*THE 
 
 ittagrarjlrk §Jtam. 
 
 A COLLECTION OF 
 
 FOUR HUNDRED AND SEVENTY FAC-SIMILES 
 
 OF 
 
 il olograph Writings of Eo#al, Boblo, and distinguished 
 Men and Women, of various Nations. 
 
 DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF 
 
 LIBRARIANS, AUTOGRAPH COLLECTORS, LITERARY MEN, 
 AND AS A WORK OF GENERAL INTEREST. 
 
 WITH BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES, AND OCCASIONAL TRANSLATIONS. 
 
 LAWRENCE B.jPHILLIPS, F.E.A.S. 
 
 LITHOGRAPHED BY F. G. NETHERCLIFT. 
 
 LONDON: ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192, PICCADILLY. 
 
 1866.

 
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 PREFACE 
 
 The desire for collecting autographs most probably commenced with the 
 introduction of the " Alba Amicorum," which were usually small paper books 
 in octavo, bound lengthwise, in which the possessor would recpiest his friend- 
 to write their names, accompanied by some complimentary sentence. This 
 custom apparently commenced about the close of the sixteenth century. The 
 earliest MS. of this description we have yet met with, is that formerly belonging 
 to John Spon, marked Egerton MS. 1178, preserved in the British Museum, 
 the date of which is 1554. It docs not appear that original letters were 
 collected, even at this period, for the curiosity they offered as specimens of 
 calligraphy, or for any interest that was thrived from the knowledge that 
 they were in the handwriting of eminent persons. 
 
 The two greatest collectors of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Harley, 
 Earl of Oxford, and Sir Robert Cotton, brought together an immense number of 
 manuscripts, not as specimens of handwriting, but on account of their valuable 
 historical and general contents. It must therefore be concluded, that although 
 autographs were collected at an early period, it was not done with a view to form 
 an autographic collection, but for the purpose of preserving documents which 
 might at any time be an assistance to literary men, and persons seeking authentic 
 information relative to historical facts, biography, and customs of various periods. 
 
 Among those who first collected autographic Letters will be found the well- 
 known antiquaries, Ralph Thoresby, Esq., Peter le Neve, Esq., and the Rev. Mr. 
 Ives. Since their day the taste for this amusement and study has rapid!) 

 
 increased, so much so indeed that within the last few years it has arrived at that 
 state which entitles it to the denomination of a mania. 
 
 At the commencement of the present century the most extensive and cele- 
 brated collectors were James Bindley, Esq., F.S.A., J. L. Anderson, Esq., Dawson 
 Turner, Esq., F.R.S., J. B. Williams, Esq., F.S.A., Miss Hutton, and William 
 TJpcott, Esq., whose voluminous collection was lately sold. 
 
 At the present day, in addition to those already mentioned, we may name John 
 Young, Esq., as one of the greatest collectors of modern times. 
 
 The interest arising from the examination of autographic writings of 
 distinguished persons is always greatly increased when the specimen under 
 observation relates to some important and well-known event in the life of 
 the writer. To obtain specimens of this description the author of the present 
 work has given the greatest attention, and whenever it was in his power he 
 has chosen a letter or document bearing some striking illustration of the character, 
 calling, or principal work of the writer. 
 
 The specimens given in this work have been chiefly selected from manuscripts 
 in the National Collection, and the author takes this opportunity of thanking the 
 Trustees of the British Museum for the licence granted him to use the collections, 
 and likewise Sir Frederic Madden, K.H., for his kindness in according every 
 facility for its compilation. 
 
 The specimens not obtained from the above mentioned source were very 
 liberally Lent by P. O'Callaghan, Esq., F.S.A., and G. Manners, Esq., F.S.A., to 
 whom the author's sincere thanks are due; more especially to the latter gentleman, 
 who placed his extensive and valuable collection entirely at his disposal, and from 
 which more than one hundred and fifty specimens were selected.
 
 BIOGEAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 Abbot, George, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 born 1502. After receiving a succession 
 of preferments he was one of the eight 
 divines appointed to translate the Bible. 
 In 1609 he was made Bishop of Lich- 
 field, the same year translated to London, 
 and in 1010 to Canterbury. He accident- 
 ally shot a gamekeeper wliilst out hunt- 
 ing: this event clouded the remainder of 
 his life. Died 1015 . . 154 
 
 Abbrcromby, Sir Ralph, a celebrated 
 general, born 1738. He entered the 
 Guards as a cornet, and after passing 
 through several degrees of rank, became 
 lieutenant-general in 1?!)?. In 1801 he 
 had the command of the expedition 
 against the French, whom he defeated 
 at the memorable battles of Aboukir, and 
 Alexandria, seven days after which he 
 died from the effects of a wound he had 
 received ..... 83 
 
 Adams, Jolin, an eminent American states- 
 man, born at Baintree, near Boston, Mas* 
 saehusetts, U.S., 19th of October, 1785. 
 Formany years he took an active part in 
 politics, and in 1785 was the firsl ambas- 
 sador appointed by the U.S. at the Court 
 of St. James's, in 1707, on the retire- 
 ment of Washington, he was chosen 
 President, and, at the close of bis term 
 of four years, retired from public life. 
 Died at Quincey, Julv 1th. 1826 . 71 
 
 Adams, John Quincey, the eldest son of the 
 preceding, was born in Massachusetts, 
 in 1769. He represented the United 
 States at the congress of Vienna, ami in 
 1825 was elected President of the United 
 States. Died at Washington in 1848. 
 
 77 
 
 Addingtox. Henry, Viscount Sidmouth, 
 an English statesman, bom at Reading, 
 1757. In 17K9 he was elected speaker 
 of the House of Commons, and in 1801 
 was called upon to form a ministry. He 
 was raised to the peerage in 1805, the 
 following year became lord privy seal, 
 and, in 1812, secretary of state for the 
 Home Department, which post he held 
 during ten years. Died 1844 . 223 
 
 Atnswoeth, William Harrison, a popular 
 novelist, horn in 1805. 1 Lis early works 
 were grounded upon the lives of the 
 notorious criminals, Jack Sheppard,Dick 
 Turpin, etc., etc., which were followed 
 by " Windsor Castle," " The Star Cham- 
 ber," and others, many of which first 
 appeared in " Bentlev's Miscellany." 
 
 138 
 
 AlRY, George Biddell, Astronomer Royal, 
 horn at Alnwick, in Northumberland, 
 July 27th, L801. In 1824 he took his 
 degree of M.A., and was elected Lucasian 
 Professor. In 1828 he was elected to the 
 Plumian Professorship, and entrusted 
 
 r»
 
 with the entire management of the Cam- 
 bridge Observatory. In 1835 he suc- 
 ci eded Mr. Pond as Astronomer Royal, 
 in which capacity he has greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself ... 61 
 
 Albert. Prince, son of Ernest, Duke of 
 Saxe-Coburg, born 1819. He received 
 a distinguished education in Germany, 
 and became the husband of Queen Vic- 
 toria in 1840 J by whom he had eight 
 children. He rendered himself popular 
 by the amiability of his character and 
 the protection he accorded to letters and 
 the tine arts. Died 1861 . 1 
 
 Alison, Sir Archibald. Bart., was born at 
 the parsonage house of Kenley, in Shrop- 
 shire, 1792. In 1H14 he was called to 
 the Scotch bar. In 1822 he was ap- 
 pointed deputy-advocate, and about the 
 end of 1*34 Sheriff of Lanarkshire. He 
 is the author of the " History of Europe," 
 " Life of the Duke of Marlborough," and 
 several other works ... 88 
 
 Amelia, Princess, sixth daughter of King 
 George III. Bom 1783. Died 1810 3 
 
 Anne, Queen of England. Born 6th Feb.' 
 1 66 1. Became the wife of Prince George 
 of Denmark, 1683. Died 12th Aug., 
 1714 233 
 
 Anne Lor isa. Princess of Portugal . 151 
 
 Anson, George, Lord, a naval hero, born in 
 Staffordshire, L697. He entered the navy, 
 in which service he greatly distinguished 
 
 himself; in 17-17 he took the command 
 Of ilie Channel licet, and subsequently 
 became first Lord of the Admiralty. Died 
 L762 .188 
 
 Abotle, Ear] of, v. Campbell, Archibald. 
 
 Arlington, Earl of, v Bennet, Henry. 
 
 Armimius, James, a celebrated dh ine, born 
 ;it Ondwater, L560 Being desired to 
 
 refute ii piece oil |iivdest Ilia I ion. in .| l; ii| 
 
 of doing bo he became a com erl bo that 
 doctrine. In 1608 be was appointed 
 profes or of 6x\ initj al Lej di a. I >ied 
 1609 . . " ". .142 
 
 1 1 Mars . I tachee - of Norfolk, 
 Tin- \ i iv talented Ladj wasjhe daughter 
 
 of Henry Fitzwilliam, Earl of Arundel. 
 In 1554 she became the wife of Thomas 
 Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk. Died 
 in her 16th year, 1558 ... 37 
 
 Arundel, Athela Talbot, Countess of, was 
 the daughter of Gilbert, seventh Earl of 
 Shrewsbury ; she married Thomas How- 
 ard, Earl of Arundel and Surrey . 41 
 
 Atkin, Thomas, Lord Mayor of London. 
 
 122 
 
 Acbeb, Daniel Francis Esprit, a musical 
 composer, born at Caen, 1784. He is 
 one of the few musical geniuses of the 
 age, and a most prolific composer, having 
 produced over forty operas in the same 
 number of years .... 125 
 
 Aubigne, Frances d', Marchioness de 
 Maintenon, the mistress, afterwards wife, 
 of Louis XIV., born 1635. In 1651 she 
 became the wife of the poet Scarron, and 
 at his death, tutor to the King's children 
 by Madame de Montespan, in which 
 capacity she gained great influence over 
 the king, who made her Iris wife in 
 1685. Died 1719 . . . .205 
 
 Bach, John Sebastian, a celebrated com- 
 poser, born in 1685. His compositions 
 are works of the highest excellence, and 
 he was, without doubt, one of the most 
 extraordinary musicians that ever lived. 
 Died 28th of July, 1750 . . 17 
 
 Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam, Viscount 
 St. Albans, a distinguished philosopher 
 and statesman, born in London, 22nd 
 Feb., 1561. Chancellor of England, 
 1618. Died April 9th, 1626 . 102 
 
 Bui k, Michael William, a celebrated 
 musical composer, born at Dublin, May, 
 isiiN. in 1824 lie appeared in " Der 
 Freischutz," at Drury-lane Theatre, 
 niter which he went to Italy and 
 France, where he produced a series 
 of operas; returning to London he be- 
 came director of the Italian Opera, and 
 baa since composed many deservedly 
 successful works .... Ill
 
 Baillik, Joanna, a celebrated authoress, 
 born in Scotland, 17(55. She spent the 
 greater part of her life at Hampstead, 
 and wrote a number of dramas ; her 
 "Plays of the Passions " have rendered 
 her famous ..... 85 
 
 Bahbikri, John Francis, v. Guercino. 
 
 Bahetti, Joseph, an Italian writer, bom 
 17ir>. In 1750 he visited England, and 
 soon acquired the language. He wrote 
 " A Dictionary, English and Italian," 
 "The Italian Library," "A Dictionary 
 of English and Spanish," and many 
 other works. Died 1789 .187 
 
 Barnktt, John, son of a London merchant, 
 born in 1802. Made Iris debut at Drury- 
 lane in 1813, in the opera of " The 
 Shipwreck." His works are well known, 
 but that which has gained for him the 
 greatest repute is the opera of " The 
 Mountain Sylph," first performed in 
 1841 113 
 
 Bartolozzi, Francesco, an eminent Flor- 
 entine designer and engraver, born 1725. 
 In 1709 he was elected a member of the 
 Royal Academy, baring removed to Eng- 
 land at the request of George III., by 
 whom he was employed to engrave a set 
 of plates after Guercino. Died 1815. 
 
 202 
 
 Bayard (Pierre du Terrail de), born 
 near Grenoble, in 1476. He was one of 
 the bravest men that ever lived, and 
 was surnamed the knight " sans peur et 
 sans reproche." " Brave as Bayard," is a 
 proverb well known to all students in 
 chivalry. He received a mortal wound 
 at the retreat of Rebec, hi 1524 . 30 
 
 Translation of Specimen. 
 
 I pray God to keep you in good 
 health, and full accomplishment of all 
 your desires. 
 
 Your very humble servant, 
 Bayart. 
 
 Bayi.e, Peter, a distinguished French 
 writer, born 1047. In 1684 he com- 
 menced a journal which obtained great 
 celebrity, entitled " Nouvelles de la 
 Republique des Lettres,' which was 
 
 followed by liis well known 
 and Critical Dictionary." 
 
 " Historical 
 
 Died 1706. 
 
 193 
 
 Beauclerk, Diana, an able English artiste, 
 living at the close of the last century. 
 She made the drawings to a splendid 
 edition of Spencer's translation of 
 Leonore . . • .27 
 
 Bkal( i.krk, George, Lord . . 62 
 
 Beauhaknus. Alexander, Viscount de, 
 horn at Martinique, in 1760. He mar- 
 ried Mdlle. Josephine Tascher de la 
 Pagerie, who subsequently became the 
 first wife of Napoleon I. Beauharnais 
 was executed on the revolutionary scaf- 
 fold, 1794 201 
 
 Beethoven, Ludwig Von, one of the great- 
 est musical geniuses that ever lived, was 
 born at Bonn on the Rhine, in 1770. 
 Died on the 26th of March, 1827 . 18 
 
 Beixetti, a celebrated Italian singer, who 
 for several years has delighted the Lon- 
 don opera-going public with his finished 
 vocalisation ..... 58 
 
 Belzon i, Giovanni, a distinguished traveller, 
 born at Padua, about 1744. He opened 
 the great temple of Abousambul, and 
 many of the splendid sepulchres in 
 Egypt. In 1823 he set out upon an 
 exploring expedition in Africa, but died 
 from an attack of dysentery at Gato, hi 
 Benin, the same year . . .174 
 
 Bennet, Henry, Earl of Arlington, a dis- 
 tinguished statesman, bom in 1618. He 
 fought for the royal cause during the 
 civil wars, and at the Restoration was 
 appointed keeper of the privy purse, 
 and in 1662 principal secretary of state : 
 he subsequently became lord-chamber- 
 lain, which post he held till his death in 
 1685 HO 
 
 Bentham, Jeremy, a distinguished writer, 
 born in London, 1747. Amongst the 
 principal works, of this juridical pliiloso- 
 pher will be found " Introduction to the 
 Principles of Morals and Legislation," 
 "A Fragmenl on Government," and a 
 •• Book of Fallacies.' Died 1832 .175
 
 Bentivoglio, John, descended of an ancient 
 Bolognese family. He led the popular 
 party against the Pope, and was pro- 
 claimed sovereign of Bologna in 1401. 
 He was subsequently defeated and put 
 to death 149 
 
 Berwick. Noel Hill, first Lord. He repre- 
 sented the county of Salop in three 
 parliaments, and in 1784 was created a 
 peer ...... 62 
 
 Bethtjne, Maximilian de, Duke of Sully, 
 a celebrated French statesman, born at 
 Rosny, hi 1500. Having escaped the 
 massacre of St. Bartholomew, he fled 
 from Paris with Henry of Navarre, on 
 whose accession to the tlirone of France 
 he became minister of finance, and 
 rose to the highest offices in the state. 
 Died 1041 21 
 
 3tone, Sir William, a celebrated 
 English judge, born 1723, was educated 
 at I Oxford. In 1740 he entered at the 
 Middle Temple, in 1740 was appointed 
 B i sorder of Wallingford, in 1703 solicitor- 
 gene ral ; and in 1770 he became one 
 of the judges of the King's Bench. 
 Died 17s0 83 
 
 Blount, Mary, Duchess of Norfolk, was 
 the daughter of Edward Blount, and 
 became the wife of Edward, 4th Duke 
 of Norfolk. Died 1778 . G 
 
 Bun bee, Field-Marshal Lebrecht Von, a 
 distinguished Prussian general, born 
 1742 He intend the army, and soon 
 to a senior captaincy ; in L786 was 
 made a major, and continued to rise till 
 1818, v.h< ii he held the command of 
 
 80,000 men, and sue.- led in defeating 
 
 Marshals Ney, Macdonald, Sebastiani, 
 
 and Lauri ton. He commanded the 
 
 ian armyal the battle of Waterloo. 
 
 I >■• d L819 1H3 
 
 Hon i i\ , Nioholas, culled Despreaux, one 
 of the greatest poets of France, born 
 
 I- I NOV L888 Hi -■■■' I patronised by 
 
 I.oui XTV I., L678 be published bis 
 oel brated " An of Poetry," lait it is 
 
 " Le I -ul rm " which lias stamped his 
 
 name as one of the first of poets, and 
 which is considered to be one of the 
 finest specimens of pure and perfect 
 poetry. Died 1711 . . .179 
 
 Boleyk, Anna, the daughter of Sir Thomas 
 Boleyn, of Bhckling, in Norfolk, was 
 bom in 1507. She became the second 
 wife of Henry VIII. and the mother of 
 Queen Elizabeth. Beheaded 1536 . 226 
 
 Bolin broke, Lord, v. St. John, Henry. 
 
 Bolivar, Simon, the liberator of South 
 America from the Spanish yoke, born 
 1783. After having gained the battle of 
 Carabobo, where the royalists lost 6,000 
 men, he was chosen President. In 1823 
 he assisted the Peruvians to gain their 
 independence, and was invested with 
 supreme authority. Died 1831 . 57 
 
 Bonaparte, Marie Pauline, daughter of 
 Charles Bonaparte, and sister of Napo- 
 leon I., was born in 1780. She was 
 first married to General Leclerc, after 
 whose death she became the wife of 
 Prince Caniillo Borghese. Died -1825. 
 
 202 
 
 Boucicault, Dion, a dramatic writer and 
 actor, born in Dublin, December 20th, 
 1822, and educated at the London Uni- 
 versity. His first play, " London 
 Assurance," produced at Covent Garden 
 Theatre, established his fame as a 
 dramatic author .... 112 
 
 Bouriknnk, Louis Antoiiie Fauvelet, de, 
 born at Sens, 170it, was educated at the 
 military school of Brienne, where he 
 made acquaintance with Napoleon I., to 
 whom he subsequently became private 
 secretary, a post he lost through a 
 scandalous connection with the army 
 contractors. In 1829-30 he published 
 his "Memoirs" of the emperor. Died 
 1834 122 
 
 Bradshawb, John, a celebrated English 
 lawyer, horn in Derbyshire, 1688. He 
 was appointed " President of the High 
 Court of Justice," which tried Charles 
 1. ; for discharging tins office he was 
 
 rewarded with Summer Hill, the seat of 
 
 the Bar] of St. Albau's. Died 1669. 
 
 124
 
 Brewstkr, Sir David, a celebrated experi- 
 mental philosopher, horn in Scotland, 
 1781. It would be impossible to 
 enumerate in these condensed notices 
 anything like an account of the wonder- 
 ful and useful discoveries that have 
 been made by Sir David in natural 
 philosophy, or to give an account of 
 his voluminous scientilic writings . 00 
 
 Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, Bart., an 
 eminent physician, born in Wiltshire, 
 17S3. In lHll he received the Copley 
 medal, for his papers on physiology. La 
 1832 he was appointed surgeon to the 
 Queen; in 1834 created a baronet, and 
 in 1850 received the degree of D.C.L. 
 from the University of Oxford . 92 
 
 Brougham, Henry, Lord, F.R.S., etc., etc. 
 This celebrated orator was born in 
 Edinburgh in 1778. He studied for the 
 law, and in 1802 was admitted a con- 
 tributor to the "Edinburgh Review." 
 In 181U he entered the House of Com- 
 mons. His defence of Queen Caroline 
 raised him to the highest point of public 
 estimation, and in 1830 he was created 
 lord chancellor .... 123 
 
 Browne, Hablot Knight, a comic designer, 
 better known by his pseudonym of 
 "Phiz," was born about 1812. lie 
 illustrated with great success "Pickwick 
 Papers," and subsequently the novels of 
 Ainsworth, Lever, Mayhew, " Byron's 
 Works," and the " Waverley Novels." 
 
 140 
 
 Brunei., Sir Mark Isambard, born at 
 Hacqueville, near Rouen, L769. He 
 left France during the Revolution of 
 17113, went to New York, and sub- 
 sequently visited England, where he 
 produced several inventions, including a 
 method for making block pullies for 
 slups by machinery. He is better 
 known as the designer and builder of 
 the Thames Tunnel. Knighted in 1841. 
 Died 1840 189 
 
 Buchanan. James, ex-President of the 
 United States, was born in the county 
 of Franklin, Pennsylvania, April 23rd, 
 1791. He studied for the law. and in 
 
 1*21 first tools his seat in Congress. In 
 1853 he was appointed ambassador to 
 the Court of St. James's, which posl be 
 resigned upon his election as president 
 in 1850 75 
 
 Buckingham, Katherine, Duchess of. the 
 only daughter of Francis Manners, sixth 
 Karl of Rutland. In lc>2() she became 
 the wife of George Villiers, Duke of 
 Buckingham . . . .30 
 
 I'.i i KiNoiiAM, Duke of, v. Villiers. 
 
 Bullinger, Henry, one of the reformers, 
 born at Bremgarten, a village near 
 Zurich, in Switzerland, July 18th, 1504. 
 His reputation in England was very 
 high during the Reformation, and most 
 of Ids works were translated into Eng- 
 lish. He died September 17th, 1575. 
 
 20 
 Translation of Specimen. 
 You have heard probably what the 
 powerful of tins age intend touching the 
 Celebration of a Council. It is called 
 "Free" by them, but it will be celebrated 
 after the old manner, and to no other 
 end than a crafty one. 
 
 Yours ever, 
 
 Bt'LLINGER. 
 
 Bulwer, Sir Edward Lytton, a celebrated 
 novelist and dramatic writer, born 1805. 
 A man of prodigious industry, who has 
 produced an immense number of first- 
 class novels, poems, and plays ; one of 
 the latter, " The Lady of Lyons," being 
 one of the most popular of modern 
 times. He entered Parliament in 1831, 
 and in 1835 was created a baronet . 128 
 
 Bubdett, Sir Francis, Bart., a distinguished 
 political reformer, who, for nearly half of 
 the present century, engrossed a large 
 share of the public- attention throughout 
 the United Kingdom. Born 1770. 1 > i « • 1 1 
 1844 184 
 
 Buren, Martin Van, a celebrated American 
 politician, born at Kinderhook, in the 
 state of New York, Dec. 5th, L782. He 
 was elected Vice-PreBid< nt, and, upon the 
 expiration of General Jackson's term of 
 office, President of the United S 
 which distinguished position he held till 
 1840 69
 
 Bottles, James, Duke of Ormond, born 
 If, In. This nobleman, for his fidelity to 
 the house of Stuart, was created a peer, 
 with the title of Duke of Ormond, 1682. 
 He was the father of the " celebrated 
 Earl of Ossorv." Died 1688 . 106 
 
 Caroline, Wilhelmina, daughter of John 
 Frederick. Marquis of Brandenburgh 
 Anspach, born 1st March, 1682. In 
 17H5 became the wife of George II., 
 King of England. Died Nov. 20th, 1737. 
 
 4 
 
 Cagliabi, Paid, called Paul Veronese, a 
 celebra ted Italian painter, born at Verona , 
 in 15."; 2. Finding his works unappre- 
 ciated at that place, he removed to 
 Venice, the churches of which city he 
 embellished with a series of master- 
 pieces. Died 1588 . . . 150 
 
 Cai.mkt, Augustin, a learned French Bene- 
 dictine, born in Lorraine, 1672. He 
 wrote a "Lateral Commentary upon all 
 the Books of the Scripture," a " Universal 
 History," and other works. Died, Abbot 
 of Senones, 1757 .... 173 
 
 Camden, Earl of, v. Pratt, Charles. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, Earl of Argyle. 
 Indicted for high treason in 1682, and 
 condemned to suffer death. He escaped 
 from prison disguised as a page, and 
 fled to Bolland. Returning, however, 
 in 1685, he tried to raise a rebellion, but 
 was taken prisoner and executed, June 
 80th, the same year . . .30 
 
 Canova, Antonio, born Nov. 1st. 1757, at 
 Poss igno, a village in the Venetian ter- 
 ritory. At an early age he exhibited 
 it ta tte for sculpture, and ultimately 
 ■ to l"' the creates! Boulptor of modern 
 times 1 >i< '1 i >d L8th, 1822 . 121 
 
 Cam ess, John, a weaver of < loventry, who 
 died a prisoner in the King's Bench, 
 July 1 rt, L556, where he had been con- 
 fined up. m a charge of heresy 62 
 
 Cabti i:. Elizabeth, a learned English lady 
 born af D< al, in Kent, in L717. She be- 
 came proficient in the Greek, Latin, 
 
 German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, 
 Italian, Arabic, and Hebrew languages, 
 and translated several works, including 
 the works of Epictetus, and Algaroth's 
 Explanation of Newton's Philosophy. 
 Died 1806 32 
 
 Gabvalho, Madame, a celebrated vocalist, 
 who for several years has sung with 
 great success at the London and Con- 
 tinental opera-houses ... 50 
 
 Castellan, A., a celebrated singer, born 
 1818. Her voice, a beautiful soprano, 
 added to her beauty and other accom- 
 plishments, caused a great furore in 
 London, where she sang in 1851, as also 
 in Brussels the year following . 60 
 
 Castigltone, Balthazar, an Italian writer 
 and politician, born at Mantua, in 1478. 
 He was employed by the Duke of Urbino 
 and Pope Clement VII., as ambassador 
 to several courts. Died at Toledo, 152!). 
 
 103 
 
 Catherine of Austria, Duchess of Savoy, 
 youngest daughter of Philip II. of Spain, 
 by Isabel of France, and wife of Charles 
 Emanuel Magnus, Duke of Savoy . 158 
 
 Catherine, Queen of Navarre, sister of 
 Henry IV. of France, born at Paris, 
 1558. Married, 1509, to Henry of 
 Lorraine, Duke de Bar. Died 1604 . 99 
 
 Catherina, Opalinski, daughter of Henry 
 Opalinski Castellan, of Posen, born Nov., 
 1680. She was married to Stanislaus, 
 King of Poland, in 1698, and gave birth 
 to Mary, afterwards Queen of France. 
 
 126 
 
 Catherine II., Empress of Russia, one of 
 the wisest yet most depraved women that 
 ever sat upon a throne, was born at 
 Stettin, in Prussian^ Poinerania, 1720. 
 She married the ( liand 1 hike of tlussia, 
 afterwards Peter m., and died in 1796, 
 in the .*i.">th year of her reign . 20 
 
 Gav in dish, Margaret, Duchess of Portland, 
 v. Harley. 
 
 Cavendish, Margaret, Duohess <>f New- 
 castle, one of the maids of honor to 
 Henrietta Maria, consort of Charles I .
 
 was born in Essex. She wrote Beveral 
 works, none of which possess any peculiar 
 merit. Died 1673 . . . 44 
 
 Cavendish, William, Duke of Newcastle, 
 horn 1592. He greatly assisted the 
 royal cause during the civil wars, and 
 gained many victories over the Parlia- 
 mentarians. After the fatal battle of 
 Marston-moor he retired to the Con- 
 tinent, but returned to England at the 
 Restoration, when he was created Duke 
 of Newcastle, 1604. Died 1676 . 49 
 
 Chantrey, Sir Francis, born in Derbyshire, 
 1782. He displayed great abilities as a 
 monumental sculptor, and was knighted 
 in 1887. Died 1841 . . . 186 
 
 Ciialon, Alfred Edward, an English artist, 
 born towards the close of the last cen- 
 tury. He excelled as a painter of por- 
 traits of the period of Louis XIV., and 
 was employed to design the illustrations 
 to the " Gallery of Graces," and also to 
 the " Works of Sir Walter Scott " 108 
 
 Chandos, Lady Frances, daughter of 
 Edward Clynton, first Earl of Lincoln. 
 She married Giles Brydges, third Baron 
 Chandos 37 
 
 Chapone, Hester, a clever English writer, 
 born in Northamptonshire, in 1727. 
 Died in the 74th year of her age, at 
 Hadley, in 1801 .... 32 
 
 Charles, Gustavus, Count Palatine, v. 
 Charles X. of Sweden. 
 
 Charles II., Duke of Lorraine, born Feb., 
 1543. He was educated at the Court of 
 Henry II. of France, and was present 
 at the siege of Marseilles. Died 1008. 
 
 204 
 
 Charles IV., King of Spain, born Nov., 
 1748. He waged war with France, but 
 without success, till the treaty of Basle 
 put an end to hostilities. He entered 
 into an alliance with France, and received 
 a blow from England which destroyed 
 the commerce of Spain and caused the 
 total destruction of her marine in Tra- 
 falgar Bay. Charles abdicated, L808. 
 Died at Rome, 181!) . . .146 
 
 CHABLB8 GoSTAVOS X., King of Sweden, 
 son of John Casiniir, born lli.r.i, and 
 ascended the throne 1054. He carried 
 on a war against Poland and Denmark, 
 Died 1000 110 
 
 Charles XIII., King of Sweden, born Oct. 
 7th, 1748. On the deatli of his father, 
 in 1771, he was appointed Governor of 
 Stockholm. On the deposition of Gus- 
 tavus IV. he was elected to the vacant 
 throne, and his only son elevated to the 
 dignity of Crown Prince. Died 1818. 
 
 102 
 
 Charles I., King of England, was born at 
 Dumfermline, Nov., 1000. Succeeded 
 to the throne 28th March, 1025, and the 
 same year married Henrietta Maria, 
 youngest daughter of Henry IV., 11th 
 May. Beheaded 30th Jan., 1049 . 232 
 
 Charles II., King of England, born 2 9th 
 May, 1630. Being defeated by Cromwell 
 at the battle of Worcester, Sept., 1651, 
 he fled to France, thence to Holland, but 
 returned at the Restoration, 29th May, 
 1000. It was during his reign that 
 London was visited with two great 
 calamities, viz., the Plague in 1665, and, 
 in the following year, the Great Fire, 
 which burned the greater portion of the 
 city. Died 1685 . . . .204 
 
 Charles Edwakd, v. Stuart 
 
 Charles II., Duke of Lorraine, the son of 
 Duke Francis I. and Christina of Den- 
 mark, born 1543. He founded the Uni- 
 versity of Pont-a-Mousson, and built the 
 towns of Clermont, Luneville, and Stenay. 
 He married Claude, daughter of Henry 
 II. of France. Died 1608 . . 168 
 
 CHARLES V., Emperor of Germany and 
 King of Spain, was born at Ghent, on 
 the 24th of February. L500. After 
 reigning thirty-sis years be resigned the 
 crown in favor of his son Philip, in the 
 presence of the assembled Spanish and 
 Flemish nobles. Died Sept. 21st, 1658. 
 
 14 
 
 Cii vni es \.. King of France, bom Oct. 9th. 
 1757. Ascended the throne on (he death 
 of Louis XVIII.. in lsv>4; but being un-
 
 popular with Ins subjects, and wishing 
 to suspend the liberty of the press, the 
 populace flew to arms. Charles abdicated, 
 ami, after travelling in England and 
 Germany, he died at Goritz, 1836 . 152 
 
 Charlotte, Queen, second daughter of 
 Charles Lewis Frederic. Duke of Meck- 
 lenburgh Strehtz. "Was married to 
 George III., King of England, 8th Sept., 
 1761. She died 17th Nov., 1818 . 2 
 
 Charlotte Augusta, Princess, only 
 daughter of George IV., born 1790. 
 Married, in 1816, to Prince Leopold of 
 Saxe-Coburg, afterwards King of the 
 Belgians. Died 1817 ... 3 
 
 Cherubim i, Maria - Luigi - Carlo - Zenobi - 
 Salvador, an eminent musical composer, 
 born at Florence, in 1760. At the age 
 of thirteen he composed a mass, and 
 subsequently rose to the highest honors 
 in his profession, ami produced many 
 celebrated operas. Died at Paris, 1842. 
 
 104 
 
 Chesterfield, Earl of, v. Stanhope, Philip 
 Dormer. 
 
 Chi \ i:\monte, Gregoiy Barnabus, v. Pius 
 VII., Pope. 
 
 Christiern II.. King of Denmark, called 
 the Cruel was born in 1481, succeeded 
 bis father in L518, and in L520 was 
 elected King of Sweden, in which country 
 he exercised such cruellies thai he was 
 deposed bj an insurrection, and after- 
 wards losl the crown of Denmark from 
 the same causes. Died in prison, L559. 
 
 132 
 
 Christina, Queen, the only daughter of 
 ■ ivus Adolphus, born Dec, 1626. 
 \\:> crowned Queen of Sw< den L650, bul 
 abdicated in favor of h< r cousin < 'harles 
 I - !a\ us, June, L66 I. Died unmarried, 
 L68g 110 
 
 Churchill, Anne, Countess of Sunderland, 
 John, I hike of Marl- 
 borough, was the Bee I wife oi < hai L< 
 
 Spencer, Earl of Sunderland . 84 
 
 Churchill, Henrietta, Duohess of Mar] 
 borough, daughter of the celebrated John 
 
 Churchill. She became the wife of 
 Francis, Earl of Godolphin. Died 24th 
 Oct., 1733 31 
 
 Clement VII. (Jvdes de Medici), succeeded 
 Adrian VI. in 1523. He entered into 
 the " Holy League " with Francis I. of 
 France, and Henry VIII. of England, 
 against Charles V. He subsequently 
 excomimmicated Henry VIII. for having 
 repudiated Catherine of Aragon and 
 married Anne Boleyn. Died 1534 . 14 
 
 Clifford, George, third Duke of Cumber- 
 land, born in Westmoreland, 1558. He 
 was one of the captains employed against 
 the Spanish Armada, and was styled 
 " her champion," by Queen Elizabeth. 
 He proved an intrepid commander and 
 a distinguished patriot. Died 1605. 228 
 
 Clive, of Plassy, Robert, Lord, a most 
 celebrated general, bom 1725. He 
 greatly distinguished himself in numerous 
 actions and sieges in India, and rose to 
 the greatest military eminence. In 1764 
 he became President of Bengal, and was 
 subsequently charged by the House of 
 Commons with an abuse of power, but 
 was honorably acqiutted. Tins event 
 preyed upon his mind, and he committed 
 suicide, 17 7 i . . . . 124 
 
 Clynton, Edward, Lord, created Earl of 
 Lincoln 1571. He became lord high 
 admiral. Died 1584 ... 89 
 
 Decipherment of Specimen. 
 We hear nothing of any conclusion 
 between Mr. Wottone and the french for 
 y* they ar hot now newly met. 
 
 E. Clynton. 
 
 Colman, George, usually called the "Elder," 
 was born at Florence, 1733. He entered 
 Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar, 
 but quilted the law and became, with 
 great success, a dramatic composer and 
 proprietor of the Ilaymarket Theatre. 
 Died L794 93 
 
 Consalvi, Heroule, < 'ardinal, born at Rome, 
 17.">7. He became a member of the 
 highest civil court of the Roman State, 
 and in 1 son secretary of state. Died 
 L824 181
 
 Cooke, Thomas, a celebrated singer, born 
 in Dublin, 1781. In 1813 he appeared 
 at the English Opera-house, and soon 
 became a greal favourite. He was sub- 
 sequently connected with the Philhar 
 monk Society, the Catch Club, and for 
 many years was leader of the great 
 musical festivals throughout the king- 
 dom. Died 1848 . . . .106 
 
 Cooper, Sir Astley, a most distinguished 
 Burgeon and anatomist, horn in Norfolk, 
 1768. Jn 1820 he was called to attend 
 George IV. ; in 1827 he became president 
 of the College of Surgeons ; in 1828 ser- 
 jeant-surgeon to the king, and in 1830 
 vice-president of the Royal Society. 
 Died in London, 1841 . . . 211 
 
 Cornwallis, Charles, Marquis, was horn 
 in 1738. At an early age he entered the 
 army and greatly distinguished himself; 
 in 1780 he went to India as governor- 
 general and commander-in-chief ; in 1798 
 he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ire- 
 land, where he succeeded in quelling an 
 insurrection. Returning to India, he 
 died at Benares, in 1805 . . 81 
 
 Cowley, Hannah, a poetess and dramatic 
 writer, born at Tiverton in 1743, mar- 
 ried in 1776. She wrote the coined \ of 
 "The Runaway," "The Belle's Strata- 
 gem," and many other popular pieces. 
 Died in 1809 .... 25 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, called " The Protector," 
 born at Huntingdon, April. 1599. Hav- 
 ing greatly distinguished himself at the 
 battles of Marston-moor, and Naseby, 
 he was voted a pension of £2,500 
 After gaining the battle of Worcester he 
 assumed the title of Protector <>f the 
 Commonwealth. Died Sep. 1658. L68 
 
 Cromwell, Richard, son of Oliver, the 
 Protector, born Lth Oct., 1626. He 
 abdicated the Protectorship for a life of 
 retirement, and died at Cheshunt, L712. 
 
 105 
 
 Cromwell, Thomas, an eminent si 
 man, born about 1490. Be was the son 
 of a blacksmith, and rose step by step 
 until created Earl of Essex, and Lord 
 
 High Chamberlain of England. Henry 
 
 VIII. charged him with " heresy," and 
 
 being found guilty he was beheaded, 
 
 July 28th, 1640 . 92 
 
 Decipfa rim hi of Specimen. 
 
 Advising you nevi rtheless that I think 
 
 yor gentil franck herl doth raoch em- 
 
 poverishe you; when ye have money ye 
 
 are content to departe w 1 it and lende it 
 
 as ye did lately 200 dollars to Mr. Hobby 
 
 and whiehe 1 think had no nedeofthem. 
 
 Thomas Crumwell. 
 
 GrOWQOILL, A.. 17. Forrester. A. 
 
 Cruikshank, George, an eminent artist 
 and caricaturist, born in London, Sep. 
 27th, 1792. His first etchings were 
 
 frontisph s to cheap publications, such 
 
 as song and dream-books; political 
 caricatures followed, and later in life, 
 drawings on wood ami etchings on cop- 
 per and steel. He is unrivalled in his 
 peculiar style of drawing . . 91 
 
 Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of. 
 sc, aid Bon of George II.. born 1721. 
 He wa-, present at the battle of Det- 
 tingen, and commanded the British 
 army at that of Fontenoy. In 1746 
 
 he defeated the Scottish rebels at the 
 
 battle of Culloden. Died 1775 . 1 L2 
 
 Cuvier, Georges Christian Leopold-Dago- 
 
 bert, Baron, a distinguished French 
 
 naturalist, horn at Montheliard. 1769. 
 Having made a line collection of com- 
 parative anatomy, and produced a series 
 of works upon fossil remains, he was 
 ehosen in 1802 on.' of the inspectors- 
 general of schools, and rose to the 
 highest honors, being named a coun- 
 cillor of state, created a baron, and 
 
 subsequently a peer. Died at Paris. 
 
 L832 192 
 
 Cybo, Alderan, Cardinal, son of Charles. 
 Prince of Massa, born 1613, was created 
 Cardinal by Pope Innocent X. Died 
 1700 170 
 
 l>u ton, John, a distinguished mathemati- 
 cian, and natural philosopher. Born in 
 Cumberland, L766. Died at Manchester 
 in 1844
 
 1(1 
 
 Dabkust, Henry, Earl of, became the 
 husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 
 1565 ; and two years afterwards was 
 
 blown up by gunpowder while lying 
 sick in the neighbourhood of Holyrood 
 Palace, at Edinburgh . . . 227 
 
 Dartmouth, Lord .... 82 
 
 Delambbe, Jean -Baptiste -Joseph, a cele- 
 brated modern French astronomer, born 
 at Amiens in 1719. He rose to what 
 may be termed the summit of a philoso- 
 pher's ambition, and was elected an 
 associate of almost every learned body 
 in Europe. Died 19th of August, 1822. 
 
 49 
 
 De Quincy, Thomas, a celebrated writer, 
 born at Manchester, 1786. His " Con- 
 fessions of an English Opium Eater" 
 discover much of the history of liis 
 early years, since the appearance of 
 which he has written numerous works 
 on philosophy, political economy, meta- 
 physics, and biography . * . 148 
 
 Devebeux, Walter, Earl of Essex, born 
 1640. In 1572 lie Mas made knight of 
 the garter, and created Earl of Essex 
 for has bravery, and Mas afterwards 
 appointed Governor of Ulster. Died at 
 Dublin, 1576 . . . .115 
 
 Dioeens, Charles, a very celebrated 
 novelist, was born in February, 1812, at 
 Landport, Bants. In 1836-7 appeared, 
 in a collected form, his " Sketches of 
 Life and Character," under the title ,,f 
 " Sketches by ]'„,/." Since then be 
 has continued to write with unvaried 
 success . . . . jq 
 
 . Nantier, a celebrated singer, who 
 made her tirsl appearance in London ai 
 the Royal [talian Opera, Covent Gar- 
 den, in L853 .... 50 
 
 1 ' 1 mm, [saac, the descendant of a 
 family of Spanish .lews, born at Enfield, 
 1768 lie earlj applied himself to 
 literature, and in L790 published the 
 "Curiosities of Literature, the success 
 ".'' which stimulated him to the produc 
 """ " : 'ther wo I , al] of which have 
 beconou sen popular. Died L848 . 164 
 
 l) " 1 by, Charlotte Hel< n, v. Sainton Dolbv 
 
 Donizetti, Gaetano, a celebrated musical 
 composer, born at Bergamo, 1798. In 
 1818 he produced his first opera, and in 
 1830 that of " Anna Bolena," being his 
 thirty-first. During the next fourteen 
 years he added thirty-three others, all 
 more or less successful. Died 1847. 
 
 127 
 
 Doyle, Richard, a popular comic artist, 
 born in London in 1826. For a length 
 of time he was a constant illustrator of 
 "Punch." In 1854 he published "The 
 Continental Tour of Messrs. Brown, 
 Jones, and Robinson " . . . 144 
 
 Dudley, John, born in 1502, M-as created 
 Viscount Lisle by Henry VIII. In the 
 next reign he was made Earl of War- 
 wick, and Duke of Northumberland in 
 1551. On the death of Edward VI. he 
 caused his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane 
 Grey, to be proclaimed Queen. An in- 
 surrection being raised in favor of Mary, 
 he was arrested, tried, condemned, and 
 executed, Aug. 22nd, 1553 . . 82 
 
 Duncan, Adam, Lord, a British admiral, 
 born in Scotland, 1731. In 1761 he 
 attained the rank of post-captain, in 
 1787, that of rear-admiral, and in 1795 
 admiral of the blue. In 1797, having 
 gained a great victory over the Dutch 
 admiral De Whiter, he M'as created 
 Viscount Duncan of Camperdown, and 
 an annual pension of £2000 conferred 
 on him. Died 1804 . .199 
 
 1 >upbez, Gilbert Louis, a celebrated French 
 singer, born 1806. In 1837 lie nude 
 his debut at the Paris Opera, and con- 
 tinued to sing with great success until 
 bis retirement from the stage, after 
 having made a fortune sufficient for the 
 support of himself and family QQ 
 
 Edgewohtu, Maria, a celebrated authoress, 
 one of the daughters of Richard Lovell 
 Edgeworth, born at Hare Hatch, Read 
 ing, L767. Died at Edgeworthtown, 
 Longford, Ireland, In 19 . . 93 
 
 Edwabd VI., King of England, son of 
 ! tenry VIII. and .lane Seymour, born
 
 11 
 
 iit Hampton Court, 12th Oct., 1587. 
 Succeeded to the throne, 1547. Died 
 Oth July, 1553 . . . .11!) 
 
 Elizaheth, Princess, third daughter of 
 king George III., horn 1770. In 1818, 
 she became the wife of the Landgrave 
 of Hesse Homburg ... 4 
 
 [Elizabeth, Queen of England, daughter 
 of Henry VIII., and Anne Boleyn, born 
 at Greenwich, 7th Sep., 1533. Ascended 
 the throne lsth Nov. 1558. She re- 
 established the Protestant religion. In 
 loss, the Spanish Armada was de- 
 stroyed. Elizabeth was a most accom- 
 plished woman, but very vain, and of a 
 violent and haughty temperament. Died 
 1603 115 
 
 Elizabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orleans, 
 born 13th Sep., 1679. In 1698 she became 
 the wife of Leopold Joseph Charles, 
 Duke of Lorraine . . . 185 
 
 Ellenborough, Earl of, v. Law, Edward. 
 
 Elwes, John, a notorious miser, born in 
 1714. His original name was Meggot, 
 which lie changed on succeeding to a 
 large property left him by lus uncle, Sir 
 H. Elwes. He was chosen member for 
 Berkshire in 1774. Died in 1789, leav- 
 ing £500,000 between his two natural 
 sons, besides entailed estates . 13 ( J 
 
 Ebic II., Duke of Brunswick Calenberg, 
 born 1528. He was educated as a Pro- 
 testant, but turned Roman Catholic, and 
 served Charles V. in the Smalcald War 
 against the Protestants. Died at Pavia, 
 1584 130 
 
 Erskink, John. Earl of Mar, was horn 
 about 1508. In L547 he assisted the 
 Scotch in repelling the English invasion, 
 and in 1557 was one of the commis- 
 sioners who went to France, on the 
 occasion of the marriage of Mary Queen 
 of Scots. He was one of the most 
 zealous promoters of the Reformation. 
 Died 1591 1 38 
 
 EvELTN, Mary, the wife of John Evelyn. 
 Esq.. author of " Sylva," was the daugh- 
 ter of Sir Richard Browne, ambassador 
 from King Charles I. and II. to the 
 French court. She died 1708 . In 
 
 EvELYH, John, an English author, born at 
 Wotton, Surrey, in 1620. An autobi- 
 ography published by him, is an exceed- 
 ingly interesting literary production. He 
 
 was one of the first fellows of the Royal 
 Society. Died Feb. 27th, 1705 . "l!l 
 
 I'aii'.i a\, Mary Anne, Lady, fourth di 
 fcer of Horatio Lord Vere, and wife of 
 Lord Thomas Fairfax, general of the 
 parliamentary forces . . . 35 
 
 Farren, William, a celebrated actor, 
 born in 1787. He made his first appear- 
 ance upon the London boards at Drury- 
 lane, as " Sir Peter Teazle," in 1818, 
 and took his farewell of the stage at the 
 Haymarket, on Monday, Kith July, 1S55. 
 Died 24th Sept., 1861 . . . 107 
 
 Fechter, Charles Albert, a celebrated 
 actor, born in London of French parents 
 in 1824. After having started as a 
 sculptor he took to the stage, and per- 
 formed both in France and England 
 with great success . . .71 
 
 Ferdinand III., sumamed "Ernest," Em- 
 peror of Germany, horn in 1608, was 
 made King of Hungary in L625, of 
 Bohemia in 1627, and of the Romans in 
 
 1636, and was elected Emperor o)i Ins 
 father's death in 1037. Died L657 . 129 
 
 Ferguson, Adam, born 1724. He was 
 educated at the University of St. 
 Andrew, where he greatly distinguished 
 himself; he subsequently wrote "An 
 Essay on the History of Civil Society ;" 
 "Institutes of Moral Philosophy;" and 
 the " History of the Progress and Ter- 
 mination of the Roman Republic. " Died 
 L816 185 
 
 kn i. more. Millard, ex-President of the 
 United States, was born at Sumner-hill, 
 New York, .January 7th. 1800. At an 
 early age he was apprenticed to a wool 
 carder, hut relinquished that occupation 
 and commenced the study of the law, 
 which he pursued with success until he 
 was raised to the presidential chair, 
 July Oth, I ... H4
 
 L2 
 
 Flaminius, Marc Anthony, an eminent 
 Latin port, born in 1498. In 1543 he 
 was at Trent with Cardinal Pole, in 
 whose service lie remained until his 
 th, which took place at Ids residence 
 in Rome, 1550 .... 14s 
 
 knoe, Richard, an English poet and 
 dramatic writer. He was poet laureate 
 to Charles II., and wrote several miscel- 
 laneous pieces. Died 1 f"> 7 8 . . 14? 
 
 Fleuky, Andre Hercule de, a cardinal and 
 minister of France, born at Lodene, 
 Languedoc, 1053. In 1698 he became 
 bishop of Frejus, and in 17-JG succeeded 
 the duke of Bourbon as prime minister; 
 being made a cardinal the same year. 
 Died 1743 ' 203 
 
 Foley, John Henry, a celebrated sculptor. 
 born in Dunlin. 1818. In 1834 he be- 
 came a student in the Royal Academy. 
 
 His lirsi works exhibited were "Inno- 
 d nee." and " the 1 >eath of Abel." and be 
 lias since produced many portraits and 
 monumental memorials . . 14!) 
 
 -. Herr, one of the finest bass singers 
 that have appeared upon the stage during 
 the present century . . .5s 
 
 Forrester, Alfred, better known by his 
 nom de plume of " Alfred Crowquill," 
 born in the y<.n- L805. Be commenci ! 
 his literary carei r at the age of sixteen, 
 having Captain Marryatt for a school- 
 fellow. In 1828 he joined Mr. B. 
 I > I jraeli, T. Hook and others, in pro 
 du< ag the " 1 Eumorisj Papers " in ins 
 izine, and subsequently contribute I 
 to '• Bentli I Ilany," •• Punch, 
 
 72 
 
 FOSBROKE, 'I'le .mas Dudley, an eminent 
 
 writer, born in London, L770. !lis 
 principal works are " British Monar- 
 chism ; ' '• Manners and < 'ustoms of 
 Ancient Pilgrims, Anchoriti a, etc. ; 
 " Cyclopaedia of Antiquity and Elements 
 of Archaeology. Dii d al Walford, 1842 
 
 L56 
 
 I'" " born at North Shields 
 
 in 1 .'.i At the age of sixteen h< 
 Bppr lr Landells, the wood 
 
 engraver; after practising engraving a 
 short time, he became a draughtsman . 
 and has since been employed upon 
 almost every illustrated work published. 
 In 1860 he was elected an associate of 
 the Water Colour Society . . 74 
 
 Francks. Countess of Essex, daughter of 
 Sir Charles Hanbiuy "Williams, K.B., 
 the first wife of William- Anne Capel, 
 fourth Earl of Essex. She died in 1759. 
 
 3S 
 
 Francis I., King of France, born at Cognac, 
 14!)4, succeeded to the throne on the 
 death of Louis XII. in 1515. In 1520 
 the famous interview took place between 
 Henry VIII. of England and Francis, 
 when inconsequence of the magnificence 
 displayed, it was called "the Field of the 
 Cloth of Gold." He subsequently car- 
 ried on an unsuccessful war with Spain, 
 and was taken prisoner. Died 1 547 . 95 
 
 Francis I., King of the Two Sicilies, was 
 the son of Ferdinand I., and twice 
 during the life of his father carried on 
 the government under the name of vice- 
 roy. He ascended the throne in 1820, 
 and died in 1830 . . .180 
 
 Fkanki.tn, Sir John, a celebrated English 
 navigator, bornl786. Havingtwice been 
 sent to the Arctic regions for the pur- 
 pose of surveying the coasts, in is.45 he 
 set out on his last and fatal expedition, 
 from which be never returned. It was 
 not until 1859 that Captain McClintock 
 discovered a record wherein it is stated 
 Sir John had died in 1847 . 29 
 
 Frederica, Sophia Wilhelmina, Princess, 
 
 the eldest sister of Frederic the Great, 
 King of Prussia, born about 1709. She 
 became the wife of Cbarles William 
 Frederic, Margrave of Bareith . 125 
 Frith, William Powell, an eminent modern 
 
 painter, born in Yorkshiie, 1819. Gifted 
 with a ljghl and graceful touch, and 
 
 aided by a felicitous Choice of subjects 
 
 represented, Ids pictures have become 
 
 the most popular of the day . 161 
 
 l'i 1 b 1 . William, an English divine, born 
 
 in London and educal< d al < Cambridge.
 
 I.-; 
 
 Ho was made master of Pembroke Hall, 
 and Margaret professor. Died in L589. 
 
 123 
 Puselt, Henry, a celebrated artist and 
 literary character, born at Zurich, 1741. 
 For some time lie supported himself by 
 translating works from the German and 
 French into English, but. becoming ac- 
 quainted with Sir J. Reynolds, lie was 
 by him recommended to devote himself 
 to painting, which he did with great 
 suecess. Died 18:25 . . . 208 
 
 Garcia, Pauline Yianlot, a popular and 
 talented vocalist and pianiste, one of tin- 
 most successful of the pupils of the 
 celebrated Liszt. She appeared at St. 
 Petersburg in 1852, and created a great 
 furore, as she did likewise at Berlin, 
 Paris, and London during the following 
 years ...... -i'^ 
 
 George, Duke of Cumberland, v. Clifford. 
 
 Gibbon, Edward, a most distinguished 
 F/n gTiflh historian, born at Putney, 1737. 
 In 17(il he published in French, " Eg i 
 BUT 1' Etude de la Litterature ;" in 1770 
 he wrote a pamphlet entitled, "Critical 
 Observations on the Sixth Look of the 
 iEneid;" and in 171 fi appeared the first 
 volume of his grand work, the "Decline 
 and Fallot' the Human Empire.'' Lied 
 in London, 1794 .... 201 
 
 GlBSON, John, born at Conway, North. 
 Wales, 171)1. IL went to Lome, where 
 he became a pupil of Canova, and rose 
 to be one of the greatest of modern 
 sculptors. Died L866 . . . 172 
 
 Girardin, Emile de. a celebrated French 
 publisher, born in Switzerland, 1802. 
 lb- was the founder of many journals, 
 including "La Mode,'' "Journal des 
 Connaissances Utiles," and "La kresse," 
 He was one of those who in L848 urged 
 on the revolution and presented ■••■ 
 petition to Louis Philippe demanding 
 his abdication .... 156 
 
 Gitjglini, Antonio, ■■< celebrated tenor 
 singer, born in the Roman States, L826 
 He appeared in 1 351 ■■ Hei 
 
 Theatre, where he achieved a trium- 
 phant success. Died 1805 . ■"- 1 
 
 Gladstone, the Bight lion. 'William 
 Ewart, born at Liverpool, Dec. 2!)th, 
 L809, educated at Eton, and Christ 
 Church, Oxford. In ls:{-> he was 
 elected member of Parliament for New- 
 ark, which borough be represented until 
 1847, when lie was chosen member for 
 the University of Oxford; and at the 
 last general election in L865, was re- 
 turned as representative for Lancashire. 
 He has held the post of Chancellor of 
 the Exchequer since 1859 . . CO 
 
 Gloucester, AVilliam Henry, Duke of, 
 son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was 
 born Nov., 1743. He privately married. 
 Maria, Countess Dowager of Walde- 
 grave. Died 1805 . . . 15:3 
 
 Goldoni, Charles, a celebrated dramatist, 
 and the reformer of the Italian stage, 
 born at Venice, 1707. His comedies, 
 which are numerous, are exceedingly 
 humorous and natural. Died 1793 . 165 
 
 Goodrich, Thomas, an eminent English 
 prelate, born in Lincolnshire. Me was 
 made canon of St. Stephen's, West- 
 minster, and chaplain to Henry VI II. : 
 in 15."34 he was chosen Bishop of Fly: 
 he was also privy councillor to Henry 
 VIII. and Edward VI., and in L551 was 
 created Lord Chancellor of England. 
 Died May. 1554 .... 137 
 
 Grant, Anne, the daughter of Duncan 
 Macvicar, was horn in Glasgow, 1755. 
 she married the Le\-. James Grant, who 
 in 1801 left her a widow with eight 
 children. In 1803 she published a 
 volume of poems which was followed by 
 her well-known " Fetters from the 
 Mountains.'' ami several other interest- 
 ing works. Lied in L838 26 
 
 Granville, Granville George Leveson- 
 Gower, second Fail. K.G., etc., born in 
 !-!:>. and educated at Eton and Oxford. 
 In 1837 he was returned as a member of 
 
 Parliament for Morpeth, and in L841 
 
 was chosen member for Lichfield. In 
 IMC. on the d< ath of his father, be
 
 1 1 
 
 succeeded to the peerage, and since 1859 
 has held the office of president of the 
 council ..... 63 
 
 Gbey, Lady Jane. Tliis talented and un- 
 fortunate lady was the daughter of 
 Henry Grey, Marquis of Dorset. She 
 was married to Lord Guilford Dudley, 
 1552, and was proclaimed queen much 
 against her own wishes on the death of 
 Edward VI. She was beheaded by com- 
 mand of Queen Mary, 1554 . . 229 
 
 Grimaldi, Joseph, a famous pantomimic 
 clown, who, for a period of forty years, 
 delighted the London play-going public 
 with portraying the grotesques and 
 drolleries of human manners and cus- 
 toms. Bom 1779. Died 1837 . 174 
 
 Grin dal, Edmund, born in Cumberland, 
 1519. Was educated at Cambridge ; ex- 
 hibiting an attachment for the principles 
 of the Reformation ; he became chaplain 
 to the king, but on the accession of 
 Mary lie left England, returning when 
 Elizabeth ascended the throne. In 1575 
 he was made Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 Died 1583 120 
 
 Grisi, Giuglia, an Italian singer and per- 
 former, born at Milan, in 1812. She 
 first appeared in England with Rubini, 
 in 1834. In 1889 "Lucrezia Borgia" 
 was produced, and since then her career 
 lias been one of unparalleled success. 
 When young she married M. de Meley, 
 which marriage was dissolved, and she 
 is now the wife ol Signor Mario, the 
 celebrated tenor .... 45 
 
 GuALTER, Rudolph, an eminent Swiss 
 divine, born at Zurich. L6 L9. I [e mar- 
 ried the daughter of Zuinglius, and in 
 L67 5 succeeded Bullinger as first minis- 
 ter of the Protestant Church at Zurich. 
 
 Died L586 143 
 
 ..i. Giambattista, a pastoral poet, 
 born at Ferrara, in t587. He pi 
 
 the greater part of liis life at Courts. 
 
 He wrote several | ms, including the 
 
 a lebrated " Pastor Fido," which gained 
 him considerable reputation Died at 
 Venice, L612 . 55 
 
 Guillotin, Joseph Ignatius, a physician, 
 born at Saintes, in 1738, and notorious 
 as the inventor of the instrument of 
 execution which bears his name. He 
 did not perish, as supposed, by his own 
 invention, but died a natural death, 
 May, 1814 ..... 133 
 
 Gustavus I., King of Sweden, known by 
 the name of Gustavus Vasa, was born 
 near Stockholm, in 1490. He was for 
 mam- years kept a prisoner by Chris- 
 tian II., but escaping, succeeded after 
 some years of anxiety and labour, in 
 recovering the crown in 1527. Died 
 after a long and prosperous reign of 
 thirty-three years in 1500 . . 19 
 Translation of specimen. 
 Dear Gabriel, we learn from your 
 letter b} r Oluf that you acted so, as to 
 what is passing in Upsala. 
 
 GUSTAF. 
 
 Halifax, Marquis of, v. Saville, George. 
 
 Hall am, Henry, a most distinguished 
 modern English writer, born 1778. He 
 contributed to the "Edinburgh Review," 
 and wrote three works which will im- 
 mortalize his name : 1. " A View of the 
 State of Europe During the Middle 
 Arcs." 2. " The Constitutional History 
 of England from the Accession of Henry 
 VII. to the Death of George II." 3. 
 "An Introduction to the Literature of 
 Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and 
 S venteenth Centuries." He died 1859. 
 
 140 
 
 Hamilton, Elizabeth, a lady of great 
 literary attainments, born at Belfast, 
 1758. ' Died L816. . . . 27 
 
 Hamilton, Sir William, K.B., English 
 ambassador at the court of Naples for 
 thirty-six. years, was horn in Scotland, 
 1730. He promoted the publication 
 of the magnificent work, "Antiquites 
 
 Etrusques, Grecques, el R aines," 
 
 and enriched the collections in the 
 British .Museum by his presents of 
 antiquities and curiosities. Died in 
 London, 1803 .... 210
 
 15 
 
 Handel, George Frederic, a most eminent 
 musician, born at Halle, in Saxony, 
 KiS4. At the age of fourteen lie com- 
 posed Ins opera of " Ameira." In 1710 
 lie visited London, and in 1713 took up 
 his residence in this country, receiving 
 a pension of ,£200 from the Crown. 
 Died in 1759. His works consist of 
 eighty-two lai'ge folio volumes preserved 
 in the Queen's Library . . 9 
 
 Harley, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of 
 Portland, was the only daughter and 
 heiress of Edward, second Earl of Ox- 
 ford. In 1734 she became the wife of 
 William, second Duke of Portland . 
 
 Harrison, William Henry, President of 
 the United States, was born in the State 
 of Virginia, in 1773. In 1828 he was 
 chosen special minister to the republic 
 of Columbia, and in 1840 elected presi- 
 dent, but died at Washington, in April, 
 one month after liis installation . 69 
 
 Hastings, Francis, Earl of Huntingdon, 
 bom 1544. Died 1500 . . 90 
 
 Decipherment of Specimen. 
 But ive ther bey ony thynge yn me of 
 an honest man your lordshypes gentylnea 
 bathe bomide me moste hartely desyrnge 
 your lordshyp to have me yn remember- 
 ance. 
 Hastings, Henry, Earl of Huntingdon, 
 bom 1500. Died 1595 . . 85 
 
 Hatton, Sir Christopher, Chancellor of 
 England under Elizabeth; a man of 
 learning and great integrity. It was by 
 his advice that the unfortunate Mary 
 submitted to her fatal trial. Died 1591. 
 
 117 
 Decipherment of Specimen. 
 Hir Ma* acceptithe in most gracious 
 and good kind parte the offer of yo r L. 
 bowse the w ch altho i yet she will give 
 us order to laye in hie preparations). 
 Marchel582. Chr Hatton. 
 
 Haydn, Francis Joseph, a celebrated 
 composer, was born at Rohran, •about 
 fifteen leagues from Vienna, on the 31si 
 of March, 17-32. In J 791 he \ 
 London, where he produced six of his 
 
 twelve "Grand Symphonies.' In bis 
 sixty-fourth year lie composed his 
 greatest and most sublime work, "The 
 Creation." Died at Vienna, in 1809 . 18 
 
 Haydon, Benjamin Robert, a celebrated 
 historical painter and writer on art. 
 born at Plymouth, 1786. In 180"! he 
 exhibited his first production, from 
 which time his reputation gradually 
 rose. Financial difficulties affected bis 
 mind, and he committed suicide 22nd of 
 June, L846 L60 
 
 Head, Sir Francis Bond, a clever writer, 
 horn in 1793. Having travelled on 
 horsebaci 6,000 miles, be wrote" Hough 
 Notes of a Journey across Pampas." 
 In 1835 he was appointed Governor of 
 Upper Canada, in 1838 created a 
 baronet. For his services to literature 
 he receives a pension of .£100 a year. 
 
 1(50 
 
 Hemans, Felicia Dorothea, a distinguished 
 poetess, horn at Liverpool, in 1794. Her 
 first efforts were published when she 
 was only thirteen, and her second vol- 
 ume of poems when eighteen years of 
 age. She married Captain Hemans. bj 
 whom she had five sons. Died May 
 12th, 1835 26 
 
 IIi-.NUY V., King of England, born at Mon- 
 mouth, 1388. Succeeded to the throne. 
 1413. He gained a great victory over 
 the French at the battle of Agincourt, 
 and three years afterwards married 
 Catherine, the daughter of the French 
 king. Died 1422 . . • 225 
 
 Henry VHL, King of England, horn at 
 Greenwich, 1491. Succeeded his father 
 Henry VII., 15( >'.t. Married first Cath- 
 erine of Aragon, 3rd June. 1509, from 
 whom he was divorced. Secondly. 
 Anne Boleyn, 1582, whom he beheaded 
 mi May, 1536. Thirdly. Jane Seymour, 
 who died. 1586. Fourthly, Anne of 
 Cleves. 1539, whom be put away. 
 Fifthly. Catherine Howard, whom be 
 beheaded. Sixthly. Catherine Parr, 
 who survived him. He died, L547 . 226 
 
 Herschet, Sir William, an eminent astro- 
 nomer, born at Hanover, on the 15th of
 
 Nov., 1738. He followed the profession 
 of a musician till 1709, when he con- 
 structed a telescope, and. in 1781, 
 discovered the planet Uranus. For this 
 he was elected a fellow of the Royal 
 Society, from which period he continued 
 hi-; researches in astronomy and con- 
 tributed no less than seventy-one 
 memoirs .if new discoveries to the Philo- 
 Bophical Transactions. Died in August. 
 
 L822 -4!) 
 
 Hkvelitjs, John, a celebrated astronomer, 
 horn at Dantzic, in 1611. Having re- 
 ceived b liberal education, he studied 
 astronomy, and for his numerous scien- 
 tific works was elected fellow of the 
 Royal Society of London. Died in 
 1687 ...... 23 
 
 Hogg, James, better known as the " Ettrick 
 Shepherd," born at Selkirkshire. 17 72. 
 He commenced life as a shepherd, and 
 becoming acquainted with Sir Wait* t 
 Scot! was by him employed to collect 
 materials for his "Minstrelsy of the 
 Scottish Border." Hogg himself after- 
 wards wrote with varying success. 1 >ied 
 
 1835 i:»l 
 
 Holboyd, .John Baker, Marl of Shi 
 bom L7 35, raised to the peerage of Ire- 
 land L781, bythe titieof Baron Sheffield, 
 and in i v ir, created Ear] of Sheffield. 
 
 Died 1821 Ill 
 
 Thomas, an English poet and 
 humorist, born in London, 17us. In 
 1821 he became sub-editor of the " Lon- 
 don Magazine," his contributions to 
 which he re issued in a work called 
 •• Whims and < >ddities." I [e produced 
 the firs! of his nine " Comic Annuals "in 
 L82fl Died L845 . . . 209 
 
 rheodore Edward, a popular \\ titer, 
 born in London, in L788. At an early 
 age Ik- produced several successful plaj s, 
 which were afterwards eclipsed by his 
 novels and miscellaneous writings. Died 
 
 l-il .61 
 
 Horn i N8B, Eugenie de Bi auharnais, Qui en 
 
 of Holland, born ai Paris, L788. She 
 
 tnarried to] iOui I tonaparte, and be 
 
 came the mother of i be present Emperor 
 
 of the French. I >ied LH37 200 
 
 Howard, John, a celebrated English phil- 
 anthropliist, born about 1726. In 1778 
 he became High Sheriff of Bedford, 
 which led lihn to inspect the state of 
 prisons in England and the Continent, 
 an account of which he published in 
 1777. He caught a fever whilst visiting 
 a sick patient at Cherson, Russia, and 
 died Jan., 1790 .... 130 
 
 Howard, "William, Viscount Stafford, born 
 1612. He was denounced by Titus 
 Oates in 107 s . tried before the House of 
 Lords, found guilty, and executed 1080, 
 after having protested his innocence at 
 liis trial and upon the scaffold . . 7* 
 
 Howe, Richard.. Earl, a distinguished 
 English admiral, born in London. 17 25. 
 At the age of twenty he had risen to the 
 c< immand of a sloop of war. with which he 
 beat two large French frigates, for winch 
 gallant action he was made post captain ; 
 after continued successes he, in 1783, be- 
 came first lord of the Admiralty, and in 
 1788 was created an earl. Died 1799 
 
 200 
 
 Howitt, William, a celebrated English 
 literateur, born in Derbyshire. 170f>. 
 His works principally relate to rural 
 life and nature ; he commenced a serial, 
 — " Howitt's Journal,"— which, however, 
 was unsuccessful . . . 199 
 
 Hi go, Victor-Marie, Viscount, a celebrated 
 French poet, dramatist, and novelist, 
 horn nt Besangon, 1802. His best ro- 
 mance, "Notre Dame de Paris." was 
 published in L83] : the number of his 
 plays, novels and poems, is very great 
 
 L39 
 
 Hume, Joseph, a distinguished financial 
 reformer, born at Montrose, \~i~i~,. He 
 was apprenticed i<> a surgeon, and went 
 to liidin, where he mastered several of 
 the native languages; returning to 
 England he was elected M.P. for Mel- 
 combe Regis, and during his parliamen- 
 tary career struggled successfully for 
 financial reform. Died in Norfolk, L854 
 
 Kin 
 
 1 1 1 n i i.u, John, a celebrated anatomist and 
 Burgeon, horn L728 He became assis
 
 taut to his brother, and his skill soon 
 developed itself (ill ho became the first 
 surgeon of his time. A magnificent 
 anatomical collection made by him now 
 forms part of that at the Royal College 
 of Surgeons. He wrote several useful 
 works. Died 1793 . . . 1m 
 Huntingdon, Selina, Countess of, was the 
 daughter of Washington, Earl Ferrers. 
 She became the wife of Theophilus, ninth 
 Earl of Huntingdon . . 88 
 
 Hotton, James, an ingenious chemist and 
 mineralogist, born at Edinburgh, 1726. 
 He took the degree of M.D. at Leyden, 
 and wrote many works on agriculture, 
 mineralogy, mathematics, and chemistry. 
 Died 1707 169 
 
 Huygens, Christopher, an eminent mathe- 
 matician, born at the Hague, l(> - 29. He 
 wrote the " Quadrature of Circles, 
 Eclipses," etc., " System of Saturn," 
 " Cosmotheoros ; or, A Treatise on the 
 Plurality of Worlds:" and in 1703 ap- 
 peared his " Opuscula Posthuma." He 
 died 1695 220 
 
 Ibn Khallikan, Schems ed deen Abou'l 
 Abbas Ahmed, a celebrated Arabian 
 historian, born at Arbel, 1211. Having 
 filled the office of cadi at Cairo, he be- 
 came Grand Cadi of Damascus, where lie 
 died in 12H2. His principal work is a 
 biographical dictionary, from the origi- 
 nal MS. of which the specimen has been 
 
 chosen 234 
 
 Translation. 
 In the name of God, the Merciful, the 
 Clement! Thus saith the needy sup 
 pliant for the mercy of the Most High, 
 Ahmad Ibn Mohammad Ebn Ibrahim 
 Ibn Abi-Bakr. Praise be to God. to 
 whom alone belongeth the attribute of 
 eternal existence ; who hath passed on 
 his creatures the doom of death, ami pic- 
 scribed to all hying beings a certain 
 term, beyond which they cannot pass 
 when once it is expired, who in this 
 sentence, hath dealt equally between the 
 noble and the lowly born, the powerful 
 and the weak: to him do I give praise 
 
 for his abundant favors and his pure 
 gifts (from ill) : such praise as a man 
 can offer who avoweth his inability to 
 reach even the lowest strain, of (fitting) 
 eulogy. 
 
 * # * +. 
 
 Completed on Friday after the prayer, 
 the 4th of the month of Rabi ul-awwal 
 in the year 655 1 1257) in Cairo the well 
 protected. 
 
 1 KYiN'.. Washington, a celebrated American 
 author, horn at New York, 17^:'.. He 
 commenced his literary career in 1802, 
 
 with some sketches in the " New York 
 Morning Chronicle." He subsequently 
 
 wrote •• History of tin- Life and Voyages 
 of Columbus," "The Conquest ofGra 
 
 nada," and "Tales .if the Alhanihra," all 
 
 of which have become very popular in 
 
 England. Died l*r><> . . 218 
 
 Isabel, Queen of Spain, daughter of John 
 II., bom 1450. In 1 169 she was married 
 to Ferdinand V., Bong of Aragon. Their 
 reign was rendered brilliant by the con- 
 quest of Granada, and the discovery of 
 America by Columbus. She died L504. 
 
 141 
 
 Jackson. Andrew, an Am. rican general 
 and president, horn in lTt'u . In 17!l7 
 he was chosen senator, and on the 
 breaking out of hostilities between 
 England and America, he put hi 
 at the head of a defensive force of some 
 three thousand volunteers, He became 
 governor of Florida, and was elected 
 President of (he United Stairs in L828, 
 and again in L882. Died at Nashville, 
 1845 77 
 
 James I.. King of England, only son of 
 Mary, Queen of Scots, bom at Edin- 
 burgh Castle, l'.ith.lune. L566. Ascended 
 the English throne, L602. Died 27th 
 March. 1625 .... 232 
 
 James 11 . King of England, second son of 
 Charles I and Henrietta Maria, born 
 at St James's, L5th Oct . L688. Marrii d 
 in I860, Anne Hyde, daughter of Lord 
 
 Clarendon. He was a man of narrow 
 
 understanding, and was compelled t"
 
 is 
 
 quit the kingdom, in consequence of 
 enacting measures subversive of the con- 
 stitution. Died at St. Gemmins, 1701. 
 
 227 
 
 James II., King of Scotland, born 1431. 
 He assisted Charles VII. of France 
 against the English, and was killed at 
 the siege of Roxburgh, 1460 . 186 
 
 James, George Payne Rainsford, a cele- 
 brated English historian, novelist, and 
 poet, born in London, 1801. At the age 
 of seventeen he wrote several Eastern 
 tales, and contributed anonymously to 
 the periodicals, until he published, with 
 great success, an historical novel entitled 
 " Richelieu." During the succeeding 
 twenty-five years he wrote a consider- 
 able number of works, which were pub- 
 lished in quick succession. Died at 
 Venice, where he represented England 
 as consul-general, I860 . . 157 
 
 .Fin ebson, Thomas, third President of the 
 United Slates, burn at Shadwell, hi the 
 county of Albemarle in Virginia, of which 
 state he was governor between 1770-81; 
 being afterwards sent ambassador to 
 France ; he was elected president in 
 1801. Died July 4th, 1826 . .71 
 
 Jebbold, Douglas, a celebrated English 
 novelist, dramatist, and essayist, born in 
 1 808. He commenced life as a midship- 
 man, and served till the end of the war, 
 when lie was apprenticed to a printer. 
 His first literary effort was a criticism on 
 " Der Freischiitz," after which he wrote 
 the comedy of "Black-eyed Susan;" 
 which was quickly followed by many 
 other popular plays. He subsequently 
 became one of the principal contributors 
 to."Punch." Died 1857 . . 131 
 
 Joachim, v. Murat. 
 
 Jones, Paul, a naval adventurer, born in 
 Scotland in L747. He became early 
 attached to the sea, and during the War 
 of Independence had the command of an 
 American ship, with which he did much 
 damage round the Scotch and Irish 
 coii -i Died L792 M 
 
 Sir William, horn in London, 1 ! 16 
 ill Literary powers were very great, and 
 he eras skilled in the i frientaJ languages. 
 
 In addition to other works he translated 
 from a Persian MS. the life of Nada 
 Shah. He practised for some time as a 
 barrister, and in 1788 was appointed 
 judge of the Supreme Court of Bengal. 
 Died at Calcutta, 1794 . . .101 
 
 Jordan, Dorothea, (or Dorothy Bland), a 
 celebrated actress, horn about 1762. 
 After having performed in the provinces 
 with great success, she made her debut 
 on the London stage at Drury-lane, soon 
 after which commenced her connexion 
 with the Duke of Clarence, by whom she 
 had ten children, and which was suddenly 
 broken oft' in 1 H 1 1 . She retired to France 
 soon afterwards, where she died in a state 
 of mental misery, 1816 . . . 108 
 
 Josephine, Empress of the French, born 
 1763. At the age of 15 she was married to 
 the Viscount de Beauharnais, after whose 
 execution she was introduced to General 
 Bonaparte, who, struck with her beauty 
 and grace, made her his wife in 1796, but, 
 being childless, Napoleon divorced her in 
 1809, when she retired to Malmaison, 
 and died there, 1814 . . .138 
 
 Katheeine of Aragon, fourth daughter of 
 Ferdinand and Isabella, was born in 
 1483. In 1601 she married Arthur 
 Prince of Wales who died a few months 
 after. In 1509 she became the wife of 
 his brother, Henry VIII., who shame- 
 lessly pronounced his own divorce in 
 1532, whereupon Katherine retired to 
 Kimbolton Castle, where she died in 
 1536 39 
 
 Kauffm an, Mary- Anne- Angelica-Catherine, 
 an eminent female artist, born at Chur, in 
 the Grisons, 1741. After travelling about 
 Italy she went to London, where she 
 became one of the original thirty-six mem- 
 bers of the Royal Academy. Died at 
 Rome, 1807 203 
 
 Kean, Charles, F.S.A., a celebrated actor, 
 son of Edmund Kean, born at Water- 
 ford, in lHii. He was educated at Eton, 
 and made bis first appearance upon the 
 stage in 1827 . .79
 
 tfl 
 
 Keats, John, an eminent poet, born in 
 London, in 1796. Apprenticed to a 
 surgeon, his love of poetry led him to 
 abandon his profession. In 1817 he 
 published a volume of poems, which was 
 followed by other works hi quick suc- 
 cession. Died at Rome, in February 
 1821 94 
 
 Killigrew, Thomas, born in 1011. Was 
 page to Charles I., and groom of the bed- 
 chamber to Charles II. He wrote nine 
 plays, and was commonly called King 
 Charles's jester. Died in 1682 55 
 
 Kitto, John, an English writer, born at 
 Plymouth, 1804. He was employed by 
 Mr. Charles Knight to edit the " Pictorial 
 Bible," "Pictorial History of England," 
 and other works. Died at Cannstadt, 
 Wiirtemburg, 1854 . . . 154 
 
 Kleber, John Baptist, a celebrated French 
 general, born at Strasburg, 1754. He 
 entered the Austrian army, and after 
 eight years' service, returned to France, 
 where he accepted a commission, and 
 became companion to Bonaparte during 
 the campaign in Egypt, on whose de- 
 parture from that country Kleber was 
 left in command. Assassinated at Cain >, 
 1800 135 
 
 Knight, Charles, author and publisher, 
 born at Windsor, 1791. In 1820, he 
 edited the " Plain Englishman," the firsl 
 attempt to produce cheap literature of an 
 elevated character ; since the appear- 
 ance of which, Mr. Knight has published 
 a great number of first class educational 
 works . • 153 
 
 Knowles, James Sheridan, a celebrated 
 dramatist, born at Cork, 1784. His besl 
 dramatic pieces are " Virginius," the 
 " Hunchback," the " Wife, a tale of 
 Mantua," the " Love Chase," and " 1 jOve." 
 In 1849 the government granted him a 
 pension of £200 a year . .171 
 
 Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, a celebrated Polish 
 patriot, born 1756. He commanded the 
 Poles in 1794, when they unsuccessfully 
 tried to gain their independence. In 
 this attempt Kosciuszko was wounded 
 and taken prisoner. Upon his releast 
 he went to America. Died in Switzer- 
 land, 1817 177 
 
 Kossuth, Louis, the Hungarian patriot, 
 born at Monok, Sept. 16, L802. At the 
 early age of twenty-seven he took his 
 seat hi the National Diel of Presburg, 
 and became minister of Finance in L848. 
 Being shortly afterwards created governor 
 of Hungary ho toob a prominenl part in 
 the unsuccessful struggles of Ins country- 
 men for liberty, and eventually retired to 
 England 118 
 
 Lablache, Louis, a celebrated singe)-, 
 and music instructor to Queen Victoria, 
 He was born at Naples in 1794. I lis 
 reputation as a vocalist dated from 
 his appearance at Milan in 1*17, and 
 he remained an established favorite for 
 twenty-five years. Diedinl*."^ 12 
 
 Lafayette, Gilbert Motier, Marquis de, 
 a celebrated soldier and patriot, was 
 born hi 1757. He fought on the side of 
 the insurgents in the American War of 
 Independence, at the termination of 
 which he returned to France and b< 
 came involved in the French Revolution 
 Died at Paris. 1834 
 
 Lagarde, Bidard de. a French author and 
 dramatic writer, born at Paris, 17 In. 
 He wrote "Alceste," "Lettres de 
 Therese," " Annales Galantes." Died 
 1767 182 
 
 Lamb, Charles, a celebrated essayist and 
 humorist, born in London, 17 ',:>. His 
 best works are " Essays of Elia," " Spe- 
 cimens of English Dramatic Poets who 
 lived about the tame of Shaksp 
 '• Christ's Hospital Thirty Years I 
 and the "Old Benchers of Lincoln's 
 Inn." Died at Edmonton, 1884 , 196 
 
 Lanbob, Walter Savage, an English poet, 
 essayist, and miscellaneous writer, born 
 at Ipsley Court, Warwickshire, 1776, 
 He was the son of Walter Landor, I 
 descended from a wealthy and ancient 
 family in that county . . 7o 
 
 Landsef.r, Sir Edwin, one of the most 
 celebrated painters of mod< rn tim< 3, 
 was born in London, in 1803. I i 
 came a Royal Academician in 1880, and 
 stands unrivalled as B painter in por 
 traying the emotions of animal nature
 
 20 
 
 Lansdowxe, Marquis of, v. Petty, William. 
 
 La Perouse, J. F. Galaup de, a celebrated 
 French navigator, born 1741. Having 
 Berved with distinction as captain in the 
 navy, in 1785 he sailed with two frigates 
 on a voyage of discovery, and it was 
 not known until the year 1828 that La 
 Perouse and his men had been wrecked 
 near one of the Yanikoro islands . 194 
 
 Lardner, Dr. Dionysius, a celebrated 
 mathematician and philosophical writer, 
 born at Dublin, 1793. He became a 
 contributor to the " Edinburgh Encyclo- 
 paedia." " Encyclopaedia Metropolitana," 
 etc., etc., and in 1854 commenced his 
 last important work, the " Museum of 
 Science and Art." Died at Paris, 1859. 
 
 130 
 
 Laud, "William. Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 born at Reading on the 7 th of October, 
 L573. His severity against the Puritans 
 and his oppressive measures caused Iris 
 downfall. He was impeached by the 
 Commons, and after three years' im- 
 prisonment, was beheaded in 1644 . 28 
 
 Law, Edward, first Earl of Ellenborough. 
 born 1790. In l s i s he became presi- 
 dent of the Board of Control, and in 
 ! 8 12 Governor-General of India, but 
 ] laving been recalled, lie was appointed 
 firsl lord of the Admiralty . Ki7 
 
 Latabd, Austen Henry, a celebrated 
 
 traveller and politician, born in 1N17. 
 Having acquired the Turkish and Arabic 
 languages, in 1844 he commenced ex- 
 cavations at Nimroud. and succeeded in 
 discovering the remains of Nineveh. 
 In 1852 lie was appointed under secre- 
 tary of state for foreign affairs, since 
 which period he lias taken an active 
 part iii politics . . .145 
 
 l,i, CAT, Claude-Nicholas, a celebrated 
 French physician and Burgeon, born 
 L700 • Le \\ rote several works, includ- 
 ing " I lettres concernanl 1 operation de 
 la taillc.' " Traite des sens," and " Cours 
 abrege d < tsteologie." Died L768. 
 
 Lslande, Jerome de, a celebrated astrono 
 mi r, born 1782. Died L8(H ho 
 
 Lennox. Elizabeth, Countess of, daughter 
 of Sir W. Cavendish, and Elizabeth, 
 (afterwards Countess of Shrewsbury) . 
 She became the wife of Charles Stuart, 
 fifth Earl of Lennox, and mother of 
 Lady Arabella Stuart. Died 1581 . 38 
 
 Lennox. Lord George Henry, second son 
 of Charles, Duke of Richmond, was a 
 military officer of rank. Married in 
 1759, Louisa, daughter of the Marquis 
 of Lothian ..... (i4 
 
 Leo. X., Giovanni de Medici, second son 
 of Lorenzo the Magnificent, born at 
 Florence, Dec, 1475. At the age of 
 eleven he was created archbishop by 
 Louis XI. ; at fourteen, Julius II. in- 
 vested him with the dignity of legate, 
 and in 1513 he was elected to the 
 papacy. Died in 1521 . . 23 
 
 Leslie, Charles Robert, a distinguished 
 artist, bom in London in 1794. At six 
 years of age he went to Philadelphia 
 with his parents, where he soon ex- 
 lubited considerable talents for design- 
 ing. He was sent to London in 1813 
 with letters of introduction to Benjamin 
 West, and in the year 1820 exhibited 
 his first picture, since which time he 
 lias achieved great triumphs as an artist. 
 
 98 
 
 Leslie, John, Duke of Rothes, born 1630. 
 Created Earl of Rothes, 1642; Duke of 
 Rothes and Lord High Chancellor of 
 Scotland, 1667. Died 1081 . 109 
 
 Levita, Elias, a German Jew, born at 
 Neustadt, in 1477. He resided generally 
 in Italy, and was plundered of all he 
 possessed at the taking of Kome in 
 L527. He had a wonderful knowledge 
 of Hebrew literature. His works are 
 \erv numerous and learned. Died 15th 
 
 Jan., L549 234 
 
 Translation of Specimen. 
 I have finished this holy hook, this 
 day. the fourth [day of the week being 
 
 the day of Hoshminn Iiubbti 2H\ [1515J 
 
 cm which 1 have seen my head in the 
 shadow of the union: Thanks to God, 
 that I am sure not to die [in the course 
 of] this year Thus sayetli the BCribe 
 Klijah son u|' Aslier the Levite Asue 
 na/.i. the < rrammarian.
 
 21 
 
 LlND, Jenny, a celebrated vocalist, born at 
 Stockholm on the ()!h Oct., L821. In 
 Consequence of her extraordinary vocal 
 abilities her appearance in London al 
 
 Her Majesty's Theatre created so great 
 a furore that the doors of the opera 
 house were nightly crowded for hours 
 previous to the commencement of the 
 performances. She married M. Otto 
 Goldsmith in 1851, since then she lias 
 seldom appeared in public . 1 8 
 
 Lockhart, John Gibson, an eminent 
 writer, born in Scotland, 1794. He be- 
 came the intimate friend of Sir Walter 
 Scott, whose daughter he married. lie 
 produced among other works, " Life of 
 Scott," "Life of Napoleon," " Valerius," 
 "Adam Blair," etc. In L826 be com- 
 menced editing the" Quarterly Review." 
 Died at Abbotsford, 1854 . . 155 
 
 Lonoi'ellow, Henry Wadsworth, an emi- 
 nent American poet, born at Portland, 
 Maine, U.S., 1807. In 1840 he pub- 
 lished " Hyperion ;" in 1841, " Voices ol 
 the Night;" 18 L7, " Evangeline;" in Is I'.). 
 " Kavanagh ;" in 1855, " The song of 
 Hiawatha;" and "Miles Standish " in 
 L859 207 
 
 Lorraine, v. Charles II. of Lorraine. 
 
 Louis XV., King of France, born at Fon- 
 tainbleau, 1710. He succeeded his great- 
 grandfather in 1715, under the regency 
 of Philip, Duke of Orleans. Died L774. 
 
 118 
 
 Louis-Philipi-k, born at Paris, 1773. 
 Between the years 1785 and 1792 lie 
 served in the French revolutionary 
 army; but being cited to appear before 
 the Tribunal of Public Safety, lie tied 
 across the Belgian frontier, and travelled 
 about the continent and the United 
 States, till the revolution of 1830. Being 
 then summoned to the throne as King of 
 the French, he continued to reign until 
 the revolution of lN4s, when he again 
 fled the country and came to England. 
 where he died in 1850 . . . 48 
 
 Louis, Dauphin, eldest son of Louis \\ I. 
 and Marie Antoinette. Died 1789 . L83 
 
 Louisa. Juliana. Electress of Palatine, 
 
 daughter of William, Prince of Orange, 
 by Anne of Saxony, wife of Frederic the 
 
 IV., Elector Palatine, and mother of 
 
 Frederic, King of Bohemia. Born, 1676. 
 
 Died 1044 l;i 
 
 l.u\ eb, Samuel, an Irish novelist and po< t, 
 was born in Dublin, in 1797. At an 
 early age he gained considerable reputa- 
 tion as a painter, but abandoned that ail 
 for literature. His works are remark- 
 aide for their wit and humour 66 
 
 Lyell, Sir Charles, a celebrated geol 
 born in Forfarshire, 1797. In 1830 ap- 
 peared the first volume of his great 
 work. "The Principles of Geology," 
 which was followed in 1838 by another 
 extraordinary book, entitled "Elements 
 of Geology." lie received the honour 
 of knighthood in 1848 . . 198 
 
 Mai mi. ay. Lord, a celebrated English his- 
 torian, essayist, orator and poet, burn at 
 Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, 1800. 
 His first literary contributions were to 
 the " Quarterly Magazine," and his fame 
 
 was established by his brilliant essay on 
 
 Milton, in the •• Edinburgh Review, to 
 
 which magazine he contributed during 
 twenty years. In 1854 appeared the 
 first volume of his celebrated book, the 
 "History of England, the fifth volume 
 of which he was preparing for the press 
 at the tune of his death, which happened 
 
 in 1859 l-"' s 
 
 M LccLESi ■iKi.D. Charles Gerard, Earl of, son 
 of Sir Charles Gerard. He was elevated 
 to the peerage in 1070, for the services 
 he had rendered the king at many 
 battles, and his success at the taking of 
 
 the castles of Cardigan, Picton, and 
 Carew. Died, L698 . . -in 
 
 M.\( shady, William Charles, a celebrated 
 tragedian, was born in London. March 
 3rd, 1793, and educated at Rugby. He 
 
 appeared at I'ovent -garden theatre. Lon- 
 don. September L6th, L816, in "The 
 Distressed Mother, and continued to 
 perform with unabated success till 
 
 3rd, L851 "'■' 
 
 Madison. James, fourth President of the 
 United State-, was born mar Port-
 
 Royal, in Virginia, in 1751. He com- 
 menced his political career in 1770, by 
 being chosen member of the Virginia 
 Convention. In March 1780 he took his 
 seat in Congress, and in 1809 was chosen 
 President, which office he filled during 
 two terms. Died on the 28th of June, 
 1836 67 
 
 Maintenon, Madame de, v. Aubigne, 
 Frances d'. 
 
 Maitland, Sir William, Secretary of State 
 to Majy Queen of Scots, was the eldest 
 son of Sir Richard Maitland. He wrote 
 a number of poems which are to be found 
 in" Pinkerton's Ancient Scottish Poetry." 
 
 Died 1573 117 
 
 Decipherment of Specimen. 
 We have rendered o r selffs to her 
 Ma*7 w ch to o r owne Coimtreymen we 
 wold never have done, for no extremity 
 myt have commed. We trust her Ma'y 
 will not put us out off her hands to make 
 any other and specially o r mortall 
 encmyes o r maisters. 
 
 Malherbe, Francis de, the father of French 
 lyric poetry, was born at Caen about 
 1555, and served in the army during 
 the wars of the League. He was com- 
 mended to Henry IV. of France by tbe 
 bishop of Evreux, who sent for him, 
 praised Ids poetry, and provided 1dm 
 with the means of remaining at court. 
 He died at Paris, 1628 . . . 54 
 
 Mansfield, Earl of, v. Murray, Wilham. 
 
 Marat, John Paid, a notorious demagogue, 
 born at NeufchateL, in 1744. He become 
 a leader of the revolution, and by his 
 means the most atrocious murders were 
 committed, bu< he was assassinated in 
 tin: heighl of his career by Charlotte 
 Corday, 1793 . . . .178 
 
 M\k'.aki.i of Lancaster, mother of Henry 
 VII., Countess of Richmond and Derby, 
 bam 1441. Died 1509 . 80 
 
 Decipherment of Specimen. 
 My own sweet and most, dear King 
 and all my worldly joy in ;is bumble a 
 manner as I can iliink I recommend me 
 to your grace and most heartily beseech 
 our Lord i" blesB yoo 
 
 Marguerite, de Foix, Duchess of Esper- 
 non 162 
 
 MARiA-Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain, 
 bom 1634. Was the daughter of Ferdi- 
 nand III., and Marie-Anne of Aus- 
 tria. She was betrothed to the infante 
 Philippe Balthasar, after whose deatli 
 she married Philippe IV., King of Spam. 
 Died 1696 166 
 
 Maria, Donna, Princess de Beira, and 
 Queen of Portugal, born 1819. Com- 
 menced to reign 1833. Her first husband 
 was Augustus, Duke of Leuchtenberg, who 
 died 1835. In 1836 she was again mar- 
 ried to Ferdinand, Duke of Saxe-Coburg- 
 Cohary 182 
 
 MARiA-Josepha, of Saxony, daughter of 
 Frederic Augustus, King of Poland. She 
 became the wife of Louis the Dauphin, 
 and mother of Louis XVI. , King of France. 
 Died 1767 197 
 
 MiRiA-Louisa, Empress of the French, was 
 the eldest daughter of Francis I., Em- 
 peror of Austria. In 1810, she was 
 married to Napoleon Bonaparte : and 
 upon his joimng the army in 1813, was 
 nominated regent. Born 1791. Died 
 1847 126 
 
 Mario, Joseph, an Italian singer, born at 
 Turin, in 1810. In 1830 he entered the 
 Sardinian army as an officer, but soon 
 quitted the service and went to Paris, 
 where he assumed the name of Mario, in 
 place of Lis proper title, the Marquis of 
 Candia. In December, 1838, he made 
 his debut in "Robert le Diable," from 
 which time he has appeared hi London, 
 and on the Continent, with continued 
 success 45 
 
 Marlborough, Sarah, Duchess of, daughter 
 of Richard Jennings, of Sandridge, 1 Lerts, 
 born 1660. Became the wife of John 
 Churchill, Duke of Marlborough. Died 
 n 14 34 
 
 Mass, HyppoliteBoutet,an eminent French 
 actress, born 1778. She became cele- 
 b rated in consequence of the originality 
 of her style. Died at Paris, 1848. 169 
 
 Marryatt, Frederic, a celebrated English 
 novelist, born in London, 1792. He
 
 23 
 
 served in the navy, acquiring a distin- 
 guished reputation for skill and bravery, 
 and after many services rose to be a 
 commander and C.B. At the age of 
 forty he commenced writing as a novelist. 
 The productions of his pen are excellent, 
 and have become deservedly popular. 
 Died 1H4K 142 
 
 Martineau, Harriet, an eminent authoress, 
 born at Norwich, 1802. At an early age 
 she displayed great literary talent, and 
 in 1823, published " Devotions for Young 
 People;" since the appearance of which, 
 she has continued to write with in- 
 creasing popularity . . . 163 
 
 Martyr, Peter, one of the early Reformers, 
 born at Florence, in 1500. He held an 
 appointment in the cathedral of Naples, 
 which he relinquished upon reading the 
 works of Luther, and quitted Italy to 
 join the Reformers. On the invitation 
 of Edward VI. he came to England, but 
 in the succeeding reign was obliged to 
 leave the kingdom. Died at Zurich, 
 1502 139 
 
 Marvkll, Andrew, an eminent wit and 
 satirist, born at Kingston-upon-Hull in 
 1620, which town he represented in 
 Parliament with satisfaction to the 
 electors, from 1600 until his sudden 
 death in 1678 ... 11 
 
 Mary I., Queen of England, usually styled 
 " Bloody Mary," was the eldest daughter 
 of Henry VIII., by his first wife, Catha- 
 rine of Aragon, bom Feb., 1516. Her 
 reign was of brief duration. She mar- 
 ried Philip of Spain, 25th July, 1654 
 Died 1558 838 
 
 Mary, Queen of Scots, daughter of James 
 V. of Scotland, born 1542. She was 
 tbrice married ; first, in April, 1558, to 
 the Dauphin of France, afterwards Francis 
 II.; secondly, to Henry Stuart, Lord 
 Darnley, 1565 ; and thirdly, to the Earl 
 of Bothwell, 1567. She was beheaded 
 at Fotheringay Castle, 7th Dec, 1686. 
 
 228 
 
 Mary, daughter of Henry VII., born 1 197. 
 She was married to Louis XII.. of Franco 
 in 1514, and became a widow the follow- 
 
 ing year. She was subsequently united 
 
 . to the Duke of Suffolk Died l.vu . L19 
 
 Mathew, Theobald, the apostle of temper- 
 ance, born in the county of Tipperary, 
 L790. Be devoted his life with great 
 success to the cause of morality and re- 
 ligion, by his endeavours to propagate 
 the doctrine of total abstinence. Died 
 1856 172 
 
 Mathews, Charles James, a celebrated 
 comedian, horn at Liverpool, 1803. He 
 made his first appearance at the Olympic 
 theatre, hi 1885, and has continued to 
 perform with unabated success until the 
 present time 102 
 
 Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, born 
 151)7. He became one of the greatest 
 captains of Ids age, and compelled the 
 Spaniards to abandon the Low Countries. 
 Died 1626 l" s 
 
 Mazarin, Julius, a cardinal and celebrated 
 minister of state, born on the 14th of 
 July, 16<)2. Ho managed the affairs 
 of France during the minority of Louis 
 XIV., and rendered that country an im- 
 portant service by the restoration of 
 peace with Spain, in 165!). He died on 
 the 9th of March. 1661 . . . 46 
 
 M azzini, Giuseppe, born at Genoa, in 1800. 
 At an early age he became an active mem- 
 ber of a secret society against the govern- 
 ment, which being discovered, he was 
 compelled to quit Italy. alid was after- 
 wards, for the same cause, expelled from 
 France and Switzerland. In 1848 he 
 went to Rome, and was appointed 
 triumvir, with Sam and Armellini. He 
 assisted Garibaldi during the late Italian 
 struggle 65 
 
 Medici, Cosmo de, son of a very wealthy 
 merchant, and founder of an illustrious 
 family, born 1880. The envy excited 
 against him in consequence of his riches 
 caused him to retire to Venice, from 
 which place he was recalled by hi9 fel- 
 low-citizens to Florence, where he took 
 a principal share in the government 
 during thirty-four yean. Died 14«4. 
 
 159 
 
 Medici, Giovanni de, >■ Leo X.. Pope.
 
 24 
 
 Medici, Jules de, v. Clement VII.. Pope. 
 
 Medici, Lorenzo de, surnamed " the Mag- 
 nificent," born 1448. He was universally 
 esteemed for his learning, his liberality, 
 and the noble manner in which he 
 governed in Italy. He adorned Florence 
 with edifices of most exquisite taste. 
 Died 1492 16 
 
 Medici, Marie de, Queen of France, 
 daughter of Francis I., Grand Duke of 
 Tuscany, was born 1573. She was 
 married, in 1600, to Henry IV. of France. 
 Died at Cologne, 1642 ... 16 
 
 Metternich, Clement Wenceslas, Prince, 
 a distinguished German diplomatist, born 
 at Coblentz, 1773. For fifty years he 
 represented Austria in various diplomatic 
 missions, and was chosen president of 
 the Congress of Vienna. Died 1859. 
 
 182 
 
 Meyerbeer, Giacomo, a celebrated com- 
 poser, of Hebrew descent, born at Berlin, 
 1794. He produced his first work, 
 " Jephtha's Daughter. " when only 
 eighteen years of age. He visited Italy, 
 adopted the Italian style, and produced 
 many charming operas, including "Robert 
 le Diable," the " Huguenots," the " Pro- 
 phete," and many others. Died May, 
 1*64 7 
 
 MiK.\i!KAi:,Honore-Gabriel-lliquetti, Count 
 de, born at Bignon, March 9th, 1749. 
 After leading a life of extravagance and 
 dissipation, the commencement of the 
 French Revolution offered an ample 
 opportunity to Mirabeau for the exhibi- 
 tion of his extraordinary abilities as an 
 orator; but lie died in the midst of his 
 political career, whilst president of the 
 National Assembly, April, 1791 L60 
 
 Monmoith, .Fumes, Duke of, natural son of 
 Charles II, horn al Rotterdam, L649. 
 He was concerned in a plot against his 
 father, for which he was pardoned, and 
 
 then went to Holland, hut returning on 
 
 the accession of James II .. he appeared 
 in arms with some followers, was de- 
 feated and taken prisoner al Sedgmoor, 
 conveyed to London, tried, and executed, 
 
 if.-:, 21 
 
 Monroe, James, fifth President of the 
 United States, was bom in "Westmore- 
 land, Virginia. After having served in 
 the army he studied for the law, and was 
 elected to represent Virginia in the 
 National Congress ; he afterwards repre- 
 sented the United States at the courts 
 of France, Madrid, and London. In 
 1808 he returned home, was chosen Pre- 
 sident in 1816, and re-elected in 1821. 
 Died at New York, 1831 . . 67 
 
 Montagu, Elizabeth, an authoress, born 
 in 1720. She published, in 1769, "An 
 Essay upon the Writings and Genius of 
 Shakspeare," which obtained great re- 
 putation. She formed a literary society, 
 called the Blue Stocking Club. Died in 
 1800 33 
 
 Montgomery. Gabriel, Count of, a cele- 
 brated French nobleman, who had the 
 misfortune to loll Henry II. of France at 
 a tournament, after which event he 
 travelled and attached himself to the 
 Protestants, and was in Paris at the 
 massacre in 1572, escaping from which 
 he tied to England, but returning to 
 France, was taken prisoner and beheaded, 
 1574 184 
 
 Moreau, John- Victor, one of the most 
 celebrated generals of the French Re- 
 public, bom in Brittany, 1763. He was 
 educated for the law, but his love for a 
 military life led Mm to enlist as a private 
 soldier, and after various services he 
 rose to be commander-in-chief. His 
 hatred of Napoleon caused him, in 1813, 
 to assist the allies against France. He 
 was struck by a shot before Dresden, 
 which compelled him to have his legs 
 amputated, and died after a few days' 
 Buffering, 1818 . . . .155 
 
 Mozabt, Wolfgang-Gottlieb, a celebrated 
 musical composer, born at Salzburg, in 
 1756. His Knowledge of music was so 
 intuitive that, at the age of six years, be 
 played before the Emperor of Germany. 
 
 Soon after his hither made a tour of 
 
 Europe, and his talented child performed 
 at every court, from thai of the Vatican 
 to St. James's ; he afterwards went to 
 Vienna, where he wrote many grand
 
 operas, and on his death-bed the sublime 
 "Requiem." Died in 1792 . L2 
 
 Muit.vr, Joachim, King of Naples, born 
 
 17(i7. He entered the French army, 
 and having rendered good services to 
 Napoleon, was raised to the highest 
 posts, and married Caroline, the sister of 
 Bonaparte. In 1808 he was proclaimed 
 King of tlie Two Sicilies. Was shot 
 13th Oct., 1815 . . • 170 
 
 Mohchison, Sir Roderick Impey, a dis- 
 tinguished geologist, born in Ross-shire, 
 170->. He entered the army, but in 
 1815 quitted that profession and devoted 
 himself to science, and has produced 
 several valuable works upon geology ; 
 Sir Roderick is a member of nearly all 
 the scientific bodies of Europe . 195 
 
 Murray, Earl of, v. Stuart, James. 
 
 Murray, William, Earl of Mansfield, a 
 celebrated lawyer, born 1704. In 174i 
 he became solicitor-general and was 
 elected member of Parliament. In 1754 
 he was made attorney-general, and in 
 1750 chief justice of the King's Bench. 
 Died 1798 ' 113 
 
 Napoleon III., Charles Louis Napoleon 
 Bonaparte, Emperor of the French. 
 One of the most able and extraordinary 
 men of the present century, who after 
 haying passed a life of varied fortune, 
 was in Ls is chosen president of the 
 republic, and proclaimed Emperor is 
 ls.V-2, by the voice of the nation. 
 Napoleon was horn at Paris in L808. 176 
 
 Nkckku, Jacques, a celebrated financier. 
 born at Geneva in 17 -J lie com- 
 menced his career hi a banking estab- 
 lishment in Paris, and afterwards be- 
 came minister of the republic of I l-eneva. 
 About the year 1705 he married a 
 clergyman's daughter, by whom he had 
 one child, afterwards the celebrated 
 Madame de Stael. Died in Switzerland 
 April, 1804 46 
 
 Newcastle, Duchess of, r. Cavendish. 
 
 Xisuktt, Mrs. i Lady Boothby), a cele- 
 brated actress, who appeared when very 
 young upon the provincial boards, and 
 evinced so remarkable a talent for 
 comedy, thai her parents allowed her to 
 follow the stave as a profession 
 was twice married, first to Captain •' \ 
 Xishett, and secondly, to Sir \Y. 
 Boothby. Died 16th Jan., 1858 , 89 
 
 NOVELLO, Clara Anastasia. Countess Gig- 
 
 liucci, born L818. At an early age she 
 
 exhibited greal musical talent ; at BCVen 
 
 teen she was elected an associate of the 
 Philharmonic Society, and subsequently 
 sang with great success in the principal 
 cities of Europe . . . .I s 
 
 Oates, Titus, a notorious character, born 
 about 1619. He was appointed chaplain 
 of a man-of-war, but was dismissed 
 for immoral conduct. In 17 lis he con- 
 cocted a Popish plot, and on his testi- 
 mony several persons, including Lord 
 Stafford, were accused and executed. 
 Fortius conduct he received a pension 
 of £1,200 per annum. In the succeed 
 ing reign he was convicted of perjury, 
 pilloried, ami sentenced to be imprison d 
 for life. Died 1705 . . 13 
 
 O'Connell, Daniel, born in Kerry, [re 
 land, 1775. For many years he urged 
 the necessity of Catholic Emancipation, 
 and in L828 was elected to represent the 
 county of Clare, in Parliament, but was 
 not enabled to take his seat until the 
 passing of the Emancipation Bill, from 
 which period he Laboured incessantly at 
 the greal movement he had inaugural, d 
 Died L847 . . . . . 51 
 
 Orme, Robert, an Rn gliah historian, 
 born in Bombay, l 728. Be commenci 1 
 life as a writer in the service of the 
 East India Company; subsequently 
 b. came fourth member of the council, 
 and held the office of commie 
 general. He wrote the "History of 
 the Military Transaction- of the British 
 Nation in India.' etc. Died L801 . L66 
 
 Owbn, Richard, a celebrated English 
 naturalist, born ai Lancaster, l v "t
 
 For twenty years he held the Himterian 
 professorship at the College of Surgeons; 
 be has received the Royal and Copley 
 medals, also a pension and residence 
 from Her Majesty. The limits assigned 
 to these biographies will not admit of the 
 enumeration of the titlesof the invaluable 
 works he has added to natural history 
 
 162 
 
 Paine, Thomas, an English writer, born 
 in Norfolk, 1737. He wrote a work 
 entitled " Common Sense." also " Rights 
 of Man," " Agrarian Justice opposed to 
 Agrarian Law and to Agrarian Mono- 
 poly." and s.veral works upon the 
 building of ships of war, iron bridges, 
 etc. Died in America, is; id . 206 
 
 Palmerston, Henry Temple, Viscount, 
 born Oct. 20th, L784. One of the 
 greatest of modern statesmen, who when 
 only in liis twenty-fifth year, became a 
 junior lord of the Treasury. In 1809 
 lie was appointed secretary at war, and 
 continued to hold various ministerial 
 appointments until is:,!), when he be- 
 came Premier, which office he held till 
 his death in 1865 . . . 0-3 
 
 Parker, Mathew, the second Protestant 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, born at 
 Norwich, Aug. nth. l.">nl. He became 
 chaplain to Henry YI1I.. and on the 
 3sion of Elizabeth was preferred to 
 the Archbishopric of Canterbury. Died 
 1.771 KM 
 
 Parry, John, a clever singer and musician, 
 
 born in Wales, aboul L812. ! [e was the 
 
 originator of thai peculiar class of 
 
 !<-;i] mill char ici r i titertainment 
 
 now so popular in En land . . 05 
 
 Pai i i, Adeline Juana-Maria, a favourite 
 
 ■ r, born al Madrid, I - 18. 
 
 Me' Bang ;it an early age in New Xbrk, 
 
 and in 1861 appeared at the [talian 
 
 Opera house, London, where she re 
 
 d en <iit (jii i:isiie reception, Her 
 career tin been one of marked su< 
 in England and on the < !ontin< ut of 
 
 Europt ..... iin 
 
 Paul I.. Petrowitz, Emperor of Kussia. 
 son of Peter III. and Catherine II., was 
 born in 1754, and ascended the throne 
 on the death of his mother, in 1796. 
 His conduct towards his subjects became 
 so violent, that a plot was formed, and 
 he was assassinated on the night of 
 March 11th. 1801 .... 22 
 
 Paul III., Alexander Farnese, succeeded 
 to the papal chair on the death of Clement 
 VIII., 1534 He established the Inqui- 
 sition, and acted with rigour against 
 Henry VIH. Died 154!) . . 15 
 
 Peel, Sir Robert, a distinguished P>ritish 
 statesman, born at Chamber Hall, Bury, 
 Lancashire, 1788. The limits of these 
 biographies preclude anything like a 
 detailed account of the measures intro- 
 duced by this the greatest and most disin- 
 terested statesman that ever sat in the 
 House of Commons. Died 1850 . 195 
 
 Pembroke, Anne, Countess of. daughter of 
 George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland. 
 She married first, in 1608, Richard, Earl 
 of Dorset; and secondly, Philip. Earl of 
 Pembroke and Montgomery. She died 
 1675, aged 87 . . . . •'>.■> 
 
 I'ki'ys. Samuel, secretary to the Admiralty 
 in the reigns of Charles II. and James 
 II., born in L632. He managed the navy 
 during the whole of these eventful reigns. 
 In KiSl he became president of the 
 Royal Society. He kept a " Diary in 
 shorthand, which, after 150 years, was 
 published by Lord Braybrooke. This 
 work gives an admirable account of the 
 times of Charl.s II. Died in the year 
 L708 ' 29 
 
 Perrauxt, Claude, a celebrated French 
 architect, horn at Paris. 1613. He de- 
 signed the east front of the Louvre, the 
 Observatory al Paris, and the Grotto at 
 Versailles; he also translated Vitruvius 
 into French, and wrote several works on 
 architecture, etc Lied less . Ig4 
 
 Petty, William, Ear] of Shelburne, a 
 celebrated statesman, born 17.">7. Enter- 
 ing the army in early life, ho rose to be 
 
 aide de Camp to ( ieor^e III., :im[ readied 
 
 the grade of major-genera] In Ui B2 h>
 
 was called upon to form an administra- 
 tion, and dazing his ministry the siege of 
 
 Gibraltar came to a glorious termination. 
 In 17N-1 he was created Marquis of 
 Lansdowne. Died L805 . . 179 
 Philelphus, Francis, a celebrated philolo 
 gist, born at Tolentino, in 1898. He 
 became known to the emperor, John 
 l'alaeologus, and was sent mi an embassy 
 
 to Sigismund, to implore his aid again il 
 the Turks. Died at Florence, in 14*1. 
 
 52 
 
 Philip IV., King of Spain, horn Ki05, 
 succeeded lus father in L621. At the 
 instigation of his favourite, the Duke of 
 Olivarez, war was declared against 
 France, which proved very disastrous : 
 he lost Artois, and Portugal gained its 
 independence. Died 16ti5 . .140 
 
 Philippe II. , Duke of Orleans, usually 
 called Regent of France, was born 167 I. 
 He distinguished himself in commanding 
 the French armies in Spain and Italy. 
 During his regency France became bank- 
 rupt. Died 172:} .... 187 
 
 Picton, Sir Thomas, a distinguished British 
 officer, who rose to the rank of colonel, 
 and became governor of the island of 
 Trinidad. He was present at the siege 
 of Flushing, in 1809, and commanded 
 the fifth division of the army at the 
 battle of Waterloo, where he was killed, 
 after having repulsed one of the most 
 serious attacks made by the enemj 
 
 196 
 
 Pierce, Franklin, ex-President of the 
 United States, was born in the town of 
 Hillsborough, Nov. 23rd, L804. He 
 studied the law and was admitted to the 
 bar. In 1833 he was elected to Congress, 
 ami in 1852 the Baltimore Democratic 
 Convention nominal I'd him to the presi- 
 dency of the United States, to which 
 office be was hi due course elected . 8 I 
 
 Piozzi, Mrs., a celebrated authoress, born 
 at Bodvel, Carnarvonshire, 1739. sin 
 first married a Mr. Thrale, after whose 
 death she became the wife of a musician 
 named Gabriel Piozzi, which marriagi 
 was contrary to the wishes of her in 
 
 timate friend Dr. Johnson. She died al 
 Clifton, 1821 . . . . ~'. r ) 
 
 Pitt, William, an illustrious English 
 statesman, born al Boconnoc, in Corn- 
 wall, L5th Nov., L708. In L756 he 
 became secretary of state, in L766 lord 
 privy seal.and was raised to the p 
 with the title of Viscount Pit! and Earl 
 of Chatham. On the 7th April, 1778, la- 
 fell from exhaustion, whilst delivering a 
 speech against an address to the king in 
 favor of American independence, and 
 expired at his residence on the 1 lth May 
 following 218 
 
 PrusVU.,Gregorio-Luigi-Barnaba-Chiara- 
 
 monti.born at Cescna.in 17-12. In 17*."> he 
 was created a cardinal, and on the death 
 of Pius VI. was elected to the papal 
 chair. In 1804 he repaired to Paris 
 and crowned Napoleon emperor. To- 
 wards the close of his papacy he made 
 important reformations in the govern- 
 ment of the Papal States. Died 
 
 17 
 
 Pins IX., Giovanni Maria-Mastai Ferretti, 
 born 1792, succeeded Gregory XVI. in 
 1846. He has proved a weak and docile 
 
 pontiff, being Btrongly influenced in 
 
 every act by Cardinal AntoneHi, and 
 exercising little or no influence over 
 Catholic countries like his pn deci 
 
 15 
 
 Playfajr, John, an eminent Scotch mathe- 
 matician,' born 1748. In 1785 he was 
 appointed joint professor of mathematii s 
 in the University of Edinburgh; in L805 
 
 he succeeded to the chair of natural 
 
 philosophy, and in L822 published his 
 " Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory 
 of the Earth." He contributed largely 
 to the •• Edinburgh Review " and " En- 
 cyclopaedia Britannica." Died I s !' 1 
 
 1 2 - 
 
 PoLlTIANO, Angelo, an eminent Italian 
 scholar, was born in L454, at Monte 
 Pulciano, Tuscany. 1 [is po< (deal talents 
 obtained him the of Julian 
 
 and Lorenzo de Medici. He wrote 
 elegantly in Italian. Latin, and < I 
 and was also ve -sod in I febrew 1 1 i
 
 " Orfeo " is the earliest copy of the 
 libretto of an opera extant. Died Sept., 
 1494 57 
 
 Polk, James Knox, a President of the 
 United States, born in North Carolina 
 in 171)5. In 1825 he was returned to 
 serve in Congress, which position he re- 
 tained for fourteen years ; during the last 
 three he held the post of speaker in the 
 House of Representatives, and in 1^44 
 was elevated to the presidential chair. 
 Died in 1849 73 
 
 Pomake, Queen, daughter of Pomare II., 
 King of Taiti, born 1822. She reigned 
 over that island until the year 1842, when 
 the principal chiefs having placed them- 
 selves under French protection, she was 
 compelled to retire into exile, but was 
 shortly afterwards reinstated by the 
 good offices of England, and hi 1852 she 
 abdicated in favor of her son Tamatoa. 
 
 134 
 
 Pobson, Richard, a very learned Greek 
 scholar, born in Norfolk in 1759. The 
 liberality of Mr. Wilton and Sir George 
 Baker enabled young Porson to study 
 first at Eton and afterwards at the uni- 
 versity of Cambridge. At the latter 
 place he was unanimously elected regius 
 profi ssor of Greek. He was subsequently 
 appointed librarian to the London In- 
 stitution. Died 180H . . .152 
 
 Poubbin, Nicholas, a celebrated painter, 
 born lit Andelys in Normandy, L594. 
 ]>ii d in Rome, L665 . . . 191 
 
 Pratt, I Iharles, Bar! of Camden, born 
 L714. I Caving linn trained to the law, 
 was called to ilie bar L738, made attor- 
 ney genera] )',:•',. In L761 lie was raised 
 to the bench as lord chief justice, in L765 
 created a pe< r, and the following year 
 lord chancellor. Died L794 176 
 
 Pi bi b, diaries Small, one of the lords of 
 the Tri asurj in Mr. Tin . admini tra 
 
 lion. \\;i S horn I'/lili. Iii L800 he pub- 
 
 li bed a poem, called " The Sovereign." 
 Died 1810 76 
 
 I John, a noted republican, born in 
 1 • i At ,iii earlj age he was elected 
 
 member of Parliament for Tavistock. 
 He denounced in succession the conduct 
 of Buckingham, Laud, and Strafford, 
 and was mainly instrumental in bringing 
 the last two to the block. Died in 1043. 
 
 29 
 
 Rabelais, Francis, a celebrated French 
 writer, bom at Chinon, Tourraine, 1483. 
 His principal work is the famous satiri- 
 cal romance, the " History of Gargantua 
 and Pantagruel." Died at Paris, 1553. 
 
 177 
 
 Rachel, Eliza-Rachel Felix, a very cele- 
 brated French actress, bom in Switzer- 
 land, in 1820. In 1837 she made her 
 first appearance upon the stage with 
 only slight success, but the following- 
 year she took the Parisian public by sur- 
 prise, and excited great enthusiasm. 
 Died at Cannes, 1858 . . . 86 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, a distinguished 
 English navigator, author and corn-tier, 
 born in Devonshire, 1552. He intro- 
 duced the tobacco-plant and the potato 
 into this country. He took a dis- 
 tinguished part in the destruction of the 
 Spanish armada, and at the taking of 
 Cadiz. Beheaded 1618 . . 230 
 
 Reeves, Sims, a popular tenor, born at 
 Woolwich, 1821. He made his first 
 appearance on the stage at Newcastle, 
 1839, and has since performed in London 
 and in the provinces with great success. 
 
 109 
 
 Richardson, Samuel, an eminent English 
 novelist, born in Derbyshire, 1689. He 
 was apprenticed to a printer, which 
 trade he followed, and became one of the 
 best printers in London. In 1740 
 appeared his firsi work as an author, 
 entitled " Pamela," which was followed 
 by "Clarissa Hailowe." "Sir Charles 
 Grandison," and an edition of "iEsop's 
 
 l'ahles." Died 1761 . . . L66 
 
 Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, son 
 of Richard, Earl of Cambridge. Deficient 
 in power in early life to assert his claim 
 to the crown, his judicious marriage with 
 Cecilia Neville, daughter of Ralph, Earl 
 of Westmoreland, by Joan Beaufort,
 
 29 
 
 enabled him to obtain the throne for his 
 son Edward IV. . . 225 
 
 Richmond, Sarah, Duchess of, was the 
 daughter of William, first Earl of Cado- 
 gan. Died 1751 . . .10 
 
 ROCHESTER, Elizabeth, Countess of, was 
 the daughter of John .Mallet of Enmore. 
 She became the wife of the celebrated 
 John Wilmot, second Earl of Rochester. 
 
 I! 
 
 Rochester, Earl of, v. Wilmot, John. 
 
 Rodney, George Brydges, Lord, a dis- 
 tinguished English admiral, horn in 
 Surrey, 1718. Having been successful 
 in several naval engagements, he was 
 created a baronet, and subsequently de- 
 feated the French fleet in l?s-,>. for which 
 service he was made a peer. Died 17i) - ^. 
 
 198 
 
 Rohan, Henry, Due dc, born at the Castle 
 of Blein, in Brittany, L579. He dig 
 (anguished himself at the siege of Amiens, 
 and subsequently became chief of the 
 Huguenots. He (bed from the effects of 
 a wound received at the battle of Rhein- 
 felden, 1688 . . . .5!) 
 
 Rosa, Salvator, a celebrated Italian, born 
 in 1615, at Arenella, near Naples. He 
 excelled as a painter, and was also a 
 musician, poet, and a good actor. 1 >ied 
 at Rome, Ki7;5 . . . .22 
 
 Translation of Specimen. 
 I must really punish you by allowing 
 two or three months at a lime to pass with- 
 out giving you any news of us. Jesus 
 Christ, what cruelty it is. 
 
 Your true friend, 
 '.),/, Feb., 1652. Sal' Rosa. 
 
 Ross, Sir John, an English admiral and 
 arctic navigator, born 1777. He en- 
 tered the navy, and alter having served 
 with distinction, was, in 1818, appointed 
 to the command of an expedition to the 
 arctic regions ; he returned to England 
 in 1833, and was knighted the 
 year. Died in ls.KJ . . . 1-17 
 
 Rowe, Elizabeth, a lady distinguished for 
 her piety and learning, born at Qchester, 
 1674. Her principal work: are "Friend 
 
 ship in Death;" "Letters, Moral and 
 Entertaining, in Prose and Verse," and 
 "Devout Exercises of the Heart. Died 
 
 17M7 .SI 
 
 Rubini, J. B., a celebrated Itaban vocalist, 
 born at Romano, 17!).">. He made his 
 first appearance as a singer at Bergamo 
 and Florence with little success. Hi: 
 was more fortunate at Paris in 1825, and 
 
 subsequently obtained great popularity 
 in England and Italy. Died 1854 . 104 
 
 RUDERSDOBFF, a celebrated vocalist, bom 
 
 at Ivanofsky, in the ITkrane. Succes- 
 sively a pupil of Rubini, Lablache, and 
 
 Bordogni. At the age of fourteen she 
 sang at Peipsic with great cfl'cct Mendel- 
 ssohn's Hymn of Praise, and has since 
 appeared in the principal cities of Europe 
 with remarkable success . . '.) 
 
 Rumfobd, Count, v. Thompson, Benjamin. 
 
 Rushwobth, John, an English compiler, 
 bom in Northumberland, about 1607. 
 He became secretary to Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax, and subsequently sat for Ber- 
 wick, in Cromwell's parliament. Died 
 1690 98 
 
 Russell, Rachel, Lady, daughter of the 
 Pari of Southampton, horn in L636. In 
 1669 she was married to Lord William 
 Russell, whom she attended during his 
 trial, acting as his secretary, and exhibit- 
 ing the strongest proofs of conjugal 
 affection, which she continued to mani- 
 fest until her death in September, 1723, 
 forty veal's after her hushand's execution. 
 
 11 
 
 SAiNT-Hilaire, Geoffroy-Etienne, an emi- 
 nent French naturalist, born at Etampes, 
 1772. He gave Lectures upon /oology. 
 in conjunction with Cuvier, and subse- 
 quently was appointed professor of 
 anatomy and physiology in the faculty 
 of science--. His complete works were 
 published in forty-two volumes, under 
 the title of " Professional Studies of a 
 Naturalist." Died at Paris. 1844. 
 
 Sainton - Dolby, Charlotte Helen, an 
 eminent contralto singer, born in Lon- 
 don, about 1820. The preservation of the 
 English ballad in its truthful power.
 
 30 
 
 pathos, and simplicity, is mainly owing 
 to her well-directed efforts. In 1860 she 
 became the wife of M. Sainton, the 
 eminent violinist . . . . T 
 
 Saumaeez. James, Lord de, a celebrated 
 English admiral, born at Guernsey, 17 57. 
 He distinguished himself in many actions, 
 and gradually rose in his profession, being 
 appointed second in command at the 
 battle of the Nile. In 1831 he was 
 created a lord. Died 1836 . . 221 
 
 Saussube, Horace Benedict de,a celebrated 
 naturalist, born at Geneva in 174=0. 
 He invented several useful philosophi- 
 cal instruments, and crossed the Alps 
 fourteen times by eight different routes, 
 ultimately ascending to the summit of 
 Mont Blanc for scientific investigation. 
 Died in 1799 80 
 
 Saville, George, Mairmis of Halifax, an 
 eminent English statesman, and privy 
 councillor to Charles II., born 1630. 
 In the Convention Parliament he was 
 chosen speaker of the House of Lords. 
 and at the accession of William ami 
 Mary, was made lord privy seal. Died 
 1695 107 
 
 Savoy, Cataline, Duchess of, v. Catherine 
 
 of Austria. 
 
 Savoy, Thomas de, Count of Soissnm. 
 born 15th Doc, Ki.'iM. He Berved the 
 
 Fr< noli till L695, and was wound. d a 
 
 the battle of Landen. Died 1702 161 
 
 Saxe, Maurice, < 'owai of Saxony. Marshal, 
 a celebrated general, born at Dresden u 
 L696- lb' was the natural son of Fred 
 eric Augustus II ., King of Poland. Died 
 in November, L750, after forty years oi 
 active military Bervice, wherein he con 
 tinualh, distinguished himself . . 17 
 
 S( H0MBEH .. I b'lirv.l 'otini do, a mar- 1 
 
 ■r. born at Paris, l 588. He became 
 lor to < ■ i !ii:ni\ and England 
 in Kii'.i was appointed superintendent oi 
 Fin mce.andin 1621, chief minister, I >ied 
 
 i2 Lie 
 
 Scribe, Eu idrai tatic w rit< r. 
 
 i > oi mber the 25th, L791. 
 
 He i a nous writer a< 
 
 has composed the libretti of several 
 popular operas .... 90 
 
 Sebastiani, Horace Francis, Count, a cele- 
 brated French general, born in 1770. 
 He distinguished himself at Austerlitz, 
 and in 1809, defeated the Spaniards in 
 several encounters ; he subsequently ob- 
 tained a command in the grand army for 
 the invasion of Russia. In 1835 he was 
 ambassador in London. Died 1851. 
 
 208 
 
 Seymour, Edward, Earl of Hertford. Mar- 
 ried Catherine, sister of Lady Jane Grey. 
 Created Earl of Hertford, 1559. Died 
 1621 80 
 
 Sforza, James, a celebrated Italian general, 
 born 1369. Having been some time in 
 the service of Joan, Queen of Naples, he 
 was created constable of the kingdom. 
 He compelled the King of Aragon to 
 raise the siege of Naples. Drowned 
 1421 157 
 
 Shee, Sir Martin Archer, an eminent 
 painter, born at Dublin. 1770. In 1800, 
 he became R.A., from which time he rose 
 so rapidly in his profession that, upon the 
 death of Lawrence in 18;i0, he was chosen 
 president of the Royal Academy, and 
 knighted. Died 1850 . . .211 
 
 Sheffield, Earl of, v. Holroyd, John Baker. 
 
 Sunn,, Richard Lalor, a celebrated diplo- 
 matist and politician, born at Dublin, 
 1 7 93. I Ce became a member of the House 
 of Commons, and in 1839, vice-president 
 of the Board of Trade, and a member of 
 the Privy Council. Died at Florence, 
 1851 
 
 SiiKi.i.KY, Percy Hyssho, a poet, son of Sir 
 Timothy Shelley, bar!., born in Sussex, 
 
 in 1792. Before he had attained bis 
 fifteenth year lie published two novelB, 
 
 which were followed by several poetical 
 works. He was drowned while on a 
 marine excursion in the ( lull' of Lerici, 
 July Mil. L822 . . . .01 
 Shenstone, William, an English poet, born 
 in Shropshire, I7M, and i ducated at 
 Oxford. His works consist of BOUgS, 
 elegies, pastorals, Letters, and miscel 
 laneou Died L763 . L73
 
 si 
 
 S bemoan, Frances, wife of Thomas 
 Sheridan, the lexicographer, was the 
 granddaughter of Sir Oliver Chamber- 
 laine. She wrote two comedies, "The 
 Discovery," and "The Dupe." Died al 
 Finis in 17(i!i, in tlie forty -second year 
 of her age 24 
 
 Shield, William, a celebrated English 
 musical composer, born in Durham, 
 1749. At an early age he showed great 
 predilection for music, and in 1783, his 
 opera of " Rosina " was performed with 
 great success at Covent-garden. This 
 was followed by the "Poor Soldier," 
 " Robin Hood," and other operas. Died 
 L829 212 
 
 Sichard, John, a celebrated lawyer, born 
 at Bishopsheim, 1499. Educated at 
 Erfurt and Ingoldstadt. He visited the 
 most celebrated libraries in Germany, 
 and discovered the first eight books of the 
 Codex Theodosianns and other important 
 works. Died 1552 . . .144 
 
 Sldmouth, Viscount, v. Addington, Henry. 
 
 Sidney, Sir Philip, a distinguished soldier 
 and poet, born al Penshurst, Kent, L554. 
 Was knighted in 1582, and appointed 
 governor of Flushing, in L585. Had it 
 not been for the opposition of Queen 
 Elizabeth he would most probably have 
 become King of Poland. He re- 
 ceived a mortal wound at the battle of 
 Zutphen, L586 . . .17.". 
 
 Sieyes, Ebnmanual Joseph, Count, usually 
 called "Abbe Sieyes," born at Fn jus. 
 1748. He became a very celebrated 
 political philosopher, and played a pro- 
 minent part iu the proceedings of the 
 
 National Assembly He was appointed 
 
 Consul of Frauer with Bonaparte, but 
 retired with a reward of 600,000 francs 
 and a mansion. Died in Paris. L886. 
 
 219 
 Sigourney, Lydia Huntley, an American 
 poetess and writer, born at Norwich. 
 Connecticut, 1791. In 1822 she pro- 
 duced her best poem, " The Aborigines 
 of America," since the appearance of 
 which she has made the tour of 
 Europe, an account of which she gave 
 
 to the world under the title of " PI B 
 
 Memories of Pleasanl Lands " . Z Lfl 
 Simpson, Dr. Robert, an eminent Scotch 
 mathematician, born in Ayrshire, 
 In 1711 he obtained the professorship of 
 mathematics in the University of G 
 
 COW, which office he retained during 
 fifty years. Died L678 . . 220 
 
 Sismondt, John-Charles-Leonard Sismonde 
 
 de, a celebrated historian, horn at 
 Geneva. 1773. His principal works 
 include " llistoire des Frangais," "Lec- 
 tures upon the Literature of the South 
 of Europe," " History of the Fall of the 
 Roman Empire and of the Decline of 
 Civilization." and " Studies in Social 
 Science." Died 1842 . . . 209 
 
 Smith, Albert, a modern English littera- 
 teur, born at Chertsey, 1816. His mosl 
 popular productions consist of "The 
 Scattergood Family," "The Adventures 
 of Mr. Ledbury," "Christopher Tad- 
 pole," and "The Pottleton Legacy." In 
 1n,V» be commenced his most successful 
 entertainment, ••Ascent ofMonl Blanc." 
 Died 1860 65 
 
 Smith, Charlotte, a clever writer, born in 
 Sussex,' 1749. Her husband's impro- 
 vidence compelled her to Seek support 
 
 by her pen, and she produced " The 
 Romance of Real Life," "Emmeline," 
 and other works in quick succession. 
 Died in 1806 . . . .24 
 
 Smith, Rev. Sydney, an eminent English 
 divine and essayist, born at Woodford, 
 
 1777. After travelling with a pupil on 
 
 the continent he returned to Edinburgh, 
 where he became acquainted with Lords 
 Jeffrey, .Murray, and Brougham, in com- 
 pany with whom he commenced the 
 "Edinburgh Review." He subsequently 
 
 held several livings, and in L881 Was 
 appointed a canon of St. 1'anls. Died 
 
 in L845 181 
 
 SoANB, Sir John, aii architect, born at 
 
 Reading, L758. He held the poet of 
 architect to the Bank of England, the 
 
 Woods and Forests, and surveyor to 
 Chelsea Hospital He was knighted in 
 L881. Having quarrelled with bis only
 
 32 
 
 son, he left his house, museum, and 
 library, situated in Lincobi's-iim -fields, 
 for the use of the public. Died 1837. 
 
 127 
 
 Sobteski, Marie Louise. Princess Koyal of 
 Poland, and Duchess of Bouillon . 114 
 
 Someus. Lord John, Chancellor of England, 
 born at Worcester, in Hi50, or 1652. In 
 Hi'.)-' he was appointed attorney-general, 
 and created lord chancellor in 1697. He 
 also held the distinguished office of pre- 
 sident of the council under Queen Anne, 
 between 1708-10. Died April 26th, 1710. 
 
 108 
 
 Sophia, Princess, daughter of Frederick, 
 Elector Palatine, and Elizabeth, daughter 
 of King James I. She married Ernest 
 Augustus, Elector of Hanover; and in 
 1701 was declared heiress to the British 
 crown. She was the mother of King 
 George I. Died 1714 . . .5 
 
 Spanhiem, Frederic, a learned divine, born 
 at Geneva, 1632, and educated at Leyden. 
 He became professor of divinity at 
 Heidelberg, and afterwards at Leyden. 
 Died 1701 190 
 
 Spelman, Sir Henry, an eminent English 
 antiquary, born near Lynn in 1562. His 
 reputation became so great, that he was 
 nominated one of .lames I. commission- 
 ersand knighted. He wrote a work against 
 Bacrilege under (he title of " De Non 
 Temerandis Ecclesiis;" also " Glossa- 
 riuin Archseologicum ;" and an edition of 
 the English Councils. Died 1641 . 167 
 
 Sn i:i. i. on. Lev. Charles Iladdon, a popular 
 
 preacher, born at Kelvedon, Essex, June 
 r.i. L834. He made his first appearance 
 before a London congregation in 1858, 
 and has continued to preach with un- 
 abated success to the present time . 88 
 StaNFIELD, ('larksoii.au eminent modern 
 
 English painter and Koyal Academician, 
 
 horn at Sunderland, about I / 98. I [e 
 Commenced life as a seaman, on hoard 
 
 tie' i I in which I touglas Jerrold 
 
 served as a midshipman ; abandoning 
 th. navy he became a Bcene painter, and 
 
 nlti tei\ tool i" painting coasl Bcenery 
 
 ami shipping In the latterwalk he has 
 achieved tie highesl reputation loi 
 
 Stanhope, Philip Dormer, Earl of Ches- 
 terfield, born hi London, 1694. He 
 commenced his political career as am- 
 bassador to Holland in 1728, and in 1742 
 was sent to Ireland as lord-lieutenant ; 
 for Iris services in that country he was 
 appointed secretary of state of England. 
 He was celebrated as a wit. and was the 
 associate of all the men of letters of Iris 
 time. Died 1773 . . . .100 
 
 Stanislaus, Augustus Poiriatowski, the 
 last king of Poland, was born in 1732. 
 He captivated Catherine II. of Russia, 
 whose iniluence assisted Iris election as 
 king of Poland, 7th Sept, 1764. After 
 tlrirty years of internal discontent, Stanis- 
 laus was forced to resign Iris crown, and 
 Foland was divided between Russia, 
 Austria, and Prussia. He died at St. 
 Petersburgh, in 1798 . . . 99 
 
 Stanley, Smith, Edward Henry, Lord, an 
 English statesman, son of the Earl of 
 Derby, born at Knowsley, 1826. Having 
 held several ministerial appointments, in 
 1858 he became secretary of state for 
 India .74 
 
 Staudigl, Joseph, one of the most cele- 
 brated bass singers Germany ever pro- 
 duced, born at Wollersdorf, 1807. He 
 came to London in 1844, and appeared 
 as Caspar in the opera of " Der Freis- 
 chutz," and as Croveso in " Norma." 
 As a composer he wrote several charac- 
 teristic songs . . . .53 
 
 St. John, Henry, Viscount Bolinbroke, a 
 distinguished statesman, born 1078. He 
 entered Parliament hi 1701 ; in 1704 be- 
 came secretary of Avar, and in 1710 one 
 of the ministry. He was impeached 
 by Walpole at the bar of the House of 
 Lords, and attainted by Act of Parlia- 
 ment. He subsequently wrote against, 
 and succeeded in overthrowing, Sir 
 Robert Walpole. Died 1751 . 188 
 
 Stothabd, Thomas, a celebrated painter, 
 born in London, 1765, He became so 
 distinguished an illustrator of books that 
 almost, every publisher sought his aid, 
 ami if is staled that he produced over 
 
 five thousand designs. Died 1848 . 219
 
 33 
 
 Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth Bceehcr, an 
 American authoress, born at Lichfield, 
 Connecticut, 1814. Her most successful 
 work was "Uncle Tom's Cabin," of 
 which 200,000 copies were circulated in 
 the United States alone. In 18f>:> she 
 published a " Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin," 
 and in 1856 " Dred, a Tale of the Great 
 Dismal Swamp " . . .200 
 
 Strickland, Agnes, a distinguished English 
 historical writer, born hi Suffolk, early 
 in the present century. After having 
 written many poems and interesting 
 tales, she produced the " Lives of the 
 Queens of England." the " Lives of the 
 Queens of Scotland," and " English Prin- 
 cesses connected with the Royal succes- 
 sion of Great Britain." These works have 
 become very popular . . .70 
 
 Strickland, Hugh Edwin, an eminent 
 English naturalist, born in Yorkshire, 
 1811. He was the author of eighty-six 
 valuable publications upon natural 
 science, and completed three volumes of 
 Professor Agassiz's "Bibliography of 
 Zoology and Geology." Killed 1853. 
 
 205 
 
 Stuart, Arabella, oidy daughter of Charles, 
 fifth Earl of Lennox. She stood in the 
 same relationship to Queen Elizabeth as 
 did James I., who, hi 1010, finding the 
 Lady Arabella had married contrary to 
 his wishes, had her imprisoned in the 
 Tower, where she died 1015 . . 120 
 
 Stuart, Charles Edward, commonly called 
 the " Pretender," was the grandson of 
 James II., and born in 1721. In sup- 
 port of his father's claim he endeavoured 
 by force of arms to obtain possession of 
 the crown of England, but was signally 
 defeated at Culloden, and succeeded in 
 escaping to France. Died at Home 1788. 
 
 «.I7 
 
 Stuart, James, Earl of Murray, was the 
 natural son of James V., born 1631. He 
 became prune minister to Mary Queen 
 of Scots, whose marriage to Darnley he 
 strongly opposed. In 1561 he was pro- 
 claimed regent. He was shot in 1570 by 
 James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh . 87 
 
 Stuart, James Francis Edward, usually 
 called the "Old Pretender," was the son 
 of -lames II. of England. In 1716 he 
 landed al Peterhead, in Scotland, but 
 (hiding it useless to assert liis claim to 
 the throne, fled to France. Died at 
 Rome, 1765 17 
 
 Stuakt, Katherine, Lady Aubigny, the 
 friend of King Charles, was the daughter 
 of Theophilus Howard, third Earl of Suf- 
 folk. She became the wife of George, 
 Lord Aubigny, who was slain at Edge- 
 lull, 1642, after whose death she was 
 married to Sir James Livingston . 36 
 
 Si eiiKT, Louis Gabriel, a celebrated French 
 general, born about 1771. He joined 
 the army as a volunteer, and greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself at the siege of Toulon 
 in 171)3, at Livano, in Italy, 17 '.(5, at the 
 battle of Marengo, and throughout the 
 Peninsula war, where he commanded the 
 fifth division of the army, for which ser- 
 vices Napoleon created him Duke of 
 Albufera. Died 1826 . . 224 
 
 Sully, Duke of, v. Bethune. 
 
 Swift, Jonathan, a celebrated divine and 
 writer, born at Dublin, 1667. In 1704 
 he published " The Tale of a Tub," and 
 " The Battle of the Books. " and in 1726 
 that extraordinary satirical romance 
 
 " Gulliver's Travels.'' After having had 
 several preferments, he was appointed 
 Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin, in 1718. 
 Died l!)th Oct., 1745 . . . 190 
 
 T\i nor, Alethea, Countess of Arundel and 
 Surrey, was the daughter of Gilbert, 
 seventh Earl of Shrewsbury. She 
 married Thomas Howard. Earl of 
 Arundel and Surrey, who died at Padua. 
 1646 11 
 
 Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon, a eel brat* d 
 judge and writer, horn near Stafford, 
 IT'.l"). By great application be rose in 
 his profession and became a justice of the 
 court of Common Pleas. He wrote 
 several tragedies, also " The In n. 
 Charles Lamb, with a sketch of his 
 Life ;" " Final Memorials of Charles 
 Lamb," and many other literary produc- 
 tions. Died 1^54 . . . 20?
 
 34 
 
 Tallien, Jean Lambert, a celebrated 
 French revolutionary Leader, who was 
 principal in the overthrow of Robespierre. 
 In 17!J3 he was sent by the Convention 
 to Bordeaux, where he committed hun- 
 dreds to the scaffold. After the execu- 
 tion of Robespierre, he became a member 
 of the Committee of Public Safety. He 
 was allowed to reside in Paris after the 
 Restoration, where he died 1820 . 222 
 
 Talma, Francis Joseph, an eminent French 
 tragedian, born at Parts 1763. At the 
 age of twenty he made an unsuccessful 
 attempt upon the stage, from which he 
 retired; but, re-appearing in 1789, he 
 created a great sensation, and became 
 the leading tragic actor of the day. Died 
 in 1826 54 
 
 Tamberlick, Henri, a celebrated Italian 
 singer, bom at Rome, 1820. He made 
 his debut at Naples in 1841, and lias 
 subsequently sung with great success in 
 every capital in Europe . . 53 
 
 Tasso, Torquato, a great Italian poet, born 
 at Sorrento, 11th May, 1544. His first 
 poem, " II Rinaldo," established his 
 fame, and obtained liim the patronage or 
 Cardinal Lugi d' Este, by whom he was 
 introduced at the court of the Duke of 
 Ferrara, where he fell in love with 
 Leonora, sister to the Duke, who, indig- 
 nant at Tasso's audacity, had him im- 
 prisoned as a madman for the space of 
 seven \v;irs. Upon Ids release he com- 
 pleted his " Gerusalemme Conquistata." 
 Died at Rom,', 1595 ... 8 
 
 I or, Jeremy, a learned prelate, born at 
 Cambridge in 1613. He was educated 
 at Cuius College, and became so eminent 
 a preacher, thai Archbishop Laud pro- 
 cured him a fellowship. He subsequently 
 became chaplain to Charles I. After 
 the Restoration he was made Bishop of 
 Down and Connor by King Charles II., 
 urn! Vice-chancellor of Trinity College, 
 Dublin. Died at Lisburn, Ireland, 1667. 
 
 28 
 
 i ioh, Alfred, poei laureate, bum in 
 
 1809. I lis first work, a volume of ] ms 
 
 published in 1830, gamed him distinc 
 
 tion ; but it is since 1842 that the rapid 
 growth of his fame may be dated. He 
 was appointed poet laureate on the 
 death of Wordsworth. His principal 
 poems are " The Princess." " In Memo- 
 nam," "Maude," and the "Idylls of 
 the King " 168 
 
 Thackeray, William Makepeace, a distin- 
 guished novelist, bora at Calcutta in 
 1811. He gamed his first distinction as 
 an author hi "Eraser's Magazine," 
 under the nam de plume of "Michael 
 Angelo Titmarsh," and afterwards wrote 
 many of the most popular works of his 
 day. Died Dec. 24, 1865 . 91 
 
 Thierry, de Ville-D'Avray, was the first 
 gentleman of the bedchamber to Louis 
 XVI. He was massacred in the revolu- 
 tion of 1792 212 
 
 Thompson. Benjamin, Count Rumfbrd, an 
 American natural philosopher and 
 philanthropist, burn 1752. He espoused 
 the royal cause in the contest between 
 England and America, and in 1784 was 
 created a knight. He became distin- 
 guished in England by his experiments 
 in natural philosophy. Died near Paris, 
 1814 197 
 
 Thom, William, usually called "The 
 Weaver Poet," born at Aberdeen. 17!)!). 
 Being out of employment he commenced 
 song writing, and forwarded some verses 
 to the "Aberdeen Herald" which at- 
 tracted much attention ; he subsequently 
 produced a small volume entitled 
 "Rhymes and Recollections of a Hand- 
 loom Weaver." Died 1850 . . 215 
 
 TnnnwAi.siiKN. Alberto, a celebrated Danish 
 sculptor, born at Copenhagen, L770. In 
 his twenty-second year be gained the 
 gold medal of the bine Arts Academy, 
 and a travelling studentship, whereupon 
 he proceeded to Rome, where he rapidly 
 rose to the highesl reputation. Died 
 1 - 1 1 . . . . 143 
 
 Thyxni;. Thomas, Lord Weymouth, sun of 
 Sir Henry F. Thynne, was raised to the 
 peerage li>H2. He married Prances, 
 
 daughter of the second Earl >>[' Winchel 
 sea. Died 1714 ... 81
 
 35 
 
 ThKKi.i,, Thomas, an English poet, horn hi 
 Cumberland, 1686. He acted as private 
 secretary to Addison, when he was 
 secretary of state. Tickcll translated 
 the first hook of the Iliad, and published 
 a collection of Addison's works. Lied 
 17 1H 216 
 
 Tikik, Ludwig, a celebrated German 
 writer, horn at Berlin, 1773. He wrote. 
 with great success, poems, novels, tales, 
 tragedies, and comedies; in addition to 
 which ho translated "Friar Bacon," 
 " The Lancashire Witches," Ben Jonson's 
 " Epiccene," and " Don Quixote :" but 
 the work which renders his name most 
 famous in literature is the translation of 
 Shakespeare's plays. Died 1853 . 210 
 
 TlETJENS, Theresa, a celebrated operatic 
 singer, born at Hamburg in 1834. She 
 made her first appearance in her native 
 town as Lucrezia, in 1849. She suhse- 
 quently performed at Frankfort and 
 Vienna, and made her debut before a 
 London audience in 185N . . 56 
 
 Tudor, Margaret, Queen of Scotland, was 
 the eldest sister of King Henry VIII., 
 born 1480. Married first. King James 
 IV. of Scotland ; secondly, Archibald 
 Douglas, Earl of Angus ; and, thirdly, 
 Henry Stewart, Lord Methven. Died 
 1541 to 
 
 Tudor, Mary, daughter of Henry VII., 
 King of England, horn 1498. She was 
 married first to Lewis XII.. King of 
 France, after whose death she became 
 the wife of Charles Brandon, Duke of 
 Suffolk. Died 1533 . . .40 
 
 Ti-rgot, Anne-Bohert James, a celebrated 
 French statesman, horn in Pans. 1727. 
 He was appointed intendant of Limoges, 
 and subseqiiently created comptroller- 
 general of finance. Died 17H1 . 204 
 
 Turner, Joseph -Mallord William, a cele- 
 brated painter, horn in London. 17 7.">. 
 When only twelve years of age he < \ 
 hibited his firsl picture at the Royal 
 Academy, from which time he has con 
 tributed no less than -j.v.i paintings. 
 Alter his death, in 1851, it was found he 
 had bequeathed the whole of his pictures 
 and drawings to the nation 217 
 
 Tyler, John, President of the United 
 
 States 78 
 
 Ure, Andrew, a celebrated chemist, born 
 
 at Glasgow. 17 7s. He wrote "A Die 
 tionary of Chemistry, "The Cotton 
 Manufactures of Great Britain," and 
 " The Philosophy of Manufactures 
 In l^-'ii he was appointed analytical 
 chemist to the Board of Trade. Died 
 ls.")7 218 
 
 Usher, James, an eminent prelate, born 
 at Dublin on the 4th of Jan., 1580. At 
 the age of sixteen he commenced in 
 Latin, an exact chronicle of the Bible. 
 He was created Bishop of Meath in 
 1620, and Archbishop of Armagh in 
 1626. On the breaking out of the Irish 
 rebellion he retired to England. Died 
 at Reigate in Surrey, 1656 11 
 
 Vauban, Sebastian le Prestre de, a cel< 
 brated French engineer, horn 1638. He 
 
 was employed by Louis XIV. to 
 strengthen the. fortifications of Dunkirk 
 ami Lille. His "Essays on fortifica- 
 tion." and tin' •• l'i( itch Engineer," are 
 works of great repute, and constantly 
 quoted by writers on military matters at 
 the present day. Died 17o7' . 193 
 
 Veronese, Paul, v. Cagliari. 
 
 Victoria Maria-Louisa, Duchess of Kent. 
 motlnr of Her Most Gracious Majesty 
 the Queen, was the daughter of His 
 Serene Highness, Francis, Duke of 
 Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield she married in 
 lsis. ni v Royal Highness Prince 
 Edward, Luke of Kent and Siniih.ru. 
 fourth son of George III. she died 
 1861 5 
 
 ViLLiER8, George, first Luke of Bucking- 
 ham, born in Leicestershire, L592 This 
 unworthy favourite of James 1 and 
 Charles L was raised to the high b1 
 posts in the kingdom, and by his pride 
 and insolence excited popular hatred 
 and disgust Id- was assassinated by 
 Felton, 28rd Aug., I 
 
 Vi\. 1 . Samuel, an eminent mathematician, 
 who contributed many very valuable
 
 36 
 
 papers to the -'Philosophical Transac- 
 tions," and became professor of astro- 
 nomy and experimental philosophy hi 
 the University of Cambridge. Died 
 1821 218 
 
 Visconti, Jerome .... 96 
 
 Yoi.ney, Constantine - Francois - Chasse- 
 Boeuf, Count de, a celebrated French 
 writer, born at Craon, Anjou. 1757. He 
 wrote '■ A Simple Method of Acquiring 
 the Arabic. Persian, and Turkish Lan- 
 guages," "Travels in the United States," 
 "La Loi Naturelle," and other works. 
 He was created a peer by Napoleon I. 
 Died 1826 218 
 
 Waller, Edmund, a celebrated poet, born 
 1605. At the age of seventeen he was 
 returned member of Parliament. In 
 1643 he was brought to trial for a 
 political offence and condemned to be 
 hanged, bul was reprieved on payment 
 of a fine of £10,000, alter Buffering a 
 year's imprisonment in the Tower. He 
 retired to France, where he lived in 
 great splendour. At Cromwell's acces- 
 sion he returned to England, was again 
 elected to Parliament, and continued a 
 member until his death in 1687 12 
 
 Ward, Edward Matthew, an eminent 
 artist, born in London, 1816. He be- 
 came an A.R.A. in 1847, and R.A. in 
 L855. He was one of the artists chosen 
 to decorate the palace of Westminster 
 with paintings .... 22 I 
 
 Ward, James, a celebrated artist, horn in 
 London, L770. He was particularly 
 happy in depicting scenes of animal and 
 rural life, and w as elected It. A. 222 
 
 Warton, Thomas, a Learned English 
 divine and poet, horn L728, In [751 
 lie became professor of poetry al Oxford, 
 and in L785 was appointed poet laureate. 
 i [e \\ rote a ll' borj of English 
 Poetry," the " Lives of Sir Thomas 
 Pope and Dr. Bathurst," and "Ohserva 
 lion: on Spen ei • Faerie Qui en Died 
 1790 • l'-'l 
 
 Washington, George, first President of 
 the United States, was born in Westmore- 
 land county, 22nd Feb., 1732. Died at 
 Mount Vernon, Virginia, 1799 . 75 
 
 Watt, James, a celebrated Scotch mec- 
 hanician, born at Greenock, 1736. He 
 commenced business as a mathematical 
 instrument maker; having for many 
 years investigated the nature of steam, 
 he took out several patents for improve- 
 ments in steam engines ; these inventions 
 were so important and valuable to man- 
 kind that they place Watt amongst the 
 real benefactors of the world. Died 
 1819 189 
 
 Watts, Isaac, a celebrated dissenting 
 divine, born at Southampton, July 17th, 
 1674. Died at Stoke Newington on the 
 25th of November, 1748 . . 59 
 
 Wesley, Charles, an English divine, born 
 at Epworth, 17 (is. He was one of the 
 first Methodist preachers, and wrote 
 several hymns and pieces of great excel- 
 lence. Died in London, 1788 . 214 
 
 Wesley, John, a celebrated divine, who, 
 in conjunction with Whitfield, founded 
 Methodism, was horn in Lincolnshire, 
 1703. He became a most indefatigable 
 labourer in the cause which he had under- 
 taken, and his writings are most volumin- 
 ous, having been published in thirty-two 
 volumes. Died in London, 1791 . 214 
 
 Weymouth, Lord, v. Thynne, Thomas. 
 
 Whkwki.l, Rev. Dr. William, a distin- 
 guished English philosopher, born at 
 Lancaster, 1795. He became master of 
 Trinity College. Cambridge, and wrote a 
 great number of very valuable works on 
 differenl branches of philosophy. Died 
 March. 1866 .... 223 
 
 W i l.i ami. Christopher Martin, a celebrated 
 ( rerman poet, born in Suabia, 1 5 88. I [e 
 translated Shakspere into German, and 
 wrote numerous plays, novels, poem; 
 criticisms, and commentaries upon the. 
 classics. His complete works have 
 
 1 n published in fifty-one volumes. 
 
 Died L818 221
 
 • ; 
 
 Wilberforoe, William, a distinguished 
 English philanthropist, horn at Hull, 
 1750. He was returned to Parliament 
 as member for Hull, and commenced the 
 great work of his life, which he lived to 
 see brought to a successful issue, viz., 
 the emancipation of the negro, and the 
 abolition of the slave trade. Died in 
 London, 1888 . . . .171 
 
 W 1 1 a es, John, a singular political character, 
 born in London, 1727. He married a lad y 
 of fortune, and in 1757, was elected 
 member of Parliament for Aylesbury. 
 
 Being expelled the House of Commons, 
 and subsequently several times returned 
 for Middlesex, the election was always 
 declared void, till 1774, when he again 
 took his scat. The same year he became 
 Lord Mayor. Died 1797 . 141 
 
 Wilkie, Sir David, a celebrated Scotch 
 painter, bom 1785. He rapidly rose in 
 his profession, and was appointed painter 
 to the long. Many of his best works ai 
 exhibited hi the national collection at 
 Kensington. Died 1841 . . 68 
 
 William IV., King of England, third son 
 of George III., was bom in London, 
 1765. Upon the death of his brother. 
 George IV., in 1830, he became King of 
 England, and ruled until Ids death, which 
 took place at Windsor in 1837 . 2 
 
 Williams, Sir William Fenwick, a eel 
 brated general, who gallantly defended 
 the Turkish fortress of Kara against 
 the Russians, hut not receiving reinforce- 
 ments, was obliged to capitulate after the 
 garrison had undergone the gri 
 privations. He was born at Halifax, 
 Nova Scotia, in the year lHOO . 217 
 
 Wii.mot, John, Earl of Rochester, born 
 1648. He became the personal friend 
 and favourite of Charles II.. and one of 
 the witty and profligate associates of his 
 licentious court. Died 1680 . . 281 
 
 Wiseman, Nicholas, Cardinal was horn ai 
 Seville, in 1802, and educated at St. 
 Cuthbert's College, near Durham. A It ex 
 having passed the various ecclesiastical 
 
 degrees, he rose to be the head of the 
 Roman Catholic Church in England, and 
 was nominated by the Pope, An hhislmp 
 of Westminster, 1850. Died in Lon- 
 don, 1805 68 
 
 Woffington, Margaret, an eminent Irish 
 actress, born at Dublin, 17 is. She 
 made her first appearance in London hi 
 1738, and subsequently became one of 
 the leading actresses of her time. Died 
 in 1700 I s 
 
 London: Pkinteu by W. J. Perry, 22, CuRsrroR Street.
 
 ERRATA AND ADDENDA. 
 
 Jm- similes. 
 
 Page 1 !, for Clemi atm, rea • VH. 
 
 15, for Pius X.. read Pius IV 
 
 57, /'"'• Boliva, /■■ ci/ Bolivar. 
 
 84, for i'i Lace, ri ad Pierce. 
 
 96, for Viscoanl Jerome, read Jerome Visconti. 
 100, for CharleS Stanfield, read 
 169, for Marr, ra?<2 Mars. 
 180, /br Rosa Jordan, /"/ ■■■' DoraJor 
 181, /or Gonsalvi, />,<.' Consalvi. 
 
 220, for Christopher Hu; 
 
 221, /<</• Sausmare; . tarez, 
 
 , ;, ni»cY. 
 
 Ducis, John Francis, born 1732. I' 
 
 Hardwicke, Lord 
 
 Sontag, Countess Rossi 
 
 
 
 Giuglini, fo 
 
 ish, William, for page 19, read 
 Franklin, Sir John,/or pag 
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