock, and was educated at "West- 
 minster School. He was retui-ned 
 to Parliament in the Whig interest 
 for the county of Surrey in 1789, 
 and continued to represent it in 
 the four subsequent Parliaments, 
 but at the general election of 1807 
 was defeated. He was then re- 
 turned for the borough of Tavis- 
 tock, which he continued to repre- 
 sent until 1820. He was found 
 on the morning of May 6, 1810, 
 
 in ^bed with his throat cut from 
 ear to ear, and it was at first 
 svii)posed, as the whole house was 
 found to be in disorder, and many 
 valuables were missing, that he 
 had been the victim of burglars. 
 The discovei-y, however, of a parcel 
 of plate which had been secreted 
 by the valet Courvoisier, led to his 
 being charged with the murder of 
 his master. The trial lasted three 
 days, when the accused was found 
 guilty, and he afterwards con- 
 fessed. 
 
 RUSSELL, Bishop, of North 
 China, was ordained by Bishop 
 Blomfield in 1817, and in the same 
 year went to China, in company 
 with the Rev. R. H. (afterwards 
 Archdeacon) Cobbold. They were 
 the first English missionaries at 
 Ningpo ; and at that city Mr. 
 Russell laboured, including the 
 intervals of his visits to England, 
 for thirty-one years, during which 
 time, by the labours of himself and 
 his brother missionaries, several 
 hundreds of Chinese were con- 
 verted. His literary work was 
 also important. He translated into 
 the colloquial dialect of Xingpo 
 the greater part of the New Testa- 
 ment, and portions of the Old, and 
 the Book of Common Prayer, be- 
 sides writing tracts, essays, &c. 
 He was appointed to be the first 
 missionary bishop of North China 
 in 1872, and on Dec. 5 of that year, 
 was consecrated at Westminster 
 Abbey. After his return to China 
 as a bishop, he admitted to both 
 deacon's and priest's orders, four 
 Chinamen ; confirmed nearly 300 
 Chinese Christians, and dedicated 
 several mission churches. He died 
 at Shanghai, Oct. 5, 1879. 
 
 RUTLAND, Fifth Duke, axd 
 Fourteenth Earl of, John Henry 
 Manners, K.G. [1778—1856], a 
 Trustee of the British Museum, 
 &c., was the eldest son of Charles, 
 the fourth duke. Lord Lieutenant 
 of Ireland. He succeeded to his 
 father's title and estates at the 
 early age of ten, and was placed 
 
 3 E 
 
JSC, 
 
 RYAN— RYERSON. 
 
 under the guardianship of Pitt and 
 the Duke of Beaufort. He was 
 educated at Eton and at Trinity 
 Colle<?e, Camlji'idgo, where he took 
 his M.A. degree in 1797. He at- 
 tained his majority in 1799, and 
 came into possession of a magnifi- 
 cent patrimony consisting of about 
 .£100,000 a year in landed estates, 
 besides a large sum in cash, the 
 accumulations of his minority. In 
 a very short time he became a 
 K.G., Lord-Lieutenant of the 
 coiinty of Leicester, and Recorder 
 of Grantham, Cambridge, and Scar- 
 borough. He married in 1799 Lady 
 Elizabeth Howard, fifth daughter 
 of Frederick, Earl of Carlisle. In 
 1801 he began to rebuild Belvoir 
 Castle, which occupied himself and 
 the Duchess for several years. He 
 became also a distinguished master 
 of hounds, and the Belvoir hunt 
 was one of the most celebrated in 
 the kingdom. He kept a racing 
 stud at Newmarket, but was not 
 very successful on the turf, though 
 he did eventually win the Derby 
 with his horse Cadland. In 181G 
 a terrible fire broke out in the 
 Castle, and the north-west and 
 north-east fronts were totally de- 
 stroyed, together with half of the 
 valuable paintings, and a part of 
 the plate. Among the paintings. 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds's " The Nati- 
 vity,'' then valued at 3000 guineas, 
 was lost. His Grace at once began 
 to rebuild the destroyed portions. 
 Both the Duke and Dxichess were 
 fond of literatiu-e, and Avrotc to- 
 gether, besides other tilings, a 
 " Journal of a Trip to Paris in 
 1811," and a "Tour thi-ough Bel- 
 gium and the Rhenish Provinces 
 in 1822," beautifully illustrated by 
 the Duchess. In 1839 the Duke was 
 honoured by a visit from the Queen- 
 Dowager, and in 1811 l)y a visit 
 from the Queen and Prince Consort, 
 who had previously been enter- 
 tained at Drayton Manor, and at 
 Cliatsworth. The entertainments 
 were on a scale of much sjilendour 
 and magnificence. After the death 
 
 of the Duchess in 1825, the Duke 
 chiefly attended to his estates, and 
 the i:)romotion of agricultui'e, in 
 which he was much interested. 
 When he had been fifty years Lord- 
 Lieutenant of the county of Leices- 
 ter, he was presented with a compli- 
 mentary address, and a statue was 
 erected in his honour at Leicester. 
 In politics the Duke was a Tory, 
 and consistently supported hig 
 party on all important Chiu^ch and 
 State questions. 
 
 RYAN, Right Hex. Sir Edward, 
 M.A., F.R.S. [1703—1875], Avas 
 educated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he graduated in 
 ISIJ', and three years later was 
 called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn. 
 Having had a very successful career 
 in this country, he was, in 1826, 
 appointed Puisne Judge of the 
 SuiJreme Court of Calcutta, and 
 promoted in 1838 to the Chief 
 Justiceship of that Presidency, and 
 knighted. He resigned that post 
 in 1813, and returned to England, 
 and was sworn of the Pi'ivy Council. 
 In 1816 he was appointed a Rail- 
 way Commissioner, and in 1851 
 Assistant-Controller of the Ex- 
 chequer, an office he held till 1862, 
 when he resigned. He was one of 
 the first members of the Civil Ser- 
 vice Commission appointed in 1855, 
 a post which was unpaid till 1862, 
 when as First Commissioner Sir E. 
 Ryan received a salary. He then 
 resigned the offices of Assistant- 
 Controller of the Exchoqiier, and 
 member of the Judicial Committee 
 of the Privy Council. He was a 
 member of the Senate of the Univer- 
 sity of London, and of the Council 
 of University College, and after 
 the death of George Grote, wjis 
 elected, in July 1871, to the office 
 of Vice-Cliancellor of the Univer- 
 sity of London. 
 
 RYERSON, The Rev. Georok, 
 was born near Fri'dericton, New 
 lirunswick, in 1791. Having re- 
 moved with his father to Port 
 Ryerse in 1802, he had to take part 
 in the war of 1812. He received a 
 
RYVES— SALE. 
 
 7H7 
 
 coimuission as lieutenant in the 1st 
 Regiment of Norfolk Militia, took 
 part in the capture of Detroit, and 
 was the bearer of despatches an- 
 nouncing the fact to headquarters. 
 He was severely wounded at the 
 battle of Lundy's Lane, and for 
 years after was incapacitated for 
 work. In 1819 he became a Me- 
 thodist minister, but being sent in 
 1831 to England as a delegate to 
 the Methodist Conference, he there 
 met Edward Irving, and became a 
 convert to his views. On his return 
 to Canada he established the Apos- 
 tolic Church in that country, of 
 which body he became the head. 
 He died in Toronto December 19, 
 1882 
 
 RYVES, Mrs. [1797—1871], was 
 the daughter of John Thomas 
 Serres, a painter and marine 
 draughtsman to the Admiralty, 
 and of a lady who professed to be 
 the Princess Olive of Cumberland, 
 daughter of H.R.H. the Duke of 
 Cumberland, brother to Oeorge III. 
 Mrs. Ryves was frequently before 
 the law courts claiming to be re- 
 cognized as a princess of the blood 
 royal, but was unsuccessful in prov- 
 ing her suit. She married Anthony 
 Thomas, son of Captain Ryves, of 
 Rauston Hall, Dorset, from whom 
 she was divorced. 
 
 S. 
 
 SABINE, General Sir Edward 
 [1788—1883], was born in Dviblin 
 of an old family, said to have come 
 originally from Italy. His father 
 was Mr. Joseph Sabine, of Tewin. 
 Educated at the Royal Military 
 Colleges of Marlow and Woohvich, 
 he entered the army in 1803, and 
 was promoted to the rank of cap- 
 tain in 1813. The main incident 
 of his military career was in con- 
 nection with the campaign against 
 the United States, where, in 181 1, 
 he commanded the batteries at the 
 siege of Fort Erie. From a vei'y 
 early period his attention was 
 
 turned to physical science, and 
 especially to tlie subject of terres- 
 trial magnetism. On the conclu- 
 sion of the war he was appointed, 
 on the recommendation of the Pre- 
 sident and Council of the Royal 
 Society, astronomer of the first ex- 
 pedition in search of the North- 
 West Passage, and accompanied 
 the second expedition in the same 
 capacity. In 1821-22 he was em- 
 ployed by the Government to con- 
 duct a series of pendulum experi- 
 ments for determining the figure 
 of the earth at several stations at 
 or near the equator, on the coasts 
 of Africa and America, and in 1823 
 he extended his investigations to 
 Greenland, Spitzbergen, and Nor- 
 way. In 1825 he was appointed, 
 with Sir John Herschel, British 
 member of a joint commission 
 between the French and English 
 Governments, to determine the 
 precise difference of longitude be- 
 tween the Observatories of Paris 
 and Greenwich, by means of rocket 
 signals. In 1827 he was employed 
 in determining by direct observa- 
 tion the diffei'ence of the length of 
 the seconds pendulum at Paris and 
 Greenwich, and of the magnetic 
 force of the earth at the same 
 stations. For many years after 
 this he carried on a vast series of 
 similar observations, which he 
 regularly communicated to the 
 Royal Society and to the British 
 Association. He was elected to the 
 Royal Society in 1818, was vice- 
 president in 1850, and president in 
 18G1, retaining that office until 1871, 
 when ho was eighty-thi*ee years of 
 age. He was a member of the 
 Royal Commission to enquire into 
 the standards of weights and mea- 
 sures (1808), and Avas made a 
 K.C.B. in 18G9. He was an hono- 
 rary or corresponding member of 
 many of the principal academies 
 and societies of Eui'ope and Ame- 
 rica, and possessed many foreign 
 orders, among them the Prussian 
 Order of Merit. 
 
 SALE, Major-General Sir 
 
 3 E 2 
 
788 
 
 SALOMONS. 
 
 Robert, G.C.B. [1782— 18i5], was 
 the second son of Colonel Sale, 
 E.I.C.S. He entered the army at 
 the age of thirteen, as an ensign in 
 the 3Gth Foot, and attained the 
 rank of field officer in 1813, after 
 eighteen years hard service in 
 India. In 1823 he Avas actively 
 engaged in the Burmese war ; at 
 the storming of an entrenchment 
 at Koskien in Dec, 1821, he re- 
 ceived a severe wound in the head. 
 By this time he had attained the 
 rank of lieutenant-colonel, and for 
 his services in storming the lines 
 at Prome and at Malown in 1825-6 
 he was nominated a C.B. In Oct., 
 1838, he was appointed to the 
 command of the 1st Bengal Brigade 
 of the army of the Indus, which 
 formed the advance throughout the 
 campaign in Afghanistan. For 
 his services during the difficult 
 advance on Cabul he was raised to 
 the rank of major-general, and was 
 made a K.C.B. He commanded 
 the force sent to subdue the 
 Kohistan country, in Sept., 1810, 
 and after capturing several strong- 
 holds, compelled the surrender of 
 Dost Mahomed Khan at Purwan. 
 The following year he drove the 
 enemy from the heights of Tezeen, 
 and v/ith great skill forced the 
 Jugdulluck pass, stormed the fort 
 of Mamoo Khail, and finally re- 
 treated ujDon Jellallabad, where he 
 entrenched himself, and kept a 
 numerous enemy at bay from Nov., 
 1811, to April 7, 1812, on which 
 day Sir Robert attacked and utterly 
 routed the besieging army under 
 the notorious Akhbar Khan. He 
 took part in the recapture of Cabul, 
 and at the conclusion of the war 
 received the tlianks of I'arliament 
 and the decoration of G.C.B. He 
 came to England for a time, Imt 
 returned to India to take i)art in 
 the Sikli war of 1815. He joined 
 the army of the Sutlej as qiiarter- 
 master-gencn-al, and quite early in 
 the campaign his left thigh was 
 shattered by a grape-shot at the 
 battle of Moodkec, and lie died on 
 
 Dec. 18. Sir Robert Peel after- 
 wards paid a warm tribute to Sir 
 Robert Sale, in a speech in the 
 House of Commons relating to the 
 war. 
 
 SALOMONS, Sir David, Bart., 
 M.P. [1707—1873], Alderman of 
 London, was the son of Levy Salo- 
 mons, a member of a Jewish family 
 long resident in London, and en- 
 gaged in commerce. He was elected 
 sheriff for the city of London and 
 Middlesex in 1835, and being the 
 first Jew ajjpointed, an Act of Par- 
 liament was passed for the purpose 
 of enabling him to qualify for the 
 office. He was elected Alderman 
 of Aldgate "Ward in 1835, of Port- 
 soken in 1814, and of Cordwainers' 
 in 18-l7,the previous elections having 
 been annulled in consequence of his 
 refusing to qualify on " the faith 
 of a Christian." Having been de- 
 feated in contests at Shoreham in 
 Aug. 1837, at Maidstone in Jiuie, 
 1811, and at Greenwich in Aug. 
 1847, he was returned one of the 
 members in the Liberal interest 
 for the last-mentioned borough in 
 June, 1851 ; ap^jeared and spoke 
 in the House of Commons, and gave 
 three votes, thereby incurring a 
 penalty, which led to prolonged 
 legal proceedings before the Court 
 of Exchequer. In 1855-G he served 
 the office of Lord Mayor of London, 
 and at length, after many fruitless 
 efforts had been made to obtain a 
 repeal of the Act which comijelkd 
 every member to take the oaths 
 " on the true faith of a Cliristian." 
 he was again in 1851) elected for 
 Greenwich, and sworn aceoi'ding to 
 the form of tlie Aet admitting Jews. 
 'J'he long controversy had just been 
 closed, and Ahlerman Salomons, 
 following Baron Lionel de Ivoths- 
 child, was allowed t«> take his seat. 
 Mr. Salomons was called to tlu' IJar 
 at the Middle Temple in,18H», wa.s 
 IlighSherilTof Kentinis:{'.)-k),wasa 
 Magistrate and 1 )i'puty-Lientenant 
 lV>r Ki'Ut, Sussex, and Middlesex, 
 and was the first person of the 
 Jewish persuasion made a magis- 
 
SALT— SALTOUN. 
 
 7S0 
 
 trate, having been placed in the 
 Commission for Kent in 183S, He 
 was re-elected for Greenwich in 
 April, 1859, and in July, 1805, and 
 was a Director and Trustee of the 
 London and "Westminster Bank. 
 He wrote on Currency, Corn Laws, 
 Oaths, Religious Disabilities, A:c. 
 
 SALT, Sir Titus, Bart. [1803— 
 1870], of Saltaire, and of Crow 
 Nest, near Halifax, in the West 
 Kiding of Yorkshire, was well 
 known as one of the lara^est manu- 
 facturers and employers of labour 
 in the neighbourhood of Bradford, 
 beius? the head of the great firm 
 of Messrs. Titus Salt, Sons, & Co. 
 The son of Mr. Daniel Salt, of Brad- 
 ford, by Grace, daughter of Mr. 
 Isaac Smythies, of Morley^ he was 
 born at the Manor House, Morley, 
 and educated at Wakefield. After 
 being for some years in business 
 with his father, one of the most 
 extensive wool-dealers in the West 
 Eiding, he set up for himself about 
 1834 as a spinner, in a small way, 
 in Union Street, Bradford. In 
 1853 he removed to a spot on the 
 banks of the Aire, above Shipley, 
 where he erected such a palace of in- 
 dustry as England had never seen, 
 with dwellings for the work-people 
 contiguous to it. After the erec- 
 tion of the works at Siiltaire, which 
 now cover nearly twenty acres of 
 land, he pushed on the erection of 
 street after street of houses, which 
 contain 82i dwellings fitted up with 
 all the modern appliances of com- 
 fort. Sir Titus Salt was a magis- 
 trate for the borough of Bradford, 
 and for the West Eiding of York- 
 shire, and a deputy-lieutenant for 
 the latter. He also served the 
 offices of Mayor of Bradford, and 
 President of the local Chamber of 
 Commerce. He sat in the advanced 
 Liberal interest as M.P. for Brad- 
 ford, from 1859 to 1861. In Oct. 
 1869, he was created a baronet. 
 The gift of ,£1,000 to Peel Park, 
 Bradford, of nearly £5,000 to the 
 Bradford Fever Hospital, of a wing 
 to the Hall Ori:)hau Asylum, and of 
 
 £1,500 to the Lancashii'e Lunatic 
 Asylum, are instances of Sir Titus 
 Salt's princelj' generosity. A mar- 
 ble statue of Sir Titus was placed 
 in the centre of Bradford in 1874 
 as a memorial of the admiration 
 and affection of the people of that 
 town. One thousand guineas was 
 paid for the statue, and upwards 
 of £1,500 was expended upon the 
 canopy. The cei*emony of unveil- 
 ing the statue was performed by 
 the Duke of Devonshire, Aug. 1, 
 1874. 
 
 SALTEE, William [1804—1875], 
 was a native of Honiton in Devon- 
 shire, but came to London at the 
 age of eighteen, and for five years 
 studied under James Northcote. He 
 then went to Italy, and settled in 
 Florence, where, after the exhibition 
 of his " Socrates," he was elected a 
 member of the Academy of Fine 
 Arts and a i^rofessor of the first 
 class of history. After a five years' 
 residence in Florence he removed 
 to Eome, and later to Parma, 
 where he was also elected a mem- 
 ber of the Academy. In 1833 he 
 returned to England, and imme- 
 diately undertook a large paint- 
 ing of "The Annual Banquet at 
 Apsley House," a work commemora- 
 tive of the victory of Waterloo, 
 and widely known by engravings. 
 Salter's subjects were mainly 
 chosen from the plays of Shakes- 
 peare and the history of England. 
 He was Yice-President of the So- 
 ciety of British Artists, and out of 
 131 exhibited works 97 were con- 
 tributed to Suffolk Street, whereas 
 only six appeai-ed in the Academy. 
 He died in West Kensington, Dec. 
 22, 1875. 
 
 SALTOUX, Alexander Geoege, 
 16th Lord, K.C.B., &c.[1785— 1853], 
 was the eldest son of Alexander, 
 15th Lord Saltoun. He entered 
 the army in 1802, and served 
 in Sicily in 1806 and 1807, and 
 throughout Sir John Moore's cam- 
 paign in the Peninsula, being pre- 
 sent at the battle of Corunna, at the 
 storming of Seville, and the passage 
 
790 
 
 SALUSBUEY— SANDFOED. 
 
 of the Bidassoa. He also passed 
 through the campaign of 18] 5, 
 jiud greatly distinguished himself 
 in the defence Of Hougoumont, four 
 horses being killed under him. He 
 then took a prominent part in the 
 last celebrated charge of the Guards. 
 Lord Saltoun was promoted to the 
 rank of major-general in 1837, and 
 appointed to the command of the 
 2nd Foot in 18 IG. During the opium 
 war in China he commanded a 
 brigade at the attack and capture 
 of Chin Kiang Fou. He was nomi- 
 nated a C.B. in 1815, K.C.B. in 
 1818, and a K.T. in 1852. At the 
 general election of 1807 he was 
 returned a representative peer of 
 Scotland. He was president of the 
 Madrigal Society, and chairman of 
 the Musical Union. 
 
 SALUSBURY, Sir John Piozzi, 
 Knt. [1793—1858], was the last 
 connecting link between this gene- 
 ration and Mrs. Thrale. That lady 
 inherited the mansion of Bryn- 
 bella, in the vale of Clwydd (where 
 Sir John lived and died), and the 
 surrounding land, in her owti riglit, 
 as Miss Salusbury. After her mar- 
 riage with Mr. Piozzi, she restored 
 her ancestral residence, and there 
 she and her husband lived for some 
 twenty years, .and notwithstanding 
 Dr. Johnson's anger at her marrying 
 a professor of music, they were 
 everywhere received by their neigh- 
 bours. As there were no children, 
 Mrs. Piozzi adopted Jolin, a nephoAv 
 of her husband's, who took the name 
 of Salusbury. She sent him to a 
 school at Streatliam, and when he 
 attained his majority, Mrs. Piozzi 
 wont to reside permanently at B;ith, 
 and gave up the Brynbella estate 
 to liim. He was kniglited, on the 
 occasion of presenthig ;in address 
 to the throne, while high sheriff 
 of tlic county. 
 
 SAiNDEKS, Georuk L. [1771— 
 1810], was born at Kinghorn, Fife- 
 shire, and educated at F(linl)urgli, 
 where lie was apprenticed to a 
 coach maker. At the end of liis 
 time he began practice in Edin- 
 
 burgh as a painter of miniatures, 
 and as a drawing master, but he 
 also j)ainted a panorama of the city 
 as seen from the guardship in Leith 
 Roads. In 1807 he removed to 
 London, where he achieved great 
 success as a miniature painter. He 
 had many distinguished sitters, 
 among them Lord Byron and 
 several members of the royal 
 family. At one time he painted 
 life-sized portraits in oil, but they 
 were less liked than his miniatures, 
 He exhibited forty-two paintings 
 in London, and of these thirty-one 
 appeared on the Academy walls. 
 
 SANDFORD, Sir Daniel Kbyte, 
 M.A., D.C.L., was a son of Bishop 
 Sandford, of Edinburgh. After 
 distinguishing himself at the High 
 School at Edinburgh, he proceeded 
 to Christ Church, Oxford, where 
 he graduated M.A, in 1825. On 
 the attainment of his majority, he 
 was elected to the professorship of 
 Greek in the University of Glas- 
 gow, where b}^ his enthusiasm he 
 awakened a love of Greek literature 
 among the students, and elevated 
 all over Scotland the standard of 
 acquirement in classic literature. 
 During the Catholic emancipation 
 struggle he went to Oxford (1820), 
 and voted for Sir Robert Peel, 
 and soon after the Wellington 
 ministry made him a knight, in 
 consideration of his literary emi- 
 nence. After an unsuccessful eon- 
 test for Glasgow, he entered the 
 Hoiise of Commons as member for 
 Paisley; but he retired in ill-liealtli 
 not long afterwards. He was a 
 contributor to the Edinburijh lic- 
 vie^v and Blackwood'sMagazinc, pub- 
 lished several transhitions from tlie 
 Greek, some elementary books for 
 the use of his class, and liis essay 
 on " The Rise and Progress of 
 Literalinv" (IS37). 
 
 SANDl-'URl). TiiK Ykn. .)..mn, 
 son of Bishop Sandford, of Edin- 
 liurgli. wliose Memoirs he pub- 
 lislied, ixud brother of the abuvo, 
 was born in the early part of 
 the century. He ol.ttained a First 
 
SAXDHUKST— SAXDWITH. 
 
 roi 
 
 Class in classics at Oxford, as a 
 member of Balliol College, in 182 1 ; 
 became a B.D. in IblG; was ai>- 
 pointed Honorary Canon of Wor- 
 cester in 18 H, Archdeacon of 
 Coventry in 1851, examining chap- 
 lain for the diocese of Worcester, 
 which office he held for seven years, 
 in 1853, Kector of Alve Church in 
 1851, Bampton Lecturer at Oxford 
 in 18G1, and one of Her Majesty's 
 Commissioners for revising the 
 forms of clerical subscription in 
 18G1. In addition to his father's 
 biography. Archdeacon Sandford 
 wrote " Parochialia, or Church, 
 School, and Parish,'" published in 
 1845 ; " Vox Cordis ; or. Breathings 
 of the Heart," a Manual of Devo- 
 tions, in 18-10 ; " Bampton Lectures 
 for 18G1: The Church of Eome," 
 in 18G2 ; ten Charges, and several 
 Speeches, Visitation Sermons, Lec- 
 tures, &c. He was an active 
 member of the Lower House of 
 Convocation. He died Mar. 22, 1873. 
 SANDHURST (Baron), The 
 Eight Hex. William Eose Maxs- 
 FiELD, G-.C.B., G-.C.S.I. [1819— 
 1875], -was the fifth son of John 
 Mansfield, Esq., of Diggeswell 
 House, Herts. He -was educated 
 at the Eoyal Military College, 
 Sandhurst, entered the army in 
 1835, became lieutenant in Aug. 
 1838, captain in Feb. 1843, major 
 in Dec. 1874, and lieutenant-colo- 
 nel in May, 1851. He served 
 with distinction in the Sutlej and 
 Punjab campaigns ; in the latter 
 he commanded his regiment ; was 
 again actively employed in the 
 operations on the Peshawiu- fron- 
 tier in 1851-2, and was promoted 
 to the rank of colonel in Xov. 1854. 
 He was attached to the embassy 
 at Constantinople, as military ad- 
 viser, with the rank of brigadier- 
 general, in 1855, and afterwards 
 X->roceeded in that capacity to the 
 Crimea. After the conclusion of 
 the war he was sent to Warsaw as 
 consul-general, and on the outbreak 
 of the Sepoy mutiny in 1857, pro- 
 ceeded to India, as chief of the 
 
 staff, in which capacity he attended 
 Lor<l Clyde throughout the various 
 military operations which led to 
 the suppression of the mutiny. 
 During this trying period, he 
 showed the greatest ability in the 
 performance of his onerous duties, 
 and in April, 1858, was rewarded 
 by being made major-general and 
 K.C.B. In 1800 he was nominated 
 to the command of the Bombay 
 army, and was gazetted Colonel of 
 the 38th Eegiment in March, 18G2. 
 He succeeded Sir Hugh Eose as 
 commander-in-chief in India, with 
 the local rank of general, in March, 
 18G3, and was created a Knight of 
 the Star of India Feb. 20, 18GG. 
 He resigned the appointment of 
 commander-in-chief in India in 
 1870, when he became commander- 
 in-chief of the forces in Ireland. 
 The honorary degree of D.C.L. was 
 conferred on him by the University 
 of Oxford in 1870, and in the same 
 year he was made G.C.B., and a 
 member of the Privy Coimcil of 
 Ireland. He was created a peer by 
 the title of Lord Sandhui*st in 
 March, 1871. He took a prominent 
 part in the House of Lords in the 
 debates on the organizing and re- 
 construction of our military system, 
 and proved himself on several 
 occasions an able and eloquent 
 speaker. 
 
 SAXDWITH, Humphry, M.D., 
 D.C.L., C.B. [1822—1881], was the 
 eldest son of Humphry Sandwith, 
 surgeon (afterwards M.D.), and 
 was born at Bridlington, Yorkshire. 
 His father's familv had been settled 
 for several generations at Helm- 
 sley in the same county. Sand- 
 with received a somewhat irregular 
 education ; and after serving a five 
 years' apprenticeshij^, and having 
 studied in London and Hull, he 
 passed his medical examinations at 
 the London University and at 
 Aberdeen, where he became M.D. 
 In 1849 he went out to Constanti- 
 nople, became intimate with the 
 members of the embassy, and two 
 years later accompanied Layai-d to 
 
702 
 
 SAKSFIELD— ISAVAGE. 
 
 Nineveh. Keturning to Constanti- 
 nople, he spent two oi* three years 
 in the practice of his profession, 
 and on the outl>reak of the war he 
 was appointed physician to the 
 staff of General Eeatson, who took 
 a corjjs of Bashi Bazouks to the 
 Danube. He then joined Gene- 
 ral "Williams, who was aljout to 
 undertake the defence of Kars, 
 and who appointed him Insj^ector 
 General of Hospitals. During 
 that memorable siege he did ad- 
 mii-able service, as sanitary ad- 
 visor and doctor, both to Turks 
 and captive Eussians. When Kars 
 surrendered, worn out by famine, 
 the "Russian General Mouravieff 
 gave Sandwith his liberty, and 
 after a terrible joiu'ney across 
 the snowy mountains of Armenia, 
 he reached Trebizond, and thence 
 hurr.-ed to London. He became at 
 oncf a great social "lion," and 
 roused extraordinary interest by 
 the book which he wrote and the 
 lectures which he delivered on the 
 siege of Kars. He was made a C.B., 
 and received the degree [of hon. 
 D.C.L. from Oxford University. In 
 1857, having thrown up his profes- 
 sion, he was appointed colonial sec- 
 retary of Mauritius. In 1859 here- 
 turned home, married Miss Lucy 
 Hargreaves, and resigned his ap- 
 pointment. From 1800 till the time of 
 his death he occupied himself chiefly 
 with politics, and with alleviating 
 the lot of the sick and wounded in 
 war-time. In 1808 he stood for 
 Marylebone as an advanced Liberal, 
 but was defeated, and he made no 
 further attempt to enter Parlia- 
 ment. He visited the battlefields 
 of the Franco-German campaign as 
 agent for the National Aid Society, 
 an<l in 1870-7 he rendered great help 
 to the wounded and to the ruined 
 peasantry in Servia and Bulgaria. 
 During that time, when the Eastern 
 Question was being hotly discussed 
 in England, he contributed not a 
 little to keeping England from an 
 alliance with Turkey, his views 
 being totally ho^tih' to Turkish 
 
 j domination in any form. His hard 
 ; labour and exposure in the Ea.«;t 
 ! broke down his constitution, and 
 he died in Paris, aged 50, leaving 
 1 behind him the reputation of one 
 i of the most chivalrous and high- 
 
 souled men of our time. 
 ! SAESFIELD, General, Viceroy 
 I of Navarre, and Governor of Pam- 
 ! peluna, born in Louth, was a 
 descendant of a brother of Lieut. - 
 1 Gen. Sarsfield, Viscount Kilmal- 
 j lock and Earl of Lucan, who 
 commanded the Irish troops in the 
 struggle to separate Ireland from 
 Great Britain, in 1091. General 
 Sarsfield entered the Spanish ser- 
 vice early in the present century, 
 and served in all the wars that 
 waged in the Peninsula, until 
 1837, when the ultra-republican 
 faction excited a military insur- 
 rection atPampeluna, during which 
 he was assassinated. 
 
 SAUNDERS, George, F.R.S., 
 F.S.A. [1702—1839], an architect, 
 and magisti'ate for Middlesex. At 
 one time he was architect to the 
 British Museum, where he built 
 the Townley Gallery. He was also 
 surveyor to the Commissioners of 
 Sewers; and in 1833 he communi- 
 cated to the Society of Antiquaries 
 a very curious paper, being the 
 results of an inquiry concerning 
 the situation and extent of "West- 
 minster at various periods. He is 
 also the author of " Observations 
 on the Origin of Gothic Archi- 
 tecture," and " A Treatise on 
 Theatres." 
 
 SAVAGE, Marmion W. [1823— 
 1872]. A native of Dublin, he 
 spent there the greater part of his 
 life, holding an appointment under 
 Government. In 1817 he published 
 that most amusing story, "The 
 Falcon Family," a skit on the 
 Young Ireland party. It was fol- 
 lowed by " The Bachelor of the 
 Albany" (1817). In 1852 Savage 
 removed to London, where he de- 
 voted himself to literature. For 
 some years he was editor of the 
 Examiner, and lie also brought tut 
 
SCARLETT— SCHOLEFIELD. 
 
 r93 
 
 an edition of Sheil's " Political 
 and Social Sketches." His last 
 novel, " The Woman of Business," 
 was published in 1870. He died at 
 Torquay, May 1, 1S72. 
 
 SCARLETT, The Hon. Sir 
 James Yorke, K.C.B. [1709 — 
 1871], son of the first Lord Abin- 
 ofer, was educated at Eton and at 
 Ti-inity Colle<^e, Cambridy^e. He 
 joined the ISth Hussars in 1818, 
 and 2:radually rose till he became, 
 in 18^10, Lieut.-Col. of the 5th Dra- 
 goon Guards, and Lieut.-Gen, in 
 1802. "When the British military 
 expedition to the East was resolved 
 upon, he was appointed a Bri^^a- 
 dier-General, and the heavy cavalry 
 was phiced under his command. 
 He distinguished himself at Bala- 
 clava, in Oct., 1851, where the 
 charge of the heavy brigade did 
 great execution, and on the return 
 of Lord Lucan to England, General 
 Scarlett took the command of the 
 entire cavalry force in the Crimea, 
 
 ^ 
 
 and was created a K.C.B. for his 
 services towards the close of the 
 war. Aiter his return, he received 
 the command of the cavalry brigade 
 at Aldershot, on his resignation 
 was appointed to the governorship 
 of Portsmouth, and the command 
 of the South- Western District, and 
 in 1860 was made adjutant-general. 
 Sir James, who was a lieut.-gene- 
 ral in the army, was colonel of the 
 5th Dragoon Guards, and com- 
 manded a division at Aldershot. He 
 was created a G.C.B. in 1869. He 
 was returned one of the members, 
 in the Conservative interest, for 
 Guildford, in Aug. 1837, but lost 
 his seat in July, 1841, and was a 
 magistrate and deputy-lieutenant 
 for Lancashire. 
 
 SCARLETT, Hon. Peter Camp- 
 bell 1805—1881 , was the youngest 
 son of the first Lord Abinger [q. v.j, 
 and brother of the above. He be- 
 gan life as an attach^: imder Sir 
 Stratford Canning, whom he ac- 
 companied from Xaples to Con- 
 stantinople in 1824-5, and remained 
 at that post during the battle of 
 
 Xavarino and the destruction of the 
 Janissaries. Transferred to Paris 
 while Lord Stuart de Rothsay was 
 ambassador, he watched the fli^^ht 
 of Charles X. in 1830. About 1834 
 he was appointed to Rio Janeiro, 
 and after serving some time in the 
 Brazilian capital, he undertook an 
 adventurous excursion across the 
 Pampas and the Andes, of which, in 
 1838, he published an account under 
 the title of " South America and 
 the Pacific." After a considerable 
 interval, during which he acted as 
 marshal and associate? to his father, 
 the Lord Chief Baron, he was sent 
 to Florence as Secretary of Lega- 
 tion to Lord Xormanby. His first 
 independent ix)st was that of Minis- 
 ter to Brazil. Becoming afterwards 
 the British representative at Flo- 
 rence, he saw the disappearance of 
 the Grand Duke and the general 
 collapse of all the minor principali- 
 ties, which the war of 1859 had 
 doomed to perish. While Minister 
 at Athens he witnessed the with- 
 di-awal of King Otho. He next went 
 to Mexico and remained there until 
 the fall of Maximilian. He thus 
 had the curious experience of being 
 a spectator of the fall of no less 
 than four of the reignina^ houses to 
 which he was accredited. On his 
 return to England he commenced 
 the preparation of a memoir of his 
 father, which appeared in 1881. 
 
 SCHOLEFIELD, Joshua [1775— 
 1811 , born at Sheffield, was well 
 known for the active part he took 
 in the politics of Birmingham, 
 where he was a banker and mer- 
 chant. He early joined Mr. Tho- 
 mas Attwood in the formation and 
 extension of that political union, 
 which greatly promoted, if it did 
 not secure, the Reform Bill of 1832. 
 Mr. Scholefield became Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the Union, and when Bir- 
 mingham was constituted a parlia- 
 mentary borough he was elected 
 one of its first members in con- 
 junction with Mr. Attwood. Both 
 members pledged themselves to 
 resififn theii- seats whenever a ma- 
 
791 
 
 SCHOLEFIELD— SCOTT. 
 
 jority of their constituents expressed 
 themselves dissatisfied with their 
 parliaiuentaiy conduct. Mr. Att- 
 wood resif^nedjn Jan., 1810, but Mr. 
 Scholefield kept his seat at each of 
 the three successive j^eneral elec- 
 tions which took place after 1832. 
 He was foremost in the ranks of 
 political reformers, and warmly ad- 
 vocated triennial parKaments, the 
 vote by ballot, free trade, and the 
 immediate abolition of slavery. Mr. 
 Scholefield was a director of the 
 National Provincial Bank of Eng- 
 land, of the London Joint Stock 
 Bank, and of the MetrojDolitan As- 
 surance Society. 
 
 SCHOLEFIELD, William [1809 
 — 18G7J, was the second son of the 
 above. Having finished his educa- 
 tion, and travelled through the 
 United States, he entered his 
 father's business. In 1837 he was 
 elected high bailiff of the town, 
 and mayor in 1838, on the grant of 
 a charter of incorporation. He 
 was an unsuccessful candidate for 
 Birmingham in the Liberal inte- 
 rest, on his father's death, m 181-1, 
 but was chosen at the dissolution 
 of 1817, and continued to represent 
 that constituency till his death. 
 He was a consistent advocate of 
 religious equality, and often led 
 the opposition to motions for the 
 repeal of the Maynooth Grant, 
 whilst he contended with equal 
 j)ertinacity against Lord John Kus- 
 sell's Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, a 
 course pf action which, Ijeing op- 
 posed to the genei-al feeling of his 
 constituency, would have cost his 
 seat to a less popular representa- 
 tive. In promoting the reY)eal of 
 the paper duties, Mr. Scholefield 
 played a i)rominent part, and he 
 earnestly advocated " such a modi- 
 fication of the income-ta5c as will 
 make a just distinction between 
 precarious income and income de- 
 rived from property." He was the 
 originator of the Parliamentary 
 C<jmmittee on tlic Adulteration of 
 Food, wliich sat for two sessions 
 under his chairmanship, and was a 
 
 Director of the Union Bank of 
 London, the Birmingham and Mid- 
 land Bank, and Deputy-Chairman 
 of the Liveri^ool and London As- 
 surance Company. 
 
 SCOEESBY, Rev. WiLLiAM,bom 
 at Whitby, was the son of a seaman 
 engaged in the northern whale 
 fishery, whom he early accompanied 
 in his voyages to the Arctic seas. 
 In 1820 he published his account 
 of " The Arctic Eegions," which 
 proved very useful to subsequent 
 explorers. After his retirement 
 from active sea service. Captain 
 Scoresby entered the Church, and 
 for several years laboured most 
 successfully among the sailors at 
 Hull. Later in life he devoted 
 himself almost entirely to scientific 
 pursuits. His rej^orts to the Bri- 
 tish Association, and his numerous 
 observations on the influence of the 
 iron of vessels on the compass were 
 of great pi-actical importance. He 
 was a constant contributor to the 
 Edinburgh Philosophical Jorirnal, 
 and other scientific periodicals ; 
 and a Fellow of the Royal Societies 
 of London and Edinburgh, and 
 a corresponding member of the 
 Institute of France. 
 
 SCOTT, David, R.S.A., son 
 of Robert Scott, the engraver, 
 was born in Oct., 180G, at Edin- 
 burgh. He learned engraving of 
 his father, but afterwards devoted 
 himself to painting, and in 1830 
 was elected an associate of the 
 newdy founded Scottish Academy. 
 Two years later he visited Italy, 
 wdience he sent home a large can- 
 vas, " Family Discord ; the House- 
 hold Ciods Destroyed." In 1S31. 
 he returned to Edinburgh, and 
 began exhibiting classic and sacred 
 subjects in the Scottish Academy. 
 He was ju-omoted academician, 
 and in 1838 and IS 11 received 
 prizes from the Society for I'ro- 
 nioting the Fine Arts in Scotland. 
 His ideas were poetic ; his imagi- 
 nation great ; but he was unsuc- 
 cessful through Avant of taste and 
 of executive power. Tliis compara- 
 
SCOTT. 
 
 795 
 
 tivo failure deepened the gloom of 
 a disposition naturally dreamy and 
 poetic. Alike in his paintin<^s and 
 his fugitive verses this melancholy 
 tendency is visible. He was, how- 
 ever, an indefatigable worker, and 
 completed many large paintings, 
 among them the " Vasco de Gama," 
 now in the Board-room of the 
 Trinity House, Leith. He also 
 etched twenty-five illustrations to 
 the " Ancient Mariner," and pub- 
 lished a series of outline drawings, 
 "Monograms of Man." Besides 
 his artistic v.ork, he ASTote a nvim- 
 ber of papers on the great masters, 
 which appeared in BlackicoocVs 
 Magazine in 18iO. He was entirely 
 a Scottish artist ; exhibited only 
 twice in London ; lived in Edin- 
 burgh, and died there, March 5, 
 1819. His "Memoir" was pub- 
 lished by his brother (Mr. "William 
 Bell Scott, the well-known artist 
 and poet) in 1850. 
 
 SCOTT, Sir George Gilbert, 
 R.A., F.S.A. [1811—1878], grand- 
 son of the Eev. Thomas Scott, 
 author of the " Commentary on the 
 Bible," a leading member of the 
 school of Gothic revival in archi- 
 tecture, was born at Gawcott, near 
 Buckingham, of Avhich village his 
 father was incumbent. At an 
 early age he began studying and 
 sketching from ancient churches, 
 which induced his father to place 
 him with an architect, though the 
 practice with which he became 
 acquainted afforded him no oppor- 
 tunity for cultivating his early 
 taste. For some years he was in 
 partnership ^vith Mr. W. B. Moffatt, 
 but this connection terminated in 
 IS 15. The first Avork which brought 
 him into notice was the " Martyrs' 
 Memorial " at Oxford, in 1811. It 
 was followed by the new church at 
 Camber well, in 1842-3. The re- 
 building of the church of St. Ni- 
 cholas, Hamburg, destroyed in the 
 great fire of 1812, was intrusted to 
 him, after a competition to which 
 architects were invited from all 
 parts of Europe. It is one of the 
 
 most important Gothic works of 
 the day, and has been estimated to 
 cost, on its completion, d£ 150 ,(XX). In 
 1855 another design was furnished 
 by him, also in a European com- 
 petition, when he carried off the 
 prize, though the building has 
 never been carried into execution, 
 for the new Hotel de Ville and 
 Senate House at Hamburg ; and 
 the cathedral chui'ch of St. John's, 
 Newfoundland, was erected from 
 his design in 181^. Mr. Scott, 
 who was emjiloyed in extensive 
 restorations at the cathedrals of 
 Ely, Lichfield, Hereford. Eipon, 
 Gloucester, Chester, St. David's, 
 St. Asaph, Bangor, and Salisbury, 
 had engagements of a less exten- 
 sive character at Exeter, Peter- 
 borough, Worcester, Eochester, 
 and Oxford. At Chichester he was 
 engaged, in conjunction with Mr. 
 Slater, in the reconstruction of the 
 central tower and spire ; at West- 
 minster Abbey, he succeeded Mr. 
 Blore in 1849, as official architect 
 of the Dean and Chapter, and 
 erected the new Gothic gatehouse 
 and houses adjoining the west of 
 the Minster, and more recently 
 restored the beautiful ChaiDter- 
 house. He -wrote a " Plea for the 
 Faithful Eestoratiou of our Ancient 
 Churches," published in 1850 ; "Ee- 
 marks on Secular and Domestic 
 Architecture," " Gleanings from 
 Westminster Abbey," in 18G2 ; and 
 " Conservation of Ancient Archi- 
 tectui-al Monuments : a Paper," 
 in 18(31. The zeal which he dis- 
 played in the establishment of the 
 Architectural Museum (at first in 
 Cannon Eow, afterwards at 'the 
 Muyeum at Kensington, and then 
 in Bowling Street, Westminster) 
 rendered it one of the most in- 
 teresting institutions in the me- 
 tropolis. Mr. Scott, who was elected 
 an Associate of the Eoyal Academy 
 in 1852, temporarily undertook 
 in conjunction with Mr. Sydney 
 Smirke, the architectural lectures 
 at the Academy, and in 1860 was 
 elected E.A. Among his secular 
 
7D6 
 
 SCOTT. 
 
 works may be mentioned Kelham 
 Hall, Nottinghamshire ; "Walton 
 House, Warwickshire ; Hafodnnos 
 House, North Wales; Lee Priory, 
 Kent ; the Tmvn Hall, at Preston ; 
 the Infirmary, at Leeds ; and the 
 new Station and Hotel of the 
 Midland Railway at St. Pancras. 
 Among buildings connected with 
 the universities, he was engaged 
 on the ncAv chapels and other ex- 
 tensive works at Exeter College, 
 Oxford, and St. John's College, 
 Cambridge ; works at University 
 College, Merton and New College, 
 Oxford ; and in the entire rebuild- 
 ing of the university buildings at 
 Glasgow. Mr. Scott was appointed 
 by the Queen, Architect to the 
 National Memorial to the Prince 
 Consort, in Kensington Gardens, 
 one of the most marked of his 
 recent works. The Queen conferred 
 on him the honour of knighthood, 
 Aug. 9, 1872. 
 
 SCOTT, James Egbsrt Hope-, 
 Q.C. [1812—1873], was the third 
 son of General the Hon. Sir Alex- 
 ander Hope, G.C.B., Governor of 
 Chelsea HosjDital. Much of his 
 early boyhood was spent abroad 
 with his parents at Dresden, Flo- 
 rence, &.G., but in 1823 he was sent 
 to the Kepyer Grammar School of 
 Houghton-le-Spring, near Dui'ham, 
 and in 1825 to Eton. He remained 
 at the latter place for three years, 
 and in 1828 was matriculated at 
 Christ Church, Oxford, but did not 
 go into residence till the Michael- 
 mas Term of 182;>. Among his 
 many and intimate friends there 
 were James Eamsay (Marquis of 
 Dalhousie), James Bruce (Earl of 
 Elgin), Mr. Gladstone, who had 
 also been his contemporary at Eton, 
 Sir Francis Hastings Doyle, Mr. 
 John Temple Leader, M.P., Robert 
 Scott, the lexicograpluu', and later 
 master of Balliol, Walter Kerr 
 Hamilton, &.c. He took his H.A. 
 <i<-grL'e in 1832, and in April of the 
 following year was elected Fellow 
 of Merton College. At first he 
 seems to have had a wish to enter 
 
 holy orders, but gave that up, and 
 in 1835 began to study law at Lin- 
 coln's Inn. He was called to the 
 Bar in 1838, and having practised 
 for a short time in the Ecclesias- 
 tical Courts, began Avork in earnest 
 in 1813 as a Parliamentary barris- 
 ter. His two nearest friends at 
 this time were Mr. Edward L. 
 Badeley and Mr. Gladstone, with 
 both of W'hom he engaged in many 
 charitable and religious works. His 
 correspondence with them, and with 
 the Thurn family, give one the best 
 idea of the part he took in the 
 religious controversies of his day. 
 In 1840-11 he made a tour in Italy 
 with his friend Mr. Badeley, and 
 visited numerous religious houses, 
 becoming much interested in the 
 organisation of the Church of Rome. 
 On his return to Oxford the Trac- 
 tarian movement was in full force, 
 and with characteristic energy he 
 threw himself into it, becoming an 
 advanced Tractarian, and the inti- 
 mate friend of Newman. For years 
 Mr. Hope's views had been gradu- 
 ally tending towards the Church of 
 Rome, and in 1851 he and his friend, 
 the Rev. H. E. Manning, were re- 
 ceived into that Church, after which 
 he took a prominent part in all 
 Roman Catholic questions. In his 
 profession, before his change of 
 religion, he soon attained to the 
 front rank, being almost without 
 a rival in reputation or practice. 
 He was made Q.C. in 1810, and 
 did not long continue at the bar. 
 He married Charlotte Lockhart, 
 granddaughter of Sir Walter Scott, 
 
 in 
 
 Aug., 1817, and removed to 
 Al)botsford in 18 IS, where the rest 
 of his life was eliiffly si)ent. After 
 his marriage he assumed the name 
 of Hope-Scott. Only t>ne child of 
 the marriage, a daughter, INlary 
 Monica (now Hon. INlrs. Maxwell- 
 Scott), lived. In I8(il Mr. llopo- 
 Scott married Tiudy Victoria How- 
 ard, eldest daughter of the Duke 
 of Norfolk, whose only surviving 
 child is James Fit/.alau Hope, ])orn 
 in 1870. 
 
SCOTT— SCKOPE. 
 
 797 
 
 SCOTT, Sir Walter, the second 
 Bai-t., of AbLotsford, co. Koxbur<jh, 
 and lieutenant of the loth or 
 King's Hussars, was the only sur- 
 viving child of Sir Walter Scott, 
 the novelist, and was horn Oct. 
 28, 1801. He succeeded to the 
 baronetcy on his father's death, 
 Sept. 21, 1832. He married in 
 1823 Jane, daughter of John Job- 
 son, of Lochore, Fife, but had no 
 issue, so that the baronetcy became 
 extinct, but the Abbotsford pro- 
 perty passed to Walter Scott 
 Lockhart, a cornet in the IGth 
 Lancers, the only son of the editor 
 of the Quarterly Review, and only 
 grandson of the author of " Waver- 
 ley," who afterwards took the name 
 of Scott. Sir Walter died Feb. 8, 
 1817, and was buried at Dry- 
 burgh . 
 
 SCOTT, The Eev. William 
 [1811 — 1872], a well-known -m-iter 
 of the High Church party in the 
 Church of England, graduated at 
 Queen's College, Oxford, in ho- 
 nours, in 1835, and was perpetiial 
 curate of Christ Church, Hoxton, 
 from 1839 tiU 18G0, when he was 
 presented to the Pectory of St. 
 Olave, Jewry. He was for many 
 years editor of the Christian Re- 
 memlrancer, and a constant and 
 valued contributor to the Saturday 
 Revieic. He published several ser- 
 mons on Church principles, vindi- 
 cating them from the charge of 
 ''^ Eomanism," &c. ; was editor of 
 " Lawrence's Lay Baptism In- 
 valid," and of Archbishop Laud's 
 works in the " Library of Anglo- 
 Catholic Theologv." 
 
 SCOTT, William, author of 
 " Border Exploits " and " The 
 Beauties of the Border," was by 
 trade a stonemason, but for many 
 years was the schoolmaster of 
 Burnmouth. Of eccentric habits, 
 but shrewd and intelligent, he was 
 fond of collecting historical re- 
 cords, and was well known in all 
 the border counties as a perfect 
 storehouse of local tradition and 
 anecdote. During harvest time^ 
 
 when the school was closed, he tra- 
 velled a))Out the coimtry lettering 
 new and deciphering old toml;- 
 stones. He was accidentally killed 
 by being thrown from a cart, Oct. 21, 
 1812. 
 
 SCKIVEN, Edward, was a 
 pupil of Kobert Thew, the engraver, 
 with whom he lived at Northall, 
 Hertfordshire, for about eight 
 years, but he was born at Alcester, 
 near Stratford-on-Avon, in 1775. 
 After a time he settled in London, 
 where he practised with success, 
 engraving for the Dilettante So- 
 ciety, the Shakespeare Gallery, the 
 Fine Arts of the English School ; 
 a series of portraits, chiefly after 
 Sir Peter Lely, and many of the 
 principal works of his time. He 
 was appointed engraver to the 
 Prince of Wales. His works, which 
 show great taste, are chiefly in the 
 dot manner, but sometimes in later 
 life he worked with line. He exhi- 
 bited thirteen engravings in the 
 Suffolk Street Academy. His 
 death occurred Aug. 23, 1841. 
 
 SCEOPE, George Poulett, 
 F.E.S. [1797— 1870], was the second 
 son of J. Poulett Thompson, Esq., 
 of Eoehampton, Surrey, and brother 
 of Lord Sydenham. He was first 
 returned member, in the Liberal 
 interest, for Stroud, in May, 1833, 
 being defeated at the general elec- 
 tion in Dec. 1832, and retained the 
 seat till 1867, when he retired. He 
 was the author of several able 
 pamphlets on banking and cur- 
 rency questions, the poor laws, and 
 political economy. His life of his 
 brother. Lord Sydenham, some time 
 Governor-General of Canada, was 
 published in 1813; and his "Con- 
 siderations on Volcanoes," and 
 " The Geology and Extinct Vol- 
 canoes of Central France," appeared 
 in 1858. Mr. Scrope, who was a 
 magistrate and deputy-lieut. for 
 Wilts, assumed the name and arms 
 of Scrope on his marriage with the 
 heiress of William Scrope, Esq., of 
 Castle Combe, Wilts, and Cocker- 
 ington, Leicestershire. 
 
ros 
 
 SCUDAMOllE— SEDDON, 
 
 SCUDAMORE, Sir Charles, 
 M.D. [1779 — 18 i9], be;?an his 
 medical studies under his father, a 
 doctor at Wye in Kent, to whom he 
 was apprenticed, and on leaving 
 whom he went for three years to 
 the United Borough hospitals, and 
 then settled in genei'al practice at 
 Highgate. Wishing to qualify 
 himself as a physician and practise 
 in London, he proceeded to Edin- 
 burgh, where he attended the 
 medical classes in 1813, and gra- 
 duated M.D. at Glasgow in 1811. 
 In the same year he was admitted 
 a licentiate of the College of Phy- 
 sicians, and began to j^ractise in 
 Loudon, being appointed in 1820 
 physician to Prince Leopold of 
 Saxe-Gotha. He accompanied the 
 Duke of Northumljerland, when 
 Lord Lieutenant of Ireland^ as his 
 private medical attendant, and was 
 knighted by him in 1829. The 
 best knov/n and most valuable of 
 his wi-itings was "A Treatise on 
 the Gout and Morbid State of the 
 Digestive Organs, with Observa- 
 tions on liheumatism," 181G. 
 
 SCUDAMOEE, Frank Ives,C.B. 
 [1823 — 1881], superintendent of the 
 Turkish Post Office, was ai:)pointed 
 second secretary of the General Post 
 Office, Loudon, in 18G0, a position 
 he held for fifteen years. Together 
 with Mr. F. E. Bcxines, he took an 
 active part in the transfer of the 
 telegrai)hs to the Government, and 
 in recognition of his services was 
 nominated a C.B, (Civil Division) 
 in 1871. He retired from the Gene- 
 I'al Post Office in 1875, and was then 
 sent out to Constantinople for the 
 purpose of reorganizing the Turkisli 
 postal system, and rt'iuained there 
 as Superintendent of the Post Office 
 until his death. He liad wished to 
 make many postal reforms there, 
 but was unable to carry out any of 
 his plans, owing to the olistacles 
 placed in his way by the Turkish 
 authorities. He was known as a 
 Avriter of vers de socictc, and of 
 many clever articles in numerous 
 jjublic journals. 
 
 SEATON, Lord, John Colborne, 
 G.C.B., G.C.H., G.C.M.G. [1779— 
 1863], a field marshal in the army 
 and colonel of the 2nd Kcgiment 
 of Life Guards, was the son of 
 Samuel Colborne, Esq., of Lynd- 
 hurst, and was educated at Christ's 
 Hospital and Winchester School. 
 He entered the army in^l794, and 
 served with considerable distinc- 
 tion in Holland, France, and the 
 Peninsula. At the battle of Albuera 
 the brigade under his command 
 had to stem for some time the ad- 
 vance of an overwhelming French 
 force, and suffered most fearfully ; 
 but the gallant stand which it 
 made enabled other ti'oops to be 
 brought ujD, a movement which 
 eventually turned the tide of vic- 
 tory. At Waterloo he commanded 
 the 52nd Regiment, as part of 
 Adams' brigade, and his skill in 
 leading the first movement deter- 
 mined the fortunes of the day. 
 After the close of the war he was 
 made Lieutenant-Governor of Jer- 
 sey, and in 1828 was made Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor of Canada, and 
 commander of the forces of Upper 
 Canada. He took a prominent part 
 in suppressing the rebellion of 1837, 
 during which he held the united 
 civil and military power throughout 
 the entire province. On his return 
 to England he was raised to the 
 peei'age as Lord Seaton, with a 
 pension of <£2,000 a year. He was 
 High Commissioner of the Ionian 
 Isles, 1813-19, and commander of 
 the troops in Ireland, 1855-00. 
 
 SEDDON, Thomas, tlie son uf 
 an eminent cabinet maker, was 
 born in Aldersgate. Tjondon, Aug. 
 28, 1821. Brouglit up to his 
 fatlier's ])usiness, he l)ecame a de- 
 signer of furniture, and in that 
 capacity gained the silver mcdjil of 
 the Society of Arts in 18 [S. In 
 1850 he was the chief founder of 
 the North London School of Draw- 
 ing and Modelling, and al)0ut this 
 time he turned ins attention to 
 landscape i)ainting, and adoj^ted it 
 113 his profession. In 1853 he ac- 
 
SEDGWICK— SELLON. 
 
 799 
 
 companied Mr. Holinan Hunt to 
 the East, and iu the followin-jj year 
 returned with two finislied paint- 
 ings, " The Pyramids of Ghizeh " 
 and " Jerusalem and the Valley of 
 Jehoshaphat," now in the National 
 Gallery. His large collection of 
 sketches and studies of Eastern 
 life were exhibited in the Society 
 of Arts Gallery in 1857. In Oct., 
 185G, he set out for a second jour- 
 ney in the East, but died at Cairo, 
 Nov. 23, after a few days' illness. 
 His " Memoir," l)y his Vjrother, was 
 published in 1859. His first con- 
 tribution to the Academy, " Pene- 
 lope and her Web," was exhibited 
 in 1851 ; it was followed by five 
 landscapes. 
 
 SEDGWICK, Professor Adam, 
 LL.D., etc. [1786—1873], born at 
 Dent, in Yorkshire, was the son 
 of the vicar of that jDarish. He 
 was educated at Sedbergh school, 
 and at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 where he graduated in 1808. In 
 1810 he was elected to a Fellow- 
 ship and the degree of LL.D. con- 
 feri-ed upon him. In 1818 he suc- 
 ceeded Professor Hailstone in the 
 chair of geology founded at Cam- 
 bridge by Dr. John Woodward, and 
 the same year "was elected F.R.S. 
 He acted as one of the secretaries 
 of the Cambridge Philosophical 
 Society at its first institution in 
 1819, and contributed largely to 
 its " Transactions." Becoming a 
 Fellow of the Geological Society 
 of London he served on its council, 
 was elected to its presidential chair 
 in the years 1829-30-31, and twice 
 delivered the customary address as 
 president. For fifty years Pro- 
 fessor Sedgwick lectured on geo- 
 logy at his University, and his 
 published works upon that science 
 are numerous, and were in their 
 day, which was before Lyell had 
 written, considered to be of autho- 
 rity. He entered heartily into the 
 work of reforming the studies of 
 the University, and his celebrated 
 "Discourse on the Studies of the 
 University of Cambridge" i^assed 
 
 through five editions. As a poli- 
 tician he was a steady Liberal, but 
 in pliilosophical matters he was 
 impatient of innovation, as was 
 shown by his furious attack, iu 
 the Quarterly, upon " Tlie Vestiges 
 of Creation." For many years he 
 acted as secretary to the Prince 
 Consort in his capacity as Chan- 
 cellor of the University of Cam- 
 bridge. Professor Sedgwick, Wiio 
 iras in holy orders, was a Canon of 
 Norv/ich Cathedral, and for some 
 time he was Vice-Master of Trinity 
 College. 
 
 SEFTON.The Rigjtt Hon. Wil- 
 liam Philip Molyneux, Earl of 
 [1772—1838]. In 1831 he was 
 elevated to the British peerage. 
 A Liberal in polities, it is said 
 that while in the House of Com- 
 mons he was able to carry more 
 votes by personal influence than 
 any other member. Lord Sefton 
 was reiuarkable for Ijeing the only 
 one who protested against the 
 exclusion of the Princess (Caroline) 
 of Wales from a ball at White's 
 Club. From youth he was con- 
 sidered the best "whip" in Eng- 
 land, cind he was distinguished for 
 the luxury of his table, which was 
 the most recherche in London. 
 
 SEGUIEE, William, first direc- 
 tor of the National Galleiy, and 
 superintendent of the British In- 
 stitution, was the son of David 
 Seguier, the picture dealer, and 
 was born in London in 1771. He 
 was a pupil of George Morland, 
 and for some time painted land- 
 scapes in the manner of his master, 
 but eventually devoted himself to 
 pictui'e restoring. He was ap- 
 jjointed keeper of the royal pictures 
 in the reign of George IV. He 
 died at Brighton, Nov. 5, 1813. 
 
 S ELLON, Priscilla Ltdia, 
 daughter of Capt. W. E. Sellon, 
 R.N., was born in 1821. The 
 Bishop of Exeter having issued a 
 public apjDcal on behalf of the 
 spiritual destitution of Plj^mouth 
 and Devonport, Miss Sellon took up 
 her residence there, opened poor- 
 
800 
 
 SELWYN— SENHOUSE. 
 
 schools for boys and adults, and 
 eventually established a house of 
 Protestant Sisters of Mercy, thus be- 
 coming the founder of the conventual 
 system in the Established Church. 
 Though a great outcry was raised 
 at first by a portion of the public 
 against the institution at Devon- 
 port, Miss Sell on' s cause was 
 warmly espoused by the Bishop 
 of Exeter. Subsequently Miss 
 Sellon established " Sisterhoods " 
 of a similar kind in London and 
 elsewhere. In 1851 Sisters were 
 sent to the hosf)itals in the Crimea, 
 and in 1864 the first Missionary 
 Sisters of the Church of England 
 were organised by her and sent to 
 the Pacific. In the virulent epi- 
 demics of cholera and smallpox in 
 London in 1866 — 71, the nursing 
 work was undertaken by the Devon- 
 port Sisterhood, and temporary 
 hospitals established and personally 
 cai-ried on by Miss Sellon. In her 
 early days, deploring the want of 
 additional employment for women, 
 she stutlied printing, and took 
 immense pains to adapt to women 
 the work hitherto entirely carried 
 on by men,^and was most successful 
 in her efforts. Late in life she set 
 up a kind of industrial school in 
 Oxford, and came to reside there. 
 Dr. Pusey was the spiritual direc- 
 tor of the establishment. 
 
 SELWYN, Sir Chakles Jasper, 
 M.P. [1813—1869], educated at 
 Eton and Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, was called to the Bar at 
 Lincoln's Inn, of which he was a 
 Ijencher, in 1810, was made Com- 
 missary of the University of Cam- 
 bridge in 1855, and Q.C. in 1856. 
 lie was retui-ned om* of the mem- 
 bers, in the Conservative interest, 
 for the University of Cambridge 
 in A})ril bS5!>, and was appointed 
 Solicitor- (General in July and 
 knighted in Aug. 1867. Soon 
 after, a vacancy occurring in the 
 Court of Appeal, ho was selected 
 to fill it, and liehl that pt)st till 
 his death, a period of eighteen 
 months. 
 
 SELWYN, Rev. George Au- 
 gustus, D.D. [1809—1878], Bishop 
 of Lichfield, son of William Sel- 
 wyn, Q.C, of Eichmond, Surrey, 
 was educated at Eton, where amoncr 
 his contemporaries were Lord Han- 
 mer. Lord Selkirk, Lord Sandwich, 
 Mr.' Gladstone, Henry and Stej^hen 
 Denison, &c. From there he went 
 to St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 where he graduated with honours, 
 in 1831, as second classic. He was 
 successively Scholar and Fellow of 
 his college, and having been or- 
 dained on his college title, went 
 to live at Eton as tutor to the sons 
 of Lord Powis, at the same time 
 holding the curacy of Windsor 
 parish church. In ISll he was 
 consecrated first Bishop of New 
 Zealand, and presided over his 
 diocese with the greatest success 
 and ability till 1867, when he came 
 to England, and was made Bishop 
 of Lichfield by Lord Derby (1867). 
 His simj^licity of life and genuine 
 character made him a universal 
 favourite in the colony, and he 
 lived to see the one diocese of New 
 Zealand sub-divided, independent 
 of Melanesia, into six sees — Auck- 
 land, Wellington, Waiapu, Nel- 
 son, Christchurch, and Dunedin. 
 From the first he directed his at- 
 tention to the training of native 
 candidates for the ministry, and at 
 St. John's College, Auckland, he 
 received chosen Maoris, who, after 
 a long course of instruction, 
 were admitted to orders. He pos- 
 sessed a small ship, supported by 
 some old Eton friends, aiul in tliat 
 (sailed by himself) he visited the 
 islands of the Pacific, bringing 
 back with him the more j)romising 
 natives to study under his guid- 
 ance. Bislioj) Sehvyn made a tour 
 through Canada and the United 
 States in tlu> autumn ot ls7 I. His 
 In'other, tlie Kev. William Selwyn, 
 D.D. [1806— 187 !•], was Lady Mar- 
 garet's Professor of Theology in 
 Caml)ri(lgi' ( 1855). 
 
 SENHOUSE, Sir Humphrey 
 Dykb Ballantynk Le Fleming, 
 
SENIOR-SEWELL. 
 
 801 
 
 K.C.H., was the son of Sir Williana 
 Senhouse, Surveyor-General of Bar- 
 badoes. He entered the navy at 
 an early age, and was present at 
 the capture of Surinam in 1799. 
 In 1813 he served in America, and 
 was selected by Sir John Warren 
 for the responsible command of the 
 force for the Avinter protection of the 
 British frontier on the coast of the 
 Bay of Fundy. On his return he 
 was chosen by Sir Henry Hotham 
 to be flag captain on the Superb 
 during the hostilities with France 
 at the return of Napoleon from 
 Elba. CaiDtain Senhouse was en- 
 gaged in aiding the Royalist chiefs 
 of the armies of La Vendee and 
 Morbihan, and was personally in 
 communication with them in various 
 enterprises. With the dismantling 
 of the Superb in 1815, Captain Sen- 
 house's active services ceased until 
 1831, when he was again selected 
 by Sir H. Hotham to serve under 
 his flag in the Asia and St. Vincent. 
 In 1839 he commissioned the Blen- 
 heim, and bore a distinguished part 
 in the actions on the Canton river. 
 The cessation of hostilities at the 
 moment of success caused him much 
 mortification. He sank under the 
 combined effects of fatigue and dis- 
 appointment, and died on board the 
 Blenheim, June 13, 1811. 
 
 SENIOE, Nassau W^illiam [1790 
 — 1864], Master in Chancery, and 
 one of the first political economists 
 of his day, was the eldest son of 
 the Eev. J. E. Senior, vicar of 
 Durnford, Wilts, and was born at 
 Compton, Barks. He was educated 
 at Eton, and Magdalen College, 
 Oxford, where he gx'aduated B.A, 
 in 1811, taking a First-Class in 
 Classics. He was called to the 
 Bar in 1819, and was appointed 
 Master in Chancery in 1836. He 
 held the Political Economy Pro- 
 fessorship at Oxford from 1825 to 
 1830, and from 1810 to 1815, and 
 was subsequently appointed an 
 Examiner in Political Economy in 
 the Univai'sity of London. His 
 publications were very numerous. 
 
 and comprised besides valuable 
 works on political economy, nume- 
 rous pamphlets on political and 
 social questions, " A Journal kept 
 in Turkey and Greece in the autumn 
 of 1857 and the beginning of 1858," 
 and a variety of essays on literary 
 subjects. He was a constant con- 
 tributor to the Edinburgh, Quarterly, 
 London, and North British Reviews. 
 After his death, his family pub- 
 lished several volumes of his valu- 
 able " Conversations " with eminent 
 people, especially French states- 
 men. 
 
 SENIOE, Jane Elizabeth Nas- 
 sau, was the sister of Mr. Tho- 
 mas Hughes, Q.C., and daughter- 
 in-law of the above. For many 
 years she devoted her life and 
 energy to philanthropic work in 
 connection with the visiting of 
 workhouses and pauper schools, 
 and in a private capacity effected 
 maiked improvements in the ma- 
 nagement and system of the female 
 departments in those institutions. 
 The ability and tact Mrs. Senior 
 displayed in this employment hav- 
 ing come to the knowledge of Mr. 
 Stansfeld, the then President of 
 the Local Government Board, he 
 gave her, in January, 1873, the 
 appointment (temporary at first, 
 by her own wish) of Assistant 
 Inspector of Workhouses and of 
 Woi-khouse and Disti'ict Pauper 
 Schools, with a view to the neces- 
 sary inquiry into the condition, 
 training, and education of the 
 female branches, and the cai*e of 
 infants. Mrs. Senior discharged 
 her duties to the complete satis- 
 faction of the Board, but was com- 
 pelled to resign thi'ough ill-health 
 in Noveuibei*, 1874, and she died 
 March 21, 1877. 
 
 SEWELL, The Eev." William, 
 B.D. [1805 — 1874], son of a solici- 
 tor, born in the Isle of Wight, was 
 educated at Harrow and at Merton 
 College, Oxford, whei-e he graduated 
 B.A. in 1827, taking first-class 
 honours in classics. He was chosen 
 Fellow, and appointed Tutor of Exe- 
 
 3 y 
 
K02 
 
 SEYMOtJIi. 
 
 ter CoUet^e, and afterwards Princi- 
 pal of St. Peter's College, at Eadley, 
 — a school which was started mainly 
 at his instance and upon his plans. 
 He was Public Exauiiner in 1832, 
 Professor of Moral Philosophy from 
 1830 to 18 Jl, Whitehall preacher 
 in 1850, and Warden of St. Peter's 
 CoUege, Eadley, from 1852 to 1800. 
 He was an eminent scholar, and 
 author of numerous religious and 
 clcissical works, among which may 
 be mentioned "Christian Morals," 
 " Christian Politics," " On the Dia- 
 logues of Plato," and a translation 
 of Virgil's ''Georgics." He was 
 a man of genius, but erratic and 
 unpractical. His sermons were 
 masterpieces ; but the scale on 
 which he set up Eadley ruined 
 himself, and almost ruined the 
 school. 
 
 SEYMOUE, The Eight Hon. 
 Sir George Hamilton, G.C.B., 
 G.C.H. [1797—1880], eldest son of 
 Lord G. Seymour (son of the first 
 Marquis of Hertford), received his 
 education at Merton College, Ox- 
 ford, where he graduated. In 1817 
 he became an attache at the Hague ; 
 in ISII) was appointed Pr/cis Writer 
 and Private Secretary to Viscount 
 Castlereagh ; in Oct., 1822, was at- 
 tached to a special mission to Ve- 
 rona ; and in 1823 was Secretary of 
 Legation at Frankfort, whence he 
 was transferred, in the same capa- 
 city, first to Stuttgardt and after- 
 wards to Berlin. In 1829 he 
 became Secretary of the Emlmssy 
 at Constantinople, and in 1S3() pro- 
 ceeded to Ploronce as Minister 
 Eesident. In 1835 he was sent to 
 Brussels as Envoy Extraordinary 
 and Minister Plenipotentiary, and 
 occupied tliat jjost for ten years. 
 In Dec, 1810, he was transferred 
 in the same capacity to Lislion.and 
 in 1851 to St. Petersliurg. Whilst 
 resident in the latter eapital he 
 exercised a partial check on the 
 aggressive designs of the Emperor 
 Nicholas I., from whose eourt he 
 was recalled in March, 185 1, on tlie 
 proclamation of war between Eng- 
 
 land and Eussia. In Dec, 1855, 
 he was apj^ointed, on account of his 
 wide and extensive experience, to 
 represent the Court of St. James at 
 Vienna, and discharged his duties 
 there with considerable address and 
 ability during a very critical period. 
 He retii-ed on a diplomatic pension 
 in March, 1858. He was knighted 
 and nominated G.C.H. in 1830, and 
 G.C.B. in 1817. 
 
 SEYMOUE, Sir George Fran- 
 cis, G.C.B., G.C.H. [1787—1870], 
 admiral of the Fleet, was the eldest 
 son of Admiral Lord Hugh Sey- 
 mour, a grandson of the first Mar- 
 quis of Hertford, and heir presump- 
 tive to that title. He entered the 
 navy in 1797, and having served in 
 the Channel and West Indian sta- 
 tions, gained his lieutenancy in 
 1801. He joined the Northnmher- 
 land in 1800, and was dangerously 
 wounded in the action of St. Do- 
 mingo, and received a pension. 
 He commanded the Palhis frigate, 
 which took part in the Walcheren 
 expedition in 1809, and other ships 
 until the conclusion of the war 
 in 1814. At the end of the war 
 he was named one of the original 
 Companions of the Bath. He was 
 appointed Serjeant-at-Arms of the 
 House of Lords in 1820, and Mas- 
 ter of the Eobes to William IV, 
 in 1830 ; and afterwards became 
 a Lord of the Admiralty, Com- 
 mander-in-Chief in the Pacific, on 
 the North American and West 
 India stations, and at Portsmouth, 
 and Viee-Adiniral of the United 
 Kingdom. He was made Admiral 
 of the Fleet, Nov. 20, 1800. He 
 was consulted as an authority on 
 all naval matti'rs by both lloust'S 
 of Pailiaiiieiil. 
 
 SEYMOUE, The Eev. Michael 
 HoBAKT, M.A. [1802?— 1871], was 
 educated at Trinity College. Dublin 
 (Ji.A. 1825. M.A.'lS27). He was 
 ordained in ls25. Iield one or two 
 pastoral cliargi's, and was wt'll- 
 known as a i>latform controver- 
 sialist. He wrote " A Pilgrimage 
 to Eonie, with some Account of the 
 
SHADWELL— SHAKESPEAK. 
 
 803 
 
 Ceremonies, Monastic Institutions, 
 Religious Services, Sacred Eelics, 
 and General State of Keligion in 
 that City," 1810 ; " Mornings among 
 the Jesuits/' 1850; "A Succinct 
 Account of the Talbot Case, with 
 Notes," 1851 ; "Evenings with the 
 Romanists," 1851, and a variety of 
 controversial pamphlets and lec- 
 tures on various doctrines and 
 practices of the Catholic Church, 
 and more especially condemnatory 
 of its conventual svstem. 
 
 SHADWELL, The Right Hon. 
 SiK Lancelot, LL.D. [1779—1850], 
 was the eldest son of Lancelot 
 Shadwell, Esq., of liincoln's Inn, an 
 eminent convevancer. He was edu- 
 cated at Eton and Cambridge, and 
 graduated in 1800 as seventh wrang- 
 ler, and the winner of the second 
 Chancellor's medal. He was called 
 to the Bar of Lincoln's Inn in 1803, 
 and appointed K.C. in 1821. In 
 1826 he successfully contested the 
 borough of Ripon, having been 
 nominated by his patroness. Miss 
 Lawrence, under whose will he re- 
 ceived a bequest of d£30,0<lK3. His 
 parliamentary career extended over 
 little more than a year, for, in 
 1827, he became Yice-Chancellor of 
 England. His decision against the 
 Unitarians, in the important case 
 of Lady Hewley's Charity, exposed 
 him to much censure, but his 
 judgment was subsequently con- 
 firmed by Lord Brougham and the 
 House of Lords. Sir Lancelot 
 twice filled the office of a Commis- 
 sioner of the Great Seal, in 1S35, 
 after the resignation of the Lord 
 Chancellorship by Lord Brougham, 
 and again in 1850. 
 
 SHAFTESBURY, Right Hon. 
 Ceoplet Ashley Coopek, Sixth 
 Earl of. Baron Cooper of Pawlett, 
 CO. Somerset, Baron Ashley of 
 Wimborne, co. Dorset [1768 — 
 1851], was the younger son of 
 Anthony, the fourth Earl. He was 
 educated at Winchester, and at 
 Christ Chui'ch, Cambridge, where 
 he graduated in 1787. At the 
 general election of 1790 he was re- 
 
 turned to Parliament, in the Tory 
 interest, for Dorchester, for which 
 he continued to sit until his acces- 
 sion to the peerage in 1811. On 
 the return of his party to office in 
 1807 he was appointed clerk of the 
 Ordnance. During the illness of 
 Lord Walsingham in 1811, he tem- 
 porarily filled the office of Chair- 
 man of Committees, and in Nov., 
 1811, he was appointed permanently, 
 and sworn a Privy Councillor. 
 He was an excellent man of busi- 
 ness, fulfilling his office of chairman 
 in the most efficient manner in spite 
 of his unprepossessing, hasty way 
 of speaking. At the commence- 
 ment of the session of 1851 an 
 address was moved by the Mar- 
 quis of Lansdowne, and seconded 
 by Lord Stanley, recognising the 
 great services the Earl had ren- 
 dered his country, and recommend- 
 ing Her Majesty to confer upon 
 him some retiring allowance as a 
 mark of her favour. A similar ad- 
 dress was moved and carried in 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 SHAKE SPEAR, John, author 
 of a " Grammar of the Hindu- 
 stani Language," &c., was at one 
 time a teacher of languages at the 
 East India Company's School at 
 Great Marlow. Later he became 
 Professor of Oriental Languages in 
 Addiscombe College. After the 
 Shakespearian Society purchased 
 the poet's house at Stratford-upon- 
 Avon, Mr. Shakespear gave ^2500 
 for the purchase of the adjacent 
 property, to prevent risk from fire, 
 and to restore the house after an 
 old engraving. He never professed 
 to be related to the poet, but it 
 is probable that he was descended 
 from a branch of the family. 
 
 SHAKESPEAR, Sir Richmond, 
 joined the Bengal Artillery in 1829. 
 For thirty-two years he served the 
 Government of India, was present 
 in eight general engagements, and 
 was badly wounded in the last. 
 In 1810, when only a young lieu- 
 tenant, he rescued from almost 
 hopeless slavery in Khiva 416 sub- 
 
 3 JF 2 
 
80i 
 
 SHARPE— SHARPE Y. 
 
 jects of the Emperor of Russia ; 
 and two years later greatly contri- 
 buted to the recovery of the English 
 l^risoners in Gabul. Lord Canning, 
 in recognition of his public ser- 
 vices, offered him the Chief Com- 
 missionership of Mysore, which 
 he accepted, but he died (Oct. 29, 
 1861), just as he was about to enter 
 on his new duties. 
 
 SHARPE, Charles Kirkpat- 
 RiCK, M.A. [1781 — 1851], was the 
 second son of Mr. Charles Kirk- 
 patrick, one of Biu-ns' correspon- 
 dents, and a member of a family 
 distinguished, in more than one 
 generation, by a taste for litera- 
 ture. Educated at Chrisfs Col- 
 lege, Oxford, he was originally in- 
 tended for the Church, but before 
 he had attained his thirtieth year 
 he had assumed the i^osition he 
 maintained through life — that of 
 a man of fashion, devoting his 
 leisure hours to the successful 
 cultivation of literature, music, and 
 the fine arts. In 1803 he contri- 
 buted a ballad, " The Tower of 
 Repentance," to the " Border 
 Minstrelsy." Four years after- 
 wards Mr. Sharpe published a 
 volume of " Metrical Legends and 
 other Poems," which so pleased Sir 
 Walter Scott that he asked him to 
 contribute to the Quarterly Review, 
 and the Edinburgh Annual Regis- 
 ter, both of which were just being 
 started. In 1823 appeared his 
 " Ballad Book," which Wcxs printed 
 for private circulation only, and 
 ornamented with a beautiful etching 
 in imitation of the German school, 
 and a little vignette after Hollar. 
 After his death, it was published 
 under the editorship of Mr. J. D. 
 Laing. About 1807 Mr. Sharpe 
 gave evidence of his power as 
 an artist. Among his sketches, 
 wliich from fretpient reiDetitiou 
 have become generally known, are 
 "Queen Elizal)eth dancing before 
 Sir .Tames Melville," and " TJie 
 Man-iage of Muclde-Mou'd Meg." 
 Mr. Sharpe was also a highly ac- 
 complished musician. By Sir 
 
 Walter Scott he was compared to 
 Horace Walpole, and, as if in imi- 
 tation of the Strawberry Hill 
 celebrity, Mr. Sharpe possessed a 
 library and museum scarcely less 
 interesting or grotesque. He died 
 in Edinburgh, March 17, 1851. 
 
 SHARPE, Samuel [1799—1881], 
 was a nephew of Mr. Rogers, the 
 poet, in whose bank he was em- 
 ployed in early youth. Subse- 
 quently he became a partner in 
 the firm of Sharpe & Olding, and, 
 retiring from business at a com- 
 paratively early age, pursued with 
 great ardour and industry the 
 studies that have since made him 
 well-knoAvn in the literary world. 
 The most important of his numerous 
 works are a complete translation of 
 the Hebrew Scriptures and of the 
 New Testament ; " Critical Notes 
 on the Authorized Version ; " " The 
 Chronology of the Bible ; " " The 
 History of Egypt from the earliest 
 times to the conquest by the Arabs, 
 A.D. 040 ;" " Chronology of Ancient 
 Egyi^t;" and several monographs 
 on hieroglyphics and Egyptian 
 antiquities in the British Museum. 
 A Unitarian and a Liberal, Mr. 
 Sharj^e did his utmost to advance 
 the cause of those with whom he 
 sympathised, but he took no part 
 in public life. He was also a warm 
 supporter of unsectarian education. 
 
 SHARPEY, William, M.D., 
 F.R.S. [1802—1880], was born at 
 Arbroath, after the death of his 
 father, Henry Sharpey, a native of 
 Kent, who was resident in Scothind. 
 After going through the usual 
 course of school educiition, ho 
 became a student at tlic Univer- 
 sity of Edinbiu-gh in 1817. and 
 attended the classes of Greek and 
 Natural Philosophy, the latter 
 tlien being taught by Professor 
 John Playfair. In the following 
 year he began medical study, and, 
 in 1821, obtained the diploma of 
 the Collegia t>f Surgeons of Edin- 
 burgh. After this he pursued his 
 studies in London and in Paris, 
 and, returning to Edinburgh, took 
 
SHARPLES— SHAW. 
 
 805 
 
 his degree of M.D. in the Univer- 
 sity in 1823. He subsequently 
 passed much of his time abroad, 
 visitinof the medical and scientific 
 institutions of France, Italy, and 
 Germany, and made a long stay in 
 Berlin, where he devoted himself 
 especially to the study of anatomy 
 and physiology. Having, in 1830, 
 become a Fellow of the College of 
 Surgeons in Edinburgh, he, in 1831, 
 began to lecture on Anatomy in 
 the extra Academical School, and 
 continued to do so till 1836, when 
 he was appointed Professor in the 
 University of London, now Univer- 
 sity College, where he taught phy- 
 siological anatomy and physiology 
 till April 1874. The Government 
 recognised the Professor's long 
 services, and the good work he had 
 done in the interest of science, by 
 the bestowal on him of a pension 
 of .£150 per annum. He served on 
 the Eoyal Commission on Science 
 appointed in 1870, under the presi- 
 dency of the Duke of Devonshire. 
 Already a Fellow of the Eoyal 
 Society ■ of Edinburgh, he was 
 elected, in 1839, a Fellow of the 
 Eoyal Society of London, in which 
 for nineteen years he fijled the 
 o£B.ce of Secretary, He was also 
 a member of various foreign acade- 
 mies, a trustee of the Hunterian 
 Museum, and was for fifteen years 
 a member of the General Medical 
 Council. He long acted as Exami- 
 ner in the University of London, 
 and subsequently was appointed on 
 the Senate. In 1859 he received 
 the honorary degree of LL.D. from 
 the University of Edinburgh, on 
 the occasion of Lord Brougham's 
 installation as Chancellor. He was 
 author of scientific articles in the 
 " Cyclopsedia of Anatomy and Phy- 
 siology," and of various contribu- 
 tions to scientific journals. He was 
 also a joint editor of the last four 
 editions of " Quain's Anatomy." 
 
 SHAEPLES, Mrs., was a native 
 of Birmingham, and with her hus- 
 band, emigrated to America . Thei-e 
 they both practised portrait paint- 
 
 ing, till, at the death of her hus- 
 band, Mrs. Shai-ples returned to 
 England, and resided first at Bath 
 and then at Bristol, where she died 
 at an advanced age in March, 1849. 
 Her miniatures of " Priestley " and 
 " Washington " are now in the 
 National Portrait Gallerv. At her 
 death she willed all her property 
 for the establishment of a Bristol 
 Academy of Art. 
 
 SHAW, James [1836—1883], was 
 born at Aberdeen in humble circum- 
 stances. By dint of great energy, 
 he rose till he became a member of 
 the firm of Thompson and Shaw, 
 iron merchants, Leadenhall Street 
 — a firm which carried out some 
 notable contracts, including the 
 first railwav in Greece, and the 
 bridge across the Nile at Cairo. 
 After the dissolution of the finn, 
 Mr. Shaw became proprietor of the 
 extensive works of the Company 
 of Copper Miners of England, and 
 worked it up to the time that it 
 was converted into a limited lia- 
 bility company, of which he became 
 managing director. He had been 
 appointed a sherifl: of London, but 
 was obliged to abandon the office 
 in 1875 owing to the financial diffi- 
 culties which befel him in that 
 year, so disastrous to the iron 
 trade. Mr. Shaw contested Aber- 
 deen in the Conservative interest 
 three times — first in 1872, again in 
 1874, but being in Egypt at the 
 time he was under a great dis- 
 advantage. The third attempt was 
 made in 1880, when he was defeated 
 by Dr. Webster by a large majority. 
 He was known as the " Silent Mem- 
 ber," and his " Parliamentary 
 Sketches " attracted considerable 
 notice. 
 
 SHAW, Maky [1814—1876], 
 singer. She was daughter of 
 John Postans, messman at the 
 Guard Eoom, St. James's Palace, 
 and gained her musical training 
 at the Eoyal Academy, and from 
 Sir George Smart. She was a con- 
 tralto, and made her first appear- 
 ance in 1834. Next year she sang 
 
806 
 
 SHEE. 
 
 at the Concert of Ancient Music 
 and at the York Festival. In the 
 same year she married an artist 
 named Alfred" Shaw. In 183G she 
 api^eared at the Norwich and Liver- 
 pool Festivals^ and sang in " St. 
 Paul " on its first production in 
 this country. During the next two 
 years she was engaged at many 
 important concerts and festivals, 
 and then went to Leipzig. Here 
 also she met with great success, 
 her style being as much admired 
 — among others by Mendelssohn 
 hhnsolf — as her lovely voice. In 
 1839 she was in Italy, singing in 
 opera at Milan ; and three years 
 later sang at Co vent Garden. A 
 long and terrible illness of her 
 husband so affected her health that 
 she was unable to pursue her pro- 
 fession, and had to take to teach- 
 ing. She married, as her second hus- 
 band, a solicitor named Eobinson, 
 and after a painful illness of three 
 years died at Hadleigh, in Suffolk. 
 SHEE, Sir Martin Archer, 
 P.R.A., the son of a merchant, 
 was born in Dublin, Dec. 23, 1770. 
 He studied painting in the school 
 of the Royal Dublin Society, where 
 in 1787 he gained the chief medal. 
 In the following year he came to 
 London and through Burke procured 
 an introduction to Sir Joshua Rey- 
 nolds, by whose advice he entered 
 the Academy schools in 1790. He 
 had, two years earlier, exhibited 
 two portrait heads, and was at that 
 time supporting himself by his own 
 exertions. He never competed for 
 the Academy prizes, though he was 
 a diligent student, and a frequent 
 exhibitor. His earliest portraits 
 were of actors, and his "Lewis,'* 
 painted in 1791, is now in the Na- 
 tional Gallery. His early works — 
 such as his portrait of Joseph Haydn 
 — are his best, and lie attained 
 success while still young. In 1790 
 ho was able to marry, and to take a 
 liirgo liouse in Golden Sciuare, and 
 tw(j years later his election as asso- 
 ciate of tho Academy so far im- 
 proved his position that he removed 
 
 to Cavendish Square, and became, 
 for men's portx'aits, almost the most 
 popular painter of his day. In 
 1800 he became Academician, and 
 in 1830 succeeded Lawrence as 
 President ; an office for which his 
 suave manner and power of diplo- 
 macy rendered him well fitted, and 
 which he retained until his death, 
 Aug. 19, 1850. Sir Martin Shee 
 exhibited 34^3 works in London ; 
 they were nearly all portraits, and 
 the few subject pieces he painted 
 did not add to his reputation. He 
 had also some aspirations to literary 
 fame : in early life he ^^Tote criti- 
 cisms for a daily paper, and in 1805 
 his " Rhymes on Art," followed in 
 1809 by "Elements of Art," ac- 
 quired considerable notoriety. 
 These were followed by "Alasco, 
 a Tragedy," which, though with- 
 drawn froui the stage on political 
 grounds, was j^ublished in 1823. 
 In 1829 he anonymously published 
 a 3 vol. novel, " Old Court," but 
 it met with but little success. His 
 portrait of " General Picton " is in 
 the National Portrait Gallery. His 
 " Life " by one of his sons was 
 published in 1860. 
 
 SHEE, Sir William [180i— 
 1868], one of the judges of the 
 Court of Queen's Bench, was the 
 eldest son of Joseph Shee, Esq., 
 of Thomasto-\vn, co. Kilkenny. He 
 was born at Finchley, Middlesex, 
 and educated at the Roman Catho- 
 lic College of St. Cuthbert, Ushaw, 
 in Durham, and at Edinburgh. 
 He was called to the bar at Lin- 
 coln's Inn in 1828. Soon after his 
 call he attracted much attention by 
 his eloquent political speech on the 
 Liberal side at the great Protestant 
 meeting of "the Men of Kent." held 
 on Pennenden Heath, Nov. 2 1, 1S28. 
 He went the Home Circuit, of which 
 he was at one time the lead(>r, was 
 made a Serjeant-at-Law in ISU), 
 received a patent of precedence 
 shortly afterwards, and the rank 
 t)f Queen's Serjeant in 1S,')8. Diiring 
 this time he was engaged in almost 
 all the important criminal trials, one 
 
SHEEPSHANKS— SHEIL. 
 
 807 
 
 of his most striking appearances 
 being in defence of Palmer of Ruge- 
 ley. He was nominated in isGt 
 a puisne Judge of the Court of 
 Queen's Bench, when he received 
 the honour of knighthood, and was 
 the first Koman Catholic who, in 
 modern times, had been raised to 
 the Judicial Bench in England. 
 He was an unsuccessful candidate, 
 in the Liberal interest, for Maryle- 
 bone in Aug., 1817, was elected one 
 of the members for the county of 
 Kilkenny in July, 1852, and was 
 defeated at the general elections 
 in March, 1857, and in April, 1859, 
 and at Stoke-upon-Trent in Aug., 
 1862. 
 
 SHEEPSHANKS, John [1787— 
 1863] , was the son of a cloth manu- 
 facturer at Leeds. He devoted all 
 the leisure he could spare from 
 commercial pursuits to the study 
 of the fine arts. Having a large 
 income at his disposal, he gradually 
 became possessed of one of the best 
 collections of pictures by British 
 artists that have ever been formed, 
 and these he munificently presented 
 to the nation, in 1856, under certain 
 conditions. This collection, which 
 embraces 233 oil paintings, and 103 
 sketches and drawings, by Turner, 
 Stanfield, Chalon, and other emi- 
 nent artists, he deposited at the 
 South Kensington Museum. 
 
 SHEEPSHANKS, Eev.Eichard, 
 M. A. [1794—1855], Fellow of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, was 
 originally intended for the legal 
 profession, and in 1825 was called 
 to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn. Even- 
 tually he took holy orders, but the 
 real bent of his mind was towards 
 the study of the mathematical and 
 astronomical sciences, to wliich he 
 devoted all his time and attention. 
 He had a fine observatory, first in 
 London and afterwards at Eeading, 
 and also an apartment at the Astro- 
 nomical Society in Somerset House 
 for pursuing his experiments. He 
 was named one of the commis- 
 sioners appointed for the prepara- 
 tion of a new national sti^ndard. 
 
 after the standard weights and 
 measures had been destroyed by the 
 fire at the Houses of Parliaiuent. 
 For some years Mr. Sheepshanks 
 edited the " Monthly Notices " of 
 the Astronomical Society — of which 
 he was a Fellow — in conjunction 
 with Professor de Morgan. A 
 valuable series of papers, descrip- 
 tive of instruments and their mode 
 of adjustment, in the '* Penny Cyclo- 
 paedia " are from his pen. 
 
 SHEIL, Sir Justin, K.C.B., was 
 a brother of the well-known Eight 
 Hon. Eichard Lalor Shell, M.P. for 
 Dungarvan (q. v.). He entered the 
 Bengal Native Infantry in 1S20, and 
 received the medal and clasp for the 
 siege of Bliurtpore. He went to 
 Persia in 1833 as second in com- 
 mand of a detachment of ofiicers 
 and sergeants sent to discipline the 
 Shah's army. In 1848 he received 
 permission to accept and wear the 
 1st Class of the Lion and Sun, con- 
 ferred ujjon him by the Shah. In 
 1844 he was appointed envoy and 
 minister at the Court of the Shah, 
 which post he held till October, 
 
 1854. He was made a K.C.B. in 
 
 1855, after a very successful career, 
 in which he gave great satisfac- 
 tion both to his own Government 
 and to that of the Shah. He died 
 April 18, 1S71. 
 
 SHEIL, Eichard Lalor, the 
 son of a prosperous merchant, 
 was born at Bellevue House, co. 
 Waterford, Aug. 16, 1791. At the 
 age of 11 he was sent to a school 
 which the Prince de Broglie con- 
 ducted at Kensington, and later to 
 Stonyhurst. In Nov. 1807, he en- 
 tered Trinity College, Dublin, where 
 he graduated in 1811. By this 
 time the family fortunes had 
 changed ; Bellevue had to be sold, 
 and Shell was indebted to friends 
 for the means to study for the Bar, 
 to which he was called in 1814. 
 The ensuing years he devoted 
 mainly to dramatic authorship. 
 H s plays of " Adelaide," " The 
 Apostate," " Bellamire," and 
 'Evadne/' were immensely sue. 
 
809 
 
 SHELLEY. 
 
 cessful, thanks rather to the genius 
 of Miss O'Neil than of the author ; 
 his next piece, " Montoni/' was 
 played only -a few nights ; " The 
 Fatal Dowry" succeeded to only 
 a very moderate degree, and " The 
 Hugonots " failed so completely, 
 that Shell renounced dramatic 
 authorship for ever. He had, how- 
 ever, made about .£2,000 by his 
 dramas. In 1822 he returned to 
 his profession, and in the same 
 year began his admirable " Sketches 
 of the Irish Bar," which he wrote 
 in conjunction with William H. 
 Curran. Since his youth ho had 
 been an advocate of Catholic Eman- 
 cipation, and in 1813 had sided with 
 the " Vetoists "against O'Connell's 
 party, but he now became warm 
 friends with his former opponents, 
 and took a part in the agitation 
 second only to that played by 
 O'Conncir 'himself. In 1827 a 
 Crown prosecution was instituted 
 against him, founded on a sj^eech, 
 extolling the patriotism of Theobald 
 Wolfe Tone, but on Canning's ac- 
 cession to office the proceedings 
 were abandoned. In 1830 he was 
 called tj the Inner Bar, and in that 
 year married Mrs. Power, a lady 
 who inherited a large j^ropcrty in 
 Tipperary through her father, Mr. 
 Lalor of Cronagh. Shell now at- 
 tempted to enter Parliament, but 
 was defeated for Louth, and was 
 brought i?i by the Marquis of 
 Anglesey for Melbourne Port, Dor- 
 setshire. After the dissolution of 
 1832, he was returned for Tippe- 
 rary, and sat for that county until 
 1811, when he became member for 
 Dung^arvan. He took i)ai't in the 
 Repeal debate of April, 183 L, when 
 he delivered a speecli of remark- 
 able elocjuence. Other of his more 
 important spcoclios were those on 
 Orange h)dges, and the Church of 
 Ireland, 1830 ; the Corn Laws, 
 IH12 ; Vote by Ballot, 1813 ; and 
 the Income Tax, 1811. On the 
 uccesaion of Queen Victoria, in 
 1837, Sliuil accepted oflQce as Com- 
 uiisaiouer of Greenwich Hospital, 
 
 and in 1839 became Vice-President 
 of the Board of Trade. His ac- 
 ceptance of office was much re- 
 1 sented in Ireland, and there can 
 I be no doubt that his position 
 ; modified his opinions ; he opposed 
 ! the revival of the Eepeal Agitation 
 in 1810, and some years later de- 
 clared on the hustings at Dun- 
 garvan that repeal was " a splendid, 
 but unattainable fancy." Yet he 
 defended John O'Connell at the 
 State trials of 1811. In 1811 he 
 was appointed judge - advocate - 
 general, and between 18 IG and 
 1850 was master of the Mint. It 
 was during his tenure of office that 
 the silver florin was put into cir- 
 culation. In Dec. 1850, he became 
 British minister at the Court of 
 Tuscany, and removed with his 
 wife to Florence, where he died. 
 May 23, 1851. His body was con- 
 veyed to Ireland, and buried at 
 Long Orchard, co. Tipperary. The 
 authorities for his career are ; — 
 " Memoir and Speeches," W. Tor- 
 rens M'Cullagh, 1855 ; " Speeches." 
 with " Memoir," by T. M'Xevin. 
 There is a " Memoir," by Marmion 
 W. Savage, prefixed to his "Legal 
 and Political Sketches," 1855 ; and 
 by R. L. Mackenzie, in his "Sketches 
 of the Irish Bar." 
 
 SHELLEY, Maey Wollston- 
 CRAFT. She was the daughter of 
 Godwin and Mary Wollstoueraft, 
 and was born in 1708. Her inti- 
 macy with Shelley led to a mar- 
 riage after the death of Harriet 
 Shelley in 181G. In tliat year 
 Mary Wollstoncraft Godwin wrote 
 the remarkable story " Franken- 
 stein," and just before the death 
 of lier husband in 1822 she finished 
 a novel *' Valperga." After Sliel- 
 ley's death she i)u}ilishcd "Falk- 
 land," "The Last Man." "The 
 I'ortunes of Perkin Wnrbeck," 
 " Rambles in Germany and Italy." 
 In 1830 she edited an edition 
 of her liUBb;ind's " roems." and in 
 1810 a selection from his letters 
 and prose writings. She died iu 
 Loudon, Feb. 1, 1851. 
 
SHELLEY— SHILLETO. 
 
 809 
 
 SHELLEY, Sir Timothy [1753 
 — ISil], the second bai-onet, was 
 the rei)resentative of one of tlio 
 three ^^roat lines of Shelley, of 
 Sussex. The three bi*anches de- 
 scended from John Shelley, Esq., 
 who died in the reign of Henry 
 VIII. Sir Timothy was the father 
 of P. B. Shelley, the poet, with 
 whom, as all students of the jDoet 
 know, he had very little sympathy. 
 As a landlord, and' as a practical 
 agriculturist, he enjoyed a high 
 reputation, and possessed in a great 
 degree the good qualities of an 
 English country gentleman. In 
 1791 he married Elizabeth, daugh- 
 ter of Charles Pilfold, Esq., of 
 Effingham, Surrey, wdio died in 
 1846. One of their dauschters died 
 in the present year (18S5), at the 
 age of 93. 
 
 SHEEIDAX, Chakles Brinsley 
 [179G — 1844], was the second son 
 of the Eight Hon. Eichard Brinslev 
 Sheridan, and only child of his 
 second marriage with Esther Jane, 
 daughter of the Very Eev. Newton 
 Ogle, Dean of Winchester, and of 
 Kirkley, Northumberland. He 
 was educated at Winchester, and 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 which he left without having taken 
 his degree. After travelling about 
 on the Continent, he settled for a 
 time at Athens, where he became 
 ardently interested in the Phil- 
 hellenic cause, to which he devoted 
 a good deal of money, and also 
 lent the assistance of his pen for 
 the advancement of it. In 1829 
 he published his chief work, a 
 volume of poems entitled " Songs 
 of Greece,^' being translations from 
 the Eomaic, besides which he was 
 an occasional contributor to the 
 Eclinhurgh and Westminster Re- 
 views, 
 
 SHE EI DAN, Caroline Hen- 
 rietta, was the second daughter of 
 John Callander, Esq., of Craigforth, 
 Stirlingshire, and wife of Thomas 
 Sheridan, Esq., son of the distin- 
 guished wit and statesman. She 
 was the author of "Carwell," a 
 
 story illustrating the inequalities 
 of punishment in the laws against 
 forgery, and of " Aims and Ends," 
 in which the lighter scenes of social 
 life are keenly but kindly satirised. 
 After the death of her husband in 
 1817 she lived a very retired life, 
 and died in London, June 9, 1851. 
 
 SHEEWOOD, Mary Martha 
 [1775 — 1851], was the daughter of 
 Dr. George Butt, chaplain to George 
 III., Vicar of Kidderminster, and 
 Eector of Stanford, Worcestershire, 
 a descendant of the family of Sir 
 William Butt, physician to Henry 
 VIII. In 1803 she married her 
 cousin, Henry Sherwood, of the 
 53rd Foot, and with him went to 
 India. Her religious work amongst 
 the soldiers and natives gained for 
 her the friendshij) of Henry Martyn 
 and Dr. Corrie, Bishop of Madras. 
 She was the author of some tales 
 which enjoyed a wide popularity 
 among the children of the last two 
 generations, the principal being 
 " Henry and his Bearer," " The 
 Lady of the Manor," '' The Nun," 
 ^'The Fairchild Family," and "Lit- 
 tle William and his Dog Caesar." 
 
 SHILLETO, Eev. Eichard, M.A,, 
 was educated at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, where he graduated in 
 1832. He was considered the most 
 accomplished Greek scholar in the 
 University, and he obtained a high 
 reputation for success as a tutor. 
 On two occasions, in 1839 and 1840, 
 he acted as one of the examiners for 
 the classical tripos. For some time 
 he was a classical lecturer at Trinity, 
 and up to the time of his death de- 
 livered lectures at King's College. 
 In 1867 the Master and Fellows of 
 St. Peter's College elected him to a 
 Fellowship on account of his emi- 
 nence in classical learning ; he was 
 also appointed Assistant Tutor, 
 Dean, and Prcelector of the Col- 
 lege. Mr. Shilleto never did full 
 justice to his great talents and ex- 
 traordinary scholarship ; but he 
 edited Demosthenes' " De Falsa Le- 
 gatione," and at the time of his 
 death he was engaged in preparing 
 
810 
 
 SHIRLEY. 
 
 for the press a translation of Thucy- 
 dides. 
 
 SHIRLEY, Evelyn Philip, 
 F.S.A., M.R.LA. [1812—1882], a 
 Trustee of Rugby School, and of the 
 National Portrait Gallery, was the 
 eldestsonof Evelyn J. Shirley, Esq., 
 of Ettington Park, Warwickshire 
 (who was one of the members for 
 South Warwickshire from June, 
 183G, till May, 1849). He was edu- 
 cated at Eton and Magdalen College, 
 Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 
 1831,, and proceeded M.A. in 1817. 
 He was a Magistrate and Dej)uty- 
 Lieutenant for Warwickshire and 
 for CO, Monaghan, which he repre- 
 sented in the Conservative interest 
 from July, 1841, till Aug., 1817, 
 and sat for South Warwickshire 
 from Nov., 1853, till July, 1865. 
 In May, 1870, he was appointed a 
 trustee of the National Portrait 
 Gallery in the room of Earl Stan- 
 hoj^e. Mr. Shirley was well kno^vn 
 as an able and indefatigable anti- 
 quary, and was the author of a 
 genealogical work of high merit, 
 entitled "Noble and Gentle Men 
 of England, their Arms, &c.," of 
 which a third edition api)eared in 
 18GG. Ho wrote " Stemmata Shir- 
 leiana ; or, jAnnals of the Shirley 
 Family," j^rinted in 1811, and re- 
 printed with additions in 1873, 
 &c. 
 
 SHIRLEY, General Sir Hora- 
 tio, K.C.B. [[1805— 1879]. ^^^^s bro- 
 ther of the above. Educated at 
 Rugby, he entered the army in 
 1825, and rose to the rank of colo- 
 nel in 1854. He served with dis- 
 tinction in the Crimea, where he 
 commandt'd the 88tli Foot at the 
 battles of Alma and Inkermann, 
 and at the siege of Sebastopol. He 
 was a General Officer of the Trenches 
 in the attacks on the Quarries of 
 Juno 7 and 18, and commanded a 
 brigade at the final attack on the 
 Redan. He was nominated a C.B. 
 in I85fi, and a K.C.H. in bSO'.); 
 o])t:iiiie(l licid rank in 18G2; was 
 promoted to lieutenant-general in 
 J 871, and to a full general in 1877. 
 
 From 1874 he held the colonelcy of 
 the 88th (Connaught Rangers). 
 
 SHIRLEY, Rev. Walter AVad- 
 DiNGTON, D.D. [1828— 186G], Regius 
 Professor of Ecclesiastical History in 
 the University of Oxford, was the 
 only son of the above, and was 
 heir presumptive to the earldom 
 of Ferrers. He was educated at 
 Rugby and at Wadham College, 
 Oxford, of which he was succes- 
 sively Scholar, Fellow, and Tutor, 
 and where he graduated B.A. in 
 high honours in 1851. In 18G4 he 
 was nominated to the Regius Pro- 
 fessorshij) of Ecclesiastical History 
 and Canonry of Christ Church, 
 Oxford, vacated by Dr. Stanley's 
 promotion to the Deanery of West- 
 minster. He was an able preacher 
 and lecturer, and took an active 
 interest in all matters relating to 
 the University. As a historical 
 scholar he was warmly and justly 
 admired, and made some important 
 contributions to the history of Eng- 
 land, among which were his edition 
 of the " Fasciculi Zizaniorum Ma- 
 gistri Johannis Wyclif " (1858), and 
 "Letters illustrative of the Reign 
 of Henry III." (18G3), published 
 under the direction of the Master 
 of the Rolls. 
 
 SHIRLEY, The Right Rev. 
 Walter Augustus, D.D. [1797 — 
 1847], Bishop of Sodor and Man, 
 born at Westport, co. Mayo, was 
 the son of the Rev. Walter Slnr- 
 ley. Vicar of Woodford, North- 
 amptonshire. Educated at Win- 
 chester, and New College, Oxford, 
 he gained, in 1821, the Bache- 
 lor's prize for an essay " On the 
 Study of Moral Evidence," which 
 attracted nmch attention by the 
 powerful manner in whicli the sul)- 
 ject was treated. For some time 
 he was curate to liis father ; in 
 182G he held the oflice of master of 
 the Schools at Oxford, and in 1828 
 he became vicar of Shirley, in Der- 
 byshire, the ancient estate of his 
 family, where he remained until 
 elevated to the See of Sodor and 
 Man, in 1810. In 1817 he "wrvs the 
 
SHORT— SIBTHORP. 
 
 811 
 
 Bampton Lecturer, but had only 
 delivered two of the lectures when 
 he died. 
 
 SHORT, Right Rev. Augustus, 
 D.D., ex-Bishop of Adelaide [1803 
 — 1883], was the third son of Mr. 
 Charles Short, of the Middle 
 Temple. He was educated at 
 Westminster School, and at Chi-ist 
 Church, Oxford, of which he was 
 successively a student, a tutor, and 
 censor. From 1835 to 1817 he held 
 the vicarage of Ravensthorpe, 
 Northami^tonshire, and was Bamp- 
 ton Lecturer in 1816. In 1833-31 
 he acted as one of the public exa- 
 miners in classics at Oxford. He 
 was consecrated the first bishop of 
 Adelaide on the foundation of that 
 see in 1847, and resigned his 
 bishojjric in 1882. Dr. Short was 
 the author of a volume of sermons 
 on " The Remedial Character of 
 the Christian Scheme." 
 
 SHORT, THOiiAs VowLER, D.D., 
 Bishop of St. Asaph [1790—1872], 
 son of Archdeacon Short, was edu- 
 cated at Westminster, and Christ 
 Church, Oxford, where he was a 
 double first-class man in 1812, 
 Public Examiner from 1820 till 
 182tI., and Select Preacher from 
 1823 till 1830. After ha\dng held 
 the perpetual curacy of Cowley, 
 Oxfordshire, the livings of Stock- 
 leigh-Pomeroy, Devonshire, and 
 King's Worthy, Hampshire, he was, 
 in 1S34, instituted to the Rectory 
 of St. George, Bloomsbury ; was ap- 
 pointed, in 1837, Deputy Clerk of 
 the Closet to the Queen ; was conse- 
 crated Bishop of Sodor and Man in 
 1842 ; and translated to St. Asaph in 
 1846. Dr. Short wrote "Lectures and 
 Questions on St. Luke^s Gospel," 
 published in 1837 ; '' Parochialia : 
 Papers for St. George's, Blooms- 
 bmy," in 1842; "^On Management 
 of a Parish Sunday School," in 
 1847; "What is Christianity?" 
 in 1848; "History of the Church 
 of England to 1688," in 1851; 
 " Letters to an Aged Mother," in 
 1856 ; and other works. 
 
 SHRAPNEL, Lieut.-Gen. 
 
 Henry, entered the Royal Artillery 
 in 1779, and attained the rank of 
 lieutenant-general in 1S27. He 
 served with the Duke of York's 
 army in Flanders, and shortly after 
 the siege of Dunkirk he invented 
 the case shot known by the name 
 of Shrapnel shells. So important 
 was the discovery considered, that 
 he received a pension of ,£1,200 a 
 year, in addition to his pay in the 
 army. He retired from active 
 service in 1825, and died March 13 < 
 1842. 
 
 SHUTTLEWORTH, Right Rev. 
 Philip Nicholas, D.D., Bishop of 
 Chichester [1782—1812], was born 
 at Kirkham, Lancashire, of which 
 parish his father, the Rev. Hum- 
 phrey Shuttleworth, was vicar. He 
 was a foundation scholar at Win- 
 chester, where he was distinguished 
 for his Latin and English verse 
 compositions. After taking his 
 B.A. degree at Oxford, he be- 
 came tutor to the Hon. Algernon 
 Herbert, and later discharged the 
 same duties in the family of Lord 
 Holland, by whom, in 1824, he was 
 presented with the rectory of Fox- 
 ley, in Wiltshire. For some years 
 Dr. Shuttleworth was tutor at New 
 College, Oxford, and in 1822 suc- 
 ceeded to the wardenship, vacant 
 by the death of Dr. Gauntlett. 
 This office he retained for eighteen 
 years. In 1840 he was made Bishop 
 of Chichester. He was the author 
 of a volume of sermons, a para- 
 phrastic translation of St. Paul's 
 Epistles, and " Scripture not Tra- 
 dition," a protest against the Oxford 
 movement. 
 
 SIBTHORP, Charles De Laet 
 Waldo, M.P. [1782 — 1855], was the 
 second son of Humphrey Sibthorp, 
 Esq., M.P. for Lincoln in 1822. 
 He entered the army at an early 
 age, was a captain in the Scots 
 Greys, and later in the 4th Dra- 
 goon Guards, with whom he served 
 in the Peninsula. In 1826 he was 
 returned for Lincoln in the Con- 
 servative interest, and with the 
 exception of the short parliament 
 
812 
 
 SIBTHOEP— SIDMOUTH. 
 
 of 1833-3i, continued to represent 
 that borouf^h till his death. Dur- 
 ing his parliamentary career few 
 names were more familiar to the 
 public. His absolute independence 
 in the House, the blunt language 
 in which he expressed his views, 
 his caustic humour, and a certain 
 eccentricity of manner and appear- 
 ance, kept his name before the pub- 
 lic almost to the last. He wore a 
 beard before anyone else in England 
 ventured to do so, and must have 
 looked very singular in the House 
 among men who at that time were 
 either clean shaven, or only wore 
 side whiskers. He was not, strictly 
 speaking, a good man of business, 
 wanting the habits of attention 
 and the assiduity necessary to be- 
 come one, but his intuitive acute- 
 ness of perception was surpassed 
 by few, and in spite of his pecu- 
 liarities no member was more 
 actively devoted to his parlia- 
 mentary duties than he. He was 
 strongly opposed to the Keform Bill, 
 but helped to secure the franchise 
 for the ^50 leaseholders. Like his 
 friend, Mr. Bernal, he was fond of 
 articles of vertu and curiosity, and 
 made a large and choice collection, 
 which sold for high prices after his 
 death. He was colonel of the Koyal 
 South Lincoln Militia, and magis- 
 trate for the county of Lincoln. 
 
 S I B T H O R P, The Rev. 
 Richard Waldo, B.D. [1702— 
 1879], youngest brother of Colonel 
 Sibthorp, many years M.P. for Lin- 
 coln, was educated at Westminster 
 and Magdalen College, Oxford, of 
 which he became Demy and Fellow. 
 He graduated, with first second-class 
 honours, B.A, in 1813, M.A., and 
 B.D. ; was curate of St. Mary's, 
 Hull, incumbent of Tattershall, 
 Lincoln.shire, and St. James's, 
 Ky.le, Isle of Wight. In 1811 he 
 resigned his fellowsliip, and joined 
 tlio Roman Catliolic Cliurch. He 
 ]>iibli.slied "The Book of Genesis, 
 witli Ex])lanatory and Practical 
 OltscrvaiioiiH ;" "Notes on the 
 Book of Jonah j" " Two Sermons, 
 
 preached before the University of 
 Oxford ;" and some controvei'sial 
 pamphlets and occasional sermons. 
 He built and endowed an alms- 
 house at Lincoln for thirteen poor 
 women and one poor man, and 
 added a chapel and residence for a 
 warden-chaplain. After his change 
 of religion, he resided at Notting- 
 ham, and was an assistant priest 
 of St. Barnabas Roman Catholic 
 Cathedral in that town. 
 
 SIDDONS, Mrs. Henry, was the 
 daughter of Mr. Charles Murray, 
 an actor, and the descendant of an 
 old Scotch family. She made her 
 debut on the London stage at 
 Covent Garden in 1799. Her mar- 
 riage with Mr. Henry Siddons, son 
 of the immortal Sarah, led to the 
 establishment of the Theatre Royal, 
 Edinburgh, where for many years 
 I she was the principal actress. She 
 retired from the stage in 1830, and 
 died in London, Oct. 24, 18-14. 
 
 SIDMOUTH, The Right Hon. 
 Henry Addington, First Vis- 
 count, of Up Ottery, Devon, a 
 privy councillor, &c. ; Avas the eldest 
 son of Dr. Anthony Addington, and 
 was born May 30, 1757. He was 
 educated at Winchester and Brase- 
 nose College, Oxford, where he 
 graduated early in 1778. He was 
 called to the Bar in 178 1, and meant 
 to follow the profession of law, but 
 gave up all idea of doing so when 
 Pitt, Avho from his earliest age had 
 been his intimate friend, assumed 
 the reins of Government. He >vas 
 returned member for Devizes (178 1) 
 through the influence of his liro- 
 ther-in-law, James Sutton, and was 
 returned without opposition or ex- 
 pense for the same borough during 
 his whole parliamentary career of 
 nearly twenty years. In 17S9 ho 
 succeeded Lord Grenville as Speaker 
 of the House of Commons, a ]>(xst he 
 held for twelve years, gaining tlie 
 respect of friends and fot>s alike for 
 his discreet judgment and devotion 
 to the duties of liis oiliee. At the 
 reiiuest of George III. he became 
 Prime Minister in March, 1801, 
 
SIEMENS, 
 
 813 
 
 during the temporary retirement of 
 Pitt, and filled that office for a 
 period of twenty-eight months. puL- 
 lic affairs, both home and foreign, 
 being at the time in a most per- 
 plexing condition, and calling for 
 endless courage and tact on the 
 part of the Prime Minister. In 
 1S02 he was instrumental in form- 
 ing the Treaty of Amiens, but in 
 1803 he supported a war policy, 
 having come to regard peace as dis- 
 honourable. Owing to the dislike 
 shown towards him by the Prince 
 of Wales (George IV.), lie resigned 
 in Jan. 1S05, but accepted office 
 as president of the Council, and 
 was created Viscount Sidmouth. 
 He resigned the presidency in 
 the following July. In 1S06 he 
 joined the Grenville-Fox ministry 
 as lord privy-seal, and in the au- 
 tumn of that year became again 
 lord president, an office to which he 
 was appointed a third time in 1812. 
 Aft^r the murder of Perceval, he 
 became home-secretarv, and held 
 that office till 1822, retaining his 
 seat in the cabinet till 1824, when 
 lie finally retired from official life. 
 He died Feb. 15, 184ri. Dui-ing 
 his secretaryship occurred the Spa 
 Fields and Manchester meetings, 
 and the Cato Street conspiracy, in 
 dealing with which lie showed, per- 
 haps, more courage than sagacity. 
 He was more than once offered a 
 pension for his great services, but 
 refused it, as he did also an earldom 
 and the Garter. 
 
 SIEMENS, SiK Charles Wil- 
 liam [1823— 1883 J, was born at 
 Leuthe, in Hanover, was educated 
 at the Gymnasium at Lilbeck, at 
 the Polytechnic School at Magde- 
 burg, and finally, at the University 
 of Gottingen. in 183-4 he entered 
 Count Stolberg's engine works, 
 where he gained Luost of the practi- 
 cal information Avhich he after- 
 wards turned to such good account. 
 In 1843 he came to England, with 
 a system of electro-gilding — a joint 
 invention of his own and his brother 
 Werner — which was taken up by 
 
 Mr. Elkington, who helped him 
 to dispose of the patent. The fol- 
 lowing year he returned with his 
 "Chronometric Governor," an ap- 
 paratus whicli, though not very 
 successful commercially, made him 
 known in the engineering world, 
 and induced him to settle in this 
 country. The chief use of this 
 apparatus, intended originally for 
 steam-engines, is to regulate the 
 movement of the great transit in- 
 strument at Greenwich. In 1847 he 
 set up in the factory of Mr. Hicks, 
 at Bolton, a regenerative steam- 
 engine, the result of his studies in 
 the dynamical theory of heat. The 
 difficulties attending this inven- 
 tion have prevented its commercial 
 introduction ; but in 1850 the 
 Society of Arts awarded Mr. Sie- 
 mens a gold medal for his regene- 
 rative condenser. A paper read 
 before the Institution of Civil 
 Engineers in 1853, on the conver- 
 sion of heat into mechanical effect, 
 gained for him the Telford jDre- 
 niium and medal of the Institution. 
 In 1857 he turned his attention to 
 regenerative furnaces for metal- 
 lurgical purposes, and made his 
 first successful experiment in 1861. 
 Having studied the result of Eeau- 
 mur's experiments in making steel 
 by fusing malleable iron with cast 
 steel, he was able to perfect the pro- 
 cess. In 1881 the production of steel 
 in this country, under Sir William 
 Siemens' process, was over 340,000 
 tons. But it is with the electric 
 light that his name is nioi'e closely 
 associated. The originator of the 
 idea was Dr. Werner Siemens ; but 
 the details of the construction of 
 the Siemens' machine, and the 
 various improvements by which it 
 has been brought to its present 
 form, are due alike to the younger 
 and the elder brother. The same 
 may be said of the various inven- 
 tions connected with telegrajjhy, 
 which emanated from the great 
 firm of Siemens Brothers : some 
 were entirely worked out by one, . 
 some by the other, more were the 
 
811 
 
 SIEVIER— SIMEON. 
 
 joint production of both, but no 
 attempt was made to separate them 
 or diserimiuate. As regards tele- 
 graphy, the jnost important Avork 
 executed by the firm was the layinjjj 
 of tlie Dii-ect United States Cable 
 in 1S71, for which work the Fa radaij 
 was }»uilt after the desijj^ns of Sir 
 AVilliam Siemens. The process of 
 " anastatic printinjx" was due to 
 AVilliani and Werner Siemens. 
 Improvements in calico printing, 
 the invention of a double cylinder 
 air-immp, and of a water-motor, 
 are also among the earlier work of 
 "William Siemens? Among more 
 recent inventions may be noted 
 his Itathomoter, for measuring the 
 depth of the sea without a sound- 
 ing line, his electrical furnace, his 
 electrical thermometer and pyro- 
 meter, his rotatory furnace for the 
 production of iron and steel l»y the 
 direct j^rocess, his deep sea elec- 
 trical thermomotor, and his regen- 
 erative gas-burner. In lS()li he 
 was elected a Fellow of the Royal 
 Society, and in lSC)0-70 he served 
 on the council. He l)ecamo a mom- 
 bor of the Institution of Civil Engi- 
 neers, was the first President of the 
 Society of Telegraph Engineers, and 
 served a second time in that ca- 
 pacity, lie was at various times 
 President of the Institution of 
 Mechanical Engineers, of the Iron 
 and Steel Institute, and of the Bri- 
 tish Association, and Chairman of 
 the Council of the Society of Arts. 
 In April, 18S3, he was knighted, 
 in recognition of his scientific ser- 
 vices. He was honorary member 
 of various foreign scientific socie- 
 ties, and possessed sevi'ral foreign 
 orders, among them the Legion 
 of Honour. His contributions to 
 scientific literature were very n\i- 
 nierous. 
 
 SIEVIER, KouKUT "William, 
 born in London, July 21, 1701; 
 died in London, Ajiril 28, 1SC5. 
 lnton<led for an engraver, he was 
 l)lacod first with John Voung, later 
 with I'klward Scriven, and in 1818 
 ho eutored the Academy schools. 
 
 He produced many good works in 
 the dot manner, but in his thirtieth 
 year he turned his attention to 
 sculpture, and subsequently exe- 
 cuted busts of Lord Eldon, Lord 
 Brougham, tlio Prince Consort, Sir 
 Thomas Lawrence, and many other 
 celebrities. He also executed many 
 statues and ideal works, among 
 them the monument of Earl Har- 
 court, in AVindsor chapel ; Dr. 
 Jenner, in Gloucester Cathedral ; 
 Charles Dibdin, in Greenwich 
 Hospital ; St. John Long, in Ken- 
 sal Green Cemetery ; Sir William 
 Curtis, at the Foundling Hospital, 
 &c. In later life he devoted him- 
 self to scientific pursuits ; became 
 a member of the Royal Society ; 
 a manufacturer of elastic fabrics, 
 and a promoter of telegraphy. He 
 exhibited seventy-one sculptured 
 woi-ks in various exhibitions. 
 
 SIMEON, Rev. Charles, M.A. 
 [1750 — 1837 ), senior Follow of 
 King's College, Cambridge, brother 
 to Sir John Simeon, M.P.,a Mjister 
 in Chancery, was born at Reading, 
 and educated at Eton, and King's 
 College, Cambridge. In 17N2 he 
 became rector of Trinity Church, 
 Caml>ridge, from whence he never 
 removed, and at once l>egan the 
 work which was the ruling passion 
 of his life, namely, to influence 
 the young men in the Univei*sity 
 to prepare for holy t)rders, with the 
 idea that in making one student 
 truly religious, and sending him 
 into the Church, ho ju-ocured a 
 blessing for nuiltitudes. To further 
 the advancement of his " Evan- 
 gelical " views, he founded a society 
 for the purchase of advows(»ns. so 
 that ministers holding his oi>inions 
 might be sent into populous dis- 
 tricts. These livings woiv jilaced 
 in the hands of the body known as 
 " Simeon's Trustees." His works, 
 consisting of 2,oM sermons and 
 notes, forming a commentary upon 
 every book in tlu' Old and New 
 Testament, Avcre jnil dished in 
 twenty-one large octavo rolumea 
 in 1832 J and of the i;o,(X»0 received 
 
SIMMONS-SIMPSON. 
 
 815 
 
 for the ooi\vri;j:]it. ^;J,(.K)0 was 
 ai^propi-iatod to ohjirity. 
 
 SIMMONS, WiM.iAM Henuy 
 [1811 — 1882], enjifraver, was born 
 ill Loiulon. "Whilo a pupil with 
 Messrs. Fiinlen he obtained the 
 lart^e silver medal of the Soeiety of 
 Arts in 1833, for a finished en- 
 >;"ravin!j^ from an ori^'inal desiij;'n. 
 His jn'ineipal works are : — " The 
 Impendinn- Mate INIated." after F. 
 Stone; "The Troseribi'd Royalist," 
 and "Rosalind and Oelia." after 
 Millais ; " The Li^-ht of the World," 
 after llolman Hunt ; " Broken 
 A^'ows," after Oalderon ; "First and 
 Second Class," " Tho Verdiet and 
 Acquittal, " and others, after A. 
 Solomon : " Noah's Saerifico," after 
 Maelise ; " Mors.Tanua Vita\" after 
 Paton ; " liUtY. liov," after Hook ; 
 "The Pack Woods." "His Only 
 Pair," " Daddy's Comino-," " The 
 Last of the Clan." "The Poor 
 Man's Friend," and many others, 
 after Faed ; " Both Puzzled." after 
 Erskine Nieol ; and "The Mar- 
 riai^-e of the Prince and Princess of 
 Wales," after Frith; "The Queen 
 in the Hi<;'hlands," after Landseer ; 
 " A wee bit Fractious." after Faed ; 
 "The Sick INlonkey," after Land- 
 seer ; " Steady Johnny," " Sabbath 
 Day," after Nieol. 
 
 SIMMS, Frkdeuiok "Waltkr, 
 F.U.S. [1803— 181)1.). born in Lon- 
 don, was the son of a manufacturer. 
 Articled to a siiryeyor, he was 
 jdaced upon the Irish Ordnance 
 Survey, and soon promoted to be 
 the head of the Computiui;- Depart- 
 ment. After passinj*" a few years 
 in Ireland, he obtained the post of 
 Assistant Astronomer at the Poyal 
 Observatory, Greenwich. He next 
 became assistant to Mr. Henry 
 Robinson Paluier. on the South 
 Eastern Railway, and other works. 
 He was afterwards eni^ineer to the 
 Asphalt Company, in which capa- 
 city he visited Paris, to ascertain 
 the French method of working,- that 
 preparation ; and to assist in its 
 introduction into Eui;-land. He 
 was then employed by Mr. Cubitt 
 
 in layinj^ out the line now followed 
 In' the Sojith-FasttM'u K'ailw.iv. 
 
 • « 
 
 Subsequently Mr. Sinnns Wiu; iip- 
 pointed resident en«jfineer on tho 
 Pound Hill and Saltwood Tunnel, 
 by whifh he gained much of that 
 practical experience and know- 
 ledo^e, afterwards embodied in liis 
 book on Tuunclliuix- In 18 lo 
 he was sent to India by the East 
 India Company to report to the 
 Home Goyernment on tho capa- 
 bility of that coiuitry to receive 
 the benelits of railway communica- 
 tion. In 1851 he received the ap- 
 pointment of consulting en>j:ineer 
 to the London, Chatham and Dover 
 Railway, but his health was so 
 shattered froui the tryin«x climate 
 of India, that he was compelled to 
 resii^-u all professional work. About 
 eig-hteen months before his death 
 he was elected a director of tho 
 East Indian Railway Company. 
 
 SIMPSON, Gen. Sir .Iamrs. 
 G.C.B. [1702—18158], was born in 
 Roxburg'hshire, where his father 
 owned a small estate. He entered 
 the army in 1811, serve^l duriui^ 
 the Peninsular war, from IMay. 1812, 
 till May, 1813, includin«v the latter 
 part of the defence of Cadiz, and 
 the attack on Seville, was pro- 
 moted cnptain in 1813, was enij^a>j^ed 
 in the memorable campaij^'n of 1815, 
 and received a severe wound at 
 Quatre-Bras. After servin-;- some 
 time on the staff in Ireland, ho 
 held an important command in the 
 Maiuvitius, where he won a hi<;-h 
 rep\itation. and secured the favour 
 of Sir C. J. Napier. AVhen that 
 illustrious warrior en^faiifed in his 
 famous campaii;-n in 8cimle, early 
 in 1815, Colonel Simpson acted 
 under him as second in counnand 
 with such success, that Sir C. J. 
 Napier indicated him as the fittest 
 man serving' in the Indian army to 
 undertake a hio-h command. Sent 
 out to the Crimea, to dischari^-o the 
 iuiportant duties of chief of tho 
 staff. General Simpson was ap- 
 pointed to the arduous post of 
 Commander-in-Chief of the British 
 
816 
 
 SIMPSON— SIMSON. 
 
 forces. He was not, however, for- 
 tmiiitc in this position, and after 
 the failure of tlie second assault on 
 the Eedan, Sept. 8, 1855, his con- 
 duct was subjected to severe criti- 
 cism. He was nevertheless, " for 
 distinguished service in the field," 
 promoted to the rank of general, 
 and decorated with the Grand Cross 
 of the Order of the Bath. Sir James 
 Simi)son, soon after receiving these 
 marks of royal favour, resigned his 
 command to Sir William Codring- 
 ton, and returned to England. He 
 was colonel of the 29th Foot, and 
 possessed the Turkish Order of 
 the Medjidie, the Grand Cross of 
 the Military Order of Savoy, and 
 the Gi-and Cross of the Legion of 
 Honour. 
 
 SIMPSON, Sir James Young, 
 Bart., M.D. [1811—1870], Profes- 
 sor of Midwifery in the University 
 of Edinburgh, and the discoverer 
 of the anffisthetical properties of 
 chloroform, born at Bathgate, Lin- 
 lithgowshire, commenced his pro- 
 fessional career as assistant to Pro- 
 fessor Thomson. In 1810 he was 
 appointed Professor of Midwifery in 
 the University of Edinburgh, and 
 he introduced chloroform in 1817. 
 Since that time, in addition to 
 other professional occupations, he 
 was engaged in demonstrating, by 
 the results of an immense expe- 
 rience, the safety of antesthetic 
 midwifery. In 18 19 Dr. Simpson was 
 elected President of the Edinburgh 
 Itoyal College of Physicians ; in 
 1852, President of the Medico- 
 Chirurgical Society ; and in 1853, 
 Foreign Associate of the French 
 Academy of Medicine. In 1850 
 the French Academy of Sciences 
 awarded the " Monthyon Prize," of 
 2,0U0 francs, to Dr. Simpson, for 
 the benelits wliich lie had con- 
 ferred on humanity Ijy the intro- 
 duction of anesthesia by chloroforni 
 into tlie imictice of snrgci-y iind 
 midwifery ; and a bhort time 
 before he received the knighthood 
 of the Koyal Order of St. Olaf 
 from King Oscar of Sweden. Sir 
 
 J. Simpson's professional writings 
 were numerous, and are known 
 throughout the world, having been 
 translated into nearly every Euro- 
 pean language. In Jan. 18G6, he 
 was created a baronet, in recogni- 
 tion of the service he had rendered 
 by the discovery of chloroform ; 
 and he received the honorary 
 degree of D.C.L, at Oxford the 
 same year. He was President of 
 the department of Health in the 
 Social Science Congress at Belfast 
 in Sept. 18G7. Among his writings 
 may be mentioned : — " Obstetric 
 Memoirs," 1855-G ; " Homoeopathy, 
 its Tenets and Tendencies," 1853 ; 
 "Acupressure," 1861, &c. A me- 
 moir of him, by Professor Duns, 
 appeared in 1873, and a statue to 
 him was unveiled in Edinburgh in 
 1877. 
 
 SIMPSON, Thomas [1808-1810], 
 chief trader of the Hudson Bay 
 Company, was born at Dingwall, 
 in Koss-shire, and educated at 
 Queen's College, Aberdeen, having 
 been intended for the Church. 
 However, travelling possessed 
 greater attractions for him ; and 
 in order to try and make the dis- 
 covery of the North- West passage, 
 he offered his time and fortune to 
 the Hudson Bay Company, to com- 
 plete the survey of Boothia Felix, 
 and the great bay of islands stretch- 
 ing eastward to the straits of the 
 Fury and Hecla. Unaware that 
 instructions had been sent out, 
 appointing him to the eoinrnand 
 of the expedition, and fearful of 
 losing another season, he was on 
 his way to England to prevail upon 
 the directors to embrace his views, 
 when his reasiai gave way under 
 the excitement occasioned by tho 
 anxieties of his position, and after 
 shooting two of his companions, he 
 put an end to liis own life. 
 
 SIM SON, William, R.S.A., 
 born in 1800, at Dundee, beoamio 
 a student of the Trustees' Academy, 
 and l)egan his career as a painter 
 of small coast scenes. In 1829 ho 
 exhibited his first important work, 
 
SIXCLAIR— SKEFFIXGTON. 
 
 817 
 
 "The Twelfth of Au-,nist," and in 
 the next year he was chosen a 
 member of the Royal Scottish 
 Academy. For a time he devoted 
 himself to portrait art, and ahont 
 lS3i he visited Italy. Four years 
 later he returned to Enorland, and 
 settled in London, exhibiting " A 
 Camaldolese Monk," and "Cimabue 
 and Giotto " in 1S38, followed, in 
 1839, by " A Dutch Family," and 
 " Columbus and his Child at the 
 Convent of Santa Maria di Rabida." 
 But the reputation won for him by 
 these paintings was not sustained 
 by his later works : ill health de- 
 sti'oyed his energies, and on Aug. 29, 
 184-7, he died in Sloane Sti-eet, 
 having exhibited fiftv-six paintings 
 in London. His "William Tell," 
 " Gil Bias introducing himself to 
 Lanza," and ''Interior of a Cattle 
 Shed," are in the South Kensington 
 collection. 
 
 SINCLAIR, Catherine [1800— 
 1864], authoress of " Modern Ac- 
 complishments," ''Modern Society," 
 &c. ; was the sixth daughter of the 
 eminent agricultiu-ist, the Right 
 Hon. Sir John Sinclair, Bart., and 
 was born in Charlotte Square, 
 Edinburgh. From her fourteenth 
 year she was regularly installed as 
 her father's secretary, writing from 
 his dictation five or six hours daily 
 for many years. She employed 
 her spare time in writing two little 
 volumes for children ; but her 
 career as an authoress did not 
 begin in earnest till after the death 
 of her father, in 1835. " Modern 
 Accomplishments," and " Modern 
 Society," first made her known, 
 and were quickly followed by" Hill 
 and Yalley," "Scotland and the 
 Scotch," " Modern Flu-tations," 
 " Beatrice," Sec, amounting alto- 
 gether to thirty-seven volumes. 
 " Holiday House," published in 
 1839, is written chiefly from scenes 
 of her own childhood. 
 
 SIIS'CLAIR, Archdeacon, The 
 Ven. John, younger son of the 
 Right Hon. Sir John Sinclair, 
 Bart., brother of the preceding. 
 
 born towards the close of the last 
 century, graduated at Pembroke 
 College, Oxford, B.A. in 1819, and 
 M.A. in 1822. He was for many 
 years Secretary to the National 
 Society, and his exertions in the 
 cause of education were untiring 
 and successful. He became ex- 
 amining chaplain to the Bishop of 
 London in 1839, vicar of Kensing- 
 ton in 1812, and archdeacon of 
 Middlesex in 1813. He went to 
 the United States on a mission 
 from the Society for the Propaga- 
 tion of the Gospel in 1853, and 
 wrote " The Life and Times of Sir 
 John Sinclair," " Letters on the 
 Gorham Case," &c. He died May 
 22, 1875. 
 
 SINCLAIR, Rev. William 
 [1805 — 187S], brother of the above, 
 was educated at Winchester, and at 
 the age of 16 accepted a commission 
 in the Madras Cavalry. Having 
 distinguished himself by leading 
 the forlorn hope at the siege of Kit- 
 toor, and in other ways ; in 1830 
 he went to Oxford, where he became 
 President of the Union, when 
 (Archbishop) Tait, Roundell Pal- 
 mer, and Cardwell were among its 
 brilliant ornaments. " Skimme- 
 rian Sinclair " is one of the prin- 
 cipal figures in the well-known 
 " Uniomachia." Having taken holy 
 orders in 1837, he accepted the 
 parish of St. George's, Leeds. 
 Belonging to the Liberal Evan- 
 gelical school, he found himself 
 unwillingly forced into a position 
 of opposition to Dr. Hook. He re- 
 mained at Leeds until 1856, and 
 then became rector of Pulborough, 
 in Sussex, one of the richest 
 livings in England. Later he was 
 appointed by Dr. Durnford to 
 a prebendal stall in Chichester 
 Cathedral. 
 
 SKEFFINGTON, Sir Lumlet 
 St. George [1771 — 1850], second 
 baronet, an eighteenth century 
 beau, was the younger and only 
 surviving son of Sir William 
 Charles Skeffington, of Skeffington 
 Hall, Leicestershire. He was edu- 
 
 3 G 
 
81<? 
 
 SKENE— SMART. 
 
 cated at a private school at Hack- 
 ney, wliere he acquired a taste for 
 the drama, and frequently took 
 part in the J)lays for which the 
 school was noted. In 1S02 he pro- 
 duced at Covent CJardon a comedy, 
 entitled, " The Word of Honour," 
 and in the following' year at Drury 
 Lane, " The High Eoad to Marriage," 
 Loth which met with moderate suc- 
 cess. His " grand legendary melo- 
 dran)a," " The Sleeping Beauty," 
 produced at Drury Lane, in Dec. 
 1805, was more popular, and later 
 he contributed to the stage several 
 other comedies. Some years before 
 his deatli he had exhausted the 
 resources of his estate, and resided 
 within the rules of the King's 
 Bench, observing scrupulously to 
 the last the attii'C and manners of 
 the old beau, though his frame was 
 nearly doubled by age, 
 
 SKENE, Jane [1787— 18G2], 
 was the fourth daughter of Sir 
 William Forbes, Bart., of Pit- 
 sligo. Mr. and Mrs. Skene were 
 the most intimate and faithful 
 friends of Sir Walter Scott. In 
 the n)idst of his difficulties Scott 
 mentions these visits in his diary 
 as " green sjDots in tlie day's sore 
 journey," and speaks of Mrs. Skene 
 as " a most excellent j^erson, and 
 always a welcome guest." In 
 the introduction to canto iv. of 
 " Mai-mion," the poet refei's to the 
 marriiige ot this lady. 
 
 SKEY, Frederick Carpenter 
 [17Ui) — 1872], President of tlu; 
 Koyal College of Surgeons, was 
 educated at ihe University of 
 J'Minburgh, and afterwards in 
 London under tlie cohOjrated Dr. 
 Abcruethy. In 1822 he became a 
 memb«.'r of the College of Surgeons, 
 and in ]82(j was a])])ointed Demon- 
 strator of Anatomy at St. J{jirtlio- 
 Iom(!w's. Shortly after\var<ls, in 
 conjunction with other emint'iit 
 sui'geons, he esi:i])Hsh('d tli<' Aldcrs- 
 gjite Street Scliool of JNledicine, 
 \vliere he lectured for leu years, 
 when he was ai)i)ointed surgeon to 
 the Charterhouse. In 1850 he be- 
 
 came Hunterian Orator at the Col- 
 lege of Surgeons, in 1852 Professor 
 of Human Anatomy and Surgery, 
 in 1855 a Member of the Court of 
 Examiners, and in 18G.3 was elected 
 to the Presidency. Dr. Skey con- 
 tributed largely to the periodical 
 literature of his profession, besides 
 being tiie author of several standiird 
 works. 
 
 SKINNEK, Kev. John, M.A., 
 F.S.A., rector of Camerton, Somer- 
 setshire, was a zealous and enthu- 
 siastic investigator of the early an- 
 tiquities of Britain. His diary, 
 consisting of about 150 MS. volumes, 
 he left to the British Museum, on 
 condition that it should not be 
 opened for fifty years. He com- 
 mitted suicide Oct. 12, 1840. 
 
 SLEEMAN,Major-Ceneral Sir 
 William Henry, K.C.B. [17bS — 
 185G], was born at Stratton, Corn- 
 wall, and entered the service of 
 the East India Company in 1808. 
 In 181G he Avas appointed to in- 
 vestigate a claim to property as 
 prize money ari.sing out of the 
 Nejjaul \^'ar, and in 1820 he was 
 sent to Saugor as junior-assistant 
 to the agent of the Governor- 
 General. While here he became 
 actively engaged in the suppression 
 of Thuggee and worked the de- 
 partment specially commissioned 
 for this pui'ixtse. In 18;J0 he was 
 nominated to the ollice of Com- 
 missioner for the suppression of 
 Thuggee and Dacoity — i.e. organisa- 
 tions for murdi-r and for roltliery. 
 In IS 12 he went on a special mis- 
 sion to Bundelcund, to inquire into 
 the cause of the disturbances there, 
 where he remained witli additional 
 duties, as IJesident at (iwalioi*, from 
 1814 to 1819, when he wasap])ointed 
 Resident at tl»e Coui-t of Lueknow. 
 He was the author of "A.lourney 
 tlirough the Kingtlom oi Oude in 
 18 ID— 50," and " Kamblos of an 
 Indi.'m ollieial." 
 
 SMAK'T, Sir Georoe Thobias 
 [177G — 18G7 J, sou of (.U-orge Smart, 
 a music-seller. He was educated 
 as a chorister under Dr. Ayrtou, of 
 
SMART— SMEDLEY. 
 
 S19 
 
 the Chapol Koyal, while Dupuis 
 taught liim tho oif^iin, and Arnold 
 composition. At an oarly a|^c he 
 was made orj^anist of St. James', 
 Jlanipstead Itoad, and alwo fre- 
 quently took part, as a violin- 
 l>layer, in some of the best concerts 
 of the day. Soon he became a 
 conductor of musical performances, 
 and in ISll, while in Dublin, the 
 Lord-Lieutenant bestowed upon 
 him the honour of knij^Iithood. 
 between that date and IHJt his 
 time was much occupied in arrang- 
 ing and conductinjr the Philhar- 
 monic Concerts; and indeed it was 
 more as a conductor than as a 
 composer that he was famous. In 
 the former capacity he introduced, 
 among other important works, 
 Beethoven's " Mount of Olives," 
 and Mendelssohn's " St. Paul." 
 He held the appointment of organist 
 and composer to the Chapel Koyal, 
 and v/as in every way a sound 
 musician, looked up to as a high 
 authority, especially on the ora- 
 torios of Handel, and probably the 
 best conductor of large festivals 
 of his day. 
 
 SMART, Henry [1813—1879], 
 nephew of Sir George, was born in 
 London. He was intended for the 
 law, but his natural bent for music 
 was too strong for him, and in 1831 
 he was appointed organist of a 
 church at Bhtckburn. Here he 
 published his first composition, a 
 fjomewhat important anthem. In 
 183G he settled in London, where, 
 having for some years been organist 
 of St. Luke's, Old Street, he was, 
 in 18Gt, appointed to St. Pancras', 
 His playing v/as one of the things 
 best worth hearing in the whole 
 range oi London churches. Al- 
 though the service at St. Pancras 
 was simple almost to baldness, yet 
 Smart's share in the music lent it 
 an undeniable charm. His style 
 was bold yet delicate, and his ex- 
 tempore gift quite remarkable. He 
 used to take as a theme the tune of 
 the hymn before the sermon, and, 
 while the preacher was in the 
 
 vestry, hold his hearers spell-bound 
 by the masterly way in which he 
 would build up fugues or variations 
 thereon. To hear him extemporise 
 thus on " Lo, he comes," or the 
 Easter Hyum, was something to be 
 very long remembered. His publi- 
 cations for the orgitn are probably 
 the best that have been written 
 for that instrument Bince Mendels- 
 sohn. Of his vocal works, the can- 
 tata, "The Bride of Dunkerron," 
 was composed for Birmingham in 
 18Gt; "Jacob," an oratorio, for 
 Glasgow in 1873. In both of these 
 works the freshness, life, and vigour 
 of the music is charming, and they 
 are heard far too seldom. "King 
 Rene's Daughter " and " The Fisher- 
 maidens " show Smart in a vein 
 for which he had singular aptitude 
 — that of a composer for female 
 voices. His part-songs are among 
 the best we have ; some of them — 
 such, for instance, as "Ave Maria" 
 and " Lady, rise" — have rarely 
 been surpassed. 
 
 SMEDLEY, Francis Edward 
 [1818 — 1804], was the son of Francis 
 Smedley, High Bailiff of Westmin- 
 ster, and was born at Marlow. He 
 was miserably malformed and crip- 
 l^led, Vjeing unable to walk or ride, 
 or even to sit up without help, in 
 spite of which however he loved to 
 write of outdoor life, and was inte- 
 rested in all iminly exercises and 
 pursuits. He began to writ« at the 
 suggestion of a cousin of his, who 
 hoi>ed to help him to get rid of the 
 li.stless depression under which he 
 at times suffered. His first work, 
 " Scenes from the Life of a Private 
 Pupil," appeared in Hharpe's London 
 Magazine, and was so successful 
 that he extended the series origi- 
 nally intended, and finally pub- 
 lished them in a complete form, 
 entitled " Frank Fairlegh." " Lewis 
 Arundel, or the Railroad of Life," 
 appeared in the same magazine, 
 and while it was in jirogress he 
 undertook the editorship of Sharpe's 
 Magazine, to which he contribut^id 
 many short sketches. Among his 
 
 3 G 2 
 
820 
 
 SMEE— SMIEKE. 
 
 other works may be mentioned 
 " Harry Coverdale's Courtship/' 
 1851, which was most successfial, 
 " The Fortunes of the Colville 
 Family/' and " Gathered Leaves/' 
 which ajjpeared after his death. 
 He also wrote, in conjunction with 
 Mr. E. Yates, "Mirth and Metre/' 
 a cheap book of nonsense. He died 
 in London, and was buried in Mar- 
 low churchyard. 
 
 SMEE, Alfred, F.R.S. [1818— 
 1877], surgeon to the Bank of 
 England, son of a gentleman who 
 held the office of chief accountant 
 to the Bank of England, was ad- 
 mitted a member of the College 
 of Surgeons in 1840, and elected 
 a Fellow of the Royal Society in 
 1811. He was for many years con- 
 sulting-surgeon to the Bank of 
 England, and devised the present 
 system of printing the Bank of 
 England notes, was chairman of 
 several important public companies, 
 and was an unsuccessful candidate 
 in the Conservative interest for 
 Rochester at one or two contested 
 elections. He had a thorough 
 knowledge of electricity in all its 
 branches, gave his name to a gal- 
 vanic battery, and wrote several 
 works on that and other subjects, 
 among which may be mentioned 
 " Electro-Metallurgy," " Electro- 
 Biology," etc. 
 
 SMIRKE, Robert, R.A„ was 
 born at Wigton, near Carlisle, in 
 1752, and was apprenticed by his 
 father to a heraldic painter. He 
 became a member of the Incori^o- 
 rated Society of Artists, and at the 
 age of nineteen entered the Aca- 
 demy Schools, but did not exhibit 
 in the Academy until 1780. In 
 1791, after the exhi])ition of "The 
 Widow," he was elected an Asso- 
 ciate, and two years later Acade- 
 mician. He was chosen keeper of 
 tlie Academy in 1801, but in conse- 
 quence of his revolutionary opinions 
 the king refused to sanction tlie 
 ai)])()iiitiiumt. Smirke devoted him- 
 Hclf ch icily to sul)jects from tlie 
 works of popular authors, esiJecially 
 
 Cervantes ; he also painted several 
 subjects for the Shakespeare Gal- 
 lery, and made a number of book 
 illustrations, characterised by some- 
 thing of Stothard's grace, and not 
 without comic power. He died 
 Jan. 5, 1815, in Osnaburgh Street, 
 London. He exhibited only thirty- 
 eight paintings. His " Sidrophel 
 and the Widow," " Scene from the 
 ' Humorous Lieutenant,' " and " Il- 
 lustrations from Beaumont and 
 Fletcher," are in the South Ken- 
 sington Collection. 
 
 SMIRKE, Sir Robert, R. A. [1780 
 — 18G7], architect, son of the above, 
 after a careful professional educa- 
 tion in England and on the Conti- 
 nent, entered early into active 
 practice. One of his first works 
 was the late Covent Garden Theatre, 
 a building which was one of the first, 
 as well as one of the most important 
 exami^les in London of pure Greek 
 architecture. He was for many 
 years one of the three architects 
 attached to the Board of Public 
 Works, and was knighted in 1831, 
 when that Board was re-constitutod. 
 His designs are to be found in 
 many parts of England, Scotland, 
 and in Ireland, where he designed 
 the Wellington Testimonial in 
 Phoenix Park, Dublin. He was 
 among the earliest to apply the 
 mediaeval style to domestic arciii- 
 tecture,a.s at Lowther,Eastnor, and 
 Kinfauns Castles, but most of his 
 works were of the classic style, as 
 the Courts of Justice at Gloucester, 
 Hereford, and IVrth. The private 
 mansions designed by him are 
 numerous. * His principal works in 
 London arc^ th(> centr(» portion of 
 the C'listom House, the General 
 Post Office; the College of Phy- 
 sicians, King's College, the Peni- 
 tentiary, Mill))ank. and all the wcu-k 
 executi'd at tlie Hritisli Museuui 
 prior to 1817, when his brotlier 
 Sydney succeeded him. He ob- 
 tained the lioyal Academy gold 
 medal in 17'.>1), was elected A.R.A. 
 in 180S, and Iv.A. in ISll, and 
 appointed 'I'roasurer in 1820, an 
 
SMIRKE— SMITH. 
 
 821 
 
 office he held for nearly thirty 
 years. 
 
 SMIRKE, Sydney, R.A., archi- 
 tect, brother of the precedin<^, 
 "was born at the comniencement 
 of the century, obtained the gold 
 medal of the Koyal Academy in 
 1810, and gained a distinguished 
 position in his profession, having 
 practised in both the prevail- 
 ing schools of architecture, but 
 with a decided bias in favour of 
 Italian art. His principal works 
 "were the Juvenile Reformatory in 
 the Isle of Wight, the Custom- 
 houses at Gloucester and New- 
 castle, the Carlton and Conserva- 
 tive Club-houses in London (the 
 latter in conjunction with Mr. Ba- 
 se vi), the restoration of portions 
 of Lichfield Cathedral and York 
 Minster (after the second fire there), 
 the restoration of the Savoy Chapel 
 and of the Temple Church (the 
 latter in conjunction with Mr. 
 Burton), the Arcades in the Horti- 
 cultural Gardens, the Reading- 
 room, the Roman and Assyrian 
 Galleries, and many other works 
 at the British Museum ; portions 
 of Luton Hoo, Drayton Manor, and 
 many other mansions ; the Con- 
 valescent Hospital at Witley, and 
 King Edward's Schools, also at 
 Witley; the Dining Hall at the 
 Inner Temple, the New Royal 
 Academy in Burlington House, 
 which was begun in 18(37 and com- 
 pleted in 187-1-, when Mr. Smirke 
 retired from the practice of his 
 profession. He was architect to 
 Bridewell and Bethlehem Hospitals, 
 and to the Inner Temple, and Sur- 
 veyor-General to the Duchy of 
 Lancaster ; was elected associate 
 of the Royal Academy in 1848, 
 R.A. in 1800, Professor of Archi- 
 tecture in the Academy in 1801, 
 and Treasurer in 1802. He was 
 Trustee of the Royal Academy and 
 of the Soane Museum, and received 
 the gold medal of the Roval Insti- 
 tute of British Architects, of which 
 he was a Fellow many years. He died 
 at Tunbridge Wells, Dec. 8, 1877. 
 
 SMITH, Albert [181G— 1800], 
 was born at Chertsey, where his 
 father was a medical practitioner. 
 In 1833 he became a memljcr of the 
 College of Surgeons, and then went 
 to Paris to complete his studies. 
 On his return he commenced prac- 
 tice with his father at Chertsey, but 
 being dissatisfied "with his position, 
 and being conscious that he pos- 
 sessed powers of amusing other 
 people, he prepared views of Alpine 
 scenery, together with a descrip- 
 tive lectui'e, and visited most of the 
 small towns in the vicinity of Lon- 
 don during 1839 and 1810. In 1841, 
 encouraged by his success, he set- 
 tled in London, and began to write 
 for the magazines, in which ap- 
 peared several of his novels, " The 
 Adventui-es of Mr. Ledbury," "The 
 Marchioness of Brinvilliers," &c., 
 which were subsequently issued as 
 separate works, and were decidedly 
 successful. In 1819 he visited the 
 East, and on his return published 
 "■A Month at Constantinople," and 
 in 1850 he produced an entertain- 
 ment called " The Overland Mail," 
 wherein he was the only performer, 
 and by the aid of scenery he 
 graphically described that route. 
 In 1851 he succeeded in gaining 
 the summit of Mont Blanc, and in 
 March of the following year, he 
 pi-oduced at the Egyptian Hall his 
 entertainment of '* The Summit of 
 Mont Blanc," which achieved a 
 great success. In the autumn of 
 1858 he went to China, and after 
 remaining there a sufficient time 
 to make himself acquainted with 
 the manners and customs of the 
 inhabitants, he returned to London, 
 and commenced a sei-ies of pictorial 
 and descriptive Chinese entei'tain- 
 nients, which he continued till 
 within three days of his death. 
 
 SMITH, Alexander, poet [1830 
 — 1807], was born at Kilmarnock, 
 where his father was a designer of 
 patterns. His boyhood was passed 
 between his native place. Paisley, 
 and Glasgow, and while at school 
 he showed such ability that his 
 
822 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 relatives destined him for the pul- 
 pit. A severe illness, however, 
 changing his plans, he becaine, at 
 an early age, a designer of patterns 
 for one of the lace factories in 
 Glasgow. While pursuing this oc- 
 cupation, Mr. Smith began to write 
 poetry, but it was some time before 
 his name became generally known. 
 At last he forwarded the MS. of 
 his work, now known as the " Life 
 Drama," to Dr. Gilfillan, who, dis- 
 covering the merit it possossed, 
 published some passages, accom- 
 panied by laudatory comments, in 
 the Critic and the Eclectic Review. 
 In the columns of the former periodi- 
 cal the poems appeared during 1852, 
 and in the spring of 1853, on being 
 published in London, with other 
 poems, in a volume, it promptly 
 won recognition of the genius of 
 its author. It also had a most 
 extensive circulation on the other 
 side of the Atlantic, and later was 
 lectured on in Australia, and held 
 up to continental admiration in the 
 Revue des Deux Moncles. In 1851 
 Mr. Smith was appointed secretary 
 to the Edinburgh University, and 
 about the same time delivered a 
 series of lectures, including one on 
 " Burns as a National Poet." In 
 1855, when the war in the Crimea 
 was raging, Mr. Smith, in con- 
 junction with the author of " Bal- 
 der,'* produced a small volume of 
 " Sonnets on the War." In 1857 
 he published a volume entitled 
 " City Poems," and " Edwin of 
 Dcira" (18G1). During his last 
 years he chiefly wrote prose, among 
 his works being " A Summer in 
 Skye " (18G5), "' Dreamthorp," and 
 " Alfred Hagart's Household." He 
 was also a frequent contri})utor to 
 periodical literature, and Ijrought 
 out a beautiful edition of liurns 
 for Messrs. Macmillan. 
 
 SMITH, Sill Andrew, K.C.B.. 
 F.K.S., son of Mr. T. Smith, of 
 Heron Hall, Roxburghshire, born 
 in 1797, was educated at Edin- 
 burgh, where ho graduated in 
 1819. He was Honorary Fellow of 
 
 the Faculty of Physicians and 
 Surgeons of Glasgow, of the College 
 of Surgeons of Edinburgh, and of 
 the Medico-Chirui'gical Society of 
 Aberdeen, and M.D. honoris causa 
 of Trin. Coll., Dublin. Dr. A. 
 Smith, who was Director-General 
 of the Army Medical Department 
 from 1851 till 185S, vrrote "Illus- 
 trations of the Zoology of South 
 Africa," published in 1838-17; 
 " Origin and History of the Bush- 
 men ; " " Zoology of South Africa ; " 
 " History of Secondary Small-pox," 
 and various contributions to scien- 
 tific periodicals. He was created 
 a K.C.B., civil division, on retiring 
 from his office in 1858. It was at 
 his suggestion that the district of 
 Natal was made into a colony. 
 
 SMITH, Archibald, LL.D., 
 F.R.S. [1811—1872], was educated 
 at the Universities of Glasgow and 
 Cambridge. In 1839 he was called 
 to the Chancery Bar, and though 
 an eminent Real Property lawyer, 
 he devoted his leisure to mathe- 
 matical studies. Upon the recom- 
 mendation of a joint committee of 
 the Royal Society, he was employed 
 by the Government to execute a 
 magnetic survey of the Antarctic 
 regions. In connection with these 
 inquiries he made a series of re- 
 searches relative to compass devia- 
 tions, Avhich were published in 
 1862, under the title of the " Admi- 
 ralty Manual for the Deviation of 
 the Compass." In recognition of 
 his scientific labours Mr. Smitli 
 received a medal from the Royal 
 Society, and from the Emperor of 
 Russia a compass set witli diamonds, 
 and later the English Government 
 requested his acceptance of a gift 
 of ^£2000. He once stood as the 
 Liberal candidate for the represen- 
 tation of Glasgow, but was un- 
 successful. 
 
 SMITH, AuousTiTs, .T.P.. D.L. 
 [1801—18721. was the ehlor son of 
 James Smith, Es(j. His grand- 
 father, Samuel Smith, was nopliew 
 of Abel Smitli, whose grandson, Ro- 
 bert, was created Lord Carringtou 
 
SMITH. 
 
 823 
 
 in 179G. Mr. Au<justus Smith was 
 educated at Harrow, and at Christ 
 Church, Oxford. He sub.scquently 
 purchased the Scilly Islands, Corn- 
 wall, and by the introduction of 
 capital and order he converted what 
 had been a settlement of wreckers 
 and semi-savages into a most pros- 
 perous community. He started 
 tiower-farming and the systematic 
 growth of early vegetables for the 
 London markets, to the great advan- 
 tage of both London and Scilly. He 
 was M.P. for Truro from 1857 to 
 1865, advocating extreme Liberal 
 measures. 
 
 SMITH, Edward, F.R.S., was 
 a Fellow of the Eoval College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons, and 
 devoted himself to researches in 
 various branches of medical science. 
 For some years he was assistant 
 physician to the Hospital for Con- 
 sumption at Bromptou. He was 
 the author ^ of works on " Health 
 and Disease as inliuenced by Daily 
 and other Changes in the Human 
 System," and on " Consumption,'*' 
 and of numerous papers in medical 
 and scientific journals on pulsation 
 and respiration, phthisis, prison 
 diet, the action of alcohol, food, 
 &c. In 1862 and 1863 he reported 
 to the Privy Council on the dietary 
 of Lancashire operatives and other 
 low- fed populations, and contri- 
 buted a volume on food to the 
 International Science Series. His 
 latest works Avere a " Manual for 
 Medical Officers of Health," and 
 a " Handbook for Inspectors of 
 Nuisances." Dr. Smith was a 
 corresponding member of the 
 Natural History Society of Mon- 
 treal, and of the Academic des 
 Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier. 
 He died Nov. 16, 187 1. 
 • SMITH, Sir Francis Pettit 
 [1808 — 187 J:], the first successful 
 apjolier of the screw propeller to 
 the purposes of navigation, was the 
 only son of Mr. C. Smith, post- 
 master at Hythe, where he was 
 born. Having gained the rudi- 
 ments of education at a school at 
 
 Ashford, Kent, he became a grazing 
 farmer. As a boy he showed great 
 skill in the construction of boats ; 
 and in 18.3 i a model which he had 
 put together, propelled by a sen w 
 driven by a spring, answerc-d so 
 well that he arrived at the conclu- 
 sion that such a screw might super- 
 sede the paddle-wheels of steam- 
 vessels. Aided by Mr. Wright, 
 the banker, Mr. C. A. Caldwell, 
 Mr. Pilgrim, engineer, &c., he 
 spent tv/o or three years in testing 
 his principle by various experi- 
 ments in larger boats, which were 
 attended with satisfactory results. 
 In 1837 he visited Dover and Folke- 
 stone in his tiny craft, and esta- 
 blished the fact that his screw- 
 would work as well in a heavy sea 
 as in smooth water, and in 1838 his 
 invention was brought under the 
 notice of the Lords of the Admi- 
 ralty, and for their satisfaction, as 
 well as that of the great maritime 
 interests of the country, Mr. Smith 
 and his fi'iends built the Archi- 
 medes, of 237 tons, 90 horse-power, 
 the first vessel of the kind that 
 was fitted w-ith the screw. In 
 spite of the difiiculties which were 
 I thrown in his way, Mr. Smith 
 I persevered, as Watt and Stephen- 
 son had done before, and at the 
 i exj)iration of his patent in 1856 he 
 I had the satisfaction of seeing no 
 ' fewer than 327 ships and vessels 
 of all classes fitted with the screw 
 in the Eoyal Navy, and an equal 
 ! number of vessels in the British 
 ; merchant service. For his services 
 ! to the navy the Queen granted him 
 I in 1855 a pension from the Civil 
 I List of .£200, and in 1871 conferred 
 upon him the honour of knight- 
 hood. Two years later a national 
 subscription was made, and a ser- 
 vice of plate presented to him at 
 a banquet at St. James's Hall. In 
 1860 he was appointed Cui-ator of 
 the Patent Office Museum, South 
 Kensington, a post he held till his 
 death. 
 
 SMITH, Captain George, the 
 inventor of several improvements 
 
824 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 in naval gunnery^ entered the navy 
 in ISO!, and served in the North 
 
 Sea, Baltic, and Channel. In 1813 
 he was present at the takiuj^ of 
 Port Nouvelle, and in the year 
 following he assisted in conveying- 
 Napoleon from Frejus to Elba. He 
 was subsequently actively employed. 
 In addition to his claims of actual 
 service. Captain Smith earned a 
 distinguislied reputation by several 
 very useful inventions. His pad- 
 dle-box was introduced into the 
 Eoyal Steam Navy, and into the 
 Government mail contract packet 
 service. He also invented very 
 superior sights for ships' guns, and 
 the lever target, for teaching naval 
 gunnery either on shore or at sea. 
 In 1830 Captain Smith was ap- 
 pointed to suj^erintend the instruc- 
 tion of both officers and seamen in 
 naval gunnery on board the Excel- 
 lent at Portsmouth, and in 1832 he 
 was promoted to the rank of post- 
 captain as a reward for his inven- 
 tions. In June ISIO he was made 
 Superintendent of Packets at 
 Southampton ; an office he re- 
 tained till his death in 1850. 
 
 SMITH, George [1810—1876], 
 the Assyriologist, was born at Chel- 
 sea, of humljle pai-ents, who gave 
 him the best education they could 
 afford. In his fifteenth year he Avas 
 apprenticed to Messrs. Bradbuiy 
 and Evans, to learn the art of bank- 
 note engraving and i^rinting, and 
 with that firm he served his full 
 time. The greater portion of his 
 (hnner-hour was usually si:)ent in 
 tbe British Museum, where he 
 became deeply interested in tlie 
 Assyrian sculptures and inscrip- 
 tions. In 18G(5 he attracted the 
 notice of Sir Henry L'awlinson, 
 wlio proposed that he sliould be 
 engaged by tlie Trustees of the 
 liritinh Museum to assist him in 
 the preparation of a new volume 
 of tlie " Cuneiform Inscriptions of 
 ■Western Asia." In 1870 the work 
 u])j>eHred with his name as well as 
 that of Sir Henry upon the title- 
 
 iige. In the same yiv.ir Mr. Smith 
 
 was appointed assistant to Dr. 
 Birch, Keeper of the Oriental 
 Antiquities. In 1871, with the 
 literary help of Mr. H. Fox Tal- 
 bot, his " Annals of Assurbanijoal " 
 issued from the press. These were 
 his great contributions to textual 
 Assyriology, to which, however, 
 may be added some important 
 papers Avith the cuneiform texts 
 subjoined, printed in the volumes 
 of " Transactions " of the Society 
 of Biblical Ai'chaeology. In the 
 spring of 1873 he started on his 
 first mission of exploration to 
 Nineveh in search of an important 
 missing fragment of the Chaldean 
 account of the Deluge. He found 
 it and returned. The next spring 
 he went out again under the aus- 
 pices of the British Museum, to 
 ransack the trenches he had already 
 opened, but which he had been 
 compelled to abandon. This mis- 
 sion turned out a great success, 
 although treasures Avere still left 
 behind which he had hoped to bring 
 home, as part of the spoils of that 
 third expedition Avhich terminated 
 in his death at Aleppo on Aug. Ill, 
 1870. His principal Avorks besides 
 those enumerated above were 
 " Assyrian Discoveries in 1873 and 
 187A ; " " The Assyrian Eponym 
 Canon ; " and " The Chaldean 
 Account of Genesis." 
 
 SMITH, Sir Harry George 
 Wakelyn, Bart., G.C.B. [1788 — 
 18G0], was born at Whittlesea, in 
 the Isle of Ely, Avhere his fatlier 
 Avas a local surgeon. He t'utered 
 the army in 1805 as second lieu- 
 tenant in the Kifle Brigade, and 
 took i)art in the sii'ge and eajjture 
 of Montevideo, and in the attack 
 on Buenos Ayres. After the fall 
 of Copenhagen he went to Si)ain, 
 and took an active ]):irt in the 
 leading engagements t>f the I'enin- 
 sular Avar, from the battle of Vi- 
 miera down to the embarkation of 
 the tro()])s at Corunna. Iveturning 
 to the Peninsula in iSdH. he took 
 part in every important battle 
 throughout the Avar, Avith the ex- 
 
SMITH. 
 
 82i 
 
 ception of Talavera. He was pre- 
 sent at the capture of "Washington 
 under General Koss, where he was 
 assistant adjutant-general, and for 
 his gallant conduct on that occa- 
 sion was appointed to bear the 
 despatches to England. At New 
 Orleans he was military secretary 
 to Sir Edward Pakenham, and later 
 filled the same position to Sir John 
 Lambert, under whom he took part 
 in the siege and capture of Fort 
 Bowyer. Ketui-ning to England, 
 he acted as assistant quartermaster- 
 general to the sixth division of the 
 army at "Waterloo. "We next find 
 him serving as deputy adjutant- 
 general successively at Halifax, 
 Nova Scotia, and in the West 
 Indies, whence he was transferred 
 in 1S27 to the Cape of Good Hope, 
 and commanded a division through- 
 out the operations against the Kaffir 
 tribes in 183 i and the following 
 year. In 1839 he was appointed 
 adjutant-general to the forces in 
 India. For his gallantrv in the 
 battles of Gwalior and Maharaj- 
 pore he was nominated a K.C.B. 
 Subsequently he took a leading 
 part in the Sikh war. To him 
 Lord Gough attributed the victory 
 of Aliwal, the Earl of Eipon en- 
 dorsed the statement, and proposed 
 the thanks of the House of Lords 
 to Sir Harry Smith for his distin- 
 guished services. Shortly after- 
 wards he was created a baronet, 
 and advanced to the dignity of a 
 G.C.B. In 1SJ7 he was "made Go- 
 vernor of the Cape of Good Hope, 
 and given the command of the 
 forces in that colonv. There he 
 conducted the Kaffir war of 1851-2 
 with great ability. In 1851: he was 
 promoted to the rank of lieutenant- 
 general, and in the same year was 
 appointed to the military command 
 of the Northern and Midland dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 SMITH, Henry John- Stephen 
 [1826—1883], Savilian Professor of 
 Geometry at Oxford, was an Irish- 
 man by birth, and was educated at 
 Rugby and at Balliol College, Ox- 
 
 ford, of which he was elected a 
 scholar in 181(3. Two years later 
 he carried off the Ireland Scholar- 
 ship, in 1819 obtiiined a double 
 first-class in classics and mathema- 
 tics, and in 1851 was elected to the 
 Senior Mathematical Scholarship, 
 being, with the late H. S. Johnson, 
 the only Ireland scholar who ever 
 gained this distinction. He suc- 
 ceeded in due course to a Fellow- 
 ship at Balliol, and held it till he 
 was elected to a Professor Fellow- 
 ship at Corpus — a new foundation 
 which allowed him to retain his 
 Fellowship without taking a share 
 in the tutorial duties of the col- 
 lege. Balliol, however, retained 
 him as a nominal Fellow with- 
 out emolument, and afterwards 
 elected him to an hon. Fellowship. 
 In 1801 he was chosen to succeed 
 Mr. Baden-Powell as Professor of 
 Geometry, and in 1874 was ap- 
 pointed Keeper of the University 
 Museum, after which he removed 
 to the residence attached to the 
 Museum, and lived there "nith his 
 sister till his death. For a time 
 after taking his degree he wavered 
 between classics and mathematics, 
 but not for long ; he soon decided 
 for the latter, which became the 
 absorbing study of his life. In pure 
 mathematics he was almost without 
 a rival among his English contem- 
 poraries, and gained for himself a 
 European reputation. His classical 
 knowledge was also very extensive, 
 and those who talked to him on 
 English, French, German or Ita- 
 lian literature were struck by his 
 vast knowledge, wonderful memory, 
 and sound critical judgment. Pro- 
 fessor Smith was also famous as 
 one of the best and wittiest talkers 
 of his day. His papers in the 
 proceedings of foreign mathe- 
 matical societies — written by him- 
 self, mostly in French and Italian 
 — were regarded as models both of 
 style and exposition by foreign 
 students of mathematics ; and it is 
 on those that his permanent repu- 
 tation will rest. To the University 
 
826 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 itself his services were invaluable j 
 for years he was a member of the 
 Hebtlomadal Council, and was ac- 
 tively enj^^aged in all the legisla- 
 tive works of the University. He 
 was a member of the Royal Com- 
 mission on Scientific Education, 
 and much of its excellent report 
 was Avritten by him. He was also, 
 in 1877, appointed one of the Uni- 
 versity of Oxford Commissioners, 
 an apjjointment which gave uni- 
 versal satisfaction. He was keenly 
 interested in politics, and was for 
 some time regarded as one of the 
 leaders of the Liberal party in the 
 University. At the almost unani- 
 mous request of the Liberal resi- 
 dents, he came forward to represent 
 the University in Parliament in 
 1878, but was beaten by the over- 
 whelming Tory majority, of clergy 
 and others, which supjDorted Mr. 
 J. G-. Talbot. When the Meteoro- 
 logical Committee was formed in 
 London as a kind of Weather De- 
 partment for the United Kingdom, 
 Professor Smith was chosen its 
 chairman. He died of congestion 
 of the lungs, brought on by over- 
 work and exhaustion. 
 
 SMITH, Horace [1779—1840], 
 son of Kobert Smith, Esq., F.E.S., 
 a solicitor to the Ordnance, was by 
 profession a stockbroker, but as a 
 writer he ranked high in literary 
 circles. His greatest success in 
 authorship was won in " The Re- 
 jected Addresses,"written conjointly 
 with his brother James, in which the 
 various poets of the day were paro- 
 died with astonishing cleverness. 
 Some of the half -sentimental, half- 
 playful vers de socictc, contributed 
 to the New Monthly Magazine, were 
 his best metrical efforts. As a 
 novelist, Horace Smith won a 
 roi)utation. " Brambletye House," 
 " The Tor Hill," and other histo- 
 rical tales, were written in emula- 
 tion of Scott, while " Zillah," an 
 antique ronianco, aimed at the 
 readiTs whom " V^ilerius " had 
 charmed and " Salathiel " as- 
 tounded. Mr. Smith also assisted 
 
 in more than one collection of fa- 
 cetiae. 
 
 SMITH, James [1789— 1850], the 
 inventor of the system of deep 
 draining, was born in Glasgow. 
 In early life he was engaged in 
 some cotton-works at Deanston, of 
 which his uncle was a partner, and 
 studied mechanics with a view to 
 improve the machinery used in 
 cotton-sjDinning. Mr. Smith was a 
 competitor for the prize offered by 
 the Dalkeith Farmers' Club for the 
 best reaping-machine, and though 
 unsuccessful in obtaining the prize, 
 his invention found so much favour 
 with the committee, that they re- 
 quested him to attempt another. 
 He did so, and was rewarded by 
 various societies with several hand- 
 some pieces of plate, and a gold 
 medal from the Imperial Agricul- 
 tural Society of St. Petersburg, 
 He had been successful in many 
 experiments upon his uncle's farm, 
 but it was not imtil the land 
 became his own that he attempted 
 the system of deep draining, which 
 has proved so beneficial to the 
 country. The success of this oi^e- 
 ration made Mr. Smith a great 
 authority on matters of n,gricul- 
 tural improvement. He was much 
 consulted by the Government on 
 sanitary measures connected with 
 large towns, and especially in re- 
 gard to the application of the 
 refuse of great cities to the pur- 
 poses of agriculture. 
 
 SMITH, J. Catterson, P.R.H.A., 
 born in England about 1807. He 
 stuilied in the Academy Schools, 
 and did not remove to Ireland iintil 
 after his thirty-fifth year. There 
 he first lived in Kerry, but after- 
 wards settled in Dublin, and prac- 
 tised as a portrait-p.aintor with such 
 success tliat he became first a mem- 
 ber, anil then l*resiilent of the 
 Hiljeruian Academy. He died in 
 Dublin, May 31st, 1872. His por- 
 ti-ait oi Viscount Duuganm^n is in 
 the South Kensington (iallcry ; 
 that of the Queen in Dublin Man- 
 sion House ; O'Connell in the City 
 
SMITH. 
 
 827 
 
 Hall, and several successive vice- 
 roys in Dublin Castle. 
 
 SMITH, John Abel [1801— 
 IS71], was the eldest son of Mr. 
 John Smith, of Blendon Hall, 
 Kent, some time M.P. for Buckinf^- 
 hamshire. He was educated at 
 Christ's College, Camhridge, where 
 he graduated B.A. in 1831. He 
 entered Parliament as M.P. for 
 Midhurst in 1830, and at the gene- 
 ral election of the following year 
 he was returned for Chichester, for 
 which he continued to sit until 
 1859. He was again elected in 
 18G3. A staunch Liberal, he took 
 an active part in the first Reform 
 Bill, and was one of the chief 
 leaders of the party which advo- 
 cated the admission of Jews into 
 Parliament. In 18G9 he introduced 
 a bill for a fiu-ther limitation of 
 the hoiu's during- which public - 
 houses might be kept open. Mr. 
 Smith was head of the banking 
 firm which bears his name. He 
 was a magistrate for Middlesex 
 and Sussex, a large East India 
 proprietor, and a director of the 
 University Life Assurance Com- 
 pany. 
 
 SMITH, Gen. Sik John Maek 
 Frederick, K.H., F.E.S. [1792— 
 187-1], was the son of Major-Gene- 
 ral Sir J. F. S. Smith, K.C.H. 
 He entered the corps of Eoyal 
 Engineers in 1805, served in lb09 
 at the siege of the Castle of 
 Ischia, and the capture of that 
 island and Procida, in the Bay of 
 Naples ; at the capture of Zante 
 and Cephalonia, in 1810 ; in the 
 action before the investment of the 
 fortress of St. Maura, as Deputy 
 Assistant Quartermaster-General, 
 and at the siege and capture of the 
 fortress as an officer of Engineers. 
 He was a General in the army, and 
 a Colonel-Commandant of the R.E., 
 and was the first Inspector-General 
 of railways. He represented Chat- 
 ham in the Conservative interest 
 from July, 1852, till June, 1853, 
 when he was unseated on petition ; 
 was re-elected in March, 1857, and 
 
 in April, 1859, and retired in 1865. 
 He was the author of a translation 
 of Marniont's " Present State of 
 the Turkish Empire," 1839. 
 
 SMITH, Pleasance, Lady [1773 
 — 1877J, born at Lowestoft, was 
 the daughter of Mr. Robert Reeve, 
 and wife of Sir James Edward 
 Smith, M.D., founder and first 
 President of the Linnean Society 
 who died in 1828. For nearly thirty 
 years of her widowhood she resided 
 in the house built by her father in 
 High Street, Lowestoft. She had 
 a constitution without a blemish, 
 and till within two or three years 
 of her death — i.e., at over one hun- 
 dred years old — hardly knew what 
 illness was ; she had j)reserved 
 almost all her teeth, and her eyesight 
 was remarkably good. In 1801 Mr. 
 Roscoe said of her that "he who 
 could see and hear Mrs. Smith 
 without being enchanted had a 
 heart not worth a farthing." At 
 that time her beauty was remark- 
 able, and Opie has XDerpetuated it 
 in a pictiu'e of her as a gipsy. On 
 her centenary birthday the Queen 
 sent her a copy of "Our Life in 
 the Highlands," with these words, 
 written by Her Majesty's own hand, 
 "From Victoria R. to her friend 
 Lady Smith on her birthday." 
 
 SMITH, Robert Angus, F.R.S., 
 F.C.S., Ph. Doctor [1817—1881], 
 born near Glasgow, was educated 
 at Glasgow, and studied chemistry 
 at Giessen, under Liebig, from 1839 
 till 1811. Assisting Dr. Playfair, 
 he laboured on the sanitary condi- 
 tion of towns in Lancashire, and 
 whilst practising as a professional 
 chemist, wrote numerous papers re- 
 lating to the condition of the air. 
 His report to the British Associa- 
 tion, in 1818, on the Air and Water 
 of Towns, gave a great impulse to 
 the question at that time, and a 
 paper on the Air of Towns in the 
 Chemical Society's Journal of 1858, 
 first produced data establishing the 
 difference of the town and country 
 air wherever found. Having been 
 appointed by the Royal Mines Com- 
 
828 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 mission to inquire into the state of 
 the atmosphere in metalliferous 
 mines, he drew up a very valuaVjle 
 report, which contains analyses of 
 the air of mines^ and the variations 
 from pure air. It was followed by 
 an Inquiry into the Action of Car- 
 bonic Acid on the Circulation of 
 the Blood, by experiments made 
 in an air-tight chamber, and, in 
 lS6i, by a memoir on the Constitu- 
 tion of the Atmosphere, including 
 an inquiry into the air on hills, in 
 valleys, and other situations. In 
 conjunction with Mr. McDougall, 
 he examined the action of disin- 
 fectants, and especially recom- 
 mended carbolic or phenic acid, 
 pure or in tar-oil ; and this has 
 been extensively used since that 
 period, in various forms, in this 
 and other countries. He was elected 
 F.R.S. in 1857, and was some time 
 President of the Literai-y and Phi- 
 losophical Society of Manchester. 
 His special inquiries into the quality 
 of the air of towns when polluted 
 by gases from manufactures, led to 
 his appointment by the Board of 
 Trade, under the Alkali Act of 
 18G3, as Inspector-General of Alkali 
 works for the United Kingdom. 
 The honorary degree of LL.I). was 
 conferred upon him by the Univer- 
 sity of Edinburgh in 1882. He 
 wrote a " Life of Dalton, and His- 
 tory of the Atomic Theory up to 
 his Time," official rejDorts to the 
 Board of Health, and to the Royal 
 Society on the Absorption of Gases, 
 various memoirs on the Arts in Ure 
 and Hunt's " New Dictionary of 
 Arts and Sciences," and by desire 
 of the Koyal Cattle Plague Com- 
 mission, a Memoir on the Action of 
 Disinfectants generally ; a volume 
 on Disinfection, a Search for Solid 
 Bodies in the Air, and three later 
 investigations on the Salts and Or- 
 ganic Jiodies in Air. He called the 
 Bubjeot a new branch })y the name 
 of " Ch«'iiii<\'il Climatology." His 
 work entitled " Air and Ivain : the 
 Ik'ginnings of a Chemical Climato- 
 logy/' appeared in 1S72. He wrote 
 
 Part I. of "A Study of Peat," was 
 appointed along with Robert Raw- 
 linson, C.B., Inspector under the 
 Rivers Pollution Act for England, 
 and afterwards for Scotland also. 
 He wrote archaeological papers on 
 Scottish and Icelandic subjects 
 after holiday inquiries, and a book 
 on the early history of Scotland, 
 entitled " Loch Etive and the Sons 
 of Uisnach." He published seven- 
 teen annual reports on Alkali works, 
 most of them containing investiga- 
 tions on the atmosphere. In 1882 
 he published the j&rst report under 
 the Rivers Pollution Prevention 
 Act, containing investigations on 
 water and drainage, and wrote a 
 volume on " Science in Early Man- 
 chester." 
 
 SMITH, Robert Percy [1770 
 — 1845], was a brother of the 
 Rev. Sydney Smith [q. v.]. At 
 Eton he was contemporary with 
 Canning, Frere, and Lord Holland, 
 and a contributor to the '^ Micro- 
 cosm." At Cambridge in 1701 he ob- 
 tained one of Beattie's scholarships, 
 and in the same year gained Sir Wil- 
 liam Browne's medal for the best 
 Latin ode. In 1791< he was Senior 
 Member's Prizeman for Middle Ba- 
 chelors, and in the following year 
 he obtained the first of the same 
 prizes for Senior Bachelors. After 
 taking his degree of M.A. in 1707, 
 he was in July of that year called 
 to the Bar of the Inner Temple. 
 For nine years Mr. Smith was 
 Advocate-General of Bengal. On 
 his return to England he success- 
 fully contested Grantham at the 
 general election of 1812. In 1818 
 he put up for Lincoln, but was 
 defeated by Mr. Bernal ; however, 
 in 1820 he made another trial, and 
 was returned for that city in pre- 
 ference to Mr. Davenjwrt. He 
 retired from Parliament at the 
 dissolution of 182G. 
 
 SMITH, Sydney, was born at 
 "Woodford in Kssex in 1700, Imt his 
 home was at Lytiiard, Somerset, 
 wliere his father had settled after 
 wandering all over the world. Syd- 
 
SMITH. 
 
 829 
 
 ney, the second of four boisterous, 
 high-spirited lads, was sent to Win- 
 chester, and rose to be captain of 
 the school. In 1780 he was elected 
 a scholar of New College, Oxford, 
 and Fellow in 1700. His inclina- 
 tion was for the Bar, but following 
 the wishes of his father, he took 
 orders, and became curate of Nether- 
 haven, on Salisbury Plain (179i). 
 After remaining there two years he 
 became tutor to the son of Mr. Hicks 
 Beach, the squire of the place, and 
 travelled with his young charge to 
 Edinburgh. There Smith remained 
 five years, and towards the end of 
 his stay founded, in conjunction 
 with Brougham and Jeffrey, the 
 Edinburgh Review, of which the 
 first number appeared in Oct., 
 1802. In the meantime he had 
 married an English lady, and in 
 180^ he removed to London, and 
 for a time was a preacher at the 
 Foundling Hospital. On the tri- 
 umph of the Whigs in 1806, Lord 
 Erskine presented him with the 
 living of Foston-le-Clay in York- 
 shire, and some time later Smith 
 removed with his family to that 
 wild i^arish, where there had been 
 no resident parson for 150 years. 
 Before going to this voluntary 
 exile he published anonymously 
 " Letters on the Subject of the 
 Catholics by Peter Plymley." 
 They created an immense stir, the 
 more so that their authorship was 
 an unfathomable mystery. In 1828 
 Sydney Smith was appointed rector 
 of Combe Florey and canon of 
 Bristol ; he then resigned his con- 
 nection with the Edinburgh Review, 
 and two years later collected and 
 reprinted many of his contribu- 
 tions. In 1832 he was made canon 
 of St. Paul's, and from that time 
 till his death he lived part of 
 each year in London, where his ! 
 extraordinai-y social gifts, his geni- 
 ality, sense, and wit, made him one 
 of the most universal favourites 
 of his time. He died in Lon- 
 don, Feb, 22, 1845. His collected 
 works were published^ under his 
 
 own supervision, 183U. His " Me- 
 moir" was written by his daugh- 
 ter. Lady Holland (1855), and 
 a new life of him has lately ap- 
 peared. 
 
 SMITH, RioHT Hon. Thomas 
 Berry Cusack [1797 — 18GGJ, was 
 the second son of Sir W. Cusack 
 Smith, Bart, (some time a Baron 
 of the Irish Exchequer), and heir- 
 presumptive to his nephew. He 
 was educated at Trinity College, 
 Dublin, and called to the Irish Bar 
 in 1819. He was made a K.C. in 
 1830, Solicitor-General for Ireland 
 1812, and Attorney-General later 
 in the same year. He became a 
 Bencher of King's Inns in 1843, and 
 Master of the Eolls in Ireland in 
 18'46, a post he held till his death. 
 He sat in Parliament for Ripon as 
 a Conservative between 1843 and 
 1846. 
 
 SMITH, Thomas Assheton, was 
 the descendant of a family ennobled 
 by the Plantagenets. His grand- 
 father assumed the name of Smith 
 on the death of his uncle. Captain 
 Smith, son of the Eight Hon. John 
 Smith, Chancellor of the Exchequer 
 in the reign of William III., and 
 Speaker of the House of Commons 
 in the two first parliaments of 
 Anne. Mr. Assheton Smith was 
 known in sporting circles as one 
 of the best horsemen of his day. 
 After hunting in Northamptonshire, 
 he collected a first-rate pack, and, 
 in 1805, bought the Quorn of Lord 
 Foley. Twelve years later he took 
 his stud to Lincoln to work the 
 Burton Hunt, where he "kej^t the 
 game alive " until 1826, when he 
 succeeded to the family property in 
 Wiltshire and Hiimpshire. He died 
 at Yaenol, near Bangor, Sept. 9, 
 1858. 
 
 SMITH, William, LL.D.,F.G.S., 
 " the father of English geology," was 
 born at Churchill, in Oxfordshire. 
 His duties as surveyor and civil 
 engineer afforded him opportuni- 
 ties for studying the oolitic forma- 
 tions, and becoming acquainted 
 with all the minute facts of the 
 
830 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 }> I 
 
 stratification of Eno-land and Wales. 
 From 17S9 to 1790 he was engaged 
 in making the Somerset coal canal^ 
 and when that was finished, he 
 spent some years travelling in 
 the exercise of his profession, and 
 thus completed his general survey 
 of England and Wales. In 1801' 
 lie fixed his nominal residence in 
 London, but his time was princi- 
 pally passed in Norfolk, whore he 
 recovered large tracts of marsh 
 land from the sea. In 1806 ap 
 peared his "Treatise on Irrigation, 
 and the Society of Arts awarded 
 their medal for a successful effort 
 of irrigation directed by Mr. Smith. 
 "The Delineation of the Strata of 
 England and Wales," was published 
 in 1815, in which year the British 
 Museum secured the whole of Mr. 
 Smith's collection of organic re- 
 mains, and the task of arranging 
 and describing this collection led 
 to the issue of " Strata Identified 
 by Organised Fossils," and " Stra- 
 tigraphical System of Organised 
 Fossils." In 1821. he delivered a 
 course of lectures on geology to 
 the members of the Yorkshire 
 Philosoj^hical Society, which were 
 repeated at Scarborough and Hull. 
 The following year Mr. Smith 
 accepted an engagement as agent 
 to Sir J. Johnstone, and for a while 
 withdrew from his geological la- 
 bours. In 1835 the University of 
 l)u}>lin conferred upon him the 
 degree of LL.D., and an annuity 
 of jEIOO a year was granted him by 
 the Crown, In the latter years of 
 his life Mr. Smith was employed in 
 applying the discoveries of geology 
 to practical uses, and was one of 
 the committee formed to report on 
 the stone best fitted for the con- 
 struction of the Houses of Parlia- 
 ment. His nephew and pupil, Mr. 
 J. I'liillips (q. v.), published a me- 
 moir of him. 
 
 SMITH, WiLLTAM,r.S.A. [1808- 
 187<jj, formerly a well-known print- 
 seller, was Ijorn in Lisle Street, 
 Leicester Square, where his father 
 had for many years carried on that 
 
 business. At the decease of the lat- 
 ter, in 1835, Mr. W. Smith, in con- 
 junction with his brother, succeeded 
 him, and in 1S3G he purchased the 
 celebrated collection of engravings 
 formed by Mr. Sheejishanks, the 
 Dutch and Flemish portions of 
 which, considered to be the most 
 perfect in Europe, Mr. Smith sold 
 to the British Museum for je5,000, 
 though he had received offers much 
 larger in amount from Holland. 
 This was the commencement of a 
 series of large transactions with that 
 establishment, and he neglected no 
 opjDortunity of enriching the print 
 department from the numerous 
 purchases he made in this country, 
 and in repeated visits to the Con- 
 tinent. In this he received every 
 encouragement from Mr. Josi, the 
 then keeper of the prints and 
 drawings, and from his successor, 
 Mr. Carpenter. Among the more 
 important collections obtained from 
 Mr. Smith, it may be sufficient to 
 mention those of Mr. Harding, pur- 
 chased in 18il for ^£2,300 ; the ex- 
 traordinary series of engravings by 
 early Italian and German artists, 
 formed by Mr. Coningham, in 1811. 
 and 1815, for d68,000 ; and a selec- 
 tion from the Aylesford and Wood- 
 burn collections, in 18 17, for ii 1,200, 
 In addition to these, Mr. Smith 
 secured for the Museum some in- 
 valuable and almost unique etch- 
 ings by Kembrandt, at Baron Ver- 
 stolk's sale at Amsterdam, in 1817. 
 The two brothers retired from busi- 
 ness in 1818, leaving no successor. 
 He took a prominent part in the 
 formation of the National Portrait 
 Gallery, of which he was deputy- 
 chairman, was actively engaged in 
 the management of the Art Union 
 of London, and an energetic Fellow 
 of the Society of Antiiiunries. His 
 collection of ilrawings for thi^ illus- 
 tration of the styles of all the 
 English artists, he presented to 
 the South Kensington Museum, to 
 which place lie also beipieathed his 
 library of books relating to art. 
 He left behind him a magnificent 
 
SMITH— SMYTH. 
 
 831 
 
 edition of the " Life and Works of 
 Byron," which he only just com- 
 pleted before his death. 
 
 SMITH, Sir William Sidney, 
 G.C.B. [1705— 1810], third and 
 youncjest son of Captain John Spen- 
 cer Smith,ofMid^ham, Sussex, gen- 
 tleman-usher to Queen Caroline, 
 ■was born at Westminster, and in 
 his twelfth year was sent as a mid- 
 shipman on board the Sandvuich, 
 Lord Rodney. He was a lieutenant 
 at 16, and a post-captain at 19. 
 He then served as a volunteer in 
 Sweden during the war between 
 that country and Russia, and for 
 his services was presented with the 
 Order of the Sword. In 1793 he 
 joined Lord Hood at Toulon, and 
 on the evacuation of the city Sir 
 Sidney was entrusted with the 
 destruction of the French ships of 
 war which could not be removed. 
 On his return to England he was 
 ajDpointed to the command of the 
 Diamond, with a small flotilla, with 
 which he cruised in the channel 
 and harassed the enemy, but in 
 trying to cut out a ship at Havre 
 was taken prisoner. He managed 
 to escape after a confinement of 
 over two years, and reached Eng- 
 land in safety. Then, in command 
 of the Tig re, 80 guns, and a small 
 squadron, he proceeded to Constan- 
 tinople, and thence to Acre, in the 
 defence of which place he immor- 
 talised his name. It was at that 
 time closely invested by Buona- 
 parte, and Sir Sidney, by his gal- 
 lantry and energy, succeeded in rais- 
 ing the siege, and obliged Buona- 
 parte to retire. He took a very 
 active part in the events which fol- 
 lowed Buonaparte's departure from 
 Egypt, and negociate^ with General 
 Kleber for the evacuation of the 
 country, and a treaty to that effect 
 was signed at El-Arish, which was, 
 however, not ratified. Sir Sidney 
 was severely wounded at the battle 
 of Alexandria, in which Aber- 
 crombie was killed, and sooH after 
 returned to England. The " Hero 
 of Acre," as he was popularly 
 
 called, was welcomed with great 
 enthusiasm, and among other 
 marks of public approval received 
 a valuabh^ sword with the freedom 
 of the city from the Corporation of 
 London. He was made a rear- 
 admiral in 180 1, and a colonel of 
 marines. In 180G he commanded 
 with distinguished success the 
 English squadron at Sicily, and in 
 the following year was engaged in 
 Duckworth's expedition to the Dar- 
 danelles, against his old friends and 
 former allies, the Turks. He was 
 made admiral in 1821, and having 
 lived for some time in retirement, 
 chiefly in Paris, he died there in 
 18-10. 
 
 SMYTH, Richard, M.P. [1826 
 — 1878], second son of Mr. 
 Hugh Smyth, of Dervock, co. 
 Antrim, was educated at the pri- 
 vate school of the Rev. W. Wil- 
 liamson, and at the Universities 
 of Grlasgow and Bonn. He gra- 
 duated B.A. and M.A., and received 
 the honorary degrees of D.D. and 
 LL.D. For eight years he was col- 
 legiate minister of the First Pres- 
 byterian Church of Londonderry, 
 and in 1865 was appointed Profes- 
 sor of Oriental Languages and 
 Biblical Literature in Magee Col- 
 lege, Londonderry. In 1870 he 
 became Dill Professor of Theology 
 in the same college. He was a 
 strenuous supporter of Mr. Glad- 
 stone's policy of Disestablishment 
 in Ireland, and in 1869 was raised 
 to the Moderatorship of the Gene- 
 ral Assembly of the Presbyterian- 
 Church in that countrv, in which 
 position he brought the weight of 
 Irish Presbyterianism to bear in 
 favour of religious equality. In 
 1870 he was re-elected to the same 
 dignity, and in that capacity took 
 an active part in settling the finan- 
 cial affairs of the Church in con- 
 nexion with the withdrawal of the 
 Reg turn Doniim. He was one of the 
 Trustees, incorporated by Royal 
 Charter, under "The Presbyterian 
 Church Act," for administering the 
 Commutation Fund j was a Gover- 
 
832 
 
 SMYTH— SOMBEE. 
 
 noi' of the Londonderry District 
 Lunatic Asylum ; and an active 
 member of the Grand Jury of the 
 county of Londonderry. He sup- 
 ported the Irish University Bill of 
 1873, and was elected in the Libe- 
 ral interest for the county of Lon- 
 donderry, in Feb., 1871. Mr. 
 Smyth was an extensive contribu- 
 tor to periodical literature, and 
 l^ublished numerous pamphlets on 
 educational subjects, principally on 
 tlie University question. 
 
 SMYTH, William, M.A. [17G5— 
 1819], was educated at Cambridge, 
 and at one time was Fellow and 
 Tutor of Peterhouse. In 1806 he 
 jjublished a volume of poetry enti- 
 tled " English Lyrics," which soon 
 attained a third edition. The year 
 foUoAving, 1807, he was appointed 
 Professor of Modern History, a 
 position he filled for forty-two 
 years. In 1810 the substance of 
 his discourses, under the title of 
 "Lectui'es on Modern History," 
 and " On the French Eevolution," 
 issued fi'om the press, and have 
 been since rej^rinted in Bohn's 
 Historical Library. 
 
 SOLLY, Samuel, F.R.S., received 
 his professional education at the 
 then united hospitals of St. Tho- 
 mas's and Guy's, and was admitted 
 a member of the Royal College of 
 Surgeons in May, 1828. In 185G 
 he was elected a member of the 
 Council of the College of Surgeons, 
 and in 18G7 a member of the Court 
 of Examiners, becoming also a 
 senior vice-jiresident of the college, 
 Imt was passed over when his turn 
 came for election to the presiden- 
 tial chair in 1870, the choice of the 
 Council falling on Sir William Fer- 
 gusson. He soon .ifter resigned 
 his cliair as mem))er of the Court 
 of Examiners, retaining only his 
 scat at tlie Council Board. Mr. 
 Solly contributed greatly to the 
 advancement of science, esi^ccially 
 )>y his work on the " Human 
 ]irain," " Surgi(!al Experiences," 
 an "Analysis of Miiller on tlie 
 Glands," and by liis various papers 
 
 and lectures on surgery in the 
 medical journals. He died in Lon- 
 don, Sept. 21, 1871. 
 
 SOLOMON, Abraham [1S24— 
 18G2J, subject painter, of Jewish 
 extraction , was born in London . At 
 the age of thirteen (1837) he was 
 sent to a school of ai-t in Blooms- 
 bury, and in the same j^ear gained 
 the first medal from the Society of 
 Arts. He entered the Eoyal Aca- 
 demy Schools in 1839, and in the 
 two following years gained the 
 silver medals of the Antique and 
 Life Schools. He exhibited his 
 first picture, a scene from Crabbe's 
 poem, " The Courtship of Ditcham," 
 in 1813; "The Vicar of Wake- 
 field," in 1847 ; and ten years later 
 the picture which made him known, 
 "Waiting for the Verdict." He 
 exhibited his last picture in the 
 year of his death, 18G2, " The Lost 
 Found." 
 
 SOLOMON, Henry N. [179G— 
 1881], born in London, Avasone of the 
 founders of the Jews' Free School. 
 Descended from Mordecai Jaffa, the 
 author of a series of works knt)wn 
 as the "Levush,"" Mr. Solomon was 
 proud of his great ancestor, and he 
 himself trausLited the Jewish 
 prayer-book into English. As a 
 Hebrew scholar he was acknow- 
 ledged to be profound, and he was 
 generally admitted to be the best 
 English authority on the Tahnud. 
 For more than fifty years he was the 
 head of the educational establish- 
 ment at Edmonton, at which some 
 of the leading members of the 
 Jewish comnuinity in London have 
 been brought up. In the course of 
 the 3'ear 1880 many oi the former 
 scholars of this estalilisluiK-nt com- 
 bined togetlun-, and, as a mark of 
 the esteem in which he was lield, 
 raised a testimonial to liim, which 
 amounted in value to more than a 
 thousand guineas. 
 
 SOMBEE, Davip Oohti:rlony 
 Dyck, a man remarkable for his 
 antecedents. His maternal grand- 
 father was Gaultier Eeignard, an 
 Alsatian, and a private in the com- 
 
SOMERSET. 
 
 833 
 
 pany of Switzers, who deserted 
 from the British service at Cal- 
 cutta to the Nabob of Oude. On 
 account of his sullen demeanour he 
 earned the sobriquet of Sombre, or 
 "the gloomy." In 17C3 Reignard 
 performed the part of executioner- 
 in-ehief at the massacre at Patna, 
 planned by Meer Cassim. A month 
 later, when the English occupied 
 the city, he fled for his life and 
 succeeded in establishing for him- 
 self an independent principality at 
 Surdhana, thii-ty miles from Delhi. 
 Soon after he married a dancing 
 girl, known later as Begum Suuu-oo, 
 who succeeded her husband in the 
 princiiDality, which she governed 
 for nearly fifty years. In 1S03 as 
 an auxiliary of the Mahratta chief 
 Scindiah, she fought against the 
 Duke of Wellington at Assaye. 
 After her defeat she entered into a 
 treaty with the Marquis of Welles- 
 ley by which, at her death, her 
 principality lapsed to the British 
 Government. Having no children 
 of her own the Begum adopted 
 Sombre's illegitimate daughter, 
 who maiTied Mr. Dyce, the half- 
 caste son of Captain Dyce of the 
 Indian army, and David Ochter- 
 lonv was their son, and the inlieri- 
 tor of the Begum's fortune, amount- 
 ing to half a million sterling. He 
 came to England about 183S, and 
 soon attracted much notice. In 
 18i0 he married the daughter of 
 Viscount St. Vincent. Shortly 
 after a sepamtion took place, and 
 legal proceedings were instituted, 
 followed by those adopted for the 
 purpose of establishing Mr. Dyce 
 Sombre's lunacy. The last years 
 of his life were spent on the Con- 
 tinent to avoid the decision of the 
 Court of Chancery, but he died in 
 London July 1, 1851. 
 
 SOMERSET, Lord Robert Ed- 
 ward Hexry, K.C.B., (tc. l1770 — 
 1S12], was the fourth son of the 
 fifth Duke of Beaufort. He was 
 appointed lieutenant-colonel in the 
 5th Regiment of Foot, and later 
 exchanged into the -Ith Dragoons. 
 
 He served under the Duke of 
 Wellington throughout the Penin- 
 sular war, and distinguished him- 
 self on several occasions. Return- 
 ing to England in 181-i, Lord 
 Somerset received the thanks of 
 Parliament, was decorated and 
 made a K.C.B. He subsequently 
 held the post of inspector-general 
 of cavalry, which he relinquished 
 upon his promotion to the rank of 
 lieutenant-general in 1825. He 
 was raised to the grade of G.C.B. 
 in 1831, and made a general in the 
 armv in 1811. 
 
 SOMERSET, Edward Adolphus 
 St. Maur, 11th Duke of, 10th 
 Baron" Seymour, K.G-. [1775 — 
 1855], born at Monkton Farley, in 
 Wiltshire, was the only surviving 
 son of Webb, tenth Duke of Somer- 
 set. He was educated at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, took his M.A. de- 
 gree 1794?, was made D.C.L. in 
 1810, and was specially devoted to 
 the study of science. He was elected 
 a Fellow of the Royal Society in 
 1797, a Fellow of the Society of An- 
 tiquaries in 181G, and he also be- 
 came a member of the Linna?an and 
 Royal Asiatic Societies. He was 
 for some years President of the 
 Royal Institution, and from 1801 to 
 1S3S was President of the Royal 
 Literary Fund, and a Vice-Presi- 
 dent of University College, London. 
 He was the author of a treatise on 
 the relative elementary propei'ties 
 of the ellipse and the circle. He 
 was made K.G. in 1837. 
 
 SOMERSET, Colonel Poulett 
 George Henry, C.B. [1822—1875], 
 was the youngest son of Lord 
 Charles Henry Somerset, and grand- 
 son of the second Duke of Beau- 
 fort. He was educated at Eton, 
 and at the Royal Militar}'^ College, 
 Sandhiu-st, and entei'ed the army 
 in 1839. He served in the Crimean 
 war as aide-de-camp to Lord Raglan, 
 and took part in the battles of 
 Alma, Balaclava, and Inkormann, 
 and the siege of Sebastopol. He 
 was nominated a C.B. in 1855, and 
 received the Turkish Order of the 
 
 3 u 
 
834. 
 
 SOMERVILLE— SOPWITH. 
 
 Medjidie. From 1859 to 1871 he 
 represented Monmouthshire in Par- 
 liament in the Conservative in- 
 
 SOMERVILLE, Mrs. Mary 
 [1780— 1872J, a lady of high scien- 
 tific attainments, was the daughter 
 of Vice- Admiral Sir William C>eorge 
 Fairfax, and was horn in Scotland. 
 Having been educated at a school 
 at Musselburgh, near Edinbui-gh, 
 she married eai'ly, an officer in the 
 Russian navy, Mr. Samuel Greig, 
 who, conscioas of the latent powers 
 of her mind, took a kesn pleasure 
 in initiating her into tlie mysteries 
 of mathematics and general science. 
 He died ; and in 1807 she returned 
 o her father's house at Burntis- 
 land, with her two sons. Five 
 years later she married her cousin. 
 Dr. William Somerville, who vras 
 also of Scotch extraction. In 1826 
 appeared her paper, published in 
 the " Pliilosophical Transactions" 
 of the Royal Society on "The 
 Magnetizing Power of the more Re- 
 frangible Solar Rays," which gave 
 rise to much discussion on a diffi- 
 cult point of scientific inquiry, and 
 v/hich was only cleared uj) many 
 years after by two German elec- 
 tricians, Riess and Moser. In 1831 
 she published her " Mechanism of 
 the Heavens," a summary of the 
 Mecanique Celeste of Laplace, to 
 which succeeded three years later 
 her ** Connection of the Physical 
 Sciences," which was most fiatter- 
 iiigly reviewed in the Quarterly. 
 Her next work was the " Physical 
 Geography," 1848, which, as its 
 name imjjlies, comprises the his- 
 tory of the earth in its whole 
 material organization. The two 
 last works passed through many 
 editions, and were translated into 
 several foreign languages ; and 
 their author's service to geogra- 
 phical science were recognised in 
 18G9 l»y the award of the Victoria 
 Medal of the Royal Cieo'^^raphieal 
 Society. In the same year ai>- 
 peared her •' Molecular and Micro- 
 scopic Science," a work coutuiuing 
 
 a complete conspectus of some of 
 the most abstruse researches of 
 modern science. For her services 
 to literature she enjoyed a literary 
 pension for some years before her 
 death ; and among other tributes 
 paid to her great talents, was elected 
 in 1834 an honorary F.R.A.S., she 
 being, with the exception of Miss 
 Caroline Herschel, the only lady 
 upon whom that honour wiis con- 
 ferred. The Fellows of the Roval 
 Society subscribed for a bust to 
 her, executed by Chantrey, and 
 jDlaced in the library of the Royal 
 Society. The latter years of her 
 very long life she spent in Italy, 
 first at Florence, and then at Naples, 
 where in company with her two 
 daughters she continued to the very 
 end to receive and charm a distin- 
 guished social circle. She was more 
 i than a mathematician, read Greek 
 with ease, was a fair amateur artist, 
 and was always keenly interested 
 in the events of the day. Soon after 
 her death, when the movement for 
 the higher education of women had 
 begun to take root, Somerville 
 Hall was oj^ened at Oxford, and 
 a "Mary Somerville '* scholarship 
 (mathematics), of ^30 a year, for 
 three years, established. For fur- 
 ther p:irticulars of. Mary Somer- 
 ville's life, see " Personal Recollec- 
 tions," published by her daughter, 
 Martha Somerville, in 1873. 
 
 SOPHIA, Her Royal Highness 
 THE Princess [1777 — 184vS], Avas 
 the fifth daughter and twelfth child 
 of George 111. She survived all her 
 brothers and sisters, and through- 
 out her long life was remarkable 
 fur the amiability of her character, 
 and her kintlnessto her servants and 
 the poor. In consequence of bad 
 health, the latter portion of her life 
 was passed in strict retirement. Slie 
 was int<'iied on June o, 1848, at 
 Ken sal Ciireen. 
 
 S O P W I T TF. Thomas, M.A.. 
 F.R.S., F.G.S. 1 1803— 187UJ, born 
 at Newcastle- on -Tyne, was ex- 
 tensively engaged in mining and 
 railway engineering, both in this 
 
SOTHE B Y— SOTHERON-E STCOURT. 
 
 833 
 
 country and on the Continent, and 
 was the author of several works on 
 architecture, isometrical drawing, 
 and mining. In 1838 he was ap- 
 pointed Commissioner for the 
 Crown under the Dean and Forest 
 Mining Act, and in the same year 
 a comminiication made by ]iim to 
 the British Association led to the 
 establishment of the Mining Record 
 Office. Mr. Sopwith was the in- 
 ventor and constructor of large 
 geological models of mining dis- 
 tricts placed in the Government 
 Museum of Practical Geology in 
 London, and in the museums of 
 Oxford and Cambridge. In 1815 
 he took the management of the 
 well-known W. B. Lead Mines in 
 Northumberland and Durham^ from 
 which, in 1871, he retired, after 
 having completed fifty years of 
 active work in his profession. 
 
 SO THE BY, Samuel Leigh 
 [1806—1861], the eminent book 
 auctioneer, was the representative 
 of the firm of Sotheby and AVil- 
 kinson, who for 117 years had 
 been the principal auctioneers of 
 books, coins, and articles of vertu 
 in the metropolis. Many of the 
 most celebrated libraries and col- 
 lections were dispersed under their 
 hammer, and a complete series of 
 the catalogues, with the pujchasers' 
 names and prices, which had been 
 preserved by the firm, is now in 
 the British Museum. In 18^0 Mr. 
 Sotheby published " Unpublished 
 Documents, Marginal Notes, and 
 Memoranda in the Autograph of 
 Philip Melancthon and of Martin 
 Luther, with numerous Facsim.iles." 
 This was followed by " The Typo- 
 graphy of the Fifteenth Century," 
 " Principia TyjDographica : The 
 Block Books ; or, Xylograj^hic De- 
 lineations of Scripture History, 
 issued in Holland, Flanders, and 
 Germany during the Fifteenth 
 Century," and " Ramblings in the 
 Elucidation of the Autograph of 
 Mnton." 
 
 SOTHEEX, Edward Askew 
 [1830—1881], a well-known actor. 
 
 born in Liverpool, was educated 
 for the Church, but the stage 
 proving more congenial to his 
 tastes, he adopted it as his pro- 
 fession," and in l8ul went to the 
 United States, and appeared at the 
 National Theatre, Boston, in the 
 character of Dr. Pangloss in the 
 " Heir-at-Law." There he was 
 only moderately successful ; but 
 soon after went to New York, 
 where, after playing leading cha- 
 racters for several years, he achieved 
 a decided success as Lord Dun- 
 dreaiy, in Tom Taylor's play of 
 the ''American Cousin." Having 
 apijeared in this character for more 
 than 1100 times in the United 
 States, he came to England in 
 1863, and jjroduced the play at the 
 Haymarket Theatre, where it was 
 repeated 496 consecutive nights. 
 In 1864 he appeared as David Gar- 
 rick, in an adaptation from the 
 French di-ama, from which " The 
 Tragedy Queen " was taken, in Dr. 
 Marston^s " Favourite of Fortune," 
 in Tom Taylor's " Lesson for Life,'^ 
 and in Oxenford's "Brother Sam." 
 He appeared at Paris in 1867, and 
 afterwards performed in the United 
 States. In 1874 he made another 
 long professional visit to England, 
 after which he went back to New 
 York, remaining there till 1878, 
 when he re-apj^eared at the Hay- 
 market in the character of Fitz- 
 altamont in Bvron's " The Promp- 
 ter's Box" ("The Crushed Trage- 
 dian "), and in " The Hornet's 
 Nest." 
 
 SOTHEEON-ESTCOURT, 
 Eight Hex. Thomas Henry Sut- 
 ton, M.P. [1801—1876], was the 
 eldest son of Mr. Thomas Grimston 
 Bucknall-Estcourt, M.P. for the 
 University of Oxford. Educated 
 at Harrow and Oriel College, Ox- 
 ford, he entered Parliament as one 
 of the members for Marlborough, 
 some three or four years before 
 the passing of the first Reform 
 Bill, and continued to rej^resent 
 that constituency dov>Ti to the dis 
 solution in 1832. Two years later 
 
 3 h2 
 
836 
 
 SOUTH— SOUTHEY, 
 
 lie was returned for Devizes, and 
 retained his seat until 1814, when 
 he successfully contested the 
 Northern Division of Wiltshire on 
 the death of Sir Francis Burdett. 
 He continued to sit in Parliament, 
 in the Conservative interest, down 
 to a few months before the general 
 election of 1865, when he retired. 
 In 1858 he was nominated first 
 President of the Poor Law Board, 
 and afterwards appointed Home 
 Secretary in Lord Derby's Cabinet. 
 He was a magistrate and deputy- 
 lieutenant for Wiltshire, and a 
 governor of Harrow School, and at 
 one time held a captain's commis- 
 sion in the Devizes troop of Wilt- 
 shire Yeomanry. He was sworn a 
 privy-councillor on entering upon 
 his official duties in 1858. 
 
 SOUTH, Sir James [1785— 
 1867], astronomer, eldest son of 
 a dispensing druggist in South- 
 wark, where he was born, practised 
 in Blackman Street. He studied 
 medicine, becoming a member of 
 the Eoyal College of Surgeons, 
 and practised chiefly in Southwark. 
 In the intervals of business he 
 studied astronomy, and made se- 
 veral valuable astronomical obser- 
 vations ; and between 1822 and 
 1823, in conjunction with Sir J. 
 Herschel, compiled a catalogue of 
 380 double stars. He removed to 
 Campden Hill, Kensington, where 
 he built a fine observatory, was one 
 of the founders of the Astronomical 
 Society, in 1820, and filled the 
 presidential chair. The account of 
 his astronomical observations in 
 Bhickman Street, and of their re- 
 sults, pul)lished in the " Pliilo- 
 suphical Transactions for 1825," 
 was accompanied by an elaborate 
 description of the five-foot and 
 seven-foot equatorials with which 
 tliey were made ; and one of these 
 instruments was still mounted, 
 and in excellent condition, in Sir 
 James's observatory at Campden 
 Hill. At the same place ho erected 
 a seven-foot transit instrument, 
 and a four-foot transit circle j the 
 
 latter celebrated as having for- 
 merly belonged to Mr. Groombridge, 
 and as having been the instrument 
 with which the observations were 
 made for the formation of the 
 Catalogue of Circumpolar Stars 
 which bears his name. Sir James, 
 who devoted great part of his life 
 and fortune to the advancement of 
 astronomy, received the honour of 
 knighthood in 1830, and enjoyed 
 a pension of ,£300 j^er annum on 
 the Civil List, for his contributions 
 to astronomical science. 
 
 SOUTH AM, Mr., F.R.S.C. 
 [1816 — 1876], was a professor of 
 surgery in Owens' College, and 
 surgeon to the Royal Infirmary of 
 Manchester. He also had a large 
 private practice in Manchester, and 
 the surrounding district. He was 
 a member of most of the medical 
 and scientific societies in London, 
 and was a past president of the 
 British Medical Association. Mr. 
 Southam contributed largely to the 
 " Transactions of the Eoyal Medi- 
 cal and Chirurgical Society," the 
 Provincial Medical Journal, the 
 Lancet, &c. In 1873 he was elected 
 by the Fellows to a seat in the 
 Council of the Royal College of 
 Surgeons in England. 
 
 SOUTHERN, Henry, C.B. 
 [1799—1853], a member of Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, was the origi- 
 nator and editor of the Retrospective 
 Review. He afterwards conducted 
 the Westminster Review, and was 
 the proprietor and editor of the 
 second series of the London Maga- 
 zine. In 1853 he accompanied Mr. 
 Villiers, afterwards Earl of Cla- 
 rendon, on his being appointed 
 minister to Sjiain, as private secre- 
 taiy. He was subsequently placed 
 on the diplomatic staff, and after 
 remaining some years at Madrid, 
 was ai)pointed Secretary of l^ega- 
 tion at Lisbon. In 18 18 he beeamo 
 minister to the ArgcMitine Con- 
 federation, and in 1851 was pro- 
 moted to the Court of the Brazils, 
 and made a C.B. 
 
 SOUTHEY, Robert, poet lau- 
 
SOUTIIEY. 
 
 837 
 
 rcate, was the son of a lineiidraper 
 of Wine Street, Bristol, where he 
 was born, Aw^. 12, 177 1-, but at the 
 a^e of two he was half adopted by 
 his aunt, Miss Tyler of Bath, with 
 whom he chiefly lived. He was a 
 very sensitive child, and the misery 
 of his early school years was due i 
 as much to the softness of his dis- 
 position as the cruelty of his 
 teachers. In 1788 he went to 
 Westminster School, but four years 
 later was expelled. His misde- 
 meanour was literary ; he with a 
 few kindred spirits circulated 
 among their fellows a periodical 
 called the Flagellant, and in No. 5 
 of this ill-omened paper, Southey 
 undertook to prove from the 
 Ancients and the Fathers that 
 flogging was an invention of the 
 Devil. Dr. Vincent constituted 
 himself the devil's advocate, and 
 threatened to in-osecute the pub- 
 lisher for libel ; young Southey 
 gave himself up as the author, 
 and was accordingly expelled. His 
 ill-fame preceded him to Oxford, 
 and Cyril Jackson, the dean of 
 Christ Church, refused to admit 
 him. He, however, obtained ad- 
 mission to Balliol with the os- 
 tensible design of taking holy 
 orders. But it was the age of 
 revolution, and Southey's nature, 
 like that of most of the noble and 
 ardent young spirits of his age, 
 was in revolt against authority of 
 every kind. His opinions closed 
 every career to him, and it was 
 then that he, Coleridge, and Lovell 
 formed the grand design of found- 
 ing a Pantisocracy on the banks of 
 the Susquehannah. In 1793 the 
 publisher Cottle, of Bristol, gave 
 Southey ^50 for Ms " Joan of Arc," 
 but this was all the money that 
 the pantisocrats could command, 
 and the dream was relinquished for 
 lack of funds. Want of money, 
 however, did not prevent the young 
 men from marrying three sisters, 
 the Misses Fricker, daughters of an 
 unsuccessful maker of sugar pans. 
 In 1795, Southey, who was then 
 
 quite penniless, agreed to accom- 
 pany his uncle, Mr. Hill, to Lisbon, 
 and on Nov. 11 of that year he 
 was married to the young girl he 
 was forced to leave behind him. 
 After six months' aVjsence he re- 
 turned to England, settled in 
 London, and attempted to support 
 himself and his wife by his pen. 
 Among his works of this period are 
 " Letters from Spain and Portugal," 
 "Madoc," and " Thalaba." To- 
 wards the close of 1799 this inces- 
 sant labour told upon his health, 
 and his uncle, Mr. Hill, chaplain 
 at Lisbon, invited Southey and his 
 wife to visit him. During his 
 stay Southey collected the material 
 for his " History of Portugal," 
 and on his return to England in 
 1801, he accepted the post of secre- 
 tary to the Chancellor of the Ex- 
 chequer of Ireland, wdth a salary 
 of d6350. He only retained the office 
 six months, the work was uncon- 
 genial, and the chancellor exjDected 
 his secretary to teach his son in his 
 spare time. This was impossible 
 drudgery to one who aspired to be 
 a man of letters, and Southey 
 settled in Bristol, and worked at 
 his '^History of Portugal." At 
 this time the Coleridges were 
 settled at Keswick, the Southeys 
 made thern many visits, and gra- 
 dually Grreta Hall came to be their 
 home. There Southey passed the 
 remainder of his noble generous 
 life, working hard, even inces- 
 santly, that he might have the 
 wherewithal to be liberal to others 
 after providing for his own house- 
 hold. In 1807 he was awarded a 
 small literary pension, and in 1S13 
 he became poet laureate. The re- 
 volutionary ardour of his youth 
 had long spent itself, and he had 
 settled himself into a staunch Tory 
 and High Chiu-chman, and the 
 mainstay of the Quarterly, then at 
 the zenith of its power and fame. 
 In 1829, on the marriage of Miss 
 Coleridge, she and her mother left 
 Southey's roof, where they had had 
 a peaceful home for six and twenty 
 
838 
 
 SOUTHEY— SOWEEBY. 
 
 years. In 1834' the laureate re- 
 ceived a Government pension of 
 £'-iOO yearly. Domestic aflGlictiou 
 was now j;)ressing heavily upon 
 him ; his wife became insane, and 
 on Nov. 10, 1837, she died. Two 
 years later he married Caroline 
 Bowles ; but within a year from 
 that time his mind gave way, and 
 he sunk into a state of mental de- 
 pression, from which he never re- 
 covered. On March 21, 1813, he 
 died. Southey's literary activity 
 Wcis stupendous. He published more 
 t lan a hundred volumes, besides 
 numerous papers (his son gives a 
 list of 126) published in the Quar- 
 terly Review. He also wrote for 
 some years the historical part of 
 the Edinburgh Annual Register, &c. 
 The dates of his princii^al works in 
 poetry and prose are, " Thalaba " 
 (1801), "Madoc" (1805), "Rode- 
 rick the last of the Goths'' (1811), 
 " Life of Nelson " (1813), " Life of 
 Wesley" (1820), "Life and Works 
 of Cowper" (1821.), &c. The main 
 authorities for his life are " Life 
 and Cori-espondence," edited by his 
 son, the Rev. C. C. Southey (1850), 
 and " Selections from the Letters 
 of Robert Southey," edited by J. 
 AV. Warter, B.D. (1856). Professor 
 Dowden has contributed a volume 
 on " Southey " to the " English 
 Men of Letters Series.*' Thei'e is 
 a tolerably complete list of his 
 writings in the English Cyclopcedia. 
 SOUTHEY, Caroline Anne 
 [1787 — 1854], better known as 
 Caroline Bowles, the second wife 
 of the preceding, was the only 
 child of Captain Chai'les Bowles, 
 of Buckland, near Lymington, 
 Hants. She early showed decided 
 literary talent, but she did not 
 publish anything imtil a reverse 
 of fortune in middle life made it 
 necessary for her totuiui her talents 
 to account, when she brought out her 
 poem of " Ellen Eitz-Arthur," upon 
 which Southey had i)assed a favour- 
 al^li! ;ju(lgiiu;nt. In 1822 "The 
 Widow's Tale, and other Poems," 
 appeared, followed by " Solitary 
 
 Hours," 1826 ; and " Chapters on 
 Churchyards," 1829, which had 
 already appeared in Blackwood's 
 Magazine, where they had excited 
 much interest. In 1839 she married 
 Robert Southey, with whom she had 
 long corresponded. The marriage 
 was a melancholy one, for Southey's 
 overworked intellect soon gave way 
 pJtogether, and through foiu- years 
 of utter seclusion she ministered 
 to him with unwearying devotion. 
 At his death she returned to Hamp- 
 shire, and completed a poem on 
 " Robin Hood," commenced by 
 Southey, which she published in 
 1817. She also collected her hus- 
 band's letters, which later were 
 edited by Mr. Warter. In 1852 
 the Queen granted her a pension 
 of <£200 a year. In 1881 appeared 
 " The Correspondence of R. Southey 
 with Caroline Bowles," edited by 
 E. Dowden. 
 
 SOWERBY, Geokge Bretting- 
 HAM, F.L.S. [1S12— 1884], son of 
 Mr. G. B. Sowerby (author of 
 " The Genera of Recent and Fossil 
 Shells "), was well kno\\'n both as 
 an artist and as a naturalist. He 
 contributed extensively to the Pro- 
 ceedings of the Zoological and other 
 learned societies, and wrote " A 
 Conchplogical Manual," published 
 in 1839 ; " Conchological Illustra- 
 tions," in 1811-45 ; "Thesaurus Con- 
 chyliorum," in 1847, &c., " Popular 
 British Conchology," in 1855 ; " A 
 Popular History of the Aquarium," 
 in 1857 ; " Illustrated Index of 
 British Shells," in 1859 ; and other 
 works on natural history. In 1875 
 he furnished two concluding parts 
 to the " Malacostraca," left un- 
 finished in 1822 by his grandfather 
 and Dr. Leach. His brother, Mr. 
 Henry Sowerby, was the author of 
 " Popular Mineralogy," published 
 in 1850. 
 
 SOWERBY, Jamks de Carle 
 [1787—1871], I'ldest sou of Mr. 
 Jaiiu's Sowcrliy, E.L.S., the well- 
 ku^>\vn naUualist, received much 
 of his education through assisting 
 his father in Ixis literary and 
 
SPEDDING— SPEKE. 
 
 839 
 
 scientific labours. He was a Fellow ' 
 of the Linucean, theZoologiciii, and j 
 the Ray Societies ; and Secretary j 
 of the Royal Botanic Society, in : 
 the estiiblishment of which he 
 took an active part. He published 
 many Lists of Fossil Shells, &c., 
 in the Ti-ansactions of the Geo- \ 
 logical Society, and assisted in ' 
 writing " Mineral Conchology," i 
 published in 1841, and "The Bri- i 
 tish Mineralogy," in 1850. Mr. ; 
 Sowerby, who was a skilful prac- | 
 tical artist, engraved many plates j 
 of fossil shells and English plants, ; 
 and drew the figures for Loudon's 
 laborious work,, the " Encyclopaedia 
 of Plants," &.C. 
 
 SPEDDING, James [1810— 
 ISblJ, was a graduate of Cam- | 
 bridge, and a Fellow of Trinity I 
 Collesre. Thoucrh not a voluminous : 
 
 ^ • i 
 
 writer, his range of literature was a , 
 wide one, and he made some im- 
 portant contributions to English 
 literary history. But the real 
 work of his life was a Christmas 
 edition of Bacon's works, and the 
 history of Bacon's life and times; 
 a work to which he was first at- 
 tracted by the desire to contro- > 
 vert Macaulay's disparaging Essay. \ 
 In the earlier portion of his edition 
 of Bacon's works he had the assist- 
 ance of Ml'. E. L. Ellis; but Mr. 
 Ellis died when the edition of the 
 "Novum Organum " was incom- 
 plete. The remainder of the task 
 was carried on by Mr. Spedding 
 alone, with the occasional assist- 
 ance of Mr. D. D. Heath. What 
 the task was, and how it was ac- 
 complished, is well-known to all 
 students of Bacon. Mr. Spedding 
 not only determined the text, but 
 illustrated it from his profound 
 knowledge of the literature and 
 history of Bacon's time. He set 
 himself to write the life of his 
 favourite author in a manner never 
 before attempted. The "Life and 
 Letters " of Bacon is the only book 
 on the subject which furnishes all 
 the materials for a complete judg- 
 ment on many points of contro 
 
 versy. Every extant letter, cv*,ry 
 scrap of information, manuscript 
 or printed, is collected, and Mr. 
 Spedding leaves the life of Bacon 
 to tell its own tale, only supplying 
 the thread necessary to string the 
 collected material together. 
 • SPEKE, John Hanninq [1827— 
 18G1], a captain in the Indian 
 army, the discoverer, in conjunction 
 with Captain Grant, of the sources 
 of the Nile, was the son of William 
 Speke, Esq., of Jordans, Somerset. 
 He entered the 4Gth Regiment of 
 Bengal Native Infantry in 18-14, 
 was promoted lieutenant in 1800, 
 and captain in due course. He 
 served in the Punjaub campaign, 
 being present at the victories of 
 Ramnutrgur, SadoolaDore, Chilian- 
 wallah, and Goojerat. At the end 
 of the war, having obtained leave 
 he undertook hunting and exploi-- 
 ing expeditions over the Hima- 
 layas and the unfrequented parts 
 of Thibet. He was very fond of 
 natural history, a good botanist, 
 and a geologist, and he coUecced 
 specimens of every animal, plant, 
 and mineral to be found in thosa 
 wild regions. He subsequently, 
 with Captain Burton, of African 
 renown, explored Eastern Africa, 
 and in 1858 reached the head of 
 Lake Nvanza, which he re-named 
 Victoria Nyanza. Feeling sure 
 that the Nile had its sources in that 
 lake, he set out with Captain 
 Grant from Zanzibar in 18G0 to 
 : find the southern end of the lake, 
 and after many difficulties and 
 dangers, after more than a year's 
 travelling, succeeded in his object. 
 Having spent some time on the 
 shores of the lake, they proceeded 
 across country northwards, struck 
 ' the Nile at Urondogoni, and re- 
 . traced its course back to the great 
 lake, a distance of about forty or 
 fifty miles. The news of this dis- 
 covery reached London in 1863, 
 and was received with great enthu- 
 siasm. Though Captain Speke 
 did not entirely solve the question 
 ■ of the sources of the Nile, he did a 
 
840 
 
 SPENCE— SPEATT. 
 
 great deal to clear the way for 
 other geograj^hers, aud put them 
 on the track of finally settling the 
 problem which has troubled the 
 learned for twenty centuries. He 
 was the author of a " Journal of 
 the Discovery of the Source of the 
 Nile" (18G3), aud a work entitled 
 " What Led to the Discovery of 
 the Source of the Nile" (18Gi). 
 He was unfortunately killed by the 
 discharge of his gun while out 
 shooting, Sept. IG, 186 k 
 
 S PENCE, William, F.R.S., 
 F.L.S., &c. [1783—1860], was in 
 early life engaged in business in 
 Hull. His spare time was devoted 
 to the study of Natural history, 
 and a visit to Suffolk made him 
 acquainted with the Rev. Mr. 
 Xirby of Barham, already cele- 
 brated for his love of the same 
 pursuits. Together they produced 
 the "Introduction to Entomology," 
 1815-1826, which quickly became a 
 standard work. After the death of 
 Mr. Kirby in 1856, Mr. Si:)ence issued 
 a seventh edition in a cheaper and 
 more portable form. He also 
 contributed numerous paj)ers on 
 Natural history to the " Trans- 
 actions " of the different societies 
 to which he belonged. He was a 
 member of the Council of all these 
 institutions, and took an active 
 share in their proceedings, and 
 was President of the Entomological 
 Society, until deafness incapaci- 
 tated him for public duties. 
 
 SPOTTISWOODE, Major- 
 General Arthur Cole, entered 
 the Bengal army in 1821. In 1826 
 he distinguished himself at the 
 siege of Bhurtpore, and received 
 the personal thanks of Lord Com- 
 hermere. In 1838 he served in 
 Afghanistan, and from 1831) to 
 1853 he Avas employed in the stud 
 at Hanpur, where his management 
 was personally approved by Lord 
 Auckland. In 1856 he took tlie 
 command of the 37th Bengal Native 
 Infantry, and was with it at Benares 
 when the mutiny broke out, and 
 Lieut. -Colonel Spottiswoode took a 
 
 I distinguished part in its suppres- 
 i sion. He retired from the army 
 I in 1861, and died March 23, 187 A. 
 SPOTTISWOODE, William, 
 F.R.S., member of an old Scottish 
 family, was born in London Jan. 11, 
 1825, and entered Balliol College, 
 Oxford, in 1812, having obtained at 
 Harrow a Lyon scholarship. In 
 1815 he took a first-class in mathe- 
 matics, winning in 181'6 the junior, 
 and in 1817 the senior university 
 mathematical scholarships. On leav- 
 ing the university he entered ujjon 
 the active management of the busi- 
 ness of the Queen's printers, which 
 was resigned to him by his father. 
 Mr. Spottiswoode, however, still 
 gave lectures at Balliol, and ten 
 years later was examiner in the 
 mathematical schools. He was a 
 great linguist and an accomplished 
 Oriental scholar. His life was a 
 very busy one ; a mere list of the 
 subjects on which he wrote papers 
 and made researches would fill a 
 considerable space. Many of these 
 papers appealed only to specialists, 
 and dealt with abstruse mathe- 
 matics ; his chief researches in 
 physics were connected with the 
 I)henoniena of polarization, and his 
 M'ork in this branch of science takes 
 the highest rank. He received the 
 degree of D.C.L. from the univer- 
 sity of Oxford, was elected a cor- 
 responding member of the Paris 
 Academy of Sciences, and served 
 as President of the British Associa- 
 tion, when he delivered a remark- 
 able address on " Space of four Di- 
 mensions." Finally, in 187i), he 
 was made President of the Koyal 
 Society. He died June 27th. 188 1. 
 find is buried in Westminster 
 Abl>ey. 
 
 SPKATT, Commander James 
 [1771 — 1853 ], entered the niivv in 
 171)6, and distinguislied himself at 
 Trafalgar by swimming from the 
 Defiance to the French ship Agile, 
 wliich by the aid of rudder chains 
 he succeeded in entering, and 
 defending himself in the gun-room 
 port, until the enemy were boarded 
 
STAFFORD— STANFIELD. 
 
 811 
 
 from the Defiance. In this action 
 he was severely wounded, and as 
 a reward fur his services was pro- 
 moted to the rank of lieutenant, 
 and presented by the Patriotic 
 Society with the sum of ^OO. 
 Commander Spratt was the in- 
 ventor of a homoj^raph, or mode 
 of communication at a distance by 
 jjarticular positions of a handker- 
 chief. This contrivance formed 
 the grovmdwork of the semaphore 
 afterwards adopted throughout 
 England and France. For his 
 invention he received the Silver 
 Medal of the Society of Arts, and 
 was promoted to the rank of retired 
 commander in Julv, 183S. 
 
 STAFFORD, Augustus, M.P. 
 [ISll — lSo7], best known as Mr. 
 Stafford O'Brien, which latter patro- 
 nymic he however relinquished 
 after it had become notorious, be- 
 came member for Xorth Xorthamp- 
 tonshire in the Conservative inte- 
 rest in 1811. On the downfall of 
 Sir Robert Peel's Government in 
 18113, he joined the protectionist 
 party, and was rewarded by Lord 
 Dei"by m 1852, with the office of 
 Secretary of the Admiralty, which 
 he held from March to December 
 of that year. In 1854 during the 
 Crimean war Mr. Stafford, together 
 witii other benevolent persons, went 
 out to Scutari, where he remained 
 for a considerable time working 
 with energy and devotion to alle- 
 viate the sufferings of ovu- soldiers 
 there. He died at Dublin, aged 46. 
 
 STAMFORD, George Harkt, 
 Seventh Eakl of, and Third Earl 
 OF Warrington [1827 — 1883], was 
 the only son of George Harry, Lord 
 Grey of Groby. He was educated 
 at Eton and at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, and succeeded to the 
 title on the death of his grand- 
 father in 1845. He turned his 
 attention mainly to field sports, 
 and was, for many years, one of 
 the most prominent owners of race 
 horses in the country. In 1861 he 
 won the Two Thousand Guineas, 
 and though never successful in the 
 
 Derby or St. Leger, he more than 
 once carried oft" second honours. 
 Asa follower of the chase he had 
 few equals. In 1856 he assumed 
 the mastership of the Quorn hounds, 
 in succession to Sir Richard Sutton 
 (q. v.), and retained the mastership, 
 and hunted the entire northern 
 portion of Leicestershire at his own 
 expense for seven years. *He was 
 also a great game preserver, and 
 the shooting at Bradgate was 
 famous. He was a deputy-lieu- 
 tenant for the county of Stafford, 
 and formerly held a captain's com- 
 mission in the Cheshire Yeomanry. 
 STANFIELD, William Clark- 
 son, R.A., the son of Irish parents, 
 was born at Sunderland in 1703, 
 and began life as a sailor. Among 
 his companions was Douglas Jer- 
 rold, who got up theatricals, for 
 which Stanfield made the scenes, 
 an amusement which fostered so 
 strong a love of art that when tem- 
 porarily disabled by an accident he 
 resolved to give up the sea and 
 adopt art as a profession. About 
 1818 he had his fii'st employment 
 at the sailors' theatre, in Wellclose 
 Square, and was afterwards en- 
 gaged at the Coboui-g Theatre, and 
 at Drury Lane. In 1823 he first 
 exhibited at the British Institution 
 and at the newly-founded British 
 Artists', of which society he became 
 a member in the following year. 
 In 1827 he first exhiVjited in the 
 Academy, and about two years 
 later gave up scene-painting and 
 travelled on the Continent. On his 
 return he exhibited several foreign 
 subjects, and having resigned his 
 membership of the British Artists, 
 he, in 1832, became an associate of 
 the Royal Academy, and in 1835 
 was promoted Academician. In 
 1836 he exhibited his "Battle of 
 Trafalgar," and from that time 
 until his death (May 18th, 1867.) 
 his name was only once absent 
 from the Academy catalogue. He 
 exhibited 178 works. During his 
 lifetime Stanfield enjoyed a very 
 high reputation. His " Battle cf 
 
812 
 
 STANHOPE. 
 
 Trafalgar," " Zuyder Zee," " Como," , 
 and " Guidecca, Venice/' are in the \ 
 National Grallery : " Near Cologne," I 
 " Boat on the Scheldt/' and " Sands ' 
 near Boulogne/' in the Sonth Ken- i 
 sington Galleries. There is a list i 
 ot' his principal woj-ks in the Na- 
 tional Gallery catalogue, and in 
 Ottley's Painters and Engravers. 
 The A(?ademy Old Masters' Exhi- 
 bition of 1S70 included a large 
 number of his paintings. 
 
 STANHOPE, Lady Hester Lttct 
 [1776—1839], was the eldest child 
 of Charles, third earl Stanhope, 
 and niece of William Pitt. She 
 lived for some years with her uncle, 
 to whom she acted as secretary, 
 and who procured for her in 1806 
 a pension of ,£1,200. After his 
 death she spent some time in 
 travelling about in Europe, and 
 having lived for some years in 
 Constantinople, she embarked for 
 Syria, carrying with her nearly all 
 her property and a large amount 
 in jewels, &c. The ship was wrecked 
 off the island of Rhodes and all her 
 treasures were lost, but nothing 
 daunted she returned to England, 
 sold the rest of her property, and 
 re-embarked for the East, arriving 
 at Laticina, the ancient Laodicea, 
 about 1810. She I'emained there 
 for some little time studying the 
 language and manners of the people, 
 and then began her excursions 
 throughout Syria. The Arabs, 
 struck by her powers and display 
 of wealth, treated her as a queen. 
 In 1813 she established herself at 
 the deserted convent of Mar Elias, 
 eight miles from Sidon. Here, 
 wearing the dress of an emir, 
 weapons and all, she ruled her 
 Albanian guards and servants with 
 absolute authority. The convent 
 was soon turned into a fortress, 
 and became the refuge for all the 
 persecuted and distressed who 
 Eouglit her assistance. So groat 
 was her inliueuce that Ibrahim 
 Pasha, when about to invade Syria 
 in 1832, was constrained to solicit 
 her neutrality. After the siege of 
 
 Acre in the same year, she is said 
 to have sheltered several hundred 
 refugees. She practised astrology 
 and other secret arts, and promul- 
 gated some peculiar religious senti- 
 ments. That her mind was diseased 
 is clear from the fact that she kejst 
 in a magnificent stable two mares, 
 on which she fancied she was to 
 ride into Jerusalem with the Mes- 
 siah at his next coming. During 
 the latter years of her life she was 
 constantly harassed hj debts, and 
 she died with no European near 
 her, and surrounded by a crowd 
 of native servants, who plundered 
 the house almost before life had 
 left the! body. [The best account 
 of Lady Hester in the East is given 
 in a famous chapter of Mr. King- 
 lake's " Eothen."] 
 
 STANHOPE, Fifth Earl, Right 
 Hon. Philip Henry, D.C.L., 
 F.R.S., F.S.A. [1805— 1875J, his- 
 torian and essayist, son of the 
 fourth earl, and grandson of the 
 inventor of the Stanhope printing- 
 press, was born at Walmer. Lord 
 Mahon, the title under which he 
 was formerly known as an author, 
 was educated at Christ Church, 
 Oxford, where he took the iisual 
 degrees ; was I'eturned to the House 
 of Commons in 1830 for Wootton 
 Bassett, and after the passing of 
 the Reform Bill became meml»er 
 for the borough of Hertford ; but 
 having piu-sued a somewhat waver- 
 ing course, voted with the Pro- 
 tectionists against the cliange in 
 the Navigation Laws, and lost his 
 seat at the general election of 1852. 
 In the first Peel Ministry in 183 I, 
 Lord Mahon was Under-Secretary 
 of State for Foreign Affairs, tlien 
 presided over by the Duke of Wel- 
 lington, and during the hist year 
 of the second Peel Ministry he heUl 
 the oflice of Secretary to the Board 
 of Control, and supported the repeal 
 of the corn-laws. His lordship 
 wrote '* A Life of Belisarius," " A 
 History of the War of the Succes- 
 sion in Spain," which est^ililislied 
 liis position as a historian; "A 
 
STANLEY. 
 
 813 
 
 History of EngLmd from the Peace 
 of Utrecht, 1713-8:3," his chief 
 work, published in 1837-52 ; " The 
 Court of Spain under Charles II.," 
 in IS It ; " Life of the Great Conde," 
 in 18 15; " HistoricJil Essays," in 
 IS 18; "Narrative of the Insurrec- 
 tion, 1715 ;" and " War of the Suc- 
 cession in Spain," in 1850; "His- 
 tory of tlie Kise of our Indian 
 Empire," in 1858 ; and several 
 articles in the Quarterly Review. 
 He edited the " Letters of the great 
 Earl of Chesterfield," in 1845, and 
 was one of tlie editors of the papers 
 left by Sir Robert Peel. He was 
 also the author of the " Life and 
 Correspondence of William Pitt," 
 for which he was able to obtain much 
 valuable information j^rivately, on 
 account of his relationship to Pitt's 
 niece. Lady Hester Stanhope. In 
 18G3 he edited his various contri- 
 butions to literatui-e in a collected 
 form entitled " Miscellanies." In 
 181G he Avas elected President of 
 the Society of Antiquaries, and on 
 the death of his father, March 2, 
 1855, succeeded as fifth Earl. He 
 was elected Lord Rector of the 
 University of Aberdeen in 1858, 
 and he founded a prize for the 
 study of Modern History at Oxford. 
 Lord Stanhope was chairman of the 
 National Portrait Gallery, which 
 was established in 1857, in con- 
 sequence of his ui-gent recommen- 
 dation, and was Honorary Anti- 
 quary to the Eoyal Academy. 
 He was also mainly instrumental 
 in procuring the aj^pointment of 
 the Historical Manuscripts Com- 
 mission. His lordship was elected 
 one of the six foreign meiubers of 
 the Academy of Moral and Political 
 Sciences at Paris in the place of 
 Mr. Grote, May 11, 1872. He died 
 at Merivale House, Bournemouth, 
 Dec. 22, 1S75. 
 
 STANLEY, Eight Eev. Edward, 
 DD., F.E.S. [1779—1849], Bishop 
 of Norwich, was the younger son 
 of Sir John Thomas Stanley, of 
 Alderley, Cheshire. He was edu- 
 cated at St. John's College, Cam- 
 
 bridge. In 1805 he was presented 
 by his father to the rectory of 
 Alderley, and elevated to tl:e 
 bislioi»ric of Norwich in 1837. As 
 an author he is cliiefiy known )\v 
 "The Familiar History of Birds," 
 1835 ; ornithology being one of his 
 favourite pursuits. While rector 
 of Alderley he frequently gave 
 lectures on various branches of 
 natural history, and was president 
 of the Linnajan Society, &c. 
 
 STANLEY, Arthur Penrhin, 
 Dean of Westminster, son of the 
 l^receding, was born in 1815. In 
 1829, when Arnold was head master, 
 young Stanley was sent to Eugby 
 school, and remained there till 
 1S31, when he won a scholarship to 
 Balliol. His career at Oxford was a 
 series of triumphs ; in 1837 he was 
 elected Ireland scholar, and in the 
 same year was placed in the first- 
 class in classics, and won the New- 
 digate prize. Two years later he, 
 already a Fellow of University, 
 won the Chancellor s prize for a 
 Latin essay, and in the next year 
 he gained the English essay prize. 
 In 1845 he was appointed select 
 preacher to the University, and 
 soon afterwards published " Ser- 
 mons and Essays on the Apostolical 
 Ages," followed in 1S50 by "Canter- 
 bury Sermons.''' In this year ho 
 became a canon of Canterbury, and 
 during his tenure of the stall wrote 
 his fascinating "Memorials of Can- 
 terbury." In 1853 he was appointed 
 to the chair of ecclesiastical history 
 at Oxford, he having proved his 
 fitness for the post by the publi- 
 cation of his " Sinai and Pales- 
 tine." In 1862 Dr. Stanley ac- 
 companied the Prince of Wales in 
 his Eastern tour, and in the fol- 
 lowing year he succeeded Dr. Trench 
 as Dean of Westminster. In that 
 position ho very soon made himself 
 felt in London, and in the Church of 
 England generally. Canon Words- 
 worth had publicly protested against 
 his nomination, on the ground of 
 the supposed heterodoxy of his 
 opinions ; but though the narrower 
 
8U 
 
 STANLEY— STAPLETON. 
 
 kind of churchmen continued to 
 distrust^ him, Dean Stanley ob- 
 tained an extraordinary hold ujwn | 
 the laity, ajid even on some of the 
 clergy. His " Lectures on the 
 Jewish Church/^ a recast in 3 vols, 
 of his Oxford lectures, had a great 
 and enduring success ; his sermons, 
 masterpieces of ingenuity and elo- 
 quence, were the delight of enor- 
 mous crowds. He conceived a deej) 
 attachment for the Abbey itself; 
 and the publication of his " Memo- 
 rials" awoke a general interest in 
 the history of the building. He 
 W'as, moreover, prominent on many 
 public occasions, and was a fre- 
 quent speaker in the debates of 
 Convocation, where his voice was 
 always raised against intolerance. 
 Soon after his appointment to the 
 Deanery, he married Lady Augusta ' 
 Bruce, sister to Lord Elgin. In j 
 1872 Dean Stanley was a second 
 time appointed select preacher to 
 the University of Oxford, but not 
 without the most vehement opposi- 
 tion. He went out to Moscow to 
 perform the Anglican ceremony at 
 the marriage of the Duke of Edin- 
 burgh. He died July 18th, 1881. 
 
 STANLEY, Lady Augusta Fre- 
 DERicA [1822 — 1876], was the se- 
 cond daughter of Thomas, eleventh 
 Earl of Elgin. From 181G until 
 18G1 she was attached to the 
 household of the Duchess of Kent, 
 and at her death Lady Augusta 
 was aj^pointed a Woman of the 
 Bedchamber to the Queen, and 
 constantly resided with Her Ma- 
 jesty till 18G3, when she married 
 the Very Rev. Arthur Penrhyn 
 Stanley, D.D., Dean of Westmin- 
 ster. After her death, the West- 
 minster Training School for Nurses 
 was established as a memorial of 
 her ; a worthy testimony to her 
 nobility of character, her active 
 benevolence, and the strong perso- 
 nal charm which endeared her to 
 all with whom she came in con- 
 tact. 
 
 STANLEY, Mary [1811—1870], 
 was the daugliter of Bishoj) Stanh'y 
 
 of Norwich, and eldest sister of the 
 Dean of Westminster. In 1851 the 
 second detachment of nurses for the 
 Crimea was confided to her charge. 
 She took them to Constantinople, 
 and though originally intending 
 to have returned immediately she 
 remained four months, and assisted 
 in establishing the naval hospital 
 at Therapia, and the military hos- 
 pital at Koulalee. After her 
 settlement in London, Miss Stanley 
 occupied herself in organising 
 numerous charitable institutions 
 in Westminster, to which she gave 
 almost daily attention. Besides a 
 small tract on " Flower Missions " 
 in which she originated the sugges- 
 tion of furnishing flowers for the 
 sick and poor in London, she also 
 wrote a short and simple tale en- 
 titled "True to Life." In 185G 
 she joined the Church of Rome, 
 but always retained a keen interest 
 in the church of her father and 
 brother, and a wide sympathy with 
 acts of justice and generosity in 
 whatever communion. 
 
 STANLEY OF ALDEELEY 
 (Baron) The Eight Hon. Edward 
 John Stanley [1802— 18G9], eldest 
 son of the first baron, graduated 
 B.A. at Christ Church, Oxford, in 
 1823, and was a magistrate and 
 deputy-lieutenant for Cheshire. He 
 represented Hindon, in the Liberal 
 interest, from 1830 till 1832, and 
 North Cheshire from 1832 till 1818, 
 when he was called to the Upper 
 House as Lord Eddisbury, and suc- 
 ceeded to his father's title, Oct. 23, 
 1850. He was Joint Secretary of 
 the Treasury from 1835 till 18 U, 
 President of the Board of Trade 
 from 1853 till 1858 ; was Umler- 
 Secretary for Foreign Attairs 
 and the Home Department ; wa.s 
 appointed Postmastor-Oeneral iu 
 Sept., 18G0 ; and resigned with tlie 
 Eussell ministry in 18GG. The 
 family is descended from a common 
 ancestor with the earls of Derbv. 
 
 STAPLETON, Thomas, F.K.S., 
 F.S.A. [1805—1819], was the second 
 son of Thomas Stapleton, Esq., of 
 
STARKIE— STEBBING. 
 
 843 
 
 Carlton Hall, Yorkshire. He was 
 one of the founders of the Camden 
 Society, and nndei'took one of its 
 earliest works, "The Plumpton 
 Corresi)ondence, 1839." He after- 
 wards edited for the same society, 
 in 18 IG, the "Chronicle of London," 
 extending from 1178 to 127-1, enti- 
 tled the "Liber de Antiquis Legi- 
 bus." He also edited the Latin 
 chronicle of the Church of Peter- 
 borough, In Jan., 1839, Mr. Sta- 
 pleton was elected a Fellow of the 
 Society of Antiquaries, and on the 
 retirement of Mr. Hudson Gurney 
 in 181-G, he was appointed one of 
 its vice-presidents. In his peculiar 
 field of genealogical research he 
 was indefatigable, though the pe- 
 riod of history to which he chiefly 
 devoted himself was too remote to 
 make his productions popular. His 
 most valuable work on the early 
 genealogies of the Anglo-Norman 
 nobility was printed at the expense 
 of the Society of Antiquaries, under 
 the title of " Magni Rotuli Scaccarii 
 Normanniae sub Eegibus Angliae." 
 He also contributed many other 
 valuable treatises to the Society. 
 
 STARKIE, Thomas, M.A., Q.C. 
 [1779 — 1849], was the eldest son of 
 the Rev. Thomas Starkie, Fellow of 
 St. John's College, Cambridge, and 
 Vicar of Blackbui-n, Lancashire. 
 He was educated at Cambridge, 
 from whence he graduated in 1803 
 as senior wrangler, and first Smith's 
 prizeman. He subsequently be- 
 came Fellow and Tutor of Cathe- 
 rine Hall, and in 1810 was called 
 to the Bar of Lincoln's Inn, aud 
 practised as a special pleader, and 
 in the common law courts. Previous 
 to obtaining the rank of Q.C. in 
 the higher courts, he was K.C. at 
 Lancaster. For some time Mr. 
 Starkie was lecturer on common 
 law and equity to the Society of the 
 Inner Temple, and was also one of 
 the Commissioners for inquiring into 
 the practice and proceedings of the 
 Courts of Common Law. In 1823 
 he became Professor of Laws, and 
 University Counsel in 1825. At 
 
 the time of his death Mr. Starkie 
 was judge of the Clerkenwell Small 
 Debts Court. He was an eminent 
 writer on legal subjects, and his 
 work "On Evidence," became a 
 text-book on that diflicult subject. 
 
 STAUNTON, Howard [1810— 
 1871], after completing his educa- 
 tion at Oxford, settled in London, 
 and devoted himself to literary 
 pursuits. It was not until a subse- 
 quent iJeriod that he acquired a 
 knowledge of chess, to which he 
 applied himself so assiduously that, 
 in 1813, when M. St. Amand was 
 proclaimed the champion of Europe, 
 he was solicited to contest that 
 gentleman's title. Mr. Staunton 
 accordingly challenged M. St. 
 Amand, and proceeded to Paris, 
 where he won the great match that 
 had been arranged between them, 
 Mr. Staunton continued to maintain 
 the position of one of the ablest 
 authorities on chess in Europe, and 
 was the author of numerous works 
 upon the royal game, among 
 which may be mentioned " The 
 Chess-Players' Handbook," 1817 ; 
 "Chess Praxis/' "The Chess Tour- 
 nament," &c. He also for many 
 years edited the chess column in 
 the Illustrated London News. His 
 report of the London Chess Tour- 
 nament of 1851 was translated into 
 German. For many years of his 
 life he devoted his chief study to 
 the English di-amatists of the 
 Elizabethan age, and was very inti- 
 mately acquainted with Shake- 
 speare, Ben Jonson, and Beaumont 
 and Fletcher. He was employed 
 between 1857 and ISGO on the 
 important edition of Shakespeare 
 published by Messrs. Routledge. 
 His "Memorials of Shakespeare," 
 and numerous articles in the 
 AthencBum kept up his authority in 
 this branch of English scholarshij). 
 He was also the author of " The 
 Great Schools of England," the 
 second edition of which appeared in 
 18G9. 
 
 STEBBING, Rev. Hexey, D.D., 
 F.R.S. [1799—1883], was born at 
 
8i6 
 
 STEEL— STEPHEN". 
 
 Great Yarmouth, of a family long 
 connected with the eastern counties. 
 He was educated at St. John's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he gra- 
 duated in"' 1823. After occupying 
 the post of second master, under 
 Dr. Valpy, at Norwich Grammar 
 School, he became Vicar of Hugh- 
 enden. In 1829 he was aj)pointed 
 minister of St. James's, Hampstead 
 Road, where he laboured with very 
 small pecuniary reward until 1857, 
 when Bishop Tait collated him to 
 the rectory of St. Mary, Somerset, 
 with St. Mary Mounthaw, in the 
 City of London. As a clergyman 
 he was always a moderate church- 
 man, inclining to the evangelical 
 party. As a poet he won very early 
 recognition. His first poem, "The 
 Wanderers," was published in 1816 ; 
 his latest poems, "Jesus," with a 
 reprint of " The Guardian Angel," 
 and " The Long Railway Journey," 
 appeared in 1831. His historical 
 publications comjDrise the histories 
 of the Church and Reformation in 
 " Lardner's Cyclopaedia,'" a con- 
 tinuation of Milner's "Church His- 
 tory," a " History of the»Universal 
 Church," and " The History of 
 Chivalry and the Crusades," which 
 won high praise from Christopher 
 North. His " Lives of the Italian 
 Poets," gained him the friendship 
 of Samuel Rogers. When Mr. Silk 
 Backingham founded the Athenceum 
 in 1828, Dr. Stebbing was its first 
 editor, and he Avrote its first article. 
 He continued to conduct it until it 
 became the property of Mr. Ster- 
 ling. He was a Fellow of the 
 Royal Society, and a member of 
 v.irious other learned bodies. 
 
 STEEL, Sill SCUDAMORE WiNDE, 
 
 K.C.B. [1789—1805], was a major- 
 general in tlie East India Company's 
 service, and colonel of the 1st Euro- 
 pean Fusiliers. He waj formerly 
 in the Madras Native lufantry, and 
 servt'd with distinction in India 
 and Bnrmah. He planned the cam- 
 l)aign for the reduction of the prin- 
 cipality of Coorg, and took part in 
 the oiKU-ations of 1S31. lie was 
 
 military secretary to the Govern- 
 ment at Madras between 1835 and 
 1815, and appointed to the com- 
 mand of the forces in Burmah in 1854;. 
 
 STENHOUSE, John, LL.D., 
 F.R.S. [1809—1880], born at 
 Glasgow, was educated at Glas- 
 gow Grammar School, the Uni- 
 versity of Glasgow, Anderson's 
 College, and the University of 
 Giessen, and studied chemistry un- 
 der Prof. Graham, Dr. Thomas 
 Thompson, and Baron Liebig. He 
 was appointed Lecturer on Che- 
 misti-y at the Medical School of St. 
 Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 
 in 1851 ; resigned the appointment 
 in 1857, owing to a severe attack of 
 paralysis ; succeeded Dr. Hoffmann 
 as non-resident assayer to the Royal 
 Mint in 1865, and was deprived of 
 this api^ointment by the abolition 
 of the office by Mr. Lowe, in 1870. 
 Mr. Stenhouse was the author of 
 nearly a hundred papers on chemi- 
 cal subjects ; and pamphlets " On 
 the AiDplications of Charcoal to 
 Sanitary Purposes," 1855 ; " On the 
 Successful Application of Charcoal 
 Air-Filters to the Ventilation of 
 Sewers," 1801. On Nov. 30, 1871, 
 a royal medal of the Royal Society 
 Avas awarded to him for long-con- 
 tinued chemical researches, Avhich 
 have proved of great value in the 
 arts and manufactures. 
 
 STEPHEN, Sir George, Q.C. 
 [1791 — 1879], was the youngest son 
 of the late James Stephen, Esq., 
 M.P., Master in Chancery, and bro- 
 ther of the Right Hon. Sir James 
 Stephen. His early days were 
 spent in the medic:il schools, with a 
 view to the army, but the l)attle of 
 Leipsic sent home some 500 young 
 English surgeons, as it announced 
 approaching peace, and liis destina- 
 tion was changed to Caniitridge, 
 wliere he Avas entered at Magdalen 
 College. During a stay of two 
 years at the University he carried 
 (ill several ])ri/,e.s and scholarships, 
 b»it at the end of his seventh term 
 his father transferred him to tlio 
 oilice of the Bank solicitors, Messrs. 
 
STEPHEN— STEPHENS. 
 
 847 
 
 Kaye and Freshfield. After being 
 admitted an attorney, he practised 
 in the City for many years. For a 
 lonof time he was one of the leadinj:^ 
 advocates for the al)()lition of 
 shivery, a cause which his father 
 had also taken up. The Govern- 
 ment of the day aj^pointed him their 
 acrent to collect evidence as to the 
 conduct of Queen Caroline in her 
 last six months on the Continent. 
 Durintj the Mauritius inquiry into 
 the conduct of Sir Robert Fai-quhar 
 he examined above 300 witnesses, 
 and agitated England to such an 
 extent that 300,000 signatures to 
 an anti-slavery petition by ladies 
 alone were obtained in the course of 
 a single week. About this period 
 he had become so familiar with the 
 deficiencies of the police that he 
 succeeded in getting the force reor- 
 ganised, and the system of paro- 
 chial relief reformed. In the 
 course of eighteen years of gratuit- 
 ous service as Pauper Solicitor, he 
 had the satisfaction of discharging 
 out of prison more than 100 pauper 
 prisoners, who had been committed 
 for contempt of the Court of Chan- 
 cery. For these and other minor 
 services the Queen knighted him at 
 her first levee. In 1849 he was 
 called to the bar at Gray's Inn, 
 and invited to settle at Liverpool, 
 where he remained five years, and 
 met with great success ; but in 
 1852 two of his sons went to Aus- 
 tralia, and Sir George and the 
 remainder of his family followed 
 in 1855. He published anony- 
 mously, in 1839, a work called 
 "Adventures of an Attorney in 
 Search of Practice," and was also 
 author of " The Jesuit at Cam- 
 bridge" (1839) ; ''Adventures of a 
 Gentleman in Search of a Horse," 
 &c. 
 
 STEPHEN, Eight Hon. Sib 
 James, K.C.B., Professor of Modern 
 History at the University of Cam- 
 bridtje, and sometime Under- Secre- 
 tary of State for the Colonies, was 
 born about 1790, and was the son 
 of Mr. James Stephen^ Master of 
 
 Chancery. He was educated at 
 Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he 
 took his B.A. degree in 1812, and 
 having chosen the profi'ssion of law, 
 was called to tlie Bar. He prac- 
 tised till 1823 as a Chancery barris- 
 ter, })eing at the same time en- 
 gaged as counsel to the Colonial 
 deiJartment, an office he held for 
 ten years, and was counsel to the 
 Board of Trade. During the Whig 
 Government which succeeded the 
 Reform Bill, he became Assistant- 
 Under-Secretai'y for the Colonies, 
 and later. Permanent Under-Secre- 
 tary, spending altogether fourteen 
 years in those two offices. His ac- 
 tivity, energy, and administrative 
 ability in that office earned for him 
 the title of "King Stephen." On 
 his retirement from the Colonial 
 Office in 1817 he was made a K.C.B. 
 for his public services. For some 
 years before his retirement he wrote 
 for the Edinburgh Review on sub- 
 jects relating to the history of the 
 Church, and the development of re- 
 ligious opinions, and these admi- 
 rable articles were published later 
 in volume form,iinder the title " Es- 
 says in Ecclesiastical Biograj^hy " 
 (1819). In the same year he was 
 chosen to succeed Professor Smyth, 
 as Regius Professor of Modern His- 
 tory in Cambridge, and in two years 
 later piiblished in 2 vols, his "Lec- 
 tures on the History of France.'* 
 He was the father of Mr. Justice 
 Fitzjames Stephen and of Mr. Les- 
 lie Stephen. 
 
 STEPHENS, Cathekine [1791— 
 1882], singer, was born in London 
 and studied under Lanza. At 
 eighteen she first appeared in 
 opera, at the Pantheon, and next 
 year at Co vent Garden in Arne's 
 " Artaxerxes." Here she made a 
 success, and added to her popula- 
 rity shortly afterwards by excel- 
 lent performances in " The Beg- 
 gars' Opera," " Love in a Village," 
 and "The Duenna." After this 
 she was engaged for some import- 
 ant concerts and pi-ovincial festi- 
 vals. In 1822 she left Coveut 
 
8i8 
 
 STEPHENS— STEPHENSON. 
 
 Garden for Drury Lane, havin^r 
 quarrelled with the management 
 of the former house. Her career 
 was eminently successful if not 
 brilliant, and this in spite of some 
 serious faults in her style of sing- 
 ing. In 1835 she retired, and four 
 years later married the Earl of 
 Essex. She was, however, shortly 
 afterwards left a widow, and sur- 
 vived her husband forty-three 
 years, dying at the extreme old 
 age of eighty-eight. 
 
 STEPHENS, Edward Bowring, 
 A.R.A., sculptor, boi^n at Exeter, 
 studied under Mr. E. H. Baily, and 
 in 181-3 gained the gold medal 
 of the Eoyal Academy for an 
 alto-relievo of "The Battle of the 
 Centaurs and Lapithae." He si)ent 
 three years at Rome, and produced, 
 amongst other works, two groups — 
 ''Satan Tempting Eve," and "Sa- 
 tan Vanquished," both in the 
 Great Exhibition of 1851 ; " Eve 
 Contemplating Death," in 1853 ; 
 " Group of Euphrosyne and Cuj)id," 
 in 185G ; " The Angel of the Resur- 
 rection," inlSGl ; and a colossal por- 
 trait statue of Sir Thomas Dyke Ac- 
 land, in 18G2. He died Nov. 10, 1882. 
 
 STEPHENSON, George, rail- 
 way engineer [1781 — 1818], was 
 Ijorn at Wylam, Northumberland. 
 For several years he was employed 
 at various collieries as fireman, and 
 afterwards as plugman, and gradu- 
 ally acquired so complete a know- 
 ledge of the engine as to be able to 
 take it apart and make ordinai-y 
 repairs. At the age of eighteen he 
 could not read, but within two 
 years, by attending night-schools, 
 he was able to read and write 
 with tolerable facility, and knew 
 something of aritlnnctic. About 
 1S05 he was desirous of emigrating 
 to the United States, but could not 
 raise the money for his passage, 
 lie continued to work in ditlert'nt 
 collieries, and in his leisure hours 
 devoted himself to tlie study of 
 mechanics and engineering. His 
 skill in repairing engines, and his 
 iuiprovcuieuts up(ni old muchinory. 
 
 led to his appointment as engine- 
 wright at Killingworth in 1812, at 
 a salary of £100 a year. Two years 
 later he completed his first locomo- 
 tive engine, which worked success- 
 fully on the Killingworth railway, 
 and proved the best yet constructed. 
 While engaged in plans for an im- 
 proved engine, his attention was 
 attracted to the increase in the 
 draught of the furnace obtained by 
 turning the waste steam up the 
 chimney. This was the origin of 
 steam -blast, an improvement em- 
 bodied in Stephenson's next engine 
 completed in 1815. He then turned 
 his mind to the improvement of 
 railways ; for such as were then in 
 existence were mere light tram- 
 ways, leading to and from the mines. 
 For the purpose of preventing jerks, 
 at the junction of the rails, he took 
 out, in 181G, a patent for an improved 
 rail and chair, and recommended 
 the employment of heavier rails. 
 He undertook the construction of a 
 railway eight miles in length for 
 the o^vners of the Hetton colliery, 
 which was successfully opened on 
 Nov. 18, 1822, the level parts being 
 traversed by five of Stephenson's 
 locomotives. In 1823 he was ap- 
 pointed engineer of the proposed 
 line between Stockton, and Dir- 
 lington. The intention was to em- 
 ploy stationary engines for the 
 steep gradients, with liorse-power 
 on the level portion ; butat Stephen- 
 son's urgent request the Act was 
 amended so as to permit the use of 
 locomotives on all parts of the road, 
 whicli Avas opened Sept. 27, 1S25. 
 In 1821, in connection with Edward 
 Pease, he opened an establishment 
 for the manufacture of locomotives 
 at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In 1S25 
 he was appointed principal engineer 
 of the Liverpool and INIanehester 
 line, made the preliminary surveys, 
 and in June, IS2G, began tlu> con- 
 struction of the road, which on\- 
 ployed him during the next four 
 years. While the road was Iniild- 
 ing, the most eminent (Migineers 
 porsisted in declaring locomotives 
 
STEPHENSON— STEVENS. 
 
 849 
 
 unsafe and incapable of attaininj^ 
 high speed. At len<jth Stephenson 
 prevailed upon the directors to 
 offer a prize of .£500 for the most 
 effective locomotive engine for the 
 purposes of the road j and at a trials 
 which took place near Liverpool, 
 Oct. 6, 1820, his eng'ine, the Rocket, 
 was adjudged to be the best of the 
 four entered. At the oi^ening of 
 the road on Sept. 15, 1830, eight 
 locomotives, constructed at the 
 Stephenson works, were employed, 
 and the Kocket attained the then 
 unprecedented speed of thirty-six 
 miles an hour. For the next fifteen 
 years Stephenson was almost in- 
 cessantly employed on new roads, 
 and was called three times to Bel- 
 gium, and once to Spain, as consult- 
 ing engineer. In addition to the im- 
 proved steam-engine, he invented, 
 in 1815, a safety-lamp, which is 
 still in use in the Killingworth col- 
 lieries. Sir Humphry Davy^s in- 
 vention was nearly simultaneous, 
 and to him the mining proprietors 
 presented a service of plate worth 
 .£2,000, at the same time awarding 
 ,£100 to Stephenson. This led to a 
 protracted discussion as to the 
 priority of the invention, and in 
 1817 Stephenson's friends presented 
 him with £1,000. He declined the 
 honour of knighthood. 
 
 STEPHENSON, Egbert [1803— 
 1859 j, son of the above, was born 
 at Willington, near Newcastle. He 
 was sent to a school at New- 
 castle, and completed his education 
 at the University of Edinburgh. 
 In 1821 he accepted an engage- 
 ment as engineer in South America. 
 On his return to England, in 1827, 
 he was employed in the construc- 
 tion of the Liverpool and Manches- 
 ter railway, and later he super- 
 intended the London and Birming- 
 ham road, which was completed 
 under his direction in 1838. For 
 many years he was almost exclu- 
 sively occupied with similar under- 
 takings at home and abroad. iVmoug 
 his most remarkable works are the 
 high-level bridge over the Tyne at 
 
 Newcastle, the viaduct over the 
 Tweed valley at Berwick, the Con- 
 way bridge, and the Britannia 
 tubular bridge across the Menai 
 Straits. He was also employed on 
 railways in Belgium, Sweden, Nor- 
 way, Italy, and France, and visited 
 Egypt several times to superin- 
 tend the construction of a road be- 
 tween Alexandria and Cairo. He 
 designed an immense bridge across 
 the Nile at Kafr Azzayat, and his 
 bridge which crosses the St. Law- 
 rence near Montreal was opened in 
 1860. From 1817 till his death he 
 represented the borough of Whitby. 
 He was a member of several scien- 
 tific bodies, and from 1835 to 1855 
 was president of the Institute of 
 C i vil Engineers. He was the author 
 of " A Description of the Locomo- 
 tive Steam-Engine," ''Report on 
 the Atmospheric Railway System," 
 and "The G-reat Exhibition, its 
 Palace and Contents." 
 
 STEVENS, Alfred [1817—1875], 
 sculptor and decorative artist, was 
 born at Blandford in Dorsetshire, 
 and having as a child shown great 
 taste for painting, by the advice 
 and aid of his friends he was sent 
 to Italy at the age of sixteen to 
 study the works of the old mas- 
 ters in Florence and Rome. He 
 remained there for several years, 
 studying for some time under Thor- 
 waldsen at Rome, and accomplish- 
 ing several meritorious works in 
 sculpture, metal, and painting. He 
 returned to England in 1813, settled 
 in London, and was engaged in 
 decorative works for architects and 
 others, his finest work at that time 
 being the decoration of Dorchester 
 House, Pcirk Lane, where the carv- 
 ing in marble and wood, painting 
 of the panels and ceiling, and the 
 ornamental metal work, bear wit- 
 ness to his great talents. The life- 
 sized marble figures in Dorchester 
 House are especially vigorous and 
 beautiful. He also at this time 
 assisted Professor Cockerell in many 
 of his architectural undertakings. 
 He removed to Sheffield in 1850, 
 
 3 I 
 
850 
 
 STEVEJNS— STEWART. 
 
 and thi'ough his influence gave a 
 fresh impetus to the study of art 
 there, so that the Sheffield School 
 of Art took the highest place among 
 all the art schools of the kingdom. 
 Among his pupils were William Ellis 
 and Henry Hoyles, of Sheffield, 
 Robert Eaton, James Gamble, Hugh 
 Stannus, Godfrey Sykes, of the 
 South Kensington Museum, &c. In 
 18o7, he received from Government 
 the comuiission for the greatest work 
 of his life, the noVjle Monument to the 
 Duke of Wellington in St. Paul's Ca- 
 thedral. Parliament voted iil4,000 
 for the work, which sum was, how- 
 ever, very inadequate, and he spent 
 much of his pi-ivate means upon 
 it. He sufid'ed much disappoint- 
 ment and anxiety during the pro- 
 gress of tiie work, and left it un- 
 finished at his death, but it was 
 completed by other hands from his 
 own models and designs. He also 
 executed the mosaic " Isaiah " in 
 the arch of the dome of St. Paul's. 
 He died in London of heart disease 
 and bronchitis. 
 
 STEVENS, Richard John 
 Samuel [1757 — 1837], a chorister 
 of St. Paul's under Richard Savage. 
 He held the appointments of organ- 
 ist to The Temple and the Charter- 
 house, and in 1801 was appointed 
 Gresham Professor of Music. His 
 glee-writing has, however, made 
 him better known than his organ- 
 playing or lecturing. "Ye spotted 
 snakes," "Crabbed age and vouth," 
 " Sigh no more, ladies," are always 
 welcome ; and " The cloud-cap't 
 towers " is a really iine and massive 
 composition. 
 
 STEVENSON, Robert [1770— 
 1850], an eminent engineer, born 
 in Ghisgow, was the mm of a mer- 
 chant who died in the West Indies. 
 Educated at Edinburgh, he was 
 first designed fur the ministry, but 
 his motlier marrying a second time 
 he became associated with his step- 
 father, Thomas Smith, originally a 
 tinsmith, but who latci* Ix'came an 
 engineer, devoting himself chiefly 
 to the construction and improve- 
 
 ment of lighthouses. At the age 
 ■of nineteen he was intrusted by 
 Mr. Smith with the erection of a 
 lighthouse on the island of Little 
 Cumbrae, and acquitted himself so 
 well in the business that his step- 
 father took him into partnership. 
 In 1797 he made his first toiu* of 
 inspection as superintendent of 
 liofhthouses. This office he retiiined 
 until 18 13, and during that time he 
 constructed twenty-three light- 
 houses in situations that tasked 
 the utmost scientific knowledge and 
 skill. Mr. Stevenson was the sole 
 designer and constructor of the 
 celebrated Bell Rock Lighthouse, 
 which was completed in 1810, a 
 work which took him seven years. 
 He was an authority on the sub- 
 ject of the construction of docks, 
 harbours, and breakwaters. For 
 his invention of intermittent and 
 flashing lights, suitable for the 
 dangerous navigation of narrow 
 seas, he received a gold medal 
 from the king of the Netherlands. 
 Mr. Stevenson first brought into 
 notice the superiority of malleable 
 iron rods for railways in place of 
 the old cast-iron ones. In 1821 he 
 published a full account of the Bell 
 Rock Lighthouse, besides which he 
 contributed several articles to the 
 " Encyclopaedia Britannica," &c. 
 He was a member of the Royal 
 Society of Edinburgh, the Geologi- 
 cal Society of London, and various 
 Scotch antiquarian societies. 
 
 S T E W A R T, Anthony, born 
 at Crielf, in Perthshire, in 1773; 
 studied landscai)e-painting under 
 Alexander Nasmyth, but eventually 
 adopted miniature lui his profession, 
 and settled in London. His i>ov- 
 traits of cliildreu, well tlrawn and 
 delicately coloui*ed, were especially 
 charming, and fi>r the last fifteen 
 years of his life he devoted himself 
 exclusively to that branch of his 
 profession. Among his sitters was 
 the little princess Vii-toria, who 
 was painti'd by him in several 
 successive years. He died in Lon- 
 don in December, 181G. He exhi- 
 
STEWART— ST. MAUR. 
 
 851 
 
 bited only twelve works, all in the 
 Academy. 
 
 STEWART, Admiral Sir 
 HousTox, G.C.B. [1791—1875], 
 was a son of Sir M. S. Stewart, 
 Bart. He served at FlusMng and 
 the siege of St. Jean d'Acre, and 
 was second in command in the 
 Black Sea in 1855-G. He was created 
 a K.C.B. for his services off Sebas- 
 topol in 185G, made a G.C.B. in 
 1865, and was promoted to the rank 
 of a Grand Officer of the Legion of 
 Honour. He was one of the mem- 
 bers in the Liberal interest for 
 Greenwich, from Feb. to July, 1852. 
 Sir Houston Stewart was ComjD- 
 troller-General of the Coast Guard 
 from :N'ov., 18 1G, till 1850 ; a Lord of 
 the Admiralty from 1850 till 1852 ; 
 Admiral Superintendent of Malta 
 Dockyard in April, 1853 ; Comman- 
 der-in-Chief on the Xorth American 
 and West Indian stations in Nov., 
 1856 ; and Commander-in-Chief at 
 Plymouth from Oct., 1860, till Nov., 
 1863. He was Governor of Green- 
 wich Hospital from Feb, 15, 1869, 
 till Nov., 1872. 
 
 ST. GERMANS (Earl of). The 
 Right Hex. Edward Granville 
 Eltot, G.C.B., LL.D. [1798—1877], 
 eldest son of the second earl, by a 
 daughter of the first Marquis of 
 Stafford, was educated at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, and engaged in 
 diplomacy in early life. He repre- 
 sented Liskeard in the Liberal in- 
 terest from 1823 till 1832, and East 
 Cornwall ; from Aug., 1837, till he 
 succeeded to the earldom, Jan. 19, 
 1845. He was a Lord of the Trea- 
 sury in 1827-8 ; Envoy to Spain in 
 1835 ; Chief Secretary for Ireland 
 in 1841, when he was sworn a Privy 
 Councillor ; was Postmaster-Gene- 
 ral in 1846 ; Lord-Lieutenant of 
 Ireland from 1852 till 1855 ; Lord 
 Steward of the Household from 
 1857 till 1858 ; was re-appointed in 
 1859, and resigned in Dec, 1865. 
 
 ST. HELENS, Right Hon. Al- 
 LETNE Fitzherbert, Baron [1754 
 — 1839], was the fourth son of Wil- 
 liam Fitzherbert, Esq., of Tissing- 
 
 ton, Derby. He was educated at 
 Eton and Cambridge. In 1777 he 
 became minister at the Court of 
 Brussels, where he resided till 1782, 
 when he was sent to Paris to ne- 
 gotiate a i^eace between France, 
 Spain, and the States General of 
 the United Provinces. The next 
 year he was appointed envoy ex- 
 traordinary to Cathei'ine II. of 
 Russia, and in 1787 accompanied 
 her on her tour to the Crimea. 
 Returning to England he was 
 made a privy councillor, and chief 
 secretary to the Lord Lieutenant 
 of Ireland, an appointment he re- 
 signed in 1789. For the part he 
 had taken in settling the diffe^ 
 rences between Great Britain and 
 Spain respecting the whale trade 
 at Nootka Sound while ambassador 
 at Madi'id in 1790, he was created 
 an Irish peer, with the title of 
 Baron St. Helens. In 1793 he con- 
 cluded a treaty of alliance between 
 England and Spain, and in 1797 
 was appointed ambassador at the 
 Hague, where he remained till the 
 invasion of the French. In May, 
 ISOl, he proceeded to St. Peters- 
 burg to negotiate the differences 
 between Great Britain and the 
 three Baltic poAvers, and for his 
 services was promoted to the Eng- 
 lish peerage. In 1803 he was ap- 
 pointed one of the lords of his 
 Majesty's bedchamber, vhich office 
 he continued to hold till 1830, when 
 he retired from diplomatic life. He 
 was never married, aid on his 
 death the two peerages became 
 extinct. 
 
 ST. MAUR, Edward Adolphus 
 Ferdinand [1835—1809], was the 
 son and heir of Edwari Adolphus, 
 Duke of Somerset, K.'ir., and Jane 
 Georgiana, daughter of Thomas 
 Sheridan, Esq., and grand-daugh- 
 ter of the Right Hon. Richard 
 Brinsley Sheridan. He vas sum- 
 moned to the House of Lords in his 
 father's barony, July 6, 1863, and 
 in that year, his father naving ob- 
 tained by patent the Earldom of 
 St. Maur, he changed his courtesy 
 
 8 I 2 
 
852 
 
 STIELING— ST. LEONAEDS. 
 
 title of Baron Seymour to that of 
 Earl St. Maur. He was in early- 
 life an officer of the 4th Dragoons, 
 and in 1856 accompanied Lord 
 Granville on his special mission to 
 Russia for the Emperor's corona- 
 tion. In the following year he 
 went to India, was present during 
 some of the terrible scenes of the 
 mutiny, and later, served under 
 Garibaldi, for whom he had a great 
 admiration, as assistant adjutant- 
 general in Italy. He was suc- 
 ceeded as hcirto the dukedom by his 
 uncle. Lord Archibald Henry Alger- 
 non Seymour, his only brother. 
 Lord Edward Percy St. Maur, hav- 
 ing died in 18G5 from the effects of 
 a fight with a tiger in India. 
 
 STIRLING, Rev. Robert, D.D. 
 [1790—1878], was born in Perth- 
 shire. In 1815 he was licensed to 
 preach, and in the following year 
 he was ordained to the Kilmarnock 
 second charge. In 1821 he was 
 translated to Galston, where he 
 remained for sixty-three years. In 
 1840 the University of St. Andrews 
 conferred upon him the degree of 
 D.D. In 181G he invented and 
 patented a very ingenious air en- 
 gine, calculated to produce motive 
 power from heated air. One engine 
 of 45-horse power was actually con- 
 structed, and was employed for 
 upwards of three years in driving 
 the lathes and other machinery of 
 the Dunde3 foundry. Dr. Stirling 
 also constiucted many optical and 
 other scientific instruments. 
 
 STISTE3, Sir Henry William, 
 K.C.B. [1817—1875], was the son 
 of Colonel Henry Stisted, of the 
 :Jrd Dragocns. Educated at Sand- 
 hurst, he er.tered the army in 1835, 
 and served vith distinction in the 
 Afghan war. In Beloocliistan lie 
 was present atthe capture of Khelat, 
 and at the battle of Khooshalj, and 
 the bombardment of Mohumrah in 
 the war with Persia. In 1857 he 
 cummandod the advance guard ;it 
 the relief of Lucknow, and suc- 
 ceeded Brtjadier-General Neil in 
 the comniarkl of the first brigade. 
 
 The next year he led the second 
 brigade at the battle of Bareilly. 
 Subsequently he held a divisional 
 command in Canada, and was the 
 first Lieutenant-Governor of On- 
 tario. He was nominated C.B. in 
 1858, and K.C.B. in 1871. 
 
 ST. JOHN, James Augustus 
 [1801 — 1875], bom in Carmarthen- 
 shire, after receiving instruction at 
 a village grammar-school, became, 
 by the aid of a clergyman, a good 
 classical scholar, and learned the 
 French, Italian, Spanish, Arabic, 
 and Persian languages. At an 
 early age he repaired to London, 
 became editor of a Plymouth news- 
 paper of Liberal politics, and acting 
 editor of the Oriental Herald. In 
 1827 he started; in conjunction with 
 Mr. D. L. Richardson, the London 
 Weekly Review, which was subse- 
 quently j)urchased by Mr. Colburu, 
 who transformed it into the Court 
 Joiirnal. In 1829-30 Mr. St. John 
 resided in Normandy, and pub- 
 lished his experiences in a volume 
 in "Constable's Miscellany;" he 
 visited Paris during the revolution 
 of July, and after travelling in 
 Switzerland, set out for Egypt and 
 Nubia and the Second Cataract in 
 a small vessel. He spent some 
 time in the exploration of Egypt 
 and the Libyan desert, and de- 
 scribed his discoveries and theories 
 in his books, "Egypt and Mo- 
 hammed Ali,'' and " Isis." Ho 
 also wrote novels, books on educa- 
 tion, and some philosophical essays. 
 
 ST. LEONARDS (Baron), The 
 Right Hon. Sir Edward Burten- 
 SHAW SuGDEN, LL.D., D.C.L. [1781 
 — 1875], Higli Steward of Kingston- 
 on-Thames, the son of a "Westmin- 
 ster tradesman, for a few years 
 l)ractised as a conveyancer under 
 the l)ar, and Avas called to the bar 
 at Lincoln's Inn in 1807. Before 
 donning the gown, liis treatise ou 
 "Purchasers" attracted tlie iitten- 
 tion of the profession. It lias been 
 considerably enlarged, and has 
 passed through fourteen editions. 
 He gave u^j conveyancing, obtained 
 
STODDAET— STOKES. 
 
 853 
 
 extensive practice at tlie Chancery 
 bar ; and in 1822 became a King's 
 Counsel, and a Bencher of Lincoln's 
 Inn. He, at different times, was 
 returned to the House of Commons 
 for Weymouth, Melcombe Kegis, 
 and St. Mawes, took a prominent 
 part in parliamentary discussions, 
 and was foremost among those who 
 opposed the Eeform Bill. In June, 
 1829, when the Duke of Wellington 
 held the reins of government, he 
 was appointed Solicitor-General ; 
 and in 183A, when Sir R. Peel 
 formed a ministry. Sir Edward 
 Sugden went to Ireland as Lord 
 Chancellor. Resigning that judi- 
 cial office on the retirement of the 
 Cabinet, he was returned to the 
 House of Commons for Ripon, and 
 vacated his seat in Sept., 184:1, on 
 resuming, under Sir Robert Peel's 
 ministry, his position as Lord 
 Chancellor of Ireland, in which he 
 continued until the disruption of 
 the Conservative party in 1846. 
 For some time he did not figure 
 prominently in public affairs, but 
 accepted the jwst of Lord Chancel- 
 lor in Lord Derby's first adminis- 
 tration, in 1852, and was raised to 
 the peerage with the title of Baron 
 St. Leonards. He applied himself to 
 the reform of the law with a vigour 
 and energy which more than realized 
 public expectation, and on his re- 
 tiu'n to power, in 1858, Lord Derby 
 was desirous that Lord St. Leonards 
 should again receive the Great 
 Seal. He declined the responsi- 
 bility, however, in consequence of 
 his advanced age, though he took an 
 active and influential part in the 
 business of Pai'liament, and exerted 
 himself to keep up the character 
 and efficiency of the House of Lords 
 as a judicial tribunal, and to correct 
 by legislation several anomalies in 
 the law of property. In addition 
 to his celebrated treatise on " The 
 Law of Vendors and Purchasers," 
 Lord St. Leonards wrote a work on 
 " Powers," which reached an eighth 
 edition ; a treatise on the " Cases 
 decided by the House of Lords ; " 
 
 an edition of "Gilbert on Uses;" 
 an essay on the " New Real Pro- 
 perty Laws ; " pamplilets against 
 the " Registration of Deeds ;" and 
 other essays on legal subjects. His 
 last publication, " The Handj-Book 
 of Property Law/' is familiar to 
 most I'eaders. 
 
 STODDART, Sib John, D.C.L. 
 [1773 — 1850], was educated at Sa- 
 lisbury and Chi'ist Church, Oxford. 
 He was originally intended for the 
 Church, but subsequently prefer- 
 ring the law, he commenced the 
 study of it, and took the degree of 
 D.C.L. in 1801. In 1805 he was 
 appointed King's Advocate and 
 Admiralty Advocate in Malta, 
 where he remained for the next 
 four years. In 1810 he begnn to 
 wi'ite for the Times newspaper, 
 and in 1812 he joined the staff of 
 that journal as jDolitical editor. By 
 the wits of the day Stoddart was 
 frequently caricatured as the great 
 Dr. Slop of Printing-House Square. 
 His connection with the Times 
 ceased in 1816, and the year follow- 
 ing he started the Neiv Times, which 
 had but a short career. In 1826 
 he was made a knight, and was 
 appointed Chief Justice and Judge 
 of the Yice-Adniiralty Court of 
 Malta, where he remained climng 
 the next thirteen years. On his 
 return to England he wrote " An 
 Introduction to General History," 
 and a "Universal Grammar" for 
 the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana. 
 Besides writing political pamphlets 
 on various subjects of jjopular note, 
 he took a lively interest in the 
 amendment of law, and at the first 
 meeting of the Law Amendment 
 Society after his death. Lord 
 Bi-ougham pronounced a eulo.g'ium 
 on liis memorv. 
 
 STOKES, William, M.D. ("1804* 
 —1878], son of Dr. Whitley Stokes, 
 senior Fellow of Trinity College, 
 Dublin, born in Dublin, took the 
 degree of M.D. in the University 
 of Edinburgh in 1825. He wrote 
 on the diseases of the lungs 
 and windpipe, and the heart and 
 
851 
 
 STONE— STORKS. 
 
 the aorta, and contributed to the 
 periodicals of the day, his writ- 
 ings being considered standard 
 works in the profession. Having 
 filled the office of Regius Professor 
 of Physic in the University of 
 Dublin, he received the honorary 
 degree of LL.D. from the University 
 of Edinburgh, on the occasion of 
 the inauguration of its first chan- 
 cellox'. Lord Brougham, in June, 
 1846. He served as President of 
 the College of Physicians in Ire- 
 land, and was twice appointed 
 Crown rej^resentative professor in 
 the General Medical Council. He 
 was one of the physicians in ordi- 
 nary to the Queen in Ireland. His 
 " Lectures on Fever " were published 
 in 1874. 
 
 STONE, Frank, A.R.A., was 
 born Aug. 22, 1800, at Manchester, 
 where till the age of twenty-foiu', 
 he followed his father's business 
 of cotton-spinning. He then re- 
 solved to devote himself to art, and 
 studied drawing and water-colour 
 painting with diligence and success. 
 In 1831 he came to London, and 
 six years later was elected an asso- 
 ciate of the Water Colour Society. 
 In this year too he first exhibited 
 in the Academy, and began to turn 
 his attention to oil painting. In 
 181-0 he produced "The Legend of 
 Monti'ose," his first subject j^icture 
 in oil, and " The Last Appeal," 
 exhibited in 1813, attained such 
 pojjularity that it was engraved. 
 In tliis year he was elected full 
 member of the Water Colour 
 Society, but the greater success 
 of his oil paintings resolved him to 
 devote himself entirely to tliat 
 medium, and in 1817 he resigned. 
 He became an associate of the 
 Academy in 1851, aud died sud- 
 denly of heart disease, Nov. 18, 
 1850. He exhibited 17G oil-paint- 
 ings, many of them widely known 
 tlii'ougl) engravings. Two of his 
 Watur Colour Drawings are in tlie 
 South Kensington Collection. Ho 
 was the father of Mr. Marcus 
 Stone, R.A. 
 
 STOPFORD, Hon. Sir Robert, 
 Admiral of the Red, G.C.B., &c. 
 [17G8— 1847], was the third son of 
 the second Earl of Courto-wai. He 
 entered the navy in 1779, and 
 after a series of active services be- 
 came captain in 1790. In the ac- 
 tion in the Channel on June 1, 179-1, 
 his ship, the Aqxiilon, was the re- 
 j)eating frigate, and for towing the 
 Marlborough, when dismasted, out 
 of the fire of the enemy, he received 
 publicly the thanks of Lord Howe. 
 After distinguishing himself on 
 many occasions he took part in the 
 action off St. Domingo in Feb., 
 1816, and was severely wounded. 
 In 1808 Sir Robert was made Rear- 
 Admiral, and the same year he 
 commanded a squadron in the 
 Basque-roads affair. For his ser- 
 vices at the capture of the island 
 of Java, he was honoured with the 
 thanks of Parliament. In 1815 
 he was nominated a K.C.B., and 
 obtained his promotion as full 
 admiral in 1825. For three years 
 Sir Robert was commander-in-chief 
 at Portsmouth, was created G.C.B. 
 in 1831, and Rear-Admiral of the 
 United Kingdom in 1831. In 1837 
 he commanded all the operations 
 on the coast of Syria to the bom- 
 bardment of St. Jean d'Acre in 
 1810, in 18-41 was appointed Mas- 
 ter and Governor of Greenwich 
 Hospital, and on the death of Sir 
 Davidge Gould he became Vice- 
 Admiral of the United Kingdom. 
 
 STORKS, Major-General The 
 Right Hon. Sir Henry Knight, 
 G.C.B., G.C.M.G. [1811 — 1871], 
 eldest son of Mr. Serjeant Storks, 
 was educated at the Charterhouse, 
 entered the army in 182S, served 
 in the 61st, 11th, and 38th regi- 
 ments, and was Assistant Adjutant- 
 CJeneral in the Kailir war in 1816-7. 
 He was Military Secretary in the 
 Mauritius, comniandod the British 
 IMilitary Establislniieuts on tlio 
 Bi)si)lu)rus, the Uanlanelles, and at 
 Smyrna, during the wju' with Rus- 
 sia between 185 1 and 1856, was 
 Secretary for IVlilitary Correspond- 
 
STO WE— STRANGE. 
 
 855 
 
 ence at the War-office from 1807 
 till 1859, and was appointed Lord 
 Hio^h Commissioner of the Ionian 
 Islands in 1859. On the cession of 
 those islands to Greece, Sir Henry 
 succeeded Sir J. G. Le Marchant as 
 Governor of Malta. He proceeded 
 in Nov., 18»j5, to Jamaica, as Cap- 
 tain-General and Governor-in-Chief , 
 to conduct the inquiry into the 
 recent outbreak and its suppres- 
 sion, and having performed the 
 mission with credit, he was on 
 his return made a Privy Councilloi', 
 Nov. 13, ISGG. In Jan., 18<38, he was 
 appointed Under Secretary of State 
 for War and Controller-in-Chief ; 
 and in 1870 was made Siu'veyor- 
 Generalof the Ordnance. Sir Henry 
 Storks was elected M.P. for Eipon, 
 Feb. 15, 1870. 
 
 STOWE, Henry, M.A. [1825— 
 1855], was the eldest son of Wil- 
 liam Stowe, Esq., a surgeon at 
 Buckingham. He was educated at 
 Wadham College, Oxford, and took 
 a first-class degree in 1848. In 
 1851 he obtained a Fellowship at 
 Oriel College. Subsequently Mr. 
 Stowe became a contributor to the 
 Times newspaper, and early in 1855 
 he undertook the administration of 
 the Times fund for the relief of the 
 sick and wounded in the Crimea, in 
 the place of Mr. Macdonald. For 
 a short time he discharged his 
 duties most successfully, but in 
 June of the same year he fell a 
 victim to overwork and anxiety. 
 
 STEAFFORD, Field-Marshal 
 THE Earl of, G.C.B., G.C.H. [1772 
 — 1860], was the third son of Mr. 
 George Byng, of Wrotham Park, 
 Middlesex, and great-grandson of 
 the first Viscount Torrington. He 
 entered the army in 1793, and 
 served in the 33rd regiment in 
 Flanders and Holland. Subse- 
 quently he exchanged into the 3rd 
 Guards, and after serving in Han- 
 over, Copenhagen, and the Walche- 
 ren expedition, he pi-oceeded in 1811 
 to the Peninsula, and was present at 
 all the actions in the south of Spain. 
 In the campaign of 18J5 he emi- 
 
 nently distinguished himself, moro 
 particularly at Waterloo, having 
 the command of the 2d brigade 
 of the 1st division. He was after- 
 wards appointed to the command 
 of the first corps of the British 
 army which marched from Waterloo 
 to Paris, and on the march took 
 the fortified city of Peronne, and 
 subsequently obtained possession of 
 Paris by occupying the heights of 
 Belleville and Montmartre. In 
 1812 he v/as api^ointed Governor of 
 Londonderry and Culmore, andwas 
 made a Privy Councillor in 1827. 
 In 1831 he was nominated a G.C.B., 
 having in 1828 been made a Knight 
 Grand Cross of the Royal Hanove- 
 rian Order of Knighthood. From 
 1831 to 1835 he represented the 
 borough of Poole in the House of 
 Commons. In 1837 he was ele- 
 vated to the House of Lords by the 
 creation of Baron Strafi'ord, and 
 was ultimately created an Earl in 
 1847. 
 
 STRANGE, Colonel Alexan- 
 der, F.R.S. [1818-1876], born at 
 Westminster, was the foui"th son of 
 Sir Thomas Strange. He was edu- 
 cated at Harrow, and in 1S3 I went 
 to India to join the 7th Regiment 
 Madras Light Cavalry. His scien- 
 tific abilities were soon discovered 
 by General Worster, who person- 
 ally instructed him in the use of 
 astronomical and surveying instru- 
 ments. In 1847 he received an 
 appointment in the great trigono- 
 metrical survey of India. On at- 
 taining the rank of major he retired 
 from the survey in accordance with 
 the rules of the Military Depart- 
 ment, on which occasion he received 
 the thanks of the Governor-General 
 for his distinguished services. He 
 returned to England in 1861, and 
 retired from the army as lieute- 
 nant-colonel in Dec. of that year. 
 From 1863 to 1867 he served on the 
 Council of the Royal Astronomical 
 Society, of which he was also fo- 
 reign secretary from 1868 to 1873. 
 In June, 1864, he was elected a Fel- 
 low of the Royal Society, and acted 
 
BoG 
 
 STRANGFOED. 
 
 as a member of the Council from 
 18G7 to lbG9. He was appointed in 
 1862 by the Secretary of State for 
 India to the "post of Inspector of 
 Scientific Instruments, ■where his 
 constructive skill soon had full 
 play, and he was commissioned to 
 design and suiDcrintend the con- 
 struction of a series of large astro- 
 nomical and geodetical instruments 
 then required for the trigonometri- 
 cal survey of India. In 18G8 he 
 initiated the movement which re- 
 sulted in the appointment of a 
 Royal Commission on Scientific In- 
 struction and the Advancement of 
 Science, and the proposals contained 
 in the scheme which he originally 
 propounded to the Commission were 
 adopted in the main, and recom- 
 mended for the consideration of the 
 Government. 
 
 STRANGFORD, Right Hon. 
 Percy Clinton Sydkey Smythe, 
 Sixth Viscount, Baron Pens- 
 hurst, G.C.B., K.T.S., &c. [1780— 
 1855], was educated at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin, where he obtained a 
 gold medal in 1800, In the fol- 
 lowing year he succeeded to his 
 father's peerage. He entered the 
 diplomatic service as Secretary of 
 Legation at Lisbon. In 18UG he 
 ^v.x,s appointed Minister Plenij^oten- 
 tiary, ad interim, to the Court of 
 J.'oi'tugal, and Envoy Extraordinary 
 and Minister Plenipotentiary in 
 ]808, and sworn a Privy Councillor. 
 He was also at the same time ad- 
 vanced to the highest grade in 
 the Order of the Bath. At the 
 close of the year he was removed 
 from the Portuguese Court to the 
 Brazils. In 1817 he went to Swe- 
 den, from wliich mission he was 
 promoted to his fii'st embassy to 
 Turkey in 1820. In 1825 he was 
 Ambassador to Russia, where he 
 stayed but a short time. In 1S28, 
 at the request of the (Jovernment, 
 ue undertook a sjjecial mission to 
 the Brazils, with which his dijjlo- 
 niatic career terminated, and he 
 retired on a pension of X'2,',i0i). In 
 ] 825 he was raised to the peerage of 
 
 the United Kingdom by the title of 
 Lord Penshurst. He was nominated 
 a G.C.B. in 1825 ; D.C.L. at Oxford 
 in 1834, elected a Fellow of the 
 Society of Antiquaries in 1825, was 
 its dii-ector from 1852 to 1854, and 
 subsequently was one of its four 
 vice-presidents. He was devoted 
 to literature and the fine arts ; con- 
 tributed many essays to periodical 
 literature ; and acquired some lite- 
 rary reputation by his translation 
 of the poems of Cainoens, to which 
 he prefixed a life of the poet. He 
 was a P.S.A., and became vice- 
 president of that society. 
 
 STRANGFORD, George Syd- 
 ney, Seventh Viscount [1818 — • 
 1857], son of the preceding, better 
 knoAvn as the Hon. G. S. Smyth;^ 
 was born at Stockholm during his 
 father's embassy there. He was 
 educated at Eton and St. John's 
 College, Cambridge, and from Jan. 
 to July, 181G he filled the oflBce 
 of Under-Secretary of State for 
 Foreign Affaii's. In 1811 he was 
 returned for Canterbury, and re- 
 tained his seat until the dissolu- 
 tion in 1852. With the bulk of 
 the Peel party he eventually gave 
 in his adhesion to the principles 
 of free trade, though in February, 
 1842, he spoke and voted against 
 Mr. Villiers' motion for a total 
 repeal of the Corn Laws. He 
 defended the Maynooth Grant, 
 and spoke against the Ecclesias- 
 tical Titles Bill. After his succes- 
 sion to the title in 1855, he took 
 no share in tin? discussions of the 
 Ujjper House. Viscount Strangford 
 was the author of " Historic Fan- 
 cies," and contributed numerous 
 fugitive pieces to various annuals. 
 He also aecjulrod some rejjutjition 
 as a political journalist. 
 
 STRANG FORD, Right Hon. 
 Percy Ellen Algernon Frede- 
 rick William Sydney Smytiir, 
 Sth Viscount [1825— 18G0], second 
 son of Percy Clinton Sydney, sixth 
 Viscount Strangford, was educated 
 at Harrow and at JNlerton College, 
 Oxford. He was appoiiitoil an 
 
STRATFORD DE REDCLTFFE. 
 
 857 
 
 attache to the embassy at Constan- 
 tinople in May, 1815, and later l)e- 
 came Oriental Secretary in July, 
 1857, but vacated that post the 
 foUowinor year. Lord Stranj'ford 
 always suffered from weak health, 
 and consequently did not make the 
 conspicuous mark that his extra- 
 ordinary abilities might otherwise 
 have made. But his achievements 
 as a linguist, and his genius for 
 philology were very great indeed. 
 He knew all the chief Oriental lan- 
 guages well, and was an authority 
 on the obscure Turcoman dialects 
 of Central Asia. His political specu- 
 lations and his occasional writings 
 on the Eastern question were of 
 high value. He wrote for the 
 Quarterly and Saturday Reviews, 
 and for the Pall Mall Gazette, and 
 contributed the ethnographical and 
 political portions to Lady Strang- 
 ford's " Eastern Shores of the 
 Adriatic." Viscountess Strangford 
 edited his original *^' Letters and 
 Papers on Philologica,! and Kindred 
 Subjects" (2 vols) in 1878. 
 
 STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE, 
 Viscount, K.G. [1788—1880], the 
 fourth son of Stratford Canning, 
 Esq., a merchant of London. Strat- 
 ford Canning was educated at Eton, 
 where he became a King's Scholar, 
 and at King's College, Cambridge. 
 Through the influence of his cousin, 
 George Canning (aftewards pre- 
 mier), he obtained admission into 
 the diplomatic service, and having 
 passed a year as precis "s^^.•iter in the 
 Foreign Office, was, in 1808, sent 
 on a special mission to Constant- 
 inople under Mr. (later Sir Robert) 
 Adair, on whose appointment as 
 British ambassador to that court a 
 year or two afterwards, he was 
 made secretary of the Embassy. 
 On his return to England he com- 
 pleted his studies at Cambridge, 
 and took his M.A. degree. In 181-1-, 
 when he was Minister Plenij>oten- 
 tiary in Switzerland, he took part 
 in framing the treaty by which the 
 Swiss cantons were united into the 
 Helvetic Confederation. He was 
 
 sent on a special mission to Wash- 
 ington in 1820, and in 182:J was 
 made Plenii^otentiary in London for 
 negociating certain important mat- 
 ters with the United States. He 
 went to Constantinople as ambas- 
 sador in 1825, with instructions to 
 use his influence with the then 
 Sultan, Mahmoud, in favour of the 
 Greek nation. Not meeting with 
 success, he retui-ned to England, 
 and took part in the conference 
 held before it was resolved to adopt 
 those measures which led to the 
 battle of Navarino. Mr. Canning 
 was made a G.C.B. as a reward for 
 his diplomatic services. He repre- 
 sented Old Sarum, and later Stock- 
 bridge, Hants, in the Tory interest, 
 in Parliament. In 1831, after di- 
 plomatic i-elations had been renewed 
 with the Porte, Stratford Canning 
 was sent as special ambassador to 
 settle the questions pending between 
 the Porte and Greece, and together 
 with the French and Russian am- 
 bassadors brought a,bout the defi- 
 nite treaty of July 21, 1832. Hav- 
 ing been for a short time ambas- 
 sador at St. Petersburg, he fell out 
 of favour with the Czar Nicholas, 
 and resigned. He was elected to 
 Parliament as one of the members in 
 the Conservative interest for King's 
 Lynn in 1835, and was re-elected in 
 1841 and 1812. In the latter year 
 he succeeded Lord Ponsonby as am- 
 bassador at Constantinople, a post 
 which he held under several diffe- 
 rent ministries of opposite politics. 
 The " Great Eltchi," as he was 
 called, had, in fact a unique posi- 
 tion, and consistently turned his 
 great powers of mind and will to 
 checking Russia, directing the 
 Sultan and the Pashas, and making 
 the influence of England felt 
 throughout the East. His action 
 was one of the determining causes 
 of the Crimean war, all through 
 which his influence was felt, en- 
 couraging Turkey, and advising 
 his own Government. It is said 
 that to him is owing the act of 
 Austria in occupying the Danubian 
 
858 
 
 STREET— STRICKLAND , 
 
 principalities, whicli decided the 
 chief military question, checked 
 the Russian advance on the Balkans, 
 and allowed the allies to turn their 
 arms ag^ainst the Russian strong- 
 hold of Sebastopol. Early in 1852 
 Sir Stratford Canning was raised 
 to the peerage as Viscount Strat- 
 ford de Redcliffe. His only son 
 died in 1878, so that the title 
 became extinct. Late in life he 
 published a volume of jDoems, two 
 small works of a religious charac- 
 ter, and a drama on the subject of 
 King Alfred in the Isle of Athelney. 
 He also contributed three or four 
 essays on political and other ques- 
 tions to periodical literature. Lord 
 Stratford was a man of nrst-rate 
 ability, but of a somewhat narrow 
 and egotistical nature which greatly 
 lessened his influence for good. 
 [See Kinglake, " Invasion of the 
 Crimea," t\:c.]. 
 
 STREET, George Edmund, R.A., 
 F.S.A. [1821—1881], was born at 
 Woodford, Essex, and educated at 
 the Collegiate School, Camberwell, 
 studied architectiu'e for three years 
 under Mr. Oavcu Carter of Win- 
 chester, and for five years under 
 Sir Gilbert Scott. Like his master 
 Street considered the Gothic style 
 most suited to this climate and 
 country ; the buildings he ei'ccted 
 were mostly in this style, and he 
 wrote numerous essays and lectures 
 to illustrate its history, and pro- 
 mote its jirogress. His principal 
 literary works are "The Brick and 
 Marble Architecture of North Italy 
 in the Middle Ages," 1855 ; and 
 " Some Account of Gothic Archi- 
 tecture in Spain," 1805. Among 
 his numerous architectural works 
 the n)ost notable are, the Theo- 
 logical College at Cuddesden, the 
 chai>el8 and schoolrooms at Upping- 
 ham, and Blc^xham ; schools, and 
 new churches at Bournemouth ; 
 SS. Philip and James, Oxford ; St. 
 John, Torquay ; All Saints, Clif- 
 ton ; St. Savioin-'s, Haslljourne ; St. 
 Margaret, Jjiverpool ; St. Mary 
 Magdalen, Taddington ; Boyne 
 
 Hill ; Hagley ; Garden Street, West- 
 minster; the nave of Bristol Cathe- 
 dral, erected in the early English 
 style, and Dunecht House for Lr)rd 
 Crawford and Balcarres. Amonj,st 
 his church restorations the most 
 prominent are Eccleshall ; Wan- 
 tage, Uffington and Shottesbrook 
 in Berks ; Skewley and Wendover 
 in Bucks ; Stone in Kent ; Jesus 
 College Chapel, Oxford. At the 
 time of his death he was engaged 
 on restoring the nave and building 
 the new choir to Christ Church 
 Cathedral, Dublin, and erecting 
 the new Synod House for the Irish 
 Church in connection with it. But 
 in London Street will be chiefly 
 remembei'ed as the architect for 
 the Royal Courts of Justice in the 
 Strand. He was ai^ijointed to the 
 work in 1868, after a competition 
 in which most of the foremost 
 architects of the time, including 
 Scott and Barry, took j^art, but the 
 building was not completed until 
 after his death. In 1850 he was 
 appointed diocesan architect to the 
 diocese of Oxford, and was subse- 
 quently appointed for York, Ripon, 
 and Winchester. He was a Fellow 
 of the Institute of Architects, the 
 Society of Antiquaries, &c. In 
 18G6 he was elected A.R.A., and 
 R.A. on June 29, 1871. 
 
 STRICKLAND, Hugh Edwin, 
 M.A., F.R.S. [1811-1853], born at 
 Righton, Yorkshire, was a son of 
 Mr. H. E. Strickland, of Apperley, 
 in Gloucestershire, and grandson 
 of Sir George Strickland, of Boyn- 
 ton, York. He was a private 
 pupil of Dr. Arnold at Laleluim. 
 near Staines, and completed his 
 education at Oriel College, Oxford. 
 He early exhibited a marked fond- 
 ness for natural history, especially 
 geology, botany, and ornithology, 
 and in 18;{5 he accompanied ^Ir. 
 W. J. Hamilton. M. P.— then Secre- 
 tary of the Ceological Society — to 
 Asia Minor, which resulted in the 
 I)ublication of several interesting 
 l)apers on the geology of the dis- 
 tricts visited, Mr. Striekland coU' 
 
STKICKLAND. 
 
 859 
 
 tributed some articles to the " Maga- 
 zine of Natural History," and to 
 Sir W. Jardine's " Ornitholof^y," 
 princijjally on the history of the 
 dodo. He also devoted much at- 
 tention to the terminoloj^y of 
 Natural History, and was the 
 reporter of a committee appointed 
 by the British Association to con- 
 sider the rules by which the nomen- 
 clature of zoology might be esta- 
 blished on a uniform and perma- 
 nent basis. In 1847 he undertook 
 to edit for the Ray Society " Biblio- 
 graphia Zoologiae et Geologite," 
 from the materials collected by 
 Professer Agassiz ; and when the 
 illness of Dr. Buckland compelled 
 his withdrawal from the duties of 
 the chair of Geology at Oxford, 
 Mr. Strickland was invited to deliver 
 the lectiu'es in his place, a post 
 which he filled with eminent suc- 
 cess. He lost his life while examin- 
 ine the geological sti'ucture of the 
 ground of a tunnel on the Man- 
 chester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire 
 Railway. To avoid a coal train 
 approaching on the down line he 
 stepped off on to the up line just 
 as an express train was issuing 
 from the tunnel^ and he was killed 
 instantaneously . 
 
 STRICKLAND, Miss Agnes, 
 third daughter of Thomas Strick- 
 land, Esq., of Reydon Hall, Suffolk, 
 born early in the centur^^, mani- 
 fested in childhood a taste for 
 poetical composition. At twelve 
 years of age she had written many 
 pages of a romantic chronicle in 
 rhyme, called the " Red Rose," 
 intended to commemorate the for- 
 tunes of the House of Lancaster, 
 but her Sibylline leaves were dis- 
 covered, and treated with such 
 severe criticism by her father, that 
 she abjured rhyming for a time. 
 After an interval of three years 
 she produced a poem in four cantos, 
 under the title of "^ "Worcester Field, 
 or the Cavalier," which was eulo- 
 gized by Thomas Campbell. After 
 the death of her father, she, with 
 her elder sister, commenced a regu- 
 
 lar course of study in the British 
 Museum, and the facility with 
 which they read chronicles and 
 manuscripts in old French and Pro- 
 vencal became of the utmost use in 
 the collection of those materials 
 which afterwards enriched their his- 
 torical biographies. Agnes con- 
 tinued to reside, till the death of 
 her widowed mother, with her two 
 unmarried sisters in the quiet seclu- 
 sion of Reydon Hall, where she com- 
 posed numerous contributions to 
 fugitive literature, part of which 
 were reprinted under the title of 
 " Historic Scenes and other Poetic 
 Fancies," in 1850. She had before 
 written popular books for young 
 people, such as " Stories from His- 
 tory," "Illustrious British Chil- 
 dren," " Alda, the British Captive," 
 and "^The Rival Crusoes," the joint 
 production of herself and her sister 
 Elizabeth. In 1835 Agnes added 
 to her reputation by the " Pilgrims 
 of Walsingham," constructed on 
 the plan of the old "Canterbury 
 Pilgrimage," and the sisters com- 
 menced their great undertaking, 
 " The Lives of the Queens of Eng- 
 land from the Norman Conquest," 
 of which the first volume appeared 
 in 1840, and the last in 1849. It 
 carries the series down to the acces- 
 sion of the Hanoverian family, and 
 became one of the most popular 
 works of the time. The name of 
 one sister only was known in con- 
 nection with it, as the elder Miss 
 Strickland by choice eschewed the 
 honours of professed authorship. 
 Agnes and Elizabeth Strickland 
 also produced " Lives of the Queens 
 of Scotland, and English Princesses 
 connected with the Regal Succes- 
 sion of Great Britain," published 
 in 1850-9, a necessary adjunct to 
 their " Lives of the Queens of Eng- 
 land." Then followed in 18G2 '•' The 
 Bachelor Kings of England," which 
 completed her chain of royal and 
 domestic historical biography from 
 the Norman Conquest. In 1871 
 she received a Civil List pension 
 of .£100 in recognition of the merit 
 
860 
 
 STEUTHERS— STUAET. 
 
 disijlayed in her literary works. 
 She died July 8, 1871, at Eeydon 
 Hall, Suffolk. 
 
 STEUTHEES, John [1776— 
 1853], a poet and miscellaneous 
 writer, born at East Kilbride, 
 Lanarkshire, was the son of a 
 country shoemaker. At the age of 
 eicfht he was employed on a neigh- 
 bouring- farm as a cowherd, and 
 later was sent to Glasgow to learn 
 his father's trade. His first poem, 
 ^'^ Anticipation/" was published in 
 1803. The following year appeared 
 his best-known piece " The Poor 
 Man's Sabbath," which gained him 
 the friendshij) of Sir Walter Scott 
 and Joanna Baillie. It met with 
 immediate success, and passed 
 through various editions in rapid 
 succession, and was regarded as 
 a lowly Scottish Classic. " The 
 Peasant's Death" met with the 
 same success. Besides his poems 
 Struthers was the author of " The 
 History of Scotland from the Union 
 in 1707 to 1827." In 1832 he was 
 appointed librarian in Stirling's 
 Library, Glasgow. 
 
 STEUTT, Major-General Wil- 
 liam GooDDAY [1763 — 1848], was 
 the third son of John Strutt, Esq., 
 at one time M.P. for Maldon. In 
 1782 he served at the siege of Gib- 
 raltar. Having succeeded to a 
 Lieutenant-Colonelcy in the 51th, 
 he proceeded to Flanders with the 
 army of Lord Moira, and bore a 
 distinguished part in the attack 
 on Tiel. He also performed good 
 service on the retreat of the army 
 into Westphalia. Subsequently 
 the Slth were sent to St. Vincent, 
 wliere Colonel Strutt obtained the 
 rank of Brigadier-General. On his 
 return to England he was appointed 
 Deputy-Governor of Stirling Castle. 
 Aft<!rvvards he was emi)loyed upon 
 the staff in Ireland, and in 1800, 
 having been raised to the rank of 
 Major-Cencral in 1798, he was made 
 Cuvcrnor uf Quebec. 
 
 STUAET, Daniel [1766—1816], 
 ln-othcr of Peter Stuart, the pro- 
 muter of the first daily evening 
 
 paper, the Star, was born in Scot- 
 land, and apprenticed to a tailor. 
 Possessed of considerable ability, 
 he espoused the cause of the 
 reformers, and as Secretary to the 
 Society of Friends of the People, 
 he became intimately associated 
 with Earl Grey, and other poli- 
 ticians. In 1795 he purchased, in 
 conjunction Avith his brother, the 
 Morning Post, which he managed 
 entirely, and by his vigilance and 
 activity raised the daily circulation 
 from 350 copies to 1,000 within two 
 years. The strong part it took 
 against Napoleon during the Peace 
 of Amiens contributed materially 
 to its success. Mr. Stuart after- 
 wards became part proprietor of 
 the Courier. In this paper he also 
 gave a qualified suppoi't to the 
 Government after Mr. Pitt's return 
 to office. Cobbett had an esi3ecial 
 dislike to him (as was only natural, 
 considering how completely Stuart 
 had turned round), and on " Stuart 
 of the Courier" some of Cobbett's 
 fiercest invective was at times dis- 
 charged. He was a Commissioner 
 of the Peace, and Deputy-Lieuten- 
 ant for Oxfordshire. 
 
 STUAET, Lord Dudley Coutts 
 [1803 — 1851], was the eighth son 
 of the first Marquis of Bute. In 
 1830 he was returned for Arundel, 
 and warmly advocated the Eoform 
 Bill. About this time he became 
 greatly interested in the Polish 
 exiles in England, and was mainly 
 instrumental in obtaining a l*;irlia- 
 inentary grant of j£10,000 for tlu-ir 
 relief. He sat for Arundel till 
 1837, when he Avas defeated by the 
 local influence of the Howards in 
 favour of Lord Fit/alan, and for 
 ten years he had no seat in Parlia- 
 ment, but in 1817 lu» was returned 
 at the head of the poll for Maryle- 
 bone.and re-elected in 1S52 without 
 opposition. His views in ivgnrd to 
 I'oliind wore considered Quixotic, 
 but he lived to see liis favourite 
 oi)inions enil)raced by those who 
 wei'e for many years their niost 
 bitter and formidable opponents. 
 
STUART. 
 
 861 
 
 STUART, Hox. Sir James, Bart., 
 LL.D. [1780 — 1853], was born at 
 Fort Hunter, New York, and edu- 
 cated at Schenectady, and at 
 Windsor College, Nova Scotia. In 
 1801 he was culled to the bar of 
 Lower Canada. In 1805 he was 
 made Solicitor-General, and Attor- 
 ney-General in 1822. He sat in 
 the Assembly of Lower Canada 
 almost continuously fi'om 1808 till 
 his elevation to the bench as Chief 
 Justice in 1838. Besides acting in 
 1822 as delegate to England from j 
 the British inhabitants of Montreal, 
 to advocate the reunion of the 
 Canadas, he rendered many im- 
 portant services to the people and 
 Government of the Dominion. Lord 
 Sydenham (q.v.) availed himself of 
 his talents in preparing the Act of 
 the Union between the two pro- 
 vinces which formed the Consti- 
 tution of Canada. He was created 
 a baronet in 1840. 
 
 STUART, John Macdougall, 
 the explorer of the interior of Aus- 
 tralia, was of Scottish extraction, 
 and was bom about the vear 1819. 
 Unsuccessful as a settler in South 
 Australia, he was engaged by 
 Messrs. Chambers^ large stock- 
 holders in that colony, and in 1857 
 made an unKuccessful effort to ex- 
 plore the range of country Avest- 
 ward of Lake Torrens. In 1858, 
 however, he was more fortunate, 
 and having encountered great hard- 
 ships and opened up a large tract 
 of country before unknown, he was 
 rewarded for his services by the 
 colonial Legislature of Adelaide 
 with a foui'teen vears' lease of 1,000 
 square miles of land. In 1860 he 
 effected the journey across the in- 
 terior of Australia from south to 
 north. He was an hon. F.R.G.S. 
 of London and Berlin. His " Joui-- 
 nals" from 1858 to 1SG2 were 
 edited and published by W. Hard- 
 man in 186 i. 
 
 STUART, John, LL.D. [1813— 
 1877], was born at Forgne, in Aber- 
 deenshire. He was educated at the 
 University of Aberdeen, became a 
 
 member of the Society of Advocates 
 there, was nominated by the Trea- 
 sury as one of the official searchers 
 of the Records in H.M. Register 
 house, Edinburgh, in 1853, and in 
 1873 was appointed by the Lord 
 Clerk Register to the office of Prin- 
 cipal Keeper of the Register of 
 Deeds there. In conjunction with 
 the late Mr. Joseph Robertson, Dr. 
 Stuart originated " The Spalding 
 Club," for the purpose of collecting 
 and printing the historical MS. 
 records of the northern counties of 
 Scotland, and he acted as its secre- 
 tary from its commencement in 1839 
 till its dissolution in 1870. During 
 that period he edited for the Club 
 twelve volumes, quarto, of original 
 records and chronicles, besides the 
 Celtic copy of the Gospels, kno"mi 
 as the " Book of Deer," in one vol., 
 and " The Sculptured Stones of 
 Scotland," in two vols, folio. Dr. 
 Stuart was secretary of the Society 
 of Antiquaries of Scotland, having 
 been elected to the office in 1854. 
 Besides minor papers in the " Pro- 
 ceedings " of the Society, he edited 
 for the members two vols, of char- 
 tularies, viz., " The records of the 
 Priory of the Isle of May," and 
 " Records of the Monastery of 
 Kinloss." In 1869 Dr. Stuart was 
 requested by the Historical Manu- 
 sci'ipt Commissioners to inspect 
 and report to them on Scotch Col- 
 lections of Records, and his Reports 
 usually appeared annually in the 
 Blue Books issued by the Commis- 
 sion. In his examination of the 
 papers at Dunrobin, Dr. Stuart 
 brought to light the dispensation 
 for the man-iage of the Earl of 
 Both well with Lady Jane Gordon, 
 which disappeared in 1567, and 
 since that time was generally sup- 
 posed to have been destroyed. A 
 history of this dispensation was 
 given in a volume published by 
 Dr. Stuart, entitled " A Lost 
 Chapter in the History of Mary 
 Queen of Scots, recovered." Be- 
 sides these works he edited for the 
 Burgh Record Society two vols, of 
 
862 
 
 STUABT— SULLIVAN. 
 
 "Extracts from the Burgh Eecords 
 of Aberdeen, 1625-1717." He also 
 edited in two vols, the " Archaeolo- 
 gical Essays of Sir James Y. Simp- 
 son, Bart.^ The honorary degree 
 of Doctor of Laws was conferred 
 on Mr. Stuart by the University 
 of Aberdeen in 1866. He was 
 Honorary Member of the Eoyal 
 Archaeological Institute of Great 
 Britain and Ireland ; of the Society 
 of Antiquaries of Zurich and of 
 the Assemblea di Storia Patria in 
 Palermo. 
 
 STUAET, Sir John [1783— 
 1876], was the second son of Dugald 
 Stuart, of Ballachvilish, Argyll- 
 shire. He was called to the Bar 
 at Lincoln's Inn in 1819, and in 
 1846 was returned to Parliament 
 as member for Newark in the Con- 
 servative interest, and continued 
 to represent that place till 1852, 
 when he exchanged its represen- 
 tation for that of Bury St. Ed- 
 mund's. In Oct. of the same year, 
 however, he was raised to the Bench 
 as one of the Vice-Chancellors and 
 knighted. He retired from the 
 Bench in 1871, when he was sworn 
 a member of the Privy Council. 
 
 STUART, Lady Louisa, was the 
 youngest daughter of John, Earl 
 of Bute, K.G., and granddaughter 
 of Lady Mary Wortley Montague. 
 She wrote the " Introductory Anec- 
 dotes," prefixed to Lord Wharn- 
 cliffe's edition of Lady Mary's 
 works ; and her letters to Sir 
 Walter Scott fully sustain the 
 Wortley rej^utation for wit and 
 beauty of style. She died in London, 
 Aug. 4, 1851, aged 94. 
 
 STUEGE, JosKPH [1791—1859], 
 an eminent member of the Society 
 of Friends, was born at Elberton, 
 Gloucestershire. In conjunction 
 with a Ijrother he carried on the 
 business of a corn merchant at 
 Birmingham. In 1812 ho unsuc- 
 cessfully contested the borough of 
 Nottingham ; and in 181 !•, upon 
 the death of Mr. Scholoficld, ho 
 stood for liirmingham, believiutr 
 that he could count upon tlie sup- 
 
 port of the whole Liberal party ; 
 but the election resulted in the 
 return of the Conservative candi- 
 date. The following year Mr. Sturgc 
 went to Brussels to attend the Peace 
 Congress, the first of the series 
 which were held annually in the 
 principal cities of Europe until 
 1852, at all of which he was pre- 
 sent, and took a prominent part. 
 In 1848 he conferred with the 
 members of the Provisional Go- 
 vernment of France, on the sub- 
 jects of peace and slavery, and 
 succeeded in obtaining the abolish- 
 ment of slavery throughout the 
 French colonies. In 1851 he headed 
 the deputation sent by the Society 
 of Friends to the Emperor of Eussia 
 to protest against the war on re- 
 ligious grounds. 
 
 SULLIVAN, Alexander Mar- 
 tin, was born of peasant parents, 
 at Castletown, co. Cork, in 1830. 
 He was endowed with natural gifts 
 of a high order, and with an 
 ardent and generous disposition ; 
 and while the education which he 
 received at the national school 
 developed his intelligence, he con- 
 tinued to feel a deep and warm sym- 
 pathy with the class to which he be- 
 longed by birth. Among his natural 
 talents was a gift for di'awing ; and 
 while still a youth he went to 
 Dublin, and was employed for the 
 illustrated i3eriodicals. He also 
 became a journalist, and between 
 1855 and 1876 was the editor and 
 proprietor of the Nation. He was 
 always a Nationalist of an ad- 
 vanced type, but his eloquence 
 and his generous sympathetic na- 
 ture made him esteemed in every 
 circle. He A\as also one of the 
 ablest and most determined advo- 
 cates of temperance, and rendered 
 good and life-long service to the 
 cause wliich he espoused quite 
 without bigotry. In 18(56 he was 
 twice i>rosecuted by Ciov(M"nuu'nt 
 for sedition, and was iuiprisonod 
 four months. A national testimo- 
 nial was subscribed for him. but ho 
 r»4'usod it ; nor could he ever bo 
 
SUMNER— SUTHERLAND. 
 
 8(33 
 
 brought to accept money for his 
 political services. At the jj^cneral 
 election of 1S74, he was returned 
 for Louth, and for Meath in 1880. 
 In 1876 having joined the Bar, he 
 removed to London, and devoted 
 much of his time to literature. His 
 best known work is "New Ire- 
 land," a pleasantly written series 
 of chapters on the present social, 
 agricultural, political, and religious 
 condition of Ireland. Mr. Sullivan 
 died while on a visit to Ireland, at 
 Dartny, Eathgar, Oct. 17, 1884. 
 He is buried in Glasnevin Ceme- 
 tery. 
 
 SUMNER, The Most Rev. Johx 
 Bird [1780 — 18(32], Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, was the eldest son of 
 the Rev. Robert Sumner, sometime 
 vicar of Kenilwoi'th, grandson of 
 Dr. John Sumner, Provost of King's 
 College (1756-72), and elder brother 
 of Dr. C. R. Sumner, Bishop of 
 Winchester. He was educated at 
 Eton, and King's College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he was successively 
 a scholar and a Fellow. He took 
 his B.A. degree in 1803, M.A. 1807, 
 and D.D. 1828. In 1802 he was 
 appointed assistant -master at Eton, 
 and a year later took holy orders. 
 He became rector of Mapledur- 
 ham, Oxon, in 1818. He first ap- 
 peared as an author in 1815, and 
 soon made a name for himself by 
 his careful and scholarly writings. 
 Among them may be mentioned 
 *•' Apostolical Preaching considered 
 in an Examination of St. Paul's 
 Epistles," and a " Treatise on the 
 Records of the Creation, and on 
 the Moral Attributes of the Crea- 
 tor," which obtained one of the 
 Burnett prizes of ,£100, and went 
 through seven editions. In 1828 
 the Duke of Wellington made 
 him Bishop of Chester, where he 
 did much good work in building 
 churches, founding schools, &c. 
 He was made Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury in 1848. His tenure of the 
 see was comparatively uneventful. 
 
 SUMNER Bishop, The Right 
 Rev. Charles Richaed, D.D.^ 
 
 F.R.S. [1790—1874], and younger 
 luother of the preceding, born at 
 Kenilworth, was educated at Eton 
 and Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 where he took the usual degrees. 
 He was for some years Canon of 
 Canterbury and Rector of Abing- 
 don, Berks ; was consecrated Bishoj) 
 of Llandaff in 1826 ; and translated 
 to the see of Winchester in 1827. 
 He was also Provincial Sub-dean 
 of Canterbury, Prelate of the 
 Order of the Garter, and a Vice- 
 President of the Royal Society 
 of Literature. Dr. Sumner trans- 
 lated Milton's treatise on "Go- 
 vernment," published at the com- 
 mand of King George IV. He re- 
 signed his see in 1869, under the 
 provisions of the Bishops' Resigna- 
 tion Act, and an Order in Council, 
 made in Nov. in that year, assigned 
 to him the episcopal residence of 
 Farnham Castle during his life. 
 He belonged to the Evangelical 
 party in the Church of England, 
 though his opinions were mode- 
 rate. 
 
 SUTHERLAND, George Geax- 
 viELE Levesox Gowee, sccond 
 Duke of. Marquis of Stafford, Earl 
 Gower, Viscount Trentham, and 
 Baron Gower, in the English peer- 
 age. Baron and Earl of Sutherland, 
 and in the Scottish peerage, was 
 born in 1786. Educated at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, the University 
 conferred uiDon him the degree of 
 D.C.L. in 1841. In 1815 he was 
 returned for Staffordshire, in the 
 Liberal interest, and sat in the 
 House of Commons until 1820, 
 when he was called to the Upper 
 House as Baron Gower. In 1833 
 he succeeded to the dukedom ; and 
 six years afterwards, on the death 
 of his mother,the Duchess-Countess, 
 he inherited the Scottish honours. 
 He was also Lord-Lieutenant of 
 Sutherlandshire, and had been 
 Lord - Lieutenant of Shropshire. 
 He was High Steward of Stafford, 
 a Trustee of the National Gallery 
 and British Museum, President of 
 the British Institution, and of 
 
864 
 
 SUTTON— SWAINSON. 
 
 King's College Hospital. He died 
 at 'I'rentham, the family seat, in 
 Staffordshire, Feb. 2S, 18G1. 
 
 SUTTON, Sir Richakd [1798— 
 1855], the^econd Baronet, was the 
 eldest son of John Sutton, Esq., 
 of Norwood Park, Nottingham- 
 shire, and grandson of the first 
 baronet. He succeeded to the es- 
 tates in 1S02, which accumulated 
 greatly during his long minority. 
 He was a member of Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he pi'oved 
 himself not deficient in talent ; 
 but on attaining his majority, he 
 devoted himself entirely to field 
 sports. Finding the family seat at 
 Norw^ood too small for his establish- 
 ment, he took Sudbrooke Hall, near 
 Lincoln, for his hunting residence, 
 and Weeting, in Norfolk, for his 
 shooting-box. In 1822 he suc- 
 ceeded Mr. Assheton Smith [q. v.] 
 a-s Master of the Foxhounds in 
 Lincolnshire, and worked the Bur- 
 ton Hunt. This he upheld on so 
 magnificent a scale, that for twenty 
 years they hunted six days a week. 
 From Sudbrooke he went to Lin- 
 coln, and took possession of a 
 house near the Cathedral, where 
 his boundless hospitality was almost 
 the making of the old city. On 
 the death of the Earl of Lonsdale, 
 in 181i, Sir Richard Sutton took 
 the Cottesmore country, where he 
 remained for five seasons. In the 
 season of 1817 he commenced " Over 
 Leicestershire." With 200 couples 
 of hounds, and no subscription, 
 Leicestershire for eight years en- 
 joyed opportimities of sport un- 
 surpassed in its long Meltonian 
 annals. 
 
 SWAIN, Charles [1803— 187-4], 
 born at Manchester, was only six 
 years of age when he lost his 
 father, and from his mother, a 
 Parisian, he inherited a poetical 
 tenipcriuncnt. He was cdacatt'<l 
 under tii<! care of the lie v. W. 
 Jolms, of Manchester, quitted school 
 for tlu! dye-works of his uncle, M. 
 'I'.ivarc', at tliat time settli'd in 
 Manchester, in 1818^ and joined 
 
 the firm of Lockett and Co., en- 
 gravers, of Manchester, of whom 
 he afterwards purchased a branch 
 of their business. Having con- 
 tributed to the Literary Gazette a 
 poem which attracted notice-, he 
 became kno'»vn as a writer of poetry 
 for the annuals and other periodi- 
 cals. His " Metrical Essays," pub- 
 lished in 1827, was followed by 
 " The Mind, and other Poems," in 
 1831 ; " Dryburgh Abbey," in 1832, 
 a poem on the death of Sir Walter 
 Scott ; " Dramatic Chapters, Poems, 
 and Songs," in 1817 ; "English Me- 
 lodies, a volume of Lyrics," in 
 1849 ; " The Letters of Laura 
 d'Auverne, and other Poems." in 
 1863 ; and " Art and Fashion," a 
 volume containing poetical sketches 
 of Reynolds, Gainsborough, Hay- 
 don, Leonardo da Vinci, and other 
 great painters, in 1803. Several of 
 his songs" have been adajited to 
 music, Avhilst in the United States, 
 as well as in England, numerous 
 editions of his poems have been 
 printed, and some of them have 
 been translated into French and 
 German. 
 
 SWAINSON, William, F.E.S., 
 F.L.S. [1788 — 1855], Avas born at 
 Liverpool. lie early exhibited a 
 taste for natural history, and in 
 1807 went to Sicily, where he de- 
 voted himself to studying the 
 zoology and botany of the island. 
 He extended his researches to 
 Greece and Italy, and returned to 
 England Avith large collections 
 and materials for scientific works. 
 Later he accompanied Ivaster to 
 Pernniubuco, and ultimately tra- 
 velled overland toKio St. Francisco, 
 thence to Kio de Janeiro. In this 
 journey he made a large collect iuu 
 of birds. Returning home, he was 
 elected a FelloAA' of the Royal 
 Society, and luidertook to edit the 
 departitient of natural science for 
 the '* Cabinet Cyclopa-dia." in 
 1837 he emigrated to 5Jew Zealand, 
 and Avas employed by the Govern- 
 ment to make a survey and rejiort 
 of the forests and trees of Van 
 
SWINEY— SYKES. 
 
 865 
 
 Diemen's Land. He was the author 
 of " The Geography and Classifica- 
 tion of Animals/' " Taxidermy and 
 Biblioo^raphy," &c. 
 
 SWINE Y, Dr. George, was 
 remarkable for his eccentric habits. 
 Though possessed of a large for- 
 tune, he lived in almost absolute 
 penury, and in the greatest seclu- 
 sion, not going out of doors more 
 than five or six times during the 
 year. By his will he desired that 
 his coffin should be covered with 
 bright yellow cloth, and the pall 
 and cloaks of the mourners to be 
 of the same colour. Three little 
 girls, dressed in white, were to 
 precede the coffin ; to each he left 
 a legacy of ^£20, and .£20 to pro- 
 vide their funeral dresses. He 
 bequeathed <£5,000 to the trustees 
 of the British Museum to found a 
 lectureship on Geology, and the 
 like sum to the Society of Arts, 
 out of which the first freeholder in 
 the kingdom that should reclaim 
 the largest amount of waste lands, 
 was to receive one hundred guineas, 
 and to be presented with a goblet 
 of equal value. This gift was to 
 be renewed every five years. He 
 died in London, Jan. 20, 184;4. 
 
 SYDENHAM, The Right Hon. 
 Charles William Poulett Thom- 
 son, Baron, K.C.B. [1793—1841], 
 born at Wimbledon, was the son of 
 Mr. J. Poulett Thomson, of Eoe- 
 hampton and Austin Friars. About 
 1813 he went to St. Petersburg as 
 correspondent of his father's firm, 
 and continued to be connected with 
 the mercantile business until his 
 accession to public office in 1830, in 
 which year he was appointed Vice- 
 President of the Board of Trade, 
 Treasurer of the Navy, and a Privy 
 Councillor. In 1834 he became 
 President of the Board of Trade, 
 and resigned with Lord Melbourne's 
 administration. Early in the fol- 
 lowing year he resumed that office 
 until he was selected to succeed the 
 Earl of Durham as Governor-Gene- 
 ral of Canada. On Lord Seaton's 
 recall, Mr. Thomson was appointed 
 
 to the supreme government of Bri- 
 tish North America, and as a mark 
 of approbation of the manner in 
 which he discharged his duties, he 
 was raised to the peerage under 
 the title of Baron Sydenham of 
 Toronto, Aug. 10, ISW. He did 
 not live to see many of his plans 
 for the welfare of Canada ctirried 
 out, for while riding near Kingston 
 on Sept. 5, 1841, he was thrown 
 from his horse, and died on the 
 19th of that month from the effects 
 of his fall. As he died unmarried, 
 his peerage expired with him. In 
 181-3 a memoir of his life, with an 
 accoxint of his administration in 
 Canada, appeared, edited by his 
 brother, G. Poulett- Scrope, M.P. 
 
 SYKES, Sir Tatton, 4th Bart. 
 [1772—1863], who for his manly 
 character and love of field sports 
 was frequently cited as a represen- 
 tative " Old English Gentleman," 
 was born in the ancestral home 
 of his family at Sledraere, York- 
 shire. From childhood he took the 
 greatest delight in the rearing of 
 sheep and horses, and to the last 
 enjoyed the highest celebrity for 
 his flock and stud. He did much 
 for the sheep-farmers of Yorkshire 
 by introducing the turnip into gene- 
 ral use on the wolds. His breeding 
 stud was said to be the largest in 
 England, numbering upwards of 
 200 horses and mares of all ages. 
 As an owner of race horses he dated 
 back to 1803, when he won with 
 Telemachus at Middleham ; and up 
 to the age of sixty he continued to 
 keep horses in training for the sole 
 pleasure of riding them himself, 
 Malton being his favourite place 
 for displaying his well-known 
 colours — orange and purple. He 
 rode the winner — his own property 
 — for the last time in 1822, for the 
 Welham Cup, on Langton Wold, 
 on " All heart and no peel." Many 
 extraordinary stories are told of his 
 feats on horseback. On one occa- 
 sion he started off to ride a race for 
 a friend, and rode home again im- 
 mediately after weighing — a dis- 
 
 3 K 
 
SG6 
 
 SYKES— SYME. 
 
 tance of nearly 400 miles. It was 
 a proud moment for him when he 
 led the horse named after him- 
 self. Sir Tatton Sykes, with Bill 
 Scott on His }3ack, back to the ring 
 after the St. Leger victory of 18 IG 
 — a scene which was jiainted by 
 Herring for the Messrs. Baily. As 
 a master of foxhounds, he rivalled 
 any gentleman in England. He 
 kept hounds solely at his own ex- 
 pense until he Avas past 70, and 
 only resigned the pack into the 
 hands of Lord Middleton on the 
 determination of his son not to 
 accept it. As a landlord, a master, 
 and a friend, he was deservedly 
 loved and respected, though his 
 caustic tongue made him not a 
 little feared. 
 
 SYKES, Col. William Henry, 
 M.P., F.R.S., born in 1700, joined 
 the Bombay army in 1S04. He 
 was present at the siege of Bhurt- 
 poor under Lord Lake, passed 
 as interpreter m the Hindostanee 
 and Mahrattee languages, served 
 in the Deccan from 1817 till 1820 ; 
 commanded a regiment at the bat- 
 tles of Kirkee and Poona, and the 
 capture of Hill Forts, and received a 
 medal and clasps. He was after- 
 wards statistical reporter to the 
 Government at Bombay ; but re- 
 tired on rank of lieut.-col. in 1831. 
 Returning to England in 184G, he 
 was chosen a director of the East- 
 India Company, served as Chair- 
 man of that Comj^any in 185G-7, 
 and was elected Lord Rector of 
 Marischal College and University, 
 Aberdeen, in 1851. In Sept. 1857, 
 the King of Prussia, in an auto- 
 graph letter, was j^leased to confer 
 upon him the title of Ritter of the 
 second class (Knight Commander), 
 of the order of the Red Eagle of 
 Prussia, as a promoter of scientific 
 and literary reseai-ch, and in com- 
 pliment to the East-India Com- 
 pany. In 1810 he was appointed 
 one of the Commissioners of Lieu- 
 tenancy for London, was Chairman 
 of the Society of Arts, in 1858 was 
 fleeted President of the Royal 
 
 Asiatic Society of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, and in 1863 President 
 of the Statistical Society of London, 
 of which he was one of the founders. 
 Colonel Sykes was the author of 
 " Notes on the Religious, Moral, 
 and Political Condition of Ancient 
 India," which was translated into 
 the French and German languages; 
 of " The Origin and Progress of the 
 Taeping Rebellion in China," pub- 
 lished in 18G3 ; of " Comparison 
 of the Organization and Cost of 
 the British and French Army and 
 Navy in 18G5-G ;" and of numerous 
 papers on the Natural History, 
 Geology, Meteorology, and Statis- 
 tics of India. He represented the 
 city of Aberdeen, in the advanced 
 Liberal interest, from 1857 till his 
 death. He was the persevering 
 advocate of an extension of the fran- 
 chise and the ballot ; took an active 
 part in the debates for the reduc- 
 tion of the annual estimates, par- 
 ticularly on the vote for fortifica- 
 tions, and criticised severely our 
 military policy in India since 18G0, 
 and European interference in the 
 Chinese revolutionary movement. 
 He received in 1856 from the citi- 
 zens of Bombay a medal in re- 
 cognition of his strong advocacy 
 of a system of education for the 
 natives, and a few years before his 
 death a silver candelabrium was 
 presented to him by the officers of 
 the Indian army for his services to 
 that bodv. 
 
 SYM^E, James [1800—1870], 
 surgeon to Her Majesty in Scot- 
 land, born in Kinross-shire, studied 
 medicine in Edinl)urgh, Avas a piipil 
 of Listen, and having l>een admitted 
 a surgeon, settled in Ediubiugh, 
 where he gained a high rei>utation 
 as an anatomist and a lecturer. The 
 publication of his work "On the 
 Excision of Diseased Joints," in 
 1851, led to his aj^pointment to the 
 chair of Clinical Siu-gciy iu the 
 University of Ediiibuigh. which 
 he resumed, after having for a 
 brief period held the Professorship 
 of Surgery in the University of 
 
SYME— SYMONS. 
 
 867 
 
 London. Amonj^ his other works 
 may be mentioned his " Principles 
 of Surgery/' "Observations in Cli- 
 nical Surgery," " Contributions j 
 to Pathology," &c. His greatest 
 achievement, and the one which 
 made him famous, was his method 
 of amputating the foot at the ankle 
 joint. 
 
 SYME, Patrick, R.S.A. This 
 painter of flowers was born in 
 Edinbiu-gh, Sept. 17th, 1771, and i 
 early devoted himself to art, but in 
 his life of seventy years he found 
 time to become a botanist, entomo- 
 logist, and writer of poeti-y and 
 fiction. He was a member of the 
 Koyal Scottish Academy, and be- 
 tween 1810-16 a regular exhibitor 
 at the Society of Associated Artists. 
 He exhibited only two paintings in 
 London, both in the Royal Aca- 
 demy. He died at Dollar, in Scot- 
 land, in July, 181-5. 
 
 SYMONDS, John Addington, 
 M.D. [1807 — 1871], was the son of 
 a medical man at Aston, Oxford- 
 shire, and received his early educa- 
 tion at Magdalen College school. 
 He began to studv medicine at the 
 age of sixteen, and in 1825 entered 
 the University of Edinburgh, where 
 he graduated M.D. in 1828, after 
 which he returned to Oxford, and 
 took an active part in his father's 
 practice. In 1831 he removed to 
 Bristol, and soon gained a distin- 
 guished place among his brethren, 
 was elected physician to the Oene- 
 ral Hospital, and Lecturer on Fo- 
 rensic Medicine at the Bristol Medi- 
 cal School. He exchanged the 
 latter position in 1836 for the 
 Lectureship on the Practice of 
 Medicine, which he held till 1815, 
 and three years later was elected 
 Honorary and Consulting Physician 
 at the Hospital. During his resi- 
 dence at Bristol he employed much 
 of his time in writing, conti-ibuting 
 many valuable pajjers to the medi- 
 cal magazines of his day. His 
 memoir on the " Cholera in Bristol 
 in 1832," and his " Medical Topo- 
 graphy of Bristol," attracted much 
 
 attention. In 1851 he removed 
 from Bristol to Clifton Hill House, in 
 Clifton, where he livedtill his death, 
 and where he enjoyed the intimate 
 friendship of such names as Pro- 
 fessor James Forbes, later Princi- 
 pal of St. Andrews ; Professor Co- 
 nington, Matthew Davenport Hill, 
 and knew also Lord Macaulay, Mr. 
 Hallam, Professor Sedgwick, Kings- 
 ley, Tennyson, &c. In 1853 he was 
 elected a member of the Royal 
 College of Physicians, of which, 
 later, he became a Fellow, and in 
 1869 was the President of the Social 
 Science Congress. He died early 
 in 1871, worn out with ovei'work. 
 His writings were collected and 
 published in volume form by his 
 son in 1871. 
 
 SYjNIONS, Jellinger Cookson 
 [1810— 18G0], was the son of the 
 rector of Radnage. E ducated at Cor- 
 pus Christi College, Cambridge, he 
 was called to the Bar at the Middle 
 Temj)le in 1843, and in addition to 
 his professional duties devoted him- 
 self to questions on education, sta- 
 tistics of crime, and other kindred 
 topics. He was subsequently aj)- 
 pointed one of the commissioners 
 of inquiry into the state of the 
 mining districts of Wales and the 
 Xorth of England, and in 1818 was 
 named one of the inspectors of 
 schools. For some time he carried 
 on a controversy wdth Dr. Whew^ell 
 respecting the revolution of the 
 moon on its axis. Mr. Symons pub- 
 lished a large number of pamphlets, 
 lectures, &c., on educational and 
 social subjects, and an essay on the 
 authorship of "Junius's Letters," 
 which he ascribed to William 
 Burke. 
 
 SYMONS, Rev. Benjamin, P. 
 D.D. [1786—1878], of Wadham 
 College, Oxford. He was warden 
 of his college from 1831 to 1871. 
 Dr. Symons took his degree in 1805 
 before the present system of classes 
 was instituted. He was select 
 preacher in 1812, 1821, and 1831, 
 proctor in 1818, examiner in 1819 
 and 182-1, and filled the office of 
 
 3 K 2 
 
8G8 
 
 SYNGE— TAIT. 
 
 vice-chancellor in 1844. He was 
 an able Head of the old narrow, 
 autocratic type, and under him his 
 college sent out many eminent 
 men. He was long regarded as the 
 leader of the Evangelical party in 
 Oxford. 
 
 SYNGE, Colonel Charles [1789 
 — 1854], second son of George 
 Synge, Esq., of Eathmore, King's 
 County, entered the army in 1809, 
 and served in the Peninsula 
 throughout the war. At Sala- 
 manca he was severely wounded 
 while leading the storming party 
 against the heights of Arepeiles, 
 and also distinguished himself in 
 the actions of Barba de Porcos, 
 Ciudad Rodrigo, and Badajoz, 
 where he acted under the Duke 
 of "Wellington's immediate orders. 
 He received a medal with nine 
 clasps, and two Portuguese orders. 
 
 T. 
 
 TAIT, The Most Eev. Archi- 
 liALD Campell, D.D., Archbishop of 
 Canterbury [1811—1882], and Pri- 
 mate of all England, was the young- 
 est son of Craufurd Tait, Esq., a 
 Scotch attorney, or writer to the 
 Signet, of Harvieston, co. Clack- 
 mannan, his motlier being a daugh- 
 ter of Sir Islay Campbell, Bart., of 
 Succoth, sometime Lord President 
 of the Court of Session. He was 
 born in Edinburgh, was educated 
 at the High School and at the 
 Academy there under Archdeacon 
 Williams ; went in 1827 to the 
 University at Glasgow, where he 
 attended the lectures of Sir Daniel 
 K. Sandford and Mr. Buchanan ; 
 and was elected in 1830 an Exhi- 
 bitioner on Sncll's foundation, to 
 Balliol College, Oxford, of which 
 he became successively Scholar, 
 Fellow, and Tutor, and graduated 
 B.A. in first-class honours. He 
 subsecjuently became a Public Ex- 
 aminer of the University. Whilst 
 residing at Oxford in his capacity 
 as College tutor, he took a promi- 
 
 nent pai't in opposing the spread of 
 Tractarian principles, and was one 
 of the four tutors who fii'st drew 
 the attention of the university au- 
 thorities to the celebrated Tract 
 No. 90, written by Mr. Newman, 
 for the purpose of showing that the 
 Thirty-nine Articles of the Estab- 
 lished Church could be honestly sub- 
 scribed by those who held Roman 
 Catholic doctrines. His opposition, 
 however, to this school of theology, 
 always courteous and open, was 
 marked by the most sincere respect 
 for, and personal attachment to, 
 those who held these peculiar views. 
 The circumstance of Mr. Tait's 
 being in holy orders proved, in the 
 then state of the law, an obstacle 
 to his appointment in 1838, to 
 succeed Sir D. K. Sandford in 
 the Greek chair at Glasgow ; but 
 the death of Dr. Arnold in 1842 
 opened to him a field of greater 
 usefulness, as he was selected to 
 fill the important office of Head 
 Master of Rugby School, where he re- 
 mained eight years. While there he 
 Tuarried a daughter of Archdeacon 
 Sjiooner, brother of Mr. Richard 
 Spooner, long one of the members for 
 Warwickshire, and uncle to the then 
 Bishop of Oxford. (She died Dee. 1, 
 1878.) A severe illness, occasioned 
 by over exertion in his arduous post 
 at Rugby, jDrobably induced Dr. 
 Tait to accept from Lord John Rus- 
 sell's Government, in April, 1850, 
 the deanery of Carlisle. He filled 
 this office with great energy. He 
 originated, and generally conducted 
 himself, an additional pulpit-service 
 on Sundays, besides undertaking 
 an amount of labour in visiting the 
 poor, instructing the young and 
 ignorant, and superintending the 
 public charities of a large town, 
 seldom equalled by the most hard- 
 working parish clergyman Ho was 
 at the same time an active member 
 of the Oxford University Conimi.s- 
 mission. Wliilo at Carlisle he had 
 the crushing misfortune to lose 
 three children of scarlet fever. Dr. 
 Blomtield having resigned the see of 
 
TALBOT. 
 
 869 
 
 London, under a special Act of Par- 
 liament, in Au^. 1850, Dr. Tait was 
 nominated to the vacancy. In 1803 
 he proposed, and by his zealous 
 efforts powerfully contributed to the 
 successful initiation of, an extensive 
 scheme for supplying the deficiency 
 of church accommodation in Lon- 
 don, by raising a fund of ^1,000,000 
 in the course of ten years. On the 
 death of Dr. Longley, in 18G8, Dr. 
 Tait was appointed by Mr. Disraeli 
 liis successor in the see of Canter- 
 bury. The University of Glasgow 
 conferred on him the degree of 
 LL.D., in 1869. Dr. Tait presided 
 over the Pan- Anglican Synod held 
 at Lambeth in 1867, the Church 
 Congress at Croydon in 1877, and 
 the Conference of Anglican Bishops 
 at Lambeth in 1878. His tenure 
 of the archbishopric was in every 
 way memorable. His energy was 
 great ; he never spared himself 
 trouble, even when struggling with 
 illness and exhaustion ; and his 
 unfailing tact and unquestioned 
 sincerity made him the universal 
 referee in all chiu'ch difficulties. 
 It is true that the Church Times 
 attacked him unceasinglv ; but he 
 was a sensible Scotchman, and took 
 no notice. He wrote two volumes 
 of sermons preached either at Ox- 
 ford or in the school chaj^el at Eugby ; 
 a work entitled " The dangers and 
 Safeguards of Modern Theology," 
 with remarks on the celebrated 
 " Essays and Eeviews," published 
 in 1861 ; " the " Word of God and 
 the Ground of Faith," in 1863; 
 " Charge to the Clergy," in 1866 ; 
 " Some Thoughts on the Duties of 
 the Chui'ch of England," a charge 
 to his clergy, 1876 ; and contributed 
 articles on education and kindred 
 topics to the Edinburgh and North 
 British Revieics. A memoir of his 
 wife and eldest son was written 
 with his authority, under the title 
 of " Catherine and Craufui'd Tait." 
 by the Eev. W. Benham. 
 
 TALBOT, Sir John, G.C.B., Ad- 
 miral of the Eed, son of Eichard 
 Talbot, Esq.^ of Malahide Castle, 
 
 entered the navy in 1781. After 
 much distinguished service in the 
 West Indies and the Channel, he 
 was, in 1805 presented with a gold 
 sword by the ward-room officers of 
 the Leander (which he had com- 
 manded) as a token of their regard 
 and esteem. In 1809 he was sta- 
 tioned at Toulon. In 1812 he ser- 
 ved off Venice, and for his services 
 in the action with the Rivoli the 
 Admiralty awarded him a gold 
 medal. He retired from active ser- 
 vice in 1814, and was appointed a 
 Colonel of Marines. He was nomi- 
 nated a K.C.B. in 1815; attained 
 the rank of full Admiral 1811 ; 
 created G.C.B. 1842, and was 
 awarded a good service pension in 
 1847. He died, July 7, 1851. 
 
 TALBOT DE MALAHIDE 
 (Bakon), The Eight Hon. James 
 TALBOT, LL.D. [1805—1883], was 
 educated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he was Scholar, 
 and graduated in due course as 
 Senior Optime in Mathematics, and 
 1st class in the Classical Tripos. 
 He was returned to the House of 
 Commons as member in the Liberal 
 interest for Athlone, in Dec, 1832, 
 and was defeated at the general 
 election in Jan., 1835. He suc- 
 ceeded to the Irish title in 1850, 
 on his father's death, and was 
 created a peer of the United King- 
 dom in 1856. Lord Talbot was 
 President of the Archaeological So- 
 ciety of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 which owes much of its present 
 prosperity to his influence and 
 activity. He was President of the 
 Geological and Zoological Societies 
 of Dublin, a Y.P. of the Eoyal 
 Dublin Society, F.E.S., F.S.A., and 
 a Member of the Council of the 
 Eoyal Irish Academy, of which in- 
 stitution indeed he was for some 
 time President, but resigned the 
 office in Nov., 1869. Lord Talbot 
 was hereditary Lord Admiral of 
 Malahide, and the castle and 
 estates of Malahide have been in 
 the possession of his ancestors for 
 nearly 700 years in direct male 
 
870 
 
 TALBOT— TANNEE. 
 
 descent. He was a Lord-in -waiting 
 to the Queen. 
 
 TALBOT, William Hextt Fox 
 [1800— 187Z], the chief discoverer of 
 photography, son of Wm. D. Talbot, 
 Esq., of Lacock Abbey, Wilts, ma- 
 ternally descended from the earls of 
 Shrewsbury, was educated at Har- 
 row and at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he obtained two uni- 
 versity prizes. He did not adoj)t a 
 profession, but from the first de- 
 voted himself to scientific and lite- 
 rary pursuits. About 1833, de- 
 lighted with the beauty of the 
 images formed in the camera lu- 
 cida, he began to try to make them 
 permanent. At the same time 
 Daguerre was engaged on the same 
 subject, and both seem to have suc- 
 ceeded almost together, but Da- 
 guerre announced his process first. 
 Very shortly after Fox Talbot sent 
 to the Eoyal Society an " Account 
 of the Art of Photogenic Drawing." 
 In 1840 he discovered that an in- 
 visible image produced on jjrepared 
 paper, after being exposed to the 
 sun for a short time, could be made 
 visible by the use of gallic acid, a 
 discovery which laid the founda- 
 tion of the present art of photo- 
 grajihy. In his "Pencil of Nature," 
 published in 1814, he related the 
 steps by which he was led to the dis- 
 covery of the photographic art, for 
 which he received, in 1812, the 
 medal of the Eoyal Society. Al- 
 though he had patented his process, 
 Mr. Fox Talbot generously left it 
 open to the public. During the 
 last years of his life he took up 
 other studies, being specially inte- 
 rested in deciphering cuneiform 
 inscriptions just then brought from 
 the East. He wrote a good deal 
 for scientific publications on elec- 
 tricity, heat, oj^tics, botany, &c., 
 was an F.E.S., a member of the 
 Society of Biblical Archa3ology, 
 and Vice-President of the Eoyal 
 Society of Litoratun;. Ho ro])r('- 
 sented Chii>ponli:ini in the Liberal 
 interest in the first reformed Par- 
 liament. 
 
 TALFOUED, Sir Thomas Noon 
 [1795 — 1854], born at Doxey, near 
 Stafford, was the son of a brewer 
 at Eeading. He was educated at 
 the Eeading grammar-school, and 
 in 1813 went to London and placed 
 himself under Mr. Chilty, the 
 sjDecial pleader. In 1821 he was 
 called to the Bar at the Middle 
 Temple, travelled the Western cir- 
 cuit, and acted as a law rej^orter to 
 the Times. In 1833 he was made 
 serjeant-at-law, and was for some 
 years Eecorder of Banbury. From 
 1835 to 1841 he represented the 
 borough of Eeading, and again 
 from 1817 to 1849, when he was 
 made a judge of the Court of Com- 
 mon Pleas. In Parliament he was 
 distinguished by his efforts in be- 
 half of the rights of authors, for 
 whose benefit he introduced, in 1837, 
 the copyright Act which, somewhat 
 modified, was passed in 1812. In 
 1835 he printed for private circu- 
 lation his tragedy of " Ion," which 
 was acted with great success at 
 Covent Garden under the direction 
 of Mr. Macready in May, 183G, and 
 it was afterwards received with no 
 less favour in the United States. 
 " Glencoe " and " The Athenian 
 Captive" followed in 1838, and the 
 latter was jDcrformed at the Hay- 
 market Theatre with moderate 
 success. His other works include 
 his delightful "Memoirs and Cor- 
 respondence " of his friend Charles 
 Lamb, 1837, " Final Memoirs," 
 1848, and "Vacation Eambles." 
 He died suddenly of apoplexy while 
 addressing the grand jury at the 
 Stafford Assizes. 
 
 TANNEE, Thomas Hawkes, 
 M.D., F.L.S., &c. [1824—1871], 
 born in London, educated at the 
 Cliarterhouse and at King's Col- 
 lege, was at one time on the staff 
 of King's College Hosi)ital, and was 
 attached to the Westminster Hos- 
 pital medical school. In conjunc- 
 tion witli Drs.Tyl<>r Smith. Edward 
 Ivigby, and ('. Ili'witt, he was in- 
 strumental in founding the Obste- 
 I trical Society of l^ondou. He was 
 
TA-fE— TAYLOR. 
 
 871 
 
 the author of " A Manual of Clini- 
 cal Medicine and Physical Diag- 
 nosis" (1855), "A Practical Trea- 
 tise on the Diseases of Infancy and 
 Childhood," &e., and contriVmted 
 to various medical journals. He 
 was a Fellow of the Linnajan, Zoo- 
 losfical, Eoyal Medical and Chirur- 
 gical, and of other societies. 
 
 TATE, Eev. James ^1771—1813], 
 was educated at the Grainniar- 
 School at Kichmond, in Yorkshii-e, 
 and at Sidney Sussex College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he was elected Fel- 
 low. After taking the degree of 
 M.A. in 1707 he was appointed 
 Head Master of Eichmond School, 
 and became one of the most suc- 
 cessful and popular teachers of his 
 day. Later he was made Canon of 
 St. Paul's, and Vicar of Edmonton, 
 Essex. Mr. Tate was the author 
 of an edition of " Horace/' " Eich- 
 mond Eules for the Ovidian distich," 
 " The Glasgow Greek Grammai^" 
 &c. 
 
 T ATT AM, The Tex. Henry, 
 LL.D., F.E.S. [1788— 1S68], was 
 educated and graduated LL.D. at 
 Trinity College, Dublin, and D.D. 
 at Gottingen. and Ph.D. at Levden. 
 He was Eector of St. Cuthbei-t's, 
 Bedford, for twenty-seven years, and 
 a portion of that time also Eector 
 of Great "Woolstone, Bucks, and was 
 appointed Archdeacon of Bedford in 
 1845, and Eector of Stanford Elvers, 
 Essex, in 1849. Dr. Tattam, who 
 was a Chaplain in Ordinary to her 
 Majesty, wi-ote " Lexicon Egyp- 
 tiaco-Latinum," published in 1835 ; 
 "Prophetse Minores'' (^gyptiacse), 
 in 1837 ; " Defence of the Chui-ch 
 against Popery," in 1843 ; " Com- 
 pen<4ious Grammar of the Egyptian 
 Language," 1862, &c. He obtained 
 from a convent in the desert of 
 Egypt the splendid collection of 
 ancient Syriac MSS. in the 
 British Miiseum, which is the 
 richest in Syriac maniiscripts of 
 anv European library. 
 
 TAUXTOX, Lord, Eight Hon. 
 Henry Laboucheee ;^1798 — 1869], 
 was born in London, the son of a 
 
 rich banker, and was descended 
 from a Huguenot family. He was 
 educated at Winchester School and 
 Christ Church, Oxford, where he 
 graduated in 1820. After travel- 
 ling for a time in the L^nited States 
 and Canada, he entered Parliament 
 as member for St. Michael's in the 
 Liberal interest. He was returned 
 as member for Taunton in 1830, 
 which place he continued to repre- 
 sent till he went to the Upper 
 House. Between 1832 and 181^3 he 
 was a Lord of the Admiralty, 
 Master of the Mint, Vice-President 
 and President of the Board of 
 Trade, and Secretary for Ireland. 
 He was re-appointed President of 
 the Board of Trade in- 1855, and 
 was Colonial Secretary in 1858. 
 He retired with his party in the 
 following year, and was raised to 
 the peerage by the title of Lord 
 Taunton. 
 
 TAYLOE, Alfred Swaine,M.D. 
 F.E.S., physician and toxicologist 
 [1806—1880], born at Northfleet, 
 Kent, was educated at a private 
 school, entered as a jjupil at the 
 united Hospitals of Guy's and St. 
 Thomas's, under Sir Astley Cooper 
 and Mr. Jos. H. Green, in Oct., 
 1823, and continued his medical 
 stiidies at Guy's on its separation 
 from the other hospital until 1828. 
 He went to study in the chief 
 medical schools of France, Ger- 
 many, and Italy, became by exami- 
 nation a member of the Eoyal Col- 
 lege of Surgeons in 1830, after 
 having passed the Society of Apo- 
 thecaries : a Licentiate of the Eoyal 
 College of Physicians in 184i) ; and 
 was elected Fellow of this College 
 in 1853. Dr. Taylor, who had be- 
 come a F.E.S. in Nov., 1845, re- 
 ceived from the Treasurer and 
 Governors of Guy's Hospital the 
 first appointment to the chair of 
 Medical Jurisprudence, a post he 
 held for forty-six years. In 1832 
 ha was elected joint Professor in 
 Chemistry at Guy's Hospital with 
 Mr. A. Aikin, and occupied that 
 chair without an associate from 
 
872 
 
 TAYLOBf 
 
 1851 to 1870, when he resigned the 
 professorship. He was for many 
 years consulted by the Government 
 in reference to cases of alleged 
 murder bypoisoning and others of 
 a medico-legal natui-e. He was the 
 author of works on Medical Juris- 
 prudence, on Poisons, and on Che- 
 mistry, well known to members of 
 the medical and legal professions ; 
 and received from the University 
 of St. Andrews the honorary degree 
 of M.D. in 1852. 
 
 TAYLOE, Henry Lowman, was 
 the senior member of the Corpora- 
 tion of London, and its representa- 
 tive at the Metropolitan Board of 
 Works from the formation of that 
 body. He entered the Common 
 Council in 1813, and in 1869 he 
 was appointed Deputy of the Cord- 
 wainer Ward. For many years he 
 was Chairman of the Markets Im- 
 provement Committee, and the 
 erection of the markets in Smith- 
 field, the cattle market at Isling- 
 ton, and the foreign cattle market 
 at Deptford are mainly due to his 
 energy. He was a Lieutenant for 
 the City of London, a Magistrate 
 for Middlesex, and a Governor of 
 St. Bartholomew's Hospital. On 
 two occasions he declined to be 
 Alderman of Cordwainer Ward, 
 and when nominated as Sheriff he 
 excused himself from serving. He 
 died July 0, 1883. 
 
 TAYLOR, Eight Hon. Sir 
 Brook, G.C.S. [1776—1846], was 
 the 3d son of the Eev. Edward Tay- 
 lor, of Bifrons, and brother of Lieu- 
 tenant-General Sir Herbert Taylor. 
 He began his career at an early age 
 as private secretary to Lord Gren- 
 ville, then Secretary of State for 
 Foreign Affairs, and later was sent 
 as minister to Hesse Cassel, and 
 then to Wurtemberg. Subsequently 
 tie was api)ointed Envoy Extra- 
 oi-dinary and Minister Plrnijio- 
 tenliary at Munich, and afterwards 
 filled the same high post at tlie 
 Court of Berlin. In 1822, while 
 envoy to Bavariii, lie received i'voin 
 George l\^ ilic (ii-aud Cross of the 
 
 Guelphic Order; and in 1828 was 
 nominated a member of the Privy 
 Council. He was obliged to resign 
 his important office in 1831, owing 
 to ill-health, and did not again 
 enter the public service. He waa 
 never married. 
 
 TAYLOE, Lieutenant-General 
 Sir Herbert, G.C.B. and G.C.H. 
 [1775— .1839], was the second son of 
 the Eev. Edward Taylor, of Bifrons, 
 Kent, and elder brother of the pie- 
 ceding. He accompanied Sir James 
 Murray as his secretary to Flanders 
 in 1793, and as a volunteer was pre- 
 sent at most of the actions during 
 that campaign, as well as in the 
 campaign of 1791^. When Sir James 
 Murray returned to England, Sir 
 Herbert remained as assistant-seeic- 
 tary to the Duke of York till he 
 also left, when he was appointed 
 secretary to the Commander of the 
 British forces on the Continent. 
 Having filled the office successively 
 of secretary to Lord Cornwallis 
 and the Duke of York, whom he 
 accompanied to Holland, he was, in 
 1805, made private secretary to 
 George III. In 1812 he was ap- 
 pointed one of the trustees of the 
 King's private property, and soon 
 after private secretary to the Queen. 
 In 1813 he was sent on a special 
 mission to Holland, and in 1811 on 
 a military mission to Sweden and 
 the Hague. In 1818 Queen Char- 
 lotte appointed him master of St. 
 Katlierine's Hospital, an appoint- 
 ment he held till his death. He 
 was made lieutenant-general in 
 1825. He was the author of a nar- 
 rative of the last illness of the Duke 
 of York, whuj^e intimate friend he 
 had been for several years, and one 
 of the executors of His Eoyal 
 Highness's will. Sir Herbert ri'- 
 presented ^N'indsor in Parliament 
 from 1820 to 1823. 
 
 TAYLOE, Isaac [1787— 18G5],nn 
 eminent writer on theological and 
 philosophical subjects, was the son 
 of Mr. Isaac Taylor, an ai'tist, wlio 
 later liecame a dissenting ministiM* 
 at Ongar, Essex. Several <>f the 
 
TAYLOR. 
 
 873 
 
 family took a place in literature or 
 art. His grandfather was a success- 
 ful copperplate printer, his uncle, 
 Charles Taylor, was the well-known 
 editor of " Calmet's Bible Diction- 
 ary," and his sisters, Jane and 
 Ann, wrote children's stories and 
 poems, which had great success, 
 and some of which (i.e., the 
 " Hymns for Infant Minds") have 
 still a certain vogue. Isaac Taylor 
 was chiefly educated at home under 
 his father, and was intended for an 
 artist, but gave that up to devote 
 himself to literature. His sister 
 Jane, his favourite companion, 
 dying in 1824, he married and 
 settled at Ongar in the parish of 
 Stanford Eivers, in Essex, where 
 he spent the rest of his life, busily 
 writing, and bringing up his large 
 family. A few years before his 
 death he was occupied in inventing 
 a new process for engraving by 
 machinery the copper rollers used 
 in calico printing. Among his 
 writings, which were very nu- 
 merous, may be mentioned a trans- 
 lation of Herodotus, " Elements of 
 Thought," a concise introduction 
 to mental philosophy, a "History 
 of the Transmission of Ancient 
 Books to Modern Times ; " the three 
 remarkable works, " Xatural His- 
 tory of Enthusiasm," "Natural 
 History of Fanaticism," and " Spi- 
 ritual Despotism ; " " The Physical 
 Theory of another Life," &c. He 
 also wrote for some of the leading 
 reviews. 
 
 TAYLOE, John Edwaed, 
 founder, proprietor, and for twenty- 
 three years principal editor of the 
 Manchester Guardian, was born at 
 Ilminster, Sept. 11, 1791, and was 
 the son of a Unitarian minister, 
 who subsequently kept a school in 
 Manchester. He commenced life 
 in the house of a Manchester mer- 
 chant, and from a surprisingly early 
 period took an active part in public 
 affairs, obtaining the full confidence 
 of a large section of his fellow 
 townsmen before he was of age. He 
 wrote an able exposure of the con- 
 
 duct of the magistrates and yeo- 
 manry at the Peterloo meeting, 
 and exerted himself on the LiVjeral 
 side, when such advocacy involved 
 no little risk. An altercation aris- 
 ing out of political feeling led to 
 his being indicted for libel in 
 1819. Mr. Taylor conducted his 
 own case in person, and obtained 
 an acquittal in spite of all the 
 efforts of Scarlett, the ablest advo- 
 cate of the day. The trial is me- 
 morable as the first in which a 
 person indicted for libel was allowed 
 to call evidence to prove the truth 
 of his statements. The ability 
 shown by Mr. Taylor led to his 
 being invited in 1821 to undertake 
 the direction of a Liberal newspaper, 
 the needful capital being advanced 
 on loan. He accordingly established 
 the Manchester Guardian, his coad- 
 jutor being Jeremiah Garnett (q. v.) . 
 Up to this time Manchester had 
 possessed no good newspaper, and 
 after a year of anxious struggle, 
 the ability of the conductors ren- 
 dered their journal not only an 
 assured success, biit a model. For 
 many years the literary department 
 was chiefly in Mr. Taylor^s hands. 
 His prudence and sound judgment, 
 and intimate acquaintance with the 
 commercial interests of the district, 
 and even more perhaps his high 
 moral standard and fastidious scru- 
 pulousness, made his joiu-nal accept- 
 able to readers of all classes and 
 opinions, and the peculiar indivi- 
 duality he successfully impressed 
 upon it gave it a position inde- 
 pendent of ordinary politics. He 
 also took a leading part in numi- 
 cipal affairs, especially in obtaining 
 a charter of incoi-poration. He 
 died Jan. 6, 18-14. 
 
 TAYLOR, Colonel Meadows 
 [1808 — 1876], born in Liverpool, 
 was the eldest son of Philip Mea- 
 dows Taylor, Esq. At the age of 
 16 he obtained a commission in 
 the service of the Nizam, to whom 
 he remained devotedly attached 
 throughout his long career. He 
 was speedily transferred from mi- 
 
874 
 
 TAYLOR. 
 
 litary duty to a civil appointment, 
 and in this cajoacity lie acquired a 
 thorough knowledge of the lan- 
 guage and manners and customs of 
 Southern "India. Alternately he 
 was judge, engineer, artist, and man 
 of letters. On his return to Eng- 
 land in 1810 he published the first 
 of his brilliant Indian novels, " The 
 Confessions of a Thug," from scenes 
 which he had heard described by 
 the chief actors in them. Other 
 tales followed illustrative of In- 
 dian history and society. Among 
 which were " Tara," " Ralph Dar- 
 vill," " Seeta," &c. About 1850 he 
 was appointed by the Nizam's Go- 
 vernment to administer, during a 
 long minority, the jorincipality of 
 the young Rajah of Shoraj^ore. He 
 succeeded, without any European 
 assistance, in raising this small 
 territory to a high degree of pros- 
 perity, and such was his influence 
 with the natives, that on the 
 occurrence of the mutiny in Bengal 
 he held his ground without military 
 support, though the young Rajah 
 came to a ruinous end. His merits 
 were now recognised by the British 
 Government, and he was subse- 
 quently appointed deputy-commis- 
 sioner of the western ceded dis- 
 tricts, where he succeeded in es- 
 tablishing a new assessment of 
 revenues at once more equitable to 
 the cultivators and more i3roductive 
 to the Government. About 18GG 
 he retired from the service, was 
 awarded a pension, and nominated 
 a companion of the Star of India. 
 "The Story of My Life," edited 
 by his daughter, appeared in 1877. 
 TAYLOR, Richard Cowling 
 [1780 — 1851], was born at Stenton, 
 in Suffolk. He was first employed 
 on the Ordnance Survey of liuck- 
 iugham] and Jiedfordshire,and then 
 went to Norfolk to execute the 
 survey for the projected liarbour 
 of Lowestoft. Wliile resident at 
 Norwich he devoted some time 
 to anticiuarian researches, and in 
 1821 ])ul)lislicd his " Index Mona.'^- 
 ticus." Ju 1830 he left Euglaud 
 
 for the United States. His most 
 imjDortant work was " The Statistics 
 of Coal," 1818. He was a Fellow 
 of the Geological Society of Lon- 
 don, and a member of various 
 scientific societies in Eurojie and 
 America. 
 
 TAYLOR, Richard [1781— 1858], 
 printer and naturalist, was the 
 great-grandson of Dr. John Taylor, 
 the author of the " Hebrew Con- 
 cordance." At the suggestion of 
 Sir J. E. Smith, the founder of the 
 Linnsean Society, he was induced 
 to become a printer, and diu'ing his 
 apprenticeship he devoted his lei- 
 sure to the study of the classics, 
 and Teutonic dialects. He started 
 in business for himself in Crane 
 Court, Fleet Street, and soon be- 
 came known as a printer of scien- 
 tific works. He was patronised by 
 the Royal and Linntean Societies. 
 In 1822 he joined Dr. Tilloeh as 
 editor of the Philosopliical Magazine. 
 In 1833 he established the Annals 
 of Natural History, and united with 
 it in 1811 the Magazine of Natural 
 History. Subsequently he issued 
 several volumes of a work intended 
 to contain papers of value, chiefly 
 translated, under the title of 
 " Taylor's Scientific Memoirs." In 
 1829 he prepared a new edition of 
 Home 7'ooke's " Diversions of 
 Purley," which he enriched with 
 many valuable notes, and re-edited 
 in 1810. For many years he repre- 
 sented the ward of Farringdon 
 Without, in the Common Council. 
 He was greatly interested in edu- 
 cational questions, and took an 
 active part in the foundation of 
 the City of London Sclioi>l. of Uni- 
 versity College, and tlie University 
 of London. In 1807 he became a 
 Fellow of IheLinna^an Society, and 
 three years later was elected un<h'r- 
 sccretary. He was also a member 
 of numei'ous other learned luxlies. 
 
 TAYLOR, Robert, 15.A. [171)2— 
 1811], generally known by the 
 soViricjuet of " The Devil's Chap- 
 lain," was tlie son of an ironmong«'r 
 in Feiichurch Street, wlio made a 
 
TAYLOR. 
 
 875 
 
 large fortune and retired upon it 
 to Enfield. He was educated at 
 St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 where he took his B.A. degree in 
 1813. Having taken holy orders 
 he became curate of Midhurst, Sus- 
 sex, where he remained for upwards 
 of five years, at the end of which 
 time he openly began to preach free- 
 thinking doctrines, and finally had 
 his gown taken from him. He 
 then went to London, where he 
 joined the famous Richard Carlile 
 (q. v.), printer and publisher of 
 free-thinking lit^jrature, and began 
 a course of lectures all over the 
 country. In summer he frequented 
 the Temple Gardens, where he dis- 
 tributed his tracts and sought dis- 
 ciples. At last his foUowei's bought 
 for him Dr. Bengo Collier's chapel, 
 in Cannon Street, City, which he 
 called the Areopagus, and where 
 he went to such lengths in his lee- 
 tures, that he was tried and con- 
 victed of blasphemy, and sentenced 
 to two years' imprisoument. He 
 spent the last years of his life at 
 Tours in France, and ultimately 
 retvu'ned to the doctrines of the 
 EstabUshed Chui-ch. 
 
 TAYLOE, Toil [1817—1880], 
 author and dramatist, was born at 
 Sunderlcind, and was the son of a 
 bi-ewer. He was educated at the 
 Grange School, and went through 
 two sessions at Glasgow TJniversitv, 
 in the course of which he received 
 three gold medals and several other 
 prizes . From Glasgow he proceeded, 
 in 1837, to Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took a degree as 
 a junior optime, and in the first class 
 of the classical tripos, and was 
 elected a Fellow of Trinity. Mr. 
 Taylor, who held for two years the 
 Professorship of English Language 
 and Literature at L^niversity Col- 
 lege, London, was called to the Bar 
 at the Inner Temple in Nov., 1845, 
 and went the Xorthern circuit until 
 his appointment to the Assistant 
 Secretaryshij) of the Board of 
 Health, in March, 1850, and on the 
 re-construction of that Board in 
 
 1854, he was appointed Secretary, 
 with a salary of ^£1,000 per annum. 
 "When the Board was abolished, and 
 its functions were ti'ansf erred to the 
 Local Government Act Oflfice, a de- 
 partment of the Home Office, Mr. 
 Taylor was made secretary of that 
 doijartment which was charged witli 
 the execution of the important du- 
 ties devolving on the Home Secre- 
 tary under the Sanitary Act of 
 IJSGG. In 1872 the functions of the 
 Local Government Office were trans- 
 ferred to the Poor Law Board, 
 under its new name of the Local 
 Government Board. Mr. Taylor's 
 office was subsequently abolished, 
 and he retired on a pension from 
 public emplo;>-ment after twenty- 
 one years' service. In 1874, on the 
 death of Shirley Brooks, he became 
 editor of Punch, a jjost he filled till 
 his death. He had already been on 
 the staff of the Morning Chronicle 
 and the Daily Neu-s. He was the 
 author of about 100 dramatic 
 pieces, a tenth of them being adap- 
 tations from French plays or novels. 
 Among the most successful may be 
 mentioned " Still TVaters Eun 
 Deep," "The Fool's Eevenge," "An 
 Unequal Match," "The Overland 
 Eoute," "Xew Men and Old Acres," 
 " Masks and Faces," " Lady Clan- 
 carty," "Our American Cousin," 
 &c. He was also well known as an 
 art critic, and in that capacity \^'rote 
 for the Times. He compiled and 
 edited the "Autobiography of B. E. 
 Haydon," from the joiu-nals of that 
 painter, published in 1853 ; the 
 " Autobiography and Correspond- 
 ence of C. E. Leslie, E. A.," published 
 in 1859 ; and the " Life and Times 
 of Sir Joshua Eevnolds," left in- 
 complete by Mr. Leslie, E.A., in 
 1865. His wife Avas well known 
 under her maiden name of Miss 
 Laura Barker, as a musical com- 
 
 poser, and wrote. 
 
 among 
 
 other 
 
 things, an original overture and 
 entr'acte music to her husband's 
 "Joan of Arc.'^ 
 
 TAYLOE, William B. Saks- 
 FiELD 'born in Dublin, 17bl j died 
 
876 
 
 TAYLOR— TENNANT. 
 
 in London, Dec. 23, 1850], en- 
 tered the commissariat service and 
 was j)resent at the siege of St. Se- 
 bastian, but later took to art paint- 
 ing, militai-y subjects, and land- 
 scapes. He exhibited 41 works, but 
 had little success as a painter, and 
 is better known by his writings, 
 *' The History of the Fine Arts in 
 Great Britain and Ireland,^' " The 
 History of Fresco Painting," and 
 his translation of Merimee's " Prac- 
 tice of Painting." 
 
 TAYLOE, William Cooke, 
 LL.D. [1800—1849], miscellaneous 
 writer and historian, was born at 
 Youghal, and was the son of 
 Richard Taylor, a manufacturer. 
 He was educated at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin, on leaving which he 
 came to London, and entered ujDon 
 a literary career. On the establish- 
 ment of the Atliernxxitn he became 
 one of its chief contributors, and 
 wrote for other periodicals, espe- 
 cially for Bentley's Miscellany and 
 the Art Journal. He was a recog- 
 nised authority on all matters re- 
 lating to education, and was em- 
 ployed in 1846 by the Government 
 to inquire into the systems of educa- 
 tion in use on the Continent, on 
 which he made a report to Her 
 Majesty's Privy Council. He was 
 to have been placed on the estab- 
 lishment of the Lord-Lieutenant of 
 Ireland to carry out his views, but 
 did not live to do so. Among his 
 works may be mentioned his " His- 
 tory of Mohammedanism," "The 
 History of the House of Orleans," 
 " Life and Times of Sir Robert 
 Peel," " Revolutions and Remark- 
 able Conspiracies of Europe," cK:c. 
 He edited also " Pinnock's Gold- 
 smith's History of England," "Pin- 
 nock's Goldsmith's History of 
 Rome," «fcc. 
 
 TEGG, Thomas [1776—1846], 
 bookseller and publisher, was born 
 at Wimbledon, Surrey, and losing 
 his father at an early age, was sent 
 toGalasliiels.in Selkirksliire, where 
 for the sum of jCIO he was boarded, 
 clothed, and educated Ijy a Mr. 
 
 Graham, with whom he stayed for 
 four years. He then had to set out 
 to make his own living, and after 
 suffering great poverty and priva- 
 tions reached Sheffield, where for a 
 time he worked in Mr. Gale's jmnt- 
 ing office. He next went to Lon- 
 don, where he arrived with hardly 
 any money, and utterly worn out 
 and weary "vvdth his struggles. After 
 a time he found employment in the 
 publishing firm of Messrs. Arch, of 
 Cornhill, with whom he remained 
 for nine years. At the end of that 
 time he was able to open business 
 on his own account, and first started 
 in Aldersgate Street, whence he re- 
 moved to 111, Cheapside. By means 
 of evening book auctions, which he 
 carried on for some years, and by 
 entering largely into trade by is- 
 suing reprints, and buying remain- 
 ders of books at a low price, his 
 business soon increased so much 
 that he found larger premises neces- 
 sary, and removed to 73, Cheapside, 
 known as " the Old Mansion House." 
 There his business became one of 
 the best in London. He was gene- 
 rally supposed to have been the 
 original of " Twigg " in Hood's 
 " Tilney Hall." 
 
 TENNANT, James, F.G.S., Pro- 
 fessor of Geology at King's College, 
 London, was born early in the cen- 
 tury. He compiled "A Catalogue 
 of Fossils found in the British 
 Isles;" "Treatise on Geology, Mi- 
 neralogy, and Crystallograi)hy " 
 ( jointly with Professors Ansted and 
 Mitchell), published in 1857 ; " Art- 
 Gems and Precious Stones ; " "A 
 Description of the Imperial State 
 Crown preserved in the Jewel-liouse 
 at the Tower of London;" "Ice- 
 land Spars;" and "A Stratigra- 
 phical List of British Fossils," with 
 remarks on their cliaracter and lo- 
 calities. He died in London, Feb. 
 23, 1S81, aged 73. 
 
 TENNANT, William [1785— 
 1848], a poet and oriental scho- 
 lar, was born at East Anstruther, 
 in Fife. He was educated at a 
 school in his native i)lace, where 
 
TENNENT— THACKERAY. 
 
 877 
 
 he bad Thomas Chahiiers for a 
 companion, and in 1709 he was 
 sent to the University of St. An- 
 drew's. In 1801 he became clerk 
 to his brother, a cornfactor at Glas- 
 gow, but he still continued his 
 studies, and made himself tho- 
 roughly acquainted with the clas- 
 sics. He returned to his native 
 place, and in 1812 published his 
 humorous poem, " Anster Fair," 
 which at length attracted notice, 
 and in 1811 was favourably re- 
 viewed by Jeffrey in the Edin- 
 burgh Revieio. He was successively 
 teacher in the parish schools of 
 Denino and Lasswade. In 1819 he 
 was elected teacher of Oriental lan- 
 guages at the Dollar Academy, 
 where he taught until 1835, when 
 he succeeded the Eev. Archibald 
 Baird in the professorship of Orien- 
 tal languages at St. Mary's Col- 
 lege, St. Andrews. His leisure was 
 employed in compiling grammars 
 of the Syriac and Chaldee lan- 
 guages, which were published in 
 1840. He was also the author of 
 various poems, dramas, and trans- 
 lations. 
 
 TEXXEXT, Sir James Emerson, 
 Bart. [1804 — 1869], son of William 
 Emerson, Esq., of BeKast, on his 
 marriage assumed the name of his 
 wife, graduated LL.D. at Trinity 
 College, Dublin, and was called to 
 the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1831. 
 He was one of the joint Secretaries 
 to the Board of Trade, and was 
 Secretary to the India Board and 
 the Poor-Law Boai'd, and Civil 
 Secretary to the Colonial Govern- 
 ment of Ceylon ; was one of the 
 members in the Conservative itite- 
 rest for Belfast, from Dec, 1832, 
 till Aug., 1845, and for Lisburn 
 from Dec, 1851, till Dec, 1852, 
 and was a magistrate for the coun- 
 ties of Antrim, Down, and Fer- 
 managh, and a Deputy-Lieutenant 
 for the latter county. He wrote 
 " Travels in Belgium," published 
 in 1841 ; " History of Modem 
 Greece," in 1848 ; an " Accoimt of 
 Ceylon, Physical, Historical, and 
 
 Topographical," and "Progress of 
 Christianity in Ceylon," in 1850 ; 
 " Sketches of the Natural History 
 of Ceylon," in 1861 ; and other 
 works. Sir James, who was an 
 accomplished scholar, was made a 
 Knight of the Greek Order of the 
 Saviour in 1842, was knighted on 
 proceeding to Ceylon, and was made 
 a baronet, Feb. 5, 1867. 
 
 TENTEKDEN, Eight Hon. 
 Charles Stuart Aubrey Abbott, 
 Third Lord [1834—1882], was the 
 nephew of John Henry, second Lord 
 Tenterden, whom he succeeded in 
 1870. He was educated at Eton, 
 and in 1851 was appointed to a 
 clerkship in the Foreign Office. In 
 
 ' 1858 he was employed at Naples in 
 connection with the affair of the 
 Cagliari. He was nominated precis- 
 
 i writer to Lord Stanley at the 
 
 ' Foreign Office in 1866. In 1871 
 he was made secretary to the 
 Joint High Commission at "Wash- 
 
 ; ington, for which services he was 
 made a C.B. Lord Tenterden was 
 
 1 subsequently engaged in assisting 
 the Lord Chancellor jn the prepa- 
 ration of the case for decision re- 
 
 '• spec-ting the Alabama Claims, and 
 was appointed agent for Great 
 Britain at . the Geneva Conference 
 on the same subject. He held the 
 post of Assistant Under-Secretary 
 of State for Foreign Affairs from 
 
 I 1871 till 1873, when he was ap- 
 pointed to the Permanent Under- 
 
 I Secretaryship. He was a Eoyal 
 Commissioner for the Paris Exhi- 
 bition of 1878, and in the same 
 year was promoted K.C.B. Lord 
 Tenterden was an enthusiastic Free- 
 
 I mason, and attained distinguished 
 rank in the Masonic body. 
 
 THACKEEAY, William Make- 
 peace, was born at Calcutta, July 
 18th, 1811. His father, of an old 
 Cornish family, held a situation in 
 the East India Company's service. 
 His mother, Anne Beecher, was 
 married young, and was only nine- 
 teen when her son was born. Five 
 years later she was left a widow, 
 
 i and some years afterwards she 
 
878 
 
 THACKERAY. 
 
 married Major Henry Carmicliael 
 Smyth, for -whom liis stepson always 
 felt a -warm affection. Like so many 
 of his heroes, Thackeray was edu- 
 cated at "Vo-e Charterhouse — the 
 Slaughterhouse of his early writ- 
 ings, the Grey Friars of his later 
 works. He distinguished himself 
 rather by a turn for burlesque 
 verses and drawings than by hard 
 study, and indeed was constitu- 
 tionally idle throughout life. In 
 Feb., 1829, he entered Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, but left without 
 taking a degree, and went to study 
 art first in Weimar, and then in 
 Paris. He was, hoAvever, either un- 
 able or unwilling to learn to draw, 
 as anyone may see by looking at his 
 own illustrations to his novels. In 
 many ways these illustrations are 
 capital, full of character, full of 
 humour, but as drawings they will 
 not stand criticism. In 1832 Thacke- 
 ray came of age, and inherited a 
 fortune of about £oOO a year. He 
 started a newspaper. The National 
 Standard, which died after much 
 money had been spent on it, then he 
 started another. The Constitutional ; 
 this exhausted the remainder of 
 his patrimony, and then it too ex- 
 pired. Major Carmicliael Smyth 
 was a fellow-sufferer in this second 
 venture. The young man had now 
 to support himself ; he wrote a little 
 for the Times, but his first regular 
 employment was for Fraser's Maga- 
 zine, wherein " The History of 
 Samuel Titmarsh and The Great 
 Hoggarty Diamond " appeared dur- 
 ing 1837-38. In the earlier of these 
 years Thackeray married Miss Isa- 
 bella Shawe, but after a few years 
 his domestic happiness was clouded 
 by the long and hopeless illness of 
 his wife. In 1810 he Inought out 
 the " Paris Sketch-lJook," and this, 
 like his earlier works, Vjore the 
 pseudonym Michael Angelo Tit- 
 marsh. About this time ho first 
 became connc.-cted with Punch. Of 
 his many contributions to this, his 
 favourite jicriodical, the bost known 
 are " The SuoIj PaperH " and " The 
 
 Ballads of Policeman X." In 1843 
 the " Irish Sketch-Book " appeared ; 
 it was dedicated to Lever, and the 
 dedication was signed with Thacke- 
 ray's own name. It was followed, 
 in 1844, by " The Journey from 
 Cornhill to Cairo," and two years 
 later the publication, in monthly 
 parts, of " Vanity Fair " was com- 
 menced. Hitherto the name of 
 Thackeray had been known only in 
 literary circles, but by the time the 
 twenty-fourth and last number of 
 " Vanity Fair " was issued he was 
 only less popular than Dickens. 
 " Pendennis," " Esmond," and 
 "The Newcomes" followed at in- 
 tervals of two years. " Pendennis " 
 and " The Newcomes " were issued 
 in monthly parts ; indeed, of all 
 Thackeray's novels, "Esmond" 
 alone w^as brought out as a whole, 
 and this fact may perhaps account 
 for the artistic perfection of that 
 masterpiece. In 1851 Thackeray 
 prepared and delivered a series of 
 lectui'es on " The English Humour- 
 ists of the 18th Centui'y." During 
 the winter of 1852-53 he delivered 
 the course in America, and on his 
 return prepared a second series 
 on " The Four Georges." In 1857 
 he contested Oxford in the Liberal 
 interest, but was defeated by a few 
 votes. In that year the first num- 
 ber of " The Virginians" api>earod. 
 In 1839 he became editor of The 
 Cornhill Magazine, for which he 
 wrote "Lovel the Widower," "The 
 Roundabout Papers," and " The Ad- 
 ventures of Philip." In April, 1SG2, 
 Thackeray resigned the editorship, 
 but he continued to write for tlie 
 CornJiill until his death, Christmas 
 Eve, 18G3. At his death, " Denis 
 Duval" was half written, and was 
 destined to run through the Corn- 
 hill of 180 1. It was Tliackeray's 
 wish tliat no biography of him 
 should be written, and his desire 
 has been held sacred bv those who 
 ccmld sujtply the materials for a 
 life. Anthony Trollope contributed 
 a volume on his writings to the 
 series of " English Men of Letters ; " 
 
TIIACKWELL— THIRL WALL. 
 
 870 
 
 it is preceded with a short memoir, 
 from which these facts are com- 
 piled. 
 
 T HACK WELL, Sir Joseph, 
 G.C.B. [1781—1859], was a son of 
 John Thackwell, Esq., of Morton 
 Court, Worcestershire. He obtained , 
 a commission in the Worcestershire 
 Mounted Fencibles, and served in 
 the Latter part of the Irish rebel- 
 lion. In 1800 he entered the 15th 
 Hussars, in which corps he served 
 for thirty-one years, during the 
 last eleven of which he held the 
 command. He went through the 
 Peninsular war. At Waterloo he 
 received several wounds, lost his 
 left arm, and had two horses shot 
 under him. Eetnrning- to England, 
 he was engaged in suppressing 
 many riots at Nottingham, Bir- 
 mingham, &c. In 1838 he was ap- 
 pointed local Major-General in 
 India, and served with great dis- 
 tinction in the first Afghan war, as 
 well as at Gwalior and in the two 
 Sikh campaigns. He was second 
 in command under Lord Grough at 
 the battles of Eamnugger, Sadoo- 
 lapore, Chillianwallah, and Gujerat, 
 and received the thanks of the 
 House of Commons on three occa- 
 sions. He was gazetted a G.C.B. in 
 1849, and had the order of the 
 second class of the Dooranee Em- 
 pire. 
 
 THACKWELL, Lieutenant 
 OsBERT D'Arbitol [1837—1858], 
 son of the above, was present Avith | 
 his regiment at Nusserabad when : 
 it mutinied. After its disband- , 
 ment he was appointed interpreter ; 
 to the 83rd Foot, was engaged with J 
 the rebels at Mimdesore several 
 times, and distingviished himself in 
 the defence of Neemuch. During i 
 the siege of Lucknow he was with | 
 Sir Colin Campbell's force, and on 
 March 20, 1858, while walking in 
 the streets of the city, he was 
 murdered by the Moulvie's sepoys. 
 
 THESIGER, The Eight Hon. 
 
 .Alfred Henry [1838—1880], third 
 
 son of Lord Chelmsford, by Anne 
 
 Maria, youngest daughter of Wil- 
 
 liam Tinling, Esq., of Southamp- 
 ton, was educated at Christ Church, 
 OxfordKB. A., 18G0) . He was called 
 to the bar at the Inner Temple in 
 1802, and was for some time " post- 
 of the Court of Exchequer. 
 
 man 
 
 He rapidly gained a large practice 
 and high reputation ; was created 
 a Q.C. in 1873; and was Attorney- 
 General to the Prince of Wales. 
 In 1877 he was appointed to succeed 
 Sir Eichard Amjjhlett as one of the 
 Lord Justices of Appeals, and on 
 that occasion was added to the 
 Privy Council. He married in 18G3 
 Henrietta, second daughter of the 
 Hon. George Handcock, a son of 
 Lord Castlemaine. 
 
 THIELWALL, Connop, Bishop 
 of St. Davids [1797—1875], his- 
 torian of Gi'eece, was the son of 
 the rector of Bowers-Gifford, in 
 Essex, and was educated at the 
 Charterhouse and Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, of which he became a 
 Fellow. He began to write at a 
 very early age various essays and 
 poems, which his father later col- 
 lected and published under the 
 title " Primitioe " (1809). Choosing 
 law as his profession, he was called 
 to the Bar in 1825, but soon re- 
 nounced it, and entered the Church, 
 being ordained in 1828, and pre- 
 sented to the rectory of Kirby- 
 under-Dale, in Yorkshire. While 
 there he steadily devoted all his 
 leisui'e time to writing. He iiad 
 already translated Schleiermacher's 
 work, " Ueber die Schriften des 
 Lukas, ein kritischer Versuch," 
 which was followed by a transla- 
 tion, in conjunction with his friend 
 Archdeacon Hare, of the first two 
 volumes of Xiebuhr's " History of 
 Eome." Both these works aroused 
 a good deal of suspicion as reveal- 
 ing the critical principles to be 
 applied alike to sacred and profane 
 history. The first volume of the 
 " History " appeared in 1828, and 
 was soon followed by the second, 
 the third being Avritten by someone 
 else. While Thirlwall was thus 
 showing his sympathy with the 
 
8S0 
 
 THOMAS— THOMPSON. 
 
 more liberal thought of Germany, 
 the " Oxford Movement " was gra- 
 dually training ground. His " His- 
 tory of Greece " he wrote between 
 1830 and "1810, the first volume 
 being published in 1835, and the 
 last in 1817. It appeared first as 
 part of " Lardner's Cabinet Cyclo- 
 jitedia," but was published in an 
 enlarged edition in 1845-52. In 
 1810 Thirlwall was elevated to the 
 see of St. David's, which he held 
 till 1874', when he resigned on ac- 
 count of advancing age. He wrote 
 no other great work, though he was 
 keenly interested in contemporary 
 events, and generally reviewed all 
 the great questions of the day in his 
 masterly charges. As a member of 
 the Episcopal Bench, he occasionally 
 took part in the proceedings of the 
 House of Lords, and in 1869 dis- 
 tinguished himself by a remark- 
 able speech on the Irish Church, 
 subsequently published in a sepa- 
 rate form. He took part in the 
 revision of the Old Testament, 
 upon which he was engaged at the 
 time of his death, and was also for 
 a time one of the editors of the 
 "Cambridge Philological Museum." 
 He was buried beside Grote in 
 Westminster Abbey, and in 1870 
 his " Literary and Theological Re- 
 mains" were published in two 
 volumes. A few years later an in- 
 teresting addition to his personal 
 history M^as made by the publica- 
 tion of his " Letters to a Friend." 
 THOMAS, John [1813— 18G2], 
 sculptor, was of Welsh descent, 
 and was born at Chalford, Glou- 
 cestershire. He settled in London, 
 being employed on some of the 
 decorative sculpture of the New 
 Houses of Parliament, and was a 
 constant exhibitor at the Academy 
 from 1838 to 1802. He exhibited 
 chiefly busts, with an occasional 
 design of a monumental cliaracter. 
 Among other things he executed 
 the baa-relief at Euston Station, 
 some sculptures at Westniinster 
 I'alace, prepared designs for several 
 puljlic and private buildings, and 
 
 left unfinished statues of Josej^h 
 Sturge, and Sir Hugh Myddelton. 
 His " Musidora "^ and " Una and 
 the Lion " were among his best 
 works. 
 
 THOMASON, Hon. James, was 
 the son of the Rev. Thomas T. 
 Thomason, a senior chaplain in the 
 East India Company's service. He 
 Avas educated in England, and re- 
 turned to India in the service of the 
 Company. His ability brought him 
 under the notice of Lord Auckland, 
 then governor-general, who made 
 him his secretary. Subsequently 
 he became Lieutenant-Governor of 
 the North-West Provinces of India. 
 Under his direction the natural 
 resources of these provinces were 
 rapidly developed. He established 
 several native schools, and founded 
 a college for engineers. Shortly 
 before his death he was appointed 
 governor of the Madras Presidency, 
 but he died (Sept. 27, 1853) before 
 entering upon his duties. 
 
 THOMPSON, Charles, the 
 younger brother of John Thomp- 
 son, the wood engraver, was born 
 in London, 1791, and became a pupil 
 of Bewick and Branston. In 1810 he 
 went to Paris, and settled there as a 
 wood engraver. He practised with 
 much success, and it was he who in- 
 ti'oduced the art of engraving on the 
 end of the wood on to the Continent. 
 Among the many publications on 
 which he was eno:aged were " L'His- 
 toire de L'Ancien et du Nouveau 
 Testament," 1835 ; " Fables de La 
 Fontaine," 1830; Thierry's " Con- 
 qucte de I'Angleterre," 1811 ; and 
 " Corinne," 1811. He died at Bourg- 
 la-Reine, May 10. 1813. In 182 1 
 he had been decorated with the 
 gold medal, and at his death a 
 pension was granted by the French 
 Government to his widow. 
 
 T 11 O M P S O N. John. l>orn 
 May 25, 1785, at Manchester ; 
 like his brother Charles, becauie 
 the pupil of Branston, the wood 
 engraver. By the beauty and 
 artistic feeling of his work he made 
 for himself a very eminent posi- 
 
THOMPSON. 
 
 881 
 
 tion, both in France and at home. 
 He was employed by the Bank of 
 EngLind to prodv|X'c a note, which, 
 from its art, should be inimitable. 
 In 1839 he was commissioned by 
 Government to en<j^rave Mulready's 
 desi«^n for the postajjfo envelope, 
 and in 1852 he executed the Bri- 
 tannia, which still figures on the 
 Bank of England notes. Between 
 1852-59 he directed the Female 
 School of Enj^raving" at South 
 Kensington, and presented that 
 Museum with his collection of wood 
 engravings. The Paris Exhibition 
 of 1855 awarded him the grand 
 Medal of Honour. He died at Ken- 
 sington, Feb. 20, 1866, in his 82nd 
 year. Among his best-known wood- 
 cuts are the illustrations to " The 
 London Theatre/' 1814-18 ; " Faii-- 
 fax's Tasso;" '' Hudibras,'' 1818; 
 '• The Blind Beggar's Daughter of 
 Bethnal Green •" " Gray's Elegy/' 
 1832 ; " Shakespeare," 1832 ; "The 
 Arabian lights," 1841 ; Mulready's 
 " Vicar of Wakefield," 1843, &c. 
 
 THOMPSON, George, was one 
 of the leaders of the Anti-Corn 
 Law League, and the associate of 
 Mr. Oobden in the Free Trade 
 movement. In early life he took 
 a great interest in the agitation 
 for the abolition of slavery, and 
 on that account he was encouraged 
 by Lord Brougham to devote him- 
 self to public life. Mr. Cobden 
 found his powerful oratory of great 
 assistance in his agitation of 1841-46, 
 and it is said that a conference of 
 600 Nonconformist ministers, held 
 at Manchester, to make kno^\^^ the 
 distress caused by the bread-tax 
 v/as the result of a suggestion of 
 Mr. ThomjDson, He rej^resented 
 the Tower Hamlets in the Kadical 
 interest in the Parliament of 1847. 
 In 1851 he joined Mr. Sturge, and 
 the rest of the peace party, in their 
 opposition to the war against Rus- 
 sia. Subsequently he travelled in 
 India, and the United States, on 
 matters connected with the cause 
 of civil and religious fi'eedom. He 
 died in October, 1878. 
 
 THOMPSON, Captain Henry 
 Lanohorne, C.B. [1830 — 1856], 
 son of the Receiver - General for 
 Crown Rents for the Northern 
 Counties, was educated at Eton, 
 and entered the army in 1815. He 
 served in the second Burmese war; 
 and in 185 1, though still suffering 
 from his wounds, he volxintecred 
 for the proposed campaign in Asia 
 against the Russians, and proceeded 
 to Erzeroum and Kars. With great 
 tact and energy he succeeded, dur- 
 ing the Russian attack, Sept. 29, in 
 getting a heavy gun into position 
 on the heights of Karadagh, and 
 materially assisted in winning the 
 victory. In consequence of his 
 gallant conduct at Kars, he was 
 appointed, in 1855, a captain, un- 
 attached, of the royal army, and 
 nominated a C.B. On the surren- 
 der of Kars, Mouravieff returned 
 him his sword, in admiration of his 
 courage, and as a mark of honour 
 and respect. 
 
 THOMPSON, Major-General 
 Thomas Perronet, F.R.S. [1783 
 — 1869], political reformer and au- 
 thor, was born at Hull. He was 
 educated at Hull Griimmar School, 
 conducted by Joseph Milner, au- 
 thor of the " History of the Chris- 
 tian Church ;" and as his parents 
 were Conservatives, the influence 
 of his early days must have been 
 in favour of the old order of 
 things. He entered Queen's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, in Oct. 1798, took 
 his Bachelor's degree as seventh 
 Wrangler, and made an experi- 
 mental voyage of nine months from 
 the port of Hull, in 1802, and sailed 
 as a midshipman in the Isis, the 
 flag-ship of Admiral Gambler, in 
 1803. He left the navy in 1806, 
 and entered the army as a second 
 lieut. in the Rifle Corps, and while 
 serving in this capacity, was among 
 the prisoners at Buenos Ayres ; was 
 s.mt out in 1808, by the influence of 
 Mr. Wilberforce, to be Governor of 
 Sierra Leone, and exerted himself 
 more vigorously than was pleasing 
 to the Homo Government in put- 
 
 3 L 
 
8S2 
 
 THOMPSON— THOMSON. 
 
 ting clo^vn the project for continu- 
 ing the purchase of slaves under 
 the plea of ajjprenticeship, and for 
 this was recalled. In 1812 he re- 
 turned to" active military service ; 
 in the campaign in the south of 
 France, in 181-1, was placed under 
 the personal orders of Brigadier- 
 General Fane, and at the peace 
 was promoted to the rank of cap- 
 tain. He proceeded to Bombay in 
 the middle of 1815, and having 
 learned Arabic, was attached to 
 the expedition against the Waha- 
 bees of the Persian Gulf as intei-- 
 preter ; and in that capacity took 
 a principal jDart in negotiating the 
 treaty with those tribes, in which 
 the slave-trade was for the first time 
 declared to be piracy. The treaty 
 wtis dated Jan. 1820, while the 
 United States Act to a similar 
 effect was not declared until the 
 May following, though known first 
 in Europe. In 1821 he returned 
 to England, and in June, 1825, 
 was promoted to the rank of major, 
 and afterwards to that of lieut.- 
 colonel. Having cultivated the ac- 
 quaintance of Jeremy Bentham and 
 other well-kno^vn Liberals, he con- 
 tributed to the Westminster Review, 
 of which he afterwards became 
 editor and proprietor, and wrote a 
 number of pamphlets and papers 
 on "Protection," "Reform,'' the 
 " Currency," &c. He was returned 
 to Parliament as member for Hull 
 in 18;i5, and later sat for Bradford. 
 Ho was one of the earliest and 
 ablest asserters of the principles 
 of free trade. He remained in the 
 army, in spite of his political occu- 
 pations, and became major-general 
 in 1854. He wrote a " Catechism 
 on the Corn Laws," 1827 ; a "Cate- 
 chism on the Currency ;*' an " En- 
 harmonic Theory of Music," 1820 ; 
 and "Geometry witliout Axioms." 
 His works were published in a col- 
 lected form in 1813. 
 
 THOMPSON, William [1805— 
 1852], naturalist, was the eldest son 
 of a linen merchant at Belfast. l)cs- 
 tincd for u couiuicrcial lifc^ he re- 
 
 ceived such an education as was 
 sujiposed to fit him for that pursuit ; 
 but gradually acquiring a taste for 
 natural history ,*he gave up busi- 
 ness in 1832, and devoted himself 
 henceforward to his favourite study. 
 He first became known as a natu- 
 ralist by his contributions to the 
 Zoological Society of London, on 
 the natural history of Ireland. 
 In 1810 he made a " Report on the 
 Fauna of Ireland, Division, Yerte- 
 brata," to the Association for the 
 Advancement of Science, held at 
 Glasgow in that year. From 1811 
 to 18-43 he was a frequent contri- 
 butor to the " Annals of Natural 
 History," and also engaged in col- 
 lecting matex-ials for his further 
 report to the British Association 
 on the Invertebrate Fauna of 
 Ireland. About seventy of his 
 papers were published in the Ray 
 Society's "Bibliography." His great 
 work on the " Natural History of 
 the Birds of Ireland," in 3 vols., 
 appeared in 1849-51. He was Pre- 
 sident of the Natural History and 
 Philosophical Society of Belfast, 
 a member of the Royal Irish 
 Academy, and honorary fellow and 
 member of several foreign and 
 scientific societies. 
 
 THOMSON, Dr. Allen [1809— 
 1884], son of Dr. Jolin Thomson, 
 Professor of Surgery in Edinburgh 
 University, was educated at the 
 High School and University of 
 Edinburgh, and after studying at 
 Paris, graduated M.D. at Edin- 
 burgh, 1830, and became F.R.S.E. 
 in the following year. In 1839 he 
 was appointed to the Chair of 
 Anatomy, in Marischal College, 
 Aberdeen ; in 1842 to that of the 
 Institute of Medicine, in Edin- 
 burgh, and in 18 W to the Pro- 
 fessorship of Anatomy, in the 
 University of Glasgow. The last 
 post he held till 1877, when he 
 retired from active life, and went 
 to live in London. He was pro- 
 nounced by a high medical autlio- 
 rity one of the most distinguislu'd 
 of living euibryologists,aiid therciu 
 
THOMSON. 
 
 883 
 
 lay his specialty. He contributed 
 some valua>)le papers to Todtl's 
 " Cyclopanlia of Anatomy/' and to 
 the Encyclopcedia ■ Bntannica, and 
 wrote many special papers and arti- 
 cles for theKoyal Societies of London 
 and Edinburgh. The only book he 
 ever wrote was the " Outlines of 
 Physiology," 18i7. HewasaF.R.S. 
 London and Edinburgh, LL.U. of 
 Edinburgh and Glasgow^ and D.C.L. 
 of Camln-idge. 
 
 THOMSON, Anthony Todd, 
 M.D. [1778 — 1819], a wi-iter on 
 medical subjects, was born in Edin- 
 burgh. He was educated at the 
 High School and University of that 
 city, where he also studied medicine. 
 In 1806 he came to London, and 
 settled at Chelsea, where he prac- 
 tised for twenty-five years most 
 successfully. He devoted all his 
 spare time to writing, publishing 
 Ills " Conspectus/' which attained 
 a European reputation, and his 
 "London Dispensatory, '^ and with 
 Dr. Burrowes, became joint editor 
 of the " Medical Eepository." In 
 1826 he became one of the first 
 l^rofessors of the London Univer- 
 sity, where he held the chairs of 
 materia medica and medical jiu-is- 
 prudence till his death. About 
 this time he wrote his lectures on 
 " Materia Medica/' which later 
 appeared in volume form, and was 
 a constant contributor to medical 
 journals. His last works were a 
 translation of Salvarte's " Philo- 
 sophy of Magic Omens and Appa- 
 rent Miracles," an edition of 
 Thomson's " Seasons/' and a 
 " Treatise on Diseases of the Skin," 
 published after his death. 
 
 THOMSON, Mrs. Catherine, 
 wife of the above, was born about 
 the beginning of the present aen- 
 tury, and n^as the authoress of 
 " Memoirs of the Court of Henry 
 VIII.," 1826 ; " Memoirs of Sarah, 
 Duchess of Marlborough/' 1839; 
 "Memoirs of Lady Sundon," 18-t7; 
 "Memoirs of the Jacobites,"" Ee- 
 collections of Literary Characters 
 and Celebrated Places" (chiefly re- 
 
 printed from Fraszr's and Bentley's 
 Magazines), and of a variety of 
 works of fiction. She died Dec. 17, 
 
 THOMSON, George [1759— 
 1851"', musician, author of a collec- 
 tion of Scotch and Welsh airs, &c., 
 was born at Limekilns, Fifeshire. 
 In 1780 he entered the office of the 
 Board of Trustees for Manufac- 
 tures, at Edinburgh, as clerk, and 
 continued to serve the Board for 
 sixty years. He was the friend and 
 correspondent of Burns, who wrote 
 some of his finest songs for " Thom- 
 son's Collection of Scottish Airs," 
 1799. His letters to the poet are 
 incorporated with those of Burns. 
 
 THOMSON, Henry, R.A., was 
 born in London July 31st, 1773. 
 At the age of 17 he entei-ed the 
 Academy Schools, and afterwards 
 was taken by his father, a navy 
 purser, to study the works of the 
 Italian masters. At the close of 
 the century he returned to London, 
 and contributed several subjects 
 from "The Tempest" to Boydell's 
 Shakespeare G-aUery. In 1801 he 
 was elected an Associate of the 
 Academy, and from that time was 
 a regular contributor to its exhibi- 
 tions, wherein he exhibited in all 
 83 works, chiefly mythological sub- 
 jects. In 1825 he was elected 
 keeper of the Eoyal Academy, but 
 resigned two years later in conse- 
 quence of ill-health. He died at 
 Portsea, April 6, 1843. 
 
 THOMSON, James ri834— 18821, 
 author of "The City^ of Dreadful 
 Night," &c., was born of Scotch 
 parents at Port Glasgow, and losing 
 both parents at an early age, was 
 taken care of by relatives. He 
 was admitted into the Caledonian 
 Orphan Asylum, on leaving which 
 he qualified himself for the post of 
 a schoolmaster in the army. As 
 assistant schoolmaster he was sent 
 to Ireland to the garrison stationed 
 at BallincoUig, near Cork, and hav- 
 ing two or three hours every day 
 free he made good use of them in 
 the way of reading and study. 
 
 3 l2 
 
884 
 
 THOMSON. 
 
 While still very young, he fell 
 deeply in love with the daughter of 
 the armourer-sergeant of a regi- 
 ment in the garrison, a very beauti- 
 ful girl, who fully returned his 
 affection. Both were looking for- 
 ward to a bright happy future to- 
 gether, when she died suddenly. 
 Thomson never really recovered 
 from this bloAv. He served as as- 
 sistant-schoolmaster in Ireland for 
 about two years, and then went to 
 the Training College at Chelsea 
 to finish the studies necessary to 
 qualify him for the position of 
 schoolmaster. It was while at 
 college that he heard of the death 
 of his fiancee. In 185 i he left the 
 college and was sent to serve as 
 schoolmaster in a militia regiment 
 at vai-ious jDlaces. He had already 
 written several poems, but did not 
 publish any of them till 1858, and 
 in July of that year his " Fate- 
 less Bower" appeared in Tait's 
 Edinburgh Magazine, with the sig- 
 nature of " CreiDusculus." He wrote 
 for that magazine until it was dis- 
 continued in 18G0, and at the same 
 time contributed some prose essays 
 to the London Investigator, a perio- 
 dical edited by Charles Bradlaugh, 
 his friend, whose acquaintance he 
 had made in the army, they both 
 having entered the service about 
 the same time. When the National 
 Reformer was started in 18G0, he 
 became one of its contributors, and 
 among other things, wrote for it 
 "The Dead Year," and "To Our 
 Ladies of Death." He left the 
 army in 18G2, and entered a so- 
 licitor's office as clerk, at the same 
 time accepting a home with Mr. 
 Bradlaugh. For the next nine or 
 ten years he lived very quietly, but 
 was working steadily, writing for 
 various magazines. In 187 1 '* The 
 City of Dreadful Night " ajjpeared 
 in the National Reformer. This 
 brilliant but most painful poem 
 was his most remarkable work, and 
 at once brouglit liim into notice 
 witli those who care for poetry, 
 bringing liim^ among other much 
 
 prized tributes, a letter from George 
 Eliot. In the following year dis- 
 agreements occurred between Mr. 
 Bradlaugh and Thomson, which 
 caused the latter to secede from the 
 National Reformer. He then ob- 
 tained a literary engagement on 
 the periodical called "Cope's To- 
 bacco Plant," to which he contri- 
 buted articles on Ben Jonson, 
 Eabelais, James Hogg, Walt Whit- 
 man, &c. His fii-st volume of poems 
 was published by Messrs. Eeeves 
 & Turner in 1880, and was fol- 
 lowed by " Vane's Story " and a 
 volume of prose essays (1881). 
 Suffering terribly from dej3ression, 
 in the end he gave way to habits 
 of intemperance, thinking in that 
 manner to dro^vn his misery. After 
 his death another volume of jjoems 
 appeared, called " A Voice from the 
 Nile, and Other Poems." 
 
 THOMSON, E. W. [1822—1873], 
 a distinguished engineer, was born 
 at Stonehaven, where his father 
 had established a factory. He early 
 developed great mechanical talents, 
 and after sjDending two years in 
 America, served an apprenticeship 
 in workshops at Aberdeen and Dun- 
 dee. He subsequently studied for 
 the profession of a civil engineer at 
 Glasgow and Edinburgh. He Avas 
 employed in the blasting of Dunbar 
 Castle, and in that of Dover Clift", 
 where he introduced the method of 
 firing mines by electricity. He was 
 next emploj'ed by the Stephensons 
 [q. v.] as a railway engineer in the 
 eastern counties. In 1852 he went 
 to Java to erect the machinery of a 
 sugar plantation, became a partn«.'r 
 in the estate, and resided there 
 until 1802. He was the inventor of 
 the locomotive traction steam-en- 
 gine with broad indiarubbor tyros 
 on the driving-wheels, for iise on 
 common roads, also of the portal)le 
 steam-crane, and the elliptic rotary 
 engine, and of an improved liydraulie 
 lloating dock. 
 
 'I'HOMSON, Thomas fl70S— 
 1852), was born at l);iilly, Ayrshire, 
 of Avhich parish liis lather was 
 
THOMSON, 
 
 88i 
 
 minister. In 1782 he was sent to 
 the University of Glasgow to pre- 
 pare for the ministry, but theology 
 not proving a congenial study, he 
 resolved to abandon it for the law, 
 and completed his course of legal 
 study at Edinburgh, passing as 
 advociito in 1703. In ISOG he was 
 appointed deputy-clerk registrar of 
 Scotland, and from this time de- 
 voted himself more exclusively to 
 the arrangement and publication of 
 legal and constitutional records. 
 In 1852 he succeeded Sir Walter 
 Scott as President of the Banna- 
 tyne Club. He was also a member 
 of the Koyal Society of Edinbui-gh, 
 and of the Society of Antiquaries of 
 Scotland. Besides his official work 
 and other kindi'ed labour connected 
 with the Municipal Eeform Com- 
 mission, Mr. Thomson edited a 
 " Collection of Eoval inventories," 
 "The Chamberlaii KoUs," "Me- 
 moirs of Jerviswood and Lady 
 Grissel Baillie," "The Eagman 
 Eolls,'' &c. 
 
 THOMSON, Thomas, M.D., 
 F.E.S. [1773—1852], was born at 
 Crieff, in Perthshire. He was edu- 
 cated at Stirling and at the Univer- 
 sity of St. Andrews, and in 1794 
 commenced the study of medicine 
 at Edinburgh. In 1796 he became 
 connected with the Encyclop(^dia 
 Britannica, for an early edition 
 of which he wrote the articles 
 on chemistry, mineralogy, &c., 
 which form the basis of his " Sys- 
 tem of Chemistry," published in 
 1804. He introduced the use of 
 svmbols into chemical science, and 
 was the first to oj)cn a laboratory 
 in Britain for practical manipula- 
 tion. He also conducted for the 
 Board of Excise a series of investi- 
 gations on brewing, which formed 
 the basis of Scottish legislation on 
 that subject. In 1813 Dr. Thomson 
 started in London the Annals of 
 Philosophy, and in 1817 he was 
 elected lecturer on chemistry in 
 the University of Glasgow, receiv- 
 ing in the following year the title 
 of professor. He lectui-ed there for 
 
 upwards of thirty years, and sent 
 out many distinguished pupils. He 
 was one of the first chemists who 
 recognised the value of Dalton's 
 atomic theory, and devoted himself 
 to its elucidation. He was the au- 
 thor of numerous popular works on 
 chemistrv, geology, &c. 
 
 THOMSON, SiK Charles W\- 
 viLLE, LL.D., F.E.S. [1830—1882], 
 only son of Mr. Andrew Thomson, 
 H.E.I.C.S., of Bonsyde, Linlith- 
 gowsliire, by Sarah Ann Drum- 
 mond, only daughter of Dr. Wyville 
 Smj^-th, Inspector of Military Hos- 
 pitals, was born at Bonsyde, and edu- 
 cated at Merchiston Castle School 
 and at the University of Edinburgh. 
 In 1850 he was appointed Lecturer 
 on Botanv in King's College, Aber- 
 deen, and the next year he became 
 Lecturer on Botany in the Maris- 
 chal College and University of 
 Aberdeen. On the resignation of 
 Mr. Hincks, Professor of Natiu-al 
 History in Queen's College, Cork, 
 which occui'red in 1853, Mr. Thom- 
 son was appointed his successor, 
 but his stay at Cork was short, for 
 the professorship of Mineralogy and 
 Geology in the Queen's College, Bel- 
 fast, becoming vacant in 1S51, he 
 was transferred from Cork to fill that 
 chair. In 1868 and 1869 he went on 
 scientific dredging expeditions in 
 the Lightning and the Porcupine, 
 which vessels had been lent by the 
 Admiralty for that purpose. Many 
 new forms of animal life were dis- 
 covered, and much information ob- 
 tained regarding ocean tempera- 
 tures and ciu'rents. In Nov., 1870, 
 Mr. Thomson was elected Eegius 
 Professor of Natural History in the 
 University of Edinburgh. He was 
 afterwards placed at the head of 
 the scientific department of the 
 famous Challenger deep-sea explor- 
 ing expedition, which was sent out 
 under the auspices of the British 
 Government. The Challenger left 
 Sheerness, Dec. 7, 1872. During 
 1873 she made four voyages across 
 the Atlantic, the distance travelled 
 being nearly 20,000 miles. In 1874 
 
886 
 
 THOENBURY— THOENTON . 
 
 she penetrated to the Antarctic 
 reg'ions, remaining as long within 
 the Antarctic circle as the weather 
 would permit, and afterwards pro- 
 ceeded through the seas of Austra- 
 lia and New Zealand, visiting many 
 of the islands in the Malay Archi- 
 pelago. On Nov. 10 she reached 
 Hong Kong, after a course of nearly 
 17,000 miles. The year 1875 was 
 devoted to an examination of the 
 Pacific Ocean, in making which 
 upwards of 20,000 miles were tra- 
 versed. On her homewai-d route 
 the Atlantic was crossed a fifth 
 time. Altogether her cruise ex- 
 tended to about 68,000 miles. After 
 an absence of nearly three years and 
 a half the Challenger cast anchor at 
 Sheerness, May 27, 1876. On the 
 27th of the following month Profes- 
 sor Thomson w^as knighted. In 1877 
 he was appointed to deliver the Eede 
 lecture at Cambridge. He presided 
 over the Geographical Section of 
 the British Association at the meet- 
 ing held at Dublin in Aug., 1878, 
 when the University of Dublin con- 
 ferred on him the honorary degree 
 of D.C.L. He was the author of 
 "Depths of the Sea," 1872, con- 
 taining an account of the cruises 
 in the Lightni7ig and the Porcupine; 
 and '' The Voyage of the Challenger. 
 — The Atlantic: a preliminary ac- 
 count of the general results of the 
 voyage, during the year 1875 and 
 the early jiart of the year 1876," 
 published in Nov., 1877. He re- 
 signed his chair in the University 
 of Edinburgh about the end of 1881. 
 He was Vice-President of the Eoyal 
 Society of Edinburgh, and a Knight 
 of tlie Polar Star of Sweden. 
 
 THOENBUEY, Oeorge Walter 
 [1828 — 1876], son of a solicitor, was 
 born in London. He became a con- 
 tributor of topographical and ;inti- 
 cjuai-ian papers to tlie Bristol Jour- 
 nal in 1H15, and wrote for the 
 Athenaeum in 1851, a series of 
 pai)er8, afterwards reprinted, on 
 the Courts of tlie Crystal I'alace. 
 He wrote " Lay.s and Legends of 
 the Now World/' published in 1851 ; 
 
 " Monarchs of the Main," being a 
 history of the Buccaneers, drawn 
 from old French, Spanish, and 
 Dutch sources, in 1855 ; " Shake- 
 speare's England during the Eeign 
 of Elizabeth," and "Art and Nature 
 at Home and Abroad," containing 
 chapters on home and foreign tours, 
 in 1856 ; " Songs of Cavaliers and 
 Eoundheads," in 1857 ; " British 
 Artists from Hogarth to Turner," 
 a "Life of Tui*ner," founded on 
 letters and papers furnished by 
 the artist's friends and executors, 
 " Haunted London," illustrated by 
 Fairholt," &c., and numerous no- 
 vels, and volumes of travel. 
 
 THOENTON, Eight Hon. Sir 
 Edward, G.C.B. [1767—1852], In 
 1807 he was sent to Sweden as 
 Envoy Extraordinary and Minister 
 Plenipotentiary. In 1816 he was 
 sworn a Privy Councillor. The fol- 
 lowing year he went to Portugal, 
 and later, in 1817, proceeded to the 
 Brazils as Ambassador ad interim. 
 In Aug., 1823, he returned to Por- 
 tugal, where he remained a year. 
 In 1825 the Portuguese government 
 conferred Tipon him the dignity of 
 Conde di Cassilhas, and in 1822 he 
 was nominated a G.C.B. 
 
 THOENTON, Samuel [1755— 
 1838], for fifty- three years a direc- 
 tor of the Bank of England, was 
 the eldest son of the well-known 
 John Thornton of Clapham. He 
 was an active member of Parliament 
 for nearly forty years, during most 
 of which time he represented King- 
 ston-upon-Hull (1781-lSOi;), and 
 later the county of Surrey (1807- 
 1818). In 1807 he defeated Lord 
 William Eussell, who had \ne- 
 viously sat for Surrey during live 
 parliaments. Mr. Thornton was 
 Governor of the Bank of England 
 in 17*J7, when the stoppage of casli 
 payments occurred. He was for 
 several years a Governor of Green- 
 wich Hospital, Govei'nor of tlie 
 Eussian Co., President of Ciuy's 
 Hospital, I'cc. 
 
 TllOJiNTON, William Thomas, 
 C.B. [1813—1880], youngest son of 
 
TIETJEXS— TIMHS. 
 
 887 
 
 Thomas Thornton, Esq., President 
 of the Levant Company's establish- 
 ment at Constantinople, was born 
 at Burnham, Buckinghamshire, and 
 educated at the Moravian Settle- 
 ment at Ockbrook, near Derby. 
 From 1827 to 1830 he was domiciled 
 at Malta with his cousin. Sir W. 
 H. Thornton, Auditor-General in 
 that island, and from 1830 to 1835, 
 •with Mr. Cartwright, H.M.'s Con- 
 sul-General at Constantinople. In 
 Aug., 1836, he obtained a clerkship 
 in the East India House, in 185G he 
 was placed in charge of the Public 
 Works Department, and in 1858, 
 on the transfer of tne government 
 of India from the East India Com- 
 pany to the Crown, was appointed 
 Secretary for Public "Works in the 
 India Office. In 1873, on the re- 
 commendation of the Duke of 
 Argyll, Secretary of State for India, 
 Mr. Thornton was made a Com- 
 panion of the Bath. Besides being 
 an excellent public servant, he was 
 an influential writer. His published 
 works were " Overpopulation and 
 its Kemedy," 1815; "A Plea for 
 Peasant Proprietors," 1848, second 
 edit., 1873 (a book largely used by 
 Mr. J. S. MiU in his "Political 
 Economy"); "On Labour," 1869, 
 second edit. ; " Old-fashioned Ethics 
 and Common-Sense Metaphysics ; " 
 " Zohrab, and other Poems," 1854 ; 
 and " Modern Manicheism and other 
 Poems,'' 1856. 
 
 TIETJENS, Theresa [183 Jr— 
 1879 ^ one of the greatest soprano 
 sinofers, of our time. She wiis born 
 at Hamburg, and her first appear- 
 ance in opera was made in her 
 native city in 1849. The character 
 she chose for her debut was Lucre- 
 zia — one in which she excelled to 
 the end. This was followed by 
 very successful appearances in 
 Frankfort and Vienna, and in 
 1858 she made ber first appearance 
 in England. Mr. Lumley must 
 have the credit of discovering her, 
 and a very interesting account is 
 given by him in his "Reminis- 
 cences of the Opera," of her debut. 
 
 The part she chose was Valentine 
 in " The Huguenots," and her suc- 
 cess was complete. Her repertory 
 of characters was very large, and 
 included all the best known roles. 
 She excelled, however, in serious 
 and classical opera, her Fidelio es- 
 pecially being quite unapproached. 
 In oratorio she achieved success but 
 little inferior to the renown she won 
 on the stage, and she sang a pathetic 
 ballad as well as any one. Her voice 
 was one of the finest ever listened to, 
 being of quality and volume quite 
 exceptional. She was never heard 
 to such advantage — as far as mere 
 voice went — as when singing at a 
 Handel Festival or in the great 
 space of the Albert Hall. Mr. 
 Chorley considered that had she 
 achieved the Italian style and me- 
 thod instead of the German she 
 would have been one of the very 
 greatest singers ever heard. As it 
 was, she had in her generation at 
 least no rival in any of those parts 
 which demand noble classic dignity 
 both, of singing and acting, and it 
 may be doubted whether, in one or 
 two characters that could be named; 
 even Grisi surpassed her. More 
 than this, she was a woman of the 
 highest character, and her active 
 benevolence was proverbial. She 
 died at her house in the Finchley 
 Road of a painful and lingering 
 complaint, and her place on the 
 stage has not yet been filled. 
 
 TIMBS, John, F.S.A. [1801— 
 1875], a well-known author, was 
 bom in London, and educated at a 
 private school at Hemel Hempstead. 
 Having served his apprenticeship 
 to a printer and druggist at Dork- 
 ing, Surrey, he began to write in 
 1820, for the Monthly Magazine, 
 then published by Sir Richard 
 Phillips, to which he contributed 
 a series of papers, entitled "A Pic- 
 turesque Promenade round Dork- 
 ing." From that time he settled 
 in London, and became amanuensis 
 to his publisher. He is said to 
 have published altogether about 
 150 vols., among the most popular 
 
88S 
 
 TINDAL— TODD. 
 
 of theni being his " Curiosities of 
 London," a compendium of all the 
 ancient lore and modern informa- 
 tion connected with that subject ; 
 " Anecdote^Biography," " Stories of 
 Inventors and Discoverers/' "Lives 
 of Wits and Humorists/' " London 
 Clubs and Club Life/' "Eomance of 
 London/' &c. He was also editor 
 of the Mirror (1827-38), the Arcana 
 of Science (1828-39), founded and 
 edited the Year-Book of Facts in 
 Science and. Art (1839-75), and was 
 chiefly working- editor of the Illus- 
 trated London Nexus, from 1SJ2 to 
 1858. He was chosen F.S.A. in 
 1854. 
 
 TINDAL, Sir Nicolas Contng- 
 HAM, D.C.L., Lord Chief Justice of 
 the Court of Common Pleas, was 
 the son of Mr. Robert Tindal, a 
 solicitor of Chelmsford, and was 
 born about the year 1776. He was 
 educated at a school at Chelms- 
 ford, and at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his M.A. 
 degree in 1802, and was made a 
 Fellow of his College. Having en- 
 tered at Lincoln's Inn he in due 
 time began to jnactise with consi- 
 derable success as a special pleader. 
 He was called to the bar in 1809, 
 and went the northern circuit, and 
 the reputation which he had already 
 gained secured for him an excellent 
 practice. Among his pupils were 
 Lords Brougham and Wensleydale. 
 The discussion arising from the case 
 of " Ashford v. Thornton/' in which 
 he was engaged, led to the aboli- 
 tion of the proceeding of appeal 
 for murder, treason, or felony, and 
 the ridiculous method of proving 
 innocence by a trial by l>attle which 
 had obtained till tliat time. In 
 1820, on the recommendation of 
 Lord Brougham, he was i-etained as 
 one of the counsel for Queen Caro- 
 line, and in the conduct of her 
 defence his learning and sagacity 
 were foiind to ])C' of great assist- 
 ance. In ]S2(J he was ai)i)oiuted 
 by Lord Liverpool Solicitor-General, 
 witli a scat in Parliament for the 
 Treasury borough of Harwich, and 
 
 was knighted. He held the office 
 of Solicitor-General from Sept., 
 182G, to June, 1820, and in the 
 latter year Avas appointed Chief 
 Justice of the Common Pleas, over 
 which court he presided for seven- 
 teen years. 
 
 Tli'E, Sir William, Knt., C.B., 
 F.R.S., F.S.A., M.P., &c., the ar- 
 chitect of the Eoyal Exchange, was 
 born in 1802, and became the pupil 
 of Laing, the architect of the 
 Custom-house. His first indepen- 
 dent work was the Scotch church 
 in Regent's Square, Gray's Inn 
 Road (1825), and among other work 
 he designed Woking Cemetery, and, 
 in conjunction with Cockerell, the 
 London and Westminster Bank at 
 Lothbury. But the work Avith 
 v,'hich his name is associated is the 
 Royal Exchange. In 1855 he be- 
 came Member for Bath, and repre- 
 sented that constituency until his 
 death, April 20, 1873. He was 
 president of the Architectural So- 
 ciety, and a member of the Insti- 
 tute of British Architects, was 
 knighted in 18G9, and afterwards 
 created Companion of the Bath. 
 He Avas a great book collector, and 
 after his death his extremely valu- 
 able library was sold for \'ery high 
 prices by Messrs. Sotheby. 
 
 TODD, The Rev. James Hen- 
 THORNE, D.D., son of C. H. Todd, 
 Esq., surgeon, was born in Dublin, 
 1805. After taking the usual de- 
 grees at Trinity College, Dublin, 
 he became a FcUoav in 1831, and 
 Avas elected a Senior FelloAv in 185(>. 
 He was President of the Royal Irish 
 Academy for the usual term of 
 five years, and Avas Treasurer of 
 St. Patrick's Cathedrnl, Dublin. 
 Librarian to the University of 
 nul)lin, and Regius Professor of 
 Hebrew. He Avrote '* Anti-Clirist " 
 (the Donnellan Lecture a 'J'linity 
 College, Dublin), "A Memoir of 
 St. Patrick's Ijife and Mission," 
 *' Discourses on the Proj>hccics re- 
 lating to Anti-Christ," - The Search 
 afti-r Infaliil.ility," &c. ; editi-d 
 some of AVvclif's Avorks, includ- 
 
TODD— TOMBS. 
 
 889 
 
 m<r 
 
 "The Last Age ot the 
 Church," " An Apolojj^y for Lolhird 
 J^octrinos," and several ancient 
 Irish manuscripts ; amon<^ -vvliich 
 may be mentioned the " Mart^'r- 
 ology of Donegal," and " The 
 Book of Hymns of the Ancient 
 Church of Ireland." He edited, 
 besides, for the Master of the Kolls' 
 series, " The "Wars of the Danes in 
 Ireland." He was the chief pro- 
 moter of the Irish Archceological 
 Society, and held the office of pre- 
 sident for live years. He died 
 June 28, 18G9. 
 
 TODD, Eev. Henry John [17G3 
 — 1845], born at Settrington, York- 
 shire, was educated at Oxford. In 
 18C»3 he was keeper of the manu- 
 scripts at Lambeth Palace, and rec- 
 tor of All Hallows, Lombard Street. 
 In 1820 he became rector of Set- 
 triugton, prebendary of York in 
 1830, and archdeacon of Cleveland 
 in 1832. j He began his literary career 
 in 1793 with " Some Account of the 
 Deans of Canterbury from the New 
 Foundation of the Church, by 
 Henry VIII." In 1809 he pub- 
 lished an edition of Milton's "Co- 
 mus," and in 1818 a new edition, 
 in 5 vols., of Johnson's " Dic- 
 tionary." He also published com- 
 plete editions of Milton and Spen- 
 ser, which show him to have been 
 a scholar far beyond the general 
 level of his day. In 1825 he issued 
 a pamphlet on the authorship of the 
 " Icon Basilike," and another in 
 1829, in which he favours Bishop 
 Gauden's claim to the authorship. 
 His last work was a life of Cranmer, 
 published in 1831. 
 
 TOD HUN TEE, Dr. Isaac 
 [1820 — 1884], mathematician, hav- 
 ing passed some years of his life as 
 usher in a school, proceeded to Uni- 
 versity College, London, and at the 
 age of twenty-four entered as an 
 undergraduate of St. John's College, 
 Cambridge. He graduated with 
 honours in 1848, was in due course 
 elected to a fellowship of St. John's, 
 and subsequently filled the offices of 
 assistant tutor and principal lecturer 
 
 in mathematics. Although most 
 of his time was absorbed by the 
 duties of these important posts. 
 Dr. Todhunter was well known as 
 the author of numerous mathe- 
 matical treatises, whirh obtained 
 a wide circulation, and are re- 
 cognised as standard works of 
 education in the universities and 
 puldic schools. Among them may 
 be mentioned his " Differential 
 Calculus," " Analytical Statics," 
 "A History of the Mathematical 
 Theories of Attraction, and the 
 Figure of the Earth from the Time 
 of Newton to that of Laplace," 
 1873, &c. In 1870 there also ap- 
 peared from his pen *' An Account 
 of the Writings of William Whe- 
 well, D.D., Master of Trinity Col- 
 lege, with Selections from his 
 Literary and Scientific Correspond- 
 ence." By the new University 
 Statutes, the University was au- 
 thorised to confer the degrees of 
 Doctor in Science and Doctor in 
 Letters, and Dr. Todhunter was 
 among the first upon whom the dis- 
 tinction of doctor in science was con- 
 ferred and proceeded to that degree 
 in 1883. He took an active part in 
 iiniversity affairs, was a member of 
 several syndicates and boards of 
 studies, and an elector to the Plu- 
 mian professorship of Astronomy. 
 
 TOMBS, Major- General Sir 
 Henry, K.C.B. [1824—1874], son 
 of General Tombs, of the Bengal 
 Cavali'y, was educated at the Mili- 
 tary Colleges of Sandhurst and 
 xlddiscombe. He joined the Ben- 
 gal Artillery in June, 1841, and 
 served in the Gwalior campaign of 
 1843-44, and Avas aide-de-camj) to 
 Sir Harry Smith [q. v.] during the 
 Sutlej war. In 1848 he acted as 
 deputy-assistant quarter-master- 
 general of artillery in the Punjaub, 
 and was present at the battles of 
 Chillian wallah and Goojerat. He 
 commanded a troop of Horse Ar- 
 tillery in the affairs of the Hindari, 
 in May, 1857, and was actively 
 engaged throughout the mutiny. 
 In 1858 he was nominated a C.B., 
 
890 
 
 TOMLINS— TOERENS. 
 
 obtained the Victoria Cross, and 
 was promoted lieutenant-colonel 
 and colonel in recognition of his 
 gallantry. .,. He subsequently com- 
 manded the force which recaptured 
 Dewangiri in Bhootan, for which 
 he received the thanks of the 
 Government. In 18G5 he was 
 awarded a good service pension, 
 and in 1868 was made a K.C.B. 
 
 TOMLINS, Frederick Guest 
 [1804 — 1867], journalist and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, at an early age 
 became a contributor to periodical 
 literature. In 1834 he was asso- 
 ciated with Mr. Thos. Mayhew in 
 bringing out the "Penny National 
 Library," for which he edited among 
 other works a " Variorum History 
 of England/' founded on Hume, 
 elucidated by references to sub- 
 sequent histories. In 1840 he 
 originated the Shakespeare Society, 
 and was its secretary during the 
 twelve years of its existence : the 
 forty-seven volumes which it pub- 
 lished passing through his hands. 
 He also stai-ted and edited several 
 periodicals, among which may be 
 named the Topic, and the Self 
 Educator, and subsequently became 
 proprietor of the Leader. He was 
 connected for many years with the 
 daily and weekly press as a political 
 and critical writer, and in 1865 
 became editor of the Weekly Times. 
 He was largely instrumental in 
 jjromoting the success of the move- 
 ment that had for its object the 
 throwing open the right of dramatic 
 performance to all theati'es. He 
 IH-oducc'tl a tragedy, "Garcia," 
 under Mr, Phelps's management, 
 at Sadler's Wells, and was the 
 autlior of a " Brief View of the 
 English Drama from the Earliest 
 Period to the Present Time." 
 
 TONNA, Charlotte Elizabeth 
 [1792 — 1816], a religious writer, 
 better known as " Chai-lotte Eli- 
 zabeth," was the daughter of the 
 Kev. Michael Browne, rector of 
 St. Giles's, Norwich. When very 
 young she married Captain George 
 Phelan, but the union proved most 
 
 unhappy, and a separation ensued. 
 She then removed to Kilkenny, 
 and wrote " Osric, a Missionary 
 Tale," for the Dublin Tract Society. 
 Subsequently she wrote several 
 smaller tales, under the name of 
 "Charlotte Elizabeth/' the bap- 
 tismal name being used as a pro- 
 tection from unjust claims, and to 
 secure her the benefit of her work. 
 In 1841 she married Mr. Lewis H.J. 
 Tonna, Assistant Director of the 
 United Service Institution. 
 
 TOOKE, Thomas, F.E.S. [1774 
 — lSo8], a political economist, born 
 at St. Petersburg, was the son of 
 the Rev. William Tooke, preacher 
 at the English Church at Cron- 
 stadt. He early embarked in busi- 
 ness as a merchant engaged in the 
 Russian trade, and in 1823 pub- 
 lished his " Thoughts and Details 
 on High and Low Prices," which 
 was followed up by his great work, 
 the " History of Prices/' in 6 vols., 
 183S-1857. In the two last volumes 
 of this work he was assisted by his 
 pujDil and friend, Mr. Newmarch. 
 In 1820 Mr. Tooke wi-ote the famous 
 "Merchant's Petition/' and in 1831 
 he founded the Political Economy 
 Club. He was a Fellow of the 
 Royal Society, and a corresponding 
 member of the Institute of France. 
 
 TOOKE, William, F.R.S. 
 [1777—1863], younger son of the 
 Rev. William Tooke, and brother of 
 the above, was l»orn in St. Peters- 
 burg. He became a solicitor, and 
 practised for many years in London. 
 He was the author of an edition 
 of "Churchill's Poetical Works," 
 1804, republished among the Aldine 
 poets in 18 Ik A life of the poet 
 is addt'd by Mr. Tooke, who helped 
 to establish the Society for the 
 Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, of 
 which he was for many years a 
 treasurer. In 1855 he published a 
 work, entitled, "The Monarchy of 
 France : its Rise, Progress, and 
 Fall." lie sat as M.P. for Truro, 
 in the Liberal interest, from 1835 
 to 1837. 
 
 TORRENS, LIEUT.-COLONEL, 
 
TOERENS— TOWNSEND. 
 
 891 
 
 F.R.S. [1780— 18Gt], was born in 
 Ireland. He entered the Koyal 
 Marines in 1797, and became cap- 
 tain in 180G. In 1811 he success- 
 lally defended the Isle of Aukott 
 ag-ainst a very superior Danish 
 force, and for tiis services he re- 
 ceived the brevet rank of major. 
 He afterwards served in the Penin- 
 sula, where he was appointed 
 colonel of a Spanish Legion. In 
 1831 Colonel Torrens was elected 
 M.P. for Bolton, having previously 
 sat a short time for the borough 
 of Ipswich. He was the author of 
 a large number of ti'acts on poli- 
 tical economy, and for some time 
 he was a part proprietor and editor 
 of the Globe newspaper. 
 
 TOEKENS, Major-General Sir 
 Arthur Welleslet, K.C.B., son 
 of Major-General Sir Henry Tor- 
 rens, K.C.B., Adjutant to the Forces, 
 received his military education at 
 Sandhurst. In 1819 he was ap- 
 pointed page of honour to the 
 Prince Eegent, and in 1825 ob- 
 tained a commission in the Grena- 
 dier Guards. From 1829 to 1838 
 he served as adjutant, and in the 
 latter year exchanged into the 23rd 
 Fusiliers, with which he served 
 during the rebellion in Canada. 
 He obtained the command of the 
 regiment in 1841, and later com- 
 manded the troops in St. Lucia. 
 In 1853 he travelled in France, 
 Austria, and Prussia, to investigate 
 the military economy of the armies 
 of those countries. On his return 
 he received the appointment of 
 quarter-master-general at the Horse 
 Guards, which office he retained 
 until nominated a brigadier-gene- 
 ral of the army in Turkey. He 
 took part in the battles of Alma 
 and Balaklava, and was severely 
 wounded at Inkerman. For his 
 services he received the thanks of 
 Parliament, and was promoted to 
 the rank of major-general. He 
 was nominated a K.C.B. in 1855. 
 He went to Paris as military com- 
 missioner, but succumbed to his 
 wounds on Aug. 2Jr, 1855. 
 
 TOWNSEND, Eev. George, D.D. 
 [1787 — 1857], the son of an inde- 
 pendent minister, was educated at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge. After 
 his ordination, he was appointed a 
 professor in the Military College, 
 Sandhiurst, and curate of Farn- 
 borough, Hants. His first work 
 was a reply to Sir William Drum- 
 mond's " vEdipus Judaicus." in 
 which he met the author on his 
 own grounds, and by similar rea- 
 soning showed that the signs of 
 the zodiac were not the twelve 
 patriarchs, but the twelve Caesars. 
 His " Chronological Arrangement 
 of the Bible," 1821, attracted the 
 notice of the Bishop of Durham, 
 who made him his domestic chajj- 
 lain. While in this capacity Mr. 
 Butler's "Eoman Catholic Decla- 
 ration" appeared. Bishop Bar- 
 rington requested Mr. Townsend 
 to write an answer, and within six 
 weeks he produced his " Accusa- 
 tions of History against the Chiirch 
 of Eome." As a reward the Bishop 
 presented him to a s\£i\l in Durham 
 Cathedral. He also obtained the 
 chaj^ter living of Northallerton, 
 which, in 1839, he exchanged for 
 the perpetual curacy of St. Mar- 
 garet's, Durham. In 18Jr7 he went 
 to Italy for the purpose of con- 
 verting the Pope. He obtained 
 an interview with his Holiness, but 
 the result Avas not satisfactory. 
 
 TOWNSEND, Colonel John 
 [1789 — 18-15], aide-de-camp to the 
 Queen, and lieutenant-colonel com- 
 manding the lltli Light Dragoons, 
 in which he served for upwards of 
 forty years, entered the army as a 
 cornet by purchase, Jan. 2 4, 1805. 
 He was promoted to a lieutenancy 
 in 1806, and went to the Peninsula, 
 and brilliantly distinguished him- 
 self in all the chief actions of that 
 camj^aign to March 8, 181-4, when 
 he was taken prisoner in France, 
 near the city of Pau. His impri- 
 sonment did not last long, and he 
 embarked for America, Oct. 1814, 
 terminating his chief war services 
 in the attack on New Orleans on 
 
892 
 
 TOWNSEND— TOYNBEE. 
 
 Jan. 8 of the following yeai'. He 
 became lieutenant-colonel by pur- 
 chase in 1820, and full colonel in 
 1811, by the general promotion in 
 honour of l,he birth of the Prince 
 of AV*t1os 
 
 ToVnSEND, Rev. Richard 
 [1821 — 1881], mathematician, and 
 author of some valuable scien- 
 tific essays, obtained his fellowship 
 in the Dublin University in 1S45, 
 upon distinguished answering, and 
 was one of the most accomplished 
 and successful tutors in the college. 
 His best known mathematical work 
 is his " Modern Geometry of the 
 Point, Line, and Circle.'" He con- 
 tributed many articles to the Cam- 
 hridge and Dublin Mathematical 
 Journal, and was the fountain head 
 of much of the geometry for which 
 the Dublin school has obtained a 
 high reputation. In 1866 he be- 
 came Fellow of the Royal Society, 
 and in 1870 was appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Natural Philosoj)hy in the 
 University. His unaffected man- 
 ner and genefoiis kindness made 
 him a great favourite with every 
 student, and if the rules of the col- 
 lege had allowed, they would all 
 have had him for their tutor. 
 
 TOW SON, John Thomas [1804 
 — 1881], was born at Devonport. 
 His father was a chronometer and 
 watch maker, and the son was in- 
 tended by his parents to follow 
 the same business. His inclina- 
 tions caused him, however, to turn 
 to the study of scientific subjects. 
 He was the first to direct the atten- 
 tion of photographers to the fact 
 that the luminous and chemical 
 foci were not of the same length, 
 a knowledge of whicli fact at a 
 later period enabled Dr. Draper of 
 Now York to take tlie first photo- 
 grapli from life. He was also the 
 first to devise the means of taking 
 a photographic picture on glass, 
 and of using the reflecting cauuM-a. 
 in Ihl6 ho devoted his thoughts 
 to navigation, especially to deter- 
 mining the cpiifki'st routes across 
 the ocean to distant countries. 
 
 With this object he constructed a 
 set of tables for facilitating the 
 practice of great circle sailing, and 
 invented and brought into prac- 
 tice composite and windward great 
 circle sailing. Mr. James Ashbury, 
 M.P., fully jDroved the value of 
 windward great circle sailing by 
 the Anglo-American Atlantic race 
 between his yacht the Cambria 
 and the American yacht Dauntless. 
 By the adoption of this sailing the 
 Cambria made more than 200 knots 
 less than the Dauntless between 
 Cork and Sandy Hook. Mr. Towson 
 subsequently invented and con- 
 structed tables for the reduction 
 of ex-meridian altitudes, a work 
 highly valued in the mercantile 
 marine. The copyrights of these 
 works he presented to the Admi- 
 ralty, who ordered them to be 
 printed for the use of all mariners. 
 For these services the shipowners, 
 principally of Livei'pool, on Jan. 0, 
 1857, presented him, as a testi- 
 monial, with a Dock Bond of the 
 value of <£1,000, and an additional 
 gratuity of more than .£100. In 
 1850 Mr. Towson was appointed 
 Scientific Examiner of Masters 
 and Mates for the port of Liver- 
 pool, from which situation he re- 
 tired in 1873, still holding that of 
 Chief Examiner in Compasses. At 
 the meeting of the British Asso- 
 ciation in 1854-, Mr. Towson aided 
 Dr. Scoresby in directing the at- 
 tention of the scientific section to 
 the importance of investigating 
 more fully the subject of the de- 
 viation of the compasses on board 
 iron ships. The result of this dis- 
 cussion was the formation of the 
 Liverjiool Compass Committee, and 
 the publication of a manual on the 
 sul)ject. 
 
 TOYNBEE, JosKPH, F.K.S., 
 F.R.C.S., a distinguished aural sur- 
 geon, was born about 1816, and 
 having studii'd at St. Ceorge's and 
 University College Hospitals, was 
 admitted M.R.C.S. in 1838. Soon 
 after ho was elected one of the sur- 
 geons to the St. James* and St. 
 
TOYNBEE— TKAVEKS. 
 
 893 
 
 George's Dispensary, and was one 
 of the first Follows of the College 
 of Surgeons. He turned his at- 
 tention chiefly to the diseases of 
 the ear, upon which he wrote some 
 important letters, was appointed 
 aural surgeon and lecturer on the 
 surgery of the ear at St. Mary's 
 lIosjDital, and had besides a large 
 private practice. He was much in- 
 terested in sanitai'y reforms, and 
 helped to establish the system of 
 local natural-history museums. 
 While experimenting with the 
 vapour of chloroform and prussic 
 acid, he accidentally killed himself 
 at his house in London, July 8, 
 186G. Among his works may be 
 mentioned his book " On the Use 
 of an Ai-tificial Membrana Tym- 
 pani in cases of Deafness, &c." 
 (1857), "The Deaf and Dumb" 
 (1858), and "Diseases of the Ear" 
 (18G0). 
 
 TOYNBEE, Aexold [1852— 
 1883], was the son of the pre- 
 ceding. He took his degree at 
 Balliol College, Oxford, in 1878, 
 soon after which he was appointed 
 Tutor to the Indian civilians at 
 that college, numbering between 
 thirty and forty. He lectured to 
 them on Political Economy, of 
 which he had for years been a 
 diligent student, and on some Indian 
 subjects, and earnestly endeavoured 
 to fit his pupils to be of use to the 
 people of India. He was made 
 Bursar of his college, and thus be- 
 came familiar with land and land 
 questions. The last foiu* or five 
 years of his life he devoted to two 
 subjects — a new Political Economy, 
 and Church Eeform ; and on the 
 former, in spite of very delicate 
 health, he lectured with great as- 
 siduity in Oxford, and at various 
 times to audiences of working men 
 in the North of England. A few 
 weeks before his death he gave two 
 critical lectures on Mr. George's 
 " Progress and Poverty " in St. An- 
 drew's Hall, Newman Street, and it 
 was the strain of these lectures which 
 finally broke him do"\^Ti. The first 
 
 one wag most successful, and he 
 carried his audience with him, but 
 at the second he was seen to be 
 very ill, and the excitement of ad- 
 dressing a large crowd, partly com- 
 posed of angry Socialists, was too 
 much for him, and he never re- 
 covered from the effects of the 
 fatigue and anxiety he had under- 
 gone. He was a devoted pupil of 
 Professor T. H. Green [q. v.], in 
 whose steps he was endeavoui-ing 
 to tread. His addresses and notes 
 were collected and published after 
 his death under the title " Lectures 
 on the Industrial Kevolution in 
 England," to which is prefixed a 
 memoir by Professor Jowett, master 
 of Balliol. Toynbee Hall, the seat 
 of the University settlement in the 
 East End of London, was named 
 after him, and is a fitting memorial 
 of his earnest endeavours to pro- 
 mote the good of his fellow-men. 
 
 T E A I L L, Thomas Stewaet 
 [1781—1862], was born at Kirk- 
 wall, in Orkney. He completed 
 his medical studies at Edinburgh 
 in 1802, where he was contempo- 
 rary with Lord Brougham, Sir 
 David Brewster, and Principal Lee. 
 After practising in Liverpool, he 
 was, in 1832, appointed to the chair 
 of Medical Jurisprudence in the 
 University of Edinburgh, which he 
 filled until his death. For many 
 years he was the Curator of the 
 Library of the Society of Anti- 
 quaries of Scotland, and occupied a 
 seat in the Council. Dr. Traill 
 was the editor of the eighth edi- 
 tion of the Encyclopcedia Britan- 
 nica. 
 
 TRAYEES, Benjamin [1782— 
 1858], was the son of a merchant. 
 At the age of sixteen he entered 
 his father's counting-house, but 
 disliking mercantile pursuits, in 
 
 1809 he became a pupil of Mr., 
 afterwards Sir Astley Cooper. He 
 was apjDointed Demonstrator of 
 Anatomy at Guy's Hospital, and in 
 
 1810 elected Surgeon to the Oj^hthal- 
 mic Hospital, and in 1815 he filled 
 the same office at St. Thomas's. 
 
891 
 
 TRA VERS— TRENCH. 
 
 In 1813 he was admitted a Fellow 
 of the Royal Society ; in 1827 was 
 chosen President of the Hunterian, 
 and in 1828 President of the Medico- 
 Chirurgical' Society. In 1833 he 
 became a member of the Council of 
 the College of Surgeons, and of the 
 Court of Examiners of the Veteri- 
 nary College. He was the author 
 of several works on medicine and 
 chirurgy, and a member of many 
 foreign scientific societies. 
 
 TRAVERS, Rear-Admiral Sir 
 Eaton Stannard, K.H. [1783 — 
 1858], entered the navy in 1798, 
 and served in the actions off Hol- 
 land and the coast of Sjoain. In 
 1808 he served as aide-de-camp to 
 Sir Eyre Coote, and to General 
 Don. In 1810 he commanded the 
 boats at the capture of three gun- 
 vessels moored under the batteries 
 near Possitano, in the Gulf of Sa- 
 lerno, and assisted at the capture 
 of a convoy at Palinuro in 1811. 
 He was present at upwards of one 
 hundred engagements, commanded 
 at the destruction of eight batteries 
 and three Martello towers, and at 
 the capture of sixty vessels. In 
 1834 he was nominated a K.H., and 
 was knighted. 
 
 TRELAWNY, Edward John 
 [1792 — 1881], the intimate friend 
 of Byron and Shelley, of whom he 
 gives an account in his " Records 
 of Shelley, IJyron, and the Author," 
 was a member of an old Cornish 
 family. He was sent to sea at an 
 early age, and after some experi- 
 ence of privateering, and many 
 adventures, he settled in London, 
 and wrote for various magazines 
 and papers. While staying at 
 Ouchy, in 1820, he read " Queen 
 Mab," and in 1821 made the ac- 
 ((uaintance of Shelley at Pisa, 
 spending the winter there with 
 him and Byron. He was nearly 
 the last person who saw Shelley 
 alive before he set out for that 
 fatal last sail in the Bay of Spezzia, 
 and he was one of the chief persons 
 ein[)loyed in recovering the l)()dy of 
 the poet, and carrying out his last 
 
 wishes by burning it on the shore. 
 He afterwards conveyed the ashes 
 to Rome. In 1823 he joined Lord 
 Byron in his expedition to Greece, 
 and, in conjunction with Mr. Hamil- 
 ton Browne, he acted the part of a 
 diplomatic envoy from Lord Byron 
 to the Greek Government. During 
 the last month or two of Byron's life 
 Mr. Trelawny was engaged as aide- 
 de-camp to one of the Greek chiefs 
 named Odysseus. When Byron's ill- 
 ness at Missolonghi threatened to 
 prove fatal, Trelawny was sent for, 
 but did not reach that place till after 
 the poet's death. He contributed 
 largely out of his own means to- 
 wards the campaign which ended 
 so miserably. He subsequently re- 
 turned to England, and for a time 
 was a prominent figure in London 
 society, especially at the houses of 
 Lady Blessington, Sir W. Moles- 
 worth, &c. He was the author of 
 " The Adventures of a Younger 
 Son," " Recollections of Shelley and 
 Byi'on," later issued under the title 
 '' Records of Shelley, Byron, and 
 the Author," and some fugitive 
 pieces. He sat to Mr. Millais 
 for his picture, the " North- 
 Avest Passage," and it is said that 
 that is the only authentic likeness 
 of him which exists. He died at 
 Sompting, near Shoreham, Sussex, 
 and his body was cremated at 
 Gotlia, and the ashes carried to 
 Rome, and buried beside the graves 
 of Shelley and Keats. 
 
 TRENCH, William Steuakt 
 [1808—1872], born at Ballegrove, 
 near Portarlington, Queen's County, 
 Ireland, was educated at the Col- 
 lege, Armagh, and took liis degree 
 at Trinity College, Dublin. Ho 
 was appointed to the agency of 
 Mr. Shirley's extensive estates in 
 County Monaghan, in April, \'S\\\, 
 but resigned the office in April, 
 1815, for reasons stated in liis 
 " Realities of Irish Life." In Dec, 
 18t9, he was appointed agent over 
 the estates of the Marquis of Lana- 
 down<'. in tlu! oo\inty of Kerry, la 
 I their management he encountered 
 
TKEVELYAN— TKOLLOPE. 
 
 895 
 
 great difficulties, details of which 
 were given in the above-mentioned 
 work. In March, 1851, he was ap- 
 pointed aj^ent over the Marquis of 
 Bath's estates in the county of 
 Monajjfhan, and in 185(3 agent over 
 Lord Digby's estates in King's 
 County, the head supervision of 
 which three latter estates he held. 
 In 1841 he obtained the gold medal 
 of the Eoyal Agricultural Society 
 of Ireland for " the best report on 
 the largest quantity of land re- 
 claimed in Irehmd." This report 
 was published in "Transactions" 
 of the Society. In 1SG9 Mr. Trench 
 published his work, "Realities of 
 Irish Life," giving an account of 
 his school and college days, of the 
 several agencies to which he was 
 appointed, and the dangers and 
 difficulties of the situations, &c., 
 with sundry other matters. The 
 work passed through five editions 
 in one year ; 7/MJO copies were sold. 
 In 1871 he published the novel 
 " lerne." 
 
 TEEVELYAX, Sir Walter 
 Calterlet, Bart. ^1797 — 1879], 
 educated at Harrow and University 
 College, Oxford, succeeded his 
 father as sixth baronet. May 23, 
 18 i6. He for many years contri- 
 buted articles on geology, botany, 
 and other scientific and general 
 subjects, to the Transactions of 
 various societies and to periodicals. 
 In 1S21 he visited the Faroe Islands, 
 and wi'ote notices on their vegeta- 
 tion, geology, and climate, and 
 presented the herbarium which he 
 formed there, and other collections, 
 to the Botanical Museum at Kew. 
 He was an opponent of the sale of 
 intoxicating drinks, and the Presi- 
 dent of the L'nited Kingdom Al- 
 liance. 
 
 TEOLLOPE, Frances [1780— 
 1863], the mother of Anthony and 
 Thomas Adolphus TroUope, mar- 
 ried, at the age of 19, a barrister, 
 Anthony TroUope, who died in 1825. 
 Most of her married life was spent 
 at Harrow, but in 1S29 she visited 
 America^ intending to make her 
 
 home there. After spending three 
 years at Cincinnati, and in travel- 
 ling about in other parts of America, 
 she returned to England, and want- 
 ing money for the support of her 
 family began to write, her first work 
 being the " Domestic Life of the 
 Americans," which established her 
 reputation in England and caused 
 a good deal of sensation in Ame- 
 rica. From that time for a period 
 of twenty years she wrote inde- 
 fatigably novels and stories of 
 travels, all more or less successful, 
 and all full of a bright cheery 
 originality. Among the best known 
 of hec^vorks were, " Paris and the 
 Parisians (1835), "Vienna and the 
 Austrians," " The Eomance of 
 Vienna," " Belgium and Western 
 Germany," "A Visit to Italy," 
 " Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw," 
 "The Vicar of Wreshill," "The 
 Widow Barnaby," "The Clever 
 Woman," <tc. For some years be- 
 fore her death she lived in Florence, 
 where she died, Oct. 6, 1863. 
 
 TEOLLOPE, AxTHONT, son of the 
 preceding, was born April 21, 1815, 
 in Keppel Street, Eussell Square, 
 but was taken, when a baby, to Har- 
 row, where his father had built a 
 large farm-house. His boyhood was 
 a very unhappy one, clouded by the 
 petty miseries arising from the 
 mixture of poverty and gentle 
 standing. His father, by profes- 
 sion a barrister, was a gifted, high- 
 principled man, cursed with a 
 violent temper and a perfect genius 
 for misfortune. The family affairs 
 went from bad to worse, and when 
 Anthony was of age to go to college 
 the Trollopes had to settle on the 
 Continent to escape their creditors. 
 When only seven years old he was 
 sent a day boy to Harrow, and 
 three years later, when he was 
 removed, he was still the junior 
 boy of the school. He was then 
 sent to a private school at Sunbui-y, 
 and when twelve was entered at 
 Winchester school. While he was 
 there Mrs. TroUope and some of 
 the famUy went to America, and 
 
89G 
 
 TROLLOPE. 
 
 Anthony remained in a wretched 
 state, without j^ocket-money, at 
 school. After a time Mr. Trollope 
 settled a second time near Hari'ow, 
 and Anthony became a second time 
 a day hoy until May, 1831, when 
 the house and furniture were in 
 charge of the sheriff's officers. The 
 family then established themselves 
 in a house outside the walls of 
 Bruges, Anthony being at first with- 
 out work or prospects, till he be- 
 came a clerk in the General Post- 
 Office, with a salary of <£90 a year. 
 He remained there seven years, 
 hating his position, disliked by 
 the head officials, and always in 
 debt, till, in August, 1841, he ap- 
 plied for the situation of surveyor's 
 clerk to the western district of Ire- 
 land. The nominal salary was only 
 ,£100, bixt with extra payments and 
 travelling expenses it could be 
 brovight up to four times that 
 amount. In Ireland Trollope first 
 began hunting, and indeed it was 
 there that he first began to enjoy 
 his life. In 1844 he married Miss 
 Rose Heseltine, an English lady. 
 At that time he had written only 
 the first volume of his first novel, 
 " The Macdermotts of Ballycloran," 
 which was published in IS 17, on the 
 half profit system. The half profits 
 were nil, and Trollope took his 
 second novel to a fresh publisher, 
 but the result was the same. He 
 then wrote "La Vendee," an in- 
 ferior work to either of its prede- 
 cessors, and which had no success. 
 It was published in 1850, and its 
 author received ^620 for it. Years 
 were to pass before he should re- 
 ceive another penny from his i^en. 
 He wrote a series of letters for the 
 Examiner on the Irish famine, but 
 though tliey were published, lie 
 received no money for tliem. llo 
 next wrote a phiy, "The Noble 
 .lilt," on which he expended mucli 
 laljoiir, })ut that too failed, and was 
 afterwards transformed into the 
 novel, " Can you forgive her ? " 
 'l'n)ll<)])e then proposed writing a 
 " 1 1 audi took for Jrel;in<l "for Messrs. 
 
 Murray, but, after nine months, 
 had his MS. returned unopened. 
 Early in 1851 he was employed on 
 a plan for extending the rural de- 
 livery of letters, and for two years 
 his official duties absorbed his time. 
 In the course of the job he visited 
 Salisbury, and round the purlieus 
 of the cathedral conceived the story 
 of " The Warden," from whence 
 came that series of novels of which 
 Barchester was the central site. 
 " The Warden" was begun in 1853, 
 and in this year Trollope was raised 
 from surveyor's clerk to surveyor 
 of the northern counties of Ireland, 
 with an income of about .£800 a 
 year. "The Warden"' was pub- 
 lished by Messrs. Longman, on the 
 half profit S3'stem, and at the close 
 of 1855 brought its author £9 Ss. Gd. 
 It was succeeded bv " Barchester 
 Towers," which also had a mode- 
 rate but gradual success. The 
 copyi'ight of his next story, " The 
 Three Clerks," he sold to Bentley 
 for ,£250, and in 1848 he sold the 
 still uncompleted MS. of "Dr. 
 Thorne" to Messrs. Chapman for 
 d£400. He was in a desperate hurry 
 to ai'range for the book, having 
 been commissioned to go to Egypt 
 on post-office business. While 
 abroad he finished "Dr. Thorne." 
 one of his most successful novels, 
 and began " The Bertrams," which 
 Avas something of a failure. On 
 his return from Eg^^^t he went in 
 an official capacity to the West 
 Indies, and while there wrote " The 
 West Indies and Simnish Main," 
 which he always held to be his 
 best work. On his return he got 
 himself aj^pointed surveyor of the 
 eastern districts of England, and 
 while he was preparing to settle 
 near London had an offer fi-om 
 Thackeray to write a novel for the 
 jn-ojected Cornhill Afitgazine. The 
 offer was made in Oct., 1850, and 
 the first part of tlie story, for which 
 .£1,000 was paid, ai>i)eai'ed in Jan., 
 18G0. Tims " Eramley Parsonage " 
 was written, and from that time 
 Trol lope's sneoerts was assured. Ho 
 
TROLLOPE-TRURO. 
 
 so: 
 
 then settled at Waltham Cross, in 
 Hertfordshire, and led a busy, 
 happy life, writinf^, huntin<^, and 
 performing his official duties with 
 unflaggintj vigour. He rose daily 
 at 5.30, and devoted the first 
 three hours of the day to writing 
 novels, for which he was generally 
 paid at the rate of ^6600 for a one 
 volume story, and .£3,000 for a long 
 tale to be published in twenty 
 parts, which is equal to the length 
 of five ordinary volumes. In 18G1 he 
 visited America, and wrote " North 
 America." Two years later he re- 
 tired from the post-office, and be- 
 came editor of the St. Paul's Maga- 
 zine. In 1868 he contested Bever- 
 ley unsuccessfully, and earlier in 
 the same year went on a post-office 
 mission to the United States. In 
 1871 he, with his wife, went to 
 Australia to visit a son who was 
 settled there, and his book on 
 " Australia and New Zealand " was 
 the fruit of that visit. Before 
 leaving England he sold Waltham 
 House, and on his return settled in 
 Montagu Square, where he died, 
 Dec. 6, 1882. These facts are com- 
 piled from his charming and genial 
 " Autobiography" (Blackwood, 
 1883). 
 
 TROLLOP E, Admiral Sir 
 Henry, G.C.B., son of John Trol- 
 lope, Esq., grandson of the 3rd 
 Bart., was born about the year 
 175i. He entered the navy in 
 1770, and took an active part in the 
 American war, after which he went 
 to Holland, and in 1781 was pro- 
 moted to the rank of post captain. 
 In 1796, while in command of the 
 Glatton, of 56 guns, and cruising 
 off Helvoetsluys, he unexpectedly 
 encountered a French squadron of 
 about seven large vessels, and se- 
 lecting the largest of them for 
 attack was soon engaged with one 
 on each side. The Glatton opened 
 fire with tremendous effect, and 
 finally put the whole squadron to 
 flight. For his courage and promp- 
 titude on that occasion Captain 
 Trollope was knighted, and received 
 
 from the merchants of London a 
 piece of plate of the value of 100 
 guineas. A picture of the engage- 
 ment was painted by U. Singleton, 
 and exhibited at the Academy in 
 180i. In Oct., 1797, he was sent 
 with a small squadron to watch the 
 Dutch fleet in the Texel, and give 
 notice of their movements, and by 
 his vigilance was able to apprise 
 Admiral Duncan of the enemy's 
 sailing, which led to the victory of 
 Camperdown. He had been for 
 years before his death subject to 
 gout, which latterly affected his 
 intellect, and he committed suicide 
 by blowing out his brains, Nov. 2, 
 1839 
 
 TRURO, Right Hon. Thomas 
 Wilde, Ist Baron [1782 — 1855], 
 born in London, was the eldest son 
 of Mr. Thomas Wilde, an attorney. 
 He was educated at St. Paul's 
 School, and on leaving was articled 
 to his father, and for some years 
 practised as an attorney. In 1817 
 he was called to the bar at the 
 Inner Temple, and speedily rose to 
 eminence as an advocate. In 1824 he 
 was made a serjeant-at-law, and 
 three years later a king's serjeant. 
 In 1831 he entered Parliament as 
 member for Newark, but was 
 thrown out at the general election 
 in the following year. In 1835 he 
 was again elected, and retained his 
 seat, having for his colleague Mr. 
 W, E. Gladstone, until 1841, when 
 he successfully contested Worces- 
 ter. In 1839 he succeeded Sir 
 R. M. Rolfe (Lord Cranworth) 
 as solicitor-general, and became 
 attorney-general in 1841, but re- 
 signed when the Liberal party went 
 out of office. On the restoration of 
 the whig administration in 1846, he 
 was replaced as attorney-general, 
 but within a week afterwards was 
 raised to the bench of Common 
 Pleas as Lord Chief Justice, and 
 was sworn a Privy Councillor. On 
 the formation of Lord John Rus- 
 sell's government in July, 1850, he 
 was made Lord Chancellor, and 
 created a peer by the title of Baron 
 
 3 M 
 
898 
 
 TUCKER— TURNBULL. 
 
 Truro. He I'esigned the Chancel- 
 lorsliip on the retirement of his 
 party from office in Feb., 1852, The 
 most memorable cases in which he 
 was professionally engaged previous 
 to his elevation were the trial of 
 Queen Caroline in 1820, and the 
 trial of O'Conncll in 18 14, to whom 
 he gave his services without fee or 
 retainer to obtain a reversal of the 
 decision of the Dublin law courts. 
 In Parliament his name is most 
 permanently connected with the 
 case of " Stockdale v. Hansard/' 
 which involved the constitutional 
 question as to whether the House 
 of Commons had the right of jjub- 
 lishing its reports without render- 
 ing its officers thereby liable to 
 proceedings in the courts of law. 
 On this question Lord Truro took 
 the affirmative side. While hold- 
 ing the Chancellorship he promoted 
 various important law reforms. He 
 appointed a commission to enquire 
 as to the pleading and practice of 
 his court, and assisted Lord St. 
 Leonards in carrying into effect the 
 most important regulations in the 
 report. Ho established a system 
 of paying the fees of the court by 
 means of stamps, and greatly re- 
 duced their amount. His exertions 
 were not confined to the Court of 
 Chancery, but extended to the 
 common law courts, where he origi- 
 nated many imj)ortant changes. 
 He was twice married, first, in 
 1813, to Mary, widow of Wm. De- 
 veynes, and daughter of Wm. Wile- 
 man, who died in 18 10, and secondly 
 to Augusta Emma, Mademoiselle 
 d'Este, only daughter of H.R.H. the 
 I)uke of Sussex and Lady Augusta 
 Murray. 
 
 TUCKER, Henry St. George 
 [1771 — 1851], was born at Bermuda, 
 wli(ire his f';ithor was Pi-esident of 
 tlie Council and acting governor. 
 In 17U0 lie received an ai>p<)iiitnient 
 in the East India Company's ser- 
 vice, and lield a variety of ollices, 
 more or loss important, until 17l''.>, 
 when ho was made secretary in the 
 Revenue and Judicial Department. 
 
 In 1801 he was nominated Accoun- 
 tant-Greneral, an office he resigned 
 in 1801 to become a partner in the 
 house of Cockerell & Co. After a 
 very brief experience of commercial 
 pursuits he retiu*ned to the public 
 service, and resumed his office of 
 Accountant-General. He retired 
 in 1812, and took up his residence 
 in England. In 182G he was made 
 a director of the East India Com- 
 pany. 
 
 TURLE, Mr. [1800—1882], who 
 for a period of fifty-eight years was 
 organist of Westminster Abbey, 
 began to officiate in 1817, two years 
 later was formally named deputy 
 to Mr. Greatorex, and in 1831 was 
 appointed organist and master of 
 the choristers by Dean Ireland. 
 In 1871 he gave up all active work 
 to a permanently appointed dejmty. 
 He was a friend of Sjaohr and 
 Mendelssohn, and aided the later 
 in bringing out his " St. Paul" at 
 Birmingham. 
 
 TURLE, Henry Frederic [1835 
 — 1883], editor of Notes and Queries, 
 was the son of the above. Edu- 
 cated at Westminster School, he 
 was appointed a temporary clerk 
 in the War Office, but his fondness 
 for archoeology led him to seek 
 more congenial employment. In 
 a few years he became assistant 
 to Dr. Doran, and succeeded him 
 as editor of Notes and Queries in 
 1878. 
 
 TURNBULL, William Barclay 
 [1811—1863], son of Walter Turn- 
 bull, of Edinburgh, was called to 
 the Scottish bar in 1832, and to 
 the English bar in 1850. In 1833 
 ho joined in founding the Abbots- 
 ford Club, and acted as its secretary 
 from that date until 1811, being at 
 the same time an extensive contri- 
 butor to its historical ])ublieations. 
 In 185i) he edited tlie " Book of 
 Scottish Chronicles " for the Master 
 of the Rolls, who subsequently ap- 
 pointed him to the oilice of calen- 
 daring foreign stati' j^apers between 
 the accession of Edward VI. and 
 the revolution of li'.ss, his wo^k 
 
TURNER. 
 
 899 
 
 being to make abstracts of every 
 document, and to arrange and 
 index the whole. His first vol, 
 appeared in 18G1, and owing to the 
 outcry raised against him as a 
 Catholic in the Athencpum, and by 
 various Protestant religious socie- 
 ties, he resigned his appointment, 
 a step which became the subject of 
 a debate in Parliament, He was an 
 hon . member of several British and 
 foreign literary societies. 
 
 TURNER, Charles, A.R.A. 
 (Born at Woodstock, 1773 ; died in 
 London, Aug. 1, 1857.) In 1795 
 he entered the Academy Schools, 
 but devoted himself entirely to 
 engraving, and attained great emi- 
 nence in the dot and line manners, 
 but more especially in mezzotint. 
 He engraved the eajdy numbers of 
 the " Liber Studiorum," Turner's 
 "Wreck," Owen's "Beggars," Rey- 
 nolds' " Marlborough Family " (a 
 plate worthy of the greatest en- 
 gravers), and several portraits after 
 Lawrence, Jackson, and Shee. 
 
 TURNER, Right Hon. Sir 
 George James, D.C.L. [1798 — 
 lSG7],wa3 born at Great Yarmouth, 
 where his father, the Rev. Richard 
 Turner, v.'as for thirty years the 
 minister. He was educated at the 
 Charterhouse and at Pembroke Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he was ninth 
 Wrangler, and Fellow of his Col- 
 lege. He w\is called to the bar in 
 1821, became a Q.C. in 1810, and a 
 Vice-Chancellor in 1857, when he 
 was sworn a member of the Privy 
 Council. He became a Judge of 
 Appeal in Chancery, and one of the 
 governors of the Charterhouse. 
 He sat as M.P. for Coventry in 
 the Liberal interest from 181'7 to 
 1851. 
 
 TURNER, Joseph Mallord 
 William, R.A., was born April 23, 
 1775, at No. 2G, Maiden Lane, 
 Covent Garden, where his father 
 carried on business as a hairdresser. 
 Of his childhood and vouth little is 
 told, but his genius for art deve- 
 loped very early, and when only 13 
 vears old he exhibited a water- 
 
 colour landscape in the Academy. 
 In the next year he entered its 
 schools, but drew there very little, 
 and studied chiefly in the fields 
 and in the parlour of his first 
 patron, Dr. Munro, who had a fine 
 collection of water-colour drawings. 
 His chief companion at that time 
 was Girtin, and both lads were 
 much influenced by the art of John 
 Cozens, and these three formed a 
 little group of water-colour artists, 
 students of atmospheric effects, and 
 l)rofessing a higher aim than their 
 contemporaries. In 1793 Turner 
 exhibited an oil painting, "The 
 Rising Squall," but until after his 
 election in 1799 as A.R.A. he con- 
 tinued to be chiefly known as a 
 painter of Welsh and English views 
 in water-colour. In 1S02 he was 
 made Academician, and about this 
 time his art developed vexy rapidly. 
 His early drawings are consjiicuous 
 for their careful completion, sub- 
 dued colour, and effective light and 
 shade, in which the dark greatly 
 predomina,tes. His earliest oil paint- 
 ings resemble those of Wilson. But 
 from this time he allowed freer 
 scope to his genius, and though for 
 some years his style was influenced 
 first by the Dutch masters, and 
 later by Claude, his work gained 
 yearly in power, in beauty, in ori- 
 ginality, and above all, in the won- 
 derful rendering of light and 
 sunshine. To this middle period, 
 1802-1830, belong most of his mas- 
 terjjieces. In 1807 he was appointed 
 professor of perspective in the 
 Academy, and for several years he 
 delivered courses of lectures on the 
 systems of pictorial composition 
 adopted by the great landscape 
 painters of earlier times, and on 
 their principles of effect and colour. 
 Unfortunately these lectures were 
 so ill-arranged and badly delivered 
 as to be incomprehensible, and for 
 many years before he resigned his 
 professorship. Turner gave no in- 
 struction. Both by nature and habit 
 he was ill-fitted for a lecturer. Shy, 
 retiring, and uneducated, he w:us in-. 
 
 3 M 2 
 
900 
 
 TURNER. 
 
 capable of expressing his ideas, even 
 when among his friends ; his person, 
 short, stout, and coarsely made, was 
 unimpressive ; and his manner was 
 undistinguished until the end of 
 his life. In 1808 he began his 
 beautiful and famous " Liber Stu- ' 
 diorum," undertaken in rivalry of 
 Claude's " Liber Veritatis," of 
 which fac-simile aquatint engrav- 
 ings had been made by Earlom and 
 others. Turner's series, reproduced 
 by the same method, embraced 
 examples of all the principal forms 
 of landscape composition. Fine 
 examples of the "Liber" prints 
 are now extremely rare and in 
 great request ; but there have been 
 several republications, and in 1882 
 the Autotype Company began to 
 publish fac-similes of all the plates, 
 with critical notices by the Rev. 
 Stopford Brooke. From the publi- 
 cation of the "Liber Studiorum" 
 until his death Tui-ner continued 
 most in request with publishers and 
 engravers of any English land- 
 scape painter. Among the most 
 famous of his book illustrations are 
 " Scenery of the Southern Coast," 
 " England and Wales," " Rivers of 
 England," "Rivers of France," 
 " Rogers's Italy," and the poems of 
 Rogers, Byron, Scott, and Campbell. 
 In 1812 he built the house No. 47, 
 Queen Anne Street, which he re- 
 tained until his death, and where 
 he kept such of his paintings as he 
 was unwilling to sell. In 1819 he 
 visited Italy for the first time, and 
 in 1829, when in his fiftieth year he 
 made a second visit, and after this 
 date sacrificed everything in his 
 painting to the rendering of light 
 and all its prismatic varieties. Yet 
 some of his finest works, such as 
 " Childe Harold's Pilgrimage " 
 (1832),andthe "Tc'moraire" (1839), 
 })elong to this third period. Turner 
 was possessed of the most marvel- 
 lous artistic memory, and was an 
 indefatigable worker. The 257 
 works oxliiljited in the Academy 
 represent only a portion of his 
 lal^ours, for many of his finest 
 
 paintings did not appear in any 
 public gallery, and 17 were exhi- 
 bited in the British Institution. 
 His sketches and studies in water 
 colour and in pencil are innumer- 
 able. His works are particularly 
 accessible to the public, for at his 
 death he bequeathed nearly 100 oil 
 paintings and about 2,000 water- 
 colour drawings to the nation. 
 These are now in the National 
 Gallery ; the South Kensington 
 Museum contains 20 of his works 
 given by various art collectors, and 
 Mr. Ruskin, his eloquent prophet, 
 has given many exquisite drawings 
 to the Universitv Galleries at Ox- 
 
 V 
 
 ford. It was Turner's wish that his 
 property, sworn as under c£ll'0,000, 
 should found an asylum for decayed 
 artists, but the will was informal, 
 and was contested by the heir-at- 
 law, to whom the bulk of the pro- 
 perty was ultimately assigned, 
 though ,£20,000 was granted to the 
 Royal Academy, and forms the 
 "Turner Fund" for the relief of 
 distressed artists not of their body. 
 Turner died in lodgings in a small 
 riverside house in Chelsea, Dec. 19, 
 1851, and is buried beside Sir Joshua 
 Reynolds in the crypt of St. Paul's 
 Cathedral. His " Life " has been 
 written by Messrs. P. G. Hamer- 
 ton, J. Dafforne, G. W. Thorn- 
 bury, J. Burnet, and W. C. Monk- 
 house (" Illustrated Biographies of 
 Great Artists"). Fui'ther autho- 
 rities for his life and works are 
 Mr. Ruskin's " Modern Painters," 
 and " Notes on the Turner Gal- 
 lei'y at Marlborough House," and 
 R. N. Wornum's "The Turner Gal- 
 lery." 
 
 TURNER, Sharon [17G8— 18 17J, 
 historian of the Anglo-Saxons, was 
 born in London. He was educated 
 at a private school at Pentonville, 
 and at the age of fifteen was arti- 
 cled to an attorney in the Temple. 
 On the death of his master he CJir- 
 riod on the business alone, remain- 
 ing in his old chambers, and it wjis 
 there that he began to collect tho 
 materials for his chief work " Tho 
 
TURNER. 
 
 901 
 
 History of the Anglo-Saxons ;'' the 
 first volume of which appeared in 
 1799, the third in 1805. He subse- 
 quently continued the history to 
 the death of Queen Elizabeth, and 
 the whole work (12 vols.) took a 
 good place in the historical litera- 
 ture of the country. His next most 
 important work was " The Sacred 
 History of the World," 3 vols., 
 which as well as the " History " 
 was repeatedly reprinted, and he 
 published at different times during 
 his life the following minor works : 
 " Sacred Meditations by a Lay- 
 man," a volume of poems ; " Pro- 
 lusion on the Greatness of Britain 
 and other subjects," and " Richard 
 III.," a poem. He was intimately 
 acquainted with most of the leading 
 literary characters of his day, 
 among whom Cumberland, Tobin, 
 Charles Butler, Prince Hoare, 
 Richard Duppa, Southey, and many 
 others predeceased him, and Dis- 
 raeli and Sir Martin Shee survived 
 him. 
 
 TURNER, The Vert Rev. 
 Sydney, M.A. [1814 — 1879], 
 youngest son of the preceding, was 
 educated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he graduated B.A. 
 in 1836, as eighteenth Wrangler. 
 He was ordained deacon in 1837, 
 and priest in 1838. After serv- 
 ing for four years as curate of 
 the large parish of Christ Church, 
 Blackfriars, he was invited to 
 undertake the management of the 
 Philanthropic Society's Reforma- 
 tory Schools, then in St. George^s- 
 fields, now established at Redhill, 
 near Reigate, Surrey. In Jan., 
 1857, Mr. Turner was appointed to 
 the office of Inspector of Reforma- 
 tory and Industrial Schools in 
 Great Britain, and held that impor- 
 portant office for nearly nineteen 
 years. He was collated to the 
 rectory of Hempstead, near Glou- 
 cester, in 1867 ; and appointed by 
 the Crown, in Dec. 1875, to the 
 deanery of Ripon, vacant by the 
 resignation of Dr. McNeile. He 
 resigned the deanery^ in conse- 
 
 quence of ill-health, in March, 187G. 
 Mr. Turner was the author of '* Met- 
 tray," 1816, and of a pamphlet on 
 Reformatory Schools, in the form 
 of a letter addressed to the Right 
 Hon. C. B. Adderley, M.P., in 
 1855. 
 
 TURNER, Thomas, D. L. [1805 
 — 1883], was educated at Cam- 
 bridge, where he was second 
 Wrangler and senior Smith's prize- 
 man, and afterwards became Fellow 
 of Trinity College. He was called 
 to the Bar in 1831, and practised 
 for some years in the Chancery 
 Courts. As a Middlesex Magis- 
 triite and Chairman of the Parlia- 
 mentary Committee, he was mainly 
 instrumental, in 1850, in bringing 
 about a reformation in the appro- 
 priation of the Houses of Correc- 
 tion for distinct classes of criminals 
 instead of using them for all cases 
 of convicted prisoners. By his 
 careful management as treasurer 
 of Guy's Hospital, he was able in 
 1870 to add a new wing. He was 
 connected with the Society for the 
 Propagation of the Gospel, the 
 Bishop of London's Fnnd, and the 
 Metropolitan Board of Works, of 
 which he was a member from the 
 commencement. 
 
 TURNER, General Sir Tom- 
 
 KYNS HiLGROVE, K.C., D.C.L., 
 
 entered the army in 1782. He 
 served in Flanders throughout the 
 war, and distinguished himself at 
 the capture of Fort St. Andre. In 
 1801 he went to Egypt. For the 
 gallantry he displayed throughout 
 that campaign, he was decorated 
 by the Emperor of Russia with the 
 order of St. Anne, and also received 
 the Turkish Order of the Crescent. 
 While in Egypt he gained posses- 
 sion of the celebrated Rosetta Stone 
 now in the British Museum. In 
 1814 he was knighted, and in the 
 same year went with a command 
 to South America. Subsequently 
 he was appointed Lieutenant-Gover- 
 nor of Jersey, and also Governor 
 of Bermuda. In 1827 he was nomi- 
 nated a Grand Cross of the Royal 
 
no2 
 
 TURNEE— TUSSAUD. 
 
 Hanoverian Guelphic Order, and 
 in 1830 was Groom of tlie Bed- 
 chamber Jn the Royal House- 
 hold. He contributed several pa- 
 pers of interest to the Society of 
 Antiquaries. 
 
 TURNER, Thomas Hudson [1815 
 — 1852J, was the son of a printer. 
 He was educated at a school at 
 Chelsea, where he early distin- 
 guished himself by a love of anti- 
 quarian research. At the age of 
 sixteen he was taken into the 
 printing office of Mr. W. Nicol, but 
 he soon obtained more congenial 
 employment at the Record Office. 
 Later he assisted Mr. Tyrrell, the 
 City Remembrancer, in the collec- 
 tion of materials for a history of 
 London. At the termination of his 
 engagement with Mr. Tj^-rell he 
 undertook to edit a volume of 
 " Early Household Expenses," pre- 
 sented to the Roxburghe Club by 
 Mr. Beriah Botfield. After this 
 he was made Secretary of the Ar- 
 cha3ological Institute, an office he 
 resigned to become a Record Agent. 
 He had commenced a work "Some 
 Account of Domestic Architecture 
 in England, from the Conquest to 
 the end of the Thirteenth Century," 
 of which the first volume only ap- 
 peared in 1851. 
 
 TURNER, William, landscape 
 painter, known as " Turner of 
 Oxford " was born at Blackbour- 
 ton, Oxfordshire, Nov. 12, 1789, 
 and was apprenticed to Yarley. 
 After leaving Varley he settled in 
 Oxford where he passed liis life, 
 and died Aug. 7, 18G2. He first 
 exhibited in 1808, and a year later 
 became a mem})er of the Water Co- 
 lour Society, wliere he continued to 
 exhil)it his remarkable water-colour 
 landscapes until 1852, choosing his 
 subjects in Scotland, Wales, and 
 the neighbourliood of Oxford. 
 There are two drawings Ijy him 
 in the South Kensington Collec- 
 tion. 
 
 TURNERELLT. Teter, tlie son 
 of an Itiiliaii modi'ller, was born in 
 Belfast in 177 1, and in 17l>8 came 
 
 to London and entered the Academy 
 Schools. His early works, including 
 a bust of the Infant Princess Char- 
 lotte, and of George III., were in 
 wax, but the bust of the king 
 became so popular that eighty 
 copies were made in marble. It 
 was modelled in 1810. Among his 
 many distinguished sitters was 
 Louis XVIII., and he was ap- 
 pointed Sculptor to the Queen and 
 the Princess of Wales. He exhi- 
 bited 108 works in the Academy, 
 and executed the monuments of 
 Sir John Moore in Canterbury 
 Cathedral ; Admiral Sir John Hope 
 in Westminster Abbey ; and Burns 
 at the plough for the Dumfries 
 Monument. He died suddenly in 
 London, March 20, 1839, aged 65 
 years. 
 
 TURTON, Right Rev. Thomas, 
 D.D., Bishop of Ely [1780—1861-1, 
 was a native of Yorkshire, and in 
 1801 entered Queen's College, Cam- 
 bridge, but two 3'ears later migrated 
 to St. Catherine's Hall, where he 
 graduated in 1805 as Senior Wran- 
 gler and Smith's Prizeman. Hav- 
 ing been elected Fellow, and held 
 some college and university offices, 
 in 1822 he was appointed Lucasian 
 Professor of Mathematics, and Re- 
 gius Professor of Divinity in 1827, 
 in which year he was collated to a 
 prebendal stall in Lincoln Cathe- 
 dral. In 1830 he was preferred 
 to the deanery of Peterborougli, 
 whence he was transferred to the 
 Deanery of Westminster in 18 12 
 and three years later consecrated to 
 the see of Ely. Dr. Turton was Avell 
 known for liis theological works, 
 more particularly for liaving pub- 
 lished 2 vols, in refutation of the 
 doctrine of the Eucharist, as lai4 
 down by Dr. (Cardinal) Wiseman. 
 He also i)ublislied in 1827, under 
 the signature " Crito Cantabrigien- 
 sis," a vindit'ation of the literary 
 character of Porson from the asper- 
 sion of Dr. Burgess. 
 
 TUSSAUD, Marie [1760—1851], 
 was born at Berne. At the age of 
 6 she was adopted by her uncle. 
 
'f'WISS— TWISTLETOX. 
 
 003 
 
 M. Curtins, a skilful modeller in 
 wax, by whom she was iustructed 
 in the art. M. Curtins' house in 
 Paris was the resort of Voltaire, 
 Rousseau, Mirabeau, Lafayette, 
 and others well known in litera- 
 ture and art. Madame Tussaud 
 became an adept in modelling, and 
 she had numerous jjupils, among 
 them the Princess Elizabetli, sister 
 of the King. During the Revolu- 
 tion she was imprisoned for three 
 months in La Force. In 1802 she 
 came to London after having expe- 
 rienced great difficulty in obtaining 
 a permit. She established a wax- 
 work exhibition in Baker Street, 
 which soon became one of the great 
 attractions of the metropolis, and 
 which still, in new and magnificent 
 quarters, bears her name. A few 
 specimens of her talent still re- 
 main, the best being the portrait 
 model of Voltaire. 
 
 TWISS, Horace [1787—1819], 
 senior Q.C., Vice-Chancellor of the 
 Duchy of Lancaster, and a Bencher 
 of the Inner Temple, was the eldest 
 son of Francis Twiss, Esq., by 
 Frances, second daughter of Mr. 
 Roger Kemble, and sister to Mrs. 
 Siddons. He was called to the 
 bar in 1811, went the Oxford Cir- 
 cuit, and became K.C. in 1827. In 
 1820 he entered Parliament as 
 member for Wootton Basset, which 
 borough he represented for ten 
 years, and soon made his reputation 
 as a parliamentary orator by his 
 speeches on Catholic Emancipation, 
 on the Court of Chancery, Sec. In 
 1828, on the formation of the Duke 
 of Wellington's Administration he 
 was appointed Under-Secretary for 
 the Colonies. He sat for Newport 
 in 1830, but his opposition to the 
 Reform Bill cut short his parlia- 
 mentary career, and he was not in 
 the parliaments of 1831-2. He was 
 returned for Bridport from 1835-7, 
 but failed to be re-elected when he 
 contested the boroughs of Notting- 
 ham and Bury St. Edmunds. Dur- 
 ing Lord Liverpool's administra- 
 tion he was counsel to the Admi- 
 
 ralty, and Judge- Advocate. Find- 
 ing his practice at the bar rather 
 inadequate he turned his attention 
 to literature and accepted a post on 
 the Times, for which he wrote lead- 
 ing articles. But he will be chiefly 
 remembered for his elaborate " Life 
 of Lord Eldon," a collection of 
 some of the most remarkable poli- 
 tical transactions of the Chancellor's 
 era. He relinquished his appoint- 
 ment on the Times on being made 
 in 1814 Vice-Chancellor of the 
 Duchy of Lancaster. In private 
 life Mr. Twiss was much liked 
 and respected, and his house was 
 the recognised meeting place for 
 all the celebrated f)oliticians, au- 
 thors, wits, musicians, &c., of the 
 da v. 
 
 TWISTLETON, The Hon. Ed- 
 ward Turner Boyd [1809 — 1874], 
 youngest son of the Hon. and 
 Ven. Archdeacon of Colombo and 
 brother of the thirteenth Lord 
 Saye and Sele, was educated at 
 Winchester School and at Trinity 
 and Balliol Colleges, Oxford. He 
 took his B.A. degree at Trinity in 
 1829, and a year later was made a 
 Fellow of Balliol. He was called 
 to the bar at the Inner Tem- 
 ple in 1835, was Assistant Poor- 
 Law Commissoner in England in 
 1839, was a Commissioner of In- 
 quiry into the Scotch Poor-Laws in 
 1843, and held the office of Chief 
 Commissioner of Poor-Laws in Ire- 
 land from 1845 till 1819. He was 
 appointed one of the Oxford Uni- 
 versity Commissioners in 1855, a 
 Commissioner of Inquiry into the 
 English Public Schools in 1861, 
 and was one of the Civil Service 
 Commissioners from 1862 till 1870, 
 when he retii*ed from public life. 
 He took an active part in the contro- 
 versy about the "Letters of Junius," 
 and in 1871 published an elaborate 
 work defending their attribution 
 to Sir Philip Francis, entitled, 
 " The HandAvi-iting of Junius, Pro- 
 fessionally Investigated by Mr. 
 Charles Chabot, Expert ; with a 
 Preface and Collateral Evidence." 
 
00 i 
 
 UPCOTT— URQUHAET. 
 
 Ilis "Tongue not Essential to 
 Speech/' appeared in 1873. He 
 offered himself as a candidate for 
 the represeiitation of Cambridge in 
 1859, but was unsuccessful. 
 
 U. 
 
 UPCOTT, William [1779— 
 1845], born in Oxfordshire, was in 
 early life an assistant to Mr. E,. H. 
 Evans, the well-known bookseller 
 of Pall Mall, and subsequently to 
 Mr. Wright of Piccadilly. His 
 quickness and steady application to 
 business attracted the attention of 
 many literary men, and in 1806 he 
 was appointed sub-librarian of the 
 London Institution. Mr. Upcott 
 was a great collector of autographs, 
 and has indeed been called the 
 founder of that branch of curiosity- 
 hunting. From his collection, 
 Avhich was both extensive and valu- 
 able, the correspondence of Henry 
 Hyde, second Earl of Clarendon, and 
 that of Ralph Thoresby, were pub- 
 lished. He also brought the manu- 
 script of Evelyn's Diary to public 
 notice, and in 1825 edited " Eve- 
 lyn's Miscellaneous Works." He 
 was the author of "A Bibliographi- 
 cal Account of the Principal Works 
 relating to English Topography," 
 and made very considerable collec- 
 tions for the history of Oxford- 
 shire. 
 
 URE, Andrew, M.D., F.R.S. 
 [1778 — 1857], a distinguished che- 
 mist, was born at Glasgow, and 
 studied at the University of his 
 native town, and at Edinburgh. 
 In 1802 ho was appointed Professor 
 of Chemistry in the Andersonian 
 Institute at Glasgow, and also lec- 
 tured on Materia Medica in connec- 
 tion witli tlie medical courses of 
 the institution. In 1809 he became 
 actively interested in the establish- 
 ment of the Glasgow Observatory, 
 of which he was ap})uintod astro- 
 nomer. For a nnmhor of years 
 Dr. Ure devoted himself to scien- 
 
 tific research, the results of which 
 he communicated to the world in a 
 series of papers, some being printed 
 in the " Transactions " of the Pkilo- 
 sophical Society. In 1821 he pub- 
 lished " A Dictionary of Chemistry." 
 In 1830 he removed to London, and 
 in 1834 was appointed analytical 
 chemist to the Board of Customs. 
 His great work, " A Dictionary of 
 Arts, Manufactures, and Mines," 
 was first published in 1837, with a 
 supplement two years later. Be- 
 sides the volumes already men- 
 tioned, he was the author of many 
 other practical and iiseful works. 
 In 1822 Dr. Ure was elected a Fel- 
 low of the Royal Society of London, 
 and was one of the original Fellows 
 of the Geological Society. 
 
 URQUHART, David [1805— 
 1877], son of David Urquhart, 
 Esq., of Cromarty, N.B., the re- 
 presentative of a family who suf- 
 fered in the cause of the Stuarts, 
 born in the North of Scotland, 
 was educated at St. John's Col- 
 lege, Oxford, and before he could 
 take a degree, entered the diplo- 
 matic service, and became Secretary 
 of the British Embassy at Con- 
 stantinople. He travelled in all 
 parts of the East, for the purpose 
 of gaining information respecting 
 the commercial and political in- 
 fluence of Russia, of which country 
 he was from the first an active 
 opponent, having made him- 
 self known by several publica- 
 tions as an energetic denouncer of 
 the policy of that country. He 
 spent his life in laying bai*e what 
 he believed to be the fatal ten- 
 dencies of that policy, and was 
 looked up to by his followers as 
 a prophet. In 1847 he was re- 
 turned to Parliament as member 
 for Stafford, whicli place he repre- 
 sented for five years. He made 
 liimself conspicuous in the House 
 by the pertinacity of his attacks 
 on the foreign policy of Lord Pal- 
 merston. Ilis fanaticism, how- 
 ever, wearied pi'oplo, liis followers 
 fell away, and long before he died 
 
UTTERTON— VALPY. 
 
 906 
 
 he was almost forgotten. He per- 
 formed, however, one positive ser- 
 vice to his countrymen ; he in- 
 troduced the Turkish Bath into 
 England. He wrote, among other 
 things, " Turkey : its Resources," 
 1833 ; " Spirit of the East," 1838 ; 
 "The Crisis;" "On the Turkish 
 Bath," &c. 
 
 UTTERTON, The Right Rev. 
 John Sutton, D.D. [1814—1879], 
 son of Colonel Utterton, was born at 
 Ipswich. He was educated at Oxford, 
 became a Scholar of Oriel College, 
 and graduated B.A. in 1836, taking 
 a first-class in classics, and being 
 for two years afterwards a most 
 successful private tutor, number- 
 ing Bishop "Waldegrave, Dr. Goul- 
 bum. Dr. J. S. Hodson, and many 
 other distinguished men, among his 
 pupils. He was appointed per- 
 petual ciirate of Holmwood, near 
 Dorking, in 1838 ; rector of Cal- 
 bourne. Isle of Wight, in 1851 
 vicar of Farnham, Surrey, in 1853 
 archdeacon of Surrey, in 1859 
 canon of Winchester, in 1860 ; and 
 was consecrated the first bishop of 
 Guildford as suffragan to the Bishop 
 of Winchester, Mar. 15, 187-1. He 
 was presented with an honorary 
 D.D. by the University of Oxford. 
 The Bishop of Guildford, as Arch- 
 deacon of Surrey, was the founder 
 of the Surrey Church^ssociation, 
 in 1860, of which the South London 
 Fund is a branch. He devoted 
 himself with peculiar interest to 
 the dense and spiritually destitute 
 population in that locality, and 
 resigned the important and valu- 
 able living of Farnham (after hold- 
 ing it for twenty-one years) that 
 he might give himself up more 
 entirely to episcopal duties in South 
 London. During his incumbency 
 at Farnham, the Bishop raised 
 and expended ^£21,000 in the erec- 
 tion and improvement of churches, 
 schools, &c., in the parish. He was 
 the editor of a volume of Paro- 
 chial Sermons written by various 
 distinguished authors, and also 
 published several charges, sermons. 
 
 and different treatises, especially on 
 the ministry. 
 
 UWINS, Thomas, R.A., was 
 born at Pentonville, Feb. 24, 1782. 
 He studied as an engraver, but in 
 1798 entered the Academy schools, 
 and obtained work as a book illus- 
 trator. In 1808 he became an 
 associate of the Water Colour So- 
 ciety, and member in 1810, con- 
 tributing subjects of the class of 
 rustic genre. After a time his 
 health gave way, and in 1814 he 
 was forced to remove to the South 
 of France, and whilst living there 
 was plunged into money difficulties 
 through the default of one for 
 whom he had stood surety. To 
 free himseK from these obligations 
 he settled in Edinburgh, and re- 
 signing his membership of the 
 Water Colour Society, devoted him- 
 self to drawing portraits in chalk. 
 In 1824 he went to Italy, and 
 stayed there for seven years, study- 
 ing, but sending no works home 
 for exhibition. On his rettu-n he 
 began exhibiting Italian subjects, 
 painted in oils. In 1832 he was 
 elected A.R.A., Academician in 
 1838, and Librarian of the Academy 
 in 1844. In the following year he 
 was appointed surveyor of the 
 Royal pictures, and in 1847 keeper 
 of the National Gallery, but re- 
 signed both the latter offices in 
 1855. His death occurred at Staines, 
 Aug. 25, 1857. The "Recollec- 
 tions of Thomas Uwins, R.A.," 
 were published by his widow in the 
 following year. Uwins exhibited 
 153 paintings in London. There 
 is a collection of his works both in 
 oil and water-colour in the South 
 Kensington Galleries. 
 
 Y. 
 
 YALPY, Abraham John, M.A., 
 M.R.S.L. [1787 — 1854], was the 
 second son of the Rev. Richard 
 Yalpy, D.D., Master of Reading 
 Grammar School, and was educated 
 
906 
 
 VANDELEITR— VAXDEXSOFF. 
 
 at that school, and at Pembroke 
 Collecre, Oxford, In 1807 he com- 
 menced business as a printer in 
 Tooke's Co»rt, Chancery Lane. His 
 first speculation was a new edition 
 of the Greek " Thesaurus" of Henry 
 Stephens the Younger, which was 
 ruined by Bishop Blomfield's 
 critique in the Quarterly Review. 
 His next venture, a new and cor- 
 rected edition of the classics, was 
 highly successful. In 1810 Mr. 
 Valpy started the ClassicalJournal, 
 and in 1813 " The Pamphleteer : a 
 Collection of the best Pamphlets 
 of the Day." About 1815 he 
 printed and piiblished " Plautus, 
 with English Notes/' " Eutropius," 
 " iEsop's" Fables," and " Elements 
 of Hebrew Grammar." He also 
 published various editions of Greek 
 authors. From 1822 to 1825 he 
 printed and published the Musciim, 
 a weekly publication. In 1831 Mr. 
 Valpy commenced an *' Epitome of 
 English Literature." He next pro- 
 jected a series of Translations from 
 the Classics ; then a new edition 
 of the works of Pope, and a 12mo 
 edition of Hume and Smollett's 
 " History of England." His last 
 enterjirise was " Sermons by Divines 
 of the Church of England." About 
 1837 he retired, and subsequently 
 became actively engaged in the 
 affairs of some public companies. 
 He was a commissioner of lieu- 
 tenancv for London. 
 
 V A N D E L E U R, Sir John 
 Ormsby [17G3 — 1819], son of 
 liichard Vandeleur, Esq., of Kil- 
 rush, CO. Clare, entered the army 
 in 1781. Ho served in Flanders, 
 under the Duke of Yoi'k, and sub- 
 sequently in India, where at the 
 battle of Laswaree, on Nov. 1, 
 1803, he turned the enemy's left 
 flank, and took 2,000 prisoners. 
 Diiringthe Peninsular war heserved 
 on the staff as major-general. 
 While leading a division to the 
 breach of Ciudad Rodrigo he was 
 K(!ven'ly wounded, V)ut was present 
 at the battles of Salamanca and 
 Yittoria. He took part in the 
 
 battle of Waterloo, and com- 
 manded the whole of the British 
 Cavalry from the time the Mar- 
 quis of Anglesey was wounded 
 until Louis XVIII. entered Paris. 
 For his eminent services on these 
 occasions he was nominated a 
 K.C.B., and appointed to the colo- 
 nelcy of the 19th Dragoons. In 
 1823 he became colonel of the 14th 
 Light Dragoons, where he remained 
 until 1830, when he was removed 
 to the IGth Lancers. Sir- John was 
 nominated a G.C.B. in 1833, and 
 attained the full rank of general 
 in 1838, 
 
 VANDENHOFF, John [1790— 
 1861], born at Salisbiu'y, was of 
 Dutch extraction. He was educated 
 at Stoneyhurst, and intended for 
 the priesthood, but preferring the 
 stage, he made his first appearance, 
 at the age of 18, in his native city, 
 as Osmond, in ' ' The Castle SiDectre." 
 Meeting with great encouragement 
 from Mrs. Jordan, he continued his 
 provincial career with steadily 
 advancing prospects. In 1S20 he 
 made his debxit on the London stage, 
 in the character of King Lear, at 
 Covent Garden. Finding, however, 
 that the best parts were already 
 in the possession of Young, Ma- 
 cready, and Charles Kemble, Mr. 
 Vandenhoff retiu-ned to Liverpool 
 in 1822, where his api3earance led 
 to the " Salter Riots," Mr, Van- 
 denhoff played on alternate nights 
 with Mr. Salter, and in the end was 
 acknowledged to be the better actor. 
 In June, 1834, he again went to 
 London, and led the business at 
 the Haymarket throngh the season, 
 receiving the liigliest praise from 
 the critics, and the warmest sixp- 
 port from the puV)lic. He next 
 went to Covent Garden and Drury 
 Lane, and when Osbaldiston became 
 lessee of Covent Garden, Mr. Van- 
 denhoff" successfully ui>held his 
 position, appearing frequently in 
 conjunction with Macready and 
 Cliarles Kenilile ; and under the 
 Macready management ho was a 
 prominent member of the com- 
 
VANDENHOFF— VAUGHAN. 
 
 907 
 
 pany. He retired from the stage 
 on Oct. 29, 1858. 
 
 VANDENHOFF, Miss [1S18— 
 1860], daughter of the above, made 
 her first appearance at Drury Lane 
 as Juliet, April 11, 183G. She next 
 went to Covent Garden and the 
 Haymarket, and succeeded in es- 
 tablishing her reputation as an 
 actress of merit. In Feb., 1852, 
 she appeared to advantage as an 
 authoress, her original play of 
 " Woman's Heart " was produced 
 at the Haymarket Theati*e and ob- 
 tained a marked success. She was 
 married to Mr. Swinbourne, an 
 actor of considerable provincial 
 celebrity. 
 
 YAELEY, John, was born at 
 Hackney, Aug. 17, 1778. His 
 father, the tutor of Lord Stanhope's 
 son, and a man of scientific attain- 
 ments, discouraged his sou in the 
 pursuit of art, but at his death the 
 boy found employment with a por- 
 tx'ait j)ainter, and, at the age of 16, 
 with an architectural draughtsman, 
 whom he accompanied on his pro- 
 fessional sketching tours. In 1798 
 he exhibited his first work, "Peter- 
 borough Cathedral," and continued 
 to exhibit in the Eoyal Academy 
 until 180J?, when he became a 
 founder of the "Water Colour So- 
 ciety, to Avhich he contributed 344 
 drawings dxu'ing the first eight 
 years of its existence. His sub- 
 jects in the first exhibition were 
 almost entirely renderings of "Welsh 
 scenery, and afterwards the Thames 
 provided him with many subjects, 
 but in later years he painted studio 
 compositions that lacked the fresh- 
 ness and merit of his earlier out- 
 door sketches. Throughout all its 
 changes he clung to the "Water- 
 Coloiu- Society and continued a 
 member xmtil his death Nov. 17, 
 1842. "NTarley painted in a rather 
 mannered, though broad and sim- 
 ple style ; the great merit of his 
 work is its freshness of tint, beauty 
 of composition, and facility of 
 handling. Besides the great num- 
 ber of drawings exhibited in the 
 
 "Water-Colour Gallery he was an 
 occasional exhibitor in the Aca- 
 demy, wherein 41 of his works ap- 
 peared. There is a collection of his 
 drawings in the South Kensington 
 Museum. 
 
 VAKLEY, Cornelius, the 
 younger brother of the preceding, 
 was born at Hackney, Nov. 21, 
 1781, and until his 20th year was 
 engaged with his uncle, a philoso- 
 phical instrument maker. He then 
 joined his brother John, with whom 
 he made several sketching tours to 
 "Wales, and in 1804 was one of the 
 foundation members of the "Water- 
 Colour Society. He exhibited com- 
 paratively few works, and those 
 chieflv of a classic character, " A 
 Mountain Pastoral" (1809), "The 
 Sleeping Shepherd" (1810), " Pale- 
 mon and Lavinia" (1811), "Ptuins 
 of Troy" (1820), "Vale of Tempe'' 
 (1821), &c. In 1815 he became 
 treasurer of the society, but re- 
 signed his membership in 1821. 
 He was from that time an occa- 
 sional exhibitor in the Academy 
 and other galleries until 1859^ after 
 which date he ceased to exhibit. 
 But though a painter he never 
 abandoned his scientific pursuits, 
 and made improvements in the 
 microscope, camera lucida, and ca- 
 mera obsciu'a, and at the Exhibi- 
 tion of 1851 received a medal for 
 the invention of the graphic tele- 
 scope. He was the last survivor of 
 the founders of the Water-Colour 
 Society, and died Oct. 21, 1873, aged 
 91 years. He published " Etchings 
 of Boats and other Craft on the 
 Thames." Four of his drawings 
 are in the South Kensington 
 Collection. 
 
 YAUGHAN, Sir Charles Ei- 
 CHARD, Knt. [1775 — 1849], was a 
 son of John Yaughan, Esq., M.D., 
 of Leicester. He was entered at 
 Eugby School, and from thence 
 proceeded to Merton College, Ox- 
 ford, where he took the degree of 
 M.A. in 1798. Shortly afterwards 
 he was elected a Fellow of All 
 Souls, and intended to enter the 
 
903 
 
 VAUGHAN. 
 
 medical profession, but gaining a 
 travelling fellowship in 1800 the 
 next ten years were chiefly devoted 
 to visiting -many countries in Eu- 
 rope and Asia. In 1809 he was 
 appointed private secretary in the 
 Foreign Office. The following year 
 he became Secretary of Legation 
 and of Embassy in Spain, and was 
 Minister Plenipotentiary in that 
 country during the absence of the 
 Marquis of Wellesley m 1815-lG. 
 In 1820 he went to France as Se- 
 cretary of Embassy, in 1823 to 
 Switzerland as Minister Plenipo- 
 tentiary to the Confederated States, 
 and in 1825 as Envoy Extraordi- 
 nary to the United States, having 
 been sworn a member of the Privy 
 Council. In 1833 he was nominated 
 a Grand Cross of the Hanoverian 
 Guelphic Order, and received the 
 honour of knighthood. 
 
 VAUGHAN, Henry Halford 
 [1812—1885], Regius Professor of 
 Modern History at Oxford, was the 
 son of Mr. Justice Vaughan by his 
 first wife, the daughter of Lord 
 St. John, of Bletso. He was edu- 
 cated at Rugby, and at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, where he took his 
 B.A. degree in 1833 as First Class 
 in Classics. He was subsequently 
 elected a Fellow of Oriel, and in 183G 
 obtained the Chancellor Prize for an 
 English Essay. Choosing law for 
 his profession, he was called to the 
 Bar, and appointed, about 1815, 
 Clerk of Assizes on the South 
 Wales Circuit. In ]818 he was 
 made Regius Professor of Modern 
 History at Oxford, and held that 
 chair till 1858, when he resigned it. 
 His lectures at Oxford, of which as 
 yet only two have been published 
 (1849), were eloquent and attrac- 
 tive, and have their place in the 
 intellectual history of the Univer- 
 sity ; particularly those delivered 
 between the years 1852 — 55, on the 
 History of England to the death 
 of Stephen. He was actively in- 
 terested in University Reform ; 
 gave strong evidence before the 
 University Commission of 1850 in 
 
 favour of extending the professorial 
 system ; and led a controversy with 
 Dr. Pusey on that subject in 
 1853-4. In the latter year he re- 
 plied to Dr. Pusey and his other 
 assailants on the subject in a pam- 
 phlet called "Oxford Reform and 
 Oxford Professors," which brought 
 an elaborate rejoinder from Dr. 
 Pusey. He published in 1878 a 
 volume called " New Readings and 
 Renderings of Shakespeare's Trage- 
 dies," of which a second volume 
 appeared later, and had also pre- 
 pared for publication a book upon 
 Moral Philosophy, which was ad- 
 vertised, but never appeared. He 
 was a member of the Public Schools 
 Commission of 1861. On leaving 
 Oxford Mr. Vaughan lived for some 
 years at Hampstead, whence he 
 removed to Upton Castle, near 
 Pembroke, in South Wales. There 
 the last twenty years of his life 
 were spent, and there he died, 
 April 19, 1885. 
 
 VAUGHAN, Rev. Robert, D.D. 
 [1795 — 18G8], an eminent non-con- 
 formist divine, was born in Wales, 
 and educated at the Bristol Col- 
 lege. He was for a time minister 
 of an independent congregation at 
 Worcester, which he left to accept 
 a like position at Kensington. He 
 became Professor of Ancient and 
 Modern History at the London 
 University in 1830, and twelve 
 years later was appointed President 
 of the Lancashire Independent 
 College, when he removed to Man- 
 chester, resigning his Kensington 
 pastorate. Ill-health obliged him 
 to give up these appointments in 
 1857, after which he was for a short 
 time minister at Uxbridge, and 
 sjient nearly the whole of the last 
 part of his life in London. He 
 started the JiHtish Quarterly Review 
 in 18 11, and edited it from that 
 time till 1807. Among his works 
 may be mentioned liis '* Life and 
 Opinions of WycliiYe" (1828), "Pro- 
 tectorate of Oliver Cromwell " 
 (1838), "History of England un- 
 der the House of Stuart " (1810), 
 
YAUGHAN— VERNON. 
 
 000 
 
 ' Protestant Nonconformity," 1813, 
 &c. I 
 
 VAUGHAN, The Most Rev. 
 RogerWilliamBede [1831 — 1S83], 
 Roman Catholic Archbishop of Syd- 
 ney, was the second son of Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Vaughan of Court- 
 field, Herefordshire, and brother 
 of the Bishop of Salford. He was 
 educated at St. Gregory's College, 
 Downside, and at Rome, where he 
 was ordained priest in 1859. He 
 returned to Downside in the latter 
 end of the same year, and was at 
 once made missionary priest of a 
 large district. In 1861 he was ap- 
 pointed Professor of Philosophy at 
 St. Michael's Benedictine Priory, 
 near Hereford, and in 1SG2 was 
 elected to the Cathedral Priorship. 
 This office he retained until his 
 consecration in 1873 as coadjutor 
 to the Archbishop of Sydney, with 
 the title of Archbishop of Nazi- 
 anzus. In 1877 he entered into 
 full possession of the see of Sydney. 
 Archbishop Yaughan was an elo- 
 quent and powerful preacher, and 
 acquired a high literary reputation 
 by various theological works, espe- 
 cially by his " Life and Labours of 
 S. Thomas of Aquin," 1S71-2. 
 
 YEN ABLE S, Edwaed Frede- 
 EiCK, the defender of Azimghur, 
 was the son of L. J. Yenables, 
 Esq., barrister-at-law of Liverpool. 
 He went to India, and established 
 himself as a planter. On the out- 
 break of the mutiny, he took ener- 
 getic steps, on his own account, to 
 repress the rebellion in his district, 
 and while gallantly assisting in 
 pursuit of the rebels under Kooer 
 Singh, he was killed in action, 
 April 19, 1858. He rendered most 
 valuable assistance to the Govern- 
 ment by his intrepidity and energy, 
 which was tempered with a singu- 
 larly calm and sound judgment; 
 and his success in saving Azimghur 
 made a great sensation. 
 
 YEXDRAMINI, John, anItaUan 
 by birth, was born at Bassano in 
 1769, but at the age of 19 he came 
 to London to study engraving. 
 
 under Bartolozzi, and four years 
 later married an English wife. 
 Among his best known engravings 
 are those from Paul Veronese's 
 "Vision of St. Catherine," Spa- 
 gnoletto's " St. Sebastian," Lio- 
 nardo Da Vinci's " Leda," and Se- 
 bastiano del Piombo's " Raising of 
 Lazarus." He died in Regent Street, 
 Feb. 8, 1839. 
 
 ^ VENN, Rev. Henry, honorary 
 secretary of the Church Missionary 
 Society, was a prominent member of 
 the Evangelical school. He was edu- 
 cated at Cambridge, where he took 
 his degree of M. A. in 1821, and be- 
 came B.D. in 1828. He was for- 
 merly curate of St. Dunstan's-in- 
 the-West ; was perpetual curate of 
 Drypool, in Yorkshire, from 1827 to 
 183-1, and incumbent of St. John's, 
 Upper Holloway, from the last- 
 named year to 1846. He died at 
 his residence, at East Sheen, on 
 Jan. 13, 1873. 
 
 YERNER, Sir William [1782— 
 1871], born in Ireland, was the 
 youngest son of Mr. James Yerner, 
 a member of the Irish House of 
 Commons. Having entered the 
 army at an early age, he saw 
 active service in Spain and in 
 France. At "Waterloo he was 
 severely wounded, and for his 
 gallantry was promoted on the 
 battle-field. In 1832 he was re- 
 turned for Armagh, in the Con- 
 servative interest, and held his 
 seat without interruption for thirty- 
 six years. In 1846 he was created 
 a baronet, and was a magistrate 
 for the counties of Armagh and 
 Tyrone, and a deputy-lieutenant 
 for the latter county. He was a 
 leading member of the Orange body, 
 and was at one time deputy-grand 
 master of that association. 
 
 VERNON, Augustus Henry 
 Yenables [1830 — 1883], sixth 
 Lord, was for a time President of 
 the Royal Agricultural Society, and, 
 after the war of 1870, was Chairman 
 of the French Farmers' Seed Fund. 
 In this capacity he was indefatiga- 
 ble in his exertions ; and under his 
 
910 
 
 VERNON— VESTEIS. 
 
 directions a plan of succour for 
 the ruined French farmers was 
 organized, which sent large sup- 
 plies to agents in various parts 
 of Francej"^the successful distribu- 
 tion of which was warmly acknow- 
 ledged by the authorities. Lord 
 Vernon was a member of the Royal 
 Agricultural Commission, and on 
 the day of his death he was to 
 have moved the second reading in 
 the House of Lords of a Bill for 
 tenants' compensation, which dealt 
 with great fairness with the re- 
 spective interests of landlord and 
 tenant, 
 
 VERNON, Robert, F.S.A. 
 [1775—1819], v/ho gave to the 
 nation a magnificent collection of 
 the Avorks of modern artists, now 
 knov/n as the " Vernon Collection,'" 
 on which ho is said to have laid 
 out the sum of <£150,OvOO, was long 
 and actively engaged as a suc- 
 cessful breeder of horses. The 
 profits of his trade he devoted to 
 the furtherance of arts and sciences. 
 He was a munificent patron of art 
 and artists, and made it a rule 
 always to buy from the j^ainters 
 themselves, and not from dealers. 
 In order to carry out his idea of 
 forming a gallery, which should 
 at all times represent British art, 
 as the painters advanced in their 
 profession, Mr. Vernon from time 
 to time disposed of some of his 
 pictures, but never j^arted with 
 any man's work unless he intended 
 to commission him to execute 
 another in liis improved style. He 
 took great del i ght in discovering and 
 fostering talent, and he expended 
 large sums in charity, public and 
 private. A portrait of him by 
 H. W. Pickersgill, and a bust by 
 Behnes, are in the National Gal- 
 lery. 
 
 VERNON, Thomas, was born 
 about 1821, in Stallordsliire, and 
 aft^'r studying line engraving in 
 botli Fj-ance andEnglantl, attained 
 to great excellence in liis art. His 
 finest work is. •liter Murill()'s"C]irist 
 Healing the Sick ;" but " Tlie M;i- 
 
 donna and Child," after Raphael, 
 " The Princess Helena," and "Lady 
 Constance Orosvenor," after Win- 
 terhalter, and " Olivia Unveiling," 
 after C. R. Leslie, are also good 
 examples of his jjure line manner. 
 He died Jan. 22, 1872. He exhi- 
 bited eight engravings in the 
 Academy. 
 
 VESTRIS, Lucia Elizabeth 
 (Mrs. Mathews) [1797 — 1850], 
 actress, was a daughter of the 
 eminent engraver, Francesco Bar- 
 tolozzi. At the age of 10 she was 
 married to M. Armand Vestris, 
 principal dancer and ballet-master 
 of the King's Theatre, Haymarket, 
 who, remarking her great ability 
 as a musician and linguist, induced 
 her to go upon the stage. She 
 first appeared as Proserpine, in the 
 opera of " II Ratto di Proseri^ina," 
 but was not very successful. She 
 then went to Paris with her hus- 
 band, playing there in French 
 pieces till 1819, when they both 
 returned to England, and she ac- 
 cepted an engagement with Mr. 
 EUiston at Drury Lane. Her re- 
 putation was made by her suc- 
 cessfvil performance of the pai't of 
 the hero in a burlesque of '*' Don 
 Giovanni," which created a great 
 sensation, and she became the 
 spoilt favourite of the j)ublic both 
 at Drury Lane and Co vent Garden. 
 Among her most successful per- 
 sonations were Lydi* Languish, in 
 "The Rivals;" Letitia Hardv, in 
 " The Belle's Stratagem ;" " and 
 Miss Hardcastle, in " She Stoops 
 to Conquer." She lost her husband 
 in 1825, and four years later bee^ime 
 lessee of tlie Olyuque, whii'li she 
 made the most elegant and i)opular 
 tlieatre in London, and where, 
 assisted by an excellent com- 
 pany, she first i)roducod the bril- 
 liant extravaganzas of Messrs. 
 Planeho and Charles Danse. She 
 married Charles Mathews [q.v.J 
 in 18;}8, and went with him to 
 America, but not meeting with aa 
 much success as they had expected, 
 they returned to England in the 
 
VIGNOLES— VILLIERS. 
 
 911 
 
 following year, and entered upon 
 the lesseeship of Covent Gai-don. 
 Having fulfilled various engage- 
 ments with Macready, Webster, 
 and Maddox, they in 1817 opened 
 the English Opera House in Wel- 
 lington Street, under the name of 
 the Lyceum, and all the old Olympic 
 favourites reappeared with them. 
 Madame Vestris played such parts 
 as "The Wonderful Woman," the 
 " Pride of the Market," besides 
 more jjathetic characters, such as 
 Slingsby Lawrence's "Chain of 
 Events," and in the translation of 
 Madame de Girardin's " La Joie 
 Fait Peur," called " Sunshine 
 through the Clouds." But her 
 strength began to fail, and she 
 appeared for the last time in July, 
 lb54, for her husband's benefit, 
 after which she confined herself 
 cliiefly to the stage management 
 of their theatre. She was renowned 
 during her youth for her beauty 
 and esprit, and during the latter 
 years of her life for her great 
 taste and knowledge of everything 
 belonging to dramatic effect. 
 
 VIGNOLES, Charles Blacker, 
 F.E.S., an eminent engineer, was 
 descended from an old French 
 Huguenot family. He was edu- 
 cated by his grandfa,ther. Dr. 
 Charles Hutton, Professor of Ma- 
 thematics at the Royal Militai-y 
 Academy, Woolwich, and eventually 
 joined the 1st Royals, and was 
 present at the taking of Bergen- 
 op-Zoom. He was afterwards in 
 the Peninsular war, and subse- 
 quent to the battle of Waterloo 
 acted as aide -de - camp to Sir 
 Thomas Brisbane. At the close 
 of the Eui'opean war he visited 
 Florida, and employed himself in 
 making a survey of the counti'y. 
 Returning to England, he devoted 
 himself to civil engineei'ing, and 
 greatly contributed to the passing 
 of the Act of Parliament for the 
 construction of the Liverpool and 
 Manchester Railway. He was ac- 
 tively engaged in engineering 
 matters in all parts of the work!. 
 
 and his great knowledge gave him 
 a high rank in his profession. He 
 died at Hythe, Nov. 17, 1875, 
 
 VIGORS, Nicholas Aylward, 
 D.C.L., F.R.S., &.C., was a member 
 of Trinity College, Oxford ; but 
 leaving the University without a 
 degree, he became an officer in the 
 guards. Subsequently he proceeded 
 to take his degrees, and at the 
 commemoration of 1832, was created 
 an honorary D.C.L. Previous to 
 his parliamentary career, Mr. Vi- 
 gors devoted himself to the science 
 of zoology. From 182G to 1833 he 
 was secretary of the Zoological 
 Society, to which on its formation 
 he gave the whole of his collec- 
 tion. He entered the House of 
 Commons in 1832, in the Liberal 
 interest, as member for Carlow. 
 He was unseated in 1832, but tlie 
 election being declared void, Mr. 
 Vigors v/as again chosen. A new 
 petition was, however, presented, 
 and after a long scrutiny before a 
 Committee of the House of Com- 
 mons, the Liberal members were 
 rejected. In Feb. 1837, he aga,iu 
 offered himself to the constituency, 
 and was returned; as also at the 
 general election in July of the 
 same year. He almost invariably 
 voted with the Radical party. He 
 died in London, Oct. 26, 1810 
 
 VILLIERS, The 
 H. Montagu, D.D. 
 Bishop of Durham, 
 son of the Hon. George Villiers, 
 and was born in London. He was 
 educated at Christ Church, Oxfoi-d, 
 took his degree in 1834, and soon 
 after his ordination began his 
 career as a curate in Lancashire. 
 In 1837 he was a,ppointed to the 
 living of Kenilworth, in 1811 was 
 translated to St. George's, Blooms- 
 bury, and in 1817 became canon 
 of St. Paul's. As rector of St. 
 George's he worked indefatigably 
 among the poorer classes of his 
 parish, by whom he was much 
 admired and liked. In 1856 he 
 was appointed '- Bishop of Carli 
 (being one of those commonly do 
 
 Right Rev. 
 [1813—1861], 
 was the fifth 
 
 sle 
 
912 
 
 VIVIAN— YYVYAN. 
 
 scribed as " Lord Shaftesbury's 
 bishops"), and in 1860 was trans- 
 lated to the see of Durham. He 
 published two volumes of sermons 
 and several lectures. 
 
 VIVIANj EicHARD HussEY, Lord 
 [1775—18-12], eldest son of John 
 Vivian, of Truro, Cornwall, Warden 
 of the Stannaries, entered the 
 army in 1793 as ensign in the 20th 
 infantry. Having been on active 
 service in Holland and the West 
 Indies, during which at various 
 battles and affairs of outposts he 
 showed great zeal and courage, in 
 1808 he sailed in command of the 
 7th Dragoons for Corunna, where 
 he distinguished himself, and on 
 his return to England, was made 
 brevet-colonel in 1812. In 1813 he 
 went to the Peninsula, and was on 
 active service from that time to 
 Waterloo, being present at the bat- 
 tles of Orthes, Nive, and Toulouse. 
 He was severely wounded in carry- 
 ing the bridge of Croix d'Orade, 
 near Toulouse. He returned to 
 England in the following year, was 
 made major-general, and appointed 
 to the staff at Brighton. At Wa- 
 terloo he commanded the 6th Bri- 
 gade of Cavalry, consisting of the 
 1st Dragoons, 10th and 18th Hus- 
 sars. He attained the rank of 
 lieut.-general in 1830, and was 
 appointed to the colonelcy of the 
 1st Dragoons in 1837. He was 
 created a baronet by patent in 
 1828, and received a grant of arms, 
 alluding to his military services. 
 He was returned to Parliament as 
 member for Truro in 1820, and for 
 Windsor in 1826, which he vacated 
 in favour of Lord Stanley on being 
 appointed Commander of the Forces 
 in Ireland. He was made Master- 
 General of the Ordnance in 1835, 
 and sworn a Privy Councillor, and 
 was member for Cornwall from 
 1837 to 181-1, soon after which he 
 was made a Baron of the United 
 Kingdom. He took an active part 
 in the debates of the House, and 
 was a highly esteemed and popular 
 officer. 
 
 VON HOLST, Theodore, the 
 son of a Livonian music-master, 
 was born in London, Sept. 3, 1810, 
 and was early admitted a student 
 of the Eoyal Academy. Possessed 
 of real power he was led astray by 
 a romantic taste, and, regardless of 
 the advice of his friends and the 
 indifference of the public to his 
 works, continued to exhibit such 
 subjects as, " Students Watching 
 the Clock of Eternity," " Pleasure, 
 a Vision," " The Appearance of the 
 Ghost to Lord Lyttelton," &c. 
 He also designed the frontispiece 
 and vignette for an edition of 
 "Frankenstein." He died in Lon- 
 don at the early age of 33, Feb. 11, 
 1844. He exhibited 50 paintings. 
 
 VULLIAMY, Lewis, was the 
 son of Vulliamy, the noted clock-, 
 maker. He was educated as an 
 architect, first under Sir Robert 
 Smirke, and afterwards in the 
 Academy Schools, where in 1813 he 
 was awarded a gold medal for a 
 design of a country mansion, and 
 had the Academy Travelling Scho- 
 larship bestoAved on him in 1818. 
 After a sojourn on the Continent 
 he settled in London and soon 
 established a large practice, erect- 
 ing, among other buildings, Dor- 
 chester House, Park Lane ; the 
 London and Westminster Bank ; 
 Westonbirt church, near Tetbury, 
 and no less than twenty-eight other 
 churches. Of these, and of his 
 other works, a complete list was 
 published in The Builder of 1871. 
 In 1826 he published a work on 
 " Ornamental Sculjiture in Archi- 
 tecture." He died at Clapham, 
 Jan. 4, 1871. 
 
 VYVYAN, Sir Richard Raw- 
 LiNSON [1800 — 1879], was descended 
 from one of the oldest Cornish 
 families. He succeeded to the 
 baronetcy on the death of his father 
 in 1820, and was returned to Par- 
 liament for Cornwall in 1825. He 
 vigorously opposi>d the Reform Bill 
 and the Catholic Emancipation Act, 
 and denounced all concessions to 
 the people. Defeated in Cornwall 
 
WADDINGTOX— WAGHORN. 
 
 913 
 
 by a Libei'al, he gained a seat for 
 Okehampton, which he held until 
 its disfranchisement. In the re- 
 formed Parliament, Sir Kichard 
 ■was returned for liristol, hut at 
 such a heavy cost as to considei*- 
 ably reduce his financial resources. 
 He lost his seat at the dissolution 
 of 1837, but was returned in 18J:1 
 for Helston, which he continued 
 to represent until 1857, when he 
 withdrew from political life. 
 
 W. 
 
 WADDINGTON, Vert Eev. 
 George, D.D., Dean of Durham 
 [1793 — 18G9], was the son of George 
 Waddington, vicar of Tuxford in 
 Nottinghamshire, and was educated 
 at the Charterhouse, and at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge. He was 
 Browne's Medallist in 1811 and in 
 
 1814, and University Scholar and 
 Chancellor's Medallist for English 
 verse in 1813 ; graduated B.A. in 
 
 1815, and became Senior Chan- 
 cellor's Medallist. He was elected 
 to a Fellowship at Trinity Col- 
 lege, and spent some years in 
 foreign travel. Dr. AVaddington 
 wrote "A Visit to Ethiopia," pub- 
 lished in 1822 ; "A Visit to Greece," 
 in 1825; "The Present Condition 
 and Prospects of the Greek or 
 Oriental Church ; with some Letters 
 written from the Convent of the 
 Strophades," in 1829; a "History 
 of the Church, from the Earliest 
 Ages down to the Eeformation," in 
 1835 ; followed by a " History of 
 the Reformation on the Continent," 
 in 1811. He was nominated to the 
 Deanery of Durham in 1810, and a 
 year later Warden of Durham 
 Universitv. Some lectures on Xa- 
 tional Education, which he had 
 delivered at Xewcastle-on-Tyne, 
 were published in 1845. 
 
 WADDIXGTOX, Major-Gene- 
 RAL, C.B. ^1796— 18581, entered the 
 service of the East India Company 
 in 1812. In 1840 he was appointed 
 
 commanding engineer with the 
 Scinde Field Force, and served 
 there both before and during the 
 conquest. He took part in the 
 battles of Meeanee and Hyderabad, 
 and for his gallantry was nominated 
 a C.B. and promoted to the rank 
 of lieutenant-colonel. On leaving 
 Scinde in 1811 he was made super- 
 intending engineer at Aden, where 
 he built the extensive fortifications. 
 In 1851 he obtained the chief en- 
 gineership at Bombay, and in 1854 
 brevet rank as major-general. In 
 1857 he was appointed to the tem- 
 porary command of the Scinde 
 Division, but ill health compelled 
 him to return to England, where 
 he died five weeks after lauding. 
 
 WAGHORN, Lieutenant Tho- 
 mas, R.N. |_1800 — 1850], was born 
 at Chatham, and entered the ser- 
 vice in 1812. He attained the rank 
 of lieutenant in 181G, and was 
 appointed to the Bengal Pilot ser- 
 vice, where he remained till 1824. 
 In that year he volunteered for the 
 war in Arracan. At the cessation 
 of hostilities, in 1827, he returned 
 to Calcutta, and devoted himself 
 to the formation of the overland 
 route to India. His scheme met 
 with incredible opposition, but 
 with unabated energy and per- 
 severance, supported only by the 
 Bombay Steam Committee, he was 
 enabled to complete the route three 
 years before it was taken up by the 
 British Government. In 1832 he 
 suggested to the Egyptian autho- 
 rities the advantages of a railway 
 between Cairo and Suez. In 1847 
 he effected a saving of thirteen 
 days by travelling vvl Trieste, in- 
 stead of going through France, 
 and he also explored other routes, 
 by Genoa, and through the Papal 
 States. The prosecution of the 
 Trieste line, in 18 10, involved 
 Lieutenant Waghorn in pecuniary 
 difficulties, from which the sacrifice 
 of his entire estate was unable to 
 release him. A short time before 
 his death the English Government 
 granted him a pension, of which 
 
 3 N 
 
914 
 
 WAIXWRIGHT— WAKEFIELD. 
 
 he lived to receive only the first 
 quarterly payment. 
 
 WAIN WEIGHT, Thomas Grif- 
 fith, artist, was of Welsh descent, 
 and was educated at Dr. Burney's 
 school at Greenwich. He contri- 
 buted to the London Magazine from 
 1820 to 1823, under the title of Janus 
 Weathercock, some absurd art criti- 
 cisms, and exhibited for the first 
 time at the Royal Academy in 1821, 
 when he sent " A Eomance from Un- 
 dine," which was followed by " Paris 
 in the Chamber of Helen," '^The 
 Milkmaid's Song," and a "Scene 
 from Der Freischutz." Up to that 
 time he had enjoyed a very good posi- 
 tion in London society, but remov- 
 ing to Mortlake, he married clan- 
 destinely the daughter of the lady 
 in whose house he lodged, and his 
 wife's sister, whose life he had 
 insured, dying very suddenly, he 
 was suspected of having poisoned 
 her with strychnine. He went to 
 France for a time, but in 1836 on 
 returning to England was taken up 
 on the charge of having forged his 
 wife's signature to the transfer of 
 d£5,200 stock. He pleaded guilty, 
 and was transported to Van Die- 
 men's Land. He was admitted to 
 the General Hospital at Hobart 
 Town in 1854, and when he left 
 that place at the end of a few 
 years he took up his profession 
 again, painting several portraits of 
 Tasmanian beauties. He did not 
 succeed, however, and was again 
 accused of attempting to poison. He 
 died in the Hobart Town Hospital 
 of apoplexy. The story of his crimes 
 will be found in Sir Edward Lyt- 
 ton's "Lucretia," and in Mr. Justice 
 Talfourd's "Memorials of Charles 
 Lamb." 
 
 WAKEFIELD, Daniel [177G— 
 184G], was the son of a London 
 merchant, and educated privately. 
 He was called to tlie bar at Lin- 
 coln's Inn in 1807, and soon rose to 
 be the ablest equity draughtsman 
 of his day. He was nominated a 
 K.C. in 1833 and enjoyed an ex- 
 tensive practice. He was counsel 
 
 for Mr. Attwood, in the great case 
 of " Small V. Attwood," when the 
 Lord Chancellor Lyndhurst gave 
 judgment against him. Mr. Wake- 
 field advised and undertook the 
 successful appeal to the House 
 of Lords, and for the great abi- 
 lity he displayed on this occasion 
 he received a silk go^vn from the 
 Lord Chancellor, and a cheque for 
 ^5,000 from Mr. Attwood. He was 
 a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, and an 
 active member of the committee 
 for building the new hall and 
 library. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, Edward Gib- 
 bon [1796—1862], the founder of 
 the Wakefield system of coloniza- 
 tion, was a son of Edward Wake- 
 field, author of " Ireland Statistical 
 and Political." In early life he 
 figured as the hero in the Turner 
 Abduction Case, for which he 
 suffered three years' imprisonment. 
 While undergoing his sentence he 
 studied attentively the conditions 
 of prison life, together with the 
 motives and passions of the criminal 
 class. Subsequently he extended 
 his inquiries to the convicts in the 
 Australian colonies, and published 
 " Letters from Sydney," which at- 
 tracted much attention. The ori- 
 ginal ideas propounded by him 
 in regard to colonisation (one of 
 which was the desirability of found- 
 ing colonies composed both of town 
 and country colonists), led to the 
 appointment of a Committee of 
 the House of Commons to in- 
 quire into the disposal of Colonial 
 Lands. Before, however, the Com- 
 mittee had reported, an association 
 was formed for founding the colony 
 of South Australia on the Wakefield 
 system, by which the unsettled lands 
 should be sold at a low price to attract 
 settlers, and the purchase-money 
 used to assist further emigration. 
 Mr, Wakefield then turned his at- 
 tention to the colonization of New 
 Zealand, which was effected in 1841 
 on his earnest rci)resentations. In 
 1839 he accouipaniod the Earl of 
 Durham to Canada as private 
 
WAKLEY— WALE. 
 
 91i 
 
 secretary, and by his knowledge 
 and advice materially assisted in 
 allayinc: the discontent which then 
 prevailed in the colony. He was 
 the author of " England and Ame- 
 rica, a Comparison of the Social 
 and Political State of both Nations," 
 " View of the Art of Colonization," 
 and "Facts on the Punishment of 
 Death in the Metropolis," 
 
 W A K L E Y, Thomas [1705— 
 1862], founder, proprietor, and edi- 
 tor of the Lancet, was bom at Man- 
 bury, in Devonshire, and having 
 studied for the medical profession, 
 came to settle in London in 1815. 
 He attended the lectures of Sir 
 Astley Cooper on Surgery at Guy's 
 and St. Thomas's, and afterwards 
 settled in Argyll Street. He re- 
 tired from practice in 1823, and 
 established the Lancet, with which 
 he was connected for nearly forty 
 years, and in which he advocated 
 important medical reforms. He 
 met with a storm of opposition, 
 and on two occasions had to go 
 into Court, the first time for re- 
 porting in his paper Abernethy's 
 lectures, delivered at St. Bartho- | 
 lomew's, and the second time on a 
 charge of 'libel brought against 
 him by Bransby Cooper for a report 
 on an operation performed by him 
 at Guy's, under which the patient 
 died. Mr. TNTakley won both cases, 
 thus establishing his right to pub- 
 lish lectures publicly delivered in 
 a theatre. He next turned his 
 attention to a reform of the govern- 
 ment of the Koyal College of Sur- 
 geons, helped to establish clinical 
 lectures in London, and was the 
 first to publish reports of the pro- 
 ceedings of the various me(fical 
 societies. In 1839 he was made 
 coroner for Middlesex. He con- 
 tested Finsbury unsuccessfully in 
 1832-34, but was returned by a 
 large majority, in 1835, and con- 
 tinued to hold his seat, in con- 
 junction with Thomas S. Dun- 
 combe, down to 1852, when he re- 
 tired from Parliament. He was 
 distinguished in the House for his 
 
 shrewd common sense, and for 
 his active interest in all measures 
 tending to promote popular pro- 
 gress. He gave up the editorship 
 of the Lancet some years before his 
 death, and gradually ceased to have 
 any share in the conduct of it. 
 
 WALCOTT, The Eev. Macken- 
 zie Edward Charles, B.D., F.S. A. 
 [1822—1880], son of Admiral Wal- 
 cott, M.P. for Christchurch, Hants, 
 born at Bath in 1822, and educated 
 at Winchester and at Exeter Col- 
 lege, Oxford, graduated in honours 
 in 1844. He was for some years 
 Curate of St. Margaret's, evening 
 lecturer of St. James's, Westmin- 
 ster, was appointed Precentor and 
 Prebendary of Chichester Cathedral 
 in 1863, and was Minister of Ber- 
 keley Chapel 1867-70. He wrote 
 numerous antiquarian and ecclesio- 
 logical works, among which may be 
 mentioned, "The History of St. 
 Margaret's Church, Westminster" 
 (1847), "Memorials of Westmin- 
 ster" (1849). "Handbook for St. 
 James's, Westminster" (1850), "Ca- 
 thedrals of the United Kingdom," 
 etc. He wrote also numerous poems 
 and sermons, besides papers for the 
 "Transactions" of various learned 
 societies. 
 
 WALE, General Sir Charles, 
 K.C.B. [1763—1845], son of Thomas 
 Wale, Esq., of Shelf or d, entered 
 the army in 1779. The following 
 year he was dispatched with his 
 regiment, the 97th, to the relief of 
 Minorca, and he was on garrison 
 duty during the whole of the siege 
 of Gibraltar. In 1786 he retired, 
 and accepted an adjutancy in the 
 Cambridge Militia, in which corps 
 he remained until 1797, when he 
 returned to the regular service. He 
 took part in the campaign in Hol- 
 land, and served under the Duke 
 of York. He won the greatest dis- 
 tinction at the attack on Guada- 
 loupe, and for his gallant services 
 on that occasion he received an 
 important command in the caj)- 
 tured island, and subsequently 
 succeeded to the command of all 
 
 3 N 2 
 
916 
 
 WALKER. 
 
 the troops there stationed. In 
 1812 he was appointed Governor of 
 Martinique, a position he filled 
 until the -I'estoration of the island 
 to Louis XVIII. He was nomi- 
 nated a K.C.B. in 1815, attained 
 the rank of lieutenant-general in 
 1821, and that of general in 1838. 
 
 WALKER, Sir Baldwin Wake, 
 Bart., K.C.B. [1803—1876], some 
 time Surveyor-General of the Navy, 
 entered the navy in 1812 ; be- 
 came lieutenant in 1820, and was 
 appointed to the Nautilus on the 
 Jamaica station. From 1823 till 
 1826 he was actively employed on 
 the coasts of South America and 
 Africa, in the Brazen, and after- 
 wards served in -the Mediterranean 
 in the Rattlesnake and ^tna, the 
 captain of the latter vessel being 
 Admiral Sir S. Lushington, K.C.B. 
 While first lieutenant of this shif>, 
 in Oct., 1828, he rendered valu- 
 able aid to Captain Lushington 
 in the reduction of the castle of 
 Morea, the last hold of the Turks 
 in the Peloponnesus, and for this 
 service was rewarded with the 
 order of the Redeemer of Greece, 
 and the cross of the Legion of 
 Honour. He sailed in the Asia 
 and Britannia ; and in the Barham 
 continued to serve in the Mediter- 
 ranean until 1831, when he ob- 
 tained the rank of commander. In 
 1838 he became captain, being ein- 
 l^loyed in the Mediterranean on 
 board the Vanguard, and com- 
 manded the Queen and the Con- 
 stance. At the close of 1817 he 
 was appointed Surveyor of the 
 navy, and after thirteen years was 
 created a Baronet, July 19, 1856. 
 He attained Flag rank in 1858, 
 was appointed to the command of 
 the South African station in 1860, 
 and afterwards to that of the 
 East Indian station. For some 
 years lie was a Rear- and Vice- 
 Admiral in the Turkisli service, and 
 was made a K.C.B. in 1811, for tlio 
 gallant conduct which he disidaycd 
 (luring the Jirilliaut operations on 
 the coast of Syria under Admirals 
 
 I Stopford and Napier. He was a 
 
 Knight of the Second Class of the 
 
 j Iron Ci'own of Austria, of St. Anne 
 
 of Russia, and of the Red Eagle of 
 
 Prussia. 
 
 WALKER, Frederick, A.R.A. 
 [1840 — 1875], one of the most ex- 
 quisite artists of oxu- time, was 
 born in Marylebone, and com- 
 menced his artistic studies in the 
 British Museum, where he drew 
 for some time from the antique 
 statues. At the suggestion of 
 an uncle, however, he was placed, 
 when scarcely 16 years of age, 
 Avith an architect and surveyor, in 
 whose office he remained about 
 eighteen months. He then re- 
 turned to the British Museum to 
 renew his studies in the da}i;ime, 
 and entered the evening class of 
 Mr. Leigh's school of art, Newman 
 Street. At the age of 17 he w;xs 
 admitted a student of the Royal 
 Academy. Ah-eady he had begun 
 to draw on wood, and in order to 
 improve in this direction he placed 
 himself with Mr. J. W. Whymper, 
 the engraver, for three days a week 
 during three years. Having been 
 introduced to Mr. Thackeray, then 
 editor of the Cornhill, Mr. Walker 
 began to work regularly for that 
 magazine. He also drew much for 
 Once a WceJc, and for Messrs. Dal- 
 ziel Brothers. With the illusti-a- 
 tions to Miss Thackeray's novels he 
 terminated his work for the wood- 
 engraver. He began to paint in 
 water-colours, and met with great 
 and rapid success. In 1861 he was 
 elected an associate of the Gld 
 Water-Colour Society, his election 
 to full membership following only 
 two voars later. Here he exliil»ited 
 " Philip in Church," " The Fairy." 
 "The Housewife," "The Fish- 
 monger's Shop," and " The Harbour 
 of Refuge." But Walker had taken 
 to oil-painting almost as soon as lie 
 had to water-colours. The first 
 work in oil that he exhibited at the 
 Royal Academy was •' The Lost 
 Piith " (1863), a pathetic picture 
 of a poor woman wandering in 
 
WALKER— WALLACE. 
 
 017 
 
 the snow. This was succeeded by 
 "The Bathers,"— a lovely work, 
 generally supposed to be his mas- 
 terpiece— 18G7 ; "The Vafi^rants," 
 18G8 ; " The Old Gate," 18G0 ; " The 
 Ploujrh," 1870 ; " The Harbour of 
 Refu<,'e," 1S72; and "The Ki<?ht 
 of Way," 1875. He was elected an 
 associate of the Royal Academy in 
 1871. He was buried at Cookham 
 on Thames, where there is a tablet 
 in the church erected to his memory 
 by his brother ai'tists who loved 
 him and his work. There is unfor- 
 tunately no specimen of his charm- 
 int^ and eminently English art 
 either in the National or South 
 Kensinj^ton Galleries. Exhibitions 
 of his works were held in 1876, and 
 1885. 
 
 WALKER, James, LL.D.,F.R.S., 
 &c. [1781— 18G1], was born at Fal- 
 kirk, and received his early educa- 
 tion at the parish school of his 
 native town. He subsequently 
 studied at the University of Glas- 
 gow, and in 1800 went to London 
 to train for the profession of an 
 engineer. He devoted himself 
 chiefly to the marine branch, and 
 as engineer to the Trinity House, 
 he constructed various light-houses, 
 including that of Bishoja's Rock. 
 He was largely consulted on navi- 
 gation, and canal works ; and the 
 Stock well Street Bridge at Glasgow 
 was built after his plans. In 1834 
 he was appointed president of the 
 Institution of Civil Engineers on 
 the death of Mr. Telford. He was 
 a member of the Royal Society of 
 London, and in 182 i was elected 
 a member of the Royal Society of 
 Edinburgh. At the time of his 
 death he was engaged, as Govern- 
 ment engineer, upon the harbours 
 of refuge at Alderney and Jersey, 
 and the one at the mouth of the 
 Tvne. 
 
 'W A L L A C E, Right Hon. 
 Thomas, First Baron [1769 — 
 184;4<], was the son of James Wal- 
 lace, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, He 
 was educated at Eton, and at 
 Christ Church, Oxford, where he 
 
 was contemporary with the Earl 
 of Liverpool, and Mr. Canning. In 
 1790 he was elected member for 
 Grampound, and sat in Parliament 
 until 1826, as the representative 
 successively of Penrhyn, Hindon, 
 Shaftesbury, Weymouth, Cocker- 
 mouth, and Weymouth. Precarious 
 health precluded a very regular 
 attendance in the House ; but, in 
 1792, when the critical state of the 
 country led to the sudden reassem- 
 bling of Parliament, Mr. Wallace 
 was the seconder of the addi'ess on 
 that occasion. In 1800 he became 
 one of the commissioners for the 
 affairs of India. On the retire- 
 ment of Mr. Pitt, in 1801, Mr. 
 Wallace continued, at his express 
 request, to hold office imder his 
 successor, and was soon after sworn 
 privy councillor. From 1807 to 
 1816 he was a member of the 
 Government, and in 1818 was ap- 
 pointed vice-president of the Com- 
 mittee of the Privy Council for the 
 Management of Trade. This office 
 he retained until 1823, when he 
 retired amid general expressions of 
 regret. In Oct. of the same year 
 he accepted the post of master of 
 the Mint. On the formation of 
 Mr. Canning's ministry, in 1827, 
 Mr. Wallace was invited to take 
 office, but declined. Under the 
 administi-ation of the Duke of 
 Wellington he was, in 1828, raised 
 to the peerage, under the title of 
 Baron Wallace of Knaresdale. 
 
 WALL ACE, W.Vincent, musical 
 composer, was, like his contem- 
 porary Balfe, a native of Ireland. 
 His early life was erratic ; indeed, 
 as violinist and pianist he tinged 
 it with something of the romance 
 of the eai-ly troubadours. He is 
 almost entirely known to fame as 
 a composer of English operas, and 
 in this line he is second in popu- 
 larity only to Balfe. His death, 
 which happened in the South of 
 France in Oct. 1865, deprived us 
 of a facile and talented musician, 
 who to a charming gift of spon- 
 taneous melody united skill and 
 
918 
 
 WALLICH— WALTEE. 
 
 science of a high order. His mas- 
 tery of orchestral resource was very 
 great, an4. he seemed generally to 
 ■work with less regard for monetary 
 effect than with a conscientious 
 desire to fulfil honestly the require- 
 ments of his art. His works were 
 varied and numerous, but he is 
 best known by his operas "Lurline," 
 " Maritana," " The Amber Witch,'' 
 and " The Desert Flower," all of 
 which were given by the Pyne and 
 Harrison Company, at the Lyceum, 
 and are still frequently heard (the 
 first two at least) at the hands of 
 Mr. Carl Rosa's Company. 
 
 WALLICH, Nathaniel, M.D., 
 F.R.S. [1786— 185^], was by birth 
 a Dane, and in early life served 
 as a surgeon in the Danish East 
 Indian settlement of Serampore, 
 until that place was taken by the 
 English. He availed himself of 
 permission to enter the British 
 service, and rose to the first bo- 
 tanical post in India — the super- 
 intendence of the Botanical Garden 
 at Calcutta. In 1820 he began, in 
 conjunction with Dr. Carey, to pub- 
 lish the " Flora Indica," which 
 was greatly augmented by his own 
 discoveries. His " Tentamen Flora? 
 Nepalensis," was the result of the 
 materials accumulated during the 
 author's official examination of that 
 province. In 1825 he was com- 
 missioned by the Government to in- 
 spect the timber forests of Western 
 Hindostan . On his return to Europe 
 in 1828, he published his great 
 work, " Planta} Asiatica) Rariorcs," 
 the whole cost being defrayed by 
 the East India Company. Dr. 
 Wallich was Vice-President of tlio 
 Linna^an Society. 
 
 WALLIS, Robert [1701—1878], 
 a well-known and accomplished 
 landscape engraver, was born in 
 London, and soon won his way to 
 notice, and was acknowledged as a 
 worthy associate of Goodall, Miller, 
 Cousins, and the other engravers 
 of his time. Among his ])est works 
 were his engravings, after Turner's 
 drawings, for the " Southern Coast," 
 
 the "England and Wales," and 
 ''Rogers' Poems." Among his larger 
 works his " Lake Nemi," and " Ap- 
 proach to Venice," after Turner, 
 were the best. His last work was 
 exhibited at the Royal Academy, 
 in 1859. Soon after that date 
 Mr. Wallis gave up all his pro- 
 fessional engagements, and retired 
 to Brighton, whei'e he died. 
 
 WALSH, Edward, whose father, 
 a Cork farmer, had joined the Mili- 
 tia, was born while the regiment was 
 stationed in Londonderry (1805). 
 On the disbandment of the corps the 
 Walshes returned to Cork, and at 
 the Millman Street School Edward 
 received a good education. On 
 leaving school he became a school- 
 master, and his life was passed in 
 teaching. His spare time he devoted 
 to the study of the Irish language, 
 and produced a number of trans- 
 lations and poems, which after- 
 wards appeared under the title of 
 " Jacobite Poems." The life of 
 Walsh was very dreary ; for some 
 time he was schoolmaster to the 
 convicts at Spike Island, and at 
 the time of his death Avas teacher 
 to the pauper children in Cork 
 Workhouse. He died August 6, 
 1850. 
 
 WALTER, John [177G— 1817], 
 chief proprietor of the Times, was 
 the son of John Walter, printer to 
 the Customs, and for many years 
 chief proprietor of the Times news- 
 paper. He was educated at Mer- 
 chant Taylors' School, and at 
 Trinity College, Oxford, and at 
 first meant to enter the church, but 
 gave up that idea, and became 
 regularly apprenticed to the print- 
 ing business under his father. 
 When he had gained a thorough 
 knowledge of the details of printing 
 and pu})lishing, his father in 1S03 
 made him joint proprietor and ex- 
 clusive manager of the I'imes, which 
 up to that date had not been uiuoh 
 of a success ; and under his manage- 
 ment it rose to a position of social 
 and political importance imrivalled 
 among the journals of the world. 
 
WALTON. 
 
 919 
 
 To him more than to any other per- 
 son is due the change which trans- 
 formed what had been a mere 
 " news-sheet " into a paper deriving 
 full, trustworthy, and rapid infor- 
 mation from every important city 
 in both hemispheres ; and thus he 
 may fairly be described as almost 
 the creator of the modern news- 
 paper. He was also the first to 
 apply steam power to printing. In 
 1810 the paper was nearly wrecked, 
 owing to the strike of the pressmen 
 and compositors who demanded 
 higher wages, Mr. "Walter, how- 
 ever, obtained fresh hands, and 
 carried it on in spite of all obstacles. 
 Meanwhile the circulation was in- 
 creasing so rapidly that the ques- 
 tion how to meet the demand was 
 becoming a serious one. Mr. Wal- 
 ter had already tried to effect im- 
 provements in the printing press, 
 and had consulted the fii'st me- 
 chanics of his day on the subject, 
 but with little or no success, till in 
 1812 Friedrich Koenig, a G-erman, 
 from Eisleben, Saxony, having 
 made a steam printing-press, in- 
 vited the conductors of the chief 
 London journals to see the work- 
 ing of it. Mr. Walter, having 
 made a careful examination of it, 
 ordered two double presses on the 
 same model, and two years later 
 (Nov. 29, 181-4), for the first time, 
 triumphantly printed the Times by 
 steam, to the astonishment and 
 consternation of the pressmen. Till 
 then only about 300 or 400 copies an 
 hour had been produced by the old 
 press, with the new press 11,000 
 copies an hour were printed. In 
 1840, in consequence of the expo- 
 sure in the Times of a vast fraud 
 started in Belgium to swindle fo- 
 reign bankers of a million ster- 
 ling, the chief conspirator, George 
 Bogle, brought an action for libel 
 against the paper, and gained his 
 case, wdth, however, only a far- 
 thing damages. The merchants and 
 bankers of London wished to re- 
 fund the costs of the trial. Mr. Wal- 
 ter refusing the proffered help, the 
 
 money was used to place a tablet in 
 the Times oflBce and the Royal Ex- 
 change, and to found two scholar- 
 ships, one at Christ's Hospital, and 
 one at the City of London School, 
 to commemorate the efforts of the 
 paper for the public benefit. In 
 1832 Mr. Walter was elected M.P. 
 for Berkshire. He was chosen again 
 in 1835, but in 1837 resigned his 
 seat in consequence of the opinions 
 of the majority of his constituents 
 being opposed to his own on the 
 question of the new Poor Law. In 
 18-10 he offered himself for the 
 borough of Southwark, 'but was 
 rejected. In April, 1841, he was 
 returned for Nottingham, and at 
 the general election the same year 
 announced himself as a candidate, 
 but in consequence of serious riot- 
 ing among the electors, withdrew 
 half an hour before the poll was 
 opened. After his death the paper 
 came into the hands of his son, and 
 under him first the Koenig press 
 was superseded by the Applegath 
 press, and that again gave way 
 to the Walter press, the most 
 complete one yet designed. It 
 owes its origin for the most part to 
 a gentleman who had for many years 
 worked on the Times staff, Mr. John 
 C. MacDonald, and was patented 
 between 1863 and 1871. Its speed, 
 economy, and simplicity, are truly 
 marvellous. By means of it 15,000 
 copies an hour are turned off. At 
 one end of the machine on a reel 
 a roll of paper four miles long re- 
 volves, and at the other the printed 
 sheets issue, folded and ready for 
 delivery to the publisher. At the 
 Times office every night the Walter 
 presses transform about ten tons of 
 paper — a roll IGO miles in length — 
 into newspapers. At the present 
 time the Walter press is in use 
 in most of the chief Em-opean 
 newspaper offices of Eui-ope and 
 America. 
 
 WALTON, Elijah [1833—1880], 
 landscape - painter, exhibited his 
 first work at the Eoyal Academy at 
 the age of fourteen, and at eighteen 
 
920 
 
 WALTON— WAED. 
 
 had completed his studies in the 
 Life School with great success. 
 Then having travelled some time 
 in Egypt, and to the Alps, making 
 a collectioiTof drawings and paint- 
 ings of the scenery, he began those 
 annual exhibitions of his works 
 which became so popular in London. 
 The latter part of his life he passed 
 chiefly in America. 
 
 WALTON, James [1803—1883], 
 began business about 1824, at 
 Sowerby Bridge, near Halifax, 
 and achieved a first success by a 
 new method of f riezing the " Peter- 
 sham" cloth, then so much in 
 vogue. He also established ma- 
 chine works, from which issued the 
 largest planing machine which 
 had up to that time been attempted 
 in this country. Later he invented 
 and introduced the use of india- 
 rubber and cloth in place of leather 
 as a foundation for wire-cards for 
 the carding of cotton and other 
 fibres. He was the senior jjartner 
 in the firm of James Walton and 
 Sous, Haughton Dale Mills, Den- 
 ton, near Manchester. One of his 
 sons is the inventor of linoleum 
 floor-cloth, and of the Lincrusta- 
 Walton wall decoration. Mr. 
 James Walton was high sheriff of 
 Montgomeryshire in 1877. 
 
 WARBUKTON, Eliot Bartho- 
 lomew George [1810 — 1852], au- 
 thor of " The Crescent and the 
 Cross," &c., was born near Tulla- 
 more, in Ireland, and received his 
 education at Queen's College and 
 Trinity College, Cambridge. He 
 was called to the Irish Bar, biit 
 gave up law to travel about, and 
 take up the pursuit of literature. 
 His first work, " The Crescent and 
 the Cross ; or Romance and Reali- 
 ties of Eastern travel," was pub- 
 lished in volume form in 1811 — 
 lijth edition in 1851) — having first 
 appeared in the Dublin University 
 Matj(tzine under the title " Ei:)isodes 
 of Eastern Travel." It was the 
 editor of that magazine, Charles 
 Lever, who j^ersuaded him to make 
 it into a book. It was very well 
 
 received, especially among those 
 who were being influenced by the 
 Tractarian movement. Next came, 
 in 1849, " Memoirs of Prince Rupert 
 and the Cavaliers," followed by 
 " Darien ; or the Merchant Prince " 
 (1851), " Memoirs of Horace Wal- 
 pole and his Contemporaries " 
 (1851), &c. He was lost in the 
 West India Mail Steamer Amazon, 
 which was utterly destroyed by 
 fire at sea, Jan. 4, 1852. 
 
 WARBURTON, Henry, F.R.S. 
 [1785 — 1858], was the son of a 
 London merchant. After complet- 
 ing his education at Eton and 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, he en- 
 gaged in commercial pursuits, and 
 traded extensively in timber. In 
 1826 he was returned for Bridport, 
 and distinguished himself in the 
 House of Commons by the perse- 
 verance with which he advocated 
 medical reform and the abolition 
 of the game-laws. His influence 
 in the House contributed much to 
 induce the more violent Radicals 
 to accept the Reform Bill. The 
 part he took in all reform measures 
 lost him his seat, but in 1813 he 
 was returned for Kendal, which he 
 continued to represent until the 
 dissolution in 1847. He was a Fel- 
 low of the Royal Society, and a 
 member of nearly all the learned 
 bodies in the metropolis. He was 
 one of the principal fellow-workers 
 with Lord Brougham in the foun- 
 dation of the University of London, 
 and he was a member of the Senate 
 when the first and second colleges 
 were incorporated. 
 
 W A R D, Baron, a Yorkshire 
 groom, Avlio rose to be a minister at 
 the Court of Parma, left Yorkshire 
 as a boy in the employ of Prince 
 Lichtenstein of Hungary. After a 
 successful career of four years on 
 the turf at Vienna as a jockey, he 
 entered the service of the reigning 
 Duke of Lucca, first as stableman, 
 and afterwards as valet. About 
 18 IG ho was made Master of the 
 Horse to the Ducal Court. Even- 
 tually he became Minister of the 
 
WARD. 
 
 921 
 
 Household, and Minister of Fi- 
 nance, which office he held when 
 the Duke abdicated, in 18 tS. At 
 this time Ward became an active 
 agent of Austria during tlie revo- 
 lution. He returned to Parma as 
 Prime Minister, negotiated the ab- 
 dication of Charles II., and placed 
 the youthful Charles III. on the 
 throne. Ward then went to Aus- 
 tria as Minister Plenipotentiary 
 to represent Parma at the Court of 
 Vienna, where he remained until 
 the assassination of Charles III., in 
 185 i. He retired from public life, 
 and devoted himself to agricultural 
 l^ursuits in the Austrian territory. 
 Without early educational train- 
 ing, he contrived to write and 
 speak German, French, and Italian, 
 and conducted the affairs of State 
 with considerable skill, if not with 
 absolute straight-forwardness. He 
 died at Vienna in October, 1858. 
 
 W A E, Dj Edward Matthew, 
 E..A., a nephew on his mother's 
 side of the authors of " Eejected 
 Addi-esses," was born in Pimlico, 
 1816, and when nineteen years old 
 he entered the Academy schools. 
 In the following year he went to 
 Rome, where, in 1838, he was 
 awarded a silver medal by the 
 Academy of St. Luke. After re- 
 maining three years in Pome, he 
 spent some months in Munich 
 studying fresco painting under 
 Cornelius. From the date of his 
 return to England, 1839, until his 
 death. Ward was a constant exhi- 
 bitor at the Academy ; but until 
 the api^earance of " Dr. Johnson 
 reading the MS. of the Vicar of 
 Wakefield" (1813) his work at- 
 tracted but little attention. The 
 good impression created by this 
 painting was confirmed in 1815, 
 when he exhibited " Dr. Johnson 
 in Lord Chesterfield's Ante-room," 
 a work so highly thought of, that 
 it led to the painter's election as 
 A.R.A. in the following year, and 
 which is now in the National Gal- 
 lery, together with the " Disgrace 
 of Lord Clarendon " (1846), '' The 
 
 South Sea Bubble" (1817), and 
 "James II. receiving the news of 
 the Landing of William of Orange" 
 (1850). In 1852 he was commis- 
 sioned to paint eight frescoes for 
 the corridor of the House of Com- 
 mons ; they represent " Charles II. 
 assisted in his escape by Jane Lane," 
 " The Executioner tying Wishart's 
 book round the neck of Montrose," 
 " Monk declaring for a free Parlia- 
 ment," " The Lords and Commons 
 presenting the Crown to William 
 and Mary," "The Last Sleep of 
 Argyll," " Alice Lisle concealing 
 the fugitives after the battle of 
 Sedgemoor," " The Landing of 
 Charles II.," and "The Acquittal 
 of the Seven Bishops." The two 
 last-named works are executed in 
 " waterglass." In 1855 he was 
 elected Academician. Among his 
 later and most popular paintings, 
 many of which are widely known 
 through engravings, are " Charlotte 
 Corday led to Execution" (1852), 
 "The Execution of Montrose" 
 (1853), " The Last Sleep of ArgyU " 
 (1854), '• Marie Antoinette parting 
 from the Dauphin" (1856), "The 
 Last Moments of Charles II. " 
 (1861), " Earl Leicester and Amy 
 Robsart" (1866), "Judge Jeffreys 
 and Richard Baxter" (1870), " The 
 ; Last Interview between Xapoleon I. 
 I and Louisa of Prussia" (1877). He 
 I committed suicide while suffering 
 j from an attack of mental depres- 
 sion, Jan. 11, 1879. He exhibited 
 113 jDaintings in various galleries. 
 His portrait of " Maclise " is in the 
 National Portrait Gallery. [See 
 his "Life and Works," by J. Daf- 
 forne, 1879.] 
 
 WARD, Sir Henry George, 
 G.C.M.G. [1798— 1860J, Governor 
 of Madras, was the only son of Mr. 
 Robert Plumer Ward [q. v.]. He 
 was appointed attache at Stock- 
 holm in 1816. In 1818 he was 
 transferred to the Hague, and the 
 following year went to Madrid. In 
 1823 he went to Mexico with the 
 first commission. At the end of 
 , two years he returned to England, 
 
922 
 
 WAED. 
 
 and entered Parliament, in 1832, in 
 the Liberal interest, as member for 
 St. Albans, wliich he continued to 
 represent until the dissolution, in 
 1837. From 1837 to 18i9 he sat 
 for Sheffield. He attracted atten- 
 tion in the House by his enmity to 
 the Irish Church, against which 
 he directed an annual motion. In 
 1816 he became secretary to the 
 Admiralty, a post he resigned in 
 1849, on being appointed Lord High 
 Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 
 on which occasion he was knighted 
 and nominated a G.C.M.G. As 
 Governor of the Ionian Islands he 
 distinguished himself by his firm, 
 yet consistent and liberal conduct 
 under somewhat trying circum- 
 stances. In 1856 he was made 
 Governor of Ceylon, and promoted, 
 in 1860, to the Governorship of the 
 Madras Presidency. He died of 
 cholera a few days after his arrival 
 at the seat of his government. 
 While in Parliament he estab- 
 lished a newspaper, the Weekly 
 Chronicle, which he edited for some 
 time. 
 
 WARD, James, E.A [1769— 
 1859], was born in Thames Street, 
 London, and was articled as an 
 engraver to his brother William, 
 under whom he served for nine 
 years. When in practice for him- 
 self, he soon earned a reputation 
 by the artistic qualities of such 
 mezzo-tint engravings as " Corne- 
 lius/' after Rembrandt, and " Mrs. 
 Pillington," after Reynolds ; but 
 he afterwards took to painting, 
 imitating the manner of his brother- 
 in-law, George Morland, and some 
 of his early works were sold in 
 Ireland under Morland's name. In 
 179 !• he was appointed by the Prince 
 of Wales his painter and engraver ; 
 soon after this date a connection 
 with the Agricultural Society caused 
 hiiu to turn his attention to animal 
 painting, a branch of art in which 
 he attained great eminence, his 
 masteri)iecc being the " Bull," 
 painted in 1822 in emulation of 
 Paul Potter, and bought by the 
 
 National Gallery in 1862 for 
 .£1,500. Ward was elected Asso- 
 ciate in 1807, and Academician in 
 1811, and was an exhibitor from 
 1792 to 1855; and out of his 400 
 exhibited works, 298 were contri- 
 buted to its exhibitions. His famous 
 " Bull," " Gordale Scar, Yorkshire," 
 and a fine "View of Harlech," are 
 in the National Gallery : " Bulls 
 fighting in a landscape," and three 
 other pictures, with a water-colour 
 drawing of " The Watercress Girl," 
 are in the South Kensington Gal- 
 lery. His own portrait is in the 
 National Portrait Gallery. 
 
 WARD, Robert Plumer [1765 
 — 1846], born in Spain, was the son 
 of John Ward, Esq., a Spanish mer- 
 chant. He was educated at a school 
 at Walthamstow and at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, and was called to 
 the Bar of the Inner Temple in 
 1790, For some time he travelled on 
 the Northern Circuit, but ultimately 
 confined his practice chiefiy to the 
 Court of Appeal. In 1802 he en- 
 tered Parliament as member for 
 Cockermouth. He became one of 
 the Welsh judges in 1805, and in 
 the same year retired from the 
 legal profession on his appointment 
 as Under-Secretary of State for 
 Foreign Affairs. In 1807 he was 
 created a Lord of the Admiralty, 
 and elected M.P. for Haslemere, 
 which borough he continued to re- 
 present until the dissolution, in 
 1820. In the meantime he pub- 
 lished several important works on 
 international law and jjolity, among 
 which should be mentioned his 
 " History of the Law of Nations," 
 and on his retirement from official 
 work he published " Ti'emaine ; or, 
 the Man of Refinement," a novel, 
 which attained some popularity. 
 This was followed by " De Vere; 
 or, the Man of Independence," &.C. 
 
 WARD, William [1787—1849], 
 a prominent Ijondon merchant, was, 
 in 1817, elected a director of the 
 Bank of England. He acquired a 
 roputr.tion l)y his intiiuaio actiuaini- 
 ance as a cambist with foreign 
 
WAKD— TVAENEFOKD. 
 
 923 
 
 exchanges. In 1819 he gave evi- 
 dence before the Parliamentary 
 Committee on the bullion question. 
 In 1S2G he was returned for the 
 City of London, in the Tory in- 
 terest, was re-elected in 1830, and 
 in 1835 he again offered himself, 
 but was defeated, and retired from 
 public life. In 1830, at the special 
 request of the Duke of Wellington, 
 he assumed the duties of chairman 
 of the Committee appointed to in- 
 vestigate the affairs of the East 
 India Company preparatory to the 
 opening of the China trade. 
 
 W A E D, William George 
 [1812—1882], who took a promi- 
 nent part in the Tractarian move- 
 ment, was the eldest son of Mr. 
 William Ward, some time a director 
 of the Bank of England^ and M.P. 
 for the City of London. He was 
 educated at Winchester (where he 
 was a contemporary of Lords Sel- 
 borne and Sherbrooke), and at Christ 
 Church, Oxford. For some years he 
 was mathematical tutor at Balliol, 
 of which college he was a Fellow. 
 From the first he took an active 
 interest in the " Tracts of the 
 Times ;" and when " Tract 90 " ap- 
 pealed (1841), he openly avowed his 
 acceptance of its reasoning in the 
 main, and vehemently opposed the 
 action of the " Four Tutors " in 
 regard to it. In 1844 he published 
 " The Ideal of a Christian Church," 
 which provoked a storm almost as 
 fierce as that roused by " Tract 90." 
 It was formally censured and con- 
 demned in Convocation at Oxford, 
 in Feb. 1845. The author was de- 
 prived of his M.A. degree, and 
 compelled to retire from the Univer- 
 sity. Shortly afterwards Mr. Ward 
 joined the Eoman Communion. In 
 1850 another work appeared fol- 
 lowing up the same lines of con- 
 troversy, entitled, " The Anglican 
 Church contrasted in every Prin- 
 ciple of its Constitution with the 
 Church Catholic of every Age." 
 For many years he was the editor 
 and proprietor of the Dublin Review, 
 and proved himself an able suc- 
 
 cessor to Cardinal Wiseman. For 
 some time Mr. Ward resided at 
 St. Edmund's College, near Ware, 
 in Hertfordshire, where he lec- 
 tured to the students on subjects 
 connected with morals and theo- 
 logy. For his services here he was 
 rewarded by Pius IX. with a doc- 
 tor's degree, an honour rarely 
 bestowed on a layman. 
 
 WAEE, Samuel Hibbert, M.D., 
 F.E.S. [1782—1848], was the eldest 
 son of Samuel Hibbert, Esq., of 
 Chorlton, Lancashire, and assumed 
 the name of Ware, by royal li- 
 cence, in 1837, as the eldest repre- 
 sentative of Sir James Ware, the 
 historian of Ireland. He early 
 turned his attention to science, 
 and first brought into notice the 
 large amount of chromate iron to 
 be found in the Shetland Isles. In 
 1820 he removed to Edinburgh, 
 and became a Fellow of the Eoyal 
 Society of that city, and of other 
 literary and scientific associations. 
 He was secretary of the Society of 
 Antiquaries from 1823 to 1827, 
 and subsequently passed two or 
 three years on the Continent, 
 examining the volcanic districts of 
 France and Italy, and the northern 
 parts of Germany. On his return 
 he embodied a portion of his obser- 
 vations in " A History of the Ex- 
 tinct Volcanoes of the Basin of 
 Neuwied, on the Lower Ehine," 
 1832. He was also the author of 
 several other important geological 
 works. 
 
 WAENEFOED, The Eev. 
 Samuel Wilsox, D.C.L. l1758 — 
 1855], born at Sevenhampton, near 
 Highworth, Wiltshire, was a mem- 
 ber of an ancient North Wiltshire 
 family. He was educated at Uni- 
 versity College, Oxford, and having 
 taken holy orders, was presented 
 by his college to the livings of 
 Lydiard Millicent, Wilts, and 
 Bourton - on - the - Hill, Gloucester- 
 shire. He founded schools and 
 almshouses in his own parish, and 
 was a contributor to schools, col- 
 legeSj and hospitals throughout 
 
92i 
 
 WAEEEN— WASHINGTON. 
 
 the kingdom. The Clergy Orphan 
 School benefited to the extent of 
 d£13,000. He founded a hospital at 
 Leamingtoa, bearing his name, and 
 another for lunatics at Oxford. To 
 King's College, London, he pre- 
 sented anonymously several dona- 
 tions of .£500 each, but to Queen's 
 College, Birmingham, the total 
 amount of his contributions was 
 upwards of .£25,000. In 18^4, in 
 recognition of his wide-sj)read bene- 
 ficence, he was made an honorary 
 canon of Gloucester Cathedral ; 
 and in 18i9 a statue of him was 
 erected in the Warneford Lunatic 
 Asylum at Oxford, the expense 
 being defrayed by public subscrip- 
 tion. 
 
 W A E E E N, Samuel, D.C.L. 
 [1807—1877], eldest son of Eev. 
 Dr. Warren, born in Denbighshire, 
 was educated at the University of 
 Edinburgh, and intended to follow 
 the profession of medicine, but 
 changed his views, and devoted 
 himself to the law. He was called 
 to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 
 in 1837, and was made Q.C. in 1851, 
 and recorder of Hull in 1852. Whilst 
 studying for the Bar he contributed 
 a series of sketches to Blackwood's 
 Magazine, under the title of " The 
 Diary of a late Physician," It was 
 reprinted in a sei^arate form, was 
 translated into several continental 
 languages, and was followed by 
 ''Ten Thousand a Year," in 1811, 
 his most ambitious and best known 
 work ; " Now and Then," a novel, 
 in 18 17 ; a curious unrhymed poem, 
 ''Tic Lily and the Bee," in 
 1851 ; and " Miscellanies, Critical, 
 Imaginative, &c.," and "Moral and 
 Intellectual Development of the 
 Age," in 1851, He contrilmted 
 extensively to Blackwood's Maga- 
 zine, and a collected edition of his 
 works appeared in 1854-5. Mr. 
 Warren wrote several works in 
 connection with his profession ; 
 such as " Introduction to Law 
 Studies," piil)lislicd in 1831.; "Du- 
 ties of Attdincys and Solicitors," 
 iu 1818 J " Letter to the Queen on 
 
 a late Court-martial," in 1850 ; " The 
 Law and Practice of Election Com- 
 mittees," and " Blackstone syste- 
 matically Abridged," in 1857. He 
 was made Honorary D.C.L. at Ox- 
 ford, on Lord Derby's installation 
 in 1853. In Feb. 185G, he was re- 
 turned for Midhurst, in the Con- 
 servative interest, and again at the 
 general election in March, 1857. 
 He vacated his seat in Feb. 1859, 
 being aj^pointed by Lord Chelms- 
 ford one of the two Masters in 
 Lunacy. Mr. Warren resigned the 
 recordership of Hull in 187-1. 
 
 W A E T E E, The Eev. John 
 Wood, B.D. [1806—1878], Vicar of 
 West Tari'ing, eldest son of H. De 
 Grey Warter, Esq., of Cruck Meole, 
 Shropshire, was educated at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, and graduated 
 B.A. in 1827. From 1829 to 1833 
 he was chaplain to the British 
 Embassy at Copenhagen, and in 
 1834 became vicar of West Tarring. 
 He married the poet Southey's 
 eldest daughter, and for years was 
 engaged in editing his father-in- 
 law's literary remains. Vols. vi. and 
 vii. of " The Doctor " were publislied 
 under his care, and in 1S18 the 
 whole work, in one volume ; also 
 " Southey's Letters," his " Common- 
 place Book," &c. 
 
 WASHINGTON, Eear Admiral 
 John, entered the navy as a fii'st- 
 class volunteer, in 1812, and for 
 some time was stationed in North 
 America. In 1814 he returned to 
 England, and entered the Eoyal 
 Naval College at Portsmouth. On 
 leaving that institution he was again 
 emjiloyed on the coast of Js'orth 
 America until 1821. In August, 
 1830, he was aj^pointed flag-lieu- 
 tenant to the lioijal deorgc, and ad- 
 vanced to the rank of commander in 
 1838. To active service, he iinited 
 the practice of maritime surveying, 
 and the pursuits of a scientific hydro- 
 graplier and geographer. In 1835 
 he became Secretary of the Eoyal 
 Geograi)hical Society of London, 
 but i-i'signed that olHce in IS II, on 
 being aj)pointe<.l to continue the 
 
WATEETON— WATSON. 
 
 025 
 
 survey of the North Sea, with 
 which he was engaged until ISM. 
 During this time he was occa- 
 sionally occupied in cori-ecting the 
 existing charts, as the j)Osition of 
 the shoals and the directions of 
 the navigable channels had in many 
 cases become changed. In 1812 he 
 was made post-captain, in com- 
 pliment to the King of Prussia. 
 In 1815 he was ajjpointed a com- 
 missioner for inquiring into the 
 state of the i-ivers, shores, and 
 harboiu-s of the United Kingdom. 
 In 1855 he succeeded Sir Francis 
 Beaufort as hydrographer to the 
 Admiralty, and subsequently at- 
 tained the rank of rear-admiral. 
 He was a member of various learned 
 societies, and the author of many 
 scientific works connected with his 
 profession. He died in 18G3. 
 
 WATEKTON, Chaeles [1782— 
 1865], a distinguished naturalist, 
 was the eldest son of Thomas Wa- 
 terton, Esq., of Walton Hall, York- 
 shire, by one of the family of 
 Bedingfield, of Oxton, Norfolk. 
 He was educated at the Jesuit 
 College of Stonyhiu'st, in Lanca- 
 shire, where he remained till he 
 was nearly 21, after which he spent 
 some time travelling about on the 
 Continent, chiefly in Spain. In 
 1801 he went out to Demerara to 
 superintend the estates of an uncle 
 who died in 1812, and then Water- 
 ton returned to England, giving 
 up the Demerara Trust, his visits 
 to South America after that time 
 being undertaken solely for the 
 purposes of studying natural his- 
 tory. His charming "Wanderings 
 in South America " gives an account 
 of his adventures during those 
 journeys. In his ancestral home 
 he was surrounded with the scenes 
 and creatures he loved so well, 
 and by forbidding the use of fire- 
 arms on his estate, he made it the 
 haunt of many rare birds and 
 animals. He was a devoted Ca- 
 tholic, but not bigoted, and his 
 genial, cultiviited manners made 
 " Squire Waterton," as he was 
 
 affectionately called, a great fa- 
 vourite among high and low. He 
 died from the effects of an acci- 
 dental fall in his grounds, and was 
 buried in his favourite wood, his 
 funeral being conducted according 
 to his ov/n curious directions. 
 Among his other writings may be 
 mentioned his " Essays on Natural 
 History," which first appeared in 
 Loudon's Magazine. " Charles Wa- 
 terton, his Home, Habits, and 
 Handiwork," by Richard Hobson, 
 M.D., appeared in 1866. 
 
 WATKINS, The Rev. Charles 
 Fredekic [1795 — 1873], youngest 
 son of the Rev. William Watkins, 
 of Court Coleman, and Rector of 
 Port Eynon, born at Corsley, Wilts, 
 and educated at Christ's Hospital ; 
 joined the Hotsjm.r frigate as mid- 
 shipman in 1810, and was engaged 
 in teaching the midshipmen ma- 
 thematics and natural science. At 
 the conclusion of the war he left 
 the navy, and entered at Christ 
 College, Cambridge, was ordained 
 as a Literate, became curate of 
 Downton, Wilts, and in 1820 curate 
 in sole charge of Windsor. He was 
 appointed, in 1822, warden of Far- 
 ley Hospital, near Salisbury, where 
 he remained ten years, and made 
 observations on the geology of the 
 neighbourhood, which he commu- 
 nicated to Dr. Buckland and other 
 geologists J and formed his fine 
 collection of the siliceous fossils 
 of the chalk formation. A portion 
 of the agatized and chalcedonic spe- 
 cimens was pui'chased for the British 
 Museum, and other portions were 
 presented by Mr. Watkins to the 
 G-eological Society, and the niu- 
 semns of Oxford and Cambridge. 
 He was the author of various works, 
 including a "History of the Ba- 
 silica." 
 
 WATSON, Ellen [1856—1880]. 
 Her father was tutor of University 
 College, London, of which she after- 
 wards became a distinguished stu- 
 dent. She passed several examina- 
 tions with great success, and in her 
 mathematical and scientific studies 
 
926 
 
 WATSON. 
 
 was helped by Pi'ofessor W. K. 
 Clifford and Professor Carey Fos- 
 ter. Her delicate health obliged 
 her to leave England, and in 1879 
 she went to South Africa, and 
 joined the staff of teachers in the 
 Diocesan School, Graham's Town. 
 Her enthusiasm for her work, to- 
 gether with the great charm of her 
 personality, endeared her to all 
 with whom she came in contact, 
 and her early death from consump- 
 tion at the age of twenty-four was 
 keenly felt by many pupils and 
 friends. A memoir of her, by Anna 
 Buckland, published by Messrs. 
 Macmillan & Co., appeared in 1884. 
 WATSON, Hewett Cottrell 
 [1804; — 1881], botanist and author, 
 was the son of Holland Watson, a 
 country gentleman, a magistrate for 
 the counties of Chester and Lancas- 
 ter, known in his time as an anti- 
 quary. As a seceder from the Church 
 of England, he completed his edu- 
 cation by attending the courses of 
 lectiu'es for four years in the Uni- 
 versity of Edinbui'gh. This loca- 
 lity, and intimate acq uaintanceship 
 with George and AndreAv Combe, 
 had a lasting effect on the character 
 of his writings ; which have differed 
 much from those of most other 
 botanists. For some years he edited 
 the Phrenological Journal, but even- 
 tually withdrew from it, on finding 
 that grave offence was given to 
 more zealous advocates of that 
 study, through his too freely point- 
 ing out the imperfect character of 
 its evidences and definitions, and 
 the need of more exact investiga- 
 tions. From that time he devoted 
 himself more exclusively to botany. 
 His works are : " Outlines of the 
 Geographical Distribution of Bri- 
 tish Plants," for private circulation 
 only, printed in 1832; "Kcmarks 
 on the Geographical Distribution 
 of British Plants," puljlished in 
 1835 ; " New Botanist's Guide," in 
 1835-7 ; " The Statistics of Phreno- 
 logy," in 183G ; and some other 
 ' writings on phrenology and botany. 
 WATSON, James [17GG— 1838], 
 
 a chemist, was in 1817 tried for 
 high treason, together with This- 
 tlewood, Preston, and Hooper, for 
 conspiring to promote revolution, 
 and the equal division of property. 
 The discontented artizans of the 
 metropolis were to be armed, and 
 a seizure made of the Bank and 
 the Tower. Several gunsmiths' 
 shops were robbed, and the riots 
 came to a crisis on Dec. 2, ISIG. 
 In the evening Watson was ap- 
 prehended at Highgate, on sus- 
 picion of being a footpad. He was 
 tried in June of the following year, 
 but acquitted. He continued to 
 take part in the seditious meetings 
 until the capture of the Cato Street 
 Conspirators, in 1820. Watson 
 was not arrested on that occasion, 
 and he shortly afterwards went to 
 America, where he encountered 
 many vicissitudes, and died in the 
 New York Hospital. 
 
 WATSON, Sir Thomas, Bart., 
 M.D., LL.D., D.C.L. [1792—1882], 
 eldest son of Mr. Joseph Watson, 
 of Thorpe, Essex, was born at 
 Kentisbeare, Devonshire. He was 
 educated at the Grammar School 
 of Bury St. Edmund's, and at St. 
 John's College, Cambridge, where 
 he graduated B.A. 1815, M.A. 1818, 
 and M.D. in 1825. He studied 
 medicine at St. Bartholomew's 
 Hospital, and in 182G was elected 
 a Fellow of the College of Physi- 
 cians. He was elected to the office 
 of Eepresentative of the College in 
 the General Council of Medical 
 Education and Registration in 1858, 
 but resigned his seat in 18G0 to the 
 great regret of the fellows of the 
 college. He was elected president 
 of the college in 18G2, and held 
 that office for five years. He was 
 one of the physicians to the Mid- 
 dlesex Hospital from 1827 to 1813, 
 and in the arrangement of Uni- 
 versity College as a school of 
 medicine, was nominated to the 
 chair of clinical medicine. Tliis 
 post he only held for a year, his 
 services being then transferred to 
 King's College, where in 183G he 
 
WATT— WATTS. 
 
 927 
 
 was appointed Professor of the 
 Practice of Physic. His lectures 
 there at once established his re- 
 putation, and their publication 
 placed him in the first rank of his 
 profession. He was appointed phy- 
 sician extraordinary to the Queen 
 in 1859, and as such, together with 
 Sir William Jenner and Sir Henry 
 Holland, was in attendance on the 
 Prince Consort during his last ill- 
 ness. He was created a bai'onet 
 in 18G6, and appointed physician- 
 in-ordinary to the Queen in 1870. 
 He was an honorary LL.D. of Cam- 
 bridge, an honorary D.C.L. of Ox- 
 ford, and an honorary Fellow of 
 the King and Queen's College of 
 Physicians of Ireland. 
 
 WATT, James [1769— 1848], was 
 the eldest son of James Watt, the 
 improver of the steam-engine. He 
 studied chemistry, mineralogy, 
 and natural philosophy, and for a 
 time was secretary of the Man- 
 chester Literary and Philosopliical 
 Society. In 17S9 he went to Paris 
 for scientific study, and was soon 
 in sympathy with the revolu- 
 tionary movements. At first he 
 was in high favour with the leaders, 
 but becoming averse to their ex- 
 cesses, he was denounced before 
 the Jacobin Club by Robespierre, 
 and was obliged to flee to Italy. 
 He returned to England in 1794, 
 became a partner in the Soho firm, 
 and took an active part in the 
 progress of steam navigation. In 
 1817 he bought the Caledonia, of 
 102 tons, fitted it up with new 
 engines, and went in it to Holland 
 and up the Rhine to Coblentz. 
 After his return he made ma- 
 terial improvements in marine 
 
 engines. 
 
 WATT, James Henry [1799— 
 1867], line engraver, was bom in 
 London, and on leaving school, at 
 the age of 16, became a pupil of 
 Charles Heath. He always worked 
 upon copper. Among his best 
 known works are his engravings 
 of Stothard's " Procession of the 
 Flitch of Bacon," " The Highland 
 
 Drovers' Departure," after Land- 
 seer ; Leslie's " May Day in the 
 Reign of Queen Elizabeth ;" East- 
 lake's " Christ Blessing Little 
 Children," &c. He also executed 
 the following book-plates : the 
 " Portrait of Lady Dover," after 
 Lawrence ; " Portrait of Mrs. A. 
 Watts," after A. E. Chalon ; an 
 ideal "Portrait of Ninon de I'En- 
 clos," after Newton ; and " Twelfth 
 Night," from Smirke, for Heath's 
 " Shakespeare." 
 
 WATTS, Alaric Alexander 
 [1797 — 186 i], a well-known writer, 
 was born in London, and educated 
 at a private school in Kent, where 
 his brother was a master. Having 
 held the post of a private tutor in 
 a family at Manchester, he pub- 
 lished, in 1822, his first work, a small 
 volume of "Poetical Sketches," 
 which was very well received, and 
 soon ran through five editions. In 
 the same year he became editor of 
 the Leeds Intelligencer, a post he 
 held for three years, and then 
 undertook to establish the Man- 
 chester Courier. He came to London 
 in 1824, and for about fourteen 
 years was engaged chiefly in bring- 
 ing out " The Literary Souvenir," 
 and its successor, " The Cabinet of 
 Modern Art." Being disappointed 
 in the success of these two specu- 
 lations, he became editor of the 
 United Service Gazette, founded by 
 Mr. Spottiswoode, which he carried 
 on for many years, and was engaged 
 also on the Standard, and several 
 other Conservative papers. In 1850 
 his " Lyrics of the Heart, and other 
 Poems," appeared, a volume con- 
 taining forty-one line engravings, 
 after Lawrence, Stothard, Leslie, 
 &c., and in which are reprinted 
 some of his earlier poems. Two of 
 these, "The Death of th£ First- 
 born," and " My Own FLr.eside," 
 had originally drawn forth a most 
 flattering letter from Sir Robert 
 Peel, and induced him, eighteen 
 years after their first publication„to 
 confer on the poet's son a Treasury 
 appointment. In 1853 a pension 
 
928 
 
 WATTS— WAY. 
 
 of .£100 a year was bestowed on 
 him* for his services to literature, 
 and he also received an appoint- 
 ment in the income-tax department 
 at Somerset House, which made 
 his last years free from pecuniaiy 
 troubles. His life, by his son, has 
 been lately jDublished. 
 
 WATTS, Thomas [1811—1869], 
 some time keeiDcr of printed books 
 in the British Museum, was born 
 in London, and first received a post 
 in the British Museum in 1838. 
 Thanks to his exertions the Museum 
 is said to contain the best Eussian 
 library that exists anywhere out of 
 Russia, and the same may be said 
 of Hungarian and Danish works. 
 The arrano^ement of the books in 
 the library — which between 1838 
 and 1808 increased from about 
 250,000 volumes to more than three 
 times that number — was under Mr. 
 Watts's direction, and in 1857, the 
 magnificent new reading-room of the 
 Museum, the erection of which he 
 had suggested twenty years before, 
 was placed under his superintend- 
 ence. On first obtaining admission 
 to the reading-room of the British 
 Museum, he found that the library 
 l^ossessed no Russian or Hungarian 
 books, and that in other modern 
 languages the deficiencies were 
 very glaring ; and he addressed to 
 the Meclmnics' Magazine a series of 
 letters on the subject, containing 
 various proj^osals, which he lived 
 to carry into effect. Mr. Watts 
 printed, in 1839, " A Letter to M. 
 Panizzi on the reputed earliest 
 Printed Newspaper, the English 
 Mercuric, 1588," in which he pi'oved 
 the alleged newspaper to be a for- 
 gery. He was a contributor to 
 various periodicals, among others, 
 to the Quarterly Review and the 
 Afhena^um, and was the author of 
 the lives of more than a hundred 
 foreign authors in the Biographical 
 portion of the " English Cyclo- 
 pa'dia." He contributed various 
 pajKn's to the Transactivns of the 
 J'fulological Society, one of which, 
 an " Essay on the Hungarian Lan- 
 
 guage," procured him the honour 
 of being elected a member of the 
 Hungiirian Academy, in conjunc- 
 tion with Lord Macaulay. He was 
 promoted to the Keepership of the 
 printed books in the British Museum 
 in Aug., 1806. 
 
 W A Y, Albert, M.A., F.S.A. 
 [1805—1874], founder of the Ar- 
 chaeological Institute of Great Bri- 
 tain, was the son of Mr. Lewis Way, 
 a barrister by profession, but who 
 entered holy orders late in life, and 
 devoted a large fortune, brought to 
 him by a singular turn of fate, to 
 the conversion of the Jews, and to 
 various philanthropic objects. Mr. 
 Albert Way was educated at home 
 Avith the sons of Wilberforce, and 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 Shortly after taking his degree, he 
 joined the Society of Antiquaries, 
 and contributed several memoirs to 
 the " Archseologia." In 18-13 he 
 was chosen Director of the Society, 
 and held the office till 1846. In 
 1815 the first meeting of the Ar- 
 chaeological Institute was held at 
 Winchester under conditions of the 
 highest success, to the interests of 
 which nearly all Mr. Way's subse- 
 quent labours were devoted. His 
 contributions to the " Journal " of 
 the Institute were exceedingly' nu- 
 merous and varied, and for many 
 years he was the acting editor. 
 Besides these, his most important 
 Avorks were the arrangement and 
 editing of Sir Samuel Meyrick's 
 book upon Ancient Armour, and 
 the editing of the " Promptorium 
 Parvulorum " for the Camden 
 Society, a Avork remarkable for 
 its varied learning and minute 
 criticism. He completed the Mar- 
 ba3uf Chapel, the first place of 
 English Protestant worship in 
 Paris. 
 
 W A Y, Sir Gregory Holman 
 Bromley, C.B. [1776— 18 U], born 
 in London, Avas tlte fifth son of 
 Benjaiiiiu Way. Es((., of Denham 
 i'lace. liucks. He entered tlie army 
 in 175)7, and served in the Mediter- 
 ranean. He accompanied the ex- 
 
WEALE— WEBB. 
 
 029 
 
 pedition to Buenos Ayres, and at 
 the storming of the city led the 
 
 ri»_;ht win;^ of the infantry 1»ri|^ade. 
 In 180S he obtained a majority in 
 the 29th Foot, and proceeded to 
 Portuf]fal to join the army under 
 the Duke of Wellini^'ton. He re- 
 mained there until 1811. At Al- 
 buera, on the fall of his lieutenant- 
 colonel, he succeeded to the com- 
 mand durinix the action, and was 
 severely wounded. In IN 13 he em- 
 barked a second time for the Penin- 
 sula, but the climate had a bod effect 
 on his wounds, and obliged him to 
 return to England. George IV. 
 conferred on him the honour of 
 knighthood, and nominated him a 
 C . B . Shortly afterwards he was ap- 
 pointed to the staff in North Britain 
 as deputy adjutant-general, and in 
 1822 was made colonel of the 3rd 
 Eoyal Veteran Battalion. In 1830 
 he was raised to the rank of major- 
 general, and to that of lieutenant- 
 general in ISil. 
 
 WEALE^ John. For more than 
 forty years he carried on the busi- 
 ness of a publisher in Holborn, and 
 made it his great object to suggest, 
 create, and mature works wliich 
 have been of acknowledged aid to 
 professional men and others. He 
 long enjjj'ed the pei-sonal friend- 
 ship of some of the leading scien- 
 titic men of the day. As one of the 
 first publishers of cheap literatui-e 
 he proved himself a benefactor of 
 the reading public, as is evinced 
 by his well-known rudimentary 
 series, which comprised educational, 
 classical, and scientific works of 
 high value. He was the editor of 
 "Divers Works of Early Masters," 
 " Weale's Drawing Books for Engi- 
 neers and Architects," " Weale on 
 the Making of American Railways, 
 with Illustrations," " Weale's Pa- 
 pers of Architecture and Archae- 
 ology," and " Weale's Survey of 
 London." He died in London, Dec. 
 IS, 1862. He was the father of the 
 learned antiquary and historian of 
 art, Mr. W. H. James Weale. 
 
 WEBB, John, a well-known con- 
 
 noisseur and collector of works 
 of fine art. On the opening of 
 the South Kensington Museum he 
 acted as agent to that and to the 
 British Museum, purchasing for 
 both institutions selections from 
 the Bernal collection. Shortly 
 afterwards he was sent to Toulouse 
 to examine and report on the col- 
 lection belonging to M. Soulages. 
 Much public discussion ensued 
 about the purchase of this collec- 
 tion, which Mr. Webb successfully 
 brought to England, and which 
 was eventually bought by the South 
 Kensington Museum, at a price far 
 below its present value. In the 
 course of his frequent travels on the 
 Continent, Mr. Webb became the 
 possessor of some precious works 
 of art. His precise appreciation of 
 genuine workmanship of different 
 periods, together with his know- 
 ledge of how, when, and where re- 
 markable objects were to be» ob- 
 tained, enabled him to bring to- 
 gether miiny rare specimens. For 
 some years his collections were ex- 
 hibited on loan at the South Ken- 
 sington Museum. He died June 
 14, 1880. 
 
 WEBB, Jonas [1796—1862], an 
 eminent agriculturist, born at 
 Great Tharlow, Suffolk, was the 
 second son of Mr. tamuel Webb, of 
 West Wickham, Cambridgeshire. 
 Commencing business as a farmer 
 in 1822 at Ba .raham, he speedily 
 turned his attention to the breeding 
 of Southdown sheep, believing that 
 more mutton and wool of the best 
 quality could be made per aci'e 
 from South downs than from any 
 other breed. In 1810 he gained 
 the first prize at the show of the 
 Royal Agricultural Society held at 
 Cambridge, for stock ewes and 
 lambs, and at the Smithfield Club 
 he was repeatedly succescful. The 
 summer of 1861 witnessed the final 
 dispersion of the famous South- 
 do^vn fiock, which realized altoge- 
 ther ^16,000. America, France, 
 and Spain, were among the buyers. 
 Mr. A\'ebb also devoted his atten- 
 
 3 o 
 
930 
 
 WEBB— WEBSTER. 
 
 tion to the breeding of sliort-hoi'ned 
 cattle, and his persevering pixtience, 
 unsparing application of capital, 
 and able Judgment, produced in 
 this department of his operations 
 highly successful results, as the 
 records of many agricultural meet- 
 ings can testify. 
 
 WEBB, Captain Matthew 
 [lSi8 — 1883J, a famous swimmer, 
 was born at Irongate, near Dawley, 
 in Shropshire. He was trained 
 as a sailor on board the Conway 
 training-ship in the Mersey. In 
 1870 he dived under his shij) in 
 the Suez Canal and cleared a foul 
 hawser. At one time he was cajD- 
 tain of a merchant ship, but soon 
 after he relinquished that profes- 
 sion and devoted himself to the 
 sport of swimming. At long-dis- 
 tance swimming in salt water he 
 was excellent, but he did not show 
 to much advantage in fresh wiiter. 
 In June, 1871, he swam from Dover 
 to the North-East Varne Buoy ; in 
 1875 from Blackwall Pier to Gmves- 
 end, and from Dover to Ramsgate. 
 On Aug. 12 he tried to swim the 
 channel, but failed, owing to heavy 
 seas. Another attempt on Aug. 21 
 of the same year was entirely suc- 
 cessful. After various minor feats 
 he endeavoured to swim across the 
 rapids below the falls of Niagara, 
 but was di-awn into the whirlpool 
 and sank July 21, 1833. Captain 
 Webb is said to have been physi- 
 cally one of the most sjilendid 
 specimens of humanity ever seen. 
 
 WEBB, Philip Barker [1792— 
 185 IJ, was the grandson of Philip 
 Carteret Webb, Esq., F.R.S., soli- 
 citor to the Treasury. He early 
 devoted himself to the study of 
 natural history, particularly bo- 
 tany, and was, in 1818, elected a 
 Fellow of the Linnasan Society. 
 He was cliioHy distinguished by 
 his critical knowledge of South 
 European plants, acquired during 
 extensive journeys in Spain. Italy, 
 and the Canary Islands. Mr. Webb 
 w.istho joint author, with M. Sabin 
 Boi'thelot, of the " History of the 
 
 Canary Islands," for the publication 
 of which the French Government 
 voted a sum of money on the re- 
 commendation of M. Guizot, then 
 Minister of Public Instruction. 
 For many years Mr. Webb resided 
 in Paris, where he was known as 
 the possessor of one of the largest 
 private herbaria in Europe. Be- 
 sides the great work above men- 
 tioned, he published numerous 
 essays on scientific subjects. 
 
 WEBSTER, BaxjAMiN Not- 
 tingham [1800 — 1882], comedian, 
 born at Bath, was educated for the 
 navy. The termination of the war 
 in 1815 caused a change in his in- 
 tentions, and he studied for the 
 musical profession, which he ex- 
 changed for that of an actor. He 
 made his first appearance on the 
 stage at Warwick, whence, in 1S25, 
 he was transferred to a metropolitan 
 theatre. His readiness in assuming, 
 at the shortest notice, the part ot 
 Pompey for Mr. Harley, in "Mea- 
 sure for Measure," first gave the 
 public an opportunity of estimating j 
 his histrionic powers, and firmly 
 established his claim to rank 
 among the leading actors of the 
 day. He assumed the management 
 of the Hay market in 1837, and his 
 lesseeship was marked by a liberal 
 ])atronage of native dramatic talent, 
 — Bulwer-Lytton. Knowles, Jerrold, 
 and Bayle Bernard having written 
 original dramas for his theatre, at 
 which Macready, Wallack, Strick- 
 land, Farren, Mathews, Miss Fau- 
 cit, Mrs. Nisbet, Mrs. Glover, and 
 Mrs. Stirling appeared. Mr. Web- 
 ster paid annually about <£2,000 for 
 the copyrights of British plays ; 
 and, on one occasion, gave .£500 for 
 a prize comedy. In 18 II he became 
 proprietor of the old Adelphi, and 
 produced there Dion Boucicault's 
 " Old Heads and Young Hearts," 
 Douglas Jerrold 's " Time Works 
 Wonders," &c. He afterwards built 
 the new Adelphi. his management 
 of which proved most successful. 
 Later he also undertook the lessee- 
 ship of the Olympic, the Princess's, 
 
WEEKES— WELLESLEY 
 
 931 
 
 and the St. James's. In lb? t the 
 dramatic profession tjave him a 
 complimentary benefit at Dmry 
 Lane, which produced a total of 
 je2,000. He helped to establish the 
 Dramatic Collej^e, of which he was 
 president. His name is necessarily 
 associated with a lon^i^ list of cha- 
 racters ; but his latest, and cer- 
 tainly not his least successful, im- 
 personations were those of Lavater, 
 Tartuffe, Belphegor, and Triplet, 
 and Pierre Lereux, in " The Poor 
 Strollers." 
 
 WEEKES, Henry, K.A. [1807— 
 1877], sculptor, born at Canterbury, 
 in early life became a pupil of Mr. 
 W. Behnes, and studied under 
 Chantrer, to whose studio at Pim- 
 lieo he succeeded. "Whilst a youno^ 
 man, he was a constant exhibitor 
 at the Koyal Academy, and in 1837 
 completed a bust of Her Majesty, 
 the first that was taken after her 
 accession to the throne. He exe- 
 cuted the statues of Cranmer, Lati- 
 mer, and Eidley for the " Martyi's' 
 Memorial " at Oxford ; of Dr. (jood- 
 all, at Eton : of the Marquis Wel- 
 leslev, for the India House : of Lord 
 Bacon, for Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge : of Lord Auckhind, for Cal- 
 cutta ; and of Sir E . Barnes, for 
 Cevlon. His later works include 
 busts of Dean Buckland, Lord Triu'O, 
 Sir C. Bell, the Duke of Marl- 
 borough, Sir G. C. Lewis; statues 
 of John Hunter, Harvey, one of the 
 gi-oups for the Albei-t Memorial, 
 and a statue of Charles II. for the 
 House of Lords. He exhibited 
 "The Suppliant" in 1850, "A 
 Shepherd " in 1852, and the same 
 year obtained the gold medal offered 
 by the Society of Arts for the best 
 treatise on the Fine Art Section of 
 the Great Exhibition. He was 
 elected A.E.A. in 1850, E.A. in 
 18G3, and Professor of Sculpture in 
 the Eoyal Academy, May 16, 1873. 
 He exhibited 133 works : his bust 
 of Dean Buckland is in the National 
 Portrait Gallery. 
 
 WE IE, William [1802—18583, 
 editor of the Daily News, was born 
 
 in Scotland, and educated at the 
 university of Gottingen. In 1826 
 he was <"alled to the Scottish bar, 
 but soon after he abandoned the 
 legal profession for politics and 
 literature. He was the first editor 
 of the Glasgow Argus, started in 
 1S31 by some of the leading Re- 
 formers of the Whig School. He 
 also conducted Tail's Magazine. 
 Eemoving to London, he at once 
 took a high position in his profes- 
 sion, and joined the Spectator. 
 When the Doihj Kens was estab- 
 lished, in 1810, he obtained an ai>- 
 pointment on the staff, and in ls5t 
 succeeded to the principal edit<n- 
 ship of that journal. 
 
 WELD, Charles Eichabd [1818 
 i — 1869] , some time Assistant Secre- 
 ' tary of the Eoyal Society, son of 
 Isaac Weld, Esq., of Dublin, born 
 at Windsor, was educated at Dub- 
 j lin, and was called to the bar in 
 18J4. He was appointed Assistant 
 Secretary and Librarian to the 
 i Eoyal Society in 1845, and wrDte a 
 [ ''History of the Eoyal Society," 
 ' published in lsi7 ; " Auvergne, 
 , Piedmont, and Savoy," in IbiS ; 
 I " A Vacation in the United States 
 and Canada," in 1854 ; " A Vaca- 
 tion Tour in Brittany" in 1856; 
 " Vacations in Ireland " in 1{>58 ; 
 '• The Pyrenees, East and West " 
 in 1859 ;''• The Highlands, Oreadia, 
 and Skye " in IbGO ; " Sketches in 
 India "'in 1862; " Last Winter in 
 Eome " in 1865 ; " Florence, the 
 Xew Capital of Italy " in 18*37 : and 
 various pamphlets relating to the 
 Arctic expeditions. In 1861 he re- 
 signed his post at the Eoyal Society, 
 was intrusted by the Commissioners 
 of the International Exhibition of 
 1862 with the getting up and 
 management of the Philosophical 
 Department of the Exhibition, and 
 was afterwards appointed a Dis- 
 trict Superintendent of the entire 
 Exhibition. 
 
 WELLESLEY, Lord Charles 
 [1808 — 1858], youngest son of the 
 first Duke of Wellington, was bom 
 in Dublin, He entered the army 
 
 3 o 2 
 
932 
 
 WELLE SLEY. 
 
 in 1821^ and attained the rank of 
 major-general in 1856. He served 
 in Canada during the rebellion, 
 and returned in 1840 in command 
 of his regiment, the 15th Foot. 
 From 184-2 to 1852 he represented 
 South Hampshire in Parliament, 
 and was returned for Windsor at 
 the general election, but retired 
 the following year through losing 
 his sight. In polities he was a 
 Liberal-Conservative, voted for 
 free trade, and all progressive 
 measures advocated by Sir Eobert 
 Peel. 
 
 WELLESLEY, Richard Collet, 
 Marquis Wellesley of Norragh, 
 .2nd Earl of Mornington [1760 — 
 1842], born in Dublin, was the 
 eldest son of Garret, first Earl of 
 Mornington. He was educated at 
 Eton and Oxford. On the death of 
 his father in 1781, he entered ujdou 
 his political life, and sat in the 
 Irish House of Lords until the 
 union. He took his seat in the 
 English House of Commons on be- 
 coming member for Beeralston in 
 1784. He first attracted attention 
 during the regency debate in 1789 
 in the Irish Parliament, when he 
 advocated the restriction of the 
 Prince's authority during what 
 might be only a temporary malady 
 of his father ; and this coming to 
 the notice of George III. the earl 
 was returned for Windsor at the 
 next election, and was appointed a 
 member of the Irish Privy Council. 
 Subsequently he became one of the 
 Lords of the Treasury, and in 1793 
 was sworn a member of the British 
 Privy Council. In 1797 he was ap- 
 pointed governor-general of India, 
 and raised to the British Peerage 
 under the title of Baron Wellesley. 
 On his arrival in India in May, 
 1798, ho found the finances of the 
 East India Comi)any exhausted, the 
 army and fortresses in a destitute 
 condition, and the safety of the 
 British territory threatened by the 
 alliance of Tippoo Sail) witli tlie 
 French. Having strengtlicnod his 
 army he marched, in October, into 
 
 the territory of the Nizam, and 
 forced him to disband his French 
 subsidiary troops ; and in Feb., 
 1799, he sent an army to Mysore, 
 which defeated that of Tippoo at 
 Malavelly, and stormed Seringapa- 
 tam. The next efforts of Lord 
 Wellesley were directed to the 
 commercial interests of India. He 
 made advantageous treaties with 
 the Nizam, the Rajah of Tanjore, 
 and the Sultan of Muscat, which 
 were the commencement of those 
 important financial reforms which 
 eventually raised the revenue of 
 the Company from seven millions 
 to upwards of fifteen millions an- 
 nually. In 1801 he sent an expe- 
 dition to take part in the attack 
 upon the French in Egj'pt. He 
 also negotiated treaties securing 
 the British possession of the fron- 
 tier provinces of Oude, and the 
 sovereignty of the Carnatic from 
 the foot of the Mysore mountains 
 to the coast of Coromandel. These 
 new accessions brought Lord Wel- 
 lesley into contact with the power- 
 ful Mahratta chieftains, between 
 whom and the English war soon 
 broke out. After a sharp struggle 
 the whole countrv between the 
 Jumna and the Ganges was con- 
 quered, and the campaign Avas 
 brought to a successful termination 
 by the brilliant victory at Assaye. 
 Much complaint was expressed in 
 England, however, at the vast ex- 
 pense of these movements, and at 
 alleged acts of cruelty towards the 
 native rulers, ami Lord WcHesley 
 tendered his resignation, which was 
 not accepted. At last he was 
 allowed, in 1805, to resign the 
 government of India. In the House 
 of Commons articles of impeach- 
 ment were presented against him, 
 but without effect. In 1808 he was 
 sent as nmbassador to Spain, but 
 was recalled in the following year, 
 and became Secretary of State for 
 Foreign A flairs. In 1821 he was 
 made Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 
 an<l his decided opinions in favour 
 of Catholic claims led to great dis- 
 
WELLINGTON. 
 
 033 
 
 turbances. In spite of much oppo- 
 sition, especially from the Oran<^e- 
 men. Lord Wellesley j^reatly im- 
 proved tlie internal condition of 
 that country. On the accession of 
 his brother, the Duke of Wellinj^- 
 ton, to the premiership, he resigned 
 on account of their disaj^reement 
 on this Catholic question. He ac- 
 cepted office in the ministry of 
 Earl Grey formed in 1830, in 1831 
 was made Lord Steward, and in 
 1833 was au^ain appointed Lord- 
 Lieutenant of Ireland. This office 
 he resigned when Sir Kobert Peel 
 became premier, and on the forma- 
 tion of the second Melbourne 
 ministry in 1S35 he accepted the 
 office of Lord Chamberlain, but in 
 the course of the same year retired 
 altogether from public life. Be- 
 sides a number of occasional jDam- 
 phlets, a quantity of " Despatches," 
 jtc, were published after his death, 
 purporting to be written by him 
 while governor-general of India. 
 These remain most valuable autho- 
 rities for the history of English 
 rule in that countrv. 
 
 WELLINGTON," Arthur Wel- 
 lesley, 1st Duke of [1769 — 1852], 
 born at Dangan Castle, co. Meath, 
 was the third son of Garret, first 
 Earl of Moi'nington, and brother 
 of the preceding. He was edu- 
 cated at Eton, whence he was 
 transferred to a private school at 
 Brighton, and afterwards to the 
 Military Academy at Angers in 
 France. In 1787 he received his 
 first commission as an ensign in 
 the 73rd Foot. His first active 
 service was in May, 1791, when in 
 command of the 33rd Regiment, he 
 joined the British Army in the 
 Netherlands. In Jan., 1795, as 
 lieutenant-colonel, he commanded 
 the brigade which covered the 
 retreat of the British force from 
 Flanders. The following year he 
 went as colonel with his regiment 
 to India. In 1799 when war was 
 declared by his brother, then 
 governor-general of India, against 
 Tippoo Saib, the 33rd was attached 
 
 to the Nizam's force, and Colonel 
 Wellesley was employed to dislodge 
 the enemy from some strong posts 
 in front of Seringapatam. After 
 the siege he assumed command of 
 the place, and was appointed 
 governor of Mvsore. In 1802 he 
 was raised to the rank of major- 
 general, and in Feb., 1803, he was 
 given the command of a force in- 
 tended to nuirch into the Mahratta 
 territory. He occuisied Poonah 
 and took Ahmednuggur, and com- 
 pletely routed the Mahrattas at 
 Argaum. In 1805 he returned to 
 England, and the following year 
 was elected member for the borough 
 of Rye. In 1807 Sir Arthur W^el- 
 lesley was appointed Secretary for 
 Ireland, and sworn a Privy Coun- 
 cillor. In August of the same 
 year he gave up his Irish post, 
 accompanied the expedition which 
 captured the Danish fleet at Co- 
 penhagen, commanding a part of 
 the land force, and on his return 
 receiv^ed the thanks of Parlia- 
 ment. In 1808 he was promoted 
 to the rank of lieutenant-general, 
 and put in command of the force 
 for the Peninsular War. On Aug. 
 1 he landed in Mondego Bay, and 
 marched towards Lisbon, defeated 
 De Laborde at Rolica, and on the 
 21st repulsed the French at 
 Vimiera. After the convention of 
 Cintra and the French evacuation. 
 Sir Arthiu' Wellesley returned to 
 London, and in Jan., 1809, resumed 
 his seat in the House of Commons, 
 and received the thanks of both 
 Houses for his distinguished ser- 
 vices in Poi'tugal. Hostilities were 
 soon renewed, and, having sub- 
 mitted a plan for the defence of 
 the Peninsula, he went to Lisbon 
 in April as Commander-in-Chief of 
 the Peninsular Forces. On May 12 
 he captured Oporto, and on July 28 
 defeated the French at Talavera. 
 For this victory he was raised to 
 the Peerage as Baron Douro of 
 Wellesley and Viscount Wellington 
 of Talavera and of Somerset, and 
 the government voted him a pen- 
 
931. 
 
 WELLINOTON. 
 
 sion of d£2,000 per annum for two 
 generations. In 1810 lie fought 
 the battle of Busaco, after which 
 he entered "^he celebrated lines of 
 Torres Vedras, where he maintained 
 his jjosition for ten weeks in the 
 face of a well-disciplined army of 
 50,000 men. In May, 1811, Wel- 
 lington attacked the French at 
 Fuentes d'Onor, and soon after 
 Almeida fell. In 1812 he captured 
 C'iudad Rodrigo, for which he was 
 made Earl of Wellington, Spanish 
 Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo, and Por- 
 tuguese Marquis of Torres Vedras. 
 On the night of April G Badajoz 
 was taken, and on July 21 the 
 battle of Salamanca was fought. 
 After a short sharp action the 
 French were completely routed ; a 
 French officer described the aifair as 
 " beating 10,000 men in 40 minutes." 
 Among the results was the evacua- 
 tion of Madrid, which the Allies 
 entered on Aug. 12. Wellington 
 received the thanks of Parliament, 
 was raised to the dignity of a 
 marquis, and a sum of ,£100,000 
 was voted to purchase him an 
 estate. The campaign ended with 
 the decisive battle of Yittoria. In 
 exchange for the baton of Jourdan, 
 which was found on the field, the 
 Prince Regent forwarded Welling- 
 ton the biiton of a Field Marshal 
 of England. On Feb. 27, 181 !■, he 
 defeated Soult at Orthez, and 
 again on Ajoril 10 at Toulouse. He 
 entered the city on the 12th, heai'd 
 of the occupation of the French 
 capital by the Allies, and left for 
 Pfiris on the 30th. In May he was 
 made Duke, and on his arrival in 
 England was greeted with the 
 utmost enthusiasm, and for the 
 twelfth time received the thanks 
 of Parliament. In August he was 
 sent as ambassador to Paris. In 
 Jan., 1815, he i*eplaced Lord Castle- 
 reagli in the Congress of Vienna. 
 Meanwhile Napoleon had escaped 
 from Elba, and Wellington urged 
 the sending of a large force to the 
 Netherlands, of wliich ho took com- 
 liiiiud in April, lixing his liead- 
 
 quarters at Brussels. On June 18, 
 1815, he gained his crowning vic- 
 tory at Waterloo, which changed 
 the destinies of Europe. The King 
 of the Netherlands made him 
 Prince of Waterloo. The English 
 Government gave him the estate 
 of Strathfieldsaye, costing ^2G3,000. 
 and d£(30,000 as his share of the 
 Waterloo Prize Money. In 1818 he 
 was made Field Marshal of Austria, 
 Prussia, and Russia, and appointed 
 Master-General of the Ordnance. 
 After this he began once more to 
 turn his attention to politics. He 
 attended Parliament Avith great 
 regularity, Vtut rarely took part in 
 debate. In 1S28 he was called 
 upon by George IV. to form an 
 administration. Of strong Toi-y 
 politics, he wms, nevertheless, the 
 first minister to cede to the grow- 
 ing popular power. During his 
 premiership he assented to the 
 Catholic Emancipation Act, which 
 he had previously opposed, his 
 change of opinion leading to many 
 newspaper attacks, and to a duel 
 between himself and Lord Winchil- 
 sea, in whicli neither was harmed. 
 His opposition to Reform made him 
 exceedingly uni>opalar ; and antici- 
 pating a defeat in the House of Com- 
 mons on Mr. Brougham's proposition 
 for reform, he resigned office in 1830, 
 and was succeeded l>y Earl Grey. 
 He strenuously opposed the Reform 
 Bill, for which, in 1832, he was 
 hooted in the streets, the Avindows 
 of Apsley House were smashed, and 
 an attempt was made to biu-n liis 
 country house. In 1831 he was 
 installed as Chancellor of the Uni- 
 versity of Oxford. U]>on the re- 
 signation of Lord Melbourne, Wel- 
 lington was requested Ity AVilliaiu 
 -IV. to undertake the premiership. 
 This he declined, l)ut t)flereil to carry 
 on the government until the arrival 
 of Sir Robert Peel, who was tlien in 
 Italy. This was agreed to. and for a 
 time Wellington became practically 
 the whole Cabinet, to the indigna- 
 tion of the Lil^erals, who denounced 
 the arrangement as unconstitu 
 
WELLINGTON— WENSLEYDALE. 
 
 03; 
 
 tional. Under the administration 
 of Sir Robert Peel, he accepted the 
 office of Foreifjn Secretary, and in 
 1811 he aixain became a member of 
 the Cabinet as minister without 
 office, and siipported Sir Robert in 
 his free trade measures. On June 
 22, 1852, he ma<le his last speech in 
 Parliament. After the dissolution 
 he went to reside at Walmer Castle, 
 and on Sept. 13, he succumbed to 
 an attack of apoplexy. His death 
 was generally considered a blow to 
 the whole country, and the public 
 grief was profound. On Nov. 18, 
 1852, the body of the Duke, after 
 lying in state at Chelsea for five 
 days, was conveyed with unprece- 
 dented maofnificence and honours 
 to St. Paul's Cathedi'al, and buried 
 in the crypt. 
 
 WELLINGTON, Arthur Ri- 
 chard Wellesley, Second Duke 
 or, was the elder of the two sons of 
 the first Duke of Wellington, but 
 at the time of his birth, Feb. 3, 
 1807, his father was known as 
 Major-General Sir Ai-thur Welles- 
 ley — the dukedom having been 
 conferred on May 11, 1811. The 
 second Duke of Wellington was 
 educated at Eton and Cambridge, 
 and in 1823 he entered the Rifle 
 Brigade. He was, for a consider- 
 able time, a member of the House 
 of Commons, having first sat, in 
 the Tory interest, for Aldeburgh, 
 Suffolk, from 1829 to 1831. He 
 did not sit in the first reformed 
 Parliament, but in 1837 was elected 
 for Norwich, a seat he continued to 
 hold till just before his accession 
 to the dukedom, Sept. 14, 1852. In 
 the following Januai*y he became 
 Master of the Horse and a Pi*ivy 
 Councillor, but resigned the former 
 honour in 1858, when he withdrew 
 from Parliamentary life. In that 
 year he was made K.G., and ten 
 years later was appointed Lord- 
 Lieutenant of Middlesex. He died 
 suddenly at the Brighton Railway 
 Station. Aug. 13, 1884. The Duke 
 of Wellington left no issue and was 
 ucceeded by his nephew Henry, 
 
 eldest son of the late Lord Charles 
 Wellesley. 
 
 WEMYSS, Right Hon. Francis 
 Wemtss-Charterts- Douglas, 8th 
 Earl of, Earl of March, &c. [170G 
 — 18S3'', was the son of Francis the 
 Seventh Earl, and succ^'eded to the 
 family honours on the death of the 
 latter in June, 1853. He was a 
 magistrate and deputy-lieutenant 
 for the county of Midlothian. Vice- 
 Lieutenant of Haddingtonshire, a 
 magistrate for the counties of Ber- 
 wick and Perth, and Lieu tenant- 
 General of th'3 Royal Archers of 
 Scotland. He was also Lord-Lieu- 
 tenant of Peebleshire from 1853 
 down to 1880. The barony of 
 Wemyss, in the peerage of the 
 United Kingdom, was created in 
 1821. The Earl of Wemyss married 
 in 1817, Lady Louisa Bingham, 
 fourth daughter of Richard second 
 Earl of Lucan. Almost to the time 
 of his death he devoted a great 
 deal of his time to the out-door 
 pursuits of a country gentleman. 
 He was well-known as a keen and 
 accomplished sportsman, and few 
 could equal him on the moors or 
 in the hunting-field. He was for 
 many years master of the Berwick- 
 shire, East Lothian, and Northum- 
 berland hounds. He took great 
 interest in the welfare of his 
 tenantry, and was looked upon by 
 them as a kind and generous land- 
 lord. One of his last public ap- 
 pearances was at the opening of the 
 ncAv fishermen's harbour at Port 
 Seton (1882), towards which he 
 contributed <£2,000. In politics he 
 was a staunch Conservative. He 
 was succeeded in the title and 
 estates by his eldest son. Lord 
 Elcho. 
 
 WENSLEYDALE (Baron). The 
 Right Hon. James Parke [1782 — 
 18G8], born at Highfield, near 
 Liverpool, was educated at the 
 Grammar School of Macclesfield, 
 whence he proceeded to Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, as a pensioner, 
 in Oct., 1799, obtained one of the 
 Craven classical scholarships, was 
 
936 
 
 WENTWORTH— WESLEY. 
 
 elected Scholar of his college in 
 ISOO, and graduated B.A. as fifth 
 Wrangler and Senior Chancellor's 
 Medallist^ in 1803. He obtained a 
 prize for the Latin ode and a 
 second Bachelor's prize, and was 
 elected to an oj)en Fellowship at 
 Trinity College, in 1804;. He re- 
 moved to London, and after prac- 
 tising some years successfully as a 
 spa ial pleader in the Temple, was 
 called to the bar at the Inner 
 Temple in Easter term, 1813. In 
 1828 he was promoted to a Judge- 
 ship in the Court of Queen's 
 Bench, on the death of Sir Gr. Hol- 
 royd, and in 1834 was transferred 
 to the Exchequer. In Aug., 1833, 
 he was sworn a Privy Councillor, 
 at the time Avhen Lord Brougham 
 established the Judicial Committee 
 of the Privy Conncil; to which, 
 among other dvities, he assigned 
 the decision of a great accumula- 
 tion of appeals from the East 
 Indian Courts. On the Judicial 
 Bench he had gained an exj^erience 
 of twenty eight years. As he was 
 possessed of an admirable memory, 
 it was thought that his presence in 
 the House of Lords as an assistant 
 to the five " law lords " would be 
 of peculiar value, and on retiring 
 from the Bench, Jan. 16, 1836, ho 
 was created Lord Wensleydale of 
 Wensleydale, by patent, " for the 
 term of his natural life." The 
 Earl of Derby, Lord Lyndhurst, 
 and Lord Campbell questioned tlie 
 right of the Crown to create peer- 
 ages for life ; and after several 
 stormy debates, the Peers decided 
 that such a patent did not give the 
 recipient a right to sit and vote in 
 the House of Lords, and recom- 
 mended the Government to create 
 the title afresh, which, after some 
 demur, was acceded to, by making 
 him Baron Wensleydale of Walton, 
 with the usual remainder to lieirs 
 male. In the House of Lords, and 
 on the Judicial Committee of the 
 Privy Council, the services of 
 Lord Wensleydale were of much 
 value. 
 
 WENT WORTH, William 
 Charles [1791 — 1872], son of Mr. 
 D'Arcy Wentworth, a surgeon at 
 Norfolk Island, was born there, 
 and at the age of seven was sent 
 to England to be educated. He 
 went first to a school at Green- 
 wich, and some years later matricu- 
 lated at Cambridge. He was called 
 to the bar in this country, and then 
 returned to Sydney, where he began 
 to practise as a barrister. He took 
 also a keen interest in public 
 affairs, and became a journalist, 
 and started with a friend. Dr. War- 
 dell, the Australian newspaper. He 
 became the leader of the Patriotic 
 Association, founded to promote 
 the claims of the people of New 
 South Wales to the same civil and 
 political privileges as those enjoyed 
 by England. He succeeded in 
 gaining "Trial by Jury," the first 
 civil jury being empannelled in the 
 Court of Quarter Sessions, Nov. 1, 
 1821. At the general election of 
 June, 1813, Mr. Wentworth was 
 chosen, with Dr. Wm. Bland, to 
 represent the city of Sydney in 
 the Liberal interest. His views 
 were at first very radical, but, 
 by degrees, from fear of the re- 
 sults of democracy, he became al- 
 most a conservative. In 1S19 ho 
 took up the project of establishing 
 a University in Sydney, and got 
 the Bill passed through Parliament 
 for it, Oct. 1, 1850. Together with 
 Mr. Deas Thomson, he was made 
 colonial secretary in 1851, and sent 
 to England to advocate the Con- 
 stitution Bill (which he had framed) 
 before the Imperial Parliament. 
 In 1862 he went to live with his 
 family in England, and remnineii 
 there till his death. He was the 
 author of "A Statistical, Historical, 
 and Political Descrii)tion of the 
 Colony of New South Wales," and 
 of several political i);Muphk'ts. 
 
 WESLEY, Samuel Sebastian, 
 Mus. Doc. [1810—1876], was son of 
 Mr. Samuel Wesley, who was one 
 of tlie first musicians to introduce 
 into Enu'land the works of Bach. 
 
WESTALL. 
 
 937 
 
 After that ^reat composer it may 
 be assumed that young Wesley was 
 named. He was educated at Christ's 
 Hospital, and in isii) was chosen 
 chorister of the Chapel Royal, St. 
 James's, where he remained for 
 about eij;fht years. Shortly after- 
 wards he was elected orj^anist of 
 St. James's, Hampstead Koad. There 
 he stayed some years and left it to 
 take the position, in 18;}5, of or- 
 ganist of Exeter Cathedral. In 
 1842 he went to Leeds Parish 
 Church, which, both before and 
 since his time, has been noted for 
 the high excellence of its service. 
 Seven years later he became- or- 
 ganist of Winchester Cathedral, 
 and in 1SG5 relinquished that post 
 for a similar one at Gloucester. At 
 all and each of these churches he did 
 good work. His compositions are 
 not very numerous, but they are 
 sound and dignified, while some 
 reach a high pitch of excellence. 
 His l>ook of twelve anthems is an 
 important contribution to ecclesias- 
 tical music, and its contents are 
 very generally known and as widely 
 admired. 
 
 WESTALL, Richard, R.A., was 
 born at Hertford in 1705 of a Nor- 
 wich family, and when 14 years 
 old was api^renticed to an engraver 
 in London. In his leisure hours he 
 studied drawing, and in 1784 ex- 
 hibited a chalk drawing in the 
 Academy. In the following year 
 he entered the Academy Schools. 
 He made a number of drawings for 
 book illustrations, a class of work 
 for which his tak-nt was eminently 
 suited, and his designs for the 
 Bible and Praver-Book, History of 
 England, Crabbe's " Tales," " The 
 Arabian Nights," and Moore's 
 " Loves of the Angels," became 
 very popular. He published a vo- 
 lume of original verses with his 
 own illustrations, " A Day in 
 Spring," in 1808. It is by his 
 illustrations that Westall is chiefly 
 remembered, but he first attracted 
 notice by his water-colour drawings 
 of historical subjects, and he also 
 
 exhibited some good water-colour 
 portraits and large pictures in oil, 
 among them the " Christ Crowned 
 with Thorns," now over the altar 
 of All Souls, Langham Place. In 
 1792 he was elected A.R.A., and 
 R.A. in 179i. In 181:? the British 
 Institution bought his " Elijah 
 restoring the Widow's Son to 
 Life," for 450 guineas. He was at 
 that time very well to do, but later 
 indulged in unfortunate specula- 
 tions in " Old Masters," and having 
 run through his money he became 
 a pensioner of the Academy, His 
 latest employment was teaching 
 di-awing to the Princess Victoria. 
 He died Dec. 4, 183G. He exhibited 
 313 paintings in the Academy, and 
 in 1814 held an exhibition of his 
 paintings and di-a wings at his gal- 
 lery, 54, Upper Charlotte Street, 
 W. His " Cassandra in the Temple 
 of Minerva," is in the South Ken- 
 sington Collection. 
 
 WESTALL, William, A.R.A., 
 the younger brother of Richard 
 Westall, was born at Hertford, 
 Oct. 12, 1781, and learned drawing 
 under his brother in the Academy 
 Schools. When 19 years old he 
 was appointed draughtsman to 
 Captain Flinders' voyage of disco- 
 very to Australia. Two years later 
 he was wrecked off the north coast, 
 and was rescued by a ship bound 
 for China, where he remained some 
 months, and in the interior of the 
 country made many interesting 
 sketches. Thence he sailed to 
 Bombay, and visited the Mahratta 
 country, and the excavated Kurlee 
 and Elephanta Temples. After an 
 absence of four years he returned 
 to England, but soon set sail for 
 Madeira and the West Indies. 
 Throughout 1810 he was busy on 
 the illustrations of the Australian 
 voyage, and painted several pic- 
 tures commissioned by the Admi- 
 ralty. In 1811 he became an As- 
 sociate of the Water-Colour Society, 
 and Member in 1812, but he imme- 
 diately resigned, and in the same 
 year was elected A, R.A. He aftei*- 
 
938 
 
 WESTBURY. 
 
 wards exhibited some landscapes 
 in oil, but they were less liked than 
 his water-colours. He was, how- 
 ever, mainly employed on making 
 designs for the illustration of 
 books of travel, and landscajje, 
 such as "Madeira, the Cape, China, 
 and India" (1811) ; " A^iews of the 
 Yorkshire Caves " (1818) ; *^ Bri- 
 tannia Delineated," &c. He died 
 at St. John's Wood, Jan. 22, 1850, 
 having exhibited 107 works. Three 
 of his drawings are in the Water- 
 Colour Gralleries at South Kensing- 
 ton. 
 
 WESTBUEY (Baron), The 
 Right Hon. Richard Bethell 
 [1800 — 1873], son of a physician, 
 born at Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts, 
 was educated at a private school in 
 Bristol, and entered at Wadham 
 College, Oxford, in Oct., 1814. 
 Early in 1815 he obtained a scholar- 
 ship at his college, and closed an 
 undergraduate career of great pro- 
 mise by taking his B.A. degree in 
 1818, gaining a double First Class. 
 He acted as resident private tutor, 
 obtained a Fellowship, repaired to 
 London, was called to the Bar 
 at the Middle Temple in 1823, 
 began jjractice as a Chancery 
 barrister, and soon obtained dis- 
 tinction as well as a considerable 
 share of business. Dr. Gilbert, 
 afterwards Bishop of Chichester, 
 then Principal of Brasenose Col- 
 lege, who had been one of his exa- 
 miners in 1818, and had been struck 
 by the manner in which he trans- 
 lated a passage of Pindar, chose 
 Mr. Bethell as junior counsel lor his 
 college in a suit instituted against 
 it by an influential nobleman, in 
 which an adverse decision would 
 have been a serious blow to the so- 
 ciety over which he presided. The 
 college was encouraged to resist the 
 action by the earnest representations 
 of Mr. Bethell, then comparatively 
 an untried man, and gained the day. 
 This success greatly augmented his 
 practice, which continued to in- 
 crease, and early in 1840 l-e was 
 nominated a Queen's Counsel. He 
 
 continued to practise with success 
 in the Equity Coui'ts, and on the 
 formation of the Aberdeen Cabinet, 
 in Dec, 1852, was appointed Soli- 
 citor - General, and received the 
 honour of knighthood. As Solici- 
 tor-General, Sir Richard assisted 
 in carrying through the Lower 
 House the Succession Duty Bill, 
 the Oxford University Reform Bill, 
 the Bill for the Abolition of the 
 Ecclesiastical Courts, and several 
 measures of importance. He be- 
 came, in Nov., 185G, Attorney- 
 General, in which capacity he car- 
 ried, after a formidable struggle, 
 measures for the abolition of the 
 Ecclesiastical Testamentary Courts, 
 the establishment of the Divorce 
 and Probate Court, &c . He brought 
 before Parliament the Fraudulent 
 Trustee Act, and the Charitable 
 Trusts Act, in addition to other 
 important measiu-es relating to im- 
 provements in the Equity and 
 Common Law Courts. When the 
 new Court of Probate and Divorce 
 was about to be formed, it was 
 understood that Lord Palmerston 
 offered the Judgeship to Sir Richard, 
 as an acknowledgment of his dis- 
 tinguished services in conducting 
 to a successful issue the important 
 measures of law-reform upon which 
 the Court was established, but he 
 declined the post. He retired from 
 the Attoi'ney-Generalship in Feb., 
 
 1858, on the fall of Lord Palmer- 
 ston's first Administration, and re- 
 sumed it in Lord Palmerston's 
 second Administx'ation in June, 
 
 1859. He was returned member in 
 the Conservative interest for East 
 Yorkshire in Dec, 1832, and again 
 in Jan., 1835, and in Aug., 1837. 
 He was an unsuccessful candidate 
 for Shafteslniry in August, 1817, 
 sat (as Liberal member) for Ayles- 
 bury from April, 1851, till April, 
 1859, and then sat for Wolver- 
 hampton, till he was raised to the 
 peerage, on being made Lord Chan- 
 cellor in the new Liberal Govern- 
 ment, June 27, 1801. In conse- 
 quence of a vote of the House of 
 
WESTERN— WESTMACOTT. 
 
 030 
 
 Commons, at the close of the ses- 
 sion of 18Gu, implyinij censure of 
 the Lord Chancellor for not having 
 exercised due caution and discre- 
 tion in tlie appointment of the 
 lie<^istrar in the Leeds Court of 
 Bankruptcy, he resigned the great 
 seal July I. an<l was succeeded by 
 Lord Cran\V(.irth. The measures 
 adopted by the Inns of Court for 
 the education of the students, and ; 
 large reforms in the Bankruptt-y 
 Law and laws relating to the title 
 of Lauded Estates, are due to his 
 exertions, and he was from the 
 commencement Chairman of the 
 Council of Legal Education. Man}- 
 of Lord Westbury's judguients are , 
 celebrated as models of sound law 
 and masterly statement. Such, for 
 instance, was his decision in the 
 '• Essays and Reviews " case, and | 
 many others. He died on the same 
 day as his great opj^onent — it may : 
 almost be said, his great enemy — 
 Bishop WilVjerforce. ' 
 
 WESTER X, Right Hon. 
 Charles Callis, First Baron 
 [1767^18-l-4], was the son of Charles 
 Western, Esc[., of Rivenhall, Essex. \ 
 He was educated at Eton and 
 Cambridge, and entered Parlia- 
 ment as member for Maldon in the 
 old Whig interest in 1700. He 
 was again chosen at the genei*al 
 election of 170<» and 1802, Vjut was 
 defeated in lSO(j. From 1812 to 
 1831 he rei^resented the county of 
 Essex, but the passing of the Re- 
 form Bill cost him his seat. As a 
 reward for his consistent services, 
 he was called to the Upper House 
 by the title of Baron Western of 
 Rivenhall. He was* one of the 
 leading promoters of the Corn Bill 
 of 1815, and a staunch advocate for 
 protection. 
 
 WESTMACOTT, Sir Richard, 
 Knight, R.A., born in London, 
 1775, died in London, Sept. 1, 185(5. 
 He was the son of a statuary in 
 Mount Street, and early resolved 
 that he would be a sculptor. When 
 seventeen years old he went to 
 Rome to study art. There he 
 
 gained the gold .sculpture medal in 
 the Academy of St. Luke, and 
 later, in Florence, the premium of 
 the tir.st class in sculptuif, and 
 wfis also awarded tho Pope's medal. 
 In 1707 he returned to London, and 
 from that time was a con.stant ex- 
 hibitor in the Academy, wherein 
 eighty-two of his works appeared. 
 In 1S(»5 he became an Associate, 
 and in the next year obtained his 
 first important commission, the 
 " Addison," for Westminster Abbey. 
 It was followed by " Pitt," " Fox," 
 and" Per cival," in the same Church ; 
 several statues in St. Paul's erected 
 by the State in memory of the 
 officers who fell in the French 
 Revolutionary war ; " Lord Ers- 
 kine," for Lincoln's Inn ; " Lord 
 Nelson," for Liverpool Exchange, 
 &c., i-^c. In 1815 he was elected 
 R.A., and in 1827 the appointment 
 of Professor of Sculpture was con- 
 ferred upon him ; in 1830 he was 
 kniji'hted . Among his classic works 
 are " Hero and Leander, ' 1820 ; 
 " Psyche," 1822 : " Cupid made 
 Prisoner/' 1827 ; and " Euphro- 
 syne," 1837. 
 
 WESTMACOIT, Richard, R.A., 
 F.R.S. ^1700—1872], sculptor, son 
 of Sir R. Westmaeott, born in Lon- 
 don, visited Italy in 1820, and 
 studied there for six years. He 
 first exhibited at the Academy in 
 1S27 ; was elected Associate in 1838, 
 R.A. in 1840, and Professor of 
 Sculpture in 1S57. Among his best 
 ideal works are " Venus and Asca- 
 nius" in 1831; "The Cyml'al 
 Plaver," in the Duke of Devon- 
 ; shire's collection, exhibited in 1832, 
 a group of a Girl and a Fawn ; 
 " Venus instructing Cupid ;" 
 "Paolo and Francesca" in 1838; 
 and •' Blue Bell," a bas-relief. He 
 excelled in religious compositions ; 
 his finest examples are the " Angel 
 W^atching," part of a large monu- 
 mental group to the Ashburton 
 family, in 1842 ; a bas-relief, " Go 
 and Sin no more ; " a recumbent 
 monumental figure of Archbishop 
 ^ Howley, in Canterbury Cathedral, 
 
010 
 
 WE STMIN STER— WE STPH AL . 
 
 in 1850; and one of the Earl of 
 Hardwicke, at Wimpole. After 
 his retirement from the practice 
 of his pi^fession (1855), he occu- 
 pied himself chiefly in the litera- 
 ture connected with his art, and 
 in delivering lectures. He con- 
 tributed to most of the encyclo- 
 l^sedias and journals articles and 
 essays on the subject of his profes- 
 sional stvidy ; and was the author 
 of a '' Handbook on the Schools of 
 Sculpture," and an essay " On 
 Colouring Statues." He exhibited 
 eighty-six works. He did not for- 
 mally withdraw from the Acade- 
 my until about a year before his 
 death. 
 
 WESTMINSTER, Most Hon. 
 Robert Grosvenor, First Mar- 
 quis, K.G. [1767 — 18 lo], was the 
 second son of the first Earl Gros- 
 venor. He was educated at Har- 
 row and Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, and on leaving the univer- 
 sity travelled with William Gifford 
 as tutor. In 1788 he entered Par- 
 liament as member for East Looe, 
 and the following year was ap- 
 pointed a Lord of the Admiralty. 
 In 1793 he was made one of the 
 Commissioners of the Board of 
 Control, and at the general election 
 of 1790 he was returned without 
 opposition for the city of Chester. 
 He continued to sit in Parliament 
 as representative of Chester until 
 his succession to the peerage in 
 1802, During the war with France 
 he raised, at his own expense, a 
 regiment of volunteers in the city 
 of Westminster, which he com- 
 manded for several years. He was 
 a warm sui^porter of Mr. Pitt's ad- 
 ministration, but on the death of 
 that statesman he seceded from the 
 Tory jjarty and joined the Whigs. 
 On the coronation of V^'^illiam IV. 
 he was advanced to the rank of a 
 inar(|uis, and the arms of the city 
 of Westminster were granted him 
 as a coat of augmentation. The 
 Marquis was a great patron of the 
 turf, and a most successful t'om2)e- 
 titor. lie U'lt a richly-stored li- 
 
 brary, and one of the finest picture 
 galleries in the kingdom. 
 
 WESTMORELAND, The Right 
 Hon. John Fane, Eleventh Earl 
 OF [1781 — 1859], was the only son 
 of John, tenth earl. Educated at 
 Westminster, he entered the army 
 in 1803, and served as aide-de- 
 camj) to Lieutenant-General Don 
 in the expedition to Hanover in 
 1805. He subsequently served in 
 Sicily, the Dardanelles, Egypt, and 
 the Peninsula, where he was aide- 
 de-camp to the Duke of Wellington. 
 In 1813 he acted as military com- 
 missioner to the allied armies in 
 Germany, and the following year 
 became envoy at the Court of Flo- 
 rence. In 1815 he served with the 
 Austrian army in the campaign 
 against Naples, and was for some 
 years British minister at the Court 
 of Tuscany. In 1811 he succeeded 
 to the peerage, and was appointed 
 ambassador at the Court of Berlin, 
 where he remained until 1851. 
 During this time he acted as 
 mediator between the Danish and 
 Prussian plenijDotentiaries in the 
 Schleswig-Holstein affair. In 1851 
 he succeeded Lord Ponsonby as 
 ambassador to Vienna. He was one 
 of the special plenipotentiaries at 
 the Vienna Congress of 1855, after 
 which he returned home. Besides 
 being a soldier and a diplomatist, 
 he was a distinguished musician, 
 and greatly interested in the con- 
 certs of ancient music. He was a 
 member of the Privy Council, a 
 K.C.B., and possessed various 
 foreign orders. 
 
 WE STPH AL, Admiral Sir 
 George Augustus [1785 — 1875], 
 entered the navy in 1798, and 
 after serving on the North Ameri- 
 can and AVest Indian stations, he 
 joined the Victory, and took part 
 in her in the action of Trafalgar, 
 where he was severely Avoun<l(>d. 
 Being carried below, he was laiil in 
 the next berth to Nelson, whose 
 last moments he witnessed. Pro- 
 moted to the rank of lieutenant in 
 18()(i, he was employetl on tlie North 
 
WETHERALL-WH ALLEY. 
 
 941 
 
 American, West Indian, and Medi- 
 terranean stations until 1813, when 
 he Wiis made commander, and ^iven 
 the command of the Anaconda, 
 which was purchjised into the ser- 
 vice after bein*^ captured by liim- 
 self. He took part in the attack 
 on New Orleans in 1815 ; obtained 
 post rank in 1819, and afterwards 
 served in various ships in different 
 parts of the world till 1S31. He 
 was knighted in 18 i2 in recof]:nition 
 of his gallant services, and in 18 IG 
 he was appointed aide-de-camp to 
 the Queen. He was three times 
 wounded, eight times gazetted for 
 signal services before the enemy, 
 and more than one hundred times 
 in action. 
 
 WET HER ALL, Sir Geor3e 
 Augustus, G.C.B., K.H. 1788— 
 1868 ", son of Gen. Sir F. Wetherall^ 
 educated at the Hyde Abbey School 
 and the Royal Military College, 
 Farnham, served at the Cape, and 
 in the conquest of Java, and acted 
 a,s Military Secretary to the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief at Madras from 
 1822 till 1825. He afterwards 
 served as Lieut .-Colonel 1st Foot 
 
 « 
 
 in India and in Canada, and for 
 his services in suppressing the in- 
 surrection in 1837-8, was made 
 C.B. He was Adjutant-General 
 during the Crimean war and the 
 Indian mutiny, and on resigning in 
 18G0, was appointed to the com- 
 mand of the Northern District, at- 
 tained the rank of General in the 
 army Oct. 23, 1SG3, and was made 
 a G.C.B. in 1865. Sir George was 
 Colonel of the Slth Foot, and was 
 appointed Governor of the Royal 
 Military College, Sandhurst, in 
 Aug., 1866. 
 
 WETHERELL, 
 Ext. ^1770—1846^ 
 of the Dean of Hereford, was edu- 
 cated at Oxford, and called to the 
 Bar of the Inner Temple in 179-i. 
 Until 1801 he was a common-law 
 practitioner, and then turned his 
 attention to the equity branch, and 
 attained the rank of King's Counsel 
 in 1816. In 1818 he was returned 
 
 Sir 
 the 
 
 Charles, 
 third son 
 
 in the Tory interest as memVjer for 
 Shaftesbury, but he never acquired 
 any great influence with the House. 
 Bv both sides he was treated as a 
 whimsical pedant, and his deter- 
 mined opposition to all reforms was 
 not appreciated even by his party. 
 From 1820 to 1826 he sat for Oxford, 
 and subsequently represented Ply- 
 mouth until 1830, when he was 
 elected for Boroughbridge. In 
 1821 he was appointed Solicitor- 
 General, and had the honour of 
 knighthood confen-ed upon him. 
 In 1826 he succeeded to the At- 
 torney-Generalship, an office he re- 
 signed the following year on the 
 fall of the Liverpool ministry. On 
 the return of the Tories to power 
 in 1828 he again became Attoniev- 
 General ; but on being asked to 
 assist in preparing the Roman 
 Catholic Relief Bill, he resigned, 
 and never again held ministerial 
 office. 
 
 WHALLEY, G. H., M.P. [1813— 
 1878], was the son of James Whal- 
 ley, Esq., of Gloucester. Educated 
 at University College, London, he 
 was called to the Bar at Gray's Inn 
 in 1839, and went the Oxford Cir- 
 cuit. From 1836 till 1817 he was 
 Assistant Tithe Commissioner. He 
 unsuccessfully contested Leomin- 
 ster in 1815, and Montgomerv 
 borough in 1S52, but he represented 
 Peterborough in the Liberal inte- 
 rest from November, 1852, till May, 
 1853, when he was unseated on 
 petition. He was re-elected in 
 June, 1853^ May, 1859, July, 1865, 
 November, 1868, and February, 
 1874. In 1853 he was appointed 
 Examiner of Private Bills for Par- 
 liament, and High Sheriff of Car- 
 narvonshire. In 1863 he intro- 
 duced a bill for " Abolishing Com- 
 mittees as a Court for Private Bill 
 Legislation," and in 1865-66 a bill 
 for '* Abolishing Turnpikes in Eng- 
 land." He was a D.L. and J. P. of 
 Denbighshire, a J. P. of Mont- 
 
 ! gomeryshire and Merionethshire, 
 and Captain of the Denbighshire 
 
 [ Yeomanry Cavalry. At the time 
 
942 
 
 WHARNCLIFFE — WH ATELY. 
 
 of the Criniean war he volunteered 
 the sei'vice of his troop, and received 
 the thanks of the War Office. Mr. 
 Whalley, who had often made him- 
 self conspicuous by denouncing 
 Avhat he believed to be the schemes 
 of the Jesuits, at last made him- 
 self ridiculous by espousing- the 
 cause of the Tichborne claimant. 
 In this he was so intemperate as to 
 get himself sent to prison by Lord 
 Chief Justice Cockburn for con- 
 tempt of court. 
 
 WHARNCLIFFE, Right Hon. 
 James Archibald Stuart Wort- 
 ley Mackenzie, First Baron 
 [1776 — 18 io], was the second son 
 of the Hon. James Archibald Stuart 
 Wortley Mackenzie, M.P. for Bute, 
 and grandson of Lady Mary Wort- 
 ley Montagu. He was educated at 
 the Charterhouse, and in 1791 en- 
 tered the army, which he quitted 
 at the Peace of 1801. In 1797 he 
 succeeded his brother in the repre- 
 sentation of Bossiney, in CoriiAvall, 
 and continued to sit for that borough 
 until 1818, when he was returned 
 one of the members for Yorkshire. 
 He first attracted attention in 1812, 
 when, in an excellent speech, he 
 moved an address to the Prince of 
 Wales, urging the formation of " a 
 strong and efficient ministry." He 
 continued to sit for Yorkshire until 
 1826. His opinions on the Catholic 
 question had given great offence to 
 the majority of his constituents, 
 and on his retirement he was raised 
 to the peerage under the title of 
 Baron Wharncliffe. He strenuously 
 oi)posed the Reform Bill, and was 
 for a long time a very efficient 
 member of the Opposition ; hut on 
 tlie formation of Sir Robert Peel's 
 ministry, i^ 18;M-, he was appointed 
 Lord Privy Seal, and in 1811 lie 
 accepted the ])Ost of President of 
 the Council. This office he retained 
 till his death. Lord Wharncliffe 
 was Lord-Liexit( nant of the West 
 Riding of Yorkshire, a Commis- 
 sioner of the Jioard of Control for 
 the Affairs of India, and a Trustee 
 of the British Museum. To his 
 
 love for active business he added 
 considerable literary taste, and 
 edited the " Letters of Lady Wort- 
 ley Montagu." 
 
 WHATELY, Right Rev. Ri- 
 chard, D.D., archbishop of Dublin 
 [1787 — 1863], an eminent writer and 
 a celebrated wit, was the son of the 
 Rev. Dr. Whately, of Nonsuch Park, 
 Surrey. He was educated at Oriel 
 College, Oxford, whei-e his career 
 was most brilliant, was elected a Fel- 
 low in 1811, and took his M.A. de- 
 gree in the folloAving year. Oriel 
 was the leading college in the Uni- 
 versity ; and at that time among the 
 members of its common-room were 
 Keble, Arnold, Pusey, Copleston, 
 J. H. Newman, &c. Whately was ap- 
 pointed Bampton lecturer in 1822, 
 in which year he accepted the rec- 
 tory of Halesworth with Chediston, 
 in Suffolk, where he laboured with 
 great energy, and found time be- 
 sides for writing. He was recalled 
 to Oxford in 1823, and appointed 
 Principal of St. Alban's Hall. Dur- 
 ing his tenure of that post he was 
 generally regarded as one of the 
 men of most weight in the Uni- 
 versity. For one year, from 1830 
 to 1831, he was Professor of Politi- 
 cal Economy at Oxford, which i)0st 
 he resigned on being appointed by 
 Earl Grey Archbishop of Dublin. 
 His position was rather a difficult 
 one, the Roman Catholic Relief 
 Act had only been passed two years 
 previously ; to liim fell the duty of 
 carrying out tlie princii)le which it 
 embodied. He Avas well fitted by 
 his liberal views and sympathies 
 for the task, but many of his own 
 clergy distrusted liini ; lie went too 
 far for them, and, of eourse, not 
 far enough to conciliate the Catlu»- 
 lies. After about twi'uty years 
 of I'Uergetie work. i»artieularly to- 
 wartls tlie i)roiiiotion of uuseetariau 
 education, he retired from the Na- 
 tional Board because he and Dr. 
 CJullen could not agree t)n some 
 vital points. By ilegrees Ins clergy 
 became reconciled to him. and he 
 led a most active and inlluential 
 
WHEATSTONE— WHEELER. 
 
 943 
 
 life, taking part in all questions of 
 social and ecclesiastical importance. 
 He may be said to have stemmed the 
 formidable attack made by O'Con- 
 nell and the Catholic party upon 
 the Established Church in Ireland, 
 by his compromise relative to the 
 tithes, and the decrease of the 
 Irish bishoprics. He was made 
 Bishop of Kildare in 18i6, when 
 that see Avas united with DuVjlin; 
 was a Commissioner of National 
 Education in Ireland until 1853, 
 when he resigned ; was a visitor of 
 Trinity College, President of the 
 Royal Irish Academy, and Chan- 
 cellor of the Order of St. Patrick. 
 He also founded a professorship of 
 political economy in the University 
 of Dublin. Among his -wi-itings 
 may be mentioned his " Elements 
 of Logic" (1826) (a book which, 
 till the appearance of Mill's great 
 work, was the chief handbook 
 of the nominalist school in this 
 country), "Elements of Rhetoric" 
 (1828),^ " Errors of Romanism traced 
 to their Origin in Human Nature " 
 (1830), "Introduction to Political 
 Economy" (1830-31), and "His- 
 toric Doubts respecting Napoleon 
 Buonaparte," ajeu cV esprit intended 
 to confute the argument employed 
 in Hume's essay against the credi- 
 bility of miracles. He contributed 
 to the Edinburgh and Quarterly Re- 
 views, and to several other pei'iodi- 
 cals. For further details, see his 
 "Life and Correspondence," by Miss 
 E. J. Whatelv. 
 
 WHEATSTONE, Sir Charles, 
 F.R.S., D.C.L.,LL.D. [1802—1875], 
 who, together with Sir "W. F. Cooke, 
 introduced and carried out practical 
 electric telegraphy, was the son of 
 Mr. "VV. Wheatstone, of Gloucester, 
 at which place he was born. He 
 was educated at a private school, 
 and brought up to the business of 
 making musical instruments, which 
 turned his attention to the study 
 of acoustics. He published his first 
 work in 1823, " New Experiments 
 in Sound," and having studied 
 Young's theory of light, the results 
 
 of his investigations were commu- 
 nicated to the Royal Society through 
 Fiiraday in 1833. In the following 
 year he was appointed Professor of 
 Experimental Philosophy at King's 
 College, London, but does not seem 
 to have lectured there. He was 
 made F.R.S. in 1836, and two years 
 later described the stereoscope which 
 he had invented in a paper which 
 he read before the Society. Mr. 
 Cooke (later Sir W. F. Cooke) was 
 introduced to Professor Wheat- 
 stone, and they decided to unite 
 their efforts to introduce the use of 
 telegraphs on a lai'ge scale in Eng- 
 land. They took out their first pa- 
 tent for the electric telegraph, laid 
 on the Blackwall Railway, in 1838. 
 Wheatstone received the Royal 
 medal in 1840, the Copley medal 
 in 1813 ; was one of the jurors at 
 the Paris Exhibition (1855), when 
 he was appointed a Knight of 
 the Legion of Honour, and was 
 knighted in 1868. He was corres- 
 ponding member of the principal 
 Academies of Science in Europe. 
 
 WHEELER, Sir Hugh M., 
 K.C.B. ri7S9— 1854^ was the son 
 of Captain Hugh Wheeler, of the 
 Indian Army. He was educated at 
 Richmond, Surrey, and at the Bath 
 Gx-ammar School. In 1803 he joined 
 the Bengal Infantry, and attained 
 the rank of colonel in 1846. He 
 distinguished himself in the Sutlej 
 campaigns, received the order of 
 the Doui-auee Empire, and was ap- 
 pointed aide-de-camp to Her Ma- 
 • jesty. In 1850 he was nominated 
 j a K.C.B. , and given the command 
 of the Cawnpore district. At the 
 outbreak of the mutiny Sir Hugh, 
 with a small l>ody of soldiers, for- 
 tified themselves in Cawnpore, and 
 r offered valiant resistance to the 
 mutineers, who, under the coni- 
 ' mand of Nana Sahib, surrounded 
 j the town in great numbers. On the 
 I 26th of June, 1857, Sir H. Wheeler 
 1 was severely wounded. He then 
 I concluded a treaty with Nana by 
 j which the garrison was to be per- 
 i mitted to reach Benares in safety ; 
 
ou 
 
 WHE WELL— WHITE . 
 
 but the agreement was almost in- 
 stantly violated. Sir Hugh was 
 carried to the boats, and killed by a 
 native trooper. 
 
 WHE WELL, Eev. William, 
 D.D., V.P.R.S., M.R.I.A., Master 
 of Trinity College, Cambridge [179 i 
 — 186G], a man who, like Bacon, 
 had " taken all knowledge to be 
 his province," was born of humble 
 parentage at Lancaster. He was 
 educated at the Free (Jrammar 
 School of Lancaster, and at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, where he gra- 
 duated B.A. in 1816, and became a 
 Fellow and Tutor of his college. 
 In 182S he was elected Professor of 
 Mineralogy, and in 1838 Professor 
 of Moral Philosophy, which he held 
 till 1855. In 1811 he became Master 
 of Trinity, on the resignation of 
 Dr. Wordsworth, and did much to 
 promote the introduction of the na- 
 tural and moral sciences triposes, 
 and as Professor of Moral Philoso- 
 phy founded prizes for the encou- 
 ragement of that study, to which 
 he had always himself been much 
 devoted. He was made Vice-Chan- 
 cellor of the University in 1855, 
 and took a very active and influen- 
 tial part in all university matters. 
 He was proud of his college, and 
 some years before his death built, 
 as a gift to it, a " Master's Hostel," 
 or set of chambers for the reception 
 of some of the overflowing students 
 of Trinity, Avho up to that time had 
 been obliged to live in lodgings for 
 want of rooms in college. At the 
 time of his death he had also begun 
 larger works, additions to the former 
 building, and the completion of 
 which he provided for in his will. 
 Dr. Whewell possessed great phy- 
 sical and intellectual powers, and 
 was absolutely incapable of any 
 meanness or jealousy; his chief 
 failing, and <me which made him 
 unpopular with some of his ac- 
 quaintances, was a certain brusque 
 overbearing manner, which how- 
 ever was softened by years, and did 
 not interfere with the full recog- 
 nition of his great talents. He was 
 
 a voluminous writer with an extra- 
 ordinary range of subjects. He 
 published, among other woi'ks, a 
 " Bridge water Treatise on Astro- 
 nomy and General Physics," " A 
 History of the Inductive Sciences," 
 " Philosophy of the Inductive 
 Sciences," "History of Scientific 
 Ideas," "Philosophy of Discovery," 
 and " Lectures on Systematic Mo- 
 rality," ifcc, and was besides the 
 author of many educational mathe- 
 matical works, various translations 
 of Plato, and some works on educa- 
 tion in connection with University 
 Reform. He was the avowed an- 
 tagonist of John Stuart Mill's sys- 
 tem of philosophy, though the two 
 men had the highest respect for 
 each other. He died at Cambridge 
 from the effects of a fall from his 
 horse. An "-Account of his Writ- 
 ings and Correspondence," edited 
 by I. Todhunter, M.A., appeared 
 in 1876, and his "Life," by his 
 niece, Mrs. Stair Douglas, was pub- 
 lished in 1882. 
 
 WHISH, Lieut.-Genekal Sir 
 William Sampson, K.C.B. [1787 — 
 1853], born at Northwold, was a 
 son of the rector of West Walton, 
 Essex. He joined the Bengal Ar- 
 tillery in 180-4, and was present at 
 the sieges of Hatrass and Bhurt- 
 pore. For his services at the latter 
 place he was nominated a C.B. In 
 1818 he was appointed to the com- 
 mand of a division of the Indian 
 army. He distinguished himself 
 at the siege of Fort Mooltan, and 
 by a march of marvellous rapidity 
 anticipated the arrival of the enemy 
 at the fords of the Chenab, at 
 AVuzeerabad. For these inipor- 
 tant services he received a vote of 
 thanks from the East India Com- 
 pany, and was made a K.C.B. in 
 1819. On the pacitioation of the 
 Punjaub he was appointed to the 
 iM)mmand of the Bengal division of 
 the army, but after holding the 
 post for nearly two years, lie was 
 compelled through ill-health to 
 return to England. 
 
 W H I T E, Anthony, B.M., a 
 
WHITE— WHITESIDE. 
 
 915 
 
 native of Durham, was educated at 
 Cambridge, and became a pupil of 
 Sir Anthony Carlisle. In 180G he 
 was elected assistant surgeon, and 
 in 1823 was chosen one of the 
 principal surgeons of Westminster 
 Hospital, where he acquired a great 
 reputation as a successful oi)erator. 
 In 1827 he became a member of 
 the Council of the College of Sur- 
 geons, a member of the Court of 
 Examiners in 1829, and president 
 in 1831. To this latter office he 
 was again elected in 18J-2. Mr. 
 White left no ^professional works. 
 
 WHITE, Rev. Joseph Blanco 
 [1775 — 18il], writer, was born of 
 an Irish Catholic family, settled 
 at Seville. He was educated at 
 the Dominican Convent of Seville, 
 and ordained a priest in 1799. His 
 religious beliefs becoming unsettled, 
 he left the Church of Eome, and 
 coming to England, joined the 
 English Chui'ch, and became a 
 clergyman, but left that too to 
 become a Unitarian. He lived for 
 a long time in Oxford. He was a 
 voluminous writer, and published 
 original works in Spanish and in 
 English, established and edited 
 Spanish periodicals, and wrote also 
 for some of the first English re- 
 views. Among his works the follow- 
 ing are, perhaps, the best known : — 
 " Letters from Spain," published 
 under the assumed name of Do- 
 blado ; and his " Px'actieal and 
 Internal Evidence against Ca- 
 tholicism." But the one perform- 
 ance of his which seems likely to 
 live is a single sonnet on '* Night," 
 generally accepted as one of the 
 finest short poems in the language. 
 
 WHITEHEAD, Miss, was the 
 sister of a clex-k in the Bank of 
 England, who for forgery suffered 
 the extreme penalty of the law. 
 This produced such an effect upon 
 his sister, as to unhinge her reason. 
 For forty years she passed her days 
 in the streets surrounding the 
 Bank, always dressed in black, and 
 her cheeks had the appearance of 
 being rouged. For the last four- 
 
 teen years of her life she took her 
 meals regularly at the Eagle Coffee 
 House. On the day of her death 
 she gave out that she was going 
 to dine at the Mansion House, and 
 that the Queen had sent her ^100 
 to buy a suitable dress. On her 
 way home in the afternoon she 
 was taken ill, and died quite sud- 
 denly at her lodgings, near the 
 Old Kent Koad, Nov. IG, 1837. 
 
 WHITESIDE, James, Chief 
 Justice of the Queen's Bench, in 
 Ireland, was born at Delgany, co. 
 Wicklow,Aug. 12, 1801. His father 
 was rector of the parish. He gra- 
 duated with honours at Trinity 
 College, Dublin, entered the Middle 
 Temple, and in 1830 was called to 
 the Irish Bar. He rose rapidly to 
 distinction, and in 1842 he got his 
 silk gown. Two years later he was 
 one of the counsel for the defence 
 of O'Connell, and the other tra- 
 versers, and in 1848 he, in con- 
 junction with Isaac Butt, defended 
 Smith O'Brien, and his associates. 
 In 1851 he was returned to Par- 
 liament for Euniskillen, but sub- 
 sequently exchanged his seat for 
 that of Dublin University. His 
 success in Parliament was as great 
 as at the Bar : he became one of 
 the props of the Conservative 
 party, and shared in its successes, 
 holding the office of solicitor- 
 general for Ireland, under Lord 
 Derby's first administration, in 
 1852, and attorney - general, in 
 1858-9. During his parliamentary 
 career he maintained an almost 
 unrivalled jDOsition at the Irish 
 Bar. In 1861 he was one of the 
 counsel for Miss Long worth, in 
 the notorious Yelverton case, and 
 delivered a magnificent speech. 
 In 1866 he became a second time 
 attorney-general, but a few weeks 
 later he accepted the office of Chief 
 Justice of the Queen's Bench, over 
 which he presided for ten years. 
 He died at Brighton, Nov. 25, 1872. 
 Among his most remarkable jDar- 
 liamentary speeches were those on 
 the Kars debate, April, 1850 
 
 3 p 
 
010 
 
 WHITTAKER— WHYTE-MELVILLE. 
 
 Italy, July, 1859 ; America, 1861 ; 
 and the Irish Church, 18G3. White- 
 side was the author of a work on 
 "The Law^of Nisi Prius," 1810; 
 "Italy in the 19th Century," 18 IS; 
 "Vicissitudes of the Eternal City," 
 1819; but his writings are far 
 beneath his ability : of greater 
 interest were his lectures. A 
 volume of these was published in 
 1869. 
 
 WHITTAKER, Byrom [1793— 
 1847], was born at Southampton, 
 where his father was a clergyman, 
 and master of the Grammar School. 
 On attaining his majority, he en- 
 tered into partnership with Mr. 
 Charles Law in an extensive whole- 
 sale bookseller's business in Ave 
 Maria Lane. By his energy the 
 firm acquired a good reputation as 
 a publishing house, principally of 
 educational books. He also pub- 
 lished the works of several pojaular 
 authors, amongst them Mrs. Trol- 
 lope, Mr. CoUey Gratton, Miss 
 Mitford, and also the last novel 
 of Sir Walter Scott. Mr. Whit- 
 taker served the office of sheriff 
 of London and Middlesex, in 1824, 
 with Sir Peter Laurie. 
 
 WHITTINGHAM, Lieut.-Gen. 
 SiE Samuel Ford, K.C.B., K.C.H., 
 K.S.F., &c., having risen through 
 the various grades as a cavalry 
 officer, was, in 1809, appointed De- 
 puty-Assistant Quartermaster-Ge- 
 nei-al in the army under the Duke 
 of Wellington, and in 1810 Major, 
 serving with the Portuguese army. 
 He was afterwards employed in 
 America, but the chief scene of his 
 services was with the army in Spain 
 during the Peninsular war. He 
 first joined that service as A.D.C. 
 to General Castanos, taking part 
 in that capacity in the battle and 
 victory of Bayltn. Later he served 
 under the Duke of AlV)uquerqiu', 
 and was severely wounded at 'J'ala- 
 vera. In 1812, as major-general in 
 command of a large corps of Spaiiish 
 troops, ho was, in junction with 
 the fJritish army Jit Alicante, suc- 
 cessfully oi^posed to the army of 
 
 Marshal Suchet, and again wounded 
 at Castalla. He then served with 
 distinction under Sir John Murray, 
 and subsequently under Lord W. 
 Bentinck on the eastern coast. As 
 a reward for his services, he was 
 appointed A.D.C. to the Prince 
 Regent, and was made C.B. and 
 knighted in 1815. The king of 
 Spain also conferred upon him the 
 Grand Cross of the Order of San 
 Fernando. He was, in 1819, ajD- 
 pointed Governor of Dominica, and 
 in 1822 he was sent to India as 
 quartermaster-general of the king's 
 troops, and subsequently held the 
 command as majox'-general succes- 
 sively in the Cawnpore and Meerut 
 divisions. For his services at the 
 siege of Bhurtpore he received the 
 thanks of Parliament. He returned 
 from India in 1835, and was ap- 
 pointed to the command of the 
 forces in the Windward and Lee- 
 ward Islands which he was allowed 
 to resign in 1839, in order to under- 
 take the command in chief at Ma- 
 dras, where he arrived in 18-10. He 
 was made lieutenant-general in 
 1838, in which year also the colo- 
 nelcy of the 71st Regiment was 
 conferi'ed upon him. 
 
 WHYTE-MELVILLE, John 
 [1797—1883], of Bennochy and 
 Strathkinness, Convener of the 
 county of Fife, was the oldest 
 member of the Royal and Ancient 
 Golf Club of St. Andrews, of 
 which he was captain in 1823. 
 lie served the same office as deputy 
 for the Prince of Wales. Ilo was 
 also an enthvisiastic Freemason, 
 was Provincial Grand Master for 
 Fife, and occupied the position of 
 Grand Master for Scotland from 
 ! ISGt to 18G6. ile was deputy- 
 I lieutenant of the county, and was 
 assessor to the Duke of Argyll, 
 Chancellor of St. Andrew's Univer- 
 sity, anil in that cai)acity he ha<l a 
 seat in the University Court. In 
 politics he was a Conservative. 
 
 WUYTE-MELVlLLE, Major 
 John George [1S21 — 187S], nove- 
 list, was the son of the preceding. 
 
WICKENS— WIGHTMAN. 
 
 017 
 
 He entered the Coldstream Guards 
 in ISIV.I, and attained the rank of 
 captain in IS IG, but retired from the 
 army about three years later. On 
 the outbreak of the Crimean war, 
 however, he joined the cavalry of 
 tlie Turkish continji^cnt, and I'e- 
 mained in that service until the 
 declaration of peace in 1S5G. He 
 was an enthusiastic sportsman, but 
 it was as a novel-writer that he 
 won reputation. His earliest work, 
 "Dij^by Grand" (1853), obtaine<l 
 great popularity, which was well 
 sustained by the appearance of 
 "Kate Coventry," "Market Har- 
 borough," "Satanella," "Kater- 
 felto," &c. As the poet-laureate of 
 the hunting field he was unap- 
 proachable, and his attempt to re- 
 produce old Roman life in " The 
 Gladiators," if not historically suc- 
 cessful, is stirring and brilliant. 
 He was killed by a fall from his 
 horse when galloping across a piece 
 of ploughed land. 
 
 WICKENS, Vice-Chancellor 
 Sir John [1815 — 1873], second son 
 of the late Mr. James Stephens 
 Wickens, of London, was educated 
 at Eton and at Balliol College, 
 Oxford, where he obtained a scho- 
 larship in 1833, and took his 
 bachelor's degree, obtaining a first 
 class in classical honours in Michael- 
 mas term, 1836. He proceeded to 
 M.A. in due course, and was called 
 to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1840. 
 In 18G8 he was appointed Vice- 
 Chancellor of the County Palatine 
 of Lancaster, in succession to Sir 
 William Milbourne James, on the 
 elevation of the latter to a Vice- 
 Chancellorship ; and he was himself 
 apjDointed a Vice-Chancellor April 
 18, 1871, in the room of Sir John 
 Stuart. He was knighted June 29, 
 1871. 
 
 WIGAN, Alfred Sydney [1814 
 — 1878], actor, was born at Black- 
 heath, Kent, and began his career 
 as a teacher of music. Having a 
 strong wish to go upon the stage, 
 however, he gave that up and 
 became an actor, making his iii-st ap- 
 
 pearance at the St. James's in 1838, 
 under the name of Sydney. He 
 was most successful, and adopting 
 his own name of Wigan, during 
 the next fifteen years played at 
 Covent Garden, Drury Lane, the 
 Lyceum, the Hay market, the Prin- 
 cess's, and other theatres. He 
 became manager of the Olymjiic in 
 1853, but was obliged to retire four 
 years later on account of ill-health. 
 He re-appeared at the St. James's, 
 of which he was manager in ISOO, 
 he and his wife playing there for 
 three seasons with much success. 
 He next played at the Queen's 
 Theatre, and in 18G8-0 at the Gaiety. 
 At this time he often gave readings 
 from the poets. He and his wife 
 formally withdrew from the thea- 
 tre in 1871, though they appeared 
 once again at the Gaiety at a kind 
 of private performance in 1877. 
 The plays in which he was most 
 successful were, "The First Night," 
 "Still Waters Run Deep," and 
 "' Plot and Passion." Though he 
 was not a great actor, he played 
 with artistic finish, and considerable 
 perception of character. 
 
 WIGAN, Mrs. Alfred [1805 
 — 1884], a well-known actress, wife 
 of the above, began her thea- 
 trical career as Miss Leonora Pin- 
 cott, and became known as a clever 
 representative of important female 
 characters in comedies and farces 
 at Drury Lane and other Lon- 
 don theatres. She married Mr. 
 Alfred Wigan in 1811, and ap- 
 peared at the Lyceum, the Olym- 
 pic, and the Queen's Theatre, Long 
 Acre, when those establishments 
 were under her husband's manage- 
 ment. During his management of 
 the St. James's in 1SG1,M^'S. Wigan 
 appeared in "A Scrap of Paper," 
 and other pieces. 
 
 WIGHTMAN, Sir William 
 [1781 — 1801], was the descendant 
 of an old Scotch family, long settled 
 in Dumfriesshire. He was educated 
 at Oxford, and for some years prac- 
 tised as a special pleader. Called 
 to the Bar at Liuco-;i's Inn in 1821, 
 
 3p2 
 
948 
 
 WIGRAM— WILBERFORCE. 
 
 he attached himself to the Northern 
 Circuit. His reputation as a sound 
 lawyer caused him to be retained 
 in every case of importance tried 
 in Yorkshii-e, and soon brought 
 him an extensive practice. For 
 some years Mr. Wightman was 
 associated with Sir John Camp- 
 bell, attorney- general. In 1830 he 
 was ajspointed a commissioner to 
 enquire into the jDractice and pro- 
 ceedings in the Superior Coiu'ts of 
 Common Law, and in 1833 he was 
 also appointed one of the commis- 
 sioners for digesting the Criminal 
 Law. In 1841 he received the coif 
 and was raised to the Bench, and 
 at the same time the honour of 
 knighthood was conferred upon 
 him. 
 
 WIGRAM, Right Hon. Sib 
 James [1793 — 18GG], was the son of 
 Sir Robert Wigram, Bart., and was 
 born at Walthamstovv House, Essex. 
 He was educated at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he was fifth 
 Wrangler in 1815, was made Fellow 
 of his college in 1817, and took his 
 M.A. degree in 1818. He was 
 called to the Bar in 1819, and 
 attaching himself to the Court of 
 Chancery, practised there with 
 much success, and was made a K.C. 
 in 1834. He sat in Parliament as 
 member for Leominster for a few 
 months in 1841, but vacated his 
 seat on being raised to the Bench. 
 In the same year an act was passed 
 authorising the appointment of 
 two new judges to the Court of 
 Chancery, to be called Vice-Chan- 
 cellors, and Mr. Wigram was chosen 
 to fill (me of the vacancies. He 
 was knighted in Jan. following, 
 and sworn a member of the Privy 
 Council. He presided over his court 
 for nine years witli much success, 
 but was obliged to resign his post 
 in JS5() owing to ill-health. He was 
 the author of the treatises, " An 
 Examination of the Rules of Law 
 respecting the Admission of Ex- 
 trinsic Evidence in aid of the In- 
 terpretation of Wills," and of 
 ■*' Points in the Law of Discovery/' 
 
 WILBERFORCE, William 
 [1798 — 1879], was the eldest son of 
 the eminent philanthropist and 
 statesman. He received his early 
 education at home, and in due 
 course proceeded to Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. In 1823 he was called 
 to the Bar at the Middle Temple, 
 but after a few years he relinquished 
 the legal for a political career. At 
 the general election of 1837 he Avas 
 returned in the Conservative in- 
 terest as member for Kingston- 
 upon-Hull, though in the following 
 year he was unseated by a Parlia- 
 mentarv Election Committee, on 
 the ground of an alleged want of 
 qualification. At the next general 
 election, in July, 1811, he offered 
 himself as a candidate for Taunton, 
 and in the September following for 
 Bradford, but was unsuccessful on 
 both occasions. About 1854 he 
 entered the communion of the 
 Roman Church. 
 
 WILBERFORCE, Robert Isaac 
 [1800 — 1857], archdeacon of the 
 East Riding of Yorkshire, was the 
 second son of William Wilberforce, 
 the philanthropist and earnest ad- 
 vocate for the abolition of the slave 
 trade, and brother of the two fol- 
 lowing. He was educated at Oriel 
 College, Oxford, of which he be- 
 came a Fellow, and in 1810 became 
 vicar of Burton Agnes, in York- 
 shire. Shortly after he was made 
 Archdeacon of the East Riding. 
 He was keenly interested in the 
 Tractarian movement, and wrote 
 among other things " Church Disci- 
 pline and Ecclesiastical Courts," 
 " Doctrineof Holy Baptism." " Doc- 
 trine of the Eucharist," kc. In 
 1850, like two of his Itrothers, he 
 joined the Cliurch of Rome, and 
 died at that place while waiting, by 
 command of the Pope, to take holy 
 orders, 
 
 WILBERFORCE, Henby Wil- 
 liam [ 1809 — 1873], youngest son 
 of William WilV)orfoice, and bro- 
 ther of the Bishop of Winches- 
 ter, was educated at Oriel < 'ollege, 
 Oxford^ where he graduated iu 
 
WILBEEFOECE— WILDE. 
 
 949 
 
 1830, takinn^ a first class in classics, 
 a second in mathematics, and he 
 gained the EUerton and Denyer 
 prize essays. Having taken orders, 
 he married the second surviving 
 daughter of the late Kev. John 
 Sargent, of Lavington, and became 
 incumbent of Bransgrove, in the 
 New Forest ; was incumbent of 
 AValmer, Kent, in 18 U ; became, in 
 18 13, vicar of East Farleigh, Kent, 
 which benefice he resigned in 
 1850 on joining the Koman Catholic 
 Church. He published an " Essay 
 on the Parochial System," in 
 1838, and was for several years 
 proprietor and editor of the Weekly 
 Register. 
 
 WILBERFOECE, Samuel, for 
 iipAvards of a quarter of a century 
 Bishop successively of Oxford and 
 Winchester, was born at Broome- 
 field House, ClajDham, Sept. 7, 1S05, 
 and was the third son of William 
 Wilberforce, the famous advocate 
 of negro emancipation. Samuel 
 was sent to school at Edgbas- 
 ton, near Birmingham, and in 
 due course entered Oriel College, 
 Oxford, and in Michaelmas Term, 
 1826, obtained a second in classics, 
 and first in mathematics. In 1828 
 he was ordained and became curate 
 of Checkendon, between Henley 
 and Eeadiug, but two years later 
 was appointed to the living of 
 Brightstone in the Isle of Wight. 
 In 1841 he was promoted rector of 
 Alverstoke, near Gosport, and was 
 Bampton Lecturer of that year ; he 
 had already been api^ointed to the 
 archdeaconry of Sui-rey, to which 
 was attached a canoni-y in Win- 
 chester Cathedral. In 1813 he was 
 nominated one of the chaplains to the 
 Prince Consort. Preferments were 
 now showered thickly on Archdea- 
 con Wilberforce. In 1844 he was 
 appointed sub-almoner to the Queen, 
 Dean of Westminster in 1815, and 
 on St. Andrew's Day in the same 
 year was consecrated Bishop of 
 Oxford, to which, at that time, was 
 joined the rectory of Cuddesdon. 
 He held the see of Oxford for 
 
 nearly a cpiarter of a century, and 
 proved himself during that period 
 most zealous and active, not only 
 in his see, but in the Upper House 
 of Convocation, and in the House 
 of Lords. He was regarded for 
 some years as a leader of the High 
 Church party, and was at first 
 bitterly opposed by many of the 
 Evangelicals. He was greatly, and 
 in the end generally, beloved in his 
 <liocese, where he worked inde- 
 fatigably, preaching on behalf of 
 societies, improving the schools, 
 and, as rector of Cuddesdon, estab- 
 lishing a training college for young 
 clergymen. He soon made his 
 presence felt in the House of Lords 
 by his speeches on subjects more or 
 less connected with the Church, 
 such as the religious education of 
 the young, the admission of Jews 
 into Parliament, the Deceased 
 Wife's Sister Bill, and the revival 
 of the powers of Convocation. He 
 also took an active interest in the 
 subject of Free Trade, and was re- 
 monstrated with by some of his lay 
 colleagues for his courageous advo- 
 cacy of the repeal of the Corn Laws 
 (1816). The part he took with 
 regard to the nomination of Dr. 
 Hampden to the bishopric of Here- 
 ford (1817) excited some bitter 
 controversy. It was in 1869, after 
 twenty-four j'ears ardent labour 
 in the diocese of Oxford, that 
 he was translated to the See of 
 Winchester. Bishop Wilberforce 
 was an eloquent and persuasive 
 preacher and speaker rather than a 
 learned divine, yet he will be re- 
 membered as the author of "A His- 
 tory of the Episcopal Church in 
 America," and of several charming 
 religious allegories, the most popu- 
 lar of which are "Agathos," and 
 "The Eocky Island." He was 
 killed by a fall from his horse while 
 riding with Earl Granville near 
 Dorking, July 19, 1873. Together 
 with his brother Eobert, he pub- 
 lished the " Life and Correspon- 
 dence" of their father. 
 
 WILDE, Sir Alfred T., K.C.B. 
 
050 
 
 WILDE— WILKIE. 
 
 [1819—1878], was the third son of 
 Mr, Edward Archer Wilde, bro- 
 ther of Lord* Penzance, and nephew 
 of Lord Chancellor Truro. Edu- 
 cated at Winchester, he obtained a 
 commission in the 19th Madras 
 Native Infantry in 1839, and served 
 with distinction through the dis- 
 turbances on the Malabar Coast in 
 1843. In 1853 he defeated a body 
 of Wasarees in a nij^ht attack- 
 made by them, and he received 
 the thanks of the Indian Govern- 
 ment both for this and again for 
 other services rendered by him 
 during" the great inundation of the 
 Indus in 1856. He also served 
 against the Belochees in 1857, and 
 throughout the mutiny, and took 
 part in the storming of Delhi, 
 and was severely wounded during 
 the siege of Lucknow. For his 
 services he received the thanks of 
 the Government, was made brevet 
 lieutenant-colonel, and nominated 
 a C.B. He also received the thanks 
 of the Chief Commissioner of the 
 Punjaub, and was publicly men- 
 tioned in Lord Clyde's dispatches. 
 He next, in command of the 1th 
 Punjaub Infantry, took jjart in the 
 expedition against the Myroud 
 Wasarees in ISGO. In 1802-3 he had 
 a prominent share in the expeditions 
 undertaken against the Sitanha and 
 Mundee fanatics. In 1808, with 
 the rank of major-general, he was 
 appointed to the command of the 
 Hazara Field Force in the Black 
 Mountain Campaign. During 18(19 
 and 1870 he acted as military secre- 
 tary to the govern(.»r of Madras, 
 and was promoted to lieutenant- 
 general in 1877. He was made a 
 K.C.B. in 18()<), and a Comi)anion 
 of the Star of India in 1S0«3. In 
 1877 he was elected a member of 
 the Indian Council. 
 
 WIJjDE, Sir William Robert 
 Wills, Knt., M.1v.(!.S.I., was the 
 bon of Dr. Wilde of Castlorea, Ros- 
 eomnion.and receiv(Ml liis eilucation 
 at Trinity College, Dnlilin. Having 
 completed his medical studies, he 
 settled in the Irish capital, and 
 
 soon gained a foremost position in 
 the special departments of ophthal- 
 mic and aural surgery. In 1811 he 
 was appointed a census commis- 
 sioner, and in 18(3 1 he was knighted. 
 Sir William Wilde was the founder 
 of St. Mark's Ophthalmic Hospital, 
 Dublin. He was Surgeon-Oculist 
 in Ordinary to Her Majesty in 
 Ireland, Chevalier of the Swedish 
 Linnean Order of the Polish Star, 
 Vice-President of the Royal Irish 
 Academy, and associate of several 
 European learned societies. He 
 was also the author of numerous 
 works which are much esteemed 
 and well known, and among which 
 may be mentioned " Practical 
 Observations on Aural Surgery " 
 (1853), "Ireland Past and Pre- 
 sent " (1864), and a " Memoir of Be- 
 ranger," which appeared in 1880, 
 the latter part being written by 
 Lady Wilde. In 1851 he married 
 Jane Francesca Elgee, who, under 
 ^ the name of " Speranza," has 
 written much in verse and 
 prose. 
 
 WILKIE, Sir David, Knt.,R.A., 
 was the son of the minister of Cults, 
 in Fifeshire, where he was born 
 Nov. 18th, 1785. When fourteen 
 years old he was placed in the 
 Trustees' Academy in Edinburgh, 
 and in 1803 he gained the prize for 
 the best painting of " Calisto in 
 the Bath of Diana." Two years 
 later he went to London and entered 
 the Academy schools. In the next 
 spring (1806) the exhibition of his 
 " Village Politieians " attracted 
 general notice, and from this time 
 each succeeding work added to his 
 populnrity. His next picture, " The 
 Blind Fithller." now in the National 
 Gallery, was a commission for JioO; 
 "Rent Day" sold for .4;31p, and in 
 1809 he was elected A.R.A. Two 
 years later he was made Acadi'- 
 mician. and in 1812 exhibited 
 twenty-nine of his paintings and 
 .ski'tehes in a private gallery in 
 Tall INlall. and it w:is luM-e that his 
 famous " Village Festival." now in 
 the National Gallery, first appeared. 
 
WILKIXS. 
 
 951 
 
 Amon^ other noted works of his . 
 earlv and most popular period are 
 " KeadinjTthe Will," 1820 ; "Read- 
 ing the Gazette of the Battle of 
 AVaterloo," 1822 ; and " The Parish 
 Beadle," 1823. In 1825 his health 
 failed, and he made a Continental 
 tour for three years. The works of 
 the old masters, which he studied ' 
 during that period of rest, and | 
 especially the manner of Con-eggio, : 
 Rembrandt, an<l Velasquez, exer- i 
 cised a great influence on his style : ■ 
 his earlier works had been exclu- \ 
 sively genre subjects executed with 
 minute care, but after his return 
 he is seen chiefly as a painter of 
 history and jDortrait, rendered in 
 a larger and bolder manner. His 
 best-known pictiu-e of this second 
 l^eriod is "John Knox Preaching," 
 exliibited in 1S32, and now in the 
 National Gallerv. In 1S30, on the 
 death of Lawrence, he was appointed 
 Painter in Ordinary to the King, 
 and retained that post under Wil- 
 liam IV. (by whom he was knighted 
 iu 1836), and Queen Victoria, who 
 commissioned him to paint her fii'st 
 council, a work which cannot rank 
 as one of his masterpieces. In the 
 autumn of 18-10 he set out on an 
 Eastern tour, visiting Constantin- 
 ople, the Holy Land, and E gy pt . He 
 'complained of illness while still at 
 Alexandria, and died on board a 
 steamer off Gibraltar, June 1st, 1841 ; 
 on the same evening his bodv was 
 committed to the deep. During his 
 lifetime Wilkie exhibited only 112 
 works, and 100 of these appeared 
 in the Academy : but 130 of his 
 paintings were exhibited with the 
 " Old Masters " exhibition held by 
 the British Institution in 1842. A 
 complete list of his woi'ks, their 
 dates, and the prices received for 
 them, is given in his " Life," by 
 Allan Cunningham (1843). Other 
 biographical notices are " Life and 
 Works of Sir David Wilkie," Mrs. 
 Heaton: "Illustrated biographies 
 of Great Artists: Wilkie,^' J. W. 
 Mollett ; " Life," A. Simpson ; and 
 ' Memoir," A. Eaimbach. Wilkie's 
 
 works are very widely known 
 through the engravings of Eaim- 
 bach and Burnet, and many of his 
 mastei-pieces are in the Public Gal- 
 leries. In the National Gallery are 
 " The Blind Fiddler " (1807), "The 
 Village Festival" (1811), "The 
 Bagpiper" (1813), "The Parish 
 Beadle" (1822), "Woody Land- 
 scape" (1822), '.'Newsmongers" 
 (1821), " The First Earring" (1835), 
 and "John Knox" (1S32). In the 
 South Kensington Galleries : " The 
 Broken Jar" (1816), "The Refusal" 
 (1814), and a number of sketches 
 and studies. " Blind Man's Buff" 
 (1813) is in Buckingham Palace, 
 tind the original sketch for it in the 
 National Gallery. There is a por- 
 trait of himself in the National 
 Portrait Gallerv. 
 
 WILKINS. William, E.A. [1778 
 — 1839], Professor of Architecture 
 in the Eoyal Academy, was the son 
 of a builder at Norwich, where he 
 was born, and received his educa- 
 tion at the Free Grammar School 
 there. He went to Cambridge in 
 1706 as a scholar of Caius and Gon- 
 ville Colleges, and in ISOl, having 
 gained a travelling fellowship, he 
 passed four years in Greece and 
 Italy studying the architecture of 
 those countries. On his return he 
 was appointed architect of Do"«Tiing 
 College, and was engaged on several 
 of the University buildings. He 
 first exhibited at the Eoval Aca- 
 demy in 1820 a design for the new 
 buildings, Cambridge, including 
 the additionsto King's College, and 
 the Fitzwilliam Museum. He was 
 made A. E.A. in 1825, and E.A. in 
 the following year. In 1837 he 
 succeeded Sir John Soane as Pro- 
 fessor of Architecture in the Aca- 
 demy, but he never delivered any 
 lectures. Among his chief public 
 buildings are the University Club 
 in Pall Mall, which he built in as- 
 sociation with Gandy Deering, 1826 ; 
 St. George's Hospital, which he re- 
 built ; University College, in Gower 
 Street, of which he only completed 
 the centre, the wings remaining 
 
952 
 
 WILKINSON— WILLIAMS. 
 
 iinSiisaed ; the National Gallery, 
 Trafalgar Square ; the East India 
 Company's College at Haileybury ; 
 Downing Coiiege, Cambridge, which 
 however he did not live to complete ; 
 and Corpus Christi College. He 
 was well known also as a writer, 
 and among other works was the 
 author of the "Antiquities of Magna 
 Griecia;'' "Civil Architecture of 
 Vitruvius ; " and " Atheniensia, or 
 Eemarks on the Buildings and An- 
 tiquities of Athens/' 
 
 WILKINSON, Sir John Gard- 
 ner, D.C.L., F.R.S. [1797—1875], 
 son of the Rev. John Wilkinson, of 
 Haxendale, Westmoreland, was 
 educated at Harrow and at Exeter 
 College, Oxford. During a pro- 
 longed residence in Egypt, he de- 
 voted himself to the study of the 
 ancient history and the architectu- 
 ral remains of that country, with a 
 zeal and industry of Avhich he later 
 gave the most convincing proofs. 
 He wrote several important works, 
 admirably illustratecl, on Egyptian 
 Antiquities, and was knighted in 
 1839 in reward of his valuable con- 
 tributions to archaeological litera- 
 ture. Amongst his numerous works 
 noay be mentioned, " Manners and 
 Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, 
 derived from a Comparison of the 
 Painting, Sculpture, and Monu- 
 ments still existing, with the 
 Accounts of Ancient Authors,'" j^ub- 
 lished in 1837-11; "History of 
 Modern Egypt and Thebes," in 
 18 ll ; " Dalmatia and Montenegro, 
 with a Journey to Mostar, in Herze- 
 govina, and Remarks on the 
 Slavonic Nations/' in 1818; and 
 "Egyptians in the Time of the 
 Pharaohs," in 1S57. He assisted 
 the Rev. G. Rawlinson in his new 
 translation of " Herodotus." In 
 187 1 he presented to the Governors 
 of Harrow School his collection of 
 coins, in numljor about 1000. lie 
 had previously given to the same 
 body (for the puriDose of founding 
 a Museum at the school), his large 
 and valualde collection of lOgyptian, 
 Greek, and other antiquities. 
 
 WILLES, Sir James Shaw, one 
 of the Judges of the Court of Com- 
 mon Pleas, son of a physician of 
 Cork, born in IS 14, was educated 
 at Trinity College, Dublin, where 
 he took honours and graduated 
 B.A. in 1836, and LL.D. in 1860. 
 He was called to the Bar by the 
 Inner Temple in 1810, went the 
 Home Circuit, and had a large 
 business as a "leading junior." In 
 1819 he edited, with Sir H. S. Keat- 
 ing, the well-known legal work, 
 " Smith's Leading Cases ; " in 1850 
 was appointed a Commissioner of 
 Common Law Procedure, and as- 
 sisted in drawing the Common Law 
 Procedure Acts of 1852, 1851, and 
 1860, founded on the Report of the 
 Commissioners. These Acts were 
 of much use, and they still regulate 
 the practice of the courts. In 1855, 
 when a vacancy occurred among 
 the judges of the Court of Common 
 Pleas, he was raised to the Bench, 
 and received the honour of knight- 
 hood. During the seventeen years 
 that he sat upon the bench, he gained 
 the respect and fi'iendshij) of his 
 Ijrethren on the bench and at the 
 Bar, and had fcAv equals in common 
 law, esjDecially in commercial and 
 marine law. He was one of the fii'st 
 judges appointed under the Act to 
 try election petitions. He had been, 
 suffering from low spirits con- 
 sequent on ill-health for some 
 months, when, on Oct. 2, 1872, he 
 committed suicide at his house near 
 Watford, Herts. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Sir Charles James 
 Watkin [182S— 1881], a Justice of 
 the High Court, Queen's Bench 
 Division, was the eldest son of the 
 Rev. Peter Williams, rector of 
 Llansannan, Deultighshire. He was 
 educated at the grammar school at 
 Ruthin, at St. Mary's Hall. Oxford, 
 and at the London University. He 
 studied mediciiu' under Mr. Erich- 
 sen, afterwards President of the 
 College of Surgeons, but finally 
 relinciuished that profession, and 
 eutiTcd as a law student at the 
 Inner Temi)le in 1851. Throe years 
 
WILLIAMS. 
 
 953 
 
 later he was called to the Bar, and 
 practised as a special pleader, wrote 
 a useful work on pleading and pro- 
 cedure, 185G, and soon got into 
 good practice. He went the Home 
 Circuit, afterwards the South 
 Eastern, and was made a Bencher 
 in 1873. He was returned to Par- 
 liament about that time for the 
 constituency of the Denbigh dis- 
 trict in the Liberal interest, and 
 sat for that group of towns from 
 1868 to 1880, when he was for a few 
 months member for the county of 
 Carnarvon. He was made a judge 
 in 1880, and at once became the 
 advocate before the Council of 
 Judges of the change which was 
 subsequently made in the direction 
 of simplifying the court by abolish- 
 ing the distinction between Queen's 
 Bench, Common Pleas, and Exche- 
 quer. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Right Hon. Sir E. 
 Vaughan, P.C. [1798—1875], was 
 the son of Mr. Serjeant John Wil- 
 liams. Educated at Westminster 
 and Trinity College, Cambridge, he 
 was called to the Bar at Lincoln's 
 Inn in 1823, and went the South 
 Wales and Chester Circuits. In 
 1816 he was raised to the Bench as 
 one of the puisne judges of the 
 Court of Common Pleas, receiving 
 at the same time the honour of 
 knighthood. He retired from his 
 judicial position in 1865, and was 
 then sworn a Privy Councillor. 
 He was the author of a " Treatise 
 on the Law of Executors," and of 
 several other legal works. 
 
 WILLIAMS, The Rev. George, 
 B.D. [181 1—1878], a learned autho- 
 rity on architecture, was educated 
 on the foundation at Eton College, 
 and at King's College, Cambridge, 
 where he became a Fellow in 1836, 
 graduated B.A. in 1837, and M.A. 
 in 1840. Having been ordained in 
 1837, he went as chaplain to Bishop 
 Alexander, at Jerusalem in 1811, 
 and held the appointment until 
 1843. He was nominated to the 
 Wardenship of St. Columba's Col- 
 lege in 1850, retired in 1855, and 
 
 was chosen Vice-Provost of King's 
 in 1851, 1855, and 1856. He wrote 
 a " History of the Holy City: No- 
 tices of Jerusalem," published in 
 1815, of which an enlarged edition, 
 under the title "Holy City, and 
 Architecture of the Holy Sepul- 
 chre," appeared in 1819. He pub- 
 lished in 1816 "Sermons preached 
 at Jerusalem, 1813-5," and contri- 
 buted many articles to Dr. W. 
 Smith's " Dictionai'y of Classical 
 Geography," several Journals of 
 Travels and Biographical Memoirs 
 to various periodicals, and several 
 Sermons. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Rev. Isaac, B.D. 
 [1802 — 1865], was educated at 
 Trinity College, Oxfoi-d, where he 
 took his B.A. degree in 1826, M.A. 
 1831, B.D. 1839, and was made a 
 Fellow of Trinity College in 1832. 
 He Avas ordained in 1831, and was 
 successively cui-ate of Windrush, 
 St. Mary the Virgin's, Oxford, and 
 Bisley. He took an active jDart 
 with Pusey, Newman, and Keble, 
 in the " Tractarian " movement, 
 and was the author of No. SO, 86, 
 and 87 of the " Tracts for the 
 Times." As a poet he was inclined 
 to be a follower of Keble, but, 
 nevertheless, struck out a distinct 
 line of his own. In 18 12 he was a 
 candidate together with Mr. Gar- 
 bett for the professorship of poetry 
 at Oxford, but was unsuccessful, 
 though his higher claims as a poet 
 were not disputed. Among his 
 works may be mentioned ''The 
 Cathedral " (1839), "Hymns Trans- 
 lated from the Persian Breviary " 
 (1839), " Thoughts in Past Years" 
 (1838), "The Baptistrv : or the Way 
 to Eternal Life" (1812), "The 
 Christian Scholar" (184-9), "The 
 Christian Seasons " — several vo- 
 lumes on the " Study of the Gos- 
 pels " (1841-50), "The Passion," 
 " The Resurrection," etc., and a 
 "Life of Robert Alfred Suckling." 
 He spent the last years of his life 
 at the village of Stinchcombe, near 
 Dursley, Gloucestershire, where he 
 died. 
 
954 
 
 WILLIAMS. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Rev. John [1811— 
 1862", born at Llangynhafei, Den- 
 bighshire, was educated at Jesus 
 College, OxTord. He was succes- 
 sively minister of the parishes of 
 Llanfawr, co. Denbigh, Nerquis, 
 Flintshire, Llanymowddwy, Merio- 
 nethshire, and a few months before 
 his death he wtis j^referred to the 
 rectory of Llanenddwyn. From an 
 early age he devoted much time 
 to the study of Welsh literature 
 and language, and usually officiated 
 as one of the examiners at the 
 Welsh college of Llandovery. He 
 was one of the founders of the 
 Cambrian Archaeological Associa- 
 tion in 1846, and edited its journal, 
 the " Archseologia Cambrensis," for 
 many years. He was also the editor I 
 of the " Cambrian Journal," pub- 
 lished under the auspices of the 
 Cambrian Institute, from its com- 
 mencement until his death. For 
 the series of works produced under 
 the direction of the Master of the 
 EoUs, Mr. Williams edited the 
 " Brut y Tywysogion ; or. The 
 Chronicle of the Prince of Wales," 
 and the " Annales Cambrise," both 
 published in 1800. He was the 
 author of several works on Welsh 
 Archaeology, the most important 
 being "The Ecclesiastical Antiqui- 
 ties of the Cymry," "An Account 
 of Valle Crucis Abbey," " Druidic 
 Stones," and " A Glossary of Terms 
 used for Articles of British Dress 
 and Armour." Besides translating 
 into Welsh several devotional works, 
 he Avrote many religious books in 
 the English language. 
 
 WILLIAMS, The Yen. John, 
 Archdeacon of Cardigan [1702 — 
 1858], was born at Ystradmeirig, 
 Cardiganshire, of which parish his 
 father was vicar. After c)l>taiiiing 
 a scholarship at Ludlow scliool he 
 proceeded to Jialliol College, Ox- 
 ford, where he was contemporary 
 with Dr. Arnold. For two y(>ars 
 he was a master at Wincliester, 
 and subsequently for four years at 
 Hyde Abbey School. He was then 
 presented witli tlu' living of Lam- 
 
 peter by the Bishop of St. David's, 
 where he remained until, by the 
 advice of Sir Walter Scott, he be- 
 came a candidate for the rectorship 
 of the Edinburgh Academy. He 
 Avas elected unanimously, and for 
 upwards of twenty years was most 
 successful as a teacher. On Sir 
 Walter Scott's death he read the 
 burial service over his remains at 
 Dry burgh Abbey. On leaving 
 Edinburgh he was made Arch- 
 deacon of Cai'digan. He was a 
 Greek scholar of some pretensions, 
 and was the author of several 
 works of research, among them, 
 " Homerus," " Gomer ; or a Brief 
 Analysis of the Language and 
 Knowledge of the Ancient Cvmry," 
 " Life of Julius Ceesar," " Life of 
 Alexander the Great," and " The 
 Geography of Ancient Asia." He 
 also published nuTuerous essays on 
 philosophical, philological, ethno- 
 logical, and archaeological subjects. 
 WILLIAMS, Sir John, Knt. 
 [1777—1846], a justice of the Court 
 of Queen's Bench, was born at 
 Bunbury, of which place his father 
 was rector. He was educated at 
 the Manchester Grammar School 
 and Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 of which he subsequently became a 
 Fellow. He was called to the Bar 
 at the Middle Temple in 1804, and 
 practised on the Northern Circuit. 
 After the trial of Queen Caroline, 
 in which he took a conspicuous 
 part as one of her Majesty's advo- 
 cates, he was returned in the Libe- 
 ral interest as member for Lincoln. 
 He suT)se(piently represented Win- 
 chelsea and llchester, and distin- 
 guished himself in the House by 
 his advocacy of Chancery Keform. 
 On the accession of William IV. he 
 was api)(>inted Attorney-Gfueral to 
 tlie Queen. In Fel»ruary, lb3 J, he 
 became one of the Barons of the 
 Exchequer, and a year later was 
 transferred to the Court of King's 
 Bencli, where he remained till his 
 death. 
 
 WILLIAMS. JcsHTA. Q.C. [1813 
 — I.SJSI], was called to the Bar at 
 
WILLIAMS. 
 
 955 
 
 Lincoln's Inn in 1838. He devoted | 
 most of his attention to Keal Pro- 
 perty Law, making a special feature ; 
 of that portion of it which relates 
 to commons, enclosures, and cop^-- 
 hold tenure. He was the author of 
 numerous lej^al works, the principal i 
 heino^ " Williams on the Law of 
 Real Propei'ty," and " Williams on 
 the Law of Personal Property," 
 which have passed through nu- 
 merous editions, one or the other 
 being issued afresh abnost every 
 year. He was Professor of the 
 Law of Eeal and Personal Pro- 
 perty to the Inns of Court, and in 
 that capacity delivered many lec- 
 tures on the subject. In 1SG5 he 
 was made a Q.C., and elected a 
 Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. 
 
 WILLIAMS, EiCHARD Dalton, 
 the Irish minor poet, known as 
 "Shamrock" of the Nation, was 
 born in Dublin, pi-obably on Oct. 
 8th, 1822, and while still a school- 
 boy began sending verses to the 
 Nation newspaper. He afterwards 
 came to Dublin to study medicine, 
 and took a somewhat prominent 
 part in the Toung Ireland agita- 
 tion. After the conviction of John 
 Mitchell, and the suppression of 
 The United Irishman, Williams and 
 O'Doherty started The Irish Tribune. 
 Before the sixth weekly issue, the 
 editors were arrested and tried, but 
 Williams was acquitted. In 1851 
 he emigrated to America, and com- 
 menced practice as a doctor in Xew 
 Orleans, but finallj' removed to 
 Thibodeaux, a post town in Louis- 
 iana, where he died July 5, 18G2. 
 His " Poems "' have been issued in 
 volume form by the proprietors of 
 the Nation. His " Memoir " formed 
 the subject of three articles in The 
 Irish Monthly of 1877 ; there is also 
 an account of his career in Sir C. 
 G. Duffv's Touiirj Ireland. 
 
 WILLIAMS, The Eev.Eowland, 
 D.D. ^1817 — 1870], son of a canon 
 of St. Asaph, born in Flintshire, 
 was educated as King's Scholar at 
 Eton, where he was Newcastle 
 scholar, proceeded thence to King's 
 
 College, Cambridge, and obtained 
 
 in his first year a University Scho- 
 larship. As a Fellow of King's, 
 he graduated in 18 U, was for eight 
 years Classical Tutor of his College, 
 became Vice-Principal and Profes- 
 sor of Hebrew at St. David's Col- 
 lege, Lampeter, and Chaplain to the 
 Bisliop of Llandaff in 1850. He 
 acted frequently at Eton and Cam- 
 bridge as Classical Examiner, for 
 the Tripos and other examinations. 
 In 18G3, he defended himself before 
 the Judicial Committee of the Privy 
 Council, against a charge of heresy 
 connected with his review of Bun- 
 sen's Biblical Eesearches in *' Es- 
 says and Ee views," and obtained 
 in Feb., 18Gt, a reversal of such 
 parts of the judgment of the Court 
 of Arches as had been unfavour- 
 able to him. He was the author 
 of "Eational Godliness after the 
 Mind of Christ," Sermons preached 
 by him at Lampeter and Cam- 
 bridge, at the latter as Select 
 Preacher, published in 1855. Hav- 
 ing been involved by this volume 
 in controversies which affected his 
 position at Lampeter, he accepted 
 in 1859, from King's College, the 
 Vicarage of Broad-Chalke, Wilts. 
 He wrote "Christianity and Hin- 
 duism Compared " (which is an ex- 
 pansion of the Muir Prize Essay), 
 published in 185G : " Christian Free- 
 dom in the Council of Jerusalem," 
 in 1S58 ; " Persecution for the Word 
 of God," in 18G2 ; a Critical Preface 
 to Desprez's *•' Daniel," in which 
 the positions of Dr. Pusey are 
 keenly controverted on philological 
 grounds, in 18G5 ; " Prophets of 
 Israel and Judah," being the first 
 volume of a revised edition of the 
 Hebrew Prophets, with historical 
 illustrations, in 18GG ; the "Eeview 
 of Bunsen " mentioned above ; a 
 review of a Charge of the Bishop 
 of Llandaff, a controversial letter 
 addressed to the Bishop of St. 
 David's ; a Critical Appendix on 
 his lordship's reply, several articles 
 on Welsh subjects in the Quarterly 
 Review, a Paper in the Archceologia 
 
93G 
 
 WILLIAMS— WILLIS. 
 
 Camhrensis on the Oblij^ations of 
 the Anglo-Saxon Church to British 
 Missionaries ; a Defence of the 
 Maynooth Grant ; poems, " Orestes," 
 an adaptation to English readers 
 of the " Eumenides" of ^schylus, 
 " Lays from the Cimbric Lyi-e," &c. 
 " His Life and Letters," edited by 
 his widow, apjjeared in 187i. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Admiral Sir 
 Thomas, G.C.B. [1761—1811], en- 
 tered the navy at an early age, was 
 made post in 1790, and commanded 
 successively the Otter, Hoop, Lizard, 
 Dcedalus, and Unicorn frigates, in 
 which he was actively engaged in 
 capturing the enemy's privateers. 
 In 1790, for his gallant conduct in 
 the capture of two large French 
 frigates and a corvette, which he 
 took, with the help of the Santa 
 Margarita, without losing a man, 
 he was knighted by George III. 
 Having seen much active service, 
 he was, during the Irish rebel- 
 lion of '98, put in command of 
 a Sfpiadron of frigates stationed 
 at the entrance of St. George's 
 Channel, and co-oi)erated with the 
 military force in their attack iipon 
 Wexford, destroying nearly 100 
 large boats and vessels which the 
 rebels had collected for their escape. 
 In 1801 he was appointed to the 
 Vanguard, of 7i guns, and after 
 the htattle of Copenliagcn sailed to 
 reinforce the fleet in the Baltic. 
 He was subse(|uently emi)loyed in 
 the blockade of Cadiz, and the 
 blockade of Ferrol, and in 1808 
 went with Sir John T. Duckworth 
 to the Wt'st Indies in pursuit cf a 
 French s(piadron, and in the same 
 year was ajipuinted a colonel of the 
 Koyal Marines. He was made rear- 
 ndmiral in 1809, and from that 
 time till 1811 lioistcd liis flag suc- 
 cessively in the North Sea, at 
 Lislxdi, and in the Clianncl Fh-et, 
 bi'iug tlicn api)ciint(.'tl Commaiider- 
 in-Chi«'l'at tlic Ndti'. He was made 
 vice-admiral 1811, admiral 1830, 
 nomiiiatiMl K.C.B. 1815, and G.C.B, 
 soun after. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Genkkal Sir Wil- 
 
 liam Fenwick. of Kars, Bart., 
 G.C.B. [1800—1883], bom at An- 
 napolis, Nova Scotia, was the son 
 of Thomas Williams, Commissary- 
 General and Barrack Master at 
 Halifax, Nova Scotia. He received 
 his military education at AVoolwich, 
 and in 1825 entered the Koyal Ar- 
 tillery. He attained the rank of 
 captain in 1840, from which year till 
 1813 he was emijloj'ed in Turkey as 
 British Commis.sioner at the «.onfer- 
 ences preceding the treaty signed at 
 Erzeroum in 1847. In 1848 he was 
 appointed British Commissioner for 
 the settlement of the Turco-Persian 
 boundary, and received the brevet 
 rank of colonel in that year for his 
 military and diplomatic services. 
 In 1852 he was nominated a C.B. 
 In 1851, while the British army 
 was at Varna, he was appointed 
 British Commissioner with the 
 Turkish forces in Asia Minor, and 
 in December of the following ye<ir 
 he received the local rank of briga- 
 dier-general. He was also created 
 a Pasha by the Sultan, being the 
 first Christian who had ever had 
 that title added to his own name 
 by Turkish orticial decree. For 
 his gallant defence of Kars against 
 the Kussians he was granted a 
 pension of i-1.0(K> a year for life, 
 and received tlu' humour of a baro- 
 netcy, the Turkish onler of the 
 Medjidie of the First Class, the 
 freedom of the City of London and 
 a sword, and the honorary degree 
 of D.C.L. from Oxford University. 
 In 185() he was made a K.C.B., and 
 promoted to G.C.B. in 1871. From 
 1S5G to 1S59 he was et)nnnandant 
 of the garrison at Woolwich ; was 
 then appointed to command the 
 British forces in Canadji. and in 
 l.S(j5 was nominated Lieutenant- 
 Governor of Nova Scotia. From 
 1870 to 1875 he was (.»overnor of 
 (Gibraltar. In 18S1 lie was made 
 Constable of the Tow er. 1 i\it resignetl 
 shortly after. Fri)m I85t; till 1859 
 he sat in Parliament as member for 
 Calne. 
 
 WILLIS. J. Walpolk [1793— 
 
WILLIS. 
 
 0'.^ 
 
 1877J, author of a well-known trea- 
 tise on " Equity Pleading," was 
 educato'l at the Charterhouse and 
 Trinity Hall, Cauibridy^e. In 1827 
 he was appointed a judije of the 
 Supreme Court of Upper Canada. 
 In consequence of a jud-^ment given 
 by him to the effect that certiin 
 political prisoners were illegally 
 detained in custody, the Governor 
 of Canada peremptorily dismissed 
 Mr. Willis from the Bench. He 
 appealed to the King in Council, 
 when it was decided that his judg- 
 ment was right, and he was rein- 
 stated in his office. Afterwards 
 Mr. Willis was sent to the West 
 Indies to adjust compensation 
 claims under the Slavery Emanci- 
 pation Act, and held other judicial 
 offices. He next went to Australia 
 as judge of the district of Victoria. 
 Here he Avas again dismissed by 
 the Governor in consequence of a 
 judgment given in 18 i3 against 
 the legality of the proceedings of 
 the Colonial Government with re- 
 gai'd to waste lands, Mr. Willis ap- 
 pealed to the Privy Council, and 
 was again successful, the Governor 
 being ordered to paj' damages and 
 costs. He did not, however, retui-n 
 to Australia, and retired from the 
 profession in 1852. 
 
 WILLIS, The Rev. Egbert, 
 F.R.S. [1800—1875], Jacksonian 
 Professor in the University of Cam- 
 bridge, born in London, was edu- 
 cated at Caius College, Cambridge, 
 where he graduated in honours in 
 182G, and was chosen Fellow of his 
 College. He early turned his at- 
 tention to the study of natural 
 philosophy', and read sevei-al very 
 clever papers before the Cambridge 
 Philosophical Society on the sub- 
 ject of acoustics, &c. He invented 
 the acoustic instrument called the 
 Lyophone, and several mechanical 
 instruments. He was made F.R.S. 
 in 1830, was one of the original 
 members of the British Association, 
 and in 1837 was appointed Jack- 
 sonian Professor of Natural and 
 Experimental Philosophy in the 
 
 University of Cambridge. As a 
 lecturer, chiefly on mechanics, sta- 
 tics, and dynamics, he had few 
 rivals, his style being clear and 
 concise, and his theoretical know- 
 ledge most profound. Besides his 
 lectures at the University, he de- 
 livered addresses before the Royal 
 Institution, the Royal Institute of 
 British Architects, at the meetings 
 of the Archooological Institute, and 
 at the School of Mines, where he 
 was appointed lecturer on applied 
 mechanics. The study of Archi- 
 tectural History, however, was the 
 one to which he was most devoted, 
 and his works are still consulted as 
 authorities on all matters connected 
 with the history of architecture. 
 Among his writings, the following 
 may be mentioned : " Remarks on 
 the Architecture of the Middle 
 Ages and of Italy" (1835), "Prin- 
 ciples of Mechanism" (1841), "Ar- 
 chitectural History of Canterbury 
 Cathedral " (1845), of "Winchester 
 Cathednil " (18 15), of " York Cathe- 
 dral," " Architectural History of 
 Glastonbury Abbey," <tc. 
 
 WILLIS) Dr. Robert [1779— 
 1878], a well-known physician, 
 graduated M.D. at Edinburgh in 
 1819, became a member of the 
 Royal College of Surgeons in 1823, 
 and a Licentiate of the Royal 
 College of Physicians in 1837. As 
 librarian to the College of Surgeons, 
 a post he held for about seventeen 
 years, he undertook the arrange- 
 ment of the college books, ll,00i> 
 in number, which were in great 
 confusion, and of which he pre- 
 pared a catalogue. He was the 
 author of a large number of valu- 
 able works, many of which were on 
 subjects connected with his profes- 
 sion, such as his translation of 
 Rogers's " Diseases ^of the Skin" 
 (1835), Wagner's "Elements of 
 Physiology"^ {ISU), "The Works 
 of W. Harvey" (1817), "Illus- 
 trations of Cutaneous Disease " 
 (1841), &c. He also wrote Lives of 
 Spinoza and Servetus. Dr. Willis 
 was a corresponding member of the 
 
958 
 
 WILLMOEE— WILLSHIRE. 
 
 Eoyal Academy of Science at Got- 
 tin<^en, the Imperial Society of 
 Physicians at Vienna, and the 
 National Institute at Washington, 
 U.S.A. 
 
 WILLMOEE, James Tibbitts, 
 A.E.A. [1800— 18G3], engraver, was 
 born near Handsworth, Stafford- 
 shire, where his father was a large 
 manufacturer. Having worked for 
 seven years under William Ead- 
 clyffe, an engraver, of Birmingham, 
 he came to London in 1823, and 
 worked for three years in Charles 
 Heath's studio, and then began to 
 work alone. He was chiefly dis- 
 tinguished for his beautiful repro- 
 ductions of Turner's works, among 
 which are "Ancient Italy," " Mer- 
 cury and Argus," " The Old Tenu'- 
 raire," &c. Among his other works 
 are " Crossing the Bridge," after 
 Landseer, "Wind against Tide," 
 after Stanfield, " Nearest Way in 
 Summer Time,'" after Creswick, &c. 
 He was elected A.E.A. in 1813. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY DE EEESBY, 
 Lord, Peter Egbert Drummond, 
 SECOND Lord Gv^ydtr [1782 — 
 1865], born in London, was the 
 eldest son of the first Lord Gwydyr, 
 and of Priscilla, 19th Baroness 
 Willoughby de Eresby. He was 
 educated at St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, and succeeded his 
 father as Baron Gwydyr in 1820, 
 and his mother as Baron Willoughljy 
 in 182S. On his marriage with the 
 Hon. dementia Sarah Drummond 
 he assumed, by royal licence, the 
 name of Drummond. Lord Wil- 
 loughby was Joint Hereditary Great 
 Chamberlain of England. In 1815 
 he was recognised by the House of 
 Lords as one of the co-lieirs to the 
 extinct barony of Wharton. He 
 was a Conservative, but took no 
 active part in politics. Lord and 
 Lady Willoughby were distin- 
 guished as leadi-rs of fashion, and 
 renowned for a splendid hospitality 
 which included ;iluiost every person 
 of distinction in Europe. 
 
 WILLS, William Henry [1810 
 — 1880], born at Plymouth, at an 
 
 early age devoted himself to lite- 
 rary pursuits, was one of the origi- 
 nators of Punch, and was afterwards 
 connected with the Messrs. Cham- 
 bers of Edinburgh, whose sister he 
 married. He was a member of the 
 original editorial staff of the Daily 
 Nexus. In 1850 he published all the 
 papers in the Spectator relating to 
 Sir Eoger de Coverley in a hand- 
 some and successful gift-book, il- 
 lustrated with engravings and 
 copious notes. In the same year 
 he joined Mr. Charles Dickens in 
 establishing Household Words, of 
 Avhich he was the working editor 
 and part proj^rietor ; as well as of 
 its successor All the Year Round. 
 Mr. Wills collected some of his 
 contributions in a separate volume, 
 entitled " Old Leaves gathered from 
 Household Words." 
 
 WILLS HIEE, General Sir 
 Thomas, Bart. [1789—1862], a 
 British general, was the eldest son 
 of Captain John Willshire, and was 
 born at Halifax, North America. 
 He was born with the regiment, in 
 which his father was paymaster, 
 and by an absurd abuse, which 
 obtained in those days, was en- 
 rolled an officer before he was five 
 years old, and was a lieutenant at 
 six. He was on active service in 
 the West Indies, and- in the expe- 
 dition of the Eio de la Plata, taking 
 part in the attack on Buenos Ayres 
 in 1807, after which he went to the 
 Peninsula. He was in the retreat 
 to Corunna, was at Walcheren 
 (1809), where he lost his father, 
 and in 1812 returned to Spain, and 
 took a distinguished jsart in the 
 assault of San Sebastian. His 
 brother John was there shot through 
 the lungs, and died. He was i>re- 
 sent at the passage of the Bidassoa, 
 and at the l)attl('s of Nivelle ami 
 Nive in 1813, for which he was 
 later promoted lieutenant-colonel. 
 He was sent to the frontiers of 
 Katfraria in 1818. where he was 
 employed as a road and bridge 
 maker, and built Fort Willshire. 
 Ills greatest service there, how- 
 
WILLSON— WILMOT. 
 
 959 
 
 ever, wiis the defeat and capture of 
 the Kaffir chief and prophet, Ma- 
 kanna, who was attacking Gi-ahauis- 
 town, and the acquisition of the 
 extensive territory between the 
 Keiskamma and Great Fish Rivers. 
 In 1822 he went to India, and 
 served against the Mahrattas, and 
 in 1827 was made lieutenant-colonel 
 in the 2ud Queen's Royals, which 
 he disciplined and brought into 
 such excellent order, that it was 
 frequently mentioned as a model 
 regiment. He was made C.B. in 
 1838, and a year later commanded, 
 under Sir John Keaue, throughout 
 the Afijhan campaign. He ren- 
 
 dered 
 
 distintruished service 
 
 very ^.. — „ 
 both at the siege of Grhuznee, where 
 he earned his K.C.B., and at the 
 taking of the forts of Khelat ( 1839), 
 where, in command of 1,000 men, 
 he defeated about three times that 
 numiber ; a feat for which he was 
 made a baronet, and received the 
 thanks of both Houses of Parlia- 
 ment. He was obliged to return 
 to England on account of ill-health 
 in 1840, and was appointed to the 
 command of Chatham, which he 
 held for five years, when he re- 
 signed on being made major-gene- 
 ral. After that he lived chiefly in 
 retirement, was made G.C.B. m 
 1861, and died suddenly in the fol- 
 lowing year. 
 
 "WILLSO^N, Isaac, was by pro- 
 fession a dentist, but devoted him- 
 self chiefly to the study of me- 
 chanics, in which he was keenly in- 
 terested. In Ills youth he invented 
 a power-loom for receiving the 
 cotton in a raw state and turning 
 it out a complete fabric. In conse- 
 quence of the then prevailing idea 
 that machinery diminished human 
 labour, he was obliged to cai-ry on 
 his work secretly, and he con- 
 structed his machine in a barn, but 
 his operations were discovered, and 
 his invention destroyed. His work- 
 shop was remarkable for the excel- 
 lence, beauty, and massiveness of 
 the machinery with which it was 
 filled. In Mr. Willson's opinion 
 
 everything could be turned to 
 account, and as a proof of this he 
 had constructed with the fragments 
 of broken needles and fish-hooks, a 
 screw sixteen feet long, four inches 
 thick, and weighing seven hundred- 
 weight. He died at Bath, Sept. 30, 
 1852. 
 
 WILMOT, Sir John Eardley, 
 1st Baronet [1771 — 18-i5], was 
 the son of John Eardley Wilmot, 
 Esq., M.P. for Coventry, and grand- 
 son of Sir Eardley Wilmot, Chief Jus- 
 tice of the Court of Common Pleas. 
 He was educated at Harrow, and 
 was called to the bar at Lincoln's 
 Inn in 1801. For several years he 
 went on the Midland Circuit, but 
 in 1808 he quitted the bar and 
 retired to his seat in Warwickshire. 
 In 1821 he was created a baronet, 
 as a reward for the public services of 
 his gi-andfiither. In 1832 he was 
 elected M.P. for the Xorthern 
 Division of Warwickshire, which 
 he continued to represent until 
 1813, when, on account of his expe- 
 rience in criminal law he was 
 offered the governorship of Van 
 Diemen's Land, then a great con- 
 vict settlement. He was recalled 
 in 1846, but died suddenlv before 
 he could embark for England. 
 
 WILMOT, The Hon. Lemuel 
 Allen, D.C.L., Lieutenant-Gover- 
 nor of the Province of Xew Bruns- 
 wick, was a son of William Wilmot, 
 Esq., of Sunbury, N.B., where he 
 was bom in 1809. He was educated 
 at the Grammar School and at 
 King's College, Fredericton, and 
 was called to the Bar in 1832. He 
 was made a Q.C. in 1838, appointed 
 a Puisne Judge of the Supreme 
 Court of the Province in 1851, and 
 in 1868 was appointed Lieutenant- 
 Governor of New Brunswick, an 
 office he held till 1873, when he re- 
 ceived his pension as a retired 
 judge. He entered the Xew Bruns- 
 wick Assembly in 1^34, where he 
 soon took a prominent position, 
 becoming ultimately the leader of 
 the Liberal Party in Xew Bruns-' 
 wick. Froni 1813 to 1845 he held 
 
960 
 
 WILMOT— WILSON. 
 
 a seat in the Government of the 
 Province, without Portfolio, and in 
 18 IS, on the formation of a new 
 administration, held the office of 
 attorney-general. He was sent on 
 several special missions to England 
 and Washington, and received the 
 thanks of the Assembly for his suc- 
 cessful conduct of business. He 
 died at Fredericton, New Bruns- 
 wick, May 20, 1878. 
 
 WILMOT, The Hon. Egbert 
 Duncan [1809—1878], born at Fre- 
 dericton, New Brunswick, and edu- 
 cated at St. John's, New Brunswick, 
 was appointed a Delegate for effect- 
 ing the Confederation of the Pro- 
 vinces of North British America. 
 He was elected member of Legisla- 
 tion of New Brunswick in 18 IG, was 
 member of the Executive Govern- 
 ment and Surveyor-General from 
 1851 till 185 1 ; Provincial Secretary 
 and member of Government in 1850 
 and 1857, and member of Govern- 
 ment after change of Administra- 
 tion in 1SG5 and 186G. The Hon. 
 R. Wilmot, who was the author of 
 several important papers on the 
 subject of the "Currency," which 
 have had an extensive circulation 
 on the other side of the Atlantic, 
 represented the province of New 
 Brunswick at the Council of Trade 
 held at Quebec in Sept., 18G5. He 
 was Mayor of St. John, and repre- 
 sented the city and county of St. 
 John in the Legislature for above 
 eighteen years. 
 
 WILSON,Lieut.-Gen. Sib Arch- 
 dale, Bart., G.C.B. [1803—1871], 
 was a son of the Eev. George Wil- 
 son, of Kirby Cane, Norfolk, Rector 
 of Didlington,and a cousin of Lord 
 Berners. Ho entered the service of 
 the East India Company in the 
 Bengal Artillery in 1819, served at 
 the capture of Bhurtpore (1825-0), 
 commanded the artillery with Bri- 
 gadier Wheeler's force in the Ju- 
 linder Dooab (1818-9), and in 1857 
 was advanced to brigadier com- 
 mandant of Bengal Artillery at 
 Moorut. It was Vjy a column under 
 his command that the first victory 
 
 over the mutineers in the open 
 field was won. On July 17, 1857, 
 consequent on the ill-health of Gen. 
 Keed, the command of the Delhi 
 Field Force was given to Sir Arch- 
 dale Wilson. At that time it only 
 numbered about 7,000 capable per- 
 sons, and was almost entirely with- 
 out siege artillery, while the 
 besieged town (Delhi) was under- 
 stood to be garrisoned by 30,000 
 fighting men, possessing plenty 
 of artillery and stores. With his 
 small force, however. Sir Archdale 
 held steadily to his position before 
 the city, till the siege train arrived 
 from the Punjaub, Sept. -1, when 
 the town was attacked and taken 
 SejDt. 20, 1857. In the following 
 year he commanded the Avhole of 
 the artillery at the siege of Luck- 
 now, and for his services received 
 the thanks of both Houses of Parlia- 
 ment, was nominated successivelv 
 C.B., K.C.B., and G.C.B. , received 
 a pension from the East India 
 Comjjany of <£ 1,000 a year, and was 
 created a baronet. He was suc- 
 ceeded in the baronetcy by his 
 nephew, Poland Knyvett Wilson. 
 
 WILSON, Andrew [1830— 1881\ 
 author of "The Abode of Snow,""" 
 was the eldest son of Dr. Wilson, 
 the well-known missionary and 
 orientalist. He commenced his 
 literary career as a writer for the 
 Bombay Times. On his return to 
 England he became connected with 
 BlackxvooiVs Magazine, to which 
 sometime later he contributed a 
 series of articles on Switzerland, 
 which attracted a good deal of 
 notice. In 1800 ho assumed edito- 
 rial control of the China Mail, and 
 accompanied the Pekin Expedition 
 to Tientsin. He travelled a great 
 deal in the south of China, and by 
 living among the natives gained an 
 extensive knowledge of the j^eople. 
 On this account he was commis- 
 sioned to write the history of the 
 Taiping Rebellion, a chronicle of 
 the deeds of Col. Gordon's " Ever 
 Victorious Army." About 1873 he 
 edited foi* ti short time the /S7ar o/ 
 
WILSON. 
 
 961 
 
 India and the Bombay Gazette. In 
 1874 he undertook the arduous 
 journey from Simla to Chinese 
 Thibet, and thence along the whole 
 line of the Western Hiinalayas. 
 Being unable to walk or mount a 
 horse he was carried the whole dis- 
 tance in a dandi. But no difliculty 
 or danger daunted him, and his 
 wanderings are most graphically 
 described in "The Abode of Snow." 
 
 WILSON, KiGHT Kev. Daniel, 
 D.D., Bishop of Calcutta [1778— 
 1858], was the son of a wealthy 
 Sjjitalfields silk manufacturer. In 
 early life he followed his father's 
 trade, but his mind receiving a 
 religious bias he went to Oxford 
 Avith a view of taking holy orders. 
 In 1803 he carried oft' the Chan- 
 cellor's prize for an English essay. 
 In 1801 he became assistant tutor 
 at St. Edmund's Hall, and from 
 1807 to 1812 was sole tutor and 
 vice-jDrincipal, and also curate of 
 Wotton. In 1812 he left Oxford 
 for St. John's Chapel, Bedford 
 Row, and in 1824 received the 
 vicarage of Islington. In 1832 
 he was appointed Bishop of Cal- 
 cutta, with episcopal jurisdiction 
 over the entire peninsula of Hin- 
 dostan and the island of Ceylon, 
 as well as over Australia, New Zea- 
 land, and Tasmania. He adminis- 
 tered the affairs of the diocese with 
 /eal and energy for twenty-five 
 years, and built the cathedral at 
 Calcutta. He was the author of 
 various Tracts, Expository Lee- i 
 tures. Letters, Sermons, &c., all of 
 them strongly "evangelical" in 
 tone. i 
 
 WILSON, Sir James Erasmus, ; 
 was born in 1809, studied anatomy ' 
 and medicine at London and Aber- I 
 deen, and became a member of the 
 Royal College of Surgeons in 1831. , 
 His aptitudes as a dissector were 
 early recognised as very great, and ^ 
 he was also gifted in an eminent 
 degree with the qualities of mind 
 and nerve and skill which make : 
 the successful operator. But Wil- 
 son's reputation was finally made 
 
 when he took up skin diseases* 
 The horrible cases of scrofula, 
 ana'mia, and blood poisoning which 
 he witnessed among the London 
 poor aroused his warm sympathies, 
 and doubtless his compassion moved 
 him to the study of this most pain- 
 ful and repulsive class of diseases. 
 Not content with studying such 
 cases as came under his notice 
 in this country Erasmus Wilson 
 visited the East, Switzerland, and 
 Italy, with an eye to the many 
 cutaneous disorders which afflict an 
 ill-fed peasantry. His success, both 
 in practice and as a writer, was very 
 great ; professional honours were 
 showered upon him ; he became 
 LL.D., F.R.S., Fellow by election 
 of the College of Surgeons, 1813, 
 member of council, 1870, president 
 in 1881, when he was knighted, 
 in consideration of his munificent 
 gifts for the support of hospitals 
 and the encoiu-agement of medical 
 study. He founded the Chair and 
 Museum of Dermatology in the 
 College of Surgeons (1869), and 
 also the Chair of Pathology in the 
 University of Aberdeen (1881), 
 erected the chapel and new wing 
 of Margate Infirmary (1880), built 
 the master's house at the Ej^som 
 Medical College ( 1872), and restored 
 the church of Swanscombe in Kent 
 (1873). It was he who paid for 
 the costly transport of the obelisk, 
 " Cleopatra's Needle," from Alex- 
 andria to London. His acts both 
 of public and private charity were 
 innumerable ; he amassed great 
 wealth by his books as well as his 
 practice, and went out of his way 
 to find out how his wealth might 
 serve others, giving time and money 
 with a real relish in doing good. 
 He died after a few days' illness, 
 Aug. 8, 188 1. 
 
 WILSON, GEORaE, M.D. [1818— 
 1859], author and professor, was 
 born in Edinburgh, and was edu- 
 cated at the high school of that 
 city. At an early age he was 
 apprenticed in the laboratory of 
 the Royal Infirmary, and at once 
 
 3 Q 
 
962 
 
 WILSON. 
 
 selected chemistry as his fa- 
 vourite pursuit. He took his 
 degree of ^gurgeon at Edinburgh 
 in 1837, and that of physician in 
 1839. In 1840 he began to lecture 
 on chemistry in the extra-academi- 
 cal school of Edinburgh, and in 
 1845 was appointed chemical lec- 
 turer in the School of Arts and to 
 the Veterinary College of that city. 
 In 1855 he was made Director of the 
 Industrial Museum of Scotland, 
 and later Eegius Professor of Tech- 
 nology in the Edinburgh Univer- 
 sity. Among other works he wrote 
 "An Elementary Treatise on Che- 
 mistry," " Electricity and the Elec- 
 tric Telegraph," "Researches on 
 Colour-Blindness," &c., and contri- 
 buted numerous papers, chiefly on 
 chemical subjects, to the scientific 
 journals of the day. 
 
 WILSON, Horace Hayman [1786 
 — 1860], Professor of Sanskrit at Ox- 
 ford, and one of the most thorough 
 scholars of his time, was born in 
 London. He studied medicine, and 
 went to Calcutta, in 1808, in the 
 East India Company's service, but 
 was attached to the Mint at Cal- 
 cutta, and afterwards became assay 
 master and secretary. In 1812 he 
 was elected secretary of the Asiatic 
 Society of Bengal, and in 1819 was 
 appointed on the commission to re- 
 model the Sanskrit college at 
 Benares. He was elected Boden 
 professor of Sanskrit at Oxford in 
 1833, and was appointed librarian 
 at the East India House, and 
 director of the Royal Asiatic 
 Society. In 1840 he published a 
 translation of the " Vishnus Pa- 
 rana," with copious notes and il- 
 lustrations. He was the author of 
 a grammar of the Sanskrit language, 
 u " History of British India from 
 1805 to 1835," "Specimens of the 
 Theatre of the Hindus, with Plays," 
 &c. Ho was president of the Nu- 
 mismatic and Philological Socie- 
 ties, and an honorary member of the 
 chief learned societies of Europe. 
 
 WILSON, KiaiiT Hon. James 
 [1805 — 18G0J, was born at Hawick, 
 
 in Eoxburgshire, where his father 
 was a woollen manufacturer. He 
 was educated at a Quaker school at 
 Ackworth, and atEarlscombe, with 
 the view of being a teacher, but 
 changing his mind, he was ap- 
 prenticed to a hatter at Hawick, 
 In 1824 he removed to London, 
 and commenced business for him- 
 self. After a prosperous career of 
 twelve years, Mr. Wilson made 
 large ventures in indigo, by which 
 he lost nearly all his capital. In 
 1839 he jjublished a pamphlet on 
 " The Influences of the Corn Laws," 
 and in 1840 another, on " The Fluc- 
 tuation of the CuiTcncy," and a 
 third, in 1843, on " The Budget." 
 The refusal of the Examiner to 
 print his contributions on econo- 
 mical and financial subjects, led to 
 the establishment of the Economist, 
 in 1843, which Mr. Wilson pro- 
 posed to sustain mainly by his own 
 exertions. Under his management 
 it came to be a recognised power in 
 the departments of trade and manu- 
 factures, as well as in the political 
 world. It advocated the repeal of 
 the Corn Laws, and discussed with 
 much ability other leading ques- 
 tions of the day. In 1817 Mr. 
 Wilson was returned to the House 
 of Commons as member for West- 
 bury, and in 1848 was appointed 
 Secretary to the Board of Control, 
 a situation which he held till tlie 
 breaking up of Lord Jolui Ivussell's 
 ministry. In 1852 he was again 
 returned for Westbury, and was 
 api^oiuted Financial Secretary to 
 the Treasury. At the general 
 election of 1857 he was returned 
 for Devonport, and in the following 
 year elected Vice-President of the 
 Board of Trade. In 1859 he was 
 sent to India as first financial 
 member of the Council, and during 
 his short tenure of oflice olYected 
 many important changes in the 
 manner of levying the native 
 income-tax. 
 
 WILSON, Professor John 
 [1785— 1854], "Christopher North." 
 was born at l^iisley, wliere bi^ 
 
WILSON. 
 
 963 
 
 father was a wealthy manufacturer. 
 He was educated at a school at 
 Glenorchy, and subsequently at the 
 universities of Glas^^ow and Oxford. 
 At Oxford he was distiuj^uished no 
 less for his literary attainments 
 than his fondness for athletic 
 sports. He was the best rider and 
 oarsman, and the most indefati- 
 gable walker among the students, 
 and frequently distinguished him- 
 self in the '* town and gown " 
 riots. On leaving college, he took 
 up his residence at Elleray, on 
 Lake Windermere, and soon be- 
 came intimate with Wordsworth, 
 Southey,Coleridge, and De Quincey . 
 In 1812 he published " The Isle of 
 Palms," a poem which had some 
 success. In 1815 he was called to the 
 Scottish bar, at which, however, he 
 never practised. He now removed 
 to the Scotch capital, and A^i-ote for 
 the Edinburgh Revieiv a criticism on 
 the 4th Canto of "Childe Harold." 
 In 1816 appeared his " City of the 
 Plague," a dramatic poem on the 
 great plague of London. He was 
 one of the chief contributors to 
 Blackwood's Magazine froui its com- 
 mencement in 1817, and to his tales, 
 criticisms, and essays, it soon came 
 to owe much of its success. In 1820, 
 chiefly through the influence of Sii- 
 Walter Scott, he was appointed to 
 the chair of Moral Philosophy in the 
 University of Edinburgh, then va- 
 cant by the death of Dr. Thomas 
 Brown. His election was due to his 
 strong Tory opinions and promising 
 genius, rather than to any special 
 works on metaphysics or philosophy 
 hitherto produced by him ; but he 
 threw himself into his lectures with 
 energy, and for thirty years ga- 
 thered large classes around him. In 
 1822 he published "Lights and Sha- 
 dows of Scottish Life," a collection 
 of tales ; " The Trials of I^largaret 
 Lyndsay," and " The Foresters," 
 next appeared ; but he acquii'ed 
 his greatest reputation as the chief 
 author of the series of dialogues 
 called "Xoctes AmbrosianjB," con- 
 tributed to BlaclciL-oodj between 1822 
 
 and 1835, under the pseudonym of 
 " Christopher North," which became 
 almost as widely known as Wil- 
 son's own proper name. They were 
 followe<l by a series, called " Dies 
 Boreales," which extended from 
 1836 to 1816, butwei-e less popular. 
 In 1812 he published a selection 
 from his contributions to Black- 
 wood, under the title of " Recrea- 
 tions of Christoi^her North." He 
 resigned his professorship in 1853, 
 on account of failing health. A 
 pension of ^200 a year was granted 
 
 , him by Lord John Eussell. For a 
 time he lived in retirement, at 
 
 I Lasswade, but died at Edinburgh, 
 April 3, 1854. 
 
 ' WILSON, John [1800—18-19], a 
 favourite Scotch singer, was born 
 in Edinburgh, and began his career 
 as a compositor, in Ballantyne's 
 office. He became a precentor in 
 the Kirk, and his fine voice having 
 attracted attention, he was advised 
 to study music, and first appeared 
 on the Edinburgh stage as Bertram, 
 in '•' Guy Mannering." His success 
 was complete, and brought him an 
 offer from the proj^rietors of Co vent 
 Garden Theatre, which he gladly 
 accepted, and first appeared in that 
 theatre Oct. 16, 1832, as Don Carlos, 
 in '• The Duenna." For a long 
 time he took the lead in the English 
 opera, and became a great favourite 
 with the London public, appearing 
 at all the principal metropolitan 
 theatres. Owing to the failure of 
 some of the first theatres he gave up 
 the stage, however, and commenced 
 a series of entertainments, illus- 
 trative of Scotch manners and 
 Scotch music, in which he was the 
 sole performei', and which became 
 extremely popular both in this 
 country and in the United States. 
 He posssesed a high tenor voice of 
 great sweetness, and could not be 
 
 i surpassed in his manner of singing 
 
 I the songs of his own country. He 
 
 i died suddenly at Quebec, of cholera, 
 after a few hours' illness, brought 
 
 [ on by cold while on a fishing ex- 
 
 , pedition. 
 
 .3q2 
 
90 i 
 
 WILSON— WINDHAM. 
 
 WILSON, Eev. John Mathias, 
 B.D. [181G— 1882], President of 
 Corpus Clu'isti College, Oxford, 
 and eome time W byte's Professor 
 of Moral Philosoi^liy, was for many 
 years one of the most influential 
 members of the University. Ho 
 was a staunch Lihei-al, and took a 
 leading" part in all the political 
 ao'itations which moved Oxford in 
 his time, especially in that which 
 led, in 1871, to the aholition of re- 
 ligious tests. In philosophy he 
 was a partisan of the English 
 school, that of Bacon, Locke, &c. ; 
 believing, like Pattison, that the 
 triumph of the opposite school al- 
 ways meant clerical domination in 
 Oxford. He wrote almost lo thing, 
 \)\\t his lectures and his informal 
 instruction had their efect. He 
 was long a member of the Hebdo- 
 madal Council, and for a time was 
 rector of Byfleet. 
 
 WILSON, General Sir Egbert 
 Thomas, Knight [1777 — 1849], 
 born in London, was the son of 
 Mr. Benjamin Wilson, a painter. 
 He was educated at Westminster 
 and Winchester, and intended for 
 the legal profession, but in 1793 
 went to Flanders as a volunteer, 
 and the following year obtained a 
 commission in the 15th Dragoons. 
 He was one of the eight officers 
 who by a daring act saved the 
 Emperor of Austria from being ta- 
 ken prisoner at Villiers-en-Couche, 
 and for this service received a 
 medal, and the Order of Maria 
 Theresa. He subsequently served 
 in Ireland during the rebellion of 
 179S, in Holland, the Brazils, and 
 at the Cape of Good Hope. He 
 next accompanied Lord Hutchinson 
 to the Continent on a secret mission. 
 In 1808 he raised the Lusitaninn 
 legion in Portugal, and afterwards 
 commanded a Spanish lirigade 
 under Wellington, and was in the 
 batth' of Talavera. From 1S12 to 
 181 !• he served as British military 
 correspondent at the head-quarters 
 of the Ku^sian and oi the allie<l 
 ttruiies, uud fur some time held 
 
 command of the Prussian Keserve. 
 In 1810 he visited Paris, and 
 assisted in effecting the escape of 
 Lavalette, for which he suffered 
 three months' imprisonment. For 
 his ojDcn disapjDroval of the course 
 pursued toward Queen Caroline, 
 he was dismissed from the army, 
 and deprived of all his orders. 
 After the death of George IV. he 
 was restored to his rank in the 
 army, in 1811 became a general, 
 and from 1812 was governor and 
 commander-in-chief of Gibraltar. 
 From 1818 till 1831 he represented 
 Southwark, in the Liberal interest. 
 He translated Regnier's " Cam- 
 paign in 1801, in the East and in 
 Egypt," and wrote a "History of 
 the British Expedition to Egj-^it," 
 " The Character and Composition 
 of the Russian Army," &c. 
 
 WINCHILSEA AND NOT- 
 TINGHAM, Right Hon. George 
 William Finch-Hatton, Tenth 
 Earl of [1791 — 1858], born at 
 Kirby, Northamptonshire, was the 
 eldest son of Mr. George Fineh- 
 Hatton, of Eastwell Park, Ashford, 
 Kent. He succeeded to the estates 
 and peerage on the death of his 
 cousin in 1820. In j^olitics he was 
 a steady Tory. He identified him- 
 self with the Orange party, and 
 violently assailed O'Connell and 
 the system of education jnirsued at 
 the College of Maynooth. He oc- 
 casionally took the chair at some 
 of the May Meetings, but the duel 
 
 «-■ r^ ' 
 
 which he fought with the Duke uf 
 Wellington on the occasion of the 
 change of opinions of the Premier 
 rt'garding the Roman Catholit; 
 question told against Lord AVin- 
 chilsea in the religious world. On 
 all other su]»jects he was equally 
 prejiuliced aiul equally vehement. 
 
 WINDHAM, Liei't.-Gen. Sir 
 Charles Ashe. K.C.B. [1810— 
 1870 1, was the son of Vice-Admiral 
 Windham, who assumed the name 
 of Winilham in lieu of that of 
 Lukin on succeeding to the Norfolk 
 ]>i<)i«'rtv of Ill's uiiele, the Ix'iuht 
 Hun. W. Windham, M.P. He en- 
 
WINDHAM. 
 
 065 
 
 tered the Coldstream Guards in 
 1826, became colonel in June. 1851, 
 and having seen active service in 
 Canada during the rebellion of 
 1837-9. was, on the breaking out of 
 the Russian war, appointed Assist- 
 ant Quartermaster-General to the 
 fourth division, and was promoted 
 by Gen. Simpson to the command 
 of a brigade of the second division. 
 He distinguished himself at the 
 battle of Inkermann, at the assault 
 on the Redan, and led the attack on 
 the Great Redan, Sept. 8, 1855, when 
 he stood nearly single-handed 
 against an overpowering force, 
 unwounded amid a shower of gi-ape 
 and musketry. For his gallantry 
 on this occasion he was promoted 
 to the rank of major-general, 
 created a C.B., appointed to the 
 command of the fourth division of 
 the army, made chief of the staff, 
 and after the caj^tiu'e of Sebastopol 
 was nominated Governor of the 
 suburb of Karabelnaia. Returning 
 to England after the conclusion of 
 peace, he was elected one of the 
 members in the Liberal interest for 
 East Norfolk, in March, 1857 
 the course of the same year 
 sent to India to aid in the suppres- 
 sion of the mutiny, and took an 
 active part in the campaign under 
 Lord Clyde, after which he was 
 appointed to the military command 
 at Lahore. He was made a K.C.B. 
 1865 ; was a lieut.-cren. in the 
 
 in 
 
 ; m 
 was 
 
 armv, and colonel of the 46th Regi- 
 ment ; I'eceived the Crimean medal 
 with four clasps, and was a com- 
 mander of the Legion of Honour. 
 The 1st class of the Military Order 
 of Savoy, the 2nd class of the 
 Medjidie, and the Indian medal 
 were conferred upon him. 
 
 WINDHAM, William Frede- 
 rick [1840 — 1866], whose notorious 
 " case " excited so much attention 
 in 1861, was the only son of Wil- 
 liam Howe Windham of Fellbrigg 
 Hall, Norfolk, who died in 1851, 
 leaving his brother. General Wind- 
 ham, and his widow. Lady Sophia, 
 
 guardians 
 
 of his son. On 
 
 coming 
 
 of age this son was entitled to Fell- 
 brigg Hall, with the park and tim- 
 ber and a rental therefrom of about 
 ij:3,100 per annum, reduced, how- 
 ever, by certain claims on the 
 estate to about ^1,300 a year. 
 There were other estates too which 
 wore not to come to him till 1869, 
 to allow of the paying off of certain 
 encumbrances upon the property. 
 These estates produced a nominal 
 income of <£9,Oi3L>, which in 1869, 
 however, would be about £ 1-,000 or 
 ^5,000 a year. The son had always 
 from his earliest years been of 
 rather weak intellect, and as he 
 grew older developed certain eccen- 
 tricities and vicious propensities, 
 which made him very unmanage- 
 ble. He was sent for a time to 
 Eton, and then j)ut under various 
 tutors, but never seemed to gain 
 much in the way of learning or 
 manners. He came of age Aug. 9, 
 1861, when he married a certain Miss 
 Agnes Willoughbv alias Rogers. 
 Soon after that his relations, 
 prompted thereto by his uncle and 
 guardian. General Windham, in- 
 stituted an enquiry into the state 
 of his mind, and the case was tried 
 in the Court of Exchequer, West- 
 minster, before Mr. Samuel War- 
 ren, Q.C., one of the masters in 
 Lunacy, and a special jury. It 
 began on Dec. 16, 1861, and lasted 
 thirty-four days, and after a mass 
 of conflicting evidence had been 
 gone through, the jury found that 
 Mr. Windham was of sound mind, 
 and capable of managing his own 
 affaii's. General Windham would 
 have benefited considerably by his 
 nephew's death, or if he had been 
 proved to be of unsound mind. 
 William Frederick Windham died 
 somewhat suddenly in London in 
 Feb., 1866, and at first gi-ave sus- 
 picions were entertained that he 
 had been improperly treated : the 
 post mortem showed, however, that 
 his death was the result of natural 
 causes. Some of his property would 
 in the ordinary course of events 
 
 V 
 
 have reverted to his wife and her 
 
966 
 
 WmO— WINK WORTH. 
 
 infant son, but as there were doubts 
 of the child's legitimacy, the greater 
 jDart of the estates came into the 
 hands of General Windham. 
 
 WING, Eev. Samuel, F.K.S., 
 F.S.A. [1771—1861], was educated 
 at Christ's College, Cambridge, 
 where he graduated in 1793. He 
 was ordained priest in 1800, and 
 eight years later was presented by 
 the governors of St. Bartholomew's 
 Hospital to the rectory of St. Bar- 
 tholomew-the-Less, which, with 
 the rectory of Inworth, near Kel- 
 vedon (1802), he held up to the 
 time of his death. He was a Fellow 
 of the Royal Society, and served in 
 due course the office of President 
 of Sion College. In 1819 he pub- 
 lished "Reflections concerning the 
 Expediency of a Council of the 
 Church of England and the Church 
 of Rome being holden with a View 
 to accommodate Religious Differ- 
 ences," a subject in which he took 
 a deep interest. The work called 
 forth an angry reply from Bishop 
 Burgess ; but Jerome, Count de 
 Salis. whom the subject greatly 
 interested, had it translated, at his 
 own expense, into most modern 
 EurojDean languages, and main- 
 tained, during his life, a strong 
 attachment for its author. He 
 was also the author of many other 
 works on the essential characteris- 
 tics of the Church of England. 
 
 WINK WORTH, Catherine, 
 the compiler of the " Lyra Ger- 
 manica," i)assed her early life at 
 Alderley-edge, near Manchester, 
 where she lived in close intimacy 
 with Mrs. Gaskell and the Mar- 
 tineau family. Her German labours 
 led to a life-long friendship with 
 Baron Bunsen and his family. She 
 became greatly interested in German 
 hymnology, and in 1S55 published 
 a series of hymns translated from 
 the German, which reached twenty- 
 three editions. A second sei-ies 
 appeared in 1858 ; a book of German 
 Chorales in 18G3, and the " Chris- 
 tian Singers of Germany " in 1809. 
 She also translated two biographies 
 
 of interest, " The Life of Miss 
 Sieveking," and that of " Pastor 
 Fliedner," the founder of the asso- 
 ciation of Protestant Deaconesses 
 at Kaiserwerth. During the latter 
 pai't of her life Miss WinkAvorth 
 resided at Clifton, where she 
 laboured zealously for the educa- 
 tional advancement of women. She 
 was honorary secretary of the Clifton 
 Association for the Higher Educa- 
 tion of Women, a governor of the 
 Cheltenham Ladies' College, and 
 of the Red Maids' School at Bristol, 
 and one of the chief promoters of 
 the Clifton High School for Girls. 
 In 1872 she accompanied Miss Car 
 penter and Miss Florence Hill to 
 Darmstadt as English delegates to 
 the German Conference on Women's 
 Work. Miss Winkworth died sud- 
 denly of heart disease at Monnetier, 
 near Geneva, on July 1, 1878. 
 
 WINKWORTH, Susanna, au- 
 thoress of "Niebuhr's Life and Let- 
 ters," the " Theologia Germanica," 
 &c., was the eldest daughter of 
 Mr. Henry Winkworth, of Man- 
 chester, and elder sister of the 
 preceding. She studied under the 
 Rev. W. Gaskell, and Dr. Mar- 
 tineau, and later, counted among 
 her friends the Hares, Maurice, 
 Charles Kingsley, the Rev. Canon 
 Perceval, and Baron Bunsen. The 
 latter thought so highly of her 
 intellectual powers that he en- 
 trusted to her the translation of 
 his " Signs of the Times," and his 
 " God in History." She translated 
 also the " History and Sermons of 
 Dr. John Tauler," completed the 
 " Life of Luther," begun by Arcli- 
 deacon Hare, and translated Pro- 
 fessor Max Miiller's " German 
 Lore." Miss Winkworth did a 
 great deal of i)ractieal work among 
 the poor, helping to provide better 
 dwellings for the labouring classes 
 in great cities, renting houses and 
 letting thom out in tenements, and 
 she formed the company which 
 built the well-known Jacob's Wells 
 industrial dwellings in a poor part 
 of Bristol, managing them till the 
 
WINSLOW— WINTERBOTHAM. 
 
 967 
 
 time of her death. She was a 
 Governor of the Red Maids' School 
 in Bristol, and a member of the 
 Council of Cheltenham Ladies' Col- 
 lege. She died at Clifton, Bristol, 
 Nov. 25. 18S1. 
 
 WINSLOW, Forbes, M.D., Hon., 
 D.C.L., Oxon [1810 — 1874], was 
 the youngest son of Capt. Thomas 
 Winslow, of the 47th liegt., which 
 greatly distinguished itself in the 
 Crimea. His mother had obtained 
 considerable celebrity in the reli- 
 gious world. Dr. Winslow was born 
 in London, educated in Scotland, 
 and afterwards at a private school 
 near Manchester. Manifesting an 
 early bias for the stiidy of medi- 
 cine, he commenced his professional 
 studies in New York, and continued 
 them on his I'eturn to England, 
 especially anatomy, surgery, and 
 physiology, under the celebrated 
 Mr. Carpue, and afterv/ards at the 
 University of London. After pas- 
 sing the College of Surgeons, in 
 1835, he graduated M.D. at Aber- 
 deen, and was soon afterwards 
 elected an Honorary Fellow of the 
 Royal College of Physicians of Edin- 
 burgh. Whilst acting as Vice- 
 President of the Medical Society of 
 London, he was appointed Lettso- 
 mian Professor of Medicine for 
 1851-2. Subsequently he was elected 
 President of the Medical Society 
 of London, a position he occu- 
 pied for a year. Dr. Winslow's 
 aptitude for the investigation of 
 diseases of the mind was early 
 developed. When a medical stu- 
 dent he joined the Westminster 
 Medical Society, and in 1830 read 
 to its members an elaborate paper 
 on the " Influence of the Mind upon 
 the Body in the Production and 
 Aggravation of Disease," which 
 was published in fuller detail in the 
 Gazette of Practical Medicine. In 
 the same year he read a paper on 
 the " Application of the Principles 
 of Phrenology to the Elucidation 
 of Insanity," and contributed a 
 series of papers to the Gazette of 
 Practical Medicine in 1831, on the 
 
 " Physiology and Pathology of the 
 Human Mind." and puVjlished a 
 paper in the Lancet, on " Softening 
 of the Brain," in 1832. He was in 
 early life on the staff of the Times 
 newspaper as a parliamentary re- 
 porter. In addition to the afore- 
 mentioned works he contributed 
 papers to the Pall Mall Gazette, 
 and wrote a work entitled the 
 "Anatomy of Suicide," published 
 1810; also a treatise, "On Obscure 
 Diseases of the Brain and Disorders 
 of the Mind," 18G0, a work which 
 passed through four editions in 
 the space of eight years ; also 
 "Light: its Influence on Life and 
 Health ; " and " Uncontrollable 
 Drunkenness considered as a form 
 of Mental Disorder." He origi- 
 nated the Journal of Psychological 
 Medicine, published quai'terly, 
 which he edited for sixteen years. 
 Dr. Winslow had a considerable 
 consultation practice in cases of 
 insanity, diseases of the brain, and 
 nervoiis system, and was frequently 
 consulted as an expert in medico- 
 legal cases. He was the sole pro- 
 prietor and non-resident director of 
 two large private lunatic asylums 
 for the upper classes, in the imme- 
 diate neighbourhood of London. 
 
 WINTERBOTHAM, Henry 
 Selfe Page [1837-1873], son of Mr. 
 Lindsey Winterbotham, a banker, 
 of Stroud, was educated at Amers- 
 ham School, Bucks, and at Univer- 
 sity College, London, where he 
 graduated with honours. In 1860 
 he was called to the Bar at Lin- 
 coln's Inn. In 1867 he entered 
 the House of Commons as Liberal 
 member for Stroud, and very quickly 
 made a decided mark as the repre- 
 sentative of the more intelligent 
 Nonconformists. A speech made by 
 him had great influence on the set- 
 tlement of the "Tests Abolition" 
 question at the Universities. In 1871 
 was appointed Under-Secretary of 
 State for the Home Department. 
 Close application to official duties 
 had undermined his health, and he 
 went to Italy for change of scene 
 
£^m 
 
 WISE— WISEMAN. 
 
 and rest, but after a drive in the 
 neighbourhood of Kome, on Dec. 12, 
 he was seized with a sudden illness, 
 and died in"a few hours, 
 
 WISE, William Furlong, C.B. 
 [1784—1844], Eear- Admiral of the 
 Blue, born near Kingsbridge, 
 Devonshire, entered the navy in 
 1797. He attained the rank of 
 lieutenant in 1804, was made a 
 commander of the Elk sloop of war 
 in 1805, and posted into the Media- 
 tor on the Jamaica station in May, 
 1806. In 1813 he Avas appointed to 
 the Granicus frigate, and in 1815 
 was engaged in the assault on 
 Algiers. For his services on that 
 occasion Captain Wise Avas nomi- 
 nated a C.B. in 1816. Two years 
 later he was despatched to Algiers 
 on a mission regarding the viola- 
 tion of a treaty. He was entirely 
 successful, and obtained 35,000 dol- 
 lars compensation. He continued 
 to be actively engaged until 1821, 
 when his ship, the Sjxirtan, was 
 paid off, and he attained the rank 
 of rear-admiral in 1811. 
 
 WISEM AiS^, Nicholas, Cardinal 
 [1802— 1865J , Koman Catholic Arch- 
 )nshop of Westminster, was the 
 son of Mr. James Wiseman, mer- 
 chant of Waterford and Seville, 
 and was born in the latter city. 
 His family was a very ancient one, 
 Avhich held estates in Essex in the 
 time of Edward IV. He was 
 brought to Englan'^. at an early 
 age and placed in St. Cuthbert's 
 College, at Ushaw, near Durham, 
 where he remained till 1818, when 
 he was removed to the English Col- 
 lege at Eome. There he was or- 
 dained a priest, and took his D.D. 
 degree in 1824, and was nominated 
 Professor of Oriental languages in 
 the Roman University, and rector 
 of the English College. He had 
 already attracted notice in the lite- 
 rary world by his work which aj)- 
 })eared in 1827 entitled " Horaj 
 Syriacce," taken principally from 
 Oriental MSS. in the Library of 
 the Vatican. He retiu-iicd to 
 Enghmd in 1835, and in the winter 
 
 of that year delivered a series of 
 lectures upon the leading doctrines 
 of the Catholic Chiirch at the 
 Sardinian chapel in Lincoln's Inn 
 Fields, and at St. Mary's, Moor- 
 fields. These lectures were fol- 
 lowed by a " Treatise on the Holy 
 Eucharist," which gave rise to a 
 controversy with Dr. Turton, Bishop 
 of Ely, and by " Lectures on the 
 Connection between Science and 
 Revealed Religion. In 1840 Pope 
 Gregory XVI. having increased the 
 vicars-apostolic in England from 
 four to eight. Dr. Wiseman was 
 appointed coadjutor to Bishop 
 Walsh, at that time vicar-apostolic 
 to the Midland District, and at the 
 same time he was made President 
 of St. Mary's College, Oscott, near 
 Birmingham. At this time he took 
 a deep interest in the Tractarian 
 movement at Oxford, w^hich he 
 zealously promoted. In 1848 Dr. 
 Wiseman was made Pro-Vicar- 
 Apostolic of the London District, 
 and in 1819 succeeded Bishop 
 Walsh as Vicar- Apostolic. In 
 Aug. 1850, he was summoned to 
 Rome by Pope Pius IX., who in 
 the following month issued an 
 "apostolical letter" re-establishing 
 the Roman Catholic hierarchy in 
 England, and by a " brief " ele- 
 vated Dr. Wiseman to the "Arch- 
 bishopric of Westminster." This 
 was the famous " Papal Aggres- 
 sion " which raised such a storm of 
 angry controversy in England, and 
 resulted in the Ecclesiastical Titles 
 Bill. Dr. Wiseman was at the same 
 time elected to the dignity of Cardi- 
 nal, being the seventh Englishman 
 who received that honour since the 
 Reformation. He was from the 
 first one of the chief contributors 
 to and joint-editor of the JJublin 
 Review, and was the author of 
 numerous pamphlets beaiing more 
 or less directly on the religious 
 controversies of his day. His 
 essays were reprinted in 3 vols. 
 Hvo, in 1853. Among his other 
 wi'itings may be mentioned his 
 " Lectures on the Connection be. 
 
WITHEHS— WOLFF. 
 
 969 
 
 tween Science and Revealed Reli- 
 gion," High Church Claims," 
 " Fabio^a," a tale, " The Four Last 
 Popes," &c. He frequently ap- 
 l)eared on the platt'orm as a pul>lic 
 lecturer on subjects connected with 
 history, art, education, and science. 
 He was a forei«^n member of the 
 Royal Society of Literature, and a 
 con*espondinj]f member of the Royal 
 Asiatic Society. His remains after 
 lying in state for some days in his 
 house in York Place, were buried 
 in the Roman Catholic cemetery at 
 Kensal Green. 
 
 WITHER S, Post-Captain 
 Thomas, R.N., entei*ed the service 
 in 1793, and joined Nelson in the 
 Agamemnon, which formed part of 
 Lord Hood's fleet at Toulon. In 
 1796 he commanded the division 
 Avhich boaixled the San Nicholas at 
 Cape St. Vincent. He served in 
 the expedition to Egypt in 1801, 
 and in 1803 was appointed to the 
 command of the expedition. He 
 was chiefly engaged in the Medi- 
 terranean until ISOo, when he was 
 transferred to the Transport Board, 
 and in that service received the 
 thanks of commanding officers who 
 benefited by his indefatigable exer- 
 tions. Post rank M-as bestowed 
 upon him in 1809. He was en- 
 gaged in the defence of Sicily in 
 1810, and from 1812 to 1814 was 
 chiefly employed on the east coast 
 of Spain. He died in Norfolk, 
 July 4, 1813, aged 73. 
 
 WOLFF, Rev. Joseph, D.D., 
 LL.D. [1795 — 1862], a missionary 
 to the Jews and traveller, was the 
 son of a Rabbi, and was born at 
 Weilei'sbach, near Bamberg. At 
 an early age he became inclined 
 to Roman Catholicism, and having 
 studied at Halle, Weimar, and 
 Bamberg, for a time travelled about 
 in South Germany, giving lessons in 
 Hebrew to sujjport himself, for his 
 friends and relatives refused to have 
 anything fui-ther to do with him, 
 after he was formally received into 
 the Church of Rome (1812). In the 
 following year he began the study 
 
 of Arabic, Syriac, and Chaldean at 
 the same time, attending theological 
 lectures in Vienna, where, among 
 his friends were I'rof. Jahn, Von 
 Hammer, Friedrich von Schlegel, 
 Theodore Horner, and Hoffbauer, 
 the genei-al of the Redemptorists. 
 From 1811 to 1810 he was at the Tu- 
 bingen University, studying chiefly 
 Oriental languages. In the latter 
 year he left for Rome, meeting on 
 his journey Zschokkr, Madame 
 Krudener, Pestalozzi, and Madame 
 de Statil. At Rome, through the 
 influence of the Prussian ambas- 
 sador, Niebuhr, he was presented 
 to Pope Pius VII., and then became 
 a pupil of the Collegio Romano, 
 and later of the Collegio Propa- 
 ganda. In 1818, however, his reli- 
 gious views being declared unstable, 
 he was expelled from Rome as a 
 recusant, and returning to Vienna 
 for a short time, was induced to 
 enter the monastery of the Redemp- 
 torists at Val-Saint near Fribourg. 
 He left that in 1819, came to 
 London to a friend of his, Mr. 
 Henry Drummond, M.P., joined 
 the Church of England, and went 
 to Cambridge to study Oriental 
 languages under Dr. Lee, and to 
 l^repare himself for missionary 
 work among the Jews. He began 
 his first missionary work in 1821, 
 visiting among other places Malta, 
 Alexandria, Mount Sinai, Jerusa- 
 lem — where he was the first mis- 
 sionary who preached to the Jews 
 in Jerusalem — Cyprus, Titiis, &c., 
 and returned to England in 1826. 
 In 1827 he married Lady Georgiana 
 Mary Walpole, daughter of the 
 second Earl of Orford, and soon 
 after started with his Avife on a 
 second missionary expedition. 
 Leaving his wife at Malta, he tra- 
 velled alone thi'ough Persia, Bok- 
 hara, India, and Egypt, returning 
 to England in 1831. Two years 
 later he went to Abyssinia, Arabia, 
 India, and the United States, and 
 at the latter place was ordained 
 deacon, and later priest, and took 
 his D.D. degree. He visited Bok- 
 
970 
 
 WOLSELEY— WOOD. 
 
 liara for a second time in 1S43, in 
 order, if possible, to effect tlie 
 liberation of the English Envoys, 
 Col. Stoddart and Capt. Conolly, 
 details of which are given in 
 "Journey to Bokhara.^' He 
 
 the 
 his 
 was 
 Isle 
 
 presented to the Vicarage of 
 
 Brewers, 
 
 Somersetshire, in 
 18i5, where he remained till his 
 death. His first wife died in 1859, 
 and he married again in 1861, 
 Louisa Decima, youngest daughter 
 of the Rev. James King, of Staunton 
 Park, Hereford. Among his writ- 
 ings may be mentioned, " Travels 
 and Adventures of the Rev. Joseph 
 Wolff, D.jy." (1860-61), "Journal 
 of Missionary Labours" (1827-38), 
 " Autobiography," &c. His son, is 
 the well-known Sir H. Drummond 
 Wolff', M.P. 
 
 W^OLSELEY, Sir Charles, 
 Seventh Baronet [1769 — 1846], 
 was the eldest son of Sir William 
 Wolseley, the sixth Baronet, whom 
 he succeeded in 1817. His family 
 seat being in the neighbourhood of 
 Birmingham, he was induced to 
 place himself at the head of the re- 
 formers of that place, and of the 
 organised unions which ultimately 
 led to the Reform Bill. For a 
 speech made at Stockport in 1817 
 he was sentenced to twelve months' 
 imprisonment, and in March, 1820, 
 he was tried at Chester for sedition, 
 and again imprisoned for eighteen 
 months. On regaining his freedom 
 he continued to attend reform meet- 
 ings as long as they continued to 
 be held. He became bondsman of 
 Mr. Hunt upon his liberation from 
 Ilchester jail, but in 1830 he re- 
 tired from the movement. 
 
 WOMBWELL, George [1778— 
 1850], the "showman," was origi- 
 nally a bootmaker in Compton 
 Street, Soho, but having almost 
 accidentally purchased a pair of 
 boa-constrictors he became a pro- 
 fessional showman, and visited the 
 l)rinc-ipal fairs in the three king- 
 doms. He was a very successful 
 breeder, and possessed more than 
 twenty lions and five elephants. 
 
 in addition to an unrivalled col- 
 lection of other wild animals. The 
 expenses of his caravans amounted 
 to over ,£100 a day, but he amassed 
 a handsome independence, and left 
 three travelling menageries, un- 
 equalled in Eux'ope as the property 
 of one individual. 
 
 WOOD, Very Rev. James, D.D., 
 Master of St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge, Dean of Ely, Rector of 
 Freshwater, Isle of Wight, F.R.S., 
 (tc. [1761—1839], was born in the 
 parish of Bury, Lancashire, and 
 received his first instruction from 
 his father, who taught him arith- 
 metic and algebra. He then went 
 to the Bury Grammar School, and 
 to St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 where he became first Smith's 
 Prizeman, and was elected to a 
 Fellowship. He was soon after ap- 
 pointed assistant tutor, and in 1815, 
 on the death of Dr. Craven, was 
 elected master. He was appointed to 
 the Deanery of Ely in 1820, and three 
 years later was presented by the col- 
 lege to the rectory of Freshwater. 
 He was joint author with the Rev. 
 Samuel Vince, F.R.S., of an exten- 
 sive work for the use of students, 
 entitled " Principles of Mathema- 
 tics and Natural Philosophy," which 
 for forty years was in use in the Uni- 
 versity, and he also wrote various 
 l^apers, which ai'>peared in the 
 " Philosophical Transactions," and 
 in the Memoirs of the Manchester 
 Society. He is said, during his life, 
 to have contributed about d£l 5,000 
 towards the building fund of St. 
 John's College, and he founded 
 nine scholarships of £10 per ann. 
 each. He also left to the college 
 by will about d£40,000, in addition 
 to a valuable library containing 
 about •4,000 vols. 
 
 WOOD, Sir Matthew [1768— 
 1843], was the son of a serge maker 
 at Tiverton. He was educated at 
 the Free Grammar School of his 
 native town, and at the age of 
 fourteen was apprenticed to a 
 chemist and druggist at Exeter. 
 In 1790 he went to liondou, and 
 
WOODBUKN— "VVOODFORD. 
 
 971 
 
 after travelling for two years in 
 the employ of Messrs. Crawley &. 
 Adcock, of Bishopsgate Street, he 
 was admitted a partner. This 
 an'anjTomont was ni)t, however, of 
 long dm-ation. For some time he 
 carried on business on his own 
 account, and in IfSOl' entered into 
 partnership with Colonel Edward 
 Wigan, as hop merchants. About 
 this time, by a curious stroke of 
 good fortune, ho inherited a large 
 property fi'om a namesake. In 
 1802 he was elected a Common 
 councilman for the Ward of Crip- 
 plegate "Without ; Alderman of the 
 Ward in 1807, and Sheriff of Lon- 
 don in 1809. In 1812 he offered 
 himself as a candidate for the 
 representation of the City of Lon- 
 don, but was unsuccessful. In 1815 
 he succeeded to the mayoralty, was 
 re-elected the following year, and 
 in 1817 was again returned by the 
 Livery, but not by the Court of 
 Aldermen. While in oflSce he dis- 
 tinguished himself by his energy 
 and ability as a magistrate. In 
 1817 he was returned without oppo- 
 sition for the Citv of London, and 
 retained his seat until 1826, when 
 his declaration in favour of Eoman 
 Catholic emancipation lost it to 
 him. He, however, regained it at 
 the next election, and continued to 
 sit as one of the four members 
 until his death. In 1820 Sir Mat- 
 thew Wood, being applied to by 
 Queen Caroline, warmly espoused 
 her cause. By his advice she re- 
 turned to England, and for some 
 time took up her residence at his 
 house in London. Sir Matthew 
 was the father of William Page 
 Wood, afterwards Lord Hather- 
 ley (q.v.). 
 
 WOODBURN, Samuel [1780— 
 1853], a well-known connoisseur and 
 dealer in pictures of old masters, 
 early drawings and prints, was con- 
 sidered one of the first judges of 
 ancient art in his day. For fifty 
 years he helped to form the princi- 
 pal galleries of Europe. The col- 
 lections of the Duke of Hamilton, 
 
 and of Viscount Fitzwilliam, now 
 at Cambridge, were made chiefly 
 by him, as wi^re also the Dimsdale, 
 the Sykes, and the Lawrence col- 
 lections. Sir Thomas painted Mr. 
 Woodburn's portrait, and presented 
 it to liim as a testimony of the great 
 painter's appreciation of his services. 
 Lord Fitzwilliam, with a similar 
 object, left him a complimentary 
 legacy of .£100 a year. 
 
 WOODFALL, Geokgk, F.S.A. 
 [1767 — 1811], was the great-grand- 
 son of Mr. H. Woodfall, a noted 
 printer, and the proft'.7f' of Pope. 
 He became head of the firm in 
 1793, upon the retirement of his 
 father, and was long the senior 
 member of his trade. In 1812 he 
 jjublished a complete edition of the 
 " Letters of Junius," together with 
 others which appeared in the 
 "Public Advertiser" from April, 
 1767, to May, 1772. The same year 
 Mr. Woodfall was elected a stock- 
 keeper of the Company of Stationers, 
 and in 1825 he was received into 
 the Court of Assistants. He was 
 master of the company in 1833 and 
 1841 : elected a Fellow of the Eoval 
 Society in 1823, and a Fellow of 
 the Eoyal Literary Society in 1824. 
 He was also a Commissioner of the 
 Lieutenancy for the City of London. 
 His talents as a printer were highly 
 esteerced, and specially noticed in 
 Dibdin's " Bibliogi-aphical Deca- 
 meron." 
 
 WOODFOED, Major-General 
 Sir John, K.C.B. [1785—1879], 
 was born at Chatham, and obtained 
 a commission at the age of sixteen. 
 He served under the Duke of Wel- 
 lington in the Peninsula campaign, 
 j In 1809 he was employed on the 
 staff as deputy assistant-quarter- 
 master-general at the battle of 
 Corunna, and was in attendance 
 upon Sir John Moore, when he 
 received his mortal wound. At 
 Waterloo he Avas present during 
 the whole of the day as extra aide- 
 de-camp, and after the battle con- 
 veyed the news of the French 
 defeat to Brussels. He afterwards 
 
072 
 
 WOODWAED. 
 
 became colonel of the Grenadier 
 Guards, and was chief in command 
 of the Household Troops. He re- 
 tired from^the army in 1837. Sir 
 John was an earnest advocate for 
 refoi'm in the soldier's dress, the 
 abolition of the purchase of com- 
 •missions, and the abolition of flog- 
 ging in the army. He was also an 
 accomplished scholar, and took a 
 deep interest in antiquarian and 
 scientific investigations, 
 
 WOODWAED, Bernard 
 B0LINGBR0KE,F.S.A. [1816—1869], 
 Librarian to the Queen, was the son 
 of Samuel Woodward, the geologist 
 and antiquary, and was born at Nor- 
 wich. He was educated at a private 
 school there, and graduated at the 
 London University in 1841, settling 
 two years later as minister of a con- 
 gregational church at Wortwell, 
 near Harleston, Norfolk. He de- 
 voted all his spare time to literary 
 work, assisting John Childs, the head 
 of the printing-hous3 at Bungay, in 
 some of his undertakings. After 
 a time he gave up his pastoral 
 office and settled in London (1849) 
 in order to devote himself entirely 
 to literature. He was elected 
 F.S.A. in 1857, and in 1860 Avas 
 ai)pointed Librarian in ordinary to 
 the Qaeen at Windsor, and Keeper 
 of the Eoyal collection of Prints 
 and Drawings. His fii-stwork, "A 
 History of Wales from the Earliest 
 Times to the final Incorporation of 
 the Principality with England," 
 appeared in 1851. It was followed 
 by " A History of America to the 
 end of the Administration of Presi- 
 dent Polk," which had been begun 
 by W. H. Bartlett, a " General 
 History of Hampshire," of which 
 lie only wrote the part relating to 
 Winchester, " Specimens of the 
 Drawings of Tun Masters," and a 
 " Cyclopaedia of History and Chro- 
 nology," in wliich W. L. E. Cates 
 was associated with him, besides 
 several caj^ital books lor the young, 
 such as " Natural History of tlie 
 Year," " First Lessons on the Eng- 
 lish Eeformation," i?i:c. In 1863 he 
 
 founded and edited the Fine Arts 
 Quarterly Revieiv, which, however, 
 in spite of the co-operation of many 
 distinguished men, was not a finan- 
 cial success, and was after some 
 years discontinued. He contri- 
 buted also to the Gentleman's Maga- 
 zine, the Eclectic Review, Sharp's 
 London Magazine, and other perio- 
 dicals. Some few years before his 
 death he began a "Life of Leonardo 
 da Vinci," which he had intended 
 to be illustrated by photographic 
 reproductions of the artist's anato- 
 mical studies contained in the 
 Koyal Collection. 
 
 WOODWAED, Samuel P. [1821 
 — 1865], naturalist and author, 
 assistant-Palseontologist in the 
 British Museum, and examiner in 
 natural sciences to the Council 
 of Military Education, was the 
 younger brother of the above. Soon 
 after his father's death he was 
 employed (1838) in the library of 
 the British Museum, and in 1839 
 succeeded Mr. Searles Wood as 
 Curator of the Geological Society 
 of London, and was elected a mem- 
 ber of the Botanical Society, and 
 an Associate of the Linnean. In 
 1845 he was appointed Professor of 
 Botany and Geology in the Eoyal 
 Agricultural College, and was one 
 of the founders of the Cotteswold 
 Naturalists' Field Club. In 1848 
 he was appointed first-class assis- 
 tant in the department of geology 
 and mineralogy in the British 
 Museum, a j^ost he held till his 
 death. Among his writings are 
 his well-known " Manual of Eecent 
 and Fossil Shells," his only sepa- 
 rate work, the article " Volcanoes" 
 in the Encyclopcedia Britannica, 
 and many papers in the Quarterhj 
 Journal of the Ceologioal Society 
 of London, the "Proceedings of the 
 Zoological Society," &c. The small 
 geological map of England, pub- 
 lished ]jy the Society for the l)iiVu- 
 sion of Useful Knowledge, of which 
 probably 50,000 copies were sold, 
 was pr»>pared by him in 18 i;? under 
 the superintendence of Sir E. Mur- 
 
WOODWAKD— WORDSWOETH. 
 
 073 
 
 chison. He also assisted Professor 
 Owen in the preparation of his 
 " Piilspontolofxv." 
 
 WOOD WARD, Thomas [1801 — 
 1.S521, animal-painter, and pupil 
 of Abraham Cooper, R.A., be<;an 
 to exhibit in the British Institution 
 at tlie early ajje of fifteen, aftei- 
 which he constantly exhih)ited there 
 and at the Koyal Academy from 
 1822 to 1S52. Anions^ his most 
 successful works were " Turks with 
 their Chargers," 1S29; "A Horse 
 Pursued by Wolves," 1811 ; " A 
 Detachment of Cromwell's Cavalry 
 Surprised on a Mountain Pass," 
 1815: •'Mazeppa,"&c. His "Tempt- 
 ing Present " was very well en- 
 graved. 
 
 WOOLLEY, Rev. John, D.C.L., 
 Oxon. l181G — 18(;(;', Professor of 
 Classics and Logic in the Sydney 
 University, was the son of George 
 Woolley, M.D., of London, and 
 was boi*n at Petersfield, in Hamp- 
 shire. He entered the Loudon 
 University in 1830, and passed first 
 class in every subject he took up ; 
 he then went to Exeter College, 
 Oxford (1S32), and while there 
 wrote a short ^vork on logic, which 
 was very generally used for some 
 years. At college lie became the 
 intimate friend of Dean Stanley-, 
 who had also been at University 
 College with him. Having taken 
 holy orders, he was, in 1812. ap- 
 pointed head master of King Ed- 
 ward VI. 's Grammar School at 
 Hereford, where he remained till 
 184-1-, when he was made head 
 master of the Church of England 
 School at Eossall, in Lancashire. 
 He was head master of the Norwich 
 Grammar School 1819-52, and in 
 the latter year was appointed Prin- 
 cipal of the Sydney University, and 
 in that position exercised a good 
 deal of influence on education in 
 the colony. To him first occvu-red 
 the scheme for connecting the pri- 
 mary schools of the colony with the 
 University, which was later carried 
 into practical effect by the esta- 
 blishment of the public exami- 
 
 ' nations. In 186G he was elected 
 President of the Sydney Mechanics* 
 i School of Arts. His " Lectures de- 
 j livered in Australia " appeared in 
 18G2. He was drowned in the 
 steamship London, whiish foundered 
 in the Bav of Biscay, Jan. 11, 18GG. 
 W O R D S W O R T H , W i lliam, 
 D.C.L., Poet Laureate, was the 
 second son of John Wordsworth, 
 an attorney and law agent to 
 Sir James Lowther (Earl of Lons- 
 dale), and was born April 7, 
 1770, at Cockermouth, Cumber- 
 land. Both parents died in his 
 boyhood. He went to school at 
 Hawkshead, and in Oct., 1787, 
 entei*ed St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge. In January, 1791, he 
 gi'aduated, and left the University 
 he had not loved. Like many of 
 his generation, he was enthusiastic 
 for the French Revolution, and 
 after leaving Cambridge he spent 
 a year in France. From 1792 to 
 1795 he lived in a desultorv manner 
 in London and the south of Eng- 
 land. In 1793 he published a 
 volume of poems, which attracted 
 but little notice. In the summer 
 of 179G he made the acquaintance 
 of Coleridge at Xether Stowey, 
 in Somersetshii-e, an acquaintance 
 which soon ripened into friendship, 
 and in the following year, in order 
 to be near him, AVordsworth and 
 his sister removed to Alfoxden, 
 three miles from Nether Stowey. 
 In 1798 he brought out, in conjunc- 
 tion with Coleridge, the first vo- 
 lume of "Lyrical Ballads" (of 
 which Joseph Cottle, of Bristol, 
 bought the copyright for thirty 
 guineas), which was received with 
 the utmost scorn and ridicule, his 
 verses being denounced in the Edin- 
 burgh Rt'vieiv as a kind of second- 
 rate nursery rhymes. Wordsworth 
 was so disheartened and disap- 
 pointed by the reception of his " Bal- 
 lads" that it was years before he 
 again appeared before the public as 
 a poet. He was not idle, however, 
 but quietly worked away at " Peter 
 Bell," which on its appearance 
 
974 
 
 WORDSWORTH. 
 
 some years later, was the most 1 
 severely criticised of all his poems. 
 He spent the winter of 1798-99 in ! 
 Germany, "sphere he met Klopstock, ! 
 and on his return settled with his ! 
 sister at Grasmere, marryinor, in j 
 1802, Mary Hutchinson. They set- 
 tled first at Grasmere, and later 
 removed to Rydal Mount, and there ■ 
 Southey joined them, and they re- 
 ceived frequent visits from Cole- 
 ridge, the three poets forming what 
 was called the Lake School of 
 Poetry. In 1803 Wordsworth and 
 Coleridg-e visited Scotland, and in 
 the meantime the second edition of 
 " Lyrical Ballads " had appeared, 
 with a volume of additional poems, 
 both being again re-published in 
 1805. In the same year " The Pre- 
 lude " was completed. In 1807 
 appeared " Poems," in two volumes, 
 which attracted the notice of Lord 
 Byron, who reviewed them very 
 favouriibly in the Monthly Literary 
 Recreations ; and in 1809 the jjoliti- 
 cal prose " Essay on the Convention 
 of Cintra." " The Excursion " was 
 published in 1814, and was very 
 severely handled in most of the 
 leading journals and papers, Jeffrey 
 boasting in the Edinburgh Review 
 that he had crushed it in its birth, to 
 which Southey replied that he might 
 as easily crush Skiddaw. In the pre- 
 vious year Wordsworth had removed 
 toKydal Mount, and was at that time 
 appointed to tlic distributorship of 
 stamps for the district of West- 
 morland, a post with light duties, 
 and affording an income of about 
 jSGOO a year. In 1815 " The White 
 Doe of Rylstone " appeared, fol- 
 lowed, in 1819, by "Peter Bell," 
 and soon afterwards by " The Wag- 
 goner " and *' Sonnets on the River 
 Duddon." In 1822 he published 
 " Memorials of a Tour on tlie Con- 
 tinent," and some years later " Ec- 
 clesiastical Sonnets." " Yarrow 
 Revisited" appeared in 1835, and 
 in 1812 he bi-uuglit out a collected 
 edition of his works, but " The 
 Prelude," completed early in the 
 century, mus not published until 
 
 after his death. On the death of 
 Southey (March 21, 1843) the va- 
 cant office of Poet Laureate was 
 offered to Wordsworth, who at first 
 declined it on account of advancing 
 age — he was at the time nearly 
 seventy-four — but eventually, urged 
 thereto by the Loi-d Chamberlain, 
 Earl de la Warr, and Sir Robert 
 Peel, accepted the office. He wrote 
 very little after that time, and as 
 laureate only composed one poem, on 
 the occasion of the Queen's visit to 
 Cambridge. During his last twenty 
 years he enjoyed in full measure 
 the love and admiration of the pub- 
 lic, which had been so obstinately 
 withheld from h im during his youth . 
 People made pilgrimages to Rydal 
 Mount from all parts of England, 
 and many came from America to 
 see the famous poet. He died 
 April 23, 1850, at Rydal Mount. 
 " The Memoirs of Wordsworth " 
 were published by his nejDhew, 
 Canon Wordsworth (afterwards 
 Bishop of Lincoln), in 1851. (For 
 many of the domestic details of 
 Wordsworth's life, see the next 
 two articles.) 
 
 WORDSWORTH, Mrs. (Mary 
 Hutchinson) [1709 — 1859], was 
 the wife of the above, to whom 
 she was married in 1802, after 
 which they settled at Townend, 
 Grasmere. As children they had 
 attended the same dame-school at 
 Penrith, but they subsequently saw 
 little of each other till a visit that 
 Dorothy and her brother paid to 
 Penrith in 1 788. Dorothy continued 
 to live with them after their mar- 
 riage, taking part in all the house- 
 hold duties, and accompanying 
 AVordsworth in his long rambles 
 when his Avife was detained at 
 homo. As the children were born, 
 the little house at the Townend of 
 (irasmere became too small, so the 
 i family migrated to Allan liank in 
 ' 1808, and remained there tor three 
 j years. In the s]>ring of 1811 they 
 removed to the P;u-sonage of Gras- 
 mere — where th<'ir sojourn was 
 made sud 1 v the loas of tv.y 
 
WORDSWORTH. 
 
 975 
 
 children, who died within six ] 
 months of each other — and tht-nce, 
 in 1813, to Kydal Mount, their i 
 final abode. Mrs. Wordsworth is j 
 said to have been the ori»;inal of 
 the lines bet^innin}]^ * She was a | 
 phantom of delii^ht," written in 
 the third year of their married j 
 life, and she was also the subject ' 
 of the lines " To a Painter." She 
 lost a much-loved sister durinj^ the 
 early years of her marria^je, and ■ 
 outlived all her family, but in ! 
 spite of many cai-es and sorrows 
 she remained to the end brij2:ht 
 and enerj^etic, and keenly inte- ; 
 rested in her surroundings. For I 
 some yeai's before her death poor 
 Dorothy was insane, and Mrs. 
 Wordsworth nursed her, and took 
 care of her with great devotion. 
 Then came the death of Dora (Mrs. 
 Quillinan), their only daughter, 
 after which her husband became ! 
 sunk in grief. She tended him too 
 with the tenderest care and ab- 
 solute self-forgetfulness, till death 
 came to release him. She lived to 
 the age of ninety, and saw all their 
 old friends leaving her by degrees. 
 The first to go was Dr. Arnold, 
 then Southey, Hartley Coleridge, 
 the Quillinans, Professor Wilson, 
 &c. At last she too was called 
 away, and lies buried beside her 
 husband in Grasmere church vard. 
 
 W O R D S W O R T H, DoiROTHY 
 [1771 — 1855], was the only sister 
 of the poet, to whom she so un- 
 selfishly devoted her life, and was 
 one of a family of five, four sons 
 and one daughter. Her father 
 dying in 1783, the family home at 
 Cockermouth was broken up, and 
 she was brought up by a cousin of 
 her mother's. Miss Threlkeld (later 
 Mrs. Rawsou ), who lived at Halifax. 
 For eight yeai'S before 1788 AVilliam 
 was away at school, and Dorothy 
 saw little of him, but in that year 
 they met at Penrith, and together 
 wandered by the banks of Eamont, 
 and among the woods of Lowther, 
 looking with longing eyes towards 
 the Scottish border. Then the poet 
 
 went away again, travelling about 
 in Switzerland, Italy, and France, 
 and Dorothy lived mostly with an 
 uncle of hers. Dr. Cookson, canon 
 of Windsor. In 1791 Wordsworth 
 returned, and visited his sister at 
 Halifax, and the two travelled on 
 foot from Kendal to Grasmere, and 
 from Grasmere to Keswick. In 
 that year the brother and sister 
 decided to unite their lots, and a 
 year later settled at Racedown 
 Lodge, in Dorsetshire, a very plea- 
 sant, retired spot, to which the 
 postman only penetrated once a 
 week. There S. T. Coleridge came 
 to visit them, and persuaded them 
 to give up Racedown and settle at 
 Alfoxden, near Xether Stowey, in 
 Somersetshire, so as to be near 
 him. Tiie brother and sister and 
 friend were a great deal together 
 fi'om that time, and explored all 
 the surrounding county in com- 
 pany. Some of the best work 
 done by the two poets was done at 
 that time. In Sept., 1798, Cole- 
 ridge, Wordsworth, and his sister 
 visited Germany, Coleridge leaving 
 them to go and study at Gottingen, 
 and the two others settling at Gos- 
 lar. On their return, Dorothy paid 
 a visit to her friends, the Hutchin- 
 sons, at Sockburn-upon-Tees, while 
 Coleridge and Wordsworth went for 
 a walking tour to the Lakes, when 
 the latter chose Grasmere as a home 
 1 for himself and his sister. At the 
 close of 1799 they went to live at 
 the Townend of Grasmere, having 
 walked over the heights of Sed- 
 bergh, and the range which divides 
 the Yorkshire dales from the lake 
 country, and there they remained 
 for the next eight years, living on 
 an income of d£100 a year, Dorothy 
 doing all the housework. She found 
 time besides to write out all her 
 brother's poems, to read aloud to 
 him, and to accompany him on his 
 long walks. In 1S02 'Wordsworth 
 I married, and Dorothy became to 
 the wife what she had always been 
 I to the husband, an ever helpfnl 
 unselfish friend. She continued lo 
 
970 
 
 WORDSWORTH— WOENUM. 
 
 manage the household, and to ac- 
 company lier brother in his rambles, 
 and in 1803 she and Coleridge and 
 Wordsworth set out for their famous 
 tour in Scotland, of which Dorothy 
 kept a journal, which was published, 
 in lb74, under the title "Recol- 
 lections of a Tour made in Scotland 
 A.D. 1803.'"' In 1JS07 Wordsworth 
 took his wife to London, leaving 
 Dorothy in charge of the children, 
 and she composed about that time 
 the poems "The Mother's Return," 
 " The Cottager to her Infant," and 
 one on " The Wind," all of which 
 later appeared in an edition of her 
 brother's works. In 1820 she ac- 
 companied her brother and his wife 
 on a visit to the Continent, that 
 being her last journey with them. 
 Her health grew weak, and in 1829 
 she had a severe illness, which 
 prostrated her in body and mind, 
 and from the effects of which she 
 never recovered. She outlived her 
 brother, however, for nearly five 
 years, and died at the age of 83, 
 and was buried beside him in Gras- 
 mere churchyard. 
 
 WORDSWORTH, Rev. Christo- 
 pher, D.D. [1771— 1816J, born in 
 Cumberland, was a younger brother 
 of the poet. He was educated at 
 the Hawkshead Grammar School, 
 and Trinity College, Cambridge, of 
 which he became a Fellow in 1798, 
 and graduated M.A. in the follow- 
 ing year, and D.D. in 1810. In 
 1802 he became chaplain to tlie 
 Bishop of Norwich, and having held 
 various livings. He was presented, 
 in 1820, to the rectory of Buxted- 
 with-Uckfield, Sussex, and at the 
 same time was made master of 
 'I'rinity College, Cambridge. There 
 he remained twenty-one years, and 
 during that time, t'lough he was 
 so ill-advised as to dismiss Thirl- 
 wall from his lecturesliip, he did 
 something for college discijdine and 
 management. lie was, in 181G, 
 made chaphiin of the House of Com- 
 mons. Dr. Wordsworth was one 
 of thi.' promoters of the National 
 Society. He edited .the valuable 
 
 work entitled " Ecclesiastical Bio- 
 graphy," containing accounts of the 
 Uves of eminent men connected 
 with the history of religion in Eng- 
 land, and of " Six Letters to Gran- 
 ville Sharp respecting the Uses of 
 the Definitive Article in the New 
 Testament." kc. 
 
 WORDSWORTH, Rev. John 
 [1800—1840], eldest son of the 
 master of Trinity College, and a 
 Fellow of that society, was born at 
 Lambeth, educated at Winchester 
 school, and at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge. He graduated with honours, 
 and was elected a Fellow of his 
 college in 1830'. In 1833, while 
 travelling on the Continent, during 
 a prolonged stay at Florence, he 
 collated the MSS. of ^schylus, in 
 the Medicean Library, and on his 
 return devoted himself especinlly 
 to the study and emendation of that 
 poet. His college having decided 
 to publish the unedited papers and 
 correspondence of Bentley, the eon- 
 duct of that publication was en- 
 trusted to him, but he did not live 
 to complete the work. He was also, 
 at the time of his death, engaged 
 upon a classical dictionary. He 
 was ordained deacon in 1837, and 
 priest shortlv after that date. 
 
 WORNUM, Ralph Nicholson 
 ,1812 — 1877], son of a London 
 pianoforte-maker, born at Thorn- 
 ton, in the county of Northumber- 
 land, was educated at University 
 College, London. After a prelimi- 
 nary study of art, he went abroad 
 in 1831 to study painting in the 
 Continental galleries, and on his 
 return, in 1839, contributed largely 
 to the " Penny Cyclopaedia," the 
 '* Bio^rai>hieal Dictionarv «>f the 
 Society for the Diffusion of Useful 
 Knowledge," "Art Journal," itc, 
 and wrote the article on " Paint- 
 in<>-" in Dr. AV. Smith's " Die- 
 tionary of Greek and Roman Anti- 
 quities," in 1811. lir 1815 he was 
 appointed to prepare the ollicial 
 catalogue of the National Ctallery, 
 which grew so rapidly in Imlk that 
 it was at last separated into two 
 
WORSLEY— WRANGHAM. 
 
 077 
 
 catalogues, of the Foreign and Bri- 
 tish Schools, He was selected Lec- 
 turer on Art to the Government 
 Schools of Design in 18-t8 ; was ap- 
 pointed Librarian and Keeper of 
 the Casts to the Schools of Design, 
 then placed under the control of 
 the Board of Trade, in 1852 ; and 
 Keeper and Secretary of the Na- 
 tional Gallery in 1855. Mr. Wor- 
 num compiled a " Sketch of the 
 History of Painting," published in 
 181'7 and in 1859; "Analysis of 
 Ornament, Characteristics of 
 Styles," in 1856 and 1S60 ; a " Bio- 
 graphical Catalogue of the Princi- 
 pal Italian Painters," in 1855 ; 
 "Epochs in Painting," in 186^; 
 and " A Life of Holbein " in 1867. 
 He edited " Walpole's Anecdotes of 
 Painting in England," and (for 
 "Bohn's Scientific Library") the 
 " Lectures on Painting by Eoyal 
 Academicians, Barry, Opie, and 
 Fuseli." Mr. Wornum was also 
 the author of an Essay on the Great 
 Exhibition of 1851, and various 
 Catalogues and "Eeports" on Art 
 collections at home and abroad, the 
 " Life of Turner " for the " Turner 
 Gallery," &c. 
 
 WORSLEY, Sir Henry, G.C.B., 
 a Major-General in the East India 
 Comj^any's service, obtained in 
 1799 a commission in the 5th Foot, 
 then under orders to proceed under 
 the Duke of York to North Hol- 
 land, He was made captain in 
 1809, and soon after major of 
 bi'igade on the Household Staff. 
 In 1811 he went to the Peninsula, 
 and was on active service at Fuentes 
 d'Onor and Badajoz, In 1812 he 
 joined the Battalion of the 34th, 
 then serving under Lord Hill, and 
 accompanied his division in all the 
 operations of the campaign, march- 
 ing upon Madrid and being in the 
 retreat froni Salamanca. He was 
 made lieut.-col. in 1813, and re- 
 ceived a medal for the battles of 
 the Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, and 
 Orthes. In 1816 he went to India, 
 having received an appointment on 
 the Madras Establishment, but was 
 
 obliged to leave on account of 
 ill-health. He was nominated 
 K.C.B. in 1821. G.CB, in 1S38. 
 He died in the Isle of Wight, Feb. 
 1841, 
 
 WRAXALL, Frederick 
 Charles Lascelles [1828 — 1865J, 
 was a son of Captain C. E. Wraxall, 
 R.A., and grandson of Sir Nathaniel 
 W. "Wraxall, Bart., traveller and 
 historical writer. He was educated 
 at Shrewsbury, whence he proceeded 
 as Dyke scholar to St. Mary Hall, 
 Oxford. He left Oxford in 1846 
 for the purpose of studying modern 
 languages on the Continent, and 
 began contributing to periodical 
 literature in 1850, In 1855 he 
 published a " Handbook to the 
 Annies of Europe," and during the 
 same year was appointed first-class 
 assistant-commissary of the Field 
 Train in the Turkish Contingent, 
 with the rank and pay of captain, 
 and served in that capacity at 
 Kertch till the conclusion of the 
 Crimean war. He described his 
 experiences in a work called " Camp 
 Life," 1860. In 1857 he published 
 his first novel, "Wild Oats." Dur- 
 ing 1858 he edited the Naval and 
 Military Herald, and in 1859 pro- 
 duced his work on the "Armies of 
 the Great Powers.''' From Jan., 
 1860, to March, 1861, he was editor 
 of the Welcome Guest, and in 1862 
 published a novel, " Only a Wo- 
 man," also " Life on the Sea." He 
 produced besides many translations 
 from the French and German, and 
 was a constant contributor to the 
 periodical press. He also edited 
 the " Indian and Persian De- 
 spatches of Sir James Outram," 
 printed for private circulation. 
 
 W^RANGHAM. Rev. Francis, 
 
 M.A., F.S.A. [1770—1813], Arch- 
 
 ! deacon of the East Riding of York, 
 
 ! Chaplain to the Archbishop of York, 
 
 ; &c., was the son of a wealthy 
 
 farmer, Mr. George Wrangham of 
 
 Raisthorpe, near Malton. At the 
 
 age of seventeen he entered Mag- 
 
 I dalen College, Cambridge, from 
 
 ' which he removed a year later to 
 
 3 B 
 
078 
 
 WEIGHT. 
 
 Trinity Hall, where he took his 
 M.A. degree in 1790, and was third 
 Wrangler, and second Smith's prize- 
 man. Somg'political disagreements 
 prevented his becoming Fellow 
 and Tutor of his College, and on 
 leaving the University he went as 
 tutor to Lord Frederick Montagu. 
 Later he became a member of 
 Trinity College. Having taken 
 holy orders he was curate at Cob- 
 ham, Surrey, 1794-95, and in the 
 latter year became vicar of Hun- 
 manby with Muston, Yorkshire, 
 receiving at the same time the 
 vicarage of Folkstone. He was 
 three times Chaplain to the High 
 Sheriff of Yorkshire, in 1808 to W. 
 J. Denison, in 1S14 to Sir F. L. 
 Wood, Bart., and in 1823 to Walter 
 Fawkes. In 181-4 he was made 
 Chaplain to the Archbishop of 
 York, an office which he filled for 
 a period of twenty years. In 1819 
 Mr. Wrangham became Rector of 
 Thorpe Basset, and in the following 
 year Archdeacon of Cleveland, 
 which he exchanged in 1828 for 
 the East Hiding of Yorkshire. In 
 1827 he became Rector of Dodle- 
 ston in Cheshire. Among his writ- 
 ings, which were very numerous, 
 may be mentioned " The Restora- 
 tion of Learning in the East," a 
 poem ; " The British Plutarch," in 
 6 vols. ; " Forty Sonnets from Pe- 
 trarch," &c., and numerous sermons 
 and pamphlets. In IS 12 he pre- 
 sented to Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, his valuable collection of 
 pamphlets, consisting of nine or 
 ten thousand publications, bound 
 in about 1,000 vols. Ho was a 
 member of the Roxburghe and 
 Bannatyne Clubs, and an honorary 
 member of several philosophical 
 and literary societies. 
 
 WRIGHT, Fanny (Madame 
 Darusmont) [1795 — 1853 ], miscel- 
 laneous writer and political agi- 
 tator, was boi*n at Dundee, and 
 was the daughter of a nepliow of 
 Professor Mylne, of Glasgow, who 
 gave his grand-niece a learned 
 education. At the ago of eighteen 
 
 she wi'ote " A Few Days lin 
 Athens," and after travelling in 
 America in 181 8, " Views of Society 
 and Manners " in that country, 
 besides which she wrote the drama 
 of " Altorf," which was performed 
 in New York in 1819. In 1825 she 
 returned to America and settled 
 there, having bought about 2,000 
 acres of land and peopled it with 
 a number of slave families whom 
 she had redeemed. She appeared 
 as a public lecturer in 1833, and . 
 took a prominent part in the anti- 
 slavery agitation : thousands flocked 
 to her lectures, " Fanny Wright 
 Societies " were foi-med, and the 
 whole country rang with her name. 
 Later she joined Robert Owen in 
 his Communist scheme, at New 
 Harmony, edited his Gazette, and 
 lectured in the chief towns in the 
 W"est of America. Miss Wright 
 married a M. Darusmont, a union 
 which proved most unhappy. 
 
 WRIGHT, Ichabod Charles 
 [1795—1871], eldest son of Mr. Icha- 
 bod Wright, of Mapperley Hall, 
 Notts, was educated at Eton and at 
 Christ Church, Oxford, where he 
 graduated B.A. in 1817, and M.A. 
 in 1820, and was for some time 
 Fellow of Magdalen College. He 
 was engaged as a banker at Not- 
 tingham, and when not engaged in 
 business devoted himself to litera- 
 ture. He translated Dante's " Di- 
 vina Commedia " into English 
 verse, and it passed through several 
 editions. He also transhited the 
 Iliad of Homer into blank verse, 
 publislied a letter to the Dean of 
 Canterbury, with remarks on Mr. 
 M. Arnold's criticism on the early 
 portion of that work, and was the 
 autlior of some able pamphlets on 
 the Currency Question. 
 
 WRIGHT, John [1771— 18U], 
 was the son of a clerk in a manu- 
 facturing house at Norwich. He 
 was early apprenticed to a silk 
 mercer, but having a taste for lite- 
 rary pursuits, at the expiration 
 of his time he went to IjOiuIou, 
 where he obtained employment in 
 
WRIGHT. 
 
 979 
 
 Mr. llookhaiu's rooms in Bond 
 Street. He afterwards entered into 
 business on his own account as a 
 bookseller, but failed for want of 
 capital. He then became ac- 
 quainted with Mr. Cobliett, and 
 negotiations were entered into foi* 
 the publication of a " Parliamen 
 tary History," of wliich Mr. Wri<^. t 
 was the sole author. They dis- 
 agreed, a law-suit followed, and 
 the work was then merged into 
 " Hansard's Parliamentary De- 
 bates," which he edited for some 
 years. At his house the plan of 
 " The Anti jacobin " was disc\i.ssed, 
 and many of the ai-ticles were there 
 written. Mr. Wri<jf]it was engaged 
 to edit several works published by 
 Murray and Bentley, but his chief 
 publication was " Sir Henry Caven- 
 dish's Debates in the House of 
 Commons during the 13th Parlia- 
 ment of Great Britain, and com- 
 monly known as the Unreported 
 Parliament." Though he did not 
 meet with much support, the work 
 was admitted on all sides to be ably 
 
 WEIGHT, John Massey [1773— 
 1866], chiefly known as a water- 
 colour painter, was the son of an 
 organ-builder, and was intended 
 for his father's business, but being 
 unsuccessful abandoned it, and 
 studied painting. He first began to 
 design from Shakespeare, and then 
 for seven years was employed by 
 Barker, the panorama-painter. He 
 was an exhibitor, mostly in oils, at 
 the Royal Academy from 1808, 
 sending among other things, " The 
 Living Shame" (1812)", ''Don 
 Quixote Fed by the High-born 
 Damsels" (1815), "Claiming the 
 Flitch of Bacon" (1817), and in 1818 
 his last work, "The Flitch of 
 Bacon." He became a member of 
 the Water-Colour Society in 1827, 
 and from that time devoted himself 
 to water-colour painting, and to 
 making designs for book illustra- 
 tions. 
 
 WRIGHT, John Skirrow [1823 
 — 1880], was a son of Mr. Edward 
 
 Fawcett Wright, of Hebden Bridge, 
 Yorkshire. Having received a pri- 
 vate education hf V)ecame a mer- 
 ohant at Birmingliam, and was at 
 one time a partner in the firm of 
 Smith and Wright, button manu- 
 facturers and tin-jilate workers. 
 He took a great interest in all 
 movements for bettering the con- 
 dition of the working-classes, and 
 was one of the few Birmingham 
 employers who gave his work- 
 people an interest in the success 
 of business by an annual distri- 
 bution of bonuses. As chairman 
 of the Bh-mingham School Board, 
 he rendered valuable aid in pro- 
 moting the educational work of the 
 town. He was a keen politician, 
 and shortly before his death he 
 was elected member for Notting- 
 ham in the Liberal interest. He 
 had been several times chairman 
 of the Birmingham Chamber of 
 Commerce, and represented that 
 body at the opening of the Suez 
 Canal. He was a borough magis- 
 trate, a director of Lloyd's Bank, 
 and treasurer of the Baptist Mid- 
 land Association. He died very 
 suddenly while attending a meeting 
 of the School of Art Committee at 
 Birmingham, of which he was vice- 
 chairman. 
 
 WRIGHT, Thomas, "the Man- 
 chester Prison Philanthropist " 
 [1788 — 1875], born of humble pa- 
 rents, worked for forty-seven years 
 in Ormerod and Son's iron foundry 
 in Manchester. He received wages 
 as foreman of one of the depart- 
 ments, ,£3 10s. weekly, £2 of which 
 he handed to his wife for house- 
 keeping ; the rest, for many years, 
 he employed in his good work of 
 the moral reclamation of delin- 
 quents in prison. All the spare 
 time he could snatch from his 
 daily labour he spent in the pri- 
 soner's cell, endeavouring by kind 
 persuasion and earnest prayer to 
 exhort him to amendment, and 
 conti'ibuting in various ways to his 
 restoration to society. When cri- 
 minals had been left for execution, 
 
 3 R 2 
 
980 
 
 WEIGHT— WEOTTESLEY. 
 
 Mr. Wright endeavoured, as often 
 as possible, to visit them, and im- 
 plore them to make their peace with 
 Heaven. Besides reconciling hus- 
 bands and wives, parents and chil- 
 dren, masters and workmen, in a 
 variety of cases, he assisted in en- 
 abling convicts of superior educa- 
 tion to regain their place in society 
 by means of emigration. His prison 
 visits were not confined to Lanca- 
 shire, but were extended to various 
 I^laces, in Scotland, London, and 
 the hulks. He refused an offer 
 from Government to make him 
 travelling inspector of prisons at a 
 salary of ^800, fearing his influ- 
 ence with prisoners would be lost if 
 he came to them with official au- 
 thority. Charles Dickens's article 
 in Household Words, " An Unsala- 
 ried Public Servant," first brought 
 him into public notice. In 1852 a 
 sum of <£3,216 was raised in Man- 
 chester and Liverpool to enable 
 him to give up his daily work and 
 devote himself entirely to the 
 reforming of prisoners. A portrait 
 of him, by G. F. Watts, was exhi- 
 bited at the Academy, and after- 
 wards presented to the Manchester 
 Corporation, and an oil j^ainting of 
 him in the '' Condemned Cell " is 
 now in the Guildhall. 
 
 WEIGHT, Thomas, M.A., F.S.A. 
 [1810 — 1877], descended from a 
 Yorkshire family, born on the 
 Welsh borders, was educated at 
 Ludlow Grammar-school, and at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, where 
 he took the degree of B.A. in 1834, 
 and of M.A. in 1837. While an 
 undergraduate he became a regular 
 contributor, on historical and anti- 
 quarian subjects, to Fraser's Maga- 
 zine, the Foreign Quarterly Review, 
 and other periodicals. He was one 
 of the founders of the Camden 
 Society, and of the British Archaeo- 
 logical Association, which has since 
 separated into two distinct bodies ; 
 was a member of many learned so- 
 cieties, both in England and on the 
 Continent, and in IS 12 was elected 
 Corresponding Member of the Aca- 
 
 demic des Inscriptions et Belles 
 Lettres, when it was stated that he 
 Avas the youngest person who had 
 received that honour. Mr. Wright 
 edited a large number of the lite- 
 rary reliques of the Middle Ages, 
 in English, Anglo-Norman, French, 
 and Latin : among which mav be 
 enumerated editions of the " Can- 
 terbury Tales " of Chaucer, and the 
 "Vision of Piers Plowman." He 
 also wrote various works on 
 jDolitical and literary history, and 
 on the antiquities of the country. 
 The best kno\ra are " The Celt, the 
 Eoman, and the Saxon," published 
 in 1852; the "Archaeological Al- 
 bum," the " Wanderings of an An- 
 tiquary," " Essays on Archaeological 
 Subjects," "The Homes of Other 
 Days : a History of Domestic Man- 
 ners and Sentiments in England 
 from the Earliest known Period to 
 Modern Times," " History of Cari- 
 cature and Grotesque in Literature 
 and Art," and a " Historical Ac- 
 count of a Eoman City of Urico- 
 nium at Wroxeter," in which he 
 gives an account of some refliark- 
 able discoveries made there chiefly 
 through his efforts. 
 
 WEOTTESLEY, Eight Hon. 
 John, Lord, M.A., F.E.S., and 
 D.C.L. [1798— 18G7], one of the 
 founders of the Astronomical So- 
 I ciety, was educated at Christ 
 ' Church, Oxford, Avhere he gra- 
 duated B.A., 1819 ; M.A., 1823. In 
 the latter year he was called to the 
 ; bar, and succeeded his father, the 
 I first lord, in 1811. He was distin- 
 guished for his attainments in 
 astronomical science, and in 1839 
 received the gold medal of the 
 Astronomical Society for his " Ca- 
 talogue of the Eight Ascensions of 
 1318 Stars." In 1853 lie called the 
 attention of the House of Lords to 
 Lieut. Maury's valuable scheme of 
 meteorological observations and 
 discoveries. In lS5t he became 
 president of the Eoyal Society, a 
 post he held till 1857, when he 
 resigned. He served on several 
 important Eoyal Commissions, and 
 
WYATT. 
 
 981 
 
 Wcos tlie author of "Thoughts on 
 Government and Legishition." 
 
 WYATT, Surqeon-Major John, 
 C.B., was the eldest son of Mr. 
 James Wyatt, of Lidsey, Sussex, 
 and entered the army medical ser- 
 vice in 18 il as assistant-surgeon. 
 He became siu-geon in 1857, and 
 surgeon-major in 18G3. In l8oi he 
 went with the 1st battalion of the 
 Coldstream Guards to Turkey and 
 the Crimea, and was present at the 
 battles of the Alma, Balaclava, and 
 Inkerman, and at the fall of Sebas- 
 topol. He received for his services 
 the Crimean medal and four clasjjs, 
 the knighthood of the Legion of 
 Honour, and the Turkish medal. 
 During the Franco-German war, 
 he w^as chosen by the War Depart- 
 ment to go as medical commis- 
 sioner to the headquarters of the 
 French army, and was in Paris 
 during the whole of the siege, ren- 
 dering very valuable aid to the 
 wounded. He was made C.B. in 
 1873, and died at Bournemouth, 
 Aprd 2, 1874. 
 
 WYATT, Sir Matthew Digby, 
 F.S.A. [1820—1877], architect and 
 writer on decorative art, the young- 
 est son of Matthew Wyatt, police ma- 
 gistrate, Lambeth, was born near 
 Devizes, where he was educated. 
 He entered the office of his brother, 
 Thos. H. Wyatt, architect, and 
 gained a prize for an essay from 
 the Architectural Society in 1836. 
 He started for the Continent in 
 1844, in order to study the prin- 
 cipal monuments of art and anti- 
 quity in France, Germany, and 
 Italy, and returned to England in 
 184G, bx'inging with him, amongst 
 other drawings, a series of studies 
 from chiu'ches, which were pub- 
 lished in facsimile in 1848. He 
 arranged and decorated the New 
 Adelphi Theatre in that year, and 
 made to the Society of Arts an 
 able report on the Exposition of 
 Industry at Paris in 1849. In the 
 same year he acted as secretary to 
 the members of the Society of Arts, 
 who hfvd set on foot the project of 
 
 the Great Exhibition, and his ap- 
 pointment was confirmed by the 
 Royal Commission of 1850. In con- 
 junction witli Mr. Owen Jones, 
 Sir W. Cubitt, Sir J. Paxton, and 
 Sir C. Fox, Mr. Wyatt assisted in 
 the settlement of the general plan 
 and details of the Great Exhibition 
 building in Hyde Park, and the 
 management of its erection de- 
 volved upon him. This employ- 
 ment led to his association with 
 Mr. Brunei in designing the Pad- 
 dington Station of the Great 
 Western Railway, and other works. 
 Towards the close of his connection 
 with the Royal Commissioners, he 
 received a present of <£ 1,000 from 
 that body (in addition to his 
 salary), and a gold medal from 
 Prince Albert. Between 1852 and 
 1854 he superintended the Fine 
 Arts Department and decorations 
 of the Crystal Palace at Syden- 
 ham ; and published " Views of 
 the Crystal Palace and Park," and 
 (with J. B. Waring) the Guides 
 to the Courts of Christian Art, 
 which were designed and arranged 
 bv him. In 1854 he restored the 
 tine chancel of North Marston 
 Chui'ch, Bucks, for Her Majesty, 
 as a memorial to Mr. Neeld, from 
 whom she had received a con- 
 siderable bequest. Mr. Wyatt, who 
 was one of the jurors and re- 
 porter to the British Government, 
 for furniture and decoration, at the 
 Paris Exhibition of 1855, was 
 created a Knight of the Legion of 
 Honour. He was often employed 
 by the E. I. Company, built several 
 barracks for them, and when their 
 possessions were transferred to the 
 Crown he advised upon the trans- 
 fer. He designed several great 
 works for execution in India, and 
 was appointed joint architect with 
 Mr. G. G. Scott, R.A., for the new 
 India Office. He was from 1855 to 
 1859 Hon. Sec. of the R. I. B. A. 
 In 1861 he was sent by the So- 
 ciety of Ai'ts to Florence, to re- 
 port upon the Italian Exhibition 
 of Industry, and he was an exhil)i- 
 
982 
 
 W YATT— W YAT VILLE . 
 
 tor, and obtained medals for his 
 various designs for manufacturers, 
 &c., at the Great Exhibitions of 
 1S51, 1855, and 1862. He was a 
 Telford medallist of the Institution 
 of Civil Engineers ; in 18G5 was 
 made an honorary member of seve- 
 ral foreign academies ; and in 
 18(3G received the gold medal given 
 by Her Majesty. In 18G5 he was 
 created an officer of the Order of 
 San Maurizio and Lazaro by the 
 King of Italy ; on Jan. 1 1, 18G9, 
 was knighted by Her Majesty ; on 
 Dec. 7 the same year was chosen as 
 Slade Professor of Fine Arts at the 
 University of Cambridge for a 
 period of three years ; and in 1870 
 was made an M.A. He was elected 
 President of the GrajDhic Society in 
 the place of Mr. Foley, deceased, in 
 Oct., 187-1. Among his writings 
 may be mentioned, "Metal Work 
 and its Artistic Design " (1852), 
 " Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth 
 Century" (1853), "Art Treasures 
 of the United Kingdom" (1857), &c. 
 WYATT, Matthew Cotes [1777 
 — 18G2], sculptor, was a son of 
 James Wyatt, R.A., the ai"chitect, 
 and was educated at Eton, and 
 studied Art in the Eoyal Academy 
 Schools. At the age of nineteen 
 he was employed under the im- 
 mediate jDatronage of the King 
 (George III.) at Windsor, but his 
 first jDublic work was the Nelson 
 memorial on the Exchange at Liver- 
 pool. He exhibited at the Aca- 
 demy, during the years 1804 — 12, 
 some i:ortraits in oil, a bust of the 
 King, and a " Descent from the 
 Cro.ss." His equestrian statues in- 
 cluded that of the Duke of Wel- 
 lington, lately removed from Hyde 
 Park Corner, for which a subscrip- 
 tion of i;30,OCiO was raised, the 
 statue of George III. at Pall Mall 
 East ; besides wliich he executed 
 the cenotaph of the Princess Char- 
 lotte in St. George's Chapel, Wind- 
 sor, the monument of the Duchess 
 of Rutland at Belvoir Castle, and a 
 figure of tlie favourite dog of the 
 Earl of Dudley. 
 
 WYATT, Thomas Henry [1807 
 1880], elder brother of Sir Digby 
 Wyatt, was born in London, and 
 having chosen the profession of 
 architecture, became the pupil of 
 Philip Hardwicke. He was ap- 
 pointed district surveyor of Hack- 
 ney, and soon acquired a very large 
 business, for a time entering into 
 partnership with David Brandon. 
 Among his works may be mentioned 
 the Adeljihi Theatre, the Exchange 
 at Liverpool, the restoration of 
 Wimborne Minster, and upwards 
 of 150 churches, several assize 
 courts in England and Wales, the 
 Guards' barracks in Hyde Park, 
 &c. He was one of the first meni- 
 bei's of the R.I.B.A.,and was elected 
 President in 1870. 
 
 WYATYILLE, Sir Jeffery, 
 Knt., E.A. [17GG— 18 10], architect, 
 was the sou of a surveyor, Joseph 
 Wyatt, at Burton-on-Trent, where 
 he was born. He was educated at 
 the Free Grammar School of that 
 town, and then wished to be a 
 sailor, but meeting with ^i^'^^P" 
 pointment in that direction, he 
 induced his imcle, Samuel Wvatt 
 the architect, to take him into his 
 office for seven years. At the end 
 of that time he went to another 
 uncle, James Wyatt, R.A., under 
 whom he made a special study of 
 Gothic and Old English architec- 
 ture. In 1799 he joined in business 
 with an eminent buileler, who had 
 extensive Government and other 
 contracts, with whtan he remaineel 
 till 1821, when he was unexi)eo- 
 tedly summoned to Winelsor by 
 George lY. to receive instructions 
 respecting designs for the restora- 
 tion of Windsor Castle. The sum 
 of ^300,000 was voted by Parlia- 
 ment towards the expenses of those 
 improvements; and on Aug. 12, 
 182'1, the first stone was laid by 
 the King, the first stone of the 
 gateAvay forming the principal en- 
 trance to the quadrangle. On tbat 
 occasion he received the Koyal 
 authority for changing his name 
 to Wyatville, which he did chiefly 
 
WYNFORD— WYNN. 
 
 981 
 
 to distinguish himself from other 
 ai'chitects named Wyatt, livinj^ at 
 that time, He devoted all his time 
 to the works at the Castle, which 
 proceeded so rapidly, that in 1828 
 the Kin«^ was able to take pos- 
 session of his private apartments, 
 on wliich occasion he knig-hted the 
 architect. The completion of the 
 work occupied the remainder of his 
 life, and involved an outlay of up- 
 wards of .£700,0(X). His reputation 
 will rest chiefly upon the work done 
 at Windsor Castle, but beside that 
 he had wholly built or improved 
 many other edifices in diffei*ent 
 parts of the kingdom ; he made 
 several additions to Chatsworth, 
 designed lodges and other buildings 
 in Windsor Park, added a new 
 front to Sidney Sussex College, 
 Cambridge, &.c. He had exhibited 
 at the Academy from 1794. and in 
 1798 sent a design, " Priam's 
 Palace,'* which attracted a good 
 deal of notice. He was made an 
 A.E.A. in 1823, R.A. in 1826. He 
 died at his house, in Brook Street, 
 Grosvenor Square, and was buried 
 in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. 
 A portrait of him was painted by 
 Sir Thomas Lawrence by command 
 of George IV., and placed in the 
 Koyal collection at Windsor Castle, 
 and his bust by Chantrey was placed 
 in the long gallery there. 
 
 WYNFORD, RiCxHT Hon. Wil- 
 liam Draper, Bart., First Baron 
 [1767—18-15], born at Haslebury 
 Plucknett, co. Somerset, was the 
 third son of Thomas Best, Esq., 
 by a daughter of Sir William 
 Draper, well known as the anta- 
 gonist of "Junius." He was edu- 
 cated at the Crewkerne Grammar 
 School, and at the age of fifteen 
 was sent to Wadliam College, 
 Oxford. At the end of two years, 
 by the death of a cousin, he came 
 into a considerable estate, and enter- 
 ing the Middle Temple, was called 
 to the Bar in 1789. He soon ac- 
 quired an extensive practice, and 
 his increase of business allowed him 
 to accept the coif in ISOO, In 1S02 
 
 he entered Parliament as member 
 for Petersfield, in the Liberal in- 
 terest. Ho was one of the acting 
 managers in tlie impeachment of 
 Lord Melville, and with Sir Samuel 
 Romilly answered the legal objec- 
 tions taken by the counsel for the 
 defence. In 1813 he was returned 
 for Bridport, and left the Liberal 
 party to l^ecome a zealous sup- 
 porter of Conservative principles. 
 In 1809 he was elected Recorder for 
 Guildford ; and in 1813 he was 
 made Solicitor - General to the 
 Prince of Wales, succeeding in 
 1816 to the Attorney-Generalship. 
 In 1819 he was made judge of the 
 Court of King's Bench, and re- 
 ceived the honour of knighthood. 
 In 1824 he was advanced to the 
 Court of Common Pleas, from which 
 he retired in June, 1829, and was 
 elevated to the peerage, under the 
 title of Baron Wynford. He was 
 then selected to fill the ofiice of 
 Deputy Speaker of the House of 
 Lords. In the debates he strenuously 
 opposed the Reform Bill through 
 all its stages, and Avas always found 
 in opposition to the party who 
 supported it. He retired from 
 public life in 1829. 
 
 WY^NN, Right Hon. Charles 
 Watkyn Williams, D.C.L., F.S.A. 
 [1775 — 1850], was the second son 
 of Sir Watkyn Williams Wynn, the 
 fourth baronet, of Wynnstay, Den- 
 bigh. He was educated at West- 
 minster and Christ Church, Oxford, 
 and called to the Bar at Lincoln's 
 Inn in 1798. In 1796 he entered 
 Parliament as the representative 
 of Old Sarum, and the following 
 year was elected for the county of 
 Montgomery, for which he sat in 
 the House of Commons until his 
 death. In 1S22 he was appointed 
 President of the Board of Control, 
 and sworn a Privy Councillor. 
 From November, 1830, to April, 
 183 1, he was Secretary for War 
 under Lord Grey's administration, 
 and Chancellor of the Duchy of 
 Lancaster from December, 1834, to 
 Api'il, 1835. He was a Metropolitari 
 
984 
 
 WYNN— WYON. 
 
 Coiniuissioner of Lunacy, Steward 
 of Denbigh, a Bencher of Lincoln's 
 Inn, and President of the Eoyal 
 Asiatic Sosiety. 
 
 WYNiSr, Charlotte Williams 
 [1807— 1S69], was the eldest daugh- 
 ter of the above, whose public posi- 
 tion threw her early into political 
 society, and gave her a keen in- 
 terest in all the great questions of 
 the day. She also, among her 
 father's intimate friends, became 
 acquainted with Heber, Southey, 
 Hallam, Mackintosh, and others, 
 and in 1836 first met her friend the 
 Baron Varnhagen von Ense, at 
 Wiesbaden. They became staunch 
 friends in spite of the great dif- 
 ference in their ages, and generally 
 met from that time at Wiesbaden 
 every year, during the annual visits 
 of Miss Wynnes family to the baths 
 there. Later she also made the 
 acquaintance of Carlyle, Baron 
 Bunsen, M. Rio, and the Rev. F. 
 D. Maurice, with all of whom she 
 corresponded from time to time. 
 These letters were collected and 
 published by her sister in 1878, 
 and give a delightful account of 
 her life, and the many interesting 
 people she knew. During the last 
 years of her life she suffered greatly 
 from ill-health, and was obliged to 
 live constantly abroad, only visit- 
 ing England very occasionally, until 
 her death. 
 
 WYNTER, Andrew, M.D. [1819 
 — 1876], son of Andrew Wynter, 
 Esq., born at Bristol, and educated at 
 a private school, commenced a course 
 of medical study, which he aban- 
 doned for a time, but took his degree 
 of M.D. in 1853, and became a 
 member of the College of Physicians 
 in 1861. Dr. Wynter, who devoted 
 himself to the study of mental 
 diseases, was editor of the British 
 Medical Journal from 1815 to the 
 end of 1860, and contributed fre- 
 quently to the Quarterly and Edin- 
 hur(jh Reviews, and other periodi- 
 cals. A collection of many of his 
 lessor pieces, under the title of 
 ^' Sketches pf Town and Country 
 
 Life," published in 1855-6, was re- 
 published under the title of " Our 
 Social Bees," in 1861. His contri- 
 butions to the Quarterly Review, 
 Once a Week, &c., were republished 
 in a collected form, under the titles 
 of " Curiosities of Civilization," and 
 "■ Subtle Brains and Lissom Fin- 
 gers," in 1860-3. 
 
 WYON, Joseph S., Medallist 
 [1836 — 1873], was a son of Benjamin 
 Wyon, chief engraver of Her Ma- 
 jesty's Seals. He studied under 
 his father, and obtained two silver 
 medals at the Royal Academy. 
 Among his works may be mentioned 
 a medal of James Watt, the inven- 
 tor of the steam-engine, which, on 
 Robert Stephenson's recommenda- 
 tion, was adopted by the Royal 
 Institute of Civil Engineers as 
 their annual prize medal ; the Great 
 Seal of England (which he executed 
 in his capacity as Chief Engraver 
 of Her Majesty's Seals), the medal 
 struck by order of the Canadian 
 Government to commemorate the 
 confederation of the four provinces 
 of the Dominion of Canada ; the 
 Great Seal of the Dominion of Ca- 
 nada, &c. He was a juror in the 
 London Exhibition of 1862, and 
 with his brother, M. A. B. Wyon, 
 received the only medal at the 
 Paris Exhibition of 1867 given to 
 exhibitors in the class of sculpture. 
 He received the Order of the Med- 
 jidie from the Sultan of Turkey. 
 
 WYON, William, R.A. [1795— 
 1851], the well-known medallist 
 and die-sinker, was of German 
 descent, the son of Peter Wyon, a 
 die-sinker at Birmingham, where 
 he was born. He was apprenticed 
 to his father, and in 1812 came 
 to London, and having carefully 
 studied Flaxnian's works, he gained 
 the Society of Arts Gold Medal for 
 his copy of the head of Ceres. 
 The Society bought it, and used it 
 as their gold agricultural medal. 
 He also gained the Society's Gold 
 Medal for his original group of 
 " Victory in a Marine Car, drawn 
 by Tritons." He settled in London 
 
WYSE— YAEEELL. 
 
 985 
 
 in 1816, and in 1817 became a 
 student at the Royal Academy, 
 and about the same time was 
 appointed second en<^raver to the 
 Roval Mint, becomint' in that way 
 assistant to his cousin Thomas. 
 On the death of the latter Mr. 
 Pistrucci was made chief engraver, 
 but Wyon as assistant claimed to 
 have done most of the work. In 
 1822 Pistrucci wholly withdi-ew his 
 services, Vtut continued to receive 
 the salary till 1828, when it was 
 divided equally between the two 
 officers, each receiving .£350 a yeax\ 
 Wyon then took the title of Chief 
 Euijraver, was elected A.R.A. in 
 1831, and R.A. in 1S38. In 1835 
 he went to Lislx)n to prepare the 
 dies for the Portuguese coinage, 
 and subsequently undertook similar 
 commissions for other countries. 
 Among his coins were those of the 
 latter years of George IV., the 
 coins of William IT., and the early 
 coins of Queen Victoria. He made 
 the war medals for the Peninsular 
 victories, Trafalgar, and the Indian 
 medals for Jellalabad and Cabul ; 
 and also the medals for the Geo- 
 graphical and Geological Societies, 
 the Eoyal Academy, Art Union, 
 Royal Institution, and Glasgow 
 University. William IV.'s Corona- 
 tion Medal is al.so by him ;. and one 
 of his latest works was the medal 
 for the Exhibition of 1S51. His 
 friend, Mr. Nicholas Carlisle, pub- 
 lished a list of his works, to which 
 was prefixed a memoir in 1837. 
 
 WYSE, Sir Thomas, K.C.B. 
 [1791 — 1862], was the eldest son 
 of Mr. Thomas Wvse, of St. John's 
 Manor, near Waterford. He was 
 educated at Stony hurst, and Trinity 
 College, Dublin. He afterwards 
 entered as a student at Lincoln's 
 Inn, but was not called to the Bar. 
 He represented Tipperary in Par- 
 liament from 1830 to 1832, and 
 Waterford City from 1835 to 1847. 
 In 1839 he was made a Lord of the 
 Treasury, and in 1846 Joint Secre- 
 tary to the Board of Control. This 
 office he resigned in 1849, on being 
 
 appointed minister at Athens, and 
 at the same time he was sworn a 
 privy councillor. He was created 
 a K.C.B. in 1857. In the literary 
 world he was known as the author 
 of " Walks in Rome," " Oriental 
 Sketches," kc. He married, in 1821, 
 the daughter of Prince Lucien 
 Bonaparte, from whom he was 
 separated in 1828. 
 
 Y. 
 
 YARRELL, William [178 
 1856], an eminent naturalist, was 
 the son of a newsagent in Duke 
 Street, St. James's. In the inter- 
 vals of business he devoted himself 
 to tishing and shooting, and studied 
 the natural history of the game he 
 hunted. Together vnth his friend 
 Shoobridge he made frequent excur- 
 sions into the country for shooting. 
 He formed a valuable collection of 
 birds, birds' eggs, and fishes, and 
 in 1825 sent his first pajjer to the 
 Zoological Journal, "Notices of the 
 Occurrence of some rare British 
 Birds, observed during the years 
 1823, 1824, and 1825." Becoming 
 acquainted with Mr. Vigors, Mr. 
 Swainson, Mr. E . Bennett, and other 
 eminent naturalists, he was elected 
 in 1825 a Fellow of the Linnsean 
 Society, to the transactions of 
 which he contributed numerous 
 valuable papers, among which were 
 his " Observations on the Trachea 
 of Birds," (1827), a "Description 
 of a New Species of Fungus " ( lb28) , 
 " On the Organs of Voice in Birds," 
 &c. But the most important work 
 of his life was the production of 
 his admirable " History of British 
 Birds " (1836), " and History of Bri- 
 tish Fishes" (1813), published by 
 his friend, Mr. Van Voorst. About 
 1829 the Zoological Club of the 
 Linnoean Society became the foun- 
 dation of the present Zoological 
 Society, and Mr. Yarrell continued 
 his work for the Society's welfare 
 with unflagging zeal to the end. 
 In 1849 he was elected a vice-presi- 
 
98(1 
 
 YATES— YELVERTON. 
 
 dent and treasurer of the Linngean 
 Society^ and tlie memlDers subscribed 
 for an oil portrait of him to be 
 placed in- the Society's meeting- 
 room. 
 
 YATES, Frederick Henry 
 [1797 — 1842], actor, "vvas the son of 
 Thomas Yates, a tobacco manufac- 
 turer, and was educated at a pre- 
 l^aratory school at Winchmore Hill, 
 and at the Charterhouse. On leav- 
 ing- school he entered the Commis- 
 sariat Department, and was sent 
 out to the army then fighting in 
 the Peninsula. By the advice of 
 the elder Charles Matthews he took 
 to the stage, making his first ap- 
 pearance in 1817. He first played 
 in London in 1818, appearing at 
 Covent Garden as lago to the 
 Othello of Charles Young, Charles 
 Kenible jDlaying Cassio, and Miss 
 O'Neill Desdemona. From that 
 time his lago was a great favourite 
 with the public. In 1825 he un- 
 dertook the management of the 
 Adelphi Theatre in conjunction 
 with Daniel Terry, apj^earing chiefly 
 in dramatisations of popular novels, 
 "The Flying Dutchman," the 
 " Pilot," &c. Terry retired in 
 1828, and then Yates was joined by 
 Charles Matthews the elder, when 
 the theatre became one of the most 
 popular places of amusement in 
 London. Among some of their 
 greatest triumphs v/ere " Victo- 
 rine," "The Wreck Ashore," "The 
 Green Bushes," dramatisations of 
 "Pickwick," "The Last Days of 
 Pomioeii," " Ten Thousand a Year/' 
 A:c. Mr. Yates was the father of 
 Mr. Edmund Yates, editor of The 
 World. 
 
 YATES, Mrs. Elizabeth, an 
 actress of repute, sjiecially clever 
 in domestic drama, was born at 
 Norwich in 1799. She was the 
 daughter of Mr. John Brunton, 
 manager of what in theatrical 
 parlance was known as " The Nor- 
 folk Circuit " — several tours in the 
 eastern counties, with Norwicli for 
 their centre — and a niece of the 
 clover actress Miss Louisa Brunton, 
 
 who married, in 1807, the Seventh 
 Earl of Craven. She made her first 
 appearance on the stage at Lynn, 
 where her father Avas then manager, 
 on March 15, 1815, as Desdemona 
 to the Othello of Charles Kean. 
 She continued her provincial career 
 with inci'easing success until 1817, 
 when she made her bow to a Lon- 
 don audience at Covent Garden in 
 the character of Letitia Hardy. 
 She next ajDpeared as Rosalind, 
 Violante, Beatrice, and Olivia ; and 
 when her father became manager 
 of the West London Theatre, in 
 1822, Miss Brunton was a leading 
 member of the company. In 1824 
 she married Mr. Frederick Yates, 
 with whose triumphs at the Adelphi 
 she became intimately associated, 
 being a great favourite as the 
 heroine of domestic dramas, such 
 as the " Wreck Ashore," " Yicto- 
 rine," &c. After her husband's 
 death, Mrs. Yates played one season 
 at the Lyceum, and retired from the 
 stage in 1818. She died at Brighton , 
 August 30, 18G0. 
 
 YELVERTON, Admiral Sir 
 Hastings Reginald, G.C.B. [1808 
 — ^1878], born in Ireland, was son 
 of Mr. J. Joseph Henry, of Straffan, 
 CO. Kildare. He entered the navy 
 in 1823, and from that time to liis 
 death was constantly afloat. He 
 was second in command of the Me- 
 diterranean squadron from 18G3 to 
 18G6, and subsequently commanded 
 the Channel squadron. From J870 
 to 1874 he was Commander-in-Chief 
 on the Mediterranean station, and 
 in 1870 was appointed a Lord Com- 
 missioner of the Admiralty. For 
 his naval services he was nominated 
 a C.B. in 1855, a Knight Commander 
 in 1809, and a G.C.B. in 1875. 
 
 YELVERTON, Mrs. (Theresa 
 Longworth), the lieroine of the 
 famous " Yelverton marringo ease," 
 was the daughter of a silk mer- 
 chant, of Manchester, and was born 
 at Chetvvood, in Lancashire. She 
 and ht'V sisters were educated at a 
 convent in France, and became 
 Roman Catholics, and on leaving 
 
YOUNG. 
 
 0.S7 
 
 that place Theresa spent two years 
 in Italy, wliero she completed her 
 education. Ono of her sisters was 
 married to a M. Le Favre, at Bou- 
 lojjfne, and it was while returning 
 from a visit to her in 1852 that 
 Theresii first met Major Yelverton, 
 the eldest son of Lord Avonmore, 
 who, it would seem, fell in love 
 with her. Durin*; the Russian war 
 Miss Lonpfworth was nt Consbinti- 
 nople as a nurse, and there met 
 Major Yelverton for the second 
 time, when he made her an oflfer 
 of marriaf^e. She returned to Eng- 
 land in 1S57, and in April of that 
 year they were privately married, 
 " accordintr to Scotch law." Miss 
 Lonj^woi-th not ])ein»^ satisfied with 
 this marriage, they were again 
 married in August of the same year 
 in the Catholic church of Kilone, 
 in Irt'laud. But both marriages 
 were most irregular, and each side 
 seems to have been aware of that 
 fact. A year later the major, ap- 
 parently tired of his wife, deserted 
 her at Bordeaux, doing his best to 
 persuade her to go to New Zealand, 
 and promising to follow her there. 
 This she refused to do, however, and 
 in June, ISoS, the Major married 
 publicly the widow of Professor 
 Forbes, ignoring his first marriage 
 altogether. Thereupon an action 
 was entered airainst him for 
 .£259 17s. 3J., by Mr. John Thel- 
 wall, of Hull, for board, lodging, 
 and necessaries, supplied to his 
 first wife. The major pleaded that 
 the goods had not been supplied to 
 his wife, thereby denying that Miss 
 Long worth was his wife. The 
 action was tried in the Coui't of 
 Common Pleas, Dublin (Feb. 21, 
 1861), and lasted eleven days, the 
 jury finding that the Scotch mar- 
 riage was a valid one, and that 
 there was a good Irish marriage. 
 The matter was then tried in a 
 Scotch Court, and went against 
 Mrs. Theresa Yelverton, and finally, 
 in August, 1807, the House of Lords 
 decided against her too. She lived 
 chiefly abroad after that time, and 
 
 died at Petermaritzburg, Natal, in 
 November, 1881, and was buried in 
 the Church of England cemetery 
 there. 
 
 YOUNG, Charles Mayne [1777 
 — 185<>], was the son of a well- 
 known London surgeon, Thomas 
 Young, and spent part of his 
 early childhood with his aunt, Ma- 
 dame M tiller, who was married to 
 Professor Miiller, body physician 
 and confideutal adviser to the King 
 of Denmark. The King and Queen 
 of Denmark became deeply in- 
 terested in the pretty intelligent 
 boy, an interest which followed him 
 throughout his career. On his re- 
 turn to England he was sent to Eton, 
 where he remained for three years, 
 and was then transferred to Mer- 
 chant Taylors' School. Meanwhile 
 his father, though his practice was 
 a large one, had been living con- 
 sideraljly beyond his means, plung- 
 ing into every kind of dissipation, 
 and making life at home quite 
 impossible for the boys or their 
 mother. They left him, therefore, 
 and went to live with a sister of 
 their mother's, a maiden lady of 
 restricted means, who had a small 
 house of her own. George, the 
 eldest son, became a surgeon ; "Win- 
 slow, the youngest, a clerk in the 
 house of a West India merchant ; 
 and Charles entered as clerk in the 
 house of Lougbman &: Co. Dis- 
 liking his employment, he deter- 
 mined to go upon the stage, and 
 made his dthut at Liverpool, in the 
 character of Douglas, in 1798, and 
 being verv successful, was eno-ajjed 
 to play leading parts in Manches- 
 ter. Between ISOO and 1803 he 
 played with uninterrupted success 
 at Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, 
 and Edinburgh. At the latter 
 place he became acquainted with 
 Sir Walter Scott, and from that 
 time down to Scott's death, never 
 failed to visit him when he was in 
 the north. In IbOl, while Youngf 
 was playing at Liverpool, he fell in 
 love with the beautiful and accom- 
 plished actress. Miss Grimani, and 
 
98S 
 
 YOUNG. 
 
 they were married early in the fol- j 
 lowing year. She died, after giv- 
 ing birth to their only son, Julian 
 Charles Young. Young first ap- 
 peared in London at the Haymarket 
 Theatre, June 22, 1807, in the cha- 
 racter of Hamlet, and at once gained 
 a marked success. He also played 
 during his first season Don Felix, 
 Osmond, Rolla, Penruddock, Pe- 
 truchio, the Stranger, and Sir Ed- 
 ward Mortimer in Colman's " Iron 
 Chest." After the burning down 
 of the Haymarket in 1808, Young 
 accompanied the old company to 
 the Opera House, Covent Grarden, 
 adding greatly to his reputation 
 by his representation of Daran in 
 The Exile, playing besides, Hamlet, 
 Othello, and with Mrs. Siddons, 
 dux'ing her brother's illness in 1811, 
 Beverly and Macbeth. In 1812 he 
 played Cassius in Kemble's splen- 
 did revival of "Julius Caesar." In 
 1822 he accepted an engagement 
 at Drury Lane, at a salary of d£50 
 a night, to play with Edmund Kean 
 in certain pieces, exchanging parts 
 with him on alternate nights. It 
 created an immense excitement in 
 London ; the rival actors were as 
 eagerly discussed as the most im- 
 portant political personages of the 
 hour, and everyone rushed to see 
 them alternately in the parts of 
 lago and Othello. In ] 823-21 
 Young re-appeared at Covent Grar- 
 den, and again played with Kean 
 at that house. In 1832 he retired 
 from the stage, appearing for the 
 last time as Hamlet, Charles Mat- 
 thews the elder playing Polonius, 
 and William Macready undertaking 
 the part of the ghost. [See " Me- 
 moir of Charles Mayne Young," by 
 his son, 1871.] 
 
 YOUNG, Dk. James [1811— 1883], 
 the celebrated chemist, was born 
 at Drygate, Glasgow, of humble 
 parents, and early began the study 
 of chemistry under Professor Gi-a- 
 ham (later Master of the Mint) in 
 Anderson's College, Glasgow. He 
 became assistant to Professor Gra- 
 ham, whom he accoiupanied to Uni- 
 
 versity College, London, working 
 under him for about seven years, 
 until he received important appoint- 
 ments in chemical works at St. 
 Helen's, and at Manchester. At 
 the latter place he began experi- 
 menting in mineral oils from a coal- 
 pit in Derbyshire, from which he 
 produced lubricating and burning 
 oils, which found a ready sale ; 
 he also discovered a method of dis- 
 tilling oil from shale, and founded 
 the mineral oil industry in Scot- 
 land, where the total annual pro- 
 duction of mineral oil amounts to 
 about 15,000,000 gallons. Dr. Young 
 founded a chair at Anderson's Col- 
 lege for the study of technical che- • 
 misti'y. His latest scientific act 
 was the use of lime for preventing 
 the coi'rosion of iron ships by the 
 bilge water, a process adopted by 
 the Admiralty. He was an inti- 
 mate friend of Dr. Livingstone, and 
 fitted out the expedition which re- 
 sulted in the discovery of his body. 
 YOUNG, John, author of the 
 " Letters of Agricola," was born in 
 Scotland, and educated at the Uni- 
 versity of Glasgow. About 1815 he 
 emigrated to Nova Scotia, and three 
 years later succeeded in attracting 
 attention to the dormant condition 
 of agriculture in that province. A 
 series of letters printed in the 
 Halifax Recorder, signed " Agri- 
 cola," were the means of procuring 
 the establishment by the Legisla- 
 ture of Nova Scotia of the Board of 
 Agriculture, of which Mr. Young 
 eventually became secretary. It 
 was not, however, until the follow- 
 ing year (1819) that he avowed the 
 authorship of the letters. In 1825 
 he was returned to the Provincial 
 Parliament, and continued to sit as 
 a member of the Assembly until 
 his death, in 1837. Mr. Young 
 displayed considerable eloquence as 
 a speaker, and large and varied 
 knowledge in the performance of 
 his duties. 
 
 YOUNG, The Hon. John, was 
 born in Ayr, Scotland, in 1811, and 
 having received a fair education, 
 
YULE. 
 
 989 
 
 went out to Canada in 1826. In 
 1840, havinpf settled in Montreal, 
 he began to turn his attention to 
 the improvement of inland navi- 
 gation, and to removing as far as 
 l)ossible the restrictions upon trade 
 between Canada and the United 
 States. He was chiefly instru- 
 mentivl in the deepening of Lake 
 St. Peter, which enabled the largest 
 ocean steamers to pass up the St. 
 Lawrence to Montreal, and took an 
 active part in establishing a line of 
 railway to connect Montreal with 
 Portland in Maine, and another 
 to connect Montreal with King- 
 ston. He accepted the portfolio 
 of Public Works in the Hincks- 
 Morin Administration, remaining 
 in office one vear, during which 
 time he worked hard for the im- 
 provement of their navigation sys- 
 tem. He tc>ok an active part in 
 
 establishing a line of steamers 
 between the St. Lawrence and 
 Liverpool, which was subsidised by 
 the Canadian (.TOv«.-rninent. He 
 died in Montreal, April 12, 1878. 
 
 YULE, Captain Charles Bamp- 
 FiELD, R.N., was the third son of 
 Commander John Yule, K.X. He 
 was the first explorer of a southern 
 part of New Guinea in 1817, and 
 was employed eight years in sur- 
 veving the eastern coast of Aus- 
 tralia, and the outlying barrier 
 reefs, Torres Strait, the southern 
 coast of New Guinea, and the 
 Louisiade Archipelago. Captain 
 Yule was the author of the " Aus- 
 tralia Directory," published by the 
 Admiralty, to facilitate the naviga- 
 tion of the coasts of Australia. He 
 died at his residence, Anderton, 
 Cornwall, Nov. 1, 1878. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 OF PERSONS RECENTLY DECEASED. 
 
 ALEXANDER, Oen. Sir James 
 Edward, C.B.,F.R.S. [1803— 1885J, 
 was the eldest son of Mr. Edwcard 
 Alexander, of PoAvis, Clackmannan- 
 shire, was educated at the Royal 
 Military College, Sandhurst, and 
 entered the army in 1821. He was 
 appointed by Sir Thomas Munro 
 (Governor of Madras), adjutant of 
 his body-guard. He served in the 
 cavalry, in India, and in the 12nd 
 Royal Highlanders, acted as pri- 
 vate secretary and A.D.C. to Sir 
 Benjamin D'Urban, when Gro- 
 vernor of Cape Colonj^ and also as 
 A.D.C. to the same general while 
 Commander of the Forces in British 
 North America. He was subse- 
 quently on the staff of General 
 Sir William Rowan, Commander of 
 the Forces in Canada, and was 
 present in the field in the Burman, 
 Persian, Turkish, Portuguese, and 
 Caffre wars. He was likewise em- 
 ployed on a Government expedition 
 of discovery in the interior of 
 Africa, and on an exploring and 
 surveying expedition in the forests 
 of New Brunswick, for which he 
 was knighted in 1838. He became 
 a major in the army in 18 IG, lieu- 
 tenant-colonel in 1854, and colonel 
 in 1858. He commanded the 1 1th 
 Regiment at the siege and fall of 
 Sebastopol, and the 2nd Battalion 
 of the same regiment in New Zea- 
 land in 18G0-G2. He obtained the 
 Khedive's leave to transport Cleo- 
 patra's Needle to England ; and. 
 
 though the actual removal was 
 carried out by others, it was mainly 
 thi-ough his exertions that the obe- 
 lisk was saved from being broken 
 up. He was made major-general 
 in 1868, lieutenant-general in 1877, 
 and general in 1882, and was nomi- 
 nated a C.B. in 1873. He was a 
 magistrate and deputy-lieutenant 
 for Stirlingshire, 
 
 ALLEN, Sir George Wigram, 
 K.C.M.G. [1821—1885], eldest son 
 of Hon. George Allen (sometime 
 Chairman of Committees in the 
 Legislative Council of Sydney), 
 was educated at Sydney College. 
 He was admitted a solicitor of the 
 Supreme Court of New South 
 Wales in 181(5, and was for several 
 years President of the LaAv Insti- 
 tute of the colony. In 1859 he was 
 appointed a magistrate for the 
 territorv, and in 18G0-G1 was a 
 member of the Legislative Council. 
 He was Minister of Justice and 
 Public Instruction from 1873 till 
 1875, when he was elected Speaker 
 of the Legislative Assembly, a posi- 
 tion which he held till 1883. Sir 
 George Allen, who received the 
 honour of knighthood in 1877, 
 had been seven times consecutively 
 returned as member for " The 
 Glebe" in the Legislative Assem- 
 bly. He was a Commissioner of 
 i National Education from 1853 till 
 { 18G7, a member of the Council of 
 Education from 1873 till 1880, and 
 a vice-president of the Sydney In- 
 
ANSDELL— BAZLEY. 
 
 991 
 
 ternational and of several inter- 
 colonial exhibitions. He was a 
 Fellow of Svdnev University, a 
 trustee of Sydney Grammar School, 
 a director of the Bank of New 
 South "Wales, and chairman of 
 several insurance and commercial 
 companies. Sir Geor^^e Allen was 
 in 1884 nominated a Knight Com- 
 mander of the Order of St. Michael 
 and St. George. He married, in 
 1851, Marian, eldest daughter of 
 the Eev. William B. Boyce. 
 
 ANSDELL, Richard, E.A. 
 [1815 — 1885], was born at Liver- 
 lx>ol, and educated at the Bluecoat 
 School of that town. Having de- 
 termined to adopt painting as a 
 profession, he first distinguished 
 himself by the painting of animals 
 and sports of the field, with occa- 
 sionally an outdoor historical sub- 
 ject. The earliest pictures he 
 exhibited at the Eoyal Academy 
 (1810) were "Grouse Shooting" 
 and " A Galloway Fai*m, the Pro- 
 perty of the Marquis of Bute." In 
 the following rear he exhibited 
 •* The Earl of "^Sefton and Party 
 returning from Shooting." In 1842 
 his " Death of Sir "W. Lambton at 
 the Battle of Mai-ston Moor " at- 
 tracted notice by its spirit and 
 force. In 1813 appeared '' The 
 Death," a scene in the deer-hunt ; 
 in 1811 "Mary, Queen of Scots, 
 returning from the Chase to Stir- 
 ling Castle ;" and, in 1845, " Fox- 
 hunting in the North," a portrait 
 gi'oup of Mr. James Machell, of 
 Windermere, and his family. In 
 1846 Mr. Ansdell exhibited for 
 the first time at the British In- 
 stitution, the subject of his picture 
 being " The Drover's Halt— Isle of 
 Mull in the Distance ;" and the 
 same year he sent to the Eoyal 
 Academy " The Stag at Bay." In 
 the following year at the Academy 
 appeared " The Combat." a com- 
 panion to the last picture ; and in 
 1848 " The Battle of the Standard." 
 In 1856 Mr. Ansdell accompanied 
 Mr. Phillip, E.A., to Spain ; and 
 again, in the following year, he 
 
 journeyed there alone, making the 
 province of Seville his sketching 
 ground. In 1857 he exhibited " The 
 Water Carrier " and '* Mules Drink- 
 ing ;" in 1858 "The Road to Se- 
 ville." and "The Spanish Shep- 
 herd ;" in 1850 " Isla Mayor— Banks 
 of the (iuadal»iuivir," and 'The 
 Spanish Flower Seller." In 1860 
 he returned to English subjects in 
 "The Lost Shepherd," and "Buy 
 a Dog, Ma'am:-" and though in 
 the next year he again showed his 
 attachment to Spanish life and 
 scenery, his later works were almost 
 exclusively taken from English and 
 Scottish out-door life. On three 
 occasions Mr. Ansdell received the 
 " Hejnvood medal " for his works 
 exhibited at Manchester ; and a 
 gold medal was awarded to him for 
 pictiu'es in the Paris Exhibition of 
 1855. He was elected a Royal 
 Academician in 1870. 
 
 B. 
 
 BAKEE, DoM Anselm, 0. Cist. 
 "1833 — 1885], one of the Cistercian 
 monks of Charnwood Abbey, in 
 Leicestershire, was one of the mort 
 distinguished heraldic artists of 
 our day. The greater part of the 
 coats-of-arms in Foster's Peerage 
 were by him, and among his other 
 works were numerous litursrical 
 books, the illuminated "Liber 
 Vitffi," or Book of Benefactors to 
 the Cistercian Abbey in Charnwood 
 Forest, the " Book of Armorial 
 Bearings of English Cardinals," 
 and the " Book of Arms of the 
 Cistercian Houses of Catholic Enc- 
 iand." 
 
 BAZLEY, Sir Thomas, Bart. 
 , 1797 — 1885], born at Gilnow, near 
 Bolton, was educated at the Bolton 
 Grammar School. At an early age 
 he was apprenticed to learn cotton- 
 spinning at the factory of Ains- 
 worth and Co. (once the establish- 
 ment of Sir Eobert Peel and Co.). 
 In 1818 he started in business at 
 Bolton, and in 1826 removed to 
 
992 
 
 BENEDICT. 
 
 Manchester, He became the head 
 and sole proprietor of the largest 
 fine cotton and lace thread spinning 
 concern in the trade, employing 
 more than one thousand hands, and 
 he established, in connection with 
 his factories, schools and lecture 
 and reading rooms. Mr. Bazley 
 was one of the earliest members of 
 the Manchester Anti-Corn Law As- 
 sociation, and of the Council of the 
 League ; and in 1S37, with Messrs. 
 Eichard Cobden and John Brooks, 
 he opened the Free-trade campaign 
 at Liveri^ool, on which occasion he 
 made his first public speech. In 
 1845 he was elected president of 
 the Manchester Chamber of Com- 
 merce, and held that post till 1859. 
 Mr. Bazley was one of the Eoyal 
 Commissioners of the Great Exhi- 
 bition of 1851 ; he served upon the 
 Royal Commission for promoting 
 the amalgamation of the Laws of 
 the United Kingdom ; and in 1855 
 he was a Commissioner of the Paris 
 Imperial Exhibition. In 1858 he 
 was elected M.P. for Manchester in 
 the liberal interest, without a con- 
 test. His business and parliamen- 
 tary duties pressing severely upon 
 his time and attention, in 1862 he re- 
 tired from the former, and disposed 
 of his extensive mills, determining 
 to devote himself entirely to public 
 life. In 1859 and 1865 he was re- 
 elected for Manchester at the head 
 of the poll ; but in 1868 he came in 
 second, polling 14,192 votes against 
 15,486, recorded in favour of Mr. 
 Birley, the Conservative candidate. 
 At the general election of Feb., 
 18/4, he was third on the poll, the 
 votes given for the three successful 
 candidates being as follows : — Bir- 
 ley, 19,98 1 ; Callender, 19,649 ; Baz- 
 ley, 19,325. He was created a ba- 
 ronet in Oct., 1869, and retired 
 from parliamentary life in March, 
 1880. 
 
 BENEDICT, Sir Julius [1804— 
 1885], musician and composer, born 
 at Stuttgart, at an early age showed 
 so much musical talent that, having 
 coiumcucod his studies under Hum- 
 
 mel, at Weimar, he was introduced 
 to the notice of Weber, who, though 
 he had always refused to take pupils, 
 was induced to alter his resolution 
 in Benedict's favour. From the 
 beginning of 1821 till the end of 
 1824 he had the benefit of Weber's 
 exclusive instruction, and was 
 treated by him rather as a son than 
 as a pupil. At the age of nineteen 
 he was, on Weber's recommenda- 
 tion, engaged to conduct the Ger- 
 man operas at Vienna, and was 
 afterwards employed in a similar 
 capacity at the San Carlo and the 
 Fondo, at Ncii^les. In 1827 hia 
 first dramatic attempt, an opera in 
 two acts, called " Giacinta ed Er- 
 nesto," was produced at the Fondo ; 
 but, being essentially German in 
 style and colour, it did not please 
 the Neapolitan public ; nor was he 
 more successful with a grand opera 
 afterwards performed at the San 
 Carlo. In 1830 he returned to 
 Stuttgart, where this work, " I 
 Portoghesi in Goa," which had been 
 coldly received at Naples, found a 
 more congenial audience. After a 
 visit to Paris, and a second resi- 
 dence of several years at Naples, 
 Benedict came to London for the 
 first time In 1835, chiefly at the 
 instance of his friend, Madame 
 Malibran. In 1836 he undertook 
 the direction of the Opera Buffa at 
 the Lyceum, under the manage- 
 ment of Mr. Mitchell. Here his 
 operetta, " Un A.nno ed un Giorno," 
 originally produced at Naples in 
 1836, was well received ; and after 
 this Benedict turned his attention 
 to the English musical stage. His 
 first English oi^era, "The Gipsy's 
 Warning," was produced in 1838 
 with remarkable success. His sub- 
 sequent opei'as, " The Brides of 
 Venice," and " The Crusaders," 
 had a long run at Drury Lane, of 
 which theatre, when under Mr. 
 Buun's management, lie was the 
 musical director, He wrote many 
 pieces for the pianoforte, of which 
 instrument lie was a great master, 
 besides orchestral and vocal com- 
 
BLAKESLEY. 
 
 993 
 
 positions of excellence. The musi- 
 cal festivals at Norwich, the London 
 Monday Popular, and Liverixjol 
 Philharmonic concerts were for a 
 considerable time under his direc- 
 tion. In 1850 he accompanied 
 Jenny Lind as conductor and pianist 
 to the United States and Havannah, 
 and shared in her unexampled suc- 
 cess in a series of 122 concerts. 
 After his return to England, he 
 formed a choi*al society, " The 
 Vocal Association," and conducted 
 the Italian operas at Drury Lane 
 and Her Majesty's Theatre during 
 the seasons of 1850 and 18G0, when 
 he brought out an Italian version 
 of Weber's "Oberon," Avith recita- 
 tives and additions chiefly from his 
 master's works. At the Norwich 
 Festival in Sept., 1860, he pro- 
 duced a cantata, " Undine," which 
 obtained very great success. The 
 first performance of this work in 
 London, towards the end of the 
 same year, derived an additional 
 interest from the circumstance 
 that on that occasion Clara Novell© 
 took her farewell of the English 
 public in the part of " Undine." 
 In 1862 Benedict's most popu- 
 lar opera, " The Lily of Killarney," 
 was produced at Covent Garden, 
 and subsequently at the principal 
 theatres in Germany. A cantata, 
 "Eichard Coeur de Lion/' composed 
 for the NorAvich Festival of 1863, 
 and afterwards performed in Lon- 
 don, was received with general ap- 
 plause. Benedict's operetta, " The 
 Bride of Song." for the Royal English 
 Opera, Covent Garden, in 1864, was 
 followed by a cantata, entitled "St. 
 Cecilia," wi-itten for the Norwich 
 Festival of 1866, which was received 
 most favourably, and has since been 
 produced successfully in London 
 and the principal towns of the 
 United Kingdom. His last choral 
 work, — the oratorio "St. Peter," 
 written expressly for the Birming- 
 ham Musical Festival, 1870, — 
 achieved considerable success, and 
 is in many ways his best composi- 
 tion. He composed incidental music 
 
 to "Romeo and Juliet" (1882), 
 produced at the Lyceum Theatre ; 
 and " Graziella," a cantata, per- 
 formed at the Birmingham Festival 
 of 1882. His first symphony, com- 
 posed in 1873, met with great favour 
 at its performance by the Crystal 
 Palace Band. He conducted the 
 Liverj^ool Festival in September, 
 1871, and was appointed, for the 
 twelfth time, conductor of the Nor- 
 wich Festival, in 1878. He was also 
 for many years accompanist at the 
 Monday Popular Concerts. The 
 honour of knighthood was conferred 
 on him by the Queen, March 21, 1871 . 
 He also received several foreign 
 orders. 
 
 BLAKESLEY, The Very Rev. 
 Joseph Williams, B.D., Dean of 
 Lincoln [1808—1885], the son of a 
 London merchant, was educated at 
 St. Paul's School and Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he gra- 
 duated B.A. in 1831 a^ 21st Wrang- 
 ler and Senior Chancellor's Medal- 
 list. He was subsequently elected 
 Fellow and Tutor of his college, 
 and twice appointed select preacher 
 before the university; his two courses 
 of sermons, on the Dispensation 
 of Paganism and the Evidences of 
 Chrisiianity, were published under 
 the title "Condones Academicae." 
 In 18 45 he was presented by his col- 
 lege to the vicarage of Ware. He 
 was believed to be a candidate for 
 the Regius Professorship of Divinity 
 at Cambridge in 1850 ; was offered, 
 but declined, the Regius Professor- 
 ship of Modern History in 1860 ; 
 was appointed a classical examiner 
 in the University of London in 
 1S61 ; and was presented by the 
 Cro\%Ti to a canonry in Canterbury 
 Cathedral in 1863 ; after which he 
 sat as Proctor for the Chapter of 
 Canterbury in the Lower House of 
 Convocation, and was named one of 
 the Committee for revising the 
 authorised version of the New Tes- 
 tament. In June, 1872, he was ap- 
 pointed Dean of Lincoln, and on 
 the death of Bishop Thirlwall was 
 appointed by the Crown as his suc- 
 
 3 8 
 
994 
 
 BURNABY. 
 
 cesser in the Senate of the Univer- 
 sity of London. Dean Blakesley at 
 one time wrote under the signature 
 of "A Hei"tfordshire Incumbent" 
 a number of letters on social ques- 
 tions to the Times, which attracted 
 general attention. He i^ublished 
 "The Life of Aristotle^ with a 
 Critical Examination of some ques- 
 tions of Literary History," 1839 ; 
 an edition of Herodotus in the 
 " Bibliotheca Classica/' 1851 ; 
 " Four Months in Algeria, with a 
 Visit to Carthage," 1859 ; and has 
 been a contributor to several of the 
 principal reviews. 
 
 BUENABY, Feedeeick Gusta- 
 vus, or " Feed," as he was generally 
 called [1812—1885], was the elder 
 £on of the E-ev. Gustavus Andrew 
 Burnaby, of Somerby Hall, Leices- 
 tershire, canon of Middleham. He 
 was educated at Harrow, whicn 
 place he left to go to Germany, 
 and at the age of seventeen Avas 
 gazetted cornet in the Eoyal Horse 
 Guards (Blue). Having been ad- 
 vanced to the grades of lieuten- 
 ant and captain, he, in 1868, made 
 a long tour on the Continent, 
 being recalled in 1870 by his 
 father's illness, and himself being 
 laid up Avith fever at Naples in 
 1873. He was in the Peninsula 
 during the civil war, and Avrote an 
 account of it for the Times. He 
 next paid "Chinese Gordon" a 
 visit in Africa, just as he was set- 
 ting out on an expedition sent by 
 the Viceroy for the sujDpression of 
 the slave trade, and sent an account 
 of his experiences to the Times. It 
 was at Khartoum that he decided 
 upon his celebrated " Eide to 
 Khiva," which made his name 
 famous in Europe, and greatlj'^ 
 added to our knowledge of the 
 countries through M'liichhe passed. 
 He was exceptionally qualified for 
 that particular journey by his 
 acquaintance with the Eussian and 
 Ai-abic languages, and was besides 
 as mucli at home on a camel as in 
 a canoe, sledge, balloon, or steamer. 
 Moreover, he delighted in grappling 
 
 with a difficulty, and his determi- 
 nation to jDcnetrate Central Asia 
 was much stimulated by the assur- 
 ance that it was impossible. In 
 the winter of 1870-77 Captain Bur- 
 naby went on horseback through 
 Turkey in Asia and all the way 
 from Scutari to Khoi in Persia, 
 returning by Kars, Ardahan, Ba- 
 toum, and Trebizond to Constanti- 
 nople. An account of that journey 
 will be found in his " On Horseback 
 through Asia Minor," 1877. In 
 that year he acted as agent to the 
 Stafford House Committee at 
 Plevna, and was jiresent at the 
 fight of Tashkesau. In 1880 he 
 contested Birmingham in the Con- 
 servative interest, and although 
 his opponents included Messrs. 
 Bright and Chamberlain, he suc- 
 ceeded in polling no fewer than 
 15,716 votes. When the war broke 
 out in the Soudan he joined Baker 
 Pasha, and was present at Souakim, 
 was severely wounded at El Teb, 
 and for his services received the 
 Khedive's medal. In the later 
 Soudanese camj^aign he was also 
 actively engaged, and conducted a 
 convoy from Korti to Gakdul to 
 aid General Stewart. Under the 
 latter officer, in the memorable 
 battle of Abu Klea, he was killed 
 by a lance which jiierced him in 
 the jugular vein. He was a mem- 
 ber of the comicil of the Aeronautic 
 Society of Great Britain, and made 
 nineteen balloon ascents, being on 
 several occasions unaccompanied by 
 any professional aeronaut. In 
 March, 1882, he ascended alone in 
 the "Eclipse" balloon from Dover, 
 and after some vicissitudes in mid- 
 air, descended near the Chateau de 
 Montigny, near Envermeu, in Nor- 
 mandy. He wrote about that jour- 
 ney, "A Eide across the Channel, 
 and other adventures in the Air," 
 1882. A brief account of the life 
 of Lieut. -Col. Burnal)y, by Mr. R. 
 K. Mann, ai)pearod in 1883. 
 
 I 
 
CAIRNS— CAMERON. 
 
 P9o 
 
 C. 
 
 CAIRNS (Earl), The Right 
 Hon. Huon MacCalmont [1810 — 
 1885], second son of the late Wil- 
 liam Cairns, Esq., of Culti*a, county 
 Down, Ireland. He received his 
 education at Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin, where he was first class in 
 classics, and obtained other acade- 
 mical honours. In Jan., IS 11, he 
 was called to the English Bar at 
 the Middle Temple, and he soon 
 acquired an extensive practice in 
 the^ courts of Equity. In July, 
 1852, he was returned to the House 
 of Commons as one of the members 
 for Belfast, and he continued to 
 represent that city in the Consei-va- 
 tive interest until his elevation to 
 the judicial bench. He was ap- 
 pointed one of Her Majesty's Coun- 
 sel and a bencher of Lincoln's Inn 
 in 185G. When Lord Derby formed 
 his administration in Feb., 1858, he 
 appointed to the office of Solicitor- 
 General Mr. Cairns, who on that 
 occasion received the honour of 
 knighthood. It is worthy of note 
 that the earliest Bill he submitted 
 to Parliament related to Chancery 
 Reform, on which subject he pro- 
 posed several important measures. 
 Sir Hugh Cairns first showed him- 
 self to be a great parliamentary 
 orator in the celebrated debate of 
 foui- nights' diiration in May, 1858, 
 concerning Lord Ellenborough's 
 censure of Lord Canning's procla- 
 mation to the inhabitants of our 
 Indian Empire. Many of his 
 speeches in the House of Commons, 
 and in the House of Peers, were 
 justly regarded as masterpieces of 
 debating skill. When the Conser- 
 vative administration resigned in 
 June, 1850, Sir Hugh Cairns' first 
 brief tenure of office came to an end. 
 On the return of Lord Derby to power 
 in June, 1866, he was appointed 
 Attorney-General, and he worthily 
 occupied for a few months the post 
 which Sir Roundell Palmer (now 
 Lord Selbome) had held under the 
 
 Lil»eral administration. The first 
 vacancy which occurred in the 
 Court of Chancery (with the excep- 
 tion of the woolsack) for the long 
 period of fourteen years, was occa- 
 sioned on Oct. 1, 1866, by the 
 retirement of Sir James Knight 
 Bruce, and Sir Hugh Cairns was 
 appointed to succeed that veteran 
 judge as Lord Justice of the Court 
 of Appeal ; being in the following 
 Feb. (1867) raised to the peerage 
 as Baron Caims of Garmoyle, in 
 the county of Antrim. He became 
 Lord High Chancellor of Great 
 Britain in Feb., 1868, and he con- 
 tinued to hold that office until the 
 resignation of Mr. Disraeli's Minis- 
 try in Dec, 186S, after which time, 
 however, he continued to take an 
 active part in the legislative and 
 judicial business of the House of 
 Lords. In Feb., 1871, on the re- 
 turn of the Conservative party to 
 power, he was reappointed Lord 
 High Chancellor of Great Britain, 
 and he held that office till April, 
 18S0. In Sept., 1878, he was created 
 a Yiscount and Earl of the L^nited 
 Kingdom by the titles of Viscount 
 Garmovle, in the countv of Antrim, 
 and Earl Cairns. He was a very 
 powerfvd speaker, and on all great 
 questions was one of the bulwarks 
 of his party in the House of Lords. 
 He also carried more than one im- 
 portant measure, especially the 
 " Settled Land Act," which enables 
 tenants-for-life to sell land ; a re- 
 form of the highest value to the 
 owners of encumbered estates. His 
 lordship was made LL.D. of Cam- 
 bridge in 1862 ; D.C.L. of Oxford in 
 1863 ; and was elected Chancel- 
 lor of the University of Dublin in 
 1867. 
 
 CAMERON, John Alexander, 
 special con-espondent of the 
 Standard, was a native of Inver- 
 ness, and began his career as a 
 bank clerk in that city. He left 
 that to accept an engagement in a 
 mercantile house at Bombay, and 
 became a contributor to the Bombay 
 Gazette, which he also edited for a 
 
 3 s 2 
 
996 
 
 CAMPBELL— CAYAGNAEI. 
 
 short time during Mr. J. M, 
 M'Lean's absence in Europe. He 
 was sent out as special corres- 
 pondent to that paper during the 
 first Afghan war (1879), in the ex- 
 pedition to Cabul, and his letters 
 having attracted a good deal of 
 attention, was engaged by the 
 Standard in the same cajDacity to 
 accompany General Phayrer in his 
 march to the relief of Candahar 
 in 1880. He made his reputation 
 by his stirring accounts of the 
 battle-field of Mai wand. He was 
 next employed in the Transvaal, 
 was present at the battles of Laing's 
 Nek and Ingogo, and at the fight 
 on Majuba Hill, where he was 
 knocked down and taken prisoner 
 by the Boers. In 1882 he went 
 out to Egj^t and was present at 
 the bombardment of Alexandria, 
 and remained with our forces until 
 their arrival m Cairo. He next 
 went to Madagascar and Tonquin, 
 but early in 1883 went out to 
 Suakim, was with Baker Pasha 
 when his force was defeated by the 
 Arabs, was at Tokar and witnessed 
 the battles of El Teb and Tama- 
 nieb. He was shot in the Arab 
 attack on Sir Herbert Stewart's ad- 
 vanced brigade on the march from 
 Abou Klea to the Nile, above 
 Metammeh, Jan. 19, 1885. 
 
 CAMPBELL, John Francis, of 
 Islay, F.G.S. [1822—1885], one of 
 the Grooms-in- Waiting to the 
 Queen, was the son of Mr. Walter 
 Frederick Campbell, M.P. for Ar- 
 gyllshire. He was born heir to a 
 great inheritance, the beautiful Isle 
 of Islay, on the west coast of Argyll- 
 shire, which he never possessed how- 
 ever, as it had to be sold by his father, 
 and he found that he had to begin 
 life under greatly changed circum- 
 stances, and to take charge of his 
 stepmother, Mrs. Campbell, of 
 Islay. Devoted to the study of 
 geology and other scientific pur- 
 suits, he spent much time in col- 
 lecting from liis fellow countrymen 
 tales of ancient folk lore, and liy 
 the fireside of Highland crofters 
 
 and peasants, collected stories told 
 in the Gaelic language. He took 
 an active part in the Ossian contro- 
 versy. He was brother-in-law to 
 Lord Granville, to Mr. Bromley-Da- 
 venport, to Sir Kenneth Mackenzie, 
 and to Mr. West, Q.C., Eecorder 
 of Manchester. A few years before 
 his death the Queen appointed him 
 one of the grooms-in-waiting, and 
 on his resignation from ill-health, 
 chose his half-brother. Captain 
 Walter Campbell; to take his place. 
 Mr. Campbell's grandmother, Lady 
 Charlotte Campbell, was a cele- 
 brated beauty in her day and a 
 well-known authoress, writing un- 
 der the name of Bury. Mr. Camp- 
 bell was the author of several well- 
 known works, his " Popular Tales 
 of the West Highlands " meeting 
 with much success. 
 
 CAYAGNARI, Ma.tor Sir 
 Pierre Louis Napoleon, K.C.B., 
 C.S.I. [1841—1879], was born at 
 Stenay, Department of the Meuse, 
 France, and was the son of an 
 Italian, Adolphe Cavagnari, who 
 was descended from an old and 
 noble Parmesan family, and served 
 in the French army under Napo- 
 leon, and became equerry to Prince 
 Lucien Buonaparte. He came to 
 England after the fcill of the first 
 Napoleon, and married Caroline, 
 the third daughter of Mr. Hugh 
 Lynes Montgomery. Their son, 
 Louis Cavagnari, was educated at 
 Christ's Hospital (1851-57), and 
 having passed the necessai-y exami- 
 nations at Addiscombe, entered the 
 service of the East India Company as 
 " direct cadet " in 1858. He served 
 with the 1st Bengal Fusiliers in 
 the Oude Camj>aign, 1858-59, and 
 received the Indian Mutiny medal, 
 in 18G1 was apjDointed to the Staff 
 Corps, and gazetted an Assistant- 
 Commissioner in the Punjaub. He 
 soon distinguished himself in the 
 Frontier service, was subsequently 
 appointed Deputy-Commissioner of 
 Kohat. holding political charge of 
 the Kohat district from April 18(10 
 to May 1877, when ho was made 
 
COFFIN— DOLBY. 
 
 097 
 
 Depiity-Coiniuissioner of Posliavnir, 
 and fox* his services nominated 
 C.S.I. He served with the 'M'd 
 Goorkhas throughout the Uni- 
 beyhi campaiifn (18G:{), and "with 
 the regiment throughout the 
 Hazara campaign (1808). He won 
 the Victoria Cross for the prompt 
 and spirited manner in wliich he 
 captured a band of murderers in 
 connection with the Swat Canal 
 outrage (Dec. 1870). His prisoners 
 escaped, however, and hearing that 
 the chief accomplice had taken 
 refuge at Chapri, he took with him 
 fifty men, made a night march and 
 secured the man and his son. 
 When it was decided to despatch 
 a British mission to the Ameer 
 Shere Ali, under Sir Neville Cham- 
 berlain, Commander-in-Chief of the 
 Madras Army, Major Cavagnari 
 was appointed to accompany him, 
 and from first to last played a 
 prominent part in the Afghan 
 negotiations. He was sent on by 
 Sir N. Chamberlain in advance 
 with a small force, but was stopped 
 by the Afghans at Ali Musjid, and 
 made to turn back, an incident 
 which led to the Afghan "War of 
 1878. He accompanied Gen. Sir 
 Samuel Browne as political officer, 
 and at the end of the campaign 
 was appointed our plenipotentiary, 
 in which capacity he negotiated 
 the peace with Yakoob Khan at 
 Gundamuck (May 20, 1879). By 
 the middle of June of the same 
 year. Sir Louis Cavagnari was ap- 
 pointed British Eesident at Cabul, 
 which place he reached on July 2 1, 
 and had a most brilliant i*eception. 
 Six weeks later, Sept. 3, 1879, he 
 was killed while gallantly defending 
 the Eesidency of Cabul against over- 
 whelming numbers of mutinous 
 Afghan ti'oops. 
 
 COFFIN, Right Rev. Robert 
 Aston, Roman Catholic Bishop of 
 South wark [1819 — 1885], was born 
 at Brighton, and educated at Har- 
 row School and at Christ Church, 
 Oxford, where he took his B.A. 
 degree in 1810, obtaining honours 
 
 in tlie classical schools. Having 
 been ordained d«iacon and priest by 
 the Bishoj) of Oxford (Dr. Bagot), 
 he was appointed vicar of St. Mary 
 Magdalen's Cliurch, Oxford, in 
 1813, but threw up his living some 
 two years afterwards, when he was 
 received into the Roman Catholic 
 Church, about the same time as 
 Dr. (Cardinal) Newman, Avliom he 
 shortly afterwards accompanied to 
 Rome. He was ordained a priest 
 in the Church of his adoption in 
 1817, and joined the Redemptorist 
 Order. For some years he was 
 "Rector" of St. Mary's Roman 
 Catholic Church at Clapham, and 
 at the same time " Provincial" of 
 his Order in England. He trans- 
 lated and edited in an English 
 form a considerable portion of the 
 theological and devotional writings 
 of the founder of the Redemptorists, 
 St. Alfonso di Lignori. In 1881-2, 
 on the death of Dr. Daniell, he was 
 nominated by the Pope to the 
 See of Southwark, to which he 
 was formally consecrated in the 
 Church of St. Alfonso at Rome, the 
 officiating prelate being Cardinal 
 Howard. 
 
 CURWEN, Rev. John (1817— 
 1880), the originator of the Tonic 
 J Sol Fa system in England, was 
 t educated at London University, 
 and admitted an Independent 
 Minister in 1838. Six year's later 
 he went to Plaistow, where he pro- 
 moted and developed his method of 
 teaching music — a method invented 
 in the first instance by a Miss 
 Glover of Norwich . In 1807 Curwen 
 became a printer and publisher, in 
 order to further his scheme, and 
 about this time projected a college 
 and raised a considerable sum of 
 money. His system has had a 
 wide, though by no means universal, 
 success. 
 
 D. 
 
 DOLBY, Charlotte H. (Madame 
 Sainton-Dolby) [1821—1885], an 
 
998 
 
 EARLE— ELLACOMBE. 
 
 eminent contralto singer, born in 
 London, received her professional 
 education principally at the E,oyal 
 Academy of Music. Declining all 
 offers to sing on the operatic 
 stage, she devoted herself ex 
 clusively to the illustration of 
 our national music, and to the 
 interpretation of the oratorio works 
 of Handel and the other great 
 masters. In this branch Miss 
 Dolby was soon allowed to be 
 without a rival ; while her great 
 declamatory power, and her con- 
 scientious desire to give every note 
 and every word their exact due, 
 were of infinite value, and restored 
 to the English public a style of 
 vocalization which had become 
 almost obsolete. Mendelssohn, who 
 took great interest in this lady, 
 after hearing her in his oratorio of 
 " St. Paul,^^ dedicated to her a set 
 of six songs, and composed other 
 works exj)ressly for her. Having 
 engaged her for the Gewandhaus 
 Concerts at Leipsic, in the winter 
 of 181G-7, he wrote the contralto 
 part in " Elijah " for her. In the 
 zenith of her fame. Miss Dolby 
 became the wife of M. Sainton, 
 the violinist, Madame Sainton- 
 Dolby retired from the practice 
 of her profession as a public 
 singer in 1870; but in the fol- 
 lowing year she ojDened a Vocal 
 Academy for the training of lady 
 vocalists who intended to adopt a 
 musical career. In 1883 she re- 
 appeared at her husband's farewell 
 concert in the Albert Hall, singing 
 some favourite ballads to the de- 
 light of her admirers. She com- 
 posed several songs and some 
 choral works. 
 
 E. 
 
 EARLE, Major-Gen. William, 
 C.B. f 1S:33— 1885J, was the third 
 son of Sir Hardman Earlo, Bart., 
 of AUerton Tower, near Liverpool, 
 and was educated at Harrow. He 
 entered the army in 1851, and in the 
 
 49th (Berkshire) Regiment served 
 in the Crimea, being present at 
 Alma and Inkermann, and at Se- 
 bastopol, receiving for his services 
 the medal with three clasps and 
 the Fifth Class of the Medjidie. 
 He then joined the Grenadier 
 Guards, and served as Instructor 
 of Musketry and Adjutant until 
 18G3, when he became a Lieut-Col. 
 He was made Colonel in 1870, and 
 Major-Gen. in 1880, and after 
 serving at Gibraltar, in Canada 
 and India, was made Brigadier- 
 General to the Expeditionary force 
 (1882), sent to Egypt, and com- 
 manded the base and lines of com- 
 munication. For his services in 
 that year he received the thanks of 
 Parliament, a medal and clasp, a 
 bronze star, was nominated C.B., 
 and awarded the Second Class of 
 the Medjidie. At the beginning 
 of the Soudan difficulties, Major- 
 Gen. Earle was designed for the 
 supreme command ; Lord Wolseley 
 however being eventually chosen. 
 At the advance up the Nile, under 
 Lord Wolseley, he was selected to 
 head the force sent towards Berber, 
 and was killed while commanding 
 his regiment at Kerbekan, near 
 Dulka Island, on the Nile, seventy- 
 five miles above Merawi. 
 
 ELLACOMBE, Rev. Henry 
 Thomas [1790—1885], graduated 
 at Oriel College, Oxford, taking his 
 bachelor's degrees in 1812, and pro- 
 ceeding M.A. in due course. He 
 was ordained deacon in 181G by the 
 Bishop of Exeter, Dr. Pelham, and 
 was admitted to priest's orders in 
 the following year by the Bishop of 
 Gloucester, Dr. Monk. Having 
 held for a few years successively 
 the curacies of Cricklade and Bitton, 
 he was appointed in 1835 to the 
 vicarag(; of the latter parish, wliioh 
 he held till 1S50. He afterwards 
 licld the rectory of Clyst St. George, 
 near Topsham, Devon. Mr. Ella- 
 combe was the author of several 
 privately-printed works on church 
 l)ells, inchuling " The Bells of 
 Devonshire," " Practical Remarks 
 
EWING— FAIRLIE. 
 
 999 
 
 on Belfries and Einjjers," " The 
 Bells of Exeter Cathedral/' "The 
 Bells of Somerset." He also wrote 
 " The History of Clyst St. Geor^ro," 
 and " History of the Manor of 
 Bitton." 
 
 EWING, Mrs. (Juliana Gatty). 
 author of the ehanuiui^ children's 
 stories " Jackanapes," " Jan of the 
 •Windmill," Ac, was the second of 
 the ei«i:ht children of Dr. and Mrs. 
 Gatty. She early took the lead 
 among her brothers and sisters, to 
 whom she told stories, and for 
 whose amusement she acted, having 
 con verted the nursery into a theatre, 
 where her plays were performed, 
 her brother, Alfred Scott Gatty, 
 being musical conductor, and her 
 brother Stephen scene-painter. She 
 also started a little illustrated ma- 
 gazine, which she named The Gun- 
 powder Plot, for Avhich the children 
 wrote stories, sketches, and jokes. 
 But play was not allowed to inter- 
 fere with work, and Juliana became 
 a good modern linguist, a classical 
 scholar, and went through a course 
 of theological and philosophical 
 reading. Her nursery stories are 
 said to have suggested to her 
 mother " Aunt Judy's Tales," and 
 to have led to the establishment of 
 Aunt Judy's Magazine, which Mrs. 
 Gatty conducted between 1866 and 
 1873. Juliana's first published 
 work, " Melchior's Dream, and other 
 Stories," appeared in 1862, and to 
 that book her mother wrote a pre- 
 face, introducing her to the public. 
 In 1861 she married Major Alexan- 
 der Ewing, translator of Eichter's 
 " Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces," 
 and composer of the hymn " Jeru- 
 salem the Golden," in whose studies 
 she took a keen interest, and whose 
 translations from the Turkish, 
 called " Tales of Khojah," she ar- 
 ranged for the press. After her 
 mother's death she, ^vith her sistei*, 
 edited Aunt Judy for a time, and 
 in the columns of that magazine 
 appeared most of her delightful 
 stories, such as "Jackanapes," " Jan 
 of the Windmill," ''A Flat Iron 
 
 for a Farthing," " From Six to Six- 
 teen," and " The Story of a Short 
 Life." Later she left the conduct 
 of Aunt Judy entirely to her sister. 
 For some years before lier death, 
 which occurred early in June, 1885, 
 she had been in declining health, 
 but to the last she was keenly 
 interested in her books, her friends, 
 and flowers. 
 
 FAIRLIE, Egbert F., C.E. [1831 
 — 1885], gave evidence from early 
 boyhood of the mechanical genius 
 which he afterwards so signally 
 displayed ; and, on becoming an 
 engineer, devoted himself to that 
 branch of his profession which deals 
 chiefly with the construction and 
 equipment of railways. While still 
 a young man he was consulted with 
 reference to a proposed doubling of 
 a single line of very narrow gauge 
 railway which had been made from 
 Portmadoc to Tan-y-Bwlch and 
 Festiniog, and on which trucks of 
 slates from the neighbouring quar- 
 ries had been originally drawn by 
 mules. The undertaking was a 
 difficult one, and Mr. Fairlie, on 
 considering the whole case, offered 
 to construct a locomotive on a new 
 principle, by which he undertook 
 to double the carrying capacity of 
 the line ; and, his offer being ac- 
 cepted, he designed the first 
 "double bogie" engine, the Little 
 Wonder, which moi-e than realized 
 his expectations. It proved to be 
 completely master of a train weigh- 
 ing between 2CX) and 300 tons and 
 a quarter of a mile in length, and 
 it enabled the proj)rietors to under- 
 take passenger as well as mineral 
 traffic. The great success of this 
 engine led Mr. Fairlie to reflect 
 upon the carrying capacity of rail- 
 ways generally in relation to their 
 gauge, and he came to the conclu- 
 sion that the maximum of work was 
 to be obtained from a line of about 
 metre gauge, if only it were 
 
1000 
 
 FAEGUS— FITZGEEALD. 
 
 equipped with double bogie engines 
 and with rolling stock specially- 
 designed to unite the smallest 
 amount of ~dead weight with the 
 largest attainable carrying capa- 
 city. While thus endeavouring to 
 arrive at the idea of a railway 
 system, one which should be perfect 
 in all its parts, Mr. Fairlie did not 
 neglect his double bogie engine, 
 which soon began to come into use 
 on lines of ordinary gauge, and in 
 all parts of the world where sharp 
 curves and steep gradients placed 
 difficulties in the way of the con- 
 duct of traffic. The engines were 
 speedily at work in Peru, Mexico, 
 Canada, New Zealand, and other 
 countries, and far surpassed all 
 others for the class of work for 
 which they were intended. Per- 
 haps their most conspicuous success 
 was in Eussia, where a Fairlie 
 engine overcame the obstruction to 
 traffic which was caused by the 
 steep gradients on the line from 
 St. Petersburg to Moscow, and 
 did this so effectually that the Czar 
 ordered a special gold medal to be 
 struck in honour of the inventor. 
 In 1884, Mr. Fairlie was invited to 
 construct and equip a complete 
 new railway in Venezuela. On his 
 arrival there he caught jungle 
 fever, and had to be conveyed 
 home at once. He never entirely 
 recovered, and died some months 
 later. 
 
 FAEGUS, Frederick (Hugh 
 Conway), author of '' Called Back," 
 &c., was for many years an auc- 
 tioneer in Bristol. The wonderful 
 reception given to " Called Back " 
 determined him to give up business 
 and devote himself entirely to lite- 
 rature, and with his novels Mr. 
 Arrowsmith started his very suc- 
 cessful series of one-volume novels. 
 " A Life's Idylls and other Poems " 
 appeared in 1879, " Bound To- 
 gether," a number of short stories, 
 in 1881, and at the time of his 
 death "A Family Affair" was ap- 
 pearing in The English Illustrated 
 Magazine. He died at Monte Carlo 
 
 in May, 1885, at the early age of 
 thirty-eight. 
 
 FINDLATEE, Dr. Andrew 
 [1810 — 1885], was born in Scotland 
 and educated at the Aberdeen Uni- 
 versity. In 1853 he became asso- 
 ciated with Messrs. Chambers, the 
 Edinburgh publishers, and under 
 his editorship " Chambers's Ency- 
 clopaedia" appeared, as well as 
 their " Etymological Dictionary," 
 and he wrote several of their 
 " Manuals," and edited others. 
 
 FITZGEEALD,The Eight Hon. 
 Sir William Egbert Seymour 
 Vesey, G.C.S.I. [1818—1885], at 
 one time Governor of Bombay, was 
 a son of William Vesey, 2nd Lord 
 Fitzgerald and Vesey. He was edu- 
 cated at Oriel College, Oxford, 
 where he graduated second class 
 in classics in 1837, gained the 
 Newdigate prize in 1835, became 
 M.A. in 1814, and received the 
 honorary degree of D.C.L. in 1863. 
 Having adopted the legal profes- 
 sion, he was called to the Bar at 
 Lincoln's Inn in Jan., 1839, and 
 went the Northern circuit. At the 
 general election in Aug., 1847, he 
 offered himself for the borough of 
 Horsham, and although then un- 
 successful, he gained the seat in 
 June, 1848, holding it only for a 
 few months, as he was unseated on 
 petition. In 1854 he was re-elected 
 for that borough without opposi- 
 tion, and retained his seat until 
 the general election in July, 1805, 
 when he was beaten by five votes. 
 On the accession of the Earl of 
 Derby to office, in 1859, Mr. Sey- 
 mour Fitzgerald was appointed 
 Under-Secretary for Foreign Af- 
 fairs. After the retirement of Lord 
 Derby's second administration, Mr. 
 Seymour Fitzgerald took a promi- 
 nent position amongst tlie Opposi- 
 tion debaters. He was appointed 
 Governor of Bombay in 18GG, made 
 a Privy Councillor, Dec. 28, 18GG, 
 and left England for India in Feb. 
 18G7. In the same year he was 
 nominated Grand Cross of the 
 Order of the Star of India. He 
 
GORDON. 
 
 1001 
 
 resigned the Governorship of Bom- 
 bay in March, 1S72, and at the 
 general election of Feb., 187 A, re- 
 entered Parliament as M.P. for 
 Horsham. Ho resigned liis seat 
 in Nov. 1875, when he was ap- 
 pointed Chief Charity Commissioner 
 for England and "Wales in the room 
 of the late Sir James Hill. 
 
 G. 
 
 GORDON, Major - General 
 Charles George [1833 — 1885], or 
 " Chinese Gordon," as he was 
 familiarly called, on account of his 
 wonderful exploits in China, was 
 born at Woolwich, a fitting birth- 
 place for so distinguished a soldier. 
 His father was Henry William Gor- 
 don, an artillery officer, who attained 
 the rank of lieutenant-general, and 
 he was the third of eleven children, 
 five sons and six daughters. His 
 ancestors had mostly been soldiers, 
 so that it was natural that he too 
 should adopt the profession of arms. 
 He was educated at various private 
 schools, till at the age of fifteen he 
 entered the Royal Military Academy 
 at Woolwich. He did not at first 
 succeed there to the satisfaction of 
 his teachers, and on one occasion 
 was reprimanded for carelessness 
 and told that he would never make 
 a soldier, which so enraged him that 
 he pulled oif his epaulettes and 
 threw them at the feet of his supe- 
 rior. He was forgiven, however, 
 and in spite of unfavourable prog- 
 nostications passed his examina- 
 tions successfully, and received a 
 commission in the Royal Engineers. 
 His first station was at Pembroke 
 Dock (1851), where, while the most 
 exciting events were taking place 
 in the Crimea, he was employed on 
 the plans of the fortifications then 
 being built for the protection of 
 Milford Haven. At the end of 
 1854 he was sent out to the Crimea, 
 arriving at Balaklava on New 
 Year's Day, 1855, and for the 
 next nine months of the siege of 
 
 Sebastopol, during the " black ^v^n- 
 ter " was actively engaged in all 
 the engineering operations in front 
 of the Russian stronghold, and 
 later was entrusted with a consider- 
 able share in the work of destroy- 
 ing the harbour and fortifications. 
 He was absolutely without fear, 
 and even at this time had begun 
 to impress his soldiers with an 
 implicit belief in him, and re- 
 liance on his word. In the follow- 
 ing February the army left the 
 Crimea, but Gordon was specially 
 attached to the Commission ap- 
 pointed to define the new frontier 
 of Bessarabia, on the comple- 
 tion of which he was engaged on 
 similar work in Armenia. He re- 
 turned to England in 1857, and 
 in the following year was sent 
 as special commissioner to the 
 Caucasus to arrange certain mat- 
 ters in connection with the Ar- 
 menian frontier from the Russian 
 side. On returning from that 
 expedition he was stationed for 
 a short time at Chatham. In July, 
 1860, he was sent to China, where 
 an Anglo-French expedition was 
 carrying on operations to force the 
 Chinese to ratify the treaty con- 
 cluded by Lord Elgin in the previous 
 year, and to exact reparation for the 
 attack on Admiral Hope's squadi-on 
 by the garrison of the Taku Forts. 
 Gordon served in the advance on 
 Pekin,the battle of Chan Chia Wan, 
 and later in the destruction of the 
 Summer Palace, in revenge for the 
 treacherous captui'e and ill-usage 
 of Sir Hari-y Parkes. When peace 
 was signed he was stationed at 
 Tientsin, and in his leisure sur- 
 veyed much of the country round 
 it, and made expeditions to some 
 of the little known parts of China. 
 Having spent two years in Northern 
 China, he was next sent to the 
 coast of Central China, where most 
 important events were taking place. 
 As chief engineer he took part in 
 Sir Charles Staveley's oj^erations 
 against the Taipings, and when 
 those rebels had been for the time 
 
1002 
 
 GORDON. 
 
 suppressed^ he was ordered to make 
 a complete survey of the region 
 which had just been cleared from 
 their presence'; While he was oc- 
 cupied in this work, the Taipings 
 were steadily gaining ground, and 
 the Chinese Government at last 
 applied to England to nominate a 
 general for the command of the 
 foreign drilled force, and on 
 Staveley's recommendation Gordon 
 was appointed. He received the 
 brevet rank of major and took up 
 the active command in the field 
 March 2 i, 1863. The force which he 
 commanded, called the '^Ever Vic- 
 torious Army," had up to that time 
 been led by European and American 
 officers, but had not succeeded in 
 doing much good during the two 
 years^ war. A week after he as- 
 sumed the command Gordon began 
 his campaign by recapturing Fu- 
 shan, on the coast north of Shanghai, 
 a victory which raised the siege of 
 Chanzu. He next succeeded after 
 very hard fighting in forcing the 
 Taii)ings out of Taitsan, and wished 
 at once to advance on Quinsan, a 
 strong and important position 
 situated on a creek leading to the 
 Grand Canal at Soochow. For a 
 time he had to abandon his design 
 on account of the insubordination 
 of his men, but he declared one 
 morning that he intended to march 
 with or without them, and influ- 
 enced by his decision they all 
 obeyed, and he took 3,000 men to 
 Quinsan. After many brilliant 
 operations, Quinsan, which had 
 been one of the most formidal)le of 
 the Taiping possessions, fell into 
 his hands, and he made it his head- 
 quarters. After some minor opera- 
 tions, more or less successful, he 
 set out to attack Soochow, where 
 the Taiping leaders had concen- 
 trated the chief part of their forces. 
 This was the greatest and most 
 difficult of all his exploits in China. 
 At first he was defeated and re- 
 pulsed, but nothing daunted re- 
 turned to the attack, and siicceeded 
 in carrying the Low Mun stockades 
 
 at the head of his men. With 
 extraordinary good fortune, he was 
 seldom hurt in these attacks, though 
 he was always to the front in every 
 action, and carried only a small 
 cane, which the Chinese called his 
 " Wand of Victory." The capture 
 of the Low Mun stockades practi- 
 cally meant victory, Chung Wang, 
 the head of the rebels, abandoned 
 the place to its fate, and the remain- 
 ing Wangs or chiefs tried to make 
 terms with the Chinese authorities 
 Major Gordon promised them 
 mercy, but the Chinese governor, 
 Li Hung Chang, unknown to him, 
 had the chiefs beheaded, which 
 exasperated Gordon, who resigned 
 his command, and refused the 
 money and honours conferred upon 
 him for the capture of Soochow. 
 Seeing, however, that the war 
 would return to the old conditions 
 without his personal direction, he 
 consented, at the earnest request of 
 Li Hung Chang, to resume the 
 conduct of the campaign. He 
 moved out of Quinsan, Feb. 19, 
 1861, and proceeded to attack Hin- 
 tang, where he met with his first 
 serious defeat, and was shot in the 
 leg. He was also unsuccessful at 
 Waisso, but on May 11, 1861, he 
 gained a glorious and decisive vic- 
 tory at Changchow, which brought 
 the operations of the " Ever Vic- 
 torious Army" to a close, and it 
 Avas shortly after disbanded. Gor- 
 don was recalled to England, and, 
 as he absolutely refused all money 
 rewards from the Chinese, he came 
 back no richer than he went. The 
 Chinese Emperor raised him to the 
 rank of mandarin of the first class, 
 and conferred other honours upon 
 him, for wliich he eared very little, 
 though he fully appreciated the 
 feeling that prompted them. All, 
 in fact, that he cared for then or at 
 any time was the approval of his 
 own conscience, and the gratifica- 
 tion of his own strangely vivid, 
 mystical views about the ]in>le, 
 God, and himself. In the be- 
 ginning of 1865 ho was appointed 
 
GRANT. 
 
 1003 
 
 chief ei)«^inct'r officer at Graves- 
 end, and held that post till 1871, 
 devotin«? himself with the same 
 7,eal to alleviating the sorrows and 
 misery of those about him, as 
 he had done in his brilliant cam- 
 paif^ns in China. He rescued many 
 youni; boys from a life of sin and 
 wretchedness, clothed, fed, educated 
 them, and found careers for them, 
 all out of his pay as an Enj^lish 
 colonel, having no private means 
 of his own. In 1871 he was sent 
 as British consul to Galatz, remain- 
 ing there for three years, when he 
 volunteered for work in Egypt, 
 and was appointed to succeed Sir 
 Samuel Baker, first as governor of 
 the tribes on the Upper Nile, and 
 later as governor-general of the 
 Soudan. He held this position 
 from the beginning of 1874: until 
 1879, to the absolute satisfaction 
 of the Cairo administration and of 
 himself. He helped to establish the 
 power of the Khedive on the Nile, 
 did much towards the ultimate 
 abolition of domestic slavery and 
 the slave trade, and established a 
 high reputation among the people 
 for his justice, honesty, and cou- 
 rage. When Gordon left the Sou- 
 dan it seemed to be comj^letely 
 organized and at peace. He re- 
 turned to England, was for a short 
 time private secretary to Lord 
 Ripon, Governor-General of India, 
 went to China to help to avert a 
 war between that country and 
 Russia, spent some time in the 
 Mauritius, where he attained major- 
 general's rank, and then went to 
 the Cape to try to help in the 
 Basuto troubles. There finding his 
 advice disregarded and his plans 
 overruled, besides nearly losing his 
 life through the carelessness or 
 thoughtlessness of the colonial au- 
 thorities, he returned to this coun- 
 try for a brief visit, and then left 
 for Palestine, where he lived, 
 chiefly at Jaffa, throughout nearly 
 the whole of 1883. In the last 
 month of that year he accepted 
 from the King of the Belgians the 
 
 control of the International State 
 on the Congo, but was persuaded 
 by the British Government to 
 renounce that appointment, and go 
 out to attempt to bring away 
 the beleaguered Egyptian garri- 
 sons from the Soudan. He left 
 Charing Cross Jan. 18, 1881, and 
 reached Khartoum a fortnight 
 after Valentine Baker's defeat, and 
 was greeted with the utmost en- 
 thusiasm. The fir.st attack on 
 Khartoum by the Mahdi's troops 
 took place on Mar, 12, on the 
 IGth some of Gordon's troops were 
 defeated at Halfiyeh, on the 21st 
 he relieved the Halfiyeh garrison, 
 and on the 24tli Khartoum was 
 invested, and the ten months' siege 
 began. Of that, and of the extra- 
 ordinary resource which Gordon 
 displayed in defence of the city, 
 the best account will be found 
 in his own journals, which have 
 lately been jjublished (1885). Not 
 till Aug. IS did the British Govern- 
 ment decide to send a relief expe- 
 dition to him. Lord "VYolseley, 
 who had been appointed to the 
 command, reached "Wady Haifa 
 on Oct. 4; two days later Col. 
 I Stewart and Mr. Power were 
 j -wrecked andmassacred as they were 
 going down the Nile. Sir Charles 
 Wilson arrived within sight of 
 ', Khartoum, Jan. 28, to find hiuiself 
 i two days too late, for on the 20th a 
 traitor had opened the gates to the 
 Mahdi and all w^as over. How Gor- 
 don fell is not i)recisely known, but 
 it seems probable that he was shot 
 on issuing from the Palace. [For ac- 
 counts of Gordon's life see Egmont 
 Hake's '• Story of Chinese Gordon ; " 
 : a sketch of his life by R. H. 
 Barnes and Charles E. Brown ; and 
 ; " Chinese Gordon," by Archibald 
 Forbes ; and, above all, " Gordon's 
 Journals at Khartoum (1885)."] 
 
 GRANT, Hon. James Macpher- 
 soN [1822 — 1885], a member of the 
 Victorian Legislative Assembly for 
 the electoral district of Avoca, and 
 , one of the most prominent land-law 
 reformers in Australia, was born in 
 
1004 
 
 HAGHE— HALIFAX. 
 
 Scotland, and at the age of fourteen 
 emigrated with his parents to Aus- 
 tralia. While still an articled 
 clerk in a solicitor's office, in 1844, 
 he was attracted to New Zealand 
 by the outbreak of the native war, 
 and served as a volunteer in several 
 engagements with the Maoris. In 
 1847 he returned to Sydney, and 
 becoming a solicitor, he practised 
 his profession for some years. In 
 1850, however, he sailed for Cali- 
 fornia, but returned from San 
 Francisco on the discovery of gold 
 in New South Wales. He deter- 
 mined to settle in Victoria, and 
 bOon came to the front as the de- 
 fender of the Ballarat miners, who 
 participated in the Eureka Stockade 
 riots in 1854. The following year 
 he was returned to Parliament as 
 the representative for Bendigo, and 
 almost immediately identified him- 
 self with the movement for throw- 
 ing open the j)ublic lands to the 
 people. He also advocated vote by 
 ballot, and other liberal measures. 
 He first took office in the Heales 
 ministry, serving as Vice-President 
 of the Board of Land and Works, 
 and Commissioner of Public Works 
 from Feb. 20, 1861, until the fol- 
 lowing Nov., when the Government 
 went out. In conjunction with Mr. 
 J. H. Brooke, the Minister of Lands, 
 he initiated the occupation licences. 
 In 1863, when the last O'Shanassy 
 Government was replaced by the 
 first M'Culloch ministry, Mr. 
 Eichard Heales became Commis- 
 sioner of Lands. On his death, 
 the following year, Mr. Grant suc- 
 ceeded him, and was in office from 
 Sept., 1861, till May, 1868. His 
 administration of his department 
 was highly successful, and his 
 name is still held in veneration by 
 many tliousands of well-to-do selec- 
 tors who settled on the land imder 
 his celebrated 42nd clause of the 
 Land Act of 1865. When the 
 second M'Culloch Government was 
 constituted, in July, 1868, Mr. 
 Grant again undertook the admi- 
 nistration of the Lands Depart- 
 
 ment, and remained in office till 
 Sept. 20, 1869. He joined Sir 
 Charles Gavan Duffy in June, 1871, 
 and continued at the Lands De- 
 partment until June, 1872. He 
 was Minister of Justice in Mr. 
 Berry's first and second adminis- 
 tration, and became Chief Secre- 
 tary in Sir Bryan O'Loghlen's 
 Government in 1881-83. 
 
 H. 
 
 HAGHE, Louis, Hon. President 
 of the Institute of Painters in 
 Water Colours [1806—1885], was 
 born at Tournay, in Belgium, came 
 to England at an early age, and 
 devoted himself at first almost en- 
 tirely to lithography. By his litho- 
 grajDhs of well-known works his 
 name became widely known, and 
 then he began to do original work, 
 beginning with a series of studies 
 of the archeeological and architec- 
 tural beauties of Belgium. He 
 became a member of the Institute 
 of Painters in Water Colours in 
 1837. His "Council of War at 
 Courtray" (1839) established his 
 reputation as an artist, and was 
 bought by Mr. Vernon, and, as 
 part of his bequest, is now in the 
 South Kensington Museum. He 
 became President of the Institute 
 in succession to Mr. Henry Warren, 
 and held that post till about a year 
 before his death, when he was 
 obliged, through failing health, to 
 resign. 
 
 HALIFAX, Charles Wood, 
 First Viscount [1800 — 1885], son 
 of Sir Francis Wood, was educated 
 at Eton and Oxford, and in 1826 
 was returned to Parliament in the 
 Liberal interest by the borough of 
 Grimsby. In 1831 he failed to 
 obtain re-election for Grimsby, and 
 in the following year he was re- 
 turned by Halifax, Avhich he rei")re- 
 sented for thirty-two years. In 
 181'6 he was appointed Chancellor 
 of the Exchequer under Lord Jolin 
 Kussell, and in the same year sue- 
 
HANBURY. 
 
 1005 
 
 ceeded to the baronetcy on his 
 father's death, and was sworn in 
 a member of the Privy Council. 
 His first biidj^et in 1817 was a 
 success, and in 1819 he made 
 several able and comprehensive 
 speeches in connection with the 
 financial measures for the relief of 
 Ireland. On the resignation of 
 Lord John RusSell in 1852, Lord 
 Derby came into office, but Mr. 
 Disraeli's budget was so fiercely 
 attacked that the Government were 
 driven out, and the Liberals came 
 in again with the Earl of Aberdeen 
 as Premier, Mr. Gladstone as Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer, and Sir 
 Charles Wood as President of the 
 Board of Control. In this capacity 
 he showed considerable knowledge 
 and skill in dealing with Indian 
 affaii's, and his India Bill of 1853 
 was a wise and statesmanlike 
 measure. In 1855 he exchanged 
 the office of President of the Board 
 of Control for that of First Lord of 
 the Admiralty in Lord Palmerston's 
 Ministry. Three years later, after 
 several changes of Ministry, the 
 government of India was trans- 
 ferred from the East India Com- 
 pany to the Crown, and when Lord 
 Pahuerston again took office. Sir 
 Charles "Wood was appointed Secre- 
 tary of State for India. The figures 
 of the Indian budget were at first 
 very discouraging, but the new 
 Secretary of State pointed out that 
 if the difficulties of the next two or 
 three years could be surmounted, 
 there was every reason to hope 
 that India would recover the pros- 
 perity she had enjoyed before the 
 Mutiny. One of the important 
 acts of Sir Charles "Wood's admini- 
 stration was the reduction of Euro- 
 pean troops in India to 30,000, and 
 before long ho passed, amid much 
 opposition, his Bill for the Re- 
 organisation of the Indian army, 
 a measure which gained him the 
 warm appreciation of the Prince 
 Consort. Before the end of the 
 year 18G1 he succeeded in passing 
 three measures of great importance 
 
 to India; the first dealt with the 
 Legislative Council and the whole 
 machinery of Indian legislation ; 
 the second was for estaljlishing 
 High Courts of Judicature, and the 
 third was intended to confirm and 
 legalise certain appointments in 
 India which had been made con- 
 trary to law, and to amend the law 
 concerning the civil service there, 
 by providing that, with certain 
 exceptions, such appointments 
 might be made. The budgets of 
 18G3 and 1801 had many very 
 satisfactory features ; Sir Charles 
 Wood showed that there had been 
 a steady advance in India as to 
 wealth and prosperity, and that 
 the financial improvement was un- 
 doubtedly due to the transference 
 of the government of India to the 
 Crown. In 1865 Sir Charles Wood 
 met with a serious accident in the 
 hunting field, which led to his 
 resigning in the following year his 
 secretaryship. He was raised to 
 the peerage under the title of 
 Viscount Halifax, after having re- 
 presented successively the boroughs 
 of Grimsby, Halifax, and Ripon in 
 the Lower House during a period 
 of forty years. His retirement 
 was felt to be a great loss, for he 
 had by long service at the India 
 Office attained a quite special 
 knowledo-e of Indian affairs. Lord 
 Halifax married in 1829 Lady Mary 
 Grey, daughter of the second Lord 
 Grey, and was succeeded in the 
 peerage by his eldest son, the Hon. 
 Chai'les L. Wood, President of the 
 English Church Union. 
 
 HAN BURY, Daniel, F.R.S. 
 [1825 — 1875], was the eldest son of 
 Daniel Bell Hanbury, a member of 
 the firm of Allen and Hanbury, 
 pharmaceutical chemists. Enter- 
 ing his father's business at sixteen 
 years old, Daniel Hanbury early 
 showed a strong bent for science, 
 and in early manhood had become 
 known as one of the most exact 
 and learned pharmacologists of his 
 time. Besides his practical work, 
 he carried on scientific study at 
 
1006 
 
 HEEBEET— HOUaHTOK. 
 
 the rooms of the Pharmaceutical 
 Society in Bloomsbury Square, and 
 was long the favourite pupil of 
 Pereira. In 1850 he began to contri- 
 bute to the Pharmaceutical Journal 
 a series of papers on different 
 plants and drugs, which attracted 
 much attention : many of them 
 were reprinted after his death by 
 Messrs. Macmillan under the title 
 of " Science Papers." He became 
 F.L.S. in 1855, F.C.S. in 185S, in 
 1860 was elected a Fellow of the 
 Eoyal Society, and in 1872 was 
 made Hon. M.D. by the University 
 of Munich. In 1861-, in conjunction 
 with Professor Fliickiger of Stras- 
 burg, he began his great work 
 " Pharmacographia,"' which was 
 published in 1871, less than a year 
 before his lamented death. He 
 was a friend of all the leading 
 botanists and travellers of his day, 
 and in 1860 he made a journey in 
 Syria Avitli Dr. J. D. Hooker. His 
 profound knowledge of trees and 
 shrubs was of great service to his 
 brother, Thomas Hanbury, in form- 
 ing the beautiful and now cele- 
 brated garden at La Moi-tola, near 
 Mentone. Daniel Hanbury died 
 at Clapham Common, and lies in 
 the Friends' burying-ground at 
 Wandsworth. A gold medal was 
 struck in his memory by the 
 Pharmaceutical Society. 
 
 HERBERT, St. Legee, Alger- 
 non, C.M.G. [1851— 1885], who was 
 killed in the Soudan campaign in 
 the attack on Sir Herbert- Stewart's 
 brigade on the road from Abou 
 Klea to Metammeh, was a member 
 of that branch of the Herbert 
 family of which the Earl of Car- 
 narvon is the head, and son of 
 Captain Frederick Herbert, R.N. 
 He was a scholar of Wadhain Col- 
 lege, Oxford, and passed a brilliant 
 university career. He was with 
 Lord Duifcrin when he was Go- 
 vernor-General of Canada, and was 
 successively piuvate and civil secre- 
 tary to Sir Garnet (Lord) Wolseley 
 at Cyprus, and when he went to 
 South Africa as High Commis- 
 
 sioner. For his services he was made 
 a Commander of SS. Michael and 
 George. He was civil secretary to 
 Sir Frederick Roberts in South 
 Africa, after which he was secre- 
 tary to the Transvaal Commission; 
 served as a volunteer with the 
 Mounted Infantry at Tel-el-Kebir, 
 for which he gained the Egyptian 
 medal, and two years later Avas 
 present at El Teb and Tamasi, and 
 obtained the clasp. He was special 
 correspondent to the Morning Post 
 during part of the Souakim expe- 
 dition, and dui-ing the campaign 
 up the Nile. 
 
 HOOD, The Rev. Edwin Pax- 
 ton [1820 — 1885], a miscellaneous 
 writer, and Congregational minis- 
 ter, was the son of an English 
 sailor, who had served under Nel- 
 son in the Te'mcraire. He was 
 privately educated, became a Con- 
 gregational minister, and preached 
 in London. He was for many 
 years the editor of the Eclectic 
 Review, and for some years 
 edited the Preacher's Lantern. He 
 wrote a very large number of 
 books, biographical, religious, &c., 
 and was the biographer of the dis- 
 tinguished Nonconformist, the Rev. 
 Thomas Binney. His latest prose 
 works were an elaborate exposi- 
 tion of the genius and philosophy 
 of Thomas Carlyle ; " Oliver Crom- 
 well : his life, times, battle-fields, 
 and contemporaries" (1882); and 
 "Scottish Characteristics" (1883). 
 He also "\vi-ote some verse, and 
 was the author of " The Maid of 
 Nuremberg." Mr. Hood was well 
 known to his own denomination 
 as a preacher, and the author 
 of many published sermons, and 
 had an extensive popularity as a 
 lecturer on subjects connected with 
 general literature or social ques- 
 tions. 
 
 HOUGHTON, LoED, Richard 
 Monckton Milnes [1809—1885], 
 was tlie only son of Mr. Robert 
 Pcmberton Milnes of Fryston Hall 
 and liawtry, Yorksliire, by his 
 marriage with the daughter of the 
 
JACKSOX— JEXKIX. 
 
 1007 
 
 fourth Viscount Galway. Monckton 
 Milnes was educated at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, and was there 
 distinguished as a young man of 
 wide information and a good 
 speaker. In later life he was fond 
 of telling how he, Sunderland, 
 and Arthur Ilallam were sent over 
 as delegates from the Cambridge 
 Union on the strange mission of 
 proving to the Oxford Union that 
 the Oxford poet Shelley was greater 
 than the Cambridge poet Byron. 
 In 1837 he was elected Liberal- 
 Conservative member for Ponte- 
 fract, which he continued to repre- 
 sent, though he soon became defi- 
 nitely a Liberal, till 18G3, when 
 Lord Palmerston made him a peer. 
 In the House he sj^oke well, and 
 for some years was kno^n as an 
 ardent social reformer, especially 
 in the matter of prison discipline. 
 But his claim to be remembered is 
 based rather upon the services that 
 he was able to do to literature than 
 upon any political acliievements. 
 He wrote several volumes'of poetry 
 and several of prose ; some of his 
 songs, such as " Strangers Yet," 
 and " A Fair Little Girl," are still 
 favourites, and his " Monographs," 
 chiefly essays on eminent men of 
 letters whom he had kno^ni, will 
 always have their value. In 1848 
 he published what must always be 
 regarded as his chief work, " The 
 Lite, Letters, and Literary Eemains 
 of John Keats ; " and from this 
 time forward he never lost an op- 
 portunity of doing service to the 
 memory of Keats, Shelley, and 
 other poets of the past, and of 
 helping forward living men of 
 letters. He was one of the first to 
 discover the genius of Mr. Swin- 
 burne, and his generosity smoothed 
 the deathbed of so different a writer 
 as David Gray. Of late years he 
 was a kind of permanent chairman 
 of literary celebrations of all kinds, 
 and whenever a jwet's bust had to 
 be unveiled, the task was pretty 
 sure to be performed by Lord 
 Houghton. He wa^ fond of sur- 
 
 I rounding himself with men of 
 
 talent, whom he appreciated, and 
 
 I with choice books, which he read. 
 
 I He was F.R.S., Hon. D.C.L. Ox- 
 
 i ford, Hon, LL.D. Edinburgh, 
 
 I Foreign Secretary to the Koyal 
 
 Academy of Arts, and after the 
 
 death of Carlyle, President of the 
 
 London Library. He was married 
 
 to a daughter of the second Lord 
 
 Crewe, and left a son and two 
 
 daughters. 
 
 J. 
 
 JACKSON, PtiGHT Eev. Johx, 
 D.D., Bishop of London [1811— 
 1885], was a son of Mr. Henry Jack- 
 son, a merchant, of London, and 
 was educated at Reading School 
 under Dr. Yalpy, and at Pembroke 
 College, Oxford, where he gra- 
 duated with first-class honours in 
 1833. He was head master of the 
 Islington Proprietary School 1836 — 
 A\j, and diu'ing part of that time 
 Incumbent of St. James's, Muswell 
 Hill. He became Rector of St. 
 James's, Piccadilly in 1840 ; Chaplain 
 to the Queen 1847, Canon of Bristol 
 1852, and in the following year 
 Bishop of Lincoln. He succeeded 
 Dr. Tait (later Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury) as Bishop of London Jan. 
 4, 1800. His episcopate was un- 
 eventful, but he gained a good 
 name, both in Lincoln and in Lon- 
 don, for moderation, tact, and in- 
 dustry. He wi-ote a religious trea- 
 tise called " The Sinfulness of 
 Little Sins," and several episcopal 
 charges and sermons. 
 
 JEXKIX, Professor Fleeming 
 [1833 — 1885], engineer, was born in 
 Kent, and was of "Welsh and Scot- 
 ti.^h descent. He was educated in 
 Scotland, Germany, France, and 
 Italy, his mother contributing 
 towards his support by her 
 wTitings. His father was a captain 
 in the navy, and in poor circum- 
 stances. Mr. Jenkin was brought up 
 as an engineer, and was engaged in 
 the works of Messrs. Xewall at the 
 time of the preparation of the firs 
 
1008 
 
 JENKINS— MACC ABE . ^ 
 
 Atlantic cable. He soon won his 
 way to the front;, and became a 
 leading electrical engineer^, the as- 
 sociate of Clerk Maxwell, and the 
 partner of Sir William Thomson. 
 He was also professor of engineer- 
 ing-, first at University College, 
 London, and then at Edinburgh. 
 Of his writings, the most success- 
 ful was his " Electricity and Mag- 
 netism" (1870), which ran through 
 several editions. Besides his pro- 
 fessional work, he was keenly inte- 
 rested in art, letters, and the theatre ; 
 was a clever draughtsman, a good 
 amateur actor, and an admirable 
 amateur manager. He arranged 
 several translations of Greek plays 
 for the modern stage. 
 
 JENKINS, Joseph J., artist 
 [1811 — 1885], who painted the po- 
 pular pictures, " With the Stream," 
 " Against the Stream," " Hopes 
 and Fears," &c., had been, in early 
 life, an engraver. Taking to water- 
 colour painting, his works — figure 
 subjects and landscapes — were to be 
 seen at the exhibitions of the Royal 
 Society of Painters in Water- 
 Colours, of which he was an active 
 member for a period of thirty-four 
 years. He was for ten years secre- 
 tary to that institution. At his 
 death he left a large bequest to the 
 Society's funds. 
 
 L. 
 
 LIDDELL, The Hon. Sir Adol- 
 PHUs Frederick OcTAvius,K.C.B., 
 Q.C. (1818—1885), who held the 
 post of Permanent Under-Secretary 
 of State for the Home Depai-tment 
 since 18G7, was the youngest son 
 of Thomas Henry, first Lord Kavens- 
 worth, and uncle of the present 
 Earl of Kavensworth, his mother 
 being Maria Susannah, daughter of 
 Mr. John Simpson, of Bradley, co. 
 Durham. Sir Adolphus Liddell 
 was educated at Eton and at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, taking his Bache- 
 lor's degree as a tliird class in 
 Classics in 1838, and proceeding 
 
 M.A. in due course. He was for 
 some time a Fellow of All Souls 
 College. He was called to the Bar 
 by the Honourable Society of the 
 Inner Temple in Hilary Term, 1814, 
 and joined the Northern Circuit, 
 practising at the Durham, New- 
 castle, and Northumberland ses- 
 sions. He was appointed a Queen's 
 Counsel in 1861, and having joined 
 the Civil Service and become a very 
 valuable member of the Home 
 Office, was nominated a Knight 
 Commander of the Order of the Bath 
 (Civil Division) in 1880. Sir Adol- 
 phus Liddell, who was a deputy- 
 lieutenant for CO. Diu'ham, married 
 in 1815, Frederica Elizabeth, 
 youngest daughter of Mr. George 
 Lane-Fox, of Bramham, Yorkshire. 
 LYON, Colonel Francis [1834, 
 — 1885], a distinguished scientific 
 officer, superintendent of the Royal 
 Laboratory at Woolwich, lost his 
 life at Shoeburyness while experi- 
 ments were being made with a 
 fuze which he had invented. He 
 was horribly wounded, and died 
 from exhaustion consequent on 
 the natui'e of his injuries, and 
 from the loss of blood following a 
 severe operation which he was 
 obliged to iindergo. He was the 
 fourth son of Mr. Thomas Lyon, of 
 Appleton Hall, Chester, J. P. and 
 D.L., and entered the Artillery in 
 1851, served in the Indian campaign 
 of 1858, and was present at the 
 siege of Lucknow, and for his 
 services obtained a medal with 
 clasp. He was assistant-superin- 
 tendent of the Eoyal Laboratory 
 1871 — 70, and became superin- 
 tendent in 1880. 
 
 M. 
 
 MACCABE, His Eminence 
 Edward [181G— 1885], Cardinal- 
 Priest of tln' Holy Konian Church, 
 born in Dublin, was educated in 
 one of the Catholic schools of his 
 native city, and passed out of it 
 into the College of Maynooth. At 
 the close of his collegiate career 
 
MOBERLY— MONTEFIORE . 
 
 1009 
 
 he was ordained in IHJiO to the 
 priesthood by the Archbishop, Dr. 
 Murray, and appointed by his 
 Grace to a curacy in tlie parish of 
 Clontarf , co. Dublin. He remained 
 in that curacy till about the year 
 1853, when he was transferred by 
 Dr. Cullen, who had in the mean- 
 time succeeded Ai-chbishop Murray, 
 to a curac}' in the cathedral parish, 
 Marlborou«^h Street. In ISoG he 
 was pi'omoted to the jjastorship of 
 the parish of St. Nicholas in the 
 city, and occupied that position till 
 iSGo, when he was ti'ansferred to 
 the parish of Kingstown. He had 
 been already named by Cardinal 
 Cullen one of his Vicars-General, 
 an office which he held till the 
 close of his Eminence's episcoimte. 
 In 1877 he was appointed Bishop- 
 Assistant to the Cardinal. On the 
 death of Dr. Cullen, Dr. Mac 
 Cabe was in March, 1870, appointed 
 to succeed him in the archiepis- 
 copal see of Dublin. His Holiness 
 Pope Leo XIII. created Archbishop 
 Mac Cabe a Cardinal-Priest in a 
 secret consistory held at the 
 Vatican on March 27, 1882, and 
 the Cardinal received the hat from 
 his Holiness, March 30. He had 
 assigned to him the basilica of 
 Santa Sabina. He was generally 
 on the side of established autho- 
 rity, and. incurred a gcod deal of 
 animosity on account of his dis- 
 approval of certain phases of the 
 Land League. 
 
 MOBEKLY, The Eight Eev. 
 George, D.C.L., Bishop of Salis- 
 bury [1803—1885], son of Edward 
 Moberly, Esq., merchant of St. 
 Petersburg, by Sarah, daughter of 
 John Cay ley, Esq., Consul-General 
 in Russia, was born at St. Peters- 
 burg. He was educated at Win- 
 chester School, whence he went to 
 Balliol College, Oxford, where he 
 graduated B.A. in 1825, obtaining 
 first class honours in Uteris hu- 
 manioribus. In the following year 
 he gained the Chancellor's prize 
 for the English essay. He gra- 
 duated M.A. in 1828 and D.C.L. 
 
 and 
 
 I in 183G. In 1830, anu again in 
 1833, he acted as one of the 
 [ public examiners in the Classical 
 I Schools ; and, during some years, 
 I he was Tutor as well as Fellow of 
 I Balliol College. In 1835 he was 
 ai)pointed to the headmastership of 
 Winghester School, from which he 
 retired in 1860, when the Bishop of 
 Winchester conferred on him the 
 Rectory of Brighstone or Brixton, 
 in the Isle of Wight. The Bishop 
 of Chester gave him a canonry in 
 his cathedral in 18G8. Dr. Moberly 
 was also on several occasions one of 
 the Select Preachers at Oxford. In 
 Sept., 18G9, he was nominated by 
 the Crown to the Bishopric of Salis- 
 bury on the decease of Dr. Hamil- 
 ton. He wrote numerous religious 
 books and pamphlets, and was one 
 of the "five clergymen '^ who pub- 
 lished revised versions of the Epis- 
 tles to the Romans (1858), Epistle 
 to the Galatians, Epistle of St. 
 James (1870), the Gospel according 
 to St. John (1857), the Epistle to 
 the Corinthians, and other books of 
 the New Testament. 
 
 MONTEFIORE, Sir Moses, 
 Bart . [1784 — 1885] , a Jewish philan- 
 thropist, was descended fron an old 
 Italian family settled in Ancona, 
 and later at Leghorn. His grand- 
 father Moses Vita Montefiore cime 
 to England about the middle of the 
 eighteenth century, and settled in 
 Philpot Lane, London, where he 
 carried on business as a merchant, 
 and where he died, leaving a family 
 of seventeen children, one of whom, 
 Joseph Elias, Sir Moses' father, 
 also became a merchant in London, 
 dealing chiefly in Leghorn straw 
 bonnets. The subject of this notice 
 was born at Leghorn, where his 
 father and mother had gone on a 
 visit, and was one of a family of 
 eight children. His parents not 
 being very well off he was taken 
 from school at an eaidy age and 
 put to business. At fii'st he tried 
 the provision trade, but soon left 
 it and entered the Stock Exchange, 
 one of twelve Jewish 
 
 becoming 
 
 3 T 
 
1010 
 
 MONTEFIORE. 
 
 brokers licensed by the City. He 
 married in 1812 Judith^ daughter 
 of Mr. Levy Barent Cohen, a 
 wealthy merchant, and the great 
 sorrow of his life was the death of 
 this lady, which took place Sept. 25, 
 1865. To her memory he founded 
 in 1867 a Jewish College at Rams- 
 gate, and established several prizes 
 and scholarships at various Jewish 
 schools. On the Stock Exchange 
 Sir Moses was most successful, and 
 having realised a sufficient fortune 
 retired at the age of forty. He had 
 in the meantime become associated 
 by marriage with some of the 
 wealthiest families in the City, his 
 brother Abraham, his partner in 
 business, having married as his 
 second wife Henrietta, sister of Mr. 
 N. M. Rothschild, who was himself 
 married to Hannah, sister of Lady 
 Montefiore. After his retirement 
 from business. Sir Moses became 
 actively interested in several great 
 companies, was the first president 
 of the Alliance British and Foreign 
 Life and Eire Insurance Co., of the 
 Alliance Marine Insurance Co., 
 the Guardian Co., &c., and was 
 connected with several other com- 
 mercial undertakings. But it is 
 as the unwearied and successful 
 champion of his people that he 
 will be best remembered. He 
 devoted himself to the JcAvish 
 cause all over the world, and in 
 the Turkish Empire and in many 
 of the more backward countries of 
 Europe he succeeded in delivering 
 Jews from oppression and persecu- 
 tion. He first visited Jerusalem 
 in 1827 with his wife, and seeing 
 with sorrow the indignities heaped 
 iTpon his co-religionists, determined 
 there and then to do all he could 
 to help them. He and his wife 
 returned several times to the East, 
 and succeeded at length in totally 
 altering the condition of the Jews 
 in Palestine, and by his exertions 
 at home and tlierc succeeded in 
 establishing schools, fostering agri- 
 culture, <S:c. In 1810 he undertook 
 another mission to the East in 
 
 order to secure certain rights for 
 his Jewish brethren at Damascus, 
 and after his return, having ac- 
 complished his object, he was 
 presented by the Jews of Lon- 
 don with a handsome piece of 
 plate as a token of their regard. 
 In 1861 he received the thanks of 
 the Court of Common Council for 
 the signal services he had rendered 
 by missions to various countries 
 for the relief of persons oppressed 
 for their religious convictions, and 
 more especially by a journey to 
 Morocco, undertaken to solicit the 
 emperor to relieve his Jewish and 
 Christian subjects from all civil 
 and religious disabilities. He also 
 made pilgrimages to Roumania, 
 Rome, and Russia. He did not, how- 
 ever, entirely confine his sympathies 
 to one community, but was always 
 ready to help Jew or Christian 
 wherever distress or oppression 
 existed. In 1860 he got up a sub- 
 scrii^tion of about <£20,000 for the 
 relief of the Christians in Syria, 
 in 1871 sent ,£18,000 to help the 
 famine-stricken people of Persia, and 
 supported numerous other philan- 
 thropic movements. He visited 
 the East for the last time in 1874, 
 being at the time in his ninety-first 
 year. Sir Moses served the office 
 of Sheriff of London in 1837, was 
 knighted on the Queen's visit to 
 the Guildhall on Nov. 9 of that 
 year, and in 1810 promoted to the 
 rank of a baronet, the Queen giving 
 him special leave to bear suppoi'ters 
 to his arms, an honour commonly 
 reserved for peers and knights of 
 orders. He received countless affec- 
 tionate congratulations from all 
 parts of the woi*ld on reaching his 
 100th year, and it was proposed to 
 celebrate the occasion by erecting 
 a permanent memorial, but he de- 
 clined the honour. He died very 
 peacefully and quietly, and was 
 buried in tlio Mausoleum adjoining 
 the synagogue at Ramsgate, beside 
 his wife. [See " Sir Moses Monte- 
 fiore, A Centennial Biography," by 
 Lucien Wolf, iiublished in 1881'.] 
 
MUNRO— O'HAGAN 
 
 1011 
 
 MUNRO, HuoH Andrew John- 
 stone, M.A. [1819— ISJio], prol.ii- 
 bly the first Latin scholar of his 
 day in Great Britain, was bom 
 at El»^in, Scotland, and educated at 
 Shrewsbury School and Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, of which he was ; 
 elected a Fellow in 18 W. In June, 
 18G9, he was elected Professor of 
 Latin in the University of Cam- 
 bridge, being the first occupant of 
 that chair. He resigned the pro- 
 fessorship in 1872. The honorary 
 degree of D.C.L. was conferred 
 upon him by the University of 
 Oxford, Jime 18, 1873. Mr. Mimro 
 published a brilliant and epoch- 
 making edition of Lucretius, with a 
 literal translation, and notes critical 
 and explanatory, in 2 vols., the first 
 edition appearing in ISGO. He also 
 edited in 1867 the poem of " ^tna/' i 
 and in 1869 the «norks of Horace^ 
 ^vith illustrations from ancient j 
 gems by Mr. E. J. King. His 
 "Criticisms and Elucidations of ' 
 Catullus" appeared in 1878. He 
 was created an honorary D.C.L. of i 
 the University of Dublin in July, 
 1882. 
 
 O. 
 
 O'HAGAX, Eight Hon. Thomas, 
 Baron, K.P. [1812—1885], born in 
 Dublin, the son of a small trader, 
 in the town of Belfast, was educated 
 at the Belfast Academical Insti- 
 tution, having Sheridan Knowles 
 for his master, and winning the 
 highest prizes for metaphysics, 
 ethics, logic and classics. He chose 
 the profession of law, and having 
 studied under Chitty, one of the 
 most eminent pleaders of his day, 
 was called to the Irish Bar in 1836, 
 and joined the North-East Circuit. 
 He then settled for a time at 
 Ne^vry, where he took part in edit- 
 ing the Xeivi^ Examiner, and left 
 that place in 1840 for Dublin, where 
 he was engaged as a pleader. He 
 was most successful in his circuit 
 practice, and during the great State 
 
 trials of 18-1-t he and Whiteside 
 were retained among the counsel 
 for the defence of O'Connell and 
 the leading members of the Repeal 
 Association, who were indicted 
 for conspiracy. He was in 1817 
 appointed assistant barrister of 
 the county Longford, and having 
 been engaged in many di-stin- 
 guished cases, was in 1857 trans- 
 ferred from the chairmanship of 
 the county Longford to that of 
 Dublin, still retaining his pro- 
 fessional practice. During Lord 
 Derby's administration he was en- 
 gaged to defend the Phoenix con- 
 spix-ators, the Attorney-General, Mr. 
 Whiteside, having the conduct of 
 the prosecution. On the return 
 of the Liberal Government, he 
 was in 1860 made Irish solicitor- 
 general, and in 1861 attorney- 
 general, and a sworn member of 
 the Privy Council in Jan. 1865, 
 when he was appointed a Justice 
 of the Court of Common Pleas in 
 Ireland. He was member for Tra- 
 lee from May, 1863, till his eleva- 
 tion to the Bench. On Mr. Glad- 
 stone taking the reins of power, 
 in Dec. 1868, Mr. Justice O'Hagan 
 was made Lord High Chancellor 
 of Ireland, being the first Eoman 
 Catholic elevated to that dignitv in 
 modern times ; and in June, 1870, 
 he was raised to the peerage by the 
 title of Baron O'Hagan. He re- 
 mained in office until the resigna- 
 tion of Mr. Gladstone's cabinet in 
 Feb. 1871. In Oct. 1878, he was 
 nominated one of the Commissioners 
 who were intrusted with the duty 
 of giving effect to the Act relating 
 to Intermediate Education in Ire- 
 land. On the return of the Liberals 
 to power, in May, 1880, he was 
 again appointed Lord Chancellor of 
 Ireland, and he held that office till 
 Nov. 1881, being on his retirement 
 created a Knight of the Order 
 of St. Patrick. On the establish- 
 ment of the Eoyal University of 
 Ireland, he was elected Vice-Chan- 
 cellor. 
 
 3 T 2 
 
1012 
 
 PALLISER— PARKES. 
 
 P. 
 
 PALLISEK, Major Sir Wil- 
 liam, C.B.,M.P. [1830— 1882], fifth 
 son of Lieut. -Colonel Wray Palliser, 
 Waterford Militia, of Comragli, co. 
 Waterford, was born in Dublin, 
 educated at Rugby School, Trinity 
 College, Dublin, and Trinity Hall, 
 Cambridge, and passed through the 
 Staff College, Sandhurst. He en- 
 tered the army as ensign in the 
 Eille Brigade in April, 1855, and 
 was transferred to the 18th Hussars 
 in 1858. Sir William Palliser in- 
 troduced the following inventions 
 into the services : — 1st. The pro- 
 jectiles, known as "Palliser Projec- 
 tiles,'" which are used in the navy 
 and in coast fortifications for pierc- 
 ing armour-plated ships. These 
 projectiles have been proved to be 
 far more efficient than any steel 
 shot and shell that is made. They 
 cost less than <£20 per ton, while 
 the only steel projectiles which at 
 all approached them in efficiency 
 cost about <£100 per ton. 2nd. 
 Improvements in the construction 
 and rifling of the heavy wrought- 
 iron rifled cannon used in iron- 
 clad shii^s, and on the sea-fronts of 
 fortifications. 3rd. The screw-bolts 
 used for attaching the armour to 
 the iron-plated defences of har- 
 bours and dockyards — such as the 
 forts at the mouth of the Thames, 
 Portsmouth, Plymouth, &c., and of 
 sea fortresses — such as Malta, Gib- 
 raltar, Bermuda. 4th. The system 
 upon which the old smooth-bore 
 cast-iron guns, which had become 
 useless and obsolete, are being con- 
 verted into the rifled comiDound 
 guns, known as " Palliser Guns."" 
 The plan consists in the insertion 
 into the cast-iron gun, which is 
 bored out to receive it, of a wrought- 
 iron rifled barrel comjjosed of two 
 tubes of " coiled iron," one inside 
 the other. The wrought-iron barrel 
 is " set out " by firing a proof - 
 charge, and is thus tightened in- 
 side the cast-iron casting. The 
 
 cost of the converted gun is little 
 more than one-third of the cost of 
 a new gun — that is to say, the 
 saving on each 64-pounder and 
 80-pounder is respectively about 
 j6140 andd£210; and as no alteration 
 is made in its external sliape, the 
 converted gun is replaced upon 
 the carriage and platform to which 
 it previously belonged. The con- 
 verted guns are used in wooden 
 frigates and corvettes, upon the 
 land-fronts of fortifications, and 
 for the defence of harbours. Sir 
 William Palliser retired from the 
 service in Dec. 1871. The Queen 
 knighted him, Jan. 21, 1873 ; and the 
 King of Italy sent him the Cross of 
 Commander of the Crown of Italy, 
 in March, 1875. From 1880 till his 
 death he was Conservative member 
 for Taunton. 
 
 PAEKES, Sir. Harry Smith, 
 G.C.M.G., K.C.B. [1828—1885], 
 was the son of Harry Parkes, Esq., 
 of Birchill's Hall, Staffordshire, 
 where he was born. He was edu- 
 cated at the City of London School, 
 and at the early age of fifteen had 
 become a Chinese scholar and resi- 
 dent, being attached to the suite 
 of Sir Henry Pbttinger, the pleni- 
 potentiary who negotiated at 
 Nankin the first English treaty. 
 About 1816 he became interpreter 
 to Sir Rutherford Alcock, who was 
 then consul in succession at Amoy, 
 Foochoo, and Shanghai, and then 
 for eight years fulfilled various 
 posts at the ports opened to foreign 
 trade by the Treaty of Nankin. 
 In 185G he was appointed Consul 
 at Canton, having jji-eviously ac- 
 companied Sir John Bowring to 
 Siam, and brought the Treaty of 
 Nankin to England. Just after 
 his api^ointment occurred the Arrow 
 outrage. The Arrow liaving a 
 British master and carrying a 
 IJritish licence, was boarded by 
 the Chinese at Canton ; and as 
 Commissioner Yeh, who was ap- 
 pealed to on thcBubject, obstinately 
 refused to surrender the crew or 
 to make any concessions whatever 
 
TE ACOCK— PTITLLIMOEE . 
 
 1013 
 
 to the throats of IMr. Parkos or the 
 Enfflish Admiral, Lord I'alniorston 
 declared war upon China. War 
 had been for some time inevitable, 
 and the Arrow affair merely pre- 
 cipitated events. Mr. Parkcs was 
 actively ent]fa»j^ed in all the opera- 
 tions an^ainst Canton, and after 
 the capture of that place it was 
 owin^ to his indefatiyfable energy 
 that Yeh, who had made good his 
 escape, was recaptured. Canton 
 was then placed under a Chinese 
 Governor and a mixed Commission, 
 of which Mr. Parkes was a member. 
 He was regarded bj^ the Chinese as 
 the most formidable personage in 
 the English camj), and a reward of 
 $30,000 w^as offered for his head. 
 He accompanied Sir Hope Grant's 
 expedition to the Xorth, and at the 
 capture of the Taku forts he was 
 sent with a jQag of truce to summon 
 the southern forts to surrender, a 
 diflScult and vei*v dangerous task 
 which he successfully accomplished. 
 He was next sent with a few fol- 
 lowers to Kingchow to reopen nego- 
 tiations with Prince Tsai, the 
 Chinese EmjDcror's nephew, and 
 it was on that occasion that he 
 and his followers were treacher- 
 ously seized, imprisoned, and 
 brutally illtreated by the Chinese 
 officials. Having had an interview, 
 which proved to be a stormy one, 
 wdth Prince Tsai, he and his fol- 
 lowers -hurried back to join the 
 army, but found that fighting had 
 already begun, and on claiming 
 according to the usages of war a 
 safe conduct through the enemy's 
 lines were refused, subjected to 
 great indignity, and sent bound 
 in springless carts to Pekin. Their 
 sufferings during their imprison- 
 ment were cruel and hoi*rible, 
 and most of them died. The Chi- 
 nese offered to release Mr. Parkes 
 alone, but he refused his liberty 
 unless his comrades were allowed 
 to share it. It was in expiation 
 of this outrage that the Summer 
 Palace was destroyed at Pekin. 
 Mr. Parkes was appointed Consul 
 
 at Shanghai in 1802, and nominnrted 
 K.C.B. In 18Go he was made 
 Envoj-'Extraordiuary and Minister- 
 Plenipotentiary and Consul-General 
 in Japan, remaining for eighteen 
 years at the Japanese Court, and 
 taking an active part in all import- 
 ant measures tending to the welfare 
 of that country. He was charged 
 with the negotiation of the com- 
 mercial treaties which regulate our 
 trade there, and for his services 
 was made a G.C.M.G. (1881). In 
 1883 he was transferred from Yeddo, 
 now called Tokio, to Pekin, but 
 did not live long to enjoy the 
 crowning object of his ambition. 
 
 PEACOCK, KicHARD Atkinson 
 [1811 — 1885], civil engineer and 
 F.G.S., was the eldest son of Mr. 
 John Peacock, and was born at 
 Slyne, near Lancaster. He was a 
 specialist, devoting himself almost 
 entirely to the investigation of the 
 causes of volcanoes and of subsi- 
 dences of the earth, on which sub- 
 jects he published many curious 
 and interesting works. He wrote 
 for the .4 rh'sa )i a series of papers on 
 " Vast Sinkings of Land," which 
 were republished in volume form 
 under the title of " Physical and 
 Historical Evidences of Vast Sink- 
 ings of Land on the North and 
 "West Coasts of France and South- 
 "Western Coasts of England." 
 
 PHILLIMOEE, The Eight 
 Hon. Sib Egbert Joseph, Bart., 
 D.C.L. [1810 — 1885], was the 
 second son of Joseph Philli- 
 more, Esq., D.C.L., a celebrated 
 ecclesiastical lawyer, formerly Ee- 
 gius Professor of Civil Law at Ox- 
 ford, by Elizabeth, daughter of the 
 Eev. Walter Bagot, of Blithfield, 
 Staffordshire, who was brother of 
 the first Baron Bagot. He was 
 born in London, November 5, 1810, 
 and educated at Westminster School, 
 whence he was elected to Christ 
 Church, Oxford. He gained the 
 College prizes for Latin verse and 
 prose, and graduated B.A. in 1831, 
 being placed in the second class in 
 classics. For three years after this 
 
1014 
 
 POTTS. 
 
 he was a clerk in the Board of Con- 
 trol. Subsequently he was created 
 a D.C.L. of jOxford, was admitted 
 an Advocate at Doctors^ Commons, 
 was called to the Bar at the Middle 
 Temple^ and in due course was 
 made a Queen" s Counsel. As a 
 civilian he gained an extensive 
 practice, and early in his career he 
 obtained various iuiportant posts. 
 He was apjDointed Official to the 
 Archdeaconries of Middlesex and 
 London by Archdeacons Cambridge 
 and Pott, in 1840 ; Chancellor of 
 the diocese of Chichester by Bishoj) 
 Gilbert, in 1841 ; and Chancellor of 
 Salisbury by his brother-in-law. 
 Bishop Denison, in 1845. From 
 1853 to 1857 he sat in the House of 
 Commons as member for Tavistock 
 in the Liberal-Conservative inte- 
 rest. "While in Parliament he de- 
 livered some remarkable speeches 
 on Chiu'ch-rates, Tithe Commuta- 
 tion, and similar questions ; and 
 he introduced the measure known 
 popularly as " Br. Phillimore's 
 Act," which emj^oAvered the Eccle- 
 siastical Courts to take evidence 
 vivo, voce. He was appointed Judge 
 of the Cinque Ports in 1855 ; Her 
 Majesty's Advocate-General (in Ad- 
 miralty) in 1862, when he received 
 the honour of knighthood ; and 
 Judge of the High Court of Ad- 
 miralty, and of the Arches Court 
 of Canterbury in 18G7, on which 
 occasion he was sworn of the Privy 
 Council. From 1871 to 1873 he 
 held the office of Judge Advocate- 
 General, and he was appointed 
 Master of the Faculties in 1873. 
 In 1875 he resigned his other offices 
 on being nominated Judge of the 
 Admiralty, Probate, &c.. Division 
 of the High Court of Justice. He 
 was created a Baronet in 1S81, and 
 retired from the Bench, March 21, 
 1883. While Judge of the Court 
 of Arches he had to hear numerous 
 ecclesiastical cases of the first mag- 
 nitude, among which were " El- 
 phinstone v. Purchas," " Shophard 
 v. Bennett," " Boyd v. Philpotts," 
 *' Jenkins v. Cook/' "Martin v. 
 
 Mackonochie," &c., and, though he 
 was never accused of unfairness, his 
 judgments generally met with the 
 approval of the High Church party. 
 He published several legal works, 
 the most important being his 
 " Commentaries on International 
 Law," 4 vols., 1854 — 61, which, on 
 reaching a second edition, in 1874, 
 obtained the Sidney Prize of the 
 Society of Arts. He wi-ote also a 
 work on the "Ecclesiastical Law 
 of the Church of England," which 
 holds its own still, and having a 
 taste for letters as well as for law, 
 he translated Lessing's " Laocoon." 
 POTTS, Egbert, M.A., gra- 
 duated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, in 1832, having among his 
 contemporaries the Bishop of Win- 
 chester, the late Mr. Shilleto, the 
 great classical scholar, and the late 
 Dean Alford. He obtained the dis- 
 tinction of 26th wrangler, and was 
 a scholar of Trinity. He married 
 soon after taking his degree and 
 took private pupils, and for many 
 years met with great success and 
 obtained a high reputation for the 
 care and interest he took in his 
 pupils. His edition of Euclid was 
 adopted as a text book by the 
 colleges and schools, and has gone 
 through very many editions. Mr. 
 Potts also edited " Paley's Evi- 
 dences " and " Horse Paulinse," and 
 the " Liber Cantabrigiensis," being 
 a detailed account of the prizes and 
 scholarships offered by the Univer- 
 sity and the several colleges. For 
 the last half centurv Mr. Potts 
 took an active part in the educa- 
 tional work of the University. At 
 the time of the first University 
 Commission he was very strenuous 
 in his advocacy of throwing open 
 the educational advantages of the 
 University, was a supporter of tlie 
 abolition of tests, and it Avas duo 
 mainly to him that 
 of University 
 the recognition 
 debates whicli 
 of the 
 
 the first 
 
 reform in- 
 
 of hostels. 
 
 took place 
 
 University 
 
 statutes in 1858 he took an active 
 
 scheme 
 eluded 
 In tlie 
 on the 
 
 revision 
 
POAVEE— SARTORIUS. 
 
 1015 
 
 part, and althou<?h all his proi>osals ' marthen, h\it abandoned this career 
 
 were not then adopted, he lived to 
 see the majority of them reco{^- 
 nized by the later reforms enacted 
 by the last statutes in 1882. For 
 many years lie had conceived the 
 idea of establishing a hostel, and 
 in 188 i he obtained a Royal char- 
 ter to establish a hostel called St. 
 Paul's Hostel (intended especially 
 for natives of India), but his desij^n 
 was not carried out in his lifetime. 
 POWER, Frank Le Poer, was 
 a native of Ireland, and was born 
 about ISGO. For a short time he held 
 a commission in the Austro-Hun- 
 garian army. During the Soudan 
 campaign he accompanied Mr. 
 Edmund O'Donovan (q. v.), special 
 correspondent of the Daily Neics, to 
 Khartoum, as his secretary and 
 assistant, and with him was en- 
 gaged to make sketches for the 
 Pictorial World. When Mr. O'Do- 
 novan joined Hicks Pasha's army 
 in the advance to Kordofan, Mr. 
 Power remained in Khartoum to 
 forward his letters and attended 
 to other affairs, and on Dec. 10 of 
 1883, the British Government, ad- 
 vised by Sir Evelyn Baring, ap- 
 pointed him consular-agent of the 
 Foreign Office. He was at the time 
 the only British subject in Khar- 
 toum, and became correspondent 
 of the Times, his telegraphic mes- 
 sages being read in this country 
 with the greatest interest. He 
 accompanied Colonel Stewart to Ber- 
 ber in Sept., 1884, and was with him 
 in the disastrous journey down the 
 Nile when their steam-boat ran on 
 the rocks of the Fifth Catai'act, 
 and when all the Europeans of the 
 party were treacherously murdered. 
 
 E. 
 
 RICHARDS, Brinley [1819— 
 
 for one more congenial to his taste. 
 With the assistance of the then 
 Duke of Newcastle, he entered the 
 Royal Academy of Music, where he 
 gained the King's Scholarship in 
 1835 and 1837. Mr. Richards's name 
 is identified with Welsh national 
 music, and with an ardent love of 
 the Principality. This spirit had 
 a great influence on his musical 
 career, gave an imi)ulse to his 
 genius, and contributed to his suc- 
 cess. His effusions in honour of 
 Wales were the delight of patriotic 
 Welshmen, and his " Cambrian 
 War - Song," "' The Cambrian 
 Plume," and " The Harp of Wales," 
 shared in the popularity of his 
 song, " God Bless the Prince of 
 Wales." Some of his orchestral 
 works have been frequently played 
 in London and Paris ; and while 
 visiting the latter place he attracted 
 the notice of Chopin, and formed 
 an intimacy which lasted till the 
 death of that illustrious comj)oser. 
 As a pianist, Mr. Richards held a 
 prominent rank, but his composi- 
 tions for the piano were not of 
 great importance. 
 
 S. 
 
 SARTORIUS, Sir George Rose, 
 K.C.B. [1790—1885], Admiral of 
 the Fleet, eldest son of the Colonel 
 of Engineers, J. C. Sartorius, of 
 the E.I.C.'s service, and of Anna- 
 bella Rose, granddaughter of 
 Admiral Harvey. At an early age 
 he entered the navy, was present 
 at the Battle of Trafalgar, com- 
 manded a gunboat at the siege of 
 Cadiz, and was three times men- 
 tioned in the Gazette for boating 
 services. When in command of 
 the Slaney, he was present at the 
 
 1885], pianist and composer, son of surrenderof the Emperor Napoleon, 
 Mr. H. Richards, organist of St. ' in 1815, to the squadron under the 
 Peter's, Carmarthen, and, being I orders of Captain Sir Frederick 
 intended for the medical profession, \ Maitland, of the Bellerophon. In 
 
 was placed with a surgeon at Car- j 1830-31, he was 
 
 engaged 
 
 by the 
 
1016 
 
 STEWAET. 
 
 Terceira Regency, acting for the 
 young Queen of Portugal, to fit 
 out and take the command of a 
 squadron to act against the usurjDer, 
 Dom Miguel, and greatly distin- 
 guished himself on that occasion. 
 On the re-establishment of the 
 Queen of Portugal's government, 
 he received the titles of Viscount 
 de Pudade, Count of Seuhafirma, 
 together "with the Grand Cross of 
 the Tower and the Sword for the 
 services he had rendered. As 
 Captain of the Malabar he received 
 the thanks of the President and 
 Congress of the United States for 
 his efforts to save the U.S. frigate 
 Missouri from destruction by fire 
 in Gibraltar Bay, in 1812. Shortly 
 after he was so fortunate as to 
 receive on board the Regent of 
 Spain, Espartero, and to afford him 
 an asylum when closely pursued 
 by his enemies. Sir George was 
 the first to foresee, in 1855, the 
 revolution about to take place in 
 naval warfare, by the revival of 
 the ancient mode of striking an 
 adversary T\dth the prow ; the in- 
 troduction of which principle, as 
 the so-called "ram,'^ has since been 
 adopted. The Polyphemus was 
 chiefly designed by him. He be- 
 came Admiral of the White in the 
 British navy in 1862 ; Vice-Admiral 
 of the United Kingdom in 1869 ; 
 and Admiral of the Fleet the same 
 year. 
 
 STEWART, Lieut. -Colonel 
 Hamill, was the eldest surviving 
 son of J. T. Hamill StcAvart, of 
 Ballyatwood, co. Down, Ireland, 
 and was educated at Cheltenham 
 College, and at the Royal Military 
 College, Sandhurst, which he left 
 in 1865. He was soon after 
 gazetted to a Cornetcy in the 11th 
 (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars. 
 On their return from service in 
 India, he was apjiointed one of 
 H.M. Vice-Consiils in Anatolia, a 
 post he held till 1882, when he was 
 ordered to Egypt on special service. 
 He accompanied General Gordon 
 in his mission to Khartoum, which 
 
 they reached Feb. 17, 1881. For 
 the first six months of the siege, 
 Stewart was Gordon's right-hand 
 man. In Sept. he and Frank 
 Power (q. v.) were sent against 
 Berber, with instructions to pass 
 down the river and open up com- 
 munication with the Khedive and 
 the English. The steamer was 
 wrecked on the rocks of the Fifth 
 Cataract, near a place called 
 Ramsah or Boni Island. Leaving 
 the wreck of the vessel, Stewart 
 and the other forty-three pas- 
 sengers determined to travel 
 across the desert to Merawi on 
 the Nile, below the Foui-th Cata- 
 ract. They bargained with the 
 Sheikhs of the Monassir tribe for 
 a safe conduct, and then, while 
 resting from the fatigues they had 
 undergone, they were set upon by 
 these people and cruelly murdered, 
 only eight or nine escaping by 
 flight. Plunder seems to have been 
 the object of the Arabs, for Colonel 
 Stewart is supposed to have had a 
 large sum of money with him. Col. 
 Stewart and the war correspondent, 
 Frank Power, fought bravely for 
 their lives, but were overpowered 
 by numbers. 
 
 STEWART, Major-Gen. Sir 
 Herbert, K.C.B. [1843— 1885], was 
 the eldest son of the Rev. Edward 
 Stewart, rector of Sparsholt, Hamp- 
 shire, a great grandson of the 
 seventh Earl of Galloway. Having 
 been educated at Winchester Col- 
 lege, he studied for the Bar, but 
 presently determined to enter the 
 army as ensign in the 37th Regi- 
 ment in 1863 ; was gazetted lieu- 
 tenant in 1865, and captain in 1868, 
 and during the two following years 
 served as A.D.C. to the major-gene- 
 ral commanding the Bengal Presi- 
 dency. In 1871 he was made deputy- 
 assistant quartermaster-general in 
 Bengal, joined the 3rd Dragoon 
 Guards in 1873, passed the Staff 
 College in 1878, and in the following 
 year served as brigade-major in the 
 Zulu war. He was principal staff- 
 officer to the Transvaal field-force 
 
STRANGWAYS— TRELAWNY. 
 
 loi: 
 
 in the operations against Secocoeni, 
 and ujilitiiry seoi'etary and chief of 
 the stafif to Sir Garnet Wolseley, 
 witli the brevet rank of lieu- 
 tenant-colonel. Having taken part 
 in the Boer war, he was early in 
 1882 made A.D.C. to the Lord- 
 Lieutenant of Ireland (Lord Spen- 
 cer), and was with him during the 
 anxious time that followed the 
 murder of Lord Frederick Caven- 
 dish. He left Ireland on the break- 
 ing out of the Egyptian war, going 
 out as deputy-assistant adjutant- 
 general and quartermaster-general 
 for the cavalry division, was pre- 
 sent at all the minor engagements, 
 at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir, and 
 the taking of Cairo. For his dis- 
 tinguished services during that 
 campaign he was made A.D.C. to 
 the Queen, C.B., gained a medal 
 and clasp, and was decorated with 
 the third class of the Osmanieh 
 and the Khedive's Star, and was 
 advanced to the rank of colonel. 
 He again served in Egypt in 
 1881:-5, in command of the Cavalry 
 Brigade, took pai-t in the battles 
 of El Teb and Tamai, was made 
 K.C.B., and in the autumn of 
 1884, when it was decided to send 
 a relief expedition to rescue Gordon, 
 he was chosen to undertake the 
 command of the men sent out by 
 Lord Wolseley from Korti to Me- 
 tammeh, where they were to sti'ike 
 the Nile. He got his first con- 
 tingent, about 1,500 strong, safely 
 across the desert, returned for 
 another, and then with his small 
 force had to face an overwhelming 
 number of the enemy near Metam- 
 meh. They fo;-;ght gallantly and 
 desperately, coming off victorious, 
 but at the cost, unfortunately, of 
 Stewart's life. He was dangerously 
 wovmded in the second engage- 
 ment ; and though for a time it 
 was supposed he would recover, 
 bad symptoms set in, and he died 
 at Gakdul Feb. IG, 1885, very 
 deeply regretted by his country 
 and friends. The Queen for liis 
 brilliant services had made him at 
 
 once a major-general, the youngest 
 of that rank in the British army. 
 
 STRANGWAYS, Colonel Wal- 
 ter Aston Fox [18.32— 1885], Royal 
 Horse Artillery, Commandant and 
 Superintendent of the School of 
 Gunnery at Shoeburyness, was the 
 second son of the Rev. Henry Fox 
 Strangways, i*ector of Rewe, Devon. 
 He entered the Horse Artillery in 
 1850, and served throughout the 
 Eastern campaign of 1851-55, in- 
 cluding the battles of Alma, Bala- 
 clava, Inkerman, and the fall of 
 Sebastopol, receiving the medal 
 with four clasps, the Turkish 
 medal, and the Legion of Honour. 
 He was appointed a Commandant 
 of the School of Gunnery, Oct. 1, 
 1882. He lost his life there, Feb. 
 2G, 1885, by an appalling accident. 
 While experiments were being made 
 with sensitive fuses, a shell ex- 
 ploded, killing one man on the 
 spot, and so severely wounding 
 others, that they died from their 
 wounds. 
 
 TRELAWNY, Sir John Salus- 
 BURY [1816—1885], of Trelawne, 
 Cornwall, was the representative in 
 1 the elder line of one of the oldest 
 i and most distinguished families in 
 the West of England. He was the 
 second, but eldest surviving son of 
 Sir William Lewis Salusburj^-Tre- 
 I la-miy, the eighth baronet, for- 
 j merly Lord-Lieutenant of Corn- 
 wall, and sometime M.P. for the 
 Eastern division of that county ; 
 ! his. mother was Patience Christian, 
 j daughter of Mr. John Phillips Car- 
 i penter, of Mount Tavy, Devon- 
 shire, and he was born at Hare- 
 wood, Cornwall. He was educated 
 at Westminster School, and gra- 
 duated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, taking his bachelor's de- 
 gree in 1839. In 1810 he was ap- 
 pointed a captain in the Cornwall 
 Rangers Militia, and he was subse- 
 quently for some years comman- 
 
1018 
 
 VAUX— WIGAN. 
 
 dant of the 2d Cornwall Eifles. He 
 succeeded to the baronetcy on the 
 death of his- father in 1856. The 
 family takes its name from Tre- 
 hxwne or Trewen^ in Cornwall, 
 which has been part of its posses- 
 sions since the time of Edward the 
 Confessor. A valiant ancestor and 
 namesake of the late baronet fought 
 with Henry V. at Agincourt, and 
 the third baronet was one of the 
 " Seven Bishops " committed to the 
 Tower by James II. Sir John 
 Salusbury-Trelawny was returned 
 to the House of Commons in 1843 
 as member for Tavistock, which 
 constituency he represented till 
 1852, and he again sat for that 
 borough from 1857 till 18G5. He 
 represented the eastern division of 
 CornAvall from 1868 till 1874. Sir 
 John was a Liberal in politics, and 
 was the author of the Bills which 
 were long annually introduced for 
 the abolition of compulsory church- 
 rates. He was a magistrate and 
 dejDuty lieutenant for Cornwall, 
 and a deputy-warden of the Stan- 
 naries. 
 
 VAUX, W. S. W. [1818—1885], 
 was a son of Prebendary Vaux, and 
 was educated at Westminster School 
 and at Balliol College, Oxford. 
 Shortly after taking his degree, he 
 received an appointment in the 
 British Museum, where in time he 
 became keeper of the coins and 
 medals. Having left this post, he 
 went to Oxford in 1871 to catalogue 
 coins in the Bodleian, and re- 
 mained there till 1876, when he 
 was elected Secretary of the Royal 
 Asiatic Society, and was also for a 
 time Secretai'y of the Royal Society 
 of Literature. He Avrote numerous 
 useful and popular books on coins, 
 on antiquities, and on the early 
 history of the East, and was a 
 constant contributor to the Journals 
 and Transactions of several learned 
 societies. His annual reports for 
 
 the Royal Asiatic Society are spe- 
 cially esteemed by all Oriental 
 students. 
 
 VEITCH, William, LL.B., 
 [1794 — 1885], a distinguished 
 Greek scholar, was born at Teviot- 
 dale, and received his early educa- 
 tion in Judburgh. Subsequently 
 he entered the University of Edin- 
 burgh as a divinity student, and 
 was licensed as a minister of the 
 Church of Scotland. From an early 
 period, however, he had devoted 
 himself to the study of the Greek 
 classics, and through taking note 
 of any uncommon renderings col- 
 lected materials for his work on 
 " Greek Verbs, Irregular and De- 
 fective,^' 1848, which established 
 his reputation as a Greek scholar. 
 A new and enlarged edition was 
 issued by the Clarendon Press of 
 Oxford in 1871 ; and Dr. Scott, 
 then Master of Balliol, invited the 
 author to aid in revising the sixth 
 edition of Liddell and Scott's Greek 
 Lexicon. As a teacher of Greek 
 Dr. Veitch was highly successful, 
 he was entirely devoid of pedantry, 
 and awakened the enthusiasm of 
 his pupils by making interesting 
 the driest grammatical detail. The 
 University of Edinburgh confei'red 
 on him the honorary degree of 
 LL.D. in recognition of his great 
 services to Greek learning. 
 
 W. 
 
 WIGAN, Horace [1819—1885], 
 actor and dramatist, is said to have 
 made his first appearance on the 
 London stage at the Olympic 
 Theatre in 1854. He made rapid 
 progress in his art, associating 
 his name particularly with the 
 characters of Smoothly Smirk 
 in " The Porter's Knot," Mr. 
 Cunninghame in " Nino Points of 
 the Law," the liaron do Beaupre 
 in ''A Husband to Order," Wil- 
 liam Hogarth in " The Christmas 
 Dinner," the father in "Peter 
 Probity," and HaAvkshaw in " The 
 
WILLIAMS— WORDSWORTH. 
 
 1019 
 
 Ticket of Leave Man." In 180 1, 
 soon after the lon^ run of tlie last- 
 mentioned piece had ended, he un- 
 dertook the management of the 
 same theatre, where, among other 
 plays of more than average merit, 
 he produced " The Girl I left Be- 
 hind Me," by Mr. Oxenford, " The 
 Hidden Hand" and "The Serf," 
 by Mr. Tom Taylor, " Love's Mar- 
 tyrdom," by Mr. Leicester Buck- 
 ingham, and " The Yellow Pass- 
 ix>rt," by Mr. Henry Neville. It 
 is also worthy of note that in 1805 
 he revived " Twelfth Night." In 
 1800 he became a member of the 
 Gaiety company, and a drama which 
 he wrote in conjvmction with Mr. 
 Oxenford, " A Life Chase," enabled 
 him to achieve a distinct histrionic 
 success in his new home. He next 
 went to the Vaudeville and the 
 Strand, appearing at the former as 
 Sir Oliver Surface in " The School 
 for Scandal/' Sulky in "The Road 
 toRuin,"and other strongly marked 
 characters in the pieces brought 
 out by Mr. Thome and Mr. James 
 in the days before "Our Boys" 
 came into their possession. In 
 1875 he took the unfortunate Hol- 
 born Theatre, but the deserved 
 popularitv of one piece he produced 
 there, "All for Her," by Mr. Her- 
 man Merivale and Mr. Palgrave 
 Simpson, did not save his enter- 
 prise from ending in disaster. After 
 that time he was seldom seen on 
 the stage. In addition to his share 
 in " A Life Chase," he wrote seve- 
 ral farces, some of which have not 
 yet Vjeen forgotten, and a clever 
 adaptation of M. Sardou's " Nos 
 Intimes," underthe title of "Friends 
 or Foes." His acting was dry and 
 haixl, but was distinguished by 
 considerable skill, refinement, and 
 force. He once declared that the 
 most valuable personage in " The 
 School for Scandal" to an actor 
 was Sir Oliver Surface, and his im- 
 personation of it at the Vaudeville, 
 even by the side of so excellent a 
 Sir Peter Teazle as Mr. FaiTen, did 
 something to bear out the idea. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Penry [1798— 
 1885^, son of a house painter at 
 Merthyr Tydvil, where he was 
 bom. Having shovm some skill in 
 painting, he was sent at an early 
 age to London, with an introduc- 
 tion to Sir T. Lawrence, and studied 
 in the Royal Academy under Fuseli. 
 His first appearance was made at 
 the Royal Academy in 1822, with a 
 " Portrait of a Lady." From that 
 time till about 1800 he was a fre- 
 quent contributor to that gallery, 
 and the exhibition of the British 
 Institution and the Society of Bri- 
 tish Artists. " In 1827, having 
 made a moderate reputation," 
 says the Athenaeum, " he went 
 to Rome, where he remained in 
 that pleasant position which many 
 artists have been content to occupy 
 in the Eternal City. His pictures 
 obtained a degree of attention for 
 which it is difficult to account, be- 
 cause, not only had the change in 
 public taste left them quite out of 
 the current of living art, but their 
 merits Avere never extraordinary 
 even in the pleasing but conven- 
 tional style the painter affected. 
 His personal qualities, however, 
 and has manifold accomplishments, 
 stood him in such stead that for 
 nearly fifty years he was warmly re- 
 garded at Rome, and not to know 
 him was to be little known. Some 
 of his works, which fairly repre- 
 sented the medium between Uwins 
 and Eastlake, have been engraved." 
 He executed many landscapes 
 and tolerably successful i)ortraits. 
 Three of his pictures are in the 
 National Gallery. Two of these 
 belong to the Vernon Gift. 
 
 WORDSWORTH, The Right 
 Rev. Christopher, D.D., Bishop 
 of Lincoln ^18(37—1885], son of the 
 Rev. Christopher Wordswoi'th, 
 D.D., Master of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, and Priscilla, diiugh- 
 ter of Charles Lloyd, Esq., the well- 
 known banker of Birmingham ; 
 nephew of William Wordsworth, 
 the poet, and younger brother 
 of the Right Rev. Dr. Wordsworth, 
 
1020 
 
 WYNN. 
 
 Bishop of St. Andrews, Dunkeld, 
 and Dunblane, was educated at 
 Winchester and at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, where he closed a bril- 
 liant undergi-aduate course by gra- 
 duating B.A. iff 1830, taking high 
 honours, and was elected a Fellow 
 of his college. Having received 
 deacon's and priest's orders, he was 
 appointed, in 183G, Public Orator 
 at Cambridge and Head Master of 
 Harrow School, which post he held 
 until 1811, when Sir R. Peel pre- 
 ferred him to a Canonry in West- 
 minster Abbey. He was Hulsean 
 Lecturer at Cambridge in 1847-8, 
 and in 1869, having gained a great 
 reputation as a learned divine^ he 
 was appointed Bishop of Lincoln, 
 being consecrated on Feb. 2J< in 
 Westminster Abbey. He took part 
 in the proceedings of the " Old 
 Catholic " Congress held at Cologne 
 in Sept., 1872. His best known 
 works are his volume of travels in 
 Greece, his elaborate edition of the 
 Greek Testament, with notes ; " The 
 Old Testament, in the Authorized 
 Version, with Notes and Introduc- 
 tions;" "The Holy Year, or Ori- 
 ginal Hymns ; " " Occasional Ser- 
 mons in Westminster Abbey." 
 These, however, are but a few out 
 of a long list. Bishop Wordsworth 
 was always regarded as a leader by 
 the more old-fashioned churchmen 
 of the "High Anglican" jDarty. 
 He married, in 1838, Susannah 
 Hatly Frere, daughter of George 
 Frere, Esq., of Twyford House, 
 Berks, a niece of the Eight Hon. 
 John Hookham Frere. His eldest 
 son, John, having been Oriel Pro- 
 
 fessor of Holy Scripture at Oxford 
 and Canon of Rochester, has just 
 been appointed Bishop of Salis- 
 bury, and his daughter, Elizabeth, 
 is Principal of Lady Margaret Hall, 
 Oxford. 
 
 WYNN, Sir Watkin Williams-, 
 Bart. [1820—1885], born in St. 
 James's-square, London, was the 
 fourth Sir Watkin and sixth Baro- 
 net of Wynnstay. Educated at 
 Westminster and at Clirist Church, 
 Oxford, he was, in 1812, gazetted 
 to a cornetcy in the 1st Life Guards. 
 He succeeded to the baronetcy in 
 1810, and in 1811 entered parlia- 
 ment in the Conservative interest 
 as member for Denbighshire, for 
 which county Sir Watkin was re- 
 turned at each succeeding general 
 election. He was deputy lieutenant 
 and magistrate for the counties of 
 Denbigh, Merioneth, Montgomery, 
 and Salop ; steward of her Majesty's 
 Manorial Courts of Denbighshire, 
 aide-de-camp to the Queen, com- 
 mander of the Montgomeryshire 
 Yeomanry Cavalry, and Lt.-Col. 
 of the Royal Denbighshire Rifle 
 Volunteers. He was master of the 
 Wynnstay Hunt, and was a keen 
 sportsman. He was a director of 
 the Great Western Railway Com- 
 pany, and was the largest land- 
 owner in the Princii^ality. In 
 May, 1881, his house in St. James's- 
 square, in which he Avas lying ill, 
 was greatly injured by a dynamite 
 explosion, the miscreants who 
 caused it thinking the house was 
 a Government office, and the shock 
 he then received is supposed to 
 have hastened his death. 
 
 THE EXD. 
 
 ruAuurnY, Anxi-.w, A' co., rniNirrts, wiiirKriUAU'^. 
 
ADDENDA. 
 
 NAMES AC 01 DENTALLY OMITTED DURING THE COURSE 
 
 OF FEINTING. 
 
 BATE SON, Rev. William 
 Henry, D.D., Master of St. John's 
 College, Cambridge [1812—1881], 
 was the son of a merchant of Liver- 
 pool, and Tvas educated at Shrews- 
 bury School and at St. John's. In 
 1836 he took his degree as third 
 classic, and next year was elected a 
 Fellow of his college. Presently 
 he took orderSj and after serving 
 in one or two parochial cures he 
 became Examiner in the Classical 
 Tripos, then Senior Bursar of St. 
 John's, and, in 1848, Public Orator 
 of the University. In 1850 he was 
 appointed secretary to the Commis- 
 sion appointed to inquire into the 
 revenues, &c. of the IJniversity and 
 colleges : and in 1857 was chosen 
 Master of St. John's, in succession 
 to Dr. Tatham. From this time till 
 his death he was regarded as the 
 leader of the Liberal party in Cam- 
 bridge. He was a governor of 
 Shrewsbury, Rugby, and the Perse 
 School, and was a member of both 
 Commissions appointed between 
 1870 and 1880 for inquiring into 
 and reorganising the University 
 and College system. 
 
 BICKERSTETH, Right Rev. 
 D.D., Bishop of Ripon [ISIG— 188 L], 
 born at Acton, in Suffolk, was the 
 fourth son of the Rev. John Bicker- 
 steth. Originally intended for the 
 
 medical profession, he was a student 
 of St. Thomas's Hospital, but, feel- 
 ing a vocation for the ministry, he 
 entered Queen's College,Cambridge, 
 and was ordained in 1811. In 1845 
 he became Incumbent of St. John's, 
 Clapham, and six years later, having 
 gained a considerable reputation as 
 a preacher, he was appointed to the 
 important rectory of St. Giles-in- 
 the-Fields. In 1854 he was ap- 
 pointed Canon of Salisbury, and in 
 1856 was made Bishop of Ripon, on 
 the translation of Dr. Longley to 
 the see of Durham. He was sup- 
 posed to owe this appointment 
 mainly to Lord Shaftesbury, who 
 at this time, as son-in-law to 
 Lady Palmerston, had a consider- 
 able voice in the distribution of 
 church patronage. Bishop Bicker- 
 steth was a strict evangelical. 
 
 BRAY, Charles [1811—1884], 
 author of the " Education of the 
 Feelings," was born at Coventry, 
 where his father was one of the 
 leading ribbon manufacturers, to 
 whose business Charles succeeded 
 in 1835. For a long time he had 
 devoted himself to phrenology, and 
 as an outcome of his studies pub- 
 lished, in 1838, " The Education of 
 the Feelings," in which each men- 
 tal faculty, propensity, and senti- 
 ment is treated separately. " The 
 
 3 u 
 
1022 
 
 C ALVEELE Y— DEL ANE . 
 
 Philosophy of Necessity " followed 
 in 1811. Soon afterwards Mr. Bray 
 became interested in the work of 
 Eobert Owen, and in 1813 he helped 
 to establish The Coventry La- 
 bourers' and Artizans' Co-operative 
 Society, of which he became presi- 
 dent. He was the author of "Force 
 and its Mental Correlates/' 18GG ; 
 "A Manual of Anthropology/' 1871, 
 and of several papers in the cause 
 of free thought. He was an inti- 
 mate friend of " George Eliot." 
 
 CALVEELEY, Charles Stuart 
 [1831—1881], was born at Martley, 
 Worcestershire. His father was the 
 Eev. Henry Blayds ; but in 1852 the 
 family resumed their more ancient 
 name of Calverley. Charles Stuart 
 was educated at Harrow, at Balliol, 
 and at Christ's College, Cambridge, 
 a disao-reement with the aiithorities 
 having led to his withdrawal from 
 Oxford before he obtained his 
 degree. At Cambridge he increased 
 the reputation that he had already 
 gained as an athlete (his jumping 
 feats being extraordinary), a wit, 
 anda scholar. He gained the Craven 
 scholarship and four university 
 prizes, came out second in the 
 classical Tripos in 1856, and was 
 two years afterwards elected Fellow 
 of Christ's. In 1862 appeared 
 " Verses and Translations, by 
 C.S.C. ;" a small volume which in- 
 stantly became what it has con- 
 tinued to be ever since, the delight 
 of those who take pleasure in the 
 combination of academical scholar- 
 ship and witty verse. " Fly-leaves " 
 followed ; and later came " Trans- 
 lations into English and Latin/' 
 and " Theocritus translated into 
 English verso." Calverley was called 
 to the Bar in 18(>5, and about the 
 same time married his cousin ; ])ut 
 a year afterwards a disastrous acci- 
 dent in skating disabled him for 
 future continuous work. He died 
 at Folkestone on February 17, 188 1, 
 deeply mourned by a large circle 
 of friends. 
 
 COOK, John Douglas, editor of 
 the Saturday Review, was born in 
 Cornwall early in the present cen- 
 tury. He began his journalistic 
 career as a reporter on the staff of 
 the Times, and acquired much prac- 
 tical experience before undertaking 
 the editorship of the Bloming Chron- 
 icle, which journal he conducted as 
 a Peelite organ from about 1817 to 
 1851. When the Saturday Revizio 
 was founded Mr. Cook was made 
 editor, and he succeeded in sur- 
 rounding himself with a staff of 
 remarkable brilliancy. The great 
 success of the Saturday Review in its 
 early years was mainly due to the 
 able guidance of its first editor ; 
 his exi^erience, tact, and liberal 
 views gained for the paper a high 
 place amongst English journals. 
 He died at his chambers in the 
 Albany, August 11, 1868. 
 
 DELANE, John Thaddeus 
 [1817—1879], editor of the Times, 
 was the son of a solicitor, and was 
 born at Bracknell, Berks. After 
 leaving school he entered Magdalen 
 Hall, Oxford, of which Dr. Macbride 
 was principal, and Dr. Jacobson, 
 afterwards Bishop of Chester, vice- 
 px'incipal. Mr. Delane did not take 
 his degree, and on leaving Oxford 
 he began a very varied life in Lon- 
 don. Simultaneously he walked the 
 hospitals and kept terms at the 
 Middle Temple, though there is no 
 reason to suppose that he ever in- 
 tended to adopt either the medical 
 or the legal profession. He was 
 called to the bar and began to ro- 
 l)ort law cases for tlie Timjs, with 
 which paper his father had been 
 connected, and shortly afterwards 
 he received an appointment as re- 
 porter in the gaUery of tlie House 
 of Commons. This he hold for two 
 years, during whic-h time his a})ili- 
 ties and force of character so much 
 impressed the j^ropriotors of the 
 paper that, on the death of Mr. 
 Barnes, lie was appointed editor. 
 He held this position until ill liealth 
 
DOBELL— FABER, 
 
 1023 
 
 compcllod him to withdraw from it 
 in 1877, anil diiriuj^ the whole time 
 he both kept up and extended the 
 influence of the paper, and was liim- 
 self a great political and social 
 power. The few letters and au- 
 thentic anecdotes of him that have 
 been published show him as a man 
 of very keen and rapid intelligence, 
 and of great force of will. To Lord 
 Palmerston especially he was a 
 valued personal friend, though he 
 always retained the most complete 
 independence in judging Palmer- 
 ston 's public actions. He retired 
 from the control of the paper in 
 1877, and died two years after- 
 
 DOBELL, Sidney [1821—1871], 
 born at Cranbrook, Kent, and edu- 
 cated at home. During the greater 
 part of his life he was engaged in 
 business in Gloucestershire, but in 
 his later years both business and 
 literary work were much inter- 
 rupted by broken health ; his win- 
 ters were spent abroad, and he lived 
 almost entirely the life of an in- 
 valid. His first poem, " The So- 
 man," appeared in 1850, and was 
 inspired by his enthusiasm for the 
 Italian cause ; the next, '" Balder," 
 appeared in 1853. The Crimean 
 War suggested to him a series of 
 sonnets, which he wrote in conjunc- 
 tion with Alexander Smith. This 
 volume was soon followed by another 
 on the same subject, entitled "Eng- 
 land in Time of War." Of these 
 poems "The Roman" was the most 
 successful : its sentiments appealed 
 to the symi^athy of the English 
 people for Italy, and its bold treat- 
 ment and rich imagery recalled 
 something of the manner of Byron. 
 Dobell belonged to that school of 
 poets nicknamed the Spasmodic, and 
 characterized by an involved style 
 and an excessive love for over-rich 
 ornam.mt : but, except for these de- 
 fects of style (which are not so fre- 
 quent in him as in his brothers of 
 the same school), Dobell deserves 
 to bo classed among real poets ; he 
 avoided the sentimentalism which 
 
 spoilt his contemporaries, and his 
 vei'se shows an originality, a force 
 and a sincerity which are not to be 
 found in others of the Spasmodic 
 school, 
 
 DRUMMOND, Thomas [1797— 
 1810], was bom in Edinburgh, and 
 educated at the high school of that 
 city. At the age of sixteen he en- 
 tered the Royal Military Academy 
 at Woolwich, where he distin- 
 guished himself by his mathema- 
 tical and scientific attainments. 
 Later he was drafted into the en- 
 gineer corps, and in 1824 joined 
 Capt. Colby in the trigonometrical 
 survey. His scientific ability is as- 
 sociated with the light which bears 
 his name, and which gained for him 
 a reputation before he entered on 
 his political career. In 1831 Capt. 
 Drummond became the head of the 
 Boundary Commission appointed to 
 settle the parliamentary limits of 
 boroughs. The schedules of the 
 Reform Bills were based upon his 
 calculations, and on account of his 
 success in this matter he was ap- 
 pointed Private Secretary to Earl 
 Spencer, who, as Lord Althorp, was 
 then Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
 This position he held until the 
 change of ministry in 1834, when 
 he received, as a reward for his ex- 
 ertions, a pension of d£300 a year. 
 On the return of his party he was 
 sent, in July, 1835, to Ireland, as 
 Under-Secretary, His most famous 
 achievement in connection with this 
 office was the Irish Railway Com- 
 mission, of which he was appointed 
 the chief in 1838, and the elaborate 
 report drawn up by him survives as 
 a memorial of his practical genius. 
 Capt, Drummond contributed va- 
 rious statements of his theories and 
 accounts of his inventions to the 
 Transactions of the Philosoj^hical So- 
 ciety. 
 
 FABER, Frederick William 
 ! [1815 — 18G3], hymn writer and theo- 
 i logian, the son of Thomas Henry 
 I Faber, secretary to Dr, Barrington, 
 
1021 
 
 FINLAY— FITZ EOY. 
 
 Bishop of Durham, was born at 
 Calvei-ley, Yorkshire. He was edu- 
 cated at Harrow and at Balliol Col- 
 lege, Oxford. In 1836 he gained 
 the Newdigate prize for a poem on 
 " The Knights of St. John/' and in 
 January, 1837, was elected Fellow 
 of University College. In 1811 a 
 travelling tutorship took him on 
 the continent, and on his return he 
 published " Sights and Thoughts in 
 Foreign Churches and among Fo- 
 reign Peoples." In 18J^2 he ac- 
 cepted the rectory of Elton, in 
 Huntingdonshire, where he re- 
 mained until his conversion to the 
 Eoman Catholic faith in Nov. 1845. 
 He then went to Birmingham and 
 founded the Wilfridians, a religious 
 community which was iiltimately 
 merged into the Oratory of St. 
 Philip Neri. Before his conversion 
 he wrote " The Cherwell Water 
 Lily, and other Poems,'"' " The 
 Styrian Lake, and other Poems," 
 "Sir Lancelot, a Poem," "The 
 Rosary, and other Poems," and 
 several papers on the "Lives of the 
 English Saints," edited by Dr. 
 Newman. It is, however, as a 
 writer of hymns that Father Faber 
 will be chiefly known in the future. 
 Among the most admired are "The 
 Land beyond the Sea," " Sweet 
 Saviour, bless us ere we go," "I 
 was wandering and weary," and 
 " The Shadow of the Rock.'' Seve- 
 ral years before his death he became 
 Superior of the Oratory at Brompton. 
 FINLAY, George [1799—1875], 
 was born at Faversham, in Kent. 
 His father was Major John Finlay, 
 R.E., F.E.S., Insjjector of Govern- 
 ment powder mills, and was a mem- 
 ber of an old Scotch family. As he 
 died when George was very young 
 the latter sj)ent the most part of 
 his youth in the house of an uncle 
 near Glasgow, whence he Avent to 
 the University of Gottingen. At 
 that time the struggles of Greece 
 for her indcq^endonce were Tx^gin- 
 ning, and Finlay caught the fever 
 of enthusiasm for the Hellenic cause 
 which was then so prevalent among 
 
 the generous youth of Western Eu- 
 rope. He visited Greece, where he 
 saw a good deal of Lord Byron and 
 Sir Charles Napier, and in various 
 ways he contributed not a little to 
 the cause of Greek independence. 
 After the Hellenic kingdom had 
 been established he purchased land 
 in Attica, and attempted to farm it 
 by improved Western methods. 
 The experiment was a failure, and 
 Finlay lost the greater part of what 
 he possessed. But he was not dis- 
 heartened, and, instead of leaving 
 the country, he devoted himself to 
 making a profound study of its his- 
 tory from the time when Ancient 
 Greece lost her indeiDcndence to the 
 time when Modern Greece regained 
 it. After one or two volumes on 
 contemporary affairs, he published 
 the first instalment of his history 
 with the title of "Greece under the 
 Romans," 1814, which was followed 
 by " The History of Greece under 
 Ottoman and Venetian Domina- 
 tion," 1856, and by a " History of 
 the Greek Revolution," 1861. 
 From 1861 — 70 he was the 
 Times correspondent at Athens, 
 and after his death his gi-eat work 
 was republished by the University 
 of Oxford, being edited with addi- 
 tions by the Rev. H. F. Tozer. 
 Finlay will always rank high 
 among English historians, and his 
 book is one of those rare histories 
 of which we may say that it is not 
 likely to be superseded. 
 
 FITZ ROY, Right Hon. Henry 
 [1807 — 1859], was brother and pre- 
 sumptive heir to the Earl of South- 
 ampton. As a young man he was 
 a friend and folloAvor of Sir Robert 
 Peel ; and was elected member for 
 Lewes, which he represented in the 
 Liberal interest for a period of 
 twenty-live years. In the coui'se 
 of his political career he held ]Hisi- 
 tions in the Admiralty, Home OHice. 
 Sic, was Chairman of Ways and 
 Mea.ns,l)i']>nty-Si>t'aker.an(laMt'in- 
 bcr of the Privy Council. In addi- 
 tion to his political work, he was a 
 magistrate for Middlesex, and dis- 
 
HENNELL— PALMER. 
 
 1025 
 
 tint^uished himself as a most ener- 
 getic workei* in prisons and work- 
 houses. At the time of his death 
 he was Chief Commissioner of 
 Works. In the hitter part of his 
 life he was a trreat friend of Lord 
 Palmerston and Sidney Herbert. 
 After his death liis widow built a 
 Free Library for the town of Lewes 
 as a memorial to him. 
 
 HENNELL, Charles Christian 
 [ISUO— 1830], the author of "An 
 Enquiry concerning the Origin of 
 Christianity," 1838, and of " Chris- 
 tian Theism/' 1830. He was an 
 intimate friend of George Eliot, 
 and exercised great influence on 
 the change of her religious opin- 
 'ons. He died at Woodford Wells^ 
 Sept. 2, 1850. 
 
 JACOBSON, Dr. [1803—1881], 
 Bishop of Chester, the son of a 
 mercantile clerk at Yarmouth, was 
 in early life a nonconformist, and 
 was educated at Homerton College, 
 and at Mye Hill College, Birming- 
 ham, for the dissenting ministry. 
 Ultimately he went to Oxford with 
 a view to taking holy orders, be- 
 came a Fellow of Exeter College in 
 1829, and from 1832 to 1818 he was 
 Vice-Principal of Magdalen Hall. 
 In 1818 Dr. Jacobson, who had held 
 the office of Public Orator for six 
 years, was appointed Regius Pro- 
 fessor of Divinity, and retained the 
 chair until 18G5, when he was nomi- 
 nated by Lord Palmerston to the 
 see of Chester. In 18G7 he obtained 
 a seat in the House of Lords. 
 Among his writings were the Ox- 
 ford paraphrase and annotations 
 upon all the epistles of St. Paul, 
 and fragmentary illustrations of 
 the history of the Book of Common 
 Prayer. On account of failing 
 health Dr. Jacobson resigned early 
 in the year 1881. He was a man 
 who made many friends and no 
 enemies. At Oxford his kindness 
 
 to his pupils was unbounded, and 
 often, as in the case of Frederic 
 Maurice, showed itself in the most 
 delicate acts of assistance. He was 
 a sound scholar, a very capable ad- 
 ministrator, and he possessed a gift 
 of quiet humour and solid good 
 sense which was of more value to 
 him than eloquence would have been. 
 
 PALMER, Samuel [1805—1880], 
 painter and etcher, was born -in 
 Surrey Square, Old Kent Road. 
 His talent developed early, and in 
 1810, when he was only fifteen years 
 of age, he exhibited both at the 
 Royal Academy and at the British 
 Institution. Abouc this time, or 
 soon afterwards, he became ac- 
 quainted with John Linnell, whose 
 daughter he afterwards married, 
 and also with William Blake, for 
 whose strange genius he had a pro- 
 found admiration. An attack of 
 illness caused him to leave London 
 for Shoreham, near Sevenoaks, 
 where he lived for several years, 
 occupying himself with painting, 
 music, and books. In 1835 he set- 
 tled at -1, G-rove Street, Lisson 
 Grove, " then," as his son has said, 
 " the heart of a clean, bright, and 
 wholesome region." Soon he mar- 
 ried, and with his bride spent the 
 next two years in Italy, deriving 
 much of his inspiration from the 
 gardens, ruins and sunsets of that 
 country. In 1813 he became an 
 Associate of the Society of Painters 
 in Water Colours, to whose exhibi- 
 tions he contributed with great 
 regularity down to the year of his 
 death. He moved in 1848 to Ken- 
 sington, and thence in 18G1 to Rei- 
 gate, where his remaining years 
 were spent. Here many of his cele- 
 brated etchings were produced, and 
 here he wi-ote his verse translation 
 of Virgil's Eclogues, which, with 
 illustrations of his own, was pub- 
 lished posthumously. A very com- 
 plete exhibition of his works, both 
 the etchings and the glowing com- 
 positions in colour^ was held the 
 
1026 
 
 SMITH— STERLING. 
 
 year after his death in the rooms 
 of the Fine Art Society. 
 
 SMITH, J. TouLMiN [1816— 
 1869], was the eldest son of William 
 Hawkes Smith, an educational re- 
 former and accomplished writer, 
 belonging to an old Presbyterian 
 family of Birmingham. Toulmin 
 Smith was early imbued with a 
 ID.ission for study and letters, and 
 while still a young man published 
 several works. From 1837 — 12 he 
 lived in the United States, publish- 
 ing in 1839 a volume on " The 
 Discovery of America in the Tenth 
 Century ; " in 1843 he returned to 
 England, and lived from that year 
 till his death at Highgate. He 
 was called to the bar in 1819, and 
 devoted himself to the study of 
 constitutional law and practice ; 
 besides publishing several volumes 
 on legal subjects he took an active 
 part in the practical politics bearing 
 upon local affairs, especially public 
 health, highways, and church-rates. 
 From 1857 to 1865 he conducted 
 " The Parliamentary Kemem- 
 brancer," a weekly register of Bills 
 and proceedings in Parliament, 
 supplemented by articles from his 
 own pen embodying much historic 
 research, learning, and observation. 
 He published articles, pamphlets, 
 and books on many other subjects, 
 notably " The Ventriculidoe of 
 Chalk'' (1818), which still remains 
 the chief authority on this family 
 of fossil zoophytes, and articles on 
 the Hungarian struggle for free- 
 dom, which strongly appealed to 
 his symjDathies. Toulmin Smith 
 will chieHy be rememl^ered for his 
 consistent and untiring advocacy of 
 political liberty and local institu- 
 tions, and for his strong opposition 
 to centralisation. 
 
 SMITH, T. SouTHwooD, M.D. 
 [1788—18(51], born at Martock, in 
 Somersetshire, Avas educated for the 
 medical profession at Edinburgh. 
 After taking his degree he went to 
 Yeovil, wliero for sjme time ho 
 
 united the duties of j^astor and phy- 
 sician. In 1821 he Wiis appointed 
 Physician to the London Fever 
 Hospital and Eastern Dispensary ; 
 and during the typhus epidemic of 
 1837 he presented two valuable 
 rep arts to the Poor Law Commis- 
 sioners on the preventible causes 
 of sickness among the poor. 
 In 1839 he Avas chiefly instru- 
 mental in forming the '' Health 
 of Towns Association," materially 
 aided a committee of the House of 
 Commons on the same subject in 
 1840, and served during the same 
 year on the Children's Employment 
 Commission. In 1842 he took an 
 active part in the foundation of 
 Artizans' Dwellings, and from this 
 time until 1850, when he retired 
 from professional practice, he was 
 ever active for the advancement of 
 sanitary reform. Dr. Smith was 
 one of the founders of the Wcst- 
 minster Rsvieiv, and for many years 
 contributed regularly to its pages. 
 He also wrote " The Divine Govern- 
 ment," a woi'k treating of the ulti- 
 mate happiness of all men, 4th ed. 
 1826, and " The Philosophy of 
 Health," 1835-37. 
 
 STERLING, John [1803-1814], 
 was born at Kaimes Castle, Bute, 
 of parents " Irish by birth, Scotch 
 by extraction." His father Avas the 
 Captain Edward Sterling Avho was 
 afterAvards celebrated, first as the 
 writer of certain lettei's signed 
 "Vetus," and then as one of the 
 principal Avi'iters on the staff of the 
 Timss. John Sterling Avent to school 
 at Cowbridge, in Wales, and then 
 entered GlasgOAV University, and 
 afterwards Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge. Here he fell under the 
 influence of Julius Hare, to Avhom, 
 at Hurstmonceux:, he afterwards 
 became for a short time curate, and 
 Avho, in 1818, published his literary- 
 remains Avith a memoir. On coming 
 to London, Sterling and his friend, 
 Frederic Maurice [ q. v. |, purchased 
 the Athenceum from Mr. Silk Buck- 
 ingham, and for a short time he 
 remained in London, the centre of 
 
STIRLTXG-MAXWELL— WTLLOUGHBY, 
 
 102^ 
 
 a brilliant litorary society, of which 
 Maurice, Trench, John Mill, and 
 Charles Bullor were members. In 
 lH:iO he married, but unliappily he 
 fell ill of consumption almost at 
 the same time, and for the I'est of 
 his life he had <i;enerally to winter 
 abroad. In 1S:M: — chiefly, taccordint^ 
 to Oarlyle, influenced by Colerid»je 
 — he took Holy Orders, and became 
 curate to Hare ; but abandoned his 
 clerical office eight months later. 
 For the rest of his life he wrote as 
 much as his ill health would permit 
 him, contributinij essays on all sorts 
 of literary and philosophical sub- 
 jects to Blackivood, the Westminster, 
 and other periodicals, and wi-iting 
 a good deal of poetry for his plea- 
 sure, and three volumes, " The 
 Election," " Poems." and - Strafford, 
 a Tragedy," for the world. He 
 grew gradually weaker, though all 
 kinds of climate were tried for him, 
 and on September 18, 1884, he died 
 at Ventnor. " He sleeps now," says 
 Cai-lyle in the wonderful life of his 
 friend which he wrote seven years 
 later, " in the little bui-ying-ground 
 of Bonchui'ch ; bright, ever-young 
 in the memory of others that must 
 grow old." 
 
 STIRLING - MAXWELL, Sir 
 William [1818—1878], was the 
 only son of Mr. Archibald Stirling, 
 of Keir. He was educated at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, and 
 after taking his degree, M.A., in 
 1843, went to France and Spain, 
 where he resided for some time, 
 devoting himself to the study of 
 Spanish literature and art. The 
 results of his observations are em- 
 bodied in the ''Annals of the 
 Artists of Spain," 1818. "The 
 Cloister Life of Charles V." ap- 
 peared in 1852, and, in 1855, 
 '* Velasquez and his Works." "No- 
 tices of the Emperor Charles V. in 
 1555 and 1550, selected from the 
 Despatches of Federigo Badoer, 
 Ambassador from the Republic of 
 Venice to the Coui-t of Bruxelles," 
 was published in 1856. He was 
 the author of several other books. 
 
 I printed in a luxurious style, and 
 intended for private circulation 
 1 only. From 1852 to 18G5 he repre- 
 sented Perthshire in the House of 
 Commons, in the Conservative in- 
 ' terest. In 18GG Mr. Stirling, of 
 ! Keir, took the title of Sir William 
 Stirling-Maxwell, as successor to 
 I his uncle. Sir John Maxwell, and 
 ] was again returned to Parliament 
 ^ as member for Perthshire. He was 
 I elected Rector of St. Andrew's 
 j University in 18G3, Lord Rector of 
 Edinburgh University in 1872, and 
 Chancellor of Glasgow University 
 in 1875. At the General Election 
 j of 1874 he was again returned for 
 Perthshire, of which county he was 
 Vice-Lieutenant. He was a trustee 
 of the British Museum, and of the 
 National Portrait Gallery, and a 
 member of the Senate of the Uni- 
 versity of London. In 187G he was 
 created a Knight of the Thistle, 
 , being the only commoner to enjoy 
 that distinction. A year before his 
 death he married the Hon. Mrs. 
 Norton [q. v.]. His admirable 
 " History of Don John of Austria " 
 appeared posthumously. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY, Sib John Pol- 
 lard l1799 — ISGG], a distinguished 
 , Indian statesman, was the third 
 : son of Sir Christopher Willoughby, 
 Bart. Educated at Merchant Tay- 
 lors' School, he entered the royal 
 navy, and saw active sex'vice during 
 the American War. He afterwards 
 joined the Bombay Civil Service, 
 ' became Assistant to the Resident 
 at Baroda, Political Agent in Gu- 
 zerat and Katiawar, and ultimately 
 Secretary to the Bombay Govern- 
 , ment, and a Member of Council. 
 ', Chiefly through his exertions the 
 ; barbarous customs of infanticide 
 and suttee were suppressed 
 throughout Western India. In 
 I 1851 he retired from the service, 
 and in 1851 was apjjointed a Di- 
 rector of the East India Company. 
 j In 1851 he was nominated a 5lem- 
 . ber of the Council of India, which 
 
1028 
 
 WILSON. 
 
 post lie held till his death. In 1857 
 he was elected for Leominster, and 
 succeeded to the baronetcy on the 
 death of his brother in March, 
 1865. 
 
 WILSON, George [ISOS— 1870], 
 Chairman of the Anti-Corn Law 
 League, was the son of a miller, and 
 was born at Hathersage, Derby- 
 shire. He became interested in 
 politics very early in life, and 
 played a prominent part in the 
 parliamentary election of 1832, 
 
 when the return of Mr. C. P. 
 Thomson and iVIr. Mark Philips 
 was mainly due to his exertions. 
 In 1811 he was elected Chairman of 
 the Anti-Corn Law League, an office 
 which he filled most efficiently, and 
 retained until the Repeal of the 
 Corn Laws in 1846. Subsequently 
 he devoted himself to the electoral 
 affairs of Manchester, and to the 
 organisation and labours of the 
 National Reform Union, of which 
 association he was Chairman. 
 
 DUAUBVUV, AONEW, &, CO., PRINTKHS, WIIITKKniARS. 
 
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