REESE LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Accessions No. (03 $3 1 C/rt*s No. 
 
RAILWAY ACCOUNTS 
 
 AND 
 
 FINANCE, 
 
 AX EXPOSITION OF THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE 
 OF RAILWAY ACCOUNTING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. 
 
 BY 
 
 j. ALFRED FISHER; 
 
 GENERAL MANAGER 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED ASBESTOS COMPANY, LIMITED, LONDON ; 
 AND FORMERLY FOR MANY YEARS CONNECTED WITH ONE 
 
 OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 ENGLISH RAILWAY COMPANIES. 
 
 S** 0,TH E 
 
 (UNIVERSITY 
 X^c, OF 
 
 Bonbon : 
 
 BEMROSE &. SONS, 23, OLD BAILEY 
 
 1891. 
 
 [All rZ^/J TY.WT't'i/.] 
 
we 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 Twenty -five per cent, of the Author s profit on the Sale of this work 
 
 during the first two years of publication will be given to the 
 
 RAIL WA Y BENE VOLENT INSTITUTION. 
 
TO THE 
 
 DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE RAILWAYS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM 
 
 THIS VOLUME 
 
 is 
 RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 
 
 BY 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 OP THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
UNIVERSITY 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 ON the Railways of the United Kingdom it is 
 computed that over forty-five thousand clerks 
 are employed. Every one of these has a duty to 
 perform, and his chances of distinction to a great 
 extent depend on the manner in which it is discharged. 
 
 To the majority of this enormous staff a knowledge 
 of some branch of Railway accounting is essential. In 
 all it is desirable. 
 
 Some confine their enquiries " how to do it " to the 
 sphere in which they happen to be placed, and although 
 undertaking their daily task with praiseworthy care, do 
 not prove such efficient and valuable officers as others 
 whose enquiring turn of mind and aspirations lead 
 them to obtain information as to methods pursued 
 outside their own particular department. 
 
 Intelligent service is always more likely to lead to 
 distinction than merely mechanical service. It is fre- 
 quently the " extra " assistance, thoughtfully offered, 
 and expeditiously rendered in cases of emergency, that 
 wins the approval of those in authority. 
 
VI 
 
 It often happens, however, that youths just entering 
 the service and seeking some elementary knowledge, or 
 advanced clerks who are desirous of adding to their 
 stock of information, find it difficult to do so. 
 
 In the following pages I have endeavoured to de- 
 scribe perhaps more fully than has hitherto been 
 attempted, a system of Railway accounting which may 
 be taken as representing the practice of the principal 
 Companies, and which has been gradually improved 
 and developed during a period of over fifty years, 
 under the guidance of experienced and distinguished 
 Railway administrators. 
 
 If my attempt should prove useful to the important 
 class to which I have referred, one of my objects in 
 undertaking the responsibility of publication will have 
 been gained. 
 
 I have hope, also, that it may be of service to chief 
 officers of Railways at home and abroad, who may not 
 have the time or opportunity of availing themselves of 
 other sources of information. 
 
 To Professional Accountants and Auditors, whose 
 public responsibilities are ever increasing, as well as to 
 Financiers and others, a statement of the methods 
 whereby the vast revenue of our Railways, amounting 
 in the year 1889 to over seventy-seven millions sterling, 
 is controlled and audited, will not be without interest. 
 Moreover the section describing the system of 
 registration of Railway securities representing nearly 
 nine hundred millions sterling and the safeguards 
 adopted by some Companies for the protection of 
 
VI 1 
 
 mutual interests, may deserve the attention of Deben- 
 ture, Stock and Share-holders. 
 
 Uniformity in Railway accounting in every respect is 
 greatly to be desired. Much has already been done in 
 this direction, and the periodical reports of our Eng- 
 lish, Indian, Colonial, and Foreign Railways under 
 English control, are models of completeness. 
 
 There is, however, room for improvement. If the 
 able administrators of American Railroads could see 
 their way to adopt a more uniform method of compiling 
 their published accounts, setting forth the particulars 
 of capital authorized, raised and expended, revenue 
 earnings and disbursements, assets and liabilities, on 
 defined principles and in a manner intelligible to any 
 ordinary man of business, it would tend greatly to 
 improve the value of sound Railway securities. 
 
 My best thanks are due to officials of great experience 
 who have examined the proof sheets and given other 
 valuable assistance in connection with this work. I 
 have only now to ask for the kind indulgence of those 
 for whom it is intended, and particularly of Railway 
 Accountants, who are the authors of the system I 
 have endeavoured to describe. 
 
 J. ALFRED FISHER. 
 
 DOCK HOUSE, 
 
 BILLITER STREET, LONDON, E.G. 
 
 APRIL, 1891. 
 
 'UNIVERSITY 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 TRAFFIC DEPARTMENT. 
 
 (a) COACHING- 
 
 Passenger Tickets ; Ticket Supplies ; Booking of Passengers ; Examination 
 and Collection of Tickets ; Excess Fares ; Wrong Routes ; Postal Telegraphs ; 
 Parcel Post ; Booking of Parcels, Horses, Carriages, Excess Luggage, &c. ; 
 Overcharges ; Undercharges ; Extras ; Insurance ; Cloak Room ; Daily Coach- 
 ing Accounts ; Remittance of Cash ; Accountant's Monthly Returns, Classifi- 
 cations, Abstracts, and Summaries of Coaching Traffic ; Outstandings ; Coach- 
 ing Balance Sheet, c., &c 5 
 
 (b) GOODS 
 
 Outward Goods ; Consignment Notes ; Invoicing ; Inward Goods and Invoices, 
 Checking, -and Delivery; Live Stock; Ropes, &c. ; Porters' and Ledger 
 Accounts ; Allowances ; Recharges ; Transfers ; Extras ; Cash ; Refunds ; 
 Claims ; Paid Ons ; Bad Debts ; Undercharges ; Overcharges ; Accountant's 
 Monthly Returns ; Abstracts and Summaries of Traffic, Cash, and Credits ; 
 Balancing ; Outstandings ; Agents' and Carriers' Accounts ; Sack Hire and 
 Demurrage, &c., &c 58 
 
 (c) MINERALS 
 
 Outward Traffic ; Declarations ; Invoicing ; Abstracts ; Summaries, &c. : 
 Inward Traffic ; Abstracts and Summaries ; Siding Rent ; Weighing 
 Machines, &c., &c 136 
 
 EXPENDITURE. 
 STORES DEPARTMENT- 
 
 Purchases ; Coal and Coke ; General Stores ; Permanent Way Stores ; 
 Examination and Issue of Stores to Consuming Departments ; Sales of 
 Old Materials, &c. ; Tradesmen's Accounts ; Stock, &c 142 
 
IX 
 
 WAY AND WORKS DEPARTMENT 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Regulations as to Men's Time and Wages how recorded, classified, checked, 
 and paid ; Materials ; Requisitions to Stores Department ; Materials taken up 
 or "produced"; Old Materials; Stock; Tradesmen's and Contractors' 
 Bills, &c 155 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE AND CARRIAGE AND WAGON DE- 
 PARTMENT 
 
 Wages ; Time Office Regulations ; Day Work ; Piece Work ; Materials ; 
 Accounts for Payment and Collection ; Costs, &c 165 
 
 TRAFFIC DEPARTMENT 
 
 Wages ; Regulations as to Staff, Time, Preparation of Pay Bills, &c. ; Stores ; 
 Accounts for Payment ; Comparative Statements of Expenses, Traffic, &c. 
 
 174 
 
 SECRETARY'S DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Creation and Issue of Capital ; Ordinary, Preferred Ordinary, and Deferred 
 Ordinary Stocks ; Preference Shares and Stocks ; Borrowing Powers ; De- 
 bentures and Debenture Stock ; Allotments ; Renunciations ; Deposits ; Calls ; 
 Calls in Arrear ; Payments in anticipation of Calls ; Stock Coupons ; Certi- 
 ficates ; Transfers ; Consolidations ; Loan, Stock and Share Registers ; Interest 
 and Dividends and Accountant's checks thereon ; Collection of Traffic Cash ; 
 Rent and Miscellaneous Accounts ; Cash ; Rates, Taxes, and other Accounts 
 for payment 179 
 
 (N.B. For the drawing of Cheques and Remittance of Accounts by the 
 Secretary, see Book-keeper's Office Section VII.) 
 
 ACCOUNTANT'S DEPARTMENT. 
 (a) AUDIT OFFICES- 
 
 Coaching, Goods, and Mineral Audit Offices. Classifying, Checking, and 
 Summarizing Station and other returns of Traffic. Inaccuracies and Omissions ; 
 Examination of collected Passenger Tickets ; Registers of Fares ; Ticket Stock 
 Registers. Foreign Traffic ; Railway Clearing House and Private Settlements ; 
 Examples of Division of Receipts from Foreign, and Joint Line Traffic ; 
 Competitive Traffic, Percentage Division of Receipts. Terminals ; Tolls ; 
 Claims ; Bad Debts ; Mileage and Demurrage returns. Coaching, Goods and 
 Mineral Traffic Abstract and Revenue Books, &c., &c 220 
 
(b) STATION LEDGER OFFICE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Coaching, Goods, and Mineral returns. Stations' Daily advices of Collection ; 
 Monthly Debit Lists; Porters', Ledger, and other Summaries, Balance 
 Sheets, &c., Registers of Allowances, Refunds, Claims, Transfers, and Ropes. 
 Accounts-Current Ledgers; Customers' Accounts; Agents', and Sack 
 Demurrage Ledgers ; Departmental, and other Carriage Accounts. Summaries 
 of Traffic, Cash, Paid Ons, and other Credits ; Revenue Balance Sheets ; 
 Traffic Outstandings, &c., &c 312 
 
 (c) BOOK-KEEPER'S OFFICE- 
 
 Single and Double entry Book-keeping compared. Journals and General 
 Ledgers; Real and Personal, "Simple" and "Compound" Ledger Accounts. 
 Expenditure Tradesmen's, Wages, and other Departmental Accounts for 
 Payment how checked and recorded. Expenditure Ledgers. Drawing and 
 remittance of Cheques, Wages, &c., by the Secretary. Vouchers and Receipts. 
 Cheques Outstanding. Expenditure Classifications. Expenditure how 
 Journalized and Posted. Returns of General Stores, Coal and Coke, and 
 Permanent Way Materials issued to Consuming Departments how dealt with. 
 General Stores and other Stock Accounts. Capital Expenditure. Capital 
 Liabilities and Assets Ledger. Accounts for Collection by the Secretary. 
 Coaching, Goods, and Mineral Revenue how Journalized and Posted ; 
 Banking ; Secretary's Cash and Bill Accounts ; Financial Statements ; 
 Preparation of Half-yearly Accounts for Shareholders ; Closing Entries, and 
 Half-yearly Balance ; Interest and Dividends 355 
 
 APPENDIX* ..,. .... 415 
 
 
 
 INDEX TO SUBJECTS .' 494 
 
 * NOTE. Such of the forms as could be conveniently illustrated in the body of the 
 book are placed there. The remainder will be found in the Appendix. 
 
INTRODUCTION, 
 
 THE Railway Exchequer has two distinct branches of 
 Income, viz. : (i) Capital, (2) Revenue ; and three dis- 
 tinct branches of Expenditure, or Outgoings, viz. : (i) Capital, 
 (2) Revenue, (3) Distribution of Profits. 
 
 As all Railway Accounts are divided into " Capital " and 
 " Revenue," it may be here explained what those terms signify 
 when applied to Railways. 
 
 The words underlined are emphasized because Capital, in 
 its general, or National sense, is not synonymous with money. 
 
 In the National sense Capital is described by Political 
 Economists as the Agent of Production, and identical with a 
 Nation's Manufactories, Buildings, Machinery, Tools, Shipping, 
 Railways, and other means adapted to, and destined for the 
 production and distribution ot wealth. 
 
 Money, on the other hand, is said to be "a measure of value 
 and a medium of exchange." 
 
 In Commercial transactions, the expression " Capital " is 
 more restricted in its significance, and is generally applied to 
 the money with which a person, or number of persons, intend 
 to commence and carry on business. 
 
 In Railway phrase, the expression " Receipts on Capital 
 Account " is used in relation to money received on the Shares, 
 Debentures, and Debenture Stock of the Company. 
 
 All Companies formed for the purpose of making and 
 
Xll 
 
 working a Railway for Public Traffic must be incorporated, the 
 Works sanctioned, and the amount of Capital confirmed by Act 
 of Parliament. 
 
 Of the total Capital sanctioned by the Act, three-fourths is 
 usually authorized to be raised by the creation and issue of 
 Shares, and one-fourth by borrowing on Mortgage, or by the 
 creation and issue of Debenture Stock. 
 
 The money so raised, or " Receipts on Capital Account," is 
 applicable only to " Expenditure on Capital Account" ; that is, 
 to the construction of the Railways and Works authorized by 
 the Act, including the payment of preliminary expenses incurred 
 in surveying, making plans, &c., in forming the Company and 
 obtaining the Act ; also all expenditure for the completion, 
 adaptation, and equipment with working stock of the Railway, 
 Works, and Buildings for the accommodation of the estimated 
 traffic requirements. 
 
 Subsequent expenditure may be " Capital " which is incurred 
 in respect of extensions, enlargements, alterations and substan- 
 tial permanent improvements of Works or Buildings which 
 add to the original value or durability of the property. 
 
 RAILWAY REVENUE is derived (i) from Coaching traffic, 
 which includes Passengers, Mails, Parcels, Horses, Carriages, &c., 
 conveyed by Passenger trains ; (2) from Goods traffic, 
 which includes General Merchandise and Cattle, conveyed by 
 Goods trains ; (3) from Mineral traffic, which includes Coal, 
 Coke and Lime conveyed by Mineral, trains ; and (4) from 
 Miscellaneous sources, such as Mileage and Demurrage on 
 Working Stock, Cloak Room and Warehousing Charges, Sack 
 Hire, Rents from other Railway Companies for the use of 
 Lines and Stations, Rents from Tenants of Houses, &c. 
 
 THE CHARGES ON REVENUE, or "Revenue Expenditure," 
 include expenses of management and operation ; repairs and 
 maintenance of the Railway, Works, Buildings, and Working 
 
Xlll 
 
 Stock ; or, when worn out, their renewal or replacement, so as 
 to keep the property of the Company up to its Capital value. 
 
 Revenue expenditure also includes the following : 
 
 Rents paid for the use of lines and stations of other 
 Companies. 
 
 Parliamentary Expenses, consisting of costs of opposition 
 to Bills promoted by other Companies or individuals, 
 whose objects may appear detrimental to the interests 
 of the opposing Company ; and costs of unsuccessful 
 applications for Parliamentary powers to construct new 
 lines, or for other purposes. 
 
 Miscellaneous Law Charges in connection with the work- 
 ing of the Railway. 
 
 Mileage and Demurrage on * Foreign Companies' Work- 
 ing Stock. 
 
 Rates and Taxes. 
 
 The PROFIT ON WORKING is the balance remaining after 
 all the charges just enumerated have been deducted from Gross 
 Revenue. 
 
 Here, then, we have (i) Gross Revenue ; (2) Working 
 Expenses to deduct therefrom, leaving the difference " Net 
 Revenue." 
 
 This "Net Revenue," or Profit on Working, is applicable 
 to the payment of interest on Loans and Debenture Stock, 
 Guaranteed Dividends, Rents of Leased Lines, Preferential 
 Dividends, and Dividends to the Ordinary (or " Original ") 
 Shareholders in proportion to the Shares or Stock standing 
 in their respective names in the Capital Stock Ledgers of 
 the Company. 
 
 * By "Foreign" is meant "other" Companies. For example, the Great 
 Western would regard the North Eastern or any other Railway Company in the 
 United Kingdom as "Foreign" in all their Traffic arrangements and Railway 
 Clearing House Settlements. 
 
XIV 
 
 To keep a true account of these transactions, a large 
 establishment, and a comprehensive, efficient, yet simple 
 system of book-keeping is required, a system having numerous 
 branches, and each branch adapted to its own special pur- 
 pose; all converging, and brought with well-timed regularity, 
 into a complete and intelligible record of the Company's 
 financial condition. 
 
 It is now proposed to describe and, where necessary, 
 illustrate a system of accounts based on the practice of the 
 principal Railway Companies, but applicable to all, in the 
 order given below. 
 
 A Railway of the most important dimensions is contem- 
 plated, the administration of which is divided into Depart- 
 ments with responsible heads, each department being 
 sub-divided so as to obtain the fullest possible benefit from 
 division of labour. 
 
 It is further assumed that in the department of accounts, 
 the Chief Accountant is also, as a rule, Secretary to the 
 Finance Committee of the Board of Directors ; that he is 
 responsible to the Board for the examination, checking, and 
 detection of irregularities in the accounts of income and ex- 
 penditure of all departments of the Railway whether in 
 connection with Capital or Revenue, and for the appropriation 
 as between Capital and Revenue. 
 
 It is also premised that the actual collection of cash rests 
 with the General Manager's, Traffic, and Secretary's depart- 
 ments, the Accountant comparing the amounts collected with 
 the various debits, or sums to collect, and seeing that " Out- 
 standings" are correctly recorded, and that, to enable him to 
 discharge these and other important functions belonging to 
 his office, which will be explained in their proper place, he 
 is invested with very wide powers by his Board. 
 I. Station Accounts of Traffic. 
 (a) COACHING DEPARTMENT. 
 
XV 
 
 (b) GOODS DEPARTMENT. 
 
 (c) MINERAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 These sections (a, b, c) will include all 
 returns furnished to the Accountant of the 
 Company in connection with the earnings of 
 each department, and will deal with the 
 collection and remittance of traffic cash. 
 
 II. Stores Department 
 
 III. Way and Works Department. 
 
 IV. Locomotive, and Carriage and Wagon Department. 
 
 V. Traffic Department. 
 
 These sections (II. to V.) will deal, almost ex- 
 clusively, with expenditure, showing how it is con- 
 trolled. The "Stores," will embrace the accounts 
 in connection with the purchase and issue of 
 Stationery, Provender, General Stores, Raw and 
 Manufactured Materials, and Coal and Coke, to the 
 Consuming Departments ; also with miscellaneous 
 sales of old materials and stores ; stock-taking, 
 &c. 
 
 VI. Secretary's Department. 
 
 Under this head will be noticed various matters in 
 connection with the creation, issue, registration, and 
 transfer of Debentures and Capital Stocks and 
 Shares ; Interest and Dividends, and the nature of 
 the Accountant's checks thereon. Also the Rent, 
 Cash, and other accounts. 
 
 The drawing of cheques and payment of Wages, 
 Salaries, Tradesmen's and other Accounts, properly 
 belonging to the Secretary's Department, will be 
 more conveniently explained with the accounts of 
 the Book-keeper's office (Section VII.). 
 
XVI 
 
 VII. Accountant's Department. 
 
 The work of this department is divided as follows : 
 
 (a) Coaching, Goods, and Mineral Audit Offices. 
 
 (b) Station Ledger Office, and 
 
 (c) Book-keeper's Office. 
 
 The first two deal with the checking, classifying, 
 and summarizing of Station traffic and cash accounts 
 and returns, Railway Clearing House and other 
 traffic settlements. 
 
 In reviewing the work of the Book-keeper's Office, 
 it will be shown how the accounts of all the 
 departments and offices are drawn together into one 
 set of books, from which, the gross traffic receipts, 
 expenses, profits, liabilities, and assets of the 
 Company are ascertained, and from which the 
 accounts, as published half-yearly, are compiled. 
 Each section commences with a brief outline of the duties 
 of the department to which it relates. 
 
OF THE 
 
 orNi^ ERSITT 
 
 TRAFFIC DEPARTMENT. 
 
 It does not come within the scope of this work to describe 
 the functions of the various Departments other than that of 
 Accounts, and no attempt will be made to give more than a 
 brief outline of them by way of introduction to each section.* 
 
 Whatever opinions may be held on complex questions of 
 Railway policy, no one who is familiar with Railway work 
 will deny that the administrative abilities of the General 
 Manager of a great Railway must be of a high order ; or that 
 his responsibilities and duties are of an onerous nature. 
 
 If evidence of this, other than that afforded by his daily 
 official life, were desired, it might be found in the records of 
 Parliament ; for few things tax the resources of a Railway 
 Manager more than a Parliamentary fight for or against some 
 proposed extension, amalgamation, or important working agree- 
 ment. 
 
 As the Railways of this country now reach every place of 
 consequence, we seldom have an opportunity of witnessing a 
 good old-fashioned contest in the Committee Rooms at West- 
 minster, when strong opposing forces are assembled, and Rail- 
 way Managers are called on to give evidence in support of, 
 or in opposition to Bills affecting the interests they represent ; 
 to undergo examinations, cross-examinations and re-examina- 
 tions at the hands of astute Counsel, prompted by the ablest 
 
 * Since the MS. of this work was placed in the Printer's hands, the writer has seen 
 the admirable book on Railway Management by Mr. Findlay, the General Manager of 
 the London and North Western Railway, published by Whittaker &. Co., and anyone 
 desiring information on questions of Railway Working cannot do better than read it. 
 B 
 
Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 professional men of the time, day after day, and even week after 
 week, but, withal, successfully to defend the main points of their 
 argument. This is an ordeal which few but those who have 
 experienced it can fully understand. 
 
 Still, even recently ^ we have had specimens of forensic skill 
 in the witness-box of the Parliamentary Committee Rooms ; 
 and the Railway Rates enquiry has shewn of what calibre 
 Managers must be made. 
 
 Successful Railway management is not simply a question 
 of working the line with safety to the public, and profit to 
 the shareholders ; it is also one of great social, commercial, 
 and political importance. 
 
 As an instance of this, we need only refer to the conveyance 
 of third class passengers by all trains a policy, the conception 
 and execution of which were characterised by boldness and 
 sagacity unparalleled in the history of Railways, and which has 
 revolutionised society, and benefited commerce to an extent 
 impossible to calculate. 
 
 It is of course necessary for the Manager to be familiar with 
 details of the working of the line under his control, and fre- 
 quently of lines under the control of others. 
 
 Traffic receiving, forwarding, exchange arrangements, and 
 negotiation of agreements ; the relief of congested districts, or 
 development of traffic in poor localities ; the adaptation of rates 
 and charges to the necessities of various trades ; the provision 
 of suitable accommodation ; block, inter-locking, and other 
 signalling arrangements ; the framing of rules for the guidance 
 of the Staff in every conceivable emergency in working the 
 traffic ; the most suitable kind of brake, wheel, axle, coupling, 
 or even carriage-door fastening ; these, and a thousand other 
 details require the constant and careful consideration of the 
 General Manager and Heads of Departments, by whom he is 
 assisted and advised. 
 
Traffic Department. 
 
 Many useful and desirable reforms in Railway working have 
 been carried out in recent years ; and it is admitted that their 
 adoption has in some cases been accelerated by Parliamentary 
 action and free expression of public opinion. But sufficient 
 importance is not always attached by those who, however laud- 
 able their object may be, are most urgent in their demands for 
 supposed improvements in Railway working, to the fact that 
 changes suggested may raise problems of the most serious 
 nature, a satisfactory solution of which frequently requires 
 much time, care, and large experimental expenditure. 
 
 The Continuous Brake question is an illustration of this ; and 
 it is worthy of more consideration as to whether public interests 
 are best served by insisting on large outlays being undertaken, 
 frequently running into hundreds of thousands of pounds, before 
 it is really known if such outlays will effectually meet the re- 
 quirements. 
 
 For, after all, while safety in conducting the traffic of our 
 Railways is very properly a first care of Managers, as evidenced 
 by the remarkable immunity from accident enjoyed by Railway 
 travellers in this country, another object of almost vital im- 
 portance to thousands of shareholders is that a dividend may be 
 earned on the capital invested. 
 
 The economic laws which regulate supply and demand, as 
 largely operate in relation to Railways as they do in relation to 
 other commercial undertakings. 
 
 Therefore, when changes are urged, new lines or additional 
 accommodation sought, while the first points the Manager will 
 probably consider are, (a) whether such changes, if adopted, will 
 in themselves prove safe and effectual, and, (b) whether they will 
 facilitate or retard the working of the traffic, it should not be 
 surprising if he also enquire whether outlays proposed will prove 
 beneficial to shareholders. 
 
 These are questions that will not admit of superficial 
 
Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 investigation, but which on the other hand may take months 
 and even years to decide and gradually carry out. 
 
 Moreover, when the so-called large dividends paid by Railway 
 Companies are alluded to, the fact should not be lost sight of 
 that the increase in market prices of Railway Stocks, as the 
 Board of Trade returns prove, has been due, not so much to aug- 
 mented dividends as to the existence of an increasingly large 
 amount of capital seeking investment. 
 
 Neither should it be overlooked that a large proportion of 
 existing shareholders bought their Stock at high prices, on the 
 basis of a 3 to 4 per cent, return to the buyer. 
 
 When, therefore, alterations seriously threatening the dividend- 
 earning power of Railways are suggested whether involving 
 further outlays or reductions in rates, the position of share- 
 holders whose income is largely dependent on investments made 
 with full confidence in their stability, is a matter which should 
 not be lightly interfered with by the Legislature. 
 
 From a purely financial point of view there are few, if any, 
 better indices of the ability of a Railway Manager than (i) the 
 average earnings per train mile run, and per mile of line open 
 for traffic, compared with the earnings of other lines similarly 
 situated ; (2) the relative proportions of expenses and earnings ; 
 and (3) net results. 
 
 From this standpoint, his objects are to increase income, and, 
 consistently with the provision of facilities for the traffic, to re- 
 duce outgoings. This is not an easy task. It demands research, 
 tact, and skill ; discernment of present and prospective wants of 
 the public ; and fertility of resource in satisfying them with profit 
 to the Company. 
 
 The " Traffic Department," then, is the revenue-earning de- 
 partment of the Railway. We shall now point out how the 
 earnings are recorded, and what returns thereof are rendered to 
 the Accountant, dealing with expenditure in another section. 
 
UNIVERSITY 
 
 >v OF ' 
 
 STATION ACCOUNTS OF TRAFFIC 
 
 (COACHING DEPARTMENT). 
 
 TICKETS AND BOOKING OF PASSENGERS. 
 
 1 . Passenger Tickets. It is well known that pas- 
 sengers by railway in this country must, before commencing 
 their journey, procure tickets at the booking office of the 
 Company by whose line they desire to travel. 
 
 Tickets so obtained are held by passengers as an acknow- 
 ledgment that they have paid their fares (the amount of which 
 all Companies are now required to print or mark upon the 
 tickets), and that, subject to the Bye-laws, they are entitled to 
 be conveyed by the train, and in the class of carriage for which 
 they are booked. 
 
 2. Ordinary Tickets. These are issued to passengers by 
 ordinary trains and at ordinary fares. 
 
 Half-tickets for a single journey, and tickets with a triangular 
 piece cut out for a double journey (or in some cases specially 
 printed tickets), are issued for children under twelve years of age. 
 
 Ordinary tickets are used for local, and, where fares have been 
 arranged by the Companies concerned, for through or foreign 
 traffic, except where the bookings are few in number, when 
 tickets of a special series are used as follows : 
 
 3. Blank Card Tickets. These are used for ordinary 
 
Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 local traffic only, and are printed like the ordinary, with the 
 exception that the name of the destination station and route 
 are written on the ticket by the Booking Clerk. They are 
 used for traffic of a light character, that is, for such as does not 
 amount to more than a few passengers per class per month 
 between a pair of stations. 
 
 For through, or foreign traffic of a similar character, blank 
 paper tickets are used. These are supplied to the stations in 
 books, with counterfoils attached ; each issuing station having a 
 separate series for each class. 
 
 The chief advantage of these is that passenger fares may be 
 arranged between numerous stations local and foreign and 
 additional facilities thus given for through booking, with only 
 one complete set of blank tickets for each issuing station. 
 
 4. Periodical or Season Tickets are printed specially 
 by order of the General Manager. They are issued for various 
 periods, and are available for any number of journeys during 
 the time, and between the stations specified upon them. Cheap 
 tickets are issued to scholars, apprentices, and students under 
 a certain age. The tickets have the names of the persons 
 entitled to use them printed or written upon them, and are not 
 transferable. As a check upon this, some Companies require 
 the holder to sign his name upon the ticket before using it ; and, 
 on Continental Railways, the photograph of the passenger is 
 sometimes required, and is secured to the ticket for purposes 
 of identification. 
 
 5. Tourist Tickets are issued at reduced return fares 
 during the Tourist Season. 
 
 6. Tourists' Extension-of-time Tickets. Should the 
 holders of tourist tickets not return within the prescribed time, 
 the return portions are presented at the stations to which they 
 were originally issued, and, with some exceptions, extension- 
 of-time tickets available for the return journey are issued in 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 
 
 exchange, on payment of a per-centage, or the difference 
 between the tourist fare and the sum of two single journey 
 fares. The tickets, with counterfoils attached, are kept in 
 books, and type-numbered consecutively. 
 
 7. Member of Family Tickets are available for any 
 number of journeys between the stations specified thereon, during 
 the period for which they are issued, and are granted at special 
 fares to any member of a family who are holders of not less 
 than two tourist tickets. They can only be obtained on applica- 
 tion to the General Manager, and may be extended beyond the 
 stated time on making certain extra payments. 
 
 8. Excursion Tickets are issued at specially advertised 
 and reduced fares, and, generally, are only available by- excursion 
 trains. They are printed specially for each excursion, and should 
 the supply fall short of the demand, ordinary tickets are used. 
 These latter are taken from the highest numbers in stock, the 
 word " return," and the date of issue being stamped upon 
 them. 
 
 9. Market and Fishing Tickets, available by ordinary 
 trains, and similar to the ''ordinary," are issued, under special 
 arrangements, at reduced fares for the double journey. 
 
 10, Pleasure Parties' Tickets, available by ordinary 
 trains, are issued to small parties by special authority in each 
 case, on presentation of an order at the booking office by a 
 member of the party. These orders are obtained from the 
 Traffic Superintendent. 
 
 The tickets are kept in stock in those cases where there is 
 a large issue ; in other cases, blank card tickets are issued, and 
 particulars of the tickets issued are shown by the Booking Clerk 
 on the Superintendent's order. 
 
 11. Officers', Soldiers', &c., Tickets, kept in books, 
 with counterfoils, are issued at reduced fares under special 
 arrangements with the Government, to Officers, Soldiers, 
 
Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Police, etc., on production of orders signed by the proper 
 authorities. 
 
 The sum of the fares, as shewn on the tickets issued, is 
 taken to account as explained hereafter, and the "orders" 
 are accepted as cash. 
 
 Wives and children of Officers and Soldiers are charged as 
 ordinary passengers, unless included in a Warrant. 
 
 12. Coupon Orders in books with counterfoils are used 
 for through bookings to the Continent. Ordinary tickets are 
 issued to London with the coupon orders, and the latter are 
 there exchanged by the Company to whom they are addressed 
 for through coupons for the remainder of the journey, without 
 further payment. 
 
 13. All Tickets are type-numbered consecutively; ordi- 
 nary, tourist, and blank card tickets at both ends, from ooo 
 to 9999 inclusive. Ten thousand of each kind, class, and station 
 make a "series." When these are exhausted a new series is 
 commenced. 
 
 Supplies to the stations of card excursion tickets, and each 
 book of paper tickets, commence afresh with ooo. 
 
 Lock-up cases, containing rows of tubes, are provided for 
 each booking office, and card tickets are arranged in these in 
 the way which may appear to give the best facilities for the 
 booking of passengers. 
 
 Generally, those most frequently used are placed nearest 
 the booking window, and the remainder in the order of the 
 stations as they branch outwards, north, south, east, or west. 
 
 At important stations they are divided into (i) classes, and 
 (2) districts. Tourist tickets are kept in separate cases. 
 
 The name of the destination station and the fare, are written 
 above each ticket-tube, and the number of the next to issue 
 is written on a slate fixed below the tube. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 9 
 
 The tickets are placed in the tubes with the highest num- 
 bers at the top, and, in booking passengers, are drawn from 
 the bottom ; so that, after the departure of a train, by 
 deducting the number shewn on the slate from the number on 
 the next to issue, it is ascertained how many have been 
 issued by that train. For example, before booking is com- 
 menced, the number on the slate may be 4,537, and after 
 the train has gone the number of the next in stock, 4,562, 
 shewing that 25 have been issued ; or the number on the 
 slate may be ooo, and on the ticket next to issue 25, giving 
 the same result. The date is stamped or punched on all 
 tickets as they are issued. 
 
 14. Supply of Tickets. The Accountant of the Com- 
 pany is the only officer through whom passenger tickets may 
 be obtained by the stations, excepting Season and Member- 
 of-family tickets, which are supplied by the General Mana- 
 ger. When a fresh stock is required, the Booking Clerk 
 enters the following particulars in a " Ticket Demand Book :" 
 name of station to which required, i.e., the destination 
 station, route, colour, class, description (ordinary, return, 
 tourist, &c.), fare, number of ticket last issued, and the last 
 progressive number of tickets in stock. 
 
 These particulars, also the number of the Demand Note, 
 name of issuing station, and date, are copied on its per- 
 forated counterpart, which is signed by the Clerk-in-charge 
 and forwarded to the Accountant's office, to be checked and 
 compared with the Ticket Stock Registers, which are there 
 made up from previous demands and supplies in the following 
 way : 
 
 An account is opened in the register for each issuing station. 
 The name of each destination station, route, class, descrip- 
 tion, date of demand, last progressive Jmmhejr of tickets 
 
 e LIBR^J^ 
 
 OFTHF 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
10 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 supplied, and quantity supplied, being inserted in columns 
 for that purpose, as follows : 
 
 15. TICKET STOCK REGISTER. Grantham Station. 
 
 (a) 15.1.90. 
 
 Route. (b) 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 King's Cros. 
 
 (0 
 
 Ret. 
 
 Ret. 
 
 Ord. 
 
 Ord. 
 
 Ord. 
 
 
 (d) 
 
 499 
 
 999 
 
 999 
 
 1999 
 
 4999 
 
 Peterborough 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (and so on). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N.B. (a) Date of first supply ; (b) class ; (c) description ; (d) last progressive number of tickets 
 supplied. 
 
 If the last progressive number of tickets previously supplied, 
 as recorded in the Stock Register, agrees with the requisi- 
 tion, the Audit Clerk inserts in the latter the quantity to be 
 printed, and enters the particulars in the Register, which, 
 assuming a demand to have been made by the Agent at 
 Grantham for 3rd class ordinary to King's Cross, would then 
 read as follows : 
 
 TICKET STOCK REGISTER. 
 
 Grantham Station. 
 
 15.1.90. 
 
 Route. 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Ret. 
 
 Ret. 
 
 Ord. 
 
 Ord. 
 
 Ord. 
 
 Ord. 
 
 King's Cross. 
 
 (e) 
 
 
 
 
 
 19-5-9 
 
 
 
 
 499 
 
 59) 
 
 999 
 
 1999 
 
 4999 
 
 9999 
 
 
 (0 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 N.B. (e) Date of demand ; (f) quantity ordered to be printed. 
 
 The quantity ordered is determined by the time taken to 
 exhaust the previous supply, but more than 10,000 tickets, 
 or a " series," of one class between a pair of stations, are 
 never supplied at one time. 
 
 JBefore a new station is opened for passenger traffic, the 
 Superintendent furnishes the Accountant with a list of the 
 proposed bookings, and the fares. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 
 
 In this case a requisition, giving a full description and the 
 quantity to be printed, is prepared by the Audit Clerk, who 
 opens an account and enters them as a "first supply" in the 
 Stock Register, as above. 
 
 A memorandum of any special direction to be observed in 
 ordering tickets to be printed is made in the Registers. 
 
 The requisitions are then numbered, recorded in a separate 
 book in consecutive order, and sent to the Company's ticket- 
 printing establishment, which is under the supervision of the 
 Accountant, who keeps a constant check on the supplies. 
 
 The quantities supplied are noted by the foreman printer 
 on the requisitions, and copied into a "Delivery Book" the 
 tickets being sent direct to the stations, and the requisitions 
 to the Accountant, by whom they are examined, entered, and 
 sent to the stations to be compared with the tickets received. 
 If correct, the Clerk-in-charge is required to sign and return 
 the requisition to the Accountant, by whom he is held 
 responsible for compliance with the fourth and fifth paragraphs 
 of the following " instructions " printed in every demand 
 book. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 I. Demands for tickets must be sent to the Accountant on Fridays, and not 
 on any other days. 
 
 II. At least a fortnight's stock of each kind and class of tickets must be kept 
 on hand ; and special care must be taken to anticipate any increased 
 demands, from the holding of fairs, or other circumstances of public 
 interest ; and the circumstances requiring such increased demand must be 
 explained on the back of the demand note. 
 
 III. Care must be taken to give the exact route at present printed on the 
 tickets when demanding a further supply. 
 
 IV. All tickets, as supplied and received, must be examined and checked, both 
 as respects the correctness of the progressive numbers, and the quantity 
 of tickets ; and the Accountant must be immediately advised of any errors 
 in them, either of wrong numbers, duplicates^ or omitted numbers. 
 
 V. Within four days of the supply of tickets, if correct, the receipt for the 
 same must be signed and returned to the Accountant, and afterwards 
 
12 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 the Clerk-in-charge will be held accountable for the production of each 
 progressive number in due order, or for their value as issued tickets, if 
 at any time found to be missing. 
 
 VI. The boxes in which tickets are sent must be returned to the Ticket 
 Printer within three days of their receipt. 
 
 16. Ticket Stock Return. This is made up when a 
 change of staff takes place at a station, or whenever required 
 by the Accountant to check the stock of tickets thereat The 
 blank forms are kept in the Audit Office, and sent out with 
 the following instructions : 
 
 ACCOUNTANT'S OFFICE, 
 
 189 
 
 Herewith you will receive a blank form of return to be filled up and sent to 
 
 this office, prompt, on or before the , duly signed by you in the 
 
 following form : " I hereby acknowledge that the above tickets are in my pos- 
 session." 
 
 In entering your Stock, the numbers must commence at the end of the last 
 month's issues, so as to make the number begin this month ; and in taking Stock, 
 you must bear in mind, that if any numbers are found missing, or your Stock is 
 in anywise wrong, you must report the same when the return is sent in, as you 
 will afterwards be held accountable for the production of each progressive number 
 in due order, or for their value as issued tickets, if at any time found to be 
 missing. 
 
 If you find any duplicate numbers, or any tickets for stations which are not 
 now booked to, they must be sent back with the return, and those only retained 
 which are now in use, and which you sign for. 
 
 The quantity must be one more in all cases than the remainder given by 
 deducting the commencing from the closing No., for example: 
 
 Closing No 1499 
 
 Commencing No. ... . . ... noo 
 
 Quantity 400 
 
 Strict attention must be paid -to the instructions on the cover of the Ticket 
 Demand Book, as you will be held responsible for any consequence arising from 
 the neglect of them. 
 
 (Signed) Accountant. 
 
 Mr._ 
 
 _____ Station. 
 
 As the commencing numbers should agree with the station's 
 previous month's " Classification," and the closing numbers 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 13 
 
 with those shewn by the Accountant's Stock Registers, it is an 
 easy matter for the Audit department to check these returns. 
 
 17. Train Book (See next page). This contains an 
 account of tickets issued, and is made up immediately after the 
 departure of each train, a separate entry being made for each 
 station and class, as shewn in the example. The " com- 
 mencing number" is copied from the slate, and the "closing 
 number " from the next ticket to issue. 
 
 The cash taken by each train should agree with the total 
 of the Train Book entries, but in case there is a difference it is 
 noted in the margin. If the proper fares have been charged, 
 and correct change given, differences are generally discovered, 
 or right themselves afterwards. It sometimes happens that 
 tickets get misplaced, in which case the amount of cash short 
 or over by one train would be balanced by cash over or short 
 by a following train. 
 
 For instance, in the example given, ticket 7656 might be 
 found between 7632 and 7654. Here it may be assumed 22\ 
 tickets were sold, but only 2\\ accounted for, apparently leaving 
 one shilling over in cash. After booking the following train, 
 doubtless a corresponding deficiency would be shown. 
 
 Or, a difference might arise through a miscalculation in the 
 Train Book, or through a wrong " commencing " or " closing " 
 number being copied therein, or by omitting to enter a ticket, 
 or by entering an incorrect fare. Such errors ought to be dis- 
 covered at the time. If this is not done, they are likely to be 
 the cause of subsequent trouble in balancing the monthly 
 returns. 
 
 After the Train Book has been made up, the numbers on the 
 slates are altered for the next account. 
 
 At large stations a " Daily Classification Book " is kept. In 
 this the names of all stations to which tickets are issued, and 
 the fares, are inserted, and the closing numbers of one day 
 
Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 S 
 
 c <*- 
 
 t)X) V 
 
 c/5 1H 
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 fa fa fa 
 ffi W ffi 
 
 
 lOO O|>OVOO OM 
 
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 V 
 
 m O oo ro O 10 
 
 MM H 
 
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 sS - 
 
 5 * ? * ? S 
 
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 <J<JJP9!JPW fa WWc 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 15 
 
 become the commencing numbers for the next. The daily 
 bookings are worked out, and the total balanced with the day's 
 total of the Train Book. Columns for thirty-one days are 
 provided, and at the end of the month the entries for each 
 station are added across and balanced with the Monthly 
 Classification entries described further on. 
 
 Half single-journey tickets not sold by one train, are avail- 
 able for following trains, but all triangular pieces cut from 
 return tickets are retained (the number of the parent ticket 
 being marked upon each), and credit is taken for the value, 
 also for single journey half tickets not sold by the end of the 
 month, and for cancelled tickets, in the monthly " Classification." 
 
 Particulars of Officers', Soldiers', &c., tickets issued, are also 
 entered in the Train Book from the counterfoils, with each 
 train's bookings. But Pleasure Parties' tickets, Excursion tickets 
 issued for special trains, also special bookings by ordinary 
 trains, such as school children or others conveyed at special 
 fares, but not sufficiently numerous to warrant the running of 
 a special train, these are entered separately in the Train 
 Book in red ink, to facilitate reference thereto in majdng up 
 the monthly returns. 
 
 The Superintendent's orders for the issue of Pleasure Parties' 
 tickets are sent, with the number of passengers booked, fares, 
 and amounts properly inserted, by the first train after the 
 one by which the party travelled, to the Accountant. 
 
 Two returns (Form No. I, App.) of bookings by excur- 
 sion trains are sent, one to the Superintendent, and one to 
 the Accountant, by first ordinary train after the departure of 
 each excursion. Unsold excursion tickets are sent to the 
 Accountant with the return. 
 
 When ordinary tickets are issued from the back numbers 
 to excursion passengers, the Accountant is advised, so that 
 they may be replaced by new ones. 
 
16 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 II 
 
 : IS! 
 
 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 * gS 
 
 2 h ^ 
 
 ~~ 
 
 /? o 
 
 PQ CO 
 
 
 12 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coacliing. 17 
 
 The amount received for Extension-of-time tickets is added 
 to the daily total of the Train Book, as shewn. 
 
 18. Blank Card Ticket Issue Book. When ap- 
 plication is made for tickets to places for which ordinary 
 tickets have not been supplied, reference is made to the 
 list of stations, furnished by the Superintendent, to which 
 blank card or paper tickets may be issued. If fares have 
 been arranged, the name of the station, route, fare, and date, 
 are inserted on the ticket. Before it is issued, however, a 
 note should be made in the Blank Card Issue Book of the 
 number and description of ticket used, station, and route. 
 The date and amounts may be inserted, and corresponding 
 entries made in the Train Book afterwards. 
 
 Half-tickets are issued for children, and the numbers 
 are similarly distinguished in the book. 
 
 19. Season Tickets. On application being made for 
 these, the following particulars are entered on a printed form, 
 and sent to the General Manager : 
 
 Class. 
 
 Date from and to. 
 
 Name of applicant 
 
 Profession and address of applicant. 
 
 Stations between which required. 
 
 Price, and amount of deposit. 
 
 Whether old or new application ; and, if old, the 
 
 previous number is stated for reference in the 
 
 General Manager's office. 
 
 The tickets are then prepared, and the above particulars, 
 also the numbers, and stations to which they are sent, are 
 entered in a Register kept in the General Manager's office. 
 (Form No. 2, App.) 
 
 A numbered statement is sent to the stations with the 
 
1 8 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 tickets, shewing the amounts to be collected. These amounts 
 are taken to debit in the stations' monthly returns, as here- 
 after shewn. 
 
 The General Manager's register is checked by the Ac- 
 countant with the amounts taken to debit by the stations. 
 
 A deposit is usually charged on season tickets issued for 
 Metropolitan lines, and sometimes in other cases as a guaran- 
 tee for their surrender at the expiration of the prescribed 
 period. 
 
 Credit is taken for repayments of deposits by recharge on a 
 miscellaneous traffic way-bill (paid on and to pay) to the 
 Accountant, the depositors' receipts being attached thereto. 
 
 For all purposes of account " member-of-family " tickets are 
 dealt with as "season" tickets. 
 
 It is a good plan to enter the names and amounts received 
 for season and member-of-family tickets in the Train Book 
 at the close of each day, as shewn in the example. 
 
 At important stations, "however, a Season Ticket Cash Book 
 is kept, and the daily totals of this book are carried direct 
 to the stations' Coaching Revenue Bo9k (34). In these cases 
 it is not necessary to pass the items through the Train Book. 
 
 20. Examination and Collection of Tickets, and 
 Excess Fares. Tickets should be examined prior to the 
 departure of trains from terminal and principal stations, and 
 collected at the stations appointed. 
 
 At "Junction" stations through tickets are examined as to 
 class, date, and route, and a number, or distinctive mark, 
 impressed upon them with a punch. This number is fixed by 
 the Railway Clearing House, a record of the same being 
 kept there, and a list given in the Regulations, shewing the 
 number and where used. As a different number is fixed for 
 each junction or principal station, this plan "acts not only as 
 a check upon tickets being used twice, but also affords 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 19 
 
 evidence of the right of Companies to claim a proportion of the 
 through fare when passengers have travelled by a route -different 
 from that for which the tickets were issued. . 
 
 When such cases arise, an advice or " Wrong route ticket 
 return," is furnished to the Accountant by the Station-Master, 
 with the following particulars : 
 
 Name of issuing Company. 
 Station from and Station to. 
 Class, kind, date, and number. 
 Route issued for, and route travelled by. 
 If the tickets are collected, they are sent to the Accountant 
 with the return. 
 
 In the examination and collection of tickets the following 
 points should be watched : 
 
 I. At starting stations: that they are not from stations 
 on the line of route nearer the destination station 
 than the starting station. 
 
 II. That passengers are in the class of carriage for which 
 they are booked, or that they pay the difference of 
 fare. 
 
 III. That tickets are available for the day on which they 
 
 are used. 
 
 IV. At intermediate stations : that passengers do not 
 
 change to a higher class of carriage than that for 
 which they are booked, without paying the differ- 
 ence of fare. 
 V. That passengers holding half-tickets are really entitled 
 
 to travel at half-fares. 
 
 VI. At junctions and terminal stations : that the route 
 printed on the tickets corresponds with the route by 
 which passengers are travelling. 
 
 VII. At alighting stations : that the tickets are available 
 thereto. 
 
2O Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Passengers arriving at any station without tickets are liable 
 to be charged from the place at which the train started. 
 
 Money collected from passengers in respect of the fore- 
 going is accounted for as " excess fares." 
 
 Collected tickets are sorted into (i) Local, and (2) Foreign ; 
 single and double-journey tickets being kept separate, and 
 arranged according to classes and numbers. Local tickets are 
 tied up in the order of the Accountant's list of stations, and 
 the foreign alphabetically. 
 
 All collected tickets are sent to the Accountant daily. 
 
 21. The Accountant's printed List of Stations serves 
 many useful purposes. It shews the name of every station on 
 the main line and branches of the Company in geographical 
 order, and the name of the Station-Master or Agent at each 
 place. Every station is furnished with a copy, which is re- 
 vised from time to time as required ; and collected tickets, 
 parcel way-bills, monthly accounts of passenger bookings, 
 goods invoices, abstracts and summaries of traffic, are made 
 up as a rule in the same geographical order. To the 
 Accountant's department the list is invaluable, as it secures 
 uniformity, facilitates reference, and furnishes a reliable means 
 of ascertaining whether all stations have sent in their returns. 
 
 22. Excess Fares Book. (Form No. 3 App.) In 
 this are entered particulars of excess fares collected. A daily 
 total is made, and a copy thereof, or " Daily advice of 
 excess fares," sent to the Accountant the day following. 
 The tickets on which excess has been collected, and those 
 issued for one station and collected at another, with the name 
 of the collecting station written across them, are folded inside 
 the return. 
 
 The cash collected daily is handed to the Booking Clerk, 
 who adds it to the total of his Train Book, or enters it in 
 the Coaching Revenue Book. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 21 
 
 23. Postal Telegraphs. All charges made by Railway 
 Agents transacting telegraph message business on behalf of 
 the Post Office, whether in connection with forwarded or re- 
 ceived messages, are denoted by Postage Stamps affixed 
 to the forms. 
 
 A stock of stamps is supplied, on credit, to the General 
 Manager by the Receiver and Accountant General of the Post 
 Office, and sent to the stations by the former, as required. 
 
 Money received at stations for stamps sold or affixed to 
 messages for porterage, less items paid out to special mes- 
 sengers not Company's servants, is sent to bank daily with 
 the Coaching Traffic cash, and shewn separately in the 
 station's Coaching Revenue Book (34) 
 
 At the end of each month a return (Form No. 4 App.) 
 is furnished to the Accountant, shewing the value of stamps 
 used, and the amount, less porterage paid out, is taken to 
 debit in the summary of the monthly passenger classification. 
 
 A monthly certified statement is also sent to the 
 Accountant by stations, shewing the total value of stamps on 
 hand at the end of the previous month, also the number of 
 each denomination of stamps of which the balance is made 
 up, for comparison with his books. 
 
 A separate return (Form No. 5 App.) giving details of 
 porterages performed, and the charges for such services, 
 whether paid by the senders or receivers of messages (such 
 charges being in all cases represented by stamps affixed 
 to the messages by the station that receives the cash), is 
 also furnished to the Accountant to enable him to debit 
 the Post Office therewith in his books. The messages are 
 numbered consecutively, docketed, and sent to the Postmaster 
 General. 
 
 The General Manager keeps an account of stamps received 
 by him from the Post Office, and supplied to stations. This 
 
22 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 is balanced each month, the value of stamps sent to stations 
 being deducted from the value of stamps received, the 
 balance representing actual stock in the Manager's possession. 
 The Manager furnishes the Accountant with a monthly 
 list of the station debits for stamps supplied. The value of 
 stamps used, as shewn by the station returns, constitutes the 
 credit ; the balance, representing stamps on hand at stations, 
 being carried to the debit of the next month's account. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 23 
 
 BOOKING OF PARCELS, &.c. 
 
 24. Parcel Post. When the Parcel Post came into 
 operation it was agreed between the Postmaster General and 
 the Railway Companies that the latter should receive fifty- 
 five per cent, of the gross Postal receipts from Railway-borne 
 parcels, and that this should be paid quarterly to the 
 Railway Clearing House. 
 
 The amounts are apportioned by the Clearing House, to 
 the Companies entitled to participate, quarterly (this being 
 an interim approximate division), and at the end of each 
 half-year, in the same proportions as each Company's gross 
 receipts from parcel traffic are found to have borne to the 
 gross receipts of all the Companies from this source of 
 revenue during the same half-year. 
 
 In order to give effect to the latter part of this arrangement, 
 it became necessary for each Company to separate, in its 
 accounts, those receipts for the conveyance of the heavier 
 descriptions of traffic (other than passengers) conveyed by 
 passenger trains, from those arising from the carriage of 
 parcels, the articles, &c, being respectively classed as " Mis- 
 cellaneous " and " Parcels" 
 
 " Miscellaneous " traffic includes articles charged by weight, 
 in quantities of 2 cwt. and upwards ; milk, returned empties, 
 &c. Also carriages, vans, furniture, plants, flowers, Bath 
 chairs, cycles, or anything conveyed in carriage trucks and 
 charged at carriage rates. It also includes horses, cattle, 
 dogs, and other animals, except small animals conveyed in 
 hampers (not exceeding 2 cwt), and charged as " parcels/' 
 
24 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 All other articles, including perambulators, cycles, Bath 
 chairs, booked at parcel rates, or carried as excess luggage, 
 under 2 cwt., are dealt with as " Parcels." 
 
 25. Parcel, &C., Way Bills. Every article sent by pas- 
 senger train except horses, carriages, &c., which are entered 
 on special tickets (30) should be accompanied by a " Parcel " 
 or " Miscellaneous " Way-bill, or bill of charges for carriage 
 (Form Nos. 6 and 7 App.). 
 
 For the charges, four money columns are provided, viz. : 
 "paid on," "to pay," "paid," and "through." 
 
 If the consignee is to pay carriage, the amount is entered 
 in the "to pay" column; if the sender pays, the amount is 
 entered in the " paid " column. If the article is addressed 
 to some place on another Company's Railway, and the sender 
 desires to pay carriage for the whole distance, the foreign 
 Company's charge may, if the parcel is for some reason not 
 booked through, be added to the local rate, and the sum 
 total entered in the "paid" column, the foreign Company's 
 charge being entered in the " through " column. The latter 
 amount is then paid to the foreign Company out of the cash 
 at the local Company's junction or terminal station. 
 
 For instance, the sender of a parcel from A may desire 
 to pay carriage through to C, via B, but the parcel is only 
 booked to the junction station B. The charge to B is eight- 
 pence, and from B to C, fourpence ; therefore one shilling 
 is entered in the " paid," and fourpence in the " through," 
 columns. The Station-Master at B is authorised by the latter 
 entry to pay fourpence out of his coaching receipts to the 
 forwarding Company there for carriage from B to C ; and 
 of course the amount so paid should be entered by that 
 Company in the " paid " column of their way-bill to C, and the 
 parcel delivered to consignee without further charge, unless 
 he happens to reside beyond the delivery boundary. Through 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 25 
 
 booking arrangements are now so general that cases of this 
 kind are becoming rare. 
 
 The "paid on" column is for cash paid out at the for- 
 warding station in respect of foreign Companies', Agents', or 
 other charges. Amounts so paid are entered in the " paid on ' 
 column and added to the charges for carriage, the total sums 
 being entered in the " to pay " column. 
 
 Thus, if the L. & N. W. Company deliver a parcel addressed 
 to Gretna Green on the Glasgow and South Western line, to 
 that Company at Carlisle, with one shilling charge upon it 
 for carriage from Preston, this amount would be paid to the 
 L. & N. W. Company out of the G. & S. W. parcel receipts 
 at Carlisle, and the charges entered on the forward way-bill 
 thus : 
 
 G. & S. W. rate to Gretna Green, sixpence ; paid on, one 
 shilling ; to pay, one shilling and sixpence. 
 
 The forwarding station, then, is responsible for the collec- 
 tion of, and is debited with, the amounts entered in the 
 "paid" column, less "paid ons;" and the receiving station 
 is responsible for the collection of, and is debited with, "to 
 pay" less " through " items. 
 
 26. Forwarded or " Outward " Parcel, &c., Traffic. 
 In making up the charges for the carriage of parcels, and 
 other descriptions of coaching traffic carried at mileage rates, 
 the distance is ascertained from the Railway Clearing House 
 Distance Book, or the Parliamentary fare may usually be taken 
 as denoting it, one mile being assumed for each penny. 
 
 Perishable articles, such as fish, game, milk, vegetables, &c., 
 are carried at special rates and under special conditions. The 
 weight of fish, &c., carried at special " station to station " or 
 " not carted " rates from or to foreign stations, is in all cases 
 inserted in the way-bill. 
 
 Parcels for the Continent are usually accompanied by a 
 
26 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 " declaration," signed by the sender, as to the nature of con- 
 tents and value, and by an undertaking to pay " carriage, 
 custom house, and other lawful expenses for the said consign- 
 ment, if the consignee refuses to defray the same." 
 
 Way-bills to foreign stations should have the route distinctly 
 specified upon them. 
 
 A ticket with the name of the booking or forwarding station 
 printed upon it, and stating whether the carriage is "paid " or 
 " to pay," is gummed upon each parcel. This proves very 
 useful when way-bills are lost. 
 
 Adhesive stamps, of the value of one half-penny and up- 
 wards (purchased from the General Manager), are attached by 
 the senders to newspaper parcels, news-letters, and samples, 
 carried at special station to station rates, and at owners' risk. 
 
 Through or foreign parcels, franked by label, are entered 
 on a special " Newspaper " way-bill (Form No. 8, App.), so 
 that the foreign Company may be credited with its share of 
 the receipts. The value of the labels is shewn in the column 
 for this purpose, and the franks are defaced before the parcels 
 are delivered to consignees. 
 
 The same form, No. 8, is also used for traffic carried at 
 newspaper rates but not franked by label. 
 
 Way-bills are kept in pads ; and, in booking a parcel, lead 
 pencil is used for the way-bill, and a fac-simile produced by 
 the use of carbon paper. The original bill is filed in the 
 parcel office, and the fac-simile despatched with the parcel 
 to the destination station. 
 
 27. Received or "Inward" Parcels from other 
 stations are compared with the way-bills, and the charges 
 checked, both as regards " paid " and " to pay " items ; any 
 undercharge or overcharge for carriage being noted on the 
 bill, the proper charge collected (if a " to pay " item), and 
 sending station advised. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 27 
 
 All undercharges, both local and foreign, are rectified by 
 supplementary way-bills, no alteration or erasure of the figures 
 entered on way-bills being allowed. 
 
 Foreign overcharges are cleared by the receiving station 
 by means of a " paid on " only way-bill (not " to pay "), sent 
 to forwarding station if the overcharge is a " to pay" item. 
 If the overcharge is a " paid " item, the forwarding station 
 takes credit by the same means, and refunds the excess to 
 sender. 
 
 It is necessary to obtain the Superintendent's authority 
 for such entries ; and the vouchers sanctioning the same are 
 attached to the way-bills in all cases. The " paid ons " are 
 then credited to the Company concerned in the Clearing 
 House settlement. 
 
 Credit for local overcharges is allowed in the monthly returns 
 as explained further on. 
 
 28, Parcel Delivery Book (Form No. 9, App.) 
 In this book (or on sheets similarly ruled) are entered, from 
 the way-bills, particulars of inward parcels for delivery. The 
 amounts for carriage are collected, and signatures of con- 
 signees obtained, on delivery. 
 
 Extra charges for delivery should be inserted in the column 
 for that purpose. 
 
 A separate book like the above, termed a " Parcel Ware- 
 house Book" is used for parcels- addressed " To be left until 
 called for." Parcels so addressed, and not claimed before the 
 expiration of the day following that of receipt, are charge- 
 able with warehouse rent. 
 
 Parcels received without bills are delivered in the ordinary 
 course, either with an assumed charge, or with a notification 
 to consignees, if they are known, that the charges will be 
 claimed on receipt of particulars. 
 
 If way-bills are received without parcels, or parcels are 
 
28 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 received in a damaged condition, the sending and tranship- 
 ping stations en route should be immediately advised, and 
 enquiries made respecting the missing or damaged articles. 
 This is especially important in the case of foreign traffic ; 
 for, if the loss is not reported by the receiving Company 
 within twenty-four hours after it has been ascertained, the 
 liability may be held to rest exclusively with the Company 
 failing to report. 
 
 The way-bills are in all cases taken to account, and, if 
 necessary, the debits are cleared as previously explained. 
 
 It frequently happens that consignees cannot be found, 
 or that they refuse to receive parcels addressed to them. In 
 such cases the senders are advised, the parcels being kept 
 until their instructions are received ; but if consignees desire 
 parcels to be returned they should be requested to pay the 
 carriage and sign the delivery book. 
 
 In the case of perishable articles, such as fish, fruit, &c., 
 received under similar circumstances, the regulations direct 
 that they should be sold. The same applies to live animals 
 and birds refused, after due notice has been given to the 
 consignee of the intended sale. 
 
 Unpaid charges for carriage of such articles or animals 
 sold are deducted from the proceeds of sale, the balance 
 being taken to debit in " extras," and the Superintendent 
 and Accountant advised. Should the proceeds of sale be 
 insufficient to pay carriage, the deficiency is apportioned, in 
 the case of foreign traffic, between the Companies interested, 
 according to mileage. 
 
 When parcels are addressed " paid," but entered in the 
 way-bills "to pay," and if the money cannot be collected, 
 the sender's name and address should be obtained, and the 
 amount re-charged to the sending station, which is bound to 
 accept the debit provided the address card on which the 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 29 
 
 word " paid " is marked is returned, and accompanies the 
 way-bill on which the re-charge is entered. 
 
 The above are some of the principal matters usually observed in con- 
 nection with traffic of the foregoing descriptions, but the Companies' and 
 Clearing House regulations should in all cases be carefully acted upon. 
 This remark applies also to goods and other kinds of traffic, preparation 
 of monthly returns, &c., &c. 
 
 29. Extras Book (Form No. 10, App.). It is a rule 
 that when charges are made, and corresponding debits have 
 not been received in the ordinary course, special debits shall 
 be raised to meet the same. This is done by an entry in 
 the " extras " book, which should therefore contain an account 
 of all items collected in excess of the way-bill debit, such 
 as cash collected for parcels received without way-bills, and 
 delivered with an assumed charge ; warehouse fees ; cartage, 
 porterage, and extra charges for delivery ; proceeds of sales 
 of refused or unclaimed articles ; items entered outwardly as 
 " paid on " (not paid), for use of covered carriage trucks, &c. 
 The " extras " book entries are numbered consecutively, and the 
 monthly total is taken to account in the Monthly Parcel 
 Summary (39). 
 
 If way-bill debits are received in a subsequent month for 
 amounts for which special debits have been raised through 
 " extras," they are cleared by sending a re-charge way-bill 
 paid on and to pay to the Accountant, and abstracting it 
 to him in the same way as ordinary traffic is abstracted to a 
 station ; the debits being then cleared by the Accountant by 
 a special entry in his books, as will be seen in reviewing the 
 work of his department. It is necessary, in re-charging such 
 items, to give reference to the date and number of the 
 special debit entry in the " extras " book, and other par- 
 ticulars. 
 
 30. Horses, Carriages, &c. For this and other de- 
 scriptions of coaching traffic, conveyed in horse boxes or 
 
3O Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 carriage trucks, and charged at horse or carnage rates, also for 
 dogs, passengers' excess luggage, &c, special paper tickets or 
 way-bills are issued [Form No. n, App.]. These shew : date, 
 train, names of forwarding and destination stations, description 
 of consignment, name of owner, and the charges paid on, 
 to pay, or paid, and serve the same purpose, and are ac- 
 counted for in the same way as parcel and miscellaneous 
 way-bills. 
 
 The "Guard's Way-bill" [No. u, App.] is delivered by him 
 to the officer in charge at the receiving station ; a counter- 
 part, on which the conditions of conveyance are printed, is 
 given to the sender or owner, whose signature, assenting to 
 the conditions, is obtained on the office copy at the forward- 
 ing station. 
 
 Horses, and other live stock conveyed in cattle trucks 
 by passenger trains, are not, however, entered on these tickets, 
 but are accounted for through the Merchandise department. 
 
 When covered carriage trucks are used for the con- 
 veyance of private carriages, or for plants, flowers, &c., a 
 charge is made in addition to the ordinary rates, varying 
 from five shillings per truck for distances not exceeding fifty 
 miles, to ten shillings for distances exceeding fifty miles ; 
 and it is a rule in the case of foreign traffic that this 
 extra charge shall be paid to the Company owning the truck, 
 and not divided in the same way as traffic is usually divided. 
 In order therefore that the owners of the trucks may receive 
 the credit allowed by regulations, the extra charge is entered 
 on the way-bill as " paid on " and "to pay." It is also ab- 
 stracted separately, in accordance with instructions printed 
 on the monthly abstract forms and summaries, 
 
 As there is much misapprehension as to the nature of 
 "paid ons," and to make the matter clear, an illustration of 
 the entry is given in the Foreign Parcel and Miscellaneous 
 
Accounts of TrafficS^ 31 
 
 Summary [Form No. 15, App.], wherein it is assumed (i) that 
 nine covered trucks were sent from Grantham to Newcastle, 
 North Eastern Railway, during the month, and that the 
 extra charge of ten shillings was made in each case ; (2) 
 that the carriage was prepaid in two instances and charged 
 forward in seven instances ; and (3) that the extra charge 
 made for the use of the covered trucks was not in any case 
 actually paid out by the booking Company, although such 
 charge was entered in the "paid on" column of the returns. 
 
 Now, bearing in mind this last point, also that all "paid 
 ons" are entered as credits, and deducted from the receipts 
 at the booking station, it is clear that unless the amounts 
 were also taken to debit, the cash in hand, or remitted to 
 bank, would shew a surplus in the case supposed of four 
 pounds ten. Therefore a special debit is raised for the amount 
 in " extras," as before explained. If the point be further con- 
 sidered in connection with the division and settlement of 
 foreign traffic by the Railway Clearing House, it will be found 
 that when the covered truck belongs to the booking Company, 
 the object aimed at that the owning Company may receive 
 the extra charge is by these means attained. 
 
 When covered trucks are borrowed from a neighbouring 
 Company, and in order that the owners may receive the 
 extra charge, in addition to the ordinary charges for the use 
 of borrowed stock, the owners enter the amount, five or ten 
 shillings as the case may be, " paid on " and " to pay," on a 
 way-bill, which is sent, and abstracted, to the loading station 
 of the borrowing Company, by whom it is taken to debit 
 in the usual course ; this debit being then added to the 
 rate, and collected from the sender, if the charges are " paid ; " 
 but if they be "to pay," it is entered as a "paid on," and 
 added to the forward rate for collection from consignee. 
 Thus, if the M. S. & L. Company borrow a covered truck 
 
32 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 from the L. & N. W. Company at London Road Station, 
 Manchester, it would rest with the L. & N. W. Company to 
 issue a way-bill " paid on " and " to pay " five or ten shil- 
 lings to Manchester, M. S. & L., and include the amount in 
 their foreign monthly abstracts. The item would then be 
 taken to debit by the M. S. & L. Company at Manchester, 
 and added to their charge for carriage, as stated above. The 
 L. & N. W. Company is by these means made creditor, and 
 the M. S. & L. Company debtor, for the item in the 
 Clearing House settlement. 
 
 In the case of local traffic, the extra charge is shewn 
 separately as " paid on " and " to pay," or " paid " in the 
 same way as foreign. 
 
 31. Insurance. Premiums paid for insurance of parcels, 
 horses, &c., are taken to account on the way-bill or ticket 
 issued. Special insurance consignment notes are used for 
 parcels. 
 
 Each note shews : 
 
 Description of goods insured. 
 
 Station consigned to. 
 
 Consignee's name and address. 
 
 Amount for which the goods are insured. 
 
 Amount paid for insurance and for carriage. 
 
 Train and date. 
 
 Sender's signature and address. 
 
 Attached thereto is a form of receipt, to be given to the 
 sender ; an " Insured Parcel " ticket, to be gummed on the 
 parcel ; and an advice note, to be sent to destination station. 
 
 The signature of every person is taken, into whose cus- 
 tody such parcels are delivered en route. 
 
 The conditions of insurance are usually as follows : 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coacliing. 33 
 
 The insuring Company reserves the right of inspecting, before effecting any 
 insurance, all goods delivered to them for insurance, to ascertain that the articles 
 are in accordance with the declaration, and are in good condition, and well 
 packed. 
 
 The insurance is to apply only to the point to which the carriage charges cover 
 conveyance and delivery of the insured articles. 
 
 The contract for insurance must be made by the forwarding Company, and 
 with the sender only, and the charge for insurance must be prepaid. 
 
 The insurance of articles exceeding 500 in value, and 
 of bullion, is only undertaken by special arrangement. 
 
 In the case of horses, &c., the declaration of value is 
 made by sender on the counterpart of the ticket issued. 
 
 32. Cloak Room. Railway Companies provide luggage 
 and cloak rooms for the accommodation of the public, 
 and give notice that they will not be held responsible for 
 loss of, or injury to, articles left elsewhere. 
 
 For every article left in the cloak room a small registra- 
 tion fee is charged, and a numbered ticket given to the 
 depositor specifying the article or articles deposited and the 
 amount paid. 
 
 A duplicate number, attached to each ticket, is torn off 
 and fastened to the luggage described on the ticket issued. 
 This serves as a check upon wrong delivery. 
 
 If luggage be not removed within the specified time, a 
 further charge is incurred, and is accounted for by entering the 
 amount on a second ticket ; this being attached to the 
 original ticket when surrendered by the depositor on removal 
 of the luggage and payment of the extra charge. 
 
 When value is declared and insurance paid, pursuant to 
 Companies' notices respecting valuable articles, the amount 
 is entered on the ticket issued and counterpart thereof. 
 
 Luggage deposited in the cloak room is not given up 
 except in exchange for the ticket issued to the depositor. 
 Should the ticket be lost, it is necessary to obtain the 
 
34 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 sanction of the Superintendent before the luggage is 
 surrendered. 
 
 Charges made for passengers' luggage left in a train or 
 at a station, and subsequently claimed, are accounted for in 
 the return mentioned below ; and when such articles are for- 
 warded by train, the amount is entered on a way-bill, "paid 
 on," " to pay," to clear the debit. 
 
 A return of cloak room receipts is sent to the Accountant 
 daily. This shews the number of the cloak room ticket 
 book, progressive number and amount of each ticket issued, 
 and a daily total. Collected tickets are sent to the Ac- 
 countant with the return. 
 
 Horse, carriage, excess luggage &c., cloak room, and 
 insurance tickets are kept in books and type-numbered con- 
 secutively. 
 
 33. 
 
 PARCEL, &c., CASH BOOK. 
 
 
 
 
 On 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Station. 
 
 account of 
 Outstan cl- 
 
 Extras. 
 
 Inward. 
 
 Outward. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Signature. 
 
 
 
 
 ings. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 cl. 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 In this book should be entered particulars of all cash 
 received, whether for carnage or extras. 
 
 It is not necessary in the case of inward parcels to enter 
 the amounts in detail. When all the items are collected, as 
 they should be, on delivery, it is sufficient to shew the total 
 of the delivery book in the cash book. It is a good plan 
 to initial the delivery book and give a reference therein to 
 the cash book entry on receiving the cash. This may pre- 
 vent disputes with delivery porters and agents. 
 
 Amounts received for parcels addressed, " To be left until 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 35 
 
 called for" (entered in the warehouse books), also "out- 
 standing " items, should in all cases be entered separately ; 
 also " outward paid " items, unless such a record is made as 
 will give ready reference to the way-bills on which the 
 charges are entered. 
 
 A daily total is made, and from this, " outward paid ons," 
 and "inward throughs," are deducted. Receipts for horses, 
 carriages, and dogs, excess luggage, and cloak room, should 
 be entered separately. 
 
 34, Station's Daily Coaching Revenue Book. 
 This is made up from the Train Book and Parcel Cash 
 Book, and contains the following particulars : 
 
 Amounts received for 
 
 Ordinary Passengers 
 
 Special do 
 
 Season Tickets 
 
 Excess Fares 
 
 Postal Messages 
 
 Total Passengers 
 
 Parcels, &c 
 
 Horses, Carriages, &c 
 
 Cloak Room... 
 
 Total Receipts 
 
 Less. 
 
 Paid ons and Throughs (Parcels) 
 Do. Horses, Carriages, &c. ... 
 
 Net Receipts 
 
 By Cash to Bank 
 
 Underpaid to Bank., 
 
 Overpaid to Bank 
 
36 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 A money column is provided for every day in the month. 
 At the end of the month the amounts are added together 
 horizontally, and the totals should agree, after allowances 
 have been made for outstandings, with the monthly classifi- 
 cation debit. (53.) 
 
 35. Remittance of Cash. (Coaching and Goods.} In 
 order that cash received by Station-Masters, Agents, Col- 
 lectors, and others, on account of traffic, may be lodged 
 with the Company's Bankers on the day after collection ; 
 moreover, that the money may be banked so as to be readily 
 available to meet the requirements of various localities for 
 wages, tradesmen's accounts, and dividends, the Raihvay 
 is divided into Districts, a Banking account being opened, 
 and a Cashier appointed to receive and pay cash to Bank, 
 for each District. 
 
 At the close of each day, the station's cash receipts are 
 balanced, and the bank parcel prepared for despatch by 
 train the following morning in a lock-up cash box to the 
 Cashier of the District. 
 
 A "Remittance Note," or advice, is sent to the District 
 Cashier, shewing how much is for " Coaching," and how mucli 
 for " Goods " traffic, &c., as follows : 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 
 
 37 
 
 Advice for 
 Coaching 
 
 Goods 
 
 Sundries 
 
 Day's Receipts 
 
 Coaching Balance Month ending 
 In Bank Parcel 
 
 , 
 
 This to be sent in the Cash Box. 
 
 No. 
 
 To the Cashier. 
 
 I have this day remitted for 
 
 Coaching 
 
 Goods 
 
 Sundries 
 
 Day's Receipts 
 
 Coaching Balance Month ending 
 
 Total to Bank 
 Station _ 
 
 .Station, 
 
 [89 
 
 s. d. 
 
 189 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Clerk in Charge 
 
38 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 In the event of any cash being received at the stations for 
 Rents from Tenants of Company's property, miscellaneous 
 accounts for repairs, stores, old materials, unpaid wages, &c., 
 it is remitted with the traffic cash, the amount and par- 
 ticulars being shewn on the cash advice. This obviates the 
 risk of loss involved in sending separate " value parcels " 
 containing the money, by train. 
 
 The total of the remittance note should agree with the 
 " Cash Note " enclosed in the parcel for the use of the 
 Bankers, and on which is stated the amount of bank notes, 
 cheques, soldiers' or other warrants, and coin, making up the 
 gross sum. 
 
 The cash parcels are delivered by the Cashier to the 
 Company's Bankers unopened, together with a summary, or 
 " Bank Sheet," made up from the remittance notes, shewing 
 the amount of each station's remittance. 
 
 After the bank sheet has been compared with the cash and 
 signed by the Bankers, it is returned to the Cashier, the 
 total amount received each day being passed to the credit of 
 the Company's current account. 
 
 Any surplus or deficiency in the cash parcels is noted opposite 
 the names of the stations, and the total of the summary ad- 
 justed by the Bankers. 
 
 Soldiers' and other warrants remitted as cash, and cheques 
 which require endorsing, are deducted from the total of the 
 summary, and returned to the Cashier. These will be again 
 alluded to. 
 
 The bank sheets, with the corresponding remittance notes, 
 are then sent to the Secretary, who issues receipts to the 
 stations, full credit being given for warrants and cheques 
 returned to the Cashier. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 39 
 
 MONTHLY COACHING RETURNS. 
 
 The monthly returns of Coaching Traffic should be com- 
 pleted and despatched in time to reach the Accountant's office 
 on the morning of the fourth day of the month following that 
 for which they are dated. 
 
 We shall deal first with the returns relating to Parcels, Horses, 
 Carriages, &c. ; and next with those of Passenger traffic, re- 
 ferring in conclusion to the " Outstandings " account and 
 Stations' Monthly Coaching Balance Sheet. 
 
 36. Parcel and Miscellaneous Traffic Abstracts. 
 These are made up from the Outward and Inward Parcel, Mis- 
 cellaneous, and Newspaper Way-bills, and Horse, Carriage, &c., 
 tickets. 
 
 The way-bills are sorted and abstracted in the following 
 order, viz. : 
 
 I. Local Traffic. 
 
 (a) Traffic with each station. 
 
 (b) In the order given in the Accountant's list of stations. 
 
 (c) In order of date. 
 
 That is to say, in sorting a mixed batch of inward local way- 
 bills, all the bills received from each station during the month 
 would first be placed together, and then arranged in the order of 
 the station list, the bills from each station being placed in order 
 of date. 
 
 The outward bills are dealt with in the same way. 
 
 II. Foreign Traffic, the receipts from which are subject to 
 division with other Railway Companies. 
 
 (a) Traffic with each terminal Company, in the order 
 given on Form No. 14 App. 
 
40 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 (b) Traffic with each station. 
 
 (c) Stations in alphabetical order. 
 (d} In order of date. 
 
 Separate forms are used for 
 
 I. Local Outward Traffic ) 
 
 ,T j ^ cc. \ (Form No. 12, App.) 
 
 II. Local Inward Traffic ) . 
 
 III. Foreign Outward Traffic ... ) 
 
 TT7 T- T j T cc. \ (Form No. 13, App.) 
 
 IV. foreign Inward Traffic } ^ 
 
 V. Foreign Outward "Light" Traffic! 
 
 Try T- - T JT- u<- ~r cc. \ (Form No. 14, App.) 
 VI. Foreign Inward "Light Traffic] v 
 
 The two last named are used only for foreign traffic, the 
 total of which for the whole month, outward or inward, between 
 a pair of stations by any one route, does not exceed five 
 shillings. This is designated " light traffic." 
 
 All other traffic is called " heavy." To ascertain if the 
 traffic be '* light " or " heavy", paid ons and throughs are 
 deducted from paid and to pay amounts, thus : paid 2/- + 
 
 to pay 6/- = 8/ paid on 3/6 = 4/6, which would be entered 
 
 as " light." 
 
 It will be seen on reference to the instructions printed on 
 the form, that it is necessary to furnish to the Accountant 
 a summary only of the totals of " light " traffic to or from 
 each Company, the forms on which the details are entered 
 being in this case retained by the stations. 
 
 All abstract forms are printed for forwarded traffic in black 
 ink, and for received traffic in ra/, and a separate form is used 
 for traffic with each station. 
 
 The number of parcels, &c., and the daily totals . to be 
 entered in the money columns of the abstracts, are ascertained 
 by adding together the numbers and amounts entered on the 
 way-bills for each day, care being taken to enter " Parcels " 
 and " Miscellaneous " traffic separately, as indicated by the 
 forms. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 41 
 
 In order to facilitate the work of the Audit office, each 
 local abstract is cast to shew three totals, viz.: 1st to I5th, 
 inclusive ; i6th to last day of month, inclusive ; and total for 
 month. 
 
 At large stations abstracting is done daily, weekly, or 
 fortnightly, as may be most convenient ; but where the traffic 
 is small, and the returns can be completed by the proper time, 
 it is done immediately after the close of the month. 
 
 37. Foreign Traffic. In abstracting and summarising 
 foreign traffic, attention should be paid to the following (see 
 also note to marginal No. 28) : 
 
 I. It is essential that the route by which traffic has 
 been conveyed, and the names of the stations 
 be accurately and clearly specified ; also that the 
 moneys are fully and correctly inserted in their 
 proper columns. The latter remarks apply with 
 equal force to local returns. 
 
 II. When traffic is exchanged with foreign stations from 
 
 which there may be an alternative route, the traffic 
 from or to those stations by each route is kept 
 distinct. 
 
 III. In cases where there is an alternative route, and the 
 
 inward way-bill does not indicate the route by 
 which the consignment has been conveyed, that 
 route which .will give the receiving Company the 
 larger mileage proportion is assumed and abstracted. 
 
 IV. Re-charges, such as "paid on " way-bills, to clear 
 
 overcharges included with the ordinary entries 
 in the foreign abstracts, are also entered (with a 
 reference to the document authorising the re-charge 
 in each case) in the columns of the abstracts pro- 
 vided for this purpose. These ij 
 
42 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 with the traffic " parcel " or " miscellaneous " to 
 which they refer. Re-charges for refunded passen- 
 ger fares, claims on parcels, allowances, bill-post- 
 ing, &c., are treated throughout as " miscellaneous." 
 
 V. The number of parcels, horses, carriages, and dogs, 
 sent to and received from each place should be 
 carefully given. This applies also to local traffic. 
 
 VI. The value of newspaper franks is entered in the 
 column of the foreign (not local) abstracts and 
 summaries provided for that purpose, but the num- 
 ber of these parcels is not shewn. 
 
 VII. The number of unfranked newspaper parcels, and 
 parcels open at both ends, containing periodicals, 
 and consigned at special rates exclusive of collec- 
 tion and delivery, should not be entered in the 
 abstracts, " terminals " not being allowed in these 
 cases by the Railway Clearing House. 
 
 VIII. In the case of miscellaneous traffic (excepting milk), 
 the number of packages is not entered, but the 
 weight in each case should be carefully given, so 
 that the proper terminal allowances may be made 
 by the Clearing House. The weight of fish 2 cwt 
 and upwards, should be shewn separately. The 
 weight of excess luggage is not entered. 
 IX. Foreign undercharges rectified by supplementary 
 way-bill. The abstracts should only state the 
 amount of the undercharge, and not contain a 
 supplementary entry of the number of parcels or 
 of the weight of fish, &c., unless the weight were 
 understated on the original bill, in which case the 
 difference between the weight originally entered 
 and the actual weight should be abstracted. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 43 
 
 X. Supplementary Abstracts. It is of utmost importance 
 that all returns of foreign traffic should be punc- 
 tually rendered ; and, therefore, in the event of all 
 the way-bills not having been received before the 
 date on which the returns are due, the latter should 
 be despatched, and supplementary returns sent 
 daily, as the missing way-bills come to hand. 
 These supplementary returns should bear the date 
 of the way-bills to which they relate, and not of 
 the day they are sent off. 
 
 XL If a station wrongly way-bills "Parcel" traffic as 
 " Miscellaneous," or vice versa, it should be 
 correctly abstracted and the forwarding station 
 immediately advised. 
 
 38. Parcel, &c., Summaries (Forms No. 15 and 16, 
 
 App.). These are made up from the abstracts after the latter 
 have been completed for the month. 
 
 The local " inward " and " outward " abstracts, respectively, 
 are fastened together in the order of the station list, the names 
 of each station, and monthly totals of each abstract being in- 
 serted in the Local Summary in the same order. The sum- 
 mary is then added up. 
 
 The totals of the foreign abstracts are transferred to the 
 Foreign Summary in like manner ; each Company's traffic, 
 however, is kept separate, and the stations are entered in 
 alphabetical order as explained. The amount of the " Light " 
 summary is inserted at the foot, the total being then added 
 to that of the " Local," to shew on the latter a grand total 
 for the month. 
 
 A detailed account is given on the back of the Local 
 Summary of each outward horse, carriage, &c, ticket issued 
 during the month, with the charges, foreign as well as local. 
 
44 
 
 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
 
 
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Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 45 
 
 39. SUMMARY OF TOTALS. This is given in the 
 form illustrated on the back page of the Local Parcel Summary, 
 and includes both local and foreign traffic. 
 
 It will be seen that those items only are included which affect 
 the debit against the station to which the return relates : that is, 
 only those amounts are entered, for the collection and remittance 
 of which the Agent at such station is held responsible, after 
 deductions have been made under the head of credits for 
 " paid ons," " throughs," and other allowances. 
 
 The outward " paid," outward " excess luggage," and inward 
 "to pay" (debits), also the outward "paid ons," and inward 
 " throughs " (credits), are copied from the front page of the 
 Summary. 
 
 The remaining items we may refer to separately : 
 
 40. " Cloak Room Receipts." These are summarised from 
 the daily returns ; the daily totals, and a total for the month 
 only being given. 
 
 41 . " Cab Rents." Rents paid by Cab Proprietors for use of 
 Company's stands are collected by the Clerks-in-charge, who are 
 advised by the Superintendent of the amounts. They are en- 
 tered in a return shewing the following particulars : Name of 
 proprietor ; amount of deposit ; number of cabs ; rate per cab 
 per week ; total, as per summary. 
 
 42. " Time Tables?' These are distributed by the Stores 
 department in accordance with the Superintendent's instructions, 
 and a statement is sent to each station, shewing the number of 
 books supplied. 
 
 When out of date, books unsold are returned with the state- 
 ment, to the Accountant ; the number sold or retained for 
 station use having first been entered therein. 
 
 The cash for books sold is included with the daily remittances 
 for parcels, and the monthly total is taken to debit in the 
 summary, as shewn. 
 
46 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 43. "Extras? This is the month's total of the extras book, 
 the nature of the entries in which has been explained. An 
 exact copy of this book, called " Extras Summary," is sent to 
 the Accountant with the monthly returns. 
 
 44." Refused Parcels Account!' This is a special entry, 
 and refers only to the accounts of the station to which parcels 
 refused by addressees may be sent from all parts of the system. 
 When there are charges upon such parcels for carriage, they are 
 re-charged " paid on, to pay " per parcel-way-bill, to that station. 
 A monthly list of the charges is prepared, and the debits 
 cleared by a credit entry in the Summary of Totals as shewn, 
 such entry being certified by the traffic Superintendent, who 
 also issues instructions as to the disposal of the parcels. 
 
 45. " Overcharges" Particulars of overcharges on local traffic 
 are entered on special returns (Form No. 17, App.) but only 
 those items are abstracted that affect the debit of the station, 
 viz. : overcharges on inward " to pay," and outward " paid " or 
 " paid on " amounts. 
 
 Reference to correspondence with the station from which 
 the parcel was received, or to which forwarded, and the authority 
 for the overcharge entry, is attached to the abstract in every case. 
 
 A separate form is used for traffic with each station ; a sum- 
 mary being then made, and the total thereof entered in the 
 Summary of Totals as above. 
 
 When the whole amount of the way-bill debit requires 
 clearing it is necessary to apply to the Superintendent for a 
 " Local Recharge Voucher," and in this case, the item is re- 
 charged to the debit of the Accountant 
 
 Overcharges on foreign traffic are cleared by means of " paid 
 ons," as previously explained. 
 
 46. " Delivery Bill." This is required only at places where 
 Agents are employed to deliver parcels, and an allowance per 
 parcel is made by the Company for such service. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 
 
 47 
 
 The number of parcels delivered each day is ascertained from 
 the delivery book or sheets, and the account certified and paid 
 by the Clerk-in-charge at the end of each month, out of his 
 general coaching receipts. The Agent's receipt for the amount 
 is taken on the Delivery Bill, which is sent with the Parcel 
 Summary (on which credit is taken, as shewn), to the Ac- 
 countant. 
 
 When Agents undertake the collection of parcels for transit by 
 Railway, and open Town Receiving Offices, they usually receive 
 a commission or small booking fee from the Railway Company 
 for this service. 
 
 We now come to the final operation in connection with the 
 Parcel, &c., Summaries, viz. : 
 47. Balancing the Totals. 
 
 Should agree with 
 the total for the month of 
 > the Delivery and Warehouse 
 Books. 
 
 The Inward To Pay of the 
 maries, phis amounts charged on 
 parcels, &c., received without bills 
 
 and taken to debit in Extras, and 
 
 minus overcharges 
 
 f the total of the Inward 
 
 The Inward To Pay, minus] , f . _, . ~ , 
 
 \ column of the Parcel Cash 
 overcharges and outstandings 
 
 i 
 
 The Outward Paid (minus 
 overcharges and outstandings) 
 and outward excess luggage 
 
 The Outward Paid ons, In- 
 ward Throughs and Delivery Bill 
 
 Cloak Room and Time Table * 
 Receipts, Cab Rents and Extras} 
 
 The totals of the Cash Book 
 
 Book. 
 
 the total of the Outward 
 column of the Parcel Cash 
 Book. 
 
 the month's total of the cor- 
 responding deductions in the 
 Cash Book. 
 
 the Cash Book. 
 
 the corresponding totals in 
 the Station's Coaching Re- 
 venue Book. 
 
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Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 49 
 
 If the work has been correctly done there will be no trouble, 
 but if there is a difference, no effort should be spared to discover 
 the cause, notwithstanding that this may involve the checking of 
 all the entries. A true balance will save much subsequent 
 labour, both at the station and in the Accountant's office and 
 Railway Clearing House, to say nothing of the satisfaction 
 derived, and credit gained, by a methodical and accurate ren- 
 dering of the returns. 
 
 It would be found that a daily comparison of the way-bills, 
 with the entries in the delivery and other books, would prove a 
 valuable aid in balancing the monthly totals. 
 
 After the returns have been balanced, copied in a tissue book, 
 and despatched to the Accountant, the way-bills are tied up in 
 bundles, docketed, and put away at the stations for future 
 reference. 
 
 MONTHLY RETURNS OF PASSENGER TRAFFIC. 
 
 48. Monthly Classification of Passenger Traffic. 
 
 This return, like the Train Book, is made up from the com- 
 mencing and closing numbers of the tickets and coupon 
 orders. 
 
 The "commencing" numbers are the closing numbers of 
 the previous month brought forward, and the u closing " num- 
 bers are copied from the next ticket to issue, immediately 
 after the departure of the last train in the current month. 
 
 All stations to which passengers have been booked during 
 the month are entered in this return ; also every description 
 
50 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 of ticket issued, excepting Tourists', Season, and Member-of- 
 family tickets, for which special forms are used. 
 
 The commencing and closing numbers are shewn in all 
 cases when there have been bookings, otherwise commencing 
 numbers only are given. All the details are first entered and 
 worked out in books kept at the stations, and afterwards 
 copied on loose sheets, these latter being sent to the Accountant. 
 
 The entries are usually made in the following order : 
 
 I. Bookings to local stations. 
 II. Pleasure parties. 
 
 III. Two Companies' traffic. Each terminal Company's 
 
 traffic is kept separate, and the stations are entered, 
 by each route, in alphabetical order. 
 
 IV. Three or more Companies' traffic : entered in like 
 
 manner. 
 V. Special settlements : i.e., Foreign traffic, the receipts 
 
 from which are divided by special arrangement 
 
 between the Companies interested. 
 VI. Bookings by Special trains, and Special bookings by 
 
 ordinary trains: copied from the red ink entries 
 
 in the Train Book. 
 VII. Continental bookings: entered from the counterfoils of 
 
 the coupon orders. 
 
 Blank card and foreign paper tickets are entered by them- 
 selves as "local," "two," "three" or more Companies' traffic, as 
 the case may be, in the ordinary classification ; as are also 
 Excess Fares (of which a monthly summary of the daily 
 totals is made), and Soldiers', &c., tickets as shewn by the 
 counterfoils of the tickets issued. 
 
 It may be useful to remark that in taking the closing 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 51 
 
 numbers, the work at large stations is done very rapidly by 
 one person reading the numbers from the tickets to another 
 who writes them in the book, and repeats aloud the figures 
 written down as a check upon mistakes in transcribing. 
 
 Credit is allowed for unsold half single journey tickets, and 
 for the triangular pieces cut from return tickets, in the column 
 headed " Children," the number of each half being entered in 
 the margin for this purpose. 
 
 When tickets, for any reason, are not issued, credit is 
 allowed in the "not sold" column, the number of each being 
 given.' 
 
 All unissued whole and half tickets are tied up in the same 
 order as they appear in the " Classification," and sent therewith 
 to the Accountant; otherwise "credit is not allowed. 
 
 When the entries and calculations have been completed, 
 each page is added up, and the totals inserted. 
 
 The next operation is to carry the totals, including also the 
 totals of the Season, and Tourist ticket Classifications (referred 
 to below), to a summary on the last page. A Grand Total 
 for the month is then made. 
 
 If the details have been correctly worked out, the Grand 
 Total, less outstandings for season tickets not delivered, will 
 agree with the month's total for " passengers " in the station's 
 Coaching Revenue Book. Differences may be discovered 
 either by checking the entries and calculations, or if a " Daily 
 Classification Book" is not kept, by adding together and 
 comparing the train book entries for each station with the 
 corresponding entries in the classifications. 
 
 49. Season, and Member-of-Family Ticket Clas- 
 sification (Form No. 18, App.). This is made up from the 
 General Manager's statements previously referred to (19). The 
 correct debit should be entered for each ticket received from the 
 Manager during the month, whether the amount has, or has not 
 
52 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 been collected. The totals (amounts only) for the month are 
 carried to the summary, as mentioned above. 
 
 In the event of season tickets not being taken up by the 
 applicants, they are returned to the Manager, by whom the 
 Accountant is advised, and credit is allowed in the following 
 month's return. Some Companies, however, make it a rule to 
 require payment before the tickets are prepared, and this, of 
 course, does away with " outstandings " altogether. 
 
 50. Tourist Classification. This contains a specifica- 
 tion of tourist tickets issued, together with their separate and 
 collective value, each month during the tourist season. The 
 numbers and amounts are shewn in precisely the same way as 
 in the ordinary classification, to the general summary of which 
 the totals of the Tourist Classification are carried. 
 
 51. Tourist Extension-of-Time Ticket return. This 
 contains the particulars of extension-of-time tickets issued, also 
 of the expired tickets. It is made up from the counterfoils 
 of the former, and the total is included in the general 
 summary. The surrendered tickets are sent to the Accountant 
 with the return. 
 
 52. Foreign Companies' Proportions. To facilitate 
 the work of the Audit office, the foreign Companies' propor- 
 tions of through traffic are inserted in the classifications by the 
 stations in all cases where the foreign proportion rates have 
 been supplied. But all through bookings, except tourists', are 
 entered on form No. 19, App., whether rates have been supplied 
 or not ; the " Foreign Proportion " being afterwards dealt with 
 by the Accountant or the Railway Clearing House in those 
 cases where rates have not been furnished. 
 
 Particulars of foreign paper tickets issued during the month, 
 and the foreign proportions of the fares, are included in these 
 returns ; also " excess fares," when other Companies are entitled 
 to participate. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 53 
 
 Separate forms are used for two, and three Companies' 
 traffic, commencing numbers being brought forward in those 
 cases only where there have been bookings. 
 
 An account of tourist tickets issued is entered, for the pur- 
 pose of calculating the foreign Companies' proportions of the 
 receipts, on form No. 20, App., and sent to the Accountant 
 with the tourist classification each month during the tourist 
 season. The mileage and foreign proportion columns in this 
 return are filled up by the Accountant's staff. 
 
 53. SUMMARY OF TRAFFIC. This is shewn at the 
 foot of the last page of the Ordinary Passenger Classification, 
 and exhibits the gross amount with which the station is debited 
 in respect of all Coaching Traffic from or to that station during 
 the month. In this summary we have, 
 
 I. The amount received from Passengers. 
 
 This portion of the debit is brought down from the 
 Summary of Classification totals (48). 
 II. Parcels, &c. This is the amount of the debit shewn 
 by the Parcel Summary of Totals (39). 
 
 III. Telegrams. This is the amount received from the 
 
 Telegraph Clerk during the month as shewn by the 
 returns relating thereto, and Station's Daily Coach- 
 ing Revenue Book (23). Then follows, 
 
 IV. The total of I., II., and III. ; from which is deducted 
 
 the amount of the credits for " paid ons," &c., 
 entered in the Parcel Summary of Totals, the 
 difference being 
 
 V. The Net amount for which the Station-Master is 
 accountable. This amount should be equalled by 
 his remittances of cash, plus any items not collected 
 on parcels, season tickets, &c., shewn in detail in 
 the " Coaching Outstandings " book. 
 
54 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
 
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Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 55 
 
 The correctness of the return as to tickets, numbers, and 
 money is certified by the Station-Master, 
 
 54. Coaching Outstandings Book (Form No. 21, 
 App.). This book is designed to shew the state of the station's 
 Coaching Balance at the end of each month. 
 
 It contains a statement of: 
 
 I. The previous month's balance brought forward, and the 
 
 current month's classification debit. 
 II. The amount of the cash remittances in current month ; 
 
 and 
 III. Particulars of the balance. 
 
 This balance may consist partly of charges on parcels, &c., 
 not received in time to be delivered within the month for which 
 the way-bills are dated ; partly of charges on articles left until 
 called for ; partly of charges on parcels refused by consignees, 
 or for other reasons not delivered ; and partly of items taken to 
 debit in the classification for season tickets received from the 
 General Manager, but not delivered to applicants within the 
 month. 
 
 As nearly all the transactions that affect the debit of a 
 station, are, in the Coaching department, for " cash on delivery," 
 a note should be made as to the cause of outstanding against 
 those items not paid or cleared. Reference, also, to any cor- 
 respondence relative thereto, should be entered in each case. 
 
 55. Statement of Coaching Balance. This is the 
 Station-Master's Balance Sheet for the Accountant, and shews 
 for all descriptions of Coaching traffic at the station to which it 
 relates : 
 
 I. Debits. 
 
 (a) Balance from last month's account. 
 
56 Raikvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 (b) Gross classification debit for current month. 
 
 (c) Special debits (see below). 
 
 (d) Total debit. 
 
 II. Credits. 
 
 (a) Cash paid to Bank for current month's traffic. 
 
 (fr) Cash paid to Bank for previous month's balance. 
 These entries (a and b) should correspond 
 with the month's total of the Coaching 
 Revenue Book and Secretary's receipts. 
 
 (c) Credits for " paid ons," &c., as per Parcel Sum- 
 
 mary of Totals. 
 
 (d) Special Credits. Items are not entered in this 
 
 column without the express authority of the 
 Accountant. 
 
 III. Balance Outstanding, as per Coaching Out- 
 standings Book. A statement shewing how this is 
 made up is given on the back of the return. 
 
 The following instructions as to " Special debits " and season 
 tickets are printed on the form : " If the cash paid to Bank 
 " for passengers exceeds the passengers' total upon the classifi- 
 " cation, the difference must be taken to debit on this balance 
 "sheet in the special debit column, an explanation of the same 
 
 " being attached hereto Season tickets coming into 
 
 "operation in the following month must be taken to debit 
 " currently, if the cash has been received." 
 
 56. We conclude this Section with the following resume of 
 the ordinary monthly returns of Coaching traffic sent from each 
 station to the Accountant : 
 
 General Passenger Classification and Summary of Traffic, 
 
 with unsold and half-tickets. 
 
 Season and Member-of- Family Ticket Classification. 
 Tourist Ticket Classification (during the Tourist Season). 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Coaching. 57 
 
 Tourists' Extension-of-Time Ticket return. 
 
 Foreign Proportion returns. 
 
 Postal Telegraph and Porterage returns. 
 
 Parcel, &c., Abstracts and Summaries. 
 
 Cloak Room return. 
 
 Cab Rent return. 
 
 Train Time-Books return, and books unsold. 
 
 Local Overcharge Abstracts and Summaries. 
 
 Agents' Delivery Bill. 
 
 Extras Summary. 
 
 Refused Parcels Account. 
 
 Statement of Coaching Balance. 
 
STATION ACCOUNTS OF TRAFFIC 
 
 (GOODS DEPARTMENT). 
 
 It is perhaps scarcely necessary to repeat what has been said 
 about the importance of following Official instructions in con- 
 nection with Railway work. The statements, and any 
 suggestions offered herein, are based upon, and it is believed will 
 be found to harmonize with, the practice of the principal 
 Companies, but that should not in any way diminish the 
 emphasis of the preceding remark. 
 
 57. OUTWARD GOODS, INVOICING, &c. The 
 foundation of the accounts of the Goods department is the 
 invoice. This, like the parcel way-bill, contains particulars of 
 the consignment (copied from the consignment note), and the 
 charges for carriage, cartage, &c. 
 
 58. Consignment Notes. Several forms of consign- 
 ment note are used, varying with the nature of goods offered, 
 and the conditions under which they are accepted for con- 
 veyance. These conditions are printed on the forms. 
 
 For general merchandise carried at rates under which the 
 Company takes the ordinary risk of a Carrier, and performs the 
 cartage, form No. 22 (App.) is generally used. These forms are 
 also bound into books of convenient size for the public, who take 
 a receipt, on a perforated counterpart, for goods delivered to 
 the Company, 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 59 
 
 For goods which the sender desires to be carried at lower, or 
 " owner's risk " rates, a similar form is used ; but in this case the 
 following heading is substituted for that on form No. 22. 
 
 CONSIGNMENT OF GOODS TO BE CARRIED AT OWNER'S RISK. 
 
 THE RAILWAY COMPANY HEREBY GIVE NOTICE that they have two 
 
 rates for the conveyance of certain articles one, the ordinary rate, if they take the 
 ordinary liability of the Carrier ; the other a reduced rate, adopted if the Sender 
 relieves them of all liability for damage or delay. 
 
 To the____RAILWAY COMPANY. 
 
 STATION, 189 
 
 The Railway Company are requested to receive and forward as per 
 
 Address and particulars on this note the undermentioned Goods which are received by 
 the Company upon the terms stated on the other side, and on condition that they shall 
 be unloaded by the Consignee, within 24 hours after notice to him of their arrival at 
 the station to which they are consigned, or after the expiration of that time an 
 additional charge beyond the amount due for carriage will be made by the Company 
 of 35. per truck, for every day or part of a day during which the unloading shall be 
 delayed, and the Goods will be held by the Company as Warehousemen only, and at 
 the sole risk of the Owner. 
 
 The Goods to be carried at the reduced rate below the Company's ordinary rate, in 
 
 consideration whereof I ^^ndertake to relieve the Raihvay Company ', and 
 
 all other Companies over whose lines the goods may pass, from all liability in case of 
 damage or delay. 
 
 SENDER ADDRESS 
 
 For goods carried at special rates, under which the Company 
 takes the ordinary risk of a Carrier, but does not perform the 
 cartage, a form like the foregoing is used, the notice as to 
 owner's risk being omitted. 
 
 For gunpowder, fireworks, dynamite, and other dangerous 
 goods, carried only under special regulations, a " Consign- 
 ment note for dangerous goods " is used, and the following 
 take the place of the ordinary conditions of conveyance : 
 
 In order to afford the utmost security to the public against any accidents which may 
 be apprehended from the conveyance of Gunpowder^ Lucifer-Matches, and other 
 
60 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Dangerous Articles on the Railway, the Company decline to receive such dangerous 
 articles, except under the following Regulations and Conditions : 
 
 Articles of the description abovementioned will not be received unless plainly and 
 fully addressed, and with the contents of each package written or printed thereon ; 
 and unless they are also in good condition, and in strong and sufficient packages. 
 The Company cannot allow them to remain on their premises longer than is absolutely 
 necessary ; and, if not accepted by the Consignee, will be immediately returned to 
 the Sender, who will be called upon to receive them at once and pay the whole 
 charges incurred for CARRIAGE, BACK CARRIAGE, and RE-DELIVERY. 
 
 The duties of Common Carriers in respect of Goods conveyed under this Agreement 
 are not undertaken by the Company, nor are the Company to be subject to any risk of 
 loading, stowage, or unloading, nor are they to be answerable for loss or damage, 
 actual or consequential, nor for discrepancy in the delivery as to either quantity, 
 number, or weight, nor for the condition of Articles so carried, nor for any con- 
 sequences arising from over carriage, detention, or delay in, or in relation to, the* 
 conveying or delivery of them. 
 
 Senders of Dangerous Articles who do not give notice in writing of the contents of 
 Packages containing such Goods are liable to a penalty of ^20. 
 
 These Regulations and Conditions cannot be altered or dispensed with by any 
 person whomsoever, and are applicable for the whole distance the articles are carried. 
 
 CONSIGNMENT NOTE FOR DANGEROUS GOODS. 
 
 Station, _ .189 
 
 The RAILWAY COMPANY are requested to receive and forward, as per 
 Address and particulars on this note, the undermentioned Goods, on the Conditions 
 and Regulations stated above, to all of which hereby agree. 
 
 Sender Address 
 
 In the case of oily goods, such as oily rags, paper, waste, and 
 canvas for packing, the conditions are as under : 
 
 And in consideration of the Company accepting the said Oily Rags, Oily Waste, Oily 
 Paper, or Oily Canvas, to be carried as aforesaid, it is agreed that the said Rags, 
 
 Waste, Paper, or Canvas, is carried at sole risk, and that 
 
 relieve the Company from all liability, and can make no claim against them for any 
 loss, destruction, or damage of, to, or in respect of the said Rags, Waste, Paper, or 
 
 Canvas, arising from Fire ; and further agree, that on the arrival at the 
 
 Station to which it is consigned, as above, the said Rags, Waste, Paper, or Canva?, 
 shall be removed therefrom within twenty-four hours after delivery of the Advice of 
 
 Arrival to Consignee. Failing which, authorise the Company to deposit 
 
 the in some public wharf at expense, but in case no such wharf 
 
 exists at the place of destination, or if the wharfinger refuses to accept the Rags, 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 61 
 
 Waste, Paper, or Canvas, empower the Company to sell the said Rags, 
 
 Waste, Paper, or Canvas, for the charges thereon, and retain all sums of money 
 payable under or by virtue of this Contract. 
 
 In Witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above 
 written. 
 
 Signature 
 
 As the Agent and on behalf of the Railway Company _ 
 
 For naphtha, petroleum, benzoline, and other mineral oils, 
 special forms are also used ; the sender being required to sign a 
 declaration printed thereon as to the degree of heat at which the 
 oils will give off inflammable vapour. 
 
 When the vapour given off is inflammable at a less tempera- 
 ture than 1 00 Fahrenheit, the sender is required to sign a 
 special contract note as follows : 
 
 And in consideration of the Company accepting the said Goods to be carried as 
 
 aforesaid, it is agreed that the said Goods are carried at sole risk, 
 
 and that relieve the Company from all liability, and can make 
 
 no claim against them for any loss, delay, destruction, or damage of, to, or in respect 
 
 of the said Goods, from whatever cause arising ; and further 
 
 agree that, on the arrival at the Station to which they are consigned as above, the said 
 Goods shall be removed therefrom within two working hours, after the delivery ol 
 
 the advice of arrival to consignee. Failing which agree to pay 
 
 a sum of five shillings per ton per hour, to be recovered or retained by the said 
 
 Railway Company, as and for liquidated damages, and if not removed 
 
 within twelve working hours authorise the Company to sell the 
 
 said Goods for the charges thereon, and retain all sums of money payable under or by 
 virtue of this Contract. 
 
 In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above 
 written. 
 
 Signature 
 
 As the Agent and on behalf of the Railway Company 
 
 It is the duty of the Warehouseman, or Checker, to see that 
 consignment notes are correctly filled up ; that the names 
 and addresses, or marks given therein correspond with those on 
 the goods, and that the nature of the consignments, quantities, 
 weights, &c., are accurately inserted. 
 
62 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 The consignment notes are then handed to the Invoice Clerk, 
 the owners' names and the numbers of the wagons into which 
 the goods have been loaded, having first been marked upon 
 them. 
 
 59 Invoicing. Too much importance cannot be attached 
 to careful preparation of the invoices. An incorrect statement 
 thereon as to the destination, ownership, or description of the 
 goods, or even the insertion of a wrong wagon' number, might 
 lead to complications and loss. The route, also, should be 
 distinctly given when invoicing to foreign stations, so that each 
 Company may receive its proper proportion of the charges for 
 carriage. 
 
 Form No. 23 (App.) is generally used for invoicing goods to 
 local stations, and to foreign non-competitive stations. 
 
 For goods consigned to the stations of competing Companies 
 a similar form is used, but the sender's name is inserted in a 
 column at the end of the invoices and torn off, after tissue copies 
 have been taken, and before the invoices are despatched. 
 
 Consignment notes and invoices are numbered consecutively, 
 the number of the one being usually marked on the other to 
 facilitate reference. 
 
 When goods are loaded into a wagon which is not intended to 
 run through, the name of the transhipping station is marked on 
 the invoice against the number of the wagon. 
 
 Goods of a light nature for intermediate stations for which 
 there may not be sufficient to make a wagon load, are usually 
 conveyed in the van of the train. The invoices in such cases are 
 marked "Van," and the particulars entered on the Guard's way- 
 bill (Form No. 24, App.), to which the invoices are attached. 
 The Guard of the train is expected to compare the entries in his 
 bill with the invoices and goods, and is held responsible for their 
 delivery to the person in charge at the destination station, whose 
 signature is taken in the column provided for that purpose. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 63 
 
 When all the goods and invoices have been delivered, and the 
 signatures obtained, the way-bills are sent to the office of the 
 Goods Manager. 
 
 The Sender's name is not in all cases known to the Company 
 when carriers collect the goods and hand in their own consign- 
 ment notes, or when goods are transhipped by another Railway 
 Company. In such cases the carriers or the Railway Company 
 are assumed to be the senders, and their names are inserted 
 accordingly. 
 
 The full address of the Consignee, as given in the consign- 
 ment note, is always entered in the invoice, unless he is either 
 well known to the Company's staff, or the goods are consigned 
 to the care of carriers. In the latter case the name of the 
 carrier is inserted in the column for that purpose. 
 
 To enable the invoice clerk to calculate the charges for 
 carriage, he is furnished with a copy of the " Clearing House 
 Classification of Goods." The articles in this list are with few 
 exceptions arranged in classes, regard being had, in the classi- 
 fication, to the nature and value of the goods, and to the various 
 conditions in and under which they are carried ; e.g.^ articles 
 such as common bricks and iron ore, loaded and unloaded 
 by the owners, and carried at their risk, are placed in the 
 "Mineral" class, and charged at low "station to station," or 
 " not carted," rates. On the other hand, articles more liable 
 to damage, such as furniture, musical instruments, and other 
 goods needing special care, and in respect of which the Com- 
 pany takes the ordinary risk of a carrier and performs the 
 cartage, are placed in a higher class. For these, higher rates 
 are charged. 
 
 The rates, &c., as advised by the Goods Manager from time to 
 time, are entered in a Rate Book : local first, in alphabetical 
 order of stations, and foreign next, the latter in alphabetical 
 order of Companies. Reference to the Manager's authority for 
 
64 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 all alterations or additions, is noted in the book when making 
 the entries. 
 
 New rates should not be quoted by agents without the 
 Manager's sanction ; all new traffic likely to be offered being 
 immediately made the subject of correspondence and negotia- 
 tion. 
 
 The rate having been entered in the invoice, the charges are 
 calculated and extended, " paid," or " to pay," as the case may 
 require. 
 
 In the "carted," "not carted," and "mineral class" columns 
 of the invoice, is entered, as a rule, the weight of goods 
 carried at " carted," " not carted," and " mineral class " rates 
 respectively. The exceptions to this rule are specified in the 
 regulations. 
 
 "Smalls," under 112 Ibs., except returned packages, are 
 entered as one hundredweight, the actual weight being shewn 
 in the margin of the invoice. The charges for packages of 
 500 Ibs. or under are regulated by a special tariff.* 
 
 When goods are carried at owner's risk, the sign " O.R." is 
 made in juxta-position to the rate on the invoice. 
 
 Returned empty packages, except those specified in the re- 
 gulations, and such as are carried free, are invoiced carriage paid. 
 M If returned empties be invoiced ' carriage to pay ' without 
 previous arrangement, the receiving station is at liberty, without 
 asking authority, to recharge the amount to debit of sending 
 station ; and the sending station is bound to take such recharge 
 invoice to account, provided it be made within three months of 
 the date of the to pay invoice." 
 
 * Numerous alterations in the conditions under which goods are carried, also in the 
 rates, terminal allowances, and classification of the articles, arising out of the enquiry 
 held by the Railway Rates Commission have been proposed to the Railway Com- 
 panies by the Board of Trade. At the time of writing, these proposals many of 
 almost vital importance to the Companies, had not received their approval, and 
 were being made the subject of further negotiation. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 65 
 
 Free empties are entered on free invoices, and are carried 
 from station to station only, "unless under special circumstances 
 the Companies interested agree to allow cartage." 
 
 " If desired, senders of goods may be permitted to pay a 
 portion of the carriage, leaving the remainder of the charge to 
 be paid by Consignee " (vide regulations). 
 
 The nature of " paid ons " has been explained in connection 
 with the Coaching accounts. In the Goods department, however, 
 the expression " paid ons " has a wider meaning, often including 
 sea freight, custom house duty, port charges, &c., and " Paid 
 ons not paid''' This latter term comprehends a variety of charges, 
 not for cash actually paid out, but for special services rendered, 
 meat cloths, hampers, &c., supplied by the Company, for which 
 charges are made in addition to the through rate. It includes 
 charges for warehousing, wharfage, junction, and other 
 dues accruing to the Company ; also charges for sack hire, risk, 
 and demurrage. These special charges (as in the case of covered 
 carriage trucks), are shewn as " paid on," mainly in order that in 
 dealing with the returns of foreign traffic, the invoicing Company 
 may be credited therewith by the Clearing House. It is obvious 
 that if the amounts were simply added to the charges for 
 carriage without being shewn as " paid on," the Clearing House 
 would allocate to other Companies a proportion of earnings 
 for work they had not performed. " Paid ons not paid " are 
 invoiced to local as well as to foreign stations, whether they 
 be in connection with "paid" or "to pay" items. It will be 
 explained, farther on how these credit entries are dealt with. 
 It is sufficient for the present to remark that in the case of 
 foreign traffic, they represent the items for which the invoicing 
 Company requires credit in the Clearing House settlement. 
 
 In invoicing grain separate forms are used, and special in- 
 structions as to sacks let out by the Company for hire have to be 
 observed. These will be explained in dealing with the accounts. 
 
66 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Distinctive invoices are used for Irish and Continental traffic. 
 Invoices of Continental traffic are accompanied by a declaration 
 (signed by the sender) as to the nature, weight, value, and origin 
 of the goods, and an undertaking to pay " carriage, duties, 
 and all other lawful and customary expenses, and return 
 charges thereon, should they be refused by consignee." 
 
 All invoices should be checked with the consignment notes, 
 rate book, &c., and errors corrected, before being copied and 
 sent away. When this is done a great saving of correspondence 
 in clearing undercharges and overcharges is effected. 
 
 Invoices, except those of " van " goods, are despatched by 
 the best available means, so as to reach the transhipping or 
 destination station before, or by the time of the arrival of 
 the goods so that there may be no delay in unloading or 
 delivery. At important stations, where the invoices are nume- 
 rous, the signature of the Guard of the train to whom they 
 are delivered, is taken in a book provided for this purpose, 
 called the Invoice Despatch Book. 
 
 When dangerous or perishable goods are consigned, the 
 wagons into which such goods are loaded are labelled with 
 special labels. 
 
 " When through goods are sent to any station for tranship- 
 ment, an advice way-bill of mixed trucks containing the 
 totals of the invoices of such goods shall be sent to the 
 transhipping station along with the original invoices " (vide 
 regulations) 
 
 The conditions of Insurance are the same for goods as for 
 parcels. Special consignment notes and labels are used, and 
 similar precautions taken for the safe transit of the articles 
 insured in each case. The charges for insurance are entered on 
 the invoices. 
 
 60. Live Stock is not entered on goods invoices, but on 
 tickets (type numbered, with counterfoils), supplied by the 
 Accountant. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 67 
 
 Instructions as to this description of traffic are, as a rule, 
 fastened in the cattle rate books, and the following will be 
 found to embody the principal points : 
 
 The regulations respecting disinfecting and cleaning of cattle docks and wagons 
 must be strictly carried out. 
 
 If the Company is required to provide sawdust or tan for cattle trucks, a charge 
 of per truck must be made, the same to be entered on the invoice as a paid on. 
 In booking Live Stock the following rules must be strictly adhered to : 
 I. The ticket must be written legibly and signed by or for the Clerk in charge. 
 II. The number of each wagon must in all cases be distinctly stated, and 
 entered in the proper column. 
 
 III. The number and description of animals for which the ticket is issued must 
 
 l)e correctly entered, and those charged for as half a wagon placed 
 opposite the number of wagon in which loaded. 
 
 IV. The signature of the Sender must be obtained upon the duplicate ticket, 
 
 and the Clerk booking the stock must also sign it as witness to the same. 
 
 V. As a general rule the charges for conveyance of Live Stock must not be 
 received until the Stock is loaded ; but if at any time it is found neces- 
 sary to depart from this instruction, it must only be done after the Clerk 
 has satisfied himself that there is a sufficient number of wagons on hand 
 for conveyance of Stock expected. 
 
 VI. Care must be taken that doors of wagons and vans are securely fastened 
 
 before leaving the station at which loaded. 
 
 VII. Every wagon containing Live Stock must be labelled on both sides with 
 the name of the station whence it is despatched, and to which it is 
 booked ; the number of cattle, sheep, or other stock it contains ; the 
 name of the Consignee ; and a ] so the words " carriage paid," or "carriage 
 to pay," and the charges. 
 
 VIII. A Cattle way bill must be given to the Guard of the train by which 
 wagons containing Live Stock are sent, to be left at the station where 
 the wagons are detached. 
 
 IX. Live Stock, when carried at per head rates, must be carefully counted in 
 the wagons at the loading, and counted out of the wagons at the un- 
 loading station. 
 
 X. When Live Stock is charged at per wagon rates the unloading station will 
 check the number of wagons entered on the way bill with those received, 
 and see that the proper rates are charged, and that no greater number 
 of animals are allowed for a half- wagon load, nor in a large and medium 
 wagon charged at the small wagon rate, than is provided for in the 
 Railway Clearing House classification book. 
 
 XL Should any discrepancies be found to exist, an undercharge invoice must 
 be obtained in the usual way, failing which, a report of the circum- 
 stance must immediately be made to the Goods Manager. 
 
68 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 XII. If dealers take part of their Stock out of a wagon at any station between 
 the place of booking and destination, the Stock so removed must be 
 charged as though conveyed in a separate wagon. 
 
 XIII. All Live Stock must be put together next to the brake, and in case any 
 
 shunting is required at intermediate stations, the cattle on the train 
 must be left with the brake until it arrives at its destination, and not 
 shunted about with the remainder of the train. 
 
 XIV. If rates are required to stations upon any other railway, which are not 
 
 already provided for, special applications must be made to the Goods 
 Manager for them. 
 
 XV. It is imperative that Live Stock should not be booked to places where 
 there is no direct train service ; and when any Stock is received for 
 such places, the sender must be informed that there is no through 
 communication, and their instructions must be taken as to the point to 
 which the Stock must be booked. 
 XVI. Horses in droves conveyed in cattle wagons are subject to the conditions 
 
 printed on the back of the Live Stock ticket. 
 
 XVII. Cattle Dealers' or Drovers' passes. Cattle dealers or drovers, and parties 
 with horses in cattle wagons, in charge of, and accompanying their 
 Stock, will be allowed to ride free, either in the brake van, or in a 
 carriage attached to the train ; 
 
 In charge of i to 3 wagons . . . . i man free. 
 
 Do. 4 to 6 ,, 2 men do. 
 
 Do. 7 to 14 ,, 3 do. do. 
 
 Do. 15 to 20 4 do. do. 
 
 Do. 21 ,, and upwards 5 do. do. 
 
 The only form of pass to be the endorsement of the Station Clerk 
 written across the ticket, which is to be delivered up on the arrival of 
 the Stock at their destination. 
 
 No pass to be granted unless the party in charge travel by the same 
 train as the Stock. 
 
 XVIII. The Clerk in charge will be held responsible for carrying the above in- 
 structions into effect, and seeing that they are strictly observed. 
 
 Note. When there are two or more routes to competitive stations, 
 the rates must be calculated upon the distance by the shortest route. 
 
 61 .-IN WARD INVOICES, GOODS, &C.-A11 inward 
 invoices, especially at large stations, should be registered 
 immediately they are received, and the time marked upon 
 them. A book is provided for this purpose, and when systema- 
 tically kept, is calculated to prevent the loss of invoices, and 
 delay in disposing of goods. It is also invaluable as a check 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 69 
 
 upon the accounts. Even at the smaller stations warehousemen 
 and checkers will be more likely to see that invoices are not 
 carelessly thrown about, if they know they are registered 
 before being placed in their hands, than if this were not 
 done. 
 
 The time of arrival and unloading of goods should be marked 
 on each invoice, and the articles examined, counted, or weighed, 
 to see that they correspond with the particulars given. Any 
 sign of pilferage, damage, or discrepancies in quantity, 
 weight, &c., should be noted on the invoice, and initialled by the 
 person who discovers the same. 
 
 Such cases are at once reported to the sending and tranship- 
 ping stations. When goods are missing or appear to have been 
 tampered with, and it has been ascertained that they were duly 
 forwarded in proper condition, an advice is sent to the Com- 
 pany's Detective department so that further enquiries may be 
 made. 
 
 This advice should give all information likely to be of service 
 in tracing where the pilferage or loss took place, and reference 
 to the correspondence should be marked on the invoice. 
 
 Particulars of goods received unentered are recorded in the 
 checker's report book ; the station at which the wagon was 
 labelled being asked to send an invoice. If such goods are 
 addressed, they are delivered either with an assumed charge, or 
 " account to follow," as the circumstances require. It is the 
 practice to send addressed tranship goods received without 
 
 account, to their destination invoiced thus : " In wagon 
 
 ex without account;" or such other remark as may 
 
 enable the destination station to obtain an invoice of charges. 
 
 Weekly advices of goods on hand without account, and of 
 goods missing, are sent to the Goods Manager's department, 
 where they are compared with similar returns from other 
 stations, and such action taken as may 
 
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Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 71 
 
 Goods for transhipment are registered in the "Transfer" 
 book, which shews full particulars of the goods, also the 
 dates received and forwarded, where from and to, wagon 
 numbers, &c. " Each transhipping station should shew in legible 
 characters, by stamp or otherwise upon the face of the invoice, 
 the station at which, and the date on which goods are trans- 
 ferred, together with the marks and numbers of the wagons 
 into which they are loaded " (vide regulations). 
 
 A memorandum is made in the Transfer book, and also upon 
 the invoice, of any damage which tranship goods may appear to 
 sustained ; and in the case of goods in a bad condition being 
 handed over by another Railway Company or a Carting Agent, 
 their attention should be directed thereto, and a note made on 
 their delivery sheet when giving a signature. 
 
 After the invoices have been verified by the goods, the 
 former are returned to the office to be checked as to rates and 
 charges for carriage. Undercharges and overcharges are noted in 
 the proper columns and dealt with as explained farther on, the 
 correct amounts and other particulars being then entered for 
 delivery as follows : 
 
 62. Delivery Of Goods. The weights of carted goods are 
 entered on the Carmen's Delivery Sheets (Form No. 25, App.) 
 as " general " ; not carted, as " excepted." Additional charges for 
 delivery of not carted and out-boundary goods are shewn on 
 the sheets, and added to the invoice charges for carriage. The 
 extra charges are also recorded in the cartage column of the 
 invoice. 
 
 When the carriage is paid, or consignee has a Ledger account, 
 this is stated oh the delivery sheet. 
 
 Reference to the number of the sheet is given upon the 
 invoices. 
 
 The total weight, and the charges to collect, also the " time 
 out " (i.e., the time the goods are delivered to the carman), and 
 carman's name, are then entered in the 
 
72 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Cartage Register, in which his signature is obtained 
 before the goods are taken away. 
 
 When goods are addressed " paid," but invoiced " to pay," 
 and the charges cannot be collected from the consignee, the 
 amount is recharged to the sending station which is bound to 
 accept the debit, provided the address card on which the word 
 " paid " is marked, is returned with the re-charge invoice. 
 
 When the deliveries have been completed, the sheets are 
 examined as to signatures, and the amount of cash collected, or 
 " to collect in porters'," together with the time the sheets are 
 returned, is entered in the columns provided for this purpose in 
 the Cartage Register. (See " Porters' Cash Book.") 
 
 The completed sheets, which are type numbered, are then 
 fastened in skeleton guard books for reference. 
 
 Duplicate delivery sheets, printed in red ink, are used for 
 goods received without account ; also for the re-entry of items 
 not cleared before the cash settlement is made with the carmen 
 at the close of each day or journey. 
 
 Advices of the arrival of not carted or out-boundary goods 
 are sent to the consignees when other arrangements have not 
 been made. Printed advice notes are used, and when these 
 are delivered by the Company's messenger, the consignee's 
 acknowledgment is taken. 
 
 When goods of a dangerous nature are received, a special 
 advice note is sent, requesting their immediate removal. 
 
 All goods carted away by consignees are entered and signed 
 for in the Warehouse books. (See farther on.) 
 
 When goods " to await order " are received at stations where 
 there is a large traffic, or are likely to remain on hand for more 
 than a week, they are entered in the 
 
 Warehouse " Stock Book " (Form No. 26, App.). The 
 stock is checked every week, and carried forward to a new 
 account monthly. Charges for wharf or warehouse rent are 
 entered in the columns provided for these items. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 73 
 
 Inward grain is signed for in the Grain Warehouse 
 Book. (Form No. 27, App.) 
 
 In the event of consignee refusing to receive goods invoiced 
 to him, the regulations provide that <f such goods shall in no case 
 be returned to sending station until instructions have been ob- 
 tained from sender, who must be immediately advised of the 
 refusal ; if consignee tenders a consignment and orders the goods 
 to be returned or otherwise disposed of, he must be told that, be- 
 fore such consignment can be accepted, he must pay the carriage 
 and sign the delivery sheet." 
 
 Subject to this rule, and to the Goods Manager's instructions 
 in each case, refused and unclaimed goods (except perishables, 
 which are usually sold at the stations), are sent to the Company's 
 lost property department, where a Register is kept, and pro- 
 gressive numbers affixed to all goods received, for the purpose of 
 identification. 
 
 Periodical sales of such goods are held, and the proceeds 
 are paid to the Secretary of the Company. 
 
 63, Ropes. Ropes for securing goods are obtained from 
 the Rope Depot. Each rope has a metallic ferrule fixed upon it, 
 stamped with a number and the initials of the owning Company. 
 
 With the view of preventing the loss of ropes, each carries a 
 debit of I os. That is to say, when a rope is sent from the 
 Depot to a station, it is entered on an ordinary goods invoice, 
 paid on ios., and to pay ios., to the debit of that station ; which, 
 when the rope is sent forward, clears the inward debit by a paid 
 on and to pay entry for ios. on the invoice of the goods it 
 secures ; and so on, from station to station, until the rope 
 reaches a station that has no use for it, or needs repairs, when it 
 is addressed and returned, paid on, to pay ios., to the Depot. 
 
 When ropes are sent to foreign stations, they are invoiced 
 in the same way as to local stations ; and when foreign Com- 
 panies' ropes (which likewise carry a debit of ios., and have 
 
74 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 distinctive marks and numbers) are received, it is important 
 that they be legibly addressed and returned to the station from 
 which they were received, within fourteen days from the date of 
 the invoices on which they were entered, the debits being 
 recharged. 
 
 The mark and number on the ferrule should in all cases be 
 given on the invoice ; also reference to the date and number of 
 the invoice on which ropes returned were originally entered. 
 
 If a station omits to return and re - invoice a foreign rope 
 within the time named, it forfeits the privilege of re-invoicing 
 for the full amount, and may re-charge 55. only ; the loss in 
 such cases being reported to the Goods Manager, whose 
 authority is necessary to clear the balance of the debit. 
 
 Foreign ropes received without invoice should be returned 
 without delay, with a free invoice, to some station on the parent 
 line, so that when a moneyed invoice is received the debit may 
 be re-charged by referring to such free invoice. 
 
 To enable the Goods Manager to trace missing ropes, he is 
 furnished by each station with a monthly return of ropes 
 invoiced but not received, or received without account. 
 
 Ropes not received back from foreign stations within fourteen 
 days should also be entered in this return, with a remark as to 
 the action that has been taken, and stating whether they 
 were afterwards received, and, if invoiced, with what debit. 
 
 GOODS ACCOUNTS. 
 
 64. The accounts of the Goods Department are divided, for 
 the purposes of cash collection, into two sections, viz. : 
 " Porters' " and " Ledger " Accounts. The former indicate 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 75 
 
 ready money transactions, the Company's charges being expected 
 to be paid either at the time of collection, or on delivery of the 
 goods. The latter indicate credit transactions, for which 
 accounts are opened in the Company's Ledgers in the Accoun- 
 tant's office, these accounts being payable monthly. 
 
 Persons wishing to have a Monthly Ledger Account are 
 required to fill up a form of application stating the probable 
 average amount of the account per month, Christian and surname 
 and address of each partner in the firm, trade or profession, 
 business address, and the names of the stations at which credit 
 accounts are desired. Applicants are also requested, unless 
 they are well known, to give a Banker's reference, and to 
 signify by the customary signature of the Firm, their assent to 
 the Company's conditions on which monthly credit accounts 
 are opened. These conditions are : 
 
 I. All goods, minerals, and other articles and things must be properly described 
 or declared, the correct weight given, and the nature and contents of the 
 packages stated at the time of delivery to the Company or their Agent. 
 
 II. A Delivery note must in every case be tendered to the Company therewith. 
 
 III. The Company's Ledger Accounts are made up monthly, and they must be 
 paid in full before the close of the month following that for which the 
 account is rendered ; any errors, &c., if pointed out in due course, to be 
 allowed in a subsequent month's account. 
 
 IV. Due and proper attention will be given by the Company to all complaints 
 and claims, provided they are made in writing to the Goods Manager, 
 within three days after delivery, of the goods, mineral?, and other articles 
 and things ; and if, on examination, the claims for damages and losses are 
 found correct, the amounts ascertained to be due will be at once paid. 
 
 V. Credit will only be given to parties having accounts open in the Company's 
 Ledger Account ; fresh application, on a proper form, must be made for 
 credit at any other stations. 
 
 VI. All moneys which the Company may pay, or become liable to pay to other 
 Railway Companies, or Carriers, or other persons for the conveyance of, or 
 charges upon goods, minerals, or other articles and things received by the 
 Company for conveyance to, or to the order of the party having an account 
 open in their Ledger, shall be considered as a debt due from such party to 
 the Company, and shall be recoverable by them from such party accordingly 
 VII. Should the account not be paid in accordance with the above conditions, the 
 Company to have the right at any time to detain any goods, minerals, and 
 
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Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 77 
 
 other articles and things belonging to the debtor in their possession, by way 
 of lien, to secure the general balance owing to them ; and also to sell such 
 goods, minerals, and other articles and things, and also to detain and sell all 
 wagons belonging to the debtor ; and to apply the proceeds in or towards the 
 liquidation of the debt then due to the Company ; provided nevertheless that 
 in case any person with whom a credit account has been opened shall become 
 bankrupt, or suspend payment, or make an assignment for the benefit of his 
 creditors, or execute a Deed of Composition with his creditors, then the 
 Company shall have the right to detain and sell such goods or wagons by 
 way of lien, and apply the proceeds thereof as aforesaid, notwithstanding 
 that the usual month's credit has not expired, or that the account for the 
 preceding month has not been rendered. 
 
 The forms of application are sent to the General Manager, 
 who determines each case, and issues the necessary instructions. 
 
 We shall first explain how Porters' Accounts are kept. 
 
 65. PORTERS' LEDGER. In this book are entered, each 
 month, all Porters' accounts (but not Ledger accounts), that 
 affect the station's debit. 
 
 When made up, it shows the month's total of outward paid 
 and inward to pay items (plus undercharges and minus over- 
 charges), porters' extras, and previous month's omissions, which, 
 with the preceding month's outstandings brought forward, 
 constitute the debit ; also cash received, local allowances, past 
 foreign overcharges, re-charges, and transfers to other accounts, 
 which make up the credit ; the difference, or excess of debits 
 over credits, representing outstandings, to be carried forward in 
 detail to the next month's account. 
 
 " Outward paid " items are entered seriatim according to the 
 printed headings, from the tissue copies of the invoices, and the 
 counterparts of cattle tickets, daily. At some stations a few 
 pages of the Porters' Ledger are appropriated at the beginning 
 of each month to foreign traffic, local being also entered 
 separately. In other cases separate books are -used. This 
 facilitates the balancing of the outward foreign and local 
 abstracts. 
 
78 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 A summary of totals only of inward to pay items is made in 
 the Porters' Ledger at the end of each month, the amounts 
 being copied from the Warehouse Book (70), and Delivery 
 Sheet, or Cartage Register (62), which contain the details. 
 
 Extras, for cartages, entered as "additional charges" in the 
 delivery sheets and cartage register, are carried in total to the 
 extras column of the Porters' Ledger ; other items being usually 
 copied in detail from the extras book and shewn at the foot of 
 the ordinary entries. The month's total of the extras column 
 of the Porters' Ledger should agree with the total of the 
 " Porters'"' column of the Extras Book. 
 
 The credits for cash received are posted up from the Porters' 
 Cash Book, with which the month's total of the Porters' Ledger, 
 including the totals of the Warehouse Book, Cartage Register, 
 and Extras, should correspond. 
 
 We will describe the use of the columns for Local allowances, 
 Past foreign overcharges, Re-charges, and Transfers to other 
 parties, separately. 
 
 66. Local Allowances. When invoices of goods not received, 
 or duplicate invoices, have been taken to debit and require clear- 
 ing, or an overcharge has been discovered in a past month's 
 outstanding item, or rebates are allowed on goods invoiced at 
 rates which include cartage, but which have been carted by 
 senders or consignees ; or when, for any other reason, any 
 portion or the whole of a local (not foreign] debit requires 
 writing off, credit is allowed by a " Local Allowance " entry 
 on the credit side of the Porters' Ledger or Warehouse 
 Book. 
 
 The particulars of every item and the nature of the allow- 
 ance or overcharge for which credit is taken in this way, are 
 required to be fully set forth in a Local Allowance voucher, 
 (Form No. 28, App.), which is attached to the Daily Advice 
 of Collection (78), and sent, together with a copy of the 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 79 
 
 invoice, and the original correspondence noting the overcharge, 
 or authorising the allowance, to the Accountant. 
 
 If the allowance be a deduction from a Ledger account, the 
 signature of the party concerned is obtained to the form of 
 acknowledgment at the foot of the voucher. If it be a porters' 
 item the fact is stated in the place for the signature. 
 
 67. Past Foreign Overcharges. This voucher, similar to Form 
 No. 28, App., stands in the same relation to past month's foreign 
 items , as the local allowance voucher does to local ; and the 
 clearances are effected, so far as the station is concerned, in 
 a similar way. The only difference is that foreign items are 
 extended into the past foreign overcharge column of the 
 Porters' Ledger or Warehouse Book, and a foreign Over- 
 charge Sheet (Form No. 36, App.) is required to be filled up, 
 certified by the sending station, and attached to the voucher ; 
 these documents being then sent, with the daily advice of 
 collection, as in the case of local allowances, to the 
 Accountant. 
 
 68. Re-charges. If the payment of an inward to pay item 
 be disputed by consignee and cleared by re-charge, " paid on " 
 and " to pay/' to the debit of sending station ; or if outward 
 goods be erroneously invoiced " paid " instead of " to pay," and 
 afterwards re-charged to the debit of destination station, the 
 items so cleared are entered in the re-charge column. 
 
 Re-charges to foreign stations are entered on ordinary invoices 
 and to local stations, on " Local Transfer" forms (No. 29, 
 App.). Before sending a re-charge invoice or transfer, however, 
 it is necessary for the Clerk-in-charge at the station requiring 
 credit, to ascertain whether the Agent at the station he proposes 
 to debit can collect the amount, and to obtain his authority for 
 the re-charge, except when returned empties are invoiced 
 " 8 to pay " without previous arrangement, or goods are addressed 
 " paid," and the^label is attached to the re-charge invoice. 
 
8o Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 The particulars of, and reference to, the original entry, and 
 the name of the party from whom the money is to be collected, 
 is stated on the face of the re-charge invoice or local 
 transfer ; but the weight should not be entered on foreign re- 
 charge invoices, because, if abstracted, the terminal Companies 
 might be credited with double terminal allowances by the Clear- 
 ing House. 
 
 69. Transfers to other Accounts. This column is intended for 
 Porters' items transferred to the debit of persons who have 
 Ledger accounts with the Company. If for example, an item 
 had been treated as " Porters'," and entered in the Porters' 
 Ledger, and it was afterwards found that the party had a 
 monthly account, the Porters' Ledger would be cleared by an 
 entry in this column, and by posting to the account of the 
 party to be debited. This column is also occasionally used 
 when persons pay accounts direct to the Secretary of the 
 Company. In such cases the station requiring credit is ad- 
 vised by the Accountant, and the remark " Cash paid Secre- 
 tary" is made against the credit entry in the Porters' Ledger. 
 
 The converse column, " Transfers from other Accounts," is 
 used when Ledger accounts are transferred to " Porters'." 
 
 The following regulations respecting the use of these columns 
 should be carefully observed : 
 
 "Accounts must not, under any circumstances, be transferred from Ledger 
 accounts to Porters' Ledger, except in cases where the items have been posted to 
 Ledger accounts in error, and the cash has to be collected through Porters' accounts ; 
 nor from Porters' to ' Ledger,' excepting where amounts have been erroneously 
 entered to ' Porters', and have to be collected through Ledger accounts. 
 
 Under no circumstances must an account be transferred to Porters' Ledger for 
 the purpose of being re-posted to the same or any other Ledger account. 
 
 In cases where persons object to sign 'L.A.,' or ' P.F.O.' vouchers, amounts 
 must not be transferred from Ledger to Porters' for the purpose of treating them 
 as Porters' allowances, but the 'L.A.,' or 'P.F.O.' vouchers, must be sent to the 
 chief offices with a full explanation why signature has not been obtained. 
 
 In cases where traders insist upon having amounts which have been previously 
 erased by them re-entered in their accounts, this must be done by adding the items 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 8 1 
 
 in red ink at the foot of the account after the debit list total has been made, and 
 also in red ink on the debit list immediately over the total amount of the account, 
 the amounts so added not being included in the current month's total of account 
 on debit list, nor in the grand total of the debit ; the red ink entry on debit list 
 being for Accountant's use only. 
 
 Ledger Collectors must not make entries in Porters' Ledger. Transfers to Porters' 
 must be made only with the direct sanction and authority of the Agent or Clerk 
 of accounts. 
 
 A monthly detailed list of all transfers made through the ' other parties ' column 
 must be sent to the Accountant with the monthly accounts, and made out in the 
 following order: 1st All transfers from Ledger to Porters'. 2nd All transfers, 
 Porters' to Ledger. Full particulars of each entry must be given, with the reason 
 why the transfer has been made. 
 
 Instructions to Collectors. 
 
 A return must be sent to the Accountant with the monthly accounts, and must 
 contain a list of Re-charges and Transfers, the total to agree with the amount 
 taken credit for on the General Ledger Summary." 
 
 70. Warehouse Book. In this book are entered, day by 
 day, all the current month's inward to pay Porters' items in 
 respect of goods, grain, cattle, &c., taken away from the station 
 by consignees, whose signatures are obtained, except for 
 grain (which are taken in the Grain Warehouse Book), in the 
 column " by whom received." 
 
 In the Warehouse Book are also recorded any disputed or other 
 in \vard to pay items that are not collected at the time goods 
 are delivered, or before the delivery sheets are returned to the 
 office. These uncollected items are extended, as we have seen, 
 to the column in the Cartage Register "To collect in Porters'" ; 
 the monthly totals only of the collected amounts being carried 
 to the Porters' Ledger. 
 
 As the delivery sheets containing the details are carefully 
 preserved, this saves considerable labour ; but it is of course 
 essential that they as well as the cartage register, which 
 forms an important part of the accounts, should be correctly 
 written up, and the totals balanced across ; otherwise it might 
 prove very difficult to balance the abstracts at the end of the 
 month. 
 
82 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
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Station Accounts of Traffic &dTx&^^ 8. 
 
 83 
 
 At some stations the invoices are checked with the delivery 
 sheets and warehouse book daily. 
 
 At stations where the number of entries is comparatively 
 small, all inward to pay porters' items (except ropes) are 
 entered in detail in the Warehouse Book, whether the goods be 
 carted or not carted by the Company, or the money be collected 
 or not collected at the time of delivery. The cartage register 
 is useful in such cases mainly as a record of weights, and of 
 the return of the delivery sheets to the office. 
 
 At the end of the month the totals of the Warehouse Book 
 are balanced across, and carried to the Porters' Ledger; all 
 outstandings being carried forward in detail to the following 
 month in the latter book (except where a Porters' Outstand- 
 ing Book is kept), and so on from month to month until they 
 are cleared. 
 
 Inward to pay debits for ropes are entered in the Rope 
 Ledger, and not in the Warehouse Book or Porters' Ledger. 
 (See Rope Ledger). 
 
 As inward invoices are entered in the delivery sheets or 
 warehouse book, the folio or progressive number is marked upon 
 them, the amount entered being also inserted in the column 
 for " Porters'. " 
 
 The same is done in the tissue copy books when entering 
 outward paid items in the Porters' Ledger. 
 
 71. Porters' Outstandings Book. This is kept only 
 at stations where the outstandings are very numerous. When it 
 is used, each month's current outstandings are drafted from 
 the Warehouse Book and Porters' Ledger, and the necessity 
 for carrying forward the items in the latter, except in total, is 
 thus obviated. The objects of the Porters' Outstandings Book 
 which has several sets of money columns in each opening, are 
 chiefly to save the trouble of re-copying the invoice particulars 
 of amounts carried forward month by month, and to give clerks 
 
Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
 H_ 
 
 1 
 
 * TOTAL, carried to Porters' Ledger, 
 t There are three extra sets of Money Columns to the right of these, so that the book serves for four months' outstandings without 
 Jhe necessity of carrying details forward during that period. A column is also provided for remarks as to " why out.-uanding," 
 
 PORTERS' OUTSTANDINGS BOOK. 
 
 
 
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Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 85 
 
 whose duty is to look after outstanding items, better control 
 over their work. 
 
 72. Extras Book. All items, whether Porters' or Ledger, 
 collected from the Public, or accruing to the Company in respect 
 of traffic for which there is not an invoice debit in the current 
 month, are entered in this book and accounted for as " Extras," 
 better known by some Companies as " Special Debits." 
 
 Additional charges for cartages, entered in the delivery sheets; 
 also warehouse rent, as per Stock Book (No. 26, App) ; wagon 
 demurrage, as per weekly returns sent to the Goods Manager ; 
 manure and other sales ; sack demurrage, as per monthly inward 
 sack abstracts ; and various other items, come under the 
 category of " extras," or " special debits." 
 
 It has been explained that for charges made in addition to 
 the rate in respect of outward traffic, for services rendered, &c. 
 (excepting insurance), debits are raised by entries on the out- 
 iuard invoices, and are shewn as " paid on," and " paid," or "to 
 pay," as the case may be, whether such charges are paid by 
 sender or consignee. These charges do not appear in the 
 Extras Book, because they are abstracted by the sending and 
 receiving stations as ordinary traffic ; the " paid ons " being 
 treated by the sending station as " not paid." (See " Paid ons 
 Book.") 
 
 Particulars of items to be taken to debit as " extras " 
 should be entered in the Extras Book immediately the charges 
 have been incurred, and extended into the columns to which 
 they belong. Thus, separate columns are provided for Rope 
 extras, Agents' extras, and Sack demurrage ; while all items to 
 be carried to the Porters' Ledger are entered as " Porters' 
 Accounts," and monthly accounts as " Ledger Accounts " ; the 
 name of the person to be debited being given, in the latter case, 
 in the margin. 
 
86 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
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Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 87 
 
 Extras for sales of stable manure, and goods compensation 
 sales (i.e., for damaged goods &c. refused by consignees, and 
 sold by authority of the Goods Manager), are also distinguished 
 from the rest, the month's totals thereof being entered separately 
 in the monthly debit list, and not included with the ordinary 
 Porters' debit. (See examples.) 
 
 When manure or goods have been sold, two advices signed 
 by the Agent, giving full particulars of the sale, amount 
 realised, name and address of purchaser, also reference to the 
 Goods Manager's authority for the sale, are sent one to the 
 Accountant, the other to the Goods Manager. 
 
 The Agents are held responsible for the collection of 
 the proceeds of such sales, which are paid to Bank with the 
 ordinary receipts. 
 
 For further particulars respecting rope extras, agents' extras, 
 and sack demurrage, see " Rope Ledger," " Carting Agents' and 
 Carriers' Accounts," and " Sacks." 
 
 The Extras Book is added up and ruled off monthly. 
 
 73. Rope Ledger. This book contains a record of the 
 debits and credits for ropes, these not being included in the 
 Porters' accounts. The debits are written up from the inward 
 invoices and the credits from the outward, as the ropes are sent 
 away and re-charged to other stations. If ropes are missing or 
 lost, the debits are cleared by local allowance or past foreign 
 overcharge, for which the necessary authority must be obtained 
 from the Goods Manager. The book is ruled off at the end of 
 every month, and the outstandings, representing ropes on hand, 
 are carried to the following month's account. 
 
 When "local" ropes are on hand without account, and it is not 
 known from what station they were received, debits are raised 
 through " extras," and re-charged in the usual way when used. 
 
88 
 
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 74. 
 
 PORTERS' CASH BOOK. 
 
 Date. 
 
 189 . 
 
 1 
 
 Name. 
 
 Station. 
 
 Folio. 
 
 Collected 
 from 
 Public. 
 
 Collected 
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 Clerks. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cashier's 1 
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 * As per Porters' Ledger. 
 
 It is very important that all Porters' items, extra charges, &c., 
 collected on both inward and outward traffic, be entered, as 
 soon as received by the Cashier, in the Cash Book. A receipt 
 should not be given by him until a proper note of the item has 
 been made. 
 
 When two or more items outstanding against a person are 
 paid at the same time, separate entries should be made in the 
 Cash Book, so that the proper debits may be cleared in the Por- 
 ters' Ledger. It is not, ; however, necessary to enter separately 
 all the items shewn in the delivery sheets, the totals only of 
 the collected cash represented by these being entered, with refe- 
 rences to the sheets, in the Cash Book. These entries should 
 agree with those in the cash column of the Cartage Register. 
 
 The columns " collected from public," and " collected from 
 clerks/'' are not much used for the purposes indicated by the 
 headings. The general practice is to enter all amounts collected 
 on inward traffic in the first column, and outward paid items in 
 the second. This plan is a good one, as it affords a readier clue 
 to the debit entries in the Warehouse Book, Porters' Ledger, or 
 Porters' Outstandings Book, and consequently the posting of 
 the cash into these books may be more quickly and accurately 
 done. 
 
 At places where two or more clerks are appointed to receive 
 payment of accounts, it is necessary to use petty, or sub-cash 
 
9O Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 books. At the close of each day the entries in these books are 
 transferred to the general cash book, and the cash is handed to 
 the Chief Cashier of the station, by whom it is paid, less paid 
 ons as shewn by his Daily Advice of Collection, to the 
 Coaching department to^be remitted to Bank. 
 
 The cash is posted daily into the Porters' Ledger, Warehouse 
 Book, and, where it is used, Porters' Outstanding Book, the 
 totals being balanced monthly. 
 
 75. Receipts for Money. Adhesive forms of receipt, 
 stamped and unstamped, are . supplied in books by the 
 Accountant. These have perforated counterparts, are type 
 numbered consecutively, and are entrusted only to clerks whose 
 fidelity is guaranteed. It is the duty of the Chief Clerk, or 
 Cashier, at each station, to examine the receipt books daily, 
 and to check the counterfoils with the Cash Book ; and in the 
 case of Ledger accounts, with the Daily Advice of Collection 
 sent to the Accountant. 
 
 When a receipt book has been filled up, the Clerk-in -charge is 
 required to certify at the end thereof that the entries on all the 
 counterfoils have been duly accounted for, and to return the 
 book to the Accountant. 
 
 When senders or consignees of goods collected or delivered 
 by the Company's draymen (who are not permitted to have 
 possession of the receipt books), pay to them the charges for 
 carriage, and require receipts at the time, bill heads, or 
 carriage notes, shewing particulars of goods and charges are 
 supplied for the purpose. 
 
 76. Cash Refunds. When moneys for carriage have 
 been collected and remitted to Bank, and an overcharge in 
 connection therewith is afterwards discovered ; or when it is 
 found that the charges collected were entered " paid " on an 
 inward invoice, or " to pay " on an outward invoice, a form of 
 application (Form No. 30, App.) for authority to refund the 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 91 
 
 amount is filled up. This is sent, with all papers and corres- 
 pondence respecting the overcharge attached : to the Goods 
 Manager, if it be an overcharge in the weight or rate ; or to 
 the Accountant, if it be an error in collection. 
 
 Authority to deduct the amount from a subsequent day's 
 cash receipts is then sent to the station by the Goods Manager 
 or Accountant, with instructions to repay it, take a receipt, re- 
 charge the amount by invoice to the debit of the Accountant, 
 and to attach the receipt and authority for the refund to the re- 
 charge invoice. 
 
 It is necessary to raise debits in " extras " for amounts over- 
 charged in the collection of cash. 
 
 77. Claims. All claims in respect of lost or damaged 
 goods are submitted to the Goods Manager on a form shewing 
 the following particulars, and to which all correspondence on 
 the subject, also copies of invoices, are attached. 
 
 Station, 
 
 Claim, No. . 
 
 Name of Claimant 
 
 Dale Amount of claim 
 
 For 
 
 Entered per Invoice No. Dated 
 
 From To In truck 
 
 Goods with 
 
 Station remarks 
 
 When the Manager authorises the station to settle the claim, 
 the amount paid is stopped from the day's traffic receipts, 
 and re-charged to the Accountant, paid on and to pay, on an 
 ordinary invoice, with the original claim, Manager's authority, 
 and claimant's receipt annexed thereto. 
 
92 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 A Claims Register is kept at the principal stations shewing 
 the progressive number, date, particulars, and amount of each 
 claim; also the date submitted to the Manager, whether paid 
 or declined, and if paid, the date and amount, reference to 
 invoices, correspondence, &c. 
 
 78, Daily Advice of Collection. (Form No. 31, App.) 
 This is made up daily, press copied, and despatched to the 
 Accountant by the first train on the day following that to 
 which it refers. It shews in the " paid " column the day's 
 total of Porters' cash received as per Porters' Cash Book ; 
 the amount deducted therefrom for paid ons, including refunds 
 and amounts paid in settlement of claims, and the net 
 amount paid to the Coaching department for transmission 
 to Bank. 
 
 The advice also sets forth all other items, such as local allow- 
 ances, past foreign overcharges, &c., placed to the credit of 
 Porters' accounts in the Porters' Ledger, Outstandings Book, 
 Warehouse Book, or Rope Ledger, each day ; rope allowances 
 and rope re-charges are shewn in the advice, however, in 
 red ink, these being treated as " Ledger," and not as " Porters'," 
 items. Proper vouchers for allowances, local and foreign, 
 should be attached to the advices, otherwise these credit items 
 are not passed by the Accountant. 
 
 The receipts for cash refunds and paid claims are, as stated 
 above, attached to the re-charge invoices. 
 
 The names of parties debited with amounts entered as 
 " Transfers to other accounts," should be noted in the margin 
 of the advice ; and when cash has been paid by customers 
 direct to the Secretary, reference to the Accountant's notifi- 
 cation thereof and authority to clear, should be given. 
 
 Cash paid to Bank and other credits on account of demurrage 
 on inward sacks, manure sales, and goods compensation sales, 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 93 
 
 not being included in the Porters' Ledger debit, are entered 
 separately on the daily advices of collection in red ink, for 
 the guidance of the Accountant's department in dealing with 
 these items. (See " Debit List.") 
 
 The month's totals of the cash and credits (exclusive of the 
 red ink entries), entered in the daily advices, must agree with 
 the totals of the Cash Book and Porters' Ledger ; and if it is 
 found in testing the totals at the end of the month, that aft 
 allowance, re-charge, or other item, has been omitted, a 
 " supplementary " advice should be at once sent to the 
 Accountant. 
 
 The cash deductions for paid ons are agreed with the " paid 
 by paid ons clerk " column in the Paid ons Book. 
 
 The Paid ons Clerk, or Goods Agent, certifies by his signa- 
 ture on the daily advices the correctness of the amounts 
 entered therein for paid ons. The Station Master, or Booking 
 Clerk, whose duty is to remit the cash, also certifies by his 
 signature the net amount handed to the Coaching department 
 for payment to Bank 
 
 79, Paid ons Book. This book contains an analysis 
 or classification of the amount for which credit is taken in 
 the outward abstracts. In other words, every item that appears 
 in the paid on columns of outward invoices, abstracts, and 
 summaries, must also appear, with its particulars, in the Paid 
 ons Book. 
 
 These items are divided into four classes, viz. : (i) paid ons 
 not paid ; (2) paid ons by agents ; (3) re-charges and transfers; 
 (4) paid by paid ons clerk. 
 
 The nature of "paid ons not paid" having been explained, 
 it is only necessary here to quote the Accountant's instructions,, 
 issued with each Paid ons Book, as to the division of these 
 items when making up that book, and monthly summary of 
 paid ons. 
 
94 
 
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Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 95 
 
 " Paid ons not paid" 
 
 No. i Column. Enter the charges made for cartage, labourage, timber loading, 
 
 grain shooting, or any other services rendered by the Company, for which 
 
 a charge is made in addition to the rate. 
 No. 2 Column. Enter the charges made for the hire of meat cloths, hampers, 
 
 grain strings, or any other things supplied by the Company, for which 
 
 a charge has to be made. 
 No. 3 Column. Enter the charges made for warehousing, wharfage, junction, 
 
 and other dues accruing to the Company. 
 No. 4 Column. Enter the charges made for sack hire, risk, and two and four 
 
 days' demurrage, /.<?., demurrage on sacks had out to fill, but detained 
 
 beyond the time allowed. (See " sacks "). 
 
 It will be observed that the foregoing paid ons, being " not 
 paid" do not affect the cash debit, and beyond the entries in 
 the paid ons book and monthly abstracts and summaries, do 
 not require to be further dealt with by stations. 
 
 " Paid ons by Agents " consist of items entered as paid on to 
 reimburse to carting agents or carriers, such as Pickford & Co., 
 and Chaplin & Home, moneys paid out by them on goods, &c., 
 handed to the Company for forward transit, and chargeable to 
 consignees. These paid ons are not paid to the carting agents 
 at the stations, but are shewn separately in one of the vacant 
 columns in the Paid ons Book (a column being usually ap- 
 propriated for each Agent), also on the Monthly Paid on 
 Summary, and are held to credit at the Accountant's office 
 in account with the parties concerned (See " Carting Agents' 
 and Carriers' Accounts.") 
 
 "Re-charges and Transfers" consist of (i) Rope re-charges, 
 which should agree with the re-charge column on the credit side 
 of the Rope Ledger ; (2) Porters' re-charges and transfers, to 
 correspond with the re-charge columns of the Porters' Ledger 
 and Warehouse Book ; and (3) Ledger re-charges, for an ex- 
 planation of which see " Ledger Accounts." Sack re-charges 
 and transfers are also entered separately in one of the spare 
 .columns. 
 
96 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 "Paid by Paid ons Clerk!' This represents cash actually 
 stopped from the traffic receipts and paid out, as shewn by the 
 daily advices of collection. For every amount entered in this 
 column, therefore, a receipt must be obtained either in the Paid 
 ons Book or on a voucher, as under : 
 
 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 PAID ON VOUCHER. 
 189 . 
 
 
 Station, 
 
 Received of the 
 
 Railway Company, the sum of 
 
 
 Pounds, 
 
 Shillings, Pence, for 
 
 amount charged on 
 consigned to 
 
 
 
 
 
 as per Invoice 
 
 No. to 
 
 Station, dated 
 
 1 80 . 
 
 - - 
 
 Received by 
 
 
 NOTICE. This form is not to be used except when a Signature cannot be obtained in the Paid On 
 Book. 
 
 The receipts taken in the Paid ons book are examined by the 
 Accountant's Inspectors who visit the stations, and all vouchers 
 not sent with re-charge invoices to the Accountant are required 
 to be handed to them. 
 
 The Paid ons Book is added up and ruled off at the end of 
 every month. 
 
 80, LEDGER ACCOUNTS. All inward to pay and out- 
 ward paid invoices of goods to or from persons who h^ive a 
 monthly account, are posted direct from the invoices to the 
 bills to be sent out to customers in the following way : 
 
 At the commencement of each month, two Bill-heads for each 
 firm one for inward, and the other for outward traffic, are 
 marked with the name and postal address. (Form No. 32, 
 App.). The.se forms are then arranged in alphabetical order, 
 and numbered consecutively inward and outward separately. 
 
 As the items are "posted," the number of the account is 
 marked upon the invoice, and the amounts extended to the 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 97 
 
 column provided in the latter for this purpose. When all the 
 invoices for the month have been thus dealt with, the accounts 
 are added up, and, after their accuracy has been proved, are 
 ruled off, the total of each person's outward account being 
 added to that of the inward. (See "Debit List" and 
 " Balancing "). 
 
 The accounts are then press copied, entered in the Debit 
 List as hereafter shewn, and sent with the monthly returns, 
 to the Accountant, by whom they are examined, recorded > 
 and sent to customers. 
 
 To facilitate the collection of Ledger accounts, which are due 
 before the close of the month following that for which they are 
 rendered, the stations are grouped into districts, and a Collector 
 appointed to each district 
 
 The collectors are advised by the Accountant of the 
 respective amounts of the bills sent out for them to collect, 
 except at large stations, where this information is obtained by 
 the collectors themselves from the tissue copies of the Debit 
 Lists. 
 
 The only account books required by the collectors are a Cash 
 book and a Ledger. (See next page). 
 
 In the latter should be kept a true record of the state of 
 each person's account, so as to shew, at the close of every month, 
 the a.nount of the gross debit for that month, as advised by the 
 Accountant or ascertained from the Debit Lists, also the 
 amounts collected, re-charged, or allowed, and the balance 
 outstanding. 
 
 As the accounts are collected, the items are entered on a 
 Daily Advice of Collection, and paid to the Coaching depart- 
 ment for Bank ; the advices being press copied and sent to 
 the Accountant, as in the case of Porters' accounts. 
 
 All Ledger accounts are required to be paid in full ; any 
 overcharges, allowances, &c., being credited in a subsequent 
 
 H SlS& 
 
 f*^ OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 I* 
 
 f 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 - 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 99 
 
 month's account, and shewn opposite the respective parties' 
 names in the Advices of Collection. 
 
 Credits for amounts re-charged to other stations are entered 
 in the ledger re-charge column of the Paid ons Book ; and the 
 station debited deals with the item as an ordinary entry, as 
 explained above. 
 
 81. Bad Debts. When there is probability of a debt 
 becoming bad, the circumstances should be reported to the 
 General Manager, so that in the case of foreign traffic the 
 Railway Clearing House may be advised, and any loss appor- 
 tioned between the Companies interested. 
 
 82. Undercharges, whether in weight, rate, calculation, 
 or addition, are noted on the invoices or tissue copies, and 
 entered in the Undercharge Register, whether the debit of the 
 station that discovers them is affected thereby or not. Two 
 Registers are provided for this purpose, one for inward, and 
 the other for outward, undercharges. (Form No. 33, App.) 
 
 Goods received or forwarded without account, or invoiced 
 '' charges to follow," should also be noted in these registers, and 
 marked off when invoices of charges, or, in the former case, 
 undercharge invoices, have been received. 
 
 If the undercharge is an inward item, sending station is 
 requested to make out an additional invoice, " paid," or " to 
 pay," as the case may be. The regulations state that such 
 undercharge invoice must not contain any entries of other goods; 
 but must give reference to the original invoice, and contain no 
 entry of weight, except when the weight was understated in the 
 original invoice, in which case the difference between the weight 
 originally, entered and the actual weight must appear in the 
 weight column of the undercharge invoice. Corrections of 
 undercharges in weight are required to be made upon the same 
 invoice as undercharges in money, when both relate to items 
 entered upon the same original invoice ; and when undercharges 
 
100 
 
 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
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Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 101 
 
 in weight are committed without there being any error in money 
 upon the same invoice, the corrections are invoiced separately- 
 If the sending station first discovers the undercharge, it should 
 at once send a supplementary invoice, if the charges in the 
 original invoice were made " paid ;" but if " to pay," it is necessary 
 to first obtain permission to do so from the receiving station. If 
 such permission is not given within seven days of the error being 
 pointed out, or a sending station refuses to invoice an under- 
 charge pointed out by a receiving station, the matter should be 
 reported to the Goods Manager. 
 
 If the undercharge occurs in an inward to pay, or out- 
 ward paid item, the correct amount should be entered and 
 collected. 
 
 All inward to pay or outward paid undercharges are 
 scheduled on forms No. 34 and 34a respectively (a separate 
 form being used for each pair of stations), and taken to debit by 
 a special entry in the Monthly Summary of Totals, whether 
 undercharge invoices have been received or not. 
 
 The undercharge invoices, when received, are abstracted in 
 the ordinary way, and the extra, or undercharge invoice debits 
 are cleared by posting to the debit of the Accountant. (See 
 example.) 
 
 Undercharge sheets are not sent to the Clearing House for 
 foreign undercharges, the other Companies' proportions of the 
 amounts short charged being secured to them by the terminal 
 stations abstracting the undercharge invoices in the usual way. 
 This, however, in no way interferes with the rule that all under- 
 charges, foreign as well as local, must be taken to debit by 
 stations in the manner indicated above, as soon as they are 
 discovered. 
 
 83. Overcharges. All inward to pay or outward paid 
 current month's overcharges are noted on the invoices, or, if 
 outward, on the tissue copies, the correct amounts being entered 
 
102 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 in the Delivery Sheets, Warehouse Book, or Porters' Ledger, and 
 collected, as in the case of undercharges. 
 
 The original, or invoice amounts, are abstracted, and the 
 overcharges cleared by entering them on overcharge sheets, 
 and making a corresponding deduction from the debit in 
 the Monthly Summary of Totals. 
 
 If an overcharge is not discovered until after an inward to 
 pay or outward paid item has been collected and paid to 
 Bank, it is necessary to obtain the Goods Manager's or Accoun- 
 tant's authority to refund the excess, as before explained. (See 
 Cash Refunds, No. 76.) 
 
 When a station discovers an overcharge in local items, it is 
 essential to get the other station concerned to note the discre- 
 pancy ; and that station whose debit is affected should give a 
 reference to the correspondence in the overcharge sheet. But if 
 the overcharge is in a foreign item, the overcharge sheet itself 
 is sent to the other Company's station to be certified, before 
 being sent to the Audit Office. 
 
 It will be observed that stations do not make returns to the 
 Accountant of under or over-charges which do not affect their 
 debit ; therefore, in the case of inward paid overcharges, the 
 receiving station should, when certifying the forwarding stations* 
 overcharge sheets (which are sent to the stations for this purpose 
 by the Accountant), make a note on the invoice in which the 
 error occurs, that a certificate has been given, and thus prevent 
 the possibility of the overcharge .being allowed a second time. 
 The same remark applies also to outward to pay overcharges. 
 A note should be made on the tissue copies of the invoices by 
 the sending station at the time the receiving station's overcharge 
 sheets are vouched. 
 
 Local outward paid overcharges are entered on form No. 35, App. 
 Foreign do. do. do. 36, ,, 
 
 Local inward to pay do. do. 353, 
 
 Foreign do. do. do. 363, 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 103 
 
 Foreign under or overcharge sheets should not contain any 
 entries except those which result from the correction or 
 alteration of invoices. Any other amounts, such as special 
 cartages, commissions, drawbacks, boatages, &c., &c., which 
 have to be divided between two or more Companies, are 
 entered on a special form. 
 
 It should always be borne in mind that no alteration or erasure 
 of the figures of goods invoices is allowed, corrections being in 
 all cases made in the manner described above. 
 
 MONTHLY GOODS AND LIVE STOCK RETURNS. 
 
 84. Stations are required as in the case of Coaching, to 
 furnish the Accountant at the commencement of every month, 
 with returns of all Goods and Live Stock traffic invoiced in- 
 wardly or outwardly during the previous month ; and to bring 
 together those portions of the charges that constitute the debit. 
 They have also to state the amount of the credit, consisting 
 of cash collected, allowances, recharges, and transfers ; the 
 balance outstanding being carried to the debit of the account 
 of the current month. 
 
 Briefly, these returns are : 
 
 I. Goods and Live Stock traffic Abstracts: made 
 
 up from the invoices and cattle tickets. 
 II. Goods and Live Stock Summaries : made up 
 
 from the abstracts. 
 
 III. Local Transfer (or Recharge) Summaries : 
 made up from the local transfers. 
 
IO4 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 IV. Undercharge and Overcharge Summaries : 
 
 made up from the undercharge and overcharge 
 sheets. 
 
 V. Account of previous Month's Omissions, &c. 
 
 VI. Advice Of Totals : shewing the gross debit for 
 
 inward to pay, outward paid, and extras ; and the 
 
 credit for outward paid ons. This is made up from 
 
 II., III., IV, V., and Extras Book. 
 
 VII. Debit List : shewing how the gross debits, as per No. 
 VI., are distributed for collection, viz. : how much 
 thereof has been posted to the debit of Porters' 
 accounts, how much to the debit of Ledger accounts, 
 and how much to the debit of Special accounts. 
 VIII. Three Balance Sheets, viz.: 
 
 (1) Porters' Ledger Summary : made up from the 
 
 Porters' Ledger, and shewing (a) debit balance 
 from previous month ; (b) debit in Porters' for 
 current month, as per debit list ; (c) cash 
 and other credits ; (d) balance outstanding 
 carried forward. 
 
 (2) Collectors' Ledger Summary ; made up from the 
 
 Collectors' Ledger, and containing particulars 
 relative to Ledger accounts similar to those 
 given in the Porters' Ledger Summary. 
 
 (3) Rope Ledger Summary: made up from the 
 
 Rope Ledger, and exhibiting the debits, 
 credits, and outstandings, on account of ropes. 
 IX. Paid on Summary: made up from the Paid ons 
 Book, and shewing how the corresponding amount 
 entered in the Advice of Totals (No. VI.) is distri- 
 buted. 
 
 X. Statements of Porters' and Ledger Out- 
 standings. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. IO$ 
 
 XI. Agents' and Carriers' Accounts. 
 XII. Sack Hire, Risk, and Demurrage returns. 
 
 85. GOODS ABSTRACTS. The abstracts of forwarded 
 goods are made up from the tissue copies of the outward 
 invoices ; those of received goods from the inward invoices. 
 
 After the inward invoices have been checked and entered in 
 the books, or posted, they are sorted for convenience of ab- 
 stracting in the following order : 
 
 I. Local, in the same order as local parcel way-bills, 
 viz. : 
 
 (a) Traffic with each station. 
 
 (b) Stations in the order of the Accountant's list. 
 
 (c) In order of date. 
 
 II. Foreign. 
 
 (a) Traffic with each terminal Company. 
 
 (b) Traffic with each station. 
 
 c) Stations in alphabetical order. 
 
 (d) In order of date. 
 
 III. Irish : in same order as foreign. 
 
 It has been explained that in abstracting parcel traffic, the 
 items of each day's bills are added together and included in one 
 entry, a month's traffic from a station being thus kept within 
 the limits of a single form. In abstracting goods traffic, 
 however, the date, number, and total weights and moneys of each 
 invoice have to be given, dropping fractions of a hundredweight 
 under half a hundredweight, and treating half a hundredweight 
 or more as one hundredweight. In the case of foreign traffic, 
 the numbers and owners of the wagons, and a description 
 of the goods must also be inserted. Consequently, in recording 
 a month's inward or outward goods traffic between a pair of 
 stations, several forms are frequently used. 
 
106 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 The abstracts are added up so as to shew a monthly total ; 
 and also a weekly total when more than ten invoices are included 
 in one week, the week ending with Saturday. 
 
 It is essential that every inward and outward invoice be 
 abstracted, whether the goods have reached their destination or 
 not; invoices of missing goods being afterwards cleared, if 
 necessary, by " local allowance," or " past foreign overcharge." 
 All undercharge invoices should also be included, and dis- 
 tinguished as such in the abstracts. 
 
 Separate abstract forms are used for local, foreign, and 
 Irish traffic respectively ; outward abstracts and summaries 
 being invariably printed in black ink, and inward, in red. (See 
 Forms 37 to 40, App.) 
 
 The Clearing House regulations respecting supplementary 
 abstracts, weights, moneys, routes, description of traffic, &c. 
 (similar to those referred to in connection with foreign parcel 
 traffic), should be carefully observed in abstracting foreign 
 goods traffic. It is scarcely necessary to add, that so far as the 
 regulations relate to the accurate and legible preparation of the 
 abstracts, they are equally applicable to the " local." 
 
 Moreover, stations should be just as particular to properly 
 record the invoice weights and moneys that do not affect their 
 debit, as those that do. 
 
 It is sometimes thought that if the debits are right, the other 
 details of the abstracts, notably the weights, are not important. 
 This is a mistake. The calculations of the terminal allowances 
 on foreign traffic are based upon the weights, and if these be 
 understated, or if " carted " weights be entered in the " not 
 carted " column, or " not carted " in the " mineral class " column, 
 the errors, if not discovered by the Clearing House or Audit 
 department, might cause loss to the Company. 
 
 86. Goods entered " Particulars to follow." It 
 frequently happens that for various reasons, goods have to be 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 107 
 
 sent forward with, an unpriced invoice, marked "Particulars 
 (charges) to follow." In such cases, if the invoice of charges is 
 not sent in the same month, the date and number of the unpriced 
 invoice, description of goods, wagon number, and weight, also an 
 explanation why not invoiced, are entered on " Particulars to 
 follow" abstract forms, which are sent with the ordinary 
 returns to the Accountant. 
 
 When priced invoices have been sent, they are abstracted in 
 the usual way, but are also entered on special^ or duplicate 
 abstract forms, shewing the date, weight, charges, and reference 
 to the unpriced invoice. These duplicate abstracts are prepared, 
 in respect of local traffic only, by both forwarding and 
 receiving stations; outward and inward traffic being entered 
 on separate forms. 
 
 The forwarded unpriced, or "P.T.F.," abstracts are compared 
 in the Audit office, with the " received," to see that both 
 stations agree ; and the entries are marked off as the items 
 subsequently appear in the duplicate abstracts of priced invoices, 
 these being also compared with the ordinary abstracts, to see 
 that the charges are taken to account. 
 
 This practice prevents " particulars to follow " invoices being 
 lost sight of not an uncommon event, and one perhaps 
 involving in some cases considerable loss, especially if it should 
 transpire that proper vigilance is not exercised at stations. 
 
 87. Goods Summaries. (Forms No. 41 to 43, App.). 
 After the abstracts have been completed, the totals are trans- 
 ferred to the local and foreign summaries. 
 
 The locals are entered in the order of the station list ; 
 the foreign according to route as before explained. 
 
 "Light" foreign traffic is distinguished from "heavy," and 
 entered on special summaries in accordance with the directions 
 printed on the forms, as in the case of foreign parcel traffic; the 
 limit for "light" goods being a charge of is/- for the month 
 
io8 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 in either direction, after deducting paid ons. The totals of the 
 "light" summaries are entered at the foot of the "heavy" 
 summaries, and included in the totals of the latter. 
 
 Distinctive summaries are used for Irish traffic. 
 
 When the summaries cannot be completed by the time the 
 abstracts are due at the Accountant's office or Clearing House, 
 the abstracts are balanced (the totals being taken down 
 roughly), press copied, and despatched ; supplementary abstracts 
 of " late " invoices being afterwards sent, and added to the 
 summaries, which are completed and sent to the Accountant, 
 with the remainder of the returns as a rule by the eighth or 
 ninth day of the month following that to which they refer. All 
 abstracts are due by the 6th or 7th of the month. 
 
 When invoices are received after the month's returns have 
 been completed, it is necessary, if they affect the debit, to take 
 them to account in the following month as " omissions." 
 
 88. Live Stock Abstracts and Summaries. (Forms 
 No. 44 to 49, App.). The outward abstracts are made up from 
 the counterparts of tickets issued ; the inward, from tickets 
 received. 
 
 The totals are then transferred to summaries. The foreign 
 abstracts and summaries are sent to the Clearing House, and 
 the locals to the Accountant. 
 
 Live stock traffic should not, under any circumstances, be 
 entered in the goods returns. 
 
 89. Local Transfer Summaries. These are made 
 up from the tissue copies of transfers forwarded, and the 
 originals of transfers received, and shew: (i) date; (2) number 
 of transfer ; (3) where sent to or received from ; (4) amount 
 " paid on " ; (5) amount u to pay ". 
 
 When all have been entered, the summaries are cast, and 
 the total of the " paid on " should, of course, correspond with the 
 total of the " to pay" column in each summary. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 109 
 
 Separate forms are used for outward " and "received" 
 transfers. 
 
 90. Under and Over-charge Summaries. These are 
 made up from the under and over-charge sheets, and the 
 columns contain the following particulars: (i) station to 
 or from ; (2) name of company ; (3) route ; (4) amount of 
 undercharge ; (5) amount of overcharge. 
 
 Separate forms are used for " outward," and " inward," and 
 the totals should agree with the Registers. 
 
 91. Omission Sheet, This is a form of abstract for 
 items taken to account in the current month, in correction of 
 amounts omitted from, or erroneously entered in, previous 
 months' goods and live stock abstracts. 
 
 Under normal conditions, however, there would be but few 
 items to take to account in this way, except those entered in 
 a past month's inward invoices, which did not come to hand 
 until after the accounts for that month were closed. In such 
 cases, a discrepancy between the forwarding and receiving sta- 
 tions' abstracts would, in the ordinary course, be discovered by 
 the Audit department, or Clearing House, and scheduled as an 
 "inaccuracy" to the receiving station, with instructions to enter it 
 in the next month's " omissions," if the discrepancy affected 
 the debit. 
 
 But when the accounts of a station are voluminous, and 
 -complicated, discrepancies might, unless great care be taken in 
 recording the invoices, &c., arise in various ways. 
 
 A few examples, marked "A" to " H," illustrating this, are 
 on the following page. 
 
 EXAMPLE " A " supposes that a recharge invoice, dated May 
 3 ist, sent by authority from Grimsby, M. S. & L., to 
 Birmingham, was either lost in transit, did not come to 
 hand until the accounts for May were closed, or was 
 overlooked by the receiving station. Sequel : 
 
no 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
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Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. \ \ \ 
 
 Discrepancy in abstracts discovered by the Clearing 
 House, and Birmingham instructed to take to debit in 
 June. 
 
 EXAMPLE " B." A foreign outward paid item, abstracted to 
 pay in error ; discrepancy found by the Clearing 
 House. 
 
 This would probably be owing to a fault in the 
 tissue copy of the invoice, and points to the necessity 
 of taking care that the headings of the invoice, as well 
 as the details, are legibly copied. 
 
 Such an error as this could not pass undiscovered by 
 the station in balancing the abstracts, unless, owing to 
 the same fault in the tissue copy, the item had been 
 also omitted from the Porters' Ledger or Tradesman's 
 monthly account. 
 
 EXAMPLE " C." This supposes that an outstanding item 
 had been cleared by " past foreign overcharge " by 
 Birmingham in error. Sequel : Overcharge sheet 
 cancelled by Goods Manager, and Birmingham in- 
 structed by means of a " re-debit voucher," sent by 
 the Manager, to again take the item to debit. 
 
 EXAMPLE " D." In this case goods are supposed to have 
 been invoiced and abstracted by Birmingham to 
 Portsmouth, L. & S. W., who took the invoice to 
 account Portsmouth, L. B. & S. C., having, however, 
 received the goods, applied to Birmingham for an 
 invoice, and a copy was sent, but headed " Portsmouth, 
 L. B. & S. C." and this was taken to account by the 
 latter Company. Thus, Clearing House having two- 
 debits against Birmingham, the latter is required, 
 having abstracted to the L. B. & S. C. Company only,. 
 to take the original entry to account also, as an 
 omission. 
 
112 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Birmingham then clears the extra debit by entering 
 it on an overcharge sheet, the L. & S. W. being then 
 debited in the Clearing House " settlement " with the 
 proportion originally credited to that Company by 
 Clearing House, and to which it was not entitled. 
 
 EXAMPLE " E." Local transfer omitted from the Birming- 
 ham accounts. Discrepancy between Stafford and 
 Birmingham transfer summaries, discovered by the 
 Audit department. 
 
 EXAMPLE " F." This is assumed to be an error in connec- 
 tion with a re-charge invoice sent to clear an amount 
 outstanding in the Birmingham Porters' ledger. 
 
 That station, having omitted (probably in conse- 
 quence of a fault in the tissue copy), to take credit 
 for the " paid on," either in the abstracts, Paid ons 
 book, or Porters' ledger, is authorised to do so, 
 through current month's omissions. 
 
 EXAMPLE " G." This supposes a re-charge invoice, to clear 
 an outstanding item, to have been issued without 
 authority, and that the Brighton Company, therefore, 
 refused to accept the debit. 
 
 Birmingham re-debited. It would be competent for 
 Birmingham in this case, after obtaining proper 
 authority to do so, to clear the re-debit by re-charge 
 invoice. 
 
 EXAMPLE " H." Inward "to pay," i8/-. Posted and abstracted 
 as 8/- in error. Probably the result .of an indistinct 
 figure, which, however, should have been made clear 
 when the charges were checked. 
 
 It is of course necessary, in order to make a true balance 
 at the end of the month, as described hereafter, to enter all items 
 taken to account in the Omission sheet in the Warehouse 
 book, Porters' ledger, or Paid ons book, .and include the 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 113 
 
 same with the month's totals. To ensure this being done, 
 they should be properly recorded immediately they are advised 
 by the Accountant or Clearing House, or as " late " invoices 
 come to hand. 
 
 It frequently happens that for want of invoices, goods have 
 to be delivered with an assumed charge for carriage ; this 
 charge being taken to debit through " extras." If, in such cases, 
 it were found, when the invoice or an inaccuracy statement 
 came to hand, that the carriage had been paid by the sender 
 of the goods, it would be necessary to ask the Accountant's 
 authority to refund to the consignee the amount collected from 
 him. If, on the other hand, the charges were " to pay," and 
 corresponded with the amount collected and taken to debit through 
 " extras," the second, or omission sheet debit, would be cleared 
 by " local allowance." Or, further, if the amount collected and 
 entered in " extras " was 5/-, and the invoice debit taken 
 to account in the omission sheet was 7/6, then the difference, 2/6, 
 would have to be collected, and passed through the Cash book, 
 to the credit of the entry for the omission in the Warehouse 
 book or Porters' ledger ; the balance outstanding (5/-), being 
 cleared by " local'allowance." 
 
 A reference to the examples will shew that the items affecting 
 the station debit are extended to the "in," u out," or " paid on " 
 column of the omission sheet, the totals only of these columns 
 being carried to the monthly Advice of Totals. 
 
 When the Goods, Live Stock, and other Summaries have 
 been completed, the totals that affect the station debit, viz.: 
 inward to pay, outward paid, and outward paid ons, are 
 entered in the 
 
 92. Monthly Advice of Totals. The " Total for current 
 month" is ascertained by adding together the totals of the 
 summaries, and deducting overcharges ; previous months' 
 omissions, &c., as per schedule, being added at the foot. The 
 
Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
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Station Accounts of Traffic Goods, 
 
 amount shewn as " extras " is copied from the extras book, 
 the month's total of which is given. This item is divided so 
 as to shew in the advice of totals the amount included for 
 
 (t) Sack demurrage, as per sack abstracts, described farther on. 
 
 (2) All other extras, this being the balance of the total for 
 the month. 
 
 The next step is to balance the total debits, as shewn by this 
 return, with the totals of the 
 
 93. Debit List. This is made up from the Customers' 
 Ledger Accounts, Porters' Ledger, Rope Ledger, Extras Book, 
 &c. It is, therefore, almost needless to say that it would be 
 no use attempting to strike a balance, unless those accounts 
 and books had been fully posted up. In doing this, care 
 should be taken that all undercharges and overcharges are 
 properly dealt with, and that all undercharge invoices are 
 posted, inward and outward separately, to the debit of the 
 Accountant. It should be seen also, that outward paid ons, 
 recharges, and transfers, have been duly entered in the Paid ons 
 Book, and that the month's total of the Warehouse Book, Porters' 
 Outstandings Book (if used), and the Porters' column of the 
 Extras Book, have been correctly recorded in the Porters' 
 Ledger. 
 
 Further (although the figures on the credit side of the Por- 
 ters' Ledger are not taken into consideration in balancing the 
 abstracts), it would be well, before making up the Debit List, to 
 see that all cash, allowances, and other credits have been entered 
 up, and that they agree with the Cash Book and Daily Advices ; 
 also that outstanding items have been extended, and that the 
 total of the credits, plus outstandings carried forward, agrees 
 with the total of the debits. This would be found to be a 
 salutary check upon a possible double error on the debit side 
 of the Porters' Ledger, which, if not found out in this way, 
 might cause considerable trouble. 
 
u6 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Station Accounts of Traffic-?$vo&^ 117 
 
 The "Debit List" is, in reality, the station's gross credit 
 statement ; shewing how the invoice debits and extras as per 
 Summary of Totals, or gross debit statement, have been disposed 
 of, or distributed for collection : that is to say, how much has 
 been posted to the debit of Porters' accounts ; how much to the 
 debit of parties who have monthly Ledger accounts ; how much 
 to the debit of other Railway Companies, Carting Agents, and 
 Special accounts. 
 
 These particulars are set forth in the following order : 
 Tradesmen's Ledger accounts are entered first, in alphabetical 
 order of names ; the amount of each person's inward account 
 being shewn in the inward column ; outward in the outward 
 column ; and extras (if any) in the extras column, the total 
 being extended. Amounts transferred from Porters' to Ledger 
 accounts are entered as " Transfers from other accounts," and 
 included in the total. The Porters' Ledger as previously 
 explained, is cleared of these amounts by an entry on the credit 
 side thereof, as " Transfers to other accounts." Accounts against 
 other Railway Companies and Carting Agents (100) are then 
 entered and a total made. 
 
 Next follows the amount of undercharge invoices posted to 
 the debit of the Accountant ; then the accounts (if any) against 
 the Engineer's or Stores department for carriage of permanent 
 way materials or stores (to which should be attached the 
 declarations of the permanent way Inspectors, or original con- 
 signment notes of senders) ; and, next, Porters' accounts, which 
 must agree with the totals of the month's debit in, out, and 
 extras as summarised in the Porters' Ledger. (See examples.) 
 The debit for the month for ropes, shewn separately in the Debit 
 List, is copied from the Rope Ledger. 
 
 " Sack Demurrage." The amount charged for demurrage on 
 received sacks and taken to debit through extras, is stated 
 opposite this entry. (See " Sacks.") 
 
u8 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 The last two items in the Debit List are for manure sales, and 
 compensation sales. These entries should agree with the total 
 amount shewn on the sale advices sent during the month to the 
 Goods Manager, and Accountant, and with the 'entries in the 
 Extras Book. 
 
 94. Balancing. If on being added up the " in " and" out" 
 columns of the Debit List be found to correspond with tJie Advice 
 of Totals, the chief difficulty in connection with the station's 
 monthly goods accounts may be considered to have been 
 overcome. There should be no trouble with "extras"; and to 
 balance the outward paid ons column of the Advice of Totals 
 with the Paid ons Book is a comparatively easy matter. 
 
 Should the totals not agree, then as many a Railway man 
 knows, it simply means that the difference cannot be "shelved." 
 Goods accounts must be balanced before being sent to the 
 Accountant's office, otherwise endless trouble and correspondence 
 will be caused. Clerks, therefore, who are responsible, and desire 
 to earn distinction for accuracy and punctuality in rendering 
 their returns, will assiduously apply themselves to the task of 
 finding out where the difference exists. 
 
 If the inward " to pay " and outward " paid " were both wrong, 
 it might be that an item had been transposed in abstracting. 
 An amount abstracted, but omitted from the Porters' Ledger, 
 Warehouse Book, Rope Ledger, or a Ledger account, would of 
 course cause a difference ; but unless the item omitted happened 
 to be outstanding, the discrepancy would be more likely to have 
 occurred in posting the Ledger accounts, than in entering up the 
 Warehouse Book or Porters' Ledger, as in all probability, an 
 omission would in the latter case have been discovered in 
 posting and balancing the cash. 
 
 Or a difference might be caused by an invoice being overlooked 
 in abstracting ; by the omission of the totals of an abstract 
 from the summary ; and in various other ways. In order to 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 
 
 discover it, it might be necessary to check the whole of the work. 
 While this would doubtless reveal the cause of difference, it 
 would be likely to have at least one other good result, viz. : 
 that of shewing the desirability of systematic care and thorough- 
 ness in dealing with the details of the accounts. 
 
 At important stations this is well understood, and where the 
 traffic is heavy, the abstracting, posting, &c., is done daily or 
 weekly, and balanced weekly, so considerably reducing the 
 chances of a difference in balancing the totals for the month ; or 
 at any rate, by forcing it within narrow limits, rendering its 
 discovery a more easy matter. 
 
 The correctness of the " received " abstracts is tested every 
 week at some stations in the following manner : 
 
 The total amount entered "to pay," and the totalsof the amounts 
 extended to the undercharge, overcharge, porters', and posted 
 columns of each inward invoice, are copied as below into a 
 Balancing book provided with several money columns for this 
 purpose. Local and foreign are kept separate. 
 
 WEEK ENDING JUXE 7, 189. 
 
 
 From Inward Invoices. 
 
 From 
 , Abstracts. 
 
 To pay. 
 
 u/c. o/c. Porters. Posted. To pay. 
 
 ; 
 
 s. d. 
 
 2 I 6 
 
 s. d. 
 
 {, s. d. s. d. 
 5., 
 
 s. d. 
 162 
 
 s. d. 
 
 3 10 
 
 
 16 2 
 
 3 8 
 
 i 6 
 
 .... 
 
 9 2 
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 7 o 
 
 17 6 
 2 9 4 
 
 C.ross Dr. 
 
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 18 i 
 
 
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 15 4 
 
 18 6 
 7 6 
 
 12 4 
 
 5 i5 9 
 
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 3 7 
 
 2 15 4 
 
 2 19 4 
 
 + u/c 
 
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 ^" 
 
 ^^ 
 
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 7 9 
 
 5 18 3 
 
 
 ! 
 
 -o/c 
 Net Dr. 
 
 3 7 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Net Cr. 
 
 5 14 8 
 
 5 J 6 9 
 
 5 M 8 
 
I2O Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 When all the invoices, say for the first week in the month have 
 been thus dealt with, the columns are added up, undercharges 
 being added and overcharges deducted. The balance is the 
 station's inward invoice net debit, and should agree with the 
 combined totals of " porters' " and " posted," which shew how 
 such debit has been disposed of, and which may be taken to 
 represent the credit side of the invoice. 
 
 The week's totals of the abstracts are then taken out, and 
 should correspond with the gross invoice debit. 
 
 The next thing is to test the accuracy of the amount shewn 
 as " Porters'." This is done by adding together the week's totals 
 of the entries in the Warehouse Book, Cartage Register, and 
 Rope Ledger. 
 
 The " posted " column is balanced with the Tradesmen's 
 accounts. 
 
 The forwarded abstracts are balanced in a similar way with 
 the invoices, Porters' Ledger, and Tradesmen's accounts. 
 
 In balancing the second and succeeding week's abstracts, &c., 
 the previous week's totals are brought forward and included in 
 the aggregate totals. 
 
 The above plan, when fully carried out, proves to be a crucial 
 intermediate test as to the accuracy of the figures. 
 
 95. Mineral "Porters'" Accounts. When stations are 
 requested to collect mineral or toll accounts, made up in the 
 Mineral Traffic Manager's office, particulars of the accounts are 
 entered in the Porters' Ledger, and included with the month's 
 Porters' debit for goods. Such amounts, not being entered in 
 the goods abstracts, and having to be taken into account in 
 balancing the totals, are shewn at the foot of the Debit List in 
 red ink. 
 
 96. Porters' Ledger Summary. This is the station's 
 balance sheet of debits, credits, and outstandings, in respect of 
 " Porters' " accounts. It is made up, as below, from the Porters' 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 121 
 
 Ledger, and contains the month's totals thereof. The debits 
 in, out, and extras must agree with the amount entered for 
 "Porters'" in the Debit List; the credits with the month's 
 totals of the Daily Advices of Collection ; and outstandings, 
 carried forward, with the Summary thereof, referred to farther 
 on. 
 
 PORTERS' LEDGER SUMMARY OF TOTALS. 
 
 AT STATION, FOR JUNE, 189 
 
 DEBITS : 
 
 s. d. s. d. 
 
 Balance brought forward 192 17 10 
 
 Transfers from other accounts . 
 
 Inward 366 17 2 
 
 Outward 32 8 3 
 
 Extras 23 12 9 
 
 TOTAL DEBIT .. .. 61$ 16 o 
 CREDITS : 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Cash received 365 5 5 
 
 Local Allowances . . . . . . . 7 19 I 
 
 Past Foreign Overcharges 4 19 10 
 
 Recharges 58 13 o 
 
 Transfers to other Accounts 6 12 8 
 
 Cash paid Secretary 
 
 TOTAL CREDIT .. .. ^443 10 o 
 
 BALANCE FORWARD .. ^"172 6 o 
 
 The same form is also used for the 
 
 97. Collector's Ledger Summary, which is made up 
 from the Collector's Ledger as under, and verified with the 
 Debit List or Accountant's advices of amounts to be collected ; 
 and, as regards the credits, with the Daily Advices of Collection 
 of Ledger accounts. 
 
122 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 COLLECTOR'S LEDGER SUMMARY OF TOTALS AT 
 
 STATION, FOR JUNE, 189 
 
 DEBITS : 
 
 s. d. s - d - 
 
 June ist. Balance brought forward 35 
 
 May Accounts : 
 
 Transfers 16 15 8 
 
 In 505 16 4 
 
 Out " 309 17 6 
 
 Extras 2 10 6 
 
 TOTAL DEBIT . . . . ^870 o o 
 CREDITS : 
 
 Cash received (June) 842 o o 
 
 Local Allowances 6 10 o 
 
 Past Foreign Overcharges iioo 
 
 TOTAL CREDIT .. .. ^850 o o 
 
 BALANCE FORWARD . . 20 o o 
 
 
 
 N.B. The succeeding Month's Summary would shew : 
 DEBITS : 
 
 July 1st. Balance brought forward 20 o o 
 
 June Accounts : 
 
 Transfers 1034 
 
 In 496 4 4 
 
 Out 300 i 4 
 
 Extras 170 
 
 TOTAL DEBIT . . . . 827 16 o 
 From which July Cash, &c., would be deducted as above. 
 
 A month being allowed for payment, the debits, as shewn 
 by this Summary, necessarily refer to the month previous 
 to that for which it is dated : e.g., the accounts entered in 
 the Debit List for May, not being sent out and advised nor 
 due till June, would be entered in the June Summary; but 
 the cash collected and other credits should agree with the 
 totals of the Daily Advices for the current month June. 
 The balance carried forward as " outstanding " thus represents 
 the amount actually overdue. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 123 
 
 98. Rope Ledger Summary. (See below.) This is 
 made up from the Rope Ledger. The inward debit and extras, 
 must agree with the Debit List ; re-charges with the Paid on 
 Summary ; and other credits with the red ink entries in the 
 Daily Advices of Collection. 
 
 ROPE LEDGER SUMMARY OF TOTALS. 
 
 AT STATION, FOR JUNE, 189 
 
 DEBITS : 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Balance brought forward 8 10 o 
 
 Inward 32 10 o 
 
 Extras .. " . . 10 o 
 
 TOTAL DEBIT . . . 41 10 o 
 
 CREDITS : 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Local Allowances 100 
 
 Recharges 29 10 o 
 
 TOTAL CREDIT . . . . ^30 10 o 
 BALANCE FORWARD .. jn o o 
 Signed , Station Clerk. 
 
 98a. Paid on Summary. The total of this return, as 
 under, made up from the Paid ons Book, will be found to agree 
 with the total of the column for outward paid ons and transfers 
 in the Advice of Totals ; Porters' and Ledger recharges with the 
 recharge entries in the Porters' and Ledger Summaries respec- 
 tively ; " Paid ons clerk " with the amount stopped from the 
 cash collected, as per Daily Advices ; Sack transfers with the 
 Sack Ledger Summary ; and Sack hire (paid ons not paid) with 
 the total of the outward Sack Abstract. (See " Sacks. ") 
 
I2 4 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
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Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 125 
 
 SUMMARY OF PAID ONS AND TRANSFERS 
 AS PER PAID ONS BOOK. 
 
 STATIONS, FOR JUNE, 189 
 
 Paid Ons not Paid s. d. s. d. 
 
 1. Cartages, &c 258 
 
 2. Meat Cloths, &c. 130 
 
 3. Warehousing, &c. 2 12 6 
 
 4. Sack Hire, &c. ~ 7 13 6 
 
 13 4 8 
 
 Agents' Paid Ons Pick ford & Co 882 
 
 Chaplin & Co , 336 
 
 Sack Transfers 17 4 
 
 Rope Recharges 29 10 o 
 
 Ledger Recharges and Transfers , 
 
 Porters' Recharges and Transfers , . . . . . 58 13 o 
 
 Pickford & Co. do. 17 2 
 
 Paid ons Clerk 1248 
 
 18 6 
 
 99. OutstandingS. Two lists, giving name, date, and 
 amount of Ledger accounts not collected by the end of the 
 month in which they are due, are sent on the second day 
 of each month, one to the Accountant, the other to the 
 General Manager, with an explanation why not collected. The 
 totals of these returns must agree with the balance carried 
 forward as shewn by the Collector's Ledger Summary. 
 
 A list of all Porters' items that have been outstanding three 
 months or more, is sent every month to the General Manager, 
 and Goods Manager, with an explanation of delay in collection. 
 
 The only statement of Porters' outstandings sent to the 
 Accountant, is a monthly Summary (see opposite page), shewing 
 the ages and amounts of outstandings, and how much has 
 been collected or cleared during the past month. The totals 
 of this statement must agree with the Porters' Ledger 
 Summary. 
 
 Little need be said here as to the importance of keeping down 
 
126 
 
 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 outstandings. Nothing is more likely to cause loss to a Com- 
 pany than even temporary neglect of this matter. The out- 
 standing list is a gauge by which the efficient working of a 
 station is to a great extent ascertained ; and no effort should be 
 spared to keep it as small as possible. 
 
 100. Carting Agents' and Carriers' Accounts. At 
 stations where carting agents are employed, or goods are con- 
 signed on a large scale to the care of Carriers to whom credit 
 is allowed, such as Pickford & Co., it is necessary to keep 
 separate accounts of the items inward and outward intrusted 
 to them for collection. This is done in the following way : 
 
 Inward goods consigned to the care of Carriers are entered 
 .with the charges in a Warehouse Book, and are signed for 
 therein by their representatives ; a separate book being used 
 for each Carrier. 
 
 Particulars of goods to be delivered by the Company's 
 appointed Carting Agents are entered on ordinary Delivery 
 Sheets, with the Porters' items and extras (if any), to be 
 collected, the invoices being "referenced" in each case. 
 
 The amounts are afterwards copied from the invoices into the 
 AGENTS' LEDGER. 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
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 TOTAL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The month's total of the columns headed with the Agents' 
 names should correspond with the totals of the Warehouse 
 Books and Delivery Sheets mentioned above. It may be re- 
 marked here that at some stations, all other inward to pay 
 Porters' amounts and extras to be collected by the Company's 
 own staff, are carried to the " Porters' account " column of the 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 127 
 
 Agents' Ledger. By doing this, the whole of the inward to pay 
 items, except those posted to monthly Ledger accounts, are 
 brought together in one book, which facilitates balancing the 
 abstracts. 
 
 Full particulars of Carriers' or Agents' extras are entered in 
 the Extras Book, the totals whereof are agreed at the end of the 
 month with the Agents' Ledger. 
 
 On the invoices of outward traffic, all " paid " Porters' items 
 in connection with goods delivered to the Company by Agents 
 or Carriers, are marked with their initials ; and bills of the 
 charges for carriage collected by them are rendered daily. 
 
 Early in every month accounts for the previous month's 
 collection are made out as follows : 
 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 Station, June, 189 
 
 Messrs. PICKFORD & Co., in account with the Railway Company. 
 
 Dr. s. d. | Cr. s. d. 
 
 To Inward Traffic 35 12 10 By Local Allowances ... I 3 4 
 
 ,, Outward do 17 2 6 ,, Re-charges , ... 17 2 
 
 ,, Extras 10 4 | P. F. 8 10 
 
 ,, Balance 50 16 4 
 
 53 5 8 
 To Balance 50 16 4 By Paid ons 882 
 
 On the debit side are entered the totals of the Agents' 
 Ledger for " inward to pay " and " extras," and of the daily 
 bills for " outward paid " ; credit being given on the other 
 side for any allowances, overcharges, or re-charges during the 
 month (details of which are furnished to the Agents), also for 
 " outward paid ons " as per Paid ons Book. 
 
 After being certified by the Company's and Agents' repre- 
 sentatives, these statements are sent to the Accountant with 
 the Debit List, on which, as we have seen, the month's debit 
 against each Agent is entered separately. 
 
128 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 101. Agents' Monthly Cartage Account. This shews 
 the total weight of each class of goods, also the number of 
 " smalls," both inward and outward, carted by the Agents 
 during the month. It is made up from the Agents' Delivery 
 Sheets or Cartage Register, for inward traffic ; and from the 
 consignment notes or invoices, for outward ; the weights and 
 number of " smalls " being summarised in foolscap books for 
 this purpose. This statement is also certified by the repre- 
 sentatives of the Agents and the Company, and sent with 
 the other returns to the Accountant, by whose department 
 the allowances for cartage are calculated at agreed rates, and 
 inserted in the Agents' accounts, which are then recorded and 
 sent out. (See Accountant's Department.) 
 
 Accounts due from or to other Railway Companies at 
 junction or transhipping stations, are dealt with in a similar 
 way. 
 
 SACKS. 
 
 102. Sacks for the conveyance of grain and seed by 
 Railway were formerly supplied almost exclusively by Con- 
 tractors, who made this their special business. But as many 
 inconveniences surrounded this system, most of the principal 
 Railway Companies have established Sack Depots of their own, 
 and themselves provide sacks for their Customers after an 
 application at the stations. 
 
 For this purpose the sacks are issued from the Depot in 
 bundles of 20 each, viz. : nineteen placed inside one ; and at 
 stations where there is a continual demand for sacks, a number 
 are kept in stock, the owning Company's name or initials being 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 129 
 
 clearly marked on them, also upon all consignment notes, 
 invoices and other documents in connection therewith. 
 
 A small charge is made for hire ; and demurrage is charged 
 if sacks are detained beyond the time allowed, misused, 
 wrongly sent, returned unused, or returned full and after- 
 wards removed without being forwarded by train. 
 
 The charges for hire, and demurrage on sacks had out for the 
 purpose of being filled ; or, after being filled, remaining on hand 
 at the station for want of forwarding instructions for a longer 
 time than that allowed, are entered on the same outward invoice 
 as the grain, " paid on " and " paid," or " paid on " and " to pay," 
 as the case may be. 
 
 The " paid " charges are collected from Sender, and the " to 
 pay " from Consignee ; but in the event of the latter refusing to 
 pay them, the Consignor, or hirer, is held responsible for all 
 amounts due up to the date of delivery to Consignee. 
 
 The amount entered in the invoice as " paid on " for hire and 
 demurrage is shewn separately in the Paid ons Book, and in the 
 Paid on Summary, as we have seen, as " paid on not paid," this 
 being done in order that in invoicing to foreign stations, the 
 owning Company may receive credit for the use of the sacks 
 in the Clearing House settlements. 
 
 The demurrage charges on sacks delivered full and detained 
 beyond the time allowed, or had out to fill but returned unused, 
 or returned full and afterwards removed without being for- 
 warded by train, cannot, of course, be entered on an invoice, there 
 being no forward consignment. A debit for these charges is 
 therefore raised in " extras." [See Extras Book and Debit List, 
 72 and 93.] 
 
 The same applies to other demurrage charges not entered on 
 invoice for misuse of sacks, or for sacks returned to stations 
 other than those from which received. 
 
 When sacks are consigned to stations on other lines, " sack 
 
130 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 risk " is usually taken credit for upon the invoice by means of a 
 "paid on " entry not extended, at a nominal rate per ton of grain 
 to cover the extra risk supposed to be incurred by the sacks, 
 passing beyond the jurisdiction of the parent line, and for the 
 right of user (for the same consignment only) of the other 
 Company. 
 
 This " paid on " is likewise dealt with as " not paid," and 
 credited to the invoicing Company by the Clearing House. 
 
 When grain in the local Company's sacks is consigned to a 
 station on a foreign line to which there is no through rate, and is 
 consequently invoiced to the junction station, a separate invoice 
 headed " through hire and risk invoice " is made out, upon which 
 is entered the hire and the sack risk. These invoices are 
 attached to, and accompany the invoice upon which the grain is 
 entered. Reference to the junction invoice is also given upon 
 the hire and risk invoice ; and care should be taken that the 
 weight of grain is not placed in the weight column of the hire 
 and risk invoice, but that it is so entered as to prevent its being 
 inserted in the goods abstracts. The hire and risk invoice is 
 delivered to the forwarding Company at the junction station at 
 the same time as the grain, with a request that reference be 
 given to it on the forwarding invoice, and that it be attached to 
 and sent with the latter to the destination of the grain. 
 
 When grain is re-consigned by other Companies in the local 
 Company's sacks, the usual hire is charged. In these cases the 
 bcal i.e., owning Company's Sack Depot is advised, and 
 monthly accounts made out by the latter for the amounts due. 
 These are sent to the Accountant, and, after being recorded, are 
 sent by his department to the respective Companies. 
 
 In like manner, when foreign sacks are received at local 
 stations and re-consigned or re-filled by consignees and in- 
 voiced forward with the usual charges ; or when demurrage is 
 incurred on foreign received sacks, the stations apprise the 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 131 
 
 owners thereof. Copies of these advices are sent to the 
 Accountant to enable his department to check the other 
 Companies' accounts, which, if found correct, are then entered 
 and passed for payment. 
 
 A small charge is made when returning empty foreign sacks 
 to the owning Companies. Credit is taken for this on an invoice 
 by paid on not extended, as in the case of sack risk. 
 
 When grain is transferred to the name or order of another 
 party at a station, the transferee is immediately advised, and 
 the charges incurred up to date are inserted on the advice note. 
 
 In order that a proper record may be made of the sacks and 
 charges, the following books are kept. Specimen entries are 
 given in the forms which will be found in the Appendix. 
 
 103. Sack Application Book. The agents' requisitions 
 to the Depot for sacks are made on forms, specifying date and 
 quantity required. 
 
 The forms are type-numbered and duplicates are retained at 
 the station. 
 
 104. Empty Sack Delivery Book (Form No. 50, App.). 
 Upon delivery of sacks to the public for the purpose of being 
 filled, the signature and full address of the hirer, or of 
 some person on his behalf, is obtained in this book. The 
 counterpart is also filled up, and this is delivered to the person 
 taking away the sacks. When returned, whether full or empty, 
 they are credited at the back of the ticket in the book, and all 
 demurrage incurred for detention beyond the time allowed for 
 filling, or on sacks returned unused, is shewn in the column pro- 
 vided for the purpose. The former is charged on the invoice as 
 explained, and the latter posted to the debit of the hirer in the 
 Sack Ledger. (See page 133.) 
 
 A statement on form No. 51, App., of sacks taken out to fill 
 and not returned within a month of the date hired, is sent, on 
 the first day of each month, to the Sack Dep6t. 
 
132 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 105. Full Sack Delivery Book (Form No. 52, App.). 
 In this book a receipt is obtained from the public for all full 
 sacks delivered to them. The counterpart or " delivery note " is 
 also filled up and given to the Consignee. 
 
 106. Full and Empty Sacks Receipt Book (Form 
 
 No. 53, App.). In this are entered particulars of all sacks, 
 whether full or empty, brought to the station, also sacks " shot " 
 or " re-consigned," as per printed headings. The counterpart 
 receipt form is also filled up and given to the public. 
 
 107. Sack Abstract Book, Outward (Form No. 54, 
 App.). On the debit side of this book are entered particulars 
 of all sacks received, in accordance with the printed headings as 
 under : 
 
 (1) Balance from last week 
 
 (2) Sacks from Depot since last week 
 
 (3) Sacks taken out full and ( Empty... 
 
 returned { Re-filled 
 
 (4) Sacks re-consigned or shot 
 
 (5) Sacks from public not ob- J Full 
 
 tained at the station . .. { Empty,.. 
 
 The particulars of the sacks from the Depot are obtained 
 from the free invoices, and the remainder from the Full and 
 Empty Sacks Receipt Book. 
 
 On the credit side of the Sack Abstract Book are entered all 
 sacks, either full or empty, forwarded from the station to other 
 stations, with the charges incurred as per outward invoices and 
 paid on summary. 
 
 The total of the debit entries, less that of the credit entries, 
 is the balance of sacks for which the station has to account, and 
 these may be classed as follows : 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 133 
 
 (1) Out to fill 
 
 . x ^ .. .. r , Balance to follow- 
 
 (2) Full at station to forward - 
 
 / \ T t. ln f week. 
 
 (3) In warehouse empty 
 
 A summary of the debits and credits in this book, and de- 
 tailed statement of the latter, is made up fortnightly and sent 
 to the Depot. 
 
 A copy of the " Credit Outward " side of the Sack Abstract 
 Book is also sent to the Accountant monthly. 
 
 108. Sack Abstract Book, Inward (Form No. 55, 
 App.). On the debit side of this book are entered all full 
 sacks received from other stations , and on the credit side their 
 disposal in accordance with the printed headings, the balance 
 being sacks in warehouse, full, waiting delivery, or re-consign- 
 ment, or other instructions of Consignee. 
 
 A copy of the entries is sent to the Sack Depot fortnightly. 
 A monthly abstract shewing the charges incurred for demurrage 
 as per Sack Ledger is also sent to the Accountant. (See Form 
 No. 56, App.) 
 
 109. Sack Ledger (Form No. 57, App.). The debits for 
 full sacks in this book are posted from the credit side of the 
 Sack Abstract Book (inward), and the credits from the Full and 
 Empty Sacks Receipt Book. Sacks taken out empty and 
 returned empty after use are also posted in this book. The 
 charges for demurrage are extended, three cash debit columns 
 being provided, in order to avoid the necessity of carrying the 
 sack balances forward at the close of every month. 
 
 The cash columns are ruled off at the end of each month and 
 the totals entered on a Sack Ledger Summary (Form No. 
 58, App.), the totals whereof are then transferred to a summary 
 for the Accountant as follows : 
 
134 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 SACK LEDGER SUMMARY OF TOTALS 
 
 AT STATION, FOR JUNE, 189 
 
 DEBITS : 
 
 s. d. s. d. 
 
 Balance brought forward 686 
 
 For current month, on Sacks received full from 
 
 other stations 4197 
 
 On unused Sacks 5 1 1 5 
 
 As per Debit List (" Extras ") 10 II o 
 
 19 6 
 
 CREDITS : 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Cash Received ............ 2 13 9 
 
 Recharges .. . ....... 17 4 
 
 Transfers to other Accounts ...... 3108 
 
 As per red ink entries in Daily Advices of Collection 
 
 Balance carried forward 9 17 9 
 
 (Signed), _ _ Agent. 
 
 When parties have Goods Ledger accounts, a bill is made out 
 for demurrage for the month, and credit taken by transferring 
 the amount through the " other parties' " column of the Sack 
 Ledger and Summary (as above) and Debit List, the bill 
 being attached to the goods carriage account, and included in 
 the totals thereof. 
 
 When amounts for sack demurrage belonging to other 
 stations are collected, they are treated as " goods," and included 
 in the Porters' cash. The station requiring credit is authorised 
 to recharge the amount by means of a" Local Transfer." (Form 
 No. 29, App.) 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Goods. 135 
 
 The debit and credit columns in the Sack Ledger for numbers 
 of sacks are ruled off quarterly, and the balances carried 
 forward ; a statement thereof, also of those outstanding more 
 than a month, being sent to the Depot on Forms No. 59 and 60 
 (App.) respectively. 
 
 By means of the various station returns furnished to the 
 Depot, and there summarised, the Company's Sack Agent is 
 enabled to ascertain exactly the position of, and regulate, the 
 stocks and outstandings, and to take action in such matters as 
 may require investigation. 
 
 On the other hand, from the returns furnished to the Accoun- 
 tant, the earnings from this source of revenue may be readily 
 ascertained. 
 
 1 10. Resume'. The following is a resume of the ordinary 
 Goods and Live Stock returns furnished by the stations each 
 month, viz, : 
 
 (i.) Foreign returns sent, as a rule, direct to the English and 
 
 Irish Clearing Houses ; 
 Goods Abstracts. 
 Foreign " Light " Summaries. 
 Live Stock Abstracts and Summaries. 
 
 (2.) Returns sent to the Accountant's Goods Audit Office : 
 Local Goods and Live Stock Abstracts, "In" and "Out" 
 
 Do. do. Summaries do. 
 
 Foreign Goods Summaries do. 
 
 Irish Goods Summaries do. 
 
 Local Transfer Summaries do. 
 
 Under and Overcharge Sheets and Summaries do. 
 " Particulars to Follow " Abstracts (Local), 
 Account of previous months' Omissions, &c. 
 Sack-hire, Risk, and Demurrage Abstracts. 
 Advice of Monthly Totals. 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
136 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 (3.) Returns sent to the Accountant's Ledger Office : 
 Account of Debits or " Debit List." 
 Porters' Ledger Summary or Balance Sheet. 
 Collector's Ledger Summary or Balance Sheet. 
 Rope do. do. 
 
 Sack do. do. 
 
 Paid on Summary. 
 
 Tradesmen's Monthly Carriage Accounts. 
 Agents' Collection and Cartage Accounts. 
 Engineer's and Stores Department Carriage Accounts. 
 List of Undercharge Invoices posted to debit of the 
 
 Accountant. 
 List of Ledger Accounts not collected (a copy of this 
 
 is also sent to the General Manager). 
 Summary of Porters' outstandings. (Detailed lists of 
 
 amounts outstanding for three months or more are 
 
 also sent to the General Manager). 
 
STATION ACCOUNTS OF TRAFFIC. 
 
 (MINERAL DEPARTMENT.) 
 
 111. Mineral Traffic, />., Coal, Coke, and Lime traffic, is, 
 as a rule, conveyed in private wagons, loaded and unloaded by 
 the owners or their agents. * The Railway Company simply 
 hauls the traffic from the collieries or other places to its 
 destination, or the junction station in transitu, and provides 
 siding, wharf, and weighing accommodation thereat. The 
 charges for such accommodation are included in the rate for 
 haulage, except the rent of coal offices occupied by merchants 
 and others, which is paid to the Company's Rent Collectors, 
 and forms part of the income from rental property. 
 
 The accounts of Mineral traffic, furnished by the stations, are 
 few and simple in comparison with those of Goods and Cattle 
 traffic, inasmuch as the Agents have nothing to do with the 
 assessment of the charges for haulage or " tolls," nor with the 
 collection of the cash unless specially advised. These matters 
 rest entirely with the Manager of the Mineral Traffic depart- 
 ment, the Accountant, and General Manager, by whom the 
 accounts against the various colliery proprietors and merchants 
 are made up, rendered, and collected monthly. 
 
 * The Midland is an important exception, that Company having in recent years 
 bought up large quantities of private wagons. 
 
138 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 To enable the Mineral Traffic Manager to prepare the toll 
 accounts, however, it is necessary for the stations to take note 
 of, and invoice the traffic, and to furnish daily, weekly, and 
 monthly returns thereof, as follows : 
 
 112. Outward Traffic. The senders of all mineral traffic 
 are required to make a Declaration of the weight, Form No. 61, 
 App., (or one similar) being used for the purpose, and handed to 
 the Company's representative. 
 
 Invoices (Form No. 62, App.) are then prepared, press copied, 
 and sent to the stations to which they refer. 
 
 Abstracts of outward traffic, accompanied by the declarations 
 of weight, are sent to the Mineral Manager's office daily, and 
 summaries thereof daily, weekly, and monthly. 
 
 The Daily local and foreign Abstracts (Form No. 63, App.) 
 are made up from the tissue copies of the invoices. A distinc- 
 tive feature of the mineral abstracts is that the names of the 
 senders and consignees are given, and that separate abstracts 
 are made of traffic from, or on account of, each colliery, notwith- 
 standing that it may have been invoiced between the same pair 
 of stations ; this being essential in order that the Mineral 
 Manager's department may properly assess the charges. 
 
 The Daily Summaries simply exhibit in three columns (i) the 
 names of the colliery owners ; (2) numbers of declarations, and 
 (3) weight. The total of these returns should agree with the 
 daily abstracts. 
 
 Weekly Summaries (Form No. 64, App.) are made up from the 
 tissue copies of the daily abstracts to each Saturday night, and 
 despatched to the Mineral Manager on the following Tuesday. 
 Traffic from each colliery is entered on a separate summary. 
 
 The Monthly Summaries shew the gross tonnage from each 
 colliery for the month, and how] distributed as between local 
 and foreign stations. Thus : 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Minerals. 
 
 139 
 
 Colliery. 
 
 To 
 
 Coal. 
 T. C. 
 
 Coke. 
 T. C. 
 
 Lime. 
 T. C. 
 
 Lime- 
 stone. 
 
 T. C. 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 Foreign Stations : 
 Co. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Co. .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and so on. 
 
 
 
 
 
 They are made up from the tissue copies of the invoices, and 
 the totals should agree with those of the weekly summaries ; 
 allowance being, of course, made for traffic on odd days at the 
 commencement or end of the month. 
 
 113. Inward Traffic. Returns of all mineral traffic 
 received, giving the numbers and owners of the wagons, and 
 other particulars as shewn on the labels, are furnished daily to 
 the mineral clerks at the stations, by the number takers or out- 
 door staff appointed to this duty. 
 
 With these returns the inward invoices are checked as they 
 arrive ; any wagons received without account, or invoices 
 without wagons, being immediately made the subject of 
 correspondence, with the view of obtaining an invoice, or 
 ascertaining the whereabouts of the missing trucks. 
 
 An advice is delivered by hand to merchants or others to 
 whom wagons are consigned, and their acknowledgment taken 
 as soon as possible after arrival. 
 
 Previous to unloading, the consignees are requested to sign 
 for the contents of the trucks in the inward Mineral Traffic 
 Abstract Book (Form No. 65, App.), which is made up from the 
 inward invoices and daily returns of traffic received. 
 
 In order that siding rent may be charged on wagons not 
 unloaded within the time named in the advices, the particulars 
 of each wagon when received and placed in position for 
 unloading, and when unloaded and returned are entered in a 
 
140 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 foolscap book. When siding rent has been incurred, the number 
 of days and amounts chargeable are extended into columns for 
 this purpose, and the particulars transferred to Form No. 66 
 (App.), which is made up to Saturday night, and sent to the 
 Mineral Manager's office on the following Monday, to be there 
 dealt with. 
 
 Abstracts and Summaries of inward traffic are sent to the 
 same office once a month only ; foreign abstracts being due thereat 
 on the 6th, and local, together with the summaries, on the loth 
 of the month following that to which they refer. 
 
 The Abstracts (Forms No. 67 and 68, App.) are made up 
 from the received invoices, (which are sorted in station, colliery, 
 and date order, and tied up in weekly bundles), and weekly, as 
 well as monthly totals, are made. 
 
 As in the case of the outward, separate abstracts are used for 
 traffic from each colliery, also for each wharf or place of unload- 
 ing, the rates to which are different. 
 
 Wagons received without account, or invoices without wagons, 
 are entered in the abstracts (when the matter has not been 
 cleared up by correspondence), with an explanatory remark in 
 the margin. 
 
 The inward Summaries, shewing (i) name of colliery ; (2) 
 invoicing station ; (3) weight of coal ; (4) coke ; (5) lime, and 
 (6) limestone, are made up from the received abstracts ; local 
 and foreign being entered on the same form. 
 
 The totals of the summaries, in the aggregate, should tally 
 with the month's total weight, as shewn by the Abstract Book. 
 
 The total weight received in the corresponding month of the 
 previous year is also given at the foot of these returns, and if 
 there is any unusual increase or decrease the cause is stated. 
 
 Distinctive forms of declaration, invoices, and abstracts, are 
 used for coal purchased by the Stores department for the use of 
 the Locomotive and other departments. 
 
Station Accounts of Traffic Minerals. 
 
 141 
 
 When Locomotive coal is required to be removed from the 
 station to which it was originally consigned to another, advices 
 are sent by that department to the forwarding station, so that 
 invoices may be prepared. This traffic is not abstracted. 
 
 A statement shewing, for purposes of comparison, the quantity 
 of wagons and total weight of coal received during the month 
 for each merchant, gas company, or private firm, and from what 
 collieries, is made up from the wagon arrival and abstract 
 books, and sent to the Mineral Manager's office on the I5th of 
 the following month. 
 
 114. Weighing Machines. The gross, tare, and net 
 weight of all coal passed over the Company's machines is 
 recorded in a book with the following headings: 
 
 NET WEIGHT OF COALS. 
 
 No. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Residence. 
 
 Gross 
 Weight. 
 
 T. C. Q. 
 
 Tare. 
 
 C. Q. 
 
 NET WEIGHTS. 
 
 
 I i 
 
 T. C. Q. 
 
 I 
 T. C. Q. T. C. Q. T. C. Q. 
 
 The names of the merchants for whom this service is per- 
 formed are written at the head of the columns for the net 
 weights ; and the names and addresses of the purchasers in the 
 spaces allotted for them. The entries are numbered consecu- 
 tively, and reference thereto is given on the tickets supplied by 
 the merchants, and filled up by the Company's machine clerks 
 for the public. 
 
 Books of tickets, type numbered with perforated counterparts, 
 are provided by the Company for special weighings of traffic 
 carried at station to station rates, and other goods. A small 
 charge is made for weighing, the amount being entered on the 
 face of the tickets issued and counterparts thereof, and ac- 
 counted for through " extras," by the Goods department. 
 
142 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 STORES DEPARTMENT. 
 
 115. This is sometimes called the Commercial arm of the 
 Railway Service, this title being assigned to it because it is 
 the principal and sometimes the only department upon which 
 devolves the duty of purchasing materials, fuel, general stores 
 and other Railway requisites, and of issuing the same to the 
 consuming departments. 
 
 It rests, therefore, with the chief Stores Superintendent to 
 take note of the " wants " of the various departments, and to 
 ascertain the channels through which they may be most effi- 
 ciently, expeditiously, and economically supplied. 
 
 The terms and conditions of all contracts relating to the 
 purchase of stores are drafted by him, and specifications prepared 
 according to requirements, samples or patterns exhibited, and 
 tenders received. 
 
 The Superintendent also negotiates the sale of old materials &c., 
 tet which the consuming departments have no further use, 
 and prepares the accounts for the same. 
 
 In these and other matters of which he has charge, the chief 
 Superintendent acts under the direction of, and is responsible 
 to the General Stores Committee of the Board, by whom tenders 
 are opened and contracts let. 
 
 Records of accepted contract prices, quantities, &c., having 
 been checked by the Directors, the Superintendent issues the 
 necessary orders to contractors, sees that the terms of contracts 
 are faithfully observed, and that goods supplied correspond 
 
Stores Department. 143 
 
 with the invoice particulars, and are properly distributed or 
 put into stock. 
 
 When it is pointed out that the ordinary payments for fuel, 
 materials and stores on each of our principal Railways amount 
 to from one and a quarter to two millions sterling per annum, 
 it will be rightly inferred that the Superintendent of the Stores 
 department is a busy man, and that in controlling the working 
 expenses of a Railway much depends upon his acquaintance 
 with sources of supply, cost, and current quotations, as also 
 upon his astuteness in watching the tendency of the markets, 
 and of political and commercial events at home and abroad, 
 by which prices may be influenced. 
 
 From morning to night he is frequently beleagured by suppliers 
 of stores of even,- conceivable kind, and it is sometimes amusing 
 to see with what persistency vendors of articles which the 
 Stores Superintendent does not want, push their wares under 
 his notice, apparently without the slightest concern for their 
 own time or for that of the Superintendent. 
 
 There is probably no more troublesome and time-killing 
 individual than the inventor who has " something of great 
 interest and value to shew, which is certain to supersede the 
 article at present in use." This may turn out to be a " new 
 and improved patent mouse-trap, so constructed that it will 
 positively exterminate the vermin that cause so much trouble 
 in the warehouses of Railway Companies" a result to be 
 desired, no doubt, but rather annoying if forced upon the 
 Superintendent's attention at a time when he is considering 
 the terms of contracts for one or two hundred thousand tons 
 of coal, or ten thousand tons of rails. 
 
 When it is known that a Railway Company uses certain 
 classes of goods of which there may be scores of manufacturers, 
 most of these will probably consider it their duty to submit as 
 
144 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 many samples as there are months in the year, without any 
 regard for notices as to periods when contracts are let, and it 
 is astonishing what a number of these samples are " really 
 the best and cheapest in the market ! " 
 
 For instance, a sample of soft soap recently submitted to the 
 Superintendent would " go further, cleanse more effectually, 
 and be found cheaper than any other kind." 
 
 It was duly passed through that indispensable auxiliary 
 of the " Stores," viz., the laboratory, and found to contain 
 about half the usual quantity of fatty matter, the difference 
 consisting mainly of water ! 
 
 Such cases are common, and oils, colours, india-rubber, 
 and other articles capable of free adulteration, often give much 
 trouble. 
 
 It is found, for example, that samples of olive oil submitted 
 with tenders and represented as "genuine? frequently con- 
 tain free fatty acids varying from ten to twenty-five per 
 cent. 
 
 A " very fine specimen " of colza oil, declared to be " the 
 very finest rape oil, crushed from selected seed under 
 personal supervision," contained cotton-seed oil and rape oil in 
 about equal proportions ! 
 
 In another case a sample of purple dry oxide, "guaranteed 
 pure," was found on analysis to contain only fifty-five per 
 cent, of peroxide of iron, the difference being impurities, mainly 
 chalk. 
 
 Even in the asbestos trade, a comparatively new industry 
 with which the writer is familiar, excessive competition has led 
 to large adulteration (mainly by foreign manufacturers) of 
 asbestos millboard with china clay, or with a fine powder the 
 chemical composition of which closely resembles that of the 
 best Italian asbestos fibre, defying detection by chemical 
 analysis or microscopic examination. Its presence is, however, 
 
Stores Department. 145 
 
 highly detrimental to the strength and durability of the material ; 
 a matter of no little consequence to the Locomotive Superin- 
 tendent, who uses it for cylinder, steam chest, dome, and other 
 high-pressure steam joints. 
 
 Many other instances, not only of adulteration, but also of 
 amusing attempts to introduce old articles under new guises, 
 might be given, but those cited will serve to shew that even in 
 the lighter items of consumption, Railway Companies may 
 suffer heavy loss unless the most careful attention be paid to 
 matters of detail. 
 
 Heavier goods such as rails, wheels, tyres, springs, &c., 
 required by the civil and mechanical engineering depart- 
 ments, are, as a rule, tested by those departments ; Inspectors 
 being sent to the works of contractors to examine the method 
 of manufacture and carry out tests in accordance with 
 specifications. 
 
 Coming now more nearly to matters of account, we shall 
 notice the methods of checking and recording Purchases, 
 Issues, Sales and Stock. 
 
 116. Purchases. For convenience of storage and dis- 
 tribution, the Stores department is divided into four or more 
 principal sections, viz. : (i) Locomotive and Carriage depart- 
 ment stores ; (2) Traffic department stores, including (a) Pro- 
 vender stores and (#) Clothing stores ; (3) Way and Works 
 department stores ; and (4) Stationery stores. 
 
 The sections are sub-divided as required, the whole being 
 under- the control of the chief Superintendent. 
 
 For the purposes of account-keeping, the stores are classified 
 under three general heads, viz. : 
 
 (i). Coal and Coke. 
 
 (2). General Stores, including copper, brass, tin, steel, iron, 
 timber, clothing, provender, stationery, and sundries. 
 
146 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 (3). Permanent Way Stores, including rails, chairs, sleepers, 
 points and crossings, timber, plates, &c., spikes, 
 and sundries. 
 
 Coal and Coke and the items comprised under the head 
 " General Stores " excepting articles subject to frequent fluctua- 
 tions in the market price, such as copper, oil, pig iron, timber, 
 provender, &c., and materials for relaying the permanent way 
 are bought under half-yearly or yearly contracts, or for longer or 
 shorter periods as may be found expedient. 
 
 The following conditions are printed on the back of the order 
 forms sent to tradesmen, the orders themselves being signed by 
 the chief Superintendent, and press copied before they are sent 
 away : 
 
 If for stores under contract, this order is given subject to the conditions specified 
 in the contract, which will be rigidly enforced. 
 
 If for stores not under contract, then the articles are to be supplied within a reason- 
 able time after the order is given, and to be the best of their respective kinds, and the 
 decision of the Company thereon shall be binding and conclusive. 
 
 Any article found to be inferior in quality, in any manner defective, or to exceed 
 the order given, will be rejected and returned to the sender at his own risk and 
 expense. 
 
 No charge will be allowed for packages, but due care will be taken to return them 
 promptly. 
 
 A priced invoice, bearing the order number, must be sent to Mr , General 
 
 Stores Superintendent, with each delivery of goods, and in addition, a monthly 
 account in detail, showing quantity, rate, and amount, as previously given on the 
 invoices, must be sent so as to reach him by the 4th of each month, or delay in 
 the payment will take place. 
 
 N.B. The Company reserve to themselves the right to refuse payment for 
 any goods that have not been ordered on this form. 
 
 A note shewing whether the costs of the goods are to be 
 charged to " Stock " or direct to the consuming department, 
 is made on perforated counterparts of the orders ; the counter- 
 parts being torn off after the press copies have been taken, 
 and before the orders are dispatched. 
 
Stores Department. 147 
 
 The details are then copied into " Office Order Books," a 
 separate account shewing the order number, date, and particulars 
 of goods ordered being kept with each tradesman. The 
 date, quantity, or weight of goods received is written up from 
 the invoices. 
 
 Goods received at the respective Stores are examined as to 
 condition, counted or weighed, and entered in " Goods 
 Received Books " ; copies of the entries being sent daily by the 
 foremen to the chief Superintendent's office, where they are 
 compared with the invoices, which are marked with a reference 
 to the " Goods Received Book." 
 
 The Stores examiners are not allowed in any case to have 
 access to the invoices ; but after these have been checked as to 
 quantities, contract prices, and calculations, copies are furnished, 
 in books for this purpose, for the guidance of the Superin- 
 tendent's assistants in pricing out goods issued to the 
 consuming departments. 
 
 If the articles are for " Stock," a remark to this effect is 
 made against the entries in the books just referred to, and 
 tickets, shewing from whom received, description of goods, and 
 price (in cypher) are attached to the articles. 
 
 In each department of Stores a "Want Book " is kept, in which 
 anything required but not in stock is entered daily. 
 
 Colliery advices of coal sent direct to the stations required 
 for locomotive purposes, are entered and forwarded to the 
 various stations for certification. The weights shewn by the 
 advices are frequently and at uncertain intervals tested at the 
 stations on delivery, the results being shewn on the advices in 
 red ink. An opinion is thus formed as to the correctness or 
 otherwise of the whole account. When certified, the advices are 
 returned to the Stores department and checked with the monthly 
 accounts rendered by the colliery proprietors. 
 
148 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
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Stores Department. 149 
 
 At the end of each month all invoices are called over with 
 the tradesmen's monthly accounts, entered in Day Books 
 or " Invoice Journals," and posted therefrom to the debit of 
 the respective stock accounts in the "Stock Ledgers." (See 
 opposite page]. 
 
 A list of the accounts is then made, certified by the Superin- 
 tendent, and submitted to the Stores Committee of Directors 
 for approval and signature. The accounts and lists are then 
 sent to the Accountant of the Qompany to be examined and 
 entered for payment (367). The lists and accounts shew how 
 the items are to be classified ; that is to say, how much is for 
 "Coal and Coke," "General Stores," and "Permanent Way 
 Stock," respectively. A copy of these lists, together with a 
 record of discounts deducted from the accounts, is kept by the 
 Stores department. 
 
 117. Issues. No materials or stores of any kind are 
 issued except under requisition signed by responsible heads of 
 departments, or, in the case of the Traffic department, by the 
 station-master or agent, and countersigned by the General 
 Manager. Stations apply for stores monthly, and shew upon 
 their requisitions quantity on hand, date and quantity of last 
 supply, and quantity required. 
 
 The demands are checked, frequently reduced, and recorded 
 in detail against each station in order to compare the supplies 
 of one period with those of another, and enable the 
 General Manager to keep watch on the consumption. 
 
 From these requisitions the Stores porters get out the goods 
 and the clerks make out the delivery notes, the latter 
 shewing articles sent, quantity, rate, and value. 
 
 A press copy of the delivery notes is taken in an " Issue 
 Book," but the money portions are torn off before they are 
 sent out. On receipt of the goods the notes are sent back 
 duly certified. 
 
150 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 An exception to this rule is made in the case of stationery 
 supplied to the Traffic department. In this instance delivery 
 notes are not sent, but after the supplies have been recorded, 
 the original requisitions are stamped as follows, and forwarded 
 to the stations : 
 
 The above goods have been forwarded, per. 
 
 This requisition is not to be returned to Stores department unless the goods are 
 not to hand. 
 
 The Traffic department is charged with the gross monthly 
 purchases for that department, and not for detailed supplies 
 to stations. This saves a great amount of labour, while the 
 same practical results are obtained without the risks of misuse 
 that might attend the same system if applied to the issue of 
 miscellaneous stores. Any small variations in the stock are 
 adjusted half-yearly or yearly. 
 
 With regard to the principal consuming departments, 
 viz. : Locomotive, Carriage, and Way and Works ; detailed 
 price lists of supplies are sent to them daily, in addition 
 to the delivery notes, to enable them to keep a proper 
 check upon the items and classify the expenses. 
 
 The press copies of the delivery notes are checked every 
 week, and the amounts entered in " Issue Summary Books," 
 a separate book being used for each consuming department. 
 From these books the respective stock accounts in the " Stock 
 Ledgers" are credited, the debits to which accounts consist 
 of the amounts of the tradesmen's accounts, as we have seen, 
 and of the value of materials taken back into stock from 
 the Way and Works and other departments, as explained 
 farther on. 
 
 From the Issue Summary Books, a " Statement of Stores 
 Issued," is made up every week for the Accountant's use (382). 
 
Stores Department. 151 
 
 This shews the total invoice values of all materials and stores 
 issued during the week, less credits for old materials &c, 
 returned to Stores, and states to which departments of expen- 
 diture the net amounts are chargeable. Before being sent 
 to the Accountant, this statement is signed by the Stores 
 Superintendent, and the items relating to the Locomotive and 
 Carriage department are also checked and certified by the 
 Superintendent of the latter department. 
 
 In the case of coal for locomotive purposes, the Stores depart- 
 ment, after ascertaining that the amounts are correct, charges 
 out, in the statements of issues, the actual monthly purchases 
 to a separate account, called in the Accountant's books, " Coal 
 and Coke Stock Account," and so far as the Stores department 
 is concerned, there is an end of the matter. (See 128 and 382.) 
 
 We may here point out that all stores are necessarily 
 charged to the consuming departments, and credited to the 
 Stores department, through the weekly statements of issues 
 without deducting cash discounts, while the net amounts only of 
 the accounts passed for payment are debited against the 
 Stores department by the Accountant. The discounts, therefore, 
 have to be dealt with separately at the end of each half-year, when 
 the items are classified, and a summary prepared for the 
 Accountant shewing the amount for which each department 
 requires credit ; the total being carried to the debit of stores 
 purchases in the Accountant's books. 
 
 118. Sales. Contracts for the sale of old materials and 
 stores are usually let at the time the yearly contracts for the 
 purchase of new materials, &c., are settled, or as favourable 
 opportunities arise ; the prices agreed upon being similarly 
 registered and passed by the Directors in each case. Old 
 materials returned to the Stores department are. accompanied 
 by advices, and are re-weighed and checked before being sent 
 to purchasing contractors. 
 
152 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
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 Permanent Way Stores. 
 
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Stores Department. 153 
 
 As previously stated, their value is deducted from the weekly 
 debits to the departments for stores issued; except in the case of 
 materials returned to the Stores department by the Way and 
 Works department, when the value is accepted by the " Stores " 
 as a debit, and treated as a cash purchase. A monthly abstract 
 of these items is furnished to the Accountant by the Way and 
 Works department, to enable him to credit the proper accounts 
 in his books, the total being debited against " Stores." 
 (See 123 and 383.) After being copiejd into a "Credit Journal" 
 and posted to the debit of purchasers, the invoices for materials 
 sold are sent to the Accountant with a corresponding list 
 (made in the " Stores Department Credits Book ") to be entered 
 in his books, and forwarded to the parties concerned ( 393 ). 
 
 The value of materials sent back to Stores is worked out on 
 the departmental delivery notes, entered on the credit side of 
 the Issue Summary Books, and posted thence to the debit of 
 the several stock accounts in the Stock Ledgers. 
 
 On the other hand, sales are posted from the " Credit 
 Journal " to the credit side of the Stock Ledgers at the end of 
 each month. 
 
 119. Carriage of Stores. Traffic department accounts 
 for the carriage of stores are examined in detail, and when 
 necessary, compared with the conditions Of purchase or sale ; 
 any items payable by contractors, or otherwise incorrect, being 
 disallowed. It is shewn in the section dealing with the 
 Accountant's department (322) how these charges are cleared. 
 
 120. Stock. A detailed valuation of the stock of stores 
 is made periodically and compared with the balances shewn 
 by the Stock Ledgers, the book stock being adjusted to the 
 actual by "debit" or "credit" entries, and the differences, 
 after being submitted to the Accountant, allowed or charged 
 to the departments concerned, supplementary returns being 
 furnished to the Accountant for this purpose. 
 
154 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 The books and inventories of materials and stores are checked 
 with the actual stock by the Accountant's staff. 
 
 The Stock Ledger totals are carried weekly to general 
 summaries of the purchases, issues, &c., as shewn by the 
 example, and these are totalled and balanced at the end of each 
 half-year with the Accountant's books. 
 
 The administration expenses of the Stores department 
 are apportioned to the various consuming departments at the 
 end of each half-year ( 386 ). 
 
Way and Works Department. 155 
 
 WAY AND WORKS DEPARTMENT. 
 
 121. The Way and Works Department has charge of 
 
 the Construction and Maintenance of the Railway, Works, and 
 Buildings. 
 
 In connection with Construction, the Engineer-in-Chief con- 
 ducts surveys, prepares plans, sections, &c., estimates of cost, 
 and takes such steps as may be necessary for compliance with 
 the Standing Orders of Parliament, so far as they relate to his 
 department and to the depositing of Bills, plans, &c, in the 
 private Bill office of the Houses of Parliament. 
 
 The Engineer is frequently a principal witness before Parlia- 
 mentary Committees in support of Bills promoted by his 
 Company, and upon his evidence the fate of Bills often depends. 
 
 His responsibilities, however, become more apparent after the 
 Bills have received Royal assent, and he. has been authorised to 
 proceed with the works. His grasp of the principles of 
 Engineering science and practical knowledge of details are then 
 called into action ; and from the preparation of the working 
 plans and specifications to the opening of the Railway for traffic 
 he has often to contend with difficulties and Engineering 
 problems which demand ability of the first order to solve. 
 
 Indeed, his anxieties do not end with the opening of the 
 Railway. The works are then put to the test of constant use, 
 which, combined with varying temperature and atmospheric 
 changes, may be expected to try their stability to the utmost, and 
 determine the value of the principles of construction adopted. 
 
 The maintenance, therefore, of the Railway in a state ot 
 
156 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 efficiency requires unceasing watchfulness on the part of the 
 Engineer. 
 
 The expenditure of his department is under his control ; but 
 as a rule, no contracts are let, either for construction or repairs, 
 except by the Directors' Committee ; and new works involving 
 outlay on Capital account are not undertaken without being 
 submitted, after passing the Committee, to the Board of 
 Directors for approval, such approval being signified in each 
 case by a properly recorded minute. 
 
 In discharging the duties of his department, the chief 
 Engineer has, in addition to his staff at head quarters, the 
 assistance of Engineers of divisions, Superintendents of districts, 
 Clerks of works, Inspectors of circuits, and Gangers of lengths. 
 
 The gangs each consist of from 3 to 6 men, who, under the 
 supervision of the Gangers (or foremen) and Inspectors (the 
 latter receiving their instructions from the Superintendents or 
 Divisional Engineers), do the ordinary daily repairs necessary on 
 their respective lengths, and in the sidings and yards connected 
 therewith. These are known as the " straight road men." 
 
 Several larger gangs are employed in re-laying, and extra 
 works, and go from place to place as required. These are known 
 as the " re-laying gangs." 
 
 The mode of recording the time worked, and materials used in 
 connection with these operations, will be best explained under 
 the following heads, viz.: (i) Wages; (2) Materials; (3) 
 Accounts. 
 
 122. Wages. Every ganger, timekeeper, or foreman of 
 smiths, carpenters, fitters, masons, &c., is provided with two 
 time-books (one for each alternate week) in which to enter, 
 daily, the time worked by himself and the men under him. 
 
 In doing this he is required to observe the following instruc- 
 tions, printed inside the cover of his book : 
 
Way and Works Department 157 
 
 I. Alternate books must be used for alternate weeks. 
 
 2. All time made in each week, including horse hire, to be entered in the book 
 
 for that week, and in no case must the time be returned on slips of paper. 
 3. The Christian and Surname of each man must be written in full. 
 4. When a man works under two or more Gangers in one week, each Ganger must 
 
 enter the time made under him only, and not that made under any other 
 
 Ganger. 
 
 5. The Ganger must take care this book is not lost or destroyed. 
 6. This book must be made up and sent in to the Inspector on Thursday 
 
 afternoons. 
 
 The Inspectors' books are made up from the Gangers' books 
 in accordance with the following instructions. They shew the 
 time, rate, and amount due to each man, and the total amount 
 payable at each station in the respective circuits of the 
 Inspectors, by whom they are certified, and sent with the 
 corresponding Gangers' books, to the Superintendent of the 
 district to which they belong, to be examined, summarized^ 
 certified, and forwarded by him to head quarters for the pay 
 bills to be prepared. 
 
 ENGINEER'S DEPARTMENT. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSPECTORS. 
 
 In making up the Time Books, strict attention must be paid to the following 
 directions : 
 
 The Christian and Surname of each man must be written in full, and whenever 
 two or more men of the same Christian and Surname are entered to be paid, 
 a distinction must be made so as to ensure each having his proper wages, and 
 these must be described as No. I, 2, 3, or 4, &c., and Senior or Junior. 
 
 No man must be entered to be paid at more than one Station in the week* 
 and that Station must be on the district he belongs to. 
 
 No man must be allowed to receive the wages of a fellow-workman. 
 
 Alternate Gangers' books to be used same as Inspectors' books ; the Gangers' 
 books to be sent to me each week with the corresponding Inspectors' books ; 
 and these will be duly returned with the Inspectors' books. 
 
 All time entered in these books must appear in the Gangers' books. All errors 
 or remarks in the Gangers' books must be noted by the Inspector in Red Ink only. 
 
 Wages must not be paid in the Company's time. 
 
 Inspectors must insert the Rent against each man in the column provided for 
 that purpose. 
 
158 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 All Piece or Contract work must appear as such in the Time books. 
 
 All the works executed during the Week must be correctly divided one from 
 the other, and the amount of each shown in the money column provided for that 
 purpose ; so that the Superintendent of the District may arrange the several sums 
 in a summary at the end of each week in the order of the following list : 
 
 1. PERMANENT WAY ; including Drains, Water Courses, Repairs of Tools and 
 
 Siding Stops. 
 
 2. POINTS AND CROSSINGS; including Smiths' Work, and the necessary tools. 
 
 3. TURNTABLES; ditto ditto ditto 
 
 4. SIGNALS AND SIGNAL LAMPS ; ditto 
 
 5. FENCES AND GATES, AND FENCE DITCHES ; ditto 
 
 6. SLIPS; ditto 
 
 7. BRIDGES, CULVERTS, TUNNELS, AND OTHER MASONRY ; ditto 
 
 ('Including Metalling, Scraping, 
 Cleaning, removal of Refuse from 
 all Roads, Yards, and Wharves, 
 and all Tools and Implements. 
 
 9. BALLASTING ; including the Ballasting at Relaying (Boxing up) ditto 
 
 REPAIRS OF LINE AND WORKS. 
 
 10. REPAIRS OF STATION BUILDINGS, PLATFORMS, AND CRANES. 
 
 11. ALTERATIONS OF STATIONS; including Alteration and Extensions of existing 
 
 Works. 
 
 12. ENGINEERING OFFICE EXPENSES. 
 
 13. REPAIRS OF RENTAL PROPERTY. 
 
 MAINTENANCE OF WAY. 
 
 ! Including Relaying Permanent Way, and beating up 
 and finishing off the same ; Loading and Unloading 
 all Materials. (State each work separately. ) 
 
 15. NEW WORKS; (To be accurately described.} 
 
 16. WORKS FOR OTHER DEPARTMENTS ; state the kind of work and the locality. 
 
 17. WORKS FOR OTHER PERSONS; ditto ditto ditto 
 Inspectors may subdivide their entries to any extent they choose, providing they 
 
 shew the total amount chargeable to each of the above general divisions. 
 
 Signed,. 
 
 ENGINEER. 
 
 The time made and amounts earned by each man on the 
 various works during the week, as shewn by the Inspectors' 
 books, are transferred to Pay-bills in the chief Engineer's 
 office. Ordinary time, overtime, Sunday work, and services for 
 
f OF THE 
 
 nJNITJ ERSITY 
 Way and Works Department. 159 
 
 other departments are shewn separately, and the total amounts 
 of the bills are agreed with the Inspectors' books after adding to 
 or deducting from the latter errors in time or calculation. 
 
 After club, rents, or fines have been entered in the Pay-bills 
 under the head of " stoppages," the totals for each station are 
 carried to a general summary, which is sent with the bills to the 
 Accountant to be examined and dealt with by his department 
 (370). 
 
 It may, however, be mentioned here that the arrangements are 
 such as to admit of wages earned up to, say Thursday evening, 
 being transmitted to, and paid at, every station on the line by 
 the following Wednesday. This applies to all departments. 
 
 When men in the Way and Works department are to be 
 paid off, and the money is required before the usual pay day, an 
 advice is sent by the district Superintendent to the Engineer, 
 by whom an authority is issued to the chief district Cashier to 
 advance the amount required out of his floating cash balance, 
 such authority being countersigned for the Accountant. 
 
 Money so paid is entered on the pay bills for the following 
 week, and marked "paid off," and is refunded to the cashier, 
 the men's signatures having been previously taken on special 
 bills. 
 
 Immediately after the bills have been made up in the 
 Engineer's office, the details of the time entered in the Gangers' 
 books are carefully examined, and compared with the Inspectors' 
 books, any differences found being enquired into, and corrected 
 in the following week. In the event of any serious discrepancy, 
 the pay entered on the bills for the current week would, of 
 course, be intercepted. The books are then returned. 
 
 A classified abstract of the week's wages expenditure is 
 afterwards made up for the Accountant, and shews the amounts 
 chargeable under the following heads : 
 
160 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 (i). Maintenance 
 
 (a) Office expenses. 
 
 (b) Repairs, &c., of Way. 
 
 (V) Repairs of Roads, Bridges, Signals, &c. 
 
 (d) Repairs and Alterations of Stations and Buildings. 
 
 (e) Maintenance of Canals. 
 
 (/) Repairs of Company's Houses. 
 
 (2). General Charges- 
 Repairs, &c., of Telegraphs. 
 
 (3). Permanent Way Stock Account 
 
 Labour cost of Creosoting Sleepers. 
 
 (4). Personal Accounts 
 
 Sidings, &c., for sundry parties, the cost of which is 
 re-chargeable. Full particulars are given. 
 
 (5). Capital- 
 New works chargeable to Capital account. Full 
 particulars of each item, and the numbers of the 
 Directors' Minutes authorizing the outlay are 
 given. 
 
 (6). Total- 
 As per pay-bills. 
 
 It frequently happens that in foggy weather and other times 
 platelayers are employed in fog signalling, &c., for the Traffic 
 department. In such cases weekly returns of the time are sent 
 by the Station Masters to the Engineer and Traffic Superin- 
 tendent. These are checked with the Inspectors' books, and 
 accounts are rendered to the Traffic department for the expen- 
 diture incurred. 
 
 123. Materials. The requisitions for materials and stores 
 are prepared by the Superintendents, examined by the Divisional 
 Engineers, and recorded in detail in " Requisition Books " at 
 the head offices. 
 
Way and Works Department. 161 
 
 The original requisitions, which, in addition to other particu- 
 lars, shew for what purposes the materials are required, are 
 then sent to the Stores department, and the materials are for- 
 warded direct to the localities named. 
 
 The daily returns of supplies (made up by the Stores depart- 
 ment, and previously referred to) are checked with the requisi- 
 tion books ; in which are entered, from certified advices as these 
 come to hand from the Superintendents, the dates and quantities 
 received. 
 
 The advices are then sent to the Stores department Advices 
 not duly received are applied for. 
 
 From the requisition books and daily returns, weekly classified 
 abstracts are made up for the Accountant. These agree, in 
 total, with the amount debited against the Way and Works 
 department through the weekly statements of materials and 
 stores issued (made up by the Stores department), and shew how 
 such amount is chargeable (385) 
 
 Permanent way materials supplied for maintenance or renewal 
 purposes, also signal materials, being generally ordered in 
 advance of actual requirements, are charged respectively to 
 " Permanent Way," " Signal " and " Telegraph " Stock accounts. 
 But materials supplied to contractors for the construction of new 
 lines, also miscellaneous stores, such as stone, bricks, lime, 
 timber, fencing materials, &c., &c., required for maintenance 
 or other purposes, are charged direct to Revenue, Capital, or 
 Personal accounts, as the case may be ; the classification of 
 the expenditure being similar to that for wages. 
 
 Records of materials used out of " Stock " are kept by the 
 Inspectors and Superintendents, and returns thereof are furnished 
 to the Engineer monthly. A monthly stock credit statement, 
 shewing particulars of all materials used, together with the 
 accounts chargeable therewith, is made up from these returns 
 for the Accountant. 
 
1 62 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Similar accounts are kept and returns rendered in the cases 
 of " Signal " and " Telegraph " Stock. 
 
 On the other hand, all permanent way materials taken up or 
 " produced," are accounted for as debits to " Stock," and a 
 monthly statement of these, also, shewing what branches of 
 expenditure require credit, is furnished to the Accountant. 
 
 Materials for which the Engineer's department has no further 
 use, are sent back to the General Stores department, and advices 
 thereof sent daily to the Engineer by the District Superin- 
 tendents. These advices are checked with a monthly return 
 of materials received, furnished to the Engineer by the Stores 
 department, and a statement shewing what accounts require 
 credit is made up therefrom for the Accountant. These 
 statements of materials for the Accountant's use are designated 
 respectively : (i) Materials used ; (2) Materials produced ; and 
 (3) Materials sent to Stores (383). 
 
 All materials are charged out at average prices, and the 
 details posted into Stock Ledgers. The book stock is balanced 
 with the Accountant's figures, and adjusted to the actual, every 
 half-year ; a detailed valuation, certified by the Engineer, being 
 submitted to the Accountant and checked by his staff before 
 the adjustment entries are made. 
 
 No person is allowed to remove materials from the Company's 
 property without a written order from the District Superinten- 
 dent to the stationrmaster or agent to permit such material to pass. 
 
 124. Accounts. Tradesmen executing orders for 
 repairs, &c., are required, except in the case of works capable of 
 measurement, to send to the clerks of works a weekly return 
 detailing the materials supplied each day, workmen's names, 
 trade, on what work employed, and time occupied, and stating 
 whether the orders have been completed or not. After being 
 checked and certified by the clerks of works, the returns are 
 forwarded by the latter to the Engineer. 
 
Way and Works Department. 163 
 
 Tradesmen's accounts, except for contract work, are rendered 
 monthly, and, as a rule, include charges for finished work only. 
 They are certified by the clerks of works, and checked as to 
 quantities and time in the Engineer's office with the above 
 returns, the prices also being examined with the accepted 
 schedules, and the calculations checked. The tradesmen are 
 advised of alterations or deductions. 
 
 Repairs, painting, &c., capable of measurement, are measured 
 up when completed by the clerks of works, who certify the 
 accounts. 
 
 All orders issued to tradesmen to execute repairs, &c., are 
 numbered and marked off as soon as the work is finished and 
 accounts for the same have been passed. 
 
 Certificates for payment on account of contract work are 
 signed by the Engineer, monthly, or as the work pro- 
 gresses. Each certificate is marked with the number of the 
 Directors' minute authorizing the outlay ; and when the work 
 has been completed, and the final account rendered, the whole 
 is measured up or otherwise checked. 
 
 A note having been made at the foot of the accounts shewing 
 to which branch of expenditure they are chargeable, they are 
 compared with the previous accounts (copies being kept for this 
 purpose), entered in a list certified by the Engineer, submitted 
 to the Directors, and, if approved, passed for payment (367). 
 
 Certificates on account of construction contracts are entered 
 on separate lists and passed for payment by the Directors' 
 General Purposes Committee. The quantities, &c., are 
 measured up monthly, or as often as necessary, by the resident 
 Engineers. 
 
 Detailed abstracts of the expenditure in connection with the 
 maintenance and renewal of each branch, inclusive of wages, 
 materials, and accounts, are kept by the Engineer's department 
 for purposes of comparison. 
 
164 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Records are also kept of all work done (including wages and 
 materials supplied) for other Railway Companies, private 
 firms, &c. Accounts for expenditure of this nature, also for old 
 building materials, &c., sold, are prepared and sent to the 
 Accountant, with a monthly list thereof, in the "Way and 
 Works Department Credits Book." 
 
 It is a duty of the Accountant's Inspectors to see that these 
 accounts are duly rendered ; that charges to Capital account 
 are correctly worked up, and that fair average prices only are 
 charged for materials used. They also see from time to time 
 that the accounts for the carriage of materials over the line 
 are subject to proper examination, and that the material 
 carried by ballast trains is such as ought to be carried 
 by those trains only. They compare the Gangers' time books 
 with Inspectors' time books, and apply such tests as may seem 
 desirable to prove their accuracy, and attend, at uncertain 
 intervals, at the pay tables to see that the men are properly 
 identified. These remarks apply more or less to all depart- 
 ments. 
 
Locomotive and Carriage and Wagon Department. 165 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE AND CARRIAGE AND WAGON 
 DEPARTMENT.* 
 
 125. The Superintendent of this department, or 
 Mechanical Engineer, supervises all matters in connection 
 with the designing, purchase or erection, repairing and 
 re-building of the Company's Working Stock, and sees that 
 it is maintained " in good working order and condition." 
 
 He afso causes such repairs as may be necessary, to be 
 done to working stock belonging to other Companies or private 
 traders, that becomes crippled while passing over his Company's 
 line, and charges the owners with the cost. 
 
 He has the oversight of the gas and weighing machine 
 departments, attends to the water supplies, sees that hoists, 
 cranes, hydraulic and other machinery are kept in proper repair, 
 and that the fire brigade and break-down appliances are kept 
 constantly available for action. 
 
 These matters, of course, on a Railway of magnitude, 
 necessitate the employment of large bodies of workmen, and 
 the control of these, with due regard to the welfare of the 
 men and interests of the Company, requires tact and judgment 
 
 There is probably no more interesting sight in any department 
 of the Railway, than that of thousands of workmen, immediately 
 after the steam time-gong has sounded on pay-day, emerging 
 from the central Locomotive and Carriage erecting and 
 
 * On at least two of the principal Railways London & North Western and 
 Midland, where the Locomotive Works are very extensive, the Carriage and Wagon 
 Stock is placed under separate superintendence. 
 
1 66 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 repairing shops, and making their way to the pay-tables to 
 receive their week's earnings in numbered boxes as rapidly 
 as they can pass in single file ; and a considerate 
 Chief must feel much satisfaction when he sees on such 
 occasions that his efforts to regulate the relations of employers 
 and employed meet with contented and sympathetic response. 
 
 It is of great public importance that all sections of Railway 
 work should be carried on with as little disarrangement as 
 possible, and in no department is this of more consequence than 
 in the one that supplies the motive power. 
 
 Another matter relative to the staff of this department 
 demanding constant attention, is the selection of enginemen and 
 firemen. Block telegraphs may be carefully operated, points 
 and signals interlocked, permanent way perfect, guards watch- 
 ful ; but if the engineman fails to close the regulator at the 
 right moment, direful consequences may follow. Fallibility in 
 the signalman is in part counteracted by the electrical and 
 mechanical contrivances referred to ; but no mechanism will 
 shut off steam in obedience to a danger signal, if the engine- 
 driver fails to do so. 
 
 It is, therefore, an important part of the Locomotive 
 Superintendent's duties to satisfy himself that these men are 
 carefully selected and properly trained for their work. 
 
 He causes records to be kept of engine and train mileage, 
 time worked, materials used, and expenses incurred in the 
 operations of his department, and provides for such sub- 
 division of costs as may be required. 
 
 While he is responsible for the expenses, outlays of con- 
 siderable amount other than for ordinary working and main- 
 tenance, are not as a rule undertaken without the sanction 
 of the Directors' Locomotive Committee ; and expenditure on 
 Capital account cannot be incurred, except that authorized by 
 the Board. 
 
Locomotive and Carriage and Wagon Department. 167 
 
 We will first describe the system of taking the time in 
 connection with the working and repairing of engines &c., 
 including day and piece-work, and the preparation of the 
 pay-bills, dealing next with materials, accounts for payment, 
 costs, &c. 
 
 The system of checking the time of the men engaged in the 
 carriage and wagon repairing shops being practically the same as 
 in the repairing engines department, this need not be separately 
 referred to. 
 
 126. Wages, (a) Day-work. Every engineman and fire- 
 man is required to sign his name and enter the exact time in 
 a book when going on or off duty, stating in the entry the 
 due time of the train, and the number of the engine. 
 
 These particulars, together with the total number of hours on 
 duty and miles run, are copied into Day-books by the loco- 
 motive foremen, or their clerks. 
 
 The time of all other workmen cleaners, steam-risers, 
 fitters, smiths, labourers, &c. at the principal out-stations, 
 is made up from the working of their checks or dominoes. 
 
 These checks which bear the men's registered numbers are 
 deposited in the time-office by the workmen on entering, and are 
 returned to them on leaving the premises, morning, noon, and 
 night ; the time being entered up in the " check " and time- 
 books by the clerks during working hours. 
 
 At the end of the week the time worked by each man is 
 transferred to time-sheets, which also shew the rate. Pay-bills 
 are then prepared, certified by the locomotive foremen, and 
 together with the time-sheets, sent to head-quarters, any 
 allowances for lodging expenses being also certified and added 
 to the wages. 
 
 Clerks are occasionally sent to out-stations by the Superin- 
 tendent for the purpose of checking the time-sheets with the 
 books. 
 
1 68 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 The time made by gas and weighing-machine men 
 temporarily working at out-stations is certified by the loco- 
 motive foremen or station-masters. 
 
 At the central erecting and repairing shops, the following 
 regulations are strictly enforced : 
 
 REPAIRING ENGINES DEPARTMENT. 
 
 I. Workmen are required to enter the works by the time-office entrance only, 
 and to leave the works by the time-office departure gate, and any workman 
 entering or leaving the premises by any other than the appointed way, will 
 be liable to dismissal. 
 
 2. A Check must be deposited by each workman at 6.O a.m., 9.0 a.m., and 
 2.0 p.m , before commencing work. The time-office will be open 15 minutes, 
 and the bell rung 5 minutes before each time of commencing work, and the 
 time-office window will be closed immediately the steam whistle has ceased 
 sounding ; but workmen may enter from 6.10 a.m. to 6.15 a.m., for which 
 half-an-hour will be deducted from their time. During meal hours the work- 
 men must leave the workshops ; and all workmen taking their meals in the 
 mess-rooms will have to pass through the time-office entrance before com- 
 mencing work again. 
 
 Time will only be entered to those workmen whose checks have been 
 deposited at the proper time. 
 
 3. Workmen must not put into the time-office any other check than their own. 
 
 The deposited checks are recorded during working hours on 
 time-sheets, and these at the end of the week are made up and 
 sent to the Superintendent's office. 
 
 As a test, however, of the accuracy of the time entered, and 
 in order that the labour costs may be properly charged out, 
 shop time-sheets are also used. 
 
 These are filled up by the shop foremen, who enter the time 
 the men are employed on each description of work during the 
 day, and send the sheets at the end of the week to the 
 Superintendent's office. 
 
 The time entered is there compared with the gate time-sheets, 
 and any discrepancies are enquired into, and cleared up before 
 the pay-bills are prepared. The shop sheets are afterwards 
 moneyed out and balanced with the total of the pay-bills. 
 
Locomotive and Carriage and Wagon Department. 169 
 
 The entries in the pay-bills are classified, as far as possible, 
 according to occupation, and a summary made at the foot of 
 each, shewing, for the information of the Accountant, how much 
 is for working engines, repairs, and renewal of engines, &c., 
 respectively. 
 
 After sick allowances as per surgeons' certificates, and 
 stoppages for rent, club, fines, &c., have been entered, the totals 
 for the central works and each station are carried to an ab- 
 stract as under, which is also totalled and sent with the bills, 
 after being certified by the Superintendent and press-copied, 
 to the Accountant (370). 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE DEPARTMENT. ABSTRACT OF PAY-BILLS 
 
 FROM 189 TO 189 
 
 Both days inclusive. 
 
 STATION. 
 
 Total Corres- 
 pond in Week of 
 previous year. 
 
 2s 
 2.9 
 
 II 
 
 Repairs and 
 Renewals of 
 Engines. 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 Gas Fitters. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Sick 
 Allowance. 
 
 STOPPAGES. 
 
 A 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (b) Piece-work. The wages of all men in the repairing 
 engines department are calculated and paid in the first instance 
 on actual time worked ; and the amounts earned by those on 
 piece-work in excess of their day-work pay are added to their 
 wages for the following week. 
 
 The rates for piece-work are fixed from time to time by the 
 Superintendent and works manager, and lists thereof are given 
 to the shop foremen. 
 
 At the end of the week, the head of each piece-work gang 
 makes a written statement of the work done by himself and 
 co-workers during the week, inserts the rates, amounts earned, 
 and wages received on account. 
 
170 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 These statements, or " Piece-work Sheets," are checked and 
 certified by the shop foremen and piece-work clerks, who visit 
 each gang as frequently as is necessary to enable them to do 
 this. 
 
 The sheets are then handed into the Superintendent's office, 
 where the rates and calculations are checked, and the entries for 
 wages compared with the amounts entered on the pay bills. 
 The balances are then inserted and divided pro rata according 
 to work done ; the amount due to each man being, as stated 
 above, added to his wages for the following week. 
 
 In those cases in which piece-work jobs occupy several weeks, 
 or when for any reason the work cannot be at once balanced off, 
 the wages paid on account are posted into Ledgers, the balance 
 due being divided when the work is completed. 
 
 Records are kept shewing the per-centage of money earned 
 above the ordinary weekly wages. 
 
 All piece-work calculations are checked, and payments on 
 account and balances compared with the pay-bills by the 
 Accountant's staff weekly. 
 
 The wages of men in the central erecting and repairing shops 
 are paid on the domino system ; others are required, as a rule, 
 to sign for their wages on the pay-sheets. 
 
 Foremen have authority to discharge or engage workmen in 
 urgent cases, but not to increase the staff or vary the rates of 
 pay without the consent of the Superintendent, to whom weekly 
 advices of alterations or recommendations are sent for approval. 
 
 127. Materials. The daily priced lists of materials supplied 
 by the General Stores (or purchasing) department before referred 
 to, are compared with advices of materials received, and then 
 entered in a Stores Expenditure Classification Book as below, 
 the totals of which are balanced weekly with the statements of 
 stores issued, furnished to the Accountant by the Stores depart- 
 ment (117). 
 
Locomotive and Carriage and Wagon Department. 171 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE STORES CLASSIFICATION BOOK. 
 
 
 
 WORKING ENGINES. 
 
 REPAIRING ENGINES. 
 
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 STATION. 
 
 
 
 
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 Locomotive and Carriage department stores are kept as far 
 as possible under the supervision of locomotive and carriage 
 stores foremen at the central works, and materials cannot be 
 obtained therefrom without a written order, on a printed form, 
 signed by the works manager or foreman of the shop, or 
 station, requiring the same. The order must also state for what 
 purposes the stores are required. 
 
 Detailed statements of issues are sent by the stores foremen 
 to the chief office, where they are priced out, and such of the 
 items as require to be so dealt with, posted into Cost Ledgers. 
 
 In numerous instances, of course, materials are sent by the 
 Purchasing department direct to stations without passing 
 through the central Stores. Effective control over consumption 
 is, however, exercised by the Chief of the department, by means 
 of the daily priced lists of materials supplied, as also by 
 various other detailed and classified statements, which are made 
 up from returns obtained from stations and other sources, 
 bearing on coal and materials consumed by engines, mileage 
 and duty performed, mileage and tonnage costs, &c., &c. 
 
 128. Coal. Coal is weighed out to engines requiring it at 
 stations where it is stacked, and returns thereof are sent to the 
 Superintendent. 
 
 A weekly statement, shewing the total weight issued, and the 
 cost (calculated at average rates), is sent to the Accountant, by 
 whom the amount is transferred from the Coal and Coke Stock 
 Account before mentioned, to the debit of Locomotive 
 
172 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 department expenditure in connection with the working of 
 engines (382). 
 
 Stocks of coal and other stores in the Locomotive department 
 are taken half-yearly, a certified valuation thereof being furnished 
 to the Accountant, and checked by his staff. 
 
 129. Accounts. As nearly all stores and materials are 
 bought by the General Stores department, there are comparatively 
 few accounts to be passed for payment by the Locomotive 
 department, otherwise than for occasional purchases of working 
 stock, gas, water, repairs, &c. 
 
 Gas and water bills are checked by the meter readings, 
 returns of which are obtained from the stations. 
 
 Accounts for payment are entered in a Day-book and posted 
 therefrom into Ledgers for reference. In doing this it is seen 
 that the same accounts have not been previously passed. 
 
 They are then entered in a list, certified by the Superin- 
 tendent, presented to the Directors' Locomotive Committee for 
 approval, and sent to the Accountant (367). 
 
 130. Costs, &C. A "Wages Classification Book/' made 
 up from the shop time- sheets, contains an abstract of shop work, 
 and balances with the pay-bills. 
 
 All items for work done on Capital account, or for other 
 departments, companies, traders, &c., are shown separately, and 
 posted from the wages classification book, and priced statements 
 of materials used, into the Cost Ledgers. 
 
 Accounts are also opened in these books, and posted up in a 
 similar way for any other work, the cost of which it is desired to 
 ascertain, a per-centage being added to cover general expenses 
 and superintendence. 
 
 The bills for work chargeable to Capital, other departments, 
 Companies, &c., are next prepared, entered in Day or Invoice 
 Books, and posted into Personal Ledgers. 
 
 They are then sent with a list (made in the " Locomotive and 
 
Locomotive and Carriage and Wagon Department. 173 
 
 Carriage Department Credits Book ") to the Accountant to be 
 examined, entered in his books, and sent to the departments or 
 parties concerned (393). 
 
 A " General Expenses Book " is also kept, containing a 
 classified summary of the expenditure of the department. 
 
 The debits include salaries, wages, materials, stores, coal, 
 accounts passed for payment, &c. ; while the credits consist of 
 accounts passed for collection, as shewn by the credits book 
 mentioned above, credits for old materials returned to the 
 General Stores department, &c. 
 
 The totals are compared and agreed with the Accountant's 
 figures at the close of each half-year. 
 
1/4 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 TRAFFIC DEPARTMENT. 
 
 131. The "Traffic" was described in the first section as the 
 Rqvenue earning department of the Railway. The method of 
 rendering the station returns of earnings having been fully dealt 
 with, we shall now refer to expenditure. In doing this, no 
 distinction need be made between the Coaching, Goods and 
 Mineral departments. 
 
 132. Wages. The following regulations refer to the 
 preparation of the pay-bills and to the payment of wages. 
 
 Preparation of Pay-bills. Pay-bills must be made out weekly on the 
 forms supplied, and include all time up to Thursday evening, Thursday night-duty 
 to be entered in the following week's bills. Great care should be taken in checking 
 them, not only to prevent clerical errors, but also to ensure men not being paid 
 for time other than that they have actually worked, and to accomplish this all Station 
 Clerks and Goods Agents must see that an accurate record is kept daily of the time 
 made by each servant of the Company under their control. The bills should be 
 despatched so as to reach head-quarters not later than noon on Friday, and whenever 
 practicable, should leave by the last train on Thursday night, addressed to the Goods 
 Manager or Passenger Superintendent, as the case may be. 
 
 No addition to the authorized pay of any Servant, whether for overtime or 
 anything else, must be entered upon the pay-bill, without the authority of the 
 General Manager or of the Goods Manager for the Goods department, or the 
 Passenger Superintendent for the Passenger department, being first obtained, and a 
 reference to such authority must be given on the pay-bill on which the extra allowance 
 is made. Such extra payments must be entered in red ink in the "Extra Pay" 
 column of the bill. 
 
 Deductions for rents, fines, &c., must be entered in the columns set apart for that 
 purpose, opposite the entry of the wages of the servant from which they are 
 deducted, and the amount must be deducted from the total of the pay-bill. 
 
 Extra staff must not be engaged without the sanction of the General Manager or 
 of the Goods Manager for the Goods department, or the Passenger Superintendent 
 for the Passenger department, being previously obtained, unless in cases of sudden 
 influx of traffic or real emergency, and in such cases the cause must be reported the 
 
Traffic Department. 175 
 
 same day to the head of the department concerned, with the amount of extra expense 
 likely to be incurred. On the pay-bill including such extras (which are to be entered 
 in red ink at the foot of the bill), reference to the authority for them must be given if 
 previously obtained, and if not, to the report made of the cause requiring them. 
 
 When a servant is placed on the staff, his wages must be entered in red ink at the 
 foot of the bill, until the Station Master or Agent is advised of his appointment being 
 confirmed by the Directors, when he will be entered in black ink in the portion of the 
 bill appropriated to the permanent staff. 
 
 The wages of the permanent staff in black ink must be added up separately, as also 
 that of the extra payments in red ink, a total of the two being shown, from which the 
 deduction must be made, and then the final total given the form at the back being 
 filled up and the certificate signed by the Station Master or Goods Agent. 
 
 Payment Of Wages, &C. Payment must not be made by the Clerk who 
 has been employed in compiling the pay-bills, and where another Clerk is not at his 
 disposal, the Agent or Station-Master must see to the payment himself. The 
 following rules must be strictly carried out. Each man must sign his name, or if he 
 cannot write, affix his mark with his own hand. In obtaining the signatures, the 
 men must be asked the amount of cash they are to receive, and have full opportunity 
 of seeing that the figures on the pay-bill agree with it. Wages must not be paid to 
 other than the party to whom they are due without a written authority from the man 
 whose wages are so applied for, which must be handed to and returned by the Agent 
 or Station-Master to head-quarters with the pay-bill. 
 
 The receipted pay-bills must be returned in time to reach the Accountant by noon 
 the following Monday, an explanation being given in all cases where the moneys are 
 not paid, such moneys at the same time being remitted to Bank with the traffic cash. 
 The certificate attached to the pay-bills must be properly filled up and signed before 
 they are returned. 
 
 The same rules must be observed in cases when the wages of the men in the employ 
 of the Way and Works, Locomotive, and Carriage and Wagon departments are paid 
 by anyone in the Traffic department. 
 
 The same care as to payment of salaries should be taken. 
 
 Absence from Duty. If anyone entered on the salary or wages list is 
 unable to attend to his duties through illness, particulars must at once be reported. 
 
 On receipt at the Staff offices of the Goods and Coaching 
 departments, the pay-bills are thoroughly examined as regards 
 names, time, and rates ; no extras being allowed unless 
 authority for the outlay has been given. 
 
 The bills, with abstracts thereof, certified by the heads of 
 the Traffic departments, are then handed to the Accountant, 
 to be further examined and passed for payment (370). 
 
176 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 The salary lists are prepared at the head offices, where 
 detailed records of all staff appointments and alterations 
 in duties, wages, salaries, or special allowances, are kept. Lists 
 of proposed new appointments, transfers from temporary or 
 " extra " to " permanent " staff, advances, reductions, &c., 
 together with a summary shewing the net financial result 
 of such changes, are prepared periodically : these, after 
 examination by the General Manager, being laid before the 
 Directors for approval. 
 
 133. Stores. We have pointed out that all requisitions 
 for stationery and general stores in the Traffic department, are 
 sent to the Stores department through the General Manager, 
 by whom they are revised and frequently reduced. The 
 supplies sanctioned are sent direct to the stations and issued to 
 the staff by the clerks-in-charge or foremen, who are expected 
 to see that there is no improper use or waste. 
 
 134. Accounts for Payment. The agents and station 
 masters are held primarily responsible for the accuracy of 
 accounts against the Company for cartages, boatages, draw- 
 backs, horse-hire, wheelwrighting, shoeing, &c., &c. They check 
 the bills with the invoices, cartage registers, and other records 
 kept at the stations, and certify the accounts before sending 
 them to the Goods Manager or Coaching Superintendent ; the 
 Accountant's Inspectors seeing from time to time that there is a 
 proper system of doing this. 
 
 No accounts are passed at head-quarters except for work 
 done at rates agreed upon from time to time with the contract- 
 ing parties, nor until they have been carefully checked and 
 compared with registers of agreements, rates or allowances 
 authorized, and former payments. 
 
 After the accounts have been certified by or for the head of 
 the department, they are laid before the General Manager, 
 who examines and submits them, with accompanying lists 
 
Traffic Department. 177 
 
 to the Directors' Traffic Committee, to be passed for pay- 
 ment (367). 
 
 As a rule, accounts are rendered monthly. 
 135. General. In order that effective supervision of 
 expenses and traffic may be exercised, comparative statements 
 shewing the following particulars for the current month and 
 corresponding period of the previous year, are required by the 
 General Manager to be sent to him from each station monthly. 
 I. Expenses. 
 
 (a) Salaries and wages paid, shewing the amount, number 
 of persons employed, in what capacity, and whether 
 belonging to the " permanent " or " extra " staff. 
 All new appointments, advances in the rate of pay, 
 and particulars of extra staff employed, are fully 
 set forth, and an explanation given of the cause of 
 the extra outlay. 
 
 (&) Sundry expenses, so far as can be given by the agents, 
 shewing : 
 
 1. Personal expenses of agent, collectors, &c. 
 
 2. Cash allowances for coal. 
 
 3. Payments for horse hire. 
 
 4. Allowances to the public for cartage of carted 
 
 class goods performed by themselves. 
 
 5. Allowances to carting agents for cartages. 
 
 6. Boatages, and canal tolls. 
 
 7. Cost of delivery of parcels. 
 
 8. Tram and omnibus charges and train fares. 
 
 9. Shoeing of horses. 
 
 10. Charges for veterinary surgeons, including 
 
 medicines. 
 
 1 1. Cost of harness, repairs, and saddlery. 
 
 12. Cost of repairs to vans, &c. 
 
 13. Rent of stables and other buildings or land. 
 
 14. Sundries not specified abo^ 
 
 f T*" OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 CALIFORNIA, 
 
1/8 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 II. Traffic. 
 
 (a) Coaching department shewing the number of pas- 
 sengers booked in each class, whether local, foreign, 
 or special, and the total amount of bookings ; also the 
 number of parcels, horses, carriages, and dogs, weight 
 of fish, &c., and the total receipts therefrom. 
 
 (b] Goods department shewing the weight of carted, not 
 carted, and mineral class traffic ; also the number of 
 trucks of live stock, outward and inward, local and 
 foreign ; the gross amount represented by such traffic, 
 and the amount taken to debit in respect thereof 
 by the station by which the return is prepared. The 
 amount of " extras " charged for cartages, warehouse 
 rent, wharfage, siding rent, demurrage, &c., is also 
 shewn. 
 
 Should there be any increase in expenses or decrease in any 
 item of traffic, a statement of the cause is given, the station 
 master or agent being invited to make in these returns any 
 other observations or suggestions which he may consider 
 calculated to lessen expenses or increase receipts. 
 
 Various other returns respecting the working of trains, and 
 merchandise, mineral and coaching vehicles, with the object of 
 regulating supplies, checking detentions, demurrage charges, 
 unusual diversions of traffic, the loading of foreign 
 wagons, &c., are furnished to the Goods Manager and Coaching 
 Superintendent. 
 
 Detailed statements are also furnished monthly, shewing the 
 weights, expenses, and tonnage costs of cartages and other 
 terminal services. 
 
 All these statements are closely scrutinized at head quarters, 
 and such steps taken as seem best calculated to promote the 
 Company's interests. 
 
Secretary's Department. 179 
 
 SECRETARY'S DEPARTMENT. 
 
 136. This has been appropriately described as the principal 
 Statutory office of the Company. 
 
 From almost the earliest days of Railways, their need of a 
 legal representative, or recognised medium of communication 
 between the Board of Directors and the public, has been 
 acknowledged by Parliament ; and it may be interesting to 
 briefly notice the developments that have taken place in this 
 respect. 
 
 Turning to an old Railway Act passed in the year 1836, 
 which happens to be in the writer's possession, we find that the 
 only officer whose duties are clearly defined is a "Book-keeper." 
 
 The clause runs : " And be it further enacted, that the said 
 Directors shall cause a Book to be kept by a Book-keeper, who 
 shall be expressly appointed by the Directors for that purpose, 
 and who shall enter or cause to be entered in the said book 
 true and regular accounts of all sums of money received and 
 expended for or on account of the said undertaking, and of the 
 several articles, matters, and things for which such sums of 
 money shall have been disbursed and paid." 
 
 The same Act provides that " sufficient security " shall be 
 taken from their Treasurer, Receiver, or Collector, for the 
 faithful execution of his office ; but it does not direct the 
 appointment of such an officer, nor does it define his duties. 
 11 The Directors," it adds, " shall have full power and authority 
 to do all acts .... for the Management, Regulation, and 
 Direction of the affairs .... and may appoint all officers 
 
i8o Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 and servants requisite for the assistance or service of the said 
 Company " ; but no mention is made of a Secretary, and we 
 are left to contemplate the solitary occupant of the Book- 
 keeper's office (and his book /) as the only officer whose appoint- 
 ment was, in the wisdom of Parliament in 1836, directed by 
 statute. 
 
 In those days, however, a sound principle underlaid the enact- 
 ment, which is now universally recognised. 
 
 A Book-keeper, now better known by the more comprehensive 
 and dignified title "Accountant/' was to keep a record ' " 'of all 
 sums of money received and expended," but it is not said that 
 he was also to have charge of the cash. 
 
 It may therefore be assumed that this was intended to be the 
 duty of the " Treasurer " or " Receiver/' now better known in 
 this country as the " Secretary." 
 
 In more recent enactments, the " Secretary " and " Treasurer " 
 are frequently referred to ; and although their titles and the 
 definitions of their duties are occasionally vague, we shall 
 probably accurately interpret legislative phraseology, and better 
 understand the relative duties and responsibilities imposed upon 
 these officers by Parliament, if, for " Secretary," we read 
 Accountant ; and for "Treasurer," Secretary. 
 
 It should not be overlooked that in the case of many of the 
 smaller railways, these offices are frequently combined for 
 economy of management, and that the Secretary not only keeps 
 the books and takes charge of cash, but also prepares for publica- 
 tion the statements of account and balance sheets. 
 
 In such cases, his responsibility in financial and other matters 
 is usually shared by one or more Directors, who are able to 
 exercise a more immediate control over details than is possible 
 in larger undertakings. Our main object, however, is to consider 
 the operations of a Railway of the first importance. 
 
 One of the first functions of the Secretary, then, is to issue 
 
Secretary's Department. 181 
 
 notices of and attend meetings of Directors and Shareholders, 
 to prepare the agenda for the same, and take such action upon 
 the decisions as may be requisite. He records the business, and 
 drafts the minutes. 
 
 The Company's notices and requirements as to stores, 
 building, construction, and other contracts, are as a rule 
 advertised in the Secretary's name. He keeps the registers of 
 debentures, stocks, shares, and transfers, and conducts the 
 correspondence relating thereto. 
 
 He also keeps the cash and bills receivable books, has 
 charge of the collection of miscellaneous accounts and rents, 
 and is the only officer in whose name a receipt for the same may 
 be given. He issues receipts to the stations and collectors for 
 cash paid into bank on account of traffic, &c., and keeps the 
 cheque and remittance books. 
 
 His department examines and certifies for payment accounts 
 for advertising, rates and taxes upon the Company's property ; 
 the latter a matter requiring constant vigilance and acquaintance 
 with the laws of property and assessment, appeals involving 
 large sums being frequently necessary. 
 
 The Secretary has charge of the Company's seals, and issues 
 instruments of value such as debentures, stock coupons, share 
 and transfer certificates. Sealed agreements and deeds to 
 which his Company is a party, must bear his signature. He has 
 charge of certificates of stock and shares held by the Company 
 in other undertakings ; prepares and signs the cheques, interest 
 and dividend warrants, and obtains receipts for all payments, 
 except such as are made by stations out of traffic cash by 
 special authority. 
 
 In the registers of debentures, stocks, and shares, the 
 names, addresses, &c.,of all persons who have subscribed capital, 
 or hold in their own names securities representing debentures, 
 stock, or shares of the Company, are required by Parliament 
 to be faithfully inscribed. 
 
1 82 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Before, however, such securities can be legally issued, the 
 sanction of Parliament must have been obtained. The amount, 
 number, class, and rights of new shares to be issued, have also 
 to be determined upon by the Shareholders, various conditions 
 being attached to the shares according to circumstances. 
 
 For example, the interest may be " cumulative," and at a 
 fixed rate in perpetuity, ranking as a first charge on the net 
 profits of the undertaking after providing for interest on 
 debentures, debenture stock, money received in advance of calls, 
 and guarantees, and presuming that pre-existent conditions are 
 not violated. 
 
 Or, the interest may be at a fixed rate, but secondary to 
 existing preferences, and contingent on the profits of each 
 separate year. 
 
 Shares may be issued by the Company either with or without 
 an option to the holder to convert them into the ordinary stock 
 of the Company at a specified time, or new "ordinary" stock 
 may be issued (though this is seldom done on what are known 
 as the " heavy " lines in this country) and participate pro rata in 
 the balance of profits after all prior rights have been satisfied. 
 
 In some cases " ordinary " stock is divided into two classes 
 or " duplicated," viz. : preferred ordinary, and deferred ordinary, 
 the latter taking dividend after a specified amount has been paid 
 on the preferred. 
 
 In these preliminary matters the Secretary, of course, takes 
 an important part ; but the principal part of the labours of his 
 department commences after the creation of the capital. 
 
 The allotment letters have then to be issued ; notices of 
 acceptance or renunciation recorded ; notices of " calls " to be 
 sent out ; accounts of money received by the Bankers in 
 respect thereof to be prepared ; certificates of proprietorship 
 to be issued ; share and stock ledgers, address books, transfer 
 registers to be kept, &c. 
 
Secretary's Department. 183 
 
 We shall refer, firstly, to those securities which rank as the 
 first charge on net profits, viz. : 
 
 137. Debentures and Debenture Stock. As stated 
 in the introductory chapter, power to raise money by borrowing 
 on debentures, or by issue of debenture stock, is usually 
 granted by Parliament to the extent of one third of the 
 authorised share capital ; but this power cannot be exercised 
 by the Company until at least one half of the share capital has 
 been paid up, and then only by special resolution of the 
 Proprietors, and under the certificate of a Justice of the Peace 
 to the effect that the above conditions have been complied with. 
 
 Moreover, as security against over-borrowing, every debenture, 
 or coupon of debenture stock issued, bears the endorsement of 
 two Directors and one of the Registered Officers (either the 
 Secretary or Accountant), testifying, in conformity with the 
 Railway Securities Act, 1866, that the statutory limits of the 
 Company's borrowing powers have not been exceeded. At the 
 end of every half-year a return shewing the position of the 
 debenture capital account, and a statement of new borrowing 
 power (if any), are required to be sent to the Registrar of Public 
 Companies, under heavy penalties if in default 
 
 Loans, or terminable debentures, have now been almost entirely 
 superseded by the more convenient security debenture stock. 
 
 The principal advantage of this is that debenture stock 
 being irredeemable or in the nature of perpetual annuities, 
 Companies are not so liable to be affected by contingencies of 
 the money market as formerly, their " re-borrowing " operations 
 being now reduced to comparatively small dimensions. 
 
 It is equally convenient to Trustees and others who object to 
 the frequent re-investment of funds. 
 
 The first record of transactions in debentures is made in a 
 memorandum book called 
 
 138. Loans Tendered Book. This shews in separate 
 
184 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 columns the following particulars : (i) date ; (2) name and 
 address of the negotiator of the loan ; (3) amount ; (4) rate of 
 interest ; (5) period ; (6) when paid to bank ; (7) consecutive 
 number of the debenture bond to be issued ; (8) name and address 
 of the lender ; (9) how to be made out, whether in one or more 
 debentures; (10) under what power issued, whether re-borrowing 
 or new power; (11) amount and date of payment of agent's 
 commission, if any. 
 
 Before the debenture bonds are prepared, the particulars of 
 all loans tendered are submitted to the Finance Committee of 
 Directors weekly, and if sanctioned, an authority is sent to the 
 negotiators authorising the Company's Bankers to receive the 
 money. To this authority a form of receipt to be signed by the 
 Bankers is attached. 
 
 When the money has been paid, the date of payment, as per 
 Bank pass-book, is inserted in the Loans Tendered Book as 
 above ; the pass-book being also marked with the names of 
 lenders and numbers of debenture bonds. 
 
 The bonds are then prepared, and entered in the 
 
 139. 
 
 DEBENTURE SEALING BOOK, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 ui 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Debenture No. 
 
 I 
 
 .2 
 If 
 
 1 
 
 "o 
 
 V 
 
 E 
 rt 
 fe 
 
 Accountant's Initia 
 
 1 Amount. 
 4 
 
 13 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 sS 
 
 Date sanctioned. 
 
 "8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 bfl 
 
 .S 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 (Initials of 
 Director present 
 
 and submitted therewith to the Finance Committee for the 
 seal of the Company to be affixed. 
 
 Each entry in the Sealing Book, and each bond is 
 initialled by a Director present at the time of sealing, the 
 bond having been previously signed at the foot by the 
 Secretary, and countersigned by the Accountant 
 
Secretary's Department. 
 
 The bonds, bearing the endorsement of two Directors 
 and a Registered Officer, are then issued in exchange for the 
 Bankers' receipts. 
 
 140. Company's Seals. It may be stated in passing 
 that there are two seals, viz. : the principal seal of the 
 Company called the " common seal," and the " coupon seal." 
 
 The common seal is secured in a safe provided with two locks, 
 and is under the joint control of the Finance Committee and 
 Secretary. Each member of that Committee has a key to one 
 lock and the Secretary holds the key to the other, neither of which 
 can be used apart. This seal is used for sealing debenture 
 bonds, certificates of shares, registers of shareholders, deeds of 
 conveyance, agreements and other documents. 
 
 The coupon seal is secured under one lock, and as its name 
 implies, is for sealing stock coupons. It may be used by the 
 Secretary, who holds the key, without the presence of a 
 Director, but only after the documents have been examined 
 by the Accountant, whose signature is evidence that he accepts 
 the responsibility of having checked them prior to their issue 
 by the Secretary. As will be seen, the coupons are registered, 
 and the transactions reported to the Finance Committee. 
 
 141. REGISTER OF DEBENTURES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 o ; 
 
 TRANSFERS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .5 
 
 H 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^e 
 
 >, 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 d 
 
 P 
 
 "Janie, address, 
 escription of lei 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 j 
 
 h 
 
 
 V 
 rt 
 
 P 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 P 
 
 pq 
 
 When renewec 
 
 Folio of re-entr 
 
 
 
 . T3 
 
 fc 
 
 P 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Registers of Debentures are made up from the Sealing 
 Book and Registers of Transfers, and contain the statutory 
 records of all debentures issued by the Company, and may 
 be perused at reasonable times by any share or debenture 
 holder. 
 
1 86 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 The entries are classified according to the rates of interest 
 paid, and the various Acts or Sanctions under which the money 
 has been borrowed, the following being a specimen of the 
 headings : 
 
 Register of Debentures issued for moneys borrowed under the Company's Acts of 
 Parliament, 1888 and 1889, authorised by a Resolution at a Meeting of Proprietors 
 
 of the Railway Company, on the day of 189 , 
 
 at per cent. 
 
 A summary is made of the Register totals, from which may 
 be ascertained the total amount of debentures outstanding, the 
 amount falling due each year, rates of interest, &c. This 
 summary is balanced with the Accountant's books at the end 
 of each half-year, and the figures inserted in the published 
 accounts of the Company. 
 
 142. REGISTER OF TRANSFERS OF DEBENTURES. 
 
 Transfer Deeds. 
 
 From whom Transferred. 
 
 To whom 
 Transferred. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 .- 
 
 
 { 
 
 > 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 jg 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 ate of Deed. 
 
 when Regist 
 
 V 
 
 Description. 
 
 I 
 
 o in Registe 
 Debentures. 
 
 c 
 pl^ 
 
 1 
 
 Description. 
 
 | 
 1 
 
 
 P 
 
 4) 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 b 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 Z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This is written up from the transfers received, the entries 
 being afterwards posted into the Debenture Registers. 
 
 The original debentures, surrendered by the Transferer, 
 are endorsed by the Secretary in favour of the Transferee, 
 and sent to the latter or his agent, whose receipt is obtained. 
 Debentures may also pass into other names upon production 
 of probate of will or letters of administration of a deceased 
 holder ; the bond being similarly entered and endorsed in 
 favour of the Executors, Administrators, Trustees, or Legatees. 
 
Secretary's Department. 
 
 187 
 
 143. Debenture Interest Warrants. Interest warrants 
 covering the full term of each debenture, payable half- 
 yearly, on the dates marked upon them, are signed by the 
 Secretary and Accountant and issued with the debentures. 
 
 The warrants bear the same numbers as the debentures ; 
 but when the latter are renewed, the old as well as the new 
 numbers are shewn on the face of the new warrants issued. 
 
 All warrants are entered, before being sent out, in the 
 
 144. 
 
 DEBENTURE INTEREST COUPON BOOK. 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 "o 
 
 
 
 >, 
 
 J3 
 
 1 
 
 AMOUNT OF COUPONS AND 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 "2. 
 J 
 
 \ 
 
 a c 
 
 s 
 
 3d 
 
 en jg 
 
 17 
 
 'O ^^ 
 
 "o-2j 
 
 1 
 
 DATE PAYABLE. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 c o 
 "C 
 
 "o 
 
 Jl 
 
 fs 
 
 **'3 
 
 w.S 
 ""'S 
 
 gv, 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 !<s 
 
 ii 
 
 Y 
 
 C 
 
 i July, 
 
 i Jan., 
 
 i July, 
 
 
 15 
 
 z, 
 
 & 
 
 M 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 C 
 
 1 
 
 1891. 
 
 1892. 
 
 1892. 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Separate columns are provided for the interest falling due 
 each half-year ; and the accruing liability in this respect may 
 therefore be readily ascertained at any time. The Accountant 
 is advised of the total for each half-year to enable him to 
 make the necessary provision. 
 
 145. 
 
 DEBENTURES FALLING DUE BOOK. 
 
 l):ite of Expiration. 1 
 
 No. of Debenture. 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 % 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 To BE RENEWED. 
 
 To be converted into 1 
 Debenture Stock. 
 
 1 
 e 
 
 s? 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 .2 
 
 I 
 
 "O 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 < 
 
 Rate of Interest. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A list of debentures falling due is made in this book, and 
 submitted weekly to the Finance Committee for instructions. 
 
1 88 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 If they are to be paid off, an advice signed by a Director, 
 the Secretary, and Accountant, is sent to the Bankers, 
 authorising them to pay off the bonds upon their surrender ; 
 the holders giving a receipt on the back of the same, in 
 prescribed form. The paid off bonds are then sent with 
 the Bank pass-books to the Accountant, by whom they are 
 examined, submitted to the Finance Committee, and defaced. 
 The weekly totals of the debentures to be paid off are initialled 
 by a Director and the Accountant. 
 
 If they are renewed for a further period, a memorandum 
 of the terms is made in the Debentures Falling Due Book, and 
 the original debentures are endorsed as follows : 
 
 The repayment of this debenture is by mutual consent postponed to the 
 
 day of one thousand, &c. Interest o be paid half-yearly at the rale 
 
 of per cent, per annum from 
 
 Secretary. 
 Accountant. 
 
 The endorsement is also initialled by a Director. 
 
 146. Debenture Stock. In connection with debenture 
 stock there are not, of course, any renewals or repayments to be 
 recorded. What is required is an account of allotments, cash 
 received, stock coupons issued or cancelled, and transfers ; also 
 Ledgers and Address books, showing the amount of stock 
 standing in each person's name, and a half-yearly stock and 
 interest summary. 
 
 147. Debenture Stock Allotment Book. This answers 
 the same purpose for debenture stock as the Loans Tendered 
 Book does for loans. It contains the particulars of allotments, 
 the numbers of orders authorising the Bankers to receive the 
 cash, dates of payments of cash, amount of premium (if any), 
 numbers of coupons issued, agents' commission, &c. 
 
Secretary's Department. 
 
 189 
 
 148. Debenture Stock Coupon Sealing Book. (See 
 next page). This contains an abstract of coupons sealed by 
 the Secretary, and is submitted to the Finance Committee 
 weekly. Particulars of coupons issued for original allotments 
 are entered in the first section, and the entries, also the corres- 
 ponding cash entries in the Bankers' pass-books, are initialled 
 by a Director before the coupons are sealed. 
 
 New coupons, issued in lieu of others cancelled by transfer, 
 are entered in the second section. 
 
 The third section, or in some cases a separate book, is used as 
 a Register of Exchanges. If, for example, a person held 1,000 
 stock, and had only transferred 700, the coupon for the whole 
 amount would be cancelled, and the amounts " transferred " and 
 " exchanged " (the latter being the balance of 300) entered in 
 the columns for that purpose. Details of the coupons exchanged 
 are entered in the second section. 
 
 New coupons are signed by the Secretary and Accountant, 
 and bear the endorsement of two Directors and a Registered 
 Officer as in the case of debentures. 
 
 149. 
 
 REGISTER OF DEBENTURE STOCK COUPONS. 
 
 g 
 
 
 Date 
 
 Stock 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 Amount 
 
 
 Numbers of 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 Name, &c. 
 
 of 
 Issue. 
 
 % 
 
 Ledger 
 Folio. 
 
 Coupons Issued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This book is written up from the coupons to be issued, which 
 are type numbered consecutively. 
 
 It constitutes the authority for the original credit entries 
 in the Stock Ledgers ; subsequent additions to, or alterations 
 in the latter (excepting, of course, further allotments), being 
 made through the Register of Transfers only. 
 
 The Register of Coupons is totalled to shew the gross 
 
190 
 
 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 First Section. DEBENTURE STOCK COUPON SEALING BOOK. 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 CASH PAID. 
 
 COUPONS SEALED. 
 
 VI 
 
 ^2 
 
 d 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 II 
 
 O 
 
 I 1 
 
 r 
 
 I 1 
 
 I 
 
 No. 
 
 Denomination. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Directors' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Second Section. (DEBENTURE STOCK RE-ISSUED, PER TRANSFER.) 
 
 
 COUPONS CANCELLED. 
 
 COUPONS SEALED. 
 
 1 
 
 *o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 |'s 
 
 
 Denomination. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Denomination. 
 
 Total. 
 
 ~E 
 
 Q o 
 
 No. 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 Section. (REGISTER OF DEBENTURE STOCK EXCHANGED.) 
 
 Date of 
 
 Committee. 
 
 Coupons surrendered 
 (Name, Address, etc.) 
 
 Amount 
 cancelled. 
 
 
 Amount 
 transferred. 
 
 
 
 ~ tii 
 "^ >< 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Secretary's Department. 191 
 
 amount of coupons issued to the end of each week ; the week's 
 entries being balanced with the first section of the Coupon 
 Sealing Book. 
 
 150. Transfers. All transfer deeds, whether in connec- 
 tion with debentures, stocks, or shares, are numbered 
 consecutively, and entered in the first instance in Transfers 
 Received Books, with particulars of the securities to be 
 transferred, name and address of the broker or agent, and 
 amount of transfer fee in each case. The fees are paid into 
 Bank with the Secretary's general receipts. (See " Cash Book.") 
 
 Stock coupons received with deeds of transfer are defaced as 
 soon as received by the Secretary, and before they are delivered 
 to the transfer clerks. 
 
 As a further check, if debenture stock coupons surrendered 
 represent an original allotment, the old numbers in the coupon 
 registers are run through with a pen when the old coupons are 
 cancelled ; but if they represent a previous transfer, the same is 
 done in the Register of Transfers. (See next page). A similar 
 operation takes place in the case of any other stock coupons 
 cancelled by transfer ; the registers being referred to, and the 
 old numbers marked off. 
 
 All deeds are closely scrutinized in every detail ; and before 
 being passed, Proprietors in whose names the old securities are 
 registered are advised of the fact that transfers have 
 been received, and are requested to immediately communicate 
 with the Secretary if the same be not in order. 
 
 Powers of Attorney are registered and filed for comparison 
 with the signatures on deeds of transfer, and no stocks or shares 
 standing in the names of Incorporated Companies or Public 
 Bodies can be transferred except under their official seal and 
 the signatures of persons duly authorised, a copy of the 
 resolutions conferring such authority being required for regis- 
 tration and future reference. 
 
192 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 151. REGISTER OF TRANSFERS OF DEBENTURE STOCK. 
 
 Stock Transferred from. 
 
 Stock Transferred to. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 
 
 
 fc 
 
 
 
 1 
 J3 
 
 Transfei 
 
 | 
 
 Name and 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 c/5 
 
 Name and 
 
 5sj 
 
 ^ 
 
 J 
 
 * 
 I 
 
 | 
 
 "8 
 
 ri 
 
 Address, &c. 
 
 (JS 
 
 a 
 
 Address, &c. 
 
 
 c/5 
 
 1 
 
 1 i 
 
 9 
 
 1) 
 
 D 
 
 
 . 
 
 p 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 M 
 
 3 5, 
 
 H 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 
 s 
 
 | 
 
 
 | 
 
 .2 
 
 
 S5 
 
 
 
 
 
 fa 
 
 
 
 
 fa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This is made up in accordance with the headings from the 
 transfer deeds and new coupons. 
 
 The totals are compared with those of the second section of 
 the Coupon Sealing Book, and initialled by a Director every 
 week, the entries being then posted to the Buyers' and 
 Sellers' accounts in the 
 
 152. 
 
 DEBENTURE STOCK LEDGERS. 
 
 j-j Name and \ 
 Address, &c.J 
 
 
 CR. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 S | 
 
 Amount. 
 
 1 
 
 
 .S.| 
 
 I 
 
 .23 
 
 .3 I 
 
 Amount. 
 
 I 
 
 
 fal 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 1 c 
 
 g| 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 "1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 These are posted up from the Coupon Register in respect 
 of new allotments, and from the Transfer Registers in respect 
 of stock bought and sold ; and shew the amount of stock standing 
 in each person's name, the date issued or transferred, and the 
 necessary references to the entries in the Registers. 
 
 It is scarcely needful to add that all amounts appearing in 
 the Coupon Register are credit entries in the Stock Ledgers ; 
 and it is obvious that the debits and credits in respect of 
 transfers must balance each other. The aggregate amount of 
 
Secretary's Department. 
 
 193 
 
 the credit balances in the Ledgers, therefore, should correspond 
 with the amount of stock issued as shewn by the Register of 
 Coupons and Coupon Sealing Book. 
 
 153. Debenture Stock Address Book. This shews, 
 (i) Stock Ledger Folio; (2) Name; (3) Address; (4) 
 Description ; and (5) Amount of Stock. 
 
 It serves not only as an Address Book of the registered 
 holders of debenture stock, but also as a Summary of the 
 Stock Ledger balances, and Index to the Ledger. The entries 
 are made in alphabetical order of surnames, the amount of 
 stock held by each being inserted in lead pencil ; and every 
 time an amount either a transfer or new allotment is posted 
 into the Ledgers, a corresponding alteration and addition is 
 made in the Address Book. 
 
 154. Interest on Debenture Stock. In the months 
 of June and December of each year the transfer books of this 
 stock are closed for seven or fourteen days (of which public 
 notice is given by advertisement), in order that the stock 
 may be balanced and the interest warrants prepared. 
 
 The interest is in all cases computed on the balances 
 shewn by the Stock Ledgers on the day of closing, any 
 transfers received during the time the books are closed being 
 held over, or considered as made subsequently. 
 
 The Ledger balances are first copied from the Address 
 books, in alphabetical order, on sheets for this purpose, shewing 
 the undermentioned details : 
 
 
 
 AMOUNT OF 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 STOCK. 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 >* ^ 
 
 c ^j 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 >> 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 c 
 
 Progressive 
 of Warra 
 
 to be issu 
 
 NAME, 
 &c. 
 
 Issued 
 to end 
 of last 
 ha.f 
 year. 
 
 Issued 
 during 
 the 
 current 
 half 
 year. 
 
 "1 
 
 
 V 
 
 rt 
 
 Q 
 
 Q 
 "o 
 
 1 
 
 tn 
 C 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 e 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 5 "* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ip4 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 In the case of stock issued during the half-year, and carrying 
 interest for odd days from the date of receipt of the principal, 
 the dates are arrived at by an alphabetical register of the 
 receipts, a note of new allotments being made in the Address 
 book when posting from the Register of Coupons. 
 
 The total capital entered in the first money column of the 
 Stock and Interest Summary (a] is balanced with the amount 
 as published to the end of the previous half-year ; and the 
 first and second columns together (a + b] representing the 
 total amount of stock coupons sealed should, of course, agree 
 with the total of the Coupon Register. Cash received for stock 
 allotted but not sealed, as at the end of each half-year, is 
 entered, for the purpose of calculating accrued interest thereon, 
 on separate sheets. 
 
 The interest warrants are then prepared, and handed with 
 the sheets to the Accountant to be checked both as to 
 principal and interest, and for the necessary provision for 
 interest to be made in his books ; after which they are signed 
 by the Secretary and posted to the Proprietors. 
 
 The sheets are then bound up, and constitute the " Debenture 
 Stock and Interest Register " required by Act of Parliament to 
 be " accessible for inspection at all reasonable times to every 
 Mortgagee, Debenture Stock-holder, Share or Stock-holder." 
 
 155. Consolidated Ordinary, and other Stocks. The 
 
 foregoing explanations as to the registration of debenture stock 
 will give a fair idea of the records that are kept of the more 
 important stocks of the Company, viz. : the consolidated 
 ordinary, rent charge, guaranteed and preferential, the system 
 being substantially the same. Separate Ledgers and Registers 
 of transfers have, of course, to be kept for the various descriptions 
 of stock ; the "ordinary" being, as regards magnitude, the 
 most important, and requiring, in consequence of the large 
 
Secretary's Department. 
 
 195 
 
 number of transactions that take place, the greatest care in 
 making transfers. 
 
 To facilitate the balancing of this stock after a half-year's 
 operations, recourse is had to an alphabetical register of the 
 amount of each transfer, in addition to the record made in the 
 address book at the time of posting. The additional record is 
 made in a book in the form of an index, and every transfer 
 posted into the Ledgers is also posted to the " debit " or " credit " 
 of the initial letter in the " index " book to which it belongs. By 
 this plan the stock as shewn by the Registers of Stock and 
 Shareholders and Dividends (171), which are made up from the 
 address books at the end of the half-year, may be balanced in 
 sections a letter at a time, by simply adding or deducting the 
 balance of the half-year's transactions under each letter in the 
 " index " to or from the total amount of stock registered under 
 the corresponding letter, at the end of the previous half-year. 
 
 One set of address books serves for all descriptions of stocks 
 or shares held by Proprietors, excepting debenture stock, 
 which, as we have seen, is kept distinct. 
 
 Provision is of course made therein for as many columns for 
 money and Ledger folios as there are stocks and shares to be 
 entered, as under : 
 
 156, 
 
 ADDRESS BOOK. 
 
 LEDGER FOLIOS. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 c/5 
 u 
 
 c/5 
 d 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 0~" 
 
 [6 Shares. 
 
 i 
 
 ,c 
 en 
 
 S 
 
 5 
 9 
 
 !5 
 
 Address. 
 
 Description 
 
 C/3 
 >> 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 I 
 g 
 
 juaranteed S 
 
 f! 
 
 11 
 
 ^ OT 
 
 jC 
 ^ m 
 
 S? 
 
 1 
 
 -C O 
 i/3 oo 
 
 g " 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 < 
 
 S? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I-H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 As the amounts of stocks or shares held by each Pro- 
 prietor are entered on the line opposite his name, and as in the 
 
196 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 case of debenture stock, corrected each time a transfer is posted 
 into the Stock Ledgers, the amount of his holding, how it is 
 distributed, and the folios of the Ledgers containing the details 
 of the items, may be readily ascertained. 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to add that for these purposes, and 
 for expeditious communication with the Proprietors, this book is 
 indispensable. 
 
 Printed copies of the names and addresses of Shareholders 
 are furnished by the Secretary on payment of a small fee. 
 
 157. New Shares. When it has been determined to raise 
 additional capital by the creation and issue of new shares, and 
 the necessary sanction has been obtained, they are allotted by 
 the Directors according to the terms of the resolution of the 
 Proprietors; usually to the holders of ordinary stock in the 
 proportions to which they may be entitled, a date being named 
 by which time the deposit should be paid to the Company's 
 Bankers. 
 
 The allotments are entered in the 
 
 158. 
 
 ALLOTMENT BOOK. 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 Name, 
 Address, 
 
 lounced. 
 
 Allotted. 
 
 ^os. of Shares 
 inclusive. 
 
 1 
 Q 
 
 ll 
 
 3-g 
 
 Date when 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 .s 
 
 and 
 
 3 
 tf, 
 
 1 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 2 ib 
 
 Certificates 
 
 '* 
 
 1 
 
 Description. 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 s 
 
 II 
 
 & 
 
 ! 
 
 issued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Secretary's Department 197 
 
 The letters of allotment, each bearing an embossed penny 
 stamp, and containing the particulars entered in the Allotment 
 Book, are then sent out, together with a copy of the resolution 
 of the Proprietors in whfch the terms of issue are set forth, a 
 copy of the resolution of the Directors making the first call, 
 and forms of acceptance, Bankers' receipt, and renunciation, 
 as under : 
 
 RAILWAY COMPANY. 
 
 159. LETTRR OF ALLOTMENT. 
 
 /__ FOUR PER CENT. PREFERENCE SHARES. 
 
 Name of Allottee - \ - Shares. 
 
 ) Deposit 
 
 SECRETARY'S OFFICE, 
 
 - 5 
 
 189 . 
 
 I am instructed to inform you, that the Directors have Allotted to you 
 
 of the Four per cent. Preference Shares, created by a Resolution of the Special 
 
 Meeting of the Railway Company, held on the day of. 189 , 
 
 a Copy of which Resolution is sent herewith. The first Call or Deposit of 
 
 per Share, must be paid on or before the day of 189 , to one of the 
 
 undermentioned Bankers, and this Letter must be deposited with them at the time of 
 payment. 
 
 [Here follow the names of the Bankers]. 
 
 In case the First Call or Deposit be not paid on or before the day above specified, 
 this Allotment will thereupon become CANCELLED, and the Directors will dispose of 
 the Shares in accordance with the terms of the Resolution above referred to. 
 
 I remain, 
 
 Yours faithfully, 
 
 SR.CRRTARY. 
 
198 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 160, FORM OF ACCEPTANCE OF ALLOTMENT. 
 
 hereby ACCEPT the Four per cent. Preference Shares, to which f 
 entitled, on the terms and subject to the Conditions of the Resolution passed at the 
 
 Special Meeting of the Proprietors, held on the day of. 189 , and 
 
 request the Directors to Register the said Shares accordingly, and to issue Certificates 
 for the same. 
 
 *"I" or "We." 
 
 t " I am or " We are." Name in full 
 
 NOTE If the Shares are 
 
 to be registered in more Address 
 
 than one name, each per- , 
 son's Name, Address, and ] 
 Description, must be in- Description _ 
 serted in full for registra- 
 tion in the Books of the Date 
 
 Company. 
 
 THIS HALF-SHEET, ENTIRE, MUST BE PRESENTED TO THE BANKERS, WHO WILL 
 RETURN THE PORTION BELOW CONTAINING THE RECEIPT. 
 
 161. 
 
 BANKERS' RECEIPT. 
 
 RAILWAY COMPANY. 
 
 No. on Register 
 
 Shares. 
 
 FOUR PER CENT. PREFERENCE SHARES. 
 Deposit of per Share, payable 189 . 
 
 189. 
 
 RECEIVED on account of the Directors rf th* Railway 
 
 Company, the sum of - Pounds to account for on demand. 
 
 For. 
 
 Name. 
 
 STAMP. 
 
 If the Shares be sold after allotment, this Deposit Receipt must accompany the 
 Transfer Deed when it is forwarded to the Secretary for Registration. 
 
 If the Shares be not sold the Proprietor is requested to retain this Receipt until it 
 is applied for by the Secretary. 
 
Secretary's Department. 199 
 
 162. RAILWAY COMPANY. 
 
 FOUR PER CENT. PREFERENCE SHARES. 
 
 FORM OF RENUNCIATION OF SHARES BY ORIGINAL ALLOTTEE. 
 
 * hereby RENOUNCE all right to the Four per cent. Preference 
 
 Shares Allotted to t in favour of the Person accepting the same. 
 
 Signature and Address | Name in full 
 of the Allottee Renouncing 
 the Shares. 
 
 NOTE. Before signing j Address 
 
 the Renunciation a Penny 
 
 Stamp must be affixed as 
 
 indicated. 
 
 Date 
 
 Description. 
 
 * "I" or "We." t "Me" or "us." 
 
 The Person or Persons ACCEPTING the Shares renounced to him or them, must sign 
 the "FORM OF ACCEPTANCE OF ALLOTMENT" (160). 
 
 THE BANKERS WILL REFUSE THE DEPOSIT UNLESS THE FOLLOWING 
 INSTRUCTIONS AS TO RENUNCIATION BE STRICTLY COMPLIED WITH. 
 
 ALL RENUNCIATIONS of Shares must be sent to the Office of the Secretary, so as 
 
 to be received not later than the day of , whereupon an 
 
 ALLOTMENT LETTER will be issued to the Person or Persons in respect of the Shares 
 so Renounced in his or their favour. 
 
 In the case of Shares being renounced in favour of an Allottee, his original 
 Allotment Letter and the letter of Renunciation must be forwarded to the Secretary 
 to be exchanged for one letter comprising the whole. 
 
 If it be wished to renounce a portion of the Allotted Shares, the original Allotment 
 
 Letter must be returned to the Secretary on or before the _day of , 
 
 who will forward the required forms in exchange. 
 
 RENUNCIATIONS must in all cases be Signed by the Proprietor whose name appears 
 on the Allotment Letter. Where Proprietors hold in a JOINT ACCOUNT, the 
 RENUNCIATION must be signed by all the Persons named in such account. 
 
 163. Renunciations of Shares. When allotments are 
 renounced in favour of other persons, a record is made, and new 
 allotment letters are issued to the persons named, who are 
 
200 
 
 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 then treated as the original Allottees. If, however, deposits 
 be not paid by the original Allottees or their nominees by the 
 time appointed, the allotments become cancelled, all rights to 
 the shares are forfeited, and they are disposed of in such 
 manner as may appear to the Directors desirable in the interests 
 of the Company. 
 
 164. Deposits and Calls on Shares. The deposits 
 received by the Bankers are entered by them, with the numbers 
 of the allotment letters, in "Call Books" provided by the 
 Company, the daily totals only being carried to the general 
 account, to the Company's credit. 
 
 These Call Books are sent, together with the forms 
 of acceptance (duly signed by the Allottees,) in the Bankers' 
 weekly parcels to the Accountant, by whom they are handed 
 to the Secretary. 
 
 The dates, names, number of shares, and amounts received 
 are then copied into " Day Books " of calls paid, whence they 
 are carried to the Allotment Book, so that it may be seen 
 which Proprietors have forfeited their right to the shares by 
 non-payment. Accounts are then opened in respect of the 
 shares on which the deposits have been paid, and the amounts 
 posted to the credit of the Shareholders in Share Registers 
 specially provided for the new issue, as under : 
 
 165. 
 
 SHARE REGISTER ( Shares, 189 
 
 Name and Address of Proprietor. 
 
 Register Number. 
 
 Shares Registered. 
 
 Amount 
 
 
 
 Shares Transferred. 
 
 uj 
 
 3 
 
 d 
 fc 
 
 c 
 
 Number of Shares. 
 
 Progressive Numbers of 
 Shares (from and to). 
 
 Calls Paid. 
 
 Register Number. 
 
 Transfer Number. 
 
 Progressive Numbers of 
 Shares (from and tn). 
 
 Totals. 
 
 Number of Call. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Number of Shares. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Secretary's Departimfrt^L^i 201 
 
 166. Share Certificates are afterwards printed, and issued 
 in exchange for the deposit receipts upon application of Pro- 
 prietors, a certificate being given for each share of the nominal 
 amount authorised. 
 
 The certificate bears the Proprietor's name, address, and 
 registered number, and the number and amount of the share ; 
 the conditions being usually printed on the back. 
 
 Prior to their issue, the certificates are examined by the 
 Accountant, and sealed with the common seal in the presence 
 of a Director. 
 
 As subsequent " Calls " are made, the amounts are accounted 
 for in the same way as deposits, but are posted direct from 
 the Day Books to the Share Registers. 
 
 167. Interest on Arrears. Interest charged by the 
 Bankers on payments in arrear of calls is shewn on the face 
 of the call letters, entered in a separate column in the Day 
 Books, and passed to the credit of the general interest account 
 by the Accountant. 
 
 168. Payments in advance of Calls on Shares. 
 Separate books called " Advance Ledgers " are kept, wherein 
 to record amounts received in anticipation of calls, in order 
 that the interest thereon may be calculated. As the calls be- 
 come due the amounts are transferred to the Share Registers. 
 
 1 69. Transfers of Shares. These are registered in books 
 similar to those already described, but instead of the original 
 certificates being cancelled (as in the case of stock coupons), 
 they are re-issued to the transferee through his Broker or Agent, 
 together with a " Certificate of Transfer " signed by the Secretary 
 and Accountant. 
 
 No transfer of shares is registered until the calls made in 
 respect thereof have been paid. Shares on which calls remain 
 unpaid for more than a certain time are liable to forfeiture. 
 
 170. Consolidation of Shares into Stock. When 
 
202 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 shares are fully paid up, they are, by consent of the Proprietors 
 obtained at a General Meeting (if the terms of issue permit), 
 consolidated into stock, and passed through the " Consolidation 
 Register," to the credit of accounts opened in the names of 
 the Proprietors in the Stock Ledgers. 
 
 CONSOLIDATION REGISTER. 
 
 1 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 c 
 
 *! 
 
 
 Name and Address. 
 
 53 
 
 'o 
 
 c 
 
 |a 
 
 Ill 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 O K> 
 
 '" 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 fc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Proprietors thus become the holders of so much " Stock," 
 instead of so many shares. This renders the negotiation of the 
 security more convenient to all concerned, generally improves 
 its market value, and saves labour in the transfer department of 
 the Secretary. 
 
 If shares are convertible at the option of the holders into 
 " ordinary " stock at some fixed date, they are reminded of the 
 fact as the time draws near. The shares which they elect to 
 " convert," are entered in the Consolidation Register, and after- 
 wards posted therefrom into the Ordinary Stock Ledgers. 
 
 The share certificates having been called in and cancelled, 
 stock coupons, signed by the Secretary and Accountant, and 
 sealed by the former with the coupon seal, are issued in 
 exchange ; the particulars thereof being entered in the Con- 
 solidation Register as above. 
 
 171. Registers of Stock- and Share-holders, and 
 Dividends. These are made up on a plan similar to that 
 described for debenture stock (154), though as in the case 
 of the consolidated stock and share address books (156), it 
 is, of course, necessary, to provide as many columns for the 
 
Secretary's Department. 203 
 
 " Capital " as there are stocks and shares on which dividend 
 is paid. 
 
 After the details have been examined on behalf of the 
 Accountant as explained farther on, and the total amount 
 balanced as regards capital, and approximately so as regards 
 dividends (any small difference in the total dividend caused by 
 allowances in detail of fractional parts of a penny being 
 adjusted in the Accountant's books), the Registers are certified 
 by him, and authenticated by the common seal of the 
 Company. This is affixed by the Chairman at the half-yearly 
 General Meetings, at which the resolutions authorising the 
 payment of the dividends are passed. 
 
 The dividend warrants are then completed and sent to the 
 Shareholders. 
 
 Dividends are calculated on the amounts called up, and not on 
 the amounts received ; but the warrants for dividends on any 
 shares on which calls are in arrear are retained and passed in 
 gross amount to the credit of accounts opened in the Pro- 
 prietors' names in a " Calls in Arrear " Ledger. These accounts 
 are debited with the amount of calls in arrear, together with 
 interest thereon and income tax on the dividends retained. 
 
 Statements shewing the position of these accounts are sent to 
 the parties interested, and when the debit or credit balances 
 have been paid by or to the Shareholders, according as the 
 warrants retained have been under or over the amount due to 
 the Company, the " Calls " are posted into the Share Ledgers. 
 When there are credit balances, warrants for the amounts are 
 issued. Corresponding entries are made in the General Ledgers 
 by the Accountant. 
 
 172. Accountant's Checks. We shall now more fully 
 describe the Accountant's method of check upon the issue and 
 
2O4 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 transfer of debentures, stocks, and shares ; the objects of which 
 are to see that the right amount of cash has been received ; 
 that old securities sent for exchange are cancelled before new- 
 ones are issued ; that these are correctly entered in the 
 Secretary's books ; and that the total nominal value of securities 
 issued, representing debentures, stocks, or shares, corresponds 
 with that shewn in the books and published accounts 
 of the Company. 
 
 For these purposes all debentures, stock coupons, share and 
 share transfer certificates, prior to their issue by the Secretary, 
 are, together with the transfer deeds and old securities, 
 submitted to the Accountant for examination and registration ; 
 and in the case of debentures, stock coupons, and share transfer 
 certificates, for signature. 
 
 173. Each week's transactions in Debentures and 
 Debenture Stock (except transfers) are entered in a book 
 kept in the Accountant's department, shewing in separate 
 sections particulars of (i) Debentures Renewed; (2) 
 Debentures paid off, and new debentures or stock issued towards 
 replacing them, termed the " Re-borrowing Account"; 
 and (3) Debenture Stock issued in respect of new borrowing 
 powers, with a reference to the Acts under which such new 
 power was created, termed " New Power." These entries 
 are initialled by the Accountant and a member of the Directors' 
 Finance Committee (to whom the book and documents are 
 submitted by the Accountant), at the time the outgoing 
 securities are signed, or, in the case of debentures paid off, 
 when the bonds are cancelled. The cash entries in the Bankers' 
 pass-books are also compared and initialled. 
 
 The totals of the debentures paid off, and new debentures or 
 debenture stock issued, as shewn by this book, are compared 
 and balanced half-yearly with the Accountant's General 
 Ledgers and Secretary's Registers ; the latter being also 
 
Secretary's Department. 205 
 
 examined in detail with the cash and cancelled documents, and 
 initialled by or for the Accountant. 
 
 The margin on " Re-borrowing Account," when added to that 
 in respect of " New Power," as shewn by the Accountant's 
 record, represents the Company's available borrowing powers, 
 as published in the half-yearly accounts, independently, of 
 course, of new capital sanctioned by Parliament but not 
 created. 
 
 Renewals of debentures, being repayments deferred, do not 
 affect the position of the borrowing account, except in so far as 
 the rate of interest may be concerned ; and nothing further is 
 required than their transfer to a new account in the Secretary's 
 Register, and the registration and issue of new interest coupons 
 for the additional term as per endorsement on the bonds. 
 
 All debentures paid off are cancelled and kept by the 
 Accountant. 
 
 In addition to the Accountant's record described above, all 
 debenture stock coupons for new money are compared by his 
 department with the Bankers' receipts, and entered in a Register 
 shewing the name, amount, and numbers of the coupons issued, 
 for subsequent comparison with the Secretary's Allotment and 
 Sealing Books, and Stock Ledgers. 
 
 174. Transfers of Stocks. The deeds are examined to 
 see that they are properly signed, witnessed, and bear an 
 impressed stamp for the ad valorem duty, and that the 
 seller's name, and description of the stock to be transferred, 
 correspond with the securities surrendered. 
 
 When deeds are signed by an " Attorney " or under the seal 
 of a public Company, the Secretary's registers are examined 
 to see that proper authority for the signature has been given. 
 
 The number and date of deed, names, amount of stock, 
 numbers of old and new coupons, are then registered. 
 
 If the amount of coupons surrendered by the seller exceeds 
 
206 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 the amount of new coupons issued to the buyer, the balance is 
 carried to a column for this purpose to the credit of the seller, 
 and written off as new coupons are issued. The amount of 
 these balances, added to that of new coupons issued, is agreed 
 every week with the total of the securities surrendered. 
 
 Old securities are always defaced before new ones are signed. 
 
 The Accountant's records are afterwards compared with the 
 Secretary's Registers, these being then called over with the 
 Stock Ledgers which are initialled by the Accountant's Auditor. 
 
 As an additional security provided by the Accountant against 
 the re-issue of old coupons, or imposition of duplicates, all new 
 coupons issued are registered, with the date, in numerical order ; 
 and when the securities are cancelled by transfer or exchange, 
 the entries are referred to, and the number of the coupon so 
 cancelled, marked off ; the date on which this is done being 
 inserted. This is also done in the Secretary's department, and 
 if on turning to a number, it should be found to have been 
 previously cancelled, enquiries would be immediately made. 
 
 175. Shares. The allotment letters are checked with the 
 Secretary's Allotment Book, entries of renunciations, &c. 
 
 Before being sealed by the Finance Committee, share certi- 
 ficates are compared with the deposit receipts, which are 
 stamped and initialled as this is done. 
 
 176. Transfers Of Shares. Prior to signature by the 
 Accountant, new certificates of transfer are compared with the 
 deeds, and the numbers of shares registered for comparison with 
 the Secretary's books, as in the case of stock coupons. 
 
 As previously stated, share certificates are not cancelled until 
 the shares have been consolidated into stock ; after which they 
 .are exchanged for stock coupons signed by the Secretary and 
 Accountant. 
 
 177. Consolidation of Shares. When this takes place, 
 the share certificates withdrawn from issue are examined, 
 
Secretary s Department. 207 
 
 checked with the Secretary's " Consolidation Register," and 
 defaced. The new stock coupons to be issued in exchange are 
 also compared with the Register, and signed, the Register being 
 then checked with the Stock Ledgers. 
 
 178, Capital and Dividends. The capital as shewn by 
 the Secretary's " Register of Stock and Share holders and 
 Dividends," is compared with the amount credited as received 
 in the Accountant's General Ledgers, and is afterwards checked 
 in detail with the Secretary's stock and share Ledgers. , 
 
 All calculations and additions are tested, and the dividend 
 warrants examined and initialled by a member of the 
 Accountant's staff, before being signed by the Secretary. 
 
 179. We now come to the Stations' Cash, Bills 
 Receivable, and Secretary's Cash Books, Miscel- 
 laneous, and Rent Collection accounts. 
 
 It has been remarked that excepting traffic accounts the 
 Secretary is the only Officer authorised to give a receipt for 
 accounts paid to the Company, and a notice to this effect is 
 printed on the bills ; but in a certain sense this principle may be 
 said to extend to station traffic accounts also ; for while the 
 station-masters, agents, and district collectors issue receipts to 
 the public, the former look to the Secretary for official receipts 
 for the amount of their daily remittances to Bank through the 
 district cashiers. 
 
 180. Stations' Cash Book. This is made up from the 
 Bank sheets (35). These have three or more money columns one 
 for the total of each station's remittance, filled in by the district 
 cashiers ; one for coaching, one for goods and minerals, and 
 one for miscellaneous accounts and rents received at stations on 
 behalf of the Secretary. These latter columns are filled in by 
 the Secretary's department from the advices or remittance notes, 
 
208 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 any cash " short," or " over," as notified by the Bankers, being 
 adjusted in " coaching," unless the remittance is for " goods " 
 alone. This is done on the assumption that the station-masters 
 who remit the cash have taken care that they duly received 
 from the goods agent or collectors the exact amount set down 
 for " goods." It also prevents confusion in the accounts. 
 
 The Secretary's acknowledgments, in the following form, are 
 then sent to the district cashiers, by whom they are forwarded 
 to the stations in the returned empty cash boxes. 
 
 RAILWAY, 
 
 SECRETARY'S OFFICE, 
 
 -189 . 
 To STATION. 
 
 I beg to advise receipt of cash ; 
 
 For Passengers. 
 
 
 
 For Goods. 
 
 For 
 
 
 
 as per remittance for (date). 
 
 (Signed) for Secretary. 
 
 The Stations' Cash Book shews the total amount received 
 by the Bank daily from each district on account of coaching, 
 goods, and minerals, respectively. 
 
 The miscellaneous items above referred to, soldiers' warrants' 
 and cheques returned by the Bankers for endorsement, &c., are 
 carried into separate columns. 
 
 At the end of the month a summary is made. 
 
 The Stations' Cash Book and Bank sheets are then handed to 
 the Accountant, by whom the latter are compared with the Pass 
 books, to see that the right amounts have been credited. 
 
 The Accountant is also furnished with particulars of miscella- 
 neous items, in order that .he may pass the same to the credit 
 of the proper accounts ( 401). 
 
 181. Bills Receivable Book. In this book is recorded 
 
Secretary's Department. 209 
 
 the progressive number and usual particulars of customers' 
 acceptances, from whom received, by and on whom drawn, 
 where payable, amount, when due, and how disposed of. 
 
 In drawing bills on customers for tolls, the following form is 
 used : 
 
 No .RAILWAY. 
 
 189 . 
 
 .Months after date pay to the order of the 
 
 Railway Company pounds, shillings, and 
 
 pence, value received for Toll on Minerals in the month of .189 . 
 
 For the .Railway Company. 
 
 General Manager. 
 
 The bills have an engraved endorsement, as follows : 
 Pay_ 
 
 For the Railway Company. 
 
 ^Secretary. 
 _ Accountant. 
 
 182. Bills Receivable Ledger, No. 1. The debit 
 side of this book is made up from the Bills Receivable 
 Book ; the dates, numbers, and amounts only, being entered 
 in consecutive order. 
 
 A daily list of bills received is also entered in the Secretary's 
 Travelling Cash Book (185), to enable the General Manager 
 and Accountant to credit the right accounts ; all acceptances 
 being of course passed to the credit of traders when they are 
 received, and not when they fall due. 
 
 The Secretary, as the custodian, is debited in the 
 Accountant's Ledger with the amount represented by the 
 bills, and is relieved of such debit when the Company 
 
2io Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 receives credit through the Banking accounts. This procedure 
 is practically the same as in ordinary commercial book-keeping, 
 except that the title " Secretary's Bill Account u is used, to fix 
 the responsibility of the Secretary, instead of " Bills Receivable." 
 As a rule Railway Companies do not make payments by 
 acceptances, therefore a " Bills Payable " account is not needed. 
 
 A few days before the acceptances fall due they are sent to 
 the Company's Bankers for collection ; and the debit entries in 
 the Bills Receivable Ledgers are then cleared by corresponding 
 entries on the credit side, shewing to which Bank sent, date, 
 numbers, and amounts. 
 
 A monthly statement of bills sent to Bank at maturity is 
 furnished to the Accountant, and this is compared with the 
 pass-books (401). 
 
 The debit .balance of the Bill Ledger represents the amount of 
 bills on hand. Of these, a list is made at the close of each half- 
 year, and verified by the Accountant by comparing it with the 
 bills and the balance as shewn by his books. 
 
 183. Dishonoured Bills, &c. All bills and cheques 
 returned to the Secretary dishonoured, for endorsement or on 
 account of other irregularity, are taken to debit in a separate 
 Ledger called " Bills Ledger, No. 2." 
 
 The General Manager is advised of such items as may need 
 his attention, and his acknowledgment is taken for dishonoured 
 bills or cheques handed to him for collection. 
 
 The debits are cleared as endorsed or amended cheques (or 
 cash) are paid to Bank ; or as new bills or compositions are 
 received through the General Manager or Companj^'s Solicitors. 
 
 A list of all bills and cheques returned is entered in the 
 Secretary's Travelling Cash Book, as in the case of ordinary 
 bills, to enable the Accountant to deal with the items. 
 
 The Secretary furnishes the Accountant with a monthly 
 statement of items paid to Bank to meet the debits ; and at 
 
Secretary's Department. 211 
 
 the close of each half-year, the latter supplies the General 
 Manager wilh a list of outstanding^, or dishonoured bills and 
 cheques remaining uncollected ; the amount being first com- 
 pared and agreed with the Secretary's books. 
 
 184. Secretary's Cash Book. In this book is entered 
 all cash received by the Secretary with the particulars of each 
 item, from whom received, on what account, &c. The cash is 
 balanced and paid to the Company's Bankers daily, a receipt 
 therefor being obtained. 
 
 An exact copy of the entries is then made in what is known 
 as the 
 
 185. Travelling Cash Book. (See next page). This 
 is, in fact, the Secretary's daily advice to the Accountant, 
 General Manager, and those in the Secretary's own department 
 who have charge of the collection of accounts, of cash received 
 by him, and requiring to be credited to the various accounts in 
 their respective books. 
 
 Each department then extends to the classification indicating 
 the accounts to be credited those items which concern itself. 
 Thus, remittances for news or corn sample labels, and other 
 items requiring to be credited to accounts in the Coaching 
 Ledger, are " claimed," and extended to the column for 
 " coaching " by the Station Ledger office ; remittances on 
 account of goods traffic would, likewise, be extended to the 
 "goods," and minerals to the "mineral" columns; soldiers' 
 warrants and miscellaneous items collected by the Secretary, 
 to " Secretary's Collection/' and so on. 
 
 This not only prevents any doubtful item being credited by 
 the departments to more than one account (an error, however, 
 which, under the system of book-keeping described farther on, 
 could not escape subsequent discovery), but it also guides the 
 Accountant's book-keeper in distributing the cash credits in the 
 General Ledgers (401). 
 
212 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 I 1 
 
 o 
 </ ' 
 
 who 
 ived. 
 
 g. 
 
 : 
 
 ::*! 
 
 c 
 
 ^rt ^^^ 
 
 < CJ H* O HH 
 
Secretary's Department. 213 
 
 The Travelling Cash Book is made up every morning, and, 
 after being passed to the departments or offices requiring it, is 
 handed back to the Secretary the following morning. 
 
 Lists of bills received, cheques returned for endorsement, and 
 dishonoured bills, are entered in separate sections of the 
 Travelling Cash Book, under the headings, " Secretary's Bill 
 Account No. I " and " Secretary's Bill Account No. 2 " respec- 
 tively, as before explained. 
 
 Any cash paid by traders direct to the Company's Bankers 
 in respect of traffic or other accounts, as shewn by the Pass- 
 books, is entered at the end of the Travelling Cash Book by 
 the Accountant weekly, for the information of the departments 
 concerned. These payments are only allowed by special 
 arrangement. 
 
 All cash, cheques, or bills paid to the Secretary by the General 
 Manager, are entered by him and the Secretary's signature 
 taken in a book for this purpose. The entries in this book, and 
 advices from other departments of amounts paid to the Secretary, 
 are checked in detail by the Accountant with the entries in the 
 Travelling Cash Book; the daily totals of the latter being also 
 compared with the amounts credited in the Company's Banking 
 accounts. 
 
 186, Secretary's Collection. Accounts for collection 
 by the Secretary, except rents from property and those in 
 connection with stocks and shares are scheduled to him by the 
 Accountant, who receives them, with the corresponding lists, 
 from the respective departments Stores, Engineer's, Loco- 
 motive and Carriage, and Traffic. The bills are checked as 
 regards calculations, entered, and sent by the Accountant 
 direct to the debtors. 
 
 These accounts consist, as we have seen, of charges for 
 maintenance of private sidings ; gas, water, and stores supplied ; 
 old materials sold ; private rolling-stock repaired ; services 
 
214 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 rendered by one department to another, &c. They include, also, 
 the accounts rendered by the Accountant to Government 
 departments for soldiers' and other warrants. 
 
 The debits are posted into Ledgers from the Accountant's 
 certified schedules (393), and the cash credits from the 
 Travelling Cash Book. 
 
 A list of unpaid accounts is laid before the Directors from 
 time to time, and bad debts are written off with their sanction 
 only. 
 
 The balances in the Secretary's Ledgers are compared each 
 half-year with the Accountant's books. (See " Book-keeper's 
 office.") 
 
 187. Rent Collection. The Company's income from 
 rental property forms an important part of its revenue. 
 
 Buildings and surplus lands, acquired in many instances 
 under compulsion during the construction of new lines ; 
 houses erected for the accommodation of the staff ; 
 property purchased in anticipation of requirements for station 
 and siding accommodation ; offices, &c., built for the con- 
 venience of traders from these, and even from the produce 
 of the embankments of the Railway, a substantial income 
 is derived. 
 
 The letting of this property, conditions of tenancy, and 
 agreements in reference thereto ; also the sales of grass and hay, 
 are under the management of the Company's Estate Agent. It 
 is his province to find tenants ; to secure the best terms for the 
 Company ; and to keep the Secretary informed of all lettings, 
 quittals, alterations, and sales. 
 
 The collection of the rents, &c., termed " Rent collection," 
 occupies a separate staff of collectors and clerks under one chief 
 rent collector, in the department of the Secretary. 
 
 The rent-roll is divided into two sections, viz. : (i), rents 
 from persons not Company's servants, collected by the 
 
Secretary's Department. 
 
 215 
 
 Secretary's staff ; (2), rents from Company's servants, deducted 
 from the wages and salaries. The sections are sub-divided into 
 weekly, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly rents. 
 
 A " special debit ' Ledger is also used for irregular items for 
 which there is no fixed rent ; and one for the particulars of 
 grass, hay, or other produce sold, and cash received on account 
 thereof. 
 
 The basis of the debit is the Estate Agent's certified advice. 
 This is received weekly by the Secretary, and contains an 
 account of all additions and alterations to be made to the 
 rent-roll. 
 
 The entries are numbered progressively, and give all the 
 particulars necessary name and address, nature of tenancy, 
 annual rental, how and when payable, entry or quittal date, 
 by whom the taxes are to be paid, and so on to enable the 
 clerks to make a proper record of the amounts to be received. 
 
 Rents accruing to the Company from persons not Company's 
 servants are entered in two books, one being for quarterly, half- 
 yearly, and yearly rents and the other for weekly rents, as 
 indicated by the headings below : 
 
 188. 
 
 RENT SCHEDULE. (QUARTERLY, &c.) 
 
 
 (i) Tenant's Name. 
 
 
 
 
 MARCH QUARTER. 
 
 
 Pro. (2) Residence. 
 
 rt 
 
 5 
 
 =3 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 CASH BOOK. 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 -Si? 
 
 
 
 
 
 "t^ 
 
 No. 
 
 (3) Description of 
 Property. 
 
 c 
 
 p. 
 
 i 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 C "C 
 .> 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 M 
 
 
 (4) Locality. 
 
 I 
 
 ffi 
 
 PQ 
 
 
 *z 
 
 H 
 
 te, 
 
 < 
 
 ^o 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A separate set of money columns is provided for each 
 
 quarter, and the cash received and allowances (for property 
 
 taxes, &c., payable by the Company) are posted up from the 
 Rent Cash Book. 
 
216 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 In the column for remarks are entered the dates of com- 
 mencement of tenancies, who pay taxes, reference to Estate 
 Agent's advice, &c. 
 
 At the end of each quarter the columns are added up, and 
 a summa/y of the totals is made and balanced, arrears being 
 carried forward in detail. 
 
 189. WEEKLY RENTS. NOT COMPANY'S SERVANTS. 
 HALF YEAR ENDING 189 
 
 
 
 
 *j 
 
 CASH RECEIVED. 
 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Name and 
 
 Rent 
 
 OTD 
 
 
 Total 
 
 h 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 of 
 
 Residence of 
 
 per 
 
 Si 
 
 January. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 House. 
 
 Tenant. 
 
 week. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 due. 
 
 t 12 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 **" 
 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 Each opening in this book is ruled with cash columns (a) for 
 26 weeks. The amounts " due " are calculated on the " rent 
 per week " as per Estate Agent's advices, and after the cash has 
 been agreed with the Cash Book, the balances unpaid at the end 
 of the half-year are carried forward to a new account. 
 
 The dates of entrance, quittal, &c., are given in the " remarks " 
 column. 
 
 Weekly and monthly rents due from Company's servants are 
 entered on the pay-bills and salary lists by those whose duty it 
 is to prepare them, and deducted from the pay. 
 
 Cheques for these amounts are drawn, and paid in by the 
 Secretary to the credit of the Rent Collection account. 
 
 The items are posted from the pay-bills and salary lists into a 
 book similar to the one above for weekly rents (not Company's 
 servants), the totals being balanced with the wages and salaries 
 abstracts. 
 
 Amounts advised by the Estate Agent for collection from 
 
Secretary's Department. 217 
 
 Company's servants, but not appearing in the pay lists, are 
 made the subject of enquiry. 
 
 Clerks in charge at stations have instructions to advise the 
 Estate Agent of any changes in the occupancy of Company's 
 property that may come under their notice. 
 
 The entries in the rent rolls are made in the order of 
 branches, stations, or departments, for convenience of reference. 
 
 The Special Debit Ledger and Grass Sales Ledger need 
 little further explanation. The " debits " for the latter are 
 advised as soon as it has been ascertained what the sales have 
 realised (particular attention being given to this matter, as also 
 to the special debits, by the Estate Agent), and the cash 
 collected is posted from the Rent Cash Book. 
 
 190. Rent Collector's Cash Book. This is written up 
 as the cash is received. 
 
 In addition to the usual cash columns, it also contains 
 provision for a classification of the items, which are extended to 
 the proper columns, and posted into the respective books. 
 Property tax deductions and allowances are also passed through 
 the Cash Book to the credit of the various accounts, distinctive 
 columns being provided, so that these may not be confused 
 with cash. 
 
 A separate " Rent Cash Book " is kept by the Secretary in 
 which are entered all items remitted direct to him, cheques drawn 
 in his name on the Company's Bankers for rents deducted on the 
 pay lists ; also the amount paid to him daily by the rent 
 collector. The daily total of this Rent Cash Book is carried to 
 the Secretary's General Cash Book, and paid to Bank with the 
 general receipts. 
 
 Rent collectors placed at important out-stations are furnished 
 with particulars of the debits by the chief collector, and the 
 cash is paid by them to the local agent or station-master, 
 remitted to Bank with the traffic receipts, an< 
 
218 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 'P91031P3 UIOIJAV 
 
 
 Rents. 
 
 Q 
 
 6 
 * 
 
Secretary s Department. 219 
 
 on the cash advices : these items being passed to the credit of 
 the Rent Collection account by the Accountant. 
 
 Detailed lists of the sums so collected are furnished to the 
 chief collector, and entered in the Cash and- other Books. 
 
 At the end of each half-year the Rent Cash Book totals are 
 balanced with the cash credits entered in the Rent Roll, and 
 with the amount paid to the Bankers as shewn by the 
 Accountant's General Ledgers. 
 
 The Accountant is furnished by the Estate Agent with a 
 half-yearly certified statement of the rent debit and 
 deductions therefrom in respect of taxes, &c., payable by the 
 Company, the net total of which is passed to the debit of the 
 " Rent Collection " account. 
 
 A certified Balance Sheet, made up from the Rent Roll 
 (together with a list of allowances and original vouchers), is also 
 furnished by the Secretary to the Accountant, shewing, on the 
 one side, the debits for rents receivable during the half-year and 
 for produce sold, according to the Estate Agent's advice ; and, 
 on the other side, the credits for cash received and allowances, 
 and the balance to collect, shewing how such balance is made 
 up; i.e., how much is for quarterly, weekly, and other rents; 
 and this also is checked by the Accountant, and agreed with 
 his Ledgers (385). 
 
 191. Drawing and Remittance of Cheques. These 
 
 matters, properly belonging to the Secretary's department, are 
 referred to in connection with the accounts of the Book-keeper's 
 office (372)- 
 
220 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 ACCOUNTANT'S DEPARTMENT. 
 
 192. It would be difficult for any but those who have daily 
 business intercourse with the Accountant of any important 
 Railway Company to form an adequate idea of his duties. 
 
 It will not be supposed that his field of operations would be 
 covered by a review of the work of the " Audit," " Station 
 Ledger," and " Book-keeper's " offices, the three principal offices 
 into which his department is assumed to be divided, inasmuch 
 as the explanations given in former sections sufficiently demon- 
 strate that his functions extend to all the earning and spending 
 departments of the Railway. To all records of receipt and 
 expenditure he has access, so far, indeed, as may be essential to 
 prove their accuracy. For this purpose members of his staff" 
 personally visit the various stations and departments, and it is 
 their especial business to prevent or detect irregularities, whether 
 in connection with income or outgoings. 
 
 Although having full control over the accounts, the Ac- 
 countant, as we have pointed out, has not charge of the cash. 
 Yet he may be said to hold the purse-strings, for all accounts, 
 wages, salaries, &c., passed for payment, have to be submitted 
 to him for the purpose of being further examined, recorded 
 and certified before cheques for the same, which he also 
 examines, may be drawn by the Secretary. 
 
 Whilst the General Manager is responsible for the collection 
 of traffic accounts, and the Secretary for the collection of 
 miscellaneous accounts for departmental services, sales of old 
 material or stores, construction and maintenance of private 
 
Accountant's Department. 221 
 
 sidings, repairs of working stock, &c., for other Companies 
 and private traders, it is a duty of the Accountant, after such 
 accounts have been prepared in their respective departments, to 
 check, record and send the same to the public ; corresponding 
 lists being also examined, certified and sent by him to the 
 General Manager or Secretary as the case may be. 
 
 It follows that in like manner his department enters " credit 
 notes " for allowances, overcharges, &c., which have been duly 
 authorised. 
 
 He keeps watch on " outstandings " and certifies the correct- 
 ness of lists thereof for the Manager and Secretary, and there 
 his responsibility ends so far as traffic and miscellaneous 
 accounts are concerned, and theirs begins. 
 
 As will be seen farther on, however, there are many important 
 accounts for collection, involving immense sums, and arising out 
 of the checking and division of through traffic, which are 
 prepared by the Accountant. For these he is solely responsible. 
 There are also numerous accounts against other Railway 
 Companies for rents and expenses of joint lines, stations, 
 junctions, and kindred charges made under agreement, that either 
 have to be rendered by him, or in connection with which he 
 conducts the correspondence incidental to their collection by the 
 Secretary, by no means a light matter. 
 
 The Accountant also prepares and issues for publication the 
 weekly returns of traffic ; he is responsible, as we have seen, for 
 the checking and auditing of the books of the Secretary's 
 department ; sees that proper receipts and securities are obtained 
 for all payments made ; has the custody of the vouchers and 
 receipts and of debentures which have been paid off ; examines 
 the deeds relating to the Company's property ; signs (with the 
 Secretary), all instruments of value representing stocks, shares 
 and debentures issued to the public, and takes care that they are 
 duly registered, and that old certificates and coupons are 
 
222 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 cancelled before being replaced by new ones. He is, as a rule, 
 the principal adviser of the Directors' Finance Committee upon 
 matters of finance, prepares for them the financial statements, 
 and keeps their minutes. 
 
 He countersigns all debenture interest warrants, and checks 
 the dividend warrants before they are issued by the Secretary. 
 He sees also that the actual cash, bills receivable, and other 
 assets -of the Company, correspond with the published figures, 
 and that the liabilities are fairly stated. 
 
 Thus the Accountant is the principal guardian of the Com- 
 pany's finances, so far as they are preservable by a comprehen- 
 sive system of accounts and supervision. His department is one 
 in which, to use a political expression, " new developments are 
 growing out of new appliances every day," and it is frequently 
 necessary for him to revise methods of check to meet special 
 requirements, to " frame abstracts of operations which the books 
 may not immediately supply." 
 
 Further, an intimate knowledge of the terms of traffic agree- 
 ments, junction and joint station arrangements in which his 
 Company is interested, is, of course, indispensable to him. 
 
 He has frequently to represent his Company in conference 
 with representatives of other Railway Companies, to watch its 
 interests, defend its rights, and assert its claims. 
 
 Prepared as occasion may arise, with reports and deductions 
 from statistical facts, in Parliamentary engagements he is the 
 chief adviser of his Company's Counsel, Solicitors and Witnesses 
 as to Railway earnings, expenses and profits. 
 
 Finally, the Accountant and staff discharge all those functions 
 by which the multitudinous parts of a vast account-keeping 
 machinery are brought into a compact and intelligible whole, 
 and put into concise form for publication half-yearly, the facts 
 necessary to enable the Shareholders of the Company to judge 
 of the value of their property. 
 
Accountant's Department Audit Offices. 223 
 
 AUDIT OFFICES. 
 
 193. It is the duty of these offices to examine and 
 authenticate all returns of traffic furnished by the station 
 masters and agents, also to see that the Company gets credit 
 for its proper share of foreign traffic settled through the 
 Railway Clearing House. In respect of traffic cleared without 
 the intervention of that establishment they have to apportion 
 to or charge other Companies with their respective shares of the 
 receipts. 
 
 They see that the terms of agreements respecting the division 
 of receipts, &c., are properly observed ; that losses arising from 
 claims and bad debts are duly apportioned in accordance with 
 regulations or private agreement ; and shew, in monthly 
 summaries for the use of the Book-keeper's office, the gross 
 amounts earned from traffic, together with the Clearing House, 
 foreign Companies', joint line and steamship proportions ; i.e., 
 the credits to and charges upon the revenue from coaching, 
 goods, cattle, and mineral traffic, and the names of the 
 Companies affected by such credits or charges. 
 
 It also rests with the Audit offices to collect the particulars 
 necessary for the returns of traffic published weekly, and to 
 prepare such other statements relative to the traffic earnings of 
 the Railway as may from time to time be required. 
 
 With the accounts of cash collected, and traffic outstandings, 
 the Audit departments have nothing to do. When the amount 
 of the debit against each station has been correctly ascertained 
 and notified to the " Station Ledger Office," their responsibility, 
 in this particular, ends. The amount of cash paid to Bank, 
 
224 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 "C 
 
 OH 
 
 (ssoao) 
 
 pasn 
 sdunns 
 
 JO J 
 
 SSOJQ 
 
 : O 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 225 
 
 together with other credits or allowances are deducted from the 
 debits, and the balances uncollected as shewn by the station 
 returns, verified in the Station Ledger office. 
 
 COACHING AUDIT OFFICE. 
 
 194. This office deals exclusively with the returns relating 
 to Coaching traffic. 
 
 As the monthly Classifications of Passenger Traffic, Parcel 
 Abstracts and Summaries are received from the stations, one of 
 the first cares of the " Audit " is, as explained farther on, to 
 despatch the returns relating to foreign traffic to the Railway 
 Clearing House, it being of great importance that the Clearing 
 House should be in possession of these returns on the earliest 
 day possible after the close of the month, 
 
 The local returns are then arranged in the order given in 
 the Accountant's list of stations, and the Parcel Summaries com- 
 pared with the Classification Summaries of traffic to see that the 
 debits and credits shewn by the former have been correctly 
 entered in the latter, the totals being also checked by adding 
 the summaries across and upwards. 
 
 Then, before any details are examined, the Classification 
 totals are copied into the 
 
 195. Coaching Traffic Abstract Book. The figures 
 entered by the stations are for this purpose taken as correct, 
 excepting, however, errors discovered in the additions of the 
 summaries, or in transcribing from the " Parcel " to the 
 " Classification " summaries. In such cases the erroneous 
 returns are either sent back to the stations for correction, the 
 revised totals being inserted in the Traffic Abstract Book, or 
 Inaccuracy statements are sent and the differences cleared in a 
 subsequent month. 
 Q 
 
226 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 _ RAILWAY.- COACHING REVENUE BOOK. 
 Month Ending _ 1_ 189 __. 
 
 PARTICULARS. 
 
 PASSENGERS. 
 
 PARCELS,&C. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 CREDITS (Receipts): 
 Total Revenue as per Coaching 
 Traffic Abstract Book 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 9. 
 
 d. 
 
 Additions thereto : 
 Due from Clearing House 
 Due from other Companies : 
 (Private settlements, each Com- 
 pany entered separately). 
 Due from Post Office for " porterages 
 
 Total Credits 
 DEBITS (Deductions) : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^Mr 
 
 - 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Due to other Companies : 
 (Private settlements, each Com- 
 pany entered separately). 
 Due to Post Office for telegraph 
 stamps used 
 
 Due to Agents for commission on 
 sale of tickets : 
 (Amount due to each Agent 
 entered separately). 
 
 Total Debits 
 
 Net Amount 
 
 
 
 MHH^M 
 
 
 
 iMM* 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 227 
 
 This enables the Accountant to ascertain the total debit 
 against the stations in respect of Coaching traffic for the month 
 within a short time of the receipt of the returns. 
 
 No distinction is made between local and foreign traffic in 
 copying the Classification totals into the Coaching Traffic 
 Abstract Book : the numbers of passengers and amounts by 
 each class, the gross receipts from " parcels " and " miscel- 
 laneous," and the paid ons being entered as if the whole repre- 
 sented local traffic only. 
 
 A large proportion of the receipts on foreign traffic may, of 
 course, be due to other Companies ; moreover, those Companies 
 may have to hand over a considerable sum out of money taken 
 by them for bookings to or over the local line. So soon, 
 therefore, as these proportions have been ascertained, they are 
 added to or deducted from the figures arrived at by the 
 foregoing operation ; thus shewing in the net total the amount 
 actually earned by the Coaching department during the 
 month. 
 
 These results are then transferred in condensed form to the 
 
 196. Coaching Revenue Book for the use of the 
 Book-keeper's office (394.) The total revenue as entered in the 
 station returns, and the additions thereto for amounts due from 
 the Railway Clearing House and other Companies, are entered 
 on one page ; and the sums due to the Clearing House and other 
 Companies, also to special agents for commission on sale of 
 passenger tickets for special trains, &c., are entered on the other 
 page, the net amount (which agrees with that entered in the 
 Coaching Traffic Abstract Book) being carried down as shewn 
 on the opposite page. 
 
 Having now by a " short cut " seen how the amount of the Net 
 Revenue from Coaching Traffic for the month is arrived at, we 
 will enter upon the more lengthy task of examining the 
 
228 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 methods by which this result is obtained, and how the returns 
 
 are checked, dealing with the accounts in the following order : 
 
 Local Parcel, &c., Summaries and returns connected 
 
 therewith. 
 Classifications of Passenger Traffic, subsidiary 
 
 returns, tickets, &c. 
 
 Foreign Parcel, &C., Abstracts and Summaries, Monthly 
 Station Debit and Half-Yearly settlement returns 
 prepared by the Clearing House. 
 
 Through Passenger Bookings : Monthly debit and 
 credit statements prepared by the Clearing House. 
 
 197. LOCAL PARCEL &.C., SUMMARIES. These are 
 arranged in the Audit office in the order given in the list of 
 stations and the entries in the summaries having been made by 
 the stations, in the same order, it is an easy matter to check the 
 amounts. This is done in the following way : 
 
 Each entry in one summary, say that of Carlisle, is checked 
 against each corresponding entry in every other summary. 
 Thus, the entries for " forwarded" traffic from Carlisle to 
 Lancaster as shewn by the Carlisle summary would be 
 compared with the entries for " received " traffic from Carlisle as 
 shewn by the Lancaster summary, and vice versa. All the 
 entries in the Carlisle return having been disposed of, every 
 other station return would be similarly dealt with. 
 
 If the returns have been correctly rendered, the figures 
 compared will agree. But when differences are discovered, a 
 note is made in the summary and the details of the correspond- 
 ing abstracts afterwards examined. 
 
 When by this means the date, or dates on which the 
 differences occur have been ascertained, the particulars are 
 entered in the " Local Inaccuracy Register" (Form No. 69, 
 App.) and a statement thereof, bearing the registered number 
 forwarded to the station, either for an explanation of the 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 229 
 
 difference, for the original way-bills concerned, or for copies, as 
 the case may require. Should the forwarding station for 
 instance, abstract 53. 6d. to pay, and the receiving station only 
 55. od., the original bills would be obtained from the receiving 
 station and sent to the forwarding station by the Audit depart- 
 ment with a request to the latter for a copy of the way-bill for 
 the difference, the receiving station being then required to take 
 the omitted amount to debit on the next month's parcel 
 summary. 
 
 When the check clerk has seen that this has been done, the 
 entry in the register is marked off, original bills are sent back to 
 the station, and the papers filed. 
 
 198. Outward Horse, Carriage, Excess Luggage 
 &C,, Traffic. The entries on the back of the local summaries are 
 examined to see that all tickets are accounted for, the number 
 of the next to issue at each station being registered for 
 comparison with the following month's return. 
 
 199. Collected Cloak Room Tickets are compared 
 with the returns, the additions of which are tested, and the total 
 compared with the amount taken to debit. Missing tickets are 
 applied for. 
 
 200 Cab Stand Rents. The Accountant is advised by the 
 Superintendent what cab stand rents each station is required to 
 collect A register of these is kept, and the abstracts are 
 examined therewith. Errors or omissions are pointed out to 
 the stations and corrected in a subsequent month's account. 
 
 201. Extras Summaries. These are checked as to 
 additions &c., and compared with the amounts entered in the 
 parcel &c., summary of totals. The extras books are also 
 compared with the delivery and warehouse books at the stations 
 by the Accountant's Inspectors, who are expected to satisfy 
 themselves that charges for extras are properly accounted for. 
 
 202. Time Tables. The debits for time-tables are 
 
230 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 checked with the statements of sales, and unsold books sent to 
 the Audit office are returned to the Stores department. 
 
 203. Overcharges. The abstracts of overcharges are 
 examined to see that proper authority for each entry is attached 
 thereto, and that credit is taken in the summary for the right 
 amount. In addition, those abstracts of overcharges in 
 connection with "to pay" items are sent to the forwarding 
 stations, and those in connection with "paid" items, to the 
 receiving stations to be certified by the clerks in charge. 
 
 204, Parcel Delivery Bills. These are checked as to 
 additions and calculations, and such other tests applied as may 
 appear necessary to ascertain the correctness of the allowances. 
 
 205. Newspaper and Corn-sample Labels are type- 
 numbered consecutively and sold to news-vendors, corn-factors, 
 and others by the General Manager's department only. The 
 supplies are obtained by the General Manager through the 
 Accountant in the same way as a station obtains passenger 
 tickets, and are similarly registered in the Audit office. 
 
 A return of the sales each month is furnished by the 
 General Manager to the Accountant, and after the commencing 
 and closing numbers of the tickets sold, and the calculations 
 have been checked, the Manager is debited with the gross 
 amount of the sales in the Coaching Traffic Abstract Book in 
 the same way as a station is debited for receipts from parcels, 
 he being responsible for the collection and payment of the cash 
 to the Secretary of the Company. 
 
 206. Coaching Claims. Claims paid out of Coaching 
 cash at the stations in respect of loss or damage to parcels are 
 recharged (paid on, to pay) to the Accountant, the Superin- 
 tendent's authority for the recharge, also claimant's receipt, and 
 papers relating to the claim, being attached to the way-bill in 
 each case. 
 
 These recharges are abstracted (on " forwarded " abstracts) to 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audi I Office. 231 
 
 the Accountant's office as if it were a station ; and a summary 
 of all such items is made in a book for this purpose by the 
 Station Ledger office (which is the office concerned) and 
 handed in to the Coaching Audit office for comparison with the 
 abstracts of the forwarding stations. It is also seen that the 
 Clearing House is advised by the Superintendent, as will be 
 explained by-and-bye, of items in which foreign Companies are 
 concerned. Although the amount of the debit, as shewn by the 
 Station Ledger office summary, is included in the Coaching 
 Traffic Abstract Book under the head of " Superintendent's 
 claims " like an ordinary " miscellaneous " debit, the amount of 
 Coaching revenue is not affected thereby, as the corresponding 
 " paid ons" of the stations come in as a deduction. 
 
 207. Coaching Refunds. Passenger fares and parcel 
 charges refunded by authority of the Superintendent or 
 Accountant are recharged in the same way, but are entered 
 separately in the Coaching Traffic Abstract Book as 
 " Accountant's Refunds." 
 
 It will be shewn in dealing with the accounts of the Station 
 Ledger office how these debits for claims and refunds are 
 cleared. 
 
 208. -- CLASSIFICATIONS OF PASSENGER 
 TRAFFIC (Ordinary and Tourist). The commencing 
 numbers of tickets are checked with the closing numbers 
 entered in the previous month's returns, care being taken to 
 observe that all numbers are brought forward whether tickets 
 have been issued or not. 
 
 The closing numbers of local tickets are checked with the 
 tickets collected. 
 
 Credit is not allowed for children's tickets, nor for tickets 
 entered in the " not sold " column, unless the half and unsold 
 tickets are sent to the Audit office with the returns. 
 
232 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 It is seen that all intermediate numbers of blank card and 
 paper tickets are taken to account. 
 
 The " gross rates " are checked with the registers of passenger 
 fares, after which the calculations, additions and summaries are 
 checked. 
 
 209. Daily Excess Fare Returns. These are submitted 
 for examination to the Superintendent, who communicates with 
 the station-masters respecting any entries that appear to 
 indicate neglect on the part of ticket examiners and others, such 
 as allowing passengers to travel without tickets. 
 
 When the returns are sent back to the Audit office, the details 
 are checked and the totals compared with the amounts taken to 
 debit in the classifications. 
 
 210. Season Ticket Classifications. These are checked 
 with the General Manager's Register, which is marked off as the 
 items are taken to debit. 
 
 The Manager is held accountable, the same as a station, for 
 season tickets issued direct to applicants by him, and the amount 
 of his monthly return (which is made up in the same way as that 
 of a station), is entered separately in the Coaching Traffic 
 Abstract Book. 
 
 The cash collected by the Manager is remitted to Bank 
 through the district cashier daily. 
 
 211. Tourists' Extension-of-Time Ticket Returns. 
 These are examined and the totals compared with the amount 
 entered in the classifications. 
 
 212. Bookings by Excursion Trains, After the details 
 of the station returns have been checked, summaries of the 
 bookings by each station during the month are made up 
 therefrom for comparison with the classification entries. 
 
 The Accountant is advised by the Superintendent of all 
 excursion trains, and the stations at which they call, in order 
 that the Audit office may see that returns of bookings are duly 
 received. 
 
UNIVERSITY 
 
 ^4UFORNIA^^/ 
 Accountants Department Coaching Audit Office. 233 
 
 213, Officers', Soldiers', &c., Tickets. Warrants paid 
 as cash to the various district cashiers, and deducted from the 
 bank sheet totals, are entered by them on Form No. 70 (App.), 
 and sent therewith to the Accountant daily. 
 
 The station amounts are checked, and correct fares inserted 
 by the Audit office, any differences being extended, and added 
 to or deducted from the revenue figures for the following month 
 in the Coaching Traffic Abstract Book, as indicated therein. 
 
 Accounts for the audited and corrected amounts represented 
 by the warrants are then rendered to the proper authorities, a 
 statement thereof being furnished to the Secretary, so that he 
 may collect the same. 
 
 The station classifications are checked to see that soldiers' 
 tickets, equal in amount to that represented by warrants 
 remitted as cash have been taken to debit. 
 
 214. Inaccuracies. When discrepancies are discovered 
 in the passenger classifications, the particulars are entered on 
 inaccuracy statements (Form No. 71 App.), which are registered 
 and sent to the stations for an explanation. 
 
 Errors affecting the debit are corrected in a subsequent 
 month's return, and the entries in the registers marked off. 
 
 215. Passenger Fares. Registers of fares are kept in the 
 Audit office. The Accountant is advised of any alterations, and 
 these are noted with a reference to the advice or correspondence 
 in the registers. 
 
 Separate registers are kept of through fares, shewing the 
 foreign proportions thereof. These will be again referred to. 
 
 216. Collected Passengers' Tickets. In dealing with 
 these, attention is mainly directed to the following points, viz : 
 (i) The registration of tickets missed in collection, and the re- 
 duction of irregularities appertaining to non-collection. (2) That 
 all collected tickets (the first and last numbers, and all inter- 
 mediate numbers, whether the latter be collected or not) ; are 
 
234 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 accounted for, and that the Company receives credit for their 
 value in the station or Clearing House monthly returns. 
 
 The progressive numbers of the collected tickets, which are 
 arranged in proper order by the collectors at the stations and 
 sent to the Audit office daily, are examined by clerks appointed 
 to this duty, the particulars of any missing numbers being 
 registered. 
 
 This done, the examined tickets, excepting those mentioned 
 below, are put into sacks, and sold by the Stores department to 
 manufacturers as waste paper, steps being taken to see that they 
 are rendered useless. 
 
 The continuity of check is preserved from day to day by 
 retaining that ticket in each denomination and class which bears 
 the highest number, for comparison with the lowest number of 
 the same description that next comes to hand. 
 
 Schedules^ of tickets missing are sent every month to the 
 stations for an explanation. Should the number be unusually 
 large, the Superintendent is communicated with, and an 
 investigation made. 
 
 The last tickets issued in each month, identified by the 
 number and date stamped upon them, are retained and compared 
 with the monthly classifications, to see that the correct 
 "closing " numbers have been entered therein. For instance, if 
 the number of the last first class ticket issued from A to X be 
 475, the closing number in the classification should be 476. 
 
 If any tickets are not accounted for in the month of issue, the 
 station-master's explanation is required. 
 
 All local blank card tickets collected are retained until they 
 have been compared in every particular with the classifications 
 of the stations at which they were issued. 
 
 Unissued and collected tickets for local excursions, pleasure 
 parties, soldiers, &c., are checked with the station returns. 
 
 Season and member-of-family tickets are sent to the General 
 Manager. 
 
Accountants Department Coaching Audit Office. 235 
 
 217. Foreign Companies' Collected Tickets. The 
 
 closing numbers of collected tickets issued by other Companies 
 (except the return halves of return tickets and unissued half 
 tickets) are arranged in alphabetical order of stations, and sent 
 to the Railway Clearing House monthly, each Company's 
 tickets being kept separate. 
 
 Those tickets, however, in which two Companies only are 
 interested are retained (this traffic not being checked by the 
 Clearing House), unless they are issued and collected by the 
 same Company, in which case they are sent to the Clearing 
 House. 
 
 All foreign " blank " paper tickets collected are sent to the 
 Clearing House. 
 
 218. Ticket Stock Registers. These were fully 
 described in connection with the station accounts (15). 
 
 We have now to consider the operations connected with 
 through, or 
 
 FOREIGN PARCEL, &.C., TRAFFIC. 
 
 219. Foreign Parcel, &c., Abstracts and Summaries. 
 
 The abstracts are examined as they are received from the 
 stations to ascertain that items of paid ons standing alone, or 
 such as are in excess of the to pay items for foreign over- 
 charges, &c., are properly authenticated by paid on vouchers 
 issued by the Superintendent, a monthly return of these being 
 furnished by him to the Audit office for this purpose. 
 
 Paid ons for covered carriage trucks are also compared with 
 the amounts taken to debit in the extras summaries. This 
 applies to local as well as to foreign abstracts. 
 
 The totals of the foreign abstracts and " light " summaries 
 having been compared with the "heavy " summaries, the former 
 
236 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 are sent to the Clearing House, the "heavy" summaries being 
 bound together and retained in the Audit office. 
 
 It is said of that department of the Clearing House which 
 deals with the traffic abstracts that, 
 
 After having ascertained that all stations have sent in their returns, its first function 
 is to group and arrange them so that the outward returns of the forwarding station 
 may be easily compared with the inward returns of the receiving station ; any 
 discrepancy amounting to one shilling or upwards found in checking (or comparing) 
 these returns being pointed out at once to both stations concerned, by means of a 
 document called an inaccuracy statement, on which full details of the discrepancy 
 are set forth, and a reply invited in the margin.* 
 
 The inaccuracy statements are sent by the Clearing House 
 to the Audit departments of the Companies concerned, by 
 whom they are registered (See Form No. 72, App.) and forwarded 
 to the stations to which they relate for explanations of the 
 differences. 
 
 Should the explanations received settle the discrepancies, the 
 summaries are corrected, the particulars of each inaccuracy 
 entered on the back thereof for future reference, and the state- 
 ments returned to the Clearing House with authority to alter 
 the abstracts ; the date returned having first been entered in 
 the register. 
 
 When saying " the summaries are corrected," we do not mean 
 that the totals of the summaries, or the station debits, are also 
 altered. This is not so. As already pointed out, for the purpose 
 of making up the Coaching Traffic Abstract Book, these 
 totals are assumed to be correct. They are therefore allowed 
 to stand as entered by the stations. The differences, so far 
 as the stations are concerned, are cleared in the accounts of 
 the following month, in the same way as local ; the cash debits 
 or credits to the stations, as shewn by the inaccuracy statements, 
 being entered in the next foreign summaries. The alterations 
 
 * " The Railway Clearing House: Its object, work, and results." 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 237 
 
 above referred to are made in the details of the summaries, so 
 that the Clearing House returns, which exhibit the corrected 
 figures, may afterwards be more easily checked. 
 
 If all errors in abstracting could be cleared up in this com- 
 paratively easy way, an objectionable element in the work of 
 the Railway Clearing House and Audit departments of the 
 Companies would be in great measure removed, and the 
 cost of " clearing " considerably diminished. But it frequently 
 happens that much time is occupied before a settlement can be 
 effected, and it is therefore of the utmost importance that all 
 possible care be taken by officials at stations to render accurate 
 returns. 
 
 The Clearing House method of dealing with inaccuracies is 
 described as follows : 
 
 Should the replies, when received, settle the difference, the erroneous station return 
 is altered accordingly ; but if the two stations still disagree in their account of the 
 transaction, the item in dispute is made the subject of further correspondence, or, 
 when possible, settled by an inspection of the invoice (or way-bill) which originally 
 accompanied the goods (or parcels, &c.), the figures of which are held by one of 
 the regulations of the Clearing House to be unalterable. If these figures cannot 
 be adjusted .... before the Station Debit returns are prepared .... the items 
 are struck out of the station returns, and recorded in an " Outstanding Book " and 
 the remainder of the items only are dealt with in the current account. * 
 
 When original bills are sent to the Clearing House for 
 inspectiori, a memorandum of the fact is made by the Audit 
 department in the Inaccuracy Register, and differences not 
 cleared before the Clearing House prepare their monthly 
 returns, are marked "outstanding" in the summaries for com- 
 parison with the outstanding items brought into the Clearing 
 House half-yearly settlements. 
 
 We will now examine the Clearing House returns more 
 closely for the purpose of shewing how they are made up, and 
 how verified by the Audit department. 
 
 * " The Railway Clearing House : Its object, work, and results." 
 
238 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
 
 
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Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 239 
 
 220. Clearing House Station Debit Returns (Heavy 
 Traffic). The utility of these returns is explained as follows : 
 
 In consequence of the light nature of parcel &c. receipts, it is not essential to make 
 an absolute settlement each month ; and therefore for the sake of economy in the cost 
 of clearing, the actual division of receipts is made half-yearly. It must not, however, 
 be supposed that no accounts are rendered, no check put upon the multitude of clerks 
 and parcel porters, who are so largely employed in working parcel traffic .... nor 
 that no transfer of money is made during all this time. After the abstracts have been 
 checked, Station Debit statements are prepared to enable the Companies to check the 
 accuracy of the accounts rendered and the cash remitted by their station clerks.* 
 
 The entries in the "Station Debit" returns are made from 
 the abstracts, in the same order as that observed by the stations 
 in making up their foreign summaries. (See instructions printed 
 on Form No. 14, App.) This not only facilitates the work of 
 the Clearing House, but also assists the Audit department in 
 checking the entries. 
 
 Station totals are made and carried to a summary 
 which, after adding the debit for "light" traffic as shewn by 
 the return mentioned below, exhibits the Company's " gross 
 station debit," in respect of its foreign parcel and miscel- 
 laneous traffic for the month. 
 
 The nature of " paid," " to pay," " paid on," and " through " 
 items having been explained in connection with the station 
 returns, it is scarcely necessary to observe that the Great 
 Northern Company's debit is made up of its outward paid, 
 excess luggage paid, and inward to pay items, these being 
 collected by that Company ; while the credit consists of 
 outward paid ons, and inward through amounts, these having 
 been paid out by the same Company. In like manner the " other 
 Companies' " debits and credits consist of the corresponding items 
 in their returns. 
 
 221. Light Traffic. A separate statement of station 
 
 * "The Railway Clearing House : Its object, work, and results." 
 
240 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 debits on light parcel &c, traffic is furnished by the Clearing 
 
 House, as under : 
 
 COMPANY. LIGHT TRAFFIC. MONTH OF 189 . 
 
 
 As Abstracted. 
 
 Alterations by 
 Appendix. 
 
 Revised 
 included 
 Accc 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Debit as 
 in C. H. 
 
 unts. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Dr. 
 X 
 
 Cr. 
 X 
 
 Cr. 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 These columns (x) are used for the adjustment of differences in the station returns, particulars of 
 which are given in an "Appendix." 
 
 The reason for this distinction between "heavy" and "light" 
 traffic is 
 
 For economy in clearance, and the same practical result being attained, the 
 receipts from " light " traffic are not divided with the same particularity as the 
 receipts from the heavier traffic, but are divided in the same proportions as are found 
 to be due from the accurate apportionment of the heavier traffic receipts, care being 
 taken that in all cases Companies only among whom the receipts are due share in the 
 division ; to this end numerous groups, as they are technically termed, have to be 
 kept, these groups corresponding in both the heavy and light accounts. Of the light 
 traffic it is not necessary to furnish further particulars than those contained in the 
 monthly station debit lists, except to show the results of the group divisions ; but as 
 companies in all cases receive their actual terminals earned, the case is met by 
 inserting particulars thereof in the monthly statements.* 
 
 It is not now considered necessary to enter these latter 
 particulars in the monthly station debit lists, the terminals 
 being credited in the half-yearly apportionment of light traffic 
 by Clearing House. (See 233.) 
 
 A group of traffic is defined as traffic between any Railway 
 and any one other Railway irrespective of routes : but no group 
 includes traffic between any one Railway and more than any 
 other Railway ; e.g., traffic between the Great Eastern Railway 
 and Highland Railway, whether carried via Larbert or via Fife, 
 would be deemed the same group of traffic, but traffic between 
 the Great Eastern Railway and the Great North of Scotland 
 Railway would be deemed a separate group. 
 
 *"The Railway Clearing House: Its object, work, and results." 
 
Accountant* s Department CoacJiing Audit Office. 241 
 
 As only six months from the date on which the accounts are 
 rendered are allowed by the Clearing House to Companies for 
 pointing out errors, the " date received " is marked upon the 
 debit returns, and indeed upon any other Clearing House 
 returns immediately they arrive. 
 
 222. The entries in the Debit Returns are then checked 
 with the foreign summaries. Only the totals are compared in 
 the first instance, but should these not tally, the details are 
 examined to discover between which pair of stations the 
 difference exists, particulars of the discrepancy being notified to 
 the Clearing House. For the purpose of illustration, the station 
 debit return is made to exhibit a difference of 55. in the 
 Grantham-Newcastle figures. 
 
 An examination of the abstracts by the Clearing House on 
 receipt of an advice thereof, might lead to the discovery that 
 Grantham had entered in the summary 5s. too little for " inward 
 to pay." In this case, that station would be required to take 
 the amount to debit in the next foreign summary. 
 
 Should the difference, however, prove to be an error in the 
 Clearing House figures, the Great Northern Company would be 
 credited with the amount here over-debited in a half-yearly list 
 of " outstanding amounts and corrections/' and the clearance 
 entry would be made as shewn in the half-yearly parcel 
 settlement. 
 
 Particulars of every difference between the debit returns and 
 summaries are registered before the advices are sent to the 
 Clearing House ; reference to clearance being given in the 
 column for this purpose, on receipt of the Clearing House 
 replies. (Form No. 73, App.). 
 
 This book (No. 73, App.) is also used for recording errors in the 
 Clearing House lists of " outstanding amounts and corrections," 
 which, owing to the large number and complexity of the entries, 
 are not infrequent, and in the half-yearly settlements. 
 
242 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 With this register the Clearing House corrections in 
 subsequent returns are checked, to see that all outstanding items 
 are cleared up. 
 
 The next and final operation in checking the debit return is 
 to prove the summary. 
 
 It will be borne in mind that the station debit return does 
 not shew the amount actually due to or from the Company in 
 respect of the traffic included therein. It simply enables the 
 Audit office to test the accuracy of the station summaries, and 
 thus to see that the debit recorded against the Company by the 
 Clearing House is equalled by the sum of the debits recorded 
 by the Company against its station agents. 
 
 The actual division, or mileage apportionment of the receipts 
 on foreign parcel, &c., traffic, is made half-yearly. 
 
 At the same time, however, that the monthly station debit 
 lists are despatched by the Clearing House, 
 
 Each Company is advised of an interim balance due to or by it. To arrive at this 
 interim balance, it is assumed that, especially disturbing elements excepted, a Com- 
 pany's earnings from each group will be in the same proportion as in the corresponding 
 month of the previous year ; and the balances arrived at on this basis are passed 
 through the Clearing House Ledgers and are subjected to an adjustment at the end of 
 each half-year. (233). . Interest is charged at a fixed rate for the money that 
 a Company has held during that time, over and above that estimated to be due from 
 it on the interim settlements ; a similar allowance being made in converse cases where 
 the interim estimates are found to have fallen short of the actual figure.* 
 
 223. Clearing House Half-Yearly Parcel, &c., 
 Settlement. (See pages 244. and 245.) This statement, also 
 prepared by the Clearing House, embraces the details necessary 
 for ascertaining the net balance due from or to the Company 
 at the close of. the half-year on account of all traffic, other than 
 passengers, carried by passenger trains. 
 
 The first thing essential to obtain this result is a summary of 
 the traffic entered in the station abstracts, such summary 
 
 * " The Railway Clearing House : Its objects, work, and results." 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 243 
 
 shewing, not only the amounts, but also the number of parcels, 
 horses, carriages, and dogs, and the weight of miscellaneous 
 traffic, conveyed between each pair of stations during the six 
 months. 
 
 Although the monthly "station debits" are not now repeated 
 in the half-yearly " settlement " return furnished by the Clearing 
 House, they are included in the specimen entries for the purpose 
 of making the illustration more complete. 
 
 It is not requisite, however, to shew the station credits, the 
 same result being arrived at by inserting net amounts only ; nor 
 is it needful for " light " traffic to be included, this being 
 specially dealt with in the Clearing House summary of balances 
 (233) ; but outstanding items and corrections, as shewn by the 
 Clearing House lists before referred to, are added to or deducted 
 from the figures of the station to which they relate, so that they 
 may be included in the mileage division. 
 
 Another important factor in effecting a settlement is the 
 
 224. Terminal Expenses. It is obvious that the 
 terminal Companies could not be expected to incur the clerkage 
 and porterage expenses attendant upon the collection, booking, 
 and delivery of parcels, the collection of charges for carriage, 
 and the preparation of the monthly returns, without compensa- 
 tion for these services ; and that a division of the entire receipts 
 on the basis of distance alone would not be an equitable 
 arrangement, particularly in the case of three or more 
 Companies' traffic, in which the intermediate Companies have no 
 kindred services to perform. 
 
 To meet the case, therefore, an allowance is ordinarily made 
 to the terminal Companies as follows : 
 
 To the forwarding Company, one penny per parcel. 
 
 To the receiving Company, two pence per parcel. 
 
 Certain classes of traffic charged by weight at station to 
 station rates carry a small terminal allowance per cwt, but this 
 
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 Other 
 
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 G.N. RAILWAY. HALF-YEARLY SETTLEMENT OF PARCEL AND MISCELLANEOUS TKA 
 Grand Summary. 
 
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 GRAND TOTAL.. 
 
246 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 does not include the cost of cartage. When cartage is per- 
 formed by the Company, an extra charge is made to the 
 consignees of the articles in question for this service. Terminals 
 are not allowed on newspaper parcels carried at station to 
 station rates, nor on horses, carriages, and dogs, these being 
 generally removed on their arrival at the destination stations by 
 the consignees or their agents. 
 
 In many instances, however, special terminals are allowed in 
 accordance with agreement. 
 
 The number of parcels received and forwarded, and the weight 
 of miscellaneous traffic conveyed during the six months, having 
 been ascertained from the abstracts and entered by the Clearing 
 House in the settlement, it becomes an easy matter to calculate 
 the amounts to be entered in the terminal expenses columns. 
 
 These allowances, being included in the charges for carriage, 
 are deducted from the amount of the station debits, and the 
 residue (subject in certain cases to a further deduction for tolls) 
 is extended into the column headed " Amount for Division'' 
 
 225. Tolls. The word "toll" denotes " a tax or custom 
 paid for passage," and in this sense the term is used by 
 Railway Companies. 
 
 Tolls are paid by a Company when it exercises running 
 powers over the lines of another Company. They may take the 
 shape of a fixed allowance per passenger, parcel, or ton of 
 goods, or the amount may be determined by a mileage propor- 
 tion of the receipts. For instance, from Normanton Goose 
 Hill Junction to Altofts Junction the distance is about a mile, 
 and on all traffic passing over this portion of the Midland line 
 in North Eastern or Lancashire and Yorkshire trains, the 
 Midland Company would probably receive the proportion it 
 would get of the entire receipts supposing the traffic to have 
 been conveyed an equivalent distance in its own trains. 
 
 Tolls are usually credited by the Clearing House to the 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 247 
 
 Companies entitled thereto, before the mileage apportionment 
 of the receipts is made. 
 
 226. Route. The determination of the route by the 
 Clearing House, particularly when three or more Companies are 
 concerned in the same traffic, is often attended with difficulty, as 
 the following extract affirms : 
 
 Another essential point of difference from the goods accounts is in ascertaining 
 the routes by which the parcel traffic has been carried. Goods traffic is identified 
 with the truck in which it has been conveyed, and the movements of all trucks 
 are carefully watched and recorded ; whereas a parcel is no more identified with the 
 van that conveys it, than a passenger with the carriage he travels in. It is true the 
 way-bills that accompany parcels usually show the train they are booked by ; but 
 this will only hold good up to a certain, or rather uncertain point, and by no means 
 indicates the junction where the parcels are turned out for a train service in another 
 direction. To meet this, many Companies adopt the plan of stamping their way- 
 bills at the different junctions ; and if way-bills and parcels do not get separated, 
 and the way-bills get stamped, all will go well and the abstracts can be correctly 
 routed ; but if through chance or press of work at busy seasons it is otherwise, a large 
 amount of correspondence and enquiry devolve upon the Clearing House.* 
 
 When the route has been settled, the distances are ascertained, 
 and mileage proportion of the receipts calculated and inserted in 
 the settlement. 
 
 It will be noticed that two columns are provided for the 
 mileage division, one being for the total of both parcels and 
 miscellaneous traffic, the other for " miscellaneous " alone, the 
 difference between the two, after making proper allowance for 
 terminals, representing " parcels." 
 
 227. In Checking these entries the Audit clerk's knowledge 
 of existing agreements as to the interchange of traffic ; of the 
 numerous special allowances and deductions to be made in the 
 actual division of the receipts ; of the topography, not only of the 
 line of the Company he serves, but also of other lines, and 
 his arithmetical powers are called into active requisition. 
 
 It may be here observed that it forms no part of the business 
 of the Audit department to see that other Companies are 
 
 * " The Railway Clearing House : Its object, work, and results." 
 
248 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 credited with their proper proportion of the receipts from 
 through traffic. It checks as far as needful the Clearing House 
 returns, and looks after its own Company's share of the moneys 
 to be divided, leaving other Companies to do the same for 
 themselves. The interests of all Companies participating in 
 the clearing system are, however, alike impartially guarded by 
 the Clearing House. 
 
 228. Examples of Division, In the example given in 
 the " Settlement," it is assumed, for the sake of simplifying the 
 division, that that portion of the North Eastern Railway 
 between Shaftholme Junction and York (over which the Great 
 Northern Company have running powers) belongs to the Great 
 Northern Company, and the Great Northern share is worked 
 out by a simple proportion sum. 
 
 The distance from Grantham to York (the point at which 
 traffic is handed over to the North Eastern Company) is, say 82 
 miles ; thence to Newcastle, 84 miles ; the entire distance, 166 
 miles. Therefore, if 166 miles gives 101 135. 5d., 82 miles 
 will give 50 43. $d. the Great Northern Company's 
 proportion. 
 
 This is an elementary case, and the settlement by the Clearing 
 House with each Company interested would be effected in the 
 following way : 
 
 The amount of the station debit (taking " parcels " and 
 " miscellaneous " together) is 
 
 , s. d. s. d. 
 
 Great Northern 
 
 Other Companies (in this case N.E.) 
 
 Total amount to be divided 103 13 2 
 
 Deduct 
 
 Great Northern terminals 184 
 
 North Eastern do. 115 
 
 i 19 9 
 
 Amount for mileage division ;ioi 13 5 
 
Accountants Department Coaching Audit Office. 249 
 
 Great Northern. North Eastern. 
 Of which the Great Northern proportion is . . . . 50 4 5 
 
 North Eastern do. .. 5 1 9 o 
 
 Add 
 
 Great Northern terminals 18 4 
 
 North Eastern do. l l 5 
 
 Total of Great Northern share of receipts 51 2 9 
 
 North Eastern do. do. .... 52 10 5 
 
 Great Northern "station debit" (amount already 
 
 received by the Great Northern Company) 49 17 9 
 North Eastern " station debit " (amount already 
 
 received by the North Eastern Company) 53 J 5 5 
 
 North Eastern Company to pay Clearing House . . > I 5 
 
 Clearing House to pay Great Northern Company . . l 50 
 
 Whether there be two or half-a-dozen Companies to 
 participate in the receipts, the principle of division, as just 
 illustrated, is the same ; though when a Company exercises 
 running powers over the lines of its neighbours, and allowances 
 are made for working expenses ; or when traffic is passed over 
 joint lines, and three or more Companies participate in the 
 receipts, the operation becomes more complicated. The follow- 
 ing are cited as cases in point ; the distances and other 
 particulars may not be strictly accurate, but they will serve our 
 purpose. 
 
 Example No. 2. Traffic from Derby to Barrow-in-Furness 
 conveyed in Midland passenger trains, via Wennington, and 
 over the Furness and Midland joint line to Carnforth, thence 
 by the Furness Company over its own line to Barrow, an 
 allowance being made to the Midland Company for working 
 the joint line. 
 Distance: Derby to Wennington (Midland) ... 127 miles. 
 
 Wennington to Carnforth (Furness and 
 
 Midland joint) 10 
 Carnforth to Barrow (Furness) 28 
 
 Total 165 
 
250 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 The Midland proportion of the divisible receipts would be, 
 therefore, |||ths, plus, say, * rd of T&ths for working expenses 
 over the joint line. The Furness Company would take T Vsths, 
 the remaining f rds of T VVths being paid to the credit of a joint 
 purse account of the Furness and Midland Joint Committee. 
 
 Example No. 3. Traffic from Newmarket (G. E.) to Ayr 
 (G. & S. W.), via Cambridge, Huntingdon, and Carlisle. 
 In Great Eastern trains from Newmarket to 
 
 Cambridge ... ... ... ... ... 14 miles. 
 
 In Midland trains over G. E. line between 
 
 Cambridge and Huntingdon ... ... 20 
 
 In Midland trains over Midland line from Hunting- 
 don to Carlisle ... ... .. ... 263 
 
 In G. & S. W. trains over G. & S. W. line from 
 
 Carlisle to Ayr ... ... ... ... 93 
 
 Total 390 
 
 In this case the G. E, would take -^ths of the receipts, less, 
 say *35 per cent, of -gWths due to the Midland for working 
 expenses between Cambridge and Huntingdon. 
 
 The Midland would take Mfths plus the above allowance, 
 and the G. & S. W. would take the residue, or Woths. 
 
 Example No. 4. Assuming traffic from Derby as a con- 
 venient centre, to Bonar Bridge, via Altofts, Berwick, and 
 Perth. 
 
 Distance Derby to Altofts (Midland) 64 Miles. 
 
 Altofts to Berwick (North Eastern)... 173 
 Berwick to Perth (North British) ... 108 
 
 Total, Derby to Perth 345 
 
 Perth to Bonar Bridge (Highland) ... 202 
 
 Total through distance ... 547 ,, 
 
 * These per-centages are assumed. 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 251 
 
 Although as a matter of fact this traffic might now be sent 
 via Forth Bridge, the North British trains are here supposed 
 to reach Perth from the south by running over the Caledonian 
 line from Hilton Junction to Perth, a distance of about two 
 miles, the Highland trains reaching Perth from the north by 
 running over the Caledonian line from Stanley Junction to Perth, 
 a distance of about seven miles. Moreover, we have assumed 
 that the Great North of Scotland and the Highland Companies 
 take their proportion on traffic from competitive stations south 
 of Perth in all cases as though it were conveyed by the shortest 
 route from Derby to Perth (via Carlisle), being but 332 miles 
 against the above 345 via Berwick. Therefore the Midland 
 would take ^-ths of fifths of the receipts. That is to say, 
 supposing the amount to be divided be .50, then fifths of 
 this sum, or ,31 is. 8d. would be allocated in the proportions of 
 a^rths Midland ; iff ths North-Eastern ; and iff North British. 
 The remaining 18 i8s. 4d. or Iff ths of ^"50 (calculated on the 
 shortest route) going to the Highland Company. The North 
 British and Highland proportions would, however, be subject to 
 a deduction in respect of Tolls due to the Caledonian Company 
 for the privilege of running over the line of that Company, 
 between Hilton Junction, Perth, and Stanley Junction. 
 
 229. When a Company employs its own agent and staff 
 of collectors, clerks and porters to do the work at another 
 Company's station to which its trains have access by running 
 over a foreign line, it is debited by Clearing House with the 
 whole of the cash, and credited with full terminals, and its 
 mileage proportion of the receipts. The difference, or foreign 
 proportion, would be paid to the Clearing House and credited to 
 the other Company interested. 
 
 230. "Through " Traffic. Attention has hitherto been 
 directed to those Clearing House returns of traffic in which a 
 Company may be interested as a terminal Company, and it has 
 
252 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 been shewn how these returns are verified with its station sum- 
 maries by that Company's Audit department. There is, how- 
 ever, a large amount of "through" traffic which is not in any 
 way entered in its station returns, and in relation to which it 
 occupies the position of an intermediate Company, the terminal 
 Companies having to collect the through charges for carriage and 
 to include the traffic in their monthly abstracts for Clearing 
 House. Thus, traffic between Berwick and Hanley via Altofts 
 and Derby, would be abstracted by the North-Eastern and 
 North Staffordshire stations only, the interests of the Midland 
 Company in this instance being watched by the Clearing House, 
 by whom the terminal Companies would be debited with the 
 Midland mileage proportion of the receipts. 
 
 Of such through traffic it is only necessary for the Clearing 
 House to furnish each intermediate Company with a half-yearly 
 statement shewing : (i) the traffic between each pair of 
 stations ; (2) route ; (3) gross receipts, this being the sum of 
 the terminal stations' debits ; (4) number of parcels or weight ; 
 (5) other Companies' terminals and tolls ; (6) amount for division, 
 and the intermediate Company's mileage proportion, the 
 latter sum being included in the grand summary of the 
 " settlement " (223). 
 
 The same applies to " tolls " on through traffic, and the 
 iollowing may be a useful illustration : 
 
 In order to reach the Leeds new station (the joint property 
 of the London and North Western, and North-Eastern 
 Companies) L. & N. W. trains from the Dewsbury line, and 
 N. E. trains from the Ripon lines pass over the Midland rails 
 between Whitehall Junction and Canal Junction, and between 
 Holbeck Junction and Canal Junction respectively, a distance 
 of about a quarter of a mile ; and for this privilege a toll is paid 
 to the Midland Company on all traffic conveyed in L. & N. W. 
 and N. E. trains between the points named. Here, again, the 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 253 
 
 Midland being in the position of an intermediate Company', the 
 duty of ascertaining the amount of tolls it is entitled to receive 
 in respect of such traffic devolves upon the Clearing House, by 
 whom a return is prepared showing the number pf parcels, &c., 
 sent between each pair of foreign stations, via Canal Junction, 
 during the half-year, the rate, or toll, per parcel, &c., and the 
 Midland Company's proportion of the receipts. 
 
 231. Competitive Traffic. Arrangements are some- 
 times made between Companies interested in competitive 
 traffic for what is known as a " Per-centage Division of Receipts." 
 The terms vary, of course, according to circumstances, but when 
 agreements are framed and carried out in a spirit of equity, 
 they are undoubtedly beneficial alike to the public and share- 
 holders, by giving to the former greater freedom in the choice of 
 routes, and preventing excessive competition, and consequent 
 irregularities of train services, rates and fares. 
 
 The method of dividing the receipts under arrangements of 
 this nature occasionally becomes very interesting, and further 
 exemplifies the adaptability of the Clearing House system to 
 varied circumstances of Railway working. 
 
 For the purpose of illustrating this, we will suppose the 
 subject of agreement to be traffic between places on the 
 Continent, and competitive places to or from which two or three 
 Northern English Companies, say A, B, and C each with a 
 London terminus, carry either by means of their own lines, or 
 by arrangement, over the lines of others. 
 
 In such a case each Company would probably contribute to a 
 joint fund, the mileage proportion (less agreed allowances for 
 terminals and working expenses) due to its own line, or lines in 
 which it had a joint ownership, by its own routes, and any 
 proportion it might receive in division by any other routes. 
 
 Each Company would then receive out of the joint fund, its 
 mileage proportion of a fixed per-centage allotted under the 
 
254 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 agreement to each route ; this per-centage being understood to 
 represent the proportion of Continental traffic carried by each 
 Company at the time the agreement was made. Other con- 
 siderations, such as past rate of development, traffic facilities, &c., 
 may also enter into the calculations in fixing the proportions 
 receivable by each Company. 
 
 To enable the Clearing House to make, the apportionment, it 
 would be furnished with special abstracts and declared returns 
 of the traffic booked or (if " Goods ") invoiced locally as well as 
 foreign, by the Companies concerned, each Company checking 
 for itself the declared returns of the others. 
 
 The division is simplified by grouping the places from and to 
 which traffic is carried. For example, a " Staffordshire " group 
 might include all or a portion of the places in that County with, 
 say Stoke, as the centre, the distances between London and 
 Stoke by each route being taken as for the entire group. 
 Leeds might be taken as the centre of another group, and so on. 
 
 This will be made more clear by calling a group into 
 existence, say " X," of which " X " may be taken as the centre ; 
 and by assuming that traffic to and from the Continent is 
 carried by each of the three routes mentioned above, viz. : those 
 of the A, B, and C Companies between London and X. 
 
 It is supposed that at the time the agreement was made, 
 and taking parcels and goods together, the following were 
 accepted as representing the proportion of Continental traffic 
 carried by each Company, viz. : by " A " Company's route 40 
 percent; by "B" Company's route 25 per cent; and by "C" 
 Company's route 35 per cent. 
 
 . If, then, each Company had access to " X " either by its own 
 lines, or by running powers over the lines of others, each would 
 receive the above proportion of the earnings of the other two 
 after deducting therefrom the allowances for terminals and 
 working expenses. 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 255 
 
 But it might happen that the trains of the " A " and " C " 
 Companies only had direct access to " X," while the nearest 
 point thereto for " B " was Mugby Junction, all Continental 
 traffic from and to " X " by this route being transferred at, or 
 hauled between Mugby Junction and "X" by another Company, 
 say "D." 
 
 In this case, although 25 per cent, of the traffic might pass over 
 " B " Company's line, seeing that it could only contribute 
 M-fths * of its receipts to the joint fund, while the more 
 advantageous position of " A " and " C " enabled those Com- 
 panies to credit the fund with the whole of their receipts 
 on Continental traffic, it would be manifestly unfair to 
 " A " and " C " for the fund to be apportioned in the above 
 ratio. The per-centages would therefore be re-adjusted on the 
 basis of he mileage of each Company as follows : 
 
 "A" and "C" each through to "X". "B" Company's 
 mileage (London to Mugby Junction) 165 out of 245 ; whence it 
 follows, 245 : 25 : : 165 = i6'8 per cent, this being "B" 
 Company's per-centage re-adjusted. 
 
 Then "A" 40 + "B" i6'8 + "C" 35 =91-8 per cent, and 
 apportioning this we find that 
 
 " A " Company's share is 40 X) per cent of 91*8, or 44 per cent. 
 
 " B " do. do. 16-8 do. 91-8, or 18 per cent. 
 
 "C" do. do. 35-0 do. 91-8, or 38 per cent. 
 
 the latter being the proportions the Companies would receive 
 
 from the fund. Thus : " A " would take 44 per cent, of the net 
 
 earnings of "B"and "C"; " B " would take 18 per cent, of 
 
 the net earnings of " A " and " C ; " and " C " would take 38 per 
 
 cent of the net earnings of " A " and " B." 
 
 By working out the examples on the following page it will be 
 seen how these results are arrived at, and how the settlement 
 with each Company is effected. 
 
 * London to Mugby Junction, 165 miles ; London 
 
256 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
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Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office, 257 
 
 Companies not parties to agreements of this kind, but who 
 have a share in the traffic as we have supposed " D " to have, 
 receive their mileage proportions in the ordinary way. 
 
 232. Foreign Claims. Amounts paid as compensation 
 for loss of, damage, or delay to parcels (and goods) are 
 apportioned by the Clearing House in any way agreed upon by 
 the Companies interested in the traffic. But in the event of the 
 Companies not agreeing as to the mode of division, and in those 
 cases where the question of liability is doubtful, the loss is 
 usually borne by those Companies whose lines intervene between 
 the place of loading, or the point at which the parcels or goods 
 were last seen uninjured, and the place where the loss or damage 
 was sustained or was first discovered and reported ; the loss 
 being divided among the Companies interested in the receipts 
 according to mileage, or in such other way as may be decided by 
 the Railway Clearing House " Arbitration Committee," a 
 convenient tribunal to whom disputed cases may be re- 
 ferred. 
 
 For the purpose of dividing the loss, the Clearing House is 
 furnished by the Traffic Superintendent with two statements 
 each month (Form No. 74, App.), one of these shewing the 
 particulars of claims paid by his Company, the other, particulars 
 of claims exceeding 2 paid by other Companies during the 
 month to which his assent has been given. 
 
 When the amounts paid are over 2, the documents upon 
 which the assents of other Companies have been given are 
 attached to the schedules, and the lists include all claims relating 
 to through traffic in which the Company is interested, whether 
 such traffic is booked through or locally. 
 
 The amounts to be divided and the net results of the mileage 
 division are then carried by the Clearing House to the summary 
 of the " settlement." As paid claims, however, represent " loss," 
 
258 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 RAILWAY CLEARING HOUSE. 
 
 (PARCELS, &c.) 
 
 Summary of the Balances arising from the settlement of Light and Heavy Traffic, 
 shewing also the Balance remaining after allowing for the interim approximate 
 Balances advised during the six months ending . __ 189 . 
 
 Reversal of interim Balance for six months 
 (each month's balance shewn separately) . . 
 
 Balance arising from half-yearly settlement of 
 Heavy traffic (See 223) 
 
 Ditto. Light traffic as below 
 
 To Balance . 
 
 By Balance due by Clearing House 
 
 Dr. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 44 i 8 
 20 18 4 
 
 65 o o 
 
 Cr. 
 
 s. d. 
 60 o o 
 
 500 
 
 65 o o 
 
 20 18 4 
 
 Abstract of the apportionment of Light Traffic receipts for 
 ending 189 . 
 
 the half-year 
 
 
 STATION DEBIT. 
 
 
 
 
 OTHER 
 
 COMPANIES. 
 
 TERMINALS. 
 
 COMPANY. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 (Each Month's balance shewn 
 separately.) 
 
 
 
 Total Debit 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 15 o o 
 
 
 
 
 3 o 
 
 
 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 s. d. 
 15 o o 
 
 500 
 
 s. 
 
 3 o 
 17 o 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 
 Terminals 
 
 Rateable Proportion .... 
 
 To Balance, carried to statement above 
 
 
 
 20 o o 
 
 20 
 
 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 259 
 
 the amount miled against each Company in respect thereof is 
 deducted from its share of the through traffic receipts and 
 credited to the Company by whom the claim was paid. 
 
 The Accountant is furnished with duplicates of the returns 
 sent to the Clearing House to enable him to check the 
 settlement. 
 
 233. Summary of Balances. It will now be seen by a 
 reference to the half-yearly settlement and to the example on 
 the page opposite, how the totals of the returns described are 
 brought together, and how the net half-yearly balance as 
 between the Company concerned and the Clearing House, in 
 respect of foreign parcel and miscellaneous traffic is ascertained. 
 
 The Company is debited with the amount of cash received, or 
 the total of the station debit, and with its proportion of claims 
 paid. It is credited with its mileage proportion of the gross 
 receipts, also with tolls, terminals on light and heavy traffic, cash 
 advanced to settle claims, approximated interim balances advised 
 by the Clearing House and paid during the six months, and 
 with the balance arising from the apportionment (on the basis 
 described) of the light traffic receipts. The balance of the whole 
 is the amount due to or by the Clearing House in settlement of 
 the half-year's transactions ; errors, omissions, and any other items 
 left open for clearance in a subsequent account excepted. 
 
 234, Parcel Post. To enable the Clearing House to 
 apportion the amount received from the Post Office on the basis 
 described in the first section (24) it is furnished by the 
 Accountant of each Company with a certified statement of its 
 monthly station debits in respect of parcel (and not 
 " miscellaneous ") traffic, both local and foreign. 
 
 Each Company's mileage proportion of foreign traffic is added 
 to the local by Clearing House to find its total parcel earnings. 
 
 The earnings of all the Companies entitled to participate in 
 
260 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 the Postal Revenue are then added together, and the per- 
 centages calculated as follows : 
 
 EARNINGS. Share of 
 
 Postal 
 Amount. Per Centage. Revenue. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 A Company 200 2r.o5 63 3 o 
 
 B do. 120 12.63 37 17 10 
 
 C do. 150 15.79 47 7 5 
 
 D do. 80 8.42 25 5 2 
 
 Other Companies 400 42.11 126 6 7 
 
 Totals... 950 100.00 300 o o 
 
 Each Company's share is credited in its half-yearly parcel 
 settlement, a statement being rendered by the Clearing House 
 shewing how the amount is arrived at. 
 
 As the Post Office makes a payment at the end of each 
 quarter, an approximate apportionment is also made quarterly 
 by the Clearing House, this being taken into account when 
 striking the half-yearly balance. 
 
 The returns of local traffic are checked at the Companies' 
 offices by members of the Clearing House staff. 
 
 THROUGH PASSENGER BOOKINGS. 
 
 235. We have seen that in the division of the receipts from 
 through parcel traffic, the calculations are based upon actual 
 mileage and gross traffic (less terminals) between each pair of 
 stations. 
 
 In the case of ordinary passenger traffic, however, the 
 Clearing House does not make a division of the entire receipts, 
 " but only of those portions of fares that have been taken by one 
 Company on behalf of others." 
 
 The settlement of this description of traffic is greatly simplified 
 by the foregoing and following considerations. 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 261 
 
 Passenger fares, with the exception of those of soldiers 
 and others furnished with Government " warrants " are pre- 
 paid. The local and foreign or Clearing House proportions 
 of the amounts charged for through tickets are usually known 
 before such tickets are issued ; consequently each Company 
 is able to ascertain without much difficulty its own pro- 
 portion of the receipts. This only refers, however, to outward 
 passengers. With regard to inward traffic, although one 
 Company might ascertain by means of the tickets collected the 
 amount due from others in respect of bookings to its own stations, 
 that Company (as is the case also with parcel and miscellaneous 
 traffic) is wholly dependent upon the Clearing House for a 
 reliable statement of those bookings by other Companies which 
 place it in the position of an intermediate Company. Thus the 
 Great Northern Company has no record of bookings between 
 Canterbury and Newcastle via York other than that furnished by 
 the Clearing House. 
 
 In other words, a Company is able to ascertain, by means of its 
 own returns, the amount of its indebtedness in respect of passen- 
 gers booked to or over the lines of its neighbours ; but under 
 existing arrangements, it cannot ascertain without the aid of the 
 Clearing House the amount it has to receive in respect of the 
 fares other Companies have collected on its behalf. 
 
 In order, then, that the Clearing House may supply the 
 requisite information, it is incumbent upon every Company to 
 furnish that establishment with complete statements of the 
 bookings from each of its stations to the stations of other 
 Companies, the route, progressive numbers of tickets issued, 
 number of passengers, and the foreign proportion of the fares 
 each month. 
 
 With these returns and the collected tickets in its possession, 
 the Clearing House is in a position, not only to institute an 
 independent check upon, and to render to each Company 
 
262 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 RAILWAY CLEARING HOUSE. 
 PASSENGER DEBIT STATEMENT. 
 
 RETURN OF THROUGH PASSENGER TRAFFIC BOOKED BY THE FOLLOWING 
 
 STATIONS ON THE RAILWAY. 
 
 Month of 189 
 
 Clearing House Proportions. 
 
 STATIONS. 
 
 Ordinary 
 Traffic. 
 
 Special 
 Trains. 
 
 Tourist 
 Traffic. 
 
 Total. 
 
 A 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 B, c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ADD : 
 
 
 
 
 
 Previous Months' Corrections, Out- 
 
 
 
 
 
 standings, &c 
 
 
 
 
 
 Supplementary Accounts 
 \Vrong Routes ._, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tolls 
 
 
 
 
 
 Season Tickets 
 
 
 
 
 
 Special Trains 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Bookings by each Excursion shewn 
 separately. Date and reference to 
 return given). 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gross Debit .. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Less" Notes " (Credits). . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 NET DEBIT . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 263 
 
 a complete summary of its passenger debits or fares received 
 on account of others ; but it can also ascertain how the sum for 
 which a Company is " Debtor " is to be distributed ; and by 
 analyzing all the Companies' returns, it is enabled to furnish 
 each with a complete statement of the items for which it is 
 " Creditor" and to advise it of the balance it has to pay or 
 receive in settlement of this description of traffic each month. 
 We may refer first to the 
 
 236. Clearing House Passenger Debit Statement. 
 
 The returns of through bookings (or " foreign proportion " 
 returns) prepared at the stations are checked in the Audit 
 office as to numbers of tickets issued, rates and calculations. 
 
 In those cases where the stations have not, for want of rates, 
 inserted the foreign proportions, these, if possible, are filled in. 
 The miles, rate, and Clearing House proportion columns of the 
 tourist ticket return are also filled up, and the other details 
 compared and agreed with the entries in the ordinary and 
 tourist classifications. For the purpose of subsequently check- 
 ing the Clearing House Debit Statement a memorandum of the 
 totals is then made in section " A " of the 
 
 237. Coaching Deductions Abstract Book, after which 
 the returns for Clearing House, together with unissued tickets 
 for which credit has been taken, are despatched. 
 
 In doing this work, special care is taken by the Audit 
 department to see that returns relating to two Companies' 
 traffic are correctly rendered. The reason for this is that the 
 Clearing House does not check passenger traffic in which two 
 Companies only are interested, but leaves them to check the 
 progressive numbers, tickets, and returns for themselves ; 
 excepting, however, the progressive numbers of blank paper 
 tickets, which are filled up by the booking clerks as circum- 
 stances may require. 
 
264 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 COACHING DEDUCTIONS ABSTRACT BOOK (SECTION "A"). 
 DEDUCTIONS Amounts Received for Other Companies 189 . 
 
 Stations. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Stations. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 COACHING DEDUCTIONS SUMMARY i8g 
 
 PARTICULARS. 
 (Companies, &c.) 
 
 PASSENGKRS. 
 
 Parcels and 
 Miscellaneous. 
 (Net). 
 
 Grand 
 Total. 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 Gov. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Foreign Proportions : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Due to Railway Clearing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 House 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Private Settlements, &c. 
 Du p to Rly. Co, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, Rly. Co 
 
 S.S. Co. 
 
 ,, Post Office for 
 
 Telegraph Stamps 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 used (a) . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, Agents (Commis- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sion) . . . , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TOTAL DEDUCTIONS, carried 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to Coaching Traffic 
 Abstract Book ... , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (a) Total of column "C" in Coaching Traffic Abstract Book carried to the "Mis- 
 cellaneous " column in this entry. 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 265 
 
 On these series of tickets especial watch is required to be kept by the Clearing 
 House, as the testing the accuracy of the station clerk's work in such issues rests 
 entirely with that office, each Company being entitled to receive credit only in 
 respect of the tickets issued to or over its line, and not being in a position of itself 
 to know whether it has had any interest and should have had a corresponding credit 
 for tickets that do not appear in its accounts. * 
 
 The main points observed by the Audit office, therefore, 
 to ensure the Company paying or receiving its proper proportion 
 in respect of two Companies' traffic, are that the foreign propor- 
 tion sheets comprising the Company's debit are accurately 
 made up ; that all the paper tickets as well as the progressive 
 numbers of the foreign, ordinary, and tourist card tickets 
 collected, are brought to account ; and that the Company's pro- 
 portion of the fares is included in the Clearing House Passenger 
 Credit statement. 
 
 The foreign proportion returns are registered on being 
 received at the Clearing House, and when three or more 
 Companies are entitled to participate, the progressive numbers 
 are checked by a comparison with the tickets collected. 
 
 Blank paper tickets are also checked to see that they are regularly brought to 
 account. Should any omissions or inaccuracies be detected, the necessary alterations 
 are made and an advice sent. The next step is to check the extensions, making due 
 allowance for children's and non-issued tickets." * 
 
 If in the above process no omissions or inaccuracies should be 
 found in the returns by the Clearing House, the preparation of 
 the Company's Debit Statement would be a very simple matter ; 
 nothing more nor less, in fact, than a summary of the totals 
 of the station returns, and in the case of ordinary and tourist 
 traffic, a reproduction of the amounts already copied by the 
 Audit department into the Coaching Deductions Abstract Book, 
 with which it is compared. 
 
 But when, as is often the case, the foreign proportion 
 rates have not been arranged in time for insertion in the 
 
 * " The Railway Clearing House : Its objects, work, and results." 
 
266 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 station returns before they leave the Audit office ; or when 
 errors or omissions are detected by the Clearing House staff, 
 these, as stated above, are subjected to further inquiry, and if 
 necessary, stand over -for correction in a subsequent month. 
 
 It frequently happens, however, when foreign proportion 
 rates have not been inserted by the stations or Audit depart- 
 ment, that the Clearing House is able to supply the information 
 and to make the necessary alterations before the accounts for 
 the current month are closed. 
 
 In such cases, advice notes setting forth the nature of the 
 alterations in the station returns are sent to the Audit office. 
 These advices are compared with the classifications (wherein 
 out-standing items are marked off as cleared), and corrections in 
 rates, calculations, &c., checked. 
 
 Outstandings entered by the Clearing House in a supplemen- 
 tary account, and cleared in a subsequent month, are checked 
 and marked off in the same way, but are entered separately at 
 the foot of the ordinary entries in the Passenger Debit State- 
 ment. 
 
 Next in the Debit Statement to the ordinary entries and 
 previous month's corrections is an entry for 
 
 238. " Wrong Routes" This is made up of amounts 
 claimed by other Companies in respect of passengers booked 
 over the line of the Company for whom the returns are prepared, 
 but conveyed by other routes. The details necessary to enable 
 the Audit office to test the accuracy of this entry are furnished 
 by the Clearing House. It does not, however, bring items into 
 account for re-settlement unless it has first received satisfactory 
 evidence of the right of Companies to claim ; and re-settlements 
 are made without prejudice, upon the actual route travelled. 
 
 239." Season Tickets" Under this head is entered the 
 Clearing House proportion of the receipts arising out of the 
 issue of periodical tickets available over foreign or joint lines. 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 267 
 
 A statement of such issues, shewing " stations between," 
 " gross receipts," " miles," " foreign proportion," &c., is prepared 
 in the Audit office each month for the Clearing House, the 
 particulars being taken from the General Manager's Register- 
 Trie last debit in the Passenger Debit Statement to which 
 we need refer is for 
 
 240. " Special Trains!' The items comprised in this entry 
 are checked with special train returns previously made up 
 in the Audit office as follows : 
 
 After the returns of bookings by special trains received from 
 the stations have been checked, and the particulars transferred 
 to summaries for comparison with the classifications, the returns 
 relating to each excursion are collected, fastened together, 
 and docketed. 
 
 The next step is the preparation of the excursion agents' 
 commission accounts. On foreign excursion traffic (except on 
 Continental proportions) a commission usually 10 per cent. is 
 allowed by the Clearing House to Companies by whom the 
 tickets were issued. This is estimated to cover the expense of 
 printing, advertising, &c. A similar allowance is frequently 
 made by the Companies to excursion agents and others with 
 whom special arrangements have been made. If, then, an 
 agent has been employed, so soon as the gross bookings by an 
 excursion have been ascertained, an account for the amount of 
 his commission is made out, registered, certified, and passed for 
 payment. 
 
 Statements are then made up from the station returns 
 shewing the destination of each special train, number of 
 passengers booked and amounts received for each class at 
 each station. The amount of commission, if any, is inserted 
 with a foot-note stating to whom it has been paid, and 
 in the case of foreign traffic, deducted from the gross 
 receipts. The residue is extended into the column headed 
 
268 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 f 
 
 c 
 
 M 
 
 >o 
 
 H 
 
 ffi 
 cj 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 vg 
 
 Company's 
 >portion. 
 
 c 
 
 SI 
 
 
 
 5- 
 
 F 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 9 
 
 Amount to 
 
 (3 
 
 rs 
 
 3 
 
 s? 
 
 
 u-> 
 
 | 
 
 S- 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 18 
 
 -6 
 
 H 
 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 i 
 
 s? 
 
 O 
 N 
 00 
 
 I 
 
 < 
 
 t 
 
 TJ O O O 
 
 ; <o oo oo o 
 
 s? N 2 N 
 
 O 
 
 
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 s? 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 <o 
 
 ro 
 
 i 
 
 
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 In 
 
 oo" 
 
 
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 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < u Q W 
 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 269 
 
 " amount to divide," the local and Clearing House mileage and 
 proportions of the fares being entered as shewn in the example. 
 
 The particulars necessary to enable the Clearing House to 
 make the settlement are then transferred to separate sheets, and 
 sent away early in the month following that to which they 
 relate. 
 
 The original statements are bound up, and the foreign 
 Companies' proportions checked with the amounts entered by the 
 Clearing House in the Passenger Debit Summary, in which the 
 bookings by each special are entered separately, with date and 
 reference to the returns. 
 
 We have now explained the entries which added together 
 comprise the Gross Debit against the Company in respect of 
 Passenger Bookings to or over the lines of its neighbours. This, 
 however, may be subject to deductions for special items, as for 
 instance, allowances for working joint lines, which leaves the 
 " Net Debit for Passenger Traffic" 
 
 241. Division Lists. Before passing to the passenger 
 Credit statement it may be useful to explain the mode in 
 which the foreign proportion of through fares are arranged and 
 registered. 
 
 When it has been decided to issue additional through tickets, 
 the Accountant is advised as to the stations, route, and fares 
 agreed upon by the Superintendent or General Manager. 
 
 Division lists are then prepared. 
 
 If two Companies only are interested in the bookings, these 
 statements are made up on Form No. 75 (App.), and the 
 proportions due to each Company inserted by the Audit office. 
 In this case, two lists are prepared, certified, and forwarded 
 to the other Company interested for approval and signature. 
 One list is kept by the foreign Company. The other is returned, 
 registered, and filed for future reference. 
 
270 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 RAILWAY CLEARING HOUSE. 
 
 PASSENGER CREDIT STATEMENT. 
 
 Return of Passengers' Fares booked on account of the Company, f r tho Month of T 9n 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 C'o tab 
 
 - SJ.S 
 c 3 o< 
 
 3 S g 
 
 lo 
 
 <! 
 
 d 
 4 
 
 s? 
 
 
 AMOUNT. 
 
 Co.'s Proportion.) 
 
 1 
 
 
 "O 
 
 I 
 
 d 
 
 rf 
 
 s? 
 
 
 1 
 
 T3 
 
 T3 
 
 s 
 ^ 
 
 
 First Class. 
 
 d 
 ^ 
 
 
 aar j[ ijgnojqj, 
 jo uopaodojj 
 
 
 
 CLASSES. 
 
 Excurs'n 
 
 CO 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 Return. 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 c/5 
 
 CO 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 STATIONS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 271 
 
 The local stations concerned are then advised of the foreign 
 proportions and their acknowledgment obtained. 
 
 When three or more Companies are interested in the proposed 
 bookings, the division lists are prepared, and sent by the 
 Clearing House to the respective Companies concerned. 
 
 In the preparation of these lists several conditions have carefully to be borne in 
 mind, e.g. it not unfrequently happens that the rate per mile of the through fare for a 
 passenger does not coincide with the several Companies' mileage rates, taken 
 separately ; and as it is an understood thing that no Company shall receive in divi- 
 sion of a through fare more than its local fare between the same points, certain 
 Companies' proportions have to be reduced to the locals, and a further division made 
 among those Companies whose proportions do not come up to their locals.* 
 
 Hence the mode of division often becomes the subject of 
 negotiation and correspondence. 
 
 We now come to the 
 
 242. Clearing House Passenger Credit Statement. 
 
 This contains an account of ordinary passenger fares received 
 by other Companies on behalf of the local Company, and shews 
 from month to month the commencing and closing numbers of 
 the tickets issued, the numbers of unsold halves of tickets cut 
 for children and non-issued tickets, the net quantity sold, and 
 the local Company's proportion of the fares in each class 
 between each pair of stations. The traffic booked by each 
 Company is entered separately, and is usually sub-divided as 
 follows : (i) Traffic in which two Companies only are interested 
 as, for instance, bookings from Peterborough (G.N.) to New- 
 castle (N.E.), via York. (2) Traffic in which three or more 
 Companies are interested as for example, Peterborough (G.N.) 
 to Edinburgh (North British), via York and Berwick. 
 
 Separate statements are prepared of tourist and excursion 
 traffic, the former shewing in addition to the above particu- 
 lars, the through fares and gross amounts received for each class 
 
 * "The Railway Clearing House: Its objects, work, and results." 
 
272 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 and the mode of division. The excursion returns shew the 
 point of departure and the destination of each trip ; particulars 
 of tickets issued ; through fares and gross amounts received ; also 
 deductions therefrom for commission allowed to the booking 
 Company ; the net amount for division ; and the Clearing House 
 and local mileage and proportions for each class. The total 
 number of passengers and local Company's proportion of the 
 receipts as shewn by these returns are carried to and included in 
 the additions of the " Passenger Credit Statement." The latter 
 also contains full details of amounts collected by other 
 Companies for excess fares in which the local Company is 
 entitled to participate ; also proportions due to it in respect of 
 passengers travelling by wrong routes, and any special credits 
 for working joint lines in respect of bookings over such lines by 
 other Companies. 
 
 A summary is appended to the Passenger Credit Statement 
 shewing the amount due from each Company to the Company 
 for whom the statement is prepared, the total whereof is carried 
 to the Coaching Traffic Abstract Book as an addition to 
 traffic, and this amount is, of course, credited by the Clearing 
 House in its monthly Cash Advice (243e.) 
 
 The Passenger Credit Statement is verified by the Audit 
 department as follows : 
 
 The progressive numbers of two Companies' traffic are 
 checked with the collected tickets as in the case of local traffic- 
 
 The excursion returns are checked with the collected tickets. 
 
 The routes, local proportions of the fares, mileage division of 
 tourist and excursion traffic, extensions and additions are then 
 checked, care being taken to see that the totals of the tourist, 
 excursion, wrong route returns, &c., are properly brought in. 
 
 243. Wrong Route Returns. Claims in respect of pas- 
 sengers who have travelled over the local Company's line 
 with tickets by other routes, are prepared in the Audit office 
 
Accountant's Department Coaching Audit Office. 273 
 
 from the stations' " Wrong route " returns. Form No. 76 (App.) 
 is used for this purpose and sent to the other terminal Company, 
 when two Companies only are interested ; a similar return being 
 sent to the Clearing House, when three or more Companies are 
 concerned. 
 
 Particulars of claims are registered before being sent away, 
 and this record is afterwards compared with the Clearing 
 House Passenger Credit Statements to see that the Company 
 receives proper credit. 
 
 243a. Inaccuracies. Errors or omissions in connection with 
 the Passenger Credit Statements are registered ; and in the 
 case of three or more Companies' traffic, the Clearing House is 
 requested to make the necessary adjustments in the following 
 month's account ; but where two Companies only are concerned 
 the booking Company is asked to make the corrections. 
 
 The entries in the register are marked off as the erroneous 
 items are cleared. 
 
 243b. Cash Advices are received from the Clearing House 
 with the monthly Passenger Statements, Parcel Debit State- 
 ments, and Half-yearly Settlement Returns, shewing the 
 balances on the respective traffic accounts due to or from the 
 Clearing House. 
 
 These advices, after being compared with the returns to see 
 that they agree, and certified by the Accountant, are handed to 
 the Book-keeper to be entered and passed for payment. Credit 
 balances are deducted from debit balances and a cheque 
 drawn for the net amount. 
 
 "Credit" balances being additions to revenue, are entered in 
 the Coaching Traffic Abstract Book accordingly, but " debit " 
 balances being deductions from revenue, are entered in the 
 Coaching Deductions Abstract Book, the total of which is 
 carried to the Coaching Traffic Abstract Book and subtracted 
 as already explained. 
 
274 Railway Accounts and Finances. 
 
 244. Private Settlements. There is frequently a con- 
 siderable amount of traffic, involving numerous charges and 
 allowances under special arrangements with other Companies, the 
 settlement of which is effected without the intervention of the 
 Clearing House. In such cases the accounts are prepared and 
 checked by the Audit departments of the respective Companies, 
 the items being brought into the Traffic Abstract Book as 
 additions to, or deductions from revenue, as required. 
 
 When the month's entries in the Abstract Books are complete, 
 the particulars are transferred to the 
 
 245. Coaching Revenue Book, for the Book-keeper's 
 use, as previously explained (196). 
 
 246. Government Duty on Passenger Traffic. This 
 account is prepared by the chief Audit clerk, certified, and 
 handed to the Book-keeper to be entered and passed for pay- 
 ment as soon as the Coaching Traffic Abstract Book, from 
 which the amount of traffic subject to duty is ascertained, has 
 been made up each month. 
 
 GOODS AND MINERAL AUDIT OFFICE. 
 
 247. This office deals with the returns of Merchandise, 
 Cattle, and Mineral traffic ; and it is proposed to describe the 
 operations in connection with (i) Local goods and live stock 
 traffic ; (2) Foreign goods and live stock traffic ; Clearing House 
 and private settlements ; (3) Mineral traffic, and (4) Mileage and 
 demurrage of working stock. We must not lose sight of the fact 
 that the receipts from all traffic entered in the goods abstracts, 
 whether carted, not carted, or mineral class, are reckoned as for 
 goods ; and that mineral traffic, so called, consists of coal, coke, 
 and lime, of which, as we have seen, returns are furnished by the 
 stations to the Manager of that department. 
 
Accountant's Department Goods and Mineral Audit Office. 275 
 
 When the goods and live stock returns are received from the 
 stations, the first business of the Goods Audit office is to check 
 the additions of those portions of the Summaries, Omission 
 sheets, and Sack Abstracts that affect the debit ; also to see that 
 the amounts are correctly inserted in the stations' monthly 
 Advices of Totals, and that the totals of the latter agree with the 
 Debit Lists as regards inward to pay, outward paid and extras ; 
 and with the Paid on Summaries as regards paid ons. In 
 comparing the totals the Goods Audit office takes charge of the 
 station debits and the Station Ledger office of the station 
 credits. 
 
 Advices of any differences found are registered, and sent to the 
 stations for such explanations as may enable the Audit or Ledger 
 office to rectify the returns ; failing which, they are recorded 
 against the station in the Goods Traffic Abstract Book as 
 under, and corrected in the following month. As, however, the 
 rule that the totals must be balanced before the returns are sent 
 in by the stations is strictly enforced, such differences rarely 
 occur. 
 
 248. 
 
 GOODS TRAFFIC ABSTRACT BOOK. 
 
 Name of Station. 
 
 INWARD TO PAY. 
 
 OUTWARD PAID.! EXTRAS. 
 
 Paid Ons. 
 
 Summary 
 of Totals 
 has 
 
 Debit List 
 has 
 
 Difference. 
 
 Same headings for each of 
 these as " Inward to Pay." 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 This book is made up by the Goods Audit office and Station 
 Ledger office conjointly. The Audit office enters each station's 
 totals, inward to pay, outward paid, extras, and outward paid 
 ons from the Advices of Totals. The Ledger office enters the 
 corresponding totals from the Debit Lists and Summaries of 
 
276 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Paid ons ; differences (if any) being extended to the columns 
 for this purpose. This book, by adding together the whole of 
 the entries, is thus made to shew the gross debit, also a portion 
 of the credit (for paid ons) on account of goods and cattle traffic ; 
 and furnishes corroborative evidence of the correctness of the 
 amounts which the Ledger office has to post to the debit of the 
 respective stations and collectors of the Company each month. 
 
 So soon as the Clearing House apportionment of foreign 
 traffic has been received ; and the amounts due to or from other 
 Railway Companies, agents, &c., in respect of traffic settled 
 without the assistance of the Clearing House have been 
 ascertained by the Audit department, these results are entered 
 for the Book-keeper's use in the 
 
 249, Goods Revenue Book. This, like the Coaching 
 Revenue Book, shews on one side the gross revenue debit 
 against the stations (less paid ons) for goods and cattle traffic 
 respectively ; also amounts due from the English and Irish 
 Clearing Houses and other Companies ; and, on the other side, 
 the charges upon revenue, consisting of balances due to the 
 Clearing Houses and other Companies. 
 
 It must be observed, however, that the revenue is subject to 
 various deductions other than paid ons for local allowances, 
 past foreign overcharges, &c, which, being in the nature 
 of credits to stations, are dealt with and verified in the Station 
 Ledger office. Therefore the actual net debit against the 
 stations for the month, in the case of goods and cattle traffic, is 
 exhibited only in the Goods Revenue Balance Sheet prepared 
 by the Ledger office ; and in posting the Audit office figures, 
 the Book-keeper deals only with the amounts due to or from 
 the Clearing Houses and other Companies in respect of traffic 
 subject to division (396). 
 
 An entry is also made in this book of the amount due for 
 mileage and demurrage of working stock, the nature of which 
 
UNIVERSITY 
 Accountant's Department Goods and Mtn^rat^aittt^Office. 277 
 
 will be explained in connection with the returns relating 
 thereto. 
 
 We will now examine some of the details of the work. 
 250. Stations' Weight Book. This is made up from 
 the local and foreign summaries, and contains a summary of 
 the " Carted," " Not Carted," and " Mineral " weights of goods, 
 inward and outward, local and foreign, invoiced during each 
 month. 
 
 These particulars are required for a return furnished 
 periodically to the Board of Trade, and for other statistical 
 purposes. 
 
 251. Local Goods Summaries. The check put upon 
 the returns of purely local traffic is a simple matter, and 
 may be explained in few words. 
 
 The received and forwarded summaries respectively are first 
 arranged in the order of the Accountant's station list. The 
 received summaries are then compared with the forwarded in 
 precisely the same way as the local parcel summaries are com- 
 pared in the Coaching Audit office. 
 
 When differences are found the abstracts are referred to, and 
 particulars of the discrepancies recorded on Form No. 77 (App.), 
 which answers the purpose of a register, the entries being 
 numbered progressively. Inaccuracy statements bearing the 
 registered numbers and other particulars, are then sent for 
 explanation to the stations whose debits or credits are affected ; 
 the date and initial letters of the stations to which the statements 
 are sent being marked against the entries in the register, and 
 the replies noted in the margin. 
 
 If a debit item has been omitted or understated, or a credit 
 item overstated, the station is required to take the difference to 
 debit in the following month's " omissions," and a note thereof 
 is made. 
 
 If, on the other hand, a credit item has been understated, 
 
278 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 credit is allowed in the same way. Debit items overstated are 
 cleared by " local allowance." The station omission sheets are 
 afterwards compared with the register or schedules of differences 
 to see that all items have been properly cleared. 
 
 When a month's differences have been settled, the inaccuracy 
 sheets for that month are tied up and stored away, a note of any 
 items requiring further investigation being made in a book for 
 this purpose. 
 
 It will be seen from the above that the abstracts are not 
 examined unless differences are discovered between the sum- 
 maries, and then only to find out the cause thereof. 
 
 252. "Particulars to Follow" Abstracts. The uses 
 and method of dealing with these were explained in connection 
 with the stations' monthly goods returns (86). 
 
 253. Local Live Stock Summaries. These are 
 sorted and checked in the same way, but separate registers 
 and inaccuracy statements, with headings corresponding to 
 the nature of the traffic, are used. 
 
 Discrepancies are taken to account through a following 
 month's omission sheet. 
 
 254. Local Transfer Summaries are likewise com- 
 pared, the " outward " of one station with the " inward " of 
 another, differences being registered, and the stations advised. 
 Underdebits and omissions are required to be taken to account 
 in the following month. 
 
 255. Under and Overcharge Summaries. These 
 are arranged in the order of the Accountant's list of stations, 
 and checked with the current month's local and foreign under 
 and overcharge sheets, which are dealt with in the following 
 way : 
 
 256. Undercharge Sheets. It was stated in connection 
 with the station accounts (82) that all undercharges discovered 
 in forwarded or received invoices were taken to debit by means 
 
Accountant's Department Goods and Mineral Audit Office. 279 
 
 of undercharge sheets, whether undercharge invoices had been 
 made out or not ; and that the undercharge invoices were 
 subsequently cleared by posting to the debit of the Accountant 
 It is necessary, therefore, to see that all amounts so cleared 
 have been previously taken to debit, and to enable the Audit 
 office to do this, it is furnished by the Ledger office with a list 
 of these items each month. 
 
 When on checking the entries in this list with the undercharge 
 sheets it is found that amounts have not been properly 
 accounted for, the discrepancies are registered, and stations 
 required to take the items to debit in the following month's 
 omission sheet. 
 
 257. Overcharge Sheets. All local overcharge sheets 
 are numbered consecutively and sent to the forwarding or 
 receiving stations whose debits are not affected by the over- 
 charges, to be certified by the clerks-in-charge : e.g., an inward 
 to-pay overcharge sheet, Rugby to Crewe, would be sent to 
 Rugby, whereas an inward paid overcharge sheet between the 
 same places would be sent to Crewe to be certified. 
 
 If an agent hesitated to admit or certify an overcharge on 
 the ground that his version of the rate, weight, or charge was 
 the correct one, the matter in dispute would be referred to the 
 Goods Manager and decided by him. If the latter disallowed 
 the overcharge, the agent would then be required to re-debit 
 himself through the following month's " omissions ; " all such 
 cases being noted and the omission sheets examined to see that 
 the re-debit items duly appear. 
 
 258. Foreign Overcharge Sheets. After being num- 
 bered to correspond with progressive numbers inserted opposite 
 the foreign entries in the overcharge summaries, the sheets are 
 sent to the Goods Manager .for him to certify and obtain 
 the certificate of the Manager of the other terminal Company, 
 in accordance with a regulation of the Clearing House. After 
 
280 
 
 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 the certificates have been obtained and the sheets returned to 
 the Audit office by the -Goods Manager, they are sent to the 
 .Clearing House for division. 
 
 The station returns in connection with special cartages, 
 boatages, &c. (83), are dealt with in a similar way, but are 
 returned separately to the Clearing House. 
 
 Foreign overcharge sheets relating to past months' invoices, 
 together with the vouchers received from the Ledger office (310), 
 are numbered consecutively and entered in the Past Foreign 
 Overcharge Register as indicated by the headings below : 
 
 PAST FOREIGN OVERCHARGES FOR. 
 
 .189 . 
 
 SHEET. 
 
 VOUCHER. 
 
 
 
 SenttoC.H. 
 
 When sent to 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 per 
 
 Goods 
 
 No. 
 
 Collector. 
 
 Station. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 
 
 Schedule. 
 
 Manager. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 These, together with the current month's overcharge sheets 
 are then sent to the Goods Manager for him to obtain the" 
 necessary certificates, and are afterwards scheduled to the 
 Clearing House in the same way as current month's overcharges ; 
 the vouchers, however, being retained by the Audit office. 
 
 Stations are allowed to take credit by overcharge sheet for 
 foreign overcharges of any amount down to one penny, but 
 they are not scheduled to the Clearing House unless the over- 
 charges between the same pair of stations and by the same 
 route, amount in any one month to the sum of one shilling, and 
 overcharges under one shilling which collectively amount to that 
 sum or more, are included, for division, in one entry. The 
 regulations provide that unless overcharge sheets are sent to the 
 Clearing House within twelve months from the date of the 
 
Accountant 's Department Goods and Mineral Audit Office. 281 
 
 account of the traffic to which they relate, they cannot be taken 
 to account without the consent of all the Companies interested 
 being obtained previous to sending the documents to the Clear- 
 ing House for the division of the amounts. But when the settle- 
 ment of traffic has from any cause been kept outstanding for 
 a longer period than six months from the date of invoice, over- 
 charges on such traffic are considered to be in order if sent to the 
 Clearing House within six months of the settlement of the 
 traffic to which they refer. 
 
 259. Omission Sheets. These, as previously remarked, 
 are checked with the local and foreign goods, and local 
 transfer inaccuracy registers, to see that all omissions and 
 other items in correction of previous months' abstracts have 
 been taken to account. They are also compared with the 
 advices of " re-debit vouchers " sent to stations by the 
 Goods Manager's and Accountant's departments for amounts 
 erroneously cleared, or cleared without proper authority, and 
 required by them to be re-taken to debit. 
 
 260. Sack Abstracts. After the totals have been entered 
 in an abstract book and compared with the paid on and sack 
 ledger summaries sent to the Station Ledger office, the "for- 
 warded " abstracts are compared with the "received " to see that 
 all local sacks entered in the former have been duly taken to 
 account in the latter, the check principle being the same as that 
 applied to the goods summaries. 
 
 The moneys are then checked in detail to see that the correct 
 amounts for hire, risk, and demurrage, have been taken to 
 account in accordance with the terms upon which sacks are 
 supplied to the public. 
 
 Discrepancies discovered either in the number of sacks, or 
 in the money accounted for, are registered, and Inaccuracy 
 statements (Form No. 78, App.) sent to the stations concerned, 
 who are required to correct errors and omissions in the following 
 
282 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
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A ccountanfs Department Goods and Mineral A udit Office. 283 
 
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284 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
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 sheets. 
 
 For further particulars as to checking and recording the 
 charges in connection with re-consignments, &c., of foreign sacks 
 at local stations, and on local sacks at foreign stations, see 
 " Sacks" (102). 
 
 261 , FOREIGN TRAFFIC. CLEARING HOUSE 
 AND PRIVATE SETTLEMENTS. Having regard to the 
 explanations bearing upon the Clearing House Parcel Settle- 
 ments and the work in connection therewith in the Coaching 
 Audit office, it will not be necessary to enter very fully into the 
 settlements of foreign goods and cattle traffic. 
 
 The principles of division are in each case the same, though 
 the special allowances for terminal expenses, tolls, &c., are far 
 more numerous in goods than parcel traffic, and some of the 
 details are differently worked out. 
 
 It is proposed, therefore, to give but a brief outline of the 
 Clearing House work of the Goods Audit office, noticing only 
 such matters as may appear from the different character of the 
 traffic to require attention. 
 
 262. GOODS AND LIVE STOCK SETTLEMENTS 
 are made monthly, whereas the settlement of parcel traffic is 
 made half-yearly ; hence in the case of the former it is not essen- 
 tial that the Clearing House should render separate statements 
 of the station debits of heavy traffic. These particulars are 
 included in the monthly returns in which the mileage division is 
 shewn, are collected by the Clearing House from the abstracts 
 received direct from the stations, and afterwards checked in the 
 Audit office with the station summaries. 
 
 A separate account, however, is furnished monthly, shewing 
 the station debits and terminals earned in connection with light 
 goods traffic ; and the mileage apportionment, as in the case of 
 parcels, is made half-yearly. 
 
Accountant's Department Goods and Mineral A udit Office. 285 
 
 The method of division is the same in both cases, but while the 
 balances due to or from the Clearing House in respect of light 
 parcels are, in consequence of the comparatively small amount to 
 be divided, advised half-yearly only, interim balances on account 
 of light goods are declared and paid monthly and adjusted half- 
 yearly. 
 
 The form of the goods settlement will be found to be similar 
 to that for parcels, although, of course, the heavier class of traffic 
 dealt with in the "goods" necessitates some alterations in detail. 
 Thus, goods terminals being calculated at so much per ton, the 
 rates varying according to the class of goods conveyed, it follows 
 that the weight of " carted," " not 'carted," and " mineral class " 
 traffic must be inserted separately. 
 
 Then again in the "goods," outstanding items and corrections, 
 being very numerous, are brought to account in the settlement 
 each month, under the head of " supplementary debits." This 
 reduces the number of calculations in making the division, and 
 facilitates the work of the Audit office in checking the station 
 returns. 
 
 Before the station debits are transferred to the Settlements by 
 the Clearing House, the forwarded abstracts and " light " sum- 
 maries of one terminal Company are there checked with the 
 received abstracts and light summaries of the others to see that 
 they agree ; discrepancies, whether in money or weight, being 
 pointed out to the stations by means of inaccuracy statements 
 sent through the Audit offices of the respective Companies. 
 
 These statements, as received from the Clearing House, are 
 numbered consecutively, entered in a memorandum book as 
 below, and sent to the stations to which they refer for an explana- 
 tion of the difference. 
 
 Clearing House 
 Inaccuracy No. 
 
 Where sent. 
 
 Audit No. 
 
 Date sent to Station. 
 
 Date returned by 
 Station. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
286 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
 
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A ccountants Department Goods and Mineral A udit Office. 287 
 
 If the station replies that its version of weight and charges is 
 the correct one, it is not requisite for the Audit office to do any- 
 thing further than to record the date returned, and to send the 
 statement back to the Clearing House, the station's reply being 
 usually written across the form. But in all other cases par- 
 ticulars of the discrepancies and the station replies are copied into 
 Foreign Inaccuracy Registers (Form No. 79 App.) before being 
 returned to the Clearing House ; and when the errors are in 
 connection with other Companies' debits or credits, and the replies 
 confirm the Clearing House figures, the summaries are altered in 
 red ink by the Audit office to agree, the entries in the registers 
 being marked off as this is done. This saves considerable trouble 
 when testing the "other Companies' debits" of the Clearing 
 House Settlement. 
 
 Errors affecting the local Company's debits are not altered in 
 this way by the Audit department, because it is necessary to 
 follow these up, and see that the items are subsequently accounted 
 for or corrected in the station omission sheets. 
 
 When station differences can be rectified, and the inaccuracy 
 statements returned to the Clearing House before the accounts 
 of the month to which they relate are closed, the abstracts 
 (or summaries in the case of light traffic) are altered by 
 the Clearing House, and the corrected figures included in the 
 monthly settlement. All items, however, about which the 
 stations cannot agree by the above time, are struck out of the 
 abstracts (as in the case of parcel differences) and treated as 
 " outstanding." 
 
 263. The Clearing House Goods and Live Stock 
 Settlements ; Station debit return of light traffic ; schedules of 
 items treated as outstanding, and corrections taken to account as 
 "supplementary debits ; " and statements of through traffic, tolls, 
 claims, bad debts, &c., are, as a rule, received by the Audit office 
 
288 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 early in the month but one after that to which they relate, and 
 are verified in the following way, viz. : 
 
 The local and other Companies' station debits are compared 
 and balanced with the station summaries, the stations' "light" 
 summaries (Form No. 42 App.), together with "appendices" 
 giving particulars of any alterations therein, being returned for 
 this purpose by the Clearing House. 
 
 Totals only are compared in the first instance, but if these do 
 not agree, the details are checked, particulars of the differences 
 being recorded in books for this purpose. (See " Difference 
 Book," in which a specimen entry is given.) 
 
 Especial care is taken by the Audit office to see that all 
 differences included by the Clearing House affecting its own 
 stations' debit are duly taken to account through " omissions " 
 by the stations concerned ; the inaccuracy registers and " Differ- 
 ence," or, as they are sometimes called, " Balancing " books, not 
 being marked off until this has been done ; nor, in the event of 
 items being wrongly included by the Clearing House, until such 
 items have been entered in a monthly claim account (or 
 schedule of errors) to the Clearing House, and cleared in a 
 subsequent month's settlement. The Audit office also pays 
 particular attention to other Companies' debits and credits', to 
 see that the former are not understated, nor the latter overstated 
 by the Clearing House ; also to the lists of outstanding invoices, 
 to see that all are subsequently brought to account or cleared. 
 
 The monthly claim account, or " schedule of errors," above 
 referred to, should be made up so as to reach the Clearing House 
 within six months from the date the settlement returns are 
 received, and should include particulars of all errors and 
 omissions relating to the month for which the return is rendered, 
 that have not been previously cleared. This schedule is accom- 
 panied by copies of invoices (obtained from the stations) for other 
 Companies' items not included by the Clearing House to enable 
 
A ccountanfs Department Goods and Mineral A udit Office. 2 89 
 
 the latter to take up the cases with them. The schedule is 
 afterwards returned with the Clearing House remarks, stating 
 when the items will be brought to account, or with such informa- 
 tion as may enable the Audit office to close the list. 
 
 264. Overcharges taken to account in the current month 
 are also included with the " supplementary " debits, abstracts of 
 these items being furnished by the Clearing House. (See nextpage^} 
 To enable the Audit office to check other Companies' credits 
 for overcharges, it receives from the Goods Manager a monthly 
 list of foreign Companies' overcharge sheets certified by him. 
 
 All details of the supplementary debits in the Settlement 
 having been marked off with the outstanding lists, difference 
 books, and inaccuracy registers, and overcharges with the over- 
 charge summaries (258), the weights, terminal allowances, tolls, 
 and mileage apportionments are next checked. 
 
 The rates for terminal expenses vary according to circum- 
 stances, but if it should happen that in any instance the gross 
 amount of traffic does not exceed the amount allowed for 
 cartage, the regulations provide that the division shall be made 
 as if the goods had been invoiced at station to station rates. 
 All advices of special allowances, dock and harbour dues, tolls, 
 mileage, &c., are preserved in guard books in convenient order 
 for reference. 
 
 Errors found in checking the calculations, &c., of the 
 Settlement are noted in the " Difference " books. The errors 
 are included in the " claim " account to Clearing House 
 previously referred to, and marked off when corrected in a 
 following month's account. 
 
 265. Through Traffic. Separate division sheets of 
 through traffic shewing the gross receipts, other Companies' 
 terminals, tolls, and the intermediate Company's mileage 
 proportion, are prepared by the Clearing House and included 
 in the summary of the Settlement. These can be checked in 
 the Audit office only as regards the mileage proportions, except 
 
290 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
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Accountants Department Goods and Mineral A udit Office. 29 1 
 
 when traffic invoiced by other routes has been sent by the local 
 Company's route. In these cases the Accountant is advised by 
 the Goods Manager, and it is seen that the Company is credited 
 with its share of the through charges. 
 
 266. Tolls. Detailed statements of tolls due to the 
 Company in respect of other Companies' traffic passing over 
 portions of its line, and not elsewhere included, are also furnished 
 by the Clearing House. The total amount is carried to the 
 summary of the Settlement. 
 
 267. Competitive Traffic. It has been shewn that com- 
 petitive traffic may be made the subject of special agreement 
 between the Companies interested ; as for example, traffic 
 between London or places north thereof, and the Continent. 
 
 The principles of division have been sufficiently illustrated 
 in connection with parcel traffic (231) and it is only necessary to 
 add here that in the case of competitive goods traffic carried 
 under similar arrangements, special abstracts and declared 
 returns of the traffic would be likewise furnished to the Clearing 
 House to enable it to make the division. The net results 
 thereof would in the same way be entered in the summaries 
 of the monthly settlement with each Company, a detailed 
 abstract of the items being furnished at the same time to enable 
 the respective Audit departments to check the apportionment. 
 
 268. Foreign Claims. The Audit office is furnished by 
 the Goods Manager with a statement of foreign claims paid by 
 the Company during each month, on a form somewhat similar 
 to the one used for coaching claims (232), together with the 
 vouchers on which the assent of the other Companies interested 
 has been obtained. This statement, after being compared with 
 the Goods Manager's Claims Register, of which it is a copy, is 
 sent to the Clearing House, by whom the loss is divided in the 
 manner described for coaching claims. 
 
 Particulars of the division are entered by the Clearing House 
 
292 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 on forms for this purpose, the total being included in the goods 
 Settlement. The details and mileage apportionment of the 
 loss are checked by the Audit department by means of the 
 Register above referred to, in which the date of settlement is 
 recorded. 
 
 A monthly account of claims paid by other Companies, to 
 which the Goods Manager has given his sanction, is also sent to 
 the Accountant (as in the case of " Coaching ") to enable him 
 to check the Clearing House settlement, and any items included 
 in the latter that do not appear in the former are investigated. 
 
 With local claims the Goods Audit office has nothing to do 
 beyond checking the Station Ledger office abstracts of the 
 re-charge invoices, which, of course, include local as well as 
 foreign claims. 
 
 269. Bad Debts. It is a rule of the Railway Clearing 
 House that losses arising from bad debts shall be divided among 
 all the Companies interested in the traffic (whether invoiced 
 through or locally) according to the share of the proceeds they 
 may have received, including terminal expenses ; the Companies 
 themselves providing the Clearing House with data for 
 apportioning the loss. 
 
 The Accountant, therefore, is advised by the General Manager 
 of bad debts submitted to other Companies and scheduled by 
 him to the Clearing House for division ; also of any bad debts 
 made by other Companies that have been allowed by him. 
 
 The division is made on the forms used for claims, and is 
 checked by the Audit department from the General Manager's 
 advices ; especial care being taken to see that the Company is 
 credited with the foreign proportion of its own" losses, and that 
 it is not charged with bad debts made by other Companies, 
 except such as have been sanctioned by the Manager. 
 
 When compositions or dividends in respect of foreign bad 
 debts are subsequently received, the Accountant and Clearing 
 
Accountant s* Department Goods and Mineral A udit Office. 293 
 
 House are advised by the General Manager and the money 
 apportioned on the basis described above. 
 
 270. Clearing House Summary. After all the fore- 
 going details have been checked, the Grand Summary of the 
 Settlement is examined. This is made up from sectional 
 summaries, and shews after adding tolls, and the results of the 
 division of through traffic, " agreement " traffic (if any), claims, 
 and bad debts the Net Balance due to or from the 
 Clearing House in respect of Goods Traffic for the 
 month. 
 
 271. Live Stock Settlements. The Clearing House 
 returns of live stock traffic are made up and dealt with in 
 practically the same way as the "goods.'' It is not necessary, 
 therefore, to allude to them further than to say that the original 
 station summaries are returned with the Settlement to the 
 Accountant, in order that the entries may be compared. 
 
 272. Joint Line Traffic. When a joint line is owned by 
 two or more Companies and is worked by one of them for 
 the joint account, the working Company usually receives for 
 the service a per-centage of the joint receipts. 
 
 In such cases, for Clearing House purposes, the joint line is 
 regarded by the owners as a separate interest, and all traffic to 
 or from its stations is abstracted as " foreign." The working 
 Company is then debited by the Clearing House with the gross 
 receipts (inward to pay, outward paid, less outward paid ons) 
 on the joint section ; and credited with its per-centage allowance 
 for working expenses on the joint line proportion of the receipts 
 from all traffic to, from, or over it, and the usual terminal 
 allowances at the working Company's own stations. 
 
 The residue is then credited to the joint account and divided 
 between the owning Companies in such proportions as may 
 have been agreed upon ; the amount of capital subscribed by 
 each towards the cost of the joint line being frequently taken as 
 the basis of division. 
 
294 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
 
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Accountant's Department Goods and Mineral A udit Office. 295 
 
 
 
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296 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Joint lines are sometimes worked by a Joint Committee 
 composed of representatives of the various owning Companies. 
 In such case the Committee is dealt with in all respects as a 
 foreign Company ; it keeps separate accounts ; and the net 
 revenue is divided half-yearly according to the amount of capital 
 subscribed. 
 
 273. Irish Railway Clearing House. The functions 
 of the Irish Clearing House are precisely the same in relation to 
 through Irish traffic returned to it for settlement, as those of 
 the English Clearing House in respect of through English 
 traffic, the settlements being checked with the summaries and 
 dealt with by the Audit department in the same way in each 
 case. It is, however, obvious that steamboat proportions, dock 
 and harbour dues, constitute a more important element in Irish 
 settlements than in the English. 
 
 274. Private Settlements. As in coaching traffic, a 
 large amount of goods and cattle traffic is settled between 
 the Companies interested without the assistance of the Clearing 
 House, and the duty of making the division devolves upon the 
 Audit offices. 
 
 Take, for example, the case of a joint station, to which one of 
 the owning Companies' trains (say " A ") have access by running 
 over a short length of the other owning Company's line (say 
 11 B ") In this instance all traffic to the joint station from " A " 
 Company's own stations would probably be abstracted as "local," 
 and it would devolve on the Audit department of that Company 
 to prepare a statement of the tolls, or mileage proportion of its 
 local receipts due to " B " for the above privilege. 
 
 It is shewn on the preceding pages how this statement 
 is prepared, the necessary materials being obtained from 
 the abstracts and summaries of traffic. The gross station 
 debit is first ascertained, from which paid ons, overcharges, and 
 
A ccountan fs Department Goods and Mineral A udit Office. 297 
 
 terminals are deducted, leaving the amount for division, " B " 
 Company's share being extended. 
 
 A separate form is used for traffic with each local station, and 
 the results summarized as shewn. The summary is then cer- 
 tified, press copied and sent to " B," that Company being 
 credited by an entry in the Goods Revenue Book, and allowed 
 to check the statement with the local returns as far as it may 
 deem necessary. 
 
 The toll or mileage proportion due to " B " in respect of 
 foreign traffic might be either credited to " B " by the Clearing 
 House, or to the Company exercising running powers. In the 
 latter case the toll would be credited to the owning Company in 
 the private settlement of local traffic. 
 
 Other illustrations, in some cases more complicated by reason 
 of more Companies participating, or by reason of steamboat 
 traffic, and dock and harbour dues entering into the settlement, 
 might be given ; but the above will serve to shew how private 
 settlements are usually effected. 
 
 275. Clearing House Balances. Advices are received 
 by the Accountant every month, shewing the balances due to or 
 from the Clearing House according to the detailed statements 
 received at the same time. These are always paid promptly 
 as declared, errors or omissions found in checking the statements 
 being corrected, as already pointed out, in subsequent returns. 
 
 We saw at the opening of this section how the totals of the 
 local returns and the balances exhibited by the various Clearing 
 House statements and private settlement returns, due to or 
 from the Company in respect of foreign traffic, are brought into 
 the Goods Traffic Abstract and Revenue Books, and we will 
 now, therefore, consider the returns of Mineral traffic. 
 
298 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 MINERAL TRAFFIC (MINERAL MANAGER'S OFFICE). 
 
 276. It has been pointed out that the stations are not con- 
 cerned with the assessment of the charges for haulage of mineral 
 traffic or "tolls," but that this is done in the office of the mineral 
 traffic manager, the stations furnishing for this purpose returns 
 and declarations of the weight, as described in the second section. 
 
 The responsibility of checking these returns devolves upon that 
 office, which prepares the monthly Toll accounts, Mineral Debit 
 Lists and Statements (or summaries) of the traffic in the 
 following way : 
 
 277. The Declarations are entered in the Mineral 
 Declaration Register shewing (i) date, (2) number of declara- 
 tion, (3) where from, (4) weight, and (5) total weight and 
 compared with the stations' daily summaries, to see that all have 
 been received. They are then checked with the outward daily 
 abstracts. 
 
 Discrepancies in weight are pointed out to the stations, who 
 are requested to explain the cause thereof. When there are 
 discrepancies in route, junction stations are asked to search the 
 number-takers' books, to ascertain the route by which wagons 
 actually travelled, the declaration forms or abstracts being after- 
 wards corrected. 
 
 The details of the abstracts are then posted to the accounts of 
 the various parties in 
 
 278. MINERAL ACCOUNT LEDGERS. 
 Month 189 , From On Account of__ 
 
 To * 
 
 Two or more sets of 
 Columns like * 
 follow here. 
 
 Total 
 Weight. 
 
 T. C. 
 
 Rate. 
 
 Amount. 
 s. d. 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 No. of 
 Wagons. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 T. C. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accountant's Department Goods and Mineral Audit Office. 299 
 
 Traffic between each pair of stations on account of each trader 
 is kept distinct from the rest, the name of the forwarding station 
 being written at the top of the page, and that of the receiving 
 station at the head of each column in which are entered the dates, 
 number of wagons, and weight, as shewn by the abstracts. 
 When all the entries have been made, the monthly totals are 
 inserted. 
 
 These totals are afterwards compared with the inward 
 monthly abstracts of the receiving stations to see that the weights 
 agree ; and thus the test is in this respect practically the same 
 as that applied by the Goods Audit office to outward and 
 inward local goods summaries. 
 
 When differences are found, the details are examined, and 
 errors taken up with the stations corrected in a future account 
 
 In the case of foreign outward mineral traffic, however, the 
 weights cannot be compared in precisely the same way, returns 
 not being received from foreign Companies' stations. The check 
 in this instance is exercised by the other Companies, who 
 compare the details of the monthly accounts rendered by the 
 Accountant (288) for their share of the receipts, with the invoices 
 accompanying the traffic (or with abstracts thereof furnished 
 by their own stations) in the same way as the local Company 
 checks its proportion of foreign receipts, viz., by comparing the 
 details of other Companies' statements of forwarded traffic 
 with the monthly abstracts of received traffic furnished by its 
 own stations. 
 
 It may be as safely left to a foreign Company to point out, in 
 its own interest, an item which may have been omitted or under- 
 stated in an account rendered to it by the local Company and 
 discovered by the above process, as to the latter to point out a 
 similar error discovered by the same means in the accounts of 
 the former. On the other hand, colliery proprietors may be 
 relied on to see that their accounts do not include items except 
 for traffic actually declared by them. 
 
300 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 279. Reverting to the Mineral Account Ledgers, after the 
 monthly weights between each pair of stations have been com- 
 pared with the abstracts, they are extended to the " total weight " 
 column ; the rates being next inserted, and the charges calculated 
 and added up. 
 
 As a check upon the calculations, the weights, rates, and other 
 particulars, except money, are entered in the toll accounts to 
 be sent out to the public, the charges being worked out by 
 separate clerks independently of each other, and afterwards 
 agreed with the Ledgers. 
 
 The next step is to enter the amount of each trader's account 
 in a Supplementary, or as it is sometimes termed, 
 
 280, 
 
 MINERAL 
 
 Month of. 
 
 WASTE LEDGER. 
 _i8 9 - 
 
 Name. 
 
 Amount 
 of 
 Account. 
 
 > g 
 
 '5 
 
 Under- 
 charges. 
 
 Gross 
 Amount. 
 
 Over- 
 charges. 
 
 Net 
 Amount. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 The " amount of account," or debits for the current month, 
 should, of course, agree with the entries in the Mineral Account 
 Ledgers ; undercharges, omissions, &c., belonging to previous 
 months being added thereto, and overcharges and allowances 
 deducted, leaving the net amount for collection. 
 
 281. In order that a proper daily record may be kept of 
 undercharges, omissions, overcharges, allowances, &c., these are 
 posted, as discovered or advised, to the accounts of the parties to 
 be debited or credited, in books for this purpose, called " Special 
 Debit " and " Allowance " Ledgers. The monthly amounts are 
 entered in the Waste Ledger as mentioned above, and then 
 added or deducted as the case may require at the foot of the 
 traders' toll accounts and marked off. 
 
A ccountanfs Department Goods and Mineral A udit Office. 30 1 
 
 Particulars of allowances are entered on forms similar to those 
 in use for " goods," and these are sent with the accounts to be 
 vouched by the traders as explained farther on (362). 
 
 282. Mineral Transfer Register (see next page]. This 
 book is used for recording amounts requiring for various reasons 
 to be transferred from one account to another. These amounts 
 are added or deducted at the foot of the traders' accounts at the 
 close of each month. 
 
 The following statements are made up monthly for the 
 Accountant : 
 
 283. Mineral Debit List. This includes the whole of the 
 accounts to be sent out for the month, and shews in separate 
 columns (i) the gross amount of each as per Waste Ledger; 
 (2) Dr. and Cr. transfers, which must agree with the transfer 
 register ; (3) overcharges or allowances, as per vouchers and 
 Waste Ledger ; and (4) the net amount. Although the net totals 
 of the accounts, taken separately, will not correspond with the 
 entries in the Waste Ledger owing to the transfers, the grand 
 totals for the month should of course agree, and this agreement 
 is the final test of their accuracy in the Mineral Manager's office. 
 
 For the purposes of collection, the entries in the Mineral Debit 
 List are grouped as follows : 
 
 (1) Accounts for collection by the General Manager. 
 
 (2) Sundry accounts for collection by the collectors of 
 
 goods Ledger accounts. 
 
 (3) Accounts against other Railway Companies to be 
 
 passed to their debit in the Accountant's General 
 
 Ledgers. 
 
 The list includes Porters' as well as Ledger accounts. Both are 
 made up in a similar way, Porters' accounts being those which 
 goods agents have been requested to collect. Of these a 
 supplementary detailed list is made out, the totals only of which 
 are included in the principal list. 
 
302 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 W 
 
 oijoj jaSpa^ 
 
 OT|O j 
 
Accountants Department Goods and Mineral A udit Office. 303 
 
 284. Statements of Traffic (Form No. 80, App.) These 
 are made up from the Mineral Account Ledgers, and shew the 
 gross weight between each pair of stations, both local and 
 foreign, through rate and amount. 
 
 Traffic from each local station to the stations of each foreign 
 Company is entered on separate sheets ; undercharges and over- 
 charges are added or deducted, a grand total, agreeing with the 
 totals of the Waste Ledger and Debit List, being made for the 
 month. 
 
 The Debit List, toll accounts, and allowance vouchers are sent 
 to the Accountant's Station Ledger office, and the Statements of 
 Traffic, undercharges and overcharges, to the Audit Office. 
 
 285. Weekly Siding Rent Returns. These are 
 examined and the stations advised of such amounts as are to be 
 collected, the items being included in the Debit List. 
 
 286. Stations' Weekly Summaries of Outward 
 Traffic. These are used for compiling the weekly traffic 
 return for publication. The local proportions of the rates and 
 tolls are inserted in the columns for this purpose and sum- 
 marised for the Accountant. The local proportion of foreign 
 inward traffic is ascertained from returns furnished by other 
 Companies. 
 
 287. Actual and Declared Weights. In order to 
 secure an approximate check on declared weights, trucks of 
 coal selected irregularly at various places on the route are 
 weighed, returns of the weighings being sent to the Mineral 
 Manager. These returns are compared with the declarations, or 
 abstracts, and the senders advised of any important differences. 
 
 MINERAL TRAFFIC (ACCOUNTANT'S DEPARTMENT.) 
 The principal duty of the Accountant's Audit office in 
 connection with the returns of mineral traffic is to apportion to 
 other Companies their share of the tolls ogjbreig-ii traffic, the 
 
 CFTKE \ 
 
 [VERSITY; 
 ,- 
 i 
 
304 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 settlement of which, as already stated, is effected without the 
 assistance of the Railway Clearing House. 
 
 288. The Division is made in two ways, each leading, 
 however, to practically the same result. 
 
 In both cases the foreign proportion is worked out on the 
 mileage principle ; but in one instance this principle is applied 
 to the gross sum to be divided to find the gross foreign propor- 
 tion, and in the other it is applied to the through rate to find a 
 new or foreign proportion rate per ton. The terminal allow- 
 ances are deducted in both instances before the division takes 
 place, and afterwards added to the gross sum in the one 
 case, or to the foreign rate in the other. 
 
 For example let us assume 400 tons of coal to have been 
 carried from A to C, via B, the entire distance being 164 miles, 
 and from A to B 75 miles. Through rate ics. 3d. per ton. 
 Gross receipts 20$. 
 
 Then, under the first method, the division would be made 
 as follows : 
 
 Gross receipts 205 o o 
 
 Less, Terminals (2d. per ton at each end) 613 4 
 
 For Mileage Division 198 6 8 
 
 Of which "A" takes -&ths or go 14 o 
 
 and half terminals 368 
 
 "A's" share 94. o 8 
 
 "C" takes T Vir, or 107 12 8 
 
 and half terminals..., 368 
 
 "C's" share 110 19 4 
 
 Total "A" and "C" as above... 205 o o 
 
A cconntanfs Department Goods and Mineral A udit Office. 305 
 
 Under the second plan the mileage principle is applied to the 
 through rate as follows : 
 
 Through rate 10/3 per ton, less 4d. terminals =9/11 net. 
 
 Then, -^ths of 9/u + 2d. terminals = 4/8 -42 " A's" share. 
 
 tffrths of 9/ii+2d. terminals = 5/6-5 8 " C's " share. 
 
 Whence " A " takes 94 o 8, being 400 tons x 4/8-42. 
 
 " C " 1 10 19 4, being 400 tons x 5/6-58. 
 
 Total as before ... ^205 o o 
 
 In actual practice anything over half a farthing is taken as 
 one farthing ; anything under half a farthing not being con- 
 sidered in determining the new rates. Thus, 4/8*42 would be 
 called 4/8, and 5/6*58 would be called 5/6J. 
 
 The second plan necessarily involves a large amount of 
 trouble in the first instance, and again whenever alterations of 
 the through rates are advised by the Manager ; but this is 
 amply compensated for by the saving of time subsequently 
 effected in making up the monthly accounts, inasmuch as ter- 
 minals have not then to be considered separately, the calculations 
 are greatly reduced in number, and are more readily worked out 
 at so much per ton than by fractional parts of the gross receipts. 
 
 Some Companies elect to have their accounts made up by one 
 of the above methods, and some by the other. 
 
 In either case the foreign rates or mileage proportions are 
 registered in convenient order for reference, and the first thing to 
 be done after the monthly statements of traffic are received 
 from the Mineral Manager's office, is to draft the particulars 
 therefrom to Abstract Books for the purpose of calculating the 
 foreign proportion. The abstracts are made up to shew the 
 traffic to each foreign station, whence sent, weight, foreign pro- 
 portion rate (or gross receipts and mileage), and amount as 
 worked out. Each Company's traffic is kept distinct and 
 added up to shew a total for the month. 
 
306 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 After adding or deducting the foreign proportion of previous 
 months' under- or overcharges, &c., the details are transferred to 
 statements to be sent to the Companies interested (Forms 81 
 and 82, App.). All statements are checked, balanced with 
 the Abstract Books, and press-copied before being sent away. 
 
 The traffic being classified in the mineral office statements 
 under the head of each forwarding station, it will be seen that 
 the reversal of this order in the Abstract Books to shew the 
 gross traffic to each foreign station, from probably one hundred 
 to a hundred and fifty different places, to enable the other 
 Companies to check the weights with their received abstracts, 
 must necessarily be a lengthy process, and require considerable 
 care, especially when it is considered that on a heavy mineral 
 line the traffic amounts to several hundred thousand tons 
 monthly, and that twelve to fifteen thousand pairs of stations on 
 twenty-five to thirty different Railways may be concerned 
 therein. 
 
 The allocation to other Companies of their share of tolls on 
 traffic over joint or worked lines,* also constitutes an important 
 feature of the settlement. 
 
 Other Companies' statements of tolls due to the local Com- 
 pany on traffic invoiced by them to local stations are checked, 
 as regards the weights, with the received foreign abstracts in the 
 Mineral Manager's office, and as regards the rates and calcu- 
 lations in the Audit office, the total amount being, as a rule, 
 deducted from the contra account in settlement. 
 
 289. Mineral Revenue Book. This is similar to the 
 Goods and Cattle Revenue Book previously described. It is 
 made up for the Book-keeper's use from the monthly statements 
 of traffic and accounts rendered to or by other Companies, and 
 shews (i) the gross mineral revenue for the month ; (2) amounts 
 due from other Companies, or credits to revenue ; and (3) 
 
A ccountanfs Department Goods and Mineral A udit Office. 307 
 
 amounts due to other Companies, &c., or debits against 
 revenue (398). 
 
 It should be added that canal earnings are included in the 
 gross mineral revenue, but, in order to comply with statutory 
 requirements, are shewn separately in the statements of traffic 
 and debit lists by the Mineral Manager's office and transferred 
 therefrom to the credit of canal revenue by the Book-keeper, the 
 amount being noted in the Mineral Revenue book to enable him 
 to do this. 
 
 MILEAGE AND DEMURRAGE RETURNS. 
 
 290. It has now to be shewn how Companies are remunerated 
 for the use of their carriages, wagons, and sheets which may for 
 the time being pass from their own line to the lines of their 
 neighbours. 
 
 The charges are assessed under two heads, viz. : (i) Mileage, 
 (2) Demurrage. The first denotes charges at agreed rates per 
 vehicle or sheet per mile by tjie owning Company for the actual 
 distance stock has travelled while loaded over foreign lines, 
 those lines being debited with their respective proportions and 
 the owning Company credited. The second denotes charges at 
 so much per day for detention of stock by foreign Companies 
 beyond the time specified in the regulations, and for 'stock sent 
 in wrong directions. 
 
 Although Railway Companies make returns of foreign stock 
 arriving at and departing from their own stations^ and furnish 
 certain other information to the Railway Clearing House bearing 
 on the movements of stock, they are wholly dependent on the 
 Mileage department of that establishment for the collection of 
 the principal particulars and apportionment of the charges. 
 The nature and importance of this work is admirably described 
 by the Authors of the articles in the " Railway Fly Sheet," to 
 
308 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 whom we are indebted for several previous quotations. They 
 say: 
 
 Whilst the amount of money taken to account and absolutely cleared by the 
 Mileage department of the Railway Clearing House is less than either the Merchan- 
 dise or the Coaching, its importance is considerable, for upon its operations many 
 parts of the superstructure of the Clearing system rest. The difficulties which beset 
 the earliest attempts made to work through traffic have been already pointed out, 
 and it is due, in some measure, to the organisation and development of this 
 department, that they have been entirely overcome. The Mileage department deals 
 with the rolling stock of every Company when it passes from the parent line, watches 
 and records its progress and return, and apportions the charges appertaining thereto. 
 The system pursued renders it next to impossible for stock without acknowledgment 
 to be used, detained, or unfairly dealt with, and supplies the security needed by the 
 different proprietors, whose property, in the interests of public convenience, passes 
 for the time being out of their own possession and jurisdiction ; securing, as it were, 
 to the country the advantages of a state proprietorship of all the existing lines, 
 without losing the benefits which private enterprise, combined with personal 
 responsibility, are ever likely adequately to supply. Whilst the Merchandise and 
 the Coaching divide the receipts chargeable to the public for carriage between the 
 interested Companies, the Mileage department takes to account the earnings of rolling 
 stock on foreign lines, and in addition, credits the owners with those earnings ; in 
 that operation practically taking charge of the stock whilst away from home, ascertain- 
 ing where it goes, how, i.e., by what route, and the nature of the traffic carried. 
 This will appear more clearly as the details are noticed. The information upon which 
 the Clearing House act is supplied principally by their own staff stationed in every 
 part of the kingdom, and partly by the Railway Companies themselves. At every 
 point or junction at which traffic of any importance is exchanged, the Clearing House 
 employ the services of number takers whose duty it is to examine and note each train 
 passing, sending an exact return to the head office of the number and description of 
 each vehicle and sheet, the nature of the traffic, with the date, time, forwarding 
 station, route-, and destination. At the same time every station, at which foreign stock 
 is received, makes a similar return, giving the date and station from which received, 
 and how and when disposed of. In these returns each Company's stock is kept 
 separate, as are also carriages, wagons, and sheets. 
 
 The recording of these numbers and the comparison of the returns, together with 
 the tracing of each individual vehicle or sheet from the time it leaves till it returns 
 home, the careful noting of the exact route travelled, the time occupied, and the 
 administration of the varying regulations under which foreign stock is used, form the 
 principal work of the Mileage department. The immense array of figures thus 
 brought together, the necessity of verification of numbers, more often than not 
 reaching to five figures, some of which are frequently obscure, and in passing the 
 different junctions variously rendered, involves a large amount of patient, careful 
 working, and considerable discriminating power on the part of the staff of clerks 
 employed. 
 
Accountant's Department Goods and Miner.il Audit Office. 309 
 
 In addition a good Mileage clerk must be well up in the topography of the different 
 lines, so that he may be able, without constant reference to the map, to know how 
 traffic is working, and make the necessary charges under the regulations, which pro- 
 vide for all circumstances incidental to the use of foreign stock. 
 
 Another important feature of the Mileage department is the assistance it renders the 
 Merchandise in ascertaining the route by which goods have been carried. It has been 
 shewn how the forwarding and receiving abstracts sent to the Merchandise, whilst, 
 containing the wagon numbers, often differ, or do not give the routes by which traffic 
 is to be, or has been taken. All such cases are referred to the Mileage depart- 
 ment, which is enabled by the wagon numbers to determine the correct route, thus 
 clearing up at once questions which might involve endless correspondence. The 
 Mileage also takes the initiative in advising the Merchandise when traffic is carried by 
 exceptional routes. The charges for detention and wrong sending, or what is best 
 known in the service as the demurrage accounts, are rendered to the Companies 
 monthly. Particulars of each item are given for the purpose of enabling the Com- 
 panies to check them, and make the necessary enquiries. The mileage charges are 
 made quarterly. As in the other departments of the Clearing House, the absolute 
 cash transactions are limited to the balance due to, or by a Company. On one side of 
 each balance sheet is shewn the charges due from all Companies to the owners of one 
 stock, on the other the earnings of all stocks on the line of one Company. The 
 Companies are then advised of the difference, which is either received or paid by the 
 Clearing House. 
 
 291. The Returns of the arrival of foreign stock at local 
 stations above referred to, and of its departure therefrom, are 
 made on Forms No. 83 to 85 (App.). Those relating to 
 coaching stock are sent weekly to the Coaching Superintendent, 
 and those relating to wagons and sheets to the Goods Manager 
 to be examined, after which they are forwarded to the Clearing 
 House to be there dealt with. 
 
 292. Monthly Returns (Forms 86 and 87, App.) are 
 also prepared of foreign wagons re-labelled and sent forward 
 with the same load, and of foreign wagons received from other 
 lines containing less than one ton of goods. These are sent to 
 the Goods Manager, who furnishes particulars thereof to the 
 Railway Clearing House and claims exemption from charges 
 for detention or wrong sending in accordance with one of the 
 regulations. 
 
 293. Exemption from demurrage is also claimed by the 
 
3io Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Goods Manager when foreign vehicles are found to be unfit to 
 travel, the particulars being obtained from returns supplied by 
 the stations. The owners of the vehicles are advised, also 
 the Company's Mechanical Superintendent, in order that the 
 necessary repairs may be executed and accounts rendered. 
 
 294. The Clearing House Monthly Demurrage 
 Accounts sent to the Audit office contain the following 
 particulars : (i) name of the parent Company, or of the 
 Company by whom vehicles were wrongly sent or detained ; 
 (2) number of each vehicle ; (3) dates on which they left, and 
 were returned to the parent lines ; (4) stations where the 
 demurrage was incurred, or the points between which vehicles 
 were wrongly sent ; (5) number of days chargeable, the rate, 
 and amount. Debit and credit items are entered in separate 
 accounts, and the entries so arranged that the total amount 
 due to or by each Company may be readily ascertained. 
 
 After the details and charges have been examined by the 
 Audit department, the "debit" statements (i.e., those charging 
 the Company with demurrage on foreign stock detained on its 
 own lines or stations) are passed on to the Traffic department 
 in order that explanations may be obtained from the stations 
 where the expenses were incurred. When it appears from the 
 replies elicited that the Company has been wrongly charged, 
 the disputed items are referred to the owners of the stock or 
 to the Clearing' House, by whom errors are corrected in a 
 subsequent month, the Audit office being advised of all such 
 items by the Traffic department to enable it to check the Clearing 
 House corrections. 
 
 In like manner when foreign Companies dispute demurrage 
 charges on the local Company's stock, and the amounts claimed 
 by them are allowed by the Manager, the Railway Clearing 
 House and Accountant are advised that the necessary correc- 
 tions may be made in a subsequent month's account and passed. 
 
A ccountanfs Department Goods and Mineral A udit Office. 311 
 
 295. The Quarterly Mileage Account contains simply 
 a summary of the amounts owing to or by each Company for 
 the quarter. It is made up by the Clearing Hpuse with careful 
 regard to the interests of the Companies concerned, and the 
 respective Audit offices have no materials in their own possession 
 enabling them to test its accuracy. This, however, is seldom 
 called in question, but Companies are at liberty to institute any 
 enquiries, or make any examination of the returns at the 
 Clearing House relative to their own stock or traffic, which they 
 may deem desirable. 
 
 For the guidance of the Book-keeper a note is made in the 
 Goods Revenue Book of the monthly or quarterly balances due 
 from or to the Railway Clearing House for demurrage and 
 mileage of stock. 
 
 296. Various Returns, other than those referred to, 
 respecting local as well as foreign working stock, are furnished 
 by the stations to the Coaching Superintendent and Goods 
 Manager to enable them, as stated in a former section, to watch 
 and regulate the movements thereof, partly with a view to 
 keeping down mileage and demurrage expenses, and partly to 
 enable them to meet traffic requirements. 
 
312 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 STATION LEDGER OFFICE. 
 
 297, Whilst it is the duty of the Audit departments to 
 verify the station debits as set forth in the Classifications, 
 Abstracts and Summaries of traffic, it rests mainly with the 
 Station Ledger office to look after the station credits ; to trace 
 to the hands of the Secretary or Bankers of the Company, all 
 cash shewn by the Station Agents' and Collectors' Daily 
 Advices and Monthly Returns as having been remitted on 
 account of traffic ; and to see that credits entered in the returns 
 for allowances, &c., are properly vouched. In this latter respect 
 the Ledger office has the co-operation of the Accountant's staff 
 of Inspectors, to whom documents for which credit is taken are 
 handed for examination and comparison with the entries in the 
 books kept at the stations. The Inspectors also see that proper 
 receipts have been obtained for all items of paid ons by " paid ons 
 clerk," vouchers for which do not reach them through the Ledger 
 office. 
 
 Another important duty devolving on this office is that of 
 keeping Accounts-Current with each Station and Collector and 
 with Customers to whom credit is allowed. Such accounts are, 
 indeed, a natural sequence to the work performed by the Audit 
 departments. They shew for coaching, goods and minerals 
 respectively, the debits as determined by the Audit offices on 
 the one hand, and the credits for cash remitted, allowances, and 
 deductions on the other. The balances of these accounts are 
 struck to ascertain the amounts outstanding or owing to the 
 Company on the first day in each month, the particulars being 
 afterwards summarised and the results set forth in succinct 
 balance sheets for the Book-keeper's use. 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 313 
 
 Although the Ledger office deals with coaching, goods and 
 mineral revenue, the goods traffic accounts occupy by far the 
 largest portion of its time and demand the greatest care on the 
 part of its staff. For the coaching and mineral accounts two 
 Ledgers may be sufficient for recording the totals and 
 balances, while for the goods a large number, in some cases 
 probably thirty-five to forty, each containing from eight hundred 
 to twelve hundred pages, may be required every year. As may 
 be supposed where such a vast number of accounts have to be 
 kept, much depends on the exactness of clerks at out-stations, 
 many of whom have no idea of the time and labour necessary 
 to adjust differences when returns are not prepared with sufficient 
 care. 
 
 298. COACHING ACCOUNTS. Of all the accounts 
 with which the Ledger office has to deal, the Coaching are, 
 perhaps, the least complicated. This is explained mainly by the 
 fact that the coaching business is essentially a ready money 
 business, and that the exact value of passenger tickets sold is, or 
 should be, remitted daily by the stations, the greater part of 
 coaching outstandings being for debts on parcel and miscel- 
 laneous traffic, not amounting, on a well managed Railway to 
 more than one or two per cent, of a year's traffic from that 
 source ; and even this amount may represent little more than 
 the debits in respect of articles carried on the last days of the 
 month and not delivered till the first of the following month. 
 
 299. The principal account of coaching traffic kept by the 
 Ledger office is one shewing : (i) The amount of each station's 
 daily remittances ; (2) the amount of the classification debit, 
 and (3) the difference or amount outstanding. This record is 
 made in the Coaching Summary Book (See following page). 
 
 The stations' daily remittances (including soldiers' warrants) 
 are copied from the bank sheets (35 and 1 80) into the dated 
 columns provided, and the monthly total for each station, is 
 
Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Ills 
 
 2% 
 
 M 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 315 
 
 obtained by adding the amounts across. The classification 
 debits are copied from and agreed in total with the Coaching 
 Traffic Abstract Book (written up in the Audit office) the 
 differences, or balances outstanding, being extended. These 
 balances are afterwards compared with the stations' certified 
 balance sheets (55) and discrepancies investigated. If the out- 
 standings appear unusually large, inquiry is made as to the 
 cause, and the Traffic Superintendent's or General Manager's 
 special attention directed thereto. The month's total of the 
 station remittances, after deducting soldiers', &c., warrants, is 
 balanced with the 
 
 CASH SUMMARY. 
 300. COACHING CASH, MONTH ENDING 
 
 .189 
 
 Day of 
 Month. 
 
 District 
 A 
 
 District 
 B 
 
 District 
 C 
 
 District 
 D 
 
 District 
 E 
 
 District 
 F 
 
 District 
 G 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 This also is written up from the bank sheets, and contains the 
 daily district totals only of the amounts actually received by the 
 Bankers, the totals corresponding with those shewn by the 
 Stations' Cash Book made up in the Secretary's department. 
 
 A similar account of Goods and Mineral traffic cash paid to 
 Bank is kept in the same book. 
 
 301. Coaching Claims. Recharges to the Accountant 
 for claims are registered and taken to debit by the Ledger office 
 in the Coaching Summary Book as if it were a station, as already 
 explained (206). 
 
 The original way-bills, with vouchers, &c., attached, are 
 handed to the Superintendent to be examined and passed, in 
 order that a cheque for the total amount may be drawn on the 
 Company's Bankers and paid to the Secretary, who enters it in 
 his cash account to clear the Ledger office debit. The Register 
 
316 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 is examined and certified every month by one of the Superin- 
 tendent's assistants. 
 
 302. Returned Fares, Parcel Refunds and Over- 
 charges. The recharge way-bills for these are also entered in 
 a Register and taken to debit by the Ledger office in the same 
 way. The Register, when made up for the month, is checked 
 with the forwarding stations* abstracts by the Audit department, 
 and as in the case of coaching claims, the month's total is 
 entered in the Coaching Traffic Abstract Book by that office. 
 
 This debit is cleared by an entry in the special credit column 
 of the Coaching Summary Book, and treated by the Book-keeper 
 as a charge on Revenue. 
 
 In addition, however, to the items recharged to the 
 Accountant by the stations for refunded passenger fares, the 
 Superintendent himself has frequent occasion to refund money 
 on the same account. In these cases he pays the amount out of 
 a " floating balance " provided for this purpose, and hands the 
 receipts and other documents to the Secretary, by whom a cheque 
 is drawn to replace the amount refunded. Vouchers authorizing 
 refunds, &c., after being compared with the receipts and recharge 
 way-bills, are docketed and put away for reference. 
 
 303. The " Special Credit" column above alluded to is also 
 used for any other items requiring, for various reasons, to be 
 transferred to the debit of revenue or personal accounts in the 
 General Ledgers of the Company. 
 
 On the other hand, if the cash remitted and credits should 
 exceed in any month a station's classification debit, a " Special 
 debit" is raised for the difference, credit balances, as a rule, not 
 being recognised. 
 
 This is done on the assumption, which is generally correct, that 
 there is some omission or error in the classification debit. If in 
 such a case the error were afterwards discovered, and corrected 
 by the station in the returns of a following month, it would be 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 317 
 
 cleared of the second debit, after enquiry had been made as to 
 the cause of error, by means of a " Special credit? 
 
 304. Hotel and Refreshment Room and other mis- 
 cellaneous receipts (for which there is no debit in the returns of 
 traffic) paid to Bank with coaching cash, and requiring to be 
 transferred to the credit of Hotel and other accounts in the 
 General Ledgers, are also passed through the column for special 
 debits. 
 
 305. Soldiers' Warrants. The amount represented by 
 warrants remitted by stations as cash, is deducted from the cash 
 total in the Coaching Summary Book, and passed through the 
 columns for " transfers " to the debit of a separate entry for 
 " Soldiers' warrants " in the same book. 
 
 The Audit office adjustment (entered in the Coaching Traffic 
 Abstract Book) as between the original amount of the warrants 
 and the amount to be collected, is added to or deducted from the 
 Ledger office figures in the column for " Classification debits." 
 
 The Ledger office is then cleared of the debit by a transfer to 
 the debit of the " Secretary's Collection " account through the 
 Coaching Revenue Balance Sheet. 
 
 306. News and Corn Sample Labels. The General 
 Manager's office is, in respect of these, treated by the Ledger 
 office as if it were a station. The debit is obtained from the 
 Coaching Traffic Abstract Book, and the cash credits from the 
 Secretary's travelling Cash Book. 
 
 The balance outstanding is compared with a monthly certified 
 statement furnished by the General Manager. 
 
 307. Coaching Revenue Balance Sheet. This is 
 made up monthly for the Book-keeper's use. It shews on one 
 side the balance from the previous month, the Audit office debit 
 for Coaching traffic, and " Special debits " ; and on the other side 
 the amount of cash collected, " Special credits," and the balances 
 
Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 outstanding carried forward, the debit and credit totals agreeing 
 with those of the Coaching Summary Book. 
 
 Particulars of the special debits and special credits are given 
 to enable the Book-keeper to deal with these items (395). 
 
 308. GOODS ACCOUNTS (Daily). The stations' 
 Daily Advices of Collection, with the documents connected 
 therewith and sent to the Accountant at the same time, may 
 be said to constitute the basis of the daily work of the Ledger 
 office, and enable it to check the cash and other credits pending 
 the receipt of the monthly returns. 
 
 As the advices are received they are compared daily with the 
 Bank sheets, to see that the amounts entered in the latter for 
 " Goods " agree with those shewn by the former as " Paid to 
 Coaching for Bank." 
 
 309. Differences are registered and scheduled to the 
 stations, who are required to explain the cause, and send an 
 amended advice or rectify the error on a subsequent day, the 
 Register being marked off as this is done. 
 
 Any differences remaining unsettled at the end of the month 
 are carried forward and cleared in the following month, a 
 summary thereof being made in the 
 
 DIFFERENCE SUMMARY BOOK. 
 
 STATION. 
 
 Recharges. 
 
 Paid Ons. 
 
 Cash. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 If the daily advice shows more than the bank sheet, the 
 difference is entered as a debit ; but if less, it stands as a credit 
 to the station concerned. 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 319 
 
 This book is also used for recording outstanding discrepancies 
 between the month's total of recharges and paid-ons as shewn by 
 the daily advices and paid on summaries (335 & 337). 
 
 310. Local Allowance and Past Foreign Overcharge 
 Vouchers. These are compared with the credit entries in the 
 daily advices, and examined daily to see that proper authority 
 or signatures have been obtained. Faulty or missing vouchers, 
 or discrepancies in the amounts are registered, and the cause 
 thereof investigated. 
 
 At the end of the month the "locals" are numbered consecu- 
 tively, and entered in the Goods Manager's and Accountant's 
 Local Allowance Voucher Registers. The Goods Manager's 
 Register is for allowances only that are the result of errors in 
 weight or rate, and the Accountant's for those relating to errors 
 in collection, or calculation of charges. 
 
 All local allowances are entered in these books whether 
 connected with Porters', Ledger, Sack, or Rope accounts ; 
 Refunds, Accountant's " undercharge " or Engineer's carriage 
 accounts and the totals are balanced at the end of the month 
 with the Goods Ledger Summary described farther on. After 
 this has been done, the whole of the vouchers are handed to 
 the Goods Audit office for any items in respect of traffic 
 on worked lines or lines worked over, to be drafted out and 
 miled for division. 
 
 The Accountant's register and vouchers are then handed 
 to the travelling Inspectors, the Goods Manager's register and 
 vouchers being sent to his department, to be examined and 
 passed. The initials of the persons to whom the documents 
 are handed are taken in columns provided for that purpose in 
 each book, the entries being marked off when the vouchers are 
 returned. 
 
 After being entered in a register similar to that for local 
 allowances, and balanced with the Goods Ledger Summary (330), 
 
320 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 past foreign overcharge vouchers, together with the overcharge 
 sheets, are handed to the Audit office, to be scheduled to 
 the Clearing House for division (see 336, 338, and 356). 
 
 DR. 
 
 REFUND REGISTER. 
 
 CR. 
 
 Sg 
 
 Ij 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 No. 
 
 Station. 
 
 ill: ^ 
 
 g'g-g 
 
 rt tf-S 
 
 J-,3 
 
 Amount. 
 
 To whom 
 Refunded. 
 
 Local 
 Allowance. 
 
 Past 
 Foreign 
 Overcharge. 
 
 Re-debits. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Signature. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 
 311. This book Refund Register is made up from the 
 recharge invoices and vouchers, which are examined as to 
 receipts, &c., as they come in daily. The invoice particulars 
 and amounts are entered on the left hand side, and the total 
 for the month should agree with the debit entered in the Goods 
 Ledger Summary. The credits, shewing how the debits 
 in the Ledger office are cleared, are entered on the right hand 
 side. Thus, refunds in respect of local traffic are extended to 
 the Local Allowance column, and for these one allowance 
 voucher is made out at the end of the month, which is entered 
 in the Local Allowance Register and included with the totals 
 thereof. Refunds in connection with foreign items (for which 
 certified overcharge sheets are attached by the stations to the 
 recharge invoices) are extended to the Past Foreign 
 Overcharge column. These, likewise, are entered in the 
 Past Foreign Overcharge Register, and with the overcharge 
 sheets and invoices delivered to the Audit office for mileage 
 division. The column in the Refund Register for " re-debits " 
 comprises items refunded by one station and recharged by 
 the Ledger office to another on a Local Transfer form 
 (No. 29, App.) It also includes items such as dock charges and 
 cartage drawbacks requiring to be specially shewn in the 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 321 
 
 Goods Revenue Balance Sheet, so that they may be charged 
 by the Book-keeper to the debit of revenue expenditure 
 in the General Ledgers of the Company. 
 
 All refund vouchers are handed to the Accountant's Inspectors 
 for examination, except those for dock charges and cartage 
 drawbacks, which, together with Goods Manager's refunds 
 (entered in a separate book) are examined and passed by the 
 Goods Manager. 
 
 The blank refund vouchers are kept by the Goods Manager 
 and Accountant in books, and are type-numbered consecutively. 
 When vouchers have been issued, their counterparts are marked 
 off as the recharge invoices are received. If amounts for which 
 authority to refund has been given are not recharged within a 
 reasonable time, the vouchers are recalled. 
 
 If the Ledger office or Inspectors should find in the course 
 of their examination of the vouchers that stations were not 
 entitled to be cleared of items by any of the foregoing methods, 
 the stations would be instructed by what has been referred 
 to as a " re-debit voucher " to re-debit themselves through 
 a following month's omission sheet. 
 
 The Goods Audit office is in such cases advised, and requested 
 to see that the instructions are duly observed. 
 
 312. Goods Claims Register (Form No. 88, App.). 
 This is written up from the recharge invoices and documents 
 attached thereto, which are examined as to receipts, &c., as 
 they arrive. 
 
 The left hand page only of the Register is written up in the 
 Ledger office, the money column being added up to shew the 
 total amount recharged to the Accountant during the month, 
 and taken to debit in the Goods Ledger Summary. 
 
 The classification on the right hand page of the Register is 
 for the Goods Manager's use, and the documents authorising 
 the settlement of claims, together with claimants' receipts, are 
 
322 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 delivered to his department. Cheques for the amounts recharged 
 are afterwards drawn on the Company's Bankers, and passed 
 through the Secretary's Cash Book to clear the Ledger office 
 debit. 
 
 Foreign claims to be scheduled to the Clearing House for 
 division, and amounts to be charged to carting agents, &c., are 
 extended by the Goods Manager to the columns in the Register 
 for that purpose. These entries for foreign claims are compared 
 with the Goods Manager's monthly schedule (268), and certified 
 by the chief Audit clerk. The Ledger office sees as far as 
 is possible that the items are correctly classified as between 
 " local " and " foreign " by the Goods Manager's department, 
 and that the additions, &c., are right. Amounts entered for 
 " Secretary's collection" are compared with the Goods Manager's 
 list of these items (made in what is known as the " Goods 
 Compensation Credits Book") for the Book-keeper's use, to 
 ascertain that all are properly included for collection from firms 
 sharing the loss. It will be shewn how the amounts chargeable 
 to carting agents are dealt with when describing the Agents' 
 Ledger farther on. 
 
 313. All Recharge Invoices for refunds and claims are 
 abstracted on " inward " forms by the Ledger office at the end 
 of each month (as if it were a station), and the summaries 
 thereof balanced with the aggregate total of the Refund and 
 Claims Registers before being sent to the Audit department. 
 
 In like manner, amounts recharged by the Ledger office to 
 stations by means of Local Transfers are entered for the Audit 
 office on outward Local Transfer Summaries and agreed with 
 the total of the " Register of Local Transfers," which shews 
 (i) date of transfer ; (2) number ; (3) station to which sent ; 
 (4) on what account ; (5) amount. 
 
 Every transfer is entered before being sent away, with a 
 remark in the fourth column stating in what account the 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 323 
 
 corresponding debit appears in the Ledger office books, viz. : 
 whether it is to clear an item in the Refund Register, Engineer's 
 Ledger (323), or in the month's debit for claims. 
 
 314. Cash paid to Secretary. The Secretary's Travel- 
 ling Cash Book is examined daily to ascertain what carriage 
 accounts, remitted direct to the Secretary by the public, were 
 received by him on the previous day. Particulars of the items 
 are copied into a book for this purpose called the " Goods Cash 
 Paid Secretary Book," and the stations or district collectors 
 requiring credit are instructed to clear their outstandings by an 
 entry in the " Cash Paid Secretary " column of their books and 
 daily advices of collection. 
 
 The clerks, whose duty is to post the items from the daily 
 advices to the Account-Current Ledgers, initial the entries 
 in the "Cash Paid Secretary Book," so that it may be seen 
 that all items are properly dealt with in the current month 
 (see 339 and 355). 
 
 These are the principal matters which, under the head of 
 "goods accounts," occupy the attention of the Ledger office 
 staff daily. 
 
 315. GOODS ACCOUNTS (Monthly). The stations' 
 Debit Lists, and the Porters', Collectors', Rope, Sack, and Paid 
 on Summaries, are the foundation of operations in connection 
 with the monthly accounts, and the cash and other credits 
 entered in the Porters' Ledger and other Summaries should 
 correspond with the monthly totals of corresponding entries in 
 the Daily Advices of Collection. 
 
 316. Debit Lists and Customers' Accounts. After 
 these have been compared, the accounts are sent by post direct 
 to the various firms. When differences are found, the accounts 
 affected thereby are held back until an explanation is obtained 
 from the stations. 
 
 The collectors are then advised of the accounts to collect in 
 
324 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance, 
 
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Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 325 
 
 
 
 
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326 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 their respective districts, the names of the districts charged with 
 the collection being marked on the Debit Lists in red ink for 
 the guidance of the clerks in posting. As previously explained, 
 collectors at the principal stations obtain a list of the accounts 
 they have to collect from the tissue copies of the Debit Lists 
 kept at the stations. These accounts, therefore, it is not necessary 
 for the Ledger office to enter in their advices 
 
 In posting the debits and credits, three distinct classes of 
 Ledgers are used, viz. : (i) " Account-Current Ledgers," 
 through which the balance outstanding at each station month 
 by month in respect of Porters' accounts is ascertained ; 
 
 (2) "Collectors' Account-Current Ledgers," for monthly 
 credit accounts only, shewing (a) the amounts debited against 
 each district collector for collection, () cash remitted, allow- 
 ances and other credits, and (c) the monthly balance outstanding; 
 
 (3) "Personal Account Ledgers," for monthly credit 
 accounts only. The latter (No. 3) contain the details of the 
 collectors' accounts and balances, or, in other words, they 
 shew the state of each customer's account ; and the monthly 
 balances of these, when summarized, should correspond with 
 the totals of the balances as shewn by the Collectors' Ledgers. 
 
 317. Account-Current Ledgers, These are written 
 up from the Debit Lists, Porters' Daily Advices of Collection, 
 and Carting Agents' accounts, a separate account being opened 
 for each station. 
 
 The debit side exhibits (i) the balance brought from the 
 previous month ; (2) current month's gross debit ; in, out, and 
 extras, including minerals, but exclusive of sack demurrage 
 and manure and compensation sales ; and (3) transfers from 
 other accounts. 
 
 To the credit are posted those amounts from the Debit List 
 that do not stand for collection in Porters', viz. : 
 
TJttivi 
 
 Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 327 
 
 (a) The totals of the Ledger accounts to be transferred 
 
 to the debit of the various district accounts in the 
 Collectors' Ledgers. 
 
 (b) Undercharges transferred to the debit of the Accoun- 
 
 tant's Undercharge account. 
 
 (c) Engineer's or Stores department carriage accounts 
 
 transferred to the Engineer's Ledger. 
 
 (d) The month's debit for ropes transferred to the debit of 
 
 the Rope account, and 
 
 (e) Amounts due from other Railway Companies and 
 
 carting agents (less allowances and recharges), 
 transferred to their debit in the Agents' Ledger. 
 
 Next on the credit side appear Porters' cash received (without 
 deduction of paid-ons), allowances, recharges, &c., as shewn by 
 the monthly totals of the Daily Advices, an abstract of which is 
 given on the opposite page of the Ledger. 
 
 The balance of the Account-Current should then correspond 
 with the balance outstanding, as shewn by the Stations' Porters' 
 Ledger Summary ; and if on comparing them the amounts agree, 
 the Ledger is ruled off, and the balance brought down to the 
 debit of the following month's account. 
 
 It will be seen that as the cash and allowances are entered 
 from the abstract of advices, and not from the Porters' Ledger 
 Summary, any omission from the Advices, or from the abstract 
 thereof, would cause a corresponding difference in the balance as 
 between the Porters' Ledger Summary and Account-Current 
 Ledger. Discrepancies found in the credits, therefore, are imme- 
 diately scheduled by the stations, and supplementary or corrected 
 Advices obtained. 
 
 In making up the abstracts of Daily Advices, those items paid 
 to Bank by the stations for sack demurrage, manure and goods 
 compensation sales, shewn on the Advices in red ink, are entered 
 separately in the Account-Current Ledgers, but are not in 
 
328 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 any way included in the totals thereof, being posted to the 
 credit of the sack demurrage and manure accounts, as explained 
 hereafter. 
 
 To facilitate the work of posting, the openings in the Account- 
 Current Ledgers are made in the order of the Accountant's list 
 of stations, the station returns being fastened together in the 
 same order. 
 
 318. Collectors' Account-Current Ledger. This is 
 similar to those used for Porters' accounts. An account is 
 opened for each district, and the debits (being the total of the 
 accounts to be collected during the ensuing month) are posted 
 up from the credit side of the Account-Current Ledgers. 
 The credits consist of cash, allowances, &c., as per abstract of 
 Collectors' Daily Advices. The balance, less the current month's 
 debit, is agreed with the Collectors' Ledger Summary (97), and is 
 shewn in the Ledger as follows : 
 
 .COLLECTOR. 
 
 .DISTRICT. 
 
 DEBITS. 
 
 CREDITS. 
 
 To Balance 
 
 To June debit, as per Account- 
 Current Ledger and Debit 
 List 
 
 
 
 July i. To Balance, viz. : 
 
 On May account 
 June debit. 
 
 <See 330-) 
 
 s. d. 
 870 o o 
 
 807 16 o 
 
 By Cash, &c., as per Abstract 
 of Advices 
 
 ,, Balance 
 ' 
 
 s. d. 
 850 o o 
 827 16 o 
 
 1,677 16 o 
 
 1,677 J 6 o 
 
 20 
 
 807 16 o 
 
 319. Personal Account Ledgers. These contain a 
 simple debtor and creditor account with each customer for whom 
 a monthly account has been opened by authority of the General 
 Manager. 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 329 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 DEBIT. 
 
 Date. 
 
 CREDIT. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Balance 
 Overdue. 
 
 189 . 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 189 . 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 May . . 
 
 To Carrin ge . . 
 
 95 o o 
 
 June . . 
 
 By Cash . . 
 
 71 o o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. A. . . 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P. F. 0. 
 
 I O O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 R/c .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 o o 
 
 
 
 75 o o 
 
 July i . . 
 
 20 
 
 The debits are posted direct from the station Debit Lists, and 
 the credits for cash, allowances, &c., from the Advices of 
 Collection as they come in daily. 
 
 As will be seen on reference to the example, a month's credit 
 being allowed, a balance unpaid in respect of, say, a May bill, 
 would not be accounted as " over-due " until July 1st. These 
 balances are struck on or about the 4th of each month (the day 
 on which the collectors' monthly lists of outstandings are due), 
 and are compared in detail with the lists, the totals of which 
 should agree with the Collectors' Ledger Summaries, and, 
 consequently, with the balances as shewn by the Collectors' 
 Account-Current Ledger. 
 
 Customers are advised, as under, of balances standing to their 
 debit as on the first day on each month, these advices being 
 enclosed with the bills for the current month. 
 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 ACCOUNTANT'S DEPARTMENT. 
 The Balance of previous Carriage Accounts outstanding against you 
 
 in the Books of the Company on the 1st was 
 
 * The Directors will be much obliged if you will upon receipt hereof compare 
 this amount with your Books, and advise the Accountant, at your earliest con- 
 venience, of any discrepancy there may be between your account and that 
 furnished by the Company. 
 
 You will please note particularly that any payment made by you on or since th 
 ist instant is not credited in the above statement the balance being as struck on 
 the last day of the previous month. Neither is credit given for any Claims, 
 Overcharges, &c., which you may have preferred upon the Company, but which 
 you have not been informed will be allowed. 
 
330 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 320. Porters' and Ledger Outstandings. The 
 
 station summaries of Porters' outstandings enable the 
 Accountant to see at a glance what progress is made each 
 month in clearing off old amounts. After these have been 
 examined a list is furnished to the travelling Inspectors to 
 be compared with the accounts kept at the stations, special 
 attention being directed to any outstandings that appear old or 
 excessive. A copy of this list is also supplied to the General 
 Manager. 
 
 The collectors' lists of Ledger outstandings are also checked 
 and compared with the lists sent to the General Manager, who, 
 as already pointed out, is responsible for their collection, as well 
 as for Porters' outstandings. 
 
 The practice of sending the monthly carriage accounts and 
 statements of balances due direct from the Accountant's office 
 to customers, provides a useful check upon the collectors' 
 returns, inasmuch as customers are enabled thereby to call 
 attention to any discrepancies that may be found. 
 
 Moreover, as explained in connection with the station 
 accounts, printed forms of receipt are required to be given by 
 collectors for money received by them. These forms are 
 kept in books with perforated counterfoils, type-numbered, and 
 supplied only by the Accountant, by whom they are registered 
 before being sent away. When the forms have been used the 
 counterfoils are examined by the agents in charge to see that 
 all have been accounted for; they then certify this in the 
 books, and return them to the Accountant's office, where they 
 are examined and marked off in the Register. 
 
 321. Undercharge Invoices, Posted to Debit of 
 Accountant. Particulars of these are copied from the Under- 
 charge Lists into a foolscap book, which, after being balanced with 
 the Goods Ledger Summary is handed, together with the lists, to 
 the Audit office to enable that department to see that the 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 331 
 
 amounts cleared have been previously taken to debit by 
 the stations. 
 
 If the items refer to local traffic only, one Local Allow- 
 ance voucher is made out for the whole, and entered in the 
 Allowance Register previously referred to. Foreign items are 
 entered on a Past Foreign Overcharge voucher and dealt with 
 accordingly. (See 330.) 
 
 Re-debit vouchers are issued for any items wrongly cleared 
 by stations. 
 
 322. Departmental Carriage Accounts (Engineer's, 
 Stores, &c.). It has been pointed out that stations are relieved 
 of charges for the carriage of permanent way materials and 
 stores required for station use, maintenance or renewal of the 
 railway, construction of new lines, &c., by posting the items to 
 the debit of the " Engineer's " or " Stores" department, as the 
 case may require. As we have seen, bills of the charges are 
 prepared and treated by stations in the same way as goods 
 " Ledger " accounts, except that they are entered separately in 
 the monthly Debit Lists. 
 
 The accounts and " declarations ' of the permanent way 
 Inspectors, or original consignment notes, are then sent with the 
 Debit Lists to the Ledger office, and there dealt with in the 
 following way : After being compared with the Debit Lists to 
 see that the totals agree, short particulars of the accounts are 
 entered in a Register, in which any differences are also noted- 
 These having been rectified, the details are examined with the 
 declarations and consignment notes, and such other tests 
 applied as appear necessary to ascertain their correctness. 
 The accounts, with complete lists thereof, are then handed to 
 the Engineer's and Stores departments for further examination, 
 after which they are returned to the Ledger office with a 
 statement shewing what items, if any, are payable by con- 
 tractors, &c., or are for other reasons disallowed. 
 
33 2 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 It is also stated what local traffic charges for removals of 
 stores from one point to another for the Company's use are to 
 be written off, these items being thus expunged from revenue 
 earnings. A note is likewise made of items of a special nature, 
 such as carriage over foreign lines, carriage of empty 
 packages, &c., returned to suppliers of stores, and of materials 
 for new lines, these being transferred, as explained below, to 
 the debit of the " Secretary's Collection " account. 
 
 These accounts are submitted to the departmental Com- 
 mittees of Directors, and passed for payment in the usual 
 course, the cheques drawn being applied to clear the Secretary's 
 debit, and the amounts charged to Capital or Revenue 
 expenditure according to the nature of the items. (See Book- 
 keeper's office.) 
 
 Entries cleared by stations that require fuller inquiry than 
 can be made before the time for closing the accounts in the 
 Ledger office are treated as " outstanding," and dealt with in 
 a subsequent month. In order, therefore, that a clear record may 
 be kept, the whole of the bills are posted into the 
 
 323. Engineer's Ledger (Form No. 89 App.). Two 
 accounts are opened in this book, viz. : One for the Engineer's, 
 and the other for the Stores, Locomotive and Carriage depart- 
 ments. Outstandings brought forward and debits for the 
 current month appear on one side, and the credits and out- 
 standings to carry forward on the other. The current debits 
 are agreed with the totals of the register mentioned above. 
 The credits include (i) recharges to stations by means of " Local 
 Transfer " forms, for amounts disallowed ; (2) amounts written 
 off for which a Local Allowance voucher is made out, entered 
 in the Local Allowance Register, and submitted to the Goods 
 Manager for approval; (3) transfers to Book-keeper, for 
 collection by the Secretary as mentioned above ; (4) transfers 
 to other accounts. This and the converse column "transfers 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 333 
 
 from other accounts " are used principally for the adjustment 
 of amounts charged to the wrong department by the stations. 
 In such cases the bills are either returned to the stations for 
 correction, or the erroneous entries therein are struck out and 
 carried to new bills by the Ledger office for the proper depart- 
 ment to certify, the debits in the Ledger being simply trans- 
 ferred by an entry in the columns for this purpose. The 
 Ledger having been added up, and the credits and outstandings 
 balanced with the debits, the accounts are ruled off and out- 
 standings carried forward. (See 330.) 
 
 324. ROPE LEDGER SUMMARY BOOK 
 
 
 
 CURRENT DEBIT. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 23 
 
 S, 9 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 09 
 
 8"E 
 
 111 
 
 KJn^ 
 
 
 Total. 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 
 S] 
 
 < 
 
 I 
 
 Past Fore 
 Overcharg 
 
 Balance ca 
 forward 
 
 In. 
 
 Extras. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 L 
 
 8 10 o 
 
 32 10 o 
 
 O IO O 
 
 41 10 o 
 
 
 I O 
 
 29 10 o 
 
 
 II 
 
 The above is made up from the Stations' Rope Summaries 
 (of which it is simply a copy) after they have been checked 
 with the Debit Lists and Account-Current Ledgers as regards 
 the debits ; and with the Paid on Summaries as regards re- 
 charges. The entries in this book furnish a complete statement 
 of the rope balances (representing ropes on hand) at the 
 various stations (See 330). 
 
 325. Sack Demurrage Ledger. The form of this is 
 similar to the Rope Ledger Summary Book. It is made up 
 from the stations' Sack Ledger Summaries after these have 
 been compared with the Debit Lists, and (as regards cash) with 
 the Account-Current Ledgers. It shews for each station, 
 
 Debits, (i) Balance brought forward. 
 
 (2) Current month's debit, which, as we have seen, is 
 
 not included in the Account-Current Ledgers. 
 
 (3) Total debit. 
 
334 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Credits, (i) Cash received. 
 
 (2) Local allowances. 
 
 (3) Recharges. 
 
 (4) Transfers to other accounts, and 
 
 (5) Balance carried forward. 
 
 When all the summaries have been entered, the respective 
 columns of the Ledger are added up and balanced across, and 
 outstandings carried to the next month's account for comparison 
 with succeeding returns. (See 330.) 
 
 326. MINERALS, MANURE AND COMPENSATION BOOK. 
 
 
 Minerals. 
 
 Manure. 
 
 Compensation. 
 
 STATIONS. 
 
 In. 
 
 Out. 
 
 Extras. 
 
 Extras. 
 
 Cash. 
 
 Extras. 
 
 Cash. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 # 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 This is used for summarising (i) the "mineral" totals shewn 
 on the Debit Lists in red ink, these items requiring to be 
 deducted from the " goods " in making up the Goods Ledger 
 Summary and Revenue Books as explained hereafter ; and (2) 
 the month's debits and cash for manure, and " compensation " 
 sales. The columns marked * are made up from the Debit 
 Lists, and cash is posted from the Account-Current Ledgers. 
 Two spare columns are provided for any special items shewn 
 on the Debit Lists and Daily Advices of Collection, such as 
 paid ons unclaimed and paid to Bank. 
 
 Before being entered, the debits for manure and compensa- 
 tion sales are compared with the advices of sales, also with 
 monthly statements of sales furnished by the Goods Manager, 
 to see that all items have been accounted for. 
 
 As stable manure is frequently sold on short credit, it is 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 335 
 
 necessary for the Ledger office to keep, in addition to the above 
 summary, a 
 
 327. Manure Sales Ledger. In this book each station's 
 debits are posted in detail from the Sale Advices, and the cash 
 from the summary just described. The balances are struck as 
 on the first of each month, and the stations are required to 
 certify the amounts outstanding. 
 
 In the case of goods compensation sales, the transactions are 
 for cash only, credit not being allowed to purchasers ; and if 
 any differences should be found between the debits and cash 
 remitted, they are scheduled tc he stations and cleared in the 
 following month. (See 330 and 353</.) 
 
 328. Agents 1 Ledger. This is used for the purpose of 
 ascertaining and recording the balances due to or from those 
 Agents and Railway Companies with whom a monthly settle- 
 ment is not effected at the stations in respect of Porters' carriage 
 and cartage accounts, paid ons and claims. It is written up 
 from the Agents' accounts as rendered by the stations. Before 
 being entered, however, the accounts are called over with the 
 Debit Lists and Paid on Summaries to see that the money 
 totals agree. 
 
 Porters' balances, corresponding with the amounts credited 
 to the stations in the Account-Current Ledgers, are entered 
 first ; paid oris are then deducted, leaving the net debit. 
 
 The allowances for cartage are calculated on the weights 
 certified by the stations, which together with the rates per ton 
 and amounts, are entered on the credit side of the Ledger, 
 several "weight" columns being provided for the different 
 classes of goods handled. Cartages performed for other 
 Companies or Agents, are, of course, charged per contra. 
 
 Particulars of claims paid by the Company and chargeable to 
 Agents as shewn by the Goods Claims Register, also of any 
 claims paid by Agents in which the Company have agreed to 
 
336 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 |d 
 
 -0 N N O 
 u5 ON 0* 00 
 
 c 
 
 g O 00 NO 
 ; O N O o> O 
 i^ N f. ON 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 I 
 
 JS 
 
 
 
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 JS 
 
 
 
 
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 10 
 
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 s 
 
 s? s? 
 
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 3 
 
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 Particulars. 
 
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 II" H ill ' 
 
 4> O PQ G CQ 
 
 s s >, w 
 
 PQ ^ H 
 
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 4 1 
 
 Stations. 
 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 337 
 
 .* 
 
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 K" 
 
 '2 
 
 1 
 
 P, 
 
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 < u 
 
338 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 participate, as advised by the Goods Manager, are also entered 
 in the Agents' Ledger and included in the monthly account. 
 Then, after the calculations and other details have been checked, 
 the balances due are inserted, and the accounts sent to the 
 respective Agents and Companies, by whom remittances in 
 settlement are sent to the Secretary of the Company. The 
 examples, taken in connection with the station returns, shew 
 how this is worked out. (See 100 and 353-7.) 
 
 329. Paid on Summary Book. This is made up from 
 and is an exact copy of the stations' Paid on Summaries. It 
 includes Ledger office recharges to stations as exhibited by the 
 Register of Local Transfers (313), and is added up to shew the 
 total for the month under each head, as well as a grand total. 
 
 Before being entered, the summaries are checked with the 
 Account-Current and Collectors' Ledgers, also with the Rope 
 and Sack Ledger Summaries and Agents' accounts, to see that 
 the recharges and paid ons agree. Any differences not rectified 
 by supplementary advices or amended returns by the time 
 for closing the accounts, are recorded as before- mentioned in 
 the Difference Summary Book and corrected in a subsequent 
 month. (See 356.) 
 
 330. GOODS LEDGER SUMMARY. In this book 
 the monthly totals of the Porters', Collectors', and other 
 accounts are summarised. When made up, it shews the total 
 of the Goods Revenue for the month, amounts to be deducted 
 therefrom for allowances, &c., cash received, transfers, the 
 balance to collect in future months, how such balance is distri- 
 buted, what proportion thereof represents " Porters'," and what 
 proportion represents " Ledger " outstandings. 
 
 By it, the accuracy of the whole of the preceding manipula- 
 tion of figures is tested. The most obscure or trivial mistake 
 in the station Advices or Summaries previously overlooked, 
 could scarcely fail to be detected in balancing the totals of the 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 339 
 
 Goods Ledger Summary. It is made up from the Porters' 
 Account-Current Ledgers ; Collectors' Account-Current Ledger ; 
 Sack Demurrage Ledger ; Minerals, Manure, and Compensation 
 Book ; and from the Miscellaneous Ledger. The rulings and 
 headings in the Miscellaneous Ledger are exactly the same 
 as those of the Goods Ledger Summary, to which the totals 
 are transferred, and it is used to relieve the Summary of the 
 details of miscellaneous accounts. It is made up from and 
 contains the total debits, credits, transfers and outstandings on 
 the Undercharge, Engineer's, Rope, Refund ' and Claim 
 Accounts. It is also used for recording, and is the medium 
 for clearing, bad debts and miscellaneous items transferred from 
 Porters', Collectors', and Personal Accounts. 
 
 It will answer our purpose if in the examples the Miscel- 
 laneous Ledger is dispensed with, the specimen entries in this 
 case being carried direct to the Goods Ledger Summary, and 
 we will describe separately the uses of, and method of 
 balancing the various columns in the latter. 
 
 The preparation of the Summary consists simply in copying 
 the items from the subsidiary Ledgers, &c., in the above 
 order (the balances outstanding having been previously brought 
 forward). The details of this work need no explanation beyond 
 that afforded by the illustrations. 
 
 DEBITS. 
 
 331. (i) "Balance brought forward" to agree with the 
 balance carried forward in the previous month. 
 
 332. (2) " From other parties' accounts? It will be necessary 
 to explain the use of this column in conjunction with 
 those headed " To other parties' accounts," " Transfers 
 for collection (Dr.)," and " Transfers for collection (Cr.)." 
 When the specimen entries are considered, it may 
 seem anomalous that amounts appearing in the 
 stations' Porters' and Sack Summaries as " Transfers 
 
340 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 [3 a> 
 
 o v to 
 
 *?3 a 
 
 as I 
 
 o o 
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 M 
 
 OOOOOOO OO 
 
 p 
 
 OOOOOOO OO 
 
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 t-x M W M 
 
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 II 
 
Accountants Department Station Ledger Office. 341 
 
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342 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 to other (or Ledger) accounts " are shewn as a debit 
 " from other accounts" in the Goods Ledger Summary. 
 It should, however, be remembered that the Porters' 
 Account-Current is in the first instance charged with 
 everything that appears in the Debit List except the 
 special items for sales and sack demurrage, and that, 
 therefore, in order to relieve it of the double debit thus 
 raised in respect of transfers, the items are necessarily 
 included twice on the credit side of the Summary, 
 viz. : (i) " transfers to other parties' accounts " as 
 shewn by the Porters' Daily Advices and Sack Ledger 
 Summaries ; and (2) with the " transfers for collection 
 (Cr.)." As previously explained, these items are in- 
 cluded in the accounts sent out to the public, the totals 
 of which are transferred to the Collectors' Ledger, the 
 debits in the latter being carried to the Goods Ledger 
 Summary as " transfers for collection (Dr.)." Conse- 
 quently, the totals of the debits and the totals of the 
 credits entered in the respective columns will be found 
 to agree. 
 
 333. (3) " Special Debits" This column is used for special 
 items collected and paid to Bank with goods traffic 
 cash as shewn by the Daily Advices of Collection, but 
 which do not appear in the Debit Lists : as for instance, 
 coaching outstandings collected and paid to Bank by 
 goods collectors. These are entered in the " special 
 debit" column as " Transfers from Coaching Ledger," 
 the coaching accounts being cleared of the items by 
 corresponding entries " Transfers to Goods Ledger." 
 It also includes " Collectors' Extras" consisting of under- 
 charges or other special items not included in the 
 accounts sent out to the public. Details of these, as 
 per Collectors' Daily Advices, are entered by the 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 343 
 
 Ledger office in an Extras Book for this purpose (Form 
 No. 90, App.), in which any amounts afterwards charged 
 on invoice and cleared by local allowance, &c., are 
 marked off by the Inspectors to prevent the items 
 being cleared a second time. 
 
 334. (4) " Total" This is for the total of the three pre- 
 ceding columns. Next follow 
 
 CREDITS 
 
 for cash and allowances, presumably on account of the 
 previous month's outstandings, but necessarily including 
 cash collected, allowances, &c., on account of the 
 current month's debit in Porters. The columns are 
 
 335. (i) " Cash received at Stations" the total of which, 
 less paid ons actually paid as per Paid on Summary 
 Book, should correspond with the Cash Summary made 
 up from the Bank Sheets, as explained under the head 
 of coaching accounts. It is scarcely necessary to 
 remark that the totals of the cash and Paid on Sum- 
 maries first require adjusting by adding or deducting 
 the balance of uncleared differences (if any) between the 
 Daily Advices and Bank Sheets, and Daily Advices 
 and Paid on Summaries as shewn by the Difference 
 Summary Book ; but in the examples we have assumed 
 that these accounts stand clear. 
 
 336. (2) "Local Allowances" This includes all items cleared 
 by Local Allowance in connection with the Porters', 
 Ledger, Sack, Rope, Accountant's refund^ Accoun- 
 tant's undercharge, and Engineer's, &c., Carriage 
 accounts. The whole of these being entered in the 
 Allowance Registers, it follows that the totals of the 
 latter and Goods Ledger Summary should agree. 
 
 337. (3) " Recharges" The total to agree with the recharge 
 
344 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 columns of the Paid on Summary Book, plus or minus 
 uncleared differences as per Difference Summary Book. 
 
 338. (4) "Past Foreign Over charges" The preceding remarks 
 as to Local Allowances also apply to Past Foreign 
 Overcharges, which are entered up and balanced in a 
 similar way. 
 
 339. (5) " Cash paid Secretary" -To agree with the total of 
 the Cash Paid Secretary Book. 
 
 340. (6) " Transfers to Mineral Ledger? For amounts out- 
 standing in " Porters' " transferred through other parties' 
 column of Daily Advices by Goods Manager's authority 
 to debit of accounts in the Mineral Ledger. 
 
 341 . (7) "Balance Outstanding? For the balance on Porters' 
 account after deducting the foregoing credits. For the 
 reason stated above this is invariably a credit balance, 
 and as such is entered in red ink. 
 
 342. (8) "Balance outstanding? This indicates the actual 
 Ledger outstandings. Next follow the 
 
 343._DBBITS FOR THE CURRENT MONTH.-" In," "out" 
 and " extras " as per Debit Lists. The totals of these 
 columns, less the amounts for minerals as per " Minerals, 
 Manure, and Compensation " book, represent the gross 
 revenue from goods traffic for the month, and should 
 agree with the Ledger office totals in the Goods Traffic 
 Abstract Book (248). 
 
 344." Transfers from Book-keeper? This column is for 
 cash collected and paid to Bank with " goods," but 
 transferable to the credit of Personal accounts in the 
 General Ledgers of the Company. 
 
 345. " Transfers from Mineral Ledger? This embraces 
 all Mineral Ledger accounts advised to the district 
 collectors for collection, and debited to their respective 
 accounts in the Collectors' Ledger. The total, plus 
 
Accountants Department Station Ledger Office. 345 
 
 Porters' Mineral accounts shewn in the Debit Lists, 
 and items included in the special debit column, should 
 agree with the total of the corresponding credit 
 " Transfers to Goods Ledgers " in the Mineral Ledger. 
 
 346. " Transfers for Collection, Dr." As explained above, 
 this is the amount transferred from the gross debit for 
 the month to the debit of Collectors' Ledger accounts, 
 and agrees with " Transfers for Collection, Cr." 
 
 347. " Transfers to Book-keeper" For foreign Railway 
 Companies' and Agents' collection accounts, Engineer's 
 and Stores carriage accounts, &c., &c, transferred to 
 the debit of Personal accounts in the General Ledgers. 
 
 348. " Special Credits." For special credits not included in 
 the preceding columns. 
 
 349. "Balance Carried Forward." This is the difference 
 between the debits and credits on each account, and 
 represents the gross amount outstanding on Porters', 
 Ledger, and sundry accounts at the end of the month. 
 
 350. GOODS REVENUE BALANCE SHEET. This 
 
 is made up after the Goods Ledger Summary and subsidiary 
 accounts have been completed, to enable the Book-keeper to 
 make the proper entries in the General Ledgers (397). Although 
 it contains the totals of the Goods Ledger Summary, it is not 
 made up therefrom, but from the subsidiary books, and is 
 afterwards compared with the Summary. This provides an 
 additional and final check upon the accuracy of the month's 
 transactions. Moreover, it is necessary to adopt this plan, as 
 numerous cross items for cartages, claims, paid ons, &c, which 
 do not appear in the Goods Ledger Summary at all, are brought 
 into the Balance Sheet, though not affecting the balance itself. 
 This will become apparent as the entries are examined. 
 
346 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 DR. GOODSREVENUE 
 
 June, 
 
 s. d. 
 Balance brought forward... i> 12 7 6 4 
 
 (GOODS OUTSTANDINGS A/C DR. TO SUNDRIES :) 
 
 s. d. s. d. 
 To Merchandise Traffic Receipts ,. In 967 7 n 
 
 (being Goods Revenue for Month) Out ... 350 2 3 
 
 Extras 36 n I 
 
 1.354 i 3 
 Transfers as per Abstract. 
 
 To Transfers from Mineral Ledger 
 
 ,, ,, from Coaching Ledger 
 
 Railway Co., for Paid ons 
 
 Pickford & Co. do , 882 
 
 ,, Chaplin & Home do 3 3 6 
 
 ,, Railway Co.'s and Agents (various), for 
 
 Cartages performed by them as per 
 
 Agents' Ledger 10 9 2 
 
 ,, Ditto, for Claims as per Agents' Ledger... 200 
 
 ,, Goods Compensation a/c., for Sales 2 15 o 
 
 ,, Traffic Expenses a/c., for Manure Sales i 15 o 
 
 Cartages a/c., for charges against other Co.'s 
 
 for Cartages performed by the Co., per 
 
 Contra 
 
 28 10 10 
 
 1,382 12 i 
 
 2,509 18 5 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 347 
 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 BALANCE SHEET. CR. 
 
 189 _ 
 
 s. d. s. d. s. d. 
 Cash Received at Stations ........................... 1,215 1 9 2 
 
 Less, Stations' Paid ons as below .................. 12 4 8 
 
 Net Cash paid to Bank ................................ 1,20314 6 
 
 Cash differences (+ or ) .......................... 
 
 Cash paid to Secretary ................................. 1800 
 
 - 1,221 14 6 
 
 (SUNDRIES DR. TO GOODS OUTSTANDINGS A/C :) 
 By Merchandise Traffic Receipts (being charges 
 on Revenue) 
 
 Viz. : Paid ons, Agents ............... II n 8 
 
 Do. Stations ........... 12 4 8 
 
 Local Allowances ........... .. 27 911 
 
 Re-charges ........................ 90 17 6 
 
 Past Foreign Overcharges ... 9 5 n 
 
 Bad Debts ........................ 600 
 
 157 9 8 
 
 Transfers as per Abstract. 
 By Transfers to Mineral Ledger ..................... 
 
 ,, _ Rail way Co., for Collection ...... 19 18 9 
 
 ,, Pickford & Co., do. ^. ....... 50 16 4 
 
 ,, _ Railway Co., for Cartages per- 
 
 formed by them as per Agents' Cartage 
 
 Accounts ....................................... 
 
 ,, Secretary's Collection, for Engineer's, &c., 
 
 Carriage Accounts ........................... 8 10 o 
 
 ,. Cartages a/c, for amounts due by other Co.'s 
 
 for Cartages, per Contra .................. 10 9 2 
 
 ,, Compensation a/c, for Claims settled by 
 
 Agents per Contra .......................... 200 
 
 3 
 
 249 3 ii 
 
 1,470 18 5 
 Balance Carried forward 1,039 o o 
 
 ^2,509 18 5 
 
348 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 The balance sheet is made up as follows : 
 DEBITS. 
 
 351. (i) Balance outstanding from previous month. 
 
 352. (2) Goods Revenue for the month, In, Out and 
 Extras, as per Ledger office totals of the Goods 
 Traffic Abstract Book. Extras include "Collectors' 
 extras " as per Extras Book, but exclude manure and 
 compensation sales, these being credited to Traffic 
 Expenses and Compensation accounts as mentioned 
 below. 
 
 353. (3) Transfers to the credit of various accounts in the 
 General Ledgers. Of these a detailed abstract is 
 given which includes the following : 
 (a} Transfers from Mineral and Coaching Ledgers, as 
 shewn by those books. 
 
 (b) Foreign Railway and Agents' paid ons as per Agents' 
 
 Ledger. The total of these items is also entered on 
 the credit side of the Balance sheet " Paid ons, 
 Agents'" as a charge on Revenue. They do not 
 appear in the Goods Ledger Summary. 
 
 (c) Allowances to foreign Railway Companies and Agents 
 
 for cartages, drawbacks or claims as per Agents' 
 Ledger and certified accounts. These also appear on 
 the credit side as charges on Revenue expenditure. 
 They are not entered in the Goods Ledger Summary. 
 
 (d) " Manure " and " Compensation " sales (as per Minerals, 
 
 Manure, and Compensation Book), deducted from 
 extras as above, to be carried to the credit of " Compen- 
 sation " and " Traffic Expenses " by the Book-keeper. 
 
 (e) Any other amounts transferable to the credit of 
 
 accounts in the General Ledgers, as shewn by the 
 debit side of the Porters' Accounts-Current and 
 Collectors' Ledgers. 
 
Accountant's Department Station T.tdgtr Ojjj. 349 
 
 ._. . UNIVERSITY 
 
 We now come to the V * OF J 
 
 CREDITS. 
 
 354. (i) Cash paid to Bank as per Cash Summary made 
 
 up from the Bank Sheets. To this total is added or 
 deducted, as the case may be, the balance of uncleared 
 cash differences as per Difference Summary Book ; 
 the net amount representing cash, as entered in the 
 Daily Advices of Collection. 
 
 355. (2) Cash paid to the Secretary as per book. 
 
 356. (3) Charges on Revenue, consisting of the following : 
 
 (a) Railway Companies' and Agents' paid ons per contra. 
 
 (b) Paid ons at stations as per Paid on Summary Book. 
 
 (c) Local Allowances as per Register. 
 
 (d) Re-charges as per Paid on Summary Book. 
 
 (e) Past Foreign Overcharges as per Register. 
 
 (/) Bad Debts written off during the month by authority 
 of Directors, as per bad debt account in the " Mis- 
 cellaneous " Ledger. 
 
 357. (4) Transfers to the debit of various accounts in the 
 
 General Ledgers (of which a detailed abstract is given) 
 including the following : 
 
 (a) Transfers to Mineral Ledger as shewn by that book. 
 
 (b) Foreign Railway and Agents' collection accounts, being 
 
 the Porters' balances as exhibited by the Agents' 
 Ledger and credit side of Account-Current Ledgers. 
 
 (c) Accounts against foreign Railway Companies for 
 
 cartages, &c, performed for them by the Company's 
 teams, as per Agents' Ledger. These items also appear 
 on the debit side as a credit to Revenue expenditure. 
 
 (d) Any other amounts transferable to the debit of accounts 
 
 in the General Ledgers as shewn by the credit side of 
 the Porters' Account-Current Ledgers, Collectors' 
 Ledgers, Engineers', and Refund Ledgers. 
 
3 SO Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 This completes the credits, and the balance, representing 
 " Goods Ontstandings" carried to the account of the following 
 month, will be found to agree with that carried forward in the 
 Goods Ledger Summary. 
 
 358. MINERAL ACCOUNTS. When it is considered 
 that the whole of the charges for tolls and carriage of Minerals 
 to and from all stations on the Company's line are condensed 
 by the Mineral Manager's office into one general Debit 
 List, and that this contains not only a summary of the debits, 
 but also of credits for overcharges and other allowances, it 
 will be seen that the work of the Station Ledger office is, in 
 comparison with its accounts of goods traffic, much simplified, 
 and that a brief description of it will suffice. 
 
 359. After the Mineral Debit List has been compared 
 with the Toll Accounts and Allowance Vouchers received 
 therewith, the accounts are sent by post direct to the customers, 
 who are at the same time advised of balances due on accounts 
 previously rendered, as in the case of goods Ledger accounts. 
 
 The district collectors are then informed what sums they 
 have to collect, and these items are posted to the debit of the 
 respective accounts in the goods Ledgers. The Mineral 
 Manager's list of items previously advised to stations for 
 collection in " Porters'/' is compared with the amounts taken to 
 debit as shewn by the red ink entries (95) at the foot of the 
 stations' goods Debit Lists, any discrepancies therein being 
 scheduled to the Mineral Manager's office for correction in a 
 subsequent month. 
 
 The current debits, transfers, and allowances in respect of 
 accounts for collection by the General Manager, which, of course, 
 constitute by far the most important part, are then posted into 
 
 360. Mineral Personal Account Ledgers, similar to 
 those used for goods Ledger accounts. 
 
Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 35 I 
 
 The cash credits are posted daily from a " Mineral Cash 
 Book," which is made up from the entries for Cash and Bills in 
 the Secretary's Travelling Cash Book. 
 
 The balances are ascertained as on the first day of each 
 month, and the total of these agrees with the balances shewn by 
 the 
 
 360a. Mineral Toll Account-Current. This contains 
 a Dr. and Cr. statement of the gross Mineral debits and credits 
 for the month. 
 
 The balance brought forward and the gross debit for the current 
 month as shewn by the Debit List, are entered on the debit side, 
 while on the credit side appear : 
 
 (1) Cash and Bills (traders' acceptances) as per Cash Book. 
 
 (2) Allowances. 
 
 (3) Transfers to Goods Ledger, these being the accounts 
 
 for collection by the district collectors, and Porters' 
 items. 
 
 (4) Accounts against other Railway Companies requiring 
 
 to be transferred to the debit of their Personal accounts 
 in the General Ledgers. 
 
 As a month's credit is given to traders, two balances are struck 
 in the Mineral Toll Account-Current, the first shewing the 
 amount outstanding or actually due by customers after crediting 
 them with cash received during the current month on account 
 of previous months' debits; and the other shewing the gross 
 balance for collection after adding the current month's debits, 
 and credits for allowances and transfers as above. 
 
 361 . Ledgers shewing the state of the customers' accounts 
 are also kept in the General Manager's office, and a monthly 
 detailed list of outstandings is supplied by that office for 
 comparison with the Accountant's books. 
 
 362. Mineral Allowance Suspense Account. In 
 order that a proper check may be kept upon allowances to 
 
352 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
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Accountant's Department Station Ledger Office. 353 
 
 traders, the Mineral Toll Account-Current is not credited until 
 the vouchers, sent with the toll accounts to customers, have been 
 certified by them and returned. 
 
 The total amount of the current month's allowances is, never- 
 theless, deducted from Revenue, and pending the return of the 
 vouchers, transferred to a " Suspense " account, as shewn in the 
 Mineral Revenue Balance Sheet. 
 
 This amount is afterwards reduced by the sum of the certified 
 vouchers returned, and the balance, therefore, represents vouchers 
 outstanding, of which a detailed record is kept in a Register for 
 this purpose. Certified vouchers are afterwards handed to the 
 Mineral Traffic Manager. 
 
 363. MINERAL REVENUE BALANCE SHEET. 
 
 This contains a summary of the Mineral debits, credits, and 
 outstandings for the month. 
 
 It is made up for the Book-keeper's use from the Debit List, 
 Register of Allowances, Mineral Cash Book, &c., and compared 
 with the entries in the Mineral Toll Account-Current, with which, 
 of course, the figures should agree (399). 
 
 A specimen Balance Sheet is given on the page opposite. 
 
 364. Stations' Permanent Cash Balances. The cash 
 allowed to stations for the purpose of giving change, &c., is 
 termed the " Station's Permanent Cash Balance," and the 
 amount is determined from time to time by the General 
 Manager. 
 
 When a new station is opened, the Manager advises the 
 Accountant what balance to allow, and the Ledger office sends 
 an authority to the station to deduct the amount from its traffic 
 receipts, and to recharge the same " paid on " and " to pay " to 
 the debit of the Accountant. 
 
 The agent's signature for the amount is obtained on a form of 
 receipt kept in the Ledger office for this purpose, the forms 
 
354 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 being type-numbered consecutively, and preserved, when signed, 
 in a Guard Book, which is indexed to facilitate reference. 
 
 The debit in the Ledger office is cleared by transferring the 
 items through the Coaching or Goods Revenue Balance Sheet, 
 as the case may be, to the debit of a " Station Balances " account 
 in the General Ledgers in the Book-keeper's office. 
 
 The amount of each station's balance is entered by the Ledger 
 office in a Register, the total of which is compared periodically 
 with the Book-keeper's account. 
 
 When a change takes place in the staff at a station, the 
 Accountant is advised by the Superintendent, and a new receipt 
 is obtained from the person placed in charge. 
 
 It is a duty of the Accountant's Inspectors to see that the 
 cash actually in the possession of the clerks in charge of stations 
 agrees with the amount entered in the Ledger office Register. 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 355 
 
 BOOK-KEEPER'S OFFICE. 
 
 365, We have seen in preceding sections how the accounts 
 of income and expenditure are dealt with by the various 
 departments, and how the summaries thereof are prepared by 
 each office. We have now to shew how, in the Book-keeper's 
 office, those accounts are passed to their respective places in 
 the General Ledgers of the Company, and how the financial 
 results of each half-year's operations are ascertained. 
 
 In the first place, the Book-keeper's office has nothing to do 
 with the details of the station returns of traffic. So far as these 
 are concerned, its main business is to pass to the debit or 
 credit of the proper accounts in the General Ledgers, the gross 
 figures as set forth in the monthly revenue statements and 
 traffic balance sheets made up in the Coaching and Goods 
 Audit and Station Ledger offices, these, as we have seen, con- 
 taining complete summaries of the credits and charges on traffic. 
 
 On the other hand, the Book-keeper's is the only office in 
 which a detailed record of the expenditure of all the depart- 
 ments is kept. The Book-keeper and his assistants examine 
 all tradesmen's accounts owing by the Company (after they 
 have been certified by the departments), also the salaries and 
 wages of the staff; they record the same and hand them to the 
 Secretary for payment, afterwards filing the receipted accounts 
 and pay-bills. They also classify expenditure ; separate Capital 
 from Revenue charges ; subdivide the items as may be necessary 
 for the statutory requirements of the published accounts; and 
 record the value of materials and general stores bought, issued, 
 and in stock. They check, enter, and send out to the public 
 the accounts for collection by the Secretary, and supply him 
 
356 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 with schedules thereof, in order that he may collect the same. 
 They take note of all cheques and dividend and interest warrants 
 issued, cashed, and outstanding ; and prepare the weekly 
 financial statements for the Accountant to submit to the 
 Directors' Finance Committee. These statements shew the 
 Company's cash position for the time being, and forecast the 
 probable cash income and outgoings during the ensuing week. 
 The Book-keeper and his assistants keep the Banking 
 accounts, and prepare the half-yearly Statements of Account 
 for publication. 
 
 These are in brief the ordinary duties of the office. But 
 charged as it is with the custody of the books and documents 
 which set forth the financial progress and condition of the 
 Company, this office is, as may be supposed, frequently called 
 upon to furnish statements of earnings, costs, statistics, &c. 
 
 It is essential for the Book-keeper, therefore, to have, not 
 only a good knowledge of accountancy, but also an intimate 
 acquaintance with the principles of Railway finance, a clear 
 discrimination of the nature of Capital and Revenue credits 
 and charges, and aptness in discerning the exact bearings of 
 figures and statements upon net results. 
 
 Before proceeding to details, the main features of the system 
 of book-keeping, as practised in this office, may be briefly 
 referred to. 
 
 366. The system is, of course, that of Double Entry. That 
 is, every debit in the General Ledgers has its corresponding credit 
 or credits therein, and vice versa. Book-keeping by Single 
 Entry contemplates Personal accounts only, and does not 
 with precision exhibit trade expenses, losses, gains, or worth. 
 Double Entry contemplates both Personal and Real accounts 
 Capital, Stock, and Profit and Loss ; the latter, or " Revenue ' ; 
 account, denoting, in the case of Railways, the financial results 
 of each half-year's transactions, and the balance of profit 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 357 
 
 available for distribution among the proprietors. Under this 
 system all items to be entered in the General Ledgers 
 are collected from subsidiary books and documents into 
 Journals, and are posted from the Journals into the Ledgers. 
 Thus the Journals contain a condensed record of the whole 
 of the Company's financial transactions ; they supply also 
 references to books and documents by which details, or origin 
 of entries, may be traced. 
 
 The arrangement of accounts in the General Ledgers is as 
 follows : One Ledger is reserved for " Real " accounts, and 
 another for " Personal " accounts. The first contains the various 
 accounts of the Capital and Revenue expenditure ; the receipts 
 on Stocks, Shares, Debenture Stock, and Debentures ; the 
 Revenue from Coaching, Goods, and Mineral traffic, and other 
 sources ; also the General Stores, Locomotive, Carriage and 
 Wagon, Permanent Way, Signal, Telegraph, Coal, and other 
 Stock accounts. 
 
 The second, or " Personal " Ledger, contains the Banking, 
 Drawing, Bills Receivable, Investment and Temporary Loan 
 accounts ; also the Stations' traffic outstandings, the Railway 
 Clearing Houses', Agents', Steamship and Foreign Railway 
 Companies' accounts ; Secretary's and Rent Collection accounts ; 
 Debenture Interest and Dividends Payable accounts, &c., &c. 
 
 The forms of Ledger accounts are of two kinds, and may be 
 termed " Simple " and " Compound." " Simple " accounts have 
 one money column for the debits and one for the credits ; 
 " Compound " accounts are those which have several money 
 columns on either or both sides, in order to shew the classification 
 of the expenditure and income totals. This is the case with 
 most of the Real accounts. For instance, expenses in con- 
 nection with the Maintenance and Renewal of the Permanent 
 Way, Stations, &c., are charged, in the manner hereafter 
 described, to one account in the Ledger, but this account may 
 
358 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 contain no less than a dozen money columns on the debit side, 
 and one on the credit side ; eleven of the debit columns being 
 for the sub-division of the items posted into the twelfth, or 
 total debit column, as follows : 
 
 Column No. i. Salaries and Office Expenses. 
 
 2. Maintenance and Renewal of Way (Wages). 
 3. Do. do. (Materials). 
 
 4. Repairs of Roads, Bridges, Signals, and 
 
 Works. 
 
 5. Do. Stations and Buildings. 
 6. Engine Power. 
 7. Maintenance of Canals. 
 ., 8. Repairs of Rental Property. 
 
 9, 10, and n. Reserved for Sundries. 
 12. Total. 
 
 At the end of a half-year the total of the credit side is 
 analysed and deducted from the columns on the other side of 
 the account to which they appertain, and the balances are 
 inserted in the half-yearly printed accounts. 
 
 All the ordinary expenditure of the Company including 
 tradesmen's and other accounts, wages, and salaries paid ; 
 general stores, coal and coke issued ; permanent way and other 
 materials used is passed through the Journals to the debit in 
 the first instance of a general " Expenditure Account," and to 
 the credit of a cheques " Drawing Account," General Stores, 
 Coal, or some other Stock account, as the case may be. This 
 expenditure debit, after classification, is cleared at the end of 
 each month by transfer to the separate accounts in the Ledgers 
 to which the items belong. This will be seen as the details 
 are examined. 
 
 The most important books are arranged on a self-checking 
 method, and in their adaptation to extensive and varied trans- 
 actions, exemplify the benefit of division of labour. Thus, in the 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 359 
 
 system described, we have supposed there are two General 
 Ledgers and four Journals ; and of books of detail, six Expendi- 
 ture Ledgers for Tradesmen's and Railway Companies' accounts, 
 Rates and Taxes, &c. There is one book for the analysis of Ban- 
 kers' payments, and four for analysis of Bankers' receipts ; also 
 five books termed " Classifications," in which the departmental 
 expenditure is exhibited in a detailed form. Besides these, 
 several subsidiary books are kept, the principal object of which 
 is to elucidate accounts in the General Ledgers, and to relieve 
 them of cumbrous particulars. For instance, separate Ledgers 
 containing the accounts for collection by the Secretary make it 
 unnecessary to keep in the General Ledger more than one 
 account, styled " Secretary's Collection," notwithstanding that it 
 may represent thousands of accounts owing to the Company. 
 The " Drawing Account " book, " Dividends Payable " book, and 
 " Debenture Interest Payable" book shew how the balances of 
 the corresponding Ledger accounts are made up ; and so on. 
 
 By means of these books the duties of the office are con- 
 veniently distributed, Journal and Ledger entries abbreviated, 
 and a reliable check secured. 
 
 This remark applies, of course, with even greater force to the 
 voluminous Traffic Ledgers kept in the Station Ledger office, 
 which are represented in the General Ledgers by " Coaching," 
 " Goods," and " Mineral " Traffic outstanding accounts. 
 
 Another feature of the system deserving of notice is the plan 
 of stamping the outside of each successive set of the principal 
 books of account with a distinctive letter of the alphabet. For 
 instance, the two General Ledgers may be respectively stamped 
 " P No. I " and "P No. 2." The six Tradesmen's, &c., Ledgers, 
 covering the same period, would also be marked " P No. I " up 
 to " P No, 6," and so on with the Journals and other books con- 
 temporaneous with the foregoing, the succeeding series being 
 marked " Q." This practice greatly facilitates reference from one 
 
360 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 book to another, and in after years affords ready access to all the 
 books that may have been in use at any one time. 
 
 Passing now to detail, we will consider the operations in con- 
 nection with the checking and entering for payment of trades- 
 men's accounts, wages, and salaries, by the Book-keeper's staff, 
 and the drawing and remittance of cheques in respect of the 
 same by the Secretary. Then, after shewing how the tradesmen's 
 accounts, cheques, &c., are journalised, we will take the ordinary 
 monthly entries in the Journals as the basis of subsequent obser- 
 vations relative to the duties of the office. 
 
 367. Tradesmen's, &c., Accounts. The first matter to 
 notice in connection with expenditure is that the payments are 
 made by drafts upon the Bankers, and that these are signed by 
 or for the Secretary. 
 
 As we have pointed out, the rule as regards cash, cheques, and 
 acceptances, for traffic and other accounts, received at stations or 
 by the Secretary, is that they be paid to the Company's credit 
 with its Bankers, excepting, however, those cases in which 
 special authority may have been given to agents at stations to 
 disburse sums out of their traffic receipts, as described in former 
 sections. 
 
 Money once lodged with the Bankers cannot be withdrawn, 
 however small the amount, without the consent of the Directors' 
 Finance Committee, which, for the purpose of signing necessary 
 documents, and conducting general finance business, meets every 
 week. 
 
 Further, cheques may not be drawn by the Secretary, except 
 for accounts that have been in the first instance certified by the 
 departmental Committees, and subsequently examined and 
 recorded in the Book-keeper's office, and certified by the 
 Accountant; nor may a cheque be paid away by the Secretary 
 without the Accountant's initials on the counterfoil. 
 
 The accounts for payment, after having been passed by the 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keepers Office. 361 
 
 various Committees of Directors, are sent to the Book-keeper's 
 office. 
 
 Three certified lists accompany each department's batch of 
 accounts ; one of accounts amounting to $ and upwards ; 
 one of accounts under 1 ; and one of accounts over i and 
 under ,5. The reason for this distinction will be presently 
 explained. 
 
 When received by the Book-keeper, the accounts are 
 checked as to calculations and additions, and compared with 
 the lists ; the certificates attached to the accounts in the respec- 
 tive departments, and the endorsements of name and amount 
 being also examined to see that the particulars correspond. 
 Any errors having been corrected, the accounts are " indexed," 
 that is to say, marked with the Ledger folio which records 
 the previous payment, if any, preparatory to being entered in the 
 368. Expenditure Ledgers. Of these, we have assumed 
 there are six : 
 
 No. i, For Railway Companies (i.e. for payments charged 
 direct to " Expenditure "), Way and Works, Locomo- 
 tive, Carriage and Wagon, and Stores departments 
 accounts ; also payments for purchase of land, &c., 
 and miscellaneous claims settled by the Company's 
 Solicitors. 
 No. 2, For the accounts of the Traffic department and 
 
 Secretary's Advertising accounts. 
 
 No. 3, For Agents' disbursement accounts, with space re- 
 served for accounts for which room may not be 
 available in Ledgers I, 2, and 4. 
 
 No. 4, For payments to sundry persons for whom it may 
 not have been considered necessary to open separate 
 accounts in either of the other Ledgers ; also the 
 departmental accounts for services performed by the 
 departments for each other. 
 
362 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
 
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Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 363 
 
 No. 5 Contains the accounts of the Hotels and Refresh- 
 ment Rooms department. 
 No. 6, Rates and Taxes. 
 
 The business of writing up the indexes to these books forms a 
 very important part of the work, especially in connection with 
 the sundry accounts in Ledger No. 4 ; inasmuch as a principal 
 object of these Expenditure Ledgers is to prevent bills 
 being paid twice over, and this object would not be attained 
 unless every account paid were indexed in such a way as to 
 furnish a reference to the nature and dates of former accounts. 
 
 On some of our principal Railways from sixty to a hundred 
 thousand accounts are paid annually, a large proportion being 
 classed as " sundries," so that it is necessary in these cases, and 
 in the case of payments through the Company's Solicitors for 
 land, owners' and occupiers' compensation, interest on pur- 
 chases, &c., to give a separate reference in the indexes to each 
 payment. 
 
 These indexes are consequently very voluminous, and great 
 care has to be taken in noting the Christian names of the parties, 
 their places of residence, and any other particulars, to distinguish 
 them from others of the same or similar name. For, as may 
 well be supposed, the numerous Browns, Smiths, and Robinsons 
 who draw upon the resources of a great Railway Company, 
 make these distinctions all-important in insuring correct record 
 and reference. 
 
 The index reference to the previous payment having been 
 marked on the back of each account, the particulars are entered 
 in the Expenditure Ledgers from the accounts themselves, to 
 the credit of the persons to whom the amounts are due. A 
 specimen entry is given on the opposite page. 
 
 The date and short particulars of each account are carefully 
 noted in the Ledgers, with the view of intercepting possible 
 duplicate charges. If any doubt is entertained as to the 
 
364 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 correctness of an account, *'.*., as to the whole or some portion of 
 it having been previously paid, the details of former bills are 
 referred to, and, if necessary, the department concerned is com- 
 municated with. In recording payments on account of contract 
 work, the aggregate amount " already paid " is marked against 
 each entry for the purpose of checking the certificates and final 
 accounts. Notes are also made of cash discounts allowed, in 
 order that it may be seen that similar deductions are made from 
 succeeding payments. Then, as the entries are made, the 
 Ledger folios are marked on the accounts, and afterwards 
 recorded in the Index. 
 
 The debit side of these Expenditure Ledgers, i.e., cheque date, 
 number, and amount is written up from the accounts after the 
 cheques have been drawn. The credit entries are afterwards 
 compared with the Expenditure Journal, and the debit entries 
 with the Cheques Journal, the Ledger folio being inserted in 
 both these books. 
 
 In addition to the six " Expenditure " Ledgers we have 
 described, another small Ledger is kept, called the " Duplicate 
 Personal Ledger." In this book are recorded, in a similar way, 
 the particulars of payments charged to Personal accounts in the 
 General Ledger, such as the Railway Clearing House, Foreign 
 Railway and Steamboat Companies, and others, in respect of 
 traffic, services performed, &c., passed through the Revenue 
 Books of the Audit offices and Traffic Balance Sheets of the 
 Station Ledger office, or by special journal entry, to their 
 credit. 
 
 Such of these and other accounts for payment as relate to his 
 department are certified by the Accountant, and submitted by 
 him weekly to the Finance Committee for approval. 
 
 The utility of the Expenditure Ledgers has been partly 
 described. It will be seen, however, that not only do they 
 furnish a good means of detecting duplicate items and accounts, 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 365 
 
 but the vouchers, together with the receipts, being ultimately 
 filed in the Book-keeper's office in the order of the progressive 
 numbers of the cheques drawn, the Ledgers give excellent 
 facilities for immediate reference to any original bill or receipt 
 that may be wanted, whether a week only, or a quarter of a 
 century may have elapsed since it was paid. 
 
 After the bills have been thoroughly examined and compared 
 as to dates, payments on account, &c., with the former entries in 
 the Ledgers, and initialled by the Book-keeper, they are sent to 
 the Secretary for the cheques to be prepared, the Accountant 
 afterwards signing the following form of certificate attached to 
 each, when comparing them with the cheques : 
 
 I hereby Certify that I have examined the above account, that the same 
 appears correct, and has not been paid before. 
 
 Accountant. 
 
 369. Accounts Passed Book. In this book are entered 
 the totals of the accounts passed by the Accountant to the 
 Secretary for payment every week, the amount certified by each 
 department being entered from the lists in the proper column. 
 
 Such of the accounts as are " personal," are entered apart 
 from those which are chargeable direct to " Expenditure," totals 
 being first made of the " Expenditure " columns, and after- 
 wards aggregate totals of all the columns for both classes of 
 accounts. 
 
 It is balanced with the drafts as shewn by the totals of 
 cheques drawn in the Secretary's " Remittance Book " and 
 " Bank Advices " (372), the first and last numbers and total 
 amount of the cheques drawn on each Bank being entered 
 in the Accounts Passed Book in the columns for this purpose. 
 
 370. Wages. The checking of the weekly Pay-bills of the 
 whole of the staff of a great railway forms an important part of 
 the duties of the Book-keeper's office. 
 
 TTJNIVERSITY 
 
366 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 ss PUB s 
 
 sjunooov 
 
 OX PUT! U10Jj[ 
 
 SJ3JSUBJX 
 
 301TBUIJ 
 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 367 
 
 After being thoroughly examined as to calculations and 
 additions, and, in the case of the Locomotive and Carriage 
 departments, compared with the Piece Work Books and 
 expenses certificates, the bills are called over with the depart- 
 ment lists, which are corrected as may be necessary in detail and 
 total ; the wages, and amounts to be deducted therefrom for 
 club, rents, assurance, or fines, being shewn in separate columns. 
 The totals of the bills, less stoppages and plus sick allowances 
 to club members, are then transferred to abstracts, so as to 
 shew the actual amount of cash to be remitted to each station. 
 The total amount to be remitted for sick allowances is re- 
 imbursed to the Company every week by the Friendly Society. 
 
 Separate abstracts are prepared, and separate cheques drawn 
 for the respective cashiers' districts, and the amounts for each 
 station and department are entered as indicated by the following 
 headings : 
 BRANCH. STATIONS' PAY LIST. WEEK ENDING 189 . 
 
 I 2 
 
 3 4 IS 6 I 7 I 8 
 
 Stations. | Coaching. Goods. | Engineering. | Stores. | Locomotive. | Carriage. | Total. 
 
 After the totals have been agreed with those of the depart- 
 mental lists, they are transferred to a General Summary, shewing 
 the amounts to be drawn for wages and sick pay on each Bank. 
 Cheques are also drawn for the amount of stoppages for club, 
 rents, fines, insurance, &c., respectively, and dealt with as 
 described farther on. 
 
 The General Summary is then certified, and, after being 
 entered in the "Accounts Passed Book," is handed to the 
 Secretary for the drafts to be prepared. It is also submitted 
 to the next meeting of the Finance Committee for approval 
 The drafts, pay-bills, and abstracts made up by the Book- 
 keeper, are then forwarded to the district cashiers. 
 
 371. Salaries. The salary lists of the various depart- 
 ments are dealt with in a similar way. They are examined 
 
368 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 as to staff alterations, new appointments, salary advances, 
 reductions, &c. Lists of these advances, appointments, &c., 
 certified by a Director and by the Head of the department 
 concerned, also copies of Board or Committee Minutes relating 
 to similar matters, are furnished from time to time to the 
 Accountant. 
 
 The salary totals for each station, less stoppages for super- 
 annuation, rent, &c., are afterwards transferred to district 
 abstracts, and a General Summary is prepared and dealt with 
 in the manner described for wages. 
 
 An abstract of the Capital and Revenue accounts chargeable, 
 for use in making up the Classifications of Expenditure, is 
 made at the foot of the General Wages and Salaries Summaries. 
 In doing this, recourse is had to the classified abstracts of wages 
 and salaries furnished by the departments (see 122, &c.). 
 
 372. Secretary's Department. Drawing and Re- 
 mittance of Cheques, &c. The accounts received from 
 the Book-keeper for payment are sorted in the Secretary's 
 office in the order of the Banks on which the cheques are to 
 be drawn. 
 
 Blank cheques with perforated counterparts are kept in 
 books, and are type-numbered consecutively (a separate series 
 for each Bank), and are in the following form : 
 
 Railway Company. 
 
 No. .189 . 
 
 To the ' Bank, 
 
 Pay to the sum named below on the receipt being 
 
 presented through a Banker duly signed and dated. 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 Received from the Railway Company 
 
 the Sum of as per particulars furnished. 
 
 Signature 
 
 Date 189 . 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 369 
 
 The drafts are made out from the accounts, the number and 
 date of the cheque, and initial letter of the Bank on which 
 drawn, being marked by the Secretary's staff on the back of 
 the accounts, and on the certificates attached to them. These 
 " Cheque Numbers" then become, for all purposes of Book- 
 keeping and reference, the "Voucher Numbers." 
 
 No cheque (except as hereafter mentioned) is drawn for a 
 smaller amount than $. 
 
 The " Remittance Book," also made up from the accounts, 
 shews the date, name, amount, and number of every cheque 
 drawn on each Bank, and a weekly total. 
 
 The " Bank Advice " Sheets are made up from the drafts, 
 and contain, for the information of each Bank, a complete list 
 of the cheques drawn on that Bank in the current week, the 
 totals being balanced with the Remittance Book. 
 
 After being examined in detail and total by the Accountant 
 and Finance Committee, and the total amount having been 
 inserted at length in words, the advices are signed by the 
 Accountant, one Director, and the Secretary, press copied, and 
 forwarded to the respective Banks ; the rule being that no 
 cheque (except for wages and salaries), purporting to have been 
 issued by the Company shall be honoured by the Bankers 
 unless a corresponding entry appears in a " Bank advice " sheet 
 
 The drafts are then handed, together with the vouchers, to 
 the Accountant for final examination. After he has attested 
 the correctness of the drafts by his initials on the counterparts 
 thereof, they are eturned to the Secretary to be signed by 
 him, and sent to he radesmen and other persons in whose 
 favour they are drawn. 
 
 In remitting cheques an advice note is enclosed with each, 
 giving particulars of the account, cheque number, directions to 
 payee, &c. If corrections have been made in an account, 
 particulars are quoted. This is also done in the case of 
 
3/o Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 stoppages made for carnage accounts and other debts, due to 
 the Company. 
 
 Every letter containing a remittance is carefully checked and 
 registered in a book for this purpose, before being sent away. 
 
 The receipts in respect of cheques of $ and upwards are taken 
 on the cheques, as shewn on the specimen given on page 368 ; 
 and the directions above referred to in the Secretary's advice 
 note state : " The draft, after being signed and dated, is to 
 " be passed for presentation to the Bankers upon whom it is 
 " drawn. The endorsement is not sufficient. The Company do 
 " not require any other acknowledgment, except in special 
 " cases, where the form will be supplied." 
 
 As the Bankers see, before cashing the cheques, that the 
 form of acknowledgment is properly filled up, and send the paid 
 cheques in their weekly parcel containing the Pass books, &c., 
 to the Accountant, this plan ensures the punctual return 
 of the receipts to the Company, and saves trouble and cost 
 of postage to tradesmen. Moreover, by the use of the fore- 
 going form of cheque, which bears the usual embossed Inland 
 Revenue stamp, receipt stamps are not necessary. 
 
 The paid cheques are afterwards attached to the accounts in 
 the Secretary's office, and are then returned in numerical 
 order, as complete vouchers, to the Book-keeper. 
 
 373, Wages. For the reason that the wages cheques are 
 usually drawn mid-way between the weekly meetings of the 
 Finance Committee (too late for inclusion in the previous Bank 
 Advice and too early for the next one) the cheques are signed 
 by the Secretary and the Accountant, and are cashed by the 
 Bankers, subject to the amounts being entered in the following 
 week's advice. 
 
 The cheques are sent by the Secretary to the district 
 cashiers, who obtain cash for the same from the Bank for 
 their district, and distribute in the travelling cash-boxes the 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 371 
 
 amount required by each station as shewn by the Book- 
 keeper's abstracts ; the pay-bills being also enclosed with the 
 cash. 
 
 The district cashiers' acknowledgments of the remittances 
 are obtained by the Secretary on special forms, and these are 
 attached to the General Wages Summaries, which thus become 
 complete vouchers for the expenditure. 
 
 The signatures of the staff are taken, with some exceptions, 
 on the pay-bills, and when the latter have been certified in 
 prescribed form by the clerks-in- charge at the stations " That 
 " the amounts set opposite the respective names have been paid 
 " as expressed " they are returned to the Accountant, examined 
 as to signatures, and stored away in the Book-keeper's office. 
 Bills not returned in due course are applied for, and it is an 
 important duty to see that in all cases where proper signatures 
 have not been given, the irregularities are rectified, or that the 
 money has been paid to the Secretary, or a satisfactory 
 explanation supplied. 
 
 374. Salaries. These are dealt with in the same way as 
 wages, except that the receipts of the staff are taken on separate 
 vouchers, which are afterwards compared with the lists. 
 
 374a. Stoppages for Club, Rent, &c. The cheques 
 for the amount of the deductions from wages and salaries for 
 " Club " are paid to the Treasurer of the Friendly Society repre- 
 sented (this being a convenient and inexpensive mode of collecting 
 the subscriptions) ; those for rents are entered in the Secretary's 
 Cash Book, paid to Bank with his ordinary receipts, and passed 
 to the credit of the Rent Collection account; those for fines 
 pass in like manner to the credit of expenditure ; and those for 
 superannuation, guarantee, insurance, income tax, &c, to the 
 credit of the respective accounts. 
 
 Other cheques, such as those drawn to clear the debits for 
 goods and parcel claims recharged to the Accountant ; for 
 
372 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 departmental charges, such as for the carriage of way and works 
 materials, or for services rendered by one department to another, 
 are also passed to credit through the Secretary's Cash Book, 
 and his acknowledgment is given in the ordinary way. This 
 system of drawing cheques for departmental charges, in preference 
 to a simple transfer in the books, gives the Directors and 
 departments concerned a much better control over these expenses 
 than they would otherwise have. 
 
 375. Accounts under 1. These are drawn in one cheque, 
 as per lists, in the name of the Secretary, and the amounts are 
 remitted by his cashier either by post office order, stamps, or 
 coin enclosed in " value " parcels, sent to the station masters or 
 agents. 
 
 The particulars of every remittance are registered, and the 
 entries are marked off as the receipts are obtained. 
 
 376. Accounts of 1 and under 5. These also are 
 drawn in one cheque in the Secretary's name, and paid to the 
 Company's Bankers to the credit of a " Secretary's Drawing 
 Account." 
 
 Cheques, payable to bearer, are then drawn by the Secretary 
 on this fund for the accounts it represents, and after being 
 entered in a Remittance Book, and examined by the Accountant, 
 are sent by the Secretary to the payees by post, their receipts 
 being obtained, in this instance, on separate forms, which, when 
 signed, are attached to the accounts. 
 
 A detailed record of the cheques drawn, cashed, and outstand- 
 ing (the latter representing the credit balance at the Bank), is 
 kept in the Book-keeper's office. 
 
 The principal advantages of this arrangement are that trades 
 men get what to them is equivalent to cash payments without 
 the trouble and expense of separate cash remittances ; and this 
 is effected without burdening the Company's general Banking 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keepers Office. 373 
 
 account with detail, or in any way impairing (but in fact 
 improving) the efficiency of the check on the payments. 
 
 377. Bankers' Transfers. When the position of the 
 Bank balances is such as to necessitate cash transfers from one 
 Bank to another, a form of request, as under, is sent by order of 
 the Finance Committee to the Bankers by whom the transfers 
 are to be made, the amounts being entered in the Remittance 
 Book and weekly Bank Advices. 
 
 RAILWAY COMPANY. 
 
 ADVICE OF TRANSFER. 
 
 No. 1 89 
 
 To Messrs 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 My Directors request that you will be kind enough to transfer 
 
 to the credit of this Company with Messrs. 
 
 the sum of to be with them on 
 
 the 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 We will now explain the method of dealing with the vouchers 
 on their return to the 
 
 378. Book-keeper's Office. Each week's vouchers, 
 after being sorted in the order of Banks and cheque numbers, 
 and compared with the Secretary's Remittance Book to see that 
 none are missing, are, for the purpose of journalising and classi- 
 fying the expenditure, re-sorted (still preserving the numerical 
 and Bank arrangement) into departments in this order, viz. : 
 I. Way and Works ; 
 II. Locomotive, Carriage and Stores ; 
 
 III. Traffic; 
 
 IV. Hotels; 
 
 V. Finance, and Telegraph ; 
 these being the general heads corresponding to the names of the 
 
374 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 several Expenditure Classification Books to which we shall 
 presently refer. 
 
 Those for which separate Personal accounts are opened in 
 the General Ledgers are sorted into a separate bundle. 
 
 379. The accounts, excepting "Personal," are then journalized 
 in the following manner : 
 
 JOURNAL. 
 
 June 6th, 189 
 
 Expenditure (Suspense) Account Dr. to Sundries . . 1,990 
 For Wages and Accounts due as under : 
 
 ( Way & Works, 600). To Wages 100 
 
 , , E. H. Heasman . 200 
 
 ,, W. Smithson 175 
 
 ,, R. Thompson's exors. 125 
 
 (Locomotive, &<:., 420). ,, Wages 70 
 
 M Spinning Wheel Co., Ltd. .. .. no 
 
 Steam Whistle Co 40 
 
 ,, The United Asbestos Co., Ltd. . . f .. 155 
 
 ,, Job Taylor & Co 45 
 
 (Traffic.. .. 6So). Wages 35 
 
 ,, H. Wilkinson 120 
 
 W. Carter 74 
 
 ,, Stevenson, Hall & Co 136 
 
 (Hotel .. .. 75). J. Hill 33 
 
 W. Butcher 26 
 
 Edwin Smith 16 
 
 (Finance &* Telegraph F. Duesbftry 35 
 
 Department, 21$). ,, J.Mortimer 62 
 
 ,, Birmingham Parish 91 
 
 ,, Nottingham Parish 27 
 
 The total for each department, as shewn by the figures in 
 brackets, and the total for the week is balanced with the amount 
 of the accounts (exclusive of " Personals "), entered in the 
 " Accounts Passed Book," which, having been previously 
 agreed with the Secretary's Remittance Book, is taken as 
 the basis of the expenditure entries in the Journal. 
 
 380. The accounts are then handed to the clerks whose 
 duty it is to classify them ; and the amount is posted to the 
 
Accountants Department Book-keepers Office, 375 
 
 debit of the " Expenditure (Suspense) Account " in the General 
 Ledger as follows : 
 DR. EXPENDITURE (SUSPENSE) ACCOUNT. CR. 
 
 189 . 
 
 Jj 
 
 o 
 
 # 
 > 
 
 rt 
 
 bfl 
 rt 
 
 ' s 
 
 c5 
 
 8l 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 neral Charges 1 
 Dr Finance. 
 
 "rt 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 
 ay & Works. 1 
 
 M 
 
 : 
 
 11 
 
 "a 
 
 8S 
 
 Traffic. 
 
 4 
 i 
 
 K 
 
 neral Charges 1 
 Dr Finance. 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 June 6. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 To sun- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dries 
 
 600 
 
 420 
 
 680 
 
 75 
 
 215 
 
 1,990 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This is here termed a " Suspense " account because it is used 
 mainly as a convenient temporary account until the expenditure 
 has been classified and posted to the proper accounts, when it is 
 cleared. 
 
 As this account, however, must be balanced by the credit 
 entries every month, it serves as a most useful check on the 
 accuracy of the Classification totals, as shewn farther on. 
 
 The credit items, as in the preceding example of Journal 
 entry, are not posted into the General Ledgers ; the amounts 
 having been previously passed, as we have seen, to the 
 credit side of the Expenditure Ledgers. The corresponding 
 debits for these items, and the corresponding credit for the 
 total amount posted, as above, to the debit of Expenditure 
 (Suspense) Account, are obtained through the Cheques Journal, 
 and will be found on reference to the example given on next 
 page. 
 
 381. Cheques Journal. This is written up from the 
 Secretary's Remittance Book, and contains a complete list of 
 the cheques drawn weekly on each Bank for wages and accounts. 
 
 In journalising the cheques, those items to be charged direct 
 to Personal accounts in the General Ledgers are separated from 
 the rest, and the entries are made as under. The total is 
 balanced with the Secretary's figures and Accounts Passed Book. 
 
3/6 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 CHEQUES JOU 
 Cheques drawn June 6th, 
 
 RN AL. 
 i8 9 _. 
 
 Sundries Dr. to Drawing Account 
 
 For Cheques drawn this day, viz. : 
 
 On Capital and Counties Bank 
 ,, National and Provincial Bank 
 ,, Birmingham and Midland Bank 
 ,, Leeds Branch Bank of England 
 ,, Cunliffes, Brookes & Co. 
 
 
 
 .. .. 582 
 .. 419 
 . . 274 
 . . . . 236 
 
 IOQ 
 
 
 
 520 
 
 200 
 125 
 
 120 
 
 45 
 27 
 
 136 
 '75 
 9i 
 33 
 40 
 no 
 26 
 16 
 74 
 155 
 35 
 62 
 
 1,990 
 
 175 
 23 
 
 J 52 
 
 
 
 2,34< 
 
 Glyn, Mills & Co 
 Wages, Week ending . . On C. & C. / 
 
 . . 720 
 
 2,340 
 
 114; onN. P. 361 
 10 ; on Leeds ^84 
 ; on Glyn's 141] 
 ue, No. C 4,513 .. 
 
 4,5 J 4 
 4,5i6 .. 
 N. P. 2,614 .- 
 2,615 
 2,616 .. 
 2,617 .. 
 B. 481 
 482 .. 
 
 483 .- 
 ,, L. 1,421 .. 
 
 1,422 .. 
 
 1,423 
 C. B. 5,328 . . 
 ,, G. 3,816 .. 
 3,8i7 
 3,8i9 
 
 
 
 G. 3,818 .. i 
 ance of Traffic . / 
 
 c. 4,515 \ 
 
 i Special Train . . j 
 G. 3820 .. | 
 of Coal Traffic . . J 
 
 
 
 ., B. & C. 1 
 C. B. 35 
 E. H. Heasman . Cheq 
 
 R. Thompson's exors 
 H. Wilkinson 
 
 Job Taylor & Co 
 Nottingham Parish ... 
 Stevenson, Hall & Co 
 W. Smithson 
 Birmingham Parish 
 J. Hill 
 
 Steam Whistle Co. 
 Spinning Wheel Co., Ltd 
 W. Butcher 
 
 Edwin Smith 
 
 W. Carter 
 The United Asbestos Co., Ltd. 
 F. Duesbury 
 J. Mortimer 
 
 Personal Accounts. 
 Railway Clearing House 
 Ba 
 J. Wilkinson 
 
 Commission 01 
 X Railway Co. 
 
 Proportion 
 
 2,340 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 377 
 
 Whilst debits are thus found for the credits (amounting to 
 .1,990) in the Expenditure Ledgers, the double entry in the 
 General Ledgers is completed by posting (ist) the total amount 
 of the cheques to the credit of the " Drawing Account," and 
 (2nd) the Personals to the debit of their respective accounts, 
 thus : 
 
 Debits in General Ledgers : 
 
 Expenditure (Suspense) Account 
 
 Railway Clearing House 
 
 J. Wilkinson ... 
 
 X Railway 
 
 , 
 
 1,990 
 
 175 
 
 23 
 
 152 
 
 Total Dr. 2,340 
 
 Credit in General Ledger: 
 
 DR. DRAWING ACCOUNT. 
 
 CR. 
 
 
 *d 
 
 C. 
 
 - 
 
 B. 
 
 L. 
 
 PS 
 
 
 189 . 
 
 13 
 
 c. 
 
 P; 
 
 B. 
 
 L. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 c8 
 
 
 Z 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 
 Uc 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 June 6. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 By 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sundries. 
 
 720 
 
 582 
 
 419 
 
 274 
 
 236 
 
 109 
 
 2,34 
 
 Each week's wages accounts and cheques are journalised and 
 posted in the same way. 
 
 382. The " Expenditure (Suspense) Account " is also debited 
 weekly, with the value of Stores issued, as shewn by the state- 
 ments furnished by the General Stores department (117), and 
 with the value of Coal issued to engines, as shewn by the 
 
378 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 statements furnished by the Locomotive department (128), and 
 these are journalised as follows: 
 
 Expenditure (Suspense) Account Dr. to General Stores 
 
 (Way and Works, 225) For Stores issued week ending this day 
 
 (Locomotive, Sec., 1 34) ,, ,, ,, 
 
 (Traffic, 
 
 (Hotels, 
 
 (General Charges, 65) ,, ,, ,, 
 
 Expenditure (Suspense) Account Dr. to Coal and Coke 
 
 Stock 
 
 For Coal and Coke issued week ending this day. 
 
 600 
 
 200 
 
 600 
 
 200 
 
 383. The same account is likewise debited, monthly, for the 
 value of Permanent Way Materials used, Produced, and Sent 
 to Stores, as shewn by the statements furnished by the Way 
 and Works department (123), the respective accounts credited 
 in the General Ledgers being as follows : (i) " Permanent Way 
 Stock " for materials used ; (2) " Maintenance of Way Expen- 
 diture Account," or New Lines or Sidings (Capital) accounts, 
 for materials taken up, or " Produced ; " and (3) " Maintenance," 
 " Capital," or " Stock " accounts, as the case may be, for 
 Materials sent to Stores. 
 
 It may seem anomalous for materials " Produced " and " Sent 
 to Stores " to be debited to " Expenditure," but it must be borne 
 in mind that this is simply a " Suspense " account, and that it 
 is subsequently cleared by the proper Capital, Revenue, or 
 Stock accounts, being debited through the Classifications of 
 Expenditure. 
 
 The foregoing constitute all the ordinary weekly and monthly 
 debits to the Expenditure (Suspense) account in the Ledger to 
 which reference need be made. 
 
 384. The business of classifying these debits according to 
 
TJNIVERSITT 
 
 OF 
 
 Accountants Department Book-keepers Office. 379 
 
 the various Capital, Revenue, and Stock accounts ultimately 
 chargeable therewith in the General Ledgers is then proceeded 
 with, and the classification is made in the books for this purpose 
 as follows : 
 
 I. Classification of Way and Works department Expenditure. 
 II. Do. Locomotive, Carriage, and Stores do. 
 
 III. Do. Traffic do. 
 
 IV. Do. Hotels do. 
 
 V. Do. Secretary's, General Manager's, Accoun- 
 
 tant's, and Telegraph department 
 Expenditure. 
 
 Each book is ruled as shewn on the following page. 
 Accounts are opened corresponding with the various expen- 
 diture accounts in the General Ledger, thus : 
 
 385. The Way and Works Classification contains 
 I. Capital Expenditure Accounts. A separate Capital 
 account is kept for each branch or extension of the 
 Railway in respect of which outlay is incurred, 
 and the items are sub-divided, in the columns marked*, 
 as follows : 
 
 (a) Land and Compensation. 
 
 (b) Rails, Chairs, Sleepers, &c. 
 
 (c) Works of Road and Stations. 
 
 (d) Engineering and Surveying. 
 
 (e) Law Charges.. 
 
 (/) Parliamentary Expenses. 
 
 (g) Interest on Land Purchases (when chargeable to 
 
 Capital). 
 Total. 
 
 II. Sidings, &c., for Sundry Parties. This account is 
 
 debited with Way and Works department expendi- 
 ture in connection with the construction of private 
 
Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 J 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 II 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 < 
 
 
 i 
 
 . 
 
 i 
 
 
 P 
 
 d 
 
 H 
 
 : 
 
 # 
 
 CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 [Here are eleven Money 
 Columns.] 
 
 
 lunoooy jo 3}Q 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 .y 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 !^i 
 
 
 Q 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 381 
 
 sidings, &c., and rechargeable to other Companies or 
 
 private firms. 
 
 Note. The Bills for this work, when rendered 
 to the various firms, are passed to the credit of 
 this " Sidings " account (which is thus cleared) 
 and to the debit of " Secretary's Collection." 
 
 III. Maintenance, &c. t of Way, To this account is charged 
 
 all expenditure in connection with the maintenance 
 and renewal of the railway, works, buildings, &c., and 
 the items are sub-divided as explained at page 358. 
 
 IV. Compensation Account. For payments, &c., passed by 
 
 the Way and Works department for damages to 
 crops, &c., by sparks from the engines, injuries to 
 cattle straying on the line, &c., &c. 
 
 V. Rents Account. This is charged with all payments for 
 rent of premises, &c., in the occupation of the 
 Company. 
 
 Note. The Rents account is also credited, and 
 the Secretary's Rent Collection account debited, 
 at the close of the half-year, for rents receivable 
 during the half-year from tenants of the Company's 
 houses, land, &c., as shewn by the Land Agent's 
 advice, and the Secretary's rent collection balance 
 sheet. It is then also debited, and the Main- 
 tenance of Way account credited with the cost 
 of repairs, &c., of rental property during the 
 half-year. 
 
 VI. Permanent Way Stock Account. This is debited with 
 the value of all permanent way materials issued by the 
 Stores department to the Way and Works department, 
 and taken into stock, as shewn by the weekly classified 
 abstracts of stores, &c., received, furnished by the 
 latter department to the Accountant. It is also 
 
382 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 charged with the value of materials produced, pre- 
 viously referred to. 
 
 Note. The Permanent Way Stock account 
 being credited with materials used, and with 
 materials sent out of stock to the Stores depart- 
 ment, and debited with the charges just mentioned, 
 the Ledger balance at the end of each half-year 
 should represent approximately the value of 
 materials in stock. This balance is compared 
 with the half-yearly detailed valuation of the stock, 
 and any adjustments necessary are made by the 
 Accountant. 
 
 VII., VIII., and IX. Signal, Telegraph, and Sleepers (creosoting) 
 Stock Accounts. These accounts are also charged in a 
 similar way with the value of materials received from 
 the Stores department, and are credited with materials 
 used out of stock, or sent to the Stores department. 
 
 In the case of sleepers delivered to the creosoting 
 establishment, the cost of labour, &c., expended upon 
 them while there is also charged to the Stock account. 
 The extra debit is cleared by recharging to the Stores 
 department when the creosoted sleepers are sent thereto. 
 
 386. Classification of Locomotive, Carriage, and 
 Stores Departments Expenditure. In this book are 
 opened accounts for 
 
 I. Locomotive Power. To this account is charged all expen- 
 diture in connection with the working, repairing, and 
 renewing of engines ; and the items are subdivided as 
 follows : 
 
 Running Expenses, 
 (a) Coal, Coke, and Firewood. 
 (b} Wages of Enginemen and Firemen. 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 383 
 
 (c) Wages of Coal or Coke-men and Cleaners. 
 
 (d) Water. 
 
 0) Waste, Oil, Tallow, and Clothing. 
 
 Repairs and Renewals, 
 (f) Wages of Mechanics for repairs. 
 () Materials for repairs. 
 (h) Salaries. 
 
 (i) Stationery and Printing. 
 (f) Repairs of Shops and Engine Turntables. 
 (k) Gas. 
 Total. 
 
 II. Repairs and Renewals of Carriages and Wagons. The 
 
 items of this account are classified under the following 
 heads : 
 
 (a) Wages for repairs. 
 
 (b) Materials for repairs. 
 
 (c) Salaries. 
 
 (d) Stationery and Printing. 
 
 (e) Gas. 
 
 (/) Repairs of buildings. 
 
 Total. 
 
 A detailed record of the costs of repairs, &c., to 
 carnages is kept by the Superintendent of this depart- 
 ment, and the division of the expenses as between 
 " Carriages " and " Wagons " is made half-yearly. 
 
 III. Carriage and Wagon Hire. This contains a record of 
 the payments for hire, mileage, and demurrage of 
 working stock. 
 
 IV. Compensation. The charges to this account consist 
 principally of payments for damages to other Com- 
 panies' and traders' working stock. 
 
 V. Gas. This account is debited with wages, fuel, stores, 
 
3^4 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 and salaries in connection with the Company's manu- 
 facture of gas, and with all gas accounts paid. 
 
 Note. The Company's charges to occupiers of 
 rental property for gas, and charges against the 
 Locomotive, Carriage, and Way and Works 
 departments, are credited to this account, and the 
 balance representing the cost of lighting stations, 
 signals, &c., with gas, is transferred to the debit of 
 " Traffic Expenses " at the end of each half-year. 
 
 VI. Stores Expenses. This account is charged with the 
 administration expenses in connection with the purchase 
 and distribution of stores. 
 
 Note. This account is cleared at the end of each 
 half-year by transferring the expenses, on an 
 apportionment furnished by the General Stores 
 department to the debit of the various depart- 
 ments chargeable therewith. 
 
 VII. Working- Stock (Capital) Account. This account is 
 debited with the cost of additional engines, tenders, 
 carriages, wagons, and machinery, authorised by the 
 Directors to be constructed or purchased on Capital 
 account. 
 
 VIII. General Stores. This account is charged with all 
 payments for coal, general stores, and permanent way 
 materials purchased by the Stores department ; also 
 with the value of old materials sent to Stores by the 
 Way and Works, and other departments. 
 
 Note. The Credits to this account consist of the 
 total value of the issues, as shewn by the weekly 
 statements thereof; the balance of the General 
 Stores account in the Ledger being compared 
 with the detailed valuation of the stock yearly, 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 385 
 
 and any adjustments necessary made by the 
 Accountant 
 
 IX. Coal and Coke Stock. The debits to this account consist 
 of the amounts transferred to the Locomotive depart- 
 ment through the Stores issue statements. 
 
 Note. The Credits are made up of the amounts 
 shewn by the weekly returns of the consumption, 
 furnished by the Locomotive department. 
 
 Stock is taken at the close of each half-year, and 
 the " book stock," as shewn by the Ledger, adjusted 
 to the actual stock by the Accountant transferring 
 the difference to the debit or credit of Locomotive 
 department expenditure, as the case may require. 
 The accounts of the stocks of materials and 
 stores in the Locomotive and Carriage depart- 
 ments also have an important place in the Ledgers. 
 These accounts are adjusted at the close of each 
 half-year by transferring the decreased or increased 
 value of the stocks to the debit or credit of the 
 Locomotive and Carriage department Expenditure 
 accounts, as the case may be. 
 
 387. Classification of Traffic Department Expendi- 
 ture. Accounts are opened in this book as under : 
 
 I. Traffic Expenses. This includes the expenses in connec- 
 tion with the working of the traffic. The items are 
 classified as follows : 
 
 (a) Salaries, including Travelling Expenses 
 
 (b) Wages. 
 
 (c) Fuel, Lighting, Water, and General Stores. 
 
 (d) Clothing. 
 
 (e) Stationery, Printing, and Tickets. 
 
 (/) Horses, Harness, Vans, and Provender. 
 (g) Wagon covers and Ropes. 
 
 I A 
 
386 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 (h) Joint Station Expenses. 
 
 (i) Miscellaneous Expenses. 
 
 (j) Branch Coaching, i.e., Omnibus Expenses. 
 
 (k) Working and repairing Hoists and Travelling 
 
 Cranes. 
 Total. 
 
 II. Compensation. To this account are charged payments 
 
 in respect of 
 
 ( a ) Personal injury to Passengers. 
 
 ( b ) Claims for damage to or loss of Parcels, &c. 
 
 (c) do. do. Goods (Foreign). 
 
 (d) do. do. (Local). 
 ( e ) Medical attendance. 
 
 (/) Sundry expenses. 
 
 Note. The half-yearly total of goods claims 
 returned for division with foreign Companies fs 
 transferred to the debit of the Merchandise Traffic 
 Revenue account, this account being credited 
 through the Clearing House Settlements with the 
 foreign proportion of the loss. 
 
 III. Government Duty. The monthly payments for 
 Government Duty on passenger traffic are charged 
 to this account. 
 
 IV. Cartages. All payments to agents, &c., for cartages 
 are charged to this account. The expenses con- 
 nected with the Company's own carting stock, how- 
 ever, are included week by week in the debits to 
 the various subdivisions of " Traffic Expenses " 
 account (horses, provender, drays, wages, &c.), 
 and, at the end of each half-year, the cost of cartages 
 performed by the Company's teams is ascertained, 
 and transferred from " Traffic Expenses " to the 
 " Cartages " account. 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keepers Office. 387 
 
 After deducting sundry credits, the balance of the 
 Cartages account is then transferred to the debit of 
 " Merchandise Traffic Receipts " in the General 
 Ledger, and shewn in the published accounts as a 
 deduction from Goods Revenue. 
 
 VI. Coaching Traffic Receipts. 
 
 VII. Merchandise Traffic Receipts. 
 
 These accounts include payments for commission, 
 boat-hire, tonnages, dock dues, tolls, rebates, and 
 other drawbacks on traffic. 
 
 388. Classification of Secretary's, General Mana- 
 ger's, and Accountant's Departments Expenditure 
 
 (or " General Charges " ). In this book are the following 
 accounts : 
 
 I. General Charges. 
 
 (a) Direction. 
 
 (b) Auditors, including Clerk and Expenses. 
 
 ( c ) Salaries of Secretary, General Manager, Ac- 
 
 countant, and Clerks. 
 
 (d) Office expenses of do. do. do. 
 ( e ) Postage and Receipt Stamps. 
 
 (f) Advertising. 
 
 (g) Fire Insurance. 
 
 (k) Electric Telegraph Expenses. 
 ( i ) Railway Clearing House Expenses. 
 (j) Miscellaneous Expenses. 
 
 (k) Travelling Expenses of Directors and Manager. 
 Total. 
 
 II. Debenture Charges. This account is charged with 
 commission on debenture stock, cost of debenture 
 stamps, &c. The debit is cleared half-yearly by a 
 
388 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 transfer to Debenture or Debenture Stock Interest 
 Account. 
 
 III. Rates and Taxes. 
 
 IV. Law and Parliamentary Expenses, for the Revenue 
 charges under this head. 
 
 V. Bankers* and General Interest Account, do. do. do. 
 
 389. Classification of Hotels Expenditure. This 
 book contains a classification of the salaries, wages, and 
 accounts paid in respect of the working of the Company's 
 Hotels and Refreshment Rooms. 
 
 Note. An Hotel and Refreshment Room Stock 
 account is kept in the Ledger. This is adjusted 
 to the actual stock, and Hotels expenditure 
 debited or credited with any decrease or increase 
 therein at the close of each half-year. 
 
 The " Classification " books are written up from the 
 vouchers, general summaries of wages and salaries, state- 
 ments of stores issued, materials used, &c., as per Journal. 
 
 The entries are made in consecutive order of voucher 
 numbers, the cheque reference, name, particulars, and date 
 of account, being given with each entry. A reference to the 
 classification entries is also made on the vouchers and 
 other documents at the time of entering. Vouchers charge- 
 able to several accounts are docketed accordingly. 
 
 390. At the end of each month the classification entries 
 are added up, and the aggregate totals of the accounts 
 are balanced with the totals of the same month's debit 
 entries in the " Expenditure (Suspense) Account " of the 
 Ledger. The latter account is then cleared and the proper 
 accounts charged by journal entries as on opposite page : 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keepeSs Office. 389 
 
 r 
 
 JOURNAL. 
 
 Tune q 
 
 o, 189 . 
 
 
 Sundries Dr. to Expenditure (Suspense) A/c. (W) . . 
 
 Main Line Capital A/c., for expenditure entered Way and Works 
 Classification . .* folio 3 
 Branch do do Hr -?9A 
 
 A? 
 
 35 
 140 
 
 15 
 285 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 75 
 
 20 
 15 
 
 28 4 
 136 
 
 360 
 320 
 
 25 
 50 
 
 "5 
 
 100 
 
 
 .600 
 
 420 
 
 680 
 
 75 
 215 
 
 Sidings, &c., for Sundry Parties do. do. . 402 
 Maintenance, c., of Way do. do. ,, 419 
 Compensation do. do. ,, 500 
 Rents do. do. ,, 508 
 Permanent Way Stock A/c. do. do. ,, 600 
 Signal Stock A/c. do. do. 610 
 Telegraph Stock A/c. do. do. ,, 620 
 
 Sundries Dr. to Expenditure (Suspense) A/c (L. & S.) 
 Locomotive Power for expenditure entered Locomotive, &c., 
 Classification . . folio 50 
 Repairs, &c., of Carriages and Wagons, ) 
 Working Stock, &c. } " 3*> 
 
 Sundries Dr. to Expenditure (Suspense) A/c (T.) 
 Traffic Expenses for expenditure entered Traffic Classification 
 folio 75 
 Compensation, Government Duty, 1 
 &c., &c. } ditt ditt " 4 
 
 Sundries Dr. to Expenditure (Suspense) A/c (H.) 
 
 Palace Hotel, for expenditure entered Hotels Classification . . folio 10 
 Royal Terminus Hotel, ditto ditto ,, 60 
 
 Sundries Dr. to Expenditure (Suspense) A/c (F.) 
 General Charges for expenditure entered Finance Classification 
 folio 50 
 Rates and Taxes, &c., &c. ditto ditto ,, 75 
 
 The vouchers are afterwards tied up in bundles, and 
 when audited, securely fastened in guard books in proper 
 numerical order for future reference. Separate guard books 
 are used for the accounts drawn on each Bank. 
 
390 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 The subdivision of the monthly expenditure under each 
 account may be copied from the "Classification Books " into the 
 Ledger, monthly or at the close of the half-year, as most 
 convenient. 
 
 391. Capital Expenditure. In addition to the record of 
 capital expenditure made in the Way and Works Classification 
 book under the heads enumerated, a book is also kept in which 
 to classify the outlay under the head of each separate work ; and 
 while in this book (as in the Way and Works Classification) the 
 expenditure on each branch is kept distinct, the items are 
 subdivided so as to shew also the cost of each new station, 
 siding, or other work sanctioned by the Directors. 
 
 At the end of each half-year the totals of the two books are 
 agreed, and a tabulated statement of the details of the half-year's 
 capital outlay made up for publication with the other accounts. 
 (See Table 5 of "Published accounts" farther on.) 
 
 An abstract giving particulars of the works, large and small, 
 and expenditure authorised on capital account, and the amount 
 of the payments on each work is laid before the Directors 
 by the Accountant monthly. This abstract thus exhibits the 
 progress of works, and affords a convenient means of comparison 
 between outlays sanctioned and incurred. 
 
 392. Capital Liabilities Ledger. This book is designed 
 to shew (i) the amount of the Company's estimated liabilities 
 on capital account in respect of each branch, work, or outlay, 
 sanctioned by Parliament and the Directors ; and (2) the 
 amount of the Assets, i.e., unexpended capital and capital 
 powers not exercised, to meet such outlay. 
 
 The total expenditure sanctioned is passed through a Capital 
 Liabilities Journal to the debit of the " Capital Liabilities " 
 account in the Ledger, and credited in detail to the various 
 branches or works in respect of which the outlay was allowed- 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper s Office. 39.1 
 
 The " Capital Liabilities " account is then made creditor^ and the 
 respective works are made debtors for the expenditure. 
 
 On the other hand, the total moneys authorised by Parlia- 
 ment to be raised to meet capital outlay are passed to the credit 
 of the "Assets" account, and to the debit of the " Share 
 Powers " or " Debenture Powers " accounts, in the proportions 
 fixed by the Acts ; the Assets account being made debtor ; and 
 Share or Debenture Powers creditors for the receipts on capital 
 account. 
 
 These entries are passed through the Capital Liabilities 
 Journal and posted up half-yearly, when balance sheets of 
 Capital Liabilities and Assets are prepared and summaries 
 thereof given in the published accounts of the Company. (See 
 Tables 7 and 8 in the half-yearly " Statement of Accounts ' 
 farther on.) 
 
 The estimates are carefully revised once a year, and detailed 
 statements of the results laid before the Directors; further 
 capital powers being, if necessary, sought from Parliament, to 
 enable the Company to complete works in progress, construct 
 new lines, &c. 
 
 393. Accounts for collection by the Secretary. 
 
 After these have been checked, entered in a Day Book, and certified 
 by or for the Accountant, they are sent out to the public by his 
 department. The entries in the Day Book are balanced with 
 the totals of a " Secretary's Collection " column in the Expen- 
 diture Credit books received from the Stores and other depart- 
 ments (118, 124, 130, 312, &c.), and the items are afterwards posted 
 to the debtors' accounts in the Secretary's Collection Ledgers. 
 A copy of the Day Book entries is furnished to the Secretary as 
 previously explained, and the monthly totals of the respective 
 Expenditure Credit Books are passed through the Journals to 
 the debit of one account called " Secretary's Collection," and in 
 
3Q2 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 the General Ledgers to the credit of the capital or revenue 
 accounts affected. 
 
 The cash credits are posted into the Secretary's Collection 
 Ledgers direct from the Travelling Cash Book, and the balances 
 owing to the Company are summarised and balanced half-yearly 
 with the account in the General Ledger. 
 
 Credits for allowances, &c., are entered in the lists and Day 
 Book in red ink, and journalised separately ; or charges may 
 be withdrawn or reduced on the authority of a letter from the 
 General Manager, or the department which made the charge. 
 
 Schedules of bad debts in this account are submitted to the 
 Directors before being written off, as previously explained. 
 
 Having now dealt with Expenditure, we will next touch 
 upon Revenue. 
 
 The Coaching, Goods, and Mineral Revenue books and 
 Balance Sheets are journalised monthly, as follows : 
 
 394, Coaching Revenue Book, described on page 227. 
 
 The Coaching Outstandings account is Dr. for the gross 
 revenue entered in the station returns ; the Railway Clearing 
 House and foreign Railway Companies are Drs. for the 
 amounts due from them in respect of through trafific ; and 
 " Coaching Traffic Receipts," i.e., the Passengers, Parcels, &c., 
 Revenue account, is Cr. for the total of the foregoing items. 
 
 On the other hand, the Coaching Revenue account is Dr., 
 and the Railway Clearing House, foreign Railway Companies, 
 Agents, &c., are Crs. for amounts due to them in settlement of 
 through traffic, commission on special trains, &c. 
 
 395. Coaching Revenue Balance Sheet, described 
 on page 317. 
 
 The " Special Debits " and " Special Credits " herein are the 
 only items necessary to be dealt with by the Book-keeper. 
 
 The former are carried to the debit of " Coaching Out- 
 standings," and to the credit of the Hotels, &c., accounts, for 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper s Office. 393 
 
 cash paid to Bank, and to the credit of other Railway Companies 
 for coaching cash received on their account. 
 
 The latter are carried to the credit of " Coaching Out- 
 standings," and to the debit of (i) Coaching Revenue, for 
 returned fares, parcel refunds, &c, (2) other Companies, for 
 coaching cash collected by them, and (3) Secretary's collection 
 for soldiers' warrants, &c. 
 
 Note. The coaching cash paid to Bank by the stations and 
 Secretary is credited to " Coaching Outstandings " by 
 the Book-keeper through the general Banking accounts 
 described farther on. As this cash credit is agreed, 
 monthly, with the corresponding credit in the Coach- 
 ing Revenue Balance Sheet, it follows that after the 
 foregoing entries have been posted and proper pro- 
 vision made for " Cash in transit " (i.e., Cash remitted 
 by stations for the last days of the month, but which 
 does not get credited by the Banks until the first or 
 second of the following month), the balance at the 
 debit of the Coaching Outstandings account in the 
 General Ledger should correspond with that shewn by 
 the Coaching Revenue Balance Sheet as due from the 
 stations. 
 
 This note applies also to the " Goods " and 
 " Mineral " Outstanding accounts. 
 
 396. Goods Revenue Book, described on page 276. 
 
 In the case of Goods and Mineral traffic, the Gross Revenue 
 and charges thereon for allowances, paid ons, recharges, &c, 
 are ascertained from the Goods and Mineral Revenue Balance 
 Sheets; therefore the only figures in the Goods and Mineral 
 Revenue Books to be dealt with by the Book-keeper are the 
 balances shewn by them as due from and to the Railway 
 Clearing House, foreign Railway and Steamboat Companies, &c., 
 
394 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 in settlement of foreign traffic, and for mileage and demurrage 
 of working stock. These balances are carried to the credit 
 of the Goods and Cattle Revenue, and Carriage and Wagon 
 Hire accounts, and to the debit of the various Railway or 
 Personal accounts, or vice versa, as the cases may require. 
 
 397. Goods Revenue Balance Sheet, described on 
 page 345- 
 
 All the debits in this statement are debits to the "Goods 
 Outstandings " account in the Ledger, and credits to the Goods 
 Revenue, Revenue expenditure (for cartages, &c.), and the 
 several Railway, Agents', and other accounts indicated. 
 
 The credits (except cash, as to which see note to 395), as 
 shewn by the Balance Sheet, are likewise treated as credits to 
 " Goods Outstandings," and debits to Revenue and the various 
 Railway and other accounts indicated. 
 
 398. Mineral Revenue Book, described on page 306. 
 
 The items due in settlement of through traffic as shewn by 
 this book, are carried to the credit of the Railway Companies 
 concerned, and to the debit of the Mineral Revenue account, or 
 vice versa, as may be necessary. 
 
 399. Mineral Revenue Balance Sheet, described on 
 page 353- 
 
 The various debits for tolls, &c., are passed through the 
 Journal to the debit of " Mineral Outstandings," and to the 
 credit of Mineral Revenue and sundry Personal accounts in the 
 Ledger. 
 
 The credits (again excepting cash) are, moreover, credited 
 to " Outstandings," and debited to the accounts to which they 
 refer. 
 
 A " Mineral Allowance Suspense" account in the Ledger is 
 credited through these entries for allowances provided for by 
 deductions from Revenue, and is debited for allowances actually 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 395 
 
 made during each month, and the balance of this account should 
 always agree with the Ledger office record of mineral 
 allowance vouchers outstanding for traders' signatures. 
 
 400. General Banking Accounts. It has been shewn 
 that the Accountant does not handle the cash, and, therefore, it is 
 not necessary for his department to keep a General Cash Book. 
 He deals, however, with the Company's Banking accounts, and 
 all the transactions, both as regards receipts and payments, are 
 recorded in the Book-keeper's office. For this purpose, and for 
 the regulation of the finances, the Bankers' Pass Books are 
 made up every week and together with the paid cheques, 
 debentures paid off, dividend and interest warrants cashed, &c., 
 sent to the Accountant. 
 
 We will first deal with the 
 
 401. Bankers' Receipts. The book used for recording 
 the transactions is ruled as shewn on the following page. 
 
 A separate account is opened for each Bank, and the Bank 
 entries are written up from the Companies' credit side of the 
 Pass Books. The monthly total of this column is balanced with 
 the Pass Books, and the particulars of the items are obtained 
 (#) from the Stations' Cash Book, (U) the Secretary's travelling 
 Cash Book, and (c) the Secretary's monthly lists of Bills paid to 
 Bank ; the items being extended to the several columns to 
 which they appertain. Thus all amounts for the credit of the 
 Coaching, Goods, and Mineral Outstanding accounts in the 
 Ledger are extended to columns No. I, 2, and 3, respectively, 
 and the monthly totals of these columns are balanced with the 
 cash entered on the credit side of the Coaching, Goods, and 
 Mineral Revenue Balance Sheets previously alluded to. Cash 
 received for the credit of " Secretary's Collection," and items to 
 be credited to the personal accounts of Railway Companies, 
 Agents, and others, are entered in columns No. 4, 5, and 8. 
 
396 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 JS3J9JUI 
 
 'SU'BO'J 
 
 3 /v ma 
 
 sjuaSy P UB 
 5/03 ABA\I;^ 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 397 
 
 Bills paid to Bank by the Secretary are credited to the 
 Secretary's Bill account through column No. 6, the total of which 
 is balanced with the Secretary's lists. Column No. 7 is for 
 items such as unpaid wages, &c., returned to Secretary, paid 
 into Bank for the credit of Capital or Revenue expenditure 
 accounts. Receipts on Capital account for the credit of the 
 Debenture account, Debenture Stock account, or Share account, 
 are extended to columns No. 9, 10, n, and 12, respectively. 
 The receipts on shares are balanced monthly, with the 
 Secretary's Day Books of Calls received ; and half-yearly, 
 with the Secretary's Stock and Share Registers. Interest 
 received on calls in arrear, Bankers' balances, &c., is entered in 
 column No. 13. All items for the credit of the Secretary's 
 Rent Collection account are carried to the I4th column, 
 and Cash Transfers from other Banks are entered in column 
 No. 15. 
 
 In addition to the Banking accounts, one called " Secretary's 
 Bill Account" is kept in this book of all bills received by the 
 Secretary, and held by him till maturity. This is treated 
 similarly to a Bankers' account, and is written up from the lists 
 of bills, and cheques requiring endorsement, &c., as entered in 
 the Travelling Cash Book. The items are extended, in the 
 classification columns, to the credit of the Goods or Mineral 
 Outstanding accounts, as the case may require. 
 
 When new acceptances or cheques are received to replace 
 those dishonoured or returned, they are credited to a " Dis- 
 honoured Bill " account through column No. 8. 
 
 The totals having been ruled off and balanced with the Bank 
 entries at the end of each month, a classified summary is made 
 of the items comprised in columns No. 5, 7, and 8, shewing 
 the accounts in the General Ledgers which require credit, and 
 the month's receipts under each head are journalised as 
 follows : 
 
398 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Bank Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 To Coaching Outstandings 
 Goods Outstandings 
 Secretary's Collection 
 
 X Railway Company 
 
 Secretary's Bill Account 
 Debenture Stock Capital A/c. 
 Stock and Share Capital A/c. 
 &c., &c. 
 Secretary's Bill Account Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 For receipts during the 
 month, entered in Bankers' 
 Receipts book, folio 
 
 For receipts during the 
 month, entered in Bankers' 
 Receipts book, folio 
 
 To Goods Outstandings 
 
 ,, Mineral Outstandings 
 
 Dishonoured Bills, &c , &c. 
 
 It should be borne in mind that in journalising the entries in 
 this book, transfers from other Banks, as per column No. 15, are 
 deducted from the total of the Bank receipts, and that the net 
 amount only (as regards both the debits and credits) is dealt 
 with. The reason for this is that the only necessary book-keeping 
 entries of amounts transferred are made through the book 
 recording Bankers' payments ; the transferring Banks being 
 credited, and the Banks to whom the transfers are made being 
 debited through that book alone. 
 
 402. Bankers' Payments. These are written up from 
 the Company's debit side of the Pass Books. A separate account 
 is opened for each Bank, as in the case of receipts, and the entries 
 are made as indicated by the headings : 
 
 BANKERS' PAYMENTS., BANK CR. 
 
 BANK ENTRY. 
 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF ACCOUNTS TO DEBIT. 
 
 
 
 
 2? ^ 
 
 U 
 
 
 w 
 
 eld 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 <=? 
 
 D C/5 f 
 
 
 
 5 PO>J 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 PARTICULARS. 
 
 ll 
 
 111 
 
 11, 
 
 "c 
 
 1 
 
 c: 5*0 
 
 cs - 
 
 8"! 
 
 
 
 
 Q * 
 
 Q~ 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 jjjffj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
Accoimtan? s Department Book-keepers Office. 399 
 
 As separate detailed records of cheques, debenture interest, 
 and dividends paid are kept, the daily totals only need be 
 entered, except in the case of debentures paid off, Bank charges, 
 and sundries, when the number and amount of each debenture, 
 and the particulars of each item should be given. 
 
 In the column for transfers, &c., are entered amounts trans- 
 ferred to other Banks on the orders of the Finance Committee, 
 bills dishonoured, &c. 
 
 The entries are totalled, balanced across and with the Pass 
 Books, monthly, as in the case of Bankers' receipts. 
 
 The details of debenture interest and dividend warrants paid 
 are entered by the Bankers in separate Pass Books, the daily 
 totals only of which are carried to the general account. These 
 are compared and balanced monthly. 
 
 After debentures paid off have been cancelled by the Finance 
 Committee, they are endorsed and tied up in the order of the 
 entries in the " Bankers' Payments," for examination by the 
 Auditors of the Company. 
 
 The payments are journalised monthly, the Banks being Cr. 
 for the total amount of the payments, and various accounts Drs, 
 for the classified items comprised therein. Thus the Debenture 
 Capital account is Dr. for debentures paid off; the Debenture 
 Interest and Dividends Payable and Outstanding accounts, 
 are respectively Dr. for interest and dividend warrants paid ; 
 the Interest (Revenue) account is Dr. for Bank charges, &c. ; 
 other Banks are Drs. for transfers ; the Dishonoured Bill 
 account is Dr. for bills dishonoured and returned to the 
 Secretary ; and the Cheques Drawing account is Dr. for 
 cheques paid. 
 
4OO Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 The following is a brief recapitulation of the ordinary 
 weekly and monthly entries in the journal to which reference 
 has been made : 
 
 403. JOURNALISED WEEKLY. 
 
 I. FROM TRADESMEN'S ACCOUNTS 
 
 Expenditure (Suspense)) Dr. to Wages and Sundry 
 
 Account .J Tradesmen, 
 
 For Wages and Accounts passed for payment. 
 
 II. CHEQUES JOURNAL 
 
 Sundry Tradesmen and) _ 
 Personal Accounts ...| Dr - to Drawing Account. 
 
 For Cheques drawn. 
 
 III. STORES ISSUES 
 
 Expenditure (Suspense) ) Dr. to General Stores Stock 
 Account j Account. 
 
 For Coal and Coke, Materials, and General Stores issued by 
 the Stores to the Consuming Departments. 
 
 IV. COAL ISSUES 
 
 Expenditure (Suspense)) Dr. to Coal and Coke Stock 
 
 Account j Account. 
 
 For Coal used out of Stock. 
 
 404. JOURNALIZED MONTHLY. 
 
 V. PERMANENT WAY MATERIALS USED 
 
 Expenditure (Suspense) ) Dr. to Permanent Way Stock 
 Account j Account. 
 
 For Materials used out of Stock. 
 
 VI. P.W. MATERIALS PRODUCED 
 
 Expenditure (Suspense) | Dr. to Capital or Revenue 
 Account j Accounts. 
 
 For Materials taken up and put into Stock. 
 
 VII. P.W. MATERIALS SENT TO STORES 
 Expenditure 
 
 Accounts. 
 
 For Materials, &c., returned to the Stores Department. 
 NOTE. The Signal and Telegraph Departments Stock is dealt with in a similar way. 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keepers Office. 401 
 
 VIII. TRANSFERS FROM EXPENDITURE SUSPENSE ACCOUNT, 
 which is cleared each Month 
 
 . to Expenditure (Suspense) 
 counts l Account. 
 
 For Expenditure during the Month. 
 
 IX. EXPENDITURE CREDITS BOOKS 
 Secretary's Collection,^ 
 and Railway Com- Dr ' to Ca P ltaJ ' R f venue ' &c - 
 
 pany's Accounts J Accounts. 
 
 For Accounts for Collection. 
 
 X. COACHING REVENUE BOOK 
 (a) Coaching Outstandingsa 
 
 Railway Companies', [Dr. to Coaching Revenue. 
 &c J 
 
 For the Month's Gross Revenue from Passengers, Parcels, &c., 
 and proportion of Receipts from foreign Traffic, &c. 
 
 (Dr. to Railway Companies, 
 (*) Coaching Revenue .....| clearing House, &c. 
 
 For foreign Companies' proportion of through Traffic. 
 
 XI. COACHING REVENUE BALANCE SHEET 
 
 (a) Coaching Outstandings... Dr. to Sundry Accounts 
 
 For Hotel and Refreshment Room Receipts 
 and other Special Debits. 
 
 (/>) Coaching Revenue and-\ _ 
 
 Sundry Accounts } Dr ' to Coaching Outstandings. 
 
 For Returned Fares, Refunds, and 
 other Special Credits. 
 
 XII. GOODS REVENUE BOOK 
 
 M *aUway Companies, { 
 
 Clearing House, &c.| Wa ^ on Hire . 
 
 For proportion of Receipts from foreign Traffic 
 and Mileage and Demurrage of Stock. 
 
 (/>) Goods and Cattle^ 
 
 Revenue and Car- [ Dr. to Railway Companies, 
 riage and Wagon [ Clearing House, &c. 
 Hire ) 
 
 For foreign Companies' proportions, &c., of through Traffic, 
 and Mileage and Demurrage of Stock. 
 
 2B 
 
4O2 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 XIII. GOODS REVENUE BALANCE SHEET 
 
 , - . , (Dr. to Goods Revenue, Railway 
 
 (a) Goods Outstandmgs | Companies' Agents, &c. 
 
 For the Gross Revenue from Goods and Cattle Traffic, amounts 
 due to foreign Railway Companies and Agents for Paid ons, 
 Cartages, &c., &c. 
 
 (P) Goods Revenue, Rail-) 
 
 way C o m p a n i e s ' [ Dr ' to Go oci s Outstanding^ 
 Agents, &c J 
 
 For charges on Revenue, and amounts due from foreign Railway 
 Companies, Agents, &c., for Paid-ons, Cartages, &c., &c. 
 
 XIV. MINERAL REVENUE BOOK 
 
 (a) Railway Companies, &c...Dr. to Mineral Revenue. 
 
 For proportion of Receipts from foreign Traffic, &c. 
 
 (b) Mineral Revenue Dr. to Railway Companies, &c . 
 
 For foreign Companies' proportion of through Traffic, &c. 
 
 XV. MINERAL REVENUE BALANCE SHEET 
 
 (Dr. to Mineral Revenue, Rail- 
 <) Mineral Outstandmgs | way Compan i es , & c . 
 
 For the Gross Revenue from Mineral Traffic, and 
 
 amounts due to foreign Companies for Allowances, &c. 
 
 ^) Mineral Revenue, Rai -)_ 
 
 way Companies, &c....J Dr - * Mmeral Outstandmgs. 
 
 For Drawbacks, c., and amounts due from foreign Companies 
 for carriage of Coal, &c., &c. 
 
 XVI. BANKERS' RECEIPTS 
 
 Dr. to Traffic Outstanding 
 Accounts, Secretary's Collec- 
 
 . _ tion and Bill Accounts, Rail- 
 la) Bankers 4 way AccountS) Share a nd 
 
 Debenture Capital Accounts, 
 &c., &c. 
 
 For Receipts during the Month. 
 
 Secretary's Bill Ac-) Dr. to Traffic Outstanding 
 
 count j Accounts, &c. 
 
 For Bills, &c., received by the Secretary 
 during the Month. 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keepers Office. 403 
 
 XVII. BANKERS' PAYMENTS 
 
 Drawing Account, Divi-| 
 dends and Interest [ Dr. to Bankers. 
 
 Payable, &c > 
 
 For Warrants and Cheques cashed, and other 
 payments by Bankers during the Month. 
 
 These entries are posted into the Ledgers monthly, and 
 embrace all the ordinary accounts of Income and Expenditure. 
 
 405. Half-Yearly Accounts. More serious work com- 
 mences with the " Winding-up," or " Stock-taking " operations, 
 which take place at the close of each half-year. 
 
 All outstanding liabilities have then to be ascertained or 
 estimated, and lists of unpaid tradesmen's accounts, &c., 
 prepared, classified, and properly charged under the various 
 heads of expenditure. Provision has also to be made for rents 
 and services at joint stations ; rents of leased lines ; rents 
 receivable from tenants of houses, land, &c. ; earnings and 
 expenses of working joint lines ; uncleared foreign traffic ; 
 traffic drawbacks, tolls, &c. ; interest and dividends on invest- 
 ments, temporary loans, debentures, pre-preference stocks, &c. 
 
 The Stock, Share, and Loan Capital accounts Capital 
 and Revenue expenditure General Stores and other Stock 
 accounts Banking, Temporary Loans, Secretary's Collection, 
 Secretary's Bills Receivable, Rent Collection, and Drawing 
 accounts Coaching, Goods, and Mineral Traffic Outstandings 
 Dividends Payable and Outstanding these and other accounts 
 have also to be balanced, and the necessary adjustments made. 
 
 In connection with these and other matters incidentally 
 referred to in the preceding pages, special journal entries, too 
 numerous for mention in detail, and embodying in most instances 
 the results of much careful research, calculation, and judgment, 
 
404 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 have to be drafted by the Accountant and Book-keeper, and 
 passed to the proper accounts in the subsidiary books and 
 Ledgers. 
 
 The only matters to which specific reference need be made 
 are the following : 
 
 406. Liabilities. Lists of tradesmen's accounts, wages, 
 and estimated charges not paid within the half-year in which 
 they were incurred, are made in a book for this purpose, which 
 is totalled and ruled off when all have been entered. These 
 particulars are obtained from the accounts passed or to be 
 passed for payment, and from supplemental advices of further 
 liabilities and estimates furnished by the departments. 
 
 The items are then classified and passed through the Ex- 
 penditure (Suspense) account, Classification books, and Journals, 
 to the debit of the various accounts chargeable therewith, and 
 to the credit of a Suspense account called " Revenue Liabilities.' 
 The balance of the latter account is cleared in the half-year 
 following that to which it relates by a reversal of the charges, 
 the latter being recharged in the ordinary way when the actual 
 figures have been ascertained, and cheques drawn. 
 
 407. Expenditure Classification Books. All special 
 and miscellaneous debits and credits to expenditure from various 
 sources which have been posted direct to the respective accounts 
 in the General Ledgers, are entered from the documents 
 authorising the same, or from the Banking, Revenue, and 
 Expenditure Credit Books, on the debit or credit side of the 
 corresponding accounts in the Classification Books. The credits 
 (which are all entered in one column) are then analysed and 
 deducted from the proper debit columns, and the gross and net 
 totals of the half-year's expenditure under each head compared 
 and agreed with those in the Ledger. 
 
 408. Drawing Account. All cheques drawn on and 
 paid by each Bank are registered in a Drawing Account Book 
 
Accountants Department Book-keeper's Office. 405 
 
 weekly. The dates, numbers, and amounts of the cheques 
 drawn are copied from the Secretary's Remittance Book, and 
 the dates and amounts of those paid are marked off from 
 the Bank Pass Books, in which the numbers of the cheques, 
 and not the names, are entered by the Bankers to facilitate 
 reference. 
 
 The " Outstandings/' or cheques not presented, are balanced 
 (i) weekly, with the Financial Statements made up by the 
 Book-keeper, and (2) half-yearly, by comparing with the Ledger 
 the totals of the outstandings, which are then brought forward 
 in detail in the register. 
 
 409. Balancing. After the closing entries above referred 
 to have been made, the half-yearly general balance is struck 
 in the following way : 
 
 The General Ledgers are added up throughout, the debit 
 or credit balances of the accounts being, in the first instance, 
 inserted in pencil. The balances are then taken down on 
 loose sheets, the names of the accounts and Ledger folios 
 having been previously written in to facilitate the operation. 
 When this is complete, and the sheets added up, the correctness 
 or otherwise of the whole of the work is ascertained by 
 comparing the sum of the debit balances with the sum of the 
 credit balances, which should of course agree. 
 
 Considering the enormous number of items that have to be 
 passed through the Journals into the General Ledgers in the 
 course of a half-year, and the magnitude of the operations, it 
 would not be surprising if considerable trouble were experienced 
 in attaining the desired result. 
 
 Yet, the completeness of the system described, and 
 efficiency of the arrangements, are demonstrated by the fact 
 that in at least one well-managed office known to the Author, 
 it is usual in no fewer than five out of six successive 
 half-years, and although the balances amount to nearly one 
 
406 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 hundred and eighty millions sterling, to strike an exact agreement 
 of debits and credits on first trial! Very rare indeed are 
 the occasions when in that office the satisfactory announce- 
 ment, "balanced," is not made within a quarter of an hour 
 of the time the trial balance is got out, thus establishing with 
 promptness and exactitude, at a time when celerity is most 
 desired, the accuracy, not only of the figures upon which the 
 Dividend announcements are made public, but also of the 
 entire statement of the Liabilities and Assets of the Company. 
 
 This result is obtained, firstly, by the wholesome practice 
 of relieving the Journals and General Ledgers of unnecessary 
 detail by the use of subsidiary books ; and, secondly, by the 
 constant exercise of care, and the observance of simple but 
 important rules in making the Journal entries, and in posting 
 the items therefrom into the Ledgers. 
 
 The balances, grouped according to the order in which they 
 are published, are then copied into a book for this purpose, 
 and the various Traffic, Revenue expenditure, and Interest 
 accounts in the Real Account Ledger are closed by transferring 
 the balances thereof to the General Revenue or Profit and Loss 
 account, which is thus made to indicate the Net amount available 
 for Dividend. The balances of the Capital, Stock, and Personal 
 accounts are brought down to commence a new half-year. 
 
 410, The Accounts and Balance Sheet are then 
 printed in the form prescribed by Act of Parliament, as on the 
 following pages ; and, after being certified by the Accountant 
 and Auditors, passed by the Directors, and signed by the Chair- 
 man of the Company, are issued, together with the Directors' 
 Report, to the Shareholders. 
 
 The numbers inserted in parenthesis ( ) in the tabulated 
 statements are the subject references under which the origin of 
 the entries may be traced. 
 
 411. Dividends. The amount required to pay the 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper s Office. 407 
 
 dividends declared by the Shareholders at their ordinary 
 yearly meetings, is transferred from the Revenue account 
 to the credit of " Dividends Payable ; " the latter account 
 being debited, monthly, with the amount of warrants cashed 
 by the Bankers as previously explained. 
 
 Lists, shewing numbers and amounts only, of all dividend and 
 interest warrants issued by the Secretary are kept in the Book- 
 keeper's office. The entries in these lists are marked off as the 
 warrants are paid, with the date and initial letter of the paying 
 Banks; and statements of the warrants outstanding are prepared, 
 and balanced half-yearly, with the Dividend and Interest 
 Payable accounts in the Ledger. 
 
 Income Tax deducted from dividends, &c., is paid, under the 
 annual assessment of profits, to the Income Tax Commissioners. 
 
408 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS FOR HALF-YEAR ENDING 
 JUNE SOTH, 189 . 
 
 Table No. i. 
 
 CAPITAL AUTHORISED AND CREATED. 
 
 Acts of Parliament. 
 
 Capital Authorised. 
 
 Created or Sanctioned. 
 
 Balance. 
 
 Stock 
 and 
 Shares. 
 
 Loans. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Stock 
 and 
 Shares, 
 
 Loans. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Stock 
 and 
 
 Shares. 
 
 Loans. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Main Line. .Act 1880 
 
 
 
 300,000 
 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 400,000 
 
 
 
 300,000 
 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 400,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Branches, 
 Act 1886 
 
 150,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 
 
 
 Additional Powers, 
 Act 1888 
 
 50,000 
 
 16,667 
 
 66,667 
 
 50,000 
 
 16,667 
 
 66,667 
 
 
 
 
 Additional Powers, 
 Act 1889 
 
 (See 392). 
 
 100,000 
 
 33,333 
 
 200,000 
 
 133,333 
 
 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 33,333 
 
 133,333 
 
 600,000 
 
 800,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 166,667 
 
 666,667 
 
 100,000 
 
 33,333 
 
 133,333 
 
 Table No. 2. 
 
 STOCK AND SHARE CAPITAL CREATED. 
 
 Description of Stock. 
 
 Amount 
 Created. 
 
 Amount Received. 
 
 Calls in 
 Arrear. 
 
 Amount 
 Uncalled. 
 
 Amount 
 Unissued. 
 
 Called 
 Up. 
 
 In 
 Advance. 
 
 Four per Cent. Rent Charge Stock 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Four per Cent. Guaranteed 
 Preferential Stock 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Four per Cent. Preference Shares 
 
 100,000 
 
 98,500 
 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 
 Consolidated Ordinary Stock 
 (See 392). 
 
 300,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 500,000 
 
 498,500 
 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 
 Note to Table No. 2. Some Companies now distinguish the Nominal Addition to Capital by the 
 Consolidation of Stocks, and carry the total amount on which Dividends are payable to a separate 
 column. 
 
(UNIVERSITY 
 Accountant's Department Bftok-k^epe^s^Of^ce.^ 409 
 
 Table No. 3. CAPITAL RAISED BY LOANS AND DEBENTURE STOCK. 
 
 
 
 Raised by Loans. 
 
 Debenture Stock, 
 
 Total Loans 
 and Debenture 
 Stock. 
 
 
 At 3* 
 per cent. 
 
 At 3 
 per cent. 
 
 Total. 
 
 At 4 
 
 per cent. 
 
 At 3 J 
 per cent. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 9,000 
 
 
 5,ooo 
 
 IO,OCO 
 
 
 15,000 
 19,000 
 
 
 
 75.COO 
 90,000 
 
 
 
 20,000 
 
 25,00 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 95,000 
 115,000 
 
 
 
 110,000 
 
 134,000 
 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 5>ooo 
 
 4,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 24,000 
 
 Decrease 
 
 Total amount authorised to be ra 
 Capital created as per Table Nc 
 
 Total amount raised by Loans and 
 
 Balance, being available Borrowing 
 (See 392). 
 
 ised by Loans and Debenture Stock in respect of 
 . i . -f 
 
 166,667 
 134,000 
 
 32,667 
 
 Debenture Stock as above 
 j Powers at June 30th, i8g< 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 Not to Table No. 3. When Debenture Stocks are converted into Stocks carrying lower rates of 
 interest, the actual cash receipts and Nominal Addition to the Capital are shewn in a foot-note. 
 
 DR. Table No. 4. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE ON CAPITAL ACCOUNT. CR. 
 
 
 3 > 
 S2 -8 
 
 I H 
 
 Expended I 
 during 
 Half-year 
 
 June 30, 1 890! 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Received to 
 Dec., 31, 
 1889. 
 
 Received 
 during 
 Half-year, 
 June 30, 1890 
 
 Total. 
 
 To Expenditure : 
 
 On Lines open for 
 Traffic 
 
 On Lines in course of 
 construction 
 
 On Working Stock 
 
 f. 
 Tc 
 
 (See 378-386). 
 
 
 
 438,500 
 
 15,000 
 70,000 
 
 
 15,000 
 65,00. 
 
 10,000 
 
 90,000 
 
 
 453.5oo 
 
 80,000 
 80,000 
 
 613,500 
 25,000 
 
 By Receipts : 
 
 On Stock and Shares 
 per Table No. a .... 
 
 On Loans per Table 
 No 3 
 
 
 
 423,500 
 
 15,000 
 95,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 75,000 
 4,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 
 498,500 
 
 19,000 
 115,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 On Debenture Stock, do. 
 
 On Premiums on Stocks 
 and Shares sold 
 
 (See 401 -2). 
 
 523,500 
 
 Balance 
 
 
 
 
 638,500 
 
 538,500 
 
 100,000 
 
 638,500 
 
410 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Table No. 5. DETAILS OF CAPITAL EXPENDITURE FOR HALF-YEAR ENDING 
 
 June 30^, 1890. 
 
 
 Land and 
 Compensation. 
 
 Construction 
 of Way 
 and 
 Stations. 
 
 Law and 
 Parliamentary 
 Charges. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Lines open for Traffic : 
 Additional Sidings 
 
 
 
 1,500 
 2,000 
 500 
 
 
 
 3,000 
 5,000 
 2,825 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 4,55o 
 7,100 
 3,350 
 
 Branch 
 
 And so on. 
 
 
 4,000 
 
 10,825 
 
 175 
 
 15,000 
 
 Lanes in course of Construction : 
 
 3,000 
 15,000 
 
 41,800 
 4,000 
 
 200 
 1,000 
 
 45,003 
 
 20,000 
 
 Branch 
 
 (See 385 and 391). 
 
 A 
 
 Working Stock (particulars 
 Total Expenditure during tl 
 
 18,000 
 
 45,800 
 
 1 ,200 
 
 65,000 
 
 are given here, See 386) 
 ic half-year, as per Table No. 4 . . . . 
 
 10,000 
 
 90,000 
 
 Table No. 6. 
 
 RETURN OF WORKING STOCK. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Horses 
 
 
 Loco- 
 motive 
 
 Coaching. 
 
 Merchandise and Minerals. 
 
 and 
 Carting 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stock. 
 
 
 
 
 ,A 
 
 2 
 
 </i 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 'So 
 
 i 
 
 Tenders. 
 
 First Clas 
 
 % 
 
 Third Clas 
 
 Brake Van 
 
 
 H 
 
 co 5 
 
 Coal and 
 Coke Trucl 
 
 Cattle 
 Trucks. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Horses. 
 
 jj 
 
 Stock, Dec. 31, 1889 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 460 
 
 35 
 
 28 
 
 Stock, June 30, 1890 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Decrease 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (See 125). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper's Office. 411 
 
 Table No. 7. ESTIMATE OF FURTHER EXPENDITURE ON CAPITAL ACCOUNT. 
 
 
 FURTHER EXPENDITURE. 
 
 During the 
 Half-year 
 Dec. 3 ist, 
 1890. 
 
 In 
 
 Subsequent 
 Half-years. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lines open for Traffic (including Working Stock) 
 
 20,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 Lines in Course of Construction do. 
 
 30,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 Subscriptions to other Railways, and Contributions to 
 Joint Lines (including Working Stock) 
 
 
 S.ooo 
 
 3,ooo 
 
 Lines not Commenced do. 
 (See 392). 
 
 50,000 
 
 59,500 
 
 1*9,500 
 
 100,000 
 
 92,590 
 
 192,500 
 
 Table No. 8. CAPITAL POWERS AND OTHER ASSETS AVAILABLE TO MEET 
 FURTHER EXPENDITURE, AS PER TABLE No. 7. 
 
 Share and Loan Capital authorised, but not created nor sanctioned 
 (Table No. i) 
 
 Stock and Share Capital created, but not received (Table No. 2) 
 vi*. : 
 
 Calls in arrear 
 Amount uncalled . . 
 Amount unissued . . 
 
 1,500 
 
 Loans and Debenture [.Stock Balance of available Borrowing Powers (Table 
 No. 3) * -.. 
 
 Capital Account Balance at Credit * thereof (Table No. 4) 
 
 (See 392). TOTAL . . 
 
 
 
 133,333 
 
 1,500 
 
 32,667 
 
 167,500 
 25,000 
 
 192,500 
 
 If Capital Account is in debit, this is deducted. 
 
4 I2 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Table No. 9. 
 DR. 
 
 REVENUE ACCOUNT. 
 
 CR. 
 
 Expenditure. 
 
 June 30, 
 1890. 
 
 Tune 30, 
 1889. 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 June 
 x8c 
 
 30, 
 
 )0. 
 
 June 
 
 ',. 
 
 To Maintenance of Way, 
 Works, and Stations 
 
 
 
 
 
 By Passenger Traffic : 
 No. of 
 Passengers. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Abstract A) 
 
 3,500 
 
 
 1890. 1889. 
 
 
 
 
 ,, Carriage and Wagon 
 Repairs (do. C) 
 
 , Traffic Expenses (do D) 
 
 5,ooo 
 
 1,500 
 6,500 
 
 
 ist Class 
 2nd Class 
 
 2,000 
 I,OOO 
 
 
 
 ,, General Charges . (do. E) 
 
 700 
 
 
 Season 
 
 ,uuu 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 
 , , Law Charges 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 
 
 ,, Parliamentary Expenses.... 
 
 200 
 
 
 By Parcels, Horses, Car- 
 riages, &c 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 
 Compensation Personal 
 
 
 
 Mails 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, j, Goods . 
 
 IOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12,000 
 
 
 , Rates and Taxes 
 
 700 
 
 
 Less Cartages . . 1,760 
 
 I 3>74 
 
 
 
 Carriage and Wagon Hire.. 
 
 500 
 
 
 Live Stock Traffic 
 Mineral Traffic 
 
 1,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 24,740 
 
 
 
 
 19,000 
 
 17,500 
 
 Rents 
 
 
 
 36,740 
 
 
 ,, Balance carried to Net 
 Revenue Account . . 
 
 
 
 Transfer Fees 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (See 378-388). 
 
 37,000 
 
 34,000 
 
 (See 394-9). 
 
 
 
 37,000 
 
 34,ooo 
 
 Table No. 10. 
 DR. 
 
 NET REVENUE ACCOUNT. 
 
 CR. 
 
 
 June 30, 
 1890. 
 
 June 30, 
 1889. 
 
 
 June 30, 
 1890. 
 
 June 30, 
 1889. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 To Interest on Debenture Loans 
 
 300 
 
 250 
 
 By Balance from last half-year 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,400 
 
 Interest on Debenture Stock 
 
 Rent of Leased Lines, &c. 
 
 viz. : 
 
 2,200 
 
 1,750 
 
 ,, Balance from Revenue A/c 
 (Table No. 9) 
 
 ,, Dividends on Shares in 
 
 18,000 
 
 16,500 
 
 Four per Cent. Rent Charge 
 Stock 
 
 
 
 ,, Bankers' and General In- 
 
 
 
 ,, Balance available for Divi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (See 405). 
 
 19,700 
 
 18,070 
 
 
 
 19,700 
 
 18,070 
 
Accountant's Department Book-keeper s Office. 
 
 413 
 
 Table No. u. PROPOSED APPROPRIATION OF BALANCE AVAILABLE FOR DIVIDEND. 
 
 Balance available for Dividend as per Table No. 10 . . 
 
 Four per Cent. Guaranteed Preferential Stock 50,000 @ 4 % per annum, 
 10 Four per Cent. Preference Shares .... 100,000 do. 
 
 Consolidated Ordinary Stock 
 
 (See 411)- 
 
 150, ooo 
 300,00* @ 8 / per annum 
 
 Balance to next Half-year 
 
 June 30, 1890. 
 
 2,450 
 
 12,000 
 
 15,200 
 
 14,450 
 
 750 
 
 
 
 14,070 
 
 1,000 
 
 500 
 
 570 
 
 Table No. 12. [This contains Abstracts A, B, C, D, and E, of Revenue Expenditure 
 in the Way and Works, Locomotive, Carriage and Wagon, and Traffic Depart- 
 ments, and General Charges as per Revenue Account No. 9 and particulars given 
 in the Classifications of Expenditure. See subject references 385 to 388]. 
 
 DR. Table No. 13. GENERAL BALANCE SHEET, 3OTH JUNE, 1890. CR. 
 
 To Capital Account, Balance at Credit 
 
 thereof, as per Table No. 4 25,000 
 
 ,, Net Revenue Account, Balance at 
 
 Credit thereof, as per Table No. 10 15,200 
 
 ,, Unpaid Dividends and Interest .. 500 
 
 ,, Interest, and Dividends on Rent 
 Charge Stock, payable or accruing! 
 and provided for | 
 
 ,, Debts due to other Companies . . 
 
 ,, Sundry outstanding accounts .... 
 
 ,, Tradesmen's accounts 
 
 , , Fire Insurance Fund 
 
 ,, Superannuation Fund 
 
 (See 405-411). 
 
 3,4 1 3 
 1,500 
 2,437 
 4,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 59)050 
 
 By Cash at Bankers 
 
 ,, Cash on Deposit at Interest . . . 
 
 ,, Cash invested in Shares of othe 
 Railway Companies, not charged 
 as Capital Expenditure. 
 
 General Stores, Stock of M 
 on hand . . 
 
 Traffic accounts due to the Com- 
 pany 
 
 , , Amounts due by other Companies 
 ,, do. for carriage of Mails 
 
 do. by Railway Clearing 
 House 
 
 ,, Sundry outstanding accounts .... 
 
 
 
 9,550 
 28,000 
 
 6,000 
 5,000 
 
 2,000 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 59,050 
 
414 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Table No. 14. 
 
 MILEAGE STATEMENT. 
 
 Lines owned by the Company 
 Do. partly owned 
 
 Total .. 
 
 Lines worked 
 Foreign Lines worl 
 
 (See 121.) 
 
 Miles 
 authorised. 
 
 Miles 
 constructed. 
 
 Miles 
 constructing 
 or to be 
 constructed. 
 
 Miles worked by 
 Engines. 
 
 June 1890. 
 
 June 1889. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :ed over 
 Total .. 
 
 Table No. 15. 
 
 STATEMENT OF TRAIN MILEAGE. 
 
 
 Half-year ending 
 June soth, 1890. 
 
 Half-year ending 
 June soth, 1889. 
 
 Including 
 mileage run 
 for other 
 Companies. 
 
 Excluding 
 mileage run 
 for other 
 Companies. 
 
 Including 
 mileage run 
 for other 
 Companies. 
 
 Excluding 
 mileage run 
 for other 
 Companies. 
 
 Passenger Trains 
 Goods and Mineral Trains 
 
 (See 125.) Total .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Signed), 
 
 .CHAIRMAN OF THE COMPANY. 
 .ACCOUNTANT OF THE COMPANY. 
 
 Here follow the Engineer's Certificates respecting the condition of the Company's 
 property and Working Stock : 
 
 " I hereby certify that the whole of the Company's 
 
 have during the past half-year been maintained in good working order 
 and repair (Signed) . Engineer." 
 
 AUDITORS' CERTIFICATE as prescribed by Act 30 and 31 Victoria, Cap. 127. 
 
 We hereby certify that the foregoing Accounts contain a full and true 
 statement of the financial condition of the Company, and that the Dividends 
 proposed to be declared on the Stock and Shares of the Company are 
 bond fidt due thereon, after charging the Revenue of the Half-year with all 
 expenses which in our judgment ought to be paid thereout. 
 
 (Signed 
 
 Auditors. 
 
 .1890. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 ADDITIONAL FORMS 
 
 STATION ACCOUNTS OF TRAFFIC Coaching Nos. i to 21. 
 
 Ditto Goods Nos. 22 to 60. 
 
 Ditto Minerals Nos. 61 to 68. 
 
 ACCOUNTANT'S DEPARTMENT Coaching Audit Office, 
 
 Nos. 69 to 76. 
 
 Ditto Goods and Mineral Audit Office, 
 
 Nos. 77 to 87. 
 
 Ditto Station Ledger Office, 
 
 Nos. 88 to 90. 
 
 Note. The numbers in parenthesis ( ), following the numbers of the Forms in 
 the Appendix, refer to the subject matter. 
 
416 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finances. 
 
 I 
 
 "8 6 
 
 I 
 
 u 
 
 1 1 
 
 fa H 
 
 
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 ..sin 
 
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 i ii 
 
Appendix. 
 
 417 
 
 3DUTJSIQ 
 
 EXCESS FARES BOOK. Form No. 3 (20, 22). 
 
 Account of Excess Fares Received bv Collector. Station. 
 
 
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 H 
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 O 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
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 I 
 
 
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 P 
 
 
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Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Form No. 4 (23). 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 .STATION. MONTH ENDING. 
 
 189 
 
 Account of Postage Stamps Sold for Forwarded and Received Messages, and for 
 Porterage of Messages delivered by Special Messenger beyond the boundary. 
 
 
 Postage Stamps Sold for Messages. 
 
 Porterage Paid Out. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Forwarded. 
 
 Received. 
 
 189 
 
 s. d. 
 12 3 
 10 50 
 
 498 
 636 
 
 749 
 5 10 o 
 
 s. d. 
 
 2 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 o 
 
 s. d. 
 
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 6 
 
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 and so on. 
 
 34 5 2 
 
 8 o 
 
 5 6 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Sales of Postage Stamps on Forwarded Messages 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 8 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 Less Porterages Paid Out 
 
 
 34 13 a 
 
 e 6' 
 
 
 
 
 Balance Carried to Summary of Monthly Passenger Classification 
 
 
 
 34 7 8 
 
 
 
 
Appendix. 
 
 419 
 
 
 
 
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420 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
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422 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 PARCEL DELIVERY BOOK. 
 
 zi 
 
 3 
 
 
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 for Delivery of 
 Parcels 
 and Telegraph 
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 o 
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 I 
 
 
 
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Appendix. 
 
 423 
 
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424 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Form No. 11 (30). 
 
 .RAILWAY. 
 
 GUARD'S WAY BILL for Carriages, Luggage, &c., 
 Horses, Cattle, Asses, Mules, Dogs, and other Quadrupeds, 
 and for Poultry and other Live Birds, by Passenger Train. 
 
 Bulls, Cows, Oxen, 
 Heifers, Calves, Sheep, 
 Goats and Swine, will 
 only be accepted for con- 
 veyance when accom- 
 panied by a declaration 
 from the sender that the 
 Animals tendered for 
 conveyance have not to 
 the best of his knowledge 
 and belief been exposed to 
 the infection of disease. 
 
 m. Train No. 
 
 Date 
 
 189 
 
 From 
 
 to 
 
 Via 
 
 No. of Horse Box 
 
 No. of Carriage Truck 
 
 QUANTITY. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Rate, 
 s. d. 
 
 Paid on 
 s. d. 
 
 To Pay. 
 s. d. 
 
 Paid. 
 s. d. 
 
 t Paid Excess 
 Luggage. 
 s. d. 
 
 
 Carriage Wheels 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carriage Trucks 
 Covered Trucks (Extra) 
 Truck of Luggage 
 
 
 
 
 Invalid Road Carriage 
 Horses 
 
 
 
 Bulls 
 Neat Cattle 
 Rams 
 
 
 
 
 Sheep 
 
 
 Pigs 
 
 
 Asses or Mules 
 ,Dogs 
 
 
 
 Other \ . 
 Quadrupeds / 
 
 
 Poultry or ) 
 
 nth^r R!rHc f V1Z< 
 
 Declared Value 
 
 Percentaj 
 t EXCESS 
 
 LUGGAGE' 
 
 re on at 
 
 liper 
 cent. 
 
 f Total Weight Ibs 
 
 Allowed .... Ibs. 
 
 Enter Amount in column 
 marked t 
 
 Excess Ibs. 
 
 
 Name of Consignee 
 Address 
 
 This Way Bill must be handed to the Guard and be delivered by him to the Officer 
 on duty or other appointed person at the Receiving Station. 
 
 Note. When percentage is paid, the animal or animals must be treated throughout in the same 
 manner as a " Value " parcel, and a signature obtained by each person through whose hands they pass. 
 
Appendix. 
 
 425 
 
 
 
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 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
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 427 
 
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428 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
 
 
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Appendix. 
 
 429 
 
 8 
 
 CD 
 
 T-H 
 
 d 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 SUMMARY OF ABSTRACTS OF ALL LOCAL TRAFFIC (OTHER THAN PASSENGERS) CARRIED BY PASSENGER TRAINS. 
 
 Station. Month of 189 
 
 STATIONS. 
 
 (). | 
 S 
 
 ptnutfuoj 
 
 
 1 RECEIVED. 
 
 Columns 
 29 to 36, 
 same as 
 Forwarded. 
 
 
 
 FORWARDED. 
 
 "8 
 
 1 
 
 l 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 d 
 
 u 
 
 r-. 
 
 
 acies. 
 f this Sumi 
 
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 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
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 and foreign) is given on the back o 
 
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 ff 
 
 
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 a 
 
 
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 v _ 
 
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 Oi 
 
 
 RECEIVED. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 a ^ 
 1 C 
 
 8 
 
 
 (a) Stations entered in order of Accountant's list. Then fo 
 A detailed Account of Horse, Carriage, &c., Tickets issued (both local 
 
 d 
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 co 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 2" 
 
 
 >. "0 
 
 & 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
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 i 
 
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 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
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432 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Form No. 19 (52). 
 RAILWAY. RAILWAY CLEARING HOUSE. rnmnnnW Tffi^ 
 
 FOREIGN COMPANIES' PROPORTIONS. 
 
 Account of Passengers' Fares Booked at St*t*, 
 
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 433 
 
 FOREIGN COMPANIES' PROPORTIONS. 
 ACCOUNT OF TOURIST TICKETS ISSUED AT STATION. Mnnth nf 180 
 
 Here state whether rVwt-i.iK.iac-' TVoffio 
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 be person, or at the place 
 ot known by the Company's 
 , or not paid for and taken 
 dressed to be kept till called 
 or otherwise, without any 
 ment or tender of the net 
 tion of freight charges and 
 to delivery. The Company 
 on any such articles on the 
 same be delivered within a 
 possession of the Company. 
 
 , Secretary. 
 
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 be held accountable for any 
 nd whether to other Goods < 
 ther person. Senders of s 
 wenty Pounds, unless the nat 
 y marked on the outside of the 
 
 1 Goods delivered to the Co 
 m subject to a general lie 
 carriage of such Goods, or 
 eral lien is not satisfied wit! 
 m the Company first recei 
 by the Company by auction 
 applied to the satisfaction c 
 
 ishable articles refused by t 
 ected, or directed to a place r 
 vants, or not directed at all 
 six hours after arrival, if ad 
 forthwith sold by auction, 
 tider or Consignee, and pay 
 any such sale, after deduc 
 all be accepted as equivalent 
 responsible for any claim up 
 ss of market, provided the 
 ime after they come into the 
 
 
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 437 
 
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440 
 
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 Wharf or 
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 (Left hand page.) 
 
 Consignee, 
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 o . 
 
 8-3 
 
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 Sender. 
 
 
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 Date of 
 
 Disposal. 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 
 Free of Rent 
 up to 
 
 
 
 INVOICE. 
 
 6 
 
 
 Order for disposal. 
 
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Appendix. 
 
 441 
 
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442 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
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UNIVERSITY 
 
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 to Authority. 
 
 
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 Residence. 
 
 
 Consignee. 
 
 
 I 1 
 
 
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444 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Form No, 30 (76). 
 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 This Form must not be used unless 
 the Carriage is paid to the Company 
 and remitted to Bank, and the original 
 correspondence must be attached. 
 
 _STATION, 
 
 [89. 
 
 APPLICATION FOR REFUND VOUCHER. 
 
 Name of Sendei 
 
 Name of Consignee 
 
 Description of Traffic 
 
 Entered per Invoice No. _ 
 From 
 
 dated 
 
 to 
 
 CHARGED. 
 
 SHOULD BE. 
 
 Weight. 
 
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 'rt e 
 
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 Paid. 
 
 To Pay. 
 
 Weight. 
 
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 To Pay. 
 
 T. C. Q. Ibs. 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 T. C. Q. Ibs. 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 STATION REMARKS. 
 
 To GOODS MANAGER, OR ACCOUNTANT. 
 
Appendix. 
 
 445 
 
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448 
 
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Appendix. 
 
 459 
 
 Form No. 50 (104). 
 EMPTY SACK DELIVERY BOOK. 
 
 RAILWAY, Pro. No. 199. 
 
 Station,^ 189 . 
 
 Name, W. Thompson, address. 
 
 |UifaE& 240 Empty Sacks, the property of the 
 
 Railway 
 
 Company, for the purpose of being filled with Grain, to be conveyed by the 
 
 Railway from this Station, subject to the conditions below, of 
 
 which I have received a copy. 
 
 Signature. 
 
 For. 
 
 Witness 
 
 Here follow the "Conditions." 
 
 BACK OF ABOVE. 
 
 Date Returned. 
 189 . 
 
 No. of 
 Ticket. 
 
 Consignee. 
 
 Address. 
 
 No. of 
 Sacks. 
 
 No. of 
 Weeks. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Folio. 
 
 June 
 
 19 
 
 199 
 
 Williamson 
 
 Leeds 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (fl) 
 
 29 
 
 n 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 Invoice 
 
 0) 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 Returned 
 
 unused 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 240 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTE. As the Sacks are returned they are catered on the back of the ticket as above. 
 
 (a) Charges invoiced " paid on " and " to pay." 
 
 (b) Charges posted to Thompson's debit in Sack Ledger. 
 
 DUPLICATE, OR COUNTERPART TICKET, GIVEN TO HIRER. 
 
 RAILWAY. Pro. No. 199. 
 
 Station, 189 . 
 
 Name, Address, 1 
 
 $tuif 240 Empty Sacks, marked " Railway Company," for the 
 
 purpose of being filled with Grain, to be forwarded by the Railway from 
 
 this Station, subject to the following conditions : 
 
 (Here follow the " Conditions.") 
 
 Signature of Clerk. __ 
 
460 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Form No. 51 (1O4). 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 . Station 189 . 
 
 A Statement of Sacks taken out to fill and not returned within a month 
 from the date hired. 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Name of 
 
 Address. 
 
 Sacks 
 
 Date 
 
 Sacks 
 
 Sacks 
 
 
 
 Ticket. 
 
 Hirer. 
 
 
 Hired. 
 
 Returned. 
 
 Returned. 
 
 still out. 
 
 
 from N 
 
 Form No. 52 (105). 
 FULL SACK DELIVERY BOOK. 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 -Station, June, 189 . 
 
 8o_ 
 
 Railway Sacks, filled with Grain or Seed, 
 
 .Station, on 189 (Invoice 
 
 No. ) subject to the conditions below, of which I have received a copy. 
 
 Signature, W. Thompson. 
 
 For 
 
 Witness Address 
 
 (Here follow the " Conditions.") 
 This part is retained at the Station. 
 
 COUNTERPART OF ABOVE. 
 
 _RAILWAY 
 
 to W Thompson, 80 
 
 with Grain or Seed, from 
 
 on 189 , subject to the conditions below : 
 
 Station, June, 189 
 
 Railway Sacks filled 
 
 Station, 
 
 Signature of Clerk. 
 
 (Here follow the " Conditions.") 
 This part is given to Consignee. 
 
Appendix. 
 
 461 
 
 
 
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468 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Form No. 59 (109). 
 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 SACK LEDGER BALANCES 
 
 .QUARTER ENDING__ 189 . 
 Station. 
 
 
 
 DEBIT SUMMARY. 
 
 CREDIT SUMMARY. 
 
 
 Credits for Sack Ledger as per\ 
 
 Full sacks received Sack Abstract | 
 
 Sack Abstract Book Outward / 
 
 
 (continued to " 6th Fortnight") 
 
 (Continued to "6th Fortnight") .. 
 Add Credit Balances as below 
 
 Add Debit Balances as below . . 20 
 
 TOTAL no 
 * = 
 
 TOTAL 110 
 
 PARTICULARS OF DEBIT AND CREDIT BALANCES. 
 
 Sack 
 Ledger 
 Folio. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Address. 
 
 Sacks. 
 
 Credit Balances 
 only. 
 
 Balances 
 from last 
 Quarter. 
 
 H 
 
 OH 
 
 11 
 
 OH 
 
 ii 
 
 3 
 
 Credit 
 Balance. 
 
 Date 
 Returned. 
 
 !&! 
 1J 
 
 53 
 
 W. Thompson 
 
 
 
 110 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 Form No. 60 (109). 
 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 QUARTERLY STATEMENT OF SACKS THAT H 
 MORE THAN A MONTH. 
 
 Station 1 8 
 
 AVE BEEN OUT 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 Ledger 
 Folio. 
 
 SJ 
 
 o-| 
 
 No. of 
 Sacks. 
 
 Sender. 
 
 Station 
 From. 
 
 Consignee. 
 
 Address. 
 
 Date 
 Delivered. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Appendix. 
 
 469 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
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Appendix. 
 
 471 
 
 z 
 
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 Stations. 
 
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472 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 s 
 
 
 I 
 
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 RAIL 
 BSTRACT 
 
 ig 
 
Appendix. 
 
 473 
 
 a I 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 5 
 
 s 
 
 f C 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 I ^ 
 
 
 1*1 
 
 - 
 
 Days 
 Chargeable. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
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 5 
 
 
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 fi|| 
 
 
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 Consignee. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
474 
 
 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
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476 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 w> rs 
 g M 
 
 Q ~ 
 
Appendix. 
 
 477 
 
 CO 
 
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 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
 where > ou correct 
 
 1 
 
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 1 
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 > 
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 8 
 
 
 RAILWAY. 
 Statement of Inaccuracies in Passenger Classification, Month ending 
 
 0> 
 00 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 ft 
 
 E 
 
 pc 
 
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 E- 
 2 
 
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 h 
 
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 <. 
 
 4 
 
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 SHOULD BE. 
 
 Amount. 
 s. d. 
 
 
 WH 
 
 
 panssj 
 
 
 p 3 n SS T.uo N 
 
 
 u 3J p I!q0 
 
 
 <s 
 
 
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 PER YOUR RETURN. 
 
 Amount. 
 s. d. 
 
 
 >*H 
 
 
 panssj 
 
 
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 "wpino 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 i 
 
 G 
 
 
 d 
 
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Appendix. 
 
 479 
 
 i 8 * 
 
 
 1! 
 
480 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
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 i 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 
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Appendix. 
 
 8 
 
 sjunoooy 
 asno H 
 
 pur 
 
 jo 
 
 sso^ 
 
 (AUC Jl) 
 
 03? 'spojw 
 
 joap 
 
 JOJ p^AI 
 
 pird lunouiy 
 
 UIOIjI 
 
482 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Form No. 75 (241). 
 RAILWAY. DIVISION LIST. 
 
 Bookings between the undermentioned Stations, showing the Proportions due to each Company. 
 
 A/T^/U f rtNnci'rm 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 COMPANY'S PROPORTION. 
 
 A 
 
 1 " 
 
 
 Signature. 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 \n 
 
 
 
 
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 Companies. 
 
 
 COMPANY'S PROPORTION. 
 
 ro 
 
 
 2 M 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 S 1 
 
 
 
 
 
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 V 
 
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 Stations between 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (4 
 
 Q 
 
Appendix. 
 
 483 
 
 >ANIES' TRAFFIC). 
 189 . 
 
 earing House Account on the tickets 
 At(0ttMtffttti 
 
 d 
 1 
 
 
 d 
 
 . t 
 s ^ 
 
 
 3 . ^ - 
 
 
 H N 
 Z S? 
 
 D 
 
 
 S ^j 
 
 s 
 
 
 STATEMENT OF CLAIM FOR "WRONG ROUTES" (TWO COM! 
 
 To Accountant's Office, _ 
 
 R*> frnnrl pnrmrrV, *n or^Hit th*> Company through next C 
 entered below, which were used as stated. 
 
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Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 
 
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Appendix. 
 
 485 
 
 S 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 < 
 
 
 II 
 
 PQ 
 
486 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 f 7 ! c 
 
 P 
 
 5 
 
 < 
 
 & 
 
 >TER OF OUTWARD* FOREIGN INACCURACIES. 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
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Appendix. 
 
 487 
 
 s. 
 
 
 S - 
 
 
 
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 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
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Appendix. 
 
 489 
 
 
 
 
 
 TH 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 co 
 
 v: 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 00 
 
 rJ* 
 
 
 
 s? 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
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 < rt 
 
 
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 ) * 
 
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 4 
 
 DATE. 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 < 
 
 r's WAGONS arriv 
 Week ended the 
 
 DATE. 
 
 
 
 Day of the Week. 
 
 
 Day of the Week. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ) 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 ,* 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
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 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
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 5 U 
 
 
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 3 
 
 
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 :* 
 
 BE LIR 
 
 rr^>*. 
 
490 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Form No. 85 (291). 
 RAILWAY. RAILWAY CLEARING HOUSE. 
 
 KETURN of Co.'s SHEE' 
 
 rs Arriving at and 
 ded the 
 
 Departing from Station. 
 
 Week er 
 
 i So 
 
 
 ARRIVAL. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 DEPARTURE. 
 
 Number. 
 
 From 
 
 Day of 
 Week. 
 
 Day of 
 Month. 
 
 Number. 
 
 To 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Form No. 86 (292). 
 .RAILWAY. RAILWAY CLEARING HOUSE. 
 
 RETURN for Month ending 
 
 .189 of FOREIGN WAGONS 
 
 containing one Ton, or upwards, of Goods for other Stations (and of Sheets 
 covering such Wagons), which have been relabelled. 
 
 Station. 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Owner. 
 
 NUMBER OF 
 
 From whence 
 Received. 
 
 Where Sent. 
 
 WEIGHT. 
 
 Wagon. 
 
 Sheets. 
 
 T. C. Q. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Form No. 87 (292). 
 
 RAILWAY. RAILWAY CLEARING HOUSE. 
 
 RETURN for Month ending. 
 
 189 of FOREIGN WAGONS 
 
 Received from Foreign Lines, containing less than a Ton (and of Sheets covering 
 
 such Wagons), arriving at Station. 
 
 Signature 
 
 Date. 
 
 Owner. 
 
 NUMBER OF 
 
 Station from 
 
 INVOICE. 
 
 WEIGHT. 
 
 Wagon, 
 
 Sheet, 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 No. 
 
 C. Q. L. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Appendix. 
 
 491 
 
 <M 
 
 iH 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 p-TRMJOJ paiineD) ^ 
 
 SuipUBjsmo 
 suireQ 
 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 g 
 ^ 
 
 
 J 
 
 303 uSpao^ oj ^ 
 
 
 6 
 iz 
 
 1 
 
 
 t 
 
 pajiqap soniqQ * 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 Is^ | 
 rUK 
 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 
 c | 6 - . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 2 C 
 
 S2 ' 1 - 
 
 fa ^ < s? 
 
 
 
 1' 
 
 
 
 sso^[ ut aj^qs ^3 
 SOQ uSiajoj 
 uaqM 3jBg ^q 
 pazuBaa junoraY S? 
 
 
 p 
 
 w 
 
 r.j 
 
 Amount. 
 s. d. 
 
 
 
 1 ^ "' 
 
 1^ 1 - 
 g < S? 
 
 
 RAILWAY 
 J REGIS'] 
 
 1 
 
 fe 
 
 
 
 ;| ' 
 
 2 < 
 
 I 2 1 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s i 
 
 
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 5J 4 
 
 
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 jo -o N 
 
 
 
 jagpai 5{oo:s 
 
 
 Q 
 
 8 
 
 o 6 
 
 
 
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 jo anp! A ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > ?-** 
 3 II S 3 
 
 
 
 d 
 fe 
 
 
 
 s | r 
 
 s t:-i 
 
 S S 8> - 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 s g- rt - 
 
 1 J 1 1 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 S g &l 
 <: > o t 
 
 |-|| 
 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 Accountant's 
 No. 
 
 
 
 3iqB30BJJ X[JB3]D 
 
 si Xjijiqisuodsaj 
 qotqM oj UOIJB?S 
 
 
492 
 
 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 e3 
 
 i 
 
 ; 
 
 
 o* 
 
 a | 
 
 Q 
 
 . ill 
 
 
 |V | y 
 
 2 H*- 
 
 
 >-3 
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 *t 
 
 o o 5 
 
 
 c/iT 
 
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 ft 
 
 W 
 W 
 
 ^8 -d 
 
 (4 C 
 
 
 
 
 "": S? 
 
 
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 1 - 
 
 
 u 
 
 1 M 
 
 
 >5 
 
 11 I 
 
 
 
 
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 *~* 4-J Tl 
 
 
 g 
 
 < 
 
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 il ;; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in ' 
 
 3 
 
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 2S " 
 
 
 
 H^<J ^ 
 
 
 
 S^-S -6 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 pj 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 V 
 
 
Appendix. 
 
 493 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 l: 
 
494 
 
 INDEX TO SUBJECTS. 
 
 NOTE. This Index has been specially compiled to facilitate reference (i) to 
 subjects in each department or office ; and (2) from one department or 
 office to another. 
 
 Figures preceded by letters refer to the same subject in other sections 
 of the work. 
 
 Thus : "S" stands for " Secretary's Department." 
 
 " A" stands for " Audit Offices" (Accountant's Department). 
 "L" stands for "Station Ledger Office" (Accountant's 
 
 Department). 
 
 "B" stands for "Book-keeper's Office" (Accountant's 
 Department). 
 
 I H I 
 
 STATION ACCOUNTS OF TRAFFIC. -Coaching. 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 
 Abstracts and Summaries of Parcel, &c., Traffic . . 36, 38, A 195, 197. 
 
 Accountant's Printed List of Stations . . . . 21. 
 
 Balancing Monthly Totals (Parcels, &c. ) . . . . 47. 
 
 Bank Sheets 35, S 180, L 299, 300, 309. 
 
 Blank Card Ticket Issue Book 18. 
 
 Cab Stand Rents 41, A 200. 
 
 Cash Book (Parcels) 33. 
 
 Classifications of Passenger Traffic 48 to 53, A 195, 208, 210. 
 
 Cloak Room 32, 40, A 199. 
 
 Coaching Outstandings Book 58. 
 
 Balance, Statement of 55, L 299. 
 
 Claims (Parcels, &c.) A 206, 232, L 301, B 374. 
 
 Refunds and Returned Fares . . . . A 207, I_j 302. 
 
 Continental Parcels 26. 
 
 Covered Carriage Trucks 30, A 219. 
 
 Daily Advice of Excess Fares 22, A 209. 
 
 Coaching Revenue Book 34. 
 
 Classification Book (Passengers) . . . . 17. 
 
 Delivery Bill (Parcels) 46, A 204. 
 
 Book .. 28. 
 
Index to Subjects. 495 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 Examination and Collection of Tickets and Excess 
 
 Fares 20, A 216, 217. 
 
 Excess Fares Book 22, 48, 52, A 209. 
 
 Luggage, &c 30, A 198. 
 
 Excursion Bookings 17, 48, A 212, 240. 
 
 Extras Book (Parcels) . . . 29. 
 
 Summary (Parcels) 43, A 201. 
 
 Foreign Proportions of Passenger Traffic . . 52, A 236. 
 
 Parcel, &c., Traffic Notes on Abstracting, 
 
 &c 37- 
 
 Horses, Carriages, Dogs, Excess Luggage, &c. . . 30, 38, A 198. 
 
 Insurance, Left Luggage 32. 
 
 Parcels, &c 31. 
 
 Inward Parcels, &c. 27. 
 
 " Light" and " Heavy " Parcel, &c., Traffic . . 36, A 220, 221. 
 
 Monthly Coaching Returns Parcels, &c. . . 36, 56, A 194. 
 
 Passengers . . . . 48, 56, A 194- 
 
 News and Corn Labels 26, 37, A 205, L 306. 
 
 Notes on Abstracting Foreign Parcel Traffic . . 37. 
 
 Officers', Soldiers', &c., Warrants II, 35, S 180, A 213, L 305. 
 
 Outstandings Book 58. 
 
 Outward Parcels, &c 26. 
 
 Overcharges on Parcels, &c 27, 37, 45, A 203. 
 
 Parcel Post 24, A 234. 
 
 Parcel and Miscellaneous Traffic 24. 
 
 Way Bills . . . . 25, 26, 47. 
 
 Charges for Carriage, &c. 25. 
 
 Outward 26. 
 
 Continental . . . . 26. 
 
 Inward 27. 
 
 Undercharges . . . 27, 37. 
 
 Overcharges . . . . 27, 45, A 203. 
 
 Delivery Book .- . . 28. 
 
 Received without Bills. . 28. 
 
 Way-Bills without Parcels 28. 
 
 Addressed " Paid," en- 
 tered " To-pay" . . 28. 
 
 Warehouse Book . . 28. 
 
 Refused Parcels, &c. . . 28, 44. 
 
 Extras Book . . . . 29. 
 
 Insurance .. .. 31. 
 
 Cash Book . . . . 33. 
 
 Monthly Abstracts . . 36, 37, A 195, '97- 
 
 Monthly Summaries . . 37, 38, A 195, 197- 
 
496 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 Passenger Tickets 1,13,15,17,20,48^216,217. 
 
 Ordinary 2, 17. 
 
 Blank Card and Paper . . . . 3, 18, 48, 52. 
 
 Periodical or Season . . . . 4, 19, 49. 
 
 Tourist 5, 50, 52. 
 
 Tourist, " Extension-of-Time " . . 6, 17, 51. 
 
 Member-of- Family . . . . 7, 19, 49. 
 
 Excursion 8, 17, 48. 
 
 Market and Fishing . . . 9. 
 
 Pleasure Parties 10, 17, 48. 
 
 Officers', Soldiers', &c n, 17, 48. 
 
 Coupon Orders (Continental) . . 12, 48. 
 
 Unsold Half-Tickets .. .. 17,48. 
 
 Cancelled Tickets 17,48. 
 
 Unsold Excursion Tickets . . 17. 
 
 Examination and Collection of. . 20. 
 
 Supply of 14, 15, A2i8. 
 
 Passenger Traffic, Daily Classification of . . . . 17. 
 
 Monthly Classification of . . 48 to 53, A 195, 208, 210. 
 
 Foreign Proportions . . . . 52, A 236. 
 
 Permanent Cash Balances L 364. 
 
 Postal Telegraphs 23, 53. 
 
 Refunds and Returned Fares (Coaching) . . . . A 207, L 302. 
 
 Refused Parcels 28, 44. 
 
 Remittance of Cash (Coaching and Goods) . . 35, 78, S 179, 180, L 300. 
 
 Season Tickets, Register of .. 19, A 210. 
 
 Cash Book 19. 
 
 Classification 49, A 210. 
 
 Stations, Accountant's printed list of . . . . 21. 
 
 Station's Daily Coaching Revenue Book . . . . 34. 
 
 Statement of Coaching Balance 55, L 299. 
 
 Summary of Totals (Parcels, &c.) 39, A 195. 197- 
 
 Traffic ( Passengers, Parcels, &c. ) .. 53. 
 
 Supplementary Abstracts 37. 
 
 Ticket Nippers 20. 
 
 Stock Return 16. 
 
 Tickets, Supply of 14, 15, A 218. 
 
 Tourist Classification 50, A 208. 
 
 Extension-of-Time Ticket Return . 51, A 211. 
 
 Train Book 17. 
 
 Time-tables 42, A 202. 
 
 Undercharges on Parcels, &c. . . . . . . . 27, 37. 
 
 Warehouse Rent 28, 29. 
 
 Book 28. 
 
 Wrong Route Ticket Return 20, A 238, 243. 
 
Index to Subjects. 497 
 
 STATION ACCOUNTS OF TRAPFIC-Goods and Minerals. 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 Abstracts, Goods 85, A 251. 
 
 Live Stock 88, A 253. 
 
 Weekly Balancing of . . . . . . 94. 
 
 Additional Charges for Delivery 62, 65, 72. 
 
 Advice of Monthly Totals 92, A 247, 248. 
 
 Agents' Extras 72, 100. 
 
 Paid ons 79, 100, L 328. 
 
 Ledger 100. 
 
 Monthly Cartage Account 101, L 328. 
 
 Bad Debts 8 1, A 269, L 330, 356. 
 
 Balancing Monthly Totals 94. 
 
 Bank Sheets 3 $, S 1 80, L 299, 300, 308. 
 
 Carting Agents' and Carriers' Accounts . . . . 100, L 328, 347, 357. 
 
 Cash Book (Porters' Accounts) 74, 78. 
 
 (Ledger Accounts) 80. 
 
 Cash paid to Secretary . . , 69, L 314. 
 
 Refunds .. 76, L 311. 
 
 Charges for Carriage 59> 75- 
 
 Checking Invoices (See "Undercharges" and 
 
 " Overcharges ") 59, 6l. 
 
 Claims 77, A 268, L 312, 328, B 374*- 
 
 Clearing House Classification of Goods . . . . 59. 
 
 Collectors' Ledger 80, 97. 
 
 Summary 97, L, 318. 
 
 " Compensation " Sales 7 2 , 78, 93, L 317. 
 
 Consignees' Addresses 59. 
 
 Consignment Notes 58. 
 
 Continental and Irish Traffic 59, 85, 87. 
 
 Correction of Invoices 83. 
 
 Daily Advice of Collection, Porters' . . . . 78, L 308, 317, 319. 
 
 Ledger 80,1,308,319. 
 
 Debit List 93, A 247, 248, L 3^6, 317, 319. 
 
 Delivery of Goods 62. 
 
 Sheet and Cartage Register . . . . 62, 74. 
 
 Despatch of Invoices . , . . 59. 
 
 Duplicate Delivery Sheets 62. 
 
 Empty Packages returned 59. 
 
 Engineer's and Stores Dept. Carriage Accounts , . 93, L 317, 322, 323, B 
 
 Extras Book 72. 
 
 Free Empties 59. 
 
 Goods Accounts 64. 
 
 Consigned to care of Carriers . . . . 59, 100. 
 
 8H 
 
49 8 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 
 Goods Insurance , 59. 
 
 Missing, Reports of Pilferage, &c 61, 85. 
 
 Received unentered 61, 82. 
 
 Delivery of 62. 
 
 Addressed " Paid," entered " To pay " . . 62, 68. 
 
 Received to Wait Order 62. 
 
 Refused by Consignees 62. 
 
 Cash paid to Secretary 69, L 314. 
 
 Claims (See " C.") 
 
 Invoiced " Charges to follow " . . . . 82, 86, A 252. 
 
 Abstracts 85, A 251. 
 
 Summaries 87, 92, A 251, 263. 
 
 Abstracts, Weekly Balancing of . . . . 94. 
 
 Grain Invoices 59, 62. 
 
 Warehouse Book 62. 
 
 Insurance See " Goods." 
 
 Invoices, Preparation of -59- 
 
 Despatch of . . . . . . . . . . 59. 
 
 Correction of . . . . 82. 
 
 Invoices and Consignment Notes, numbering of . . 59. 
 
 Inward Goods, Registration of Invoices . . . . 61. 
 
 Missing, Reports of Pilferage. &c. 61, 85. 
 
 Received unentered . . . . 61, 82. 
 
 " Tranship " Goods .. .. 61. 
 
 Checking Inward Invoices .. 61. 
 
 Delivery of Goods 62. 
 
 Delivery Sheet and Cartage Register 62, 74. 
 
 Additional Charges for Delivery 62, 65, 72. 
 Addressed " Paid," entered " To 
 
 pay " 62, 68. 
 
 Duplicate Delivery Sheets . . 62. 
 Advices, &c., of " Not Carted " 
 
 Goods 62. 
 
 Received to " Wait Order " . . 62. 
 
 Wharf and Warehouse Rent . . 62, 72, 79. 
 
 Grain . 62. 
 
 Refused by Consignee . . . . 62. 
 Ropes .. ..See " R." 
 
 Irish and Continental Traffic 59. 85, 87. 
 
 Junction Dues . . . ... . . . . . . . 59, 79. 
 
 Ledger Accounts 64, 69, 80, 93, L 316. 
 
 Recharges 79, 80. 
 
 Summary 97, L 318. 
 
 Outstandings, List of . . . . . . . . 99, L 320. 
 
Index to Subjects. 499 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 " Light " Goods bummaries 87, A 262. 
 
 Live Stock, Regulations respecting 60. 
 
 Abstracts and Summaries . . . . 88, 92, A 253, 271. 
 
 Local Allowances 66, 78, L 310. 
 
 Transfers 68, 79. 
 
 Transfer Summaries 89, 92, A 254. 
 
 Meat Cloths, &c., supplied 59,79- 
 
 Mineral Porters' Accounts . . , 95, A 283, L 359. 
 
 Mineral Traffic Returns, &c in. 
 
 Outward Traffic .. .. 112. 
 
 Declarations of Weight , 112, A 277, 287. 
 
 Invoicing 112. 
 
 Daily Abstracts (Outward) 112, A 277. 
 
 Daily Summaries ,, 112, A 277. 
 
 Weekly 112, A 286. 
 
 Monthly ,, ,, 112. 
 
 Inward Traffic .. .. 113. 
 
 Siding Rent . . . . 113, A 285. 
 
 Monthly Abstracts (Inward) 1 13, A 278. 
 Monthly Summaries ,, 113. 
 
 Weighing Machines .. 114. 
 
 Monthly Goods and Live Stock Returns . . . . 84, no. 
 
 Advice of Totals 92, A 247, 248. 
 
 Debit List .. 93, A 247, 248, L,3i6, 317,319. 
 
 " Not Carted " Goods, Advices of 62. 
 
 Outward Goods, Invoicing, &c. 57. 
 
 Consignment Notes . . . . 58. 
 
 Wagon Numbers 58, 85. 
 
 Invoicing 59. 
 
 "Tranship " Goods .. ..59. 
 
 Light, or "Van" Goods . . 59. 
 
 Goods received from other 
 
 Companies and Carriers . . 59, 100. 
 
 Consignee's Address . . . . 59. 
 
 Goods consigned to care of 
 
 Carriers 59, 100. 
 
 Charges for Carriage . . . . 59, 75. 
 Clearing House Classification of 
 
 Goods 59. 
 
 Rates, Rate Book, &c 59. 
 
 Weight of Goods, " Smalls," &c. 59. 
 
 Returned Empty Packages . . 59. 
 
 " Free" Empties 59. 
 
 Paid ons 59, 78, 79, L, 317, 329- 
 
5OO Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 
 Outward Goods, Paid ons, not paid 59, 79. 
 
 Meat Cloths, c., supplied 59, 79. 
 Warehousing and Wharfage 
 
 Charges 59, 62, 72, 79. 
 
 Junction Dues , . . . 59, 79. 
 Sack Hire, Risk and Demur- 
 rage 59,79,102,11317.325. 
 
 Grain Invoices , 59. 
 
 Irish and Continental Traffic . . 59, 85, 87. 
 
 Checking Outward Invoices . . 59. 
 
 Despatch of Outward Invoices . . 59. 
 
 Insurance . . . . . . . 59. 
 
 Live Stock, Regulations respecting 60. 
 
 Omission Sheet 91, 92, A 247, 259. 
 
 Outstandings (Ledger), List of 99, L 320. 
 
 (Porters'), List and Summary of . . 99, L 320. 
 
 Overcharges 66, 76, 83, A 257, 258, 264. 
 
 Overcharge and Undercharge Summaries . . . . 90, 92, A 255. 
 
 Paid Ons 59, 78, 79, L 3'7, 329- 
 
 Not Paid 59, 79. 
 
 Book 79. 
 
 By Agents 79, 100, L 328. 
 
 Summary 980, A 247, 248, 260, L 329. 
 
 " Particulars to follow " Abstracts 82, 86, A 252. 
 
 Past Foreign Overcharges 67, 78, A 258, L 310. 
 
 Permanent Cash Balances L 364. 
 
 Petty Cash Book 74. 
 
 Porters' Accounts 64, 69, 93. 
 
 Ledger 65, 93, 96. 
 
 Outstandings Book .. , 71. 
 
 Extras 72. 
 
 Cash Book . . 74, 78. 
 
 Daily Advice of Collection . . . . 78, L 308, 317, 319. 
 
 Ledger Summary 96, L 317. 
 
 Outstandings, List and Summary of . . 99, L 320. 
 
 Rates, Rate Book, &c 59. 
 
 Receipts for Money 75. 
 
 Recharges and Transfers 68, 78, 79. 
 
 Refunds 76, L 311. 
 
 Register of Inward Invoices 61. 
 
 Regulations respecting Live Stock 60. 
 
 Remittance of Cash (Coaching and Goods) . . 35, 78, S 179, I ^o, L 300. 
 
 Returned Empty Packages 59. 
 
Index to Subjects. 501 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 
 Returns sent to Railway Clearing House . . . . no. 
 
 Accountant's Goods Audit Office. . no. 
 
 Accountant's Station Ledger Office no. 
 Returns of Mineral Traffic . . (See " M.") 
 
 Hopes 63, 70, 73, 93, 98. 
 
 Rope Extras 72, 73. 
 
 Ledger 73,93- 
 
 Ledger Summary 98, L 3 2 4 33- 
 
 Sack Hire, Risk and Demurrage Charges (Outward) 59, 79, 102, L 329. 
 
 Demurrage (Inward) 72, 78, 102, L 325. 
 
 Accounts, Returns, &c 102 to 109, A 247, 260, L 325. 
 
 Senders' Names 59. 
 
 Siding Rent 113, A 285. 
 
 " Smalls," &c 59. 
 
 Stable Manure, Sales of 72, 78, 93, L 317. 
 
 Stores and Engineer's Dept. Carriage Accounts . . 93, L 317, 322, 323, B 374#. 
 
 Summaries, Goods 87, 92, A 251, 263. 
 
 "Light" Goods 87, A 262. 
 
 Livestock 88, 92, A 253, 271. 
 
 Supplementary Abstracts 85. 
 
 "Tariff "Goods 59. 
 
 Tranship Goods 59, 61. 
 
 Transfers to other Accounts 69, 93. 
 
 from other Accounts 69, 93. 
 
 Undercharges 82, 85, 90, 93, A 256^317, 321- 
 
 Undercharge Registers 82. 
 
 and Overcharge Summaries . . . . 90, 92, A 255. 
 
 Wagon Numbers 59, 85. 
 
 Demurrage 72. 
 
 Warehouse Books 62, 70. 
 
 Weighing Machines 114. 
 
 Wharf and Warehouse Rent 59, 62, 72, 79. 
 
 STORES DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Purchases; 116. 
 
 Orders to Tradesmen 116. 
 
 Office Order Books 116. 
 
 Goods Received Books 116. 
 
 Examination of Goods, Invoices, &c. .. 116. 
 
 Coal for Locomotives 116, 117, LOCO- 128, B 382. 
 
 "Want "Book 116. 
 
 Invoice Journals 116. 
 
5O2 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Purchases Continued. Paragraph No. 
 
 Stock Ledgers 116,117,118,120. 
 
 Accounts for Payment . . . . * . . , . 116, B 367. 
 
 Cash Discounts 116,117. 
 
 Issues: 117. 
 
 Requisitions for Stores, &c 117. 
 
 Despatch of Goods, Delivery Notes, &c. 117. 
 
 Issue Summary Books 117, n 8. 
 
 Weekly Statements of Issues . . . . 1 17, B 382. 
 
 Sales: 118. 
 
 Materials Returned to Stores Dept. . . 118, B 383. 
 
 Invoices for Sales 1 18, B 393. 
 
 Stores Department Credits Book .. . . 118, B393- 
 
 Credit Journal .. .. 118. 
 
 Carriage of Stores 119, L 322, B 3740. 
 
 Stock 120,6386. 
 
 Administration Expenses 120, B 386. 
 
 WAY AND WORKS DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Wages : 122, B 370, 373- 
 
 Gangers' Time Books 122. 
 
 Inspectors' Time Books 122. 
 
 Instructions for Inspectors 122. 
 
 Preparation of Pay Bills, &c. . . . . 122. 
 
 Comparison of Gangers' and Inspectors' 
 
 Time Books 122. 
 
 Weekly Abstracts of Expenditure . . . . 122. 
 
 Returns of Fog-Signalling, &c 122. 
 
 Materials: 123. 
 
 Requisition Books 123. 
 
 Advices of Materials, &c., received . . 123. 
 
 Weekly Abstract 123. 
 
 Permanent Way Materials for " Stock " 123. 
 
 Monthly Statements of Materials used ... 123, B 383. 
 
 Ditto ditto produced 123, B 383. 
 
 Ditto . ditto sent to Stores 123, B 383, 
 
 Stock Ledgers, &c 123, B 385. 
 
 Tradesmen's Accounts : 124,6367. 
 
 Checking, Entering, and Passing for 
 
 Payment . . . 124. 
 
 Abstract of Expenditure 124. 
 
 Work done for other Railway Com- 
 panies, &c 124,6393. 
 
Index to Subjects. 503 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE and CARRIAGE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 
 Wages 126,6370,373- 
 
 (a) Day Work 126. 
 
 Time- taking, &c. (Out Stations) .. 126. 
 
 Time Office Regulations (Central Shops) 126. 
 
 Shop Time Sheets do. 126. 
 
 Preparation of Pay Bills, &c 126. 
 
 (6) Piece Work 126. 
 
 Piece Work Sheets 126. 
 
 Division of Earnings 126. 
 
 Piece Work Ledgers 126. 
 
 Staff Alterations 126. 
 
 Materials 127. 
 
 Coal 128,6382. 
 
 Tradesmen's and other Accounts for 
 
 Payment 129, B 37- 
 
 Costs, &c 130- 
 
 Work done for other Departments, &c. . . 130, B 393- 
 General Expense Book 130. 
 
 TRAFFIC DEPARTMENT. Coaching-, Goods, and Minerals. 
 Wages . . 132,6370,373- 
 
 Regulations re : Preparation of Pay Bills . . 132. 
 
 Ditto Payment of Wages . . . . 132. 
 
 Ditto Absence from Duty. . .. 132. 
 
 Salaries 132, B 37i 374- 
 
 Staff Alterations 132. 
 
 Stores 133- 
 
 Accounts for Payment 134, B 3 6 7- 
 
 General : Comparative Statements of 
 Expenses, Earnings, &c. . . . 135- 
 
 SECRETARY'S DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Debentures and Debenture Stock .. 137. 
 
 Debentures 137, B 401, 402. 
 
 Loans Tendered Book 138. 
 
 Debenture Sealing Book .. .. 139. 
 
 Company's Seals . . . . .- . . 140. 
 
 Registers of Debentures .. .. 141. 
 
 Register of Transfers 142. 
 
 Debenture Interest Warrants . . . . 143, 144, B 4 O2 > 4* l - 
 
 Debentures Falling Due . . . . 145, B 402. 
 
504 Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 
 Debentures and Debenture Stock Continued. 
 
 Debenture Stock 146,6401. 
 
 Stock Allotment Book . . . , . . 147. 
 
 Coupon Sealing Book 148. 
 
 Register of Coupons 149. 
 
 Transfers 150, 151. 
 
 Stock Ledgers 152. 
 
 Address Book .. 153. 
 
 Interest on Debenture Stock .. .. 154, 6402, 411. 
 
 Debenture Stock and Interest Register 154. 
 
 Consolidated Stocks 155,156. 
 
 Shares 157. 
 
 Letters of Allotment, &c 157, 159. 
 
 Allotment Book 158. 
 
 Renunciation of Allotments 162, 163. 
 
 Deposits and Calls on Shares . . . . 164, 166, B 401. 
 
 Day^Books of Calls paid 164, B 401. 
 
 Registers of Shares 165. 
 
 Certificates of Shares 166. 
 
 Interest on Calls in arrear 167, B 401. 
 
 Amounts received in anticipation of Calls ..168, B 401. 
 
 Transfers of Shares 169. 
 
 Consolidation of Shares into " Stock " . . 170. 
 
 Dividends and Registers of Share and 
 
 Stock-holders 171,6402,411. 
 
 Dividends on Calls in Arrear .. .. 171. 
 Accountant's Checks on 
 
 Debentures and Debenture Stock . . . . 1 72. 
 
 Transfers of Stocks 174. 
 
 Shares . . 175. 
 
 Transfers of Shares 176. 
 
 Consolidation of Shares 177. 
 
 Capital and Dividends 178. 
 
 Cash, and Bills Receivable : 
 
 Stations' Cash Book 180, L 300, B 401. 
 
 Officers', Soldiers', &c., Warrants . . . . 180, A 213, LJ 305. 
 
 Bank Sheets 180, L 299, 300, 308. 
 
 Cheques returned by Bankers for Endorse- 
 ment, &c 180, 185,6401. 
 
 Bills Receivable .. 181,182,185, 6401. 
 
 Dishonoured Bills 183,185,6401,402. 
 
 Secretary's Cash Book 184. 
 
 "Travelling" Cash Book 185, L 299, 314, 360, B 401, 
 
Index to Subjects. 505 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 
 Miscellaneous Accounts for Collection 186, B 393, 401. 
 
 Rent Accounts 187,6385,401. 
 
 Rent Schedule (Quarterly Rents) . . . . 188. 
 
 Ditto (Weekly Rents) . . . . 189. 
 
 Rents from Company's Servants . . . . 189, B 370, 371, 3740. 
 
 Special Debits, Grass Sales, &c 187, 189. 
 
 Rent Collector's Cash Book 190. 
 
 District Rent Collectors 190. 
 
 Half- Yearly Rent Statement and Balance 
 
 Sheet 190, B 385. 
 
 Drawing and Remittance of Cheques 191- 
 
 ACCOUNTANT'S DEPARTMENT-Coaching Audit Office. 
 
 t racts and Summaries of Parcels, &c. (Local) 195, 197. 
 
 (Foreign) 219. 
 
 Bookings by Excursion Trains 212,240. 
 
 Cab Stand Rents 200. 
 
 Classifications of Passenger Traffic 195, 208. 
 
 Clearing House Station Debit Returns (Parcels, &c.) 220, 221. 
 
 Half- Yearly Settlement do. 223 to 232. 
 
 Passenger Debit Statement . . 236 to 240. 
 
 Passenger Credit Statement . . 242. 
 
 Balances, Advices and Payment of 222, 233, 243^, B 368. 
 
 Cloak Room Tickets and Returns 199. 
 
 Coaching Traffic Abstract Book 195, L 299. 
 
 Revenue Book 196, 245, B 394. 
 
 Claims (Parcels) . . . . . . 206, 232, L 301, B 374#. 
 
 Refunds 207, L 302. 
 
 Deductions Abstract Book . . . . 237. 
 
 Collected Passenger Tickets 216,217. 
 
 Competitive Traffic Per-centage division of 
 
 Receipts 231. 
 
 Daily Excess Fare Returns 209. 
 
 Delivery Bills (Parcels) 204. 
 
 Discrepancies, How Cleared : 
 
 Local Parcels . . . . 197. 
 
 Passenger Classifications . . 214. 
 
 Foreign Parcels .. .. 219,222. 
 
 Through Passengers . . 237, 2430. 
 
 Division of Foreign Parcel, &c., Receipts 
 
 Examples of 228,231,234. 
 
 Division Lists (Foreign Passenger Fares) . . . . 241. 
 
506 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 
 Excursion Bookings .. 212,240. 
 
 Agents' Commission Accounts . . . . 240, B 368. 
 
 Extras Summaries 201. 
 
 Foreign Parcels, &c., Abstracts and Summaries . . 219. 
 
 Inaccuracy Register . . 222. 
 
 Examples of Division and 
 
 Settlement .. .. 228,231,234. 
 
 Foreign Claims, Apportionment of Loss, &c. . . 232. 
 
 Passenger Bookings 235. 
 
 Proportion of Through Fares, how arranged, 
 
 &c 241. 
 
 Traffic Private Settlements . . . . 244. 
 
 Government Duty on Passenger Traffic . . . . 246, B 368. 
 
 Half- Yearly Parcel, &c., Settlement (R. C. II.). . 223 to 232. 
 
 Horse, Carriage, Excess Luggage, &c 198. 
 
 Inaccuracies (See " Discrepancies.") 
 
 Light Traffic (Parcels, &c.) 221. 
 
 Local Parcel Inaccuracy Register 197. 
 
 Newspaper and Corn Sample Labels . . . . 205, LJ 306. 
 
 Officers', Soldiers', &c., Tickets 213, L 305. 
 
 Overcharges (Parcels, &c.) .. .. .. 203. 
 
 Paid Ons for Covered Carriage Trucks . . . . 219. 
 
 Parcel, &c., Abstracts and Summaries (Local) . . 195, 197. 
 
 Ditto ditto (Foreign) . . 219. 
 
 Parcel Delivery Bills 204. 
 
 Parcel Post Division of Receipts 234. 
 
 Passenger Classifications 195, 208. 
 
 Fares, Registers of 215. 
 
 Tickets Collected 216,217. 
 
 Tickets Missing in Collection .. .. 216. 
 
 Bookings (Through) 235. 
 
 Debit Statement (R. C. H.) . . . . 236 to 240. 
 
 Fares (Foreign) and Division Lists . . 241. 
 
 Credit Statement (R. C. H.) . . . . 242. 
 Per-Centage Division of Receipts (Competitive 
 
 Traffic) 231. 
 
 Private Settlements of Foreign Traffic . . . . 244. 
 
 Refunds (Coaching) 207, L 302. 
 
 Registers of Passenger Fares 215. 
 
 Foreign Proportions of Through Fares 241. 
 
 Route (Parcels) '. 226. 
 
 Season Ticket Classifications 210. 
 
 Season Tickets Foreign Proportion of Receipts. . 239. 
 
 Special Trains . . . . 240. 
 
SE 
 OFTHF 
 IVERSIT 
 
 Index to Subjects. 507 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 
 Station Debit Returns (Railway Clearing House) 220, 221. 
 
 Summary of Balances ditto . . 233. 
 
 Terminal Expenses (Parcels) 224. 
 
 Through Bookings Passengers , 235. 
 
 Parcels, &c 230. 
 
 Ticket Stock Registers ..218. 
 
 Time-Tables 202. 
 
 Tolls 225. 
 
 Tourist Classifications 208. 
 
 Extension-of-Time Ticket Returns .. 211. 
 
 Wrong Routes, Passengers Travelling by . . . . 238, 243. 
 
 ACCOUNTANT'S DBPARTMBNT.-Goods and Mineral 
 
 Audit Office. 
 
 Advices of Monthly Totals .. 247,248. 
 
 Bad Debts, Division of Loss 269. 
 
 Balancing Books, Railway Clearing House Settle- 
 ments _ . . 263. 
 
 Canal Traffic Receipts 289. 
 
 Claims (Foreign) 268, L 3 I2 B 374, 3&7- 
 
 Clearing House and Private Settlements . . . . 261 to 270. 
 
 Supplementary Debits, &.c. . . 262, 264. 
 
 Live Stock Settlements . . . . 271. 
 
 Balances, Advices and Payment of 275, B 368. 
 
 Competitive Traffic 267. 
 
 Debit Lists 247, 248, L 316. 317, 319. 
 
 Demurrage and Mileage Returns, &c. . . . . 290 to 296, B 396. 
 
 Discrepancies, How Cleared 
 
 Advices of Monthly Totals . . 247. 
 
 Local Goods Summaries . . . . 251. 
 
 Local Live Stock Summaries . . 253. 
 
 Local Transfer Summaries . . 254. 
 
 Undercharge Sheets 256. 
 
 Overcharge Sheets^ 257. 
 
 Sack Abstracts 260. 
 
 Foreign Goods and Live Stock 
 
 Abstracts 262. 
 
 Clearing House Goods Settlements 263. 
 
 Mileage and Demurrage Returns. . 294. 
 
 Foreign Goods Summaries 263. 
 
 Overcharges 258, 264. 
 
508 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 Foreign Goods Traffic Clearing House and Private 
 
 Settlements . . 261 to 270. 
 
 Claims (Goods) 268, L 312, B 3740, 387. 
 
 Bad Debts, Division of Loss . . . . 269. 
 Live Stock Traffic, Clearing House Settle- 
 ments 271. 
 
 Traffic Example of Private Settlements 274. 
 
 Goods Traffic Abstract Book 248, 275, L 343, 352. 
 
 Revenue Book 249,275,6396. 
 
 Terminal Allowances 264. 
 
 Inaccuracies (See "Discrepancies ") 
 
 Irish Railway Clearing House 273. 
 
 Joint Line Traffic Method of Division . . , 272. 
 
 " Light " Goods Traffic 262. 
 
 Local Goods Summaries 251. 
 
 Goods Abstracts 251. 
 
 Live Stock Summaries 253. 
 
 Transfer Summaries 254. 
 
 Mileage and Demurrage Returns 290 to 296, B 396. 
 
 Mineral Traffic Division of Foreign Traffic . . 288. 
 
 Revenue Book 289, B 398. 
 
 Monthly Advices of Totals 247,248. 
 
 Omission Sheets 247, 259. 
 
 Overcharge Summaries 255. 
 
 Sheets (Local) 257. 
 
 Sheets (Foreign) 258, 264. 
 
 Paid On Summaries . . . 247, 248, 260, L 329. 
 
 " Particulars to Follow " Abstracts 252. 
 
 Past Foreign Overcharge Sheets 258, L 310. 
 
 Register 258. 
 
 Private Settlements, Example of 274. 
 
 Re-debit Vouchers 259, L 311, 321. 
 
 Revenue Book (Goods) 249, 275. 
 
 Sack Abstracts 247, 260. 
 
 Stations' Debit Lists . . . . 247, 248, L 316, 317, 319. 
 
 Weight Book 250. 
 
 Supplementary Debits (Railway Clearing House) .262,264. 
 
 Terminal Allowances .. .. 264. 
 
 Through Traffic 265. 
 
 Tolls 266. 
 
 Traffic Abstract Book (Goods) 248, 275, L 343, 352. 
 
 Under and Overcharge Summaries 255. 
 
 Sheets 25610258^321. 
 
Index to Subjects. 509 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 Mineral Traffic (Mineral Manager's Office) : 
 
 Actual and Declared Weights . . . . 287. 
 
 Allowances 281, L 359, 362, B 399- 
 
 Allowance Ledger . . . , . . . 281. 
 
 Daily Summaries Outward 277. 
 
 Abstracts Outward 277. 
 
 Debit List 283, L 359, 360. 
 
 Declarations of Weight 277, 287. 
 
 Register 277. 
 
 Discrepancies in Weight How Cleared 277, 278. 
 
 Foreign Traffic, Checking of . . . . 278, 288. 
 
 Mineral Account Ledgers 278,279. 
 
 Transfer Register 282. 
 
 Porters' Accounts 283, L 359. 
 
 Monthly Abstracts Inward 278. 
 
 Omissions 281. 
 
 Overcharges 281,284. 
 
 Siding Rent 285. 
 
 Special Debit Ledger 281. 
 
 Statements of Traffic 284, A 288, 289. 
 
 Supplementary or " Waste " Ledger . . 280. 
 
 Traders' Toll Accounts 278, 279, L 359- 
 
 Undercharges 281,284. 
 
 Weekly Summaries of Outward Traffic . . 286. 
 
 ACCOUNTANT'S DEPARTMENT-Station Ledger Office. 
 
 Account-Current Ledgers 316, 317, 330. 
 
 Agents' Ledger 328, 353, 357. 
 
 Bad Debts . . . . 330, 356. 
 
 Rank Sheets 299, 300, 309. 
 
 Carting Agents', &c. , Accounts 317, 347, 357. 
 
 Cash Summary 300, 335, 354. 
 
 Paid to Secretary 299,314,339,355,360,3401, 
 
 Claims (See "Goods.") 
 
 Collectors' Account-Current Ledgers 316,318,330. 
 
 Ledger Summaries 318. 
 
 Extras 333. 
 
 Customers' Ledger Accounts (Goods) 316, 317, 319. 
 
 (Minerals) .. .. 359. 
 
 Daily Advices of Collection 308, 317, 319. 
 
 Debit Lists 316,317,319. 
 
5IO Raihvay Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 Departmental Carriage Accounts (Engineer's, 
 
 Stores, &c.) 3 1 7, 322, 347, B 374*- 
 
 Difference Summary Book (Goods) . . . . . 309, 335, 354. 
 Discrepancies How cleared : Credits . . . . 309, 310, 314, 317, 329, 335, 337. 
 Debit Lists and Ac- 
 counts .. .. 316, 322, 359. 
 
 Engineer's Ledger 323, 330. 
 
 Goods Accounts 308. 
 
 Claims 312, 328, B 374, 393 
 
 Claims Register 312,330. 
 
 Ledger Summary 330. 
 
 Revenue Balance Sheet 350, B 397- 
 
 Hotel and Refreshment Room Receipts . . . . 304, B 395. 
 
 Local Allowances 310*336,356. 
 
 Local Transfers, Register of . . 313. 
 
 Manure and "Compensation " Sales 317. 
 
 Sales Ledger 327. 
 
 Minerals, Manure, and Compensation Book . . 326, 330, 353. 
 Mineral Toll Accounts for Collection by Goods 
 
 Department 345, 359, 360. 
 
 Debit List and Traders' Accounts. . . . 359, 360. 
 
 Allowances .. 359, 362, B 399- 
 
 Personal Account Ledgers 360,361. 
 
 Cash Book 360. 
 
 Toll Account-Current 360, 363. 
 
 Revenue Balance Sheet 363, B 399- 
 
 Miscellaneous Ledger 330. 
 
 News and Corn Sample Labels. ... . . . . 306. 
 
 Officers', Soldiers', &c., Warrants 305. 
 
 Outstandings Porters' and Ledger 320. 
 
 Paid Ons (Goods) 317. 
 
 Summary Book (Goods) 329, 335, 337, 356. 
 
 Unclaimed (Goods) 326. 
 
 Past Foreign Overcharges 310, 338, 356. 
 
 Personal Account Ledgers (Goods) 316,319. 
 
 Porters' Ledger Summaries 317. 
 
 Recharge Invoices 313, 
 
 Re-debit Vouchers 311,321. 
 
 Refunds (Coaching) 302. 
 
 (Goods) 311. 
 
 Refund Register (Goods) 311, 330. 
 
 Ropes .. 3i7,3 2 4. 
 
 Rope Ledger Summary Book .. 324,330. 
 
Index to Subjects. 511 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 
 Sack Demurrage 3 1 ?- 
 
 Ledger 325, 33. 
 
 Special Credits (Coaching) 303. 3O7- 
 
 Debits ( ,, ) 303, 307. 
 
 Debits (Goods) 333- 
 
 Credits ( ) 348. 
 
 Stations' Coaching Balance Sheets 299. 
 
 Permanent Cash Balances 364. 
 
 Traders' Toll Accounts (Minerals) 359. 
 
 Undercharges Posted to Debit of Accountant . . 317, 321, 330. 
 
 ACCOUNTANT'S DEPARTMENT. Book-keeper's Office. 
 
 Accounts Passed Book 369. 
 
 for collection by the Secretary . . . . 393, 401. 
 
 Bank Advices 372. 
 
 Bankers' Transfers 377, 401, 402. 
 
 Pass-Books 401,402. 
 
 and General Interest Account . . . . 389. 
 
 Banking Accounts 400. 
 
 Bankers' Receipts . . . . 401. 
 
 Bankers' Payments . . . . 402. 
 
 Bill Account, Secretary's . . 401. 
 
 Book-keeping System described . . . . . . 366. 
 
 Capital Expenditure 3855386,391. 
 
 Liabilities Ledger 392. 
 
 Carriages and Wagons, Repairs and Renewals of 386. 
 
 Carriage and Wagon Hire Account 386, 396. 
 
 Cartages Account 387. 
 
 Cheques, Drawing and Remittance of . . . . 372 to 377. 
 
 Form of 372. 
 
 Payable to Bearer 376. 
 
 Journal 381. 
 
 Paid 402. 
 
 Outstanding . . 408. 
 
 Coaching Revenue Book, How journalized . . 394. 
 
 Balance Sheet, How journalized 395. 
 
 Coaching Traffic Outstandings Account . . . . 394, 401. 
 
 Coal Issued, Statements of . . . . , . . . 382. 
 
 and Coke Stock Account 386. 
 
 Compensation Account 385, 386, 387. 
 
 " Compound" Ledger Accounts 366. 
 
512 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Paragraph Nc 
 
 Debenture Capital Account 401,402. 
 
 Stock Capital Account 401. 
 
 Charges 388. 
 
 Interest 402,411. 
 
 Dishonoured Bills 401,402. 
 
 Dividends 402,411. 
 
 " Double" and "Single" Entry Book-keeping 
 
 compared . . 366. 
 
 Drawing Account 381,402,408. 
 
 Duplicate Personal Ledger . . 368. 
 
 Expenditure, How passed through the Books . . 366, 378 to 390, 406. 
 
 Ledgers 368. 
 
 Classification of 384, 407. 
 
 Way and Works Department 
 
 Expenditure . . . . 385. 
 
 Locomotive, Carriage, and Stores 
 
 Departments Expenditure... 386. 
 
 Traffic Department Expenditure 387. 
 
 General Charges 388. 
 
 Hotels Expenditure . . . . 389. 
 
 Expenditure Credit Books 393- 
 
 Gas Account 386. 
 
 General Ledgers 366. 
 
 Charges 388. 
 
 Stores Stock Account . . . . . 386. 
 
 Goods Revenue Book, How Journalized . . . . 396. 
 
 Balance Sheet, ditto . . . . 397. 
 
 Goods Traffic Outstandings Account . . . . 397 401. 
 
 Government Duty on Passenger Traffic . . . . 387. 
 
 Half-yearly Accounts, Preparation of . . . . 405. 
 
 Balancing 409. 
 
 Balance Sheet and Directors' 
 
 Report 410. 
 
 Hotels Expenditure, Classification of . . . . 389. 
 
 Income Tax on Dividends, &c. 411. 
 
 Journals 366,381. 
 
 Journal Entries, Summary of 
 
 Ordinary Weekly Entries . . 403. 
 
 Ordinary Monthly Entries . . 404. 
 
 Law and Parliamentary Expenses Account . . 388. 
 
 Ledgers (General) 366, 409. 
 
 Liabilities (Revenue) 406. 
 
 Locomotive, Carriage and Stores Departments 
 
 Expenditure, Classification of . . . . 386. 
 
Index to Subjects. 513 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 
 Locomotive Power Account 386. 
 
 Maintenance and Renewal of Permanent Way 
 
 Account 385* 
 
 Mileage and Demurrage of Working Stock . . 396. 
 
 Mineral Revenue Book, How Journalized . . 398. 
 
 Balance Sheet, How Journalized 399. 
 
 Mineral Traffic Outstandings Account .. .. 399,401. 
 Allowance Suspense Account . . . . 399. 
 
 Permanent Way Stock Account 383, 385. 
 
 Materials Used 383. 
 
 Materials Produced . . . . 383. 
 
 Materials Sent to Stores Dept. . . 383. 
 
 " Personal" Accounts 366,368,381. 
 
 Rates and Taxes Account 388. 
 
 " Real " Accounts 366. 
 
 Receipts on Capital Account 401. 
 
 Remittance Book 372. 
 
 Rents from Tenants of Houses, &c. . . . . 385. 
 
 Rent Collection Account 385,401. 
 
 Revenue Account 366, 409. 
 
 Salaries 371, 374. 
 
 Secretary's Collection Ledgers 366, 393. 
 
 Secretary's, General Manager's, and Accountant's 
 
 Departments Expenditure Classification of 388. 
 
 Secretary's Bill Account 401. 
 
 Travelling Cash Book 401. 
 
 Secretary's Department Drawing and Remittance 
 
 of Cheques, &c 372 to 377. 
 
 Sidings, &c., for Sundry Parties 385. 
 
 Signal Stock Account 385. 
 
 "Single" and " Double " Entry Book-keeping 
 
 compared 366. 
 
 "Simple" Ledger Accounts 366. 
 
 Sleepers Creosoting Stock Account 385. 
 
 Stock and Share Capital Account 401. 
 
 Stores Issued, Statements of 382, 386. 
 
 General Stock Account 386. 
 
 Department Administration Expenses 
 
 Account 386. 
 
 Telegraph Stock Account 385. 
 
 Tradesmen's, &c., Accounts for Payment . . .. 367, 372, 378, 406. 
 Accounts of ^5 and upwards . . 367. 
 ditto of ji, and under $ . . 367, 376. 
 
 ditto under i 367, 375. 
 
 9 i 
 
514 Railway Accounts and Finance. 
 
 Paragraph No. 
 
 Traffic Department Expenditure, Classification of... 387. 
 
 Traffic Expenses Account 387. 
 
 Voucher Numbers . 37 2 - 
 
 Wages . . 370, 373- 
 
 Wages and Salaries, Stoppages for "Club," 
 
 " Rent," &c 3740- 
 
 Way and Works Department Expenditure, Classifi- 
 cation of . . 385. 
 
 Working Stock (Capital) Account 386. 
 
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