THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES E. 0. p;si Li - i» i GAULAS, iiiXAS, GRAHAM'S BUSINESS SHORTHAND An Arrangement of Graham's Standard or American Phonography for High and Commercial Schools By CHANDLER SEXTON NEW YORK ANDREW J. GRAHAM & CO. 1910 ; UOHT, 1015, BT ANDREW J. GRAHAM k CO. ^~ ■ CONTENTS PAGE Preface 5 Chart of the Alphabet 8 Introduction 9 Directions for Writing 10 Lesson 1. Consonant Strokes (Straight) 11 2. Vowels (Second-place) 13 Ticks for a, an, and, the — Punctuation 15 3. Consonant Strokes (Curved) 17 4. S and Z, Circle for 19 5. Word-signs 21 6. Vowels (First-place) 24 7. Consonant Strokes (Last nine) 27 £j 8. Word-signs — Phrase- Writing 30 ** 9. Vowels (Third-place) 33 r: Word-Signs 35 Review of Simple-Consonant Word-Signs 37 Li 10. Diphthongs — Contractions 38 11. Vowel and Diphthong Word-Signs 43 Derivative Word-Signs — Ticks added to Vowel Word- ;? Signs — Iss added to Word-Signs, Uses of 44 & 12. Time-Saving Expedients— Ticks for /, how, he 47 5 Prefixes con-, com-, accom — Suffixes -ing, -ings 4S Words omit led and indicated — Position of words of several strokes 49 13. Loops — Ses-Circle 51 j Word-Signs containing Iss, Ses, or Steh 53 fcj 14. The Halving Principle 5(5 P ILlf-Length Word-Signs 58 15. The Halving Principle (continued) 01 1G. W and Y, Different ways of expressing 65 Way-hook Word-Signs and Contractions 07 17. W and Y (continued) 70 Enlarged Brief Way and Yay 71 18. Emp or Emu — Ish or Shay, Uses of 74 Emp Word-Signs 75 ,'i tn 1 Graham's Business Shorthand PAGE 19 II. I Afferent ways of expressing ~ N 20 I n and El As and R I • of 81 Omission of Vowels 82 21. Initial H< •> >k-< TheL-Hook Words added by thei-hook I llmik Word-Signs and Contractions n 1 1 m. I [< " ! be ft-hook 90 \\ ords added by the r-hook *x\ 23 I: > k Word-Signs and < lontractions (»»; 24. Initial Hooka [continued) — Ler- and Hel-Hooks 14 Words added by the /-hook 105 l book Word-Signs and Contractions HMi 26 Pinal Hooks continued) — Tho X-hook 108 N-hook Word-Signs (First List) 110 27. Words added by the n-hook 114 N-hook Word-Signs (Second Lisl 115 28 Piw m. Hooks [continued —The Shon-hook 118 The Tiv-hook 1 10 The Eshon-hook 120 Shon-, Tiv-. and Eshon-hook Word-Signs 121 29. The LENOTHENiNa Principle 125 poke Word-Signs 127 Words added by lengthening 127 N PH M II D I'ki 1 DEES 130 31. Contracted Prepuces {continued) 133 n i r m ted Suffixes 1:37 1 ion o» Consonants and Words- Numbers — Advanced Phrasing Principles ill Si PPLEMENTART PRACTICE — President WH I Germany 117 ;rt Reporting l.-,7 I Is of similar consonants distinguished by difference of outline, position <>r vocalization lr,:; Alphabetic J.. [-Signs 171 PREFACE All the principles taught in this book have been recommended by the Standardization Committee of the National Shorthand Reporters' Association and en- dorsed by that Association after a long and unbiased investigation for the purpose of discovering the best use of all available shorthand material. In the arrange- ment and manner of presentation of these principles,, there will be found a number of departures from the previous order. Outlines for words are given in the first lesson; sentences, in the second; phrase and posi- tion writing is followed from the start; while the halving principle, the omission of vowels, and other time-saving expedients are introduced early in the course. No out- line is given in any exercise that will be written differently further on in the text. For the greater convenience of the teacher and pupil, the words in the exercises, wher- ever possible, have been arranged in columns. Easy business letters are given in the reading and writing ex- ercises after the first few lessons. These changes in the method of presentation have been made in response to the suggestions of many teachers of wide experience. Yet there is nothing in this text at variance with the many helpful practice and reference books already pub- lished in the supplementary literature of the Graham system — a most valuable consideration for all who desire to reach the highest planes of shorthand efficiency. As the title suggests, the purpose of this book is to prepare the student to meet successfully the demands made upon the shorthand writer in modern business life. A further purpose is to effect this preparation in 6 Preface the BhortesI possible time consistent with good work. With that «'nr 1, as m aisle, ire. 01 or oy, " oil, loyal. on <>r ow, " mil, tower u or nr, " /i//(o, mew. INTRODUCTION Graham's Standard Phonography is a system of writing English according to sound. It has a letter for each distinct sound, of which there are forty. These are divided into classes called consonants, vowels, and diphthongs. There are twenty-four consonants, twelve vowels and four diphthongs. As only the sounds are represented in Phonograph} 7 , silent letters in the common spelling, as a in tea and ugh in though, are not expressed in Phonography. C, which is sometimes sounded like s and sometimes like k, as in cease and cow, has no corresponding sign; for each sound has its distinct sign. Nor has x, which sometimes represents the sound of ks, as in box, and sometimes z, as in Xenia. Q always has the sound of k. Nomenclature The Graham system provides a met hod by which a name can be made with the common alphabet for every possible combination of the Phonographic signs. Those names are called the nomenclature, and it is important that the student should learn them, as by their use his progress will be hastened and the labor of the teacher lessened. The Alphabet The Chart of the Alphabet is for reference only. The letters will be taught in sections. But the attention of the student is called to the arrangement of the first sixteen consonants into pairs of similar signs to repre- 9 10 (, nihil in' s II it si hiss Short ha ml Bent pairs of Bimilar sounds, a light si^n for :i light sound, ;i heavy sign for a heavy Bound. The remaining consonants cannot be paired; thdse used most are rep- ted by liuht Btrokes. The simple vowels, likewise, are arranged in pairs of li^ht and heavy signs for light and heavy sounds. And to distinguish the similar signs, they are written in three positions beside the consonant-strokes. Thus, a vowel written opposite the beginning, nii. Joining Light and Heavy Consonants. — Observe carefully that joined light and heavy straight conso- nants, having the same direction, are written as one stroke, without stopping. ti. Outlines . The consonants of a word, when prop- erly joined, are called its outline. 7. A hyphen -) between sign-names indicates that the signs are to be joined. 8. Dotted Lines.— Dotted lines correspond to ruled lines on writing paper. 9. Copy the outlines of the following Reading Exer- cise ten times; with the tenth time, write opposite each outline its name, as shown in the following examples: N^.Pee-Bee, Cay-Kay, .. Chay-Tee,. I .Dee-Dee. READING EXERCISE ,-Y>>--^-N---\\-Vr-y> -k-M-l ^- L--k-M-f^- L L Vi f.L. L. ^. k _ H .._f_L- Z__.TTX V 1 / ^ -\ — — I Vowels 13 WRITING EXERCISE 10. Write anc 1 number the signs for • th e followi names : 1. Gay-Pec 11. Kay-Jay 21. Kay-Bee 31. Pee-Chay 2. Dee-Tee 12. Tee-Gay 22. Chay-Tee 32. Gay-Kay 3. Bee-Kay 13. Bee-Tee 23. Pee-Kay 33. Dee-Jay 4. Kay-Gay 14. Kay-Dee 24. Kay-Pee 34. Pee-Dee 5. Dee-Bee 15. Tee-Kay 25. Tee-Dee 35. Tee-Bee 6. Chay-Bee 16. Bee-Pee 26. Jay-Pee 36. Gay- Jay 7. Kay-Kay 17. Kay-Tee 27. Gay-Gay 37. Tee-Pee 8. Dee-Pee 18. Tee-Jay 28. Dee-Kay 38. Dee-Dee 9. Bee-Dee 19. Pee-Gay 29. Tee-Tee 39. Pee-Bee 10. Jay-Kay 20. Kay-Chay 30. Chay-Gay 40. Tee-Chay LESSON 2 VOWELS 11. There are twelve simple vowels, represented by- light and heavy dots and dashes. The sounds for which they stand are their names. Writing the vowels in their proper places is called vocalization. These places are on either side of a consonant, at the beginning, middle, or end; and they are called, respectively, first-place, second- place, and third-place. 12. Second-Place Vowels. — The letter Tee is here used to show the position the second-place vowels occupy at the side of a consonant. Any other consonant-stroke may be so used. Long — |« = a as in make; \- =5 as in own. Short — r =e as in pet; r = u as in up. 13. Order of Writing and Reading. — The consonants of a word are written first; the vowels are then writ ten in their proper positions at the sides of the consonants. Dash-vowels 'are written at a right-angle to the con- ] I Graham* a Business Shorthand Bonant-etroke. A vowel above a horizontal consonant, or to the left of any other, is read before the conso- nant; thus: ' oak, -| owed. A vowel below a hori- zont.il consonant, or at the right of any other, is read \i ii r the consonant ; thus: -r- gay, \ pay. ll. Seconds-Place Vowels Between Strokes. — (a) A long second-place vowel occurring between two consonant- strokes is written AFTER the first stroke; thus: V poke, cake . {b) A short second-place vowel occurring between two consonant-strokes is written before the second Btroke; thus: \_l_ buck, __ keg. I".. Second Position of Words. — Words composed en- tirely of horizontal strokes are written on the line when the accented vowel is second-place. Other words having a Becond-place accented vowel are written so that the first BLANTING or VERTICAL stroke rests on the line. Words bo written are in the second position. The fol- lowing outlines illustrate this position and should be copied repeatedly. Pronounce the name of each con- sonant and vowel as it is made. . . ate *l - O.lt .."I o\\. -I A ■ . X ; . poke . ; acisE aid 'I ache. _ . . onk . _j day. _ I* . toe I - doc... I: . . obey . .X - - jay --A. .- -So- _ cocoa cape .. bakc.N tape.-K take. L .. cope_.I.\ ..cage 'J- \ etch...'. buckVu __.tiib-.L-. duck. .- dug.. ..edge-./ egg. — : budge ~\- .. touch ...^..tug. L Dutch. X. . chuck. Ll jug_-_l cup.~X. Vowels- Ticks — Punctuation 15 16. Write and vocalize the outlines for the following words : pay, age, bay, gage, gape, choke, check, tuck, chub, poke, peck, dub, pug, opaque, peg, poach, beg, deck, dough, coach, tow. TICKS 17. Because of their very frequent recurrence, the words the, a, an, and are generally represented by ticks joined to the preceding or following word. 18. The is expressed by a light, slanting tick joined to a preceding word and written downward or upward, that direction being chosen which produces the sharper angle; thus: \ pay the, 'I ate the. 19. A, an, or and is expressed by a light, horizontal or vertical tick, sometimes joined to a preceding word, but more frequently to a following one; thus: !• a day, •"1 an aid, ~h_ and take. 20. The horizontal and-tick may be joined to the vertical one for the phrase and a (or an); also to the the-t\ck for the phrase and the; thus: ...and a (or an); and the. Care should be taken to place the horizon- tal tick of these phrase-signs on the line, to avoid con- fusing them with similar signs to be taught later. PUNCTUATION 21. In Phonography the principal mark of punctua- tion is the period, which is written like Chay-Chay: --/--. A paragraph mark is --//... ; or a greater space may be left between sentences than is usual. The hy- phen, which is needed occasionally to connect compound Id Graham* s Business Shorthand words, i . A proper noun is distinguished from a common noun sary, by two Bhorl dashes under the proper noun: I* Day. The dash is a waved-line: — - . This sign is also written under a word or words to in- dicate thai they arc tube underscored in the transcript or emphasized in reading the notes. The ordinary comma, semi-colon, colon, interrogation, and exclama- tion points are written when deemed necessary. [LEADING EXERCISE Dopiod until it can bo written neatly and readily. 1. Job, pay- the check and-obey- the judge. 2. Ed. Page ate- the .".. Cato, bake an-oal cake and-poach an-egg. 4. Joe, L, _^.'ZS/._X - £__... I. _ L. _.T^__ take-the babe a-cape. 5. Abe, etch-the Dutch jug and-take-the oak keg and-aid Jake Pope. LESSON 3 CONSONANT STROKES— Continued. 22. Sign: ^ V. ( ( ) ) J J Name: Ef, Vee, Ith, THee, Es, Zee, Ish, Zhay. Sound: foe, t>im, think, them, so, zeal, show, usual. 23. (a) Each of this second group of eight strokes is written downward. (6) The heavy curves should be thickest at the center, tapering both ways, (c) Ith, Tuee, Es and Zee should stand so that their ends would touch a vertical line. 24. Joining Consonant-Strokes. — There should be no angle between Ef, Vee, Ith, or THee and a following Kay or Gay. They should be written as one stroke. When a heavy curve and a heavy straight consonant are joined without an angle, they should be of equal thickness at the point of junction; thus:^ Vee-Gay, Dee-Vee. Ic EXERCISE ON JOINING THE CONSONANTS Copy repeatedly. Name each stroke as you make it. --H-V-l-S-c-y^ J --Vr-f+ 17 is (, r, ilium's Business Shorthand r-H-^-k 25. < '<»i>y the following words several times. Be care- ful lo make the "long" vowels heavy and the "short" ones light. Heavy signs should ho made with the first stroke of pen or pencil, not by retracing. Transcribe into longhand and number each word as it is numbered below. l... v :. ... 2 -J: 3 __.'• ... 4 ~X__ 5 — ,\ )•_.. 7 .„)•„. 8 -_J-___ 9 h 10. _J. 11 - ' . ... 12.. J 13 ...I 1-1 __Vi ___.15 _.^ 1C_ AL_ 17 .-( 18. _.)-___ 19___A ... 20_.k, -'i .G 22 :;..J±. .. 2-1 ..3 7 ...._ 26. Join the consonant-signs for the sounds of the italic Letters in the following words. Disregard the other letters. WHITINC, EXERCISE I. /op 6. above 11. fishy 16. Daoey 21. Joshua. 7. r< i- y 12. shady 17. thatch 22. cash 3. bogy 8. ask 13. teeth 18. thick 23. gamy ■ Ih'irf 11. avowed 19. sheath 24. Bessie 10. shaggy 15. pitffy 20. co/fee 25. 6us/» LESSON 4 THE CIRCLE FOR S AND Z 27. (a) On account of the frequent occurrence of the sounds of s and z, they are represented sometimes by the stroke signs ) ) ; but generally by a small circle, °, which is particularly convenient for joining. (6) The name of the small circle is Iss. 28. Iss is joined — 1. To Straight Strokes, by a motion contrary to that of the hands of a clock; thus: ^ E £ a o sps, ets, schs, sks, Names: Spees, Stees, Iss-Chays, Skays, 2. To Curves, on the inside; thus: Sefs, Svecs, Siths, Sthces, Iss-Es-Iss, Iss-Zees, Sish-Iss. 3. Between Straight Strokes Forming an Angle, outside of the angle; thus: Pees-Tec, Kays-Pee, Chays-Tee. 4. Between Curves, usually on the inside of the first; thus:A^,__Efs-Vee, _. C_ Tiiees-Ef, 19 20 Graham's Business Shorthand ;,. Between Straight and Cum,! Strokes, inside of thecurve; thus: « Pees-Ith, .^ Dees- Es, ' a Efs-Kay. 29. Rules for Using Tss.—Ibb Bhould be used, gen- erally — 1. When 8 (or C sounded like s) begins a word of two or more consonant-. 2. For 8 or z at the middle or end of a word. 30. (a) Issat the beginning of a consonant-stroke is read hi;- i ; th.it is before the stroke and any vowels beside the stroke; thus: 5\ soap, f- stow. (b) Hence, the Btroke) or ) must be used after an initial vowel, as in •) ace, -) owes. 31. (o) Iss at the end of a consonant-stroke is read LASTjthus: '• face, [• daze, (h) Hence, the stroke must be used before a final vowel, as in say, daisy. !<• ■■! downward. sage...'/ said I stay k_.days t__ shows.. <^>.-. sakc o_^_ soak a_i_ stow Jr.. case __o fuss .v°._ safe...-> sup £v spake \ checks /Lo shucks -Aj> &> such.. "j£ spoke V pose ^>__upset ^f--- set l... suck a baize... ^s. ..dose l~__ Caution. — In such words as J: — desk, J^— dusk, it Bhould I"' observed that the vowel does not occur between two consonant-STBOKES, but between two consonants the d of which is represented by a circle; hence the rule of Paragraph 14, b, does not apply, and vowels of what- place must be written by the stroke next to which they are heard. Word- Signs 21 READING EXERCISE Head, copy repeatedly, and read from your own notes. i V L* v^. y/ 2 a A/ K/3 1 -l _ ■X. -^ _/ 4 A ^_.N_ 1- \-/ 5 ^ A.N, V_ WRITING EXERCISE To be written in phonography. Join the words connected by a hyphen. 1. Judge Pope and-Judge Gutchess spoke. 2. A-duck's egg upsets Seth Jessup. 3. Abe shaves-the chef and-takes a-cake. 4. Guess Faith Page's age. 5. Ed. Devoe says take both tubs and-desks. LESSON 5 WORD-SIGNS 33. In order to gain speed in writing, words that are used very often are each represented by only a part of its full outline. These parts, when made by a single pen-movement, are called word-signs. The term is used both for the sign and the word. 34. Position of Word-Signs. — Consonant word-signs are written in three positions, with reference to the line 22 Graham* 8 Business Shorthand nf writing, in order to indicate or Buggest the vowel, or the accented our. The "superior" figure printed with the name of :i Bign indicates the position of the Bign, and Bhould 1><- named when memorizing it. For instance, Pee 1 Bhould be pronounced "Pee two, up." 35. It is necessary to write a few word-signs out of the position of their accented vowel to prevent their being confounded with similar signs which, according to the genera] rule, would occupy the same position. Also some word-signs which, if placed according to their accented vowel, would be in either the first or the third position, are written in the second (on the line), because that is the most convenient for the writer. 36. SECOND-POSITION SIMPLE-CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS \ Pee*, up V. Ef 2 , for \ Bee 2 , be, object', ob'ject ^ y ee 2 ) ii ave I Tee 5 , it ( Ith 2 , think I Dee 2 , do ( THee 2 , them, they / Chay*, which, change-d ) Es ! , so / Jay*, advantage ) Zee » ( wa3 Kay*, come, Co. (contraction , „ , for company; as, Sage & Co.) c "*« :i "' haa Norm. — Tbia ugn should be used for / T , , r.imjkiiij/ i.nly wbeoit is part of a firm - Isle, shall III II If. — ( Say*, together J Zhay 2 , usual-ly Word-Signs 23 37. The ticks for the, a, an, and, may bo joined to the stroke word-signs as well as to simple-consonant strokes; and are joined to the signs for as and has, thus: ../o. as (or has) the; q_ as (or has) a or an; _o and as (or has). READING EXERCISE Read, copy, and transcribe from your own notes. i. L 7 _r^.^_\.^.4-/ 2 ' l-o-(-):,-^- I - /-A. (/s. L_\_LLLJS3 4. .^_X B _^..k.-i '5. V^^A, -__/o. /:.„V- J. _ _ lL_„\„k-/7. -A..- b_ V Z~ A___ Z^ ? io. /„.A..k...( k ? . WRITING EXERCISE 1. So it was an-advantage for them, was it? 2. Do they take it as-a joke? 3. Joseph Pope &-Co. have-the tubs. 4. Take-the folks up a3 they come. 5. Bess and-Ed usually come together for-the eggs and-pay for them as they take them. LESSON 6 VOWELS— Continued. 38. First-Place Vowels— Long. — |* = e as in eat; |" = a as in all. Short. — |* = I as in it; \~ = 6 as in hot, or a as in watch. 39. First Position of 1Yords. — (a) When the accented vowel of a word Is first-place, the outline is written so that the bottom of its first slanting or vertical stroke is half the height of a Tee above the line, (b) If the outline is composed cut inly of horizontal strokes, it is written the full height of a Tee above the line. Words so written are in the first position. Examples: I 11. V4- -4 eat, keep, odd, talk, peep, teeth, sheaf, thick key, kick, cog. !<). First-Place Vowels Between Strokes. — When a first- place vowel occurs between two strokes, it is written beside the first one. bees. No _. sip. . •) •\ sobs vicious . . socks cautious k- . bick Vowels 25 seep I sieve bob ^s^ sickish . • p siege pause fog caustic X ) v- seethe saw cog_ J faucet 4-- I' .— u . J' •• VLp tease cause __' ship 2^_ visit ill — fees thaws thick deceit- _ It TEST WORDS 1 pause 5 bog 9 sheath. 13 disk 17 seedy 2 copy 6 gaudy 10 ox 14 gossip IS deposit 3 cheap 7 shoddy 11 botch 15 shock 19 beseech 4 teethe 8 thief 12 cobs 16 odds 20 Esop 41. FIRST POSITION SIMPLE-CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS _^_ Bee 1 , by, buy „. Ef 1 , if Tee 1 , time Vee 1 , ever ___ Dee 1 , dollar ___ Es 1 , see / ° /__ Chay 1 , each ... Iss 1 , is, his Kay 1 , common ... Ish 1 , she, wish ~ Gay 1 , give-n is the is a {or an), and is (or his). 4 26 a nihil m s s Business Shorthand READING EXER< IS] i N x ^ £r/s L_ '...V-V 3 "" J ' I A .l.o— -L Xr^/5 !_.^- ) o.-_o j/* _V..( _ -..1 J3„ -^-o .l/i 71 \ OPTIONAL TEST KXKRCISE 1. Bpoke _'. dusty :;. effigy l. coax S vague ti. ethics 7. custody 8. suffix 9. I- in. pesky 21. 11. gussel 12. .sketch 13. episode 1 1, edit 15. deceive ir>. teacup 17. sheathe 27. is. keepsake 28. 19. toady 2'.). 20. sheepish 30. gusty folks pasty fussy efface filth visage paucity d< bauch sawed 31. escape 32. chalk :;:;. visit 34. civic 35. tu] lie 36. sought 37. pop 38. fu-; :;!». jockey Hi. Scutch 41. dodge 42. bib 43. putty 44. daub 15. calk 46. faucet 17. coffee 48. balk l!>. ditty 50. fix WRITING KXERCISK 1. They seek a-petty advantage for-the city. 2. Take-the teacup up for Bessie. 3. Save-the soap checks for a-desk for Edith. 4. It dusty -lay for-the job. .">. It is-a pity his speech is so caustic. i>. Give Codey &-Co. a-check for-the safe. 7. Was Joe given coffee and-an euu'.' his face is chalky, s. Seise-the ship ami-beach it. '.>. Give Buck a-box for In- eggs. 10. Augustus says Jessie is sick. LESSON 7 CONSONANT STROKES— Continued. 42. Sign: C "^ X" ^v_ w ^ T^ Name : Lay, Ar, Ray, Em, En, Ing, Way, Yay, Hay Sound: low, rim, me, ?io, wing, woe, yew, hew 43. (a) When it stands alone, C is always written upward. (6) When joined to another sfrofce-consonant, it may be written upward or downward, according to convenience, (c) It is called Lay when written up- ward, and El when written downward; thus: n.„r^?„..c c Lay-Es, Lay-Em, El-Gay, El-Ing. 44. Ar, Way, and Yay are always written downward. 45. (a) Ray, the straight sign for r, is always written upward and, when standing alone, at a considerably greater slant than Chay, from which it is distinguished by its greater slant; thus: / Chay, / Ray. (6) When Chay and Ray are joined to other stroke-consonants, they are easily distinguished by their direction, Chay being always written downward and Ray upward; thus: /__„.. n____ c_. Kay-Chay, Kay-Ray, Lay-Chay, Lay-Ray. 46. Em, En, and Ing are written from left to right. 47. Hay y , is always written upward. 27 28 (, nilm ih*s Business Shorthand iv I may be joined to Hay at the beginning by making a circle in place of the book; thus: , Iss- Hay. (6) This will not be mistaken for Iss-Ray, which bas the circle on the opposite Bide; thus: -*Sl lit. A> Lay, Ray, and Hay are always written up- wan 1, their beginning is at the bottom and the vowels are placed accordingly; thus: -Jaw, - raw, _£s_haw. READING liXERCISE -. and transcribe nr read) from your own notes. v : v 7 "->• \ -\- - v .. it. :>« ■> ->• ^ ^. ~v r • *_A:.y Consonant Strokes 29 BUSINESS LETTER TEST WORDS Write Ar, the curve, only when a small capital r ia used. 1. agency 11. 2. always 12. 3. bunches 13. 4. baseness 14. 5. caused 15. 6. city 7. citizen 8. dealeR 9. delay 10. deposit 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. diminish 21. dozen 22. dullness 23. eaiily enough eRroii exchange 27. fence 28. heavy 29. hurried 30. 24. 25. 26. knock infcR leakage lovveR mistake months notice officer hasty pistol 31. Ream 32. receipt 33. receive 34. rcpaiit 35. russet 36. rugs 37. same 38. sawed 39. service 40. solicit 41. solid 42. succeed 43. summer 44. tongue 45. varies 46. vicinity 47. visit 48. wringcR 49. wrench 50. wrought WRITING EXERCISE 1. Tom's mistakes diminish-t he agency's receipts. 2. Mary and- Elsie have each a-dollar for a-dozen lilies and-a dozen pinks. 3. Paul Terry wrote a-page for-the Sunday Republic. 4. His office is small. 5. James will come and-change-the rugs. 6. Give-the officer a-pistol. 7. Take-the citizen's receipt for-the wringen. 8. Summer dullness caused a-heavy loss. 9. Bob always comes for-the Sunday service. 10. Hasty tongues make many enemies. 11. Have-the mason repaiR- the leak by-the chimney. 12. Exchange-the check for money and- pay for-the fence. 13. SLx months' notice is enough. LESSON 8 W< >K D-SIGNS— PI 1 1 ! ASE-WRITING ."pit. In the Chart of t he Alphabet, brief signs arc given for w and y. The use of these as consonants will be ex- plained later; but as it is now desirable for the sake of phrase-writing to w-t v them as word-signs, they are in- cluded in the following list of SIMPLE-CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS ___ Ar\ hear, her, here ^ Al '"- are (sometimes Ray 2 ; as, «/ you arc) ___ Em 1 , me, my ^—^ Em 2 , am, him, may ___ En 1 , any, in v_x En*, know, no ___ Eng 1 , thing -w Ing*, language __. Way 1 , why "^ Way 2 , way _-. We 1 , we c Weh-, were .WehSwith o Wuh', would Wtth 1 , what C Yay-, your .-- Yfih 1 , year, years u Yfih*, yet — Ytth 1 , beyond n Yah-, you Lay-, will 30 Word-Signs — Phrase-Writing 31 51. Compound Words. — Outlines for compound words composed of word-signs are formed, whenever prac- ticable, by joining the separate signs; thus: anything, -W-- forever, \ — become. PHRASE-WRITING. 52. The speed and legibility of writing are consider- ably increased by the judicious use of phrase-writing; that is, by joining words occurring together in phrases and clauses. In order to acquire this valuable art as soon as possible, the student should diligently practice the joining of word-signs, as shown below and else- where, until he can do it without hesitation and with neatness and rapidity. The first word of a phrase-sign, unless it is a, an or and, is usually written in its proper position, and the other word or words follow without regard to position. Occasionally, a first-position Brief Way or a horizontal stroke-consonant is raised or lowered slightly to allow the second word to follow in its proper position, as in Wuh-Tee 1 , what time; En-Chay 1 , in each; so, also, it is sometimes advantageous to take as out of its position and join it to a following word that depends upon its position for legibility; as, Sef 1 , as if; Sef 2 , as for. As the student gains in experience,he will gradually extend the practice of phrase-writing beyond the limit of word-signs. Examples of such phrases will be given in the exercises as the principles of the system are ex- plained. 53. Phrase-Signs — ~\>are you, Udo you. *s«n for you.V for which, give you,__*Sj-. have you, \^ here you are, ^- , if you will, w — >. think you may, t will you, ( if we. I it is (or has). .1 ..it was, ./ . was it, V. we have, what a (or an), what the, 32 Graham* 8 Business Shorthand 1 uli.it it was ' r has), /-— which may, which you. >■ which you may... *' ... which you will, would a (or an), . would the, .a... would be... . . would do. would it, - . you arc. ■-/ you will. , \ you will be, o ■ I you will do, .. . as it.. as for READING EXERCISE Rc:nl, copy, and read or transcribe from your own notes. i..^i , ...^..(I ? .y / 2. k_.^_r__£L/3. c.A.. ..r_L_ ^.^C/q. ( L. )r„_£L_ . < • ' io. - ( O.-Sr.Z.i/n. (: L -...^.. 21. ..^1. ^ > L....r^..^._^f.^ 7 /22. („,__ I.. ^ o../fc.JL .7?./. 23. _^„.rr^>._^:.^-. WRITING EXERCISE Write in shorthand.and join the words connected by hyphens. 1. Why are we here? 2. Will-you sell-the bunch for a-dol- lar? 3. Do-you both speak-the same language? 4. My feaR is for-you. 5. You-will-be safe if-we take-you beyond your depth. 6. In what year were they in Minnesota? 7. Do-you know what is yet in-the box? 8. Shall we hear her sing? 9. Mary came for me Sunday. 10. Ring up Bell & Co. and-say they may have 200 dozen eggs. 11. Do-you know any reason for his being here? 12. Would Mollie give her what she came for? LESSON 9 VOWELS— Continued. 54. Third-Place Vowels. — Long — I. = a as in arm; |_ = oo as in food. Short — |. = a as in at; |_ =6t> as in foot, or u as in full. 55. Third Position of Words. — (a) The first slanting or vertical stroke of a word having a third-place accented vowel is written through the line; (6) outlines having only horizontal 'strokes are written a little below the line. :;i Grahams Business Shorthand Words bo written are in the third position; thus: back, -;- look, Bat, .^-. nag, ( cook. 56. Third-Place Vowels Between Strokes.— When a third-place vowel occurs between two .s/ro/.e-consonants, il is written opposite the end of the second stroke; thus: i par, nap, loop, pull. Remark. — I» n few oaaea^greater clearness will result from a non-observance of tin- nilefl for writing first-place and third-place vhwcIh between strokes, as a vowel would sometimes \»- in an angle if the rule were followed; thus: /v ^^ In Buoh oaMBapUuse tli" vowel away from the angle; thus: READING EXERCISE Read, copy several times, and transcribe your own notes. * 57. \\ vocalize them to l. paa :?. taa him 5. CI&B 6. psalm 7. sa|> 8. Kick rite in the posit the outlines for correspond with ion of the accented vowel and the following words. Number the numbers below. in. Blap 1 1. map 12. rack 13. magic 1 1. arch 15. arnica 16. arson 17. IS. 19. 20. 21. ■22. 23. 24. rally hank rash rasp tarry marry carry carried 25. spool 26. tomb 27. uoom 28. -loop 29. moose 30. choose 31. loose 32. woo 33. soon 34. swoop 35. moor 36. losen 37. book 38. soot 39. cooky ■in. mood}' Vowels 35 58. THIRD POSITION SIMPLE-CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS -* s _. Pee 3 , hope, happy, party _/__ THee 3 , though ..\._ Bee 3 , to be _\ Es 3 , us, use (noun) ._|-_ Tee 3 , at, out \_ Zee, 3 use (verb) „|__ Dee 3 , had, advertise-d-ment ).. Ish 3 , issue ._/_ Chay 3 , much, charge-d -fz. Lay 3 , whole ._/._ Jay 3 , large _r^_ Ar 3 , our, hour Gay 3 , go Em 3 , home _i Ef 3 , few En 3 , own i .. Vee 3 , however lug 3 , long, along /_ Ith 3 , thank-ed, thousand _rs. Way 3 , away READING EXERCISE This exercise contains all the simple-consonant word-signs but am, and it is suggested that it be used for review until those signs are thoroughly learned. ^:_...r...jr -/ 4 ^---i-^~\-/ 5 J 36 Graham's Business Shorthand i \/7^..0\^..rs..— ...r? / ~> I \ V/ 12 SI. nj/xx r_- ^n 13 5 ^ "^ V. ^ o V -^ o /i5.,o..ej^.-.. -, L / 30 ./„.-r^..^..^1,.j/31 iU-d.o V V U.SK. c/ \\ RITING EXERCISE 1. Pay your bills with-checka if-you wish receipts. 2. A-rainy ■ lay usually loweas our sales. 3. If you are sick, omit your usual go home as - Mary and-Elsie come in. 4. She Review of Word-Signs 37 would as calmly await her death as her marriage. 5. Rake up-the leaves and-bury-the rubbish in-tlie ditch. 6. Our money is in-the savings bank and-is safe. 7. They had a-whole page advertisement in-the Sunday Sun. 8. Marcia has-a large income and-is to be married in May. 9. You-may exchange-the cup for-the cape if-you wish, though we-think you-will-be sorry if-you do. 10. They said, however, they would carry out as-much-as they had Room for in- the shop. REVIEW OF SIMPLE-CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS advantage, Jay 2 advertise-d, Dee 3 advertisement, Dee 3 along, Ing 3 am, Em 2 any, En 1 are, Ar 2 as, Iss 2 at, Tee 3 away, Way 3 be, Bee 2 beyond, Yuh 1 buy, Bee 1 by, Bee 1 change-d, Chay 2 charge-d, Chay 3 Co. (company), Kay' come, Kay 2 common, Kay 1 do, Dee 2 dollar, Dee 1 each, Chay 1 ever, Vee 1 few, Ef 3 for, Ef 2 give-n, Gay 1 go, Gay 3 had, Dee 3 happy, Pee 3 has, Iss 2 have, Vee 2 hear, Ar 1 her, Ar 1 here, Ar 1 him, Em 2 his, Iss 1 home, Em 3 hope, Pee 3 hour, Ar 3 however, Vee. 3 if, Ef 1 in, En 1 is, Iss 1 issue, Ish 3 it, Tee 2 know, En 2 language, Ing 2 large, Jay 3 long, Ing 3 may, Em 2 me, Em 1 much, Chay 3 my, Em 1 no, Kn- ob' ject, Bee 2 object', Bee 2 our, Ar 3 out, Tee 3 own, En 3 party, Pee 3 see, Ks 1 shall, Ish 2 she, Ish 1 so, Es 2 thank-ed, Ith 3 them, THee 2 they, THee 2 thing, Ing 1 think, Ith 2 though, THee' thousand, Ith- 1 time, Tee 1 to be, Bee 3 together, Gay 2 up, Pee 2 us, Es 3 use (noun), Es 3 use (verb), Zee 3 usual-ly, Zhay 2 was, Zee 8 way, Way 2 we, Well 1 were, Weir' what, Wuh 1 which, Chay 2 whole, Lay 3 why, Way 1 will, Lay 2 wish, Ish 1 with, Weh 1 would, Wuh 2 year-s, Yeh 1 yet, Yeh 2 you, Yuh 2 your, Yay 2 449571 LESSON 10 DIPHTHONGS— CONTRACTIONS 59, A diphthong is a union of two simple vowels pro- nounced in one Byllable. GO. The four diphthongs most commonly used are represented in Graham shorthand by small angular marks; thus: | v represents ai or *, as in aisle, ire. | A " oi or oy, " oil, loyal. | A " ou or ow, " out, tower. \ < " u or cw, " tune, mew. 61. The diphthong signs should always be written as shown above; that is, the sign for i should always point downward and be in the first position; that for oi, in the same position and point upward; those for ou and u arc always written in the third position, ou pointing upward and u to the left, as shown in the following examples: pie, shy, lie, toil, royal, invoice. _/*„.^-___k _ A < mouse, row, mouth, due, music. 62. Diphthong Signs Joined. — When the junction is easy the diphthong signs may be joined initially or finally; thus: eyed, . ice, ... oil, -^ bough, cue. Diphthongs 39 63. Consecutive Vowels Written with Separate Signs. — (a) When the first two letters of a word are vowels represented by separate signs, the second is written nearest the consonant-stroke, and is read next before it; thus: s?] aerate, (b) When the last two letters of a word are vowels represented by separate signs, the last is written a little further from the consonant-stroke than the first; thus: C^ Genoa. 64. (a) When two vowels occur between two con- sonant-strokes, one vowel is written to each stroke, if that can be conveniently done; thus: \C^ poem, (b) But otherwise both vowels are written to the same stroke; thus: l^~duel. 65. Copy the following outlines until you are sure you know the diphthong signs and the method of writing two consecutive vowels. .. r r- .... r .. ) v .. c . ^ boiler bow. \^.. cow allow, .^...row...^^ mow cowl f .~. foui...V^...fouier..\ s vC>t.endow..'^rfr^ A rowdy.__^r1.'.dew I. . chew.../ cue pure \cL hcw...^ff.f .. beauty. ..'V.bureauN s ^' duty 1 tube. ' k .idea ..... .Owen >*L:.Ohio...5?y.\...payee dewy. 1'.. doughy. I.~... Noah v^_--. Maria v via radii. S\\ Genoa..C^-.opiumOvrrrT^dial towel, j^m . jeweiy^ . ruin^x^ II) Graham's Business Shorthand tit;. Write in the position of the accented vowel and vocalize the outlines for the following words: \\iii- II, the downward stroke, when a «mall capital l is used. pipe pike VII.'' N'ii.c ili ilf 6. tile 7. fife 8. nhvme 9. mighty 17. loyal 25. mouse 33. cuRe in. guide L8. royally 26. rouse 34. tube 11. toil 19. doily -'7. anouse 35. cubic 12. oil 20. oilea 28. denounce 36. view 13. boy 21. bowea 29. mouth 37. slew 14. coy 22. cowl 30. ounce 38. renew 15. coileR 2:?. vow 31. pure 39. renewed 16. decoy 24. scow 32. nine 40. acute 41. piety 42. gaiety 43. Cheyenne 44. Judea 67. The term contraction is used for an incomplete outline of two or more strokes; also for the word the outline represents. Following are contractions for a few common words, the complete outlines for which are too long for rapid writing: u Jay*-En, January EP-Bee, February En-Vee*, November . DeesMCm, \ — s December -1- Fnis-Ch:iy\ Massachusetts EP-Em, V^— ^ familiar-ity Ar-Gay, \__ irregular-ity En-Jay*, ..Tr7._ knowledge , New Jersey ^ Em-Ish*-Ray, Z7)^l. machinery Em-En-EP, manufacture-d, PeeMvay, \ peculiar-ity v Pee-- Bee, --N^- public-ation, v publish-ed-cr Ray*-Ef, / V refer-red-ence Ray*-Efs, re- fers, references En-Vay-. J^L-New York . Ray«-Gay, manufacl urer : regular-ity En*-Gay, neglect- ed / -Vee, Pennsylvania Kay-Jay*, acknowledge lay, aver j En-Vee*, never EntVee* V nevertheless EnfTee*, notwithstand- ing Ray-Pee, / \ represent Ray--Pee:Dee, /\| represented Rays*-Pee, respect-ful-ly Siin--Ing, something r Contractions 41 Remark 1. — No confusion arises from having a contracted outline stand for two words, as familiar, familiarity, for the context at once indicates whether the outline should be read as an adjective or as a noun. Remark 2. — The sign "t" between the names of two strokes indicates that the second stroke is to be written through the first. A colon ":" in a similar case indicates that the second stroke is disjoined. Remark 3. — Derivatives. — (a) Signs ior regularly, irregularly, peculiarly , familiarly, may be formed by writing Lay near the end of the last stroke of regular, etc. Ray-Ef being rt'fer, reference, adding las makes refers, references. READING EXERCISE WRITING EXERCISE Join words connected by a hyphen. 1 Ship-the machinery via-the Pennsylvania. 2 His Feb- ruary invoice is in-the outside office. 3 Our New-York mill will have-the tiues ready by January. 4 Your bank deposits for November show your sales were large. 5 Notwithstanding many delays in manufacture, our boilens were ready for use in-December. U Graham's Business Shorthand i, Acknowledge receipt and-keep-the slip for reference. 7 Ybu- tnay renew our advertisement in-the News. 8 They-eaid some- thing was inside-the i >i i »<-. '.» Bia irregularities caused his dis- | id Dubuque is-a city in Iowa. 11 Notwit h sta n d ing our familiarity with machinery, it-was nevertheless something we-had never seen in any Pennsylvania mill. 12 At-the jeweler's you-will Bee something represented to-be a-peculiar jewel. 13 We-shall-have-the machinery for-thebake shop set up by-the time they come. 11 W< -wish to-be regularly represented in New- York City. BUSINESS LETTER Isaac Hughes, Dubois, Pa. Sir: Your advert isenicnt in Tuesday's New York Times was rhar^rd at-the regular rate for five inches. It makes-the bill $6.25, for-which we-hopc-you-will mail us your check. Yours-rcspectfully, LESSON 11 VOWEL AND DIPHTHONG WORD-SIGNS 68. The vowels are written alone in two positions, above and on the line, as word-signs. For the sake of distinction, the dash-vowels are written in different directions. 69. The dash-vowel signs are named after half-length consonant-strokes (to be explained later) which they resemble, with the suffix oid (meaning like or resembling) added. 70. VOWEL AND DIPHTHONG WORD-SIGNS Name The- dot s Bedoid 2 , too, two A, An, or And-dot ' Dedoid 2 , oh, owe N Bedoid 1 all ' Jedoid 2 , who, whom .[ . Dedoid 1 , already, awe x Petoid 2 , to _'_ Jedoid 1 , ought ' Tetoid 2 , but \ „ , • ,, , / Chetoid 2 should Petoid 1 , of ' i v I 1 , I, high _'_ Tetoid 1 , or Chetoid 1 , on Remark 1. — (a) When the begins a sentence and whenever the tick for the can- not be joined easily at the end of a word, use the dot. (It) Use the dot for a when- ever it is more convenient than the tick. Remark 2. — When pronouncing the names of the dash-vowel signs, accent the first syllable; thus: Bed'oid. Remark 3. — (a) On and should are written downward when standing alone. (b) When joined to other words, the upward direction is usually the most con- venient. « 43 II Graham* s Business Shorthand 71. Derivative Word-Signs. Signs for derivative words may generally be formed from word-signs by joining to the sigo of the primitive the additional consonant or consonants <>f the derivative; thus: eye, \ng, high, highness, heigh/, higher common, / / <-- ->- uncommon, commonly, large, Largely, advantageous, disadvantageous 72. Contractions with Diphthongs. — A single stroke of the signs for i, ou, and ew may be joined to the strokes Lay and En for the following words: Names: Petojd 1 Lay, En- -Petoid, EnMDhetoid, highly, now, new, knew ~>'.\. Ticks Added to Vowel Word-Signs. — The ticks for o, an, and, the, may be joined to the dash-vowel word- signs; thus: __L of a (or an), .2. of the, -->-- to the, -1 and on, ■--* and wlio-m. In order to distinguish between and id and should, and between and a and and bat, they aic written thus: and the and should and-a(or an) and but Kctoid-'-Chrtoid, Ketoid-Cketoid-, Ketoid 2 -Tetoid, Ketoid-Tetoid 3 . 7 1. Iss Added to Word-Signs. — In addition to the use of [ss to express the sound oi s, and as a word-sign for is, as, his, has, it may be added to a word-sign to indicate - 1. The addition of s to make another word, thus: \?_ i _L -v -- t - b - --1-- hopes, buys, its, dollars, advertises-ments, Vowel and Diphthong Word-Signs 45 advantages, commons, comes, gives, goes, _.G,_ „ fr _ 1 i~ -->- thinks, thanks, sees, uses (noun), uses (verb), wishes, issues, hers, homes, knows, whys, d C V> b 6 ways, yours twos, owes, whose. 2. The addition of ws to prepositions; thus: Vj> for us, \, to us, with us. 3. The addition of self to pronouns; thus: ._l_ itself, ._} herself, rs. ourself, .^myself, ^ himself, CL yourself. Remark. — itself is written in 'the third position to distinguish it from its. READING EXERCISE ji; (, nihil iii's Business Shorthand >— l i- ■ -^.i^/n.: (.,.> 15 : ..^..A..< , -..^... t /i6.i.^..x.^..o..:...w../.. it. I. /...L..(..l...v./i& _.3r__J._,2L:C?___^./ 19. 1_ >_!„ns_. JL-^-L-S-_-<__y / 20. ™- v>-v/ BUSINESS LETTER ." ^7,.:..,../.;..xi.— . « ) ^..^..^.joa/. WRITING EXERCISE Sir: We-think your bill for 23 dollars is too high, as-the job was easy and-took but a-few hours. We-should like a-bill of items. \\ 'ill-yon come and-show us the things charged for? Respectfully-youre, Sirs: The rate on hay via-the "New Route" is DOW inuchloweR, and-you-will save yourself money if-you-will ship all your hay by-it. May we show you why? Yours-respectfully, Sir: Jamea Saxon and-Lewis Vose are now in New-York but will-be in Syracuse soon. They say they think highly of-your Bcheme bul hope you-will-have something for-them in-the-way of a-job in large cities. Yours, LESSON 12 TIME-SAVING EXPEDIENTS 75. Because the words I, he, hmv,recur so frequently, they are generally represented by ticks that join easily in phrase-writing. 76. The I-Tick — Either stroke of the diphthong-sign .y. may be used for /, if written above the line and joined to the following word; thus: _±_ __!-. I am, I will, I do, I had, Names: PetoidVEm, PrtcwP-Lay, Retoid-Dee 2 , Retoid-Dec 3 77. The He-Tick. — (a) When standing alone, he is represented by a tick on the line, written downward, like Chay. (b) When joined to another sign, the he-t\ck may be written in the direction of Pee, Chay, or Ray. (c) When he begins a phrase, its sign must rest upon the line, in order to distinguish it from the tick for 7. Examples: he, he may, he thinks, he is or he has, he will. Chetoid 2 , Chetoid 2 -Em, RetoidMths, Retsoid 2 , Petoid 2 -Lay, V. M-- \s /o for he, but he, or he, is he, Ef 2 -Chetoid, Tetoid 2 -Rctoid, Tetoid'-Rctoid, Iss'-Chetoid, /?_ [--/>-] ----- [--,--] as he or has he, [as the] and he [and the]. Iss-Chetoid 2 , (lss'-Chetoid], KetoicM !hetoid a , [Ketoid'-Chetoid]. 47 Is Graham's Business Short /nun/ (d) Experience Bhows that the different uses of this tick for he and the can readily be distinguished, (e) And In and and should are also written alike; hut, with the aid of the context, no difficulty is experienced in reading them. Ts. The J I <>ir-Tick. —(a) Either stroke of the diph- t hong-sign a may be used for how, if written below the line and joined to the followintj word. (6) When it stands alone, the how-tick is written downward in the direction of ('hay; when joined, it may he written upward or downward; thus: how, how will, how many, how soon. Names: Chetoid*, Petoid a -Lay, Chetoid 3 -Em-En, Retoid 3 -Sen. 7'.». The Horizontal or Vertical I-Tick. — When the context would not permit misreading, / may be expressed medially or finally in a phrase by a horizontal or a vertical tick; thus:T..?T. What I said of you; ...^ You and I. 80. Prefixes "com,' 1 "con," "accom."—(a) A light dot placed at the beginning of a word signifies com or con; (b) a heavy dot, accom; thus: .1 commit, conscience, >->■ accompany; (c) or these prefixes may be indicated by writing the remainder of the word partly under the preceding one; thus: _.^v in company, ■ X^, I will accompany. See Paragraph 243. LBK. — (a) Word-sign* an- sometimes used as prefixes; thus: altogether, _?-. although, almost .1 Almighty. (6) .4// is represented by Lay in n irda that prefix can be more readily written with Lay than with the word-sign for all; thus: ( ), f 0. These words are dilation. (<■) All word-signs (except under, see page 59), irhai used as prefix-signs, retain the position they have as word-signs. Time-Saving Expedients 49 81. Suffixes "ing," "ings." — (a) The suffix ing may be expressed by a light dot at the end of a word; thus: -X- paying; and ings, by a heavy dot, thus: 'doings. {b) Instead of the heavy dot, the stroke Ing-Iss, n»p is generally employed when it can be conveniently joined; thus: Vp sayings. Remark 1. — The dot is not employed when ing or ings is nut a suffix; that is, when a complete word does not remain when ing or ings is omitted; for instance, in such words as ring, si/ig, kings, wings. Remark 2. — (a) As a general rule, the suffix ing, when it is part of a noun, is best written with the stroke Ing, as it permits the addition of Iss (s) to express the plural number. (/;) But when ing forms the end of a participle, it should be repre- sented by the dot. Remark 3. — The participles being and objecting are written differently, for the sake of distinction; thus: \>_^ being, _X_. objecting. 82. The suffix ing and a the following it may be ex- pressed by writing the tick for the in place of the Ing-dot; thus: _J S showing the, \ paying the. 83. The suffix ing and a following a, an, or and, may be expressed by writing the a-n-d-t'wk in place of the Ing-dot; thus: \ eating a, ~. giving a. Remark. — The direction which varies most from the preceding stroke should be chosen when writing a tick for iny-the or ing-a-n-d. 84. Words Omitted and Indicated. — (a) The connect- ing words of the are commonly omitted and the omission indicated by writing the adjacent words close to each other; thus: KT.rr^ sale of the box. But if of the is preceded or followed by a vowel word-sign, or a vocalized word the vowel of which might be confused with the adjacent word if the two were written close, the sign /_. should be used between them. (6) To may be omitted and indicated by writing the following word close against the lower edge of the line; thus: "I-"" to day, . i .)..r...v^../i3^A. v/14. . .."^..1.." 15. t._.!..U w ...l/ie. p„. v ^ "^ \ X-^— j_-.:t .0 \^..3ry 17. £L -^ /l9. , v* V :v 18. <^ y> v^ v Time-Saving Expedients 51 WRITING EXERCISE Omit "of the" and "to" when enclosed in parentheses. Write in the fourth position any word followed by a superior figure 4 . 1 He represented a-New-York company which a-few months ago was buying buggies in-your city; but now he sells machinery (to) many 4 large companies in New-York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. 2 You-and-I should take advantage (of the) low shipping rate on- the Erne. 3 He denied what-I-said of-you. 4 How does-he^pay his bills? 5 He always accommodates us by paying eaidy in-the month. 6 Do-you deposit with-the Fifth Avenue Bank? 7 My deposits are small, but I-am paying as I go. BUSINESS LETTER Sir: I-wish (to) buy 4 a-house on-the south side of Idaho Avenue, and-should like (to) know 4 if-you have any house for sale in-your vicinity; also the cost. I-desirte something for, say, eight thousand dollars, and-if-you have anything which-you think would suit me, I-hope-you-will so advise. Respectfully-your^, LESSON 13 LOOPS— SES-CIUCLE 86. The Steh-Loop. — (a) A small loop at the beginning of a consonant-stroke represents st; thus:\ st-p, as in step; f st-t, as in state, (b) At the end of stroke it may represent st, as in past; or zd, as in dazed, (c) This small loop is named Steh, or the sound of st is joined with the name of the stroke to which the loop is joined; thus: -\ Steh-Bee; P Steh-Tee; \ Bee-Steh or Beest; °^ Steh-Ar or Star. 87. The Ster-Loop. — (a) A large loop at the end of a consonant-stroke represents str; thus: Nb p-str, as in poster. (6) The large loop is named Ster. When com- 52 Graham* a Business Shorthand bined with the name of a Btroke to make a name for the combination, the new word is accented on the first By liable; thusr^Bee'ster. (c) The Ster-loop is never used for str at the beginning of a word, as in struck. 88. The loops are used occasionally in the middle of a word; as in I idestiny, L^ guessed the. (b) It may also be added to Ses; thus: .^o_ possess the. Loops — Ses-Circle 53 97. Distinctions. — Words which contain the same or similar consonant-sounds, but have different meanings, are distinguished in various ways. Note the following: Emses 1 , Misses, Ems-Es-, Dees'-Es, Mrs. decease, Deeses' disease. 98. Ses is used as a phrase-sign for any two Iss word- signs occurring together. When so used, it is written in the position of the first of the two words in the phrase. Learn the following word-signs containing Iss, Steh, or Ses: Pees 1 , possible-} - , o possibility — \_ Spee 2 , expect-ed, expectation Spee 3 , special-ty Bees 1 , business — X Iss-Bee 2 , subject — P__Stee 3 , satisfy, satisfied, satisfactory Kays 1 , because -_s_ Svee 2 , several ...... THees 1 , these .A.-THees 2 , this ■-(-— THees 3 , those, thus v_9 Ens 1 , influence Enst 1 , influenced, instant Enses 1 , influences, United States v^s? Enst 2 , next _.£?_ Steh 2 , first O Ses 1 , is as, is his, his is, his has _.Q_ Ses 2 , as his, as is, as has, has his, has as SLJL Ses-Ens 2 , as soon as J b__ THeeses 2 , themselves, this is (or has) -TV- Arses', ourselves -0_._ Yayses*, yourselves 99. Derivatives. — (a) The signs for influenced, influ- ences, themselves, ourselves, yourselves, are formed in analogy with the principle stated in Paragraph 71. ->■! G nihil iii's Busine8S Short Iki ml (h) When a word-sign does not contain the last consonant of the word it represents (the sign for sub- ject, for example, does not contain 0. a derivative-sign is generally formed by writing near the sign of the primitive the additional consonant of the derivative; thus: Ai_. subjected, \ y objector, „P_. satisfactorily. HEADING EXERCISE K^r .? ILfi ±1. 5 . 6 ; :^\ ( ^ r.„!Zh:.._v— / 8 r \^ A / > >.. / afford, K^- afforded. 108. T distinguished from D.—(a) When t and d would not be sufficiently distinguished if both were added to the same kind of line, t should not be added by halving, except to a light line; nor d, except to a heavy line. If, for instance, bead requires to be distinguished from beat, write Bed for the former and Bee-Tee for the latter. (6) With the aid of the context, these dis- tinctions are seldom needed. 58 Graham's Business Shorthand . v . Pet', hoped lOQ. II ILF-LENGTH WORD-SIGNS Pel . i»ut Bet', about Det*, doubt l Ket 1 , quite Ked*, could Sket 1 , exact-ed ~ Ged 1 , God (led-, pood .h.Eft 1 , if it v. Kf t -, after ^ Vet 1 , of il lilit 1 , though! L Anl', Lord, mid ! .THet 1 , that ^ Anl-, heard ( 'Fuel-, without Met 1 , misht ) Est 1 , astoniah-ed, . Med 1 , Lmmediate-ly astonishmenl ) Est', establish-ed, ^ Med 2 , made establishment 1 Zet 1 , is it Semt 1 , somewhat ) Zet-, as it, crs Semt 2 , sometime has it s ..>... v rl... v r .../V.._.w.-K_A. K J-- ( READING EXERCISE W-A ->.-_?_.>...,_.^!._^_._ r .-/5 .L^2 r/6.^-.)_.r...Li. ./.. n. L — 4 / - . i r v , / S-' J sly, BUSINESS LETTER d ).y-_.x/.. ( ..t/:_-Z I •C" ' ..!r^::..i..^....x x _.r..y.... .?...+..*..& , L\- Ill) Graham* 8 Business Shorthand I EST 1 pit 2 apt 3 bet 4 bough! 5 boot 6 tight 7 t:uight 8 dot 9 .late 10 debt 1 1 chat 12 cheat 13 salt 1 1 jot 15 coat 16 kite 17 cute 18 feat 1!) vote 20 oust 21 shout 22 Bpot 23 soaked 24 coats 25 scout 26 lights WORDS 27 slight 28 slide 29 styi-ed 30 eoLd 31 conceaLed 32 soRt 33 seemed 34 consumed 35 send 36 sand 37 sound 38 consent 39 bids 40 deeds 41 acts 42 Loads 43 meets 44 needs 4. 5 swoRds 46 cents 47 saints 48 sea Rod 49 Leads 50 maids WRITING EXERCISE I They hoped they could establish-the date beyond all doubt. 2 He thought he might have heard something about itif-it-wereso. :; [-am quite certain he-could let-ua do-so if-he wished. 4 With- out doubt, they could put-the establishment on a-paying basis immediately. 5 Is-it-not about time some good use was made of -that old note? 6 Sometimes the nature of-his business is such t hat-it keeps him away much (of the) time. 7 As-it-was-not easy for-him (to) pay 4 cash, he-has given a-note for a-hundred dollars. S Since he is-not ready now, we might come back for-him. 9 He has-not used his auto since it -was repainted. 10 He let them read- the astonishing news in-the New-York World. BUSINESS LETTER Sir: We-have just put on-the market a-new and-cheap stORagc battery designed for use in boat, and auto lighting-systems. It-is somewhat on-the Edison type, but possesses several advantages that up (to) this 4 time could-not-be had for-thc same money. If-you-wish (to) know 4 , we-should-be happy (.to) show 4 you how easily this battery could-be instaLLcd and-how it reduces lighting Our book, "StORage Batten' Costs," gives-the detaiLS. You should send for-your copy (to)day*. Yours, LESSON 15 THE HALVING PRINCIPLE— Continued 110. A half-length should not be joined to another stroke unless it can be easily distinguished; hence, write the following and similar words thus: ^H effect, locate, kicked, judged, roared 111. When it would not be allowable to join a half- length it is occasionally advantageous to lap it; thus: -S-\- biped, J* h . dated, -i- chit-chat, .rv_^ architect. 112. A vowel following t or d expressed by halving must be omitted or written before a following conso- nant stroke; thus: (a) __^_^._art(i)san, __'_'_ anticipate, .-< ind(i)sposed, 1_ mod(e)st; (b) ftT^ lighten, _^_<- martin, ™ esteem. 113. The halving principle should not be used in the following cases: 1. When t or d immediately precedes a final vowel, or ^~T *■ — i* a vowel and final s; as in mighty, .„'. needy, rxl notice. 61 62 Graham's Business Short hand 2. In Buch words as Si abed, j . afoot. - ' alight, etc., t<> distinguish (hem from bed, foot, light, etc. 3. When '/ is final and is preceded by /, r, or n, pre- ceded and followed by a vowel; as in A q_ z a_ jr\ •, v. It-has just come (to) my 4 notice that-the road is allied with outside interests. 6. His tirades tiRed his auditORs. 7. Let-us unite for-the support (of the) needy in-this city. 8. They judged it wise to-locate-the road immediately. 9. His success is largely due to-the fact that-he anticipates-the needs of-his guests. 10. Your affected disinterestedness was-not understood heretofore, but it-is-now evident that it-is assumed. 11. It-is quite naturaL for him to-be still must (of the) time. 12. I-was in immediate need of 25 dollars and-hoped-you-might let me have-it, after reading my note, but-as you-could-not, I-borrowed it of Ed. 13. They- said that heretofore they had given (to) charity 4 quite indiscrimi- nately, but that now they-were much interested in what you-are- doing and-would-be advised by-you. 14. It-is acknowledged that- the interest should-be reduced, but will-the stock sell if-it-is? LESSON 16 DIFFERENT WAYS OF EXPRESSING W AND Y 115. As the student has learned (Par. 50), w and y, like s and z, are provided with brief signs. These are generally more convenient for joining to other conso- nants than the strokes ~^ C . They are called, as a class, Brief Way and Yay. But for the sake of distinc- tion, each has a name of its own. For w, they are c Weh and o Wuh. For y, they are u Yeh and n Yuh. These signs, like Iss, cannot be vocalized. 116. Therefore,^. Way is used for w, and JZ. Yay for y, in the following cases: 1. When w or y is the only consonant; as in ^-way, IX woe, r>^._ woo, _j£yea, _-^r_yew. 2. When an initial vowel is followed by w or y; as in "V awake, v £~ oyer. 3. When the first consonant is w or y and the second is s or z; as in "^ ways, ~"V waist, ~\_ wasp, (T yes, (f yeas, __/r_ ewes, .Li yeast. 4. When w or y is followed by two consecutive v vowels; as in ~V- — . Wyoming, _^-_ ewer. 65 in. Graham's Business Shorthand 5. When vm are the only consonants, or when they arc followed by Iss, Pee, Bee, Gay, 1th, THee Zee, Lay, Em, En or Ing; as in Bway, sways, sweep, Bwab, swig swath, BWathe, Swascv, swell, swim, Sweeny, swung 117. When w begins a word in other cases than those specified above, Brief Way should be used as follows: 1. Joined as a hook (called the Way -hook) to Lay, El, Hay, Em, or En; thus: Wei, Wels-En, Wer, Wem, Wen, wail, Wilson, wore, we may, wine. 2. Joined at an angle to all other strokes; thus: .\ j_ _l. v .iz. u_ -^ web, wet, wedge, wave, week, woke, wing, 118. The Way-hook, and Brief Way joined at an angle, may he used in the middle of a word; thus: twine, acquire, unwieldy, wigwam; unweighed, Sedgwick 1 19. (a) [ss may be prefixed to the Way-hook and to Brief Way; thus: C N swore; J„ sweet. (6) Iss is not prefixed to ' Wei, «r-> Wem or <^> Wen. Different Ways of Expressing W and Y 67 120. (a) When y begins a word in other cases than those specified above, and is followed by any consonant except final s or z, Brief Yay is used and joined at an angle, (b) Either Yeh or Yuh may be used, according to convenience of joining; thus: :^ r i ^ ~j- < -, A - - yawn, Yale, Yates, yore, yoke, yellow, yarrow 121. WAY-HOOK WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS ___ Wei 1 , while, we will . x^.Ef-W erd, forward (/ Word 2 , word ^ „ , .,, m , . - cc — Retoid'-W erd, onward C c TEST WORDS 1. wasted 0. web 17. wife 25. quince 2. await 10. wood 18. wash 26. quarry 3. awaited 11. widow 19. Oswego 27. query 4. Owoaso 12. wages 20. wool 28. swear 5. wipe 13. waxed 21. winnow 29. yacht 6. wet 1 1. wig 22. queen 30. yam 15. watched 23. twenty 31. eureka ede 16. Bwitch 24. quench 32. yelp WRITING EXERCISE 1. We-will send for-the necessary texts immediately. 2. We want you to come forward when you-are asked. 3. Let-us push onward while-the dayhght lasts. 4. Are-you aware that word has come for on.' of-us (to) go 4 with-him? 5. Where-did-you-go after- ward? 6. You acknowledged that-the money was given indiscrimi- nately. 7. The disinterestedness (of the) witness is highly satisfac- tory to-the committee. S. Heretofore you have-not charged interest when bills were paid in sixty days. 0. Such indiscrimination in paying for work is wrong. 10. Is-it your idea to establish a-hospital in Swissvalc? Different Ways of Expressing Wand Y 69 BUSINESS LETTERS James Wilsox, Laitamie, Wyo. Sir: In-the hope of interesting you in a-book we-are about to issue on-the subject of cattle raising, we-are sending you a-synop- sis of -it which-was written by Joseph Cooley, of whose knowledge (of the) subject and-ability in writing you-are well aware. Should this synopsis interest-you, may we not expect to-receive your check for a-copy, to-be sent (to) you 4 as-soon-as it-is ready? Yours-respectfully, Note. — Use the disjoined ticks for "ing the" and "ing a" (Paragraphs 82-83) when "ing" is preceded by a colon and followed by a hyphen; thus: improv:ing- the, tak:ing-a, buy:ing-and. Sir: Answering yours of May sixth, we say that-the regular wigwam style is-not a-good-one for those who desire (to) "go 4 light," as-it needs many poles (to) support 4 it and-these add to-the weight. If-you intend (to) cut 4 your poles as you-go along, well and-good, but it-is-not easy (to) get 4 satisfactory ones with-out wast:ing-a long time looking for-them. So if-you wish (to) make 4 time, we-advise that-you select a style that takes but one-pole. Sir: We-have disposed of-your Lackawanna Gas stock and-bought Wabash common up to-the limit set by-you in-yours of- Wednesday last. Awaiting your advice, we-are, Yours-respectfully, Wallace Weed, Esq., Wales, Utah. Sir: We-have heard that-you-are anxious (to) acquire 4 an-interest in-the old Sedgewick quarry. If-this-is-the case, we-should like (to) see 4 -you about-it, as we-are willing (to) sell 4 a-little (of the) stock we-have in-that estate. Sir: The five desks you bought on-Wednesday went forward with-the one exchanged. As-you-are doubtless aware, these-things are biLled at your risk, so we-advise that-you-refuse to-receive-them if in bad shape. Respectfully-yours, LESSON 17 DIFFERENT WAYS < >F EXPRESSION J W AND Y— Continued 122. (a) When w occurs between two consonants and cannot he conveniently expressed by the Way-hook or Brief Way joined at an angle, it may be expressed by Brief Way written in place of the vowel which follows w. It then represents both w and the vowel. (6) When a dot-vowel follows, use Weh; and Wuh when a dash-vowel follows, (c) Make the Brief Way heavy or light accord- ing as the vowel is long or short; thus: W AND quell, dissuade, dissuasive, quack. W and a Dash- Vowel: _:.. _fl_ squat, quad, quote. 123. Brief Yay may be written in the vowel places to indicate y and the following vowel, the dot-vowels being indicated by Yeh and the dash-vowels by Yuh; thus: £P\ lawyer, s_L>-2_ unyoke. 124. Because the sound of e or i when followed by another vowel closely resembles the sound of y in a similar situation, both vowels may be represented by 70 Different Ways of Expressing W and Y 71 Brief Yay. The writing of a vowel is saved thereby. In such cases, Brief Yay is written according to the instruction in Paragraph 123. Hence, we may write: Arabia for Arabia, inferior for inferior, theology for er -t -i;- _>< x _ theology, odyus for odious, opiate for opiate. 12.5. Whenever the junction would be convenient, it is allowable to join Brief Yay to represent a final ya or yoo sound; thus: ^p^-~ ammonia, ^V_ nephew. 126. It is sometimes convenient to represent w and a following i, occurring between two consonants, by a ,L O small right-angle sign; thus: ... twice, ^J quiet, -- ~ like- wise. ENLARGED BRIEF WAY AND YAY 127. On the principle of representing two Iss word- signs (as is as) by Ses, the Brief Way and Yay signs may be doubled in size to express (a) two Brief Way word- signs, as we were, or (6) a Brief Yay and a Brief Way word-sign, as you were; thus: -- ^ay-web, { wewould . ? _ kfcatiwm c ' what with, Weh'weh 1 , with what. ( what would. w i-.i" / wpre with, .„ d__. Wuh'wuh*, ( W0U ! C J "'{'• . . _c_ _ W eh well-, j wer(J wh&t ' \ would what . JL Weh'yehi, wit hyou. --?- Wuh'yuW, { J** ££ _^_. Weh W { — ^' .„o... Wuh'yuh.{ w -gyou, ' __n___ Yuh'wuh 2 , you were, you would. 72 Graham's Business Shorthand Remarks -(a) These Bigns Bhould be Bhaped like a horseshoe. (h) The position of a sign is th'* Bame as that of the first word of the phrase it represents, (c) The Bigos representing two words beginning with vo should be horizontal, and the opening should be in the same direction as that of the Bret word of the phrase when alone. (d) The signs for phrases in which the second word begins with y should incune in the direction of Ray or Chay. (e) The sign for you W r< , you would should be vertical, like the sign for you. READING EXERCISE i .^C. 1 N'mi The suffix with istienerally best represented by Tth joined to the prered- ing part of the word; aa in hi < with (Ar'-Ith), i Wer— Itli). Brief Way in the vowel place before Ith may usually be omitted. The Brief Way sign for with may be joined to the preceding part of the sign for forthwith. BUSINESS LETTER x-.fe, Different Ways of Expressing W and Y 73 V- x -)- •CL n d Sc..A. i^ 11... V 5 r *v - p — 1. squeezed 2. quizzed 3. equipped 4. acquitted 9. mania 5. quickness 10. odious TEST WORDS 6. quilt 11. folio 7. wherewith 12. populan 8. earthquake 13. occupy 14. furious 15. usurp 16. Utah 17. quietly 18. quiescent 19. twilight 20. requite WRITING EXERCISE 1. We-were fortunate in not sailing on-the Lusitania on May 1st, as we-had expected to. 2. We-would go with-you if we-were invited. 3. With-what company do-you expect to-be connected? 4. If-he were-with them, he would-have said so. 5. If it were-what they say it-is, we-would buy it. 6. I-will go with-you. 7. Were- you in Chicago last Wednesday? 8. Some were-yet expect :ing-a raise in wages when-they-were lowered. 9. What-we want (to) know 4 is, what-were they doing here? 10. He said he-was sick, and I-asked-him, With what? 11. What-would she do with it? 12. Would-we-be-received? Would what-you-say interest them? 13. What-you did was right. 14. I know not what-yet to expect. 15. Would-you-be-willing (to) go 4 with-me? 16. If-you-werc sat- isfied, you-would-come with-me. BUSINESS LETTER Sir: We-have received-yours of September 14th and-note with interest that-you-are to-be in New-York next month (to) buy 4 stock for-your summer season. If-it-will-be of service (to) you 4 , you-may use our office for-the receipt of-your mail or anything else that-you wish. And-if-you see that-we-have anything that-you-are intending (to) buy 4 , we-shall-be happy (to) sell 4 it (to) you 4 at a-special-rate. Respectfully-yours, 10 LESSON 18 EMP OR KM B — ISH OR SHAY 12S In certain words in which mp or mb occur together, it is desirable to express them by a single sign. This is done by widening, or shading, Em to indicate the addition of the sound of p or b; thus: iC^imp, 57?. ctnhoss. 129. This sign is called Emp when it represents mp; and Emb when it represents mb. 130. Emp or Emb is not halved to add t or d (unless modified by a final hook; see Paragraph 198), as it would conflict with Emd. 131. Vocalization of Emp or Emb. — A vowel written beside Emp <>r Emb should be read before or after both consonants, according as it is written above or below, as in the following examples: [emp] 1. pump, bump, damp, jump, camp, shampoo, lamp, lump, ^ "v. °v> ^ ^ — s n 2 limp, romp, swamp, scamp, impose, imposed, impute, impede, 3. impel, impair, empire, empower, empress, emperor, stamp, 71 Em j) or Emb 75 4. simple, simplify, .simplicity, example, impeach, impure. [emb] 5. ambitious, ambush, bamboo, embalm, embassy, embargo, ^-^a __ ._• ^- •/ 3 L..- ,sS...Y:\_.,__., ... w ..vj3f....(...N..v,.. < x...r...:../. i.- 7 so A:> Graham's Business Shorthand BUSINESS LETTER V .yjr^. 2>1 • .(.^._0_..aC..-^ w >- r 7 AX TEST WORDS X.iit. — In this List ami the following Exercise, an italic /7 or A indicator: Dae tlir stroke, Hay. In other eases, "li" is to !»■ expressed by the dot, Heh. 1. hairy 2. hallow .'•!. hai 1. haum .">. hedgerow (i. healthy 7. hearty 8. huLk. '.). Havana 10. hog 11. holiday L2. honey 13. hoot 14. humility 15. hoRnet 16. horrid 17. hasp 18. hamlet 19. hate 20. hoRse 21. hcRaul 22. hawser 23. hangeR 24. handy 25. huffy 33. 20. hoop 34. 27. hearth 35. 2S. headache 36. 29. hum 37. 30. hunch 38. 31. heRmit 39. 32. hoRseshoe40. haiR hostage heroic heRring hound hilarious homestead homicide WRITING EXERCISE Note. — A correct outline is occasionally indicated by its name in brackets following the word. 1. We-are hurrying (to) make 4 use (of the) oixl hotel [Tee-Lay] at Hudson as-a hospital for-the helpless victims (of the) wreck (of the) steamer Henry [En--Ray] Hobson. 2. Harry Hitchcock is staying at Hantley Hall, Harrison, Idaho. 3. Harvesting certainly [Is8-Ret*-En-El] is a-week ahead of last year. 4. HoRse-races are bo-be held at -the harvesters' holiday fain. 5. Harvey heaped-the hay by-the hedge ready for Loading. 6. We-wiah you-would hiRe two teams of white hoRses for-us. LESSON 20 USES OF LAY AND EL, AR AND RAY 140. Of the two directions for the stroke for /, the upward (Lay) is more frequently used. But in a few combinations it is more convenient to write the down- ward stroke (El). 141. Rules for the Use of Lay and El. — Lay is used: 1. When I is the only sfro&e-consonant in the word; as in r r „-£_ r .■£_ __f?_ ale, less, wall, yell, Sicily, slices. 2. In all other cases than those specified for the use of El. El is used: 1. When initial I is followed by Gay, En, Sen, Ing, Emp, or Emb; as in i5-_.fi. O C c &. a— log, lion, lens, lesson, lung, lump, lumbago. 2. After an initial vowel and followed by Kay, Em or any stroke named in the preceding paragraph; as in elk, elm, Allegheny, Illinois, Allison, Olyinpia. 3. Generally, after Ef, Vee, or Ray, if no vowel follows I. 4. After Skay, En, or Ing, whether or not a vowel fol- lows I; thus: v _« <>r ,sm. 2. After an initial vowel, if r is followed by Top, D( Chay, Jay, Ef, Vee, 1th, Tuee, En, or Sen; as in -A- -A- -^->? A -tsd. ft*. artist, arrayed, arch, urge, earth, erroneous, arson. 3. Usually, before a final vowel or a vowel and final s; as _ \j/— ferry, A chorus. 4. After Ith, Em, Ray, Kays, Gays, Efs, Vees, Ems, Ens, or Ings, whether or not there is a final vowel; thus: (x kx ^/ -r :^ ^ thorough, Thayer, mayor, guesser, officer, nicer. Ait is used: 1. Usually, when r follows an initial vowel (except as stated above, in 2); thus: J^__ air, JlVd early. 2. When r is followed by m or sm; thus:JI\--~ roam, 3. Generally, for final r (except as stated above, in 4) ; thus: ]>air, char, cower, error, assessor, loser, eraser. OMISSION OF VOWELS 143. As the student continues his practice, he will dis- cover that many outlines, particularly those of several strokes, can be read without complete vocalization and often without any vocalization at all. For the position of the outline is a guide to the accented vowel, showing whether it is first, second, or third-place; also, because of such rules as those for the use of Iss and Es, Lay and El, Ar and Ray, the outline itself generally indicates facts Uses of Lay and El, Ar and Ray 83 about any omitted vowels; and lastly, the name of the outline frequently suggests the word it represents. 144. It must not be assumed from this that vocaliza- tion is unimportant. On the contrary, in some cases, such as proper names and unfamiliar words, it is indis- pensable, and must, therefore, be mastered so thoroughly that any vowel can be correctly written instantly when necessary. 145. But, as a general rule, the writer should omit: (1) Initial vowels when the outline implies an initial vowel (see Paragraph 30, 6). (2) Final, unaccented vowels, especially i, when preceded by Lay, Ray, or any consonant which would be otherwise represented if it were not followed by a vowel (see Paragraphs 31,6, and 113, 1). (3) Vowels from outlines whose syllable-names make the required words, or closely resemble them; as from Kayses, for "cases;" Sons, for "sense;" Lay-Dee, for "lady;" Ray-Dee, for "ready." 4 ^/—Gf-^/---f^>---€^--G^- ~£* 84 Graham's Business Shorthand 10 X/. . -err: ^ 1 1 . A_^A. . .' Yr^=> . . TV. ! i BUSINESS LETTER ■ -^-f- ^..c. TEST WORDS ' 1 . elbow •J. bowl :;. kneeL 1. in' 5. guzzle C). wrestle 7. hoBseless s. i.i uinge 9. alimony 10. C( ol 11. Lunatic 12. ra 1".. anrest 14. 15. 16. 17. L8. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. arson foWL resign viLc valley SOUR ciscus orifice mouser roar counseL restose '_'7. roast it 28. urge 29. ridge ;!(). originate 31. hei;b 32. rob 33. cubit 34. mire 35. newen 36. sorrow 37. st a'm 38. story 39. senseLess !<). nameless 1 1 . castle 12. vesseL 13. puzzle 4 I. dazzLe 4"). assayes 46. announcer 47. License 4s. yeasty 49. wrongly 50. answer WRITING EXERCISE Sirs: The RoyaL Mail steamer "Empress of India" will sail for Sydney on-Wednesday, July 6th, as seheduLed. As she-is equipped with wireless havang-an unusually wide radius, you-will-be in-touch with-the United-States most (of the) time. If-you-are ready (to) engage 4 yourstate-BOom,you-should-do-so without delay. LESSON 21 INITIAL HOOKS THE L-HOOK 14G. (a) A small hook on the circle-side at the beginning of Pee, Bee, Tee, Dee, Chay, Jay, Kay, Gay, Ef, Vee, Ith, THee, Ish, Zhay, or Yay indicates that the sound of I follows the sound of the stroke; thus: \ \ r r r r c_ <^_ pl, bl, tl, dl, chl, jl, kl, gl, Names: Pel, Bel, Tel, Del, Chel, Jel, Kel, Gel, I Del», deliver-ed, Mel 3 , family --^~ V f}r'J^ e , Neb' , unless [Vela-Bel. valu- able] Nel 2 , only difficulty __VekP, valued Ncl 3 , annual- / ^ iy l___Rel l ,real-ly, ^_J milit y Eni-Shel,in- .6^..RelS related, r J^^\ . Skels 1 , exclusive relation 1 eld 1 , yield-ed Kel-- Kay, col- lect-ed Kel 3 , calculate-d calculation READING KXERCISE 5..<.V: 2 -S. ^ ^ ^ * V 5 * t \ \ X c V ----- T- ->-\: <~^-* ^ ^y- \ .X. \.?.._\ ,. -V--, J,-L.$>,±. -^y]-f Initial Hooks S9 5 P..../. >.-../ p - X, __ v .... .V\/ 7 r (. c cM o L to J TEST WORDS 1. please 10. idle 19. complied 28. split 2. pleases 11. bleach 20. completcLy 29. inclose 3. cloth 12. oblige 21. flesH 30. bushel 4. clothing 13. clip 22. flight 31. stable 5. closed 14. clutch 23. flat 32. youthful G. closely 15. globe 24. only 33. local 7. classed 16. glad 25. supply 34. cheaply S. glow 17. Blackwell 26. salVlv 35. buckle 9. glazed 18. Oklahoma 27. cycle 30. vaguely 12 ( .io Graham's Business Shorthand 37. quickly U. initial 15. namely 49. disclose 38. likely 12. uncle -It',, reply 50. disclaim 39. thickly 43. final 47. sincerely 40. lovely I I. tunnel 18. novel WRITING EXERCISE I. Please send-us immediately on receipt of-this your complete list of BUrgical supplies. 2. They calculated that-the exclusive rights ought to-be valued at a-million dollars at-least. 3. The difficulty followed as-the result of wrong calculations. 4. You-should realize that it-was really without any relation to rule. 5. They-will yield when-they realize your many difficulties. BUSINESS LETTER l'l.iivn Mitchell, Esq., Pleasant Place, City. Sir: As requested in-yours of recent-date, we-are mailing you samples of various labels which we-think would-be suitable for-your use. These labels, however, show only a-few (of the) many equally good styles to-be seen in-this-office. If-you-would call, we-should-be-glad (to) discuss 4 them with-you and-do ail-that we could (to) suggest' a-satisfactory style of label for-your output. Yours sincerely, LESSON 22 INITIAL HOOKS— Continued THE R-HOOK 15G. Signa to indicate the combination of r with a preceding Pee, Bee, Tee, Dee, Chay, Jay, Kay, Gay, Ef, !th, THee, Ish, or Zhay are obtained by turning over Initial Hooks 91 side wise the corresponding Z-hook signs, except Slid and Zhel, which are turned over endwise; thus: Names: \ \ r r r f <— c_ pi, bl, ti, dl, chl, ]1, kl, gl, X X 1 1 7 / 7 e c — pr, br, tr, dr, chr, jt, kr, gr, Per, Ber, Ter, Der, Cher, Jer, Ker, Ger t __ j 1 <^ Cher*, Trier*, Jerdoid', Kretoid*. Bet 1 , Ter>, Ner». which are, they are, who are, and arc; by our, at our, in our, Bredoid 1 , Ptetoid 1 , Ptetoid*, Chertoid*, Chertoid 1 , Ktetoid*. all our, of our, to our, should our, on our, and our Note. — In our, Net*, is written iu the third position to distinguish it from near, which is in the first position. 172. "Self" and "Selves" Added.— Self may be added by Iss to the signs for "by our," "to our"; and selves, by Ses; thus: _J^ by ourself, .^o-.to ourself, _^ by our- selves, _<*>__. to ourselves. 94 Graham's Business Shorthand READING EXERCISE 2 BUSINESS LETTER x .7)...°: c'.Cv. r\ ] . . .t...|._C I - ^_ Spers 1 , surprise [Sperat 1 , f. surprised; Sperses 1 , sur- — \ . Per, principle-al. prises]. Initial Hooks 97 j\ _ -V Spers 2 , express [Sperst 2 , -_b-__Ters 2 -Ef, transfer-red. expressed; Sperses 2 , ex- V. presses]. Spers 3 , suppress [Sperst 3 , q suppressed; Sperses 3 , -\- Ster 2 -Ard, extraordinary. suppresses]. n Pret 1 , particular-ly. Der 1 , doctor. Pret 2 , opportunity, -- D er 2 , dear, direct-cd ly pretty. [Der'-'-Ter, director]. Spret 1 , spirit. --]--- Dei ' 3 > during. L__ Sder 2 , consider [Sdred 1 . Per'-Peo, property. considered]. _ _ L Dee 2 -Jer, danger [Dee 2 - Per 2 -Bee, probable-y, / Jers, dangerous]. probability. — I- - Dees 3 -Ter, administer _ [Deos 3 -Tred, adminis- Per 2 -Dee, product. I tered]. ; Per'-Emt, prompt-ed. - Cherl > che er [Cherd 1 , cheered] . Per 2 -Met, permit-ted. —?— Jer 3 , larger, jury, junior. Per 3 -Met, promote-d. _fH_ Kori, correct-ed-ness [Kers 1 , corrects]. Ber 2 , member, remember ^-__Ker 2 , care [Kers 2 , cares; [Ber 2 : Dee, remembcrei 1 ] . Krcd 2 cared] . Ker 8 , car, euro [Kers'', Ber 3 , number [Ber 3 :Dee, c_ curious 5 Krei> ' cuml l- numbered]. _ _«~ _ BW , j accordinK _l v . Ter 2 tmth. Skret 3 , secured, security. c Ker 2 -Kay, character [Ker "- Kayst, characteristic; Ker-'-Kays, character- izel. Trod 2 , toward [Trods 2 , to- wards]. J o Ters*-Gays, transgress Kay 2 -Mer, commercial. 13 98 Graham's Business Shorthand ^ 1 Irel -Ray, greater; < Sret*-Lay, greatly; < Iretst 2 , great- form-ed [IVr'-Ar, former- ly; For 1 - Lav. formal; Eer'-Let, form- ality; con-dot :Fer l , conform-ed; Dee^Fer, deform -ed; Ray 1 -Fer, reform-ed; En-Fer 1 , in- form-ed; En-Fer 8 , uni- form-ity; Plet*-Fer, platform; Fcr 2 -Fer, per- form-ed-aace; Ters 2 - Fer, transform-ed]. Fer J , from. > Ver 1 , over [Yer'-Kay, overcome]. \\ i ■-, very, every [Veil- ing, everything; Yer'-'- Ar, everywhere]. Ver 3 , favor-ed [Vei^-Bee, favorable-y], Ther 2 , through [Thret 8 , throughout]. Tuer 1 , either. .A ) -) _ J. -J- J. ■—■ THer 1 , their, they are, there [THer 2 -Ef, therefor-ej. THer*, other. . Sher 2 , sure. . Sher 3 , share [Sherd 3 , shared]. Zher*, pleasure [Dees 2 - Zhcr, displeasure]. _ Mer 1 , Mr., remark-ed [Mer-Bel 2 , remarkable- y], mere [Mer'-Lav, merely]. Mer 2 , more [Mer'-Ver, moreover]. Xer 1 , near [Nerst 1 , near- est : Xer'-Ar, nearer; Nerd 1 , neared], nor. Xer', manner. Xer 3 , owner, in our. Nerd 1 , in order. Xcr'-( 'i»d. in regard. . Ner-Pel , in reply. Ner-Spee 2 , in respect. BUSINESS LETTERS H : ; vT. £l !L ■Vl- DALLAS, [ Initial Hooks 99 WRITING EXERCISE Dear Sir: Replying (to) your 4 favor of Thursday last, we refcr-you to .Mr. Andrew Baker, 14 Liberty Street, New-York-City, who makes what-we consider to-bc-the best fixing tank on-the market. Regular film stock comes in one hundred, two hundred, and four hundred-foot rolls. Should-you require-the odd Lengths you speak of, we-will patch it (to) make 1 any Length required, at an-extra cost of 15 cents a patch. Sincerely-yours, Dear Sirs : Will-you please give-me some formulas for-tbe fixing of films? At-present I-am us:ing-the regular Ansco fixing bath, but believe that-they advise something else for moving pictures. Abo please tell me what style of boxes should-beused,and-how-the films should-be handLed while-drying. Sincerely-yours, LESSON 24 INITIAL HOOKS— Continued LER AND REL HOOKS 176. It is occasionally advantageous to enlarge a small Z-hook to add the sound of r, and an r-hook to add the sound of /; thus: Pier, Bier, Tier, Dlcr, Chlcr, Jler, Kler, Gler, Fler, VTer, Shier, <\ <\ 1 1 1 ? c _ <_ ^ <^ J? l'rrl, Brel, Trel, Drel, Chrel, Jrel, Krel Grel Frel, Vrel, Shrel, cT^ Merl, Q_^ Nerl. 177. This principle is not employed to add r to Mel. Nel, Etel, for the hooks of these signs are already large and it would not be advantageous to make them still larger. 178. Names. — (a) The enlarged /-hook is called the Ler-hook; and the enlarged r-hook, the Rel-hook. (6) When spoken of as a series, they are named the Pier and Trel signs. 179. Vocalization of Pier and Prel Signs. — (a) A vowel written before a Pier or Prel sign is read first; thus: \ altler, e used for the word "in" when En 1 cannot be conveniently em- ployed; thus: A. T- J! f in spirit, in straight, in size, in selling, in some. Remark. — Wlion so used, the In-hook follows the position of the second word of tin' phras< . See Paragraph '■-. BUSINESS LETTER A I vj^^p-^ ' 2 a _^_9 r.X.-t^A.^.c c_ ^-r..,.^ *r;_ «_, _^___u ^..-..o.-^ .„_ '.i. industrial 17. peddler 2.5. unsuppressec 2. Florida 10. circular IS. burglar 2(3. unceremoni- 3. Charles 11. clear 19. editorial ous 4. mineral 12. color 20. trial 27. unsaddle 5. declare 13. scholar 21. hydraulic 28. unstrap 6. chloroform 14. clerk 22. corporal 29. inspire 7. inaugural 15. chloride 23. insecure 30. unscrew 8. patrol 16. bichloride 24. insomnia WRITING EXERCISE 1. At-the preliminary trials, it-was clearly evident that parallel courses would surely be-the most satisfactory. 2. A-knowledge of parliamentary procedure is essential to-all who desiite (to) partici- pate 4 in debate. 3. The large initial hooks are not-only invaluable in-the writing of separate words,sueh as April, Colorado, Florida, et cetera, but they greatly increase-the phrasing power [Pcc'-Ray] (of the) system, as may-be seen in-such phrases as Ihey-are-all, by-all-our, fro m-all, there-will. 4. The use made of-these large initial hooks is inseparably a-part (of the) Graham system, in-fact peculiar (to) it', and-gives it an-inestimable advantage over-all others in-that regard. 5. The pupil should also notice that-the use (of the) ///-hook does away with-what otherwise would-be very awkward forms. G. And- at-the same time in-some scores of cases, it permits-the easy phrasing of words that naturally occur together. LESSON 25 FINAL HOOKS THE F OR V HOOK 187. A small final hook on the circle-side of any straight consonant-stroke adds/ or v; thus: \, \> l i / i — > -* y S Names: Pef, Bef, Tef, Def, Chef, Jef, Kef, Gef, Ref, Hef. 188. The signs with an /-hook, when spoken of as a class, are called the F-hook signs, notwithstanding the hook also represents the sound of v. 189. Vocalization. — (a) An /-hook is read after a vowel following the stroke, as in \, puff, _S. heave, (b) Hence, a stroke-sign must be used for / or v preceding a final vowel; as in _\__ puffy, s\_ heavy. 190. T or (I, added to a final-hook sign by halving, is read after the sound represented by the hook; thus: L- tuft, ^ craved. 191. The /-hook may be used in the middle of a word when more convenient than a stroke; thus: •I, \- profane, provoked, braver, bravest, bravely, befog, outfit, traffic, l kt_ _■$__ -f- -^ -<- ^ i deafen, divorced, steadfast, chiefly, chieftain, juvenile, cloven, curvature, grafter, reveled, hovered. 104 Final Hooks 105 192. (a) 8 or z may be added to an /-hook by Iss written within the hook; thus: X> pfs. (b) Neither Ses, Steh, nor Ster can be added to the /-hook. 193. When added to a final hook on a half-length stroke, Iss is read after the t or d added by halving; thus: u~ t : tufts, drafts, crafts, gifts, rifts. 194. Words Added by the F-#oofc.— " Have," "of," or "ever" may be added by an /-hook to a few full-length straight-line word-signs and to the dash-vowel word- signs; "ful-ly," to the signs for hope, truth, care, awe; and "of," to the horizontal arid-tick; thus: Beijing' BleP, Telfl, CheP, Beftoid', Peftoid':'ing\ by having, able (to) have, it will have, which have, all have, of having, _„__ __. ...... _:. __6__ _>__ __!__ Peftoid*. Teftoidi, Tcftoid*, Cheftoid'i'ing', Jeftoid*. Blef 1 , Tef 3 . to have, I have, but have, on having, who have; by all of, out of, A -?? .. Bef-, before. -"V. Bee 2 - Vee. above. -Xj-- Ar 2 -Spef, irrespective-ly. ...V.Blef 2 , belief [Blef 2 -Ray, ~ believer]. /\> Ray 2 -Spef, respective-ly. .--L... TeP, whatever. v_ — 3 En 2 -Gef, neglectfuMy. BUSINESS LETTER Final Hooks 107 * N L- -V-X^ 1 ' .r< ; ~---4 J—A. \ <1 rV &._ / 1- .V.._.^v._ ^__^.e__. \ -v-^- TEST WORDS T- r 1. driver 11. defiance 21. graft 31. craven 2. serve 12. cave 22. gruff 32. engrave 3. chief 13. crave 23. gruffest 33. engraver 4. rival 14. cleave 24. rough 34. photograph 5. stiff 15. clover 25. roughest 35. photographer (>. bluff 1G. discoverer 2G. behave 36. photography 7. stove 17. grave 27. behavior 37. biographic S. deaf IS. glove 28. heaviest 38. Vitagraph 9. defy 19. grove 29. defend 39. mimeograph 10. defense 20. groove 30. defied 40. phonograph WRITING EXERCISE 1. They gave perfect proof that-he had profited before-the devel- opment .(of the) California outfit was approved. 2. Iitrespective of-our belief that-he-is neglectful of-his duties, we-have no criticism to advance. 3. Whatever difference it makes will-be discovered before-the twelfth. 4. The Governor of California and-his party advanced (to) their 4 respective places (to) witness'-the review. BUSINESS LETTER Dear-Sir: I-have-had so much trouble with-the stove that-you recently set up in-my library that I-fcart it-will-have to come out. So, I-would [Tetoid'-Wuh] like to-havc you look at it once more on Thursday or Friday, whichever you prefer. If-the drafts are free, I-fail [Petoid-Fcl 2 ] (to) see 4 why it-should smoke so awfully. Until you-come, I am, Hopefully yours, LESSON 26 FINAL HOOKS— Continued, THE N-HOOK 198. A small final hook on any straight consonant- stroke, (a) on the side opposite that for the /-hook, and (6) on the inside of any curved consonant-stroke, adds n; thus: Pen, Ben, Ten, Den, Chen, Jen, Ken, Gen, Ren, Hen, Fen, Yen, c ( j ) J J r -\ ^ ^ ^ Then, Tueii, Esen, Zen, Shen, Zhen, Lcn, Arn, Men, Nen, Ingen, "^ Wayn, C Yayn, /<— ^ Empen. 199. The signs with the ?i-hook, when spoken of as a class, are called the N-hook sign-. 200. Vocalization. — (a) An /i-hook is read after a vowel following the stroke; as in Vo fun. (b) Hence, the En-stroke must be used before a final vowel; as in _L^ ■ , f unn y. 201. Final N. — (a) The ??-hook is used to express final n, except when two distinctly-heard vowels precede it. as in ™ lion, --/$=** ruin, (b) But when preceded by two vowels which may be expressed by Brief Yay in the vowel-place, the hook should be used; thus: *_. a^ :tfb.' carrion, ruffian, Unitarian, Napoleon, ins Final Hooks 109 202. The n-hook may bo used in the middle of a word when it is more convenient than a stroke; thus: .5. _j_ _^_ punish, canopy, gunner, gunnery, finish, furnish, Unionist. Remark. — It is sometimes convenient to write Est upward. 203. A final s, ss, st, or sir sound may be added to straight-line ?i-hook signs by writing Iss, Ses, Steh, or Ster in the n-hook's place; thus: -J.- -I:" -eh" *~ dance, danced, dances, punster. 204. Names. — (a) The small circle in the n-hook's place is called the Ens-circle; the large circle, the Enses-circlc; the small loop, the Enst-loop; the large loop, the Enster- loop. (6) The signs formed by the attachment of these circles and loops are named Pens, Penses, Penst, Penster — Plens, etc., Prens, etc. 205. S or z may be added to the Enster-loop by a small circle turned on the opposite side of the stroke; thus: punsters. 200. Caution. — The Ens- and Enses-circles cannot be used between straight strokes; for, \ — is Pees-Kay, not Pens-Kay; and _ c |-- is Decscs-Ter, not Denses-Tee. 207. The tick for the may be joined to the Ens-circle or the Enst-loop; thus: -C*>- opens the, -70 against the. 208. It is sometimes more convenient, when a stroke follows, to write the circle distinctly within the hook; thus: kinsman, gainsaid, ransack, rinser, lonesome. 110 Graham's Business Shorthand 209. (a) S or z may be added to an n-hook on a curve by writing Iss within the hook; thus: fns. (6) Neither Ses, Steh, nor Ster is ever added to the n-hook on a curve. 210. Final ns. — A final us sound, preceded by a curved consonant, is usually represented by Ens, instead of the N-hook and Iss, especially when derivative words require the En-stroke; as in offense, offensive, offenses, convince, convinced, convinces. Note. — (a) The following are nearly all the words written in accordance with this principle: Fence, offense, evince, convince, lance, lense, (El-Ens), mince, im- mense, announce, enhance, pronounce, denounce, romance, renounce, assurance (Sher-Ens), affirmance (Fer-Em-Ens), penance (Pen-Ens), finance (Fen-Ens), 'annoyance, "allowance, 'alliance (Lay-Ens), 'conveyance, 'affluence. (b) The words just given which are preceded by a point (') require the n of the final syllable to be represented by a stroke, because the derivatives from them require a stroke; and also to express better the two consecutive vowels. 211. ._ o__ I'en 2 , upon. _\ ._ Pens', happiness \ Ben 2 , been. \ Ben 8 , to have been \ Brans*, remembrance. N-HOOK WORD-SIGNS (.first list) __{ ... Dent 1 , did not, didn't. __J_. — J-- Dent 2 , do not, don't. Dent 1 , had not, hadn't. Chlent 1 , which will not. --J-- s Tend 1 , at hand. Tlent 1 , it will not. __ - Lent 1 , will not. C - Welent 1 , we will not __IV - Arnt 2 , are not. <•" _ Wernt ', we are not. ~-C^>- _ Wernt 2 , were not. . Men 1 , men. — - Men 2 , man. '^ a Mend 1 , mind. ..^: . Ment 2 , , may not, am not Wement 1 , we may not. V ? _ Nen 1 , i opinion. .^_3 . Nen 2 , known, none. EXERCISE READING Note. — The first six linos are names of American cities. L12 Graham's Business Shorthand •.I 10 n 12 13 14 No "7"^ _M>_ lr c~*> «\> TEST Wt)RDS • Monday 6. brown 11. phoned 2. June .'!. amount ■I. machine 5. open 7. fine von 9. assign 10. session 12. panic 13. punish 14. dented 15. finer 16. cheapen 17. chicken IS. quicken 19. Lemon 20. roughen Final Hooks 113 21. happen 22. ton 23. hidden 24. Spain 25. plan 2G. iiton 27. aitraign 28. eaRn 29. mine 30. human 31. obtain 32. bacon 33. burn 34. turn 35. taken 30. Oitegon 37. engine 38. broken 39. constant 40. complained BUSINESS LETTER Note. — In this letter and the exercise on page 117, n-hook word-signs and phrase-signs are preceded by a point [•]■ Mr. Francis Boone, Kansas City, Kansas. Dear Boone : Your inquiry 'upon-the 'question of Brown's contract is 'at-hand and-has 'again 'been referred to-our Mr. Blaine for-his 'opinion. •It-will-not surprise me if-it-is found that Brown has 'often 'done things, while 'alone 'down in Atlanta, that *were-not "within-the limits of-his agreement. My 'remembrance is that he-is a-'man of keen 'mind but unfortunately inclined (to) take 4 chances that 'are- not 'generally justified, and-that on-this-'account we-have 'often warned him to-be 'even more careful "than seemed necessary. Although 'none of-our 'men 'can find as much business as Brown does, I-feaR 'we-will-not-be able (to) keep 4 him if-he-'cannot avoid this constant infringement on-the rights of-others. 'We-are-not complaining so much on-our-'account as because he-is standing in-the-way of-his-own 'advancement. With 'kind regards, I remain, Sincerely-yours, IS LESSON 27 FINAL HOOKS— Continued 212. Words Added by the N-Hook. — The n-hook may be used to add words as follows: 1. Own, (a) to any stroke word-sign, except its, expressing pos- session or ownership; thus: 3 .?_. .^_ _C. r V their own, her own, our own, my own, your own, by our own, at our own, in our own, of our own, to our own, on our own, all our own, and our own. (6) If the word following own can be joined to the En-stroke more easily than to the hook, use the stroke; thus: _ Z_p-- their own statement, on our own part. 2. Xot, (a) to the signs for did, but, and or. (b) As the sound of t expressed by halving a stroke is read after a final hook, a number of full-length word-signs are halved and hooked to express not; for example: do not, had not, which will not, will not, we will not, ore not, we arc xot, ivc may not. 3. Than, to words which express comparison and end with the sound of r; thus: ^r _*£. more than, sooner than, closer than, better than. 4. In, to the signs for here and we are; thus: herein we are in. 114 Final Hooks 115 5. One, (a) to the signs for al, each, which, (b) Use Wen for one when it is more convenient than the hook for joining to the word following one; thus: ^_„ — which one spoke. 6. Been, to the sign for have, thus: _^, have been. 213. X-HOOK WORD-SIGNS (Second List) v>__ Spen 2 , expensive-ness. __\ Sprent 3 , superintend-cd- o ent. __j_ Spens 2 , expense. . ______ Bend 1 , behind. .___ Splend 2 , explained, denomination. <\ r> u Weh^Ken. we can. __V_ Pren-, comprehension- See Note on page 116 . . Weh'-Kent, we cannot. __x_ __ Pren 3 , apprehension-sive. •S Gen 1 , begin, organ. \ t, , Gen 2 , begun. Prens 1 , appearance, [Prenses 1 , appearances]. __ Q cn 3 f began. ___V- Sprens 2 , experience [Sprenst 5 experienced], a _ ... Sgay 1 , sigmncant-ce. __>.. In-Sprens 2 inexperience, ° s Sgen 1 , significancy. [In-Sprenst 2 , inexperi- enced]. __, Fend 8 , found-ed-ation. *_ Plent 2 , plaintiff. rf — ^ Smell 2 , examme-ation -- represent ice by joining WVh as :i hook to Kay and some other horizontal letters which, according to the general rule, would not take the Way-hook. Signs thus formed do not in practice conflict with the corresponding /-hook Bigns. (6) We is generally joined hy the Way-hook to a following word commencing with Em, En, Lav, or Ray; thus: we must, we answer, ivc like, ' we require. READING EXERCISE 3 *.:.„v. rt,y £-p tl ^__ '. 4 rAf £p___7to °\_.'._ 5 .!...^\CA..T.i_5z..\>. 3 ^.._ V ^_.L/ 10 -v,-r ----/-- UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS i -Nl_>-_ . / . . - tf~s> .--V- — WRITING EXERCISE 1. The 'superintendent's 'compliance with-the very 'comprehen- sive demands of-his 'experienced workmen 'at-once removed all •apprehension. 2. The 'plaintiff "explained, dur:ing-the 'cross-exam- ination, that-he 'began to-be "apprehensive when-he-missed a-bill of large 'denomination. 3. It-is beyond my 'comprehension how- the 'inexperienced student expects (to) gain 4 speed in short hand wit h- out any 'foundation in-the-way of-a 'comprehensive knowledge (of the) principles. 4. On-our-own-part , we-think their-own-statements are no-'more-than fair. 5. In-our 'opinion, at-least, we-did 'more- than we should-have- 'been expected to accomplish when-we 'began so-late. 6. One 'of-our-own 'men returned 'sooner-than we expected and-brought news "better-than we-'have-been anticipating. 7. *We- are-in-receipt of-your bill, and-'herein hand you check cover :ing-the same. 8. In-this city, the houses are being built 'closer-than ever before. 9. We-require at-least a-week's time on-a contract of-this- 'kind,and-we like to-have 'even more. 10. It-is significant that-the 'explanations 'have-been so-long-delayed. LESSON 28 FINAL HOOKS— Continued THE SHON-HOOK 214. A large final hook on the circle-side of any con- sonant-stroke adds the syllable shon; thus: passion, suspicion, action, Titian, flexion, Parisian, magician, fashion, oration, nation, lotion. 215. Names. — When a Shon-hook is added to a simple or a modified consonant, the syllable shon is added to the name of the stroke. 216. Caution. — Care must be taken lest the spelling should lead to the employment of this hook for syllables whose consonant sounds are not shn or zhn; as for the -tian of Christian, which should be written thus: r~£ 217. The Shon-hook cannot be used for words whose only consonant sounds are shn or shns, as in ^A shun, £) oceans. 218. The syllable shon is usually represented by Shen in the following cases: (a) When this syllable is pre- ceded by initial s only; as in J)~ session, (b) When this syllable is preceded by two vowels in a word needing distinction by difference of outline from another having the same consonants; as in IL,_ continuation, which US Final Hooks 119 needs to be distinguished from [^ contention, (c) In derivatives from words ending with Ish; as ir~—j- diminution, derived from U>— i diminish. 219. A Shon-hook sign is vocalized just as an /-hook or an n-hook sign is. 220. S or z may be added to the Shon-hook by Iss written within the hook. 221. The Shon-hook may be used in the middle of a word; thus: optional, passionate, conditionally, auctioneer, visionary. THE TIV-HOOK 222. A large final-hook on any straight consonant stroke, on the side opposite that for the Shon-hook, adds the syllable tiv; thus: ^ p-tiv. 223. Names. — When the Tiv-hook is added to a simple or a modified consonant, the syllable tiv is added to the name of the stroke. captive, receptive, provocative, illustrative, figurative. 224. (a) The Tiv-hook is never written upon a curve consonant. (6) Following a curved stroke, the syllable tiv is usually best represented by Tef. Hence, write native, motive, votive. 1.20 Graham's Business Shorthand THE ESHON-HOOK 225. The syllable short may be added to a circle at the end of a stroke by a small hook; thus: V ps-shon. 226. In words in which this sign is used, a first-place or a second-place dot-vowel always occurs between s and the syllable short. Hence, this hook, because of such vowel, is called the Esh'on (e'shon) hook, or simply Esh'on. 227. (a) When the vowel preceding Eshon is first- place, it should be written at the left of the hook; when second-place, at the right of the hook; thus: --— oppo- sition, \. compensation, (b) It is generally unnec- essary to write the vowel that occurs between s and short. 228. Iss may be written within an Eshon-hook to express s; thus: _S?_ physicians, V compensations. 229. Eshon may be used in the middle of a word; thus: ^~ conversational. EXERCISE %_ _4'_ r-*_ _/" _^-_ <-* precision, decision, acquisition, rccision, musician, incision, % -*> —* s?~ * X persuasion, accusation, accession, recession, cessation, association, procession, appreciation, authorization, conversation, transition, i «■*? Y ^f condensation, sensational, transitional, recessional. Final Hooks 121 230. SHON, TIV, AND ESHON-HOOK WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS ___0 . Speeshon 2 , exception-al — u__ Dershon 2 , direction \} . 1 Dershon 3 , duration Pelshon 1 , completion ^ -- \ v Pelshon 3 , application - -«- Sdershon 2 , consideration <\\ Kelshon 3 , conclusion -__r_ Pershon 1 , perfection ^-^ J^_ Pershon 3 , oppression - - SkershonS description __°>0_ Spershon 2 , expression - In-Skershon\ inscription ~£\-v- Spershon 3 , suppression Fershon 1 , formation \ N t> i * i- , t - „ /^~^> Emshon 2 , mention _sj_ Beeshon-, objection - 1 p __^>„ Emshond 2 , mentioned ._..X) Sbeeshon 2 , subjection c Enshon 1 , information __NJ_ Belshon 2 , obligation P o__ Beetiv 2 , objective __r _ Steeshon 1 , situation p . , 0__ Sbeetiv 2 , subjective __U— Steeshon 2 , station _P__ Steeshon 3 , satisfaction — - Peeseshon*, opposition JL- Tershon 2 , contraction ~^~ Peeseshon 2 , position _JL„ Tershon 3 , attraction -*y- Peeseshon 3 , possession -V. . Tershont 2 , transient — « Onseshon', organization - . k . . DeeshonS contradiction "^ En-Veeseshon*, investiga- I .... /\d Ray 2 -Peeshon,representa- ._U__ Deeshon 2 , condition-al tj on I _ Deeahon', addition-al Z\_, R^ 2 -Peetiv, represen- y • tative 10 122 Graham's Business Shorthand TEST WORDS \,, n i je the Tiv-book in the outlines of the words in the first two columns; and Til in those ol the la~t two columns. 1. vindictH e 11. imperative 21. correlative :si. argumentative ■J. indicative 12. operative 22. contemplative 32. legislative :i. collective 13. corroborative 23. superlative 33. derivative I communir;iti\ e 14. commemor.it ive 24. accumulative 34. ative 5. recreative 15. restorative 2.5. affirmative 25. primitive 6. negative 16. curative 26. formative 36. incentive 7. speculative 17. active _'7. nominative 37. retentive - tentative is. protractive 28. remunerative 38. attentive a comparative 19. defective 29. narrative 39. festive in lucrative 20. effective 30. imitative 40. diminutive BUSINESS LETTER Note — In this exercise Shon, Tiv, and Eshon-hook word-signs are preceded by a point !*]• Mr. Alfred Wade, Association Building, New Orleans, La. Dear Wade: Your 'exceptional 'application and-genoral activity will doubtless result in-the •completion of-your work to-the 'satisfaction of-us all. If-you desire any 'additional 'information that-is in-my 'possession or that-the 'organization is in a-'position (to) supply 4 , you-have only (to) 'mention 4 it and I-will see that-you get-it immediately. After due 'consideration, I-have-come to-the 'conclusion that -your 'description (of the) 'obligations and-'position of-our new 'repre- sentative is beyond 'contradiction. But I-am already convinced that -his 'attraction and-activities will-be 'transient and-that 'ob- jection to-his combative 'expressions will soon be heard in-every- 'dircction. Once started, the 'formation of-an 'opposition to-his plans for-the new 'station would grow so rapidly that-his present control (of the) 'situation would-be of very-short 'duration. As this-is-the chief 'objective that-we seek, I-think we-can almost write-the 'inscription on-his poUtical tombstone now. •Conditions are improving generally, and-judging from-recent conversations that I-have-had with-the controlling powers [Pee 3 - Rays], there-will-be a-cessation [Es-Iss-Eshon, vocalized] of-those sensational accusations brought against us by-the reform associa- tion. Cordially yours, Final Hooks 123 THE ACQUISITION OF SPEED IN SHORTHAND --"\ ...^f.:...n ;..-)-, z 3^" c-Y ■--K" ■-■> \ (..^^..^r^.^y s =T; K> r/'V. ^ V ---> L -> f._^S 124 Graham' 8 Business Shorthand or...y?-.j ?-!> i/.'^ -Tv.t>. _.L _^_ o_. L.!r_- ^-—^l-v/' KEY Ability to write shorthand rapidly depends upon three things: First, such a mastery of the principles and word-signs that there is no indecision or hesitation over the form of any common word; second, an applied knowledge of phrasing; and third, a steady and con- tinuous pen-motion. The quickest way to attain possession of these three essentials is by what is known as repetition work — the repeated copying of perfect shorthand. Take a line or two at a time, as much as can be carried conveniently in the memory, and write it again and again until the pen-point seems to flow from one outline to the next. Avoid all stopping of the hand between strokes or words; avoid all jiggling movements above the note-book — they both show and increase con- fusion and indecision. One of the chief purposes of repetition work is to keep the hand moving effectively. Keep your hand near the paper. \i you remove it when the speaker pauses, you will have to waste time that you cannot afford to spare, in order to get back to the writing position again. All experts agree that it is better for the beginner to write one selection fifty times than to write fifty selections only once. But, in this repetition work for speed, you should not allow your writing to become slovenly nor fail to read everything you write. You must cultivate a precision and deftness of touch. If you do not read everything you write, as well as all the perfect shorthand you can secure, there will come a time when you will write better than you read — and this is not a praiseworthy condition. The mere fact that you may be able to read your notes faster than you can operate a typewriting machine is no evidence that you do either rapidly enough. LESSON 29 THE LENGTHENING PRINCIPLE 231. Doubling the length of Ing adds the sound of ker or ger; thus: r - anchor or anger. 232. Doubling the length of any other curved stroke adds the sound of tcr, dcr, or ther; thus: Efter*, Efder', EftHer 3 , Veeter^, Miter 1 , IthtHer-i, Ester 3 , Zeeder 1 fetter, feeder, father, voter, theatre, thither, aster, Zuyder Ishter 2 , Layder 3 , Arder 1 , Emter 2 , EntHer 1 , Wayter 1 , Yelder". shutter, louder, order, motor, neither, water, yielder 233. Names. — The lengthened strokes are named by- adding to the name of the stroke lengthened the sound denoted by its lengthening; thus: Ing'ker, Ing'ger, Efter, Lay'der, En'ther, THee'ther, Fel'ter, Fer'ther, Shel'ter, Sher'ter, Wen'dcr, Frel'ther, Bee'ther, etc. 234. Vocalization. — (a) Lengthened strokes are vocal- ized just as other strokes arc, the sound added by the lengthening being read after a vowel following the stroke (as in the examples above), but before a final attachment; thus: letter-s, slender-est, moder-n (b) Hence, a vowel following the sound of ter, der, or ther denoted by lengthening, must be omitted; as in alterations; or written before a following conso- nant; as in -^-Ss^^ — eccentr-ic. 125 126 Graham's Business Short/Kind 23."). The lengthening principle cannot be used when the consonants it represents are followed by a final vowel. In such cases an r-hook sign, or Ray preceded by a half-length expressing t, must be used; thus: angry, entry, Andrew, leathery, lottery. 236. When the sign for a verb ends with Lay' ter, En' ter or Ing' ker, its past tense outline is usually formed best by adding Dee; thus: _c. o slaughter, slaughtered, render, rendered, anchor, anchored. Remark — The sign for Shel' ter, if written quite slanting, may, un- like that for Shel, stand alone and be used with advantage for shelkr, shouldtr. 237. Position of Lengthened Strokes. — In determining the position of a lengthened stroke, regard the second half as a distinct sign, and place the first half in its proper position according to rules previously given. 238. Lengthened Straight Lines. — Experienced writers derive advantage from doubling a full-length straight line, without a final attachment, to add the syllable ter or thcr, or the words their, there; the heavy lines being tapered toward their termination; thus: _\__ The chief use of this principle is to add their or there to word-signs. Inexperienced writers are cautioned that a further use of it than is made in the exercises of this book is likely to result in illegibility of their notes. Following are a few examples of lengthened straight-line signs: ,--±/ AC: K?„- \ writer, quarter, reporter, typewriter. The Lengthening Principle 127 239. LENGTHENED-STROKE WORD-SIGNS Enter 1 Enter 2 , Emter , Wayther 2 , Farther 2 , Rayther* entire, another, matter, whether, further, rather. .--Veether 1 , of their jy.Arder 1 , order ed Remark. — Entirely is formed from the sign for entire by adding El; entirety, by adding Tee; and material-ly, from the sign for matter, by adding Lay; materiality, by adding Lay-Tee. 240. "Their," "They Are," or "There" Added.— A curved or a straight full-length word-sign without a final hook, loop, or circle may be lengthened to add their, they are, or there; thus: in their, if their, for their, by their, give their in there, if there, for there if they are, for they are, 241. Dear may be added to my by lengthening Em in a few phrases of frequent use, especially in corre- spondence; as my dear sir, my dear friend, my dear wife. 242. "Own" or "Been" Added.— (a) Own maybe added by an n-hook to the signs in Paragraph 240, or any others expressing their, when the stroke for own is not more con- venient for joining to the following word; thus: _^ for their own sakes. (b) Been may be added by an n-hook to Veether 2 for have there been. 128 Graham's Business Shorthand READING EXERCISE 1 ker added •/ t_ 3 gcr added 4 ter added 6 7 der added 8 C^rrr. . 'J ther added I ^V a y 3 c 4 X. L C / ^_.. J JO. _, __j, Kay-Em-Tee; commiserate, Kay-Ems-Ret: commotion, Kay-Emshon; commerce, Kay-Mers; comrade, Kay-Merd. (b) Con = cong, may be expressed by license, by the sign for con; thus: ' congress, "^ conquer, (c) Concom occurs in concomitant and its derivatives. It is represented thus: .: . 130 Contracted Prefixes 131 3. Contra, contro, counter. — When these prefixes cannot be more conveniently expressed otherwise, they may be indicated by a tick written at the beginning of the remainder of the word; thus: L contradict, V>, controvert, Q _"_f- countersign. Remark. — This sign is used for conlri in contribute and its deriv- atives. 4. Decom is expressed by Dee, and discom, discon t by Dees, written near the remainder of the word; thus: IX decompose, t^C/ discomfort. 5. For-e. — When this prefix cannot be more conven- iently written otherwise, it may be expressed by Ef written near, and sometimes joined to, the remain- der of the word; thus: VJ~7 foreknowledge. Remark. — (a) This prefix is joined in writing the following words and their derivatives: Forever, forewarn, forestall, forsooth, for- swear, forward. (6) Until the learner has had considerable experi- ence, it will be well for him to express fore or for by a disjoined Ef in the following words: Foreclose, forefather, foreknow, fore- named, foresee, foreshow, forethought, (c) Write fore or for with Fer in the following words and their derivatives: Foretell, forgave, forget, forsake; (d) and with Ef-Ar in the following words: Foreland, forelock, foreman, foremast, foremost, forerun, foresail, (e) Write forehead, Ef-Ray-Dee; fore noon, Ef-Ray-Nen. 6. Incon, ineom, incog, are expressed by En written above the line, and near, or partially over, the remainder of the word; thus: — -. inconstant J., incomplete, ____!- incognito. Remark. — (a) This prefix-sign is occasionally joined to the re- mainder of the word; it may be joined in the following and their derivatives: _____ inconsistent, ___„ incomplete, ?~_V_^ inconvenient, riC^N incompetent, L- inconsequence, - -V, . inconceivable, (6) The prefix incon is sometimes joined to a following stroke by an In-hook; thus: __J inconsiderable or in considerable, (c) The sign for incom may be used by license for incum or encurn. U ...Ty L32 Graham* 8 Business Shorthand BUSINESS LETTERS J : _A._s ^..."> c^Vo \^-/- r>ry.C. cA -?- S :x 7 I •* --)-W- r\i..r. BUSINESS LETTERS My-dear Senator: I-fear that Senator Saunders's remarks before-the congressional committee cannot-be easily controverted. I-have-heard that-he spent no inconsiderable time in-examinnng-the circumstances and- even visited some (of the) places incognito in-order-to supplement- Contracted Prefixes 133 the rather incomplete information given at-the first hearing. In- consequence, I-am content, in-my-own mind at-least, that-he-is sure of-his ground when-he says that-thc present incumbent is utterly incompetent. Sincerely-yours, Dear-Madam : Please accept our most heaRtfelt thanks for-your generous con- tribution to-our work. The conditions with-which we-are con- fronted are almost inconceivable, but support such-as yours is wonderfully effective and inspiring [In-Sper'i'ing']. Respectfully -yours, LESSON 31 CONTRACTED PREFIXES— Continued 244. {Continued) 7. Inter, intro,are expressed by Ent disjoined before the remainder of the word; thus: "f^\ interlinear. Remark. — (a) This prefix-sign may be used, by license, for enter-. (6) It may be joined thus: "T_i in the following words and their derivatives: Interdict, introduce, enterprise, entertain, interchange, intercourse, interest, interfere, interjacent, interjection, interpolate, interpose, interpret (Ent-Pret), interrogate, interrupt (Ent-Pet), intersect, intertwine (Ent-Tee-Wen), interval, intervene, interview, interweave (Ent-Weh-Vec), introspect, introvert. 8. Irrecon is expressed by Ar written near the re- mainder of the word; thus: ~^ ,C\ irreconcilable, ^.^ ^reconciliation. 9. Magna, magni, are represented by Em written over (or partly over) the remainder of the word; l.'ll Graham's Business Shorthand thus: ,t> magnanimous, - magnify, magnitude. Remark.— This prefix-sign may be used by license for ntagne', thus: j magnetism, -- r --- magnesia. 10. Miscon, miscom, are expressed by Em-Iss writ- ten above the remainder of the word; thus: TT misconduct, . X misconstrue, __\< miscompute. Remark. — The advanced writer may join this prefix-sign in writing "misconduct, misconjecture," and their derivative-. 11. Noncon, noncom, are denoted by Nen written over or through the first stroke of the remainder of the word; thus: 27$ noncontent, 4f noncon- ducting, „.T noncommittal: Remark. — (a) The sign for this prefix is never joined, {b) Non, written (as it frequently is) with Nen, is distinguished from noncom by being written near but not over or through the first stroke of the remainder of the word. 12. Recon, recom, recog, are expressed by Ray written near the remainder of the word; thus: y<,C reconcile, ^o recommend, ^r±=f_ recognize. Remark. — This prefix-sign may be used by license for recum, in "recumbent" and its derivatives. 13. Self is represented by Iss written beside the first stroke of the remainder of the word; thus: c /\^. self-respect, y selfish, °| selfhood. Remark. — (a) The advanced writer frequently joins the sign for eetj to the remainder of the word; thus: _~H7. self-esteem, - self- ish. (6) Self-con-m may be expressed by writing the sign for self in the place of the con or cow dot; thus: "f self-conceit, (c) Self-conlra may be expressed by the sign for contra with Iss prefixed. 14. Uncon t uncom, arc represented by En written, Contracted Prefixes 135 usually on the line, near the remainder of the word; thus: ~ I - uncontrolled, -J uncombined, ^ unconnected, .^^^unconscious, -_^1- unconstrained,. s^X^s-.— uncomfortable. Remark. — These prefixes are usually En 2 (or lower than Incon-m) for the sake of distinction. The advanced writer may join the sign for this prefix in the following words and their derivatives: Uncon- cern, unconditional, unconstitutional (Ens-Teeshon-Lay, the first t being omitted). 15. Unrecon, unrecom, unrecog, are expressed by Ner written partly over the remainder of the word; thus: __.!! unreconciled, .__Xunrecompensed. 245. Prefixed Syllables. — (a) When any one of the pre- fixes given above is preceded by a syllable, as in or un, such syllable may be expressed by the proper letter or letters joined to, or written near, the prefix; thus: .jI2l uncircumscribed, *—?? unselfish, ^~1\ unde- composed, I— , uncontradicted, _"^rtr^| uninterrupted, .^1^!" unforeseen, ^ X- disencumber, If. disinterested, --3> unaccomplished, (b) The prefixed syllable, in such case, may usually be left unvocalized. (c) To keep signs upon the line as much as possible without impairing their legibility, it is occasionally necessary that a prefix sign, when joined to a preceding syllable, should be brought out of its usual position; as in "disencumber." (d) The con, com, or cog is sometimes expressed in con- nection with the preposition in by the sign for incon, etc.; thus: ;rr6_? in conjunction, v^ - " in comparison. (e) The prefix contra, contro, or counter may, in like manner, be expressed in connection with the preposition in by the sign for uncontra; thus: """J- 3 in contradis- tinction. L36 Graham 9 s Business Shorthand V s BUSINESS LETTERS ._I°_ P ( — ^.__\/0 ^ C-^ __/_ ^A-=----$- TEST WORDS Note. — Disjoin the prefix-sign when the prefix-syllable or word is followed by a colon 1:1. 1 circum:navigab!e 2 circumvention 3 cog:nizance 4 eog:nomen 5 contro:ver3ial counterfeiter 7 decomposition 8 discom:(m)ode 9 disconsolate 10 discon:tent 11 forefather 12 fore:see 13 forethought 14 foretell 15 forgave 16 forsake 17 foReman 18 foRemost 19 foRerunneR 20 forehead 21 forenoon 22 incomparable 23 incompatible 24 incompressible 25incon:solable 26 incontestable 27 inconsistency 28 incompletely 29 inconvenience 30 incompetence 31 inconsideration 32 encum:brance 33 incum:bent 34 intercept 35 interline 36 non.descript 37 recon:sider 38 recon:(n)oiter 39 self com :placent 40 selfcontra:diction Contracted Prefixes 137 BUSINESS LETTER Mr. Wilbur Davenport, Sioux-City, Iowa • Dear-Sir: I-called-upon Mr. -Snyder this-afternoon and-found-him rather noncommittal regard :ing-the possibility of -a reconciliation. Al- though he recognizes-the disadvantage of continu:ing-the contro- versy, he nevertheless feels that ordinary self-respect [disjoin "self"] compels a-refusal of-our last suggested settlement. He-says that- his proposal, which-he considered a-magnanimous one, was deliber- ately misconstrued by-the committee. He gave me (to) under- standMhat, in comparison with-the period for-which he-is still unrecompensed, he-thinks our offer of a-small compensation for-hls work during-the last month is altogether absurd. If-we-are (to) effect 4 a-reconciliation, I-think we-must undertake (to) meet'-him more-than half way. Very-truly-yours, LESSON 32 CONTRACTED SUFFIXES 240. One or more letters, or one or more syllables, added to a word to modify its moaning is called a suffix. A word may take two or more suffixes at the same time. Thus, "truthfully" contains two, fid and hj. 247. (a) Suffixes that are difficult or tiresome to write in full are represented by contractions. (6) These con- tractions are called Suffix-Signs. Some of them have already been taught; for example, the dots for ing and ings; Vee or the v-hook for ever; the /-hook for fulAy\ Iss for self; and Ses for selves. The remainder are given in the following: 18 L38 Graham's Business Shorthand LIST OF SUFFIX CONTRACTIONS 1. Ble, bly, are expressed by Bee joined, when Bel cannot be conveniently employed; thus: *hif\ sensible, sensibly; I^\. profitable, profitably. Lay may be added to the Bee when the legibility of the writing seems to require it. 2. Blcness, fulness, SQmeness, are represented by a small circle written at the end of the preceding part of the word; thus: o^'^oserviceableness, ,. friendship. 9. Soever is expressed by Iss-Vee, joined when it is convenient; thus: _L whencesoever, _.*.._ whosoever, „L whatsoever, howsoever. But when it would be inconvenient or not allowable to join Iss-Vee, soever is represented by Iss written beside the last stroke of the preceding part of the word; thus: ~4o_ whosesoever, .__^ whithersoever. Remark 1. — As it is not convenient to join Iss-Vee to Wuh 1 , the sign for what, that word is expressed by its last consonant, Tee, in the sign for whatsoever, as it is in whatever, Tef 2 . Remark 2.— Derivatives from ology, Ity, rty, etc., may be ex- pressed by adding to the primitive the proper sign for the additional sounds of the derivative; thus: to Jav, the sign for ology, add Kel V " ^ to express ological-ly; as in —Jr— zoological-ly, ---/ sociological-! y. 248. Word-Sign Suffixes. — A word-sign may be used as a suffix-sign; thus: hereafter, thereafter, thereto, hitherto, whereto, onto, wherefore, whenever. Remark 1. To. — (a) To is expressed by Tee joined to the pre- ceding part of the word in "into, hereunto, thereinto, whereinto; unto, hereunto, thereunto, wheretinto, thitherto." (6) "Into, hereinto," etc., may usually be left without vocalization; but for the sake of distinction, "unto" and its compounds should have the vowel of its first syllable inserted. Remark 2. Of. — (a) Of is joined by an /-hook in "whereof." (6) It is written with the disjoined sign for of in the following words: "Untalked-of, unheard-of, hereof, thereof, unthought-of. I |o Graham's Business Shorthand Remark 3. In. (a) Thi suflix is usually written with En joined; being thus distinguished from «», whicb is usually added by an En-hook, (b) In maybe added by an En-hook in "herein, here- inafter, hereinbefore, etc. Ri m\hk 4. Ever. — The suffix em - is always joined to ihe preced- ing part of the word; usually with an Ef-hook, as in "whatever, whichever, whoever"; but with Vee in "whenever, wherever, forever," and :i few other words. Remark . r >. With. — (a) The suffix with is usually best expressed by Itli, joined to the preceding part of the word; as in herewith iAr'-Jth), wherewith (Wer*-Ith), therewith (TnerMth) M ; (6) butsome- times it is more convenient to join Weh, as in forthwith (Ef*-Ith-Weh). BUSINESS LETTER WRITING EXERCISE 1 Hereafter let-us dispense with-the formality that we-have hitherto observed on-these-occasions. 2 They-were instrumental in-discoverdng-the worthlessness (of the) machine. 3 His in- stability of character will seriously interfere with-his chances of popularity ami-prosperity. 4 Please send-us ten copies of-your "Elementary Physiology" and-one-copy of James's "Principles of Psychology." 5 For a-number of years the business was very unprofitable, owing to-the carelessness with-which it-was con- ducted. 6 Therefore, be it resolved: That, subject to-the pro- visions hereinbefore stated, it shall-be-the duty (of the) Committee on Membership (to) examine' any-such charges and-report thereon. LESSON 33 OMISSION OF CONSONANTS 249. The student has already learned that common words containing several consonants are contracted by the omission of one or more of the consonants and called "word-signs" or "contractions." This principle is also applied to words containing consonants that are only slightly heard or are difficult to write. From such words it is allowable to omit middle consonants as follows: 1. P — when it is immediately preceded by m, and immediately followed by t or the syllable shon; as in —I em(p)ty, < 5 - 1 ^ 1 consum(p)tion. 2. K — when it occurs between the sounds of ng and sh or shon; as in _^_ an(x)ious, . _ sana- tion. 3. T — (1) when it occurs between s and another consonant; (2) also in a few words with a vowel between the t and the following consonant; as in (1) mos(t)ly, res (t) less, pos(t)rnan; (2) domes (t)ic, des(t)itute. 4. Generally, any consonant whenever its expression would make a tedious or difficult outline, and its omission would not endanger legibility. Under this rule, I, n, or r is omitted in the following words: n _rz. „y._ __v_. -.L^. inte(ll)ect, inte(ll)ectual, intc(ll)igence, inte(ll)igent, deve(l)op; 141 I 12 Graham* 8 Business Shorthand k u n, } "y a Iment, ;ilo(n)cmcnt, cntcrtai(n)ment, etra(n)ger, passe(n)ger, mcssc(n)gcr, deino(n)stratc, eta(n)dard, ide(n)tical, tra(n)sact, tra(n)spose tra(n)slate, tra(n)slucent, tra(n)smit, tra(n)sport; U „%^_. ..i^.. ^^ !rT. tra n lsg(r)ess, tra(n)sc(r)ibe, tra(n)sc(r)ipt, manuscript, in rega(r)d. OMISSION OF WORDS 250. To increase the speed of writing without sacrifice of legibility, the student has already been taught to omit to and of the where their omission can be indicated by the mode of writing the adjacent words. This prin- ciple may now be extended, and other words omitted, as specified below. A — may be omitted from such phrases as the following: about a minute ."<__, in a spirit after a time -^ in 6Uch a case .-U^-- at a certain place .^___ in such a part -] for a great deal -^ ffia nyaone And — thus: by and by; or, with the adjacent words joined; as, <-^-^ more and more; _V_. over and over; -">>, _^ over and above; • - through and through. From — to — as in ||- from day to day; ?>__ from hour to hour, -%^- from place to place. Omission of Words 143 Have — preceding been or done; thus: can have been; ' shall have been; --p can have 1 done; -o- you have done. Caution. — Care must be taken to distinguish the phrase-sign "}'ou have done" from Dren 3 by writing you upon the line. Of — occurring between two words which can be joined, may be omitted if the of must be supplied in reading; thus: \ step forth, ^tZ^call forth, C__set forth. In other cases, it may be written thus: — ^ 7 calls forth. 255. Stair, Store, may occasionally be represented by the Ster loop; thus: -V- ..j... „W_ „ w _\^- up 6tairs, down stairs drug-store, book store, public stores. 256. It may usually be added by halving a full-length word-sign or stroke without a final circle or loop; thus: — t--^ — think it may, __\__. above it, — X> — => — before it can. 257. Ought is sometimes added by halving a full- length word-sign without a final attachment and writing it in the first position; thus: it ought, there ought. 258. Would or Had is sometimes added by halving a full-length word-sign without a final attachment and writing it in the third position; thus: _|__it would, it had; __s) there would, there had: Remark. — Not may be added by the n-hook to the above and similar signs. 259. (a) Were may occasionally be added to a word- sign by an r-hook and writing the sign in the third position; (6) and sometimes Wuh may be used for were; thus: __-?. . which were, _9_ such were, __o__as it were; „ j_ there were- Remark. — In the sign for " as it were," as should be on the line. 260. You — Ych may be used for you if it is more convenient than Yuh for joining with a preceding or a following word; thus :.-_ Union Pacific. ^Tp_ Western Union Telegraph Co. " H* j Interstate Commerce Commission. _^_P Government of the United States. "£____ Imperial German Government. e-es,— Great Britain. May it please the Court. Supplementary Practice 147 PRESIDENT WILSONS NOTE TO GERMANY /. .*Lc. *~d- y...1-*Sr~SL-!.-r*s1 2f...l./-. =-v-^-^-v-"---V~- I |s Cntlia iii's Business Shorthand ..1. e- C -...!s -"-'--V l L.TU—^-A. .*.-zL /". i .•..JV.?.. — ... 1 . \ O L_o Supplementary Practice 149 sy/jt— ..'..L, _, rf>..nL .4.. u.. ~0>- -O /._.0__.<_. N _._^__^. "T"^ _,v_ hf- i ..A/.L^..^. J. ^-^ (..N. ./ — A. I" \ n. -fe ■ V -l;-- ^ v/- )^~ S...^ \y t-*v .u .-u r° L.\,.. r . r v,..m..\.. L ,_.- 7= ...i..X. l.")i) Graham's Business Shorthand / / ■x ■+■■ --Sl-- -f -^ : /.L. X . -X I s. ^ t ■^ ( r\. ^ \ ■> v t/ -,, V I. _o..!..r)/.. ! ^_ i^j...-*- Supplementary Practice 151 _ v p..:..^ 1 __. s ....^ JL__v?- >- U— < vr__ v ^ L '___V?__\__ „__'._ a. \A\-.V. l__^/. L-. V .7.A.1 ^ OfS-.^ 4- -U~ ..Si 1L. e..Jk_ u ^ x -— Y" "N,- i- L52 Graham's Business Shorthand I.X.. .\„„\.^. £1 A l--^j> LC ).>_:. >_ l\..U\:.^. .x ■^.D 9 y \ —p -~0 V T^ ■> //^^..^ , :^rru ^_n / r r ;..\a .^JD ..-TL .C-S .4^._.i.Li. .iu.^ _^._.^. Supplementary Practice 153 PRESIDENT WILSON'S NOTE TO GERMANY [Note. — The following historical document, perhaps the most important in American history since the Civil War, was originally written in Graham shorthand by President Wilson. The New York Times in commenting on this fact says: "The shorthand characters of the President filled six pages of ordinary note-paper. After he had set down the communication in this way the President transcribed it on his own typewriter. As far as known, no official or clerk of the White House had any part in the transcription of the document until after it had been presented to the members of the Cabinet. "1 Department of State Washington, May 13, 1915. The Secretary op State to the American Ambassador at Berlin: Please call on the Minister of Foreign Affairs and after reading to him this communication leave with him a copy. In view of recent acts of the German authorities in violation of American rights on the high seas, which culminated in the torpedoing and sinking of the British steamship Lusitania on May 7, 1915, by which over 100 American citizens lost their lives, it is clearly wise and desirable that the Government of the United States and the Imperial German Government should come to a clear and full understanding as to the grave situation which has resulted. The sinking of the British passenger steamer Falaba by a German submarine on March 28, through which Leon C. Thrasher, an American citizen, was drowned; the attack on April 28 on the American vessel Cushing by a German aeroplane; the torpedoing on May 1 of the American vessel Gulflight by a German submarine, as a result of which two or more American citizens met their death; and, finally, the torpedoing and sinking of the steamship Lusitania, constitute a series of events which the Government of the United States has observed with growing concern, distress, and amazement . Recalling the humane and enlightened attitude hitherto assumed by the Imperial German Government in matters of international right, and particularly with regard to the freedom of the seas; having learned to recognize the German views and the German influence in the field of international obligation as always engaged upon the side of justice and humanity; and having understood the instructions of the Imperial German Government to its naval 20 154 Graham's Business Shorthand commanders to be upon the Bame plane of humane action prescribed by the naval codes of other nations, the Government of the United States was loath to believe — it can not now bring itself to believe — thai these acts, so absolutely contrary to the rules, the practices, and the spirit of modern warfare, could have the countenance or sanction of that great Government. It feels it to be its duty, there- fore, to address the Imperial German Government concerning them with the utmost frankness and in the earnest hope that it is not mistaken in expecting action on the part of the Imperial German Government, which will correct the unfortunate impressions which have been created, and vindicate once more the position of that. Government with regard to the sacred freedom of the seas. The Government of the United States has been apprised that the Imperial German Government considered themselves to be obliged by the extraordinary circumstances of the present war and the measures adopted by their adversaries in seeking to cut Germany off from all commerce, to adopt methods of retaliation which go much beyond the ordinary methods of warfare at sea, in the proclam- ation of a war zone from which they have warned neutral ships to keep away. This Government has already taken occasion to inform ♦ he Imperial German Government that it cannot admit the adoption of such measures or such a warning of danger to operate as in any degree an abbreviation of the rights of American shipmasters or of American citizens bound on lawful errands as passengers on merchant ships of belligerent, nationality, and that it must hold the Imperial German Government to a strict accountability for any infringement of those rights, intentional or incidental. It does not understand the Imperial German ( iovernment to question those rights. It assumes, on the contrary, that the Imperial Government accept, as of course, the rule that the lives of non-combatants, whether they be of neutral citizenship or citizens of one of the nations at war, cannot lawfully or rightfully be put in jeopardy by the capture or destruction of an unarmed merchantman, and recognize also, as all other nations do. the obligation to take the usual precaution of visit and search to ascertain whether a suspected merchantman is in fact of belligerent nationality or is in fact carrying contraband of war under a neutral flag. The Government of the United States, therefore, desires to call Supplementary Practice 155 the attention of the Imperial German Government with the utmost, earnestness to the fact that the objection to their present method of attack against the trade of their enemies lies in the practical im- possibility of employing submarines in the destruction of commerce without disregarding those rules of fairness, reason, justice, and humanity which all modern opinion regards as imperative. It is practically impossible for the officers of a submarine to visit a merchantman at sea and examine her papers and cargo. It is practically impossible for them to make a prize of her; and, if they cannot put a prize crew on board of her, they cannot sink her without leaving her crew and all on board of her to the mercy of the sea in her small boats. These facts it is understood the Imperial German Government frankly admit. We are informed that in the instances of which we have spoken time enough for even that poor measure of safety was not given, and in at least, two of the cases cited not so much as a warning was received. Manifestly, submarines cannot be used against merchantmen, as the last few weeks have shown, without an inevitable violation of many sacred principles of justice and humanity. American citizens act within their indisputable rights in taking their ships and in traveling wherever their legitimate business calls them upon the high seas, and exercise those rights in what should be the well-justified confidence that their lives will not be endangered by acts done in clear violation of universally acknowledged inter- national obligations, and certainly in the confidence that their own Government will sustain them in the exercise of their rights. There was recently published in the newspapers of the United States, I regret to inform the Imperial German Government, a formal warning, purporting to come from the Imperial German Embassy at Washington, addressed to the people of the United States, and stating, in effect, that any citizen of the United States who exercised his right of free travel Upon the seas would do so at his peril if his journey should take him within the zone of waters within which the Imperial German Navy was using submarines against the commerce of Great Britain and France, notwithstanding the respectful but very earnest protest of his Government, the Government of the United States. I do not refer to this for the purpose of calling the attention of the Imperial German Government L56 Graham's Business Shorthand al this time to the surprising irregularity <>f a communication from the Imperial German Embassy at Washington addressed to the people of the United Stales through the newspapers, but only for the purpose of pointing out thai no warning that an unlawful and inhumane act will be committed can possibly be accepted as an excuse or palliation for that act or as an abatement of the responsi- bility for its commission. Long acquainted as this Government has been with the character of the Imperial Government, and with the high principles of equity by which they have in the past been actuated and guided, the Government of the United States cannot believe that the com- manders of the vessels which committed these acts of lawlessness did so except under a misapprehension of the orders issued by the Imperial German naval authorities. It takes it for granted that, at least within the practical possibilities of every such case, the com- manders even of submarines were expected to do nothing that would involve the lives of noncombatants or the safety of neutral ships, even at the cost of failing of their object of capture or destruction. It confidently expects, therefore, that the Imperial German Govern- ment will disavow the acts of which the Government of the United States complains; that they will make reparation so far as reparation is possible for injuries which are without measure, and that they will take immediate steps to prevent the recurrence of anything so obviously subversive of the principles of warfare for which the Imperial German Government have in the past so wisely and so firmly contended. The Government and people of the United States look to the [mperial < ierman Government for just, prompt, and enlightened action in this vital matter with the greater confidence, because the United States and Germany are bound together not only by special ties of friendship, but also by the explicit stipulations of the Treaty of 1S28, between the United States and the Kingdom of Prussia. Expressions of regret and offers of reparation in case of the des- truction of neutral ships sunk by mistake, while they may satisfy international obligations, if no loss of life results, cannot justify or excuse a practice the natural and necessary effect of which is to subject neutral nations and neutral persons to new and immeasurable risks. The Imperial German Government will not expect the Govern- ment of the United States to omit any word or any act necessary to the performance of its sacred duty of maintaining the rights of the United States and its citizens and of safeguarding their free exercise and enjoyment. BRYAN. Supplementary Practice 157 ty<7U^ztz// o-f /. /fo0...i \ A . • si/ N -bo- 1 -^ ^. . .t J. w bz>- X. -< / ■?•/ W«! -V m ). rv. -W c - 1(H) Graham*8 Business Shorthand \ ...A. c//oi_ ,Cj r ._..). si. */-■ ^ ^,-X„C r ^.A\±L.Jt£t.— Tee 8 -Layst, at last ._ [— Telst 3 , at least _l/?_Tee 2 -Ren, turn -J — Tren 2 , train -L^Tee'-En-Bel, tenable J Ten 3 -Bce, attainable l/KTee 2 -Ray-Bel J terrible — Ter 2 -R.'l, trouble _ P___Sted 2 , staid — i— Steh-Dee 2 , steady — h — Ter 2 -Ter, traitor [\ L X^-Tred 2 -Ar, trader _.b — Ters 2 -Ef, transfer-red - < i -Iss-Ter, admini Dees'-Tershon, de«truc- L 0-..Jay 2 -Ent-El, gentle / rent*, gentleman t t t t- -t - L / tion .Dees 3 -Tcrshon, distrac- tion .Dee 3 -Iss-Tershon, adminis- tration Dees 2 -Tref, destructive . _ Dee^-Tref , distractive _Dee s -Iss-Tertiv, admin- istrative . Dees'-Tee-Rayshon, dis- tortion . Dees 2 -Teeshon, destitu- tion IV. ss'-Teeshon , dissatis- faction Dto'-Es, decease; de- ceased, Dees'-Est Deeses 1 , disease-d Dee'-Vees, advice Def'-Es, device DeeM'ees, advise DeP-Zee, devise CH Chay'-Bel, changeable .Chay'-Bel, chargeable ( *hay--Jor, changer Chay 3 -Jer, charger r Jay'-Ent, giant Jay c -Ent, agent r , __ _ .Kay-Pee 1 (vocalized), \ c °py ..__ .Kay-Pee 1 (vocalized i, — P occupy — _!__ Kays-Dee 1 , caused Kayst 1 , cost __/T__ Kay'-El, commonly Kay'-Lay, common law Kay-Layshon 1 , coalition — /O Kay-Layshon 8 , eollu- r -) sion Kelshon 1 , collision Kelshon 3 , conclusion _^-^Kav--Mer, commercial- _ — r~bKay 3 -Mers, commerce °~1 Ker'-Dens, credence . -TT.—Kred 1 , accord-ance rrr^\..Kays-Pret 2 , expert T7\^.Kays-Pee--Ret , export . __Jr\ Kays-Pee'-Ard, expired G '__ Gay-Dee 1 , guide . "...Ged 1 , God . e-L-. Gret-Lay 2 , greatly ^^T.Gred-Lay 3 , gradual-ly Words D ist ing u ished 107 L .1. 'i Ef 2 -Kay, effect-ed Ef 3 , affect-ed Ef'-Lshs, officious-ly EF-Shay, efficient-ly Ef'-Ar-Em, farm Fer 2 -Em, firm Fer 1 , form-ed Fer 2 , from EP-Vert, favorite Ver 3 , favor-ed Efs 2 -Kel, physical-ly Efs 2 -Kay-El, fiscal Ef»-Nol, final-ly Fen'-Lay, finely Vee 2 -Lay-Bel, available .Vel'-Bel, valuable TH lth 2 -Ilay, thorough .Ther 2 , through S -Es'-En, assignee -Esen 1 , assign .Es'-Ment, assignment d .Esend 1 , assigned rV\ L---Es 2 -End, ascend __J ,Esent 2 , assent L Lay 2 -Bred, labored ElVBred, elaborate-d Lay'-Brel, liberal-ly . ^S-El^Brel, illiberal-ly - J~-^ Lay^Jay-Kel, logical-ly . yL . El'-Jay-Kel, illogical-ly C— El'-Kay, electric (— -r El 2 -Kay-Kel, electrical- C PE1 2 -Kayters-Tee, elec- tricity Lay'-Kay, like-d Jzrr_ EMKay, alike /"= — ■ Lay'-Kcl, likely . '-TTT Lay 2 -Kel, local-ly LayVKay-Lay, luckily -(—y .. El*-Kay-El, alcohol /~ El 2 -Kel, alkali Lay'-Gel, legal-ly El'-Gel, illegal-ly Lay'-Em, lime /^ r -El 3 -Em, alum c II i,S GrahartCs Business Shorthand _n_ _!■'•' "-Ted, latitude - £|__Let*-Tee-Dee, altitude I ,\R ___\. Arder 1 , reader Rayter 1 , writer __S\_ Art'-Ar, retire __~^Vi. Ar*-Ter, orator-y RAY _^_ Ray ^Pet , repeat- ed ..y^Cl— Ray-- Pet, rapid-ity RayVPet, repute-d Ray'-Ef-Xcr, refiner : __„. Ray '-Fen-Ray, refinery y^rrrj Ray 3 -En-Dee, renewed . .y^l.- Ray'-End, ruined -2 _ _ Rays'-Pent, recipient ./L?_ Rays s -Pend, respond / U Rays 2 -Tershon, restric- ts tion /kl_ Ray>--Toe-Rnyslion, restoration Rel'-Yent, irrelevant Rel*-Vent, relevant Ked'-En, ordain Ret*-En, retain __^T._.Red I -End, ordained _^-T__Ret 2 -End, retained .-/--c-.Ret'-End, redound _^V - Iss-Ret'-Ef, certifies I e -<^\-— Iss-Ret 2 -Ef, certify M X_ Em-Bel 3 , amiable-y _Em-Bel 3 , humble-y Q Zher 3 , measure-able- y ably _^T^_ Em-Zher 3 , immeasur- , — able-y Em'-Xcr, minor Men-Ar 1 , miner, meaner '___ Mer'-Eay, merely Merl 1 , immoral-ly ^n Merl 2 , moral- ly „ Mcn'-Ent, imminent Mon 2 -Ent, eminent atv Em-Pret 3 , impart-ed v/ Emp-Ret 2 , import' __. Emp-Ret 1 , im' port .Emter'-Lay, immaterial V'Emtei^-Lay, material-ly X ^.En-Bed 1 , anybo ^En-Ven 1 -Ens, inconven- ience En-Ven 2 , invention En-Ved'-Bel, unavoid- able En-Vet 2 -Bel, inevitable .En-Emp 1 , unimportant- ce Words Distinguished 169 L^ — --^En-Emp 2 , unimproved — End'-Kayshon, indica- tion Csee Indicate, following) — ^End 2 -Kayshon, induc- *i tion End-Ted 1 , indicted - Jrl . . End-Ted 2 , indebted _-— ^-]-- End-Ted 3 , undoubted End'-Ket, indicate-d -_^rr. End 2 -Ket, induct-ed t x -End 2 -Els, endless End-Els 1 , needless 22 LIST OF (OMMOX BUSINESS PHRASES ^ a connection .„-£\. a part of it about the way _\ above all ^ above it above their /____— according to ynur — — y_\~ . again referring /___ all of which £-■ -^ _ all such matters allow you credit almost impossible also received yii and bo willing — and contents noted . _S&'--\ _ . and have his reply ^_^_ and note contents J -4 and of the J ^-jt, and will have the and would be any more than any one anywhere else as far as possible as fast aa possible as follows q_d as good as as heavy as possible f . ,) as it is possible dLp as it is understood 0. _p as long as there is as near as possible >-! Su. _ . j. as soon as you can _ _ I as we do 6 _.jo__ as well as possible sv-_ aa you are iv — v as you may f\ - as you will see 170 Common Business Phrases 171 cannot do SO 7 - cannot sec the cast iron pipe clo has he toll! r v baa it been has long been have been requested -v - --r-\ great difference I _ had he been __« has been done _ o J has been made has been paid v have not 1 n A^l have no) received ^c 1h' believes l he ran i__^ he cannot /\«j> he understands tVg he wants to be _ _ .n/\_ _ _ he will be glad he would be willing he would not have been House of Representatives how can how have you been how long *\ _cz Common Business Phrases 173 . I acknowledge -m a spirit. -I am in receipt of your \ in a way favor Be . I beg leave to say I have your lei ler I hope we can — I may as well -^\- I presume \ 1 should be ^ I should have been o I wo — V I wish to stale I would risk uld have been --- if it has been if it seems in a word in accordance (with) the -~^"J in addition -~^~-\ in advance ^"3 ' n a " circumstances ii all particulars £=s?io in all in appearance 1J\ in approval -?P inasmuch as - in compliance - in conclusion if there (their, or they are) if there lias been if we can !"■ sure - - if possible A. - in connection (with) the - in (the, or an) experience _ in his discretion in his line rC it will be satisfactory -X) in his operation - in a business-like manner -\<>- - '" nifl position ^^Z in a sample _^rA- .-in his possession 171 Graham's Business Shorthand in most particulars . _T^ . 1\» . in most parts --_tl . in order to advance H " in it possible it understood that it i^ B veil known fact ._tV in order to perfect in order to prove in our bouse -. *. it is apt to be otT^. it is important J.- it is tliercfore ...V 5f. in recommending in recompense in reconciling -- in reconsidering -- in recording - in reference - _ in regard to which _-^rX//_ in relation to which _.,4> it is well known t it would be likely just alike just another just as fast /' ■> _ in return ._ jD just as fast as possible .<-/- just as good /ja, just as well J just before * in respect to (or of) which d. Just done -___<^r!/l- J us t received know you do in separate in skill large sizes / in so far as is it not probable _9 larger than largest and best A" -f- _^v4c. ■"t Common Business Phrases 175 . latest fashion - — ^-__. no expectation . less than >» — *?- — no expense . let as many as possible » — f 7 ^ — no favor let us alone — > — rt~^—^? no intention list, priic --^ — ^-- - -^. no longer made us understand — -- — o*S<- no necessity majority of cases - — ■<- no people matter of fact -n^/>_. no such thing may be worth while not only may not be correct of almost more durable of all particulars more than usual j\>._ of all parts most always ~ of all sorts much larger of course much less than of course they are not much more than i)__ of course they have must aUo _.' !y?__ of course they will not must not X^ on account of being next day \o_. on account of having been next question . . on nil account* next week b__ on all sides 1 7<> Graham's on .-ill orta on anv account J on either Bide I on having S on her own on high ' & on his on his account on his hands / on his house on his own part on his part i on his way J_, on its account 1 on one side \^ on our being 2 1 on our having on our own on referriiit; -\_ on remembering \-l- on returning Business Shorthand —on Bale V\ on the contrar N^> on the face of it 1 on trial I on what I said (-? on your account c xv_^ one hundred dollars c ^w one hundred thousand \ dollars « — <£\- one of the best places i^ — *N> one part of it ■ c — ^/ only chance C_^ — 3 only known SL_^ -> only now and then .£— -v. only you "N^V. — parcel post ._X-^V pay roll > — * — ^--per annum ,^-_-,per barrel, per bushel ...\_ ,>v per day, per diem _-\^..,>^-f>-_per hour, per minute A.aa per hundred pounds Common Business Phrases 111 -^r-r-_ per your letter personal expense / please acknowledge 'X pretty clear .r\ pretty full _JrtL_ . unless it is ^— <5. s> they are) we are sorry to say we are in receipt of your letter ^y „TTL-^. .we can take care of __..!c3- .we call your attention ...\— . we expect-ed A,-— A" where it is possible y^ .where there has been „^L when- they are interested -~r\-- whether he can within a few days | within the tii with whom you are con- nected T" won t attempt Secretary of the Treasury m__ you said you left there so as to be sure //. 0r../^-> so much f . rvR you should expect you should anticipate your wants ..K. so well known U — v telephone the order ■-Q-- .to be favored <\n you were interested . _o you were told you will therefore ALPHABETIC LIST OF WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS A, a dot on the line or a lighl tick joined able, Bel 2 ably, Bel 2 able to have, Blef 2 ■ about, Bet 3 (below and free from the line) above, Bee^Vee according-ly, Kred 1 account, Kent 2 acknowledge, Kay-Jay 2 acknowledged, Kay-Jed 1 addition-al, Deeshon 3 administer, Dees 3 -Ter administered, Dees 3 -Tred advance-d, Def 3 advancement, Dees 3 -Mn- irregular-ity, Ar 2 -Gay irrespective-ly, Ar 2 -Spef is, Iss 1 is as, Ses 1 is his, Ses 1 is it, Zet 1 is not, Sent 1 issue, Ish 3 it, Tee 2 its, Tees 2 itself, Tees 3 it. had, Tet 3 it had not, Tent 3 it ought, Tet 1 it ought not, Tent 1 it will, Tel 2 it will have, Telf 2 it will not. Tlent 1 it would, Tet 3 it would not, Tent 2 January, Jay 2 -En junior, Jer 3 L82 ll'onl-Sif/ns jury, Jen* kind, Kent 1 knew, En 2 -Chetoid know, En 2 knowledge, En-Jay 2 known, Nen 2 language, Ing 2 large, Jay 3 larger, Jer 3 let, Let 2 let us, Lets 2 long, Ing 3 Lord, Ard 1 machinery, Em-Ish*-Ray made, Med 1 man, Men 2 manner, Ner 2 manufacture-d, Em-En-Ef 2 manufacturer, Em-En-Ef 2 Massachusetts, Ems-Ohay 3 matter, Emter 2 may, Em 2 may be, Emp 2 may not, Ment 2 me, Em 1 member, Ber 2 men, Men 1 mention, Emshon 2 mentioned, Emshond 2 mere, Mer 1 merely, Mer x -Lay might, Met 1 million-th, Mel 1 mind, Mend 1 more, Mer 2 moreover, Mer 2 -Ver more than, Mern 2 Mr., Mer 1 Mrs., Ems-Es 2 much, Char 3 much will, Chel 3 my, Em 1 my dear friend, Emder J -Frend my dear sir, Emders'-Ray my own. Men 1 myself, Ems 1 nature, Xet- near, Ner 1 neared, Wrd 1 nearer, Xer'-Ar nearest, Nerst 1 oeglect-ed, En?-Gay neglectful-ly, En 2 -Gef never, En-Vee 2 nevertheless, EntVee 2 new, En 2 -Chetoid New Jersey, En-.Jav- New York, En-Yay 2 next, Enst 2 no, En 2 none, Nen 2 nor, Ner 1 not, Net 1 notwithstanding, EntTee 2 November, En-Vee 2 now, EnVPetoid number, Ber 3 numbered, Ber 3 :Dee object', Bee 2 ob'ject, Bee 2 objection, Beeshon 2 objective, Beetiv- obligation, Belshon 2 of, Petoid 1 of all, Pletoid 1 of it, Vet 1 of our, Pretoid 1 of our own, Prentoid 1 often, Fen 2 of their, yeether 1 oh, Dedoid 2 on, Chetoid 1 on all. Cheltoid 1 one, Wen 2 only, 'NeH on our, Chertoid 1 on our own, Cherntoid 1 on the one hand, Wen'end 2 on the other hand, THrend 2 onward, Retoid^Werd opinion, X'en 1 opportunity, Pret 2 opposition, Peeseshon 1 oppression, Pershon 3 or, Tetoid 1 order-ed, Arder' Graham's Business Shorthand 183 organ, Gen 1 organization, Genseshon 1 other, THer 3 ought, Jedoid 1 our, Ar 3 our own, Am 3 ourself, Ars 3 ourselves, Arses 3 out, Tee 3 out of, Tef 3 over, Ver 1 overcome, Ver'-Kay owe, Dedoid 2 own, En 3 owner, Nor 3 parallel-ed, Prel 2 parliament-ary, Prel 3 particular-ly, Pret 1 party, Pee 3 peculiar-ity, Pec 2 -Kay people-d. Pel 2 perfect, Perf 1 perfected, Perf'-Ket perfection, Pershon 1 Pennsylvania, Pees^Vee perform-ed-ance, Per 2 -Fer permit-ted, Per 2 -Met plaintiff, Plent 2 platform, Plet 2 -Fer pleasure, Zher 2 position, Peeseshon 2 possession, Peeseshon 3 possibility, Pees 1 possible-y, Pees 1 practicable, Per 3 -Ket practical-ly, Per 3 practice, Per 3 practiced, Perst 3 practices, Pers 3 preliminary, Prel 1 pretty, Pret 2 principal, Per 2 principle, Per 2 probable-y, Per 2 - Bee probability, Per 2 -Bee product, Per 2 -Dee professor, Pref 2 profit-ed, Preft 1 promote-d, Per'-Met j>rompt-ed, Per'-Met proof, Pref 2 proper, Per 1 property, Per'-Pee prophet, Preft 1 propriety, Per 1 prove, Pref 2 public-ation, Pee-- Bee publish-ed-er, Pee^-Bee put, Pet 3 (below and free from the line) question, Ken 2 quite, Ket 1 rather, Rayther 2 read, Ard 1 real-ly, Rel 1 reality, Rel 1 realize, Rels 1 realized, Relst 1 refer-red-ence, Ra} ,2 -Ef refers, Ray 2 -Efs references, RayVEfs reform-ed, Ray^Fer regular-ity, Ray 2 -Gay relate-d, Rel 3 relation, Rel 2 remark-ed, Mer 1 remarkable-y, Mer-Bel 2 remember, Ber 2 remembered, Ber 2 :Dee remembrance, Brens 1 represent, Ray 2 -Pee represented, Ray-'-PeeiDce 1 represent at ion, Ray'--Pccshon represent at ive, Ray 2 -Pcetiv respect -ful-ly, Rays 2 -Pee respect ive-ly, Ray 2 -Spef rule-d, Rel 3 same time, Semt 2 -Kin satisfaction, Steeshon 3 satisfy-ied, Stee 3 satisfactory, Stee 3 secure, Sker 3 secured, Skred 3 security, Skret* see, Es 1 September, Spot --Km 1X1 Word-Signs several, Svce 2 shall, l-lr sliare, Slier 1 shared, Sherd' 1 slie, Isli 1 should, Chetoid 2 should all, Cheltoid 2 should our, ( 'hertoid 2 Bignificancy, Seen 1 significant-ce, Sgay 1 situation, Stecshon 1 so, Es 2 something, Sein 2 -Ing sometime, Semt 2 somewhat, Semt 1 sooner than, Snern 3 special-ty-Spee' spirit, Spret 1 station, Steeshon 2 stranger, Stcr--Jer .subject, Iss-Bee 2 subjected, Sbee-':.Jay subjection, Sbeeshon 2 subjective, Sbeetiv 2 superintend-ed-ent, Sprent 3 supply, Spel 2 supplied, Spied 2 suppress, Spers 3 suppressed, Sperst 3 suppresses, Sperses 3 suppression, Spershon 3 surprise, Spers 1 surprised, Sperst 1 surprises, Sperses 1 sure, Sher 2 surelv, Shrcl 2 tell, Tel 2 than, Tuen 1 thank-ed, Ith 1 that, Tnet 1 the, a dot above the line their, Tner 2 their own, Tuern- them, Tuee 2 themselves, Tueeses 2 then, Turn 2 there, Tner 2 thereafter, Tner"-] i iherefoi-e, Ther--Kt thereof, THer^Petoid 1 t hereon , Tner 2 :( Jhetoid 1 thereto, THerS-Petoid these, Tuecs 1 they, Tuee 2 they are, THer 2 I hey will, ThcI 2 thing, Ing 1 think, Ith 2 this, Tnees 2 those, THees 3 though, Tuee 3 thought, Itht 1 thousand, Ith 3 through, Ther 2 throughout, Thret 2 thus, THees 3 till. Tel 2 till it, Telt 1 time, Tee 1 to, Petoid 2 to all, Pletoid 2 to be, Bee 3 to become, Bee ! -Kay together, Gay 2 to have, Peftoid 2 to have been, Ben 3 told, Telt 2 too, Bedoid 2 to our, Pretoid 2 to our own, Prentoid 2 toward, Tred 2 towards, Treds 2 transfer- red, Ters 2 -Ef transgress, Ters*-Gays transform-ed, Ters 2 -Fer transient, Tershont 2 trulv, Trel 3 truth, Ter 2 truthful-lv, Tref 2 twelve-th, Telf 2 two, Bedoid 8 under, End' understood, Ends-Ted 2 uniform-ity, En-Fer 3 United States, Enses 1 unless, Nels 1 Word-Signs 185 until, Tel 3 until it, Telt 3 up, Pee 2 upon, Pen 2 us, Es 3 use (noun), Es 3 use (verb), Zee 3 used, Zed 3 usual-ly, Zhay 2 valuable, Vel 3 -Bel value, Vel 3 valued, Veld 3 very, Ver 2 want, Went 1 was, Zee 2 way, Way 2 we, We 1 we are, Wer 1 we are not, Wernt 1 we are of, Werf 1 we can, Weh'-Km we cannot, Weh'-Kent we know, Wen 1 we may, Wem 1 we may not, Wemcnt 1 well, Wei* were, W£h 2 were not, Wernt 2 we were, we would, Way'weh 1 were what, were with, Weh'weh 1 were yet, were j'ou, Weh'yeh 2 we will, Wei 1 we will not, Welent 1 what, Wuh 1 whatever, Tef 2 what we, what were, Wuh'wuh' what with, what would, Wuh' wuli 1 what yet, what you, Wuh'yuh 1 when, Wen 1 whenever, Wen-Vee a where, Wer* wherefore, Wer 2 -Ef whereof, Werf 2 wherever, Wer*-Vee whether, Wayther 2 which, Chay 2 which are, Cher 2 whichever, Chef-' which have, Chef 2 which will, Chel 2 which will not, Chlent 1 while, Wei 1 who, Jedoid 2 who are, Jerdoid 2 whoever, Jeftoid 2 who have, Cheftoid 2 whole, Lay 3 whom, Jedoid 2 whose, Jedsoid 2 whosesoever, Jedsoid 2 :Iss whosoever, Jedsoid 2 -Vee who will, Jeltoid 2 why, Way 1 will, Lay 2 will not, Lent 1 wish, Ish 1 with, WeTi 1 with him, Wem 2 within, Tuen 1 with me, Wem 1 with my, Wem 1 without, Tuet- with what, Weh'weh 1 wished, Isht 1 word, Wcrd 2 world, Eld 2 would, Wuh 2 would we, Wuh'wuh 2 would what, Wuh'wuh 2 would yet, Wuh'yuh 8 would you, Wuh'yuh 2 year-s, Ygh 1 yet. Ych 2 yicld-ed, Yeld 1 you,Yuh 2 you were, you would, Yuh'u uh- your, Yay 2 your own, Yayn 2 yours, yourself, Yays-' yourselves, Yayses 2 your ownself, Yayn*:Isa ■^ PUBLICATIONS OF ANDREW J. GRAHAM & CO. 1133 Broadway, New York Shorthand Instruction Books Handbook of Standard Phonography. Presents every principle with such completeness of explanation and fullness of illustration as to leave for faithful students no unanswered questions. Thousands have learned Phonography thoroughly without a teacher from this book alone. 12 mo. 440 pages, including a Brief Phonographic Dictionary. Cloth, price, $2.00; postpaid, $2.10. Handbook Writing Exercise Blank, in pamphlet form only. 96 pages. Price, 15 cents; postpaid, 18 cents Graham's Business Shorthand. For use in public and private commercial schools. Thirty-three short lessons presenting the subject in accordance with the principles of modern pedagogy-. Position writing, phras- ing, and finality of outline from the start. Outlines for words in the first lesson. Sentences in the second lesson. Business letters after the sixth lesson. Emphasis on commercial vocabulary. Early introduction of the halv- ing principle. Simplification of rules. Cloth, price, $1.50. Amanuensis Phonography. Presents a style equal to the briefest of any other system. Forty-one short lessons in the principles, followed by abundant reading and writing exercises. 12 mo., 250 pages. Cloth, price, $1.50. Key to the I Reading Exercises of Amanuensis Phonog- raphy. Price, 15 cents. Amanuensis Phonography Writing Exercise Blank. In pamphlet [form, with lines on which to write the shorthand signs under the printed words; and with space for corrections by a teacher. 95 pages. Price, 15 cents; postpaid, 18 cents. The same in loose leaves, printed on one side only — most convenient form for correspondence lessons, in connection with the text -book. Price, 25 cents. The Synopsis. This book is well adapted to the use either of classes or of private students. It consists of — (1) The Synopsis, in which all the elementary principles are unmistakably presented, with over eight hundred engraved illustrations; (2) The Correspondent's List, compris- I ins an alphabetical list of Word-Signs, Contractions, Phrase-Signs, Prefixes and Affixes; (3) The Reading Exercises, in which there is extended illustration of the application <>f the principles of each section ol The Synop- sis. 12 mo. Cloth, 70 pages. Price, 50 cents. Dictation Books First Dictation. One hundred and ninety progres- sively graded business letters in shorthand to accompany and follow Amanuensis Phonography. A letter for drill on each principle after the tenth lesson and 165 letters for practice after the completion of the text. Also con- tains shorthand outlines for the names of more than 200 principal American cities and about 200 of the most common legal terms. 90 pages, without key, 50 cent--; with separately bound key, 65 cents; key alone, 25 cents. Business Letters, First Series. A collection of 100 business letters, on a great variety of subjects, with key. 12 mo., 96 pages. Cloth, price, 50 cents. Business Letters, Second Series. Another collec- tion, but more difficult, because on more technical subjects. They afford a fine drill in the vocabulary of manufac- ture and commerce. 12 mo., 93 pages. Cloth, price, 50 cents Amanuensis Practice. An extensive and varied collection of business letters and miscellaneous articles. The shorthand and key are in parallel columns, and the foot-notes give instruction in phrase-writing. 12 mo., 154 pages. Cloth, price, SI. 2.5. First Reader. For extended practice in the elementary principles, as presented in the Handbook. The extensive foot-notes and references to the Handbook are of great value to all who desire to attain a high degree of accuracy in writing. 12 mo., 160 pages (68 in shorthand). Cloth, price, Si. 25. Second Reader. Exemplifies the advanced principles of the system, as practiced by the author during his ex- tended and distinguished career as a reporter. No other book so thoroughly teaches the value of phrase-writing for speed and legibility. 12 mo., 223 pages (46 in short- hand). Cloth, price, S 1.25. Reference Books Standard Phonographic Dictionary. The most useful and comprehensive shorthand dictionary — and the only authoritative one of the Graham system. Gives the out- line names for about 60,000 words and an equal number of phrase-. 12 mo., 1053 pages. Cloth, price,S2.50;Leather, S3. 50. By mail, 20 cents more on each copy. II The Reporter's List. Presents in one list the various lists of word-signs in the Handbook, with thousands of other words for comparison, contrast and distinction. Following each word-sign are the full outlines for the word and many of its derivatives; and, for comparison, other words having similar consonants. Thus, in a glance, are presented words which need to be distinguished by out- line, position, or vocalization; and the modes of distinc- tion are most easily remembered by this presentation. In addition to the engraved pages, of which there are 1,000, there are 107 pages of Notes in common print. The list is arranged in the phonographic alphabetical order, but any word-sign may be easily found by refer- ence to the index. This is the best reference book of engraved signs for the "Short Cuts" of the Graham System. 1,126 pages. Cloth, price, $3.20; Leather, $4.25. Correspondent's List of Word-Signs. An indis- pensable pocket companion for every student of Graham shorthand, as it contains all the most important word- signs in convenient form to carry in the pocket. In paper covers, price, 15 cents. The Little Teacher. A pocket volume, for convenient reference to all of the principal elements of the system. It comprises: (1) The Outline; (2) Reading Exercises — furnishing an exercise on each section of the Outline — (3) Lists of the most commonly used word-signs. Cloth, price, 40 cents; paper covers, 25 cents. Supplementary Practice Books Students of shorthand who confine their practice en- tirely to commercial subjects do not lay the broad founda- tion necessary for general reporting, nor even for high grade amanuensis work. They should enlarge their vocabulary of outlines by practice on many different kinds of subject matter, and especially on that which is recognized as among the best of its class. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, by Washington Irving. — Without key. 12 mo., 39 pages. Paper covers, price, 20 cents. Conservation of Natural Resources. An address by President Roosevelt to the Governors of the several States, at the White House, May 13, L908. This should be taken up for practice after the completion of Amanuensis Phonography. 12 mo., 24 pages. Paper covers, price, 10 cents III UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. v- m 4 1974 **» ^m«^ y J>S&* t\hl^ , 'JUN 1 ° Form L9-10m-3,'48(A7920)444 UNIVERSITY ot CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES A/ 3 1158 01105 036 UC SOUTHERN BEgN^ WtgJSSJr Aft 001 168 W«